WATER SUPPLY AND
    WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
        LOUISVILLE RESERVOIR
           HELM  RESERVOIR
        WABASH RIVER BASIN
               ILLINOIS
                              1
     St. Louis
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. AND WELFARE
       PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. REGION m
            CHARLOTTESVILLE. VIRGINIA
                DECEMBER toes

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               WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
                 LOUISVILLE RESERVOIR AHD HELM RESERVOIR
                             WABASH RIVER BASIN
                                  ILLINOIS
Abstract

     A study has been made which discloses a need for storage in the
proposed reservoirs for municipal vater supply and for water quality
control.  These conclusions are based on analysis of existing water
quality information and hydrologic, economic, and demographic analyses•
Future needs are projected to the year 2020.
            Prepared, at the request of the District Engineer
               U. S. ARM? ENGINEER DISTRICT, LOUISVILLE
                          Corps of Engineers
                          Louisville, Kentucky
           U. S. DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
                   Public Health Service, Region III
                        Ohio Riv«r Basin Project
                   Evansville Field Station, Indiana

                             December 1965

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS



                                                             Page No.




  LIST OF TABLES	        iv



  LIST OF FIGURES	         v



  I.  INTRODUCTION



      Request and Authority	       1-1



      Purpose and Scope  	 .............     1-1



      Acknowledgments  	 ..... 	       1-2



 II.  SUM4ARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS



      Summary of Findings	      II-l



      Conclusions	      II-3



III.  PROJECT DESCRIPTION



      Location	     III-l



      Streatnflow	     III-l



      Water Quality	     III-2



      Pertinent Data	     III-2



 IV.  STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION



      Location and Boundaries	      IV-1



      Geography and Topography ... 	 .      IV-1



      Climate	      IV-3



      Principal Communities and Industries ... 	      TV-3



  V.  WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA



      Quantity of Water Available	       V-l



      Quality of Water Available 	       V-k
                                    ii

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                         TABLE OF CCHTENTS (Cont'd)

                                                               Page No.

   VI.   THE ECONOMY

        Introduction	      VI-1

        Present	      VI-2

        Future	      VI-3

  VII.   WATER REQUIREMENTS - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL

        Present Water Use	     VII-1

        Existing Sources of Supply - Surface and Ground
          Water	     VII-3

        Future Municipal and Industrial Water Requirements .     VII-7

 VIII.   WATER QUALITY CONTROL

        Pertinent Physical Characteristics Affecting Water
          Quality  	    VIII-1

        Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural Pollution
          and Natural Organic Degradation  	    VIII-U

        Water Quality Criteria 	    VIII-8

        Flow Regulation  	    VIII-9

   IX.   BENEFITS

        Water Supply Benefits	      DC-1

        Water Quality Control Benefits	      IX-2

    X.   BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

        Tables 	   (Pages A-l thru A-19)

        Figures  	  (Pages A-20 thru A-26)
                                   iii

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                           LIST OF TABLES

Table No.                                                    Page No.

                   (Tables Included in Appendix)

 III-l     Proposed Physical Data, Louisville and Helm
             Reservoirs, Little Wabash River Basin  ....      A-l

   V-l     Streamflov Data, Little Wabash River Basin   .  .      A-2

   V-2     Surface Water Quality on and near Main Stem of
             Little Wabash River	      A-3

   V-3     Average Surface Water Quality, Little Wabash
             River Basin	      A-U

   V-U     Surface Water Quality in Little Wabash River
             Basin at Wayne City and Clay City	      A-5

   V-5     Mineral Content of Public Ground Water Supplies
             in the Little Wabash River Basin	      A-6

  VI-1     Little Wabash River Basin Study Employment   .  *      A-8

  VT-2     Number and Employment Size of Manufacturing
             Plants, Little Wabash River Basin Study .  .  .      A-9

  VI-3     Little Wabash River Basin Study, Index of
             Output of Specific Commodities, 1960 » 100   .      A-10

  VI-U     Little Wabash River Basin Study Population   .  .      A-11

  VI-5     I960 Urban and Total Population by County in
             the Economic Study Area of the Little
             Wabash River Basin	      A-12

 VII-1     Present Surface Water Supplies in the Little
             Wabash River Basin	      A-13
 VTI-2     Present Ground Water Supplies in the Little
             Wabash River Basin   	      A-lU

 VII-3     Present and Projected Average Water Use of
             Surface Water Supplied Communities in the
             Little Wabash River Basin	      A-15
                                 iv

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                       LIST OF TABLES (Cont'd)

 Table Wo.                                                    Page No*

  Vll-k     Present and Projected Average Water Use
              of Ground Water Supplied Communities
              in the Little Wabash River Basin	       A-l6

 VIII-1     Little Wabash River Basin Municipal Waste
              Treatment Plants	       A-IT

 VIII-2     Anticipated Treated Municipal and Industrial
              Waste Discharges Effluent Loadings of
              Little Wabash River Basin 	       A-l8

 VIII-3     Anticipated Storage Need for Water Quality
              Control Based on Alternative 1 for
              Various Levels of Protection	       A-19


Figure No.                  LIST OF FIGURES

     I      location Map  ................       A-26

    II      Surface and Ground Water Supplies, Sand
              and Gravel Aquifers, and Waste
              Treatment Status	       A-20

   III      Water Quality Sampling Points 	       A-21

    IV      Water Supply and Waste Discharge Schematic   .       A-22

     V      Little Wabash River Monthly Flow Expressed
              as Percent of Annual Flow for Lowest 25
              Percent of Years of Record at Carmi ....       A-23

    VI      Skillet Fork Monthly Flow Expressed as
              Percent of Annual Flow for Lowest 25
              Percent of Years of Record at Wayne City   .       A-24

   VII      Little Wabash River Monthly Flow Expressed
              as Percent of Annual Flow for Lowest 25
              Percent of Years of Record at Clay City .  .       A-25

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                                                                     1-1



                            I.  INTRODUCTION





Request and Authority



     The Corps of Engineers, Louisville District, is preparing a



comprehensive study of the Wabash River Basin concerning the development



of water and related land resources.  This study, as outlined in the



"Plan of Survey, Wabash River Basin," September 23, 1963 (revised



May 196k), requests the Public Health Service to determine present and



future needs for and value of storage for municipal and industrial water



supply and for regulation of streamflow for the purpose of water quality



control.



     This study has been made in accordance with the Memorandum of



Agreement dated November U, 1958, between the Department of the Army



and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, relative to the



Water Supply Act of 1958 as amended (U3 U.S.C. 390b) and the Federal



Water Pollution Control Act as amended (33 U.S.C. k66 et seq.).





Purpose and Scope



     The purpose of this study is to determine the need for and value of



storage in the Louisville and Helm Reservoirs for the purposes of



municipal and industrial water supply and water quality control in the



Little Wabash River Basin.  The multiple-purpose projects under study



are located on the Little Wabash River and on Skillet Pork, a tributary



to the Little Wabash River.

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                                                                     1-2

     The period of study for this report is from the present to the

year 2020.  This is the period for which the economic guidelines were

established by the Corps of Engineers Ohio River Division "Protective

Economic Study of the Chio River Basin" and consequent economic studies

of the Wabash River Basin.

     The area studied includes 15 counties in southeastern Illinois

approximately 100 miles east of St. Louis, Missouri.


Acknowledgments

     Completion of this study was made possible by the cooperation and

assistance of Federal and State authorities and by local authorities in

the basin.  Information and data were furnished from their publications,

records, and files.

     Acknowledgment is made of the assistance given by the following

agencies:

     U. S. Army Engineer District - Louisville, Kentucky

     U. S. Geological Survey - Champaign, Illinois

     U. S. Soil Conservation Service - Indianapolis, Indiana

     U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Sport Fisheries
       and Wildlife - Lebanon, Chio

     U. S. Federal Power Commission - Chicago, Illinois

     Illinois Department of Public Health, Division of Sanitary
       Engineering

     Illinois Department of Public Works and Buildings, Division of
       Waterways

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                                                                1-3
Illinois Department of Registration and Education, Illinois
  Geological Survey

Illinois Department of Registration and Education, Illinois
  Water Survey

Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, Division of Gas and
  Oil Conservation

Illinois Department of Business and Economic Development

Illinois Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries

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                                                                      II-l

               II.  SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CCNCLUSIOJS


Summary of Findings

     1.  The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers is conducting a feasibility

study of two reservoirs in the Little Wabash River Basin, Illinois,

a tributary to the Wabash River.  These are the Louisville Reservoir,

3.5 miles northwest of Louisville, Illinois, in Clay County on the

Little Wabash River, and the Helm Reservoir, two miles northwest of

Helm, Illinois, in Marion County on Skillet Pork, a tributary of the

Little Wabash River.

     2.  The area studied by the U. S. Public Health Service* in

determining needs for water supply and quality control water from

these two proposed structures is the Little Wabash River Basin in

southeast Illinois.  The total drainage area is 3»320 square miles

and includes all or parts of 13 counties.

     3-  Boor low flow characteristics are typical throughout the basin.

Minimum flows of zero have been recorded at both upstream U. S. Geological

Survey gaging stations at Clay City on the Little Wabash River and at

Wayne City on Skillet Fork.  The minimum recorded daily flow at Carmi

vith a drainage area of 3,111 square miles is only 0.6 cubic feet per

second (cfs).

     U.  The 1960 population in the economic study area was 208,000;

of whom 8k ,000 lived in urban areas.  The engineering study area includes

57,000 of the 8U,000 people living in urban areas.
*The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration took over this
 function of the U. S. Public Health Service on December 31, 1965.

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                                                                     II-2

     5»  For the engineering study area, the total present use from

municipal vater supplies is 8.33 million gallons per day (mgd).  This

is equivalent to 105 gallons per capita per day (gpcd) for the public

water users.  The range in use observed for communities in this basin

is from 19 to 208 gpcd.

     6.  All major communities in the basin have secondary vaste

treatment plants and all industries studied use municipal vaste

treatment facilities.  Eighty-five percent removal of 5-day biochemical

oxygen demand (BOD) loadings is effected in these plants.

     7.  Brine and oil from oil field wastes, agricultural wastes, and

natural organic wastes (primarily decaying leaves and logs) are the

major sources of added pollutants entering the streams.  The basinwide

ranges of a few mineral constituents naturally present in the water are

listed here in mg/1.

                          Surface Water              Ground Water
                          Low      High              Low     High

Manganese                 0.0       l.U              0.0      0.3

Iron                     0.2      17.7              0.0      3.8

Total Dissolved Solids     70     2,080              29U    1,330

Total Hardness             38       391              127      558


Surface  and ground water quality is considered as fair.

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                                                                     II-3

Conclusions

     1.  In the year 1980, the total population in the economic study

area is expected to approach 238,000.  Of these, 112,000 are

anticipated to be urban dwellers.  Of these urban dwellers, 86,000

are expected to reside in the engineering study area.  In the year

2020, the total population anticipated in the economic study area is

Iil8,000.  The number of urban dwellers in the economic study area is

estimated to be 215,000, while the number of urban dwellers in the

engineering study area is anticipated to be 179*000.

     2.  In the year 1980, water use for water supply is projected to

reach 1^.5 mgd and by the year 2020 is projected to be 36.1 mgd.

     3«  A water need will exist in the stream reach that includes the

communities of Flora, Xenia, and Clay City by the year 1970.  Flow

levels of 1.1 mgd and 3.3 mgd in the years 1980 and 2020, respectively,

are estimated to be needed to meet water supply demands.

         Die remaining communities in the basin, which will have a

water supply need, are not located sufficiently near the water

supplied from these proposed reservoirs to economically utilize storage

in them.

     k.  To provide for water quality control through streamflow

regulation in the Skillet Fork and Little Wabash River reaches below

the proposed Helm and Louisville damsites through the year 2020 will

require an annual draft-on-storage* of 12,200 acre-feet in the basin.
*Annual draft-on-storage is the sum of the incremental excesses of the
 needed releases over inflows during a climatic year, i.e., from April
 of one year to March of the following year.

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                                                                    Il-k



Of this total draft-on-storage need, 9,000 acre-feet are needed in the



Louisville Reservoir and 3j200 acre-feet are needed in the Helm Reservoir.



    5.  The flows assured by a draft-on-storage of 12,200 acre-feet



will maintain 5 rog/1 dissolved oxygen below the proposed reservoirs



during an expected one in ten year recurrence interval drought except in



a portion of a reach of stream impounded by Carmi for water supply.  The



water quality for water supply purposes will not be adversely affected



by failure to meet this criterion in this impounded reach.



    6.  The minimum annual value of benefits of providing water for



water supply in the Louisville Reservoir for the communities of Flora,



Xenia, and Clay City is $2,100.  The minimum annual value of water



quality benefits to be derived from storage in the Louisville and Helm



Reservoirs are $11^,000 and $32,000 respectively.  The values used are



based on the least costly alternatives to the Louisville and Helm



projects studies to provide water for water supply and adequate water



quality for the basin.  The value of these annual benefits, including



operation and maintenance costs, are based on a 100-year amortization of



capital costs at an interest rate of 3 1/8 percent.



    7-  Benefits to accrue by providing storage for water supply and/or



quality control are increased land values, increased and expanded



industry, increased recreation, and maintenance of high standards of



public health.

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                                                                     II-5



     8.  Thermal stratification may be expected to occur in the



Louisville and Helm Reservoirs with reduction of dissolved oxygen



in the hypolimnion.  To assure discharge of good quality water below



the dam, it is recommended that openings be provided at a minimum of



three levels to make possible selection of the best quality water



available.



     9»  These streamflow needs and the value of benefits are based



on the best estimate that can be made at this time and are subject



to review and revision based on information and data from the Chio



River Comprehensive Study by the Department of Health, Education, and



Welfare when it becomes available.

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                                                                     III-l


                       III.  PROJECT DESCRIPTION



Location


     This report considers two proposed reservoir sites in the Little


Wabash River Basin which is located entirely within the State of Illinois.


The Louisville Reservoir site is located 3*5 miles above the community of


Louisville in Clay County on the Little Wabash River.  The Helm Reservoir


site on Skillet Fork is about 15 miles northwest of the community of


Wayne City in Marion County.  See Figure I at the end of this report


for the basin location nap.  (All figures appear in the Appendix. )



Streaaflow


     The U. S. Geological Survey gaging station located on the Little


Wabash River at Clay City has experienced a mean flow of 89^ cfs for a


drainage area of 1>13U square miles.  The Louisville Reservoir site

                                           2
located upstream has a drainage area of 66l square miles and will control


about one-third of the drainage area of the Little Wabash River excluding


Skillet Fork.


     The Helm Reservoir site has a drainage area of 210 square miles or


20 percent of the drainage area of Skillet Fork.  A U. S. Geological


Survey gage at Wayne City downstream of the dams it e has a drainage area
of U6U square miles and a mean flow of 396 cfs.

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                                                                     III-2


Water Quality


     The proposed Louisville Reservoir site is located belov the


communities of Altamont and Effingham in an active oil field area.  Algal


growths vill result where municipal and industrial wastes enter the


upstream shallow fingers of the proposed reservoir.  From data collected


between 1950 and 1956 by the State of Illinois  at Clay City, the average


chloride concentration in the reservoir is expected to approach Uo


milligrams per liter (mg/l) with an average maximum concentration of


100 mg/l if present brine discharges are continued.  Some fingers of


the reservoir where brines are being actively released from oil fields


can experience higher sporatic chloride concentrations and will be the


most probable areas of oil slick occurrences.  Existing State legislation


on oil field management provides for control of these problems.''



Pertinent Data


     The proposed Louisville Reservoir would, at maximum conservation


pool elevation of ^76 feet mean sea level (msl), provide a ^1-foot depth


of water at the damsite, a surface area of 7,750 acres, and a total

                                   2
storage volume of 8U,000 acre-feet.   This pool elevation would back the


reservoir up the Little Wabash River 15 miles in Clay and Effingham


Counties to a point 8 miles below the city of Effingham.


     Helm Reservoir, at maximum conservation pool elevation of U66 feet msl,


would yield a Ul-foot depth of water at the damsite, a surface area of

                                                            •D
5,300 acres, and a total storage volume of 53»000 acre-feet.-1  At this

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                                                                     III-3
conservation pool elevation, the reservoir would be 11 miles long and
lie entirely within Marion County.   See Table III-l for further pertinent
data on these reservoir sites.   (All tables appear in the Appendix.)

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                                                                     IV-1




                      IV.  STUD? AREA DESCRIPTION






Location and Boundaries



     The engineering study area consists of the entire Little Wabash River



Basin which is located in the southeastern section of the State of



Illinois.  It is the second largest tributary of the Wabash River draining



an area of 3,320 square miles.  The Little Wabash River has a long oval-



shaped "basin bounded on the north and west by the Kaskaskia River Basin,



on the southwest by the Big Muddy River Basin, both tributaries to the



Mississippi River; on the east by the Embarrass River Basin, on the south-



east by the Bonpas Creek Basin, both tributaries to the Wabash River; and



on the south by the Saline River Basin, a tributary to the Chio River.



The basin extends from the city of Mattoon, Illinois, which is approximately



70 miles east of Springfield, south to the community of New Haven about 30



miles west of Evansville, Indiana.  All or portions of 13 counties are



included in the drainage area of the Little Wabash River and listed from



north to south are:  Coles, Shelby, Cumberland, Effingham, Jasper, Clay,



Marion, Richland, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Hamilton, and White Counties.



(See Figure I.)






Geography and Topography



     The Little Wabash River begins in the terminal moraine of the



Wisconsin Glacier.  From its headwaters near Mattoon, the river flows



southeastward and joins the Wabash River 2 miles southeast of New Haven

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                                                                     IV-2


and about 13 miles above the confluence of the Wabash River and the


Ohio River.  The stream has an average fall of 0.6 feet per mile over


its length of some 2kO miles.  The upper part of the basin consists of


relatively level, semi-prairie type land drained by low-gradient tribu-


taries, some being channelized to provide more efficient drainage.


Proceeding southward the Little Wabash passes through a moderate gorge


area with the adjacent areas drained by comparatively short tributary


systems of steeper gradient as they near the main stream.  In the lower


reaches of the basin, the main stream passes through a broad flat valley


with adjacent drainage areas rising to rolling and wooded uplands

                                            6
intermingled with isolated areas of prairie.


     Skillet Fork is the largest tributary to the Little Wabash River,


having a drainage area of about 1,070 square miles or about one-third


the drainage area of the entire basin,  nils stream originates in Marion


County and flows southeastward past Wayne City, through extensive lowland


areas subject to flooding, and on to the Little Wabash River 2.5 miles


northeast of the city of Carmi in White County.  Portions of its route

                                                           6
have been channelized to facilitate a faster rate of runoff  and more work


is contemplated In clearing and cleaning this stream below Wayne City to


the Little Wabash River, funded partially by the Skillet Pork River Outlet


Union Drainage District and partly by the State of Illinois.


     Ihe topography of the land in the Skillet Fork drainage basin is


similar to the middle and lower portions of the Little Wabash drainage


basin.

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                                                                     IV-3

Climate

     In general, the climate in the Little Wabash River Basin is

temperate with a growing season of seven months.  The mean annual

temperature of the basin is approximately 56°P with a mean winter

temperature of 35°F and a mean summer temperature of 77°F.  The month

with the highest mean temperature, 78°F, is July, and the month with the

lowest mean temperature, 33 F, is January.

     The average annual precipitation in the basin has been measured as

follows:  Effingham, in the northern part of the basin, 39-6 inches;

and Mount Vernon, Indiana, just outside the southern tip of the basin,
            j
U2.5 inches.  The average annual precipitation for the entire basin is

^1.6 inches.  The area has suffered from sleet, hail, snow and ice

storms, as well as from tornadoes characteristic of the Mississippi

Valley.



Principal Communities and Industries

     At present, the Little Wabash Basin is mostly rural with a total

population in I960 of less than 150,000 in an area of 3>320 square miles.

Olney and Effingham are the largest cities in the basin with populations

in excess of 8,000.  Mattoon, located Just north of the basin and drawing

its water supply from the basin, has a population greater than 19,000.

Carmi, Albion, Flora, and Fairfield, while smaller than the communities

listed above, are significant population centers for this area.

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     Agriculture and oil production have been the chief employment sources



in this area, but increased mechanization has caused this to decrease as



a means of livelihood for a major segment of the basin's population.



The population has shifted from the rural areas to the cities in the



basin or out of the basin entirely.  The cities have diversified light



industry which the more active communities are trying to entice and keep



to offset the employment decline in agriculture and mining.  The light



industry ranges from machinery production to textiles and leather goods.

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                                                                     V-l


                V.  WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA



Quantity of Water Available


     Surface Water


     Zero flow has been recorded at both Wayne City below the proposed


Helm Reservoir on Skillet Fork and Clay City below the proposed Louisville


Reservoir on the Little Wabash River.  The mean flows at these two gages


are 396 cfs and 8gU cfs respectively.  In 2k years of record, the lowest


flow recorded at Canal on the Little Wabash River below the confluence


of Skillet Fork and the Little Wabash River is only 0.6 cfs for one day

                               1
and the mean flow is 2,557 cfs.  The minimum seven consecutive day mean


flow with an expected ten years1 recurrence is U.O cfs.  The minimum


one day once in thirty year mean flow expected is 0.^5 cfs (see Table V-l).


     During low flow years, over hj percent of the annual flow at Carmi


occurs during only two months, March and April (see Figure V).  Similar


values are experienced at Wayne City (see Figure VI) and Clay City (see


Figure VII).


     There are 13 single-purpose water supply reservoirs and low head


impoundments in the basin (see Table VTI-l).  Except for the Impoundment


at Carmi, which backs water up the Little Wabash River and also up


Skillet Fork decreasing the velocity of the streams in these affected


reaches, the remaining impoundments do not significantly affect the flow


in either Skillet Fork or the Little Wabash River.

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                                                                      V-2


     Ground Water


     Ground water aquifers capable of producing 500 gallons per minute


(gpm) with proper development exist where sand and gravel deposits


occur with other unconsolidated material deposited by preglacial rivers


in the Little Wabash Basin.  These generally follow the course of the


present riverbed.  Contiguous areas generally capable of producing


between 50 and 200 gpm are considered as areas of fair to good ground


water aquifers.


     According to Illinois State Geological Survey Circulars 212, 225,
       8
and 2^8  (see Figure II), "the areas of good to excellent probability


of sand and gravel aquifers are underlain by thick deposits of


unconsolidated material containing sand and gravel.  Ground water for


domestic use may be easily obtained with small diameter drilled wells.


The probability for construction of high capacity wells for municipal and


industrial supplies is good, although test drilling is needed to locate

the more permeable aquifers.

     "The areas of fair to good are underlain by moderate thicknesses

of unconsolidated materials filling minor valleys or bordering the main

valleys and have some thin or discontinuous deposits of sand and gravel.


Ground water for domestic and farm supplies is locally obtained in this


area from drilled wells in sand and gravel, but in some places good


water-yielding deposits are absent and wells are drilled into bedrock.

The probabilities for obtaining supplies of ground water for municipal

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                                                                      Y-3



and industrial purposes are poor to fair, and extensive geophysical and



test-drilling explorations for sand and gravel deposits are necessary."



(See Figure II.)



     "The area labeled  'poor1 is principally upland where glacial drift



is thin or absent.  Wells generally penetrate bedrock because »and or



gravel deposits capable of supplying appreciable quantities of ground



vater are rare."



     About 60 percent of the public water supply wells pump from sand



and gravel aquifers and the remainder from rock aquifers, usually sand-



stone.  Sixty to UoO-foot deep bedrock wells have generally low yields



but range from 10 to 60 gpm.



     Sand and gravel wells are generally 25 to 100 feet deep with a wide



range of yields from 20 to 500 gpm.  The hifjh yield wells are located



generally in the northern extremity of the basin in the area of the



Wisconsin glaciation and again in the southern extremity in the larger



alluvial bed near the mouth of the Little Wabash River.  Low to moderate



yields exist generally between these regions, depending on the proximity



of the wells to the preglacial riverbed or major tributaries to it.



     The discharge at 90 percent flow duration at the gage near Clay



City is about 7.9 cfs.  This gives a dry weather yield of about 0.007 cfs



per square mile, indicating that the ground water yield of the basin



above this gaging station is moderate.  The discharge at Carmi at 90



percent flow duration is about 3^ cfs.  This gives a dry weather yield

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                                                                     v-u


of about 0.011 cfs per square mile, indicating that ground water yield


above this station is moderate and is somewhat better than that at the


gage near Clay City.  The only other gage in the basin for which there is


a comparable record is on Skillet Pork at Wayne City.  The discharge at


90 percent flow duration at this gage is about 1.0 cfs.  This gives a


dry weather yield of about 0.002 cfs per square mile, indicating the


ground water yield above this station is low.  Subsurface information,


although sparse, indicates that high yielding wells are possible along

                                                       9
the partially buried valley of the Little Wabash River.




Quality of Water Available


     Surface Water


     Surface water quality in the main stem of the Little Wabash River


and Skillet Fork, as shown in Tables V-2, V-3, and V-U, is generally


fair.  The range of chloride concentrations is from 385 to U mg/1, of


sulfates is 307 to 5, and of total dissolved solids is 863 to 70.  The


maximum value quoted in each instance is higher than the maximum value


to be tolerated in finished water according to the U. S. Public Health

                                                            10
Service Drinking Water Standards as will be discussed later.  Average


iron concentrations from two sampling stations are 3 mg/1 and manganese


concentrations for these same stations average 0.5 mg/1.  These are both


one order of magnitude higher than to be tolerated by these same


U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards.  The iron and


manganese concentrations appear to be inherent water quality character-


istics.  The chlorides can be generally attributed to the oil field


activity in the basin.

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                                                                     V-5



     Throughout the entire basin the range in total hardness vas from



391 to 38 fflg/1.



     The tributary streams showed higher ranges of concentrations than



the main stem especially for constituents attributable to oil field



activity.  The total dissolved solids in these tributary streams ranged



up to 2,080 mg/1.  Surface water quality shows ranges of chlorides from



one station on Muddy Creek in a heavily active oil field area due west



of Olney of from 1,100 to 13 mg/1 with an average of seven samples



between the years 1958 and 1963 of 208 mg/1.  In a more recent survey



in June of 1965, comparable average chloride concentrations were



observed at two points in Skillet Fork near the confluence of the



Little Wabash River.  Chloride concentrations of this magnitude are due



to brines from oil well drilling and occur in the highest concentrations



in the small creeks.  Another pronounced example of a chloride problem



is that of the community of Olney which may have to abandon its Fox



River water supply impoundment because of chloride concentrations as



high as 800 mg/1 entering from Coon and Richland Creeks.



     Occasionally, in this same reservoir at Olney, the manganese



concentration reaches 5 mg/1.  At Wayne City and Clay City, the maximum



manganese concentrations recorded were l.U and 1.2 mg/1 respectively



with average values of 0.6 and O.k mg/1.

-------
                                                                      v-6



     The 1962 U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards



publication indicates that the following concentrations should not be



exceeded in finished drinking water if a more suitable supply is



available:  Chlorides, 250 mg/1; manganese, 0.05 ng/lj total dissolved



solids, 500 ag/1; and iron, 0.3 ing/I.  These values are exceeded in many



parts of the basin which would indicate that treatment is necessary to



remove these constituents for use on interstate carriers.  (See



Tables V-2, V-3, and V-U.)



     The coliform count per 100 milliliters (ml) ranged from 10^,000



to 10 of all samples analysed vhile the number of bacteria per mllliliter



for the same samples tyaned the range of 320,000 to k.





     Ground Water



     From data presented in Table V-5 from 12 wells in the basin, the



range of total dissolved solids is from 1,330 rag/1 to 2
-------
                                                                     VI-1




                           VI.  THE ECONOMY






Introduction



     An investigation of the population and economic characteristics and



a projection of the probable growth of the area of concern of the reservoir



projects provide a basis for determining the water requirements in terms



of both quantity and quality for the area.  The growth of an area depends



not only on the characteristics of the area itself but, also, in varying



degrees, on the type and extent of the growth of the Nation and the region



of which it is a part.  This discussion of the economy has been prepared



within the general framework of the Protective Economic Study for the



Chio River Basin prepared by the A. D. Little Company, Inc.



     To supplement that work, a special study has been conducted by the



Louisville District of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers utilizing histor-



ical employment data from the unemployment insurance program of the Bureau



of Employment Security, U. S. Department of Labor.  This study covered the



Wabash and White River Basins as delineated in the Protective Economic



Study of the Chio River Basin.    The difference in total manufacturing



employment between the two studies was only k percent or 1,000 employees



in the year 2020.  Thus there is no significant difference between the



studies and no change was made in the index of output derived from the



A. D. Little Company's study.  The projections of productivity per



employee made in the A. D« Little report are considered valid for use



with the Louisville District employment projections.

-------
                                                                     VI-2



Present



     The area of economic influence includes the 11-county area of Clay,



Cumberland, Edwards, Effingham, Hamilton, Jasper, Lawrence, Richland,



Wabash, Wayne, and White in Illinois.  The Mattoon area in Coles County



is also included.  There are two counties in the economic study area,



Lawrence and Wabash, that are not considered in the Engineering Section



of the report.



     Agriculture, the largest single employment category in I960,



accounted for 30 percent of the total employment in 1950 and 20 percent



in I960 (see Table VI-l).  Less than 5 percent of the State agriculture


                                  12
production is from the study area.    The amount of irrigation is



insignificant.  There is little softwood and even the hardwood forests



are not of major consequence.



     Extractive industries show a downward employment trend from 1950 to



1960»  Output figures show a corresponding trend with little change in



petroleum production and reserve.  The only coal mined is in Wabash County



which has one strip mine.  No minerals were extracted in 1961 in Hamilton,



Jasper, or Richland Counties.  The value of all mineral industries was



less than one million dollars for all eleven counties in 1961.  The value



of crude petroleum production in the eleven counties was approximately



110 million dollars, representing U8 percent of crude production in



Illinois in 1961.13



     Manufacturing employment accounted for less than 1? percent of total



employment in I960.  In 196U, there were 10 manufacturing plants employing



over 250 workers.  Borg-Warner Corporation has a plant in Effingham

-------
                                                                     VI-3



employing more than 1,000 persons which is the only really large plant



in the study area.  Its products fall into three classifications:



Fabricated metals, non-electrical and electrical machinery.  There are



21 plants in these 3 categories in the study area.  Ten have over 100



employees.  It seems logical that these will provide a nucleus for future


                                                        lU
expansion and a potential for attracting similar plants.



     In addition to fabricated metals and electrical and non-electrical



machinery manufacturing, there is a nucleus for transportation and



related equipment (bicycles, auto and bicycle tire and tube) manufac-



turing.



     The study area has H plants with over 100 employees engaged in the



manufacture of leather products.  Shoes are the principal product with



one plant producing leather gloves.



     Table VI-2 shows the number and employment size of manufacturing



plants in the study area.





Future



     The past economy has been largely agricultural and has supported



the rather large retail-wholesale trade category. ^  Projected prosperity



of the area is based upon the nucleus of machinery, electrical machinery



and related industries.  Electrical machinery is the major growth category.



Machinery is growing but at a much slower rate than electrical machinery.



The index in Table VI-3 combines machinery and electrical machinery as



was done in the A. D. Little study.  It is this manufacturing complex

-------
                                                                     VI-4



that vill increase and upon which the projected employment and population



will "be supported.  Urban area projections are based upon historical



relationships between urban areas and the county in which the area is



contained.  (See Table VI-U.)



     The population projection for Mattoon Township, adjacent to the



study area, is 19,138 in I960; 26,000 in 1980; and 60,000 in 2020.



     Steam generation of power is projected by the Federal Power



Commission to increase two and one-half times from 1960 to 1980.



     The projections in this section have been used for calculating



future water supply and water quality needs in subsequent sections of



this report.

-------
                                                                     VII-1



            VII.  WATER REQUIRMENTS - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL





Present Water Use



     Water supply in the Little Wabash Basin is primarily for municipal



and industrial use.  The larger communities in the basin, the primary



water users, are served by surface water supplies.  Irrigation and stock



watering use is negligible.



     The range of average water use for communities having their own



surface water supply is from 208 gallons per capita per day (gpcd) to



6l gpcd (see Table VII-l).  The total average surface water use is



7«75 mgd, serving an approximate population of 70,000, about one-half



the basin's total population.



     Olney, the largest per capita water user, has an employment figure


                                                           17
of 1,670 people from its eight major industries as of 1965-   This



includes a meat processing plant employing 100 persons and using about



0.06 mgd, a milk processing plant employing 80 persons and using about



O.OU mgd, and a large metal fabrication plant employing 650 persons and



using about 0.09 mgd.  The water use figures for these three plants are



600,  500,  and lUO gallons per employee per day respectively.



     A large metal fabrication plant employing about 1,500 people uses



about 0.20 mgd maximum from the municipal water system of Effingham.  All



industries in and near the community of Effingham use municipal water but



none of the others are as large or use the amount of water as the above



plant.

-------
                                                                     VII-2


     Mattoon, the largest vater user In the basin as veil as the largest


community, has a broad economic base with no one Industry dominating its


economy, although it does have some industries employing in excess of 500


employees.  All industries in and around Mattoon use municipal vater


supplies.  Mattoon is far above the reservoir sites.  Its vastes are


discharged out of the basin.  Therefore, its position is not influential


to the report.


     Flora supplies vater to all industries in the community.  The


industries are engaged in finished goods production vhlch Involves


assembly processes.  Therefore, the industries require vater primarily


for sanitary purposes only.  A shoe manufacturing plant employing about


U50 people, tvo metal fabricating plants collectively employing 300


people, a millinery factory employing 1^0, and a nev electronics firm


employing 100 people all use municipal vater.  Water is also supplied to


the community of Xenla.


     Falrfleld's largest vater user is a light manufacturing company making


die castings.  It employs 900 people and uses 0.20 mgd.


     The communities of Carmi and McLeansboro, in the extreme southern


portion of the basin, are slovly breaking avay from their heavy emphasis


on mining but, as yet, have not attracted much industry into their areas.


     There are three pover generating plants presently in the basin, all

                                          18
in communities vith surface vater supplies   as listed below.

-------
                                                                     VII-3
Community

Altamont
Carmi
Fairfield
Type
Plant

Ib
I
S
Capacity
(megawatts )
1.8
7.U
12.5
Output
(megawatts )
—
3.65
5.0
Average
Water Use
(gpd)
«
2,000
30,000
a.  I = internal combustion; S = steam generation.



b.  Industrial plant.






     The smaller communities are in general served by ground vater supplies



in the basin.  The range of average vater use values for these communities



is from 101 gpcd to 19 gpcd (see Table VII-2).  The total average municipal



ground vater use is 0.58 mgd, serving an approximate population of 9,200.



The average ground vater use figure per capita is 63 gpd.  None of the



communities supplied by ground vater has any significant industrial



development.  The rest of the population in the basin is supplied by



private wells.



     Albion, vith a I960 population of 2,025, is the largest ground vater



user in the basin but it receives its vater from outside the basin near



Grayville along the Wabash River.






Existing Sources of Supply - Surface and Ground Water



     Quantity - Surface Water




     As seen in Table III-l, the one day once in thirty-year recurrence



dependable low flow at Clay City is only 0.10 cfs or 0.065 mgd.  At



Carmi, vith 93.7 percent of the total drainage area of the basin accounted

-------
                                                                      VII-
for, this same one day once in thirty-year recurrence dependable  low  flow

is only O.U|> cfs or 0.29 mgd.  These flows would not satisfy the  present

demands of the communities receiving water directly from the Little

Wabash River (see Table VII-l), if they could not pump from impoundments

on the stream or, in the case of the small community of Clay City, from

a natural depression in the streambed.

     On Skillet Fork, the only community receiving water from the stream

is Wayne City.  The one day once in thirty-year recurrence dependable low

flow at this point is zero (see Table III-l).

     The impoundments in the basin serve 12 of the 13 surface water using

communities as tabulated below.
Community
Impoundment
Capacity
Firm Yield
(million gallons) (mgd)
Mattoon & Neoga
Effingham
Altamont
Louisville
Lake Mattoon
Lake Paradise
Lake Sara
Altamont Reservoir
Impoundment on
5,500
^,500
28
10
12
7.2
0.1
0.7
 Flora 8e Xenia
 Olney
 Fairfield
 Carmi
Little Wabash River

Impoundment on               12
Little Wabash River

Impoundment on Fox River
Verner Lake
New Olney Lake

Impoundment on Little       350
Wabash River2(side channel
impoundment)

Impoundment on Little     1,000
Wabash River
                    0.7


                    5-3
                   11

-------
                                                                    VII-5
Community	Impoundment	    Capacity       Firm Yield
                                       (million gallons)(mgd)

Wayne City        Impoundment on               35             0»^
                  Skillet Fork

McLeansboro       Impoundment on               —             O.U
                  Branch of Big Creek
1.  Proposed Impoundments will give total firm yield of 5-3 mgd (much
    of land purchased - construction to begin in summer of 1966).
    Present firm yield is 1.5 mgd.

2.  Proposed impoundment (105 acres of land purchased - storage and
    firm yield calculated as though impoundment were existing).
     Quantity - Ground Water

     Existing ground water potential in the Little Wabash Basin is

discussed extensively in Chapter V.  It is generally concluded that high

yield wells are possible in the extreme northern and southern parts of

the basin along a preglacial riverbed and that moderate yield wells can

be expected in the preglacial streambed with low yields in areas not in

this streambed.  The range of yields in the sand and gravel aquifer

formed by this preglacial river is from 20 to 500 gallons per minute for

wells 25 to 100 feet deep.  This preglacial streambed is shown in Figure II

as the area of excellent probability of sand and gravel aquifers.

     Quality - Surface Water

     The quality of surface water supplies in the basin is affected by

algal growths and oil field pollution in some areas.  The specific example

of Olney, which may abandon its Fox River water supply Impoundment because

-------
                                                                     VII-6



of chloride concentrations as high as 800 mg/1 entering it from Richland



Creek in an oil field area, points out this problem most strikingly.



Altamont and Louisville both hare experienced taste and odor problems



due to algal growths.  This is one reason that Altamont is seeking a new



vater supply Impoundment.  Water samples at Clay City, Louisville,



Wayne City, and Carmi near their water supply intakes do not indicate any



striking problems.  The average concentrations in mg/1 of some constit-



uents are shown below.





             Total Dissolved
Community
Louisville
Clay City
Wayne City
Carmi
Solids
201
313
289
292
Cl
17
58
26
71
SO^ Hardness
27
61
121
38
137
180
167
155
Fe Mn
—
2.7 O.U
3.2 0.6
__ __
     A more complete tabulation of water quality data appears in



Tables V-2, V-3, and V-U.  Chloride concentrations in excess of 250 mg/1



have been experienced at Clay City and Carmi.



     Quality - Ground Water



     The quality of ground water supplies in the basin summarized in



Table V-5 indicates that in some instances total dissolved solids are



above 500 mg/1, iron above 0.3 «g/l, and manganese above 0.05 ng/l»



Sulfates are in excess of 250 mg/1 at Dietrich.  All values quoted are

-------
                                                                     VII-T



maximum limits which should not be exceeded in finished vater for use on



interstate carriers according to the U. S. Public Health Service Drinking



Water Standards, if more suitable supplies exist.  The treated quality of



these ground water supplies is satisfactory for use in these communities



and should not now be a cause of their changing their source of supply.





Future Municipal and Industrial Water Requirements



     At present the average per capita consumption in the Little Wabash



Basin of surface water users is 111 gpcd and of municipally supplied



ground water users is 63 gpcd.  These figures account for only about



79,200 persons of a population of approximately 135*000.  These remaining



people use private wells for their water supply.



     As a gross estimate of possible future per capita water use of the



Nation and the State of Illinois, the following tabulation was abstracted



from the Senate Select Committee Report on "Future Water Requirements for



Municipal Use, Water Resources Activities in the United States," print


      19
No. T.   This will put the per capita consumption figures (expressed in



gallons per capita per day) derived for the Little Wabash River Basin in



some perspective.



                           195**          1980          2020



United States               lUj           1^8           152



Illinois                    171           169           170



     These figures were stated to have been developed on a conservative



estimate of water use and that these municipal use figures in gallons per



capita per day could conceivably increase to 185 *>y the year 1980 and to

-------
                                                                     vn-8
225 by the year 2000 and then generally level off from that point in time*
This increase is based on a shift from rural to urban living with an
associated higher industrial base and Increased vater use for cleaning,
air conditioning, and lawn catering to name Just a few uses.
     At the present time Olney, supplying water for domestic and all
major industrial use, has an average water use figure of 208 gpcd far
above any other community in the basin.  Industry in Olney employs many
more people than the population would suggest, indicating that people
are commuting to work from areas not supplied by water from Olney's
municipal facilities.  In the future, Olney should still maintain a high
level of industrial development and continue to be an employment center
for the area, but diversity of industry and the expansion of municipal
water facilities to encompass a larger percentage of the working force's
families should temper Olney's per capita water use figure.
     The water use figures for the other communities in the basin are
more in line with those expected in an agriculturally oriented area
intermixed with spotty industrial development.  Tables VII-3 and YII-U
show projected water use patterns for the major communities in the basin.
     •Hie following tabulation lists the surface water supplied communities
and the firm yields from their present sources of supply.

-------
                                                                    VII-9
Community

Mattoon 8= Neoga*
Effingham
Altamont*
Louisville
Flora, Xenia,
& Clay City*
Olney
Fairfield
Carmi
Wayne City
McLeansboro*
Total
Present Use
1965
(mgd)
2.U
1.0
o.iu
0.1
0.63

1.5
1.0
0.75
0.07
0.23
7-8
Projected Use
1980 2020
(mgd)
*-5
2.0
0.2
0.2
1.1

2.1
1.5
1.3
0.1
O.U
13-U
(fflgd)
13.2
U.l
0.7
0.6
3«3

3.U
3.2
3.8
O.U
33.6
Firm Yield
(mgd)
12
7.2
0.1
0.7**
0.7**

5-3
h
11
o.k
o.k

 *Points of potential water supply deficiencies.
**Effluent flows from Altamont and Effingham should increase the flov at
  Louisville and Flora by 0.1 mgd by 1980 and 2.5 mgd by the year 2020.
     These projections are based on the assumption that industrial

and population expansion will occur in areas already possessing municipal

facilities for water supply and waste water disposal.  The water use

figures derived are based on projected population, per capita consumption

to include industrial growth in the community, and percent of the population

-------
                                                                 VII-10



using public water supplies.  Total municipal and industrial surface



vater use should increase to 13«^ mgd by the year 1980 and to 33.6 mgd



by the year 2020.  Future total municipal ground vater use should



reach 1.1^ mgd by the year 1980 and increase to 2.52 mgd by the year



2020.



     Water supply deficiencies are noted as follows.
Community

Mattoon and Neoga
Altamont
Flora, Xenia, and
Year of
First Heed

2010
1970
1970
2020
Deficiency
(mgd)
1.2
0.6
2.6
         Clay City



       McLeansboro                1980                0.5





     As indicated in the tabulation on page VTE-9, the flow need in



the year 1980 at Flora is 1.1 mgd and by the year 2020 the flow need



is 3.3 mgd.  In the year 1980, all except 0.3 mgd of the 1.1 mgd can



be furnished by the natural flow in the stream.  By the year 2020,



all except 0.1 mgd of the total 3*3 mgd need at Flora can be



furnished by natural flow in the stream supplemented by upstream



water use by the communities of Altamont and Effingham.  The organic



quality of the water used by these upstream communities would be



recovered after traveling over 30 miles downstream in the Little



Wabash River so would be suitable for a water supply source after



treatment.  With the proposed reservoir intervening, these flows would



be mixed with reservoir water which would be of much better quality.

-------
                                                                  VII-11




     Supplemental flows of 0.3 mgd in the year 1980 and 0.1 mgd in the



year 2020 could be supplied from storage in the Louisville Reservoir.



These flows in addition to the unregulated streamflow in this stream



reach vill be sufficient to satisfy the vater supply needs.  Flora



has expressed a willingness to purchase storage in the Louisville



Reservoir for water supply.



     The conmunities served by ground water supplies will generally



use less than 0.2 mgd except for three communities (see Table VTI-U).



These three communities are Albion, receiving water from a well



field near Grayville on the Wabash River, Crossville and Teutopolis



both in areas of, or near areas of, excellent probability of ground



water shown in Figure II.  All of these communities should be able



to obtain average yields of 350 gpm per well of a well field with



proper development.  This will be sufficient to meet their needs



through the year 2020.

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                                                                   VIII-1



                      VIII.  WATER QUALITY CONTROL





Pertinent Physical Characteristics Affecting Water Quality



     Both the Little Wabash River and Skillet Fork are low-gradient



streams, especially in the middle and lower portions of the basin where



most of the pollutional loadings occur.



     The community of Carmi maintains a water supply dam which, while



only 5 feet high, is on a riffle in the Little Wabash River.  Water



behind this dam is at points at least 20 feet deep and lUO feet wide.



Even 7.7 miles upstream from the dam the depth is at least 11 feet



and the width 120 feet.  Three and two tenths miles up the Skillet



Fork above the confluence of Skillet Fork and the Little Wabash River



in this same Oarmi water supply impoundment, the water is 8 feet deep



and the width 65 feet.  These depths were taken when the flow at the



U. S. Geological Survey gaging station at Carmi was 135 cfs.  The



average stream gradient in this river reach in both the Little Wabash



River and Skillet Fork is 0.25 feet per mile.



     According to a paper by C. J. Velz on the "Significance of


                         20
Organic Sludge Deposits,"   the stream velocity below vhich organics



will settle is on the order of 0.6 fps.  Once organic particles settle



out, a velocity in the range of 1.0 fps is necessary to put these par-



ticles in suspension again.  These quoted values are given as gross



figures realizing that settling velocities vary with particle size.

-------
                                                                   VIII-2



     Based on the velocities quoted and cross sections of the Carmi



impoundment, flows of 1,200 cfs would be required year-round to main-



tain non-settling velocities in this impounded reach.  If the impound-



ment were removed, there would still be pools, some of which would be



3 miles long and 15 feet deep.  Plows of 800 cfs year-round would be



needed to maintain non-settling velocities assuming no dam were at



Carmi.  However, a lower flow level than the 800 cfs without the dam



at Carmi will be sufficient to meet the water quality criterion to be



discussed later in this chapter.



     To maintain 800 cfs at Carmi with the Carmi dam removed would



require 30 percent regulation of the drainage area*  With the dam in



place, the flow of 1,200 cfs needed represents 50 percent of the mean



annual flow at Carmi.  Only 28 percent of the drainage area above Carmi



will be partially regulated by these two proposed reservoirs.  Uiere-



fore, even with complete regulation of the streamflow above these two



reservoirs, settling would still occur in this impoundment at Carmi.



     A study of the dissolved oxygen analyses at the water supply intake



at Carmi vs. flow for 9^ samples shows the following:
Max



Min



Med
Flow Values in cfs Based 6m, Yearly Sampling from 1959 to 196U
for Following Ranges of D.0.^s in mg/1
1
-------
                                                                   VIII-3
     Flow Values in cfs Based on June through September Samples from


Max
Min
Med
Mean
1959
KDOc2
177
7U
125
125
to 196^
27
No
Samples


     We are not able to assume from this that any definitive statements
can be made about what flow level would be needed to maintain any given
D.O. value in the Carmi water supply impoundment.
     Recalling that 50 percent regulation of the drainage area irould be
needed to maintain sufficient velocity in the Carmi pool and that only,
at most, 28 percent of the basin will be regulated and that only partially,
it can be concluded that it is not possible without transbasin diversion
to provide sufficient streamflow to ensure non-settling velocities in
the Carmi impoundment.  Some additional water could be improved in
quality for about 6 to 8 miles of the head ends of the pool in both
Skillet Fork and the Little Wabash River if the flow were completely
regulated at the damsites but a 5 mg/1 dissolved oxygen concentration
could not be maintained throughout the stream reach, unless mechanical
reaeration techniques were employed.
     If the Carmi dam were removed, a low head pumping pool were main-
tained, and a firm flow of 11 mgd were provided from the upstream

-------
                                                                   VIII-U

reservoirs of Louisville and Helm, the stream would have water of higher

dissolved oxygen quality.  This will be further elaborated on in the

Flow Regulations Section at the end of this chapter.


Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural Pollution and Natural Organic
Degradation

     Above the Helm Reservoir, virtually no population centers exist.

Below the reservoir site the only significant community is Wayne City

with a projected population of ^,500 in the year 2020.  Hhe major causes

of stream degradation in Skillet Fork below the reservoir will be from

agricultural runoff, oil field wastes, and natural organic degradation

caused by decaying vegetable matter, primarily leaves and logs, which

fall into or are washed into the stream.

     Above the Louisville Reservoir, the communities of Effingham and

Altamont discharge their wastes after secondary treatment into the

Little Wabash River via tributary streams.  When the reservoir, as

presently proposed, is built, these tributaries will form two of the

fingers of the reservoir.  Increased algal concentrations will result

from waste discharges in these shallow fingers even with secondary

treatment.  If present oil field management is maintained, average and

average maximum chloride concentrations of ^0 and 100 mg/1 can be

expected as discussed in Chapter III.  With stricter enforcement of

existing State legislation dealing with oil field activities expected,

these chloride concentrations should be reduced.

-------
                                                                   VIII-5

     The following tabulation lists the waste discharging communities

in order of the introduction of their wastes to the Little Wabash River,

below the Louisville Reservoir site, the type of treatment, and the

receiving stream.


   Community                  Treatment              Receiving Stream

Louisville                    Oxidation pond         Little Wabash River

Clay City                     Secondary              Little Wabash River

Noble                         Oxidation pond         Hog Run Creek

Olney                         Secondary              Fox River

Flora                         Secondary              Seminary Creek to
                                                       Elm River

Cisne                         Secondary              Deer Creek to Elm Rv.

Fairfield                     Secondary              Pond Creek

Albion                        Secondary              Butter Creek

Crossville                    Secondary              Little Wabash River

Carmi                         Secondary              Little Wabash River

For further details see Table VIII-1 and Figures II and IV.

     The communities of Mattoon and McLeansboro both receive their water

supply from the Little Wabash Basin and discharge their wastes outside

the basin; Mattoon to the Embarrass River via Kickapoo Creek, and

McLeansboro to the Saline River via Ten Mile Creek.

     Flora, Olney, Fairfield, and Albion are the major communities below

the Louisville Reservoir which discharge wastes that eventually reach the

Little Wabash River above the confluence of Skillet Fork.  The approximate

-------
                                                                   vin-6



stream miles from the points of discharge to the Little Wabash River are



respectively 33, 18, 10, and 9 miles.  Because of the assimilative



capacities of these tributary streams and the projected size of these



communities, Pairfield is found to be the major point of need on the



mainstem of the Little Wabash River above Skillet Fork.  The projected



effluent loadings shown in Table VIII-2 are at the point of discharge,



not their entrance to the Little Wabash River.



     At present, the only significant community discharging wastes



directly into the Little Wabash River is Carmi, after treatment to



remove 85 percent of the first stage B.O.D.



     The rural farm area of the Little Wabash River is similar to that



of Skillet Fork.  Cattle and hog production and the raising of corn,



soybeans, and wheat are the major agricultural activities in the basin.



The State of Illinois ranks first in the use of anhydrous ammonia, a



high nitrate content fertilizer, and first in combined commercial


               21
fertilizer use.    The same general agricultural runoff can be anticipated



from both Skillet Fork and the Little Wabash River Basins.  Agricultural



loadings may contain high nitrate, phosphate, and B.O.D. concentrations



which increase the stream biomass.



     Extensive tree-lined banks are the cause of another form of stream



loading.  This is the natural organic degradation of the stream due to



the B.O.D. exertion of leaves, logs, and twigs which fall or are washed



into the streams.  These loadings are especially significant in a low-



gradient, slow moving stream with deep pools or Impounded areas all of



which characterize the Little Wabash River and Skillet Fork in their

-------
                                                                   VIII-T



lower reaches near and in the Canal water supply Impoundment.  Both



the agricultural runoff and the natural organic degradation will increase



the B.O.D. loadings, lower the D.O. and increase the biomass of the



streams.



     Non-biodegradable constituents in the stream will come from two



primary sources, the oil industry and agriculture.  Oil scum and brine



wastes are occasional problems from overspilling from evaporation ponds,



primarily during higher flow conditions when rainfall will cause these



ponds to fill.  Reinfection of these chlorides or other adequate control



of these wastes at the source should be encouraged.



     The second form of non-biodegradable pollutant is pesticides.  These



can enter the stream from agricultural use in two primary ways.  First,



soon after application to the crops they can be washed off by heavy



rains.  This is unavoidable and generally of not as much concern if



proper application techniques and doses are followed.  The second, and



often disastrous entrance of pesticides, is through dumping excess



quantities of material and/or washing equipment in the streams.  This



is almost certain to produce lethal highly concentrated non-dispersed



loadings of materials.



     High iron and manganese concentrations are inherent characteristics



of the stream and cannot be significantly altered by flow regulation.



     The biological quality at the raw water intakes of Carmi and



Louisville appear acceptable.  At Carmi, the maximum coliform concentra-



tions per 100 ml were 22,000 and the geometric average 195.  At



Louisville, the maximum coliform concentration per 100 ml was 26,000

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                                                                   VIII-8



and the geometric average U86.  Higher average coliform concentrations



were found above Effingham in the Little Wabash River and in Muddy Creek.



See Table V-2 for further details and Figure III for the sampling



locations.





Water Quality Criteria



     It is anticipated that the Little Wabash River and Skillet Fork vill



continue to be used primarily as municipal and industrial vater supply



sources and waste vater carriers.  Another important use of the streams



is recreational fishing.  Commercial fishing is practiced In the Little



Wabash Basin by a few people.  Only a limited irrigation use is antici-



pated.



     The biological quality of the water was considered in relation to



the following criteria.  The Manual of Recommended Water Sanitation



Practice of the U. S. Public Health Service has been used as a guide to



acceptable raw water quality and is used here to select objectives for



the maximum coliform concentration in the raw water at water treatment



plant intakes.  Coliform densities in excess of 5,000 per 100 ml in 20



percent of the samples in any month or 20,000 per 100 ml in more than



5 percent in any month should be avoided, even with coagulation, filtra-



tion, and post chlorination.    If greater coliform reduction is needed



to assure good quality water from a bacterial standpoint, either in the



stream or at downstream water intakes, this should be effected by



chlorination of sewage treatment plant effluents.

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                                                                    vill-9



     Maintenance of aesthetically pleasing conditions, including a



balanced aquatic environment even below municipal and industrial waste



treatment plants, is the goal upon vhich the following criteria are based.



The U. S. Public Health Service conducted studies on aquatic life in the



Cincinnati, Chio, area and found that for a well-rounded, warm-water



fish population the dissolved oxygen concentration in a stream should



not be below 5 mg/1 for more than 8 hours of any 2U-hour period and at



no time should it dip below 3 mg/1.  If this goal of 5 mg/1 of dissolved



oxygen is met, the stream will also be acceptable as a raw water supply



for industries and municipalities and for aesthetic and recreational



enjoyment.



     As previously discussed in this chapter, the Carmi water supply



impoundment under present conditions will not always meet this criterion



of 5 mg/1 of D.O. nor even the 3 mg/1 minimum criterion.  This occasionally



lower D.O. will not affect the water as a source of water supply for Carmi.






Flow Regulation



     The draft-on-storage required in the basin for water quality control



varies considerably, depending on the extent and level of protection



sought in meeting the water quality criterion chosen.  The maximum



planned allowable conservation storage of the two reservoirs is 93>000



acre-feet.



     The following paragraphs indicate a wide range of drafts-on-storage



to satisfy various extents of water quality protection in the basin



without regard to the reasonableness or wisdom of providing some of these



drafts-on-storage.

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                                                                   VIII-10

     There are basically four alternative methods of solving the two

problems in the basin.  Die two problems are the future urban growth

of the area producing increased waste loadings to the stream which will

require flow regulation to assimilate the treated wastes from these

communities, and the previously discussed problem of the stream reach

Immediately above the community of Carmi in the present Canal water

supply impoundment.  The four approaches to these two problems follow:

     1.  Provide sufficient streamflow in the basin to assimilate the
         treated wastes of the communities as projected for the year
         2020 by meeting the criterion chosen in all stream reaches
         except the Carmi impoundment.

     2.  Provide sufficient streamflow in the basin to meet the water
         quality criterion chosen throughout the basin including the
         Carmi impoundment with the dam remaining at Carmi.

     3.  Removing the Carmi dam and providing sufficient streamflow to
         satisfy the water supply needs of Carmi, and the water quality
         criterion in all reaches of the stream except for some deep
         pools above the present Carmi dam which will still exist as
         natural pools in the stream.

     h.  Removing the Carmi dam and providing sufficient streamflow to
         satisfy the water quality criterion in the natural pools above
         Carmi as well as throughout the remainder of the stream reaches.
         This last alternative will provide enough streamflow to satisfy
         both the water supply and water quality control needs at Carmi.

     The draft-on-storage required at the point of need for each of

these alternatives listed by number follows:

     1.  12,200 acre-feet

     2.  630,000 acre-feet*

     3.  16,UOO acre-feet

     k.  63,000 acre-feet*


*The values with asterisks (*) are present and year 2020 draft-on-storage
needs; those without, year 2020 needs only.

-------
                                                                   VIII-11




     The release schedule for alternative (2) is for a constant release



of 1,200 cfs.  This has been previously shown to be greater than the



proposed combined conservation storage in the two reservoirs.



     The release schedule for alternative (U) would be for 300 cfs in



summer (June, July, August, and September); 150 cfs in the spring and



fall months (March, April, May and October and November); and 110 cfs



in the winter months (December, January, and February).



     The release schedule for alternatives (l) and (3) are basically the



same except that 11 mgd of water for water supply at Carmi should be



provided in addition to the water quality water released and needed at



Carmi in the year 2020.  The additional water supply water for Carmi of



alternative (3) can come from either the Louisville or Helm Reservoir.



The basic releases to satisfy the water quality criterion, however,



require releases from each reservoir.  Alternative (l) therefore will



be discussed.



     In the year 2020 there will be a total water quality draft-on-storage



need of 12,200 acre-feet to meet water quality objectives.  At the pri-



mary point of need, downstream of Carmi, the water quality draft-on-



storage required is 11,000 acre-feet.  Of the total 12,200 acre-feet



required under alternative (l), 9>000 acre-feet are required at Pond



Creek on the Little Wabash River from Louisville Reservoir to satisfy



the waste demand from Fairfield.  The need to satisfy the waste demand at



Wayne City on the Skillet Fork is 3,200 acre-feet to be supplied from the



Helm Reservoir.  These combined drafts-on-storage to satisfy the require-



ments at Wayne City and Fairfield will be sufficient to meet the water

-------
                                                                   VIII-12

quality needs below Carml.  These drafti-on-storage are feased on expected

one In 10-year recurrence interval droughts.  Draft-on-storage needs to

meet other levels of drought protection are shown for the years 1980 and

2020 in Table VIII-3.

     These draft-on-storage values are for the critical points mentioned;

Fairfield, Wayne City, and Carmi, and do not include transportation and

evaporation losses.  Flow regulation made possible by this storage is

not provided as a substitute for adequate treatment or control at the

source.

     The 1980 and 2020 release schedule for flow at the critical points

from both Louisville and Helm are shown for alternative (l) below.

Recall that the total flows at Carmi under assumption (3) would be

increased by 11 mgd and could be supplied from either Louisville or Helm,

or both.

                         	1980	     	2020	
                         Louisville    Helm      Louisville    Helm
                           (mgd)	(mgd)       (mgd)       (mgd)

Summer
June, July,
August, September
Wayne City
Fairfield
Carmi*

19.2
16.2

5-2
£5

38.8
1*7.6

12.9
16.9
Spring - Fall
March, April, May,
October, November

  Wayne City                	        1.3         	        U.5
  Fairfield                  U.5        —         10.3
  Carmi                      H.5        1.3          9»5        3»^

-------
                                                                    VIII-13
                         	1980	     	2020	
                         Louisville    Helm      Louisville    Helm
                            (ngd)	(mgd)       (mgd)       (mgd)
Winter
December, January,
February
Wayne City
Fairfield
Carmi


-_--
3-9
3-9


0.6
-__
0.6


-___
6.2
U.8


3.2
...
1.7
*In 1980, upstream needs are controlling during summer flows.  In 2020,
upstream needs are controlling during all but summer flows.

     The release schedules shown should not be regarded as an operating

policy for the water quality releases from the reservoirs.  These

releases are average flows.  Flows will need to be increased when the

mean temperature is above the long-term mean temperature for the

corresponding period.  These streamflows are considered reasonable for

reservoir design but actual regulation should be adjusted based on

actual waste loadings experienced in the future.

     To ensure that water of acceptable quality is released from these

reservoirs, a multiple-level outlet structure, with at least three

openings is recommended for each.  The openings should be located at the

bottom of the seasonal pool, the middle of the conservation pool, and

below the conservation pool.  Monitoring of the water quality at each

of these levels would facilitate the selection of the opening or

combination of openings used to make best use of the water available.

     Observation of water quality by a monitoring network at downstream

points and use of the U. S. Weather Bureau stream forecasting service

would further aid in deciding how best to manage the water available for

release.

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                                                                    IX-1
                             IX.  BENEFITS
Water Supply Benefits

    Water supply needs exist or will exist by 2020 in the Little

Wabash Basin.  The costs of supplying these needs from alternative

sources and from storage in the Louisville and Helm Reservoirs,

including pumping and transportation costs, are listed below.
Community
Greatest Need to
   Year 2020
   Annual
Alternative Cost
of Supplying Need
 Annual Cost
from Proposed
 Reservoir
 Storage*

Mattoon and
Neoga
Altamont
Flora, Xenia,
(mgd)
1.2
0.6
2.6
(dollars )
10,100
23,900
2,100
(dollars )
24,500
33,000
0
  and Clay City**
McLeansboro
     0.5
    27,600
   39,600
 *Annual cost includes only pumping and transportation costs from
  proposed reservoirs or from downstream points and not cost of
  storage in the proposed reservoirs.

**As discussed in Chapter VII, need for 1.1 mgd exists in 1980 and
  can be satisfied by additional 0.3 mgd from storage.
    The only community which could benefit from water supply storage

through the year 2020 in either the louisville or Helm Reservoirs

would be Flora, which has already expressed a willingness to purchase

-------
                                                                    DC-2



storage in the Louisville Reservoir.  The storage needed at Flora,



as noted in Chapter VII, must be sufficient to maintain a flow of



1.1 mgd at the point of need in the year 1980 and 3.3 mgd in the



year 2020.  The latter flow should be supplemented by 2.5 mgd from



upstream water use from the communities of Effingham and Altamont.



    Alternative ways of providing the needed water would be an



upstream impoundment on a tributary to the Little Wabash River above



the water supply intake of Flora, from which storage would be



released to the low head impoundment at Flora as needed, or a well



field to provide the required water.  The former alternative is



considered to be the least costly way of providing water to Flora.



    In order to provide a minimum flow of 1.1 mgd in the year 19&0,



a small amount of storage in addition to present storage at Flora



would be needed.  The estimated first cost of a structure to provide



needed storage is $^9,000.  The annual cost based on a 100-year



amortization period at an interest rate of 3 1/8 percent is $2,100



including operation and maintenance costs of $500.  Year 2020 flow



levels of 3-3 mgd would be met by the then existing storage plus



estimated upstream effluents available in 2020, and no additional



storage would be needed.  All values in this report are based on



construction costs in the year
Water Quality Control Benefits



    The benefits derived from maintaining water quality in a basin



are many and varied.  Most of these cannot readily be assigned a



dollar value because of their indirect influence on the public



welfare.  They range from preventing nuisance conditions downstream

-------
                                                                     DC-3



of industrial or municipal waste discharges to the maintenance of



more pleasant aesthetic conditions, leading to increased use of the



river and its banks for recreation, such as fishing, hiking and



picnicking, and for "building homes vith a resultant increase in land



values in the vicinity of the river.  Improved quality of water for



water supplies and maintenance of public health are also desirable



benefits.



     Maintaining an environment in the rivers for a balanced warm-



water fish population will permit recreational use of the stream by



fishermen.  The U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife



Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, has estimated the



recreational use of the Little Wabash Basin streams and lakes in


                        22
fisherman days per year.    In 1960, the Little Wabash Basin



provided approximately 223,600 fisherman days of recreation.  Of



this amount, nearly 30 percent occurred in the Little Wabash River



and tributaries, including Skillet Fork.  The other TO percent of



the fishing was done in the ponds and lakes of the basin.

                                               PP
     The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife41  has estimated that



recreational use will increase, raising the total fisherman days per



year to 319,000 in the year 1980 and to ^10,500 in the year 2010



for the entire basin, including ponds, lakes, and streams.



     Assuming the Louisville and Helm Reservoirs are built as



planned, the 1980 recreational need can be satisfied but, by the



year 2010 without additional recreational outlets in the basin,

-------
                                                                  DM*



there vill be a need for additional sources of fishing sites to



accommodate 50,600 fisherman days per year.  These additional 50,600



fisherman days per year by the year 2010 represent 75 percent of the



present yearly stream fishing pressure in the basin.  This recreational



need could be satisfied by the regulated stream reaches below the



proposed reservoirs.



     These recreational benefits will develop gradually due to the



greater proportion of fishermen who fish in ponds and lakes from



boats and shoreline rather than wade or fish from the banks of the



rivers.  Limited public access to the streams at present is a strong



deterrent to increased fisherman use.



     There were four alternative methods of satisfying the water



quality needs downstream of the Louisville and Helm Reservoirs



discussed in Chapter VIII.  For convenience these alternatives will



again be listed.



     1.  Provide sufficient streamflow in the basin to assimilate



the treated wastes of the communities as projected for the year 2020



by meeting the criterion chosen of 5 mg/1 D.O. in all stream reaches



except the Carmi impoundment.



     2.  Provide sufficient streamflow in the basin to meet the water



quality criterion chosen throughout the basin, including the Carmi



Impoundment, with the dam remaining at Carmi.

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                                                                    IX-5



     3«  Remove the Carmi dam and provide suffielent streamflow to



satisfy the water supply needs of Carmi and the vater quality



criterion in all reaches of the stream except for some deep pools



above the present Carmi dam which will still exist as natural pools



in the stream.



     U.  Remove the Carmi dam and provide sufficient streamflow to



satisfy the water quality criterion in the natural pools above



Carmi as well as throughout the remainder of the stream reaches.



This last alternative will provide enough streamflow to satisfy



both water supply and water quality control needs at Carmi.



     The benefits of alternative 1 are calculated on the basis of



the least costly method of providing streamflow in the basin of



comparable quality to that which would result from regulated



releases from Louisville and Helm.  The first method of providing



this quality considered was by transbasin diversion of 12,200



acre-feet of water for the points of need.  This was not found to



be the least costly method of maintaining water quality.  The



second method considered was to build two single-purpose reservoirs,



one with a storage at the point of need of 3,200 acre-feet on



Brush Creek, a tributary to Skillet Fork, and the other with



9,000 acre-feet of storage at the point of need near Effingham



on a tributary to the Little Wabash River.  The storage of 9,000



acre-feet was found to be the least costly water quality alternative



to the Louisville Reservoir.  The third method considered was to

-------
                                                                    n-6



provide holding ponds after secondary treatment for the wastes of



the most significant communities in the basin.  This was found to



be the most economical method of maintaining water quality in



Skillet Fork.



    The needs in the basin are for 9,000 acre-feet of storage at



the mouth of Pond Creek due to waste loadings from Fairfield, for



3,200 acre-feet of storage at Wayne City, and for 11,000 acre-feet



of storage at Carmi which need can be satisfied if upstream needs



are satisfied.



    The least costly set of alternatives to effect the same water



quality in the basin would be to provide holding ponds at



Wayne City and eliminate the alternative reservoir on Brush Creek



with storage of 3>200 acre-feet.  This would then require that the



least costly alternative to the Louisville Reservoir, the 9»000



acre-feet storage for Fairfield, would have to be an enlarged



reservoir to provide 11,000 acre-feet for quality control water at



Carmi.



    The total cost of providing 11,000 acre-feet of storage in the



single purpose Effingham reservoir would be $3,5&0,000.  The operation



and maintenance cost and the annual amortization of this total cost over



a 100-year period at an interest rate of 3 1/8 percent would bring the



total annual cost of this structure to $139,000, of which $22,000 are



operation and maintenance costs.

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                                                                    IX-7




    The total cost of constructing holding ponds at Wayne City would




be $59,000.  The ponds would be rebuilt at the end of a 50-year life,




and the estimated first cost for doing this is $36,000.  With an




amortization period of 100 years at an interest rate of 3 1/8 percent,




the annual cost of these lagoons would be $7,100.  Of this $7,100




annual cost, $4,900 would be operation and maintenance costs.




    The minimum annual benefit attached to storage of 9,000




acre-feet of quality control water in the Louisville Reservoir is




$114,000.  The storage of 3,200 acre-feet of quality control water




would have a minimum annual benefit of $32,000.




    The benefits for the remaining alternatives (2, 3» and 4) will




be based on the benefit of alternative 1 as follows.




    Benefit of alternative 2 = (benefit of alternative l) +




(increased fishing benefit of 35 miles of stream).




    Benefit of alternative 3 = (benefit of alternative l) +




(increased fishing benefit of 30 miles of stream) - (cost of providing




a water supply for Carmi of 4,200 acre-feet storage at Carmi).




    Benefit of alternative 4 = (benefit of alternative l) +




(increased fishing benefit of 35 miles of stream).




    For all alternatives, the minimum storage of water in the




Louisville and Helm Reservoirs for quality control must be as in




alternative 1 with the remaining quality control water to be stored




in the reservoir with the least costly storage.

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                                                                    IX-8

    The total benefits of each alternative are listed below along with

the total storage values at the point of need.


                            Total Storage in                Total
                             Acre-Feet at              Minimum Annual
Alternative                 Points of Need                 Benefit
                                                         (dollars)

    1                           12,200                    1^6,000

    2                          630,000                    160,000

    3                           I6,if00                    132,000

    k                           63,000                    160,000

    Alternatives 1 and 2 would also have an inappreciable boating

benefit of generally local nature due to the lack of general public

access to the streams.  Alternative 2 cannot be satisfied hydro-

logically from storage in the Louisville and Helm Reservoirs as

discussed in Chapter VIII.  Alternative 3 has a higher storage and

a lower benefit than alternative 1 so should be rejected as economically

inefficient.  Alternative k would preempt most of the total planned

conservation storage of the two reservoirs (93,000 acre-feet).  This

alternative should be provided only if storage of (63,000 - 12,200)

acre-feet has a cost equal to or less than (160,000 - 1^6,000) $!*)•, 000.

    For these reasons, alternative 1, while not meeting the 5 mg/1

dissolved oxygen criterion in the impounded reach above Carmi,

appears to provide the highest level of benefit protection for the

least cost of all the alternatives considered.

-------
                                                                    IX-9



    To summarize both water supply and quality control benefits in



the basin, the following should be provided.



    1.  For water supply a minimum flow of 1.1 mgd in 1980 and



3.3 mgd in 2020 at Flora at a minimum annual value of the benefit



of $2,100.



    2.  For quality control a minimum storage for Wayne City of



3,200 acre-feet from Helm Reservoir with a minimum annual value of



the benefit of $32,000 and a minimum storage for Fairfield of



9,000 acre-feet from Louisville Reservoir with a minimum annual



value of the benefit of $11*1,000.  The flows from these combined



storages will be sufficient to satisfy the needs for water quality



control below Carmi as discussed extensively in alternative 1 and



will provide widespread benefits throughout the basin.

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                                                                     X-l

                           X.  BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey prepared in
    cooperation vith the State of Illinois and vith other agencies,
    "Surface Water Records of Illinois, 1963."

2.  U. S. Army Engineer District, Louisville Corps of Engineers,
    "Pertinent Data and Plan Considered, Louisville Reservoir,
    Little Wabash River, Illinois, for Public Hearing at Louisville,
    Illinois, November 10, 1965."

3-  U. S. Army Engineer District, Louisville Corps of Engineers,
    "Pertinent Data and Plan Considered, Helm Reservoir, Skillet
    Fork, Illinois, for Public Hearing at Fairfield, Illinois,
    November 9, 1965."

U.  Illinois State Water Survey, "Quality of Surface Waters in Illinois,"
    by T. E. Larson and B. 0. Larson, Bulletin ^5, Urbana, Illinois,
    1957.

5»  Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, Division of Oil and
    Gas, "An Act in Relation to Oil, Gas, Coal and Other Surface
    and Underground Resources and Rules and Regulations."  Revised
    edition 1961 and amendments effective April 1, 196U.

6.  Illinois Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries,
    "Inventory of the Fishes of the Wabash River Basin, 1962."
    Page 28.

T.  U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, "Climatological
    Data-Illinois Annual Summary, 196!+."  Vol. 69, No. 13.

8.  Division of the Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 212,
    "Groundvater Geology in Southern Illinois-A Preliminary Geologic
    Report."  Urbana, Illinois, 1956.  Circular 225 "Groundvater
    Geology in South-Central Illinois-A Preliminary Geologic Report."
    Urbana, Illinois, 1957.  Circular 2U8 "Groundwater Geology in
    East-Central Illinois-A Preliminary Geologic Report."  Urbana,
    Illinois, 1958.

9.  Letter Report by U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological
    Survey, "Preliminary Examination of the Ground-Water Conditions
    in the Little Wabash Basin in Illinois."  August 11,

-------
                                                                     X-2
10.  U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
     Service, "Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1962."
     FES Publication Ho. 956.

11.  Arthur D. Little Company, Inc., "Projective Economic Study of the
     Ohio River Basin, Appendix B, Chio River Basin Comprehensive
     Study."  August l$6k.  Vol. III.
12.  U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,  "Census of
     Agriculture, 1959-"

13.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, "Minerals
     Yearbook, 1960-1961."  Vol. Ill, "Area Reports."

lU.  U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,  "Location of
     Manufacturing Plants by County, Industry, and Employment Size."
     Census of Manufactures, 1958.

1^.  Boyce, Ronald R., ed., "Regional Development and the Wabash
     Basin."  University of Illinois Press.  Urbana, Illinois, 196U.

16.  Letter dated May 17, 1965, to the U. S. Public Health Service
     Project Director, Ohio River Basin Project, Cincinnati, Ohio,
     from the Federal Power Commission Regional Engineer, Chicago,
     Illinois.

IT.  "Olney, Fastest Growing City."  Evansville Courier and Press,
     August 15, 1965.  Section I, page 2.  Evansville, Indiana.

18.  Federal Pover Commission, "Principal Electric Power  Facilities in
     the Wabash River Basin-Plant List-Illinois," as of 1963.
     Presented at Conference on Coal Production and Power Generation
     and on Economic Projections, Wabash River Basin, Corps of
     Engineers, Louisville, Kentucky, August 9> 1965*

19*  U. S. Congress, Senate, Select Committee on National Water
     Resources, "Water Resources Activities in the United States-
     Future Water Requirements for Municipal Use," 86th Cong.,
     2d sess., Committee Print No. 7, January 1960.  Washington,
     Government Printing Office.

20.  U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,  Public Health
     Service, "Oxygen Relationships In Streams."  Technical Report
     W58-2, 1958.  Pages U7-61.

21.  Illinois Department of Agriculture, publication No.  (11365-6-65).

-------
                                                                     X-3

22.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
     Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, preliminary tabular
     material on the "Fish and Wildlife Resources of the Chio River
     Basin."

23.  U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
     Service.  A cooperative State-Federal report, "1963 Inventory
     of Municipal Water Facilities," and supplemental information
     from letters and trips in the study area.  PHS Publication No. 775
     (revised), Vol. V.

-------

-------
                                 Table III-l

                            Proposed Physical Data
                        Louisville and Helm Reservoirs
                          Little Wabash River Basin
                                                                     A-l
                                       Louisville
                                            661
Helm

   210
Drainage Area (Sq.. Mi.)

Storage (Acre-Feet)

  Minimum

  Conservation

  Seasonal

  Flood Control

  Total

Pool Elevations (Ft. m.s.l.)

  Minimum

  Conservation

  Seasonal

  Flood Control

Pool Areas (Acres)

  Minimum

  Conservation

  Seasonal

  Flood Control
1.  U. S. Army Corps of Engineer District, Louisville, Kentucky,
    from November 1965 Public Hearings Pamphlets of Pertinent Data
    and Plans Considered for the Louisville Reservoir and the Helm
    Reservoir.

a.  Louisville Dismal Site does not impound Crooked Creek.

b.  Tentative allocation of 9,000 acre-feet for water quality control
    and 37,000 acre-feet purchased by the State of Illinois for vater
    supply.

c.  Tentative allocation of 3,200 acre-feet for vater quality control
    and U3,800 acre-feet purchased by the State of Illinois for vater
    supply.
38,000
U6,000b
35,000
11*6,000
230,000
1*69
1*69-1*76
1*76-1*80
1*76-1*90
5,000
7,750
9,1*00
13,500
12,000
1*7,000°
15,300
111*, 500
173,500
1*53
1*53-1+66
1*66-1*68.5
U66-U81
2,oUo
5,300
6,000
10,000

-------
                                                              A-2
3

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                                 Table VI-1
                      Little Wabaah River Basin Study
Agriculture

Mining

Construction

Transportation & Util.

Wholesale-Retail Trade

Finance, Ins. & R.E.

Services

Government

Nonclassifled

Manufacturing

   Total Haployment
Employment
1950
18,500
5,600
3,900
U,000
' 9,900
900
8,100
1,600
1,000
7,7^0
6l,2UO
I960
11,300
U,300
2,800
1*,000
10,600
1,300
9,900
1,900
1,000
9,610
56,710
1980
5, too
2,UOO
6,600
6,000
13,^00
2,600
18,600
^,200
600
13,200
73,000
2020
1*,000
900
11,000
11,000
22,000
U,700
to,ooo
11,000
200
2U,000
128,800
Source:  Projections were made from a special study conducted by the Louisville
         District Office of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.

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-------
                                                                             A-10

                                    Table VI-3

                         Little Wabaah River Baain Study
                     Index of Output of Specific Comnodities
                                     1960-100*

                                   Output         Output          Output
5.I.C.                             (OOP)   I960   (OOP)   I960    (OOP)     2020

  20    Pood & Kindred Products    28,500   100   U6,800   160    100,000    350

  23    Apparel & Related Products 17,300   100   22,000   125     11,000     60

  2k    Lumber & Wood Products      8,UOO   100   21,500   250     58,600    700

  29    Petroleum Refining         20,000   100   28,800   1^0     U2,800    200

  31    Leather & Leather Prod.     8,500   100   12,800   150     17,000    200

  3U    Fabricated Metals           9,500   100    9,000    90     15,700    170

  36    Electrical Machinery       37,000   100  lU6,000   UOO    579,000  1,600

  37    Transportation Equipment    1,UOO   100    2,500   200      7,^00    500
Source:  Computed from the Protective Economic Study of the Ohio River Basin,
         Arthur D. Little Company, Inc.
*0utput in constant 1960 dollars.

-------
                               Table VI-1*
                                                                       A-11
                      Little Wabash Piver Basin Study
County

Clay
  Louisville Twp.
  Barter Twp. (Flora)

Coles
  Mattoon Twp.

Cumberland
  Neoga Twp.

Edwards
  Albion Twp.

Effingham
  Douglas Twp.
  Mound Twp.
  Teutopolis Twp.

Hamilton
  McLeansboro Twp.

Jasper

Lawrence

Richland
  Olney Twp.

Wabash

Wayne
  Fairfield Area
  (Big Mound, Grover,
  and Lamord Twps.)
  Orel Twp.

White
  Carmi and Hawthorne  Twps

Total Study Area
Population
1950
17,41*5
1,777
6,978
1*0,328
17,906
10,500
2,176
9,056
3,197
21,675
8,877
2,3^9
1,197
12,256
4,251
12,266
20,539
16,889
9,655
1U,651
20,933
9,151
Jasper,
1,1*64
20,935
Twps. 8,067
I960
15,815
1,681
6,925
l*2,86o
19,138
9,936
2,129
7,9^0
2,833
23,109
10,096
2,1*21
1,534
10,010
4,o8l
11,346
18,51*0
16,299
9,962
ll*,ol*7
19,008
9,370

1,1*1*6
19,373
8,739
1980
18,000
2,500
9,000
50,000
27,000
11,000
3,000
9,000
4,500
27,000
15,000
3,500
3,000
11,500
5,500
12,500
20,000
19,000
13,000
16,000
21,000
12,000

2,000
22,500
12,000
2020
34,000
5,000
19,000
90,000
60,000
16,000
6,500
15,000
7,500
50,000
2l*,000
7,000
6,000
20,000
9,000
19,000
31,000
36,000
20,000
29,000
36,500
21,000

1*,500
1*1,000
25,000
217,**73    208,213   237,500   1*17,500
 Source:   Historical Data from the U.  S.  Census of Population 1950,  I960,
          Bureau of the Census, U. S.  Department of Commerce.  Projections
          based on  a special study made by the Louisville District Office
          of  the Corps  of Engineers.

-------
                                                                     A-12
                               Table VI-5

1960 Urban and Total Population
by County
in the Economic Study Area of the
Little Vabash Hirer Basin*
County
Clay
Coles
Cumberland
Edwards
Effingham
Hamilton
2
Jasper
Lawrence
Richland
Wabash
Wayne
White
Totals
Urban Pop*
5,331
29,593
—
—
8,172
2,951
2,901
5,1*92
8,780
8,591*
6,362
6,152
81*, 328
Total Pop.
15,815
U2,860
9,936
7,91*0
23,107
10,010
11,31*6
18,51*0
16,299
1*,OU7
19,008
19,373
208,281
                                                                (56,836)
*Urban population defined by the U. S. Bureau of the Census related to
 this report as Incorporated places with 2,500 inhabitants or nore.
 U. 8. Department of Conmerce, Bureau of the Census, I960 Census of
 Population, Vol. 1, Part A.

1.  Of this total urban population, 10,505 not in the engineering study
    area.

2.  This 2,901 urban population not in the engineering study area.

3*  These counties not in the engineering study area.

U.  Total urban population in the engineering study area.

-------
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-------
                                                                   A-18
                                Table VHI-2



       Anticipated Treated Municipal and Industrial Waste Discharges
Community
Albion
Altamont
Carmi
Cisne
Clay City
Cross ville
Effingham
Enfield
Fairfield
Flora
Louisville
McLeansboro*
Mattoon*
Neoga
Noble
Olney
Teutopolis
Wayne City
Effluent Loadings of Little
Effluent
1280
810
390
1,350
260
230
260
2,870
150
2,030
1,890
3^0
790
6,000
ino
180
7,100
510
320
Vabash River Basin
Loadings in P.E.
2020
1,H30
1,060
U.220
UlO
560
530
U,86o
270
U,020
l4-,060
8UO
1,520
1^,600
1,100
2UO
8,6to)
1,150
810
*  Wastes discharged outside the basin.

-------
                                                                       A-19
                             Table VIII-3

          Anticipated Storage Need* for Water Quality Control
        Based on Alternative 1 for Various Levels of Protection
                       Little Wabash River Basin
                             1980                           2020
Point of           Recurrence Interval (Years)    Recurrence Interval (Years)
  Need                 5        10        20          5        10        20
Wayne City           550       970     1,UOO      2,600     3,200
Fairfield          2,000     3,200     ii-,000      5,700     9,000    10,000
(Pond Creek)

Carmi                8UO     1,000     1,300      8,000    11,000    lU,000
*  All needs expressed as acre-feet of draft-on-storage and do not include
   evaporation and transmission losses.

-------

-------

-------
                                            11 g
                                            «J <
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Si
IS:
                                               5

-------
                                        A-23
          LITTLE WABASH RIVER
      MONTHLY FLOW EXPRESSED  AS
           % OF ANNUAL  FLOW
                   FOR
       LOWEST  25%  OF YEARS OF
            RECORD AT  CARMI
24.14
    21.05
        5.:
           2.88
               1.47
                   1.14
                             2.93
                                4.60
                                    10.3d
                                       24.28
APR  MAY  JUN JUL AUG SEP  OCT MOV  DEC JAN  FEB MAR
                               FIGURE

-------

-------
24.28
              SKILLET FORK
      MONTHLY FLOW EXPRESSED AS
          % OF ANNUAL FLOW
                   FOR
       LOWEST 25% OF YEARS OF
         RECORD AT WAYNE CITY
    11.73
        4.23
           5.07
               0.67
                  3.52
                      4.48
                         0.94
                             3.88
                                3.04
                                        A-Z4
                                   10.60
                                      27.80
 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG  SEP OCT  MOV DEC  JAN  FEB  MAR
                               FIGURE  3ZI

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-------
24.18
          LITTLE WABASH RIVER
      MONTHLY FLOW EXPRESSED AS
           % OF  ANNUAL FLOW
                   FOR
       LOWEST 25% OF YEARS OF
          RECORD  AT CLAY CITY
    11.99
       IO.O6
           2.71
              2.61
                  2.47
                      1.33
                         1.55
                             3.78
                                6.88
                                         A-Z5
                                    9.55
                                       22.93
APR  MAY JUN  JUL AUG  SEP OCT  NOV DEC  JAN FEB  MAR
                               FIGURE

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