WATER SUPPLY AND
WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
LOUISVILLE RESERVOIR
HELM RESERVOIR
WABASH RIVER BASIN
ILLINOIS
1
St. Louis
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. REGION m
CHARLOTTESVILLE. VIRGINIA
DECEMBER toes
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WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
LOUISVILLE RESERVOIR AHD HELM RESERVOIR
WABASH RIVER BASIN
ILLINOIS
Abstract
A study has been made which discloses a need for storage in the
proposed reservoirs for municipal vater supply and for water quality
control. These conclusions are based on analysis of existing water
quality information and hydrologic, economic, and demographic analyses
Future needs are projected to the year 2020.
Prepared, at the request of the District Engineer
U. S. ARM? ENGINEER DISTRICT, LOUISVILLE
Corps of Engineers
Louisville, Kentucky
U. S. DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service, Region III
Ohio Riv«r Basin Project
Evansville Field Station, Indiana
December 1965
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
I. INTRODUCTION
Request and Authority 1-1
Purpose and Scope ............. 1-1
Acknowledgments ..... 1-2
II. SUM4ARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
Summary of Findings II-l
Conclusions II-3
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Location III-l
Streatnflow III-l
Water Quality III-2
Pertinent Data III-2
IV. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION
Location and Boundaries IV-1
Geography and Topography ... . IV-1
Climate IV-3
Principal Communities and Industries ... TV-3
V. WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA
Quantity of Water Available V-l
Quality of Water Available V-k
ii
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TABLE OF CCHTENTS (Cont'd)
Page No.
VI. THE ECONOMY
Introduction VI-1
Present VI-2
Future VI-3
VII. WATER REQUIREMENTS - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
Present Water Use VII-1
Existing Sources of Supply - Surface and Ground
Water VII-3
Future Municipal and Industrial Water Requirements . VII-7
VIII. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
Pertinent Physical Characteristics Affecting Water
Quality VIII-1
Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural Pollution
and Natural Organic Degradation VIII-U
Water Quality Criteria VIII-8
Flow Regulation VIII-9
IX. BENEFITS
Water Supply Benefits DC-1
Water Quality Control Benefits IX-2
X. BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
Tables (Pages A-l thru A-19)
Figures (Pages A-20 thru A-26)
iii
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
(Tables Included in Appendix)
III-l Proposed Physical Data, Louisville and Helm
Reservoirs, Little Wabash River Basin .... A-l
V-l Streamflov Data, Little Wabash River Basin . . A-2
V-2 Surface Water Quality on and near Main Stem of
Little Wabash River A-3
V-3 Average Surface Water Quality, Little Wabash
River Basin A-U
V-U Surface Water Quality in Little Wabash River
Basin at Wayne City and Clay City A-5
V-5 Mineral Content of Public Ground Water Supplies
in the Little Wabash River Basin A-6
VI-1 Little Wabash River Basin Study Employment . * A-8
VT-2 Number and Employment Size of Manufacturing
Plants, Little Wabash River Basin Study . . . A-9
VI-3 Little Wabash River Basin Study, Index of
Output of Specific Commodities, 1960 » 100 . A-10
VI-U Little Wabash River Basin Study Population . . A-11
VI-5 I960 Urban and Total Population by County in
the Economic Study Area of the Little
Wabash River Basin A-12
VII-1 Present Surface Water Supplies in the Little
Wabash River Basin A-13
VTI-2 Present Ground Water Supplies in the Little
Wabash River Basin A-lU
VII-3 Present and Projected Average Water Use of
Surface Water Supplied Communities in the
Little Wabash River Basin A-15
iv
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LIST OF TABLES (Cont'd)
Table Wo. Page No*
Vll-k Present and Projected Average Water Use
of Ground Water Supplied Communities
in the Little Wabash River Basin A-l6
VIII-1 Little Wabash River Basin Municipal Waste
Treatment Plants A-IT
VIII-2 Anticipated Treated Municipal and Industrial
Waste Discharges Effluent Loadings of
Little Wabash River Basin A-l8
VIII-3 Anticipated Storage Need for Water Quality
Control Based on Alternative 1 for
Various Levels of Protection A-19
Figure No. LIST OF FIGURES
I location Map ................ A-26
II Surface and Ground Water Supplies, Sand
and Gravel Aquifers, and Waste
Treatment Status A-20
III Water Quality Sampling Points A-21
IV Water Supply and Waste Discharge Schematic . A-22
V Little Wabash River Monthly Flow Expressed
as Percent of Annual Flow for Lowest 25
Percent of Years of Record at Carmi .... A-23
VI Skillet Fork Monthly Flow Expressed as
Percent of Annual Flow for Lowest 25
Percent of Years of Record at Wayne City . A-24
VII Little Wabash River Monthly Flow Expressed
as Percent of Annual Flow for Lowest 25
Percent of Years of Record at Clay City . . A-25
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1-1
I. INTRODUCTION
Request and Authority
The Corps of Engineers, Louisville District, is preparing a
comprehensive study of the Wabash River Basin concerning the development
of water and related land resources. This study, as outlined in the
"Plan of Survey, Wabash River Basin," September 23, 1963 (revised
May 196k), requests the Public Health Service to determine present and
future needs for and value of storage for municipal and industrial water
supply and for regulation of streamflow for the purpose of water quality
control.
This study has been made in accordance with the Memorandum of
Agreement dated November U, 1958, between the Department of the Army
and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, relative to the
Water Supply Act of 1958 as amended (U3 U.S.C. 390b) and the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act as amended (33 U.S.C. k66 et seq.).
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this study is to determine the need for and value of
storage in the Louisville and Helm Reservoirs for the purposes of
municipal and industrial water supply and water quality control in the
Little Wabash River Basin. The multiple-purpose projects under study
are located on the Little Wabash River and on Skillet Pork, a tributary
to the Little Wabash River.
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1-2
The period of study for this report is from the present to the
year 2020. This is the period for which the economic guidelines were
established by the Corps of Engineers Ohio River Division "Protective
Economic Study of the Chio River Basin" and consequent economic studies
of the Wabash River Basin.
The area studied includes 15 counties in southeastern Illinois
approximately 100 miles east of St. Louis, Missouri.
Acknowledgments
Completion of this study was made possible by the cooperation and
assistance of Federal and State authorities and by local authorities in
the basin. Information and data were furnished from their publications,
records, and files.
Acknowledgment is made of the assistance given by the following
agencies:
U. S. Army Engineer District - Louisville, Kentucky
U. S. Geological Survey - Champaign, Illinois
U. S. Soil Conservation Service - Indianapolis, Indiana
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife - Lebanon, Chio
U. S. Federal Power Commission - Chicago, Illinois
Illinois Department of Public Health, Division of Sanitary
Engineering
Illinois Department of Public Works and Buildings, Division of
Waterways
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1-3
Illinois Department of Registration and Education, Illinois
Geological Survey
Illinois Department of Registration and Education, Illinois
Water Survey
Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, Division of Gas and
Oil Conservation
Illinois Department of Business and Economic Development
Illinois Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries
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II-l
II. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CCNCLUSIOJS
Summary of Findings
1. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers is conducting a feasibility
study of two reservoirs in the Little Wabash River Basin, Illinois,
a tributary to the Wabash River. These are the Louisville Reservoir,
3.5 miles northwest of Louisville, Illinois, in Clay County on the
Little Wabash River, and the Helm Reservoir, two miles northwest of
Helm, Illinois, in Marion County on Skillet Pork, a tributary of the
Little Wabash River.
2. The area studied by the U. S. Public Health Service* in
determining needs for water supply and quality control water from
these two proposed structures is the Little Wabash River Basin in
southeast Illinois. The total drainage area is 3»320 square miles
and includes all or parts of 13 counties.
3- Boor low flow characteristics are typical throughout the basin.
Minimum flows of zero have been recorded at both upstream U. S. Geological
Survey gaging stations at Clay City on the Little Wabash River and at
Wayne City on Skillet Fork. The minimum recorded daily flow at Carmi
vith a drainage area of 3,111 square miles is only 0.6 cubic feet per
second (cfs).
U. The 1960 population in the economic study area was 208,000;
of whom 8k ,000 lived in urban areas. The engineering study area includes
57,000 of the 8U,000 people living in urban areas.
*The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration took over this
function of the U. S. Public Health Service on December 31, 1965.
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II-2
5» For the engineering study area, the total present use from
municipal vater supplies is 8.33 million gallons per day (mgd). This
is equivalent to 105 gallons per capita per day (gpcd) for the public
water users. The range in use observed for communities in this basin
is from 19 to 208 gpcd.
6. All major communities in the basin have secondary vaste
treatment plants and all industries studied use municipal vaste
treatment facilities. Eighty-five percent removal of 5-day biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) loadings is effected in these plants.
7. Brine and oil from oil field wastes, agricultural wastes, and
natural organic wastes (primarily decaying leaves and logs) are the
major sources of added pollutants entering the streams. The basinwide
ranges of a few mineral constituents naturally present in the water are
listed here in mg/1.
Surface Water Ground Water
Low High Low High
Manganese 0.0 l.U 0.0 0.3
Iron 0.2 17.7 0.0 3.8
Total Dissolved Solids 70 2,080 29U 1,330
Total Hardness 38 391 127 558
Surface and ground water quality is considered as fair.
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II-3
Conclusions
1. In the year 1980, the total population in the economic study
area is expected to approach 238,000. Of these, 112,000 are
anticipated to be urban dwellers. Of these urban dwellers, 86,000
are expected to reside in the engineering study area. In the year
2020, the total population anticipated in the economic study area is
Iil8,000. The number of urban dwellers in the economic study area is
estimated to be 215,000, while the number of urban dwellers in the
engineering study area is anticipated to be 179*000.
2. In the year 1980, water use for water supply is projected to
reach 1^.5 mgd and by the year 2020 is projected to be 36.1 mgd.
3« A water need will exist in the stream reach that includes the
communities of Flora, Xenia, and Clay City by the year 1970. Flow
levels of 1.1 mgd and 3.3 mgd in the years 1980 and 2020, respectively,
are estimated to be needed to meet water supply demands.
Die remaining communities in the basin, which will have a
water supply need, are not located sufficiently near the water
supplied from these proposed reservoirs to economically utilize storage
in them.
k. To provide for water quality control through streamflow
regulation in the Skillet Fork and Little Wabash River reaches below
the proposed Helm and Louisville damsites through the year 2020 will
require an annual draft-on-storage* of 12,200 acre-feet in the basin.
*Annual draft-on-storage is the sum of the incremental excesses of the
needed releases over inflows during a climatic year, i.e., from April
of one year to March of the following year.
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Il-k
Of this total draft-on-storage need, 9,000 acre-feet are needed in the
Louisville Reservoir and 3j200 acre-feet are needed in the Helm Reservoir.
5. The flows assured by a draft-on-storage of 12,200 acre-feet
will maintain 5 rog/1 dissolved oxygen below the proposed reservoirs
during an expected one in ten year recurrence interval drought except in
a portion of a reach of stream impounded by Carmi for water supply. The
water quality for water supply purposes will not be adversely affected
by failure to meet this criterion in this impounded reach.
6. The minimum annual value of benefits of providing water for
water supply in the Louisville Reservoir for the communities of Flora,
Xenia, and Clay City is $2,100. The minimum annual value of water
quality benefits to be derived from storage in the Louisville and Helm
Reservoirs are $11^,000 and $32,000 respectively. The values used are
based on the least costly alternatives to the Louisville and Helm
projects studies to provide water for water supply and adequate water
quality for the basin. The value of these annual benefits, including
operation and maintenance costs, are based on a 100-year amortization of
capital costs at an interest rate of 3 1/8 percent.
7- Benefits to accrue by providing storage for water supply and/or
quality control are increased land values, increased and expanded
industry, increased recreation, and maintenance of high standards of
public health.
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II-5
8. Thermal stratification may be expected to occur in the
Louisville and Helm Reservoirs with reduction of dissolved oxygen
in the hypolimnion. To assure discharge of good quality water below
the dam, it is recommended that openings be provided at a minimum of
three levels to make possible selection of the best quality water
available.
9» These streamflow needs and the value of benefits are based
on the best estimate that can be made at this time and are subject
to review and revision based on information and data from the Chio
River Comprehensive Study by the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare when it becomes available.
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III-l
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Location
This report considers two proposed reservoir sites in the Little
Wabash River Basin which is located entirely within the State of Illinois.
The Louisville Reservoir site is located 3*5 miles above the community of
Louisville in Clay County on the Little Wabash River. The Helm Reservoir
site on Skillet Fork is about 15 miles northwest of the community of
Wayne City in Marion County. See Figure I at the end of this report
for the basin location nap. (All figures appear in the Appendix. )
Streaaflow
The U. S. Geological Survey gaging station located on the Little
Wabash River at Clay City has experienced a mean flow of 89^ cfs for a
drainage area of 1>13U square miles. The Louisville Reservoir site
2
located upstream has a drainage area of 66l square miles and will control
about one-third of the drainage area of the Little Wabash River excluding
Skillet Fork.
The Helm Reservoir site has a drainage area of 210 square miles or
20 percent of the drainage area of Skillet Fork. A U. S. Geological
Survey gage at Wayne City downstream of the dams it e has a drainage area
of U6U square miles and a mean flow of 396 cfs.
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III-2
Water Quality
The proposed Louisville Reservoir site is located belov the
communities of Altamont and Effingham in an active oil field area. Algal
growths vill result where municipal and industrial wastes enter the
upstream shallow fingers of the proposed reservoir. From data collected
between 1950 and 1956 by the State of Illinois at Clay City, the average
chloride concentration in the reservoir is expected to approach Uo
milligrams per liter (mg/l) with an average maximum concentration of
100 mg/l if present brine discharges are continued. Some fingers of
the reservoir where brines are being actively released from oil fields
can experience higher sporatic chloride concentrations and will be the
most probable areas of oil slick occurrences. Existing State legislation
on oil field management provides for control of these problems.''
Pertinent Data
The proposed Louisville Reservoir would, at maximum conservation
pool elevation of ^76 feet mean sea level (msl), provide a ^1-foot depth
of water at the damsite, a surface area of 7,750 acres, and a total
2
storage volume of 8U,000 acre-feet. This pool elevation would back the
reservoir up the Little Wabash River 15 miles in Clay and Effingham
Counties to a point 8 miles below the city of Effingham.
Helm Reservoir, at maximum conservation pool elevation of U66 feet msl,
would yield a Ul-foot depth of water at the damsite, a surface area of
D
5,300 acres, and a total storage volume of 53»000 acre-feet.-1 At this
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III-3
conservation pool elevation, the reservoir would be 11 miles long and
lie entirely within Marion County. See Table III-l for further pertinent
data on these reservoir sites. (All tables appear in the Appendix.)
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IV-1
IV. STUD? AREA DESCRIPTION
Location and Boundaries
The engineering study area consists of the entire Little Wabash River
Basin which is located in the southeastern section of the State of
Illinois. It is the second largest tributary of the Wabash River draining
an area of 3,320 square miles. The Little Wabash River has a long oval-
shaped "basin bounded on the north and west by the Kaskaskia River Basin,
on the southwest by the Big Muddy River Basin, both tributaries to the
Mississippi River; on the east by the Embarrass River Basin, on the south-
east by the Bonpas Creek Basin, both tributaries to the Wabash River; and
on the south by the Saline River Basin, a tributary to the Chio River.
The basin extends from the city of Mattoon, Illinois, which is approximately
70 miles east of Springfield, south to the community of New Haven about 30
miles west of Evansville, Indiana. All or portions of 13 counties are
included in the drainage area of the Little Wabash River and listed from
north to south are: Coles, Shelby, Cumberland, Effingham, Jasper, Clay,
Marion, Richland, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Hamilton, and White Counties.
(See Figure I.)
Geography and Topography
The Little Wabash River begins in the terminal moraine of the
Wisconsin Glacier. From its headwaters near Mattoon, the river flows
southeastward and joins the Wabash River 2 miles southeast of New Haven
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IV-2
and about 13 miles above the confluence of the Wabash River and the
Ohio River. The stream has an average fall of 0.6 feet per mile over
its length of some 2kO miles. The upper part of the basin consists of
relatively level, semi-prairie type land drained by low-gradient tribu-
taries, some being channelized to provide more efficient drainage.
Proceeding southward the Little Wabash passes through a moderate gorge
area with the adjacent areas drained by comparatively short tributary
systems of steeper gradient as they near the main stream. In the lower
reaches of the basin, the main stream passes through a broad flat valley
with adjacent drainage areas rising to rolling and wooded uplands
6
intermingled with isolated areas of prairie.
Skillet Fork is the largest tributary to the Little Wabash River,
having a drainage area of about 1,070 square miles or about one-third
the drainage area of the entire basin, nils stream originates in Marion
County and flows southeastward past Wayne City, through extensive lowland
areas subject to flooding, and on to the Little Wabash River 2.5 miles
northeast of the city of Carmi in White County. Portions of its route
6
have been channelized to facilitate a faster rate of runoff and more work
is contemplated In clearing and cleaning this stream below Wayne City to
the Little Wabash River, funded partially by the Skillet Pork River Outlet
Union Drainage District and partly by the State of Illinois.
Ihe topography of the land in the Skillet Fork drainage basin is
similar to the middle and lower portions of the Little Wabash drainage
basin.
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IV-3
Climate
In general, the climate in the Little Wabash River Basin is
temperate with a growing season of seven months. The mean annual
temperature of the basin is approximately 56°P with a mean winter
temperature of 35°F and a mean summer temperature of 77°F. The month
with the highest mean temperature, 78°F, is July, and the month with the
lowest mean temperature, 33 F, is January.
The average annual precipitation in the basin has been measured as
follows: Effingham, in the northern part of the basin, 39-6 inches;
and Mount Vernon, Indiana, just outside the southern tip of the basin,
j
U2.5 inches. The average annual precipitation for the entire basin is
^1.6 inches. The area has suffered from sleet, hail, snow and ice
storms, as well as from tornadoes characteristic of the Mississippi
Valley.
Principal Communities and Industries
At present, the Little Wabash Basin is mostly rural with a total
population in I960 of less than 150,000 in an area of 3>320 square miles.
Olney and Effingham are the largest cities in the basin with populations
in excess of 8,000. Mattoon, located Just north of the basin and drawing
its water supply from the basin, has a population greater than 19,000.
Carmi, Albion, Flora, and Fairfield, while smaller than the communities
listed above, are significant population centers for this area.
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Agriculture and oil production have been the chief employment sources
in this area, but increased mechanization has caused this to decrease as
a means of livelihood for a major segment of the basin's population.
The population has shifted from the rural areas to the cities in the
basin or out of the basin entirely. The cities have diversified light
industry which the more active communities are trying to entice and keep
to offset the employment decline in agriculture and mining. The light
industry ranges from machinery production to textiles and leather goods.
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V-l
V. WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA
Quantity of Water Available
Surface Water
Zero flow has been recorded at both Wayne City below the proposed
Helm Reservoir on Skillet Fork and Clay City below the proposed Louisville
Reservoir on the Little Wabash River. The mean flows at these two gages
are 396 cfs and 8gU cfs respectively. In 2k years of record, the lowest
flow recorded at Canal on the Little Wabash River below the confluence
of Skillet Fork and the Little Wabash River is only 0.6 cfs for one day
1
and the mean flow is 2,557 cfs. The minimum seven consecutive day mean
flow with an expected ten years1 recurrence is U.O cfs. The minimum
one day once in thirty year mean flow expected is 0.^5 cfs (see Table V-l).
During low flow years, over hj percent of the annual flow at Carmi
occurs during only two months, March and April (see Figure V). Similar
values are experienced at Wayne City (see Figure VI) and Clay City (see
Figure VII).
There are 13 single-purpose water supply reservoirs and low head
impoundments in the basin (see Table VTI-l). Except for the Impoundment
at Carmi, which backs water up the Little Wabash River and also up
Skillet Fork decreasing the velocity of the streams in these affected
reaches, the remaining impoundments do not significantly affect the flow
in either Skillet Fork or the Little Wabash River.
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V-2
Ground Water
Ground water aquifers capable of producing 500 gallons per minute
(gpm) with proper development exist where sand and gravel deposits
occur with other unconsolidated material deposited by preglacial rivers
in the Little Wabash Basin. These generally follow the course of the
present riverbed. Contiguous areas generally capable of producing
between 50 and 200 gpm are considered as areas of fair to good ground
water aquifers.
According to Illinois State Geological Survey Circulars 212, 225,
8
and 2^8 (see Figure II), "the areas of good to excellent probability
of sand and gravel aquifers are underlain by thick deposits of
unconsolidated material containing sand and gravel. Ground water for
domestic use may be easily obtained with small diameter drilled wells.
The probability for construction of high capacity wells for municipal and
industrial supplies is good, although test drilling is needed to locate
the more permeable aquifers.
"The areas of fair to good are underlain by moderate thicknesses
of unconsolidated materials filling minor valleys or bordering the main
valleys and have some thin or discontinuous deposits of sand and gravel.
Ground water for domestic and farm supplies is locally obtained in this
area from drilled wells in sand and gravel, but in some places good
water-yielding deposits are absent and wells are drilled into bedrock.
The probabilities for obtaining supplies of ground water for municipal
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Y-3
and industrial purposes are poor to fair, and extensive geophysical and
test-drilling explorations for sand and gravel deposits are necessary."
(See Figure II.)
"The area labeled 'poor1 is principally upland where glacial drift
is thin or absent. Wells generally penetrate bedrock because »and or
gravel deposits capable of supplying appreciable quantities of ground
vater are rare."
About 60 percent of the public water supply wells pump from sand
and gravel aquifers and the remainder from rock aquifers, usually sand-
stone. Sixty to UoO-foot deep bedrock wells have generally low yields
but range from 10 to 60 gpm.
Sand and gravel wells are generally 25 to 100 feet deep with a wide
range of yields from 20 to 500 gpm. The hifjh yield wells are located
generally in the northern extremity of the basin in the area of the
Wisconsin glaciation and again in the southern extremity in the larger
alluvial bed near the mouth of the Little Wabash River. Low to moderate
yields exist generally between these regions, depending on the proximity
of the wells to the preglacial riverbed or major tributaries to it.
The discharge at 90 percent flow duration at the gage near Clay
City is about 7.9 cfs. This gives a dry weather yield of about 0.007 cfs
per square mile, indicating that the ground water yield of the basin
above this gaging station is moderate. The discharge at Carmi at 90
percent flow duration is about 3^ cfs. This gives a dry weather yield
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v-u
of about 0.011 cfs per square mile, indicating that ground water yield
above this station is moderate and is somewhat better than that at the
gage near Clay City. The only other gage in the basin for which there is
a comparable record is on Skillet Pork at Wayne City. The discharge at
90 percent flow duration at this gage is about 1.0 cfs. This gives a
dry weather yield of about 0.002 cfs per square mile, indicating the
ground water yield above this station is low. Subsurface information,
although sparse, indicates that high yielding wells are possible along
9
the partially buried valley of the Little Wabash River.
Quality of Water Available
Surface Water
Surface water quality in the main stem of the Little Wabash River
and Skillet Fork, as shown in Tables V-2, V-3, and V-U, is generally
fair. The range of chloride concentrations is from 385 to U mg/1, of
sulfates is 307 to 5, and of total dissolved solids is 863 to 70. The
maximum value quoted in each instance is higher than the maximum value
to be tolerated in finished water according to the U. S. Public Health
10
Service Drinking Water Standards as will be discussed later. Average
iron concentrations from two sampling stations are 3 mg/1 and manganese
concentrations for these same stations average 0.5 mg/1. These are both
one order of magnitude higher than to be tolerated by these same
U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. The iron and
manganese concentrations appear to be inherent water quality character-
istics. The chlorides can be generally attributed to the oil field
activity in the basin.
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V-5
Throughout the entire basin the range in total hardness vas from
391 to 38 fflg/1.
The tributary streams showed higher ranges of concentrations than
the main stem especially for constituents attributable to oil field
activity. The total dissolved solids in these tributary streams ranged
up to 2,080 mg/1. Surface water quality shows ranges of chlorides from
one station on Muddy Creek in a heavily active oil field area due west
of Olney of from 1,100 to 13 mg/1 with an average of seven samples
between the years 1958 and 1963 of 208 mg/1. In a more recent survey
in June of 1965, comparable average chloride concentrations were
observed at two points in Skillet Fork near the confluence of the
Little Wabash River. Chloride concentrations of this magnitude are due
to brines from oil well drilling and occur in the highest concentrations
in the small creeks. Another pronounced example of a chloride problem
is that of the community of Olney which may have to abandon its Fox
River water supply impoundment because of chloride concentrations as
high as 800 mg/1 entering from Coon and Richland Creeks.
Occasionally, in this same reservoir at Olney, the manganese
concentration reaches 5 mg/1. At Wayne City and Clay City, the maximum
manganese concentrations recorded were l.U and 1.2 mg/1 respectively
with average values of 0.6 and O.k mg/1.
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v-6
The 1962 U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards
publication indicates that the following concentrations should not be
exceeded in finished drinking water if a more suitable supply is
available: Chlorides, 250 mg/1; manganese, 0.05 ng/lj total dissolved
solids, 500 ag/1; and iron, 0.3 ing/I. These values are exceeded in many
parts of the basin which would indicate that treatment is necessary to
remove these constituents for use on interstate carriers. (See
Tables V-2, V-3, and V-U.)
The coliform count per 100 milliliters (ml) ranged from 10^,000
to 10 of all samples analysed vhile the number of bacteria per mllliliter
for the same samples tyaned the range of 320,000 to k.
Ground Water
From data presented in Table V-5 from 12 wells in the basin, the
range of total dissolved solids is from 1,330 rag/1 to 2
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VI-1
VI. THE ECONOMY
Introduction
An investigation of the population and economic characteristics and
a projection of the probable growth of the area of concern of the reservoir
projects provide a basis for determining the water requirements in terms
of both quantity and quality for the area. The growth of an area depends
not only on the characteristics of the area itself but, also, in varying
degrees, on the type and extent of the growth of the Nation and the region
of which it is a part. This discussion of the economy has been prepared
within the general framework of the Protective Economic Study for the
Chio River Basin prepared by the A. D. Little Company, Inc.
To supplement that work, a special study has been conducted by the
Louisville District of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers utilizing histor-
ical employment data from the unemployment insurance program of the Bureau
of Employment Security, U. S. Department of Labor. This study covered the
Wabash and White River Basins as delineated in the Protective Economic
Study of the Chio River Basin. The difference in total manufacturing
employment between the two studies was only k percent or 1,000 employees
in the year 2020. Thus there is no significant difference between the
studies and no change was made in the index of output derived from the
A. D. Little Company's study. The projections of productivity per
employee made in the A. D« Little report are considered valid for use
with the Louisville District employment projections.
-------
VI-2
Present
The area of economic influence includes the 11-county area of Clay,
Cumberland, Edwards, Effingham, Hamilton, Jasper, Lawrence, Richland,
Wabash, Wayne, and White in Illinois. The Mattoon area in Coles County
is also included. There are two counties in the economic study area,
Lawrence and Wabash, that are not considered in the Engineering Section
of the report.
Agriculture, the largest single employment category in I960,
accounted for 30 percent of the total employment in 1950 and 20 percent
in I960 (see Table VI-l). Less than 5 percent of the State agriculture
12
production is from the study area. The amount of irrigation is
insignificant. There is little softwood and even the hardwood forests
are not of major consequence.
Extractive industries show a downward employment trend from 1950 to
1960» Output figures show a corresponding trend with little change in
petroleum production and reserve. The only coal mined is in Wabash County
which has one strip mine. No minerals were extracted in 1961 in Hamilton,
Jasper, or Richland Counties. The value of all mineral industries was
less than one million dollars for all eleven counties in 1961. The value
of crude petroleum production in the eleven counties was approximately
110 million dollars, representing U8 percent of crude production in
Illinois in 1961.13
Manufacturing employment accounted for less than 1? percent of total
employment in I960. In 196U, there were 10 manufacturing plants employing
over 250 workers. Borg-Warner Corporation has a plant in Effingham
-------
VI-3
employing more than 1,000 persons which is the only really large plant
in the study area. Its products fall into three classifications:
Fabricated metals, non-electrical and electrical machinery. There are
21 plants in these 3 categories in the study area. Ten have over 100
employees. It seems logical that these will provide a nucleus for future
lU
expansion and a potential for attracting similar plants.
In addition to fabricated metals and electrical and non-electrical
machinery manufacturing, there is a nucleus for transportation and
related equipment (bicycles, auto and bicycle tire and tube) manufac-
turing.
The study area has H plants with over 100 employees engaged in the
manufacture of leather products. Shoes are the principal product with
one plant producing leather gloves.
Table VI-2 shows the number and employment size of manufacturing
plants in the study area.
Future
The past economy has been largely agricultural and has supported
the rather large retail-wholesale trade category. ^ Projected prosperity
of the area is based upon the nucleus of machinery, electrical machinery
and related industries. Electrical machinery is the major growth category.
Machinery is growing but at a much slower rate than electrical machinery.
The index in Table VI-3 combines machinery and electrical machinery as
was done in the A. D. Little study. It is this manufacturing complex
-------
VI-4
that vill increase and upon which the projected employment and population
will "be supported. Urban area projections are based upon historical
relationships between urban areas and the county in which the area is
contained. (See Table VI-U.)
The population projection for Mattoon Township, adjacent to the
study area, is 19,138 in I960; 26,000 in 1980; and 60,000 in 2020.
Steam generation of power is projected by the Federal Power
Commission to increase two and one-half times from 1960 to 1980.
The projections in this section have been used for calculating
future water supply and water quality needs in subsequent sections of
this report.
-------
VII-1
VII. WATER REQUIRMENTS - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
Present Water Use
Water supply in the Little Wabash Basin is primarily for municipal
and industrial use. The larger communities in the basin, the primary
water users, are served by surface water supplies. Irrigation and stock
watering use is negligible.
The range of average water use for communities having their own
surface water supply is from 208 gallons per capita per day (gpcd) to
6l gpcd (see Table VII-l). The total average surface water use is
7«75 mgd, serving an approximate population of 70,000, about one-half
the basin's total population.
Olney, the largest per capita water user, has an employment figure
17
of 1,670 people from its eight major industries as of 1965- This
includes a meat processing plant employing 100 persons and using about
0.06 mgd, a milk processing plant employing 80 persons and using about
O.OU mgd, and a large metal fabrication plant employing 650 persons and
using about 0.09 mgd. The water use figures for these three plants are
600, 500, and lUO gallons per employee per day respectively.
A large metal fabrication plant employing about 1,500 people uses
about 0.20 mgd maximum from the municipal water system of Effingham. All
industries in and near the community of Effingham use municipal water but
none of the others are as large or use the amount of water as the above
plant.
-------
VII-2
Mattoon, the largest vater user In the basin as veil as the largest
community, has a broad economic base with no one Industry dominating its
economy, although it does have some industries employing in excess of 500
employees. All industries in and around Mattoon use municipal vater
supplies. Mattoon is far above the reservoir sites. Its vastes are
discharged out of the basin. Therefore, its position is not influential
to the report.
Flora supplies vater to all industries in the community. The
industries are engaged in finished goods production vhlch Involves
assembly processes. Therefore, the industries require vater primarily
for sanitary purposes only. A shoe manufacturing plant employing about
U50 people, tvo metal fabricating plants collectively employing 300
people, a millinery factory employing 1^0, and a nev electronics firm
employing 100 people all use municipal vater. Water is also supplied to
the community of Xenla.
Falrfleld's largest vater user is a light manufacturing company making
die castings. It employs 900 people and uses 0.20 mgd.
The communities of Carmi and McLeansboro, in the extreme southern
portion of the basin, are slovly breaking avay from their heavy emphasis
on mining but, as yet, have not attracted much industry into their areas.
There are three pover generating plants presently in the basin, all
18
in communities vith surface vater supplies as listed below.
-------
VII-3
Community
Altamont
Carmi
Fairfield
Type
Plant
Ib
I
S
Capacity
(megawatts )
1.8
7.U
12.5
Output
(megawatts )
3.65
5.0
Average
Water Use
(gpd)
«
2,000
30,000
a. I = internal combustion; S = steam generation.
b. Industrial plant.
The smaller communities are in general served by ground vater supplies
in the basin. The range of average vater use values for these communities
is from 101 gpcd to 19 gpcd (see Table VII-2). The total average municipal
ground vater use is 0.58 mgd, serving an approximate population of 9,200.
The average ground vater use figure per capita is 63 gpd. None of the
communities supplied by ground vater has any significant industrial
development. The rest of the population in the basin is supplied by
private wells.
Albion, vith a I960 population of 2,025, is the largest ground vater
user in the basin but it receives its vater from outside the basin near
Grayville along the Wabash River.
Existing Sources of Supply - Surface and Ground Water
Quantity - Surface Water
As seen in Table III-l, the one day once in thirty-year recurrence
dependable low flow at Clay City is only 0.10 cfs or 0.065 mgd. At
Carmi, vith 93.7 percent of the total drainage area of the basin accounted
-------
VII-
for, this same one day once in thirty-year recurrence dependable low flow
is only O.U|> cfs or 0.29 mgd. These flows would not satisfy the present
demands of the communities receiving water directly from the Little
Wabash River (see Table VII-l), if they could not pump from impoundments
on the stream or, in the case of the small community of Clay City, from
a natural depression in the streambed.
On Skillet Fork, the only community receiving water from the stream
is Wayne City. The one day once in thirty-year recurrence dependable low
flow at this point is zero (see Table III-l).
The impoundments in the basin serve 12 of the 13 surface water using
communities as tabulated below.
Community
Impoundment
Capacity
Firm Yield
(million gallons) (mgd)
Mattoon & Neoga
Effingham
Altamont
Louisville
Lake Mattoon
Lake Paradise
Lake Sara
Altamont Reservoir
Impoundment on
5,500
^,500
28
10
12
7.2
0.1
0.7
Flora 8e Xenia
Olney
Fairfield
Carmi
Little Wabash River
Impoundment on 12
Little Wabash River
Impoundment on Fox River
Verner Lake
New Olney Lake
Impoundment on Little 350
Wabash River2(side channel
impoundment)
Impoundment on Little 1,000
Wabash River
0.7
5-3
11
-------
VII-5
Community Impoundment Capacity Firm Yield
(million gallons)(mgd)
Wayne City Impoundment on 35 0»^
Skillet Fork
McLeansboro Impoundment on O.U
Branch of Big Creek
1. Proposed Impoundments will give total firm yield of 5-3 mgd (much
of land purchased - construction to begin in summer of 1966).
Present firm yield is 1.5 mgd.
2. Proposed impoundment (105 acres of land purchased - storage and
firm yield calculated as though impoundment were existing).
Quantity - Ground Water
Existing ground water potential in the Little Wabash Basin is
discussed extensively in Chapter V. It is generally concluded that high
yield wells are possible in the extreme northern and southern parts of
the basin along a preglacial riverbed and that moderate yield wells can
be expected in the preglacial streambed with low yields in areas not in
this streambed. The range of yields in the sand and gravel aquifer
formed by this preglacial river is from 20 to 500 gallons per minute for
wells 25 to 100 feet deep. This preglacial streambed is shown in Figure II
as the area of excellent probability of sand and gravel aquifers.
Quality - Surface Water
The quality of surface water supplies in the basin is affected by
algal growths and oil field pollution in some areas. The specific example
of Olney, which may abandon its Fox River water supply Impoundment because
-------
VII-6
of chloride concentrations as high as 800 mg/1 entering it from Richland
Creek in an oil field area, points out this problem most strikingly.
Altamont and Louisville both hare experienced taste and odor problems
due to algal growths. This is one reason that Altamont is seeking a new
vater supply Impoundment. Water samples at Clay City, Louisville,
Wayne City, and Carmi near their water supply intakes do not indicate any
striking problems. The average concentrations in mg/1 of some constit-
uents are shown below.
Total Dissolved
Community
Louisville
Clay City
Wayne City
Carmi
Solids
201
313
289
292
Cl
17
58
26
71
SO^ Hardness
27
61
121
38
137
180
167
155
Fe Mn
2.7 O.U
3.2 0.6
__ __
A more complete tabulation of water quality data appears in
Tables V-2, V-3, and V-U. Chloride concentrations in excess of 250 mg/1
have been experienced at Clay City and Carmi.
Quality - Ground Water
The quality of ground water supplies in the basin summarized in
Table V-5 indicates that in some instances total dissolved solids are
above 500 mg/1, iron above 0.3 «g/l, and manganese above 0.05 ng/l»
Sulfates are in excess of 250 mg/1 at Dietrich. All values quoted are
-------
VII-T
maximum limits which should not be exceeded in finished vater for use on
interstate carriers according to the U. S. Public Health Service Drinking
Water Standards, if more suitable supplies exist. The treated quality of
these ground water supplies is satisfactory for use in these communities
and should not now be a cause of their changing their source of supply.
Future Municipal and Industrial Water Requirements
At present the average per capita consumption in the Little Wabash
Basin of surface water users is 111 gpcd and of municipally supplied
ground water users is 63 gpcd. These figures account for only about
79,200 persons of a population of approximately 135*000. These remaining
people use private wells for their water supply.
As a gross estimate of possible future per capita water use of the
Nation and the State of Illinois, the following tabulation was abstracted
from the Senate Select Committee Report on "Future Water Requirements for
Municipal Use, Water Resources Activities in the United States," print
19
No. T. This will put the per capita consumption figures (expressed in
gallons per capita per day) derived for the Little Wabash River Basin in
some perspective.
195** 1980 2020
United States lUj 1^8 152
Illinois 171 169 170
These figures were stated to have been developed on a conservative
estimate of water use and that these municipal use figures in gallons per
capita per day could conceivably increase to 185 *>y the year 1980 and to
-------
vn-8
225 by the year 2000 and then generally level off from that point in time*
This increase is based on a shift from rural to urban living with an
associated higher industrial base and Increased vater use for cleaning,
air conditioning, and lawn catering to name Just a few uses.
At the present time Olney, supplying water for domestic and all
major industrial use, has an average water use figure of 208 gpcd far
above any other community in the basin. Industry in Olney employs many
more people than the population would suggest, indicating that people
are commuting to work from areas not supplied by water from Olney's
municipal facilities. In the future, Olney should still maintain a high
level of industrial development and continue to be an employment center
for the area, but diversity of industry and the expansion of municipal
water facilities to encompass a larger percentage of the working force's
families should temper Olney's per capita water use figure.
The water use figures for the other communities in the basin are
more in line with those expected in an agriculturally oriented area
intermixed with spotty industrial development. Tables VII-3 and YII-U
show projected water use patterns for the major communities in the basin.
Hie following tabulation lists the surface water supplied communities
and the firm yields from their present sources of supply.
-------
VII-9
Community
Mattoon 8= Neoga*
Effingham
Altamont*
Louisville
Flora, Xenia,
& Clay City*
Olney
Fairfield
Carmi
Wayne City
McLeansboro*
Total
Present Use
1965
(mgd)
2.U
1.0
o.iu
0.1
0.63
1.5
1.0
0.75
0.07
0.23
7-8
Projected Use
1980 2020
(mgd)
*-5
2.0
0.2
0.2
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.3
0.1
O.U
13-U
(fflgd)
13.2
U.l
0.7
0.6
3«3
3.U
3.2
3.8
O.U
33.6
Firm Yield
(mgd)
12
7.2
0.1
0.7**
0.7**
5-3
h
11
o.k
o.k
*Points of potential water supply deficiencies.
**Effluent flows from Altamont and Effingham should increase the flov at
Louisville and Flora by 0.1 mgd by 1980 and 2.5 mgd by the year 2020.
These projections are based on the assumption that industrial
and population expansion will occur in areas already possessing municipal
facilities for water supply and waste water disposal. The water use
figures derived are based on projected population, per capita consumption
to include industrial growth in the community, and percent of the population
-------
VII-10
using public water supplies. Total municipal and industrial surface
vater use should increase to 13«^ mgd by the year 1980 and to 33.6 mgd
by the year 2020. Future total municipal ground vater use should
reach 1.1^ mgd by the year 1980 and increase to 2.52 mgd by the year
2020.
Water supply deficiencies are noted as follows.
Community
Mattoon and Neoga
Altamont
Flora, Xenia, and
Year of
First Heed
2010
1970
1970
2020
Deficiency
(mgd)
1.2
0.6
2.6
Clay City
McLeansboro 1980 0.5
As indicated in the tabulation on page VTE-9, the flow need in
the year 1980 at Flora is 1.1 mgd and by the year 2020 the flow need
is 3.3 mgd. In the year 1980, all except 0.3 mgd of the 1.1 mgd can
be furnished by the natural flow in the stream. By the year 2020,
all except 0.1 mgd of the total 3*3 mgd need at Flora can be
furnished by natural flow in the stream supplemented by upstream
water use by the communities of Altamont and Effingham. The organic
quality of the water used by these upstream communities would be
recovered after traveling over 30 miles downstream in the Little
Wabash River so would be suitable for a water supply source after
treatment. With the proposed reservoir intervening, these flows would
be mixed with reservoir water which would be of much better quality.
-------
VII-11
Supplemental flows of 0.3 mgd in the year 1980 and 0.1 mgd in the
year 2020 could be supplied from storage in the Louisville Reservoir.
These flows in addition to the unregulated streamflow in this stream
reach vill be sufficient to satisfy the vater supply needs. Flora
has expressed a willingness to purchase storage in the Louisville
Reservoir for water supply.
The conmunities served by ground water supplies will generally
use less than 0.2 mgd except for three communities (see Table VTI-U).
These three communities are Albion, receiving water from a well
field near Grayville on the Wabash River, Crossville and Teutopolis
both in areas of, or near areas of, excellent probability of ground
water shown in Figure II. All of these communities should be able
to obtain average yields of 350 gpm per well of a well field with
proper development. This will be sufficient to meet their needs
through the year 2020.
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VIII-1
VIII. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
Pertinent Physical Characteristics Affecting Water Quality
Both the Little Wabash River and Skillet Fork are low-gradient
streams, especially in the middle and lower portions of the basin where
most of the pollutional loadings occur.
The community of Carmi maintains a water supply dam which, while
only 5 feet high, is on a riffle in the Little Wabash River. Water
behind this dam is at points at least 20 feet deep and lUO feet wide.
Even 7.7 miles upstream from the dam the depth is at least 11 feet
and the width 120 feet. Three and two tenths miles up the Skillet
Fork above the confluence of Skillet Fork and the Little Wabash River
in this same Oarmi water supply impoundment, the water is 8 feet deep
and the width 65 feet. These depths were taken when the flow at the
U. S. Geological Survey gaging station at Carmi was 135 cfs. The
average stream gradient in this river reach in both the Little Wabash
River and Skillet Fork is 0.25 feet per mile.
According to a paper by C. J. Velz on the "Significance of
20
Organic Sludge Deposits," the stream velocity below vhich organics
will settle is on the order of 0.6 fps. Once organic particles settle
out, a velocity in the range of 1.0 fps is necessary to put these par-
ticles in suspension again. These quoted values are given as gross
figures realizing that settling velocities vary with particle size.
-------
VIII-2
Based on the velocities quoted and cross sections of the Carmi
impoundment, flows of 1,200 cfs would be required year-round to main-
tain non-settling velocities in this impounded reach. If the impound-
ment were removed, there would still be pools, some of which would be
3 miles long and 15 feet deep. Plows of 800 cfs year-round would be
needed to maintain non-settling velocities assuming no dam were at
Carmi. However, a lower flow level than the 800 cfs without the dam
at Carmi will be sufficient to meet the water quality criterion to be
discussed later in this chapter.
To maintain 800 cfs at Carmi with the Carmi dam removed would
require 30 percent regulation of the drainage area* With the dam in
place, the flow of 1,200 cfs needed represents 50 percent of the mean
annual flow at Carmi. Only 28 percent of the drainage area above Carmi
will be partially regulated by these two proposed reservoirs. Uiere-
fore, even with complete regulation of the streamflow above these two
reservoirs, settling would still occur in this impoundment at Carmi.
A study of the dissolved oxygen analyses at the water supply intake
at Carmi vs. flow for 9^ samples shows the following:
Max
Min
Med
Flow Values in cfs Based 6m, Yearly Sampling from 1959 to 196U
for Following Ranges of D.0.^s in mg/1
1
-------
VIII-3
Flow Values in cfs Based on June through September Samples from
Max
Min
Med
Mean
1959
KDOc2
177
7U
125
125
to 196^
27
No
Samples
We are not able to assume from this that any definitive statements
can be made about what flow level would be needed to maintain any given
D.O. value in the Carmi water supply impoundment.
Recalling that 50 percent regulation of the drainage area irould be
needed to maintain sufficient velocity in the Carmi pool and that only,
at most, 28 percent of the basin will be regulated and that only partially,
it can be concluded that it is not possible without transbasin diversion
to provide sufficient streamflow to ensure non-settling velocities in
the Carmi impoundment. Some additional water could be improved in
quality for about 6 to 8 miles of the head ends of the pool in both
Skillet Fork and the Little Wabash River if the flow were completely
regulated at the damsites but a 5 mg/1 dissolved oxygen concentration
could not be maintained throughout the stream reach, unless mechanical
reaeration techniques were employed.
If the Carmi dam were removed, a low head pumping pool were main-
tained, and a firm flow of 11 mgd were provided from the upstream
-------
VIII-U
reservoirs of Louisville and Helm, the stream would have water of higher
dissolved oxygen quality. This will be further elaborated on in the
Flow Regulations Section at the end of this chapter.
Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural Pollution and Natural Organic
Degradation
Above the Helm Reservoir, virtually no population centers exist.
Below the reservoir site the only significant community is Wayne City
with a projected population of ^,500 in the year 2020. Hhe major causes
of stream degradation in Skillet Fork below the reservoir will be from
agricultural runoff, oil field wastes, and natural organic degradation
caused by decaying vegetable matter, primarily leaves and logs, which
fall into or are washed into the stream.
Above the Louisville Reservoir, the communities of Effingham and
Altamont discharge their wastes after secondary treatment into the
Little Wabash River via tributary streams. When the reservoir, as
presently proposed, is built, these tributaries will form two of the
fingers of the reservoir. Increased algal concentrations will result
from waste discharges in these shallow fingers even with secondary
treatment. If present oil field management is maintained, average and
average maximum chloride concentrations of ^0 and 100 mg/1 can be
expected as discussed in Chapter III. With stricter enforcement of
existing State legislation dealing with oil field activities expected,
these chloride concentrations should be reduced.
-------
VIII-5
The following tabulation lists the waste discharging communities
in order of the introduction of their wastes to the Little Wabash River,
below the Louisville Reservoir site, the type of treatment, and the
receiving stream.
Community Treatment Receiving Stream
Louisville Oxidation pond Little Wabash River
Clay City Secondary Little Wabash River
Noble Oxidation pond Hog Run Creek
Olney Secondary Fox River
Flora Secondary Seminary Creek to
Elm River
Cisne Secondary Deer Creek to Elm Rv.
Fairfield Secondary Pond Creek
Albion Secondary Butter Creek
Crossville Secondary Little Wabash River
Carmi Secondary Little Wabash River
For further details see Table VIII-1 and Figures II and IV.
The communities of Mattoon and McLeansboro both receive their water
supply from the Little Wabash Basin and discharge their wastes outside
the basin; Mattoon to the Embarrass River via Kickapoo Creek, and
McLeansboro to the Saline River via Ten Mile Creek.
Flora, Olney, Fairfield, and Albion are the major communities below
the Louisville Reservoir which discharge wastes that eventually reach the
Little Wabash River above the confluence of Skillet Fork. The approximate
-------
vin-6
stream miles from the points of discharge to the Little Wabash River are
respectively 33, 18, 10, and 9 miles. Because of the assimilative
capacities of these tributary streams and the projected size of these
communities, Pairfield is found to be the major point of need on the
mainstem of the Little Wabash River above Skillet Fork. The projected
effluent loadings shown in Table VIII-2 are at the point of discharge,
not their entrance to the Little Wabash River.
At present, the only significant community discharging wastes
directly into the Little Wabash River is Carmi, after treatment to
remove 85 percent of the first stage B.O.D.
The rural farm area of the Little Wabash River is similar to that
of Skillet Fork. Cattle and hog production and the raising of corn,
soybeans, and wheat are the major agricultural activities in the basin.
The State of Illinois ranks first in the use of anhydrous ammonia, a
high nitrate content fertilizer, and first in combined commercial
21
fertilizer use. The same general agricultural runoff can be anticipated
from both Skillet Fork and the Little Wabash River Basins. Agricultural
loadings may contain high nitrate, phosphate, and B.O.D. concentrations
which increase the stream biomass.
Extensive tree-lined banks are the cause of another form of stream
loading. This is the natural organic degradation of the stream due to
the B.O.D. exertion of leaves, logs, and twigs which fall or are washed
into the streams. These loadings are especially significant in a low-
gradient, slow moving stream with deep pools or Impounded areas all of
which characterize the Little Wabash River and Skillet Fork in their
-------
VIII-T
lower reaches near and in the Canal water supply Impoundment. Both
the agricultural runoff and the natural organic degradation will increase
the B.O.D. loadings, lower the D.O. and increase the biomass of the
streams.
Non-biodegradable constituents in the stream will come from two
primary sources, the oil industry and agriculture. Oil scum and brine
wastes are occasional problems from overspilling from evaporation ponds,
primarily during higher flow conditions when rainfall will cause these
ponds to fill. Reinfection of these chlorides or other adequate control
of these wastes at the source should be encouraged.
The second form of non-biodegradable pollutant is pesticides. These
can enter the stream from agricultural use in two primary ways. First,
soon after application to the crops they can be washed off by heavy
rains. This is unavoidable and generally of not as much concern if
proper application techniques and doses are followed. The second, and
often disastrous entrance of pesticides, is through dumping excess
quantities of material and/or washing equipment in the streams. This
is almost certain to produce lethal highly concentrated non-dispersed
loadings of materials.
High iron and manganese concentrations are inherent characteristics
of the stream and cannot be significantly altered by flow regulation.
The biological quality at the raw water intakes of Carmi and
Louisville appear acceptable. At Carmi, the maximum coliform concentra-
tions per 100 ml were 22,000 and the geometric average 195. At
Louisville, the maximum coliform concentration per 100 ml was 26,000
-------
VIII-8
and the geometric average U86. Higher average coliform concentrations
were found above Effingham in the Little Wabash River and in Muddy Creek.
See Table V-2 for further details and Figure III for the sampling
locations.
Water Quality Criteria
It is anticipated that the Little Wabash River and Skillet Fork vill
continue to be used primarily as municipal and industrial vater supply
sources and waste vater carriers. Another important use of the streams
is recreational fishing. Commercial fishing is practiced In the Little
Wabash Basin by a few people. Only a limited irrigation use is antici-
pated.
The biological quality of the water was considered in relation to
the following criteria. The Manual of Recommended Water Sanitation
Practice of the U. S. Public Health Service has been used as a guide to
acceptable raw water quality and is used here to select objectives for
the maximum coliform concentration in the raw water at water treatment
plant intakes. Coliform densities in excess of 5,000 per 100 ml in 20
percent of the samples in any month or 20,000 per 100 ml in more than
5 percent in any month should be avoided, even with coagulation, filtra-
tion, and post chlorination. If greater coliform reduction is needed
to assure good quality water from a bacterial standpoint, either in the
stream or at downstream water intakes, this should be effected by
chlorination of sewage treatment plant effluents.
-------
vill-9
Maintenance of aesthetically pleasing conditions, including a
balanced aquatic environment even below municipal and industrial waste
treatment plants, is the goal upon vhich the following criteria are based.
The U. S. Public Health Service conducted studies on aquatic life in the
Cincinnati, Chio, area and found that for a well-rounded, warm-water
fish population the dissolved oxygen concentration in a stream should
not be below 5 mg/1 for more than 8 hours of any 2U-hour period and at
no time should it dip below 3 mg/1. If this goal of 5 mg/1 of dissolved
oxygen is met, the stream will also be acceptable as a raw water supply
for industries and municipalities and for aesthetic and recreational
enjoyment.
As previously discussed in this chapter, the Carmi water supply
impoundment under present conditions will not always meet this criterion
of 5 mg/1 of D.O. nor even the 3 mg/1 minimum criterion. This occasionally
lower D.O. will not affect the water as a source of water supply for Carmi.
Flow Regulation
The draft-on-storage required in the basin for water quality control
varies considerably, depending on the extent and level of protection
sought in meeting the water quality criterion chosen. The maximum
planned allowable conservation storage of the two reservoirs is 93>000
acre-feet.
The following paragraphs indicate a wide range of drafts-on-storage
to satisfy various extents of water quality protection in the basin
without regard to the reasonableness or wisdom of providing some of these
drafts-on-storage.
-------
VIII-10
There are basically four alternative methods of solving the two
problems in the basin. Die two problems are the future urban growth
of the area producing increased waste loadings to the stream which will
require flow regulation to assimilate the treated wastes from these
communities, and the previously discussed problem of the stream reach
Immediately above the community of Carmi in the present Canal water
supply impoundment. The four approaches to these two problems follow:
1. Provide sufficient streamflow in the basin to assimilate the
treated wastes of the communities as projected for the year
2020 by meeting the criterion chosen in all stream reaches
except the Carmi impoundment.
2. Provide sufficient streamflow in the basin to meet the water
quality criterion chosen throughout the basin including the
Carmi impoundment with the dam remaining at Carmi.
3. Removing the Carmi dam and providing sufficient streamflow to
satisfy the water supply needs of Carmi, and the water quality
criterion in all reaches of the stream except for some deep
pools above the present Carmi dam which will still exist as
natural pools in the stream.
h. Removing the Carmi dam and providing sufficient streamflow to
satisfy the water quality criterion in the natural pools above
Carmi as well as throughout the remainder of the stream reaches.
This last alternative will provide enough streamflow to satisfy
both the water supply and water quality control needs at Carmi.
The draft-on-storage required at the point of need for each of
these alternatives listed by number follows:
1. 12,200 acre-feet
2. 630,000 acre-feet*
3. 16,UOO acre-feet
k. 63,000 acre-feet*
*The values with asterisks (*) are present and year 2020 draft-on-storage
needs; those without, year 2020 needs only.
-------
VIII-11
The release schedule for alternative (2) is for a constant release
of 1,200 cfs. This has been previously shown to be greater than the
proposed combined conservation storage in the two reservoirs.
The release schedule for alternative (U) would be for 300 cfs in
summer (June, July, August, and September); 150 cfs in the spring and
fall months (March, April, May and October and November); and 110 cfs
in the winter months (December, January, and February).
The release schedule for alternatives (l) and (3) are basically the
same except that 11 mgd of water for water supply at Carmi should be
provided in addition to the water quality water released and needed at
Carmi in the year 2020. The additional water supply water for Carmi of
alternative (3) can come from either the Louisville or Helm Reservoir.
The basic releases to satisfy the water quality criterion, however,
require releases from each reservoir. Alternative (l) therefore will
be discussed.
In the year 2020 there will be a total water quality draft-on-storage
need of 12,200 acre-feet to meet water quality objectives. At the pri-
mary point of need, downstream of Carmi, the water quality draft-on-
storage required is 11,000 acre-feet. Of the total 12,200 acre-feet
required under alternative (l), 9>000 acre-feet are required at Pond
Creek on the Little Wabash River from Louisville Reservoir to satisfy
the waste demand from Fairfield. The need to satisfy the waste demand at
Wayne City on the Skillet Fork is 3,200 acre-feet to be supplied from the
Helm Reservoir. These combined drafts-on-storage to satisfy the require-
ments at Wayne City and Fairfield will be sufficient to meet the water
-------
VIII-12
quality needs below Carml. These drafti-on-storage are feased on expected
one In 10-year recurrence interval droughts. Draft-on-storage needs to
meet other levels of drought protection are shown for the years 1980 and
2020 in Table VIII-3.
These draft-on-storage values are for the critical points mentioned;
Fairfield, Wayne City, and Carmi, and do not include transportation and
evaporation losses. Flow regulation made possible by this storage is
not provided as a substitute for adequate treatment or control at the
source.
The 1980 and 2020 release schedule for flow at the critical points
from both Louisville and Helm are shown for alternative (l) below.
Recall that the total flows at Carmi under assumption (3) would be
increased by 11 mgd and could be supplied from either Louisville or Helm,
or both.
1980 2020
Louisville Helm Louisville Helm
(mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd)
Summer
June, July,
August, September
Wayne City
Fairfield
Carmi*
19.2
16.2
5-2
£5
38.8
1*7.6
12.9
16.9
Spring - Fall
March, April, May,
October, November
Wayne City 1.3 U.5
Fairfield U.5 10.3
Carmi H.5 1.3 9»5 3»^
-------
VIII-13
1980 2020
Louisville Helm Louisville Helm
(ngd) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd)
Winter
December, January,
February
Wayne City
Fairfield
Carmi
-_--
3-9
3-9
0.6
-__
0.6
-___
6.2
U.8
3.2
...
1.7
*In 1980, upstream needs are controlling during summer flows. In 2020,
upstream needs are controlling during all but summer flows.
The release schedules shown should not be regarded as an operating
policy for the water quality releases from the reservoirs. These
releases are average flows. Flows will need to be increased when the
mean temperature is above the long-term mean temperature for the
corresponding period. These streamflows are considered reasonable for
reservoir design but actual regulation should be adjusted based on
actual waste loadings experienced in the future.
To ensure that water of acceptable quality is released from these
reservoirs, a multiple-level outlet structure, with at least three
openings is recommended for each. The openings should be located at the
bottom of the seasonal pool, the middle of the conservation pool, and
below the conservation pool. Monitoring of the water quality at each
of these levels would facilitate the selection of the opening or
combination of openings used to make best use of the water available.
Observation of water quality by a monitoring network at downstream
points and use of the U. S. Weather Bureau stream forecasting service
would further aid in deciding how best to manage the water available for
release.
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IX-1
IX. BENEFITS
Water Supply Benefits
Water supply needs exist or will exist by 2020 in the Little
Wabash Basin. The costs of supplying these needs from alternative
sources and from storage in the Louisville and Helm Reservoirs,
including pumping and transportation costs, are listed below.
Community
Greatest Need to
Year 2020
Annual
Alternative Cost
of Supplying Need
Annual Cost
from Proposed
Reservoir
Storage*
Mattoon and
Neoga
Altamont
Flora, Xenia,
(mgd)
1.2
0.6
2.6
(dollars )
10,100
23,900
2,100
(dollars )
24,500
33,000
0
and Clay City**
McLeansboro
0.5
27,600
39,600
*Annual cost includes only pumping and transportation costs from
proposed reservoirs or from downstream points and not cost of
storage in the proposed reservoirs.
**As discussed in Chapter VII, need for 1.1 mgd exists in 1980 and
can be satisfied by additional 0.3 mgd from storage.
The only community which could benefit from water supply storage
through the year 2020 in either the louisville or Helm Reservoirs
would be Flora, which has already expressed a willingness to purchase
-------
DC-2
storage in the Louisville Reservoir. The storage needed at Flora,
as noted in Chapter VII, must be sufficient to maintain a flow of
1.1 mgd at the point of need in the year 1980 and 3.3 mgd in the
year 2020. The latter flow should be supplemented by 2.5 mgd from
upstream water use from the communities of Effingham and Altamont.
Alternative ways of providing the needed water would be an
upstream impoundment on a tributary to the Little Wabash River above
the water supply intake of Flora, from which storage would be
released to the low head impoundment at Flora as needed, or a well
field to provide the required water. The former alternative is
considered to be the least costly way of providing water to Flora.
In order to provide a minimum flow of 1.1 mgd in the year 19&0,
a small amount of storage in addition to present storage at Flora
would be needed. The estimated first cost of a structure to provide
needed storage is $^9,000. The annual cost based on a 100-year
amortization period at an interest rate of 3 1/8 percent is $2,100
including operation and maintenance costs of $500. Year 2020 flow
levels of 3-3 mgd would be met by the then existing storage plus
estimated upstream effluents available in 2020, and no additional
storage would be needed. All values in this report are based on
construction costs in the year
Water Quality Control Benefits
The benefits derived from maintaining water quality in a basin
are many and varied. Most of these cannot readily be assigned a
dollar value because of their indirect influence on the public
welfare. They range from preventing nuisance conditions downstream
-------
DC-3
of industrial or municipal waste discharges to the maintenance of
more pleasant aesthetic conditions, leading to increased use of the
river and its banks for recreation, such as fishing, hiking and
picnicking, and for "building homes vith a resultant increase in land
values in the vicinity of the river. Improved quality of water for
water supplies and maintenance of public health are also desirable
benefits.
Maintaining an environment in the rivers for a balanced warm-
water fish population will permit recreational use of the stream by
fishermen. The U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, has estimated the
recreational use of the Little Wabash Basin streams and lakes in
22
fisherman days per year. In 1960, the Little Wabash Basin
provided approximately 223,600 fisherman days of recreation. Of
this amount, nearly 30 percent occurred in the Little Wabash River
and tributaries, including Skillet Fork. The other TO percent of
the fishing was done in the ponds and lakes of the basin.
PP
The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife41 has estimated that
recreational use will increase, raising the total fisherman days per
year to 319,000 in the year 1980 and to ^10,500 in the year 2010
for the entire basin, including ponds, lakes, and streams.
Assuming the Louisville and Helm Reservoirs are built as
planned, the 1980 recreational need can be satisfied but, by the
year 2010 without additional recreational outlets in the basin,
-------
DM*
there vill be a need for additional sources of fishing sites to
accommodate 50,600 fisherman days per year. These additional 50,600
fisherman days per year by the year 2010 represent 75 percent of the
present yearly stream fishing pressure in the basin. This recreational
need could be satisfied by the regulated stream reaches below the
proposed reservoirs.
These recreational benefits will develop gradually due to the
greater proportion of fishermen who fish in ponds and lakes from
boats and shoreline rather than wade or fish from the banks of the
rivers. Limited public access to the streams at present is a strong
deterrent to increased fisherman use.
There were four alternative methods of satisfying the water
quality needs downstream of the Louisville and Helm Reservoirs
discussed in Chapter VIII. For convenience these alternatives will
again be listed.
1. Provide sufficient streamflow in the basin to assimilate
the treated wastes of the communities as projected for the year 2020
by meeting the criterion chosen of 5 mg/1 D.O. in all stream reaches
except the Carmi impoundment.
2. Provide sufficient streamflow in the basin to meet the water
quality criterion chosen throughout the basin, including the Carmi
Impoundment, with the dam remaining at Carmi.
-------
IX-5
3« Remove the Carmi dam and provide suffielent streamflow to
satisfy the water supply needs of Carmi and the vater quality
criterion in all reaches of the stream except for some deep pools
above the present Carmi dam which will still exist as natural pools
in the stream.
U. Remove the Carmi dam and provide sufficient streamflow to
satisfy the water quality criterion in the natural pools above
Carmi as well as throughout the remainder of the stream reaches.
This last alternative will provide enough streamflow to satisfy
both water supply and water quality control needs at Carmi.
The benefits of alternative 1 are calculated on the basis of
the least costly method of providing streamflow in the basin of
comparable quality to that which would result from regulated
releases from Louisville and Helm. The first method of providing
this quality considered was by transbasin diversion of 12,200
acre-feet of water for the points of need. This was not found to
be the least costly method of maintaining water quality. The
second method considered was to build two single-purpose reservoirs,
one with a storage at the point of need of 3,200 acre-feet on
Brush Creek, a tributary to Skillet Fork, and the other with
9,000 acre-feet of storage at the point of need near Effingham
on a tributary to the Little Wabash River. The storage of 9,000
acre-feet was found to be the least costly water quality alternative
to the Louisville Reservoir. The third method considered was to
-------
n-6
provide holding ponds after secondary treatment for the wastes of
the most significant communities in the basin. This was found to
be the most economical method of maintaining water quality in
Skillet Fork.
The needs in the basin are for 9,000 acre-feet of storage at
the mouth of Pond Creek due to waste loadings from Fairfield, for
3,200 acre-feet of storage at Wayne City, and for 11,000 acre-feet
of storage at Carmi which need can be satisfied if upstream needs
are satisfied.
The least costly set of alternatives to effect the same water
quality in the basin would be to provide holding ponds at
Wayne City and eliminate the alternative reservoir on Brush Creek
with storage of 3>200 acre-feet. This would then require that the
least costly alternative to the Louisville Reservoir, the 9»000
acre-feet storage for Fairfield, would have to be an enlarged
reservoir to provide 11,000 acre-feet for quality control water at
Carmi.
The total cost of providing 11,000 acre-feet of storage in the
single purpose Effingham reservoir would be $3,5&0,000. The operation
and maintenance cost and the annual amortization of this total cost over
a 100-year period at an interest rate of 3 1/8 percent would bring the
total annual cost of this structure to $139,000, of which $22,000 are
operation and maintenance costs.
-------
IX-7
The total cost of constructing holding ponds at Wayne City would
be $59,000. The ponds would be rebuilt at the end of a 50-year life,
and the estimated first cost for doing this is $36,000. With an
amortization period of 100 years at an interest rate of 3 1/8 percent,
the annual cost of these lagoons would be $7,100. Of this $7,100
annual cost, $4,900 would be operation and maintenance costs.
The minimum annual benefit attached to storage of 9,000
acre-feet of quality control water in the Louisville Reservoir is
$114,000. The storage of 3,200 acre-feet of quality control water
would have a minimum annual benefit of $32,000.
The benefits for the remaining alternatives (2, 3» and 4) will
be based on the benefit of alternative 1 as follows.
Benefit of alternative 2 = (benefit of alternative l) +
(increased fishing benefit of 35 miles of stream).
Benefit of alternative 3 = (benefit of alternative l) +
(increased fishing benefit of 30 miles of stream) - (cost of providing
a water supply for Carmi of 4,200 acre-feet storage at Carmi).
Benefit of alternative 4 = (benefit of alternative l) +
(increased fishing benefit of 35 miles of stream).
For all alternatives, the minimum storage of water in the
Louisville and Helm Reservoirs for quality control must be as in
alternative 1 with the remaining quality control water to be stored
in the reservoir with the least costly storage.
-------
IX-8
The total benefits of each alternative are listed below along with
the total storage values at the point of need.
Total Storage in Total
Acre-Feet at Minimum Annual
Alternative Points of Need Benefit
(dollars)
1 12,200 1^6,000
2 630,000 160,000
3 I6,if00 132,000
k 63,000 160,000
Alternatives 1 and 2 would also have an inappreciable boating
benefit of generally local nature due to the lack of general public
access to the streams. Alternative 2 cannot be satisfied hydro-
logically from storage in the Louisville and Helm Reservoirs as
discussed in Chapter VIII. Alternative 3 has a higher storage and
a lower benefit than alternative 1 so should be rejected as economically
inefficient. Alternative k would preempt most of the total planned
conservation storage of the two reservoirs (93,000 acre-feet). This
alternative should be provided only if storage of (63,000 - 12,200)
acre-feet has a cost equal to or less than (160,000 - 1^6,000) $!*), 000.
For these reasons, alternative 1, while not meeting the 5 mg/1
dissolved oxygen criterion in the impounded reach above Carmi,
appears to provide the highest level of benefit protection for the
least cost of all the alternatives considered.
-------
IX-9
To summarize both water supply and quality control benefits in
the basin, the following should be provided.
1. For water supply a minimum flow of 1.1 mgd in 1980 and
3.3 mgd in 2020 at Flora at a minimum annual value of the benefit
of $2,100.
2. For quality control a minimum storage for Wayne City of
3,200 acre-feet from Helm Reservoir with a minimum annual value of
the benefit of $32,000 and a minimum storage for Fairfield of
9,000 acre-feet from Louisville Reservoir with a minimum annual
value of the benefit of $11*1,000. The flows from these combined
storages will be sufficient to satisfy the needs for water quality
control below Carmi as discussed extensively in alternative 1 and
will provide widespread benefits throughout the basin.
-------
X-l
X. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey prepared in
cooperation vith the State of Illinois and vith other agencies,
"Surface Water Records of Illinois, 1963."
2. U. S. Army Engineer District, Louisville Corps of Engineers,
"Pertinent Data and Plan Considered, Louisville Reservoir,
Little Wabash River, Illinois, for Public Hearing at Louisville,
Illinois, November 10, 1965."
3- U. S. Army Engineer District, Louisville Corps of Engineers,
"Pertinent Data and Plan Considered, Helm Reservoir, Skillet
Fork, Illinois, for Public Hearing at Fairfield, Illinois,
November 9, 1965."
U. Illinois State Water Survey, "Quality of Surface Waters in Illinois,"
by T. E. Larson and B. 0. Larson, Bulletin ^5, Urbana, Illinois,
1957.
5» Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, Division of Oil and
Gas, "An Act in Relation to Oil, Gas, Coal and Other Surface
and Underground Resources and Rules and Regulations." Revised
edition 1961 and amendments effective April 1, 196U.
6. Illinois Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries,
"Inventory of the Fishes of the Wabash River Basin, 1962."
Page 28.
T. U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, "Climatological
Data-Illinois Annual Summary, 196!+." Vol. 69, No. 13.
8. Division of the Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 212,
"Groundvater Geology in Southern Illinois-A Preliminary Geologic
Report." Urbana, Illinois, 1956. Circular 225 "Groundvater
Geology in South-Central Illinois-A Preliminary Geologic Report."
Urbana, Illinois, 1957. Circular 2U8 "Groundwater Geology in
East-Central Illinois-A Preliminary Geologic Report." Urbana,
Illinois, 1958.
9. Letter Report by U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological
Survey, "Preliminary Examination of the Ground-Water Conditions
in the Little Wabash Basin in Illinois." August 11,
-------
X-2
10. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, "Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1962."
FES Publication Ho. 956.
11. Arthur D. Little Company, Inc., "Projective Economic Study of the
Ohio River Basin, Appendix B, Chio River Basin Comprehensive
Study." August l$6k. Vol. III.
12. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Census of
Agriculture, 1959-"
13. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, "Minerals
Yearbook, 1960-1961." Vol. Ill, "Area Reports."
lU. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Location of
Manufacturing Plants by County, Industry, and Employment Size."
Census of Manufactures, 1958.
1^. Boyce, Ronald R., ed., "Regional Development and the Wabash
Basin." University of Illinois Press. Urbana, Illinois, 196U.
16. Letter dated May 17, 1965, to the U. S. Public Health Service
Project Director, Ohio River Basin Project, Cincinnati, Ohio,
from the Federal Power Commission Regional Engineer, Chicago,
Illinois.
IT. "Olney, Fastest Growing City." Evansville Courier and Press,
August 15, 1965. Section I, page 2. Evansville, Indiana.
18. Federal Pover Commission, "Principal Electric Power Facilities in
the Wabash River Basin-Plant List-Illinois," as of 1963.
Presented at Conference on Coal Production and Power Generation
and on Economic Projections, Wabash River Basin, Corps of
Engineers, Louisville, Kentucky, August 9> 1965*
19* U. S. Congress, Senate, Select Committee on National Water
Resources, "Water Resources Activities in the United States-
Future Water Requirements for Municipal Use," 86th Cong.,
2d sess., Committee Print No. 7, January 1960. Washington,
Government Printing Office.
20. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, "Oxygen Relationships In Streams." Technical Report
W58-2, 1958. Pages U7-61.
21. Illinois Department of Agriculture, publication No. (11365-6-65).
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X-3
22. U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, preliminary tabular
material on the "Fish and Wildlife Resources of the Chio River
Basin."
23. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service. A cooperative State-Federal report, "1963 Inventory
of Municipal Water Facilities," and supplemental information
from letters and trips in the study area. PHS Publication No. 775
(revised), Vol. V.
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-------
Table III-l
Proposed Physical Data
Louisville and Helm Reservoirs
Little Wabash River Basin
A-l
Louisville
661
Helm
210
Drainage Area (Sq.. Mi.)
Storage (Acre-Feet)
Minimum
Conservation
Seasonal
Flood Control
Total
Pool Elevations (Ft. m.s.l.)
Minimum
Conservation
Seasonal
Flood Control
Pool Areas (Acres)
Minimum
Conservation
Seasonal
Flood Control
1. U. S. Army Corps of Engineer District, Louisville, Kentucky,
from November 1965 Public Hearings Pamphlets of Pertinent Data
and Plans Considered for the Louisville Reservoir and the Helm
Reservoir.
a. Louisville Dismal Site does not impound Crooked Creek.
b. Tentative allocation of 9,000 acre-feet for water quality control
and 37,000 acre-feet purchased by the State of Illinois for vater
supply.
c. Tentative allocation of 3,200 acre-feet for vater quality control
and U3,800 acre-feet purchased by the State of Illinois for vater
supply.
38,000
U6,000b
35,000
11*6,000
230,000
1*69
1*69-1*76
1*76-1*80
1*76-1*90
5,000
7,750
9,1*00
13,500
12,000
1*7,000°
15,300
111*, 500
173,500
1*53
1*53-1+66
1*66-1*68.5
U66-U81
2,oUo
5,300
6,000
10,000
-------
A-2
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-------
A-8
Table VI-1
Little Wabaah River Basin Study
Agriculture
Mining
Construction
Transportation & Util.
Wholesale-Retail Trade
Finance, Ins. & R.E.
Services
Government
Nonclassifled
Manufacturing
Total Haployment
Employment
1950
18,500
5,600
3,900
U,000
' 9,900
900
8,100
1,600
1,000
7,7^0
6l,2UO
I960
11,300
U,300
2,800
1*,000
10,600
1,300
9,900
1,900
1,000
9,610
56,710
1980
5, too
2,UOO
6,600
6,000
13,^00
2,600
18,600
^,200
600
13,200
73,000
2020
1*,000
900
11,000
11,000
22,000
U,700
to,ooo
11,000
200
2U,000
128,800
Source: Projections were made from a special study conducted by the Louisville
District Office of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
-------
A-9
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A-10
Table VI-3
Little Wabaah River Baain Study
Index of Output of Specific Comnodities
1960-100*
Output Output Output
5.I.C. (OOP) I960 (OOP) I960 (OOP) 2020
20 Pood & Kindred Products 28,500 100 U6,800 160 100,000 350
23 Apparel & Related Products 17,300 100 22,000 125 11,000 60
2k Lumber & Wood Products 8,UOO 100 21,500 250 58,600 700
29 Petroleum Refining 20,000 100 28,800 1^0 U2,800 200
31 Leather & Leather Prod. 8,500 100 12,800 150 17,000 200
3U Fabricated Metals 9,500 100 9,000 90 15,700 170
36 Electrical Machinery 37,000 100 lU6,000 UOO 579,000 1,600
37 Transportation Equipment 1,UOO 100 2,500 200 7,^00 500
Source: Computed from the Protective Economic Study of the Ohio River Basin,
Arthur D. Little Company, Inc.
*0utput in constant 1960 dollars.
-------
Table VI-1*
A-11
Little Wabash Piver Basin Study
County
Clay
Louisville Twp.
Barter Twp. (Flora)
Coles
Mattoon Twp.
Cumberland
Neoga Twp.
Edwards
Albion Twp.
Effingham
Douglas Twp.
Mound Twp.
Teutopolis Twp.
Hamilton
McLeansboro Twp.
Jasper
Lawrence
Richland
Olney Twp.
Wabash
Wayne
Fairfield Area
(Big Mound, Grover,
and Lamord Twps.)
Orel Twp.
White
Carmi and Hawthorne Twps
Total Study Area
Population
1950
17,41*5
1,777
6,978
1*0,328
17,906
10,500
2,176
9,056
3,197
21,675
8,877
2,3^9
1,197
12,256
4,251
12,266
20,539
16,889
9,655
1U,651
20,933
9,151
Jasper,
1,1*64
20,935
Twps. 8,067
I960
15,815
1,681
6,925
l*2,86o
19,138
9,936
2,129
7,9^0
2,833
23,109
10,096
2,1*21
1,534
10,010
4,o8l
11,346
18,51*0
16,299
9,962
ll*,ol*7
19,008
9,370
1,1*1*6
19,373
8,739
1980
18,000
2,500
9,000
50,000
27,000
11,000
3,000
9,000
4,500
27,000
15,000
3,500
3,000
11,500
5,500
12,500
20,000
19,000
13,000
16,000
21,000
12,000
2,000
22,500
12,000
2020
34,000
5,000
19,000
90,000
60,000
16,000
6,500
15,000
7,500
50,000
2l*,000
7,000
6,000
20,000
9,000
19,000
31,000
36,000
20,000
29,000
36,500
21,000
1*,500
1*1,000
25,000
217,**73 208,213 237,500 1*17,500
Source: Historical Data from the U. S. Census of Population 1950, I960,
Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce. Projections
based on a special study made by the Louisville District Office
of the Corps of Engineers.
-------
A-12
Table VI-5
1960 Urban and Total Population
by County
in the Economic Study Area of the
Little Vabash Hirer Basin*
County
Clay
Coles
Cumberland
Edwards
Effingham
Hamilton
2
Jasper
Lawrence
Richland
Wabash
Wayne
White
Totals
Urban Pop*
5,331
29,593
8,172
2,951
2,901
5,1*92
8,780
8,591*
6,362
6,152
81*, 328
Total Pop.
15,815
U2,860
9,936
7,91*0
23,107
10,010
11,31*6
18,51*0
16,299
1*,OU7
19,008
19,373
208,281
(56,836)
*Urban population defined by the U. S. Bureau of the Census related to
this report as Incorporated places with 2,500 inhabitants or nore.
U. 8. Department of Conmerce, Bureau of the Census, I960 Census of
Population, Vol. 1, Part A.
1. Of this total urban population, 10,505 not in the engineering study
area.
2. This 2,901 urban population not in the engineering study area.
3* These counties not in the engineering study area.
U. Total urban population in the engineering study area.
-------
A-13
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A-18
Table VHI-2
Anticipated Treated Municipal and Industrial Waste Discharges
Community
Albion
Altamont
Carmi
Cisne
Clay City
Cross ville
Effingham
Enfield
Fairfield
Flora
Louisville
McLeansboro*
Mattoon*
Neoga
Noble
Olney
Teutopolis
Wayne City
Effluent Loadings of Little
Effluent
1280
810
390
1,350
260
230
260
2,870
150
2,030
1,890
3^0
790
6,000
ino
180
7,100
510
320
Vabash River Basin
Loadings in P.E.
2020
1,H30
1,060
U.220
UlO
560
530
U,86o
270
U,020
l4-,060
8UO
1,520
1^,600
1,100
2UO
8,6to)
1,150
810
* Wastes discharged outside the basin.
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A-19
Table VIII-3
Anticipated Storage Need* for Water Quality Control
Based on Alternative 1 for Various Levels of Protection
Little Wabash River Basin
1980 2020
Point of Recurrence Interval (Years) Recurrence Interval (Years)
Need 5 10 20 5 10 20
Wayne City 550 970 1,UOO 2,600 3,200
Fairfield 2,000 3,200 ii-,000 5,700 9,000 10,000
(Pond Creek)
Carmi 8UO 1,000 1,300 8,000 11,000 lU,000
* All needs expressed as acre-feet of draft-on-storage and do not include
evaporation and transmission losses.
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11 g
«J <
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HSV BVM
Si
IS:
5
-------
A-23
LITTLE WABASH RIVER
MONTHLY FLOW EXPRESSED AS
% OF ANNUAL FLOW
FOR
LOWEST 25% OF YEARS OF
RECORD AT CARMI
24.14
21.05
5.:
2.88
1.47
1.14
2.93
4.60
10.3d
24.28
APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT MOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
FIGURE
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24.28
SKILLET FORK
MONTHLY FLOW EXPRESSED AS
% OF ANNUAL FLOW
FOR
LOWEST 25% OF YEARS OF
RECORD AT WAYNE CITY
11.73
4.23
5.07
0.67
3.52
4.48
0.94
3.88
3.04
A-Z4
10.60
27.80
APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT MOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
FIGURE 3ZI
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24.18
LITTLE WABASH RIVER
MONTHLY FLOW EXPRESSED AS
% OF ANNUAL FLOW
FOR
LOWEST 25% OF YEARS OF
RECORD AT CLAY CITY
11.99
IO.O6
2.71
2.61
2.47
1.33
1.55
3.78
6.88
A-Z5
9.55
22.93
APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
FIGURE
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