WATER QUALITI RECREATIONAL PROJECT
GEIST RESERVOIR
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
COMPREHENSIVE REPORT
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, REGION V
JUNE 1965
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c
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PREFACE
The Indiana Water Quality Recreation Project was initiated in
Fiscal Year 1962 to determine the influence that recreational activity
has upon reservoir water quality. The initial objectives of the study
were to determine:
a. The sources of pollution from the drainage basin and
their effect on water quality;
b. the sanitary water quality that is available for a
public drinking water supply;
c. the effect upon bacterial quality due to the extensive
use of pleasure boats, water skiing, swimming;
d. the effects upon water quality due to the proposed
development of lands adjacent to the reservoir for
extensive housing;
e. the effects upon water quality of fuel additives,
including lead used in the motors of outboard and inboard
boats;
f. the nature and potential of taste and odor problems in
the public water supply resulting from possible algal
blooms;
g. the effects on water quality of the use of fertilizers,
pesticides, herbicides and weedicides used on agricultured
lands and in the housing area.
Geist Reservoir, owned by the Indianapolis Water Company, a private
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utility, was selected as the site for the study. It appeared that
Geist Reservoir was the only water supply reservoir in Indiana from
which it would be possible to accumulate sufficient data concerning
physical, chemical and biological factors that would be required to
satisfy the study objectives as the housing development progressed
and recreational activity increased. During August 1962, Lake Lemon,
a reservoir which is one source of water for Bloomington, Indiana,
was selected as a second reservoir to be included in the study because
unlimited water oriented recreation is permitted. The housing
development has not been initiated to date and because of intensified
efforts to determine the signifiance of the interrelated parameters
affecting water quality changes in Oeist Reservoir, Lake Lemon has
not been used as a study site.
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CONTENTS
Page
Preface ii
Contents iv
Tables v
Figures vii
Acknowledgements ix
Summary & Conclusions 1
Chronicle 11
Geist Reservoir and Drainage Basin ........................... 13
Sampling Stations 1U
Method of Study 16
Presentation of Data
BOD 19
Residue 19
Specific Conductance 19
pH 20
Dissolved Oxygen 21
Solar Radiation 24
Water Temperature 26
Turbidity 27
Eutrophication 31
Productivity of Fish 51
Aquatic Plants 61
Bottom Organisms 67
Bacteriological 76
Special Studies on Fall Creek 79
Appendix
A Mathematical Model 81
B Climatological Information 89
Fig. ijl Map, Geist Reservoir Drainage Basin 91
Fig. U2 Map, Geist Reservoir 92
References 93
Bibliography 96
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TABIBS
Page
1. Sources of Pollution 3
2. Specific Conductivity 20
3. pH 21
k. Effect of a Rain on Turbidity 29
5. Inflow of Nitrogen and Phosphorus 32
6. Outflow of Nitrogen and Phosphorus 33
7. Nutrients Retained 3U
b. Nutrient Contributors 33
9. Estimate of Nitrogen and Phosphate from Crops .. 3t>
10. Estimate of Nitrogen and Phosphate from livestock ....... 36
11. Nutrients from Sewered Communities 3?
12. Nutrients available in Drainage Basin 38
13. Inorganic Nitrogen UO
1U. Soluble Phosphorus UO
15. Relationship of Geist Reservoir with Madison Lakes ...... ul
16. Alkalinity n9
17. Gross Mineral Analyses 30
18. Recommended Limits «. 30
19. Types of Fish in Geist Reservoir 32
20. Geist Reservoir "Largest Catch of the Year" i?3
21. Resulting Growth of Fish due to Variation in Turbidity .. 3o
22. Effect of Turbidity on the "Young of the Year" 30
2j. Pounds of Fish Removed from Geist Reservoir ............. 60
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2k. Occurrence of Algae in Qeist Reservoir, 1962-6U 6U
25. Algae Identified in Geist Reservoir, 1962-65 65
26. Geist Reservoir - Bottom Organisms per Square Foot 70
27. Numbers of Bacteria per 100ml 76
28. Per Cent Coliform Distribution 77
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FIGURES
Following Page
1. Specific Conductance .............. 19
2. pH 23
3. Dissolved Oxygen - Per Gent Saturation . . 23
k. Dissolved Oxygen (June 29) 23
5. Dissolved Oxygen (Aug. 31) «... 23
6. Lang leys - Average daily accumulation 2U
7. Langleys per Hour ........«..........».....*....«.*.... 2it
8. Water Temperature 26
9. Turbidity 30
10. Farm Animal Population U7
11. Total Inorganic Nitrogen U9
12. Soluble Phosphates it9
13. Total Phosphates U9
Ik. Total Alkalinity U9
15. Total Hardness U9
16. Net Algae - ppm, Station 111 66
17. Net Algae - ppm, Station 151 66
18. Net Algae - ppm, Station 152 66
19. Net Algae - ppra, Station 191 66
20. Estimated Algal Production 66
21. Bottom Sampling Stations in Geist Reservoir.............. 67
22. Bottom Organisms - October 196U 71
23. Bottom Organisms - October 1963 Ik
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2U. Comparison of Sludgeworma, October 1963-196U 7k
25. Comparison of Average Benthos Crops, October 1963-196U .. 7k
26. Bacteriological Analyses, Station 111 78
27. Bacteriological Analyses, Station 151 78
28. Bacteriological Analyses, Station 152 78
29. Bacteriological Analyses, Station 191 78
30. Dissolved Oxygen, Fall Creek 80
31. Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Fall Creek 80
32. Nomograph for Diatoms 88
33. Nomograph for Other Algae 88
:&. N:P vs Dissolved Oxygen 88
35. (Factor) (Algal Mass) vs Dissolved Oxygen 88
36. Climatological Data 1962-6^ 90
37. Climate logical Data 1961* 90
38. Inflow to Geist Reservoir 90
39. Outflow from Geist Reservoir 90
UO. Reservoir Levels 90
Ui. Map of Geist Reservoir Drainage Basin 90
U2. Map of Geist Reservoir 90
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ACKNCWIEDGEMENTS
The Indiana Water Quality Recreation Project Staff is indebted to
the Division of Sanitary Engineering, Indiana State Board of Health for
their assistance and recommendations; to Mr. D. P. Morris, President,
Indianapolis Water Company and his staff for permission to study Geist
Reservoir and for the use of the laboratory space at the Fall Creek
Purification Plant.
Guidance and counseling in planning the project activities and
recommendations for changes in program emphasis was generously given by:
H. W. Poston, Regional Program Director, WS & PC, Region V
F. E. DeMartini, Chief, TA & I, SEC
R. Porges, Deputy Chief
W. M. Ingram, Director of Laboratories
S. C. Tsivoglou, Chief, Radiological Pollution Activities
K. M. Mackenthun, Chief, Biological Unit
D. W. Ballinger, Chief, Chemistry Unit
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SUMMARY. AND CONCLUSIONS
This study has been in progress through three consecutive recreational
seasons. Routine and intensive special sampling and analysis have been
conducted in the field and laboratory on selected physical, chemical
and biological water quality parameters to attempt to satisfy the project
objectives, as stated in the Preface.
The initial approach to the fulfillment of the objectives was to
conduct a sanitary survey of the drainage basin to determine the type
and magnitude of pollutants entering the reservoir from the tributary
streams. Sampling stations were then selected at significant points
for continuing routine sample collection to establish base line informa-
tion. Base line data was necessary in order to correlate future water
quality changes.
Statistical analyses were made to determine those parameters which
had a significant bearing on water quality changes in Geist Reservoir.
Upon completion of evaluation of the data, a sampling schedule was
developed. Four of the analyses namely, BOD, total residue, non-
filtrable residue and fixed residue, that were conducted during the
first sampling season were eliminated.
The final selection of parameters was:
Physical Chemical Biological
Water Temperature Nitrogen Aquatic Plants
Turbidity Phosphorus Benthos
Solar Radiation Alkalinity Bacteria
Wind Velocity Dissolved Oxygen
Evaporation Specific Conductance
Precipitation pH
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When it became apparent that the proposed housing development at
Geist Reservoir would not commence in a reasonable period of time, it
was realized that the fulfillment of the objectives pertaining to
quality changes caused by increased recreational activity and land
runoff from the housing area could not be attained.
At the conclusion of the second year of the program certain trends
in the parameters studied were evident. These trends required verifica-
tion, and in addition, the revised program emphasis dictated that
intensive sampling over transects and longitudinal sections of the
reservoir should be conducted.
The third year of the study was devoted primarily to the latter
approach, with much of the analysis being conducted in the field in
order to study in detail the variations which occurred at any given
station.
The analyses of the parameters measured in the intensive program
led to evaluation of the data which resulted in the development of a
mathematical model that correlates the measured factors involved in
photosynthesis in this body of water.
The findings and conclusions, summarized below, fall into two
broad groups concerning the initial objectives, and ecological studies.
The work of the Project provides detailed information about the
initial objectives lettered a, b and f of the Preface. Objectives d
and g can be answered in part by applying knowledge gained concerning
the use of fertilizers on the surrounding farm land. Objectives c and
e have not been investigated. Objective e can be answered in part by
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applying information obtained by SEC during investigations of outboard
motor exhaust pollution.
The sources of municipal wastes, objective a, are shown on the
drainage basin map Fig. ill, and are summarized in Table (1).
TABIE (1)
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
Source
Fortville
Indiana
Reformatory
Pendleton
Middle town
Tributary
Flat Fork
Creek
Fall Creek
Fall Creek
Fall Creek
P. E.
before
Treatment
2,000
3, 300
3,750
2,000
Treatment
Secondary
new plant
Secondary
being
rebuilt
Secondary
Secondary
P. E.
after
Treatment
300 E
2,?00 E
333
JOO
The municipalities have liquid wastes that are typical of small
towns for there are no large industries. The Reformatory has both a
laundry and a small tomato canning plant that discharge to interceptor
sewers which discharge to the sewage treatment plant. Sanitary and
industrial wastes provide about 10 per cent of the inorganic nitrogen
and 70 per cent of the soluble phosphorus that enters the reservoir.
It was found that item b, the quality available for the drinking
water supply at the inlet to the reservoir was moderatley hard, with a
low BOD, but rich in nutrients. The water leaving the reservoir is of
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improved mineral quality because of the long detention tine which reduces
the hardness and alkalinity by about IjO per cent. The natural purification
processes also reduce the bacterial count to an average of less than 50
per 100 ml for the greater part of the year. During the high spring flows,
the bacterial content is greater.
Objective e, the effect upon bacterial quality due to the extensive
use of pleasure boats, water skiing and swimming, could not be fulfilled.
Some information was obtained concerning objective d, the effect
upon water quality due to the proposed development of land adjacent to
the reservoir for extensive housing. (Table B and 13) The reservoir
has a high nutrient loading-at the present time. Any increase which
would result from the housing development would probably cause more
taste and odor problems and short filter runs at the purification plant.
The effect upon water quality of fuel additives used in outboard
and inboard motors, objective c, was not studied. Data obtained by
the Project can be applied to the existing conditions, and then ex-
trapolated to obtain information about the reservoir under heavy recrea-
tional use. It was learned that during the 196U recreational season
there were a total of 19,lii2 boat trips. There was an average of 2 1/2
to J people per boat, and each trip lasted an average of five hours.
The average fuel consumption was about 1 gallon of gasoline per boat.
Most of these trips were confined to the two lower sections of the
reservoir which have a total volume of 6.7 billion gallons. A study
by English, Surber and McDermott '*' published under the title of
"Field Investigation of the Pollution Contribution of Outboard Motor
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Exhausts" stated that daiJy fuel-use rate during the recreational season
(mid-May through September) of about b gallons per million gallons of
water per season, or 0.17 gallons per day per million gallons of water,
was required to produce an off-flavor in fish. This information indicates
that boating upon Geist Reservoir would have to increase from 10 to 15
times to taint fish.
Objective f, the nature and potential of taste and odor problems
in the public water supply resulting from possible algal blooms, is
covered in Presentation of Data. Geist Reservoir has a number of taste
and odor producing algae, but the Water Company has experienced little
difficulty with taste and odor. The heavy nutrient loading will cause
extensive problems if the more obnoxious taste and odor producing algae
become predominant. The possibility of taste and odor problems develop-
ing is of great concern to the Water Company.
Data has been collected concerning objective g. The data provides
information on the amount of nutrients that could enter the reservoir,
the amount entering the reservoir, and the effect on the reservoir. The
eutrophication section provides information concerning the sources of
nutrient and discusses their effect on the reservoir.
1. The mineral content of the reservoir water does not exceed
the maximun limits suggested in the Public Health Service
Drinking Water Standards, 1962.
2. The conform bacteria counts are less than 50 per 100 ml
at the spillway except during the high spring flows.
3. A large increase in recreation could produce a high percent-
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age increase in coliform because of the low coliform
counts.
it. The ratio of Fecal Coliform to Enterococcus indicates
that the bacteria originated in municipal waste.
5. The greatest inflow into the reservoir occurs in March
or April each year. In 196U the period of greatest
inflow extended over both months. This period of inflow
carried in 80 per cent of the inorganic nitrogen and 71
per cent of the soluble phosphorus.
6. A total of 79j,250 pounds of inorganic nitrogen entered
the reservoir in 196li. About 10 per cent was contributed
by municipal wastes and about 90 per cent was carried in
by runoff from farmland.
7. A total of jb',270 pounds of soluble phosphorus entered
the reservoir in 196U. About 70 per cent was contributed
by municipal wastes and 30 per cent was carried in by
runoff from farmland.
8. The nutrient enrichment of Geist Reservoir in 196ii is
about equal to the enrichment of the lower Madison Lakes
in Wisconsin which have been studied (19U2-UU) extensively
because of their polluted condition.
9. The amount of nitrogen and soluble phosphorus retained
in the reservoir during 196i4 indicates that the amount of
soluble phosphorus added during the year is critical to
the production of algae. It has been found that each
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increase of one population equivalent (31bs/yr) of
soluble phosphorus that entered Geist Reservoir produced
an additional 290-310 pounds (dry weight) of algae per
year.
10. The maximum algal growths are limited by the available
phosphorus.
11. An algal bloom is a concentration of algae that is readily
visible. The definition is ambiguous and unsuitable for
Geist Reservoir. Diatom blooms, many times, immediately
follow turbidity caused by silt. The diatom bloom could
be mistaken for silt.
12. The amount of algae that constituted an algal bloom which
effected the water quality of Geist Reservoir was approx-
imately 20 ppm. The average monthly algae mass for 196i|
was 2j5.2 ppm.
Ij. The amount of phytoplankton produced in 196ij is approximately
ij,000,000 pounds (dry weight) per year or more than 2,jOO
pounds per acre of reservoir surface area.
lii. The algal mass varied from 8 pounds per month per acre
of reservoir surface to 7^0 pounds, (dry weight)
15. Algal blooms can occur at any season of the year, except
during periods of extremely adverse environmental conditions.
16. Most of the algae found in Geist Reservoir will produce
a taste and/or odor during a bloom.
17. Due to the lack of blue green algae produced in Geist
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Reservoir, it is concluded that some element essential
to their growth is missing. Thus, any pollutants that
contain this element could cause a serious algal problem.
Identification of this necessary element, which appears
to be lacking, for blue green algae in Geist Reservoir
could be important in the control of these algae in
other bodies of water.
18. During the first half of July 196jj the algae were able
to store nitrogen and phosphorus so that photosynthetic
activity continued during periods of low nutrient con-
centration until the end of the month. In August the
inorganic nitrogen level dropped to less than 0.20 ppm;
the algae were not able to carry on photosynthesis at
a rate that could be measured by dissolved oxygen.
During the drought of 196J, nitrogen was one of the
controlling factors that limited algal production.
19. Transectional and longitudinal studies of the reservoir
indicated that turbidity effected productivity for
approximately U,000 feet below station 151. Station 152
was found to be the point of greatest productivity. The
portion of the reservoir that has the greatest productivity
started approximately one mile above station 152, and
extended for approximately one mile below station 152.
20. The minimtm amount of light required in Geist Reservoir
to produce dissolved oxygen values greater than 100 per
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cent saturation was from 1 to 5 per cent of the surface
light available when the solar radiation was from 60 to
90 langleys per hour.
21. There is a relationship between depth and algal mass in
/I l4Sisyrtstt'£-J
Geist Reservoir under^ecological conditions. In the
euphotic zone, the concentration of the algal mass (ppra)
increases with depth.
22. The algae that were counted had pigment and unruptured
cell walls. Most of the algae below the euphotic zone
did not contain pigment or had ruptured cell walls.
2.3. The depth of the euphotic zone varied from a minimum of
1.5 feet to a maximum of Hi feet. The depth of the zone
is influenced by turbidity, the month of the year, the
time of day and the amount of sunlight.
2k The greatest dissolved oxygen per cent saturation occurred
between 1 to 3 feet. Some of the values approached jjOO
per cent in the afternoon.
25. A mathematical model or aid was developed using data
concerning physical, chemical and biological analyses
which shows the relationship between these factors and
photosynthetic activity.
26. The analyses for BOD and residues were found to be
influenced by the algal mass. These results were, there-
fore, of little value for interpretion.
27. In 196/4, the greatest number of benthic organisms were
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found in section I just below station 152. Sections II
and III should have the greatest number of benthoa
because of the nutrient loading, the shallow depths and
large surface area. It appears that high turbidity and
fluctuations in water level have reduced the number of
benthic organisms in the upper portion of the reservoir.
28. Turbidity, precipitated solids and aquatic plants have
reduced the storage capacity of the reservoir.
29. Turbidity has limited the number of large aquatic plants,
jO. The reservoir is not in "fish balance." Some types of
forage fish have become stunted. Turbidity has limited
the production of predatory fish. More predatory fish
are needed in Geist Reservoir to maintain a proper fish
balance.
Jl. In March 1965 water samples were collected to determine
if pesticides were present. The GURBP laboratory
analyzed these samples by a method general enough to
include most types of pesticides. All samples had
negative results.
j2. Over 500,000 hours and $j86,000 are spent per year in
order to catch fish at Geist Reservoir.
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Chronicle;
During Fiscal Tear 1962, the Pifclic Health Service initiated the
task of developing a plan of a study to take place in Indiana to
determine the influence of recreational activities upon water quality.
In addition to the study concerning recreational activity, the program
was to include the influence of other pollutants upon water quality.
The first step was the establishment of a sound working relationship
between the Indiana State Board of Health, the Indianapolis Water
Company and the Pifclic Health Service.
A sanitary survey of the watershed was conducted, following which
sampling was initiated in Hay 1962. The Project staff shared the
laboratory facilities of the White River Purification Plant until
December 1962.
During January 1963 the laboratory equipment was transferred to
an unused laboratory in the Fall Creek Purification Plant. This labora-
tory was equipped with only about 16 feet of laboratory bench space and
a still for water. Project personnel obtained unused temporary
laboratory tables from GLIRBP, transported them to Indianapolis, and
installed them in the Fall Creek laboratory.
The intensive sampling season of 196j extended from mid-April to
mid-October. The work concentrated upon the collection and analyses
of samples from several routine sampling stations. Since a broad back-
ground of base line data was desired for statistical analyses, samples
were collected several times each week and analyzed for chemical,
bacteriological, and biological content. In addition to the routine
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work, nine sets of samples were collected for the Virology Obit at SEC.
Flour sets of samples were collected and shipped to the GLIRBP laboratory
for gross mineral analyses.
A Review and Planning Conference held at SEC in December 1963,
resulted in a suggestion that the study emphasis be shifted to the
investigation of the influence of nutrients upon algal activity which
affects water quality. The shift in emphasis was approved at the
Annual Program Review during February 196U.
The intensive sampling season of 19&U extended from the first week
of May through the third week of October. Weekly routine sampling was
conducted, followed by investigative studies. Continuation of the
collection of information by routine sampling provided for correlation
of 1962 and 1963 data with the quality changes that occurred during
196ii, and also provided information that acted as a base line used in
evaluating the results of the investigative studies. These studies
investigated the quality changes within the reservoir in an effort to
determine the magnitude of the variations in quality and the cause of
the variations.
The Annual Program Review held in Chicago in February 1965 resulted
in a revision of future operations. The anticipated study of Lake
Lemon in fiscal year 1966, was cancelled. Project personnel were
instructed to prepare a comprehensive, interpretive report to be submitted
in June 1965, which would serve as a basis for determination of future
project operations.
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Geiat Reservoir and Drainage Basin;
Geist Reservoir, Fig. U2, is located about 15 miles northeast of
Indianapolis, Indiana and is owned by the Indianapolis Water Company
an investor owned utility. The reservoir is 7.5 miles long, has a
surface area of 1,800 acres and a shoreline of 35 miles. Its storage
capacity is 6.9 billion gallons.
The reservoir is divided into three unequal basins by two causeways.
The upper portion, section III, is the smallest and the shallowest with
a capacity of 0.20 billion gallons. It is primarily a silting basin.
The middle portion, section II, could be classified as a super
pond. The average depth is about 10 feet with a maximum depth approaching
15 feet and a capacity of about 1.1 billion gallons.
The lower section, section I, could be described as a Eutrophic
Lake. It has a capacity of approximately 5*6 billion gallons, an average
depth of about 20 feet and a maximum depth of JO feet.
The watershed above the dam is 215 square miles in area, Fig. 1*1.
The land is gently rolling to flat Wisconsin Glacial Drift which is
used primarily for farming. There are roughly 950 farms with a total
acreage of about Ij7,000 acres. The most important crops are corn,
wheat, soybeans, hay, and pasture. Fertilizer is utilized to increase
the productivity of the farms. A few head of cattle, hogs and sheep
are usually raised on each farm so that the nunber becomes impressive
when the total live stock population is considered.
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Sampling Stations!
Routine sampling of the reservoir was conducted from bridges. The
sampling points are shown on the appended map, Fig. Ij2, and are numbered
111, 112, 113, 151, 152, 191 and 192. The inflow stations are in the
110 series. The reservoir stations are in the 1$0 series and the out-
flow stations are in the 190 series.
Station 111 is located on Fall Creek on a county road bridge just
below the small settlement of Lux Haven. Samples were taken at mid-depth
at the first quarter point from the north end of the bridge. This
location was selected for it is at the point of maximum flow and is 1,000
feet upstream from Geist Reservoir. Fall Greek supplies most of the
water to the reservoir, and is gauged at a bridge about one mile upstream
from station 111.
Stations 112 and 113 are located on small wet weather tributaries.
In both cases, the sample is collected at mid-depth and at mid-span of
a bridge crossing.
Stations 151 and 152 are located at mid-span on the upstream side
of the respective bridges. Sampling depth was five feet.
Station 191 is located on the upstream side of the dam near the
outflow trash rack. Sampling depth was five feet. Station 192 is
located on the first bridge downstream from the dam and is the upper-
most sampling point of the water company. Station 192 was selected to
aid in correlating project reservoir water quality data with water
company data.
The locations of the sampling stations for investigative studies
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are shown on the map of Geist Reservoir, Fig. 1|2. The longitudinal
sampling stations are marked with a 9 , while the stations used in a
transect are narked with an x.
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Method of Study;
During the first intensive sampling season, 1962, samples were
usually collected on Tuesday, Friday and Sunday from the routine stations.
These days were selected because it was felt that with an increase in
recreational activity the quality changes produced by recreation would
be more pronounced on Sunday and not as great on Friday. The intensive
sampling season of 196j indicated that the Friday-Sunday theory is of
little value because the quality changes vary with climatic and nutrient
conditions.
During the first season, analyses run on each sample included
specific conductance, total and orthophosphate, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate
nitrogen, temperature, dissolved oxygen, BOD, chloride, total alkalinity,
total hardness, non-filterable residue, fixed non-filterable residue,
loss on ignition to 600° C. and coliform. Color was run at the beginning
and close of the season. The results of the color determinations were
fairly uniform for all stations for both periods.
The sampling carried out in 196j utilized the stations established
in 1962. The data collected during the 196 j intensive sampling season
provided a continuous record of the changes in the reservoir at the
routine reservoir stations from April to October. Samples were analyzed
for temperature, pH, alkalinity, D. 0., specific conductance, turbidity,
nitrate, nitrite and ammonia, total and orthophosphate, total and fecal
coliforra, enterococcus and phytoplankton.
The routine sampling of the 196lj intensive sampling season followed
the pattern of 1963. Investigative study sampling was initiated during
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the last of May with temperature and dissolved oxygen studies carried
out from a boat. The D. 0. determinations could be done rapidly at any
depth for they were made with a galvanic cell oxygen analyzer, which
was equipped with a thermister thermometer so that temperature and D. 0.
Measurements were taken simultaneously at the same depths.
light penetration measurements were added to the studies in June
after a submarine photometer was received. In June the use of the
oxygen analyzer was discontinued because the algae in the reservoir were
producing more oxygen than the equipment could measure. The instrument
was modified by installing components supplied by the manufacturer to
extend its range.
In July a physical science aid was added to the staff, a portable
specific conductivity meter that had been on order for 6 months was
received, and a raft was constructed so that laboratory bench space
could be made available near each sampling point. Measurements and
analyses were made simultaneously with equipment and other facilities
available and were carried out on the raft and in the boat in the
following manner:
1. Work from the boat included:
a. Temperature, taken at the surface and 2 1/2 ft.
increments to 10 feet, then 5 foot increments to
the bottom.
b. Dissolved oxygen, surface to bottom at the
same depths.
c. Specific conductance, surface to bottom at
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the same depths.
d. light, surface to bottom in one foot increments.
e. Samples from the surface plus 2 1/2 ft. and 5
ft. increments were taken to tne raft.
2. The analyses and other work carried out on the raft were:
a. pH
b. Alkalinity
c. Hardness
d. Turbidity
e. Preservation for the nitrogen and phosphorus
f. Preservation of algal samples
The nitrogen cycle (ammonia, nitrite and nitrate) and phosphate
(ortho and total) analyses were carried out in the laboratory the next
day.
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PRESENTATION OF DATA
Biochemical Oxygen Demand!
The test for biochemical oxygen demand was conducted during the
1962 sampling season. The average results are: station 111, 2.3 ppm,
station 151, U.9 ppm, station 152, ^.7 ppm, station 191, 3.0 ppm.
Neel et al (1961) ' a' indicates that the biochemical oxygen demand
measurements of algal laden water are difficult to evaluate. Some of
the available oxygen in the BOD test is used in the metabolism of the
algae. The greatest values in BOD occurred at stations 151, 152 and
191 where the algal mass was the greatest, and it is believed that
phytoplankton influenced the BOD results. The analysis for BOD was
discontinued following the 1962 season, because an evaluation of the
data indicated that BOD results were of little value in explaining
ecological variations.
Residue:
In 1962 the analyses for residues were conducted routinely. A
reduction of k5 per cent occurred from the inlet to the outlet of
the reservoir. An evaluation of the 19t>2 data indicated that the
amount of residue was influenced by the amount of algae present.
The analyses for residues were discontinued in favor of other analyses
that could be evaluated more accurately.
Specific Conductance;
Specific conductance is an estimate of the total concentration
of the ionized substances in a sample of water at a given temperature
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6OO
500
600
500
4OO
3OO
600
500
400
300
SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
Station III
1964
1962-64
Station 151
1964
I 962-64
Station 152
n
1964
1962-64
Station 191
1964
n
1962-64
Figure
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that can be measured by the water's capacity to convey an electric
current. The measurements are reported as micromhos per centimeter
at 25 degrees centigrade. Table (2) shows the average specific
conductance for each year at each station.
TABUS (2)
SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY
SAMPLING STATIONS % loss
in to
Year 111 151 152 191
1962 6ljO 615 UttO 395 38. j
196 j 655 595 U90 i*25 J5.2
196/4 585 550 ti75 UJO 26.5
Swindale and Curtis (1957) made a study of submerged aquatic
plants and calculated indices for the occurrence of species within a
measured area. They compared these indices with the ecological factors
and found a correlation with specific conductance.
A "rule of thumb" statement can be made that the higher the index
nunber, the higher the specific conductance value, and usually the
larger the stature and/or the bulk of the plant. Geist Reservoir water
has a high specific conductance value and the aquatic plants are large
in stature.
pH:
"pH is the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion
concentration wore precisely, of the hydrogen activity in moles per
liter." (Ua)
20
-------
Neel et al (1961) ' states that in Stabilization Ponds (sewage
lagoons) studied, a pH value above 8.0 is the result of photosynthesis.
The pH of water in Geist Reservoir does not follow the photosynthetic
trend,that increasing pH indicates photosynthesis. No trend could be
developed by graphing monthly averages of pH and dissolved oxygen.
The yearly pH values indicate that the greatest photosynthetic rate
occurred in sections I and II of the reservoir. These yeariy pH values
are shown in Table (3)«
Year
1962
196JJ
196^
Dissolved Oxygen:
TABIE (3)
PH
STATIONS
111 151 152 191
8.03 8.26 8.31 8.24
8.01 8.19 8.30 8.35
7.99 8.00 8.16 8.18
Dissolved oxygen is added to water by absorption or by photo-
synthesis. The important source of oxygen for lakes and reservoirs is
the aquatic plants. Plants with chorophyll utilize carbon dioxide in
the presence of solar energy and produce oxygen as a by-product.
Geist Reservoir's greatest per cent saturation usually occurs
between 1.5 to 3.0 feet of depth. The fact that the greatest values for
dissolved oxygen were found between 1.5 to 3 feet is not a true indication
21
-------
of the productivity of the algae at a given depth, because oxygen as
well as other gases will pass up through the water until they are
dissolved or pass into the atmosphere.
The afternoon dissolved oxygen values were usually greater than
100 per cent saturated in the euphotic zone during late Spring, Simmer
and early Fall of 196U. During 196J, from April to August the afternoon
dissolved oxygen was greater than 100 per cent saturated. In August
1963, a drought started and continued into 196^. Dissolved oxygen values
were usually less than 100 per cent saturated during this period, because
of the reduction in nutrients.
Section III acts as a shallow silting basin. When the Reservoir
is full, the average depth of this area is less than 3 feet. The
dissolved oxygen in this section was super saturated when the turbidity
was less than 200 units.
Section II has a greater algal productivity than section I, because
it is shallow and is closer to the influent of Fall Creek with Geist
Reservoir. The greatest fluctuations occurred in this section. There
was as little as 50 per cent to as much as 270 per cent dissolved
oxygen in a 1*8 hour period.
Based on the transectional and longitudinal samples from May to
August 196U, the dissolved oxygen concentration in section I varied
from 2U2 per cent of saturation, near the surface to 10 per cent in the
bottom water. The euphotic zone was approximately 10 feet deep and the
layer of bottom water, which had less than 10 per cent saturation, varied
from 2 to 10 feet depending on the total depth of the water.
22
-------
Photosynthetic activity occurred dtiring May to August. The pH
varied from 8.35 to 8.70 and the total alkalinity from 118 ppm to 13li
pptn in the euphotic zone. At the 25 foot depth, the pH was between
7.140 to 7.50.
The effect of photosynthesis from August to October, 196ii, in
section I was not as great as in the spring and early summer period.
The dissolved oxygen varied from approximately 180 per cent saturated
near the surface to less than 10 per cent at the bottom of the reservoir.
The euphotic zone was between 15 to 25 per cent less in depth and the
dissolved oxygen was not super saturated until an hour later in the
day. (See Figs. 3, h and 5)
(5a)
Welch (1952) states there are two kinds of currents,
"horizontal" and "returning or undertow", that can be attributed to
wind velocity in lakes or reservoirs smaller than the Great Lakes. The
effect of these currents is dependent upon the velocity and duration
of the wind.
An "undertow" current was developed in Geist Reservoir when the
wind reached a velocity greater than 10 miles an hour for a period of
over 2h hours. Six samples taken from 1962 to 1965 at sampling station
191 appeared to be affected by an "undertow." The analyses of these
six samples appeared to be a mixture of bottom water and water usually
found in the euphotic zone. These samples were taken after a period,
longer than 36 hours, during which the average wind velocity was
greater than 10 miles per hour.
Since dissolved oxygen is a by-product of phytosynthetic action,
23
-------
tApril)l(May)KJune) llJuly) I (Aua.mSept.) (Oct.)
PH
8.3
8.1
7.9
7.7
Station III
Q
1964
19/62-64
Station 151
n
1964
1962 "64
Station 152
n
1964
IBgg-64
Station 191
n
1964
1962-64
PH
Figure 2
-------
(April) (May) (June) (July) (Aug.) (Sept.) (Oci)
130
110
90
70
130
110
90
70
130
110
90
Station III
n
1964
1962-64
Station 151
n
1964
1962-64
Station 152
n
1964
1962-64
Station 191
1964
I
I I IQ6»-64
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (% SATURATION) Figure 3
-------
100
Figure 4
-------
IOO
Figure
-------
observations of the analyses made it possible to develop a mathematical
model relating the ecological factors studied in Geist Reservoir. A
detailed discussion of the development of the model is given in Appendix
A.
Solar Radiation;
The depth that light car penetrate water is determined by the
transparency of the water, time of day, latitude of the place, and the
month of the year. In Geist Reservoir, during open water and with
turbidity less than 13 units, the greatest depth of the euphotic zone
was approximately 1U feet. The euphotic zone was reduced to a depth
of less than lb inches, during the periods of great inflow because of
turbidity.
Solar radiation data was supplied by the U. S. leather Bureau
station in Indianapolis. Normally, solar radiation measurements are
made in langleys per day. Calculations were made using the weather
bureau data and the depth of the euphotic zone to determine the amount
of light the reservoir received prior to sampling and also the intensity
of light at any given depth. Figs. 6 and 7. These measurements are
approximate calculations, but they are the best that can be made with
the available data. The project now has a pyroheliometer so that
hourly and daily solar radiation levels can be measured. This equip-
ment will accurately measure the total amount of solar energy and the
amount available to aquatic plants at any depth on a given day in Geist
Reservoir.
The problems of light measurements "In Situ" are recognized by
2U
-------
800
Lang leys
Average daily accumulation
for the month of July.
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Time
0700
0900
MOO
1300
I5OO
Figure 6
1700
-------
100%
10%
0.01%
Figure 7
-------
investigators who study aquatic life. Standards have not been
developed that are acceptable for different types of environment and
different organisms. Each genera of aquatic plants probably has a
preference for a given light wave or for a given intensity of light.
Welch (1952) (^ states Shelford's law of toleration as "A factor
exercises a controlling influence upon production according as it ia
near the optimun or near either the maximum or minimun tolerated by
the species." The stigma found in zoospores and some flagellates is
a light-sensitive spot that is suspected of causin the organism to
be attracted or repelled by light. With blooms of Suglena this
sensitivity to light can cause variations in algal concentrations which
are difficult to correlate with dissolved oxygen or other parameters.
The greatest per cent saturation of dissolved oxygen in Geist
Reservoir occured at approximately 2.5 feet depth. When the aun was
at its zenith on a cloudless day, the light intensity would range
between 10,000 and 50,000 lux, at 5 feet if the euphotic zone was 10
feet. The literature is confusing on the amount of light that will
give the greatest gross algal production. The optimum amount of light
(7)
intensity for photosynthesis has been reported as ranging from 380 v''
fQ\
to 55,000 ' lux for different types of aquatic organisms. Maddux
(9)
and Jones (19610 v ' found in laboratory experiments with sea water
that the optimum light intensity was influenced by the water temperature
and the amount of nutrients present.
25
-------
Viiater Temperature;
Water temperature in a reservoir is influenced by five major
factors; air temperature, wind action, solar radiation, turbidity or
colored matter that can absorb solar heat, and inflow to the reservoir.
There are other factors that can influence water temperature that may
be of major importance. One example occurs in Lake Vanda in the
antarctic where the bottom of the lake is heated by conduction.
Ragotzkie and liken ^10' states that this lake has five layers of strat-
ified water but has an inverted temperature structure which is hydro-
statically stable because of the difference in salt concentration.
Since Geist Reservoir is a shallow reservoir with a maximum depth
of thirty feet and a mean depth of approximately seventeen feet, a
thermocline does not develop. If a thermo-stratification did occur it
was only for a limited time and was not found during the sampling
periods.
All temperatures taken in depth were recorded in degrees centigrade
with thermistor thermometers which were periodically calibrated against
a certified precision laboratory thermometer. The greatest variation
from the surface to the bottom of the reservoir was seven degrees. The
average variation was five degrees. The thermo variation in the euphotic
zone was not more then three degrees.
During the period of partical ice cover, the water temperature at
the surface fluctuated between 0° C. and 6° C. When total ice cover
occurred, the surface water was 0° C. and gradually increased to k° C.
near the bottom of the reservoir.
The temperature varied from 10° C. to a maximum of 26° C. from
26
-------
(April) (May) l(June) (July) ((Aug.) (Sept.) (Ocl.)
25
20
IS
10
Station III
n
1964
1962-64
Station 151
I
n
1964
IQ62-64
Station 152
n
1964
Station 191
WATER TEMPERATURE (°C)
I
n
1964
Figure 8
-------
April 1 to November 1. Maximum temperatures occurred during the last
half of July and first half of August.
The greatest quantity of phytoplankton were found when the temper-
ature spread was between 16° C. and 22° C. Maddux and Jones (196U) ^'
in their work with Nitzschia closterivm, a marine diatom, cultured in
an artificial sea media, found that there is a relationship between
temperature, nutrient, and solar energy. They investigated two extremes
of nitrogen, from 10.0 mg/1 maximum to 8.9 ug/1 minimum of Nj the
nitrogen to phosphorus remained constant at a 19:1 ratio. With the
larger amount of nutrients, the greatest productivity occurred at 22.5°
C., the next was 16° C., the third was at 31° C., and then 10° C. When
8.9 ug/1 of nitrogen was used, the highest productivity occurred at 16°
C., the second at 1D° C., the third 17.5° C., the fourth at 22.5° C. and
least at 31° C.
It is apparent that temperature can increase or decrease the rate
of metabolism of an algal organism, but this influence is only proport-
ional to the amount of other stimuli that affect the rate of metabolism
of a certain species, order, or phylum of algae.
Turbidity:
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and tfastewater,
eleventh edition ^ ' states, "The turbidity of water is caused by the
presence of suspened matter, such as clay, silt, finely divided organic
matter, plankton, and other microscopic organisms. Turbidity should be
clearly understood to be an expression of the optical property of a
sample which causes light rays to be scattered and absorbed rather than
27
-------
transmitted in straight lines through the sample."
The highest turbidity, 950 turbidity units, was present in Geist
Reservoir in March or April during the spring floods and caused an
increase in turbidity for the entire reservoir. The euphotic zone is
reduced to 1.5 feet by this high turbidity. Frey (1963) ^u-a' quotes
(Wilson, 19U1) that some species of aquatic plants require as much as
70 per cent of surface light, whereas others only need 2 per cent.
Since the reservoir level at this time is usually between 1.0 and 2.0
feet above the dam, the submerged aquatic plants, if they could
germinate, would probably not mature.
The effect of turbidity caused by increased inflow was investigated
early in July 196ij following a rain of 0.73 inches. Tests were made
longitudinally, cross-sectionally, and in depth. The influence of this
turbidity was followed from station 111 to station 152. The upper
strata were the first to become less turbid, and as the distance
increased, the turbidity gradually decreased. As the turbidity approached
the bottom of the reservoir, it was impossible to follow the turbidity
by the sampling technique used. There is little doubt that the influence
of turbidity existed further than could be tested. (See Table (u))
The damage caused by the high turbidities is shown by a study of
mussel fauna carried out in September 1963. The only live specimens
were found in section I. Numerous mussel shells were found in section
II. The area where shells were found is approximately I,0u0 feet from
the old creek bed. This would indicate that this area was populated
after the reservoir had filled. (PennaK, 1953) says that an area
28
-------
TABLK (U)
EFFECT OF A RAIN OK TT1RRJDTTY
Sta.
13
12
151
11
10
c
8
152
5
Date
7/9/614
7/9/614
7/9/6a
7/9/6U
7/9/6U
7/9/614
7/9/614
7/9/614
Depth
(feet)
0
0
5
0
5
10
0
5
8
0
5
c
0
5
9
0
5
9
0
5
10
15
Turbidity Date
Units
200
120
130
120
130
150
70
120
200
75 7/10/6U
80
130
50 7/10/6U
85
190
30 7/10/61J
5o
120
30 7/10/614
50
90
130
7/10/614
Depth
0
5
9
0
5
9
0
5
9
0
5
10
15
0
10
15
19
Turbidity
TTnits
?0
30
200
?5
35
130
30
30
1140
30
1*5
80
130
15
20
25
170
-------
of high turbidity is unsuitable for mussel fauna.
An article by Hasler, (19t>u) states that turbidity adversley
effects ecological productivity and that it is possible to increase
the depth of the euphotic zone by the use of hydrated lime. The hydrated
lime treatment was given to Lake Peter of Peter-Paul Lake in Wisconsin.
in one year's time, the depth of the euphotic zone was increased by 60
per cent and at the end of two years Lake Peter had a total increase of
IdO per cent.
The high -ourbidities carried in by the spnnp floods have limited
the ecological productivity of Geist Reservoir. The limiting affect is
shown by:
-a. The lack of aquatic plants in areas that are apparently
suitable for growth.
b. A reduction in the spawning areas of game fish.
(See Fish Productivity)
c. The fact that photosynthetic activity of algae starts
at the lower end of tne reservoir and gradually moves
towards the inlet as the turbidity clears.
d. The variation in euphotic zone, from 1.5 feet during
periods of maximum turbidity to a depth of lu feet at
minimum turbidity.
30
-------
(April) ((May I (June) (July H(Aug) I (Sept.) (Oct)
40 O
300
200
400
300
200
400
300
200
100
400
300
200
100
TURBIDITY
Station III
n
1964
1962-64
Station 151
n
1964
1982-64
Station 152
n
1964
1962-84
Station 191
n
1964
Figure 9
-------
Eutrophica tion.'
Eutrophication is usually associated with the maturity of a
(5l)
reservoir, and is the result of the enrichment of the water by
nutrients. The aping; process starts at the birth of a reservoir because
of the leaching of nutrients from the bottom and the speed of this aping
process is dependent upon the amount of inflow and nolluerits in the
*
basin.
Nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, alkalinity-hardness, silica,
iron, cobalt, vitamins, etc.
Total nitrogen is the sum of organic and inorganic nitroren.
Organic nitrogen is usually associated with biological life, but this
nitrogen can originate fron industrial waste. Inorganic nitrogen is the
sum of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate.
Total phosphorus is the sum of organic phosphate, usually polyphos-
phates, and soluble or orthophosphate. Organic phosphate, in most
instances, is the phosphate oresent in biological life. Soluble phos-
rhate is the readily available phosphate for biological life.
Table (5) shows the pounds of inorganic nitrogen and soluble
phosphorus that entered Geist teservoir during the calendar year 196ii.
The surface area of Geist Reservoir is 1,800 acres. The inorganic
nitrogen added to the Reservoir in 15 6U was Lilil pounds per acre of
surface area. The soluble phosphorus equaled 21.3 pounds per acre of
surface area.
Table (&) shows the amount of inorganic nitroren and soluble
phosphorus that was discharged from Geist Reservoir during1 the calendar
31
-------
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year 196U.
The retention of inorganic nitrogen is equal to the inflow minus
the discharge or 350,120 pounds. This weight is equivalent to 19U
pounds per acre of surface area. (See Table (7))
The retention of soluble phosphorus is 1U,700 pounds or 8.2
pounds per acre of surface area. (See Table (7))
TABLE (7)
NUTRIENTS RETAINED
Inorganic Nitrogen Soluble Phosphorus
196U
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
pounds
2, 6 JO
6,760
368,280
-109,920
21,5UO
-5,010
59,WO
610
770
300
U,500
350
Per Cent
0.7
1.9
105.2
-31.U
6.2
-1.5
17.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
1.3
0.1
N:P
2.2
u.o
61j.8
9.2
38.8
1.3
1.6
O.U
ii.l
0.2
pounds
1,140
1,700
5,680
-3,610
2,3UO
1,650
1,530
U60
U70
7kO
1,090
1,510
Per Cent
7.8
11.6
38.6
-2k. a
15.9
11.2
10. U
3.1
3.2
5.0
7.U
10.2
TOTAL
350,120
100.0
23.8 m,700
100.0
Geist Reservoir is 22 years old. A reasonable assumption is that
the leaching of the original bottom soil has stopped. Thus the mineral
content in Geist Reservoir's water is from recirculation of the minerals
that have deposited on the bottom of the reservoir, the minerals that
are in solution or that are introduced by the inflow water.
Normally there are three major ways nutrients can enter a stream
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runoff, sewage, and ground water. Table (8) is taken from Mackenthun
et al (196lj) '-^a' and a verbal communication from Kenneth M. Mackenthun.
Table (9) lists the type and acreage of each crop grown in the
reservoir's drainage basin. Table (10) lists the number and kinds of
livestock raised in Geist drainage area.
The information shown in Table (9) and (10) concerning the sources
of nutrient was compiled from data received from the county agents.
TABLE (9)
ESTIMATE OF NITRON Al^n PHOSPHATE FHO> CROPS
Ibs of Nitrogen Lbs of Phosphorus
Crops etc. Acres Per Acre Total Per Acre Total
Corn Q% Slope li 1,700 18 751,000 0.50 20,850
Wheat and Oats 22,000 8 (est) 178,1400 0.25 (est) 5,500
Soybeans 28,000 12 (est) 336,000 0.30 (est) 8,ljCO
Pasture 2^,000 6 Ij8,000 0.20 (est) 1^,600
Forest and Uncultivated 21,000 6 (est) 105,000 0.10 (est) 2,100
TOTAL l,508,ljOO ia,^50
TABLE (10)
ESTIMATE OF MTROGSK AND PHGSPNAT". FROM LIVESTOCK
Pounds of Nitrogen Pounds of Phosphorus
Type of
Livestock
Cattle
Hogs
TOTAL
Number of
Heads
15,000
2U,000
Per 1000
Live I'Jt.
156
150
Total
2,3140,000
720,000
3,060,000
Per 1000
Live Wt.
17
1*5
Total
255,000
216,000
ii 7 1,000
36
-------
The information concerning the average live weights was calculated
from the following information received from the Indianapolis Stock Yards:
CattleSteers varied from 900 to 1,500 pounds.
Heifers averaged 800 pounds.
The average head was estimated at 1,000 pounds.
Hogs Varied from 190 to 21)0 pounds.
Average hog was estimated at 200 pounds.
There are approximately 22,000 people living on farms and a total
of 1,500 people living in two communities that do riot have sewers. The
2ji,500 people use some type of soil absorption disposal system for their
sewage. The amount of nutrients that leach out of the soil and enter
the reservoir is not known.
Three sewered communities and one institution discharged treated
sewage into Fall Creek as shown in Table (11).
TABLE (11)
NUTRIENTS FROM SW.EED COMMUNITIES
Community or P. E. before Nitrogen Phosphorus
Institution Treatment PE Pounds PE Pounds
Fortville 2,000 9 18,000 } 6,000
Indiana
Reformatory
Fend le ton
Middleton
TOTAL
3,300
3,750
2,000
11,050
9
9
Q
29,700
33,750
18,000
99,U50
3
3
3
6,600
8,250
6,000
26,850
37
-------
Nitrogen
Pounds
1,508,/jOO
3,060,000
99,1*50
1^,667,850
Per
Cent
32.3
65.6
2.1
100.0
Phosphorus
Pounds
1U,150
U7 1,000
26,850
559,300
Per
Cent
7.U
87.8
U.8
100.0
The total estimated nitrogen and phosphorus present in Geist
Reservoir drainage basin is given in Table (12).
TABLE (12)
NUTRIENTS AVAILAFIS IN DRAINAGE PASIN
Source
Crops
Cattle
Sewered P. E.
TOTAL
If all of the nitrogen, 99,U50 pounds, discharged from the sewered
population equivalents entered the reservoir, the amount would be less
than 12 per cent of the total nitrogen entering the reservoir. This
figure indicates that most of the nitrogen entering the reservoir is
carried in from land runoff.
Of the 38,270 pounds of total soluble phosphorus that enter the
reservoir approximately 70 per cent comes from the sewered population
equivalents.
A comparison with a previous study is made below to illustrate
the eutrophication of Geist Reservoir. The Madison Lakes, Lake Mendota,
lake Monona, Lake Waubesa, and Lake Kegonsa have been extensively
studied. The Wisconsin Governor's Committee in 19U2 instituted a two
year study, 19U2 and 19U3, to investigate the problem of the
fertilization of waste of the three lower lakes. This study was
38
-------
prompted by the excessive and obnoxious algal growths that plagued the
local residents.
Table (lj) and (lij) are a comparison between the Madison Lakes and
Geist Reservoir. Table (15) is also a comparison between the Wisconsin
Lakes and Geist Reservoir on a percentage basis. Lake Waubesa, the
most heavily polluted, was used as the standard for comparison.
When the inorganic nitrogen input per acre figures are compared,
Geist Reservoir is potentially as enriched as the most polluted of these
lakes, see Table (Ij). Mackenthun et al (I96tj) (Ujc) state "In a study
of the lower Madison Lakes, Sawyer et al, and Lackey and Sawyer (19U5)
found that the annual contribution of inorganic nitrogen per acre of
drainage area tributary to Lake Monona was U.b pounds, Lake Waubesa L\.9
pounds, and Lake Kegonsa 6.1) pounds." Geist Reservoir drainage area of
137^000 acres shows a contribution of inorganic nitrogen per acre of
5.8 pounds based on 196U inflow data. As stated above these lower
Madison Lakes are damaged by algal blooms.
Mackenthun et al (196/j) ^'^ quotes Sawyer (l9Jj?) that O.jO ppm
of inorganic nitrogen (N) and 0.01 ppm of soluble phosphorus (P) at the
beginning of the active growning season may cause algal blooms.
Algal blooms caused by diatoms, greens or pifrmented flagellates
can be observed almost any time except when histi turbidities occur or
during a prolonged drought. Diatom blooms of Cyclotella, Diatoma,
Melosira and Synedra have occurred. Green blooms of Pediastrum, Spirogyra,
and Rhizodonium have been observed. Pigmented flagellates that have
caused blooms, are Euglena acus, Euglena sp., Peridinium bipes
39
-------
TABLE (13)
INORGANIC KITROGEN (3e) (mi)
Inflow
Retention
lakes or
Reservoir
Mendota (19U9)
Monona (19i42-ii3)
(19ii3-M)
Waubesa (19/42-143)
(19/43-l4iO
Kegonsa (19/4 2 -/i3)
(19l43-l4l4)
Geist (19614)
LbsAr
259,720
25/4,028
313,573
859,113
911,085
527, OU4
1490,52*4
793,250
Lbs/AAr
27
73
90
1422
14U8
168
156
Ma
Per Cent
81
70
6i4
61
hh
LbsAr
221,01j 2
219,501
583,0914
299,220
350, 120
Lbs/AAr
22
63
287
95
19U
TABLE (Hi)
SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS (je) (liji)
Inflow
Retention
Lakes or
Reservoir
Mendota (19U9)
Monona (19/42-/43)
(19143-U14)
Waubesa (I9U2-U3}
(I9i43-l4l4)
Kegonsa (19142-143)
(19UJ-M*)
Geist (196U)
LbsAr
17,362
23,072
29,601
125,3814
129,366
107,86U
118,87U
38,270
Lbs/AAr
1.8
6.6
8.5
62.0
63.6
314.2
37.7
21.3
Per Cent
147.7
88.0
25.0
12.0
38.1j
LbsAr
8,282
26,050
32,3U1
114,265
114,700
Lbs/AAr
0.9
7.5
15.9
14.5
8.2
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and Ceratium cornutum.
Algal mats of Rhizodonium occurred in September, 196j, along one
side of the reservoir for approximately 7 miles, and extended a few
feet from the bank to approximately jO feet. This alga is a filamentous
type which grows in eutrophic, shallow, hard water. The large area
covered with these algal mats could possibly be caused by the drought
conditions.
In the two and one-half years Geist Reservoir has been studied,
no blue-green algal blooms have been observed. The Gyanophyta are
not numerous when compared with the total ppm. The blue-green alpae
are found in late summer and fall seasons in Geist Reservoir. Since
nitrogen, phosphorus, and alkalinity are present, the absence of a
blue-green bloom would suggest that some necessary trace element is
lacking.
Previous to the Indiana Water Duality Recreation Project,
Mr. Robert Becker, superintendent of the Indianapolis Water Company,
filtration department, recalled a Synura bloom under the ice of Geist
Reservoir which caused a difficult taste and odor problem.
Geist Reservoir water has not been difficult to treat for taste
and odor during the study. The raw water intake for the water pur-
ification plant is located downstream approximately 8 river miles;
therefore some of the nuisance type algae do not reach the plant. Most
of the odor and taste in the raw water can be masked by break point
chlorination. For a number of days each year, heated potable water will
give off an aromatic, earthy, grassy, or musty odor. On a few occasions
1*2
-------
activated carbon had to be used because of taste and odor. Some of
these offensive taste and odors have been traced to sources other than
Geist Reservoir.
Short filter runs do occur for short periods of time. The short
filter runs for the most, part have not been traced to the algae in the
reservoir.
Geist Reservoir's aquatic plant, other than algae, have not been
numerous for the last three years. They are only found in isolated
areas that have been protected from turbidity.
If it is assumed, that all the inorganic nitrogen and soluble
phosphorus retained in Geist Reservoir is used by the "net algae"; then,
the other aquatic organisms fill their nitrogen and phosphorus needs
from recirculation of precipitated nutrients or they are able to utilize
an organic form of nitrogen and phosphorus. Hasler (1963) states,
"It is a well known axiom in limnology that a lake is generally waste-
fill of phosphorus that enters it via effluents from the surrounding
watershed. In fact, the bottom water and mud of these lakes contain
sufficient nutrients to bring them into a eutrophic condition, but owing
to the seasonal stratification of the water, nutrients accumulate near
or on the bottom of the basin, where they are unavailable to the aquatic
organisms in the euphotic zone above".
Geist Reservoir is not stratified and the water is usually mixed
several times a season during open water periods.
(^c)
Hasler (1963) indicates that approximately U per cent of the
dry weight of some algal forms is nitrogen. Kackenthun et al (I96lj)
-------
-------
quoting Gerloff and Skogp- state that 6.8 oer cent of the dry weight of
blue-green algae is nitrogen.
Based on the inorganic nitrogen retained in Geist Reservoir, 350,120
pounds, and using the k per cent figure, 8.75 million pounds of "net algae",
dry weight, was produced in 196ii. The 8.75 million Dounds of "net algae"
would be equal to 14,860 pounds per acre of surface area per year.
Mackenthun et al (19614) d^*") state that the algae and aquatic
plants, in their natural habitat, have a ratio of approximately 10
nitrogen to 1 phosphorus. Mackenthun et al (196it) '-"(e' discussing
Birge and Juday's (1922) work states that the dry weight of alrae is
approximately 10 per cent of the wet weight.
Based on the soluble phosphorus retained in the reservoir,' Hi,700
pounds, and using the 10:1 ratio and the ii per cent nitrogen figure, the
"net algae" weight would be 3.68 million pounds, dry weight or 2,01(0
pounds per acre per year. The "net algae" dry weight for 19614 based on
soluble phosphorus is only U2 per cent as muc^ as the amount found for
the inorganic nitrogen.
Frey (1963) discussing Juday's work, assumed the phytoplankton
to have a turnover rate of one time per week. Welch (1952) ^ ' discuss-
ing a similar work of Birge and Juday, assumed the turnover rate was 50
times per year.
Geist Reservoir's wet weight for "net alfrae" was 23.2 ppm in 196lu
The average euphotic zone water weight was 30,800 million pounds. Pased
on 30,800 million pounds of water, the 2.32 ppm for dry weight of the
"net algae", and a turnover rate 52 times per year, the total dry weight
-------
of the "net algae" would be 3.71 million pounds or 2,060 pounds per
acre of surface area per year.
Maddux and Jones (19614) ' established doubling rates for two salt
water species of algae for different temperatures,inorganic nitrogen,
soluble phosphorus, and light intensity. A doubling rate is the frequency
a specific algal species will multiply in a given time limit. Based on
their work, an attempt was made to project the doubling rate for other
algae. This projection is crude but it is an attempt to give some in-
sight into algal production.
Based on the estimated average doubling rates for each month, the
average algal mass, ppm (volume) for each month, and each month's average
water weight in the euphotic zone, the calculated dry weight of "net
algae" for 196U was U.30 million pounds or 2,390 pounds per acre of
surface area per year.
The 3.68 million pounds (dry weight) of "net algae", based on the
amount of retained soluble phosphorus, is compared with 3.71 and 14.30
million pounds (dry weight) that are based on algal mass figures; hence,
the reasonable assumption would be that the soluble phosphorus is one
of the controlling factors for algal production in Geist Reservoir.
Based on the soluble phosphate retained in the reservoir each population
equivalent would approximately equal 300 pounds of dry weight of "net
algae".
Mackenthun et al (196U) '"^g' quotes (Hasler 19*47) "It is clear
that any increase in the rate of eutrophy, even if this involves only
the acceleration of a natural and inevitable process is, from a human
1*5
-------
point of view, thoroughly undesirable".
If Geist Reservoir drainage basin follow? the projected population
trend, the projected increase in cattle, and the new technological
developments in agriculture, the increase in alpae can only cause further
deterioration in the water quality. See Figure 10. Fresh water, could
be damaged to a point that the cost of treatment could approach the
cost of processing sea water.
A reservoir for a water supply has one primary function, to supply
the best quality of water possible in an adequate quantity to a purifi-
cation plant. All other uses of the reservoir are secondary to the
primary function. Using the land adjacent to a reservoir for housing
could be damaging to the water quality, unless, the sewarre treatment is
the best possible and the runoff water is strictly controlled. The use
of unrestricted recreation such as, picnic areas, camp sites, cabin boats,
and unrestricted bathing could be damaFing.
The amount of algae and nutrients in Heist Reservoir could be a
two-edged sword. An increase in nutrients would probably lead to an
increase in algal blooms. Mackenthun et al (196^) ^li4"' points out
that algal blooms could become a nusiance which could produce obnoxious
odors from algal mats, taste and odor in the water, fish kills, and
possibly troublesome increases in the aquatic insect population. Ouoting
Mackenthun et al (I96i;) '-^' further: "Rapid decomposition of dense
algal scums with associated organisms and debris gives rise to odors and
hydrogen sulfide gas that create strong citizen disapproval; often the
gas stains the white lead paint on residences adjacent to the shore to
h6
-------
ugly hues of gray and even black".
Hasler (1963) ^ ' points out that 95 to 99 per cent of the soluble
phosphorus in sewage can be precipitated with 200 ppm of alum. Some of
the ammonia and nitrate nitrogen in sewage can be removed by ion exchange
columns. All these methods are costly but the point is which is the
more costlyheavy algal laden water that is expensive to treat, for
water supply, or more elaborate sewage treatment. Of course the effects
of algae etc. on man's environment has to be considered.
Agricultural pollution has been recognized for sometime by the
U. S. Public Health Service. The Kansas River Pasin Report (June 19U9)
recognized that the surface water runoff from farm land could cause an
increase in the total coliform counts and increase the biochemical
oxygen demand. Neel (195J) points out that the reuse of water for
irrigation increased the mineral content and the turbidity. The College
of Engineering of the University of Missouri, received a grant from the
U. S. Public Health Service to determine the population equivalents
and possible sewage disposal for livestock waste.
Jeffrey et al (196li) fl7' says the trend in livestock raising will
be for the closer confinement of animals with an increase in livestock
population. At the present time only a small fraction of the livestock
is raised in confinement. It has been proven that hogs can be marketed
cheaper by use of "Hog Parlors".
"Hog Parlors" caused a oroblem of waste disposal. To solve this
problem waste disposal pits called anaerobic lagoons were built next
to the concrete floor of the "Hog Parlors". In Missouri they are usually
-------
Chickens
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-------
5 feet deep with a surface area of 1% square feet per hog. Many of
these anaerobic lagoons do not overflow.
LeGrand (1965) ^ points cut the danger of contaminating the
ground water by lagoons. If the nutrients are not removed by the soil,
then these nutrients could be discharged into a stream.
Henry H. Krusekopf, University of Fissouri professor emeritus of
soils, pointed out that many soils have been damaged by leaching. Soils
that have the highest content of organic matter are neutral or only
slightly acid and contain a high per cent of exchangeable calcium. The
soil that has organic matter, humus, is the type that, will not be affected
as readily by leaching. Therefore the per cent of nutrients, nitrogen,
phosphate, and potash, will be greater in the soil; thus less fertilizer
will be needed to develop a good crop. He suggests the crop residue
and barnyard manure be plowed into the soil.
A newer method of raising corn was observed by the project biologist
in Missouri. In an experimental plot, corn was planted, fertilized and
cultivated by the accepted method. In the same plot, after the area was
prepared, the corn was planted, fertilized and a granular weedicide was
added all at the same time. The second type of corn raising was not
touched until it was harvested. The yield was greater and the stalks
were higher in the area treated with weedicide. No doubt the soil wash
was not as great as the conventional method of growing corn. Whether
this weedicide will damage ground water or a waterway is a question
that has to be answered before the method can be accepted.
Much more diligent work should be done to reduce agricultural
1*8
-------
pollution. Old ideas and methods must be improved to reduce the pollution
load on the streams. Possibly the idea of planting cover crops on hill-
sides, terracing, and more numerous farm ponds would help alleviate this
problem.
Mineral analysis of runoff water includes important chemicals other
than nitrogen and phosphorus.
A form of carbon dioxide is needed in the photosynthetic reaction.
Carbon dioxide is supplied by bacterial action, the atmosphere, aquatic
life, and bicarbonate alkalinity. Insoluble carbonates are formed at
the expense of the bicarbonate alkalinity because of nhotosvnthesis.
The deposits of Carbonates reduce the capacity cf Geist Reservoir. See
Table (16).
TABLE (16)
ALKALINITY
Inflow
Discharge
Month
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Water
Million Lbs
8,215
5,655
121, JOJ
157,830
28,365
1Q,11»0
27,776
2,883
2,070
3,565
5,910
6,262
ppm
caco3
2J3
277
151
93
235
251
236
290
261
267
2U6
268
Alkalinity
Million Ibs
1.9114
1.566
18.317
114.678
6.666
2.5U5
6.555
0.836
0.5UO
0.952
1.U5U
1.678
Water
Million Ibs
5,053
14,988
97,712
156,130
30,535
11,3/40
27,218
9,176
8,910
8,587
5,U60
5,301
ppm
caco3
176
216
na
102
3143
180
138
156
1146
158
162
168
Alkalinity
Million Lbs
0.889
1.077
U.777
15.927
14.369
2.0i)l
3.756
1.U31
1.301
1.357
0.88u
0.891
TOTAL
57.701
U7.700
-------
(April)
l(June)IUuly)
(May)l(JuneWJuly
(Aug.)
(Sept)
(Oct.)
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
400
3.00
2.OO
1.00
400
3.00
2.00
I.OO
4.00
3.00
2.00
Station III
IL
1964
962-64
Station 151
1964
1962-64
Station 152
I
n
1964
1962-64
Station 191
1964
TOTAL INORGANIC NITROGEN (pp.m.) Figure II
-------
(April) (May)lUune) (July) (Aug.) (Sept.) (Oct.)
Ox»
03
0.2 _-,
0.1
0.4
Q3
O.4
Oi2
O.I
0.4
0.3
0.2
SOLUBLE PHOSPHATES (p.p.m.)
Station HI
n
1964
1963-64
Station 152
n
1964
1963-64
Stalion 152
I
n
1964
Slalion 191
n
1964
1963-64
Figure 12
-------
(April) (May) Uaire ) (July) (Aug.) (Sept') (Oct.)
0.4
0.4
OA
Station III
Station 152
n
1964
1963-64
Station 191
I
n
1964
1963-64
TOTAL PHOSPHATES (p.p.m.)
Figure 13
-------
(April) (May) llJune) (July) (Aug.) USepU (Oct.)
280
230
180
130
280
230
180
130
280
230
160
ISO
280
230
180
130
Station III
n
1964
1062-64
Station 151
n
1094
Station 152
1964
1962-64
Station 191
n
1964
TOTAL ALKALINITY Ip.p.m.)
Figure 14
-------
(April )l(May)
l(May) (JuneJ(July) llAuo..) l(Sepf.)
(Oct.)
350
300
250
200
350
300
250
20O
350
300
250
200
350
300
250
20O
Station III
1964
1982-64
Station 151
n
1964
1962-64
Station 152
n
1964
1962-64
Station 191
n
1964
TOTAL HARDNESS (p.p.m.)
Figure 15
-------
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The retention of "alkalinity" is 10.001 million pounds. The inflow
alkalinity is equivalent to j2,056 pounds per acre of surface area.
The retention of alkalinity is equal to 5,556 pounds per acre of surface
area.
Table (17) shows the results of Gross Mineral Analyses conducted
by the chemical laboratory of the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basin
Project during calendar year 1963. The results are from Ij sets of
samples which is not a sufficient number to evaluate, nor are they
necessarily a reflection of the chemical analysis of the potable water.
For ease of comparison, Table (i8) lists some of the limits recommended
by the U. S. Public Health Service for drinking water.
The 196U benthic organisms data shows the lower section, section I
as the most productive. The 196J data indicated the lower section of
section II as the most productive, ^rom other data it would appear that
the 196ii data gives a more accuracy picture of the reservoir.
If this interpretation of data is correct, then the evidence would
indicate that section II is now on the decline and the benthic organism
are showing a preference for section I.
Productivity of Fish:
Mr. Robert Boots, a State Conservation Officer, and personnel at
County Line Dock stated that the following species of fish are present
in Geist Reservoir. (Table (19))
When Geist Reservoir was initially filled, there were a moderate
number of Rock Sass and Warmouth Bass present in Fall Creek. These
fish found their way into the reservoir. There was a harvest of Rock
51
-------
Type of Fish
Largemouth Bass
Stnallmouth Bass
Grapple
Bluegill
Green Sunfish
Yellow Perch*
Channel Catfish
Blue Catfish
Flathead Catfish
Bullhead Catfish
Grass Pickerel
Carp
Suckers
Shad
# Stocked
TABIE (19)
FISH IN GEIST RESER7CIR
Number Size
Catch
Decreasing
Decreasing
Increasing
Increasing
Decreasing
Increasing
Increasing
Increasing
Decreasing
Decreasing
Small
Increasing
Decreasing
Increasing
in last few years,
Large Poor
(some decline)
Decreasing Poor
Increasing Good
Stunted Poor
£ma11 Poor
Increasing Few
Increasing Good
Increasing Good
Smaller Fair
Smaller Fair
Small Poor
Increasing Good
Decreasing Poor
Increasing
-------
8.5
23
16.5
3k
33
7
96
188
28U
276
8.5
22
18
36
30
7
112
36
332
307
8.5
21
17.5
35
3U
7
75
U2
307
320
Table (20) lists the largest catch of the year.
TABIE (20)
GEIST RiiS-iflVCIR "LARGEST CATCH OF T^E YEAR"
1962 1963 196ij
Inches Ounces Inches Ounces Inches Ounces
Bluegill
Largemouth Bass
Crappie
Catfish
Carp
Eass for a number of years, but for the last five years, there has been
no report of this fish being caught. The last report of a Warmouth Bass
being caught was in 196l.
The Bluegill are stunted and are increasing in number whereas the
bass are large and decreasing in number. Denney (1963) quotes Swingle '*''
who refers to this condition of the fish population as being "unbalanced".
The literature gives several methods for the correction of stunted fish.
Most of the suggested procedures are not suitable for a lake or reservoir
that is used for a potable water supoly.
Fish are in "balance" when the forage species continue to supply
the carnivorous species adequately and still reproduce without any of
the species becoming stunted. This condition must continue year after
year to produce a satisfactory amount of harvestable fish. Denney (1963)
gives Swingle's (1956A) * "' list of a number of ways in which the
53
-------
"balance", ratio of predators to forage fish, can become unbalanced:
1. Large brood stock of one species.
2. Availability of food one to three months before spawning.
3. Crowding caused by over-production of one or more species
and some species eating fish eggs.
i4. Water temperature, not suitable for spawning.
5>. Silt-laden water.
6. Water level fluctuation.
There are several other reasons why the "fish balance" can change.
For instance, if the aquatic plants become too numerous, the fry and
"young of the year" can hide so that the carnivorous species have
difficulty in finding food.
Denney (1963) quotes Swingle (1956A) (19) who prepared an aid for
biologists to determine whether or not a pond was out of balance. His
sampling technique, such as draining or seining the pond, is not feasible
for larger lakes or reservoirs. Fish traps, fish nets, shocking of fish
etc., could be used to obtain a representative sample of the type, size
and condition of the fish. Swingle's description of pond balance is
appropriate for reservoirs or lakes:
"In unbalanced ponds, the catch is principally composed of small
bluegills of the 3-, k-> and 5-inch groups...The bass caught are few,
but usually larger than 2 pounds".
"In normally balanced ponds, most bluegills caught are above the
6-inch group in size. The average bass caught is from 1- to 2-pounds,
but smaller ones and larger ones are also taken. Bluegills are found
51*
-------
on beds several tir.es during the Spring and Summer".
"In ponds crowded with bass, almost all hluegills caught are large
fish, averaging in excess of O.j pounds. They are found on beds several
times in the Spring and Summer. The bass caught average less than 1
pound and are in poor condition".
Since aquatic plants are not a problem in Geist Reservoir there
is no need for the use of herbicides. Poisoninrr of fish with rotenone
is not feasible for control of fish population. Russian ichthyologists
use 0.1 ppm of an organic compound said to be polychlorpinen. Frey
(1965) (20).
Restocking Geist Reservoir with predatory fish is the best answer.
A larger size such as the "young of the year" instead of "fry" should
be used for restocking; these predatory fish would develop more quickly.
Buck (1956) ^ , in his paper on the effects of turbidity, covered
a strdy on a series of ponds. The "clear" ponds had a turbidity less
than 25, the intermediate ponds had from 25 to 100 turbidity units, and
the "turbid" ponds had a turbidity greater than 100 units. Table (21)
shows the resulting growth due to variation in turbidity.
/ n-j N
Buck (1556) reported a study on two reservoirs. Heyburn
Reservoir, which is used for flood control, covers an area of 1,070
acres, has an average depth of 10 fee.t and a maximum depth of i|2 feet.
This reservoir had a surface turbidity of from JOO units in March to
5l units in August. The average summer turbidity was Ij6 units in
195/J and 126 units in 1555. Upper Spavinaw Reservoir, which is a
water supply reservoir for the city of Tulsa, Oklahoma, covers 3,192
55
-------
TAB IS (21)
RESULTING GROWTH DIF, TO VARIATION IN TURBIDITY
Turbidity Units <25 25-100 >100
Average weight of fish per
acre including Eass, Blue-
gill and Redear. (Pounds) 161.5 9U 29. J
Average growth rate of Bass
by weight.-"- (Multiplication
Rate) 6.U Lt.O 1.26
Average growth of Bass by
length.-"- (Multiplication
Rate) /4.5 3.1j 1.5
-"-Blue gill and Redear fish growth rates are similar to the Bass.
Table (22) shows the effect of turbidity on the young of the year.
TABLE (22)
EFFECT OF TITffilDITy OK YOUNG OF TH3 YEAR
Turbidity Units <25 . 25-100 >100
Bass "Young of the
Year" Recovered 7 of 12 ponds h of 12 ponds* 0 of 5 ponds
Redear "Young of the
Year" Recovered 8 of 9 ponds 9 of 9 ponds 1 of 7 ponds-::-x-
Pluegili "Young of the
Year" Recovered All ponds All ponds All ponds*-"-"-
*Greater than 8u turbidity units, no "Young of the Year" was
found.
-"-"-Greater than 175 turbidity units, no "Youne; of the Year" was
found.
"Young of the Year" total weight for a two year period was
10.5 pounds, and the surviving adults weighted only 17. U pounds.
The greatest turbidity at which Bluegills were recorded was 185
units.
-------
acres, with an average depth of 25 feet, and a maximum depth of 92 feet.
It has remained reasonably clear since its impoundment in 1952.
Results from these reservoirs paralleled those from farm ponds.
All species of fish grew faster in the clear reservoir. Rough fish were
more common in the Heyburn Reservoir than in the vSpavinaw Reservoir.
White crappie grew more slowly in the Feyburn Reservoir, which had
greater turbidity than any of the other reservoirs studied. The average
second year length for white crappie was 5.0 inches in Heyburn Reservoir,
which was at least J inches less than the next slowest growth of the
other six reservoirs.
The average turbidity in Geist Reservoir, from May to October in
196^ at station 151 was 8u units. The turbidity in section III was
(21}
found to be 20 to JO per cent higher than at station 151. Buck v '
found when the turbidity was greater than 8ij units, no Bass "Young of
the Year" were found. It appears that a large portion of the bass
spawning area in section III has been damaged by turbidity.
The spawning areas for bass in section II possibly have riot been
extensively damaged. It appears that the growth rate for "fry" has
been reduced because the turbidity in most of this section is greater
than 25 units.
The turbidity values for sections II and III of deist Reservoir
(21}
approached or exceeded the amount that Buck (1956) found to have
an adverse effect on bluegill, bass and redear fish. The two sections
were reported, by the personnel at the marina, as being an area where
bass had previously spawned. Section III and part of section II, with
57
-------
turbidity greater than 8k units during the spawning season, are not
suitable for the propagation of bass. High turbidities, greater than
100 units, can cause the food suoply for fry to be reduced or eliminated.
Short food supply will reduce the size or number of forage fish which
will reduce the number of carnivarous fish. After the decease in
predatory fish, the forage fish will over populate, which leads to
stunted fish.
Geist Reservoir's fish population is not in "balance" because of
the over propagation of the forage fish.
Usually, the removal of ice from the reservoir is caused by
flooding of Fall Creek. After the great influx of water a large Shad
kill and a smaller Crappie and Pass kill is observed each year. The
turbidities in sections II and III will be as high as 95>0 units.
The Second Sdition of "Water Quality Criteria", publication number
3-A of the California Water Quality Control Board, page 290, lists a
number of effects of turbidity on fish and aquatic life. Most of the
items on this list have previously been discussed, but quoting one
item; "At very high concentrations the particulate matter that produces
turbidity can be directly lethal".
A bass fish kill was observed in June 196U in section II of Geist
Reservoir. This fish kill followed the Spring planting of crops and
possible spraying of crops with insecticides. Since no autopsy was run
to determine the cause of the fish kill, speculation is futile.
Records of the Geist Reservoir marina for calendar year 1961)
indicate that there were 2,7U6 boats that used the ramp facilities and
58
-------
16,396 trips were made in rental boats. Each boat trip averaged 5
hours and each boat carried an average of 2.5 people per trip. There
was a total of 1(7,850 people fishing from boats. This is equivalent
to 2j9,250 hours spent fishing. The average fish caught by boat fisher-
man was estimated by marina personnel to weipht 0.5 pounds. The marina
personnel estimated it took three hours to catch a harvestable fish.
The total weight of fish caught from boats was estimated at 39,880
pounds.
The number of bank fisherman were estimated from counts of auto-
mobiles present between April 1, to October 31. The average was 58.5
cars per day. It was assumed that the turnover of cars was 2 times
each day, which would be an average of 117 cars per day. An estimate
of 2 persons per car would equal 2'$\\ people per day. The total fishing
days in 196U was 21U, which results in an estimate of 50,080 fishermen
per year. The marina estimated each bank fisherman spent k hours fishing
each trip. The average size fish removed from the reservoir was estimated
at 0.3 pounds. The time spent to catch a harvestable fish was estimated
at 3 hours. The total number of hours people spent in fishing from the
banks of the reservoir was 200,300 hours. The estimated number of fish
caught was 66,770 fish which represented 20,030 pounds of fish.
An average winter has 50 days available for ice fishing. The total
time spent ice fishing was 75,000 hours or 25,000 fish harvested. The
average size of the fish taken through the ice is 0.25 pounds or 6,250
pounds of fish removed during the winter.
A summary of total pounds of fish removed from Geist Reservoir in
59
-------
196i4 is shown in Table (23).
TABLE (23)
POUNDS OP' FIS^ kiMCVtlD FRCT G^IST TiS
Type of
Fishing
Boat Fishermen
Bank Fishermen
Ice Fishermen
TOTAL
Hours spent
Fishing
2^9,250
200,300
75,000
5Hj,55o
Pounds of Fish
Harvest
39,880
20,030
6,250
66,160
Pounds of
acre of S-
22.2
11.1
3.5
36.8
The total expenditure for fishing at Geist Reservoir which includes
transportation, food, bait, boat rental, eouipment and equipment repairs
was estimated to be over v386,000. This estimated amount, may be low,
since it is based upon a national survey made in 195>U
The pounds of fish taken from the reservoir is based upon an
estimate of 3 hours to harvest a fish. This estimate may be conservative,
for the Indiana Conservation Commission suggest 1 hour to harvest a fish.
A commerical fish shocking company, worked in a 500 acre area in
July 196ii along the shoreline of a portion of sections I and II of the
reservoir. Shad and Carp were the only fish harvested and removed from
the reservoir. The total weight removed was over 30,000 pounds or
equivalent to 60 pounds per surface acre of the reservoir.
60
-------
Aquatic Plants;
Large aquatic plants are not numerous in Geist Reservoir. The
following aquatic plants were found in isolated shallow areas:
1. Duckweed Lenna
2. American Lotus Nelumbo lutera
3. Pondweed Potamogeton americanus
l\. Cattails Typha latifolia
5. Unidentified
Plankton samples were collected at mid-depth in areas where the
water was less than 10 feet deep. In depths greater than ID feet, the
samples were taken at 5 feet unless additional samples were taken. The
samples were preserved with formalin and later concentrated by the
Sedgwick-Rafter method. In this report, algae that has been concentrated
are called "Net Algae." There has been no attempt made to identify or
to count nannoplankton, zooplankton or benthic algae. The method
employed for making counts of algal organisms was by use of a Sedgwick-
Rafter cell and by counting either strip, field, or the whole cell.
Each different organism was measured. The volume of each cell or unit
(part of a cell or colony) was calculated from the measurements. All
algal results are reported as ppm (volume).
A percentage value was calculated for the euphotic zone of each
section based upon the total for the reservoir. As a rule, section I
represents approximately 71 per cent, section II approximately 2k per
cent and section III represents approximately £ per cent of the euphotic
61
-------
zone of Geist Reservoir.
In 1963, from the middle of April to the middle of October, approx-
imately 2,830,700 pounds (dry weight) of algae or 1,572 pounds per acre
of surface area were produced in the reservoir. The monthly averages of
dissolved oxygen did not exceed 100 per cent saturation when the algae
measured less than 160 pounds (dry weight) per acre per month. The
value of 160 pounds is correct from April to November except when the
inorganic nitrogen value exceeds 0.30 ppm and the N:P ratio was greater
than 7si and less than 1*7'!.
The greatest average monthly algal mass for 1963, was 123.2 ppm,
which occurred in June at station 152? 116.5 ppm of the 123.2 ppm were
pigmented flagellates. The greatest number found in a given sample was
b27.9 ppro of which U16.6 ppm were pigmented flagellates. This large
number was found on June 17, 1963 at station 152.
The phytoplankton growth rate of April 1963, was stimulated by
the increase in nutrients carried in by high inflows of March 1963.
This accelerated growth was observed from April through June, but in
July a "die away" or reduction in the algal mass occurred. The algal
mass was 71*0 pounds (dry weight) per acre in June and was reduced to
150 pounds (dry weight) per acre in July. The reduction in the algae
appeared to be caused by the reduction in nutrients. The ability of
an organism to carry on its metabolism and reproduce the species is
limited by the nutrients present if the other ecological factors are
favorable. The above statement is an over simplified explanation of
liebig's "Law of the Minimum." ^
62
-------
A drought began in August 196J, that extended into 196U. The
possible lack of nutrients caused a further reduction of algae to only
100 pounds (dry weight) per acre for August. Temporary increases in
inorganic nitrogen and soluble phosphorus during this drought, produced
periods of supersaturation, and permitted the algae to store nutrients
The utilization of the stored nutrient prolonged the period of high
photosynthetic activity. A number of attempts to run a diurnal to measure
supersaturation of dissolved oxygen in the afternoon ended in failure,
because photosynthesis was not being conducted at a rate that would produce
dissolved oxygen values equal to 100 per cent or more.
The algal mass increased from 100 pounds per acre in August 196.},
to 150 pounds per acre in September and to 160 pounds per acre in
October. The inorganic nitrogen values remained low, less than 0.20
ppm, in section I. This increase in the algal mass is not understood
at this time.
In 196ii, from the middle of April to the middle of October,
approximately 2,7UO,000 pounds (dry weight) of algae or 1,522 pounds per
acre of surface area was produced in the reservoir. The greatest production
of algae, ^70 pounds per acre, occurred in July. The predominate group
was the green algae and green pigmented flagellates. All months, except
April and October 196lj during this 7 month period had supersaturated
values in the afternoon.
Table (2ii), shows the algae present in decending order at each
station.
63
-------
TABIE
OCCURRENCE OF ALGAE IN GEIST RESERVOIR, 1962-65
Month
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
JxOy
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Station
111
27, 31
23
23,
22,
23,
UO,
30,
30,
39,
3U,
39,
22,
U7
21,
21*,
23
11
uo,
23,
U2,
23,
26
27
29
23
30
23
kk
Station
151
23
23
23
22,
21,
Uo,
30,
21,
uo,
ui,
23,
23,
27,
23,
26,
UO,
30,
U2,
uo,
26
26
21
U9
U2
33
U2
21
11
Station
152
26, 21
23, 21,
23,
21,
21,
UO,
11,
21,
UO,
39,
26,
23,
32,
33,
23,
U9,
su,
26,
U2,
26,
23,
21
21*
U2
U2
uo
U6
30
3U
39
UO
21
Station
191
U2, 26
2ii, 23, 26
32,
21,
23,
UO,
53,
21,
UO,
22,
26,
27,
23, 21
U2, 33
UO, 53
U8, U2
21, 26
UO, 39
11, 22
UO, 146
23
21, 31
* Nurobers correspond to the listing of algal organisms
in Table (25).
6U
-------
TABIfi (25)
ALGAE IDENTIFIED IN GEIST RESERVOIR,
Green (Npranotile Ghlorophyceae)
1. Actinastrum Hantzschii 9.
2. Ankistrodesmus falcatus 10.
3. Chlorella ellipsoidea 11.
h. Cloeterlopsis longissima 12.
5. Crucigenia rectangularis Ij.
6. Crucigenia tetrapedia Ik.
7. Coelastrun sp 15.
8. Dictyosphaerium pulchellum 16.
Green algae found jp Reservoir but
17. HhizcoIonium sp
Ib. Spirogyra sp
Diatom (Bacillariophyceae)
19. Amphora Ovalis 2?.
20. Asterionella sp 28.
21. Qyclotclla sp 29.
22. Cymbella sp 30.
23. Diatoma sp 31.
2k. Fragilaria sp 32.
25. Gomphonema sp 33.
26. Melosira sp
Blue-Green (Myxophyceae)
3*4. Anabaena sp
1962-1965
Micractinion pusillon
Micrasterias sp
Pediastrum simplex
Scenedesmus acxminatus
Scenedesmus bijuga
Scenedesnus dimorphus
Scenedesmus quadricauda
Tetraedron sp
Navicula sp
Nitzschia sp
Pinnularia sp
Stephanodiscus sp
Synedra Spulchella
Synedra Ulna
Tabellaria sp
35. Anacystis sp
65
-------
Blue^Green (%xophyceae) (cont.)
36. lyngbya sp
J7. Merismopedia sp
Pigmented Flagellate
(a) Euglena (Euglenoplyceae)
ijO. Euglena acus
i*l. Euglena proxima
h2. Euglena sp
UJ. Phacus longicauda
kh> Phacus sp
kS> Trachelomonas sp
(b) Dinophyceae
i»6. Ceratiun cornutum
kl Ceratium hirundinella
UB. Qymnodinium sp
Jj9. Peridinium Bipes
(c) Crytophyceae
50. Cryptomonas sp
(d) Ghryaophyceae
51. Dinobryon sociale
(e) Chlorophyceae
52. Chlamydomonas globosa
5J. Panderina sp
51i. Platydorina Caudata
38. Oscillatoria sp
39. Oscillatoria (Type)
66
-------
IS
16
14
12
10
6
r«b
March lApril
Upril May U
May (June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
Dec
Jan.
Net Algae
(volumn)
p.p.m.
Station III
5
-------
Feb.
March
L
April IMay (June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan
90
Net Algae
(volumn)
p. am
Station 151
80
70
60
50
40
3O
20
10
S
0>
(O
(0
01
Diatoms
Pigmented Flagellates
Blue'Greans
Greens
18
0)
Figure 17
-------
Fcb
March
April
May
June Duly
Aug.
Sept.
L 'Oci Nov. IDec.
Jan.
135
120
105
90
75
45
30
Net Algae
(volumn)
p. p.m.
Station 152
3
0)
Diatoms
Pigmented Flagellate*
Blue~Gre«ns
Greens
Figure 18
-------
Fib
March
April {May
(June Uuly
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
Nov
. I
Dee. Uon.
Net Algae
Ivolumn)
p.p.m.
Station 191
Diatoms
Pigmented Flagellates
Blue-Greens
Greens
30
20
IS
10
Figure
-------
Figure 20
-------
SURVEY OF GEIST RESERVOIR BENTHOS*
OCTOBER,
INTRODUCTION
Bottom samples were collected during the week of October 20,
1964, from 29 stations on 8 transections across Geist Reservoir to
determine the fall standing crop of benthos (Figure 2l), These
stations and transections, excluding those along Transect 8, are
essentially identical to those sampled during the week of October 28,
1963. Stations along transact Number 8 were not sampled during the
1963 survey. Samples were obtained with an Ekman dredge, washed
and strained through a U. S. Standard No. 30 sieve, preserved, and
transported to SEC for organism identification (Appendix l) and
enumeration.
The water level in Geist Reservoir was near 6-feet below
normal at the time of the October, 1964 survey. The reduced level
exposed mud flats in shallow bays and upstream reaches of the
reservoir, effected concentration of bottom organisms into submerged
areas of the basin, and limited sampling to the lower and middle
basins as delineated by roads in Figure 21.
* Report by R. Keith Stewart, Biologist, Technical Advisory and
Investigations Section, WS&PC, Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
67
-------
CO
.0
o
«-
o
O
0)
(/>
c
"o.
E
o
(O
o
"o
GO
cvi
68
-------
RESULTS
Comparisons of the density of organisms from station to
station show great variation in the benthos standing crop (Table 26
and Figure 22). The benthic population ranged from 220 to 1,180
organisms per square foot in the middle basin. Sludgeworms pre-
dominated the benthos and attained populations near 900 indi-
viduals per square foot. Such populations show that the middle
basin serves as a settling area for nutrient materials which flow
into the reservoir and ultimately effect a food supply for these
organisms. The shallow depth of this basin limited development
of larval phantom midge populations (Chaoborus punctipennis and
Chaoborus sp.) except at one location where 1,120 per square foot
were found. One alderfly (Sialis sp.) was collected at Station
6b. This station contained silty bottom materials mixed with
small stones and could support only a limited number of such
organisms.
The benthic population in the lower reservoir ranged to a
maximum of 2,612 organisms per square foot and, like that in the
middle basin, was predominately sludgeworms, Sludgeworm and
phantom midge populations were significantly higher in the lower
basin than in the upper basin. Higher phantom midge populations
in the lower basin are attributed to deeper water which attains
a maximum depth near 20-feet. The abundance of sludgeworms in
the lower basin, particularly in the upper reaches, suggests
69
-------
Table 26 - Geist Reservoir--Bottom Organisms Per Square Foot
October; 1964
Station
1A
IB
1C
ID
2A
2B
2C
3A
3B
3C
3D
3E
4A
4B
4c
4D
4E
5A
5B
5C
Phantom
Midge
92
288
48
560
12
336
36
684
1464
-
16
244
120
48o
132
352
16
54o
196
3W
Bloodworm
40
12
16
16
196
76
16
156
124
-
80
8
504
164
80
8
96
4
16
8
Sludgeworm
92
12
0
0
128
416
160
232
336
-
68
696
1456
1904
1104
560
288
968
1376
92
Other
4
0
0
4
4
0
12
44
12
-
160
88
4o
64
32
32
68
16
32
12
Total
228
J12
64
580
3^0
828
224
1116
1936
*
324
1036
2120
2612
13^8
952
468
1528
1620
464
70
-------
Table 26 (Cont'd)
Station
6A
6B
6C
6D
TA
TB
TC
8A
8B
8c
Phantom
Midge
6k
60
0
1120
52
148
32
20
56
0
Bloodworm
12
12
52
2k
0
0
0
0
0
12
Sludgewonn
288
172
952
8
868
344
640
304
800
208
Other
24
44
0
28
12
12
24
36
T2
0
Total
388
288
1004
1180
932
504
696
360
928
220
* No organisms sampled due to gravel and sand bottom.
71
-------
2800
2600 -
MIDDLE RESERVOIR
LOWER RESERVOIR
LEGEND
OTHER
BLOODWORMS
PHANTOM MIDGE
SLUDGEWORMS
ABCD ABC ABCDE ABODE ABC ABCD ABC ABC
12 3 45678
STATIONS
Figure22Geist Reservoir bottom organisms-October 1964.
-------
that rich organic materials comprising food for these organisms
are concentrated in an area circumscribed by Transects 4 and 5-
The bottom environment in this area was not suitable to support
high numbers of larval phantom midges and bloodworms (Tendipes
tentans - plumosus and Tendipes spp.) and facilitated develop-
ment of dense sludgeworm populations near 1,900 individuals per
square foot. Phantom midges and bloodworms generally predominated
in the benthos community in other areas of the lower basin where
conditions were more favorable to such organisms.
Personnel of the Indiana Water Quality Recreation Study
Project conducted another benthos survey of Geist Reservoir during
July 16-23, 1964, enumerated organisms in the samples, and later
sent them to SEC for identification and data analysis. The
reservoir was full during July, and samples were collected from
each of the three basins. Results of the July survey compared
to the October survey are as follows;
Kind of
Organisms
Sludgeworms
Phantom Midges
Bloodworms
Other
Total Organisms
% of Samples
with Organisms
July
76
84
54
46
Oct.
93
93
83
83
Number Per Square Foot
Max Mean
July
400
620
42
67
674
Oct.
1904
1464
156
160
2612
July
102
179
7
10
298
Oct.
499
259
59
30
850
72
-------
Direct station comparisons were not possible because many transects
sampled in October were not sampled in July and certain data for
July were not available. The comparison above, however, suggests
a much larger standing crop in October and an especially larger
population of sludgeworms.
DISCUSSION
Twenty-four stations along seven transects at Geist Reservoir
were sampled during the week of October 28, 1.963, and the results
were reported by Mackenthun in the Indiana Water Quality Recreation
Study Progress Report for the 19^3 Recreation Season, dated July,
1964. Results of 1963 compared to the October, 1964 benthic study
are summarized as follows:
Kind of
Organisms
Sludgeworms
Phantom Midges
Bloodworms
Other
Total Organisms
# of Samples
With Organisms
1963
84
88
V9
24
1964
93
93
83
83
Number Per
Max
1963
980
480
96
8
984
1964
1904
1464
156
160
2612
Square Foot
Mean
1963
174
133
30
1
338
1964
499
259
59
30
850
Station and transect comparisons of these surveys showed a greater
total standing crop in the fall of 1964, a significant increase in
the benthos of the lower basin, ana higher sludgeworm populations
73
-------
in the upper reach of the lower basin than at a similar time in 1963
(Figures 23,24 and25) The total standing crop in October, 1964
represented slightly more than a threefold increase above that in
October, 1963 (Figure25) and suggests enrichment of the reservoir.
Mackenthun reviewed certain benthos literature in the
Indiana Water Quality Recreation Study Progress Report for the
1963 Recreation Season and found the population of bottom orga-
nisms in Geist Reservoir numerically comparable to those in other
lakes and reservoirs with moderately productive waters. The results
of the October, 1964 survey support that conclusion and show an
annual fluctuation of benthos populations suggestive of annual
variation in over-all reservoir fertility. The middle basin and
upper reaches of the lower basin are especially productive, par-
ticularly regarding sludgeworm£, while the lower reach of the lower
basin supports a more balanced population characteristic of shallow
fertile water bodies.
-------
ORGANISMS/ft2
CD
ro
OJ
CD
'
3)
CD
(/)
CD
a-
o
-4-
O
3
(O
Q
55'
3
o x Q
o z O m
-------
V.
V)
2
a:
o
£
tu
o
Q
cc
UJ
CO
UJ
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
LOWER RESERVOIR
MIDDLE RESERVOIR
3456
TRANSECT NUMBERS
Figure24 Comparison of average sludgeworm standing crops
along transects at Geist Reservoir- October 1963
and October 1964.
-------
(VI
V)
1400
1200
1000
e>
ct
o
U. 800
UJ
m
^ 600
UJ
s
400
200
LOWER RESERVOIR
/ \
m__ * *
%
J »
\
:
:
/
\
«
*
,
,
j
* »
~~ / \
*
*
/ \
9
* .
/
*
~- *
/ j
/
- .-'i 1964 I963/
/
1 1 1 i 1
12345
MIDDLE RESERVOIR
*
\
\
\
/^X.
^S^
I I 1
678
TRANSECT NUMBERS
Figure 25Comparison of average benthos standing crops along
transects at Geist Reservoir-October 1963 and
October 1964.
-------
APPENDIX I
Geist Reservoir--Kinds of Bottom Organisms Sampled
October, 1964*
Tendipedidae - Bloodworms
Tendipes tentans-plumosus
Tendipes spp. (thumni group)
Tendipedidae - Other Tendipedinae
Glyptotendipes senilis
Polypedilium scalaenum
Cryptochironomus spp.
Calopsectra sp. (Rheotanytarsus group)
Pseudochironomus fulviventrus
Tanytarsus fuscicornis (?)
Tendipedidae - Pelopiinae
Coelotanypus concinnus
Procladius culiciformes
Procladius adumbratus (?)
Procladius sp.
Felopia stellata
Pelopia species B (johannsen)
Ceratopogonidae - Biting Midges
Palpomyia spp.
Culicidae - Chaoborinae - Phantom Midges
Chaoborus punctipennis
Chaoborus sp.
Megaloptera - alderflies
Sialis sp.
* Excluding sludgeworms (Oligochaeta)
-------
Bacteriological;
CoHfonn, Fecal Colifonn and Enteroooccua tests were conducted,
1962-1965, to measure the bacterial quality of the water in Geist
Reservoir. The membrane filter technique was used for all three tests.
Colifonn and Enterococcus test procedures are given in "Standard Methods."
Fecal Colifonn media and technique for the membrane filter method was
developed by Geldreich et al ("/. Table (2?) gives the maximum, median,
and minimum values for the four major sampling stations of Geist Reservoir,
The other two sampling stations were on wet weather tributaries that
only flowed for a short duration.
TABIE (27)
NIMBSR PER 100 ml
Enterococcus
2,550
60
15
150
m
2
228
7
2
328
5
2
Table (28) gives the per cent of individual samples at stations
111, 151, 152 and 191 of total coliform that are grouped in 0-50 per
Sta
111
151
152
191
Maximum
Median
Minimum
Maximum
Median
Minimum
Maximum
Median
Minimum
Maximum
Median
Minimum
Coliform
95,000
14,200
100
6,U50
790
2
7,800
530
2
1,660
38
2
Fecal Col
12,250
780
hk
1,U»0
300
2
6,500
200
2
1,320
Hi
2
76
-------
100-ml, 50-5,000 per 100-nl and 5,000 or greater per 100-ml.
The U. S. Public Health Service has made recommendations for treat-
(p-i\
raent of raw water for a potable water supply, v *' which can be briefly
summarized as follows: "If a water is to be treated by simple chlorination,
the average coliform density should not exceed 50 per 100-ml any month,
and if treatment is to conventional rapid sand filtration with continuous
chlorination, the coliform density should not average more than 5,000
per 100-ml during any month."
TABLE (28)
PER CENT COLIFORM DISTRIBUTION
Sampling Stations
Total Coliform
Group 111 151 152 191
0-50 per 100-ml 1% &% 13%
50-5,000 per 100-ml 6b% 62* 26%
5,000 or greater than
per 100-ml 35* 3* 1* 0*
At the discharge station, 191, (Table (28)), 8? per cent of the
samples taken would indicate that only simple chlorination would be
needed. Based on the median results, treatment by simple chlorination
of total coliform is all that would be needed, but during great inflow,
usually March or April, when the retention time in the reservoir is
reduced to only two days, the most effective type of treatment is needed.
Geldreich et al '"*' states that if a ratio between Fecal Coliform
77
-------
and Enterococcus is greater than 2:1, then the source of bacteria is
usually from domestic sewage. All the median results for Fecal Coliform
and Enterococcus, Table (27), would indicate the source of pollution is
from domestic sewage.
The importance of the time of passage from sampling station 111
to 191 is evident in the percentage reduction of the bacteria. The per
cent reduction for the three types of bacteria tested were: Total Coliforra,
99.1; Fecal Coliform, 98.2; and Enterococcus 91.7* Time of passage
during a deluge period is greatly reduced. The high flows that flush
out the stream bed above the reservoir increase the bacteria counts in
Geist Reservoir to the maximum shown in Table (27).
78
-------
April
May
June
July
August
Sept
Oct.
9000
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
6000
5000
4000
3000
Station
8000
7000
Coliform (1962-64)
Fecal Coliform (1963-64)
Enterococcus (6/1963-64}
Colonies per 100ml
(median)
2000
1000
Figure 26
-------
April
May
June
July
August
Sept.
Oct.
4000
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
STATION 151
Coliform (1962-64)
Fecal Coliform (1963-64)
Enterococcus (6/1963-64)
Colonies per lOOmL
(median)
3000
2000
1000
Figure 27
-------
I8OO
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
A
pri
fc
ay
H3
June
July
August
Sept.
Oci
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
STATION 152
Coliforfn (1962'64)
Fecal Coliform (1963-64)
Enlerococcus 16/1963*64)
Colonies per lOOml.
(median)
Figure 28
-------
ISO
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
May June
July
August Sept. Oct.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
STATION 191
Coliform 11962-64)
Fecal Coliform (1963-64)
Enterococcu* (6/1963-64)
Colonies per 100ml.
(median)
Figure 29
-------
Special Studies on Fall Creek?
The quality of Fall Creek above the reservoir was studied in two
stages. The first was a study of total coliform bacteria conducted in
August 1962 to determine if sampling at the point selected at station
111 was representative of the entire cross section and to learn more
about the quality upstream from station 111.
It was found that the waste discharges from the communities, the
Indiana Reformatory, plus the soil runoff that discharged to Fall Creek
above the confluence with Flat Fork Creek, had the greatest influence
on coliform counts. It was also found that the sanpling point at
station 111 was representative of stream conditions.
The second stage of the survey of Fall Creek consisted of a diurnal
study of the temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), pH, alkalinity and hardness concentrations above the
reservoir Fige. ijl, 1^2. The BOD varied from I.Li to 6.0 ppm. The dis-
solved oxygen varied from a low of 38 to a high of 131 per cent satura-
tion. The super saturated condition occurred during the day and was
caused by aquatic plants. The low dissolved oxygen concentrations
occurred during the early morning before sunrise.
During the winter months of 1963-196U a new gravel pit on the south-
east shore near station 151 filled with ground water. Pumping operations
to dewater the pit began in February 196It. Flow from the pit to the
reservoir varied from 500 to 3,000 gpm. Analyses of the water discharged
showed characteristics similar to that of the reservoir or to the ground
water depending upon the water levels in the pit. A more complete
79
-------
study is planned in 1965, because of the conflicting interpretations of
the origin of the water.
80
-------
Fortville
4000
3000
2000
1000
Indiana
Ret or motor i
Sewered Population Equivalent
~i Pendleton
Station III
FALL CREEK
I la I, I.
U \s U |7 \,
River miles upstream from station III
II 112
I: I
No3
60
40
No. I
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
20
No. I ---------- Sunrise
No.2 -------- Sunrise to 1200
No.3 --------- 1200 to Sunset
Figure 30
-------
Fortvilte [1
-
4000
3000 SCWere
2000
1000
Flat Fork Creek
Indiana U
Reformator)!
d
I
Population Equivalent
Pen die ton
Station III
FALL CREEK
P.D.IIK
6
2 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19
River miles upstream from station III
10 III 1(2
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
No. I Sunrise
No. 2 Sunrise to 1200
No. 3 I20O to Sunset
Figure 31
-------
APPENDIX A
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
-------
FATH 7,F/\ T IOA L I;| C, DH1, T,
It became apoarent at any early date in the Heist Reservoir study
that some type of aid was needed to assist in the interrretation of the
analytical results. Haeler (156^) states "Tn order tr> decipher
canjse and effect better in ecology and physiology, we need to develop
new ways of deajinr* with the interactions ^f multiple factors. Often
it requires special and broad preparation and also collaboration with
others whose mathematical talents can serve in the solution o^ a
prob lem."
An evaluation of the analytical project data ar.d the available
literature was first conducted. !\r, attempt war than made to correlate
alsae and inorganic nitrorer,, and conferences wore held with S^C per-
sonnel pertaining to correlations and trend analyses. Pased on these
conferences, the development of a mathematical aid was initiated.
The mathematical aid is an atterrnt to explain, evaluate, and fore-
cast chanres in water quality. There are many methods of an^-roaching
the development of a model. The method used for Heist Reservoir was
based on photosynthesis.
The accepted general eauation for ohotosynthesis may be expressed
as:
Solar energy + Nutrients + Aquatic Plants = photosynthesis
(1)
In the development of this aid, solar enerpy is equal to a physical
factor times alpal mass, nutrients are eoual to a chemical factor times
algal mass, and aquatic plants are eoual to a biological factor times
81
-------
algal mass. Photosynthesis can be expressed as dissolved oxygen. By
substitution, equation (1) becomes:
(Physical factor x algal mass) + (Chemical factor x algal mass)
+ (Biological factor x algal mass) » Dissolved Oxygen
or (Physical factor + Chemical Factor + Biological factor) algal mass
Dissolved Oxygen (2)
An explanation of the different variables is found in the main
body of this report.
In the following mathematical development, the method of selected
points was used to determine the constants. The general equation was
first determined, then random sets of points were substituted for the
variables. By this process, it was possible to use simultaneous equations
to determine the constants. The selected points were obtained from the
196.$ sampling data and l?6j records of the U. S. Weather Bureau, Weir
Cook Meteorological Station, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Physical Factor;
Wind, turbidity, langleys and lux are the variables in P, the
physical factor. P may be expressed as:
P - ki - a-jU) - b1(log y) + c^x) + d^log w)(p) (3)
Where:
z wind velocity
y turbidity
x langleys
w » lux
p » correction for lux
82
-------
k^, Bp b]_, G]_, d^ constants
After the constants were determined, equation (j) becomes:
P - - U.85 - 0.075(z) - .600(log y) + ^~(x) + J.77(log w)(p)
150
Chemical Factor;
Total inorganic nitrogen, soluble inorganic phosphate and bicarbonate
alkalinity are the variables found in C, the chemical factor. C may be
expressed as:
C - k2 + a2(N:P) + b2(W) + c2(log Bi) + d2(log 2i-) (5)
rj i
Where:
N total inorganic nitrogen
P - soluble inorganic phosphate
(N«P) m total inorganic nitrogen
soluble inorganic phosphate
Bi * bicarbonate alkalinity
kp> a2, bg, c2, dp - constants
After the constants were determined, equations (5) becomes:
C - 14.91 + 0.067(NtP) + 1.675(N) + 0.55Klog Bi) - 1.106(log )
N:P
(6)
Biological Factor;
B, the biological factor may be expressed as:
B - aj (Bx) (7)
Where:
B^ - doubling rate
a « constant
83
-------
As previously defined, the doubling rate is the rate of growth of
the algae. Further discussion of the doubling rate follows this section.
After the constant was determined equations (7) becomes:
B - 0.5 (Bi) (b)
Hie biological factor is a series of algal growth rates that could
occur for given ecological conditions. Maddux and Jones (19614) ^ '
state "A continous culture apparatus was used to measure growth rates
of Nitzschia closteriun and Tetraselnis sp at different temperatures
and light intensities and at two different levels of nitrate and phos-
phate enrichment of artificial seawater. A set of symmetrical relation-
ships was found between light, temperature and nutrient concentration
in which the interaction of any two of the factors was modified by varying
the third." Based upon Maddux and Jones' data, projected curves were
developed for different temperatures and different amounts of nitrogen.
Two nomographs, one for diatoms and the second for other phytoplankton
organisms, were developed from the projected curves, see Figures (j2)
and (33).
A curve was developed showing a trend of the doubling rate (growth
rate) time algal mass (ppm) plotted against per cent saturation of
dissolved oxygen. The trend using the doubling rate is similar to the
curve of the mathematical aid.
Criticism of using salt water algae and data from only two species
of algae can be excepted. The reader must realize the limitations due
to laboratory facilities and the nimber of personnel. The tools, research
and knowledge of aquatic life, available leaves much to be desired. This
81,
-------
project is an investigative project and pure and objective research were
beyond the capabilities of the project.
At this time a more complete explanation of the constants is needed.
As stated above, the constants were determined by the method of selected
points. They were also weighted, based on their estimated effect on
photosynthesis.
General Factor;
Physical factor, chemical factor and biological factor are
variables found in F, the general factor. F may be expressed as:
F - K + aP + bC + cB (9)
These constants were also determined by the method of selected points
from the 1963 data, and were weighted, based on their estimated effect
on photosynthesis. After the constants were evaluated, equation (9)
becomes!
F - - 0.05 + 0.016P + 0.05liC + B (10)
Substituting for P, C and B from equation (lj), (6) and (7), equation (10)
becomes:
F - 0.039 - O.OOOii(z) - 0.01D(log y) + i^(x) + 0.060(log w)(p)
150
+ 0.002(N:P) + 0.057(N) + 6.019(log Bi) - 0.038(log Si-) +
N:P
0.5B1 (11)
As stated above, (P + C + B) (algal mass) - Dissolved Oxygen. This
equation may be expressed as:
F x M - D 0 (12)
Where:
F - (P + C + B)
-------
M - algal mass
DO- per cent saturation dissolved oxygen.
The plotting of equation (12) is shown in Figure (35). Algal
mass and dissolved oxygen were determined by sampling. F, the general
factor, was determined by equation (11). The data obtained in 196L| was
used to check equation (12). All samples were taken before noon of
each sampling day. Monthly means were then determined and used in the
equation.
From the plotting of equation (12), the best fitting curve,
o
x ay* + by + c, was developed. Using the method least squares, this
equation becomes:
x - O.Olloy2 - 1.91y + 83.65
(13)
Where:
x - F x M
y » D 0
The equation, F x M » D 0, satisfies two of the three objectives.
The project staff believes that the equation explains and evaulates
changes in water quality, but it can not be used for forecasting. A
second equation must be developed for this purpose. Before this equation
can be developed, additional concentrated studies in the areas of
diurnals, N:P ratios and solar radiation are needed.
This second equation may be in the form:
F x K N:P (lit)
A curve has been developed relating N:P to D. 0., Figure (3ii). This
curve was developed based on the 196j and 196ij data. There appear to
86
-------
be two major limitations:
1. All sampling was done before noon of each sampling day.
2. N:P is expressed as a ratio.
Project plans at this time are to conduct an extensive diurnal
sampling program in order to evaluate equation (lu) for each 21) hour
period. After this evaluation, the curve shown in Figure (314) could
be projected.
The second limitation does not appear to be of great significance.
However, the problem is that N:P is expressed as a ratio and not as a
numerical value. This means that if the ratio remains the same, but
the inorganic nitrogen and the soluble inorganic phosphate increase or
decrease, the indicated dissolved oxygen will not change. To solve this
problem, it is planned to set up known N:P ratios, but vary the amount
of nitrogen and phosphate. Samples would be collected and D. 0., N:P
ratios and algal mass would be determined. The amount of nitrogen and
phosphate would then be changed but maintaining the same ratios. These
samples would be stored in the laboratory at a controlled temperature
and with a controlled amount of light. After a given length of time,
D. 0., N:P ratios and algal mass would again be determined. Based on
the information obtained from these controlled studies, the curve shown
in Figure (3k} could be adjusted. After the above has been accomplished,
it is believed the final equation F x M - N:P could be developed. In
equation (12) F x M « D 0 and the curve in Figure (3k) relates N:P to
D. 0. Substitution of NtP for D. 0. equation (12) becomes: F x M - N:P.
It is also believed that a range of values for each month can be
87
-------
developed for F. Equation (1U) would then become:
K x M - N:P or M - ££ (15)
K
Where:
M * algal mass
N-P « total inorganic nitrogen
soluble inorganic phosphate
K « constant (range of values for F)
Equation (15) would make it possible to forecast algal mass based on
nitrogen and phosphate.
-------
Doubling Rate for Diatom Algae
INORGANIC NITROGEN
JL
£_
.L
JLJ
A
A
2.
-OZ
02
.01
DOUBLING RATE
z.
£
JL
II
,0_y
.1
32
Og
.05
;I7 'P 19
2O
12
Figure 32
-------
Doubling Rate for Green,Blue-Green,and Pigmented Flagellate Algae
INORGANIC NITROGEN
DOUBLING RATE
.06
04
02
Figure 33
-------
to
a! tf>
. CM
z
O)
o
c
o
Q
i
to
0»
o
<
0)
JC
o
X
o
(O
D.O. (%Sat)
2 8
-------
m
N
O >-
-H- 40
%. 15 o
O O ii II
ii ii >. S?
X X W O."
0)
in
to
O
K)
|
O
O
U-
o
CJ
D.O. (%Sot.)
8
Figure 35
-------
APPENDIX B
CUMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION
-------
Climatologies! Information;
The average monthly temperatures for period 1962-1961j, (fig. 36),
and for l$6k (Fig. 37) followed a similar trend from January to June.
March was about 2 degrees above normal. April and May were 3 to k
degrees above normal. The warm trend of April and May continued into
June, but with a differential that was less than half as great. August
and Septanber were about 2 degrees cooler than normal during the 3 year
period- while, August 1961* was about 1 degree above normal. In general
the weather was slightly warmer than the normal monthly mean and then
dropped to about or below the average. Temperatures above normal in
April each year probably accelerated the early growth of the biological
life.
The bar graphs of rainfall, Figs. 36 and 37, are taken from the
Indianapolis Weather Bureau data for a IjO year period of record and
provide data concerning the amount of precipitation that fell with-in
a 20 mile radius of the reservoir. The data can not be used to determine
the amount that fell on the reservoir during any one storm, but provides
reliable data on the amount that fell on the reservoir within the period
of a month.
Figures 38 and 39 show reservoir inflow and outflow in mgd. Figure
IiO shows the average monthly reservoir level for the three years of the
study. The reservoir usually begins to fill in January after it has
been drawn down about 3 to h feet in the fall months, and begins to flow
over the spillway during the first week of March. The reservoir usually
remains full until about the first week in August when it drops below
89
-------
the crest of the dam and continues to fall until it starts to fill the
next year. During the first year of the study, 1962, the reservoir was
full on January 1 and remained full until August ID. In 1?63, the
reservoir level first dropped below the crest of the dam on July 2, and
continued to drop until it was down more than 6 feet by the end of
December. Although the latter part of 196h was about average, this
year can not be considered average either because there was an unusually
large deficit in volume of storage at the beginning of 196U, followed
by extremely large inflow in April. Spring rains usually caused inflows
to increase significantly in March.
Temperature, rainfall, wind speed, solar radiation and evaporation
data for the months included in the sampling seasons are shown in Figs.
36 and 37. Evaporation pan data was obtained from the Indianapolis
Water Company. All other data was obtained from the U. S. Weather
Bureau Station at Indianapolis. The solar radiation unit, langleys, is
gram calories per square centimeter.
90
-------
(MarchlUpril) (May) (June) (Jul
12
10
(Aug.) (Sept) (Oct.) (Nov.)
Temperature (*F)
Wind (m.p.h.)
800
600
400
Langleyc
Evaporation (in.)
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA 1962-64 Figure 36
-------
(March) l(April)l(Moy )l(June)l(July) llAug.) KSept.) llOct) l(Nov.)
65
95
45
800
600
400
Langleys
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA 1964
Evaporation (in-)
Figure 37
-------
o
t)
o
o
z
o
o
o.
0)
in
V)
c
o
V
E
s
E
O
G!
z
_>>
i
v
c
>,
O
o
i»
o
.6
t>
LL
C
o
i
o
O
O
O
in
O
o
o
o
to
o
o
CM
o
o
Figure 38
-------
u
V
a
5
z
(ft
3
3
<
*>
O
2
Q.
<
a
2
a
-5
O
o
(0
o
o
in
O
o
o
o
10
o
o
CM
o
o
Figure 39
-------
0
«
O
o
Z
I
o
2
c.
o
^
o
JO
V
u.
(0
o>
I I J I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I
Figure 40
-------
-------
-------
REFERENCES
1. English, John N., Eugene E. Surber, Gerald N. McDermott. "Field
Investigation of the Pollution Contribution of Outboard Motor
Exhausts." DHEW, PHS, WS & PC, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center, p. 15.
2. Neel, Joe K., J. H. McDermott and C. A. Monday. "Experimental
Lagooning of Raw Sewage at Fayette, Missouri." Journal VJater
Pollution Control Federation, June 1961.
2a. p. 616-619.
2b. p. 609.
3. Hasler, Arthur D. "Wisconsin 19L| 0-1961." limnology in North
America. 19'6L| . The "niversity of Wisconsin Press, 196 j.
.ja. p. 63-65.
3b. p. 59.
3c. p. 85.
3d. p. 88.
3e. p. 75-80.
l±, ----- Standard Methods. American Public Health Association Inc.,
Eleventh, 1961.
Ua. p. 19j.
Ub. p. 261.
5. Welch, Paul S. Limnology. McGraw-Hill Pook Co. Inc., 1952.
5a. p. j8-j9.
5b. p.
5c. p.
5d. p. 272.
5e. p.
6. ----- "Report of the "In Situ." light Measurements Working Group.
limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 161.
7. Kevern, N. R. and R. C. Ball. "primary Productivity in Artifical
Streams." Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 81.
8. Copeland B. J., K. W. Minter and Troy C. Dorris. "Chlorophyll and
Organic Matter in Oil Refinery Holding Ponds." limnology and
Oceanography. Vol. 9, Ko. t|, p. 505.
93
-------
9. Maddux, William S. and Raymond F. Jones. "Some Interactions of
Temperature, light Intensity and Nutrient Concentration during
the Continuous Culture of Nitzschia closterium and Tetraselmis
sp." limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 79-87.
ID. Ragotzkie, Robert A. and Gene E. likens. "The Heat Balance of Two
Antarctic Lakes." Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 9, No. 3,
pp. Ia2-h26.
11. Frey, David G. "Wisconsin: The Birge-Juday Era." limnology in
North America. The University of Wisconsin Press, 1963'.
lla. p. 38.
lib. p. hi.
12. Hasler, Arthur D. "Experimental Limnology." Bio Science, JuHy 196Ij.
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