MAUMEE RIVER AREA
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION
AUGUST 1966
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REPORT ON
WATER POLLUTION IN, THE MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
August 1966
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
Cleveland, Ohio
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GLNPO Library Collection (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard.
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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PREFACE
The Department of the Interior is "pleased to nresent this statement
on water pollution in the .Maumee River Basin.
The action program set forth in this document, when implemented,
will protect and enhance the waters of the Maumee River Pasin. It will
increase the usefulness of these waters for recreational ournoses. It
will provide a more suitable environment for fish and aquatic life and
add to the value of this resource. It will improve the quality of the
area's waters for runicip.il and industrial purposes, esthetic enjoyment,
and many other beneficial uses.
Working together as a team, the agencies concerned with the control
of water pollution at all levels of government can and will brinf; this
program to fruition for the benefit of the people of Indiana, Michipan,
Ohio, and the Nation.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Page Ho.
1. INTRODUCTION
Authority 1-1
Purpose 1-1
Scope 1-1
Organization 1-1
Acknowledgments 1-2
2. SUMMARY
General 2-1
Sources of Pollution 2-1
Future Conditions 2-1
3. RECOMMENDED ACTIONS 3-1
4. DESCRIPTION OF AREA
Geography 4-1
Population 4-5
Economy 4-6
5. WATER USES
General 5-1
Municipal 5-1
Industrial 5-2
Recreation 5-2
Irrigation 5-3
Commercial Shipping 5-4
Fish and Aquatic Life 5-4
Wildlife and Stock-Watering 5-4
Waste Assimilation 5-4
Esthetics 5-4
6. WASTE SOURCES
Municipal 6-1
Industrial 6-1
Combined Sewers 6-1
Solid Waste 6-2
Agriculture and Land Runoff 6-2
Federal Installations 6-4
Vessel Wastes 6-5
Dredging 6-5
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Chapter No. Page No.
7. WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
General 7-1
Water Quality Evolution 7-2
St. Joseph River 7-3
St; Marys River 7-3
Upper Maumee River 7-4
Tiffin River 7-5
Auglaize River 7-5
Ottawa River 7-5
Blanchard River 7-£
Auglaize River 7-7
Lower Maumee River 7-10
Toledo Harbor and Lakefront 7-12
8. QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MEASURES
General 8-1
Municipal 8-1
Industrial 8-1
Combined Sewers 8-2
Nutrients 8-2
PLant Operations 8-3
Monitoring 8-3
Flow Regulation 8-k
State Water Pollution Control 8-k
Program
9. BENEFITS 9-1
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LIST OF FIGURES
After
Humber
]-l I'auraee River Basin- Lake Trie 1-1
1-2 Uses 1: Abuses of the Iia.urnee River Basin 1-3
1- 3 Kaunce River Basin Detail End of Report
?-]. Basin Photographs P-?
Basin Photographs 2~?
Stream Gaging Stations 1»-P
Basin Population Growth Rate h-5
'i-3 Subbasin Population Growth Rate i*-5
5-1 Stream Hectors 5-1
5-2 Streams Suitable for Canoeing h Boating 5-3
5-3 Streams Suitable for Stream, Pool , and 5--3
Bait Fish
Ci~L flunicinal ft Industrial Discharges and 6-1
Water Intakes
7-1 Long-Term Sanplinp; Stations 1-2
'(-? f'!inii:ium Dissolved Oxygen Concentration 72
7-3 /' Dissolved Oxygen Tests Less 7-2
than 'i mp;/l
7-^1 I-'axirnum Phenol Concentration 7-2
7-5 Average Phenol Concentration 7-2
1-f- Average Soluble Phosphate Load 7-2
7-7 lied inn Total Coliform Concentration 7-2
7-^ Median Fecal Coliform Concentration 7-2
7-9 Median Fecal Strep Concentration 7-2
7-10 Diurnal DO Studies - Mile Point 98.0 7-5
7-.11 Diurnal DO Studies - Mile Point 20.6 7-11
7-12 Toledo Area Total Coliform Concentration 7-12
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LIST OF VARLE3
Number
h-1 Stream Characteristic?; h-1
1*-? Dependable Yield for Major Streams U-2
5-1 Stream Sectors 5-1
5-2 Water Uses by Sector 5-1
5-3 Present ?. Projected Municipal V/ater Usage 5-2
6-1 Municinal Wastes 6-1
6-2 Industrial Wastes 6-1
6-3 Major Community Sewer Systems 6-2
6-U Estimated Chemical Constituents of 6-H
Rural Runoff
7-1 Fish Kills in the Maumee River Basin 7-9
7-2 Plankton Counts at Kile Point 65 7-12
7-3 Isolations of Salmonellae - Lower Maumee 7-13
8-1 Municipal Waste Treatment Needs 8-1
Industrial Waste Treatment Needs 8-1
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Authority
Comprehensive water pollution control studies vere authorized
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956, as amended
(33 USC 1(66 et seq.). Initiation of the Great Lakes-Illinois River
Comprehensive Program Activity followed an appropriation of funds by
the 86th Congress late in I960. In accordance with the provisions of
the Act the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare delegated the
responsibility for the study to the Division of Water Supply and
Pollution Control of the Public Health Service. Passage of the "Water
Quality Act of 1965" gave the responsibility for these studies to the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA). As a result
of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1^66, the FWPCA was transferred from
the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to the Department of
the Interior effective May 10, 1966.
Purpose^
This report presents an action program of water pollution control,
Beared to provide hiph quality waters in the Maumee River Basin through
abatement of existing pollution, and to provide continuing control of
pollution through preventive actions scheduled in anticipation of
future problems. This report and resulting program have been developed
from both extensive and intensive information on present water quality.
water uses and trends in water usage, present and anticipated future
waste loads, the existing and projected population and economic growth,
and other relevent facts Gathered by the Lake Erie Progran Office
(LEPO), Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Department of
the Interior, during its study of the Lake Erie P.asin.
Scope
The area covered by this report includes the waters within the
Maumee River Basin and the Toledo area (Figure 1-1). These waters are
within Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio.
The Lake Erie Prorram Office at Cleveland, Ohio was opened in
October, 1°62 to berin the Lake Erie study. It is located at 21929
Lorain Road, Cleveland, Ohio, Its staff includes specialists covering
the following professional disciplines: sanitary and hydraulic engineering,
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FIGURE l-l
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chemistry, biology, bacteriology, and oceanography. The Program has
drawn freely on the resources of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center at Cincinnati, Ohio and the Communicable Disease Center at Atlanta,
Georgia. Additional assistance and guidance in many fields have been
obtained from the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project (GLIRBP)
office in Chicago.
Acknowledgements
As required by the authorizing legislation, the Lake Erie Program
Office has worked closely with State, local, and other Federal agencies
to develop a water pollution control program. A list of the principal
agencies which have participated through preparation of special reports
or through their release of supporting information is as follows:
Michigan:
State Water Resources Commission
Department of Public Health
Indiana:
State Board of Health
Stream Pollution Control Board
Ohio:
Water Pollution Control Board
Department of Health
Departner-1- of Natural Resources
U. R. Department of the Army
Corps of Engineers
U. S, Department of Commerce
Weather Bureau
Office of Business Economics
U. S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Geological Survey
A citizen's group, the Maumee River Basin Water Users Committee,
has been especially helpful in defining water uses for various stretches
of the nrincipal streams within the basin. This group consists of
responsible residents of the Basin representing industries, agriculture,
municipalities, recreation and conservation groups, and local and state
agencies, all of whom are concerned with the quality and uses of the
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waters of the Basin. The following are the chairmen of the various
work groups of that Committee:
Municipality Co-Chairmen
Sharon D. Eresler, Lima, Ohio
Paul Fulkerson, Fort Wayne, Indiana
Industry Co-Chairmen
Russell W. Abbott, Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., Toledo, Ohio
Donald E. Bodiker, Sohio Chemical Co., Lima, Ohio
Agriculture Chairman
Charles Younp;, New Bavaria, Ohio
Recreation Co-Chairmen
Ralph W. Peters, Defiance, Ohio
Carl Mosley, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus, Ohio
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FIGURE t-2
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CHAPTER 2
SUMMARY
The waters of the Maumee River Basin are seriously degraded in
quality. The effects of pollution are particularly evident in the
Ottawa River, the Upper Maumee River, and the Lower Maumee River at
Toledo. All water uses, actual and potential, are influenced by this
pollution.
From waters that were once useful and generally free of harmful
materials, this River Basin has been degraded in quality to the point
where, in several stretches, few legitimate uses may be made of the waters.
Not only are activities such as swimming, boating, and fishing no longer
available in a number of these locations, but in several areas the water
is not even of sufficient quality to be used for waste assimilation. The
excellent sport fishery which formerly existed throughout the Maumee
Basin is now virtually non-existent.
Biological, chemical, microbiological, and physical parameters
analyzed by the Lake Erie Program Office confirm the pollution found
in the Basin. Further evidence of pollution cited in this report in-
clude the abandonment of the beaches along the Toledo area, the
numerous cities and industries which experience tastes and odors in
their water supplies, the presence of objectionable algal blooms, and
the esthetically disagreeable appearance of many of the waters in the
area.
Sources of Pollution
Industry, cities, and agriculture are all major sources of wastes
which pollute many of the area's streams. The effluents from the cities'
sewage treatment plants seriously depress the receiving waters of oxygen
and contribute to the algal growth in many areas. Industrial waste dis-
charges also depress the Basin's rivers of oxygen, cause taste and odor
problems in domestic water supplies, and interfere with the esthetic
enjoyment of the Basin's water in a number of areas. The runoff from
agricultural areas causes turbidity in waters of the area, requires ex-
tensive dredging of the shipping channel, and helps to produce the
abundant algal growths.
Future Conditions
A population growth projection made by Project economists in-
dicates that the Maumee Basin's population will increase from 1,140,000
to 1,600,000 in 1980 and 2,700,000 by 2020. Industrial activity is also
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projected to increase by a considerable amount in the Basin over the
same period. Taking into account these and other related factors, it
is apparent that the existing degraded conditions will become much
worse unless extensive control measures are taken now and continued
into the future.
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^ A' Lake Saint Ma^ ^ar Saint Marys, Ohio. - Out
rd Oxl Co. of Ohio on the Ottawa River b^ow Lira, Ohio
in waste nnd on rocks and bank).
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CHAPTER 3
RECOMMENDED ACTIONS
The present severe impairment of water uses in the area, and
the increasing waste loads which will be imposed on the waste
treatment facilities point to the need for the adoption and im-
plementation of a program for water pollution control in the Maumee
River Basin. The program, of necessity, must emphasize the con-
struction of new and enlarged sewage facilities; the introduction
of tertiary treatment in some areas; the nroper operation of new
and existing facilities; and the intensive and continuous monitor-
ing of waste treatment operations for maximum efficiency. The
recommendations in this chapter represent the initial requirements
of a pollution control program for the Basin.
1. All municipal waste treatment facilities should be designed
and operated to provide at least secondary (biological) treatment
and to achieve an overall reduction in BOD,- of at least 90 perc-
on a continuous basis. In certain areas of the Basin, even hip. __.L
degrees of waste treatment will be required to maintain desirable
water quality conditions in the receiving stream. In these instances,
particularly below Lima on the Ottawa River, Pindlay on the Blanchard
River, and Fort Wayne on the Upper Maumee River, some form of ad-
vanced waste treatment to achieve a higher reduction of carbona-
ceous and nitrogenous oxygen demand is a necessity. The major mun-
icipal plants and needed improvements are listed in Table 8-1.
2. Continuous disinfection should be provided for all muni-
cipal waste treatment plant effluents in this area.
3. Sanitary sewage discharged from industries should receive
the same treatment as recommended for municipal wastes.
I*. Maximization of phosphate removal, through modification in
the operation and/or design of existing and newly constructed sec-
ondary waste treatment facilities should be an immediate objective.
Records of phosphorus removal at the treatment plants of the Maumee
River Basin should be carefully evaluated after one year to deter-
mine if significant phosphorus removals have been achieved. If such
removals are not achieved, consideration should be given to the in-
stallation of chemical precipitation or other treatment facilities
at such plants.
5. Streamflow regulation may be necessary in the Maumee River
Basin even after a high degree of waste treatment is put into effect,
if the desired water quality is to be obtained. However, streamflow
regulation is not to be considered as a substitute for the waste
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treatment improvement measures recommended.
6, The water pollution control agencies of the States of
Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio should conduct municipal and industrial
waste treatment plant inspections at least annually for small and
medium-sized plants, and at least twice annually for the larger
plants.
7. Monthly reports covering the operation of all municipal
and industrial waste treatment plants including the quality and
quantity of discharged effluent should be submitted to the respec-
tive water pollution control agencies of the States of Indiana,
Michigan, and Ohio, and there maintained in open files available to
anyone having legitimate need for the data,
8. The adoption of a mandatory sewage treatment plant opera-
tors' certification program in Indiana is recommended. It is also
recommended that the Ohio Department of Health should have stronger
enforcement powers to carry out present regulations requiring operator
certification.
9. The operation of dams or other flow-retarding structures
should be reviewed to insure the maximum practicable stream flow
through facilities at low flow times. A' survey should be made of
obsolete dams to determine which ones can be advantageously removed
to eliminate slack-water pools and induce higher velocity streamflow.
10. It is recommended that the water pollution control activ-
ities in Indiana and particularly in Ohio be strengthened in terms
of staffing and budget. With additional resources and the support
available from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
the implementation, by the States, of the program outlined herein
and similar programs in other basins throughout the States can be
accelerated to meet the growing need for clean water.
11. The water quality monitoring program of the Ohio water
pollution control agencies in the Maumee River Basin should be
strengthened. The program should be geared to indicate change or
trends in water quality and the need for additional quality improve-
ment measures.
12. Soil erosion control practices should be improved through-
out the Maumee Basin. It is essential that a program for the better
utilization of the Basin's land be set up by the respective Soil Con-
servancy Districts. If the Maumee Basin is to remain a fertile farming
area, particular attention must be paid to the control of erosion.
Attention must be paid to the proper application of fertilizers and
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pesticides. Apart from the value of good land management practices
for the land itself, these measures are essential to the reduction
of stream turbidity, sedimentation in stream beds, and overfertiliza-
tion of streams.
13. All separately discharged industrial wastes should receive
at least the equivalent of secondary treatment, as described above
for domestic wastes, and no waste constituents should be discharged
which will adversely affect the receiving waters. Phenols in the
waste waters of several industries in the area are particularly harm-
ful in terms of the resulting water quality problems. Industrial
waste treatment facilities should be designed and operated to achieve
the maximum possible reduction of phenols. Where practicable, in-
dustrial wastes should be discharged to municipal sewerage systems.
However, where significant concentrations of waste concentrations are
encountered which would upset normal treatment, pretreatment and con-
trolled discharge of industrial wastes is necessary. Facilities
should be installed to prevent accidental spills or leakages of all
concentrated solutions and oils from entering any stream either
directly or through municipal sewer systems. The major industries
needing improvements are listed in Table 6-2.
14. All new sewerage systems should be designed to prevent
the necessity of bypassing untreated waters.
15. Disposal of sludges, digestion liquors, garbage, trash,
and other deleterious refuse in the Maumee River and its tributaries
should be prohibited; existing dumps along the river banks, such as
at Willshire, Ohio, should be removed.
16. Combined sewers should be prohibited in all newly
developed urban areas and should be separated in coordination with
urban renewal projects. Existing combined sewer systems should be
patrolled and overflow regulating devices should be adjusted to con-
vey the maximum practicable amount of combined flow to treatment
facilities.
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CHAPTER 1+
DESCRIPTION OF AREA
Geography
The Maumee River drains 6,586 square miles, of which 19 percent
is in Indiana, 7 percent is in Michigan, and the remainder is in Ohio.
The St. Marys and St. Joseph Rivers join to form the Maumee River at
Fort Wayne, Indiana. At Defiance, Ohio two more tributaries join the
Maumee River. The Tiffin enters from the north, and the Auglaize enters
from the south.
Hydrology
The stream flow within the Maumee River Basin is unusual in the
respect that the general direction of flow of the major tributaries is
not towards Lake Erie (east), but is, in fact, away from the Lake
towards the west. This general characteristic is the result of glacial
deposits.
Table lt-1 lists the stream characteristics of the major rivers in
the Maumee River Basin. The majority of the Basin and the area sur-
rounding it is generally quite flat. In fact, major flood flows at
Fort Wayne, Indiana can and have crossed the low divide between the
TABLE H-l
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN STREAM CHARACTERISTICS
River
St. Joseph
St . Marys
Tiffin
Auglaize
Blanchard
Ottawa
Maumee
Drainage
area*
(sq. miles)
1,060
817
80^
1,313
762
373
1,^57
Length of
main stem
(miles)
93
100
103
102
91
53
136
Average
fall
(ft. /mile)
1.6
2.9
1.3
3.2
0.9
h.O
1.3
6,586
* Excluding separately listed tributaries
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Maumee and the Wabash River system. As an example of the flatness of
the Basin, it should be noted that, in the 136 mile length of the main
stem, the Maumee River drops approximately 170 feet, or about 1.3 feet
r>er mile of length.
Table 4-2 is a tabulation of the dependable yields for the major
streams in the Maumee River Basin based on a low 7-day, once-in-five-
years flow. Figure 4-1 shows the location of the permanent gaging
stations monitored by the U. S. Geological Survey, and the temporary
paging stations established by the LEPO. For the majority of the
Maumee Basin, the topography and soil conditions in the area are such
that there is very little bank storage or other recharging available
from the ground water to the rivers. The peak discharge for a 39 year
period at the Waterville gage on the Maumee River was 94,000 cfs, while
the minimum was 30 cfs. Both of these discharges are relatively low
for a river with as large a drainage area as the Maumee. This is true
for the entire Basin. All rivers in the Basin have low, mean, and
high flows that are relatively small compared to flows of average
streams for the same drainage area. When a heavy rainfall occurs in the
Basin, the water tends to back up or pile up in the tributaries,
flooding many of the low areas. Thus, water takes several days to run
off an area where the land would normally drain in a few hours if a
greater slope were present.
TABLE 4-2
DEPENDABLE YIELDS FOR
MAJOR STREAMS IN MAUMEE BASIN(25,26)
River
Maumee
St. Joseph
St. Marys
Tiffin
Auglaize
Blanchard
Ottawa
Location
Waterville, 0.
Antwerp, 0.
Neville , Ind .
Fort Wayne, Ind.
Stryker, 0.
Defiance, 0.
Find lay
Allentown, 0.
Drainage
Area
(sq. miles)
6,314
2,049
614
753
441
2,329
343
168
Period of
record
(years)
34
33
13
29
29
44
30
27
Yield*
(cfs)
90
68
21
10
12
14.5
4
15
Low seven-day, once-in-five-year flows from Ohio
Department of Health.
Artificial drainage has been an indispensable element in the
development of agriculture in the Maumee Basin. In the last 50 years,
many larpe areas have been drained for farming, either by surface
ditching or tiling or both, but many of the early tile systems have lost
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5 0 S 10 15 20 25
GAGING STATIONS, U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
GAGING STATIONS, L. E P 0
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
STREAM GAGING STATIONS
FIGURE 4-1
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their effectiveness and there is a need for new and additional tile
systems.
Typical maximum and minimum flows for some of the tributaries to
the Maumee are as follows: Auglaize River - 52,000 cfs and 0.5 cfs;
St. Marys River - 13,600 cfs and 3.^ cfs; St. Joseph River - 10,000
cfs and 1.6 cfs; and the Tiffin River - 6,6UO cfs and 3.6 cfs.
In many areas, such as on the Ottawa River at the City of Lima,
there is virtually no flow through the city during the critical low
flow months. What flow there is above Lima is used for water supply.
Below Lima, the flow of the river consists exclusively of the effluent
from a sewage treatment plant, a chemical plant, and a refinery. Lima's
sewage treatment plant discharges 5 mgd into the Ottawa River, and
SOHIO discharges 10 mgd which it has removed from ground water storage.
This is why extreme pollution conditions exist in many such areas in
the Basin where communities are located near the headwaters of a river.
These conditions are described in detail in. Chapter 8.
The only relatively steep area of the Basin is the northern or
Michigan sector. Bean Creek, which is the headwaters of the Tiffin
River, falls over 300 feet from its origin at Devils Lake to the Ohio
border in a distance of 20 miles. This is a fall of 15 feet per mile
as compared to the fall of the Tiffin River from the Ohio border to
the Maumee River of 1.2 feet per mile.
Ground Water
The ground water in the Maumee Basin is obtained from both glacial
drift and limestone formations. The problem with ground water in the
Maumee Basin is one of quality rather than quantity. The ground water
generally is hard and contains excessive quantities of iron and man-
ganese. Hydrogen sulfide is found in much of the water in wells drilled
in limestone and in sand and gravel formations which have a hydraulic
connection with sulfur bearing limestone. (39)
Reservoirs
Generally, large reservoir impoundments are not feasible on the
Maumee River because of the flatness of the land. Some reservoir sites
are available in the headwaters of the Basin, but these impoundments
would not control large drainage areas.
The State of Ohio has studied 287 reservoir sites. Of these, nine
were considered suitable for multiple-purpose water resource develop-
ments. Four of the sites are located above Findlay, Ohio in the south-
eastern part of the Basin. Those remaining are located as follows:
Lima, Ohio area, 2 sites; St. Marys, Ohio area, 1 site; and the Ohio-
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Michigan border area, 2 sites. Individual impoundment sites would
control from 25 to l6l square miles in drainage area and the potential
storage varies from 2.h to 13.2 inches of runoff (53).
There are a number of old or o\rt-of-use dams and other flow-
retarding structures throughout the Basin. These form slack water
pools and reduce the velocity of the rivers. For reasons not com-
pletely understood, algae flourish more readily in sluggish waters,
as in these slack water pools or lakes, than in flowing streams. Also,
by reducing the velocity and significantly increasing the depth of
flow, the rate at which- an oxygen depletion can be satisfied is affected.
It might be beneficial to remove these retarding structures if their
adverse effect on water quality outweighs their recreational or other
value.
Topography and Soils
For many years, the major portion of this region was known as the
Great Black Swamp, barrier to transportation and to*settlement alike
(12). Nowhere else in Ohio are there such extensive areas of flat
landscape. The principal features to break the monotony are the old
beach ridges and recessional moraines which lie in the plain-like great
decorative chains about western Lake Erie. All of the Maumee River
Basin topography has been affected by glaciation, most of the Basin
being of flat relief as a result of inundation by the ancient glacial
lake. During glacial periods, the gravity outlet through the St.
Lawrence Pasin was blocked by the ice sheet, and the ice melt from
the glaciers drained into the Mississippi River system by flowing across
the topographic saddle at Fort Wayne.
The soils of the Till Plains developed from moderately fine-
textured high lime Wisconsin glacial till. The principal soils are
those of the llorley, Blount, and Pewano series that generally are
moderately permeable. Over the Lake Plain portion of the Basin, the
principal soils, also of Wisconsin age, are predominantly fine-textured,
poorly drained, and relatively impermeable. Low dry-weather stream
flows reflect the impermeable characteristics of the soils in the Basin
(35). The glaciated uplands contain more sloping land and a higher
percentage of better-drained soils. Some strongly sloping land occurs
near the streams and in a belt of land about 10 miles wide running
southwest along the northern edge of the Basin.
Climate
A major factor influencing the clirr.ate of the Maumee Basin is its
location relative to major storm tracks. Low pressure centers from the
Gulf of Mexico usually pass to the south of the Basin. High pressure
centers fron the north nnd northwest pass across the Great Lakes region,
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north of the Basin. The prevailing vinds from the south and southwest
make the Maumee Basin less subject to severe storms and heavy rainfall.
The average annual air temperature is 50-51°F for the Basin. The
highest mean monthly temperature occurs in July and is 7^°F, while a low
of 29°F occurs in January. In 63 years of record at Fort Wayne, the
highest and lowest recorded temperatures were 102°F and -?l4°F respectively.
Average annual precipitation for the period 1931-1960 ranges from
36 inches in the Lima area to 32 inches in the Toledo area (1Q).
Average annual stream flows in inches for the period 1931-1960 range
from 11 inches at Fort Wayne to 8 inches at Toledo. The difference
between the average rainfall and average streamflow is considered to be
the average water loss, and is about 25 inches annually for the Maumee
River Basin.
Population
The I960 population of the Maumee River Basin and the Greater
Toledo area was approximately 1,1^0,000. Of this number, 72 percent
was in Ohio, 2^ percent was in Indiana, and the remaining H percent was
in Michigan. Projected population estimates give 1.6 million for I960
and 2.7 million for 2020. Only a slight shift in the distribution among
the three states is expected. This will result from the rapid increase
in the Michigan portion of the Greater Toledo area as the urban area
expands northward. Approximately 76 percent of the I960 population, or
865,000 persons, resided in municipal areas. This is expected to increase
to 1.2 million (80 percent) by 1980 and to 2.2 million (M percent) by
2020.
The population growth rate of the Maumee River Basin (Figures k-2
and U-3) during the last half of the nineteenth century kept pace with
the rate experienced by the entire United States. After the turn of
the century; the population expansion of the Basin fell behind the
national growth rate. Between 1890 and WW II, the population distribution
was influenced by the increased manufacturing activity and the accompanying
economic development of metropolitan areas. This is clearly illustrated
(Figure !i-2) by the increasing populations of Lucas (Toledo), Allen
(Lima), and Allen (Fort Wayne) counties which occurred during this period
while the remainder of the Basin's population was constant or decreasing,
It was not until the middle 1950's that the population of the non-
metropolitan area reached the population recorded in 1890.
The six subbasins of the Maumee River Basin and the Greater Toledo
area differ greatly in population characteristics. The St. Joseph, St.
Marys, and Tiffin subbasins have the smallest population. In I960 each
of them had a density of less than 60 persons per square mile with the
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I
1840 I860 1880 1900 1920 1940 I960 1980 2000 2020
NOTE ' BASED ON MATERIAL FROM THE U. S.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU
OF THE CENSUS.
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
POPULATION GROWTH RATE
FIGURE 4-2
-------
I960
I960
2000
2020
NOTE: BASED ON MATERIAL FROM THE U. S.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU
OF THE CENSUS.
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
SUBBASIN POPULATION
GROWTH RATE
FIGURE 4-3
-------
Tiffin Subbasin having the lowest density of kh persons per square
mile. The St. Joseph Subbasin, with its I960 population of 62,900,
59 percent of which was municipal, is not expected to grow appreciably.
in the near future. Even by 2020, only a TO percent increase is an-
ticipated with no significant change in the municipal percentage.
The Tiffin Subbasin, although the most rural in I960 with a municipal
percentage of only 50, is forecasted to increase from 35,500 in I960
to 77,000 by 2020 with two-thirds of the population residing in munic-
ipalities. The projections for the St. Marys Subbasin give a 2020
population of 91,000, which is an 86 percent increase over the 19^0
figure of U9,000. The Indiana portion of the St. Marys Subbasin is
expected to have a large increase in municipal population between
I960 and 2020 which in turn will raise the municipal percentage for
the entire subbasin to 72 percent.
The Auglaize River Subbasin is the largest, with some 2,500
square miles of drainage area. In addition to a rural population
similar to the previously described subbasins, it supports the in-
dustrial complexes of Lima and Findlay. Its 1960 population of
225,000 is expected to increase to almost half a million by 20PO. The
corresponding change in municipal percentage is from. 62 to 75 percent.
The Upper and Lower Maumee Subbasins and the Greater Toledo area
are highly populated. Each had I960 densities exceeding H?5 people
per square mile. The Upper Maumee population, which consists mainly
of the City of Fort Wayne, is expected to increase fron its l°£o
population of 221,000 to 328,000 in 1980 and to 5llO,OOn in 2020. After
1980, a continuous decrease is anticipated in its rate of growth. A
small increase in the municipal percentage is forecasted for 2020.
The City of Toledo sets the pace for the population growth of the
Lower Maumee Subbasin. Although the Lower Maumee covers a large rural
area, its I960 population of 1*62,000 was about 87 percent municipal.
It is anticipated to increase to 6UO,000 in 1Q80 and to over one
million in 2020 with a corresponding increase in municipal percentage
to 9l> percent for 2020.
The Tenmile Creek Subbasin is expected to have the highest growth
rate in the Greater Toledo area. By 2020, the population of the Michigan
section of this subbasin is forecasted to exceed the Ohio portion's
population. Population estimates for the Tenmile Creek basin give
13^,000 for 1980 and 320,000 for 2020 compared to 87,100 in I960. The
municipal proportion is projected to increase from 82 to 85 percent.
Economy
The following section is a discussion of the present and future
economy of major sectors of the area.
k-6
-------
Industry
The Maumee River Basin is a major industrial area. In 1963,
the Value Added by Manufacture (VAM) was 1.9 billion dollars, an
increase of 35 percent over the 1958 value. Over 1^0,000 people
are employed in manufacturing. Over 750 manufacturing establish-
ments in the Basin employ twenty or more people. The principal
industries are machinery, metal fabrication, food, and transportation
equipment.
The major industrial centers are Toledo and Lima in Ohio and
Fort Wayne in Indiana. The 19&3 VAM in Lucas County was over TOO
million dollars, or roughly hd percent of the VAM for the Maumee
River Basin. The manufacturing balance in Toledo is heavily
weighted in favor of durable manufactuisLng goods (transportation
equipment; stone, clay and glass; and primary and fabricated metals).
The important nondurable goods are petroleum and coal, food and
kindred products, and paper and printing.
The General Electric Company, which makes electrical apparatus,
and International Harvester, which manufactures heavy-duty motor
trucks and component parts, are the major industries in Fort Wayne.
Other important durable goods produced are primary and fabricated
metals. The major nondurable goods are rubber, paper, and food
products. In 1963, the VAM in Allen County was over HOO million
dollars.
Lima is the smallest of the three industrial centers. Its 1963
VAM exceeded 200 million dollars. As in the other industrial areas
in the Basin, a substantially larger number of persons are employed
in the production of durable goods (metal products, machinery, and
equipment) than in the production of nondurable goods. Increases in
nondurable goods have occurred in textile products, and food and
kindred products. Major industries include transportation equipment,
petroleum refining, and chemicals.
Industrial projections have been made by economic subregions up
to the year 2020. Manufacturing employ;ont is expected to grow most
rapidly in the subregions, which include Toledo,Lima and Ft. Wayne. In-
dustrial activity in the Basin is projected to increase threefold
by 1990 and to grow to nine times its I960 level by the year 2020.
Due to increased efficiency in the use and reuse of water, industrial
water intake and waste flows will grow at a considerably slower rate
than manufacturing output.
1.-7
-------
Agriculture
The farmlands of the Maumee River Basin support a productive
agricultural economy. Over 90 percent of the land in the Basin is
in agricultural use. In 1959, the value of all farm products sold
was about 230 million dollars, with h6 percent of this from crops
and the remainder related to livestock. The average size of the
30,000 farms is over 130 acres. General farming has provided a
diversified agricultural production and a stable economy. The Basin's
principal crops are the "big four" of the Corn Beltcorn, wheat,
oats, and soybeans. In addition, there is a sizable production of
cattle, hogs, sugar-beets, truck farming (such as tomatoes and sweet
corn), and nursery stock. In 1950, 51 percent of the farm income
was derived from the sale of crops for cash, and 3^ percent of all
farms were classified as cash grain. The production of pork and
beef contributes about one-fourth of all farm income, and dairying
and poultry raising provide the remainder.
Soybean production is centered in the Lower Maumee and Au^rlaize
River Basins in the counties of Van Wert, Kenry, Putnam. Hancock, and
Paulding. Corn is grown throughout the Basin. An important area for
raising cattle, calves, and poultry products is Fulton County, Ohio.
Hog production is prevalent in the St. Marys River Basin in the
counties of Adams and Mercer, Ohio.
Commerce
Toledo is the commercial center of the Maumee River Basin. Com-
mercial goods can reach the city by highway, railway, inland waterway,
and pipeline. The city's port, ninth largest in the United State, is
the largest shipper of soft coal in the world. About thirty million
tons of soft coal pass through the port annually. Other important
commodities are grain, iron ore, and petroleum products. The port is
also a growing center for overseas commerce, exporting farm products
and machinery. Toledo ranks as the largest port on Lake Erie and is
second only to Chicago in the Great Lakes. From 1959 to 1^6'j, its
tonnage ircreased about ^30 percent to U? million tons. This increase
coincided with the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway (9).
Lima, Ohio is the center of an oil distribution system with pipe-
lines extending from the oil fields of Wyoming, Texas, and Oklahoma to
the Great Lakes and Eastern markets. Since the iSOO's, Toledo has main-
tained contact by pipeline with the westward-expanding oil and gas
fields and is the largest petroleum refining center between Chicago and
the eastern seaboard.
Toledo ranks as the nation's third largest railroad center. It
-------
serves as an interchange of much east-west rail traffic vd.th coal,
iron ore, and agricultural commodities as the principal items.
The new interstate system of highways provides better accessi-
bility to various sections of the Basin. As it progresses from
Detroit to Cincinnati, Interstate 75 joins Toledo with the industrial
areas of Findlay and Lima. The Ohio Turnpike (interstate 80 and 90)
is the major route between Chicago and Cleveland. The Fort Wayne
area is served by the north-south Interstate 69.
Mining and Lumbering
Natural resources within the Maumee Basin are nonmetallic and
do not form an important base of the economy. Sands and gravels are
surface mined throughout the Basin where glacial moraines are present.
Hard limestone is dug from open quarries where the drift is relatively
thin.
Gas and oil resources were discovered in the eastern portion of
the watershed in the late nineteenth century, but these deep wells
have largely been abandoned with the gradual depletion of the re-
sources. Lumbering was substantial in the early settlement of the
Basin, but the forests have been cleared for agricultural use, and
only small, scattered woodlots remain, which constitute less than
8 percent of the Basin's area.
Tourism
At present, tourism is not significant in the Maumee River Basin.
Parks and other points of interest are limited in number. The only
large lake, Lake St. Marys, is located on the southern perimeter of
the Basin. A few state parks exist within the Basin, but these do
not appear to attract many persons outside of the local communities.
Boating, fishing, and other water-oriented recreation are not prevalent
due to poor water quality and limited access to the streams. Most of
the tourists are probably from the surrounding, highly populated cities
or as passing through the region on the way to their planned desti-
nation. However, there are several areas that may be of importance in
the future.
The Ohio Department of Natural Resources has proposed a state-
operated parkway along the old Miami Erie Canal, U. S. Route 2U from
Toledo to Defiance and Ohio Route 111 from Defiance to Paulding would
be developed and landscaped. Parking and picnic areas, tent and trailer
camps, cabins and lodges, marinas and fishing piers, and hiking and
bridle trails are planned to adjoin the parkway. The Vogt-Ivers Report
(S) on this plan predicts that, if the Maumee River service area is de-
veloped to its fullest potential, it could attract 5,000,000 annual visits
by 1980.
-------
The Allen County, Indiana, Planning Commission has proposed a
series of park and recreational areas which would serve primarily the
Fort Wayne area, "but would also hope to attract people from outside
the immediate area. The City of Fort Wayne itself has also taken
steps to attract summer tourists.
t-10
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-------
CHAPTER 5
WATER USES
The principal water uses in the Maumee River Basin include:
Municipal water supply
Industrial process water
Recreation
Irrigation
Fish and aquatic life
Wildlife and stock watering
Commercial shipping
Cooling water supply
Waste water assimilation
Esthetics
Table 5-1 is a mile point description of thr> stream sector
boundaries as used in this report, and Figure 5-1 shows their location.
The sector boundaries were based on a consideration of changing water
quality, changes in water uses, and/or certain physical features of
the area. Table 5-2 lists the water uses found in the various sectors
as were determined for the study area. These water uses were devel-
oped in cooperation with the States of Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio and
the Maumee River Basin Water Users Committee Chairmen. However, full
responsibility for these uses is assumed by'this office. The major
water uses of the area are discussed in the following sections of this
chapter.
Municipal Water Supply
The total municipal water use by 371 communities in the watershed
amounts to 128 mgd, of which 113 mgd are obtained from surface supplies
and 15 mgd from underground supplies. Table 5-3 lists the present and
projected municipal water usage for principal service areas in the
Maumee River Basin.
Five municipalities obtain their water supply directly from the
Maumee River. These Ohio communities are Waterville, Bowling Green,
Grand Rapids, Napoleon, and Defiance. The City of Fort Wayne, Indiana
uses the St. Joseph River as a source of water supply. The communities
of Archbold, Wauseon, Findlay, Van Wert, Lima, Delta, Weston, and
Swanton, Ohio have impounding reservoirs. The City of Toledo and its
satellites draw an estimated 70 mgd from Lake Erie.
5-1
-------
TABLE 5-1
STREAM SECTORS
Stream
St. Joseph River
St. Marys River
Upper Mauiaee River
Tiffin River
Ottawa River
Blanchard River
Auglaize River
Lower Maumee River
Tenmile Creek
Sector
SJ-1
SJ-2
SJ-3
SM-1
Si-I-2
SM-3
SM-4
SM-5
SM-6
UM-I
TF-l
TF-2
TF-3
OT-1
OT-2
OT-3
OT-4
OT-5
BL-1
BL-2
BL-3
BL-4
BL-5
AU-1
AU-2
AU-3
AU-4
AU-5
LM-1
LM-2
LM-3
LM-4
LM-5
LM-6
TM-1
TM-2
Headwaters
Mile point
Mile point
Headwaters
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Wile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Headwaters
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Headwaters
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Mile point
Headwaters
Mile point
Description
- Mile point 75
75 - 45
45 - mouth
- Mile point 93
93 - 85
85 - 55
55 - 32
32-8
8 - Mouth
65 - Head
39.5 - Head
33 - 39.5
0-33
42 - Head
37 - 42
25 - 37
6.4 - 25
0 - 6.4
- Mile point 55
55 - 48
48 - 41
41 - 22
22 - Mouth
- Mile point 85
85 - 75
75 - 64
64 - 33
33 - Mouth
54 - 65
54 - 44
44 - 31
31 - 15
15-7
7 - Mouth
- Mile point 7
7 - Mouth
-------
SCALE IN MILES
5 0 5 10 15 20 25
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
STREAM SECTORS
FIGURE 5-1
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TABLE 5-3
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
PRESENT AM) PROJECTED WATER USAGE
IN PRINCIPAL SERVICE AREAS
Montpelier
St. Marys
Decatur
Findlay
Ottawa
Lima
Wapakoneta
Port Wayne
Defiance
Napoleon
Bowling Green
Toledo
Population
Served
(1962)
4,500
9,000
8,000
35,000
3,400
58,000
8,000
169,000
15,500
7,100
16,000
415,000
Demand
1962
(mgd)
0.5
0.7
0.8
5-1
0.4
11
0.7
24
2.3
0.8
1.3
70
Demand
1980
(mgd)
0.7
1.1
1.3
7.8
0.6
17
1.0
36
3-5
1.2
2.2
113
Demand
2020
(mgd)
1.4
2.4
2.5
17
1.2
37
2.4
71
7.2
2.5
5.6
232
Self-Supplied Industrial Water
Toledo, Napoleon, and Lima are the major areas with large quantities
of self-supplied industrial water. According to the census of all
users estimated by the Ohio Division of Water in 1955, manufacturing
plants used a total of 190 mgd, and power plants (municipally owned
public utilities, and industrial) used a total of 642 mgd in the Ohio
portion of the watershed, exclusive of Lake Erie. Heavy industrial use
in the Toledo area amounts to a very high percentage of the total water
used in the Basin. The Campbell Soup Company, which draws water from the
Maumee River at Napoleon, Ohio, has severe water quality problems. In
spite of extreme precautions taken by the Company for quality control of
water used in the preparation of soups, batches of their finished product
sometimes have to be discarded because of objectionable taste and odor.
Recreation
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (BOR) and the Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, both of the Department of the Interior, have
prepared reports concerning the recreational and fish and wildlife
aspects of the Lake Erie Basin. The BOR has estimated that the annual
pressure on the enti're Lake Erie Basin as a whole is 245 million activity
days for water-oriented and water-related recreation. The annual activity
days for the Maumee River Basin was estimated by the BOR to be slightly
5-2
-------
over 1? million. They also estimated that by 2020 both the Mauraee
Basin and the Lake Erie Basin as a whole should have a demand increase
in summer activity days of over fivefold.
The principal water dependent recreational activities in the Basin
are fishing, boating, swimming, canoeing, and water skiing. Those
activities enhanced by water are camping, sight-seeing, hiking, and
picnicking. Since the Maumee Basin is extremely flat and has little
lake frontage, the recreational development has been largely along the
rivers. The slack water of the rivers behind impoundments, the reser-
voirs at Lima,and Grand Lake, provide the main opportunity for boating.
The Lower Maumee River at Toledo probably has the largest boat usage
of the Basin as the boats may ply both the river and the Lake from this
area. Many rivers in the Basin make excellent canoeing courses except
during extreme low water periods. Figure 5-2 from the Ohio Department
of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife, shows the streams suitable
for canoeing and power and sailboating if water quality and land owner-
ship were not considered. Lake Erie, polluted along much of its shore-
line between Detroit and Toledo and to the east of Toledo, offers little
inducement for swimming.
Fishing is still an important recreational aspect of the Maumee
?asin. In the past, fishing was probably the most important use as
will be further discussed in Chapter 7 which contains a description
of the historical water quality of the Basin. Several areas of the
Basin now are almost completely devoid of fish, and no areas in any way
approach the vast numbers of fish which used to be present. Figure 5-3,
also from the Ohio Division of Wildlife, shows the stream sectors suit-
able for various types of fish if water quality was not a limiting
factor.
Irrigation
According to the Ohio Division of Water report of 1955, over 1,500
acres are irrigated in the Ohio portion of the Maumee Basin. Almost
half of this irrigated land is in the Bad Creek-Swan Creek-Tenmile
Creek area. Crops irrigated are corn, potatoes, and other vegetables,
as well as fruit, pastures, and nurseries. The total water withdrawal
for farm field irrigation in Ohio in 1952 was 2.1 mgd distributed equal-
ly between surface and ground water sunplies. Considerable portions of
the soil in the Maumee River Basin are well adanted to irrigation if
they are properly drained. Irrigation has shown a steady rise since
1950.
Irrigation is normally conducted only during extended dry periods
in the summer or early fall, thus causing a water demand at the time
when stream flow is normally the lowest. Although the total water used
for irrigation is small, it is a consumptive use of water; therefore,
the water is not returned to the streams but lost through evaporation.
5-3
-------
N
LAKE
ERIE
Vl/
r
LEGEND
SCALE IN MILES
I I I I M
10 15 20 25
" - CANOEING *
Illllllll - POWER & SAIL BOATING AND CANOEING *
* IF WATER QUALITY AND LAND OWNERSHIP ARE NOT
CONSIDERED.
THIS MAP WAS PREPARED FROM ORIGINAL MATERIAL
PROVIDED BY THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCES, DIVISION OF WILDLIFE.
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
STREAMS SUITABLE FOR
CANOEING AND BOATING
FIGURE 5-2
-------
N
LAKE
ERIE
SCALE IN MILES
LEGEND
TYPE OF FISH*
WELL-ROUNDED STREAM
(SMALL MOUTH BASS, ROCK BASS, ETC.)
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH WELL-ROUNDED POOL
(LARGE MOUTH BASS, CRAPHE, CATFISH, ETC.)
^-^ BAIT
# f WATER QUALITY IS NOT A LIMITING FACTOR.
THIS MAP WAS PREPARED FROM ORIGINAL MATERIAL
PROVOED BY THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCES, DIVISION OF WILDLIFE.
30 5 10 15 20 25
MAUMtiE RIVER BASIN
STREAMS SUITABLE FOR
STREAM, POOL & BAIT FISH
FIGURE 5-3
-------
Commercial Shipping
Commercial shipping is confined to the Toledo harbor area.
Toledo harbor is one of the principal harbors of the Great Lakes.
The principal cargoes handled through Toledo are coal, petroleum,
iron ore, iron and steel, and grain. In the past ten years, the
Toledo harbor has gone through an exceptional expansion period. The
harbor is discussed in more detail in Section 4 of this report.
Fish and Aquatic Life
Most streams of the Basin do not provide good sport fishing
due to their limited size, pollution from municipal and industrial
waste, fluctuation of flow, land runoff and soil erosion. The Maumee
River in the shallows downstream from the old canal feeder dams near
Defiance and Grand Rapids was once an outstanding fishing spot for
small mouth bass, rock bass, and channel catfish, according to the
Ohio Division of Wildlife. These fish are almost totally absent now.
The waters of the Maumee Basin are capable of supporting a wide
variety of fish (Figure 5-3) and wildlife except for such cold water
species as trout and steelhead. An historical discussion of the fish
and aquatic life in the Basin will be given in Section 7.
Wildlife and Stock Watering
There are minor uses of the Basin's waterways for wildlife and
stock watering, but the exact usage is not known. This particular
water usage does not play a significant role in the water demands of
the Basin. In some sectors it could have significant bearing on water
quality requirements.
Waste Assimilation
Use of streams in the Maumee Basin for waste assimilation is one
of the predominant present day uses, and in several locations it is
the cause of extreme problems in water pollution control. These will
be discussed in Chapters 6 and 7.
Esthetics
The use of water for esthetic enjoyment is an intangible benefit
which is directly related to the availability of clean water. It is,
nevertheless, a very important factor in determining the recreation
potential of the area. Camping, picnicking, and sight-seeing, while
not directly water-oriented activities, are considerably enhanced as
an experience by esthetically pleasing water.
Streams can have great esthetic value for those who use parks and
5-4
-------
parkway facilities. The previously mentioned parkway along the
Auglaize and lower Maumee Rivers certainly may not be fully utilized
until the streams have much of their pollution removed. Waters in
which floating or suspended industrial and domestic wastes can be
seen are neither attractive nor desirable. Besides the effect upon
parks, these wastes also affect the value of adjacent land. Property
values adjacent to clean water are significantly higher than those of
similar properties situated next to a polluted stream. Since the
lower Maumee and other areas will be called upon to provide recreation
for many people, it is very important that these areas and the waters
of the area be kept esthetically pleasing. It is also important, if
not more important, that the area be attractive and remain so for
those people who live there every day of the year.
5-5
-------
-------
CHAPTER 6
WASTE SOURCES
The following paragraphs summarize the major waste sources in
the Maumee River Basin. The consequences of these discharges are
described in Chapter 7. Figure 6-1 is a diagram of the river system,
showing water intake and waste discharge points.
Municipal Wastes
Approximately 705,000 people are served by sewage plants in the
Maumee Basin. These people would have a raw BODr* of approximately
l83jOOO Ibs. If these wastes received either secondary or tertiary
treatment, the discharges would total 18,000 and 5,500 Ibs. per day
respectively. Of the total H5 municipal sewage facilities in the
Basin, 36 provide secondary biological waste treatment, 5 provide
oxidation lagoons, 2 provide intermediate treatment, 2 provide prim-
ary treatment, and 11 provide minor treatment. Table 6-1 is a list-
ing of the major Maumee River Basin municipal wastes for the present,
1980, and 2020.
Industrial Wastes
Industrial wastes have a great effect on receiving waters in the
Basin. Table 6-2 lists the major industrial wastes of the Maumee
Basin. This table is based mainly on information obtained from State water
pollution control agencies, and has been reviewed by those agencies.
Some of the industries listed in Table 6-2 have relatively small
waste discharges, such as Excello in Lima, but at the place their
outfall reaches the stream, the stream flow is quite small or non-
existent for the majority of the year. Other industries, such as
Standard Oil of Ohio in Lima, affect the quality of not only the
Ottawa River, but the Maumee River down to its mouth. As with domestic
wastes, a much higher degree of industrial waste treatment is required
to produce acceptable conditions then if the wastes were discharged to
a stream with a higher base flow of higher quality water. Many of the
industries have spent vast sums of money in removing their pollutional
materials from the streams, and most of them expect to continue spend-
ing money in the future to remove as high or higher percentages of
their wastes.
Combined Sewers
Of the 16 areas listed in the study, 15 arc of the combined or
* As determined by the 5 day biochemical oxygen demand (BOTV) analysis,
1 pound of BODc, is equivalent in oxygen-consuming capacity to a
population equivalent of 6.
6-1
-------
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combined-separated type and one is not sewered. The majority of the
Basin's severage systems are of the combined type. (Table 6-3)
Problems relating to overflows from combined sewer systems are
complex and have been quite well documented in the past. Even if all
domestic wastes were given tertiary treatment, the problem would not
be solved until a number of the combined sewers are removed or over-
flows combined.
TABLE 6-3
MAJOR COMMUNITY SEWER SYSTEMS
Community
Type of System
Auburn
Bryan
Defiance
Decatur
Delphos
Findlay
Fort Wayne
Lima
Napoleon
Perrysburg
St. Marys
Sylvania
Toledo
Trilby
Van Wert
Wapakoneta
Solid Wastes
Combined
Combined
Separate - combined
Combined
Combined
Separate - combined
Combined
Separate - combined
Separate - combined
Combined
Separate
Separate
Separate - combined
Not sewered
Separate - combined
Separate - combined
There are several areas in which the Basin's waterways are used
for the disposal of solid wastes. An example of interstate pollution
in this respect is Willshire, Ohio which has a large dump along the
St. Marys River just above the Indiana line. Disposal of garbage,
trash, and other deleterious refuse in the Maumee River and its trib-
utaries should be prohibited and existing dumps along the river banks
should be removed.
Agriculture and Land Runoff
One of the long-term major sources of pollution in th^, Maumee River
is agriculture. Even if all domestic and industrial wastes were
6-2
-------
removed from the Basin, there would still be significant water pol-
lutional problems present. The primary pollutants from agriculture
are nutrients and sediment, with secondary materials of herbicides,
fungicides, pesticides, and algicides.
An example of nutrient pollution from agriculture is Burr Lake
on the Little Auglaize River where secchi disc (transparency) readings
of 3 inches were commonly obtained. Another example is Van Buren Lake
in which, when the temperature is above 55°F» the secchi disc readings
average around 6 inches due to the colloidal material present.
Trautman (1957) has described how particular agricultural prac-
tices have deteriorated the water quality in the Maumee Basin. The
only soil conservation practices instituted in the Basin seem to be
drainage works. The idea appears to be to get the water off the land
as quickly as possible, regardless of other considerations.
The Maumee "River has the highest sediment concentration of any
river in the State of Ohio. During the years 1951 to 1957 the Maumee
River discharged an average suspended sediment load of over l.U mil-
lion tons per year to Lake Erie. Biologists believe that these heavy
silt loads from the Maumee River have smothered the spawning beds of
the white fish in Western La.ke Erie and hastened the decline of the
Lake Erie fishery. The difficulty with much of the sediment from this
area is its extrenely small particle size, in many cases approaching
almost a colloidal diameter. During low flows, over 80 percent of the
sediment has a narticle diameter less than ? microns and over 90 per-
cent has a diameter less than H microns. (A r.icron is 1/25,000th of
an inch.) Thus, besides having the greatest total Amount of sediment
load, the J'auiree River also contains the finest sediment.
To make a preliminary estimate of the chemical constituents in
the rural runoff in the Maumee River watershed, results of data ob-
tained, in the Lake Michigan small rural watershed sampling program
were used. This information with knowledge obtained from field obser-
vations in the Maumee Basin was utilized to make the final determin-
ation. ^Vible 6-h is a listing of the preliminary estimates of the
chemical constituents for the rural runoff expressed in 100 tons per
year for the various subbasins.
The object of drainage is not to get water off the field as quick-
ly as possible on the surface, but to drain the land through subsurface
tile drains in combination with contour farming. The crops of some
parts of the Basin may have to be changed since beans and corn leave
the land denuded in the wintertime. Strips of hay and grasses may be
needed to help prevent erosion. Strip or contour farming may be needed
in some almost flat areas to help prevent sheet erosion.
6-3
-------
TABLE 6-U
ESTIMATED CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF RURAL RUNOFF*
(in 100 tons per year)
Auglaize Upper
Maumee
Lower St. Joseph St. Marys Tiffin
Maumee
Ammonia
Organic Nitrogen
Nitrate
Total Nitrogen
Phosphate
Sodium
Silicate
Potassium
Sulfate
Chloride
Magnesium
Calcium
.9
1.6
1.5
3.6
0.5
18
31*
7
65
20
70
11*5
.1
.1*
.3
.6
.1
3.8
9
.8
h.U
2.1
9
27
.U
.6
.7
1.5
.2
6
10
3.1*
37
11
35
55
1.2
1.2
2.7
5
l.U
1;1
37
8
200
65
90
300
.3
.3
.5
1.1
.2
3.9
'4.9
2.8
32
9
29
39
.5
.9
1.0
2.1
.5
15
20
29
55
18
3lt
105
* Runoff Quality by Soil Groups and General Land Use A preliminary
estimate made by extrapolation of data from the Lake Michigan
Watershed (GLIRBP Rural Runoff Studies) and field observations made
of the Maumee River Basin. Values for solids are omitted since no
correlation has been established.
After oxygen deficits and sediment, algae are probably the next
major problem in the Basin. In many areas of the Basin, the expression
"Too thick to drink, too thin to plow" is quite applicable in relation
to algae. Algae of the green or blue-green types are present the year
around throughout almost all of the Basin. Besides the taste and odor
problems they cause in domestic drinking waters and commercial canning,
they interfere with the recreation and esthetic uses of the waters.
Federal Installations
There are 1*3 Federal installations in the Basin. Of these, 37
discharge their wastes to municipalities providing secondary treatment *
and U discharge to municipalities providing primary treatment. The
other two Federally-owned or Federally-leased installations listed
below discharge waterborne wastes in the Maumee River Basin area. In-
stallations that discharge to municipally-operated sewerage systems
have not been listed since the Federal Government does not control the
treatment provided.
GPO 827-43 1-8
-------
1. The New Haven Defense Materials Supply Depot discharges 2,000
gnd to the ground. The waste treatment facilities operate satisfactorily
and appear adequate at this installation.
2. The U. S. Coast Guard's Toledo Harbor Light Station presently
discharges some 350 gpd of sewage to the harbor. The station will be
completely automated by September 1, 1966, thus ending the discharge of
raw sewage.
Vessel Wastes
The vessels plying the waters of the Maumee Basin represent a
potential source of pollution to the streams and to the harbor. The
possible sources of pollution in the harbor area include cargo spillage,
dunnage, ballast and bilge waters, fuel spills, garbage, and sanitary
wastes. Uncontrolled discharge of these wastes can result in serious
pollution problems for beaches, shore property, recreational waters,
fish and aquatic life, and municipal and industrial water supplies. In
the upstream slack waters where pleasure boating exists, domestic waste
may be discharged to the waters from boats.
The U. S. Public Health Service has established regulations
governing vessel waste discharges in the Great Lakes based upon its
legal responsibility for the interstate control of communicable diseases.
Restricted areas have been established in which the discharge of sewage,
ballast, or bilge water from vessels is prohibited. Restricted areas
include the water within a three-mile radius of domestic water intakes.
Dredging
Legislation passed in 1962 provided for the present maintained
depth of 2$ feet in Toledo Harbor to accommodate deep draft vessels using
the St. Lawrence Seaway.
All maintenance dredging of the harbor is done by the Corps with
their own boats. This past year they dredged almost one million cubic
yeards of materials from the Maumee River channel. This material,as a
whole, was composed of about 80 percent silt and 20 percent sand, with
a higher content of silt in the river and sand off-shore. Only a small
percentage of the materials appear to be from industrial sources. The
majority of the sediment is from river bank and land sheet erosion and
off-shore transport.
All materials dredged in the river and out t,c channel buoy
30 (about four miles into the bay from the mouth) are discharged .jitnor
to a large diked area just north of the mouth, or to two temporary
private areas at River-side Park. The materials dredged from buoy
30 out are discharged to an area off the Erie Ordance Depot and Proving
Grounds.
6-5
-------
-------
CHAPTER T
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
The information and interpretations presented in this discussion
are based on vater quality data collected by the Lake Erie Program
Office during its water quality studies of the Lake Erie Basin (1963-
1966). These studies have been supplemented by data obtained from the
States of Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, and regional and local agencies.
General
Biology
The kinds and numbers of aquatic plants and animals inhabiting
a particular body of vater and the stream or lake bottom beneath it,
reflect the quality of water that has generally prevailed in the area
for an extended period of time. Some plants and animals, by virtue
of their physiological features or living habits, are capable of
withstanding polluted conditions. They multiply rapidly when com-
petition with less tolerant forms is eliminated. Examples of pollution-
tolerant animals are sludgeworms, bloodworms, leeches, and pulmonate
snails. These animals exist in the decaying organic sediment which
builds up from the settleable organic solids present in most waste
discharges. A benthic (bottom dwelling) population consisting of
many kinds of organisms with low numbers of each species is typical of
unpolluted waters. The relative scarcities of pollution-sensitive
organisms, usually scuds, and the concomitant abundance of pollution-
tolerant forms, usually sludgeworms, are considered reasonable indi-
cators of stream areas subjected to organic enrichment and/or pollution
if all ot'her conditions are favorable.
Planktonic algae are microscopic, chlorophyll-bearing plants sus-
pended in the water. The density of algae in the water is dependent
upon several factors, including the concentration of nutrients. All
other factors being favorable, the higher the concentration of nutrients,
the greater will be the density of algal growth. To a degree, they
also indicate the quality of the wa,ter in that the kinds and numbers of
algae present depend on the chemical and physical composition of the
water in which they originated and in which they live.
Microbiology
The kinds and numbers of bacteria found in a given volume of water
provide valuable information with respect to the sources of contamination
likely to render the waters unfit for certain usesparticularly water
7-1
-------
supply and recreation. Total coliforms,fecal coliforms,and fecal strep-
tococci indicate the likely presence of wastes Of human or animal
fecal origin. These organisms are associated with pathogenic organ-
isms such as typhoid, paratyphoid, salmonellae, and enteric parasites.
Generally, the higher the concentration of coliform or streptococci,
the greater the chance that enteric pathogens will be present and
the greater the threat to the health of those exposed to or consuming
such waters.
Parameter Results
Figure 7-1 lists the long-term chemical, microbiological, and
biological sampling stations. Figures 7-2 through 7-9 graphically
depict a number of the significant chemical and microbiological param-
eters . These figures indicate many of the water quality problem a.reas
and should be referred to while reading this chapter. The fold out
nap at the back of this report should be used to locate a specific
city or area in reference to these figures.
Water Quality Evolution
Prior to 1800, historical references regarding conditions of
streams in the Maurr.ee River Basin indicate that the waters were nor-
mally clear; soil erosion was slight; and stream bottoms were com-
posed of sand, gravel, boulders, bedrock, and organic silt. Aquatic
vegetation flourished in unshaded areas of the waters, but where trees
or foliage covered a stream, little aquatic vegetation prevailed.
References regarding enormous fish populations, both larger food
fishes as well as the smaller fine fishes, indicate that the waters
and sediments of these streams were conducive to excellent clean water
aquatic life.
Since 1,800, the increasing population, with its industry, farming,
dams, mills, slaughter houses, breweries, and cities, was the major
factor which influenced the accelerated degradation of the water qual-
ity in the Maumee River Basin. Ditching, dredging, and tilling of the
marshlands surrounding this area allowed accelerated erosion of the
soils. Soil, dams, and pollutants adversely affected the aquatic
vegetation. Troutman (1957) observed a decrease in the amount or
elimination of rooted aquatic vegetation between 1901-1930. 12> Con-
sequently, desirable fish disappeared and a more tolerant species
became prevalent. Continuing sedimentation from the Maumee and other
southwestern tributaries has affected the western end of Lake Erie
drastically. The gravel and bedrock reefs of western Lake Erie that
were spawning grounds for Whitefish and Cisco are now silted over. It
is quite likely that sedimentation from eroding soils was the most
detrimental and'the most universal of all pollutants.
7-2
-------
10 15 20 25
LEGTND
CHEMICAL 8 MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
ALL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
BOD, D. 0 8 MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
BOD 8 D. 0. ANALYSIS ONL"Y
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
LONG TERM
SAMPLING STATIONS
FIGURE 7-1
-------
LAKE
ERIE
FORT
WAYNE /I _ /
SCALE IN MILES
LEGEND
MINIMUM DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN mg/l
Illllllll I.I -3.0
3.1-4.0
4.1 & OVER
I I II I I
50 5 10 15 20 25
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
MINIMUM DISSOLVED
OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
FIGURE 7-2
-------
LAKE
ERIE
LEGEND
PERCENT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN TESTS LESS THAN 4 mg/l
.. ' '!' ./ 0-10
10- 20
Illllllll 20 - 40
40 - 100
SCALE IN MILES
II' I
5 0 5 10 15 20 29
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
% DISSOLVED OXYGEN TESTS
LESS THAN 4 mg/'
FIGURE 7-3
-------
LAKE
£ R IE
FORT
:-=V:. WAYNE / \
LEGEND
MAXIMUM PHENOL CONCENTRATION IN Ma/I
0-10
10.1-100
101 +
MAUMEE: RIVER BASIN
MAXIMUM PHENOL CONCENTRATION
GPO 827-431-7
FIGURE 7- 4
-------
LAKE
ERIE
xy
LEGEND
AVERAGE PHENOL CONCENTRATION IN ug/l
::::::::>::::::: o - 3
Illlllllllllllllllllll 3.1-6
Illllllll 6.1-20
ao.i-t-
SCALE IN MILES
rmi i
5 0 5 10 15 20 25
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
AVERAGE PHENOL CONCENTRATION
FIGURE 7-5
-------
SCALE IN MILES
LEGEND
5 0 5 10 IS 20 S5
AVERAGE SOLUBLE PHOSPHATE LOAD IN POUNDS PER DAY
XvX'XvXvXvX O-400
Illlllllllllllllllllll 400-1,000
Illlini 1,000 -10,000
10,000 +
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
AVERAGE SOLUBLE PHOSPHATE LOAD
FIGURE 7-6
-------
LAKE
ERIE
SCALE IN MILES
LEGEND
5 0 5 10
MEDIAN TOTAL COLFORM CONCENTRATION N ORGANISMS PER 100 ml.
XOXvXvXvXv 0-1,000
Illlllllllllllllllllll 1,000-2,400
IIIIUIII 2,400-10,000
10,000-1-
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
MEDIAN TOTAL
COLIFORM CONCENTRATION
FIGURE 7- 7
-------
LAKE
ERIE
SCALE IN MILES
LEGEND
MEDIAN FECAL COLIFORM CONCENTRATION IN ORGANISMS PER 100 ml.
.;::::::::::: o-soo
Illlllllllllllllllllll soo-i.ooo
Illllllll 1,000 - 10,000
10,000 +
111111
5 C 5 10 15 20
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
MEDIAN FECAL
COLIFORM CONCENTRATION
FIGURE 7- 8
-------
N
LAKE
ERIE
./*
SCALE IN MILES
LEGEND
MEDIAN FECAL STREP CONCENTRATION IN ORGANISMS PER 100 ml.
/ ::: o-soo
Illlllllllllllllllllll 500-1,000
Illllllll 1,000-5,000
5,000 +
5 0 5 10 15 JO 25
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
MEDIAN FECAL
STREP CONCENTRATION
FIGURE 7-9
-------
St. Joseph River
The overall water quality of the St. Joseph River above Montpelier,
Ohio is good. The Montpelier sewage treatment plant effluent has a
biological oxygen demand (BOD) of 796 pounds per day. Below this point,
the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) falls to an average of b mg/1
during low flow. A minimum DO concentration of 2 mg/1 was recorded
several times*"during late summer. The flow of the stream during the
sampling period at this point was 17 cfs or less, 18 -oercent of the
year. Biological conditions typical of gross pollution existed during
these low flows. The stream bottom is silt, mud, and detritus. An
oily sludge was observed during low flow conditions. Bettor, dwelling
animals were limited to the pollution-tolerant sludgeworms and midge
larvae.
St. Marys River
The overall water quality of the St. Marys River is fair. Abton-
dant growth of algae occur throughout the entire year. The main
sources of pollution in this subbasin are agricultural and domestic.
A dissolved oxygen sag occurs on the St. Marys River below the
City of St. Marys. This sag is caused by the discharges of the St.
Marys sewage treatment plant, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company,
Beatrice Foods Company, and Weston Paper Manufacturing Company, ^he
DO at this point was below 1 mg/1 over fifty percent of the time sampled.
During the period October-December, 196U, the median coliform
densities in this area were 5^0,000 organisms per 100 ml with a range
of 10,000-2,000,000. The maximum fecal streptococci density recorded
was 155,000 organisms per 100 ml.
Biological sampling in the early spring of 196H disclosed a sparse
population of pollution-tolerant midge larvae and sludgeworms. The
stream bottom was sand, rubble, and rock, and no sludge deposits were
found. By July, a black septic sludge had accumulated over the stream
bottom and emitted a strong septic odor. Because of severe environ-
mental conditions, no bottom-dwelling organisms were found during the
summer or fall surveys.
An example of interstate pollution by solid wastes occurs at
Willshire, Ohio where the city has a large dump along the St. Marys
River just above the Indiana line. This dump, as can be seen in Figure
2-2D, spills garbage, trash, and other deleterious refuse into the
St. Marys River.
Another dissolved oxygen sag occurs downstream from Decatur,
Indiana. For several miles below Decatur the dissolved oxygen was
7-3
-------
below 4 mg/1 for 20 percent of the samples,. The majority of the
oxygen demand load in this area is from Decatur's secondary treatment
plant. Although the BOD loading from the plant is relatively low, the
river cannot accommodate these loads during the low flow months. The
principal industry, Central Soya, may well serve as a model for many
industries and cities in the Maumee Basin, in that at this time they
provide the equivalent of tertiary treatment through the use of
oxidation ponds. The only additional treatment that might be required
of Central Soya would be some form of phosphate removal.
Upper Maumee River
The Upper Maumee River varies in water quality from extensively
polluted in the upper reaches below Fort Wayne to normally unpolluted
above the Defiance area. In the upper reaches the biological conditions
are seriously degraded. The stream bottom has heavy deposits of oily
organic sludge and supports only a sparse population of pollution-
tolerant sludgeworms and midge larva.
High concentrations of phenols occur below Fort Wayne, with a
maximum concentration of 137 micograms per liter (mg/l) recorded at
the station 12.6 miles below the Fort Wayne Sewage Treatment Plant.
The average phenol concentration at this station was 2k mg/1 for the
year sampled. In warm weather the phenols in the Upper Maumee are
readily broken down by the self-purification processes in the receiving
stream. But in winter months, when the water temperature is. reduced
to near freezing, phenols may persist for many miles downstream.
Under these conditions the phenols discharged in the Fort Wayne area
cause extensive taste and odor problems in the City of Defiance's
water supply. Phenol concentrations in excess of 50 mg/1 have been
recorded in the winter time above Defiance. There are no known sources
except the Fort Wayne area to account for these high readings.
In an area below Fort Wayne the geometric mean values of total
coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci were 210,000, 12,000;
and 8,000 respectively. These high values result from a combination
of Fort Wayne's treatment plant effluent and the discharge from the
numerous suburban septic tanks in and above the Fort Wayne area.
A dissolved oxygen (DO) sag occurs in this area below Fort Wayne.
At milepoint 129.1 (7-0 miles below the confluence of the St. Mary's and
St. Joseph Rivers) the DO was below 4 mg/1 over 60 percent of the times
sampled. Seven miles farther downstream the DO was still below k mg/1
over 50 percent of the times sampled throughout the year. From milepoint
113.6 downstream the stream had recovered and the DO was below k mg/1 less
than 10 percent of the time.
In the nutrient-rich waters of the Upper Maumee extensive phytoplankton
populations occur, with counts in excess of 30,000 per ml. In this area
algal photosynthesis is the most important factor affecting the DO. At
Antwerp, diurnal DO studies showed ranges of 3.8 to 8.2 mg/1 and
-------
10.3 to 20.0 mg/1 on two 2^-hour studies in July (Figure 7-10).
Palmer (19&3) indicates that there are certain genera of planktons
that persist in polluted streams. According to his table of genera,
95 percent of the genera found in the Mauraee River are of the pollu-
tion tolerant type (63). Increasing numbers of blue-green and green
planktons which are associated with taste and odor problems, have been
recorded in the Basin. These or related planktons also exist in the
wintertime even under an ice cover. The average soluble phosphate
content in the river dropped from over 3.6 mg/1 near Fort Wayne to
just over 0.5 mg/1 above Defiance indicating that it had been incor-
porated in the organic chain. The presence of relatively intolerant
bottom-dwelling animals in the Antwerp area indicates that prolonged
periods of low DO do not occur in this vicinity.
Tiffin River
The overall water quality in the Tiffin River is generally quite
good throughout its entire length except in several of the lower parts
where it is mildly polluted. The highest coliform densities recorded
rarely exceeded 55000 per 100 ml, and these occurred in the Stryker
and Defiance areas. Excluding the last four miles of the Tiffin River,
the DO never went below 3-5 during the time the river was sampled.
Auglaize River Basin
The water quality in the Auglaize River Basin, and particularly
in its tributary, the Ottawa River, is the lowest in the Maumee River
Basin. Above the cities and industries the water is of good quality,
but below many of them, the wa^er is unfit for any use.
Ottawa River
The Ottawa River is grossly pollutedthe worst in the entire
Maumee River Basin. The stream degenerates rapidly at Lima, Ohio, and
never recovers. Thirty-three miles below Lima the water is still
highly colored, ranging at times from red-orange to black. Oil is
normally in evidence along the banks.
As the Ottawa River nears Lima its water quality is degraded by the
effluent from septic tanks and agricultural runoff. The DO was below
U mg/1 16 percent of the time and the minimum DO was zero. What flow
there is in this stretch of the river during low flow months is util-
ized by Lima to augment its water supply. Th« small amount
of water that flows through Lima is further impaired by the discharge
of phenols from Republic Creosote.
7-5
GPO 827-431-6
-------
u
CM
C\J
O
CO
00
00
(O
(I/Bui) N39AXO Q3AlOSSia
FIGURE 7-10
GPO 827-431-5
-------
Below Lima, the flow in the Ottawa River is composed entirely of
the effluent from Lima's secondary sewage treatment plant and the
effluent from Sohio's chemical and petrochemical plants and refinery.
The heavy chemical pollution from this area, adversely affects
water supplies not only on the Ottawa, Blanchard, and Auglaif.e Rivers,
but all the way down the Lower Maumee River. Phenolic concentrations
directly below Lima ranged from kO Mg/1 to 19,000 yg/1 and at the mouth
from 13 vg/1 to 1,^00 Mg/1. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) values ranged
from 30 mg/1 to 5^0 mg/1 below Lima and from 35 mg/1 to 515 mg/1 at the
mouth. Concentrations of ammonia ranged from 22 mg/1 to 1?7 mg/1 below
Lima with a median value of 63 mg/1. One mile above the mouth of the
Ottawa River, ammonia concentrations ranging from 1? mg/1 to 136 mg/1
were detected with a median value of 60 mg/1. Below Lima the DO was
less than h mg/1 80 percent of the time with many zero values recorded.
Severe bacterial pollution exists at all points sampled along the
Ottawa River. Four miles below Lima the median concentration per
100 ml of Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform, and Fecal Streptococci was
350,000; 165,000; and 5,500 respectively.
Below Lima, rooted aquatic plants, attached algae, and bottom--
dwelling animals were completely absent in all seasons. The stream
bottom is rock and shale which in the spring is scoured clean of any
silt or sludge. During low flow in the summer and fall, a black, oily
sludge with a strong petrochemical odor accumulates over the stream's
bottom. Between Lima and the confluence with the Auglaize River, the
Ottawa River showed no signs of biological recovery. The only aquatic
life observed in this reach was a very sparse population of sludgeworms
and midge larvae near the mouth. The complete absence of attached
algae and bottom-dwelling animals indicates not only severe oxygen
deficits, but the presence of highly toxic chemicals.
Sohio is now incinerating the wastes from their acrylo-nitrile
plant at a cost of one million dollars a year, and is constructing
aerated ponds to provide additional treatment for their refinery wastes.
This installation should be completed by the summer of 196?.
Blanchard River
The water quality in the Blanchard River varies from good to ex-
cessively polluted. Samples collected from the Blanchard River
reveal two critical areas. The first is immediately below the City
of Findlay's sewage treatment plant. Dissolved oxygen values below
k mg/1 occurred about 35 percent of the time. The water quality is
severely degraded as indicated by the presence of only the pollution-
7-6
-------
tolerant sludgeworms , midge larvae, and air breathing snails. The
stream bottom is silt and gravel with sludge banks along the edge.
Sewage solids have been observed floating in the wrter.
During the months of August --September , the river flow is com-
posed mainly of the effluent from the sewage treatment plant. The
river recovers rapidly and two miles below the sewage treatment plant
the biota are typical of those found in a recovery zone.
The other critical area occurs below Ottawa, Ohio. In addition to
the municipal effluent from the city, the Buckeye Sugar Co. Inc. has
in the past discharged a waste containing a BOD of ?,l60 pounds per
day. The high oxygen demand of these wastes caused the dissolved
oxygen in the Blanchard River to fall to zero for a stretch of some
20 miles downstream to the point of confluence with the Auglaize
River. This occurred in the fall of
On the Blanchard River below Ottawa, the average dissolved oxygen
was 1+.8 mg/1 during June-September, and zero in October and November.
These conditions were the same at every sampling station to the con-
fluence with the Auglaize River.
Below Ottawa, the median total coliform densities increased from
290,000 organisms per 100 ml during the June-September period to
3,1+00,000 during the October-December period. The highest value re-
corded during this period was 11^,000,000 coliforrn organisms per
100 ml.
Biological surveys confirmed these findings of gross pollution.
In October, conditions typical of a grossly polluted stream were
observed. A strong odor of hydrogen sulfide 'permeated the area.
The water was black, and the rocks in the stream were covered with
black scum. Only the most tolerant forms of biological life were
found throughout the length of the river to its mouth.
Auglaize River
The main stem of the Auglaize River above the confluence with
the Ottawa River is acceptable except in a stretch below Wapakoneta.
In the lower areas, the Auglaize is severely degraded by wastes
entering from the Ottawa and Blanchard Rivers .
The Auglaize River above Wapakoneta supports a well-balanced
biological population at all seasons of the year. Pollution-sensitive
species of mayflies, caddis flies, and scuds were common . At
Wapakoneta the Auglaize receives the effluent from the sewage
treatment plant, two packing companies, a Pepsi-Cola bottling
7-7
-------
plant, and the Monarch Battery Company. No records on the effluents
from these industries have been made available. The dissolved
oxygen below Wapakoneta falls to zero during low flow periods. The
dissolved oxygen downstream was below 4 mg/1 approximately 31 percent
of the time. During the period October-December, 196U, the median
coliform density was 1 1*0, 000 organisms per 100 ml, with a range of
1,200 to 11,000,000.
Below the town, the water quality is severely degraded. Although
"bottom fauna of pollution-sensitive mayflies, caddis flies, and dragon
flies were found to be fairly numerous in the spring of 196^ , by
July all pollution-sensitive organisms had been eliminated and only
sludgeworms and midge larvae remained. The stream bottom which had
been scoured clean of silt and organic deposits during the spring
was covered with black, septic, malodorous sludge by July. Below
this point, the Auglaize River quickly recovers and for over 50 miles,
dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, microbiological and
biological data gave little evidence of organic pollution.
Below the confluences with the Ottawa and Blanchard Rivers ,
another dissolved oxygen sag occurred. This is the most critical
area of poor water quality on the Auglaize River. During the summer,
dissolved oxygen concentrations averaged 2 to 3 mg/1 ; during low flow
in the fall season, it frequently dropped to below 1 mg/1. At mile
point 25-6, located directly below the confluence of the Blanchard
River, the biochemical oxygen demand ranged from k to UO mg/1 while
phenol concentrations averaged about 28 yug/1 (micrograms per liter).
The maximum value of phenol was about
During the summer, extensive algal growths were observed on the
Auglaize River. Stream sampling indicated that, during the warm
months, such compounds as phenols and organics were rapidly assimi-
lated. During the winter months, the colder stream temperatures
allow greater concentrations of these organic compounds to reach the
Maumee River. Ammonia concentrations which averaged less than 2 mg/1
during July and August 196^ in this area rose to a median concentra-
tion of ^2 mg/1, and as high as 8^ mg/1 during October to December.
These results reveal that the Auglaize is severely affected by the
Ottawa and Blanchard Rivers during periods of low flow and low stream
temperatures.
Five miles downstream the Auglaize deepens and the velocity de-
creases due to the pool formed by an old power dam at mile point
5.^. At mile point lit.8 bottom animals were limited to sludgeworms
and midge larvae. Only the most tolerant bottom dwellers survive.
In the lake behind the dam, phytoplankton productivity is high and
oxygen supersaturation often occurs at the surface.
7-8
-------
Substantial winter fish mortalities of shad and other rough
fish have been observed in the lower reaches of the Auglaize
during the past four years. Since low dissolved oxygen was not a
problem at that time of year the kills most likely resulted from
the large ammonia concentrations mentioned previously. (Table 7-1)
TABLE 7-1
FISH KILLS - MAUMEE RIVER BASIN (OHIO)*
196U-1965
River
County
Fish Killed
Pollutant
Blanchard
Blanchard
Blanchard
Blanchard Trib.
Blanchard
Riley Creek
Auglaize
Jennings Creek
Little Auglaize
Auglaize
West Branch Deer Cr.
Jackson Ditch
Maumee
Tenmile Creek
Hancock
Hancock
Hancock
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Auglaize
Van Wert
Van Wert
Defiance
Fulton
Wood
Lucas
Lucas
6,839
720
1,2^5 ,37)4
1,627
kyk ,h99
11,163
1*3,836
76
111, 533
769,606
?,00li
62,607
36l, Ul8
U.855
Sewage, Municipal
Sewage , Municipal
Sewage, Municipal
Silo Drainage
Sugar Beet Waste
Unknown
Sewage & Industrial
Industrial
Pipeline Break
Unknown
Manure
Oil & Liquid Fertilizer
Sewage, Municipal
Unknown
* From Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife
Pollution Investigation, 196U-1965.
The Little Auglaize River, Flatrock Creek, and Sugar Creek exert
little, if any, effect on the main stem of the Auglaize from sources
other than agricultural pollution.
Town Creek is a tributary to the Little Auglaize River. Samples
from this stream collected at a point below Van Wert, Ohio, revealed
gross pollution during low flow. The dissolved oxygen dropped to zero
in the summer. Samples collected were septic and foul smelling.
Coliform densities exceeding 50,000,000 organisms per 100 ml were
found.
7-9
-------
Lower Maumee River
The water quality in the Lower Ifeumee River (confluence of
the Tiffin River to mile point 15) is fair to severely polluted.
Taste and odor problems in the water are severe in this area.
Cities situated on or near the Maumee River draw their raw
water supply from the highly polluted waters of this stream. Taste
and odor problems are prevalent throughout most of the year in the
water supplies at Defiance, Napoleon, Bowling Green, and other cities.
At Defiance, during periods of low temperatures and ice cover,
problems are encountered with phenolic compounds. The finished water
imparts a medicinal taste and odor enhanced by chlorination. During
the period of Spring runoff, the water has an intense earthly or
musty taste. During late Spring in 1963 > 196^- and 1965> there were
periods of exceptionally severe taste and odor problems. The water
during these periods was described variously as musty, moldy, earthy,
fishy, and "rotten".
The taste and odor problems at Napoleon are similar to those
in Defiance with the exception of additional interference from
ammonia compounds from the Auglaize River. Campbell Soup Company has
reported excessive taste and odor problems at times. Large concen-
trations of ammonia at the plant have created peak chlorine demands
as high as 150 mg/1. The company reports that the quality of its raw
water supply has continued to deteriorate in recent years.
The main sources of ammonia, nitrates and phenols to the waters
in this area are: surface runoff from agricultural sources, and the
discharges of: the Fort Wayne area, Sohio industrial plants and Johns-
Manville Fiberglass Company through the Defiance Sewage Treatment Plant
Above the City of Defiance, Ohio a dissolved oxygen deficit
occurs. This point is above the confluence with the highly polluted
Auglaize River and the Defiance Sewage Treatment Plant. This
deficit is attributed to the large number of unsewered or faulty
sewered residences in this area discharging raw sewage into the
Maumee River. Also, the sewage collection system is faulty in that
the sewage treatment plant is closed 30 to 60 days each year. As
the river stage rises 5 feet above normal, water is backed up in the
main lift station closing the main interceptor and sewage is bypassed
directly to the river 2 miles above the plant.
The sewage treatment plant at Defiance provides only primary
treatment facilities. An industrial and municipal waste survey by
the State of Ohio indicated 1,770 Ibs./day BOD and 6,750 Ibs./day
7-10
-------
total solids in the final effluent. Phenol concentrations in the range
of 14,000 - 22,000/ig/l were recorded, which averaged about 100 Ibs. of
phenol discharged per day. Most of the industry in Defiance is sewered.
However, primary treatment cannot assimilate the heavy loading of
phenolic compounds from the Johns-Manville Fiberglass Company.
At Napoleon, Ohio, wastes discharged to the Maumee River
originate from one major source. The Campbell Soup Company discharges
an estimated 4,620 pounds of BOD daily during the winter months only.
Municipal wastes are also discharged to the Lower Maumee by the
communities of Perrysburg and Waterville. The sewage treatment plant
at Perrysburg has only primary treatment while Waterville has a
secondary plant.
The extensive growth of blue-green and green algae throughout
this entire stretch also helps produce taste and odor problems. Phyto-
plankton counts in excess of 100,000 per ml were found in the summer of
1964. Table 7-2 is a tabulation of the plankton counts at mile point
65 from October 1964 to June 1965.
During the same period (October 1964-June 1965) diurnal DO
studies showed considerable vertical and diurnal variations. Values
as high as 10 mg/1 were often found at the surface while the bottom
waters contained only 0.5 mg/1. Diurnal variations gave early morning
concentrations of 8.0 mg/1 at the surface and 25 mg/1 in the afternoon.
The low DO values at the bottom confirmed the absences of any intolerant
animals on the stream bottom. Figure 7-11 shows the diurnal curve for
mile point 20.6 on two dates in 1964.
Toledo Channel, Harbor, and Lakefrpnt
Lake level fluctuations have been found to affect the Maumee
River as far as 15 miles upstream; therefore, pollution which enters the
Maumee at one point in this lake affected area may degrade the water
quality several miles upstream.
Sediment is a problem in the navigation channel, which extends
approximately seven miles upstream from the mouth of the River and must
be continuously dredged. The suspended sediment is extremely fine and
stays in suspension for long periods of time. The Maumee discharges
over 1.4 million tons of sediment a year to Lake Erie.
7-11
-------
LJ
P
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OJ
00
<£>
N3DAXO
GPO 827-431-5
FIGURE 7-1
-------
TABLE 7-2
PLANKTON COUNTS AT MILE POINT 65-0 ON THE MAUMEE RIVER
AT DEFIANCE, OHIO
(Numbers per ml)
Date
10-29-64
12-23-64
12-28-64
1-12-65
1-23-65
3-8-65
4-4-65
4-21-65
4-23-65
5-4-65
5-18-65
5-27-65
Diatoms
Centric
35,952
5,670
4,888
900
*5
pennate
17,136
1,755
585
4,185
607
Green
coccoid
61,488
1,755
630
540
67
flag-
ellate
448
1,305
315
22
Blue-green
coccoid
11,200
270
22
fila-
mentous
900
45
180
22
Total
126,224
11,385
5,9^8
6,363
785
Too turbid to count
360
360
270
1,688
1,710
12,960
505
90
405
1,123
1,845
3,115
315
135
90
741
1,395
9,945
135
45
180
88
315
675
450
45
^5
112
450
3,375
270
45
135
742
315
1,080
2,035
720
1,125
4,498
6,030
30,096
The vaters in the naviation channel and lake front areas are severely
polluted. Very high bacterial densities vere found in these waters, with
median densities of total coliform, fecal collform, and fecal strep in
excess of 100,000; 11,000; and 1,100 organisms per 100 ml respectively. As
can be noted in Figure 7-12, fecal coliform were the prime coliform present
in the lower eight miles of the Maumee River. The existence of human enteric
pathogenic microorganisms were also revealed, s^imnn^na was de+ -cted 40
per cent of the times sampled, confirming the health hazard to persons
exposed to these waters. A partial listing of Salmonella serotypes isolat-
ed is given in Table 7-3-
Swimming, water skiing, boating, and other water contact sports are
among the uses impaired by pollution in the area. A health hazard exists due
to the presence of human enteric pathogens. The Lucas County Health Department
recommends against swimming in any beach areas west of Crane Creek State Park -
and warns against swimming at the Park under certain wind conditions.
7-12
-------
z
< UJ
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-------
TABLE 7-3
ISOLATIONS OF 3ALMONELLAE-LOWER MAUMEE
January 15 - April 1, 1964
Sampling Site
Tenmile Creek
004.7
Tenmile. _Creek
010.2
MaumeeRiver
001.6
Maumee River
014.9
Date of
Collection
1-21-64
1-28-64
2-18-64
3-31-64
1-28-64
2-18-64
3-10-64
2-18-64
3-10-64
1-21-64
2-5-64
3-10-64
Salmonella Serotypes (isolates)
Salmonella cubana (l)
Salmonella infantis (l), Chester (l)
Salmonella tennessee (4), thompson(2)
Salmonella worthington (l)
Salmonella infantis (l)
Salmonella tennessee(2), oranienburg(l)
The major sources of bacterial pollution in the Toledo area are
from combined sewer discharges and the Toledo Sewage Treatment Plant.
Even though this plant provides secondary treatment, its effluent con-
tains over 18,000 pounds of EOD^ daily. This is equivalent in oxygen
demand to the raw sewage from a city of 90,000.
In addition to the effluent from the Toledo treatment plant,
industrial wastes are being discharged throughout this lower reach. These
discharges contain oil, phenols, solids, color, BOD, and COD. The
following industries are the major contributors of oil or phenols; Standard,
Pure, Gulf, and Sun Oil Companies, and Interlake Steel. With all these
wastes being contributed to the Maumee River and Maumee Bay, recreational
use of these waters is severely damaged in the Toledo area.
The City of Toledo obtains its water supply from an intake located
in Lake Erie approximately 9 miles east of the Maumee River. Toledo
water is occasionally affected by Maumee River water. Its problems are
not on the same scale as those cities whose source is exclusively the
Maumee River. But,it is estimated by the City of Toledo that during some
Spring runoffs, the Toledo intake will receive 70 to 90 per cent of its
water from the Maumee. When this hanpens, hardness and alkalinity levels
increase and occasional blooms of algae increase the taste and odor
problems. These blooms are fed by the large amount of nutrients being
contributed to the Bay by the Maumee and also from the Toledo Sewage
Treatment Plant.
7-13
-------
-------
CT-AFTER 8
QUALITY IITROVT7.rai.fT TREASURES
General
The problems of water pollution control in the f'aunee River Pasin
are complex. Solutions to these problems will, of necessity, involve
a progran which includes construction of new treatment plant facil-
ities , expansion of present facilities, and continuous and intensive
monitoring of operations to maximize treatment plant efficiency. In
addition, flow regulation may be required to maintain the water quality
in sections of the Basin even after advanced or tertiary; waste treat-
ment is accomplished. The phases of a program for pollution control in
the Maumee River Basin are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Municipal Waste Treatment
There are approximately ^5 municipal sewerage facilities in the
Maumee River Basin. Of these, 36 provide secondary biological waste
treatment. Municipal waste treatment construction needs for the
major communities of the Maumee River Basin are shown in Table 8-1.
The immediate goal in the treatment of municipal wastes is the
provision of at least biological (secondary) treatment. Such treat-
ment provides 90 percent BOD,- removal and is considered adequate in
mariv Darts of the Basin. To regain the desired water quality, tertiary
or advanced treatment nust be added to the present secondary systems
in several areas. Adequate effluent disinfection is considered to be
a necessity in the study area, particularly where recreational use of
the receiving waters is prevalent or desired. There is also a major
present need for increased phosphate removal. The waste collection
systems in the metropolitan areas must be expanded to include the
suburban areas which now lack treatment or discharge their septic tank
effluents to the area's waters.
Industrial Waste
Table 8-2 lists the immediate industrial waste treatment needs
for the Maumee River Basin. The waste discharge loadings from several
of the industries listed are small, but due to the extreme low flows
in many areas of the Pasin these loadings are quite important.
As with domestic wastes, industrial wastes require a very high
degree of treatment in many of the subbasins of this region in order
P-l
-------
TABLE 0-1
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT NEEDS
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
Sewerage Service Area
Present Present
Treatment Population Plant Needs
St. Joseph River
Reading
Tiffin Rivejr
Hudson
Morenci
St. Joseph River
Auburn
Butler
Garrett
Waterloo
St. Marys River
Berne
Decatur
MICHIGAN
Minor
1,130
Secondary 2,550
Stabilization 2,055
Lagoons
INDIANA
Secondary & Disinfection
Expansion
None
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
6,350
2,170
1^32
Stabilization 2,6kb
Lagoons
Secondary 8,327
None
Disinfection
None
Disinfection
Disinfection
None
Upper Maumee Rvier
Diversified Utilities,
Inc .
*Fort Wayne
New Haven
St . Joseph River
Edgerton
*Montpelier
St . Mary s River
New Bremen
Rockford
*St. Marys
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
OHIO
Minor
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
1;,200
171,780
3,396
1,566
i+,131
1,972
1,155
7,737
Expansion
.Advanced Waste Treatment
Disinfection
Secondary & Disinfection
Secondary & Disinfection
Expansion & Disinfection
Secondary & Disinfection
Advanced Waste Treatment
* Indicates sewage treatment plants receiving significant industrial loads.
-------
TABLE 8-1 (continued)
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATIZIIT NEEDS
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
Present Present
Sewerage Service Area Treatment Population
Auglaize River
Ada
Bluffton
*Columbus Grove
Continental
Cridersville
*Delphos
Dunkirk
Elida
*Findlay
Forest
*Lima
Ottawa
Pauldihg
Payne
Spencerville
*Van Wert
*Wapakoneta
Tiffin River
*Archbold
*Bryan
Fayette
Stryker
West Unity
Upper Maumee River
Antwerp
Defiance
Hicksville
Lower Maumee River
*Delta
*Deshler
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Minor
Minor
Secondary
Minor
Secondary
Secondary
Stabilization
Lagoons
Minor
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Stabilization
Lagoons
Stabilization
Lagoons
Minor
Minor
Intermediate
Secondary
Secondary
Stabilization
Lagoons
3,918
2,591
2,10H
1,1^7
1,053
6,961
1,006
1,215
30, 3M
1.31U
51,037
3.2U5
2,936
1,287
2,o6l
11,323
6,756
2,3U8
7,361
1,090
1,205
1,192
1.U65
1^,553
3,116
2,376
1.82U
Plant Needs
Expansion & Disinfection
Disinfection
Advanced 4tfaste Treatment
Disinfection
Disinfection
Advanced Waste Treatment
Secondary & Disinfection
Secondary & Disinfection
Advanced Waste Treatment
Secondary & Disinfection
Advanced Waste Treatment
None
Disinfection
Secondary & Disinfection
Disinfection
Advanced Waste Treatment
Advanced Waste Treatment
Advanced Waste Treatment
Advanced Waste Treatment
Disinfection
Disinfection
Secondary & Disinfection
Secondary & Disinfection
Expansion
Expansion
Advanced Waste Treatment
Disinfection
*Indicates sewage treatment plant receiving significant industrial loads.
-------
TABLE 8-1 (continued)
MUNICIPAL WASTE TRZAi:r;jT NEEDS
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
Sewerage Service Area
Present Present
Treatment Population
Plant Needs
Lover Maumee River (continued)
Holgate
Leipsic
Napoleon
Perrysburg
Swanton
*Toledo
Waterville
Wauseon
West on
*Whitehouse
Minor 1,37^
Secondary 1,802
Secondary 6,739
Intermediate 5,519
Secondary 2,306
Secondary 318,000
Secondary 1»856
Secondary ^,311
Secondary 1,075
Secondary 1,135
Minor Tributaries
-Creek (Ottawa. River.)
Sylvania
Silve_r_ Creek
Trilby
Secondary
Minor
5,187
5,000
Secondary & Disinfectior
Disinfection
None
Secondary
Disinfection
Advanced Waste Treatment
Expansion & Disinfection
Advanced Waste Treatment
Disinfection
Expansion
Expansion
Secondary & Disinfection
*Indicates sewage treatment plant receivine; significant industrial loads,
GPO 827-431-4
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TABLE 8-2
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT NEEDS
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
Industry
Location
Control Measures
Toledo Edison
Gulf Oil Company
Sun Oil Company
Pure Oil
Standard Oil Company
Libbey-Owens-Ford
Interlake Iron
Johns-Manville Company
Campbell Soup Company
Central Foundry(Div.GM)
S. K. Wayne Tool Co.
Weatherhead Corporation
Hayes Industry -
Decorative Division
Ohio Decorative Products
Lower Maumee
Toledo, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Waterville, Ohio
Napoleon, Ohio
Defiance, Ohio
Defiance, Ohio
Upper Maumee
General Control Measures &
Improvements
COD, Oil
Solids
Oil, COD, and Phenols
Phenols, Oil, COD
Oil, Solids, Color
Phenols, Solids
Solids, BOD, Phenol
BOD
Solids, BOD
General Control Measures
Antwerp, Ohio Oils and Solids
Auglaize
Spencerville, Ohio Solids
Spencerville, Ohio Solids, Housekeeping
Buckeye Sugars
National Refinery
(Ashland Oil)
Rusco Inc.
Excello Corporation
Ford Motor Company
Republic Creosote
Standard Oil Company
Refinery
Chemical
Petrochemical
Blanchard
Ottawa, Ohio
Findlay, Ohio
Pandora, Ohio
Ottawa
Lima, Ohio
Lima, Ohio
Lima, Ohio
Lima, Ohio
Lima, Ohio
Lima, Ohio
BOD
Oil, General Housekeeping
Oil, Solids, Secondary Treatment
of sewage
General Housekeeping
Oil
Phenol
Phenol, Oil, COD
Ammonia
Evaluate Completed Improvements
-------
TABLE 8-2 (continued)
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT NEEDS
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
Industry
Location
Control Measures
Edgerton Metal Products
Weston Paper
Goodyear Tire & Rubber
Company
Beatrice Foods Company
Essex Wire Company
St. Joseph
Edgerton, Ohio
St. Marys
St. Marys, Ohio
St. Marys, Ohio
St. Marys, Ohio
Fort Wayne, Ind.
Tenmile Creek
Chrome Treatment, Acid
Neutralization
BOD
General Housekeeping
General Housekeeping
Phenol
Dana Corporation
Toledo, Ohio
Oil
-------
to provide suitable streara conditions. Most industries in the Basin
a.re aware of the acute problems caused by their wastes and have pro-
grams which, when put into effect, will all but eliminate their
waste problems. SOHIO at Lima is spending over a million dollars a
year on just the operating costs of its treatment facilities. Besides
BOD, the nain industrial problems in the Maumee Basin are caused by
oils, phenols, ammonia, and solids.
Combined Sewers
Studies of combined sewer systems have indicated that the com-
bined overflow contains from 3 to 5 percent of the average annual
untreated domestic sewage. During storms, as much as 95 percent of
the sewage flow is discharged with the storm water runoff. Storm
water alone has been shown to carry significant amounts of the
pollutionail load, particularly in the early portions of storms when
a flushing action occurs resuspending the deposited sludge in the
sewers.
The need for solutions to the problems caused by overflows of
combined sewer systems is pressing and is receiving much current
attention. The Water Quality Act of 1965 established a four-year
program of grants and contract authority to demonstrate new or im-
proved methods to eradicate the problems of combined sewer overflows.
Combined sewers should be prohibited in all newly developed areas
and in urban renewal projects.
Reduction of Nutrients
Nutrients and the effect they have on producing algal growths
have been considered earlier in this report. There is an immediate
and continuing need for the reduction of the nutrient loads to the
f'aumee Basin. The suggested critical phosphate (P0jt) concentration
of 0.03 mg/1 was exceeded in almost every sample collected throughout
the Maumee Basin. Excluding the discharges from the City of Toledo,
the Maumee River discharges approximately 2^ million pounds per year
of total phosphates (of which ° million pounds per year are soluble
phosphates) into Lake Erie. It is estimated that the City of Toledo's
treatment plant discharges over 3 million pounds of soluble phosphates
per year.
The degree of phosphate removal obtained by the municipal and
industrial treatment plants in the Maumee River Basin is not yet
^jriown; however, the removal of phosphates is known to vary among plants
of similar design for reasons that are not always evident. Research in
progress shows prond.se of accomplishing substantial removals at nominal
costs.
8-2
-------
From the conditions found in the Maumee Basin and in Lake Erie,
it is evident that it is of the utmost importance to remove as much
phosphate as possible as soon as possible in the Basin. Phosphates
from all sources must be reduced or eliminated. The need to reduce
phosphates from agricultural uses through soil conservation practices
is equally as important as removing the phosphates from domestic
sewage.
Plant Operation
Proper plant operation must follow proper plant design in order
to efficiently reach the goals of water pollution control. The im-
portance and value of proper plant operation must be emphasized at
all levels of public authority. Effective operation can be encouraged
by means of a routine inspection program., Inspections should be con-
ducted by the appropriate State agencies on at least an annual basis
for the small and medium-sized plants, and at least bi-annually for
the larger plants.
A mandatory sewage treatment plant operators' certification
program should be adopted in Indiana. The Ohio Department of Health
should have stronger enforcement powers to carry out present regula-
tions requiring operator certification. The State of Michigan already
has a satisfactorily operating mandatory program.
Monthly operation reports should be submitted to the States
water pollution control agencies from each municipal and industrial
waste treatment facility. These reports should contain sufficient
information to describe waste treatment efficiency and the quality and
quantity of the effluent discharged to the water of the Maumee River
Basin. Monthly operational reports would provide the State with more
current information and would enable it to take much quicker action
concerning needed improvements. This information should be reported
in terms of both concentrations and load rates, and should be main-
tained in open files by the State agencies for use by those having a
legitimate interest in the information.
Monitoring
The maintenance of desirable water quality on a continuing basis
calls for a routine monitoring program covering the significant water
quality parameters at strategic points. The State of Indiana has an
8-3
-------
exemplary monitoring program in its portion of the Maumee River Basin.
Since 1957 it has; collected bi-weekly samples from one station each
on the St. Joseph, St. Marys, and Maumee Rivers, and published this
material in an annual tabulation of the water quality of the State.
The water quality monitoring program of the Ohio Water Pollution
Control Agencies in the Maumee River Basin needs to be strengthened.
At present the State of Ohio has a limited routine sampling pro-
gram for the Ohio portion of the Maumee River Basin. A monitoring
program should be geared to indicate any changes or trends in water
quality and the need for additional quality improvement measures.
The total water pollution control activities in Indiana and par-
ticularly in Ohio should be strengthened in terms of staffing and
budget. With additional resources and the support available from the
FWPCA, the implementation of the program outlined in this report and
similar programs in other basins throughout the States can be accel-
erated to meet the growing needs for clean water.
The industries, municipalities, and other agencies discharging
wastes within the study area should submit reports to the appropriate
State agency concerning the quality and quantity of waste discharged.
These reports should be combined with the monthly operating reports
discussed in the previous section.
The overall monitoring program in the Maumee River Basin should
be geared to provide an adequate picture of all wastes being discharged
to the waters of the area and serve to indicate trends in water quality
or the need for additional quality improvement measures.
Flow Regulation
As discussed in Chapter k, the Maurree River Basin suffers from
extreme low flow during periods of the year. With the lack of reservoir
sites it is unlikely that a source of flow augmentation will be found
within the Basin. In a study conducted by the State of Ohio's Develop-
ment Department, a pipeline to distribute Lake Erie water throughout
the Maumee Basin was proposed (28). This water would be used for both
domestic and industrial water supply and possibly for flow augmentation.
It is not recommended that flow augmentation be used as a substitute
for treatment measures recommended in this report, but it is recognized
that flow regulation may still be required even after a high degree of
treatment is obtained.
State Water Pollution Control Program
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act recognizes the primary
8-U
-------
responsibility of the States in the control and prevention of water
pollution. The effectiveness of a State program, however, is depen-
dent upon adequate funds and personnel with which to accomplish this
mission.
!Ehe States of Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio have achieved com-
mendable success in the control of water pollution with the staff and
funds available. However, though much has been accomplished by the
States in controlling conditions, much remains to be done. In 196U,
the Public Administration Service prepared a report, "Staffing and
Budgetary Guidelines for State Water Pollution C itrol Agencies".
The guidelines given in that report include the following:
For states in the population group of Indiana, desirable
staff of about 100 people and an annual budget of a
million dollars; for states such as Ohio, in a much
larger population group, approximately twice the numbers,
i.e., 200 people and 2 million dollars a year; for states
intermediate in population comparable guideline numbers
are 170 people and 1.6 million dollars. (6k)
8-5
-------
CHAPTER 9
BENEFITS
Implementation of the recommendations vhich comprise the above
action program will result in substantial improvement in the quality
of the waters in the Mauir.ee River Basin. The program objectives,
however, are more specific and have been developed to provide water
of satisfactory quality for both present and planned uses as shown
in Table 5-2. Accomplishment of program objectives will result in
both tangible and intangible benefits to the people of the Maumee
River Basin in particular, and to the people of the States of
Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and the Nation as a whole. As the waters
of Lake Erie serve many states and are of national importance, all
will share in the benefits resulting from the enhancement and pro-
tection of these waters for both present and future needs.
The 1.2 million people who will reside in the Basin by 1980 will
benefit from the assurance of a safer, more palatable water supplied
to their homes, business establishments, industries, schools, and
public buildings. Ovmers of property adjacent to and near bodies of
water will derive increased esthetic enjoyment and enhanced property
values from the elimination of ugliness and unsightly conditions
resulting from water pollution, including nuisance algal blooms stim-
ulated by over-fertilization.
Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio residents and visitors from out-of-
state who use the Basin's streams and lakes for swimming, water
skiing, boating, and other water-oriented sports will be protected
against infectious diseases which can be spread as a result of water
pollution. The sports fisherman will find again the once vast fishing
areas to challenge his skill.
In addition to these immediate and direct benefits resulting from
the control of pollution, the preservation and protection of the quality
of the waters of Lake Erie and the Great Lakes is essential to the
Nation's continued growth and prosperity. This immense fresh water
resource, the greatest in the world, is beginning to show the effects
of man's carelessness. Lsie Erie is a clear demonstration that size
is no protection against pollution and that man has the capability of
destroying the usefulness of even a major water resource. As this
Lake is serving as an example of what will happen to the other Great
Lakes if pollution remains unchecked, it may also serve as an example
of what man can do to restore the quality of his environment and pro-
vide more useful benefits to the total population.
9-1
-------
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-------
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-------
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