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CHAPTER 4
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVES
TASK )
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
9.1 IMPACT ON THE ECOLOGY
9.1.1 General
The ecosystem of the area will be adversely impacted during
construction and operation of the proposed wastewater treatment plant
only if the mitigative measures recommended in Task 11 are not
practiced. It is recommended that a member of the Bloomington Utility
Board make frequent inspections during construction operations to
ensure that the recommended mitigative measures are implemented.
The caliber of adverse physical environmental impacts which can result
from poor engineering practices and which should be avoided in the
proposed project are described in an article appearing on page 3 of
the July 1969 Bloomington Newspaper, "The Balancer," which reports
sewer lines, siphon boxes and manholes constructed in the Bean Blossom
Flood Plain were not buried and covered properly. As a consequence,
during heavy rains the pipe lines dammed up water which became
stagnant and served as a hatching area for mosquitos. The pipelines
were uncovered and heavy siltation of the creek occurred below the
facilities.
In the following paragraphs, the possible sources of physical damage
to the aquatic and terrestrial environments due to construction and
operation activities will be considered. Table 9-! compares the
physical impacts by alternative sites for the wastewater treatment
plant.
9.1.2 Aquatic Ecology
Rare and Endangered Aquatic Organisms
No aquatic organisms appearing in the area of the proposed project are
considered rare or endangered as defined in The Federal Register
(July 1, 1975) and the U.S. Department of Interior (1974). Table 9-2
lists the aquatic organisms which have been found in the subject area.
Impacts of Interceptors and Outfalls on the Aquatic Environment Storm
water runoff carrying silt from areas excavated for interceptors,
outfalls and other facilities associated with the project could affect
the biota of Clear and Salt Creeks. The smothering influence of silt
could affect the primary producers as well as all other levels of the
food chain. Filter-feeding zooplankton are harmed because their
feeding apparatus becomes clogged. Aquatic plants are affected
because silt suspended in the water blocks out light and inhibits
photosynthesis. Dying plants consume oxygen and lower dissolved
4-9-1
-------
oxygen (DO) of the water. A decrease in DO could be harmful to fish
when they are smothered as a result of silt particles clogging their
operculum cavity and gill filaments. Silt settling on fish eggs
decreases oxygenation of the eggs, which die. This effect on fish
populations is the most severe effect of silt production.
Because the depth of soil over the bedrock is much greater in the
alluvial portion of Clear Creek near its confluence with Salt Creek,
the quantity of silt in runoff is greater there than in the upper
portions of the creek. This situation contrasts to the waters of
Clear Creek further north where topsoil is not as thick and runoff is
not as silt-laden. Observation made of the creek in August of 1975
confirmed that near the confluence of Salt and Clear Creeks the water
was very muddy. Between Bloomington and Ketcham road, Clear Creek was
relatively clear. Heavy siltation of the creek during construction
activities would worsen the already bad siltation problem in the
southern end of Clear Creek and create a new and adverse condition if
it occurred in the northern reaches of the creek. Silt production can
he minimized if the recommended engineering practices mentioned in
Task 11 are followed.
Crossing of the creek with interceptor lines and rerouting the creek
are construction activities which are potential sources for
alterations in the natural aquatic ecology of the area if good
engineering practices are not followed. Because the creek bed is
solid limestone the dredging and blasting required for these
activities is not expected to produce a great deal of silt. While the
trench is being dug, habitats for benthic organisms in the immediate
area will be disrupted; however, after the encased pipeline is
installed the trench will be refilled with riprap consisting of the
caliber of heavy stones which now line the creek bed. These stones
will be recolonized by organisms seeded from the water passing over
them.
Proof of the ability for Clear Creek to recover from localized
devastation is shown by two historical occurrences:
1. The installation of the tertiary lagoon in the Winston Thomas
Sewage Treatment Plant
2. Rerouting the creek to accomodate expansion of the Winston Thomas
Sewage Treatment Plant
Prior to 1969, when the tertiary lagoon was built, the poor water
quality of the creek was reflected in the low species diversity for
invertebrates and absence of fish. Since the lagoon has been
installed and the quality of sewage effluent flowing into the creek
has improved, species diversity of invertebrates has increased and the
more tolerant Cyprinidae such as the stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum)
and the creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) have been found near the
outfall (D.G. Frey - personal communication).
n-9-2
-------
When the creek was rerouted, the water channel was simply transferred
from one bedrock channel to a new one with no apparent disruptions of
the creek south of the rerouting.
Impacts of Operation on the Aquatic Ecology - Effluent
The physical effects of the effluent will depend on where the outfall
is located and the degree to which the sewage is treated. According
to Indiana State regulations, the following levels of treatment will
be required by 1977 for discharges to Salt Creek and Clear Creek.
BOD (Biological
Oxygen Demand)
Suspended Solids
Phosphorus
Ammonia Nitrogen
Salt Creek
10 mg/1 or 95%
removal
10 mg/1 or 95%
removal
1 mg/1 or 80%
removal
6.5 mg/1 in summer
no limitation
in winter
Clear Creek
5 mg/1 or 97.5%
removal
5 mg/1 or 97.5%
removal
1 mg/1 or 80%
removal
1.5 mg/1 summer
3.0 in winter
The requirements for a greater degree of treatment for effluent
discharged into Clear Creek is due to the lower dilution rate which
occurs there. When comparing the potential physical effects of the
effluent discharged into Clear Creek and Salt Creek, the two primary
considerations are:
1. The decreased flow which would occur in Clear Creek if the
effluent were no longer discharged into it
2. The chemical characteristics of the effluent when it reaches
a water intake for the city of Bedford, 13 miles downstream from
the Lake Monroe dam
Canoeing of Clear Creek is impossible during low flow conditions
which normally occur during the summer. On four sampling dates
between February 22, 1975 and April 2, 1975 (a high flow period for
the creek) the flow of Clear Creek averaged 200 MGD
(Pullman G. Douglas, 1975).
If the flow from the city's sewage treatment plant was removed from
Clear Creek and discharged into Salt Creek, Clear Creek would be
unnavigable by canoe sooner than it is now. If the outfall is moved
farther south on Clear Creek, the flow from Bloomington to the new
location will be reduced from its present level. This reduced flow
4-9-3
-------
rate which could occur if effluent were removed from Clear Creek is
significant from another standpoint: it would no longer dilute the
pollutants which drain into the creek from a variety of sources.
Hartzel et al. (1971) reported that pollution of Clear Creek above
the Winston Thomas Sewage Treatment Plant outfall came from the
following sources:
1. Oil from a creosote plant
2. Indiana University via the Jordan River which is located on
campus
j. Faulty septic tank drainage fields
4. Runoff from Bloomington
On April 2, 1971, water quality parameters which were more severe
above the sewage treatment plant when compared to those below it
included:
1. Bicarbonate alkalinity
2. pH
3. Nitrate
4. Resistivity
These parameters were improved below the outfall due to the effect of
dilution. Parameters which were more severe below the plant included
dissolved oxygen, calcium, and total phosphate. Removing the effluent
from Clear Creek or upgrading the treatment to the projected level
required for 1977 would generally improve the water quality of Clear
Creek. However, those pollutants which enter from above the point of
discharge of the Winston Thomas plant would no longer be diluted and
their concentrations would become higher than they are now below the
discharge of the Winston Thomas Plant.
Two questions have been raised concerning the effect sewage will have
on the City of Bedford's water intake on Salt Creek. The first is
whether the effluents could raise the nitrage level in the water to a
level which would be toxic to humans drinking it. The nitrate
concentrations above and below the present Winston Thomas Treatment
Plant on April 2, 1971, were 5.6 above the discharge and 2.0 ppm below
the discharge, and 3.9 and 6.6 ppm on April 9. On April 12, 1975 at
7 P.M., the nitrate concentration was 3.2 ppm at Clear Creek, 0.29 ppm
on Salt Creek and 0.3 ppm at their confluence. These were high flow
conditions. During low flow conditions, the nitrate levels may be
4-9-4
-------
considerably higher. In addition to the effluent, another source of
nitrate is the sludge injected into the land, which could be washed
off during floods. This is a potential problem only at the Salt Creek
site where the sludge injection system is proposed and where frequent
flooding occurs. The amount of nitrate which could be washed off
during floods can be controlled through manipulation of the
application rates. As discussed in Section 11.2.1, it is recommended
that if the Salt Creek site is selected, a study be carried out to
determine the application rates. Pollution of surface or ground water
with other materials as a result of the sludge injection system would
not be expected (Ken Dotson EPA, Cincinnati, personal communication).
After the effluent is discharged into a creek, the nitrate
concentration will drop as a consequence of denitrification and
nitrate reduction which occurs naturally as the creek flows southward.
There is no possibility that the nitrate concentration could reach the
50 ppm level which has been associated with infant methemaglobinemia
(Maxey-Rosenau, 1965).
There has also been some question about toxic chlorinated organics in
the effluent reaching the intake for the City of Bedford's water
supply. The chlorinated organics form as a result of the chemical
reaction of chlorine, added to the sewage for disinfection purposes,
and the organics discharged into the sewage by industries and
university laboratories. No definite statement can be made at this
time concerning this potential problem except that natural degradation
of the compounds is more likely to occur in Clear Creek which is well
aerated and further from the reservoir than will occur in Salt Creek
which is less aerated and closer to the intake. In addition, the
greater degree of treatment required for sewage discharged into Clear
Creek may result in the decomposition of the organics which could
react with chlorine and will decrease the quantity of chlorine
required for disinfection. It is recommended that the raw sewage and
chlorinated effluent from the Winston Thomas Sewage Treatment Plant be
analyzed by the gas chromatographic mass spectro-photometric method to
identify toxic chlorinated compounds that may be formed during the
chlorination process. If they are detected, alternative disinfection
systems can be designed into the proposed treatment plant.
Alternatives which could be considered include:
1. Ozonation
2. Chlorination - dechlorination
3. Bromine chloride
4. No disinfection
*"... uncontrolled and excessive use of chlorine for wastewater
disinfection may result in potential harm to both human and aquatic
life (A/WPR, April 28, 1975, p. 166) ...Alternative means of
disinfection control (dechlorination) must be considered where public health
hazards and potential adverse impact on the aquatic and humand environments
coexist, but disinfecting should not be required in those instances where
benefits are not present." (A/WPR, August 25, 1975, p. 332).
4-9-5
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9.1.3 Terrestrial Ecology
Rare and Endangered Terrestrial Organisms
A search of the scientific and other literature was conducted to
determine if rare or officially designated "endangered" species might
occur in the area. Table 8-3 lists terrestrial vertebrates of
potential occurrence which are listed as "threatened" and/or
"endangered" by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of
Endangered Species and International Activities (1973, 1974). Because
critical nesting habitat for the two birds is absent from the area,
and caves which would attract the bat (Hall 1962) are unknown in the
areas potentially affected, it is believed that effects of
construction would be neglible at any site proposed.
Impact of Interceptors and Outfalls on Terrestrial Ecology
Interceptor and connector sewers necessary for the several
alternatives under study would require trenches of depth and width
appropriate to provide drainage by gravity. If the Salt Creek site is
chosen, it will require interceptors. The interceptors will require
trenches about 2m (6 feet) wide, no less than 2.7 m (9 feet) deep, and
extending for varying lengths, but in no instance less than several
kilometers.
One hundred foot construction right-of-ways and 50 foot permanent
right-of-ways are required for interceptors. After the trench was
closed, vegetation could become reestablished along the right-of-way,
and in fact would be essential to prevent damage from erosion and to
limit penetration of frost.
It would be necessary to maintain accessibility for vehicles along the
entire length of the right-of-way to permit inspection and repair to
the facility. Manholes would protrude at intervals. Consequently,
construction of any sewer so large as the several proposed in
alternative plans in the present project must be assumed to have
significant effect, much of which will not diminish for the useful
life of the sewer, and much lasting long after the sewer line has lost
its utility. The following paragraphs discuss in some detail che
effects probable from constructing such sewers.
The effects of clearing a wide swath through fields and woodlands, or
along the riparian vegetation bordering such a stream as Clear Creek,
are manifestly significant, whether or not they can be quantified in a
particular instance. Vegetation would be destroyed. Consequently,
4-9-6
-------
the area would become untenable, at least during construction, for
many kinds of animals dependent on that vegetation. Any such project
as those considered here clearly has unavoidable influence on vast
areas. For example, a right-of-way only 100 feet wide would occupy
about 12 acres per mile (i.e., a right-of-way 30 m wide and 1.6 km
long would occupy 4.9 ha).
If the interceptor is built to the Salt Creek site, it should clearly
affect riparian communities to the almost total exclusion of uplands,
and the right-of-way would traverse cropland at almost every point
where it was not in woods.
The riparian vegetation which would be removed by construction is
suitable habitat for a variety of game species of recreational
importance, as well as some species which are apparently incompletely
harvested (e.g., raccoons, Procyon lotor). More hunter pressure is
apparently placed on upland game birds (e.e., ring-necked pheasants,
Phasianus colchicus) in the adjacent croplands, and destruction of
forest growth would probably increase the attractiveness of the area
traversed by the sewer to hunters during a brief part of the year.
Clear Creek is a modferately severely polluted stream, presently
ill-suited for most aquatic sports for much of its length. However,
it is presently used during the period of high water in the winter for
canoeing; it has been characterized as the "only" sizable reach of
water suitable for canoeing in a radius of 30 miles or more from
Bloomintgon. The riparian growth, while difficult to traverse on
foot, offers a potentially rewarding experience to hikers along the
stream. The Cedar Cliffs preserve, owned by the Nature Conservancy,
is in fact worthy of protection as a wild area', and it is recommended
strongly that no construction be considered which would degrade the
area.
The presently proposed sewer routing, and any other along Clear Creek
that seems to be economically feasible, would have little adverse
effect on agriculture. Digested sludge probably would be a beneficial
soil adjuvant in the area, and consequently its availability would
encourage agricultural use of bottom lands.
The importance of forest industries in the region appears to be small
at present, though some large and consequently merchantable trees have
been noted in the riparian community. However, the destruction of
timber associated with construction of the proposed sewer would be
deleterious in proportion to its extensiveness.
4-9-7
-------
The use of Clear Creek for recreational purposes might be fostered if
adequate sewage treatment were to be instituted to ensure its
attractiveness throughout the year. Use of the creek for aquatic
sports, including fishing, might well induce the construction of
summer homes or year-round residences along its course. Such use
would probably depend upon the availability of convenient sewer
connections.
Information on potential industrial development which might be
encouranged by constructing the sewer is not known.
Man can influence succession in many ways. Some of these involve the
establishment of almost permanent disclimaxes. Egler and Foote (1975)
provide a book-length summary of techniques for stabilizing the
vegetation of rights-of-way, and review the scientific literature.
One economically advantageous course of management of the right-of-way
would provide for establishing shrubs along the boundaries of the
affected area and limiting growth in the center to grasses and other
herbaceous vegetation too low to interfere with the passage of off-
road vehicles. Experience elsewhere suggests that such
self-sustaining plant communities could be established in this area by
making appropraite plantings initially. However, experiments have not
to our knowledge yet been performed which would definitively
demonstrate the feasibility of such techniques, and it may be
necessary to limit growth in part by mechanical and/or chemical means.
However, if vegetation on rights-of-way is maintained, we assume here
that a stable plant community can in fact be established, and that the
growth-form of the plants will be various, ranging from grasses and
low shrubs to tall trees. The habitats afforded by such a community
will be more productive of game and other animals than if a sharp
delimintation of forest from an artifically-maintained grassland type
existed, because of the phenomenon of edge effect (Leopold
1933:131-132, Ghiselin 1975).
9.2 Impact on the Visual Aesthetics
While the design of the plant and the arrangements may differ slightly
from site to site, the visual impact of the plant site will depend
largely upon its position wihin the landscape with respect to both
terrain and natural vegetation, as well as upon the number and
position of potential viewers, and the duration or frequency of the
view. Since each sense is not entirely independent of each other, the
odor associated with a plant might easily influence the visual
register of the plant.
Of all the potential sites, only one, the existing Winston Thomas Site
is located within an existing or planned development corridor. One
might theorize that this plant has been there for such a long time
4-9-8'
-------
that the average person wouldn't even be visually bothered by a
different plant site configuration. Nonetheless, it is here where
trailers, residences, and apartments are located in relatively close
proximity on the hills overlooking the site to the west of Clear
Creek. A good part of the view from this residential development
along Rogers Road is visually screened from the site by the natural
tree line found between the residences and along the railroad and
Clear Creek. In addition, views are possible from the Gordon Road
trailer development as well as from traffic passing along Old State
.Route 37, the main north-south artery.
Both the Salt Creek and the Dillman Plant Sites would be visible from
- State Route 37 Bypass, the Dillman Site for a shorter duration than
the Salt Creek Site. The latter is, however, more distant from the
viewer, in this case from a vehicle, than would be the Dillman Site.
The Dillman Site is, however, tucked into a narrow landform depression
at a point where the highway alignment changes quickly and, therefore,
probably eliminating any long duration vistas toward the site, which
might be more prevalent at the Salt Creek Site.
The Ketcham Site is the most visually removed of all the sites. Both
Dillman and Salt Creek are located well outside the limits of planned
growth corridors, so they shouldn't be surrounded by development which
might intensify their future visual impact. The Salt Creek site does,
however, sit adjacent to the boundary of a potential seasonal
development which would overlook the site.
9.3 Impact on the Traffic Pattern
.Traffic impacts are expected to be minimum with peak truck traffic
expected during sludge removal. Most of the plant sites are located
relatively close to major arteries; with Dillman, Ketcham, and Salt
Creek having access via State Route 37 Bypass; and Winston Thomas and
.Rogers via Old State Road 37. In this regard, the impact will be
relatively more significant in the more urbanized locations, however,
all of these major highways have significant traffic capacity to add a
few more trucks, approximately fifteen round trips per day.
The Dillman Site cannot be reached without a new bridge over Clear
Creek since the present bridge is one lane wide and limited to five
tons. Construction truck traffic, especially cement trucks, would
have trouble getting to this site unless a new bridge were to be
constructed. The fact that a new bridge would be constructed here as
part of the creek relocation would result in a positive impact.
The Ketcham Road Site probably has the most inadequate and hazardous
highway access of all the sites. Not only is Ketcham Road narrow, but
its intersections with State Route 37 and Fluckmill Road are
hazardous. In addition, the railroad underpass may be too low to
allow for construction truck traffic to pass under it. The only other
access way to this site is via Victor Road, a narrow, curving, rural
residential road.
The Salt Creek site offers few, if any, potential traffic impacts.
4-9-9
-------
References
Egler, F. C. ; and S. R. Foote, 1975. The Plight of the Right-of-way Domain,
Victim of Vandalism. Futura Media Services, Inc., Mount Kisco, N.Y. 2 vols.
Ghiselin, J. 1975. The Edge Index: A Method for Comparing Terrestrial
Species Diversity. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 56(2):14. (Abstr.)
Gray, H. H.; Howe, P. A.; Randolph, J. C.; Roberts, M. C.: and White, N. L.
1975. A Technical Report on a Selected Portion of the Lake Monroe Watershed.
Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Center for
Urban and Regional Analysis Bloomington.
Hall, J. S. 1962. A Life History and Taxonomic Study of the Indiana Bat,
Myotis sodalis. Reading Publ. Mus. Sci. Publ. No. 12. 68 pp.
Hartzel, M. H.; Hobbs, H. H.; Paterson, K.: and Seechausen, S.; 1971. The
Headwaters of Clear Creek Drainage - A Comparative Study - A Class Report
for Dr. D. G. Frey, Unpublished. U. of Indiana, Bloomington.
Hawn, G.; and J. A. Huber. 1975. A Study of the Diversity of the
Macroinvertebrates of Clear Creek After Sewage Outfall. A class Report for
Dr. D. G. Frey, Unpublished. U. of Indiana, Bloomington.
Leopold, Aldo. 1933. Game Management. New York (Charles Scribner's Sons):
xxi + 481 p. ill.
Maxcy, K. F.; and M. J. Rosenau. In Preventive Medicine and Public Health,
P. E. Sartwell, Ed. (New York, Appleton - Century - Crofts, 1956).
Pullman, Douglas G., 1975. A Survey of Clear Creek and Salt Creek Near
Their Confluence South of Bloomington, Indiana - A Class Report for
Dr. D. G. Frey, Unpublished. U. of Indiana, Bloomington.
Restle, Barbara, 1969. State To Investigate Bloomington's Sewer Installation,
The Balancer, July P. 3 Bloomington, Indiana.
Shelford, Victor E. 1963. The Ecology of North America. Urbana (Univ.
111. Press): xxii + 1-610 pp., 195 ill.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Office of Endangered Species and International Activities. 1973. Threatened
wildlife of the United States. Resource Publ. 114. 289 pp.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of
Endangered Species and International Activities. 1974. United States
list of endangered fauna. 22 pp.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1975, Threatened
or Endangered Fauna or Flora Tuesday, July; 1975. Federal Register.
4-9-10
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Fish
TABLE 9-2
AQUATIC ORGANISMS FOUND IN LAKE MONROE AND
EXPECTED IN SALT CREEK1
Largemouth bass
Bluegill
White crappie
Black crappie
Yellow perch
Yellow bass
Carp
Black bullhead
Yellow bullhead
Channel catfish
White sucker
Spotted sucker
Redear sunfish
Pumpkinseed
Longear sunfish
Green sunfish
Warmouth
Orange-spotted sunfish
Redhorse
Rockbass
Smallmouth bass
Flathead catfish
Northern pike
Micropterus salmoides
Lepomis macrochirus
Pomoxis annularis
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
Perca flavescens
Morone mississippiensis
Cyprinus carpio
Ictalurus melas
Ictalurus natalis
Ictalurus punctatus
Catostomus commersoni
Minytrema melanops
Lepomis microlophus
Lepomis gibbosus
Lepomis megalotis
Lepomis syanellus
Lepomis gulosus
Lepomis humilis
Moxostoma sp.
Ambloplites rupestris
Micropterus dolomieui
Pylodictis olivaris
Esox lucius
From Gray et al 1975
4-9-12
-------
TABLE 9-2 (Continued)
Nannoplankton Algae and Protozoa
Melosira italica
Melosira sp.
Dinobryon divergens
Dinobryon bavaricum
Stephanodiscus sp.
Merismopedia tenuissima
Merismopedia minor
Ankistrodesmus sp.
Cryptomonas sp.
Fragilaria crotonensis
Chroococcus limenticus
Chroococcus minor
Mallomonas akrokomas
Mallomonas sp.
Coelastrum sp.
Asterionella formosa
Anabaena lemmermanni
Coelosphaerium kutzingianum
Strombidium viride
4-9-13
-------
TABLE 9-2 (Continued)
Zooplankton
Protozoa
Codonella
Ceratium
Difflugia cristata
peritrich
Rotifera
Ascomorpha
Asplanchna
Branchionus
Colurella
Conochilus
Filinia
Gastropus
Kellicottia
Keratella cochlearis
Polyarthra euryptera
Polyarthra vulgaris
Rotatoria
Trichocerca
Cladocera
Alona sp.
Alonella sp.
Bosmina coregoni
Ceriodaphnia lacustris
Chydorus spaericus
Daphnia laevis
Daphnla retrocurva
Diaphanosoma leuchtenbirgeanum
Holopedium gibberurn
Leptodora kindtii
Pleuroxus denticulatus
Pseudosida bidentata
Sida crystallina
Copepoda
Cyclops (2 sp.)
Limnocalanus
Diaptomus
Ostracoda
4-9-14
-------
TABLE 9-2 (Continued)
• i "• ;''- °
Phytoplankton
Cyanophyceae
Chroococcales
Chroococcus
Coelospaerium
Dactylococcopsjs
Gloeocapsa
Gomphosphaeria
Marssoniella
Merismopedia
Microcystj.8
Chaemaesiphonales
Pleurocapsa
Oscillatorlales
Anabaena
Lyngbya
Oscillatoria
Chlorophyceae
Chloroccoccales
Ankis trodesmus
Crucigenia
LauterboTOiella
Oocystis
Pediastrum
Scenedesmus
Tetraedron
Tetrasporales
Gloeocystis
Volvocales
Volvox
Zygnematales
Closterium
Cosmarlum
Gonatozygon
Micrasterias
Splroeyra
Staurastrum
3, Chrysophyccae
Dinobryon
Mallomonas
Ochromonas
4. . Xantbophyceae
Asterogloea
Ophiccytium
5. Bacillariophyceae
'. Centrales
Cyclotella
Melosira
Stephanodlscus
Terpisnoe
Pennales
Amphiprora
Amphora
Asterionella
Cymbella
Fragilaria
Gyrosigma
Navicula
Neidium
Nitzschia
j i- - Surirella
Synedra
•. Tabellaria
4-9-15
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TABLE *-2 (Continued)
Aquatic Organisms Found in Clear Creek
Monera
Sphaerotilus
Algae
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Volvocales
Chlamydomonas
Tetrasporales
Tetraspora
Ulotrichales
Ulothrix
Stigeoclonium
Chaetophora
Coleochaete
Cladophorales
Cladophora
Oedogoniales
Oedogonium
Zygnematales
Zygnema
Spirogyra
Chlorococcales
Ankistrodesmus
Desmidiales
Closterium
Cosmarium
Euglenophyta (euglenoids)
Euglenales
Euglena
Peranema
Chrysophyta (yellow-green algae & diatoms)
Chrysomonadales
Synura
Pennales
Tabellarja
Diatomella
Meridion
Diatoma
Fragilaria
Synedra
Asterionella
Ceratoneis
4-9-16
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TABLE 9-2 (Continued)
Cocconeis
Brebissqnla
Gyros igniia~
Anomoenels
Amphipleura
Navieula
Cymbella
Amphora
Gomphonema
Gomphoeneis
Aphanotheca
Nitzschia
Bacillaria
Denticula
Centronella
Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)
Anacystis
Oscillatorla
Lyngbya
Spirulina
Vascular Plants
Najadaceae (pondweed)
Potomogeton
ProtoEoa
Sarcodina
Amoeba
Ciliata
Vorticella
Coelenterata
Hydrozoa
Hydra
Platyhelminthes (flatyonns)
Turbellaria
Dugesia
Aschelminthes
Nematoda
Rotifera
4-9-17
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TABLE 9-2 (Continued)
Tardigrada
Annelida
Oligochaeta
Aeolosoma
Tubifex
Lumbricus terrestris
Hirudinea
Glossophonidae
Piscicolidae
Pisicola
Mollusca
Gastropoda (snails)
Lymnaea
Goniobasis
Campeloma
Physa
Helisoma
Pelecypoda (bl^valves)
Sphaerium
Musculium
Arthropoda
Chelicerata
Arachnida
Arthropoda
Crustacea
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Asellus
Lirceus
Amphipoda
Gammarus
Haustoriidae
Decapoda
Cambarus laevis
C. d. dlogenes
Orconectes p_^ propinquus
Insecta
Apterygota
Collejnbola (springtails)
4-9-18
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TABLE 9-2 (Continued)
Pterygota
Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
Ephemeridae
Hexagenia
Heptageniidae
Stenonema
Baetidae
Neocloeon
Odonata (dragonflies)
Anisoptera
Aeschnidae
Gonphidae
Zygoptera
Agrionidae
Nehallenia
Plecoptera (stoneflies)
Perlidae
Atoperla
Isoperlidae
Isoperla
Hemiptera (true bugs) .
Corixidae
Notonectidae
Gerridae
Neuroptera
Corydalidae
Corydalus
Coleoptera (beetles)
Elmidae
Stenelmis
Haliplidae
Peltodytes
Hydrophilidae
Psephenidae
Psephenus
Trichoptera (caddisflies)
Rhyacophilidae
Hesperophyla
Hydropsychidae
Drydropsyche
Hydrophilidae
Limnephilidae
4-9-19
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TABLE 9-2 (Continued)
Diptera (flies)
Chironomidae
Chironomus
Tipulidae
Hexatoma
Simulidae
Culicidae
Culex
Chordata
Osteichthyes
Cyprinidae (carps & minnows)
Campostoma anomalum
Pimephales notatus
Semotilus atromaculatus
Ericymba buccata
Centrarchidae (sunfish)
Lepomis cyanellus
Percidae (perch)
Etheostoma spectabile
E_._ flabellare
E. nigrum
Amphibia
Urodela (salamanders)
Plethodontidae
Anura (frogs & toads)
Rana catesbeiana
Reptilia
Squamata (lizards & snakes)
Natrix s. sipedon
4-9-20
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TABLE 9-3
TREES OF THE RIVER BOTTOMS
Common Name Scientific Name
Black walnut Juglans nigra
American hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana
Oak Quercus sp.
Chestnut oak Quercus prinus
Elm Ulmus sp.
Hackberry Celtis sp.
Sassafras Sassafras albidum
Sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Wild black cherry Prunus serotina
Water locust Gledltsia aquatica
Silver maple Acer saccharinum
Basswood Tilia americana
Ash Fraxinus sp.
RARE AND ENDANGERED TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES POTENTIALLY
OCCURRING IN THE STUDY AREA
Common Name Scientific Name Remarks
Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus sspp. Possibly transient
Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii Possibly transient
Indiana bat Myotis sodalis Possibly summer
resident
4-9-21
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Common Name
True Solomon's seal
Hydrangea
Wood-sorrel
Poison ivy
Jewel weed
Black-eyed Susan
Ironweed
TABLE 9-3 (Continued)
HERBS AND SHRUBS OF THE RIVER BOTTOMS
Scientific Name
Polygonatum commutatuTn
Hydrangea sp.
Oxalis sp.
Rhus radicans
Impatiens sp.
Rudbeckia hirta
Vernonia sp.
4-9-22
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TASK 10
INDUCED DEVELOPMENT - LAKE MONROE
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.1.1 Regionalization Issue
The issue of induced development and its secondary impacts on Lake
Monroe assumes the eventual development of sewerage service. The
issue of how this service will emerge or develop and what form it will
take is also the issue within the regionalization issue. Without a
regional interceptor around the lake and a near term demand of 3.0 MGD,
there would really be little need to locate a plant sized to serve the
Bloomington Region at the lake.
Both the Bloomington and the Lake Monroe Regional Waste District 201
Plans assumed that the Lake Regional System and single regional
treatment at Salt Creek was the best alternative. The reaction
following this conclusion was that widespread environmental damage
would result from the increased development at the lake.
1 Q..1.2 Other Questions and Considerations
The Consultant, based upon independent analysis and many unanswered
questions about the market potential, timing, and other factors, has
found it extremely difficult to theorize induced impacts at Lake
Monroe. There are no real assurances that many of these proposed or
potential developments around the lake are actually viable
undertakings. On this basis, the economic feasibility of the regional
sewer system for the lake is questionable, as is the matter of how
such a system could somehow be constructed so as to logically and
sequentially serve development proposals as they fall due. It is also
difficult to corroborate the Lake Monroe Regional Waste District
rationale for near term sewerage service in light of the lack of firm
commitments.
Also worthy of consideration is the possibility that sewer development
itself may well not be the overriding consideration on whether the
Lake Monroe area grows or not. In fact, considerations of the market
for second homes, the money market, and potential income tax reform
might override the sewer question.
One thing that is obvious is that the nature of the regional system as
proposed benefits the large scale developer who can afford the interim
treatment facilities needed, costs of pumping and injecting into the
force main, and what is anticipated to be a rather expensive system to
operate.
4-10-1
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There are enough other uncertainties attached to expectations for
development around the lake to further cloud the issue, the main one
being the fact that the State of Indiana is the biggest and most
successful developer around the lake.
Further complicating this analysis is the lack of readily available
data, the multiplicity of public and private interests which are often
times strongly intertwined, and the lack of any overall coordinated
water and land use goals and policies.
The potential growth of the lake area will for the most part depend on
future expectations in seasonal and recreational housing. Trends
within the latter market are probably far more significant with
respect to inducing development than the construction of a regional
sewer system around Lake Monroe. Conversely, without the market,
there will in all probability be no demand for such a sewer system.
Present knowledge of the potential market for seasonal and
recreational development at Lake Monroe is indeed limited, even as
limited as current information regarding the multitude of lake side
private projects talked about, but never evidently entering the
planning and scheduling stages. Balanced against the total market
considerations must certainly be the physical, chemical, and
recreational carrying capacity of the lake itself, and the watershed
draining into it. Hopefully, the ongoing land capability plan will
better address some of these issues.
There are a multitude of federal and state agencies in a position to
influence the development in and around the lake either directly or
indirectly. These include the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, the Farmers Home Administration, and EPA at the
federal level. At the state level, the Department of Natural
Resources and Department of Health are in a position to influence land
development potential. At the local level, the Lake Monroe Regional
Waste District and the Monroe County Planning Commission are in a
position to directly influence the rate and direction of growth.
10 .2 THE UNIQUE ROLE OF THE STATE OF INDIANA
The State of Indiana, through its Natural Resources Department,
occupies a very special and privileged role in the real estate aspects
of Lake Monroe development. The State indirectly influences lake
recreational usage by controlling public access points to the lake and
lakeside facilities, since they are the only lakeside developer having
direct access to the lake from the shoreline other than the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers.
This consideration means that the State may be in a position to
influence development and change within the Lake Monroe watershed to
an even greater degree than some of the proposed seasonal
developments, particularly when one investigates the complete lack of
a definitive timetable for the latter.
4-10-2
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How did the State get into this unique position? The Corps of
Engineers and the State shared in the cost of developing the lake with
the Corps retaining ownership of abutting lands. For the most part,
this ownership corresponds to a specified lineal height above the
flood pool elevation. In some cases this lake buffer strip is rather
narrow. In other cases, additional lands were purchased to protect
and control waterside views, etc. While many argue that the buffer is
too narrow and possibly not totally enforced, in fact, there are no
properties abutting the lake that have direct access to the lake
because of this buffer, except those leased by the State.
The State leases its recreational areas, boat ramps and campgrounds
from the Corps of Engineers on a long term basis. In turn, the State
subleases this prime waterfront property to private developers. A
good example at Lake Monroe is the Four Winds Marina initially built
by Ramada Inns and recently sold to Aircoa. The Four Winds Marina is
a resort hotel with recreational facilities and water facilities
including direct lake access. At present, there are only two ways of
enjoying the lake, either going to a public access point or to the
Four Winds.
If there are no major restrictions on subleasing of leased recreation
areas, the major portion of which consists of open land, then it would
be inconceivable for another commercial-resort type of development
locating at the lake and competing with Four Winds without similar
lakeside access unless the development were non-water oriented. If
the lake access is taken away, there should be little, if any,
incentive to locate a resort near Lake Monroe.
The State was asked if it had a master plan for development of its
property around the lake. The reply indicated that the Department of
Natural Resources felt the Lake Monroe Regional Waste District 201
Plan was the Lake Master Plan.
The State's influence in a real estate sense is not just confined to
its properties, but has application and impact upon seasonal and
second home development expectations around the lake. An example in
this regard is The Pointe. The Pointe is a planned condominium
development being constructed along the northwestern shoreline of Lake
Monroe. The shoreline is fairly wooded and The Pointe does not have
lake access. In fact, the tree line along the shore all but hides the
view of the lake from intermediate and lower slope positions below the
tree line. The developers of The Pointe have spent considerable
monies and taken great pains to develop key front end recreational
draws such as a tournament golf course, club house and pro-shop. Each
phase or village within the development will have tennis courts and
swimming pools as the major attractions. Even with these attractions,
the developers made arrangements with the Four Winds Marina (which
sits on land subleased from the State) for access to the lake for
boating and swimming.
Telecon, with Carl North, Department of Natural Resources, State
of Indiana.
4-10-3
-------
Assuming there will be a limit to the number of private agreements
that the Four Winds Marina can make, the combined draw of The Pointe
recreation and water access will make it extremely difficult for other
developers to compete with it, since later developments will probably
not be able to emulate The Pointe's fortuitous position, i.e., not
able to overcome this competitive advantage, unless the State
subleases additional lands.
If there are to be no more subleases and arrangements for private lake
access, then all subsequent developers will have to appeal to a market
of persons prepared to drive a considerable distance to a lake that
they cannot see or directly use, except at public facilities, the use
of which will probably be self-governing due to congestion that will
discourage use somewhat.
103 SEWER SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
Basic to the question of servicing Lake Monroe is the question of how
such a system might develop. Sewer systems are not developed in a
vacuum years in advance of actual need. Nor are systems conceived,
designed, funded and constructed overnight. The regional system
proposed around Lake Monroe in the 201 Plan consists of a force main
with each individual proposed development served by a lift station,
lifting the sewage up the hill. A force main is pressurized, and
access is limited to points where sewage may be injected into the
system. This would tend to effectively limit the size of developments
around the lake to large ones. It is not likely that small
developments would be able to pass through pump station and other
associated costs onto the cost of housing as effectively as large
scale developers.
Except for public recreation areas and facilities and The Pointe
seasonal development, there is no current or near term demand for a
regional collection system around the entire lake. Of the
developments proposed around the Lake, few if any are located near
enough to one another to easily support a regional collection system.
The collection system would have to pass through large sections of
open land with little prospect of picking up additional flows along
the way. Few, if any of these seasonal projects, can at this time
produce even a tentative time table or development schedule. In fact,
no one can say with certainty, if or even when, these projects will
ever be constructed, although it seems safe to conclude that The
Pointe will be completed.
This means that the lakewide system as proposed in the LMRWD 201 Plan
would have to develop internally with each development culminating in
either a package treatment plant or connection to the regional
collection system, if accessible at that time in that area. This will
increase the total economic cost of the system since the temporary
sewage treatment costs will have to be quickly written off. The
financing of such a system has to be tenuous when one considers that
potential customers along the way may not be ready to participate at
A- 10-4
-------
the time the collector system is being financed, or that if one or two
developments along the system have financial difficulties or fold, the
costs would then be picked up by few users.
The U.S. Forest Service is in a position to influence the routing and
timing of interceptor development, and it has gone on record as
intending to withhold permission for sewer line easements across its
property. In some cases, this will merely mean rerouting, in others
it might mean that no service can be provided.
The west side of the lake has been shown to be more suitable for
development because it is more accessible; the general terrain is more
amenable for development; and temporary sewerage service is now
available there. Three of the five seasonal developments proposed on
the south side of the lake could pump their sewage up and discharge
effluent out of the lake basin without having to construct an
expensive collection system. Such an opportunity is not possible on
the north and west side of the lake. The proposed development around
the causeway near Paynetown recreation area is physically located
closer to the existing Winston Thomas treatment plant than to the
proposed Salt Creek site, but drains toward the lake.
Even if the sewers were to be constructed, there is no guarantee that
every seasonal development proposed for the lake will in fact be
constructed. Rather, this will depend more upon the market demand and
the money market for seasonal housing.
10.A PROJECTED LAND USE PATTERNS/ZONING
No real pattern has developed to date around Lake Monroe. The lack of
an overall coordinated land use plan for Lake Monroe is detrimental to
orderly development in light of the intricate web of governmental,
quasi-governmental, and private interests in and around the lake.
There is not a single level of government that is not intricately
involved in Lake Monroe's development; and yet there is not one single
agency or mechanism that can guarantee or ensure such coordination at
this time.
The actual responsibility for land use planning and the legislative
controls rests with the Monroe County Planning Commission. The Lake
Monroe Regional Waste District, a single purpose agency responsible
for utility planning and development, has taken the role of the lead
agency in fostering coordinative land use planning. This agency
contracted with the Indiana University of Public Affairs to prepare an
environmentally oriented land capability plan for eventual use by
local officials. This plan reportedly will show how to best plan for
the long term use and enjoyment of the land compatible with continued
beneficial use of the lake. Unfortunately, this material is only
approaching the stage where it can be utilized in land policy planning
efforts; and this report must precede those efforts.
4-10-5
-------
The Monroe County Zoning Ordinance is the land use control document in
effect around the lake. This document was prepared after the Lake
Monroe 201 plan, but the zoning pattern does not particularly
correspond to or reflect the sewer plan, except in some isolated
spots.
The land surrounding Lake Monroe is zoned for a wide variety of
activity patterns. Most of Salt Creek and Polk Townships are located
within a Forest Reserve Zone.^ The intent of this zone is to include
rough terrain and also publicly owned forest land. While these
townships are almost exclusively zoned for reserve usage, which is
quite restrictive in its standards, huge tracts of land within this
reserve are set aside for business, presumably to allow for planned
developments and commercial recreational activities within these two
townships. The largest business districts correspond roughly with the
Graves-Monroe-Inland Steel tracts near the north end of the causeway,
and Tan-Tara on the south side of the causeway. Neither of these
projects now have a definitive time schedule. It would appear that
the force main needed to serve these units will require an easement
across Federal Forest Land, unless the Moore Creek inlet on Lake
Monroe is to be crossed nearer the Paynetown recreation area. The
county zoning plan requires a minimum lot size of 4.5 acres in this
forest reserve, and the county health department requires a permit for
lots under ten acres in size. Within the business district,
residences may be built at a density of 6 units per acre with public
sewers.
Most of the remainder of the lakefront within Clear Creek and Perry
Townships is zoned for residential usage with .4 acre lots allowed
with community water systems and on-lot sewerage; and .8 acre lots
with on-lot water and sewer systems. The only substantial sized
business district here adjoins the Fairfax recreation area and
Harrodsburg. What fostered this delineation of these two districts in
this location is not known. The Consultant has no knowledge of
specific developments proposed here. It is interesting that the only
planned unit development under construction in the county was not
zoned similar to the many other potential seasonal developments
located around the lake which were zoned for business.
Another curious zoning district configuration is the noticeable lack
of an agricultural district within the Lake Monroe area except for the
property immediately surrounding The Pointe. Considering the
potential for sewering this area, it would appear that this would be a
prime area for additional development. The intent of the agricultural
district is, according to the County Zoning Ordinance, to provide
areas in which little or no urbanization has occurred or is likely to
occur in the near future. Lots used for residences in the
agricultural district would have to be the same size as in the Forest
Reserve District, 4.5 acres.
2
Monroe County Zoning Ordinance
4-10-6
-------
The remainder of the land is residentially zoned. The intent of the
residential zoning is either to include areas that can be served by
water and sewage utility systems, principally near state highways and
present urban centers, or to include areas that have been subject to
urbanization on a scattered pattern, principally along county
highways.
Under the terms of the county zoning ordinance, approximately 16.5
square miles of land around the lake is zoned for residential use; 3.5
for agricultural; 25 square miles for forest reserve; and about 3
square miles for business. Under the present zoning umbrella, some
13,200 lots could be spread out on these 16.5 square miles supporting
some 32,000 to 40,000 people, with on-lot sewers and septic tanks
flowing into rather unsuitable receiving soils.
1Q5 PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS
The lake is assumed to have an absolute limit in terms of recreation
carrying capacity although this limit has not yet been ascertained.
Some sources have indicated that based upon certain standards of boats
per acre of water, the lake is now overutilized. The Department of
Health has evidently held off issuing permits to discharge effluent
into the lake. Statements have been made that the lake is
environmentally phosphate sensitive. Land activities such as clear
cutting for development and exposing unstable and easily erodable
steep soils, if uncontrolled, will only increase the potential for
soil erosion and sedimentation. Once areas are developed, additional
nutrients will be derived from fertilizer runoffs, etc., even if the
sewage problem is solved. Development not sewer connected will only
increase the potential for groundwater seepage and lake pollution. As
more development occurs, it is probable the usage of the lake will
increase. With increased boating, the chance for wave and bank
erosion and oil spill finding its way into the reservoir becomes more
likely.
With few exceptions, the general landform, geology, topography soils
and rather poor road structures would not be considered conducive to
normal construction and development. The road pattern is almost
exclusively restricted to the ridges, since the impoundment covers the
former valley floor.
Lake Monroe's soils are severely restricted in terms of development of
new highways, basements, and on-lot septic systems. The major
limiting factor is the steep slope, and the next is shallow bedrock
conditions. The Lake Monroe terrain is quite rough and steep, and
highly erodible. The area's present land use is predominantly
woodland. Any changes in land use are bound to have more of a
physical impact here than elsewhere on less sloping lands.
4-10-7
-------
It is anticipated that ongoing land capability studies and future
models will better pinpoint the specific limiting parameters of the
environment at Lake Monroe. The environmental capability plan is a
forerunner in this regard, and is expected to culminate in the
adoption of additional environmental constraints and controls on
development designed to protect the quality of the lake and its
environs.
10.6 DISCUSSION OF SECONDARY IMPACTS
The secondary impacts from the proposal generally fall into one of two
categories, physical or fiscal impact. The physical impacts relate to
changes as they result from cutting of vegetation, clearing and
improvement of land, paving over of pervious soils, reworking the
landscape, changes in density of population and their effects on
traffic, sewage flow, water usage, increased demands upon lake usage,
fertilizer runoffs, etc. The fiscal impacts include all the increased
demands upon municipal services and facilities resulting from the
development.
Fiscal impacts are normally evaluated in a cost-benefit analysis
wherein the incremental changes in revenue of a development are
evaluated against the incremental increases in the cost of government.
Normally, in a community development cost-benefit analysis, the number
and type of housing units planned are of paramount importance, since
this has a direct bearing upon the family size, the number of children
and their impact upon the school system. The latter usually comprises
the major share of total municipal expenditure, sometimes reaching 75%
of the total expenditure. Data shows that, for example, apartments
will generate less school children for each similar size unit than a
single family house. In addition, the larger the housing unit the
greater the expectation for more school age children. The remaining
municipal costs often are considered on a per capita basis.
Eut second and seasonal home developments do not fit well into a
normative cost-benefit analysis. Each such analysis must be tailored
to each specific plan, and a picture of local services and financial
structure. In seasonal developments, school age children become less
of an issue since so few of these units will become occupied year
round by families with small children that will enter the local school
system. Without entering into a detailed set of calculations, resort
and seasonal developments accrue taxes to the school system without
the concomitant influx of students, and therefore usually overshadow
other municipal cost considerations, such as road and bridge
maintenance, other public works, hospitals, fire protection, police
protection.
The shortcoming of most cost-benefit analyses is their preoccupation
with the operational stage of development while often ignoring the
initial capital expenditures that such developments may foster, such
as new road, storm sewers where not previously present, etc.
3
Cost Revenue Impact Analysis, Urban Land Institute, June 1975.
4-10- 8
-------
Without a fairly definite plan to peruse, it is difficult to forecast
the magnitude of demand for services and facilities that might be
generated by these proposed lakeside developments. In fact these
developments could be augmented or diminished overnight to change the
picture rapidly. With seasonal housing, the length of occupancy and
type of covenants and restrictions on subleasing are also critical in
determining equivalent demands upon municipal services. The Lake
Monroe area does not appear as an area having much in the way of a
four season attraction, having little to offer in the winter.
Therefore, less than full year-round occupancy probably could be
anticipated.
10.7 IMPACT OF NOT SEWERING LAKE MONROE
The impact of not developing the force main interceptor and providing
regional sewer service will fall mainly upon the expectations of the
larger developments proposed around the lake. It is the large scale
developers who stand to benefit by such a system, and conversely, get
hurt if it is not built.
The physical nature of this regional system encircling the lake would
essentially limit individual lot by lot hook-up, since a pump station
would be needed. This means that certain population levels would need
to be reached before pumping caji become economical to the lot owner or
small developer. The lack of service would probably be no more
limiting than a regional force main.
The Pointe development did not wait for the regional system and
therefore gained permission to build package treatment plant and
discharge into Clear Creek. Construction is now underway to add
the Fairfax Recreation Area to the Caslon package plant, thereby
eliminating the most significant sewage discharge to Lake Monroe.
This plant might relieve the development pressure from other lake
locations for the interim period, since it could serve this area
that has the more amenable landform and better potential for
development.
4-10-9
-------
-------
TASK 11
MITIGATIVE MEASURES FOR MINIMIZED PHYSICAL EFFECTS
11.1 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
11.1.1 Revegetation
For right-of-ways, it is desirable to maintain low growing vegetation
that will allow for easy access to the area and at the same time
prevent undesirable native vegetation from overgrowing the area.
Dr. Marion T. Jackson, Professor of Life Sciences at Indiana State
University, offered the following information on plant species which
could be used to revegetate the area.
"1. If it would survive that far south, Sweetfern, Myrica
asplenifolia, would be a strong choice. It is characteristic of
the Indiana Dunes area where it covers extensive areas,
particularly in combination with bracken fern, Pteridium
aquilinum. Myrica is presumed to be a nitrogen fixer, which
would enhance its value as a site-recovery shrub species.
"2. Corylus americana (American hazelnut) and Ribes cynosbati
(pasture gooseberry) are shrubs with wildlife value, and possible
cover species. Both occur in extensive stands when well
established. Corylus grows quite tall on better sites, but
usually reaches less than a meter on poor soils. Both species
are found throughout Indiana.
"3. Ceonothus americanus (Jersey tea) does well on dry sites where it
grows less than a meter tall. It has possibilities as a cover
species, but I doubt that it would exclude tree seedlings or
other later successional species.
"4. Two species of shrubby dogwoods offer promise. Roughleafed
(Cornus asperifolia) is a wet site species for the most part
where it grows quite tall. Gray dogwood (C. racemosa) is found
in both wet and dry sites, but is more common in N. Indiana than
in the south. It is generally of a shorter stature (1-2 m) than
roughleaf dogwood. Either would be an interesting species for
trial plantings.
"5. Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus) occurs in extensive
stands in both full sun and under thin forest canopies. The
limber shrub is usually less than a meter tall. This species
seems to be one of the strongest candidates for utility corridor
plantings.
4-11-1
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"Other possibilities include Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle)
although I personally prefer native to exotic species. Also, the
honeysuckle often gets out of hand and spreads flagrantly. Some of
the greenbriers (Smilax) could be used, but they often grow in nearly
impenetrable tangles. Perhaps such species could be used to impede
the corridor construction crews!" Reference: Jackson, M., 1975,
personal communication.
Before the construction begins, the Consultant recommends that an
Indiana botanist such as Dr. Jackson be consulted.
In the case of revegetation to prevent erosion of areas disturbed by
major excavation and grading activities, the objective is to select a
grass or group of grasses which germinate quickly. Pasture grasses
which are known to grow well in the area include alfalfa, red clover,
broome grass, tall fescue and orchard grass.
11.1.2 Pipe Crossings in Stream Beds
Type of Site:
1. Rock strata, gradually sloping banks, rocky stream bed.
Generally found in upper drainage area.
2. Alluvial stream, high banks, significant depth to rock strata
under stream bed. Generally found in lower drainage area.
Comments:
Type 1 is a young stream, with high velocities during floods, steep
slopes. Large rocks are transported by flow, and bars may form at
various locations and move along the stream.
Type 2, in alluvial material, is probably meandering. Difficult to
predict future stream channel alignment. Bed is made of fine
material. Significant scour during runoff events.
Suggestions for Minimizing Environmental Impact
1. Conduct construction operations during dry weather when stream
flows are low, on the average.
2. Store excavated material on stream banks, outside of stream bed
and above anticipated flood level for mean annual flood.
3. If stream is flowing, consider a downstream rock dam, possibly
with a filter layer on the upstream face, to prevent downstream
movement of material.
4-11-2
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4. In Type 1 stream, excavate pipe into rock strata, blasting if
necessary. Use selected fill, topped with native stream bed
stone. Keep top of pipe 1 ft. below normal stream bed, as a
minimum.
5. For Type 2 stream, especially if banks are high, consider the use
of a pipe bridge, rather than burying pipe. These streams are
generally unstable and scour or meandering may expose buried
pipe. Keep pipe bridge foundations away from stream bank as far
as possible.
6. If pipe is buried in a Type 2 stream, bury deep enough that
general scour during floods will not disrupt pipe.
7. During trenching, consider dikes to divert one-half of the stream
around construction, fill, and perform construction on other
side. A better method would be to divert entire stream around
construction area until backfill is completed. If dikes are
used, hydrology of area should be re-evaluated to determine
optimum duration of construction. Stability of materials should
be evaluated with respect to erosion and slippages.
8. Replace stream bed in as near its original condition as possible.
9. Protect disrupted banks with mulch or temporary lining (jute
mesh, etc.). Seed with native vegetation. Re-establish vegetation
as soon as possible.
10. In severely disrupted areas of the stream bank, consider the use
of rock riprap to prevent erosion.
11.1.3 Pipes Laid Parallel to Stream Banks
In general, follow good construction erosion control practices.
1. Keep excavation as far from stream bank as possible.
2. Use ditch checks in sloping areas to prevent erosion along pipe
trench. Checks may be of any less erodible materials such as
clay.
3. Seed, mulch, and re-establish native vegetation as soon as
possible.
4. Use temporary linings such as jute mesh in steep areas.
5. Use temporary sediment basins to collect sediment in areas where
runoff is concentrated. Hay bales could be used in some
instances to form temporary dikes.
4-11-3
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6. Avoid disrupting or intercepting natural drainage areas. Bury
pipe deep enough to return bed to original elevations.
7. Keep excavated material away from stream channel, and revegetate
disrupted areas.
8. Leave existing vegetation on all areas where possible until
necessary to remove to grade for construction.
9. Stockpile topsoil to be spread on surface when preparing final
grade.
10. Use temporary seeding on areas that must be scalped but will not
be finished for a period of time.
11.1.4 Channel Relocations
This is a difficult problem, because when a stream channel in alluvial
material is disrupted, it will usually cause a reaction at some other
location, such as headcutting, general channel erosion, deposition, or
new meandering. There is no particular problem in nonerodable stream
channels except for the disruption of the aquatic habitat and sediment
production.
In an alluvial channel, the relocated channel should have the same
characteristics, as far as possible, as the channel which has been
replaced. For example, if the new channel is shorter than the old
channel, the friction slope will increase and erosion will occur.
Thus, a solution would be to add riprap to increase friction losses in
the new channel and protect the bottom. Generally, riprap channels
are quickly rehabitated by aquatic organisms and have a somewhat
natural appearance. The use of smooth concrete channel linings for
relocated channels should be avoided. Ideally, the relocated channel
should have as near as possible the same length, bank width, and bed
features as the old channel. Since this is not possible, one should
isolate the main considerations and study each separately and as a
combination. The principal considerations for diversion locations
are:
1. Outlet conditions
2. Topography
3. Land use
4. Agricultural operations
5. Soil type
6. Length of slope
-------
The design of a diversion involves:
1. The above generalities
2. Velocities as high as possible but not eroding
3. Grades dependent on site
4. Peak runoff capacity dependent on site
5. Appropriate friction coefficients
6. Available construction equipment
Finally, they should be inspected annually and after heavy floods.
Suggestions for Minimizing Environmental Impact
1. Conduct operations during dry period when stream flows are low.
2. Replace old channel in kind, and design based on river mechanics
to transport same sediment load.
3. Store excavated materials outside flood levels (mean annual
flood).
4. Consider use of open graded rock dam with filter material on
upstream face to prevent downstream movement of sediment.
5. After construction, seed, mulch, and revegetate disrupted areas.
Use temporary linings or riprap as necessary to prevent erosion
in channel.
6. Use standard erosion control measures as necessary:
Ref: "Guidelines for Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and
Implementation" EPA-R2-72-015, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. August 1972.
"Erosion Control on Highway Construction Projects" Project
20-5, Topic 4-01, Natural Cooperative Highway Research.
Program, Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C., Draft
January 1973.
11.1.5 Tunneling Operations
Environmental impact should not be serious.
Generally:
1. Dispose of excess material in an acceptable manner to prevent
erosion and downstream sediment problems. Example, outside
stream flood plains, revegetate, no steep slopes.
4_ 11-5
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2. Revegetate disrupted areas, or protect with artificial materials
to prevent erosion.
11.2 PLANT OPERATION ACTIVITIES
11.2.1 Sludge Disposal by Land Application
Minimizing the adverse environmental impact which could result if
excessive amounts of sludge were applied on land is contingent on
proper application rates. It is recommended that a research project
be conducted to determine the best application rates for sludge
produced at the plant when it is constructed for the different soil
types on which it will be applied.
11.2.2 Odor Control
Control of odors at wastewater treatment plants is of utmost
importance particularly when communities are located near the
treatment plant. This has been an occasional objection to the Winston
Thomas treatment plant. Sources of odors include the following:
1. Grip and grit chambers both in and out of service.
2. Septic wastewater screenings and grease at wetwells.
3. Pre-aeration tanks in which odorous gases are stripped from
wastewater.
4. Primary settling tanks where gasification of sludge may be caused
by infrequent sludge withdrawal and floating solids.
5. Biological facilities in which aerobic conditions may not always
be maintained. Causes such as clogged diffusers in aerators or
surcharged air-intake channels should be identified.
6. Tank walls, open channels, boxes and pits which are cleaned
infrequently.
7. Secondary settling tanks with accumulations of floating solids.
8. Over chlorination.
9. Oxidation ponds with odorous sludge accumulations.
10. Digesters of the anaerobic or aerobic type in which optimum
conditions have not been maintained.
11. Sludge holding and thickening facilities in which the contents
are not aerobic.
4-11-6
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12, Sludge dewatering facilities processing odorous sludges.
13. Incinerators that have exit gas temperatures below 1400 F.
The existing plant is overloaded. The new plant will not be
overloaded; and, furthermore, it will use the activated sludge process
with denitrification which will lend itself to better controls and
efficiency of operation. If odors should develop at the new plant,
the following mitigative measures will be used:
1. The first control strategy will evaluate physical and chemical
control measures that are permanent and effective in reducing
odors below the detectable level at the plant property line.
These may consist of:
a. Oxidation by chlorine, ozone, or hydrogen peroxide.
b. Chemical precipitation of sulfides.
c. Treatment of liquors such as supernant, centrate, filtrate,
and thickener overflow with lime powdered carbon, or
chemical oxidants.
d. Adjustment of loadings upon all biological facilities to a
level not in excess df design capacity. This may include
requiring pre-treatment of strong industrial wastes to an
acceptable strength.
e. Maintaining optimum operating conditions in all treatment
facilities.
f. Installation of environmental enclosures as required.
Filter and scrub air prior to discharge to atmosphere.
2. The second control strategy will evaluate corrective measures to
be implemented should an odor episode occur such as killing of
biological processes by toxic substances. These corrective
measures may include:
a. Staffing and equipment to identify sources and causes of
odors either at the plant or at the discharge source
responsible for the odor
b. Masking of odors
c. Emergency chemical treatment
d. Interim modification of plant operation
4-11-7
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11.2.3 Disinfection of Treated Sewage Effluent
Because of the possibility that chlorinated effluent could contain
toxic compounds which would reach the water - ipply of Bedford, 13
miles south of the Lake Monroe dam, it may be desirable to choose an
alternative disinfection system. It is recommended that chlorinated
sewage from the Winston Thomas plant be analyzed by gas
chromatographic mass spectropholometric (GC-MS) techniques to
determine if potentially toxic compounds are present. The results
should be compared to unchlorinated sewage at Winston Thomas to
determine which compounds result from the addition of chlorine. The
Environmental Protection Agency's laboratory in Athens, Georgia may be
commissioned to do the GC-MS work. If toxic compounds are detected
alternative disinfection agents which should be considered include:
1. Ozone
2. Bromine chloride
3. Chlorine - sulfur dioxide (i.e., chlorination - dechlorination)
4. No disinfection
11.2.4 Visual Impact
The visual impact of the plant sites can be mitigated by redesigning
the landscape features, creating berms from site excavated materials
and by strategically locating these berms where they will minimize the
more unsightly visual elements of the plant site. Much of this can be
done in conjunction with rechanneling, floodproofing and soil erosion
and sedimentation control activities. In addition, trees and natural
vegetations make ideal foils to hide unsightly views. The added
benefit resulting from carefully designed mitigative efforts will be
better noise control, since noise travels on a line-of-sight.
11.2.5 Clear Creek Recreation
Reference has been made to the fact that Clear Creek is sometimes used
for non-white water leisure type canoeing, and as such, is one of the
few creeks in the area with enough flow for canoeing. While the
Consultant was unable to substantiate this claim, it is quite certain
that with the Salt Creek site configuration in low flow periods such
as the summer, there will not be enough water in Clear Creek to
support canoeing since most of the flow now in the summer consists of
effluent. The only way to remedy this would be to augment Clear Creek
flow upstream with dams, etc., which is not likely to happen.
4- 11-8
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11.2.6 Zoning
The non-structural mitigative measure with the greatest potential for
easing land use frictions which are more apparent during the
operational stage is the standard zoning ordinance and the floodplain
ordinance. Most sewage treatment plants are located in or near the
flood plains, since a low-lying location is necessary to facilitate
gravity flow and to provide for ready discharge to a waterway. This
location is less than ideal for residential locations since they
normally can less afford expensive flood protection devices. A
floodplain ordinance can restrict and control floodway and floodway
fringe development. Such a provision is incorporated into the City of
Bloomington's zoning ordinance which would affect the Winston and
South Rogers sites. The county zoning ordinance, applicable to all
other sites, does not have a similar provision.
Rarely is a sewage treatment plant located in the middle of an
existing residential development. Usually the plant is located prior
to residential development. One aspect of zoning that can be used to
ensure that this situation is controlled to require that sewage
treatment plants, because of their unique operating conditions, come
in for a special exception or a conditional use permit. Usually this
requires that special preconditions be met in the course of plant
location such as extra wide setbacks and yards, and the special
exceptions procedure usually requires a public hearing and public
notification of adjoining property owners as a prerequisite to any
hearing. The Bloomington Zoning Ordinance is silent with respect to
sewage treatment plant locations and does not precondition or make
special exception to plant location, while the county zoning considers
the sewage treatment plant as a special exception and requires open
and unutilized yards having 300 feet depth as its sole condition.
Probably the most pertinent aspect of zoning in relation to mitigating
the effects of sewage treatment plants would be to zone the site and
immediate area for other than residential uses to ensure that people
do not build at the edge of sewage treatment plants. This would
protect people from making poor locational decisions that they may
later regret, and then use pressure to work for the removal of sewage
treatment plants, pump stations, or other utility facilities.
The Dillman and Ketcham Road sites are protected from residential
encroachment. Both are located within a rather large industrial
district that does not allow location of residences therein. At Salt
Creek, the land is zoned for residential usage, which under the
provisions of the Monroe County Zoning Ordinance allows for a variety
of residential housing types ranging from single family to apartment
units depending upon the availability of public sewerage. While it
seems unlikely that residences would be constructed in this poorly
drained bottom land, the current zoning ordinance would, on the face,
allow such a condition to develop.
4- 11-9
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The Rogers Site is apparently not zoned. The County Zoning Map shows
it within the city's jurisdiction, and the City Zoning District
boundaries terminate at Gordon Road. This should be rectified.
The development pattern around the Winston Thomas site is fairly well
established and would probably not be affected by any change in zoning
designations, although redesignation of the low density residential
strip bordering the northern boundary of the site might better be
classified as light manufacturing, the present site designation.
4-11-10
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12.1 Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources to the proposed
action should it be implemented.
Two classes of irreversibility and irretrievability need to be identified
in evaluating the commitment of resources. Class I is the irreversible
and irretrievable decisions that cannot be reversed such as the expenditure
of energy. And Class II commitments are the decisions to commit resources
which are not likely to be retrieved or reversed during the useful life
of the project.
Class I commitments resulting from the construction of the proposed
sewage treatment plant include the capital costs, energy, and labor
necessary to construct and make operational the proposed facility.
Class II commitments for the proposed STP include: the operational
requirements of chemicals, energy, mechanical equipment, labor, the
use of 60 acres of land zoned as industrial and the tax loss associated
with alternate uses of the site. Clear Creek will be relocated and
channelized to provide maximum utilization of the Dillman Road site.
The habitat for typical wildlife such as birds, rabbits, field mice,
etc. will be diminished.
4-12-1
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13.1 The relationship between local short term uses of man's environment and
the maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity.
The construction and operation of the proposed South Bloomington Sewage
Treatment Plant will result in efficient treatment of sewage generated
in the South Bloomington Service Area and a general improvement in the
water quality of Celar Creek and Salt Creek. To accomplish this im-
provement in surface water quality a commitment of energy and resources
necessary to operate the proposed facility (flow through the STP is
projected to be 15 MGD by the year 2000) and the removal from the tax
roles of approximately 60 acres of land zoned industrial will be
required.
4-13-1
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12.1 Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources to the proposed
action should it be implemented.
Two classes of irreversibility and irretrievability need to be identified
in evaluating the commitment of resources. Class I is the irreversible
and irretrievable decisions that cannot be reversed such as the expenditure
of energy. And Class II commitments are the decisions to commit resources
which are not likely to be retrieved or reversed during the useful life
of the project.
Class I commitments resulting from the construction of the proposed
sewage treatment plant include the capital costs, energy, and labor
necessary to construct and make operational the proposed facility.
Class II commitments for the proposed STP include: the operational
requirements of chemicals, energy, mechanical equipment, labor, the
use of 60 acres of land zoned as industrial and the tax loss associated
with alternate uses of the site. Clear Creek will be relocated and
channelized to provide maximum utilization of the Dillman Road site.
The habitat for typical wildlife such as birds, rabbits, field mice,
etc. will be diminished.
4-12-1
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13.1 The relationship between local short term uses of man's environment and
the maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity.
The construction and operation of the proposed South Bloomington Sewage
Treatment Plant will result in efficient treatment of sewage generated
in the South Bloomington Service Area and a general improvement in the
water quality of Celar Creek and Salt Creek. To accomplish this im-
provement in surface water quality a commitment of energy and resources
necessary to operate the proposed facility (flow through the STP is
projected to be 15 MGD by the year 2000) and the removal from the tax
roles of approximately 60 acres of land zoned industrial will be
required.
4-13-1
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CHAPTER 6
FEDERAL/STATE/LOCAL AGENCY COMMENTS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
The written comments in Part I of this chapter (pages 6-1 to 6-95)
were received or transmitted during the preparation of the draft
EIS. The order of the comments is as follows:
A) Federal, B) State, C) Local Agencies and Interest Groups,
and D) letters from individuals.
Part II of Chapter 6 (pages 6-96to 6-143 addresses comments received
on the Draft EIS and our responses and is divided into two sections:
1. Oral testimony and written comments submitted at the Public
hearing on May 3, 1976, in Bloomington, Indiana. Official tran-
scripts of this hearing are on file at:
a. USEPA, Region V offices, Water Division, 230 S. Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604.
b. Indiana State Board of Health, 1350 West Michigan,
Indianapolis, Indiana.
c. City of Bloomington, Utilities Service Library, 1969 S.
Henderson, Bloomington, Indiana 47401.
2. Written comments submitted during the official 45-day
comment period.
6-1
-------
PART I
A) FEDERAL COMMENTS
6-2
-------
Untteb States
MEMORANDUM
Please note the attached letter from
a constituent which I am forv/arding for
your consideration. It would be greatly
appreciated if you would check into this
matter. Upon completion of your inves-
tigation, please advise me of the status
of this case in duplicate and return the
original letter in an envelope addressed
to the attention of Parry Sraqow.
Thank you for your assistance.
Sincerely,
Birch
United States Senator
6-3
-------
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
Department of I'kysics
SWAIN HAI.L WEST I I 7
BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA 4740
TEL. NO. • i 2— 337-2650
November 13, 1975
Senator Birch Bayh
363 Old Senate Office Bldg.
Washington, D.C. 20510
Dear Senator Bayh:
WefJtave enclosed a copy of a letter sent to Mr. Hirt of the EPA, Region
V, in Chicago. It is important that the full interests of the community be
considered in this matter.
As mentioned in the letter to Mr. Hirt, some members of the Bloomington
Utilities Service Board have placed a high priority upon the economic
consequences of the delays in initiating our wastewater treatment project.
The delays reflect a long public discussion and a broad concern with the
ecological impact of the location of the treatment plant. A priority that"
is governed solely by economic concerns and not responsive to the environ-
mental considerations is, in our opinion, misplaced.
It is important that you understand that the costs for this project
have not increased solely because of inflation. More detailed engineering
studies and changes in the treatment .cost have also affected the cost esti-
mates.
The Environmental Impact Statement being prepared 'by EPA will resolve
our particular problem and bring the public debate to a conclusion. The
citizens of the United States must have an agency that works in a responsible
manner to preserve the best interests of our land. The economic and ecolog-
ical factors must be viewed together and properly balanced. The Congress
has given this responsibility to the EPA and defined the Environmental Impact
Statement as one of the instruments to be used to meet this obligation. The
EIS must be prepared carefully and completely if it is to serve its purpose.
Sincerely yours,
David L. Dilcher Hugft Jt Martin
Member, Utilities Service Board Member, Utilities Service Board
Dept. of Plant Sciences Dept. of Physics
Indiana University Indiana University
Bloomington, IN 47401 Bloomington, IN 47401.
DLD/HJM:mlc
enclosure
6-4
-------
E'"'IRONMENTAL PROTECTION
DEC 10 1975
Honorable Birch Bayh
United States Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
Dear Senator Bayh:
The Environmental Protection Agency is fully aware of the need to
address all pertinent issues in the siting of new sewage treat-
ment facilities for the South Bloomington Sewage Service Area as
indicated in the Nov. 13* 1975 letter from David L. Dilcher and
Hugh J. Martin. To aid us in our environmental evaluation the
consulting firm, Gilbert Associates- of Reeding Pennsylvania, was
hired and is completing an analytical report on key issues related
to the proposed projects. When the draft environmental impact
statement is issued, the final report of Gilbert Associates will
also be available, and a public hearing will be held to consider
all comments on these documents.
I am also enclosing a copy of the Nov. 3, 1975 letter from other
members of the Utilities Service Board and our response of Nov. 20,
1975. Based on the concerns of the citizens of Bloomington, it is
clear to us that the EIS process provides a viable mechanism for
resolution of these important concerns.
Your interest in this matter is appreciated and copies of the draft
and final £15 will be mailed to you when they are available.
cc: Office of Legislation
Planning & Standards Branch
OCIR
Sincerely yours,
Is! •
Valdas V. Adamkus
Acting Regional Administrator
6-5
-------
Senate
Respectfully referred to:
E.P.A.
Waterside Mall
401 M. Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Because of the desire of this office to be
responsive to all inquiries and communications,
your consideration of the attached is
requested. Your findings and views, in
duplicate form, along with return of the
\
enclosure, will be appreciated by
.ss.
V] Attnt Janis McClintock
44? Pcderal Building
Indianapolis, Indiana
46204
•«•*..
6-7
-------
'.TOOK
• V^vy V^Xv
- '
vs. . A
November 3, 1975
The Honorable Vance Hartke
313 Old Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20510
Dear Senator Hartke:
The Utilities Service Board of the City of Bloomington recently requested the
Environme<3^il Protection Agency to provide .inf ortaation .concerning ....the, direct
and indirect costs 1of.,,,tJtw>'^nyiro^enta/J,.Iiripact Statement that EPA ^.is. currently,
preparing^on Blooming ton' s proposed wastewatef treatment "facility. " (See the"'* '"
attached letter of August 21, 1975, from Utilities Project Coordinator Richard
S. Peoples.) As you can see from Mr. Harlan Hirt's response of September 19, 1975,
which is also attached, EPA does not seem disposed to divulge this information,
which we feel should be a matter of public record.
As citizens of Bloomington who are very interested in this project and as federal
taxpayers who are concerned with the total environmental and economic costs of
the new wastewater treatment facility, we sincerely believe we have the right
to know what the direct and indirect costs of the Environmental Impact Statement
will be. As one of our elected federal representatives, we would appreciate it
if you would look into this matter to help us secure this information.
Sincerely,
mjh
Enclosures
cc: Mr. Harlan Hirt
6-8
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DEC 11 1975
Honorable Vance Hartke
447 Federal Building
Indianapolis, Indiana 46204
Dear Senator Hartke x
This is in response to your request for information concerning
a letter you received from several members of the Utilities
Service Board (USB) of the City of Bloonington, Indiana. The
Environmental Protection Agency has responded to the Cook In-
corporated letter of Nov. 3, 1975 signed by several members of
the USB. Our response is detailed in the attached Nov. 20, 1975
EPA letter.
During November a second letter from two other members of the
USB was received by EPA. I am attaching this letter and the local
newspaper article which accompanied it. These letters illustrate
the differing viewpoints which exist on the USB regarding the
preparation time for the draft EIS. EPA is concerned about project
delays but also recognizes the need to fully evaluate all alter-
natives in the proposed project and the associated environmental
impacts.
When the draft CIS is issued, the final report of Gilbert Associ-
ates will also be available, and a public hearing will be held to
consider all comments on these documents. Based on the concerns
of the community it is clear to us that the. EIS process provides
a viable mechanism for resolution of these important concerns.
Your interest in this matter is appreciated and copies of the
draft and final EIS will be mailed to you when they are available.
Sincerely yours,
R. J. Schneider
Acting Regional Administrator
6-9
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FMVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGE* CY
DEC 41975
Mr. Gary R. Kent ;
Director of Utilities |
City of Bloomington Utilities I
P.O. Box 1216 i
Bloomington, Indiana 47401 \
Dear Mr. Kent:
This letter is a response to your November 20, 1975 letter concerning
preliminary findings with respect to tha Environmental Impact Statement
for the South Bloonington-Lake Monroe Service Area. As you know EPA
has received a draft report from the consulting firm of Gilbert Associates \
on the proposed wastewater treatment facilities. While some revision \
of this report is necessary and ongoing, a clear position with respect \
to comparing the Salt Creek Site and the Clear Creek Sites can be stated.
We will not support construction of the new sewage plant for the South
Bloomington Service Area at the Salt Creek Site in the Draft EIS. We
have determined that three Clear Creek Sites (Winston Thomas, Dlllman
Road and Ketchum Road) are preferable to the Salt Creek Site on an
environmental, economic and geographic basis. Preliminary present worth
analyses indicate that the Salt Creek Site is more costly than the three
Clear Creek Sites by several million dollars.
Furthermore, selection of the Salt Creek Site would result in less
centralization of sewer interceptor facilities, extensive disruption of
the Clear Creek stream banks, a poorer quality effluent, a less reliable
sewage treatment facility, and might cause an acceleration of the
development of the Lake Monroe Area prior to a full opportunity by the
local planning commission, with appropriate citizen input, to discuss and
evaluate land use options for the Lake Monroe Area.
I wish to point out that the above position is not a final determination
by EPA which can only be taken in the Final EIS after reviewing and
responding to agency and public comment. Our present analyses indicates
that the Salt Creek Site is not cost-effective and is not the optimum
environmental alternative. We cannot advise you on the manner in which to
respond to your purchase option on the Salt Greek Site. This letter can
only identify the position that will be presented in the Draft EIS.
6-10
1
-------
DEC 41975
Mr. Gary R. Kent
Page Two
When the Draft EIS IB Issued, the final report of Gilbert Associates Will
also be available and a public hearing will be held to consider all
comments on these documents.
Sincerely yours,
Valdas 7. Adankus
Acting Regional Administrator
6-11
1
-------
November 20, 1975
Cook Incorporated
925 South Curry Pike
P. 0. Box 489
Bloomington, Indiana A7401
Gentlenen:
We havft received your latter of IToveaber 3, 1975 regarding
!i costs of preparing the SIS for the Blooming ton project and
j! . are responding within tha procedures of th* Freedom of In-
jj formation Act.
'i
?j Ky staff advises that tha Utilities Service Hoard and others
| Involved In the Bloomln^ton EIS have provided excellent co-
| operation. We dafinitaly want to conttrreo in that spirit of
| \ cooperation. Unfortunately, cost of tha infomation you are
| : requesting is not available without consuming a great deal
I of effort in additional study and would require a mruber of
S'tbjoctive assuriptiona which would loave a good bit of douht
. as to th» result. t«e simply do not have tha c-aapover to con~
duct such a study.
1 . The only readily available feet in response to your request
is that our contract on the EIS is for $32,690. Wa estimate
f we cay devota approximately one can-year of in-house effort
at an estimated cost of about $16,000.
Although va recognize that compliance with the National Fn-
virotnoental Policy Act does involve delays when Impact State-
cent preparation is initiated late in the planning process,
it was our judgment that the Sloorrdngton proposal required
an EIS to satisfy the statute. Wa also feel thnt the poten-
tial savings in environaental iwpact and dollar costs out-
weigh the potential costs of lost tine.
I trust that through continuing cooperation we can bring; tha
process to a rapid conclusion and nove forward to design and
, . construction at an early date.
i
1 • Sincerely yours,
1 ' HDnirtrpa 11/20/75 ' /
1 / V -'
{ Henry L. Longest II
i • Director, Water Division
6-12
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£ 6fU ro
UNITED STATES
£ w--^ z ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
" sX
! ^r^7 ?
^^iil'^^^
REGION V
%. ^tll'Ji^ ^ 230 SOUTH DEARBORN ST.
^ cO^ CHICAGO, ILLINOIS &OG04
*i PRCt*-
September 19, 1975
Mr. Richard S. Peoples, Project Coordinator
City of Bloomington Utilities
P. 0. Box 1216
Bloomington, Indiana 47401
Dear Mr. Peoples:
In your letter of August 21, 1975, you requested direct and
indirect cost data to all parties related to the prepara-
tion of the Bloomington-Lake Monroe Indiana Draft and Final
EIS. First, let me identify that the decision to do an
EIS on a proposed project is not based on direct or indirect
costs, but on whether or not the proposed Federal action
(in this case a grant award for construction of wastewater
treatment facilities) is a major Federal action signifi-
cantly affecting the quality of the human environment (NEPA
Section 102(2)(c)). Furthermore, the final regulations
for Preparation of Environmental Impact Statements of EPA,
40 CFR Part 6, April 14, 1975, Sections 6.200 and 6.510,
identify criteria for determining when to prepare an envi-
ronmental impact statement.
i
With respect to the Bloomington-Lake Monroe, Indiana pro-
ject, it was apparent to EPA, based on the NEPA Act and our
regulations, that unresolved environmental concerns, such as
the optimum location for a new wastewater treatment facil-
ity existed and could most efficiently be resolved through
the environmental impact statement process. As you know,
both the Bloomington Utilities Board on April 4, 1975 and
the Mayor of Bloomington on April 10, 1975 officially re-
quested an EIS for the proposed project, being aware that
the EIS process generally takes 8-12 months until a grant
award can be made.
Once a Federal agency or a Federal court has declared that
an EIS is required, the time period necessary to complete
the EIS process is considered an essential step for the
project to proceed. (The courts have, in fact, stopped
construction of nuclear power plants, etc., until satisfac-
tory EIS was prepared.)
6-13
-------
The EIS process also provides the public a greater oppor-
tunity to identify their concerns and have their concerns
addressed in a written document subject to review by the
public, local, state and Federal agencies.
In the environmental impact statement EPA will address
costs through the cost effective analysis required under
P.L. 92-500. The cost effectiveness analysis with proper
concern for environmental impacts will be the basis upon
which a specific recommendation for wastewater treatment
facilities will be made. Direct and indirect costs assoc-
iated with the project will not be identified unless they
relate specifically to the cost effective analysis re-
quired under P.L. 92-500.
Sincerely yours,
i
BarIan D. Hirt
Chief, Planning Branch
6-1A
-------
B) STATE COMMENTS
6-l5
-------
STATEr
INDIANA
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
JOSEPH D. CLOUD
DIRECTOR
INDIANAPOLIS, 46204
September 12, 1975
Mr. Dale Luecht
Project Officer
Environmental Protection Agency
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Luecht:
We have reviewed the proposed wastewater treatment facilities to serve the
South Bloomington-Lake Monroe area and find that no known historic sites
will be effected.
This area has not been surveyed and if you find that your project has a
direct effect or is in close proximity to any older structures, please
contact us at the earliest possible time.
I understand that you have already been in contact with the Glenn A. Black
Archaeology Laboratory about archaeological sites in the area. Any
recommendations they forward should be included in your assessment.
Very truly yours,
ID. Cloud,
irtment of Natural Resources
JtJC:EG:jm
F C F
»'lAi\|Vl,M<.r
fn t «
6-16
-------
C) LOCAL AGENCIES'AND INTEREST GROUPS' COMMENTS
6-17
-------
CITY DF BLDDMINbrDN UTILITIES
P.O. BOX 1216
BLDDMINGTDN, INDIANA 474D1
TELEPHONE AC 812 339-2261
November 20, 1975
Dale Luecht
Planning
U.S.. E.P.A. Region V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Luecht:
During the past few months, we have stressed the
importance of the completion of the draft EIS prior to
December 12, 1975 as the City has invested and stands
to lose some $20,000 on land options at the proposed
Salt Creek site. I realize that it is impossible for
you to issue the draft EIS by December 12th.
It is imperative that we receive as much advise
and assistance as possible from your agency prior to
the expiration of these options. Therefore, we are
hereby requesting that you consider our situation and
its urgency. We do need guidance from (E.P.A. so that
the City can decide whether it should exercise, renew,
or drop the options on the Salt Creek site.
Any assistance you can give will be most appreciated
Sincerely,
Gary R. Kent
Director of Utilities
GRK/sew
cc: Utilities Service Board
Richard Peoples, Project Coordinator
6-18
-------
r'TY DF BLQDMINGinN UTILITIES
P. 0. BOX 1216 '
i
BLODMINGTDN, INDIANA 47401
TELEPHONE AC 812 339-2261
August 21, 1975
\v
Dale Luecht .'-...
Planning .
U.S. E.P.A. Region Y . -• . •
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604.
Dear Mr. Luecht: .
It would seem appropriate that the citizens have an opportunity
to know the cost for an Environmental Impact Statement. There
appears to be three vital areas which need to be explored in a
study of this type:
1. Cost to the Federal government for the study. This
should include employee time for an Environmental
Impact Statement and cost of any outside consultants.
2. • Cost to the state and local bodies who have Instigated
; . the project. This section should include items such
! as principle and interest on funds expended on the
project. Parts of prior engineering or design, which
may have been discarded by the Environmental Impact
'• * • . Statement, should be included.
• 3. Increased cost of construction resulting from inflation
during the period required for preparation of the
Environmental Impact Statement.
6.-19
-------
Dale Luecht
August 21, 1975
Page 2
For the sake of good order, we, the Utilities Service Board of
Bloomington, Indiana respectfully request that the Environmental
Protection Agency include a section in its Environmental Impact
Statement entitled Summary of Direct and Indirect Costs for the
Environmental Impact Statement.
Sincerely,
Richard S. Peoples
Project Coordinator
RSP/ses
cc: Utilities Service' Board
Environmental Impact Statement (.file)
6-20
-------
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
Department of Physics
SWAIN HALL WIST I 1 7
BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA 47401
TILL. NO. tit— 337-2650
November 13, 1975
Mr. Harlan Hirt
Chief, Planning Branch
EPA Region V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, IL 60604
Dear Mr. Hirt:
You recently received a letter from several members of the Bloomington,
Indiana, Utilities Service Board expressing their concern with the delays and
costs associated with the preparation of the Environmental Impact Statement
for our wastewater treatment plant. We want to make it clear that this
position is not supported by all members of the board. The initial request
for an EIS was made by the Utilities Service Board knowing full well that
costs and delays would be incurred. To now make an issue of the dollar costs
can only serve to thwart the reasons for the initial request.
The location of the wastewater treatment plant has been a controversial
issue in our community for several years and has remained so despite extended
public discussions. Both economic and ecological concerns were expressed.
In our nation's past, decisions of major importance were often based on
economic considerations alone. The Environmental Impact Statement insures
that both economic and ecological factors are considered in decisions involving
public funds. A proper balance between these factors is necessary if, in
the future, we are to sustain the quality of life we enjoy and preserve the
land we occupy.
We appreciate the work that EPA is doing on this project and the respon-
sibility that is assumed when preparing an EIS. A hastily-prepared statement
would not be adequate. To dismiss the concerns of any segment of the community
would not be proper. The time required for careful preparation of the EIS
will be only a small fraction of the time that we must live with the actions
that are to be taken.
Sincerely yours,
David L. Dilcher Hugh J. Martin
Member, Utilities Service Member, Utilities Service Board
Board Department of Physics
Dept. of Plant Sciences Indiana University
Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana
Bloomington, IN 47401 47401
DLD/HJM:mlc 6~21
Copies to: Senators Bayh, Hartke; Representatives Meyer, Hamilton
-------
Te ial envirbnmei t
'real' economics
By DON JORDAN
H-T Outdoor Editor
Environmental protection is coming under (ire from all quarters
of business and industry these days with critics beating the same
drum with the same tune that protecting the environment costs too
much.
Part of the difficulty environmentalists have in countering these
charges is that the large majority of business-oriented individuals
put price tags on everything. But how do you put a price tag on the
environment?
Many enviornmental thinkers point to the what they call "ex-
ternalities" of continued growth without environmental concerns
figured.
LYNTON K. CALDWELL, lU's environmental and political
science leader, is fond of pointing out these externalities of ex-
pansion when the total environment is not considered.
When William Cook of the Bloomington Utilities Service Board
recently blasted an environmental impact statement being
prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, he in-
1 sisted that economics is part of the the environment.
Environmentalists accept that argument, but Cook went one step
' farther, claiming that economic considerations must always come
first, then environmental protection is fine.
But what about those externalities?
Dollar figures can be placed on providing schools, streets,
sewers, water lines, sidewalks, transportation. These factors must
also be considered as part of the environment, and all have large
price tags afixed. And, when all of these environmental factors are
. included, costs incurred by government in drawing up impact
statements fade in comparison.
; COOK CLAIMED THE IMPACT statement for the new south
• sewage plant will end up costing millions. But what will be the
ultimate cost to the citizens of Bloomington and Monroe County if
an environmental mistake is made in selecting the site for the
plant?
! Utilities Director Gary Kent has pointed out that when new
service areas are picked up by the city, funds used to purchase the
utility lines from developers come from utility revenues.
In other words, all customers served by the utility end up paying
for new service. Such practices result in millions of dollars over
long periods of time. >
Likewise, when new utility services like the new sewage plant are
built, it is the customers who always end up paying the bills. Utility
rate increases result and tax increases are eventually needed to
provide those myriad other services demanded by new residents.
Tax base increases seldom provide increased income over the long
run when new services must be maintained into infinity.
BY NARROWLY DEFINING the environment, business and
industry leaders detail economic considerations and seldom talk
about the environment as a whole.
Who asks about the environment of Bloomington and Monroe
County as a whole — not just that narrow economic spectrum?
Unfortunately, the asking of that question is in this area left in the
hands of private citizens or environmental groups like Sassafras
Audubon Society, Sierra Club, Izaak Walton League and others.
This is unfortunate, but necessary, since government officials are
many times not sensitive to preserving the environment that
makes this area attractive.
Claude Ferguson recently pointed out that he likes this area and
wouldn't move to a metropolitan area like New York or Washington
for double his salary. Likewise, said Ferguson, his wife wouldn't
leave her favorite turkey wood for any salary.
PEOPLE HAVE MOVED to the Bloomington area because they
like the total environment of the area. The sprawling forests and
ridgclines provide a relief from the tensions of modern society.
When considering economics as a part of the environment of this
area, it would be good to wonder how far we can go m changing it
before people in other areas say: "I wouldn't take double my salary
to move from here to someplace like southern Indiana."
When those words are uttered is when the real economic crisis
will hit southern Indiana.
. (S'*«««-
<\
-------
November 3, 1975
Mr. Harlan D. Kirt
Chief, Planning Branch
U.S. E.P.A. Region V ^
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Hirt:
At the dilution of the Utilities Service Board of the City of Bloomington,
Mr. Richard S. Peoples, Utilities Project Coordinator, in a letter of August
21, 1975, requested a summary of direct and indirect costs for the Environment.
Impact Statement that the Environmental Protection Agency is currently preparing
on our proposed wastewater treatment facility. In your response to Mr. Peoples
of September 19, 1975, you state: "Direct and indirect costs associated with
the project will not be identified unless they relate specifically to the cost
effective analysis required under P.L. 92-500."
As you are well aware, the Environmental Protection Agency has requested a
great quantity of information from the Bloomington Utilities Department, the
consulting engineers Black & Veatch, and other interested parties. To our
knowledge all of this information has been provided with willingness; nothing has
been withheld or refused. Since the direct and indirect costs of the Environment'
Impact Statement are a genuine concern of local residents, we feel that the
Utilities Service Board's request for this information from the Environmental
Protection Agency is both legitimate and reasonable. Your response to Mr.
Peoples' letter, however, seems to indicate that the Environmental Protection
Agency does not believe that the people of Bloomington have the right to know
this information. As citizens of Bloomington who are very interested in this
project and as federal taxpayers who are concerned with the total environment
and economic costs of the new wastewater treatment facility, we respectfully
disagree.
When a study such as an Environmental Impact Statement is undertaken, the cost
of the study is just as important as the other data that is collected. We feel
that the value and merits of an Environmental Impact Statement should be measured—
at least in part—by the cost of collecting the information. An Environmental
Impact Statement takes time; in this day, time, unfortunately, can be measured
by the rate of inflation. Without knowing the cost due to lost time, might not
the economic environment of an entire community be jeopardized? Here in Bloomington,
for example, the possibility of a moratorium on growth in the southern drainage
area exists because the present wastewater treatment plant is overloaded and
antiquated. Inflation since 1972 has increased the cost of Bloomington1s proposed
6-23
-------
Mr. Harlan D. Hirt
November 3, 1975
Page 2
wastewater facility from $27 million to $40 million. This inflationary cost
increase suggests that each month used to study the environment costs $360,000.
We realize that it is impossible to place a price tag on the environment; however,
we believe that it would be in the best interests of all people if the Environmental
Protection Agency would thoroughly review its Environmental Impact Statement
process, keeping in mind the economic ramifications of such studies.
»
In our particular case here in Bloomington, we sincerely feel that withholding
this information about the direct and indirect costs of the Environmental Impact
Statement seriously hampers the spirit of cooperation that the people of this
community have attempted to foster between themselves and the Environmental
Protection Agency. With this in mind, we once again request that the Environmental
Protection Agency provide us with a statement that details the costs related to
the Environmental Impact Statement currently being conducted on Bloomington's
proposed wastewater treatment facility.
Sincerely,
njh
cc: Senator Birch Bayh
Senator Vance Hartke
Congressman John Myers
Congressman Lee Hamilton
6-24
-------
•'13(975
November 3, 1975
The Honorable John Myers
103 Cannon House Office Building
Washington, DC 20510
Dear Mr. Myers:
The Utilities Service Board of the City of Bloomington recently requested the
Environmental Protection Agency to provide information concerning the direct and
indirectr^osts of the Environmental Impact Statement that EPA is currently
preparing on Bloomington1a proposed wastewater treatment facility. (See the
attached letter of August 21, 1975, from Utilities Project Coordinator Richard
S. Peoples.) As you can see from Mr. liarIan Hirt's response of September 19,
1975, which is also attached, EPA does not seem disposed to divulge this infor-
mation, which we feel should be a matter of public record.
As citizens of Bloomington who are very interested in this project and as federal
taxpayers who are concerned with the total environmental and economic costs of
the new wastewater treatment facility, we sincerely believe we have the right
to know what the direct and indirect costs of the Environmental Impact Statement
will be. As one of our elected federal representatives, we would appreciate
It if you would look into this matter to help us secure this information.
Sincerely,
ojh
Enclosures
cc: Mr. Harlan Hirt
6-25
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CITY OF BLDDMINGTDN UTILITIES
P. D. BOX 1216
BLDDMINGTDN, INDIANA 47401
TELEPHONE AC 812 339-2261
August 12, 1975
Dale Luecht
Planning
U.S. E.P.A. Region V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Luecht:
Attached are the position papers for the individual Utilities
Service Board members concerning the improvement program as
outlined in the Bloomington South Facilities Program.
I must apologize for the delay in getting this document to you
as the positions were presented by the Board at the June 3, 1975
Utilities Service Board meeting.
If you have further questions for the Board or need clarification,
please direct your questions to me and I will see that they are
transmitted to the Board.
Sincerely,
Gary R. Kent
Director of Utilities
GRK/ses
cc: James R. Quin, Gilbert Associates, Inc
Utilities Service Board members
•VjG II-13 /'3
PLANNING BRANCH -
FIL£ NO.
6-26
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UTILITIES SERVICE BOARD
JUNE 3, 1975
The Utilities Service Board members gave the following recommendations
as to site alternatives for the proposed treatment plant site:
DAVID DILCHER: Dilcher affirmed his belief that Dillman Road is the best
site for the location of the proposed sewage treatment plant. He stated
that this site best satisfies the needs of the City and the Region for
the following reasons:
1. It accomodates a gravity flow for the main lines and interceptors
adaptable for picking up both City and Regional waste.
2. It is removed from residential areas and can be properly screened,
With proper county zoning, residential development can be
-restricted.
3. It would provide a higher level of treatment for the effluent.
4. It would provide a more constant and easily controlled treatment
because the two-stage plant planned for this site is less
susceptible to upsets.
5. It would be less distruptive to the Clear Creek Valley.
6. The Lake Monroe Region could tie in,in total or in part.
7. The cost would be equivalent to or less than the Salt Creek site
in the long run considering the lower operations and maintenance
expense.
8. It would not encourage stringer type development along a long
outfall sewer and will allow the development of city-centered
facilities.
9. Space would be provided for expansion to 40 MGD.
10. It would best serve the Region by providing easy pick-up from the
Smithville and Paynetown areas and it would not require such long
interceptor sewers as the Salt Creek site.
11. There is the distinct possibility of a force main from the south-
west section of the Lake being extended up Clear Creek Valley to
Di1Iman Road.
6-27
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UTILITIES SERVICE BOARD
JUNE 3, 1975
WILLIAM COOK: Cook indicated that he accepts the Black & Veatch summary
that the Salt Creek site is the most desirable. The selected plan in-
cludes a gravity sewer from the existing South Plant along Clear Creek
to a 20 MGD plant at the Salt Creek site.
The selected proposal is as described under Section Ten of the Facilities
Plan except that the initial design flow is 20 MGD. This site is the most
desirable based on environmental concerns and cost effectiveness. In
addition, the plan is well adapted to providing service to the Lake
Monroe Region. If service were to be extended to the Lake Monroe Region
the selected plan would be modified by the construction of a 5 MGD plant
addition approximately fifteen years after the initial start-up.
Availability of land is a great difference between the Salt Creek and
Dillman Road sites. Unlimited land is available at the Salt Creek site
for disposal of wastes, composting, and future plant expansion.
The Salt Creek site could service Lake Monroe and also the southern
Monroe County area. Since we supply their water Cook feels we should
consider providing sewage treatment. He feels that we must provide for
the future so that growth will take place in southern Monroe County. Cook
mentioned that in the Land Suitability Study the southwest section is the
greatest portion of land available for any kind of development at Lake
Monroe. Cook indicates disagreement with Dilcher as far as cost of
operation is concerned. He stated there would be a $200,000 operations
savings on a year-to-year basis of operation at the Salt Creek site which
would result in lower sewer bills for residents.
JACK MARTIN: Martin listed his reasons in support of the Dillman Road
site. He feels that a higher degree of sewage treatment is offered by
the two-stage plant proposed for the location. Because the effluent
discharged from Dillman Road eventually passes Salt Creek a higher degree
of treatment is indicated and with less impact for Salt Creek.
The main difference Martin sees between the Dillman Road and Salt Creek
sites is that the Dillman Road site is the most cost effective for the
near future. The arguments for Salt Creek are based upon predictions for
the distant future and projections about what will happen in different
areas of the City and the Lake Region. Because construction costs for
Salt Creek are three million dollars more than for Dillman Road, Martin
feels it would take a great number of years for Salt Creek to become more
6-28
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UTILITIES SERVICE BOARD
JUNE 3, 1975
cost effective than Dillman Road. The areas of clear cost differential
according to Martin are: (1) the difference between the one-stage Salt
Creek plant and the two-stage Dillman Road plant, and (2) the difference
between the outfall sewer required by Salt Creek and a shorter sewer
required by Dillman Road. If drying beds were constructed at Dillman
Road the sludge disposal costs would be about the same. The degree of
treatment offered at Dillman Road would result in 97.5% removal of BOD
and suspended solids as opposed to 95.7% removal offered at Salt Creek.
The two-stage plant would employ additional people in the daily plant
operation. Martin stated that the costs are based on a 20 MGD plant
flow which is a higher flow than has been projected for the first
twenty years.
Martin went on to state that he finds the question of a Regional plant
a rather difficult concept. In looking at the argument that a central
plant is the most effective way to treat sewage, it seems unrealistic
that sewage must be moved so far to implement that concept. In applying
this to our present situation, Martin stated that with the exception of
the southwest part of the Lake the Salt Creek site is relatively
inaccessible to the rest of the Region and Bloomington. Martin indicated
that his belief was that perhaps a separate plant should be considered
for the southwest part of the Region.
Martin then outlined his uncertainties concerning the projections for the
Region. He feels that looking at a 40 MGD plant to service a Bloomington
population of 200,000 is looking too far into the future. He finds the
Region predictions troublesome for the fact that if the plant is built at
Salt Creek to service the Region and the projected growth fails to occur
then the plant will be serving a very small base of people. Martin stated
that Region growth predictions are based on: (1) growth in a basically
rural area projected to increase by 1007, (2) growth in the Lake Monroe
recreational areas is predicted to double, and (3) large growth of those
building developments around the Lake. Martin disagrees with the rural
area growth stating that it would be difficult to determine the high
density areas. He concluded his remarks by restating his feelings that
the arguments for the Salt Creek site seem to be much more uncertain
and difficult to assess than arguments for Dillman Road.
RICHARD FEE: Fee stated that as a result of ten years experience he feels
that the most suitable site is the one located as far downstream as possible
the Salt Creek site. He indicated that the former sewage treatment plant
was located just two miles north of the present Winston Thomas site so if
we are not to make the same mistake again we should move as far downstream
6-29
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UTILITIES SERVICE BOARD
JUNE 3, 1975
as possible. Fee feels that the Salt Creek site would be better suited
to meeting changing dilution requirements, sludge disposal requirements,
and degree of treatment in future years.
In response to the argument that string-type development will be
encouraged, Fee gave two reasons stating why he feels this will not occur
1. The pipe is neither in the flood plain nor inaccessible to
normal development.
2. The land around it is not suitable for development. There
are too many quarries on the west and it is economically not
feasible to build there.
ROBERT SCHMUHL: Schmuhl stated that he favors the Salt Creek site.
According to Schmuhl initial costs would be higher at Salt Creek but long
term operating and maintenance costs and the cost for equipment replace-
ment would be lower.
Schmuhl feels that there would be a greater expanse of available and
suitable land at Salt Creek. This would be beneficial because more
efficient sludge disposal and sufficient space for additional facilities
would be provided. At Dillman Road there would be no room for construction
of additional facilities if further advanced treatment processes were
mandated in the future.
AILEEN SCHALLER: Schaller stated that because the total costs between
the Salt Creek and Dillman Road sites are not much different that cost
cannot be a basis for decision.
Although no permanent environmental damage will result from either site,
Schaller feels there are two areas of possible concern: (1) the outfall
sewer, and (2) the Lake Monroe Region. With careful attention to
revegetation, long range damage will be prevented in the area of the out-
fall sewer. As for damage to the Lake Monroe Region, the plant will not
be crucial to development but will instead be of use to the Region.
Regarding other environmental concerns, Schaller stated we must not over-
look the aesthetic and odoriferous considerations. She stated that the
plant should only be located along a major entry corridor to the City as
6-30
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UTILITIES SERVICE BOARD
JUNE 3, 1975
a last resort. The Dillman Road site would be on constant display, while
the Salt Creek site will use less of our dwindling energy year in and
year out.
Physical characteristics should also be considered in choosing a plant
site. The plant should be located on level ground relatively free of
rock. There should be adequate room for expansion and on-site sludge
disposal. Undeveloped land should be available for a buffer zone. There
should be natural screening of the plant.
In closing Schaller stated that the Salt Creek site meets all of the
preceding criteria while the Dillman Road site meets none.
Further discussion of the plant sites followed the Board members pre-
sentations. Fee recognized additional pluses for the Salt Creek site as
being the lessened effects of an accident due to greater dilution possible.
He also mentioned that the plant would probably be resized down to 15 MGD
by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Utilities personnel were then asked to give their opinions as to the plant
site choice. Director of Utilities Gary Kent stated that major consider-
ations should be the cost of operation as far as local dollars are concerned:
the balance of commodities in operation, the ability to serve the potential
growth and the plant layout. He Indicated that some costs are questionable
for both sites but he favors the Salt Creek site. Utilities Treatment
Engineer Mike Phillips added that he felt the Salt Creek site was best from
the operating standpoint and Project Coordinator Rick Peoples concurred.
Fee moved, Schmuhl seconded a motion that the Salt Creek site be
recommended to the Environmental Protection Agency as the site chosen by
members of the Utilities Service Board and by Black & Veatch engineers to
be the most suitable for the proposed treatment plant. The vote was four
to two in favor of the Salt Creek site.
6-31
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..iKONMENTAL PROTECTION
RECEIVED
JAN 2.: 1S76
EVALUATION OF GILBERT RE
"" e wo.
A direct comparison between the Gilbert Report
and the Facilities Plan prepared by Black & Veatch is
extremely difficult. However, our preliminary review
reveals a number of areas where serious questions exist.
Among these are:
1. On page 5-1, a misunderstanding of the
nitrogen discharge requirements of the State of
Indiana is apparent. On Clear Creek the winter
requirement should be 3.0 and not 6.5. On Salt
Creek the summer discharge should be 7.9 rather
than 3.0.
2. The additional cost of facilities to
provide second stage nitrification at Clear Creek
sites is estimated on page 6-14 of the report at
$1,722,000. It would seem that this second set
of aeration, sedimentation and sludge handling
facilities should cost about 20% of the liquid
treatment cost (page 6-14) or about $3,400,000.
3. The cost of operating and maintaining a
two stage nitrification plant on Clear Creek is
estimated at only 8% more than operating a single
stage nitrification plant at Salt Creek, despite
the fact that the Salt Creek plant must nitrify
only during the summer months while a Clear Creek
plant must nitrify twelve months a year.
4. Either no rock excavation is included
or the quantity of rock is seriously underestimated
for the necessary channel relocations for Clear
Creek sites.
6-32
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EVALUATION OF GILBERT REPORT
PAGE TWO
5. The cost of the gravity sewer to the Salt
Creek site shown on page 36-A is over-estimated.
The price for all sewers larger than 42" in diameter
is based on an over-sized pipe that is not needed to
carry the anticipated flow. Current quotations on
sewer pipe are from 20 to 35% less than those used
for each pipe size.
6. In our experience, we have never found it
necessary to construct and maintain a permanent road
for vehicles along an outfall sewer. (page 8-6)
7. On page 10-1, the report states that the
Salt Creek site is not adequate to sustain land
application of sludge produced there. A call to
Joseph B. Farrell, Chief of the Ultimate Disposal
Section, of the Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory, of the U.S. EPA in Cincinnati, revealed
that the formula used in the Gilbert Report was not
current. Using the correct figures would allow about
2 1/2 times the sludge loading proposed in the report.
8. The report states on page 10-20 that the
costs for the recommended haul and application of
sludge from Dillman Road and Salt Creek sites are
within 8% of each other, even though the sludge
application site is immediately across the creek from
the Salt Creek site, according to Plate 3. In addition,
the report assumes that the owners of this property
will accept the sludge.
6-33
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EVALUATION OF GILBERT REPORT
PAGE THREE
9. It Is extremely doubtful that a new 15 mgd
two stage nitrification treatment plant can be built
on the Winston Thomas site west of the existing
facilities as stated on page 3-1. In addition, the
report reveals a lack of understanding of the exist-
ing Winston Thomas facility when it refers to the
obsolete, fixed-nozzle, sprinkling filters as
"Bio-filters."
10. The assumption that pumping 1.9 mgd north
to the Blucher Poole plant will provide a less cost-
ly treatment scheme than handling it in its natural
watershed. (page 1-4) It does not consider the fact
that the Blucher Poole plant will have to be upgraded
to meet substantially the same standards as discharges
to Clear Creek.
11. Page 31-A of the report discusses the need
for one pump station to serve Smithville while Plate
3, illustrating this facility, shows two.
12. The statements in Section 5 to the effect
that two stage nitrification by a plant on Clear Creek
is, per se, superior to single stage nitrification on
Salt Creek, suggests that it is considered that the
State of Indiana has not properly allocated waste
loading to the streams of the State.
If a detailed comparison between this Report and the
Facilities Plan would be of value, we at Black & Veatch
respectfully request that this Report be presented on a
basis comparable to the Facilities Plan.
6-34
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Gilbert/Commonwealth engineers and consultants
GILBERT ASSOCIATES, INC., P. 0. Box 1498, Reading, PA 19603/Tel. 215 775-2600/Cable Gilasoc/Telex 836-431
February 17, 1976
Mr. Dale Luecht
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL. 60604
Re: Bloomington, Ind. E1S
W.O. 06-7147-000
Dear Mr. Luecht:
I am enclosing one original copy of each of the following revised pages for
the Bloomington Report.
2-2 6-11 5-A 14-A 20-A
2-3 6-12 6-A 15-A 29-A
2-4 6-14 8-A 17-A 31-A
5-1 3-A 12-A 18-A
5-2 4-A 13-A 19-A
The changes made in these pages include some minor typographical errors we
found and also changes in some calculations as a result of our conversations
and the questions raised by Black and Veatch at the meeting on January 29.
The revisions indicate some changes in dollar amounts for various items, but
there is no change in the ranking of alternatives.
The following are specific responses to the 12 comments made by Black and
Veatch at the meeting.
1. Appropriate corrections have been made in the report.
2. Appropriate corrections have been made in figures in light of Comment #1.
3. The statement is essentially correct.
4. Based on on-site investigation at the Dillman site, bedrock is at least
ten feet (10') below the surface in the area where the stream would be
relocated. Rock excavation for stream re-location should be minimal.
5. The over-sized pipes on which we based our estimates are shown in Appendix B,
Plans 1 and 2, Black and Veatch Facilities Plan, 1974. We did not under-
take any new hydraulic calculations, but simply used the pipe sizes shown on
the Black and Veatch Plans.
6. No permanent road is planned along the outfall sewer, and no costs for ^*uch a
road are included in the calculations. The statement referred to simply
indicates that the line, and manholes in particular, must be accessible.
525 Lancaster Avenue, Reading, PA 800 Hill Avenue, Wyomibbing, PA / Morgantown Road, Green Hills, Reading, PA 215 775-2600
209 East Washington Avenue, Jackson. Ml 517 788-3000 / 80 Pine Street. New Vork, NY 21? 422-3177
6-35
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Gilbert Associates, Inc. U.S. Environmental . rotection Agency
Mr. Dale Luecht
February 17, 1976
Page 2
7. Source for our figures was also EPA in Cincinnati (Mr. Kenneth Dotson) .
8. Although sludge application site is close to Salt Creek site, highway
distance to the sludge application site is considerably greater than the
straight line distance.
9. We agree that building a new plant on the Winston Thomas Site would be
extremely difficult. However, the Black and Veatch plan (First Amendment)
conceded that it would be possible.
10. Dispite the need for upgrading, the North plant appears to be grossly over-
sized for the flow it is handling. The increased flow from the South
drainage area should improve process efficiency.
11. We actually have assumed two pumping stations.
12. The comparison is made simply in the quality of the effluent.
If you have any further questions, please give me a call.
Very truly yours ,
GILBERT • ASSOCIATES , INC .
JAMES R. QUIN, P.E.
Project Manager
Environmental Division
JRQ/nh
Enclosures
6-36
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RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND CONSERVATION COMMISSION
ON THE SITING OF THE PROPOSED
BLOOMINGTON SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES
. PR"HI 'ION
R F H F ' 0
r-LANiNL- . .. .^ .n
HO
1
6-37
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RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
AND CONSERVATION COMMISSION ON T!!C SITING OF THE PROPOSED
BLOOMINGTON SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES
1. General Background
Almost since its inception during the spring of 1972 the Environ-
mental Quality and Conservation Commission (EQCC) has been studying
the environmental aspects of the placement of a new waste-water treat-
ment facility in southern Bloomington. This is demonstrated by the
record of the EQCC meetings, whichis summarized in the Appendix. The
EQCC has discussed the siting of the facilities during many civic
meetings, has supported several pertinent studies, and has participated
in studies carried out by other's. We have presented recommendations
and relevant information to the citizens of Bloomington, to the Common
Council, to various members of the City Administration, and to State and
Federal officials. Relying on these experiences and the understanding
we have gained from them, we present this report as our analysis of
the environmental factors -associated with the siting of the proposed
facilities.
From an environmental perspective, there are two major siting
options: the proposed Salt Creek site and the alternative sites on
upper Clear Creek. Possible alternative sites mentioned to date include
the present Winston Thomas site and sites on South Rogers Street, on
Dill man Road, and on Ketcham Road.
6-38
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II. Recommendations
Based on their community involvement referred to above and on
their professional expertise in such areas as physics, chemistry, eco-
logy, and soil science, the members of the EQCC have unanimously con-
cluded that all of the Clear Creek sites are environmentally preferable
to the Salt Creek site. Of the Clear Creek sites, the EQCC believes
that the total environmental impact of construction and operation at
the Dillman Road site will be the least. Therefore, the EQCC recommends
that the treatment facility be placed at the Dillman Road site. This
report will present our reasons for this recommendation; first, the
environmental issues differentiating all of the Clear Creek sites from
Salt Creek; second, the environmental and social issues which differ-
entiate Dillman Road from Winston-Thomas and South Rogers St. There
are four main reasons for selection of a Clear Creek Site:
a. The terrestrial and aquatic destruction involved in running
the outfall sewer to Salt Creek will be avoided.
b. The level of effluent quality from the Clear Creek sites will
be greater.
<
c. The Salt Creek site is within the floodplain of Salt Creek,
directly below the spillway at the reservoir and located on
a soil type known to be subject to waterlogging. (See Soil Survey)
d. The possibility of adverse secondary effects of facilitated
development at Lake Monroe because of placement at Salt Creek
will be less severe.
The primary considerations differentiating Dillman Road from Winston
Thomas/St. Rogers St. are the adverse aesthetic impact of a wastewater
treatment facility placed in the more densely populated areas and the
6-39
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social impact of relocation of several families living in a trailer
park on the proposed site.
III. Comparison of the Environmental Effects of Clear Creek and
Salt Creek Siting
A. Outfall Sewer Effects
Locating the waste-water treatment plant at the distant Salt
Creek site requires a long outfall sewer. There are five alternative
sewer routes from Bloomington to that site:
(1) under Clear Creek;
(2) along Clear Creek, but higher upon the banks and slicing
across the creek's bends;
(3) as in (2), but using a force main to cut across the broad
westerly bend of the creek;
(4) along Clear Creek to the Ketcham Road area, then across the
hills via a force main to lower Little Clear Creek, then
south along Little Clear Creek and Clear Creek;
(5) as in (4), but to upper Little Clear Creek.
The proposed outfall sewers to the Ketcham Road and Dillman Road sites
follow route (2) above, but for much shorter distances. Both the South
Rogers Street and Winston Thomas sites would require 9000 ft. force
mains running up the Clear Creek bed from the proposed southeast inter-
ceptor sev.'ar. It should also be noted that, should the Lake Monroe
Regional Waste District decide to have its wastewater treated at a
Bloomington Clear Creek facility, a force main running overland from
6-40
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from Smithville to the Clear Creek bed will have to be built.
Outfall sewer construction and maintenance will have detrimental
environmental effects; the longer the sewer is, the worse these effects
will be. These effects can result from earth-moving during construction
and may also include permanent environmental damage caused by right-
of-way clearance and maintenance. All of these effects are magnified
by the proximity of a natural area, Cedar Bluffs. Following is a
more detailed consideration of these factors.
The right-of-way for construction of sewer alternative (2), which
is the one recommended by Black & Veatch, is 100 feet wide and about
60,000 feet long. An area of six million square feet will thus be
subjected to physical abuse. A trench averaging twelve feet deep will
be dug down the length of this right-of-way. Much of the 4.3 million
cubic feet of earth that will have to be removed is limestone, which
will have to be blasted out. Some of this spoil will be bulldozed and
graded to level the right-of-way for maintenance access. It is rather
difficult to believe that bulldozing and blasting on this scale could
be done with an eye to "limiting environmental disruption" (Black &
1
Veatch, p. X-16). It is more reasonable to believe that construction
activity will result in the destruction of much terrestrial and aquatic
wildlife habitat, in addition to impairing the stream's aesthetic value.
Despite the promise to grade and reseed "as soon as practicable,"
it may work out that, considering the frequency of rain and flash-
flooding in the area, erosion may set in before vegetative cover does.
In the case of alternative (3), erosion may also result from unrevege-
tated sewer line easements in the hills above the creek. In any case,
the resultant siltation of the stream could have an effect on the aquatic
6-41
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biota more permanent that that caused by sewer construction itself.
The EQCC also has reservations about the effects of the twenty-odd
creek crossings proposed under alternatives (1) and (2). The provisions
for keeping the line from being dug up by the action of the stream are
not described in the Black & Veatch report. This makes it impossible
to comment on them specifically except to hypothesize that there may
be permanent changes in the substrate of the creek which could affect
stream biota, flow characteristics, and aesthetics adversely.
Though specific techniques for right-of-way maintenance have not
been described by Black & Veatch, usual procedures involve defoliation
with herbicides. This would constitute a chronic perturbation to the
immediate and neighboring wildlife habitat as well as a possible source
of pollution from runoff.
Another problem is the proximity of the Cedar Bluffs area to the
Clear Creek sewer route. Sewer construction and maintenance could affect
the integrity of this area through the resultant noise, dust, and impair-
ment. While the sewer does not pass through the area, alternatives
place the line just across the creek from it. On the basis of the above
1
considerations, the EQCC recommends that the important potential negative
environmental effects of the outfall sewer be minimized by minimizing
the length of the sewer, subject to constraints described below.
B. Effluent Quality Effects
The Salt Creek facility is to be a one-stage plant, while current
state water quality standards require that a Clear Creek plant, because
of the low dilution capacity of the receiving stream, be a two-stage
6-42
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plant. A one-stage plant is somewhat more susceptible to rapid
changes in plant variables such as water volume than a two-stage plant.
Rapid changes in water volume do occur in the Bloomington area during the
summer. It is conceivable that at that time a one-stage plant could
discharge improperly treated effluent.
More importantly, however, a one-stage plant will be unable to
discharge effluent of a quality high ehough to meet the standards
currently required for 1983 by Public Law 92-500. Yet the Black &
Veatch study which judges the cost effectiveness of the Salt Creek
and Dillman Road sites to be similar assumes a one-stage plant at the
Salt Creek site. The EQCC questions the rationale behind a twenty-
year cost effectiveness study predicated on water quality standards that
will be superseded by more stringent ones after only five years. Clearly,
with respect to present water quality standards, a Dillman Road plant
would be more cost effective thah a Salt Creek plant, because the former
would discharge a higher quality effluent for the same cost; with respect
to future standards, a cost effectiveness study would have to consider
fines the City might have to pay due to the emission of an illegal
effluent by a Salt Creek plant. The EQCC concludes that, environmentally,
and legally, a two-stage plant is better than a one-stage plant and
that, economically, a two-stage plant at Dillman Road is better than a
two-stage plant at Salt Creek.
An added benefit of a Clear Creek site with the relatively clean
effluent it is required to discharge is the potential recreational use
of Clear Creek as a canoe stream. Such areas are not abundant around
Bloomington. If the Salt Creek site is chosen, the flow in Clear Creek
6-43
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will be too low to permit its use for this purpose.
C. Hydrological Effects
The proposed method of sludge disposal at the Salt Creek site is
subsurface soil injection over an area comprising most of the site.
During the spring rains of 1975, this area was heavily waterlogged. The
EQCC cautions that sludge injection into land which is subject to
periodic leaching by rain water, and which abuts major receiving streams,
may result in periodic large influxes of nutrients, untreated heavy
metals, and other matler into the streams. It should be noted that this
creek water is a water source for Bedford, only thirteen miles down-
stream. These problems are not addressed in the facilities plan.
These possible detrimental hydrological effects may be exacerbated
by the location of the Salt Creek site within a 100-year flood plain.
Until flood-plain alterations potentially caused by the Lake Monroe
dam are known, it would be wise to require that the facility's constr-
uction plans include safeguards to prevent discharge, leakage, or
leaching of untreated wastes from the plant area into the creeks during
periods of high water. »
D. Secondary Effects of Unplanned Development in the Lake Monroe Area.
Another major concern of the EQCC is the possible adverse effect
on the Lake Monroe area resulting from development in the lake's
watershed stimulated by the placement of the treatment facility at
Salt Creek. We anticipate this facilitation because, according to
92-500
Public Law / development cannot occur without suitable wastewater
treatment. While the dollar costs to Bloomington at Dillman Road or
6-44
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Salt Creek are similar, the cost to LMRWD*IS much less if the Bloom-
ington Plant is at Salt Creek. The advantage of this Salt Creek hookup
is that several existing sources of effluent will be removed from the
lake. This is the main environmental benefit of this arrangement.
This is balanced by the possibility that cheaper sewage treatment will
permit more rapid development than would otherwise occur. In principle
the development of private living structures and even commercial ones,
need not lead to the deterioration of the lake region, providing that
sufficient planning controls and enforcement procedures are established
and maintained. No such planning structures and controls exist in the
region at this time. The Lake Monroe Land Suitability Study recently
carried out is not intended to guarantee the planning needed in the
area although it can serve as background for the development of such
a plan. In view of this situation EQCC is evaluating potential environ-
mental effects based on recent and current planning and construction
methods.
The EQCC considers the primary functions of Lake Monroe to be
1) flood control water impoundment, 2) a recreational resource,
3) a major source of domestic water for the City of Bloomington and its
environs. It is the potential deterioration of these functions of the
lake with which we are concerned. In addition, much of the land around
the lake presently has an undisturbed, natural quality which is important
in and of itself and also as it enhances the recreational value of the
whole region.
Development without a regional land use plan and construction
practice regulations potentially could detract from the functions listed
*Lakc Monroe Henional Waste District
6-45
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above in the f611 owing ways:
1) Conversion of privately owned natural areas into develop-
ments which will decrease the amount of natural landscape for aesthetic,
wildlife and recreational use. This effect will be concentrated in.
certain areas.
2) Improperly controlled construction destroys foliage and ground
cover, resulting in erosion, increased sedimentation and potentially
decreased water quality.
3) Increased use of motor-driven boats and motor vehicle traffic
on land will probably result in increased amounts of oil-based products
and heavy metals entering the lake.
4) Motor boat traffic may result in incre?sed shoreline erosion.
5) Unaesthetic construction on and around the lake's shoreline
will detract from the natural quality and recreational value of the
lake area.
One very important variable which must be considered in evaluating
possible development around Lake Monroe is the opinion of those people
who use the Lake. Wise (1975) has surveyed opinions of users and found
1
significant expressions in favor of preserving the semi-natural quality
of the area. Most users prefer swimming, camping, and boat fishing as
recreational activities. A substantial plurality favored fewejr condo-
miniums and houses around Lake Monroe than presently exist. Facilities
which those interviewed did not desire included motels, sporting goods
stores, condominiums, houses, and boat ramps. All but 3% found the
forest around the lake attractive. The attribute which people like best
is the beauty of_ the lake. The attributes liked least are the crowding
and facilities. EQCC's conclusion about public opinion is that the type
6-46
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of development likely to be facilitated by placement of Bloomington's
sewage treatment plant at Lake Monroe (houses, condominiums, commercial)
is precisely the type of development which Lake users do not want.
Further, such development might destroy those aspects of the Lake envir-
onment which the users appreciate the most (attractiveness, forests,
fishing) and exacerbate problems which they already perceive (crowding
and facilities).
EQCC is concerned that the necessary regional planning does not
exist to control such effects on the lake's primary functions as those
listed above. We therefore believe that development should not be
facilitated by placement of the plant at Salt Creek. We recognize the
environmental value of removing present sources of effluent from the lake,
but are not certain that this value overweighs the other negative effects
which potentially might result.
E. Summary
The Salt Creek site will require a longer and thus more environ-
mentally disruptive outfall sewer than any of the Clear Creek sites.
A Clear Creek plant will produce effluent of higher quality than the
proposed Salt Creek plant, whose effluent will be outside legal limits
shortly after commencement of operation. Hydrological considerations
indicate that a Salt Creek plant may periodically cause stream pollution.
Finally, the Salt Creek site is more likely than a Clear Creek site to
lead to unplanned development in the Lake Monroe area, with all the
environmental deterioration this implies. Because the environmental
costs of the Salt Creek site are obviously much higher than those of
6-47
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the Dillman Road site, and because the economic costs are similar, the
Salt Creek site can be eliminated from further consideration.
IV. Comparative Evaluation of jthe jngar j>eek j>Hes
Differences among the impacts of the various ciearCreek sites on
the physical environment are minor compared with the difference in
impacts between any of the Clear Creek sites and the Salt Creek site.
The outfall sewer to the Dillman Road site would be a little longer
than the force main from the southeast interceptor to the Winston Thomas
or South Rogers Street sites, and the outfall sewer to the Ketcham
Road site will be a little longer still. On the other hand, if the
new plant is not built at the Winston Thomas site, that site can be
converted to a park, though the South Rogers site would use part of the
present site and decrease the value of a park there. Selection of the
Winston Thomas site may lead to better re-use of existing materials.
Thus, in terms of physical environmental impact, the only clear advan-
tage at this point is that of Dillman Road over Ketcham Road. Given
its higher economic costs, also the Ketcham Road site can be eliminated
from further consideration1.
The major drawback to the present location seems to be the con-
struction disturbances and the possibility of increased odors in the
vicinity which is heavily populated, and the possible need to relocate
several households. The Dillman Road site is not presently densely
populated and for topographic reasons dees not seem threatened by nearby
settlement. EQCC finds that, while all the Clear Creek sites seem
preferable to Salt Creek, we would rank Dillman Road ahead of Winston
Thomas/S. Rogers St. primarily for social reasons.
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V. The Need for aji Environmental Impact Statement
EQCC recommends that if the Salt Creek Site is selected, EPA
should definitely prepare an EIS to investigate not only the points
made above but also many other specific points concerning possible
routes for the outfall sewer, the advisability of sub-surface injection
as a means of sludge disposal, and specific treatment plans. The issue
most difficult for us, as citizens, to predict and understand about
the problem of site selection is the question of secondary impact of
development in the Lake Monroe Area. EQCC recommends that, because of
the complexity of this problem, major efforts should be made by EPA
to predict, evaluate and Suggest solutions to these secondary impacts.
A list of points needing investigation in an EIS follows this section.
Some members of EQCC believe that an EIS might be desireable irrespective
of which site is chosen and so points related to both sites are included
on the list.
1. Environmental desirability of returning Clear Creek to its pre-
j
Winston Thomas flow level in order to restore the original biota;
comparative study of Little Clear Creek biota might be made to determine
if change has occurred.
2. Extent of direct destruction of wildlife habitat by outfall sewer
construction.
3. Quantitative assessment of Clear Creek siltation which might be
caused by sewer construction; effect on Bedford drinking water.
4. Extent of indirect environmental degradation caused by outfall
6-49
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sewer construction due to activities by the work crew such as
driving equipment into and out of right-of-way, parking automobiles,
etc.
5. Identification of those areas where blasting must be done and
assessment of the impact of the resulting fallout and noise on
nearby wildlife habitat and cultural areas, e.g., Cedar Bluffs,
Ketcham Road cemetery.
6. Differentiation of sewage treatment alternatives with respect
to effluent quality, especially between alternatives 2A and 3A in
Facilities Plan; analysis of economic-environmental tradeoffs.
7. Extent to which revegetation is necessary following sewer con-
struction, how soon it must be done, and how likely it is to be
successful, given the area's hydrology; differentiation between degrees
of erosion expected with and without revegetation.
8. Environmental impact of overland sewer routing, including conside-
rations similar to those given above for creek bed routing. Judgment
on the advisability of building alternatives 3, 4, 5, and LMRWD
Smithville-Clear Creek force main.
9. Reevaluation of economic-environmental costs of outfall sewer alter-
natives for Salt Creek site, expecially with respect to alternatives
2 vs. 5A; analysis of environmental tradeoffs of greater overland as
opposed to less creek bed routing for alternative 5A; amount of eco-
nomic difference LMRWD might fund as their share of Little Clear Creek
sewer to have a plant on Salt Creek instead of Clear Creek.
6-50
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10. Description of biota of wildlife habitat to be destroyed at
Ketcham Road and Salt Creek sites and determination of its rarity.
11. Measures to be taken to ensure that holding ponds, etc., will
not be flooded.
12. Environmental assessment of possible landfill and soil injection
sites to determine potential for water pollution due to flooding or
leaching after rainfall.
13. Comparisons of degrees of buffering needed and possible for various
sites and various treatment and disposal methods to shield local residents
and visitors to natural and cultural areas from noise, odor, and ugli-
ness of sewage treatment.
14. Assessment of tradeoffs between biotic-geologic costs and social
costs, the latter accruing from #13 above and from forced relocations
at some of the sites, (See also #23)
15. Current aesthetic values of undeveloped sites.
»
16. Comparative analyses of economies of land use for various sewage
treatment and sludge disposal alternatives.
17. Size of the work crew required for construction, where they will
commute from and what social costs they might impose on the community.
18. Social benefits with respect to reducing unemployment of con-
struction of plant.
«
19. Comparative analysis of energy and resources required for various
site, treatment, and disposal alternatives.
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20. Environmental effects of travel over, entry to, and exit from
right-of-way by maintenance crews.
21. Precautions that must be taken to prevent the creek from digging
through to the sewer at crossing points; effects of these precautions
on biota and flow characteristics; impact of altered flow character-
istics on downstream creek ecosystem.
22. Impact of possible herbicide use during right-of-way maintenance
on environment, both directly on biota and indirectly due to possible
water pollution this might cause.
23. Surveys of local residents as to what impact they feel the Winston
Thomas plant and its proposed expansion or removal to South Rogers
Street has or will have on their lives; income distribution of resi-
dents so affected and assessment of their political power.
24. Environmental benefits accruing to Clear Creek sites due to
potential recreational uses of Clear Creek resulting from maintaining
its present flow level.
1
25. Possibility that a regional plan should be a prerequisite for
selection of the Salt Creek site.
26. Total environmental analysis of the effects of unplanned development
around Lake Monroe facilitated by the Salt Creek site, including poten-
tial biotic, geologic, and social costs accruing from any destruction
of forest, degradation of the water supply, and increase in population
6-52
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density and potential social gains accruing from economic growth;
tradeoff analysis of these costs and gains..
27. Environmental and economic costs and gains accruing from
sludge disposal by means of treating it and selling it as fertilizer.
28. Determination of any upper "ceiling which geologic restrictions
may place on south-planning-area population and deduction of largest
sewage treatment design capacity that will ever be needed.
JCR/nan
Acknowledgements
James Chiesa, S.P.E.A. graduate student, has permitted use of
portions of an unpublished manuscript as well as volunteering editorial
help. The following report was cited in the text:
Wise, Charles. 1975. User preserences of policy alternatives:
the case of recreational user attitudes toward development
and regulation at Lake Monroe, Indiana. School of Public and
Environmental Affairs Occasional Papers, No. 4.
Soil Survey, 1973. Interim Soil Survey; Vol. 2, Inforr.ation
and Interpretation, Bloomington, Indiana. U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Purdue University.
6-53
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APPENDIX
Brief synopsis of items discussed during Environmental
Quality and Conservation Commission meetings which pertain to
Lake Monroe, water quality, and the sewage treatment plant.
6-54
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HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION'S INVOLVEMENT WITH LAKE MONROE
Based on 1972 minutes
May 10 -- reported that Rod Crafts and Barbara Resile would travel to
Indianapolis to speak with John Cregor, an attorney who is the foremost
leading authority in the country on riparian rights, about the City's
power to control development in Lake Monroe. The Water Quality Commit-
tee wished to issue a warning about the possibility of Inland Steel
encroaching upon Lake Monroe and requested the Commission1s support and
approval for enlisting the aid of other groups in the effort. A motion
was made and approved that The Water Quality Committee should accumulate
as much factual information as they can before the next Commission
meeting with their suggestions as to what action the Commission can
take respecting Lake Monroe.
July 12 — The resolution on Lake Monroe development was read and David
Docauer presented a background report on the resolution. He said that
the resolution was^beginning step in seeking protection for Lake Monroe.
The vote was unanimous. John Patton directed that the absent members be
polled to ensure a majority giving approval.
August 9 — A motion made that: The Commission reques' the City of Bloom-
ington to name a representative to sit in on the final hearing of the
Department of Natural Resources? to request from Inland Steel's attorney
a copy of the plans to be made available as soon as possible; and a
representative be named to appear at the hearing of the Stream Pollution
Control Board on Tuesday, August 15» 1972, Whitehead offered an amendment
asking that Inland Steel give the plans of their development within the
drainage basin of Lake Monroe and that they also name a representative
to come before the Commission to discuss the development. The motion and
amendment were approved unanimously.
October 11 -•• Dick Hilliker, Representative of Inland Stael Development
Corp. , presented maps, gave a report on a proposed development around
Lake Monroe and discussed the development proposal with the Commission
and the audience, A Water Quality Committee report submitted by Docauer
was accepted. Donald YHiitehead and David Docauer agreed to write a
letter to the Stream Pollution Control Board and the University on
behalf of the Commission stating their views on the ISDC's plans.
November 8 -- Ted Najam, Administrative Assistant to the Mayor, read
a statement from the Office of the Mayor concerning the proposed Position
Paper prepared by David Docauer and Donald Whitehead on land development
around Lake Monroe; the present state of Lake Monroe and a projection
of its future in relation to presently proposed developments and future
developments. The statement basically said that the Commission should
not make such statements without making it clear that it is not necessarily the
position of the City and "A statement of this kind with such broad
ramifications should be made only after there has been broad partici-
pation by all those City departments and commissions which have something
to contribute." Discussion followed, and some changes were made on
the position paper. The paper was approved. It was decided that Don
Whitehead would represent the Commission before the Common Council.
December 13 -- Donald Whitehead reported that the Common Council passed
a resolution accepting and concurring in the Commission's Position Paper.
Bron added that at the onrl of the discussion a suggestion was made by '
Council President ChaMotte Zietlow for the formation of a body to look
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into the ecological factors that concern the lake and the long range
view. Chairman Patton would contact Zietlow to request that the
Commission be included in such a body if it was not already constituted.
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SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION'S INVOLVEMENT WITH LAKE MONROE
Based on 1973 minutes
January 10 — The Commission's draft statement on the Black and Veatch report
was presented. In the discussion that followed, it was brought out that there
would be federal funding but the City does not require an impact statement.
3ave Rogers(President of the Board of Works) said he worked with the Black and
Veatch Report and thought the comments of the statement appropriate. Cn finding
Dumber two (Monroe Reservoir) he felt the comments were well taken, but said
that Black and Veatch were .only asked to do a bare bones study so the report
does not take into account the impact of increased development. The construc-
tion of waste water facilities would of necessity require federal grants, which
would in turn require an impact study, though that study would be directed
primarily toward alerting the public rather than binding any specific agen cy
to a set course of action. Mr. Rogers said also that Lake Monroe Reservoir would
not provide all of Bloomington1s future water need. The city plans to continue
to develop dependencies on Griffey Creek-Bean Blossom, though dependence on
Lake Monroe would continue to be very important. He added that the state makes
a good profit from the city of Bloomington bv providing the water from the
Lake Monroe Reservoir and that the state owed the city considerable consideration
in protecting the security of that water supply.
Barbara Heise asked if Mr. Rogers thought the tertiary xreatment facilities
should be funded immediately. He acknowledged the need and said the city would
file for both federal and local funds, but he warned that tho costs would be
astronomical. Mr, Spencer asked whether effluent from the .treatment plant was
delivered to Salt Creek below the dan, and whether any study had been made on
plans to deliver processed water in the same area where the sewage system is
proposed. Mr. Rogers said that the sewage plant was in one of the areas which
the Public Service Commission had currently given to one of the rural water
corporations and that the outflow main that goes down through Clear Creek actually
goes through a no man's land where there is currently no allocation of responsi-
bility. Mr. Bron asked about future additional water sources besides Lake Monroe
Rogers said that Griffey Creek-Bean Blossom was not delivering the high quality
water it could if the treatment system were improved. He expected that once
improved, the city could receive good water from it at a price below that the
city is paying to the state for water from Lake Monroe, Mr. Eron asked what
population was projected by fiat plan and Mr. Rogers answered that it ought to
be done just on the basis of present population because of the high price the
city is paying for Lake Monroe water. To meet projected need both systems would
have to be improved, and the plant on Lake Monroe doubled. Mr Bron said it was
his personal feeling that, in view of the high taxes to be paid by city
residents^ it was not unreasonable to ask that whatever development occurs be
controlled so that it doesn't damage the lake. My Rogers answered that he
didn't think there was any conflict with that, but he was not sure whether the
government had the current ability to control development. Barbara lleise asked
if it wasr.'t true that the city has virtually no control over development. Mr.
Rogers responded affirmatively saying the city really could only make hopeful
statements.
Mr. Docauer spoke about the Griffey Creek Reservoir saying that it has good
quality water because it is well forested, but the quantity is insufficient.
He had little personal knowledge of Bean Blossom, but had hoard it was very
turbid and hard to process. He doubted if it would serve if the population
increased. He said some of the mistaken in the Black and Voatch Report had
not been corrected. His comments were: I. That nil growth projected in the
report until 19^O occurring within Bloominnton was unlikely--much should occur
outside the city. 2. That more growth would occur in the city than in the
county was also unlikely. 3. The overloaded south plant was designed for
7,000,000 gallons whereas before the Commission was told 10,000,000.
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4. The tertiary treatment facilities need to be placed now. Sometimes tertiary
lagoons cause problems--high algae growth causes secondary pollution. No sure
method exists to remove the algae by sedimentation a.id the city ought to con-
sider this. In response to Barbara Heise's question as to whether tertiary
lagoons were the method of tertiary treatment now in use, Mr. Docauer said
there were other methods (electrolysis, chemicals) depending on the purpose of
the tertiary treatment.
Chairman Patton suggested an amendment to tht; wording of the statement of the
effect that "all future additional water needs must come from Monroe Reservoir"
be changed to "and much of the foreseeable future additional water nee.d of
Bloonington must come from the Monroe Reservoir." The motion v/as accepted and
the amendment adopted.
February 14 -- George Walkenshaw, of the City's Utilities Department, spoke
about the problems facing the City's other sources of water, Lake Lemon and
Lake Griffey. He pointed out that the City was never able to utilize fully
Lake Lemon water because it has~to flow down a creek ten miles before it is
collected and repunped to the Griffey Water Treatment Plant, a facility which
was never designed to treat a water with a high turbidity content. Thus, in
the past year the city has only been able to use Mater taken directly out of the
Griffey Reservoir, He mentioned that water from Lake Monr.oe was costing the
city about three million dollars a day. It would be Black and Veatch's
recommendation to expand and remodel the Griffey Water Treatment Plant so that
the water from Lake Lemon could be fully utilized. This would involve extensive
settling and floculation facilities because of the sludge problem. He knew of
no perfect solution to the dewatering of alum plant sludge, but said, the City
is presently constructing some pave drying beds fron which the sludge could
be scraped after it has been dried by mechanical equipment, then hauled off
and buried in lane! fills. Other methods are under investigation. Other
problems included storm water entering the South Sanitary Treatment Plant, and
the plant is a dry ditch situation allowing little oxidation of the organic
material in the stream thereby causing odor. He then spoke on solutions and a
discussion followed.
The Water Quality Committee introduced a resolution to support the Lake
Shore Protection Bill now in the state legislature. The Bill would give the
Natural Resources Commission the right to review all development within two
miles of state owned or managed reservoirs. Docauer remarked that the purpose
of the Bill was to make the NRC into a kind of Plan Commission for the lake
which would examine all aspects of planning. The Stream Pollution Control
Board presently hasn't the power to do this and neither does the NRC. Cor-
poration-owned land within the Monroe watershed is about 33OO acres, all but
about 600 acres inside the two mile area. The Bill gives the NRC
power to make decisions which it previously was not able to make.
March 21 --Barbara Restle of the Water Quality Committee, presented a prelimi-
nary report on a sedimentation survey of Lake Monroe. Since the area is under-
going rapid change, it is necessary to start now to-obtain accurate records of
the sedimentation rate, which is thought by the Army Corp of Engineers to have
a worse effect on a reservoir than sewage or industrial pollution. The Corp may
not survey Lake Monroe for 4 to 5 years and the only soil surveys of the area
now are based on a 1922 study. A recconnaissance study of the Lake is in order.
now to determine roughly what the rate might be, especially since the original
surveys were made with no projected change in the land use around the reservoir.
A motion was made for the Commission "to encourage the City to take cooperative
action with the county as soon as possible to get the Corps of Engineers to
make a recconnaissance sedimentation study of Lake Monroe at its earliest pos-
sible opportunity in view of the probable effects of the proposed developments
around the lake,"
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May 9 -- Barbara Hei&e reminded the Commission of xhe positir ' ^aken
last year, that in the absence of good regional planning, massive development
around Lake Monroe WAS unwarranted. Since that time, Inland Steel has been
given its nearly fi^al approval to build, Heise noted that the county zoning
ordinance would be having public hearings during the summer and urged Commis-
sioners to attend bh^&e meetings to' defend tighter controls for the two mile
fringe. Jar, Biar--:!-! indicated that a representative of the Army Corps of
Engineers he.a indirstecl that the Corps nay not be favorably disposed to issuing
a permit to Inland.
June 13 ~~A letter froT- the Array Corps of Engineer?, said that the Corps planned
to resxirvcy the Lakot completing the other range installations, in 1977 • In
the meantime a preliminary survey would be conducted and the results would be
communicated to the City. The letter aclded that the Corps did not fear a
potential reduction of the lifespan of the lake due to sedimentation even
though studies of ox'.or reservoirs indicate that initial projections of that rate
are incorrect, Bianchi suggested, in light oif Senator Bayh's recent disapproval
of the Indianapolis "eservoir project, that the Commission could exercise a lit-
tle raore force in pursuit of a survey. More pressure could be brought to bear
upon the Corps at least to get a study on track for 1977, Bron argued that
1V77 may well be too late because the development around the Lake appears to be
iminent, Heise asked what results could be expected from a preliminary survey.
In response Barbara Restle, new chairwoman of the Water Quality Committee,
indicated that such a survey would probably be quite trivial. A comprehensive
survey is quite conplex and must give an indication of where the sedimentation
is coming from, not just now much deposition there is. Such information would
be necessary in order to design sedimentation basins to protect the reservoir
from further sedimentation. Responding to a question of the cost of such a
study, Fire estimated around $20,OOO, He thought the Commission . should
ascertain the estimate cost and then go directly to Washington for the appro-
priation, Bron agreed that the City has much to lose should it not pursue this
comse. Patton proposed that the Commission take initial steps to carry out
Fix's proposal by seeking a cost estimate.
The Environmental Commission has been asked by the Plan Staff, to appoint
a member to attend meetings at Purdue on the ramifications and possible uses of
the information gathered by the Skylab experiments over Lake Monroe,
Bianchi reported that Inland Steel Itad still not accepted the restric-
tions placed upon them by the Stream Pollution Control Board and were not on
the agenda for the June meeting. In another development, the proposed county
zoning ordinance has been amended to provide that no development visible from
the shores of Lake Monroe would be permitted, and to require drainage and
erosion controls around the lake. This amendment will be discussed June 14,
and could use the support of all Commissioners, Bron added that the Forest
Service had also decided to deny permits to cross Forest Service land with
utility pipelines until a regional plan is devised. Ileise pointed out that this
would have particular significance for Granves-Monroe and Inland Steel,
July 11 -- Assistant City Planner, Stu Reller, and Dr. David Frey reported on
the Lake Monroo-Skylab project and its possible ramifications for environ-
mental concerns.
Bianchi reported that the estimated cost of a sedimentation survey of
Lake Monroe is 524,000 for a resurvey of the existing ranges, and 520,000
to complete the range installations. The Corps said its preliminary study
scheduled for July should give a reasonable indication of the sediment in the
project now. In light of Barbara Rentle's opinion that it is more important to
know whore the sediment is coming from, such a preliminary study would pro- •
bably not help tr.uch. added Bianchi, She pointed out that Sen, Bayh sits on
tli o *n»rerrifti:ions.CoBinittcc and could be contacted for help in this matter.
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The initial response from the Mayor's office, she reported, was a willingness
to pursue the request in Washington, asking that the appropriations be made now,
rather than in 1977.
September 12 — Ted Najam discussed the letter, sent to Birch Bayh, concerning
a sedimentation study of Lake Monroe. He explained that an earlier letter
had been Bent to the Louisville District Army Corp of Engineers in reference
to the study. Their reply was that they could give only a quick visual esti-
mate at this tine, but that funds for an in-depth study would not be available
until 1977. Sen. Bayh explained that the 197^ appropriations bill for the Corps
has already been passed by Congress and therefore it is impossible to amend
it for such a large amount. He expressed his desire to worl; with the City in
getting appropriations for this study during the next funding session. This
would make the study possible 2 to 3 years earlier than predicted and in
this sense he was encouraging.
In reference to the Department of Utilities1 proposal to close Lake Lemon
&s a water supply, Marcia Gelpe replied that the Water Quality Committee has
begun to look into the proposal and tactics that could be used to clean up
Lake Lemon. They expressed their feeling to the City's Utilities Boaru. The
reasons for closing have to do with estimates of renovating the facility
compared to the cost of Lake Monroe, volume of water and the plant. Patton
cc-nmented that several investigations are taking place, one of which is a
sedimentation report and he assumed the decision von't be made until the
information is in.
October 10 — The './ater Quality Committee has been studying the ^roblen of
spills of raw sewage into Salt Creek from the Nashville Sewage Plant arid sent
a letter to the County Commissioners of Brown County asking that a joint
meeting be set up to discuss the source of the problem as well as possible
solutions. The Commission agreed to send a letter to the Drown County Com-
missioners endorsing the idea of a joint meeting and asking to be kept informed
on the progress on solving the problem.
November 14 -- Dennis King presented a report concerning the meeting of the
Lake Monroe Regional Waste District Board and City Utilities Service Board
and a request of the Water Quality Committee submitted for an additional
hearing on an environmental assessment hearing to determine the environmental
effects of the regional sewer treatment plant that is goirg to be constructed
by the City Utilities Service Board and of the diversion system that will be
put in by the LMRVD3. The Water Quality Committee said that the LMRVDB had
not filed any information prior to the meeting in conjucction with regulations
that the EPA has stated and therefore did not give the public a 30-day notice
to study the information. The outcome of a request that they hold another
meeting was a letter which indicated that another meeting would not be held,
but they would put some information on file and answer questions, if there
are any. A motion was made by the Environmental Commission and approved that
a hearing be held at the regular December Environmental Commission meeting with
the Utilities Service Board and their engineers answering questions from the
Commission and the public. In addition, the LMRWBD and the Monroe County Plan
Commission were requested to attend. Barbara Rcstle stressed the interrela-
tedness of these two projects in the Water Quality Committee report.
December 12 -- see attached minutes.
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HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION'S INVOLVEMENT WITH LAKE MONROE
Based on 19?4 minutes
February 13 — Barbara Resile read, the minutes of the last Water Quality
monthly meeting. In short, it said there was concern on the part of many members
that an environmental impact statement should be requested by the committee
that would deal with the effects of the new sewage plant in greater detail* A
working subcommittee was formed to study the assessment hearings held by the
USB. It was hoped that this subcommittee would reach a conclusion on the course
of action the Water Quality Committee should pursue. No questions or comments
were added.
Restle presented to the Commission a summary of the considerations from the sub-
committee. She said the summary was by no means complete. The two considera-
tions presented were in the areas of population data projections for Monroe
County and problems with the treatment plant site and outfall sewer, Patton
recommended that these comments, if approved by the Commission, should become
part of the December 12^ meeting, Restle agreed but added that more considera-
tions than these two are being questioned. Restle stated that, although
the population data appears complete in the assessment it is not. Dennis King
explained that one of the first considerations to be included in an assessment
is a description of the effect of population distribution concentration on any
growth that might occur if the project is undertaken. He said that, with that
in uind, the subcommittee went through the Infiltration and Inflow Study and
the hearing record for the October 25- environmental assessment hearing and
the December 12** information meeting to determine what RSH Associates had done
in regard to population projections. King said his impression was that the
statistics used in the assessment had projections to 1980-1990 based on the
census of 195O-1960. If it is based on these years there would be no influence
from the lake on the extraurban area because the lake was not constructed
until 1963? King said that the alternatives to the temporary plant site were
not mentioned with regards to growth in different volumes and directions. He
said the Water Quality Committee is recommending further study. Heise asked
if the Water Quality Committee was asking for an environmental impact statement.
King replied that at this time they are not asking £tir an environmental impact
statement but only trying to point out subjects that are not adequately investi-
gated, Patton summed up King's comments by saying that the population projection
studies are not adequate and the effect of the waste water disposal plant on
changes in population have not been assessed at all. King's final comment pointed
out that if the population projections have not been adequately looked into
one can not design capacity of a plant properly, A copy of these questions will
be sent to the USB and EPA administrators. The Commission voted unanimously to
forward them,
Jim Ferro reported that at the last monthly meeting of the Water Quality commit-
tee another working group was formed composed of Jim Pres, David Docauer, and
himself. This working group will investigate the effects of construction
activities around Lake Monroe with regards to water run-off. The second major
project the working group is considering is one concerning Lake Lemon, This
would involve sampling the shoreling during a rainy period to measure runoff,
April 10 -- Jim Ferro said the water sampling project which is being planned to
test the quality of the run-off in the Lake Monroe watershed is being organized
and should be underway soon,
September 11 -- An ad hoc committee consisting of Rick Peoples, Dave Parkhurst,
Rick Darby, and Barbara Heise agreed to study the USB report on the Long Range
Plan Water Supply and Distribution Facilities for Bloomington, IN,
Rick Darby gave his report on Lako Monroe. This report concerned the legal
standing; how can a reservoir outside of the city boundaries be controlled and
what is the relationship of the Commission to that lake, and whether there is
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anything the Commission can look into other than water quality itself.
September 25 -- Barbara nestle said that interests in the Water Quality Committee
are too broad. There are legal problems, bacteriological problems, limnological
problems, sedimentary problems, and more. The committee needs to form subcommit-
tees and she asked for suggestions on restructuring.
November 13 -- Rick Darby gave a report on Lake Monroe. He said that Lake
Monroe is a large interest requiring tremendous work. There is no way one
person can provide the Commission with enough information for the Commission
to feel it is in control with the situation. He has therefore arranged with
Professor White in the Law School for students to receive credit for participa-
ting in a project designed to prepare a paper or pamphlet which would ade-
quately describe the jurisdiction of various governmental bodies over Lake
Monroe, interaction and jurisdiction bet\/een this commission and the City,
of Bloomington in those various bodies and the rights
generally given to individuals in Indiana in the
Environmental field. Rick feels with this help, by the first of the year, a
comprehensive and fairly clear statement of exactly where the Commission stands
can be provided. He then went on to state the legal proceedure the Commission
wotud have to go through if it was to take action and suggestions the Commission
should consider. Walter Bron asked if Rick had a specific group in mind other
than Water Quality. Rick said no. Rick Peoples gave a report on the status
of the Water Quality Committee. The first meeting was held. Only four people
showed up but only one was interested in participation.
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CITY OF BLOOMI
N B T O N /
PO BOX 100, MUNICIPAL BLDG., BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA 47401
'Environmental Commission
June 5, 1975
Mr. Harlan D. Hirt
Chief, Planning Branch
United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Region V
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Hirt:
The Environmental Quality and Conservation Commission of
Bloominnton would like to ammend its "Recommendations of the
Environmental Quality and Conservation Commission on .the Siting
of the Proposed Bloomington Sewage Treatment Facilities." The
report has been sent to you within the past week.
The amendment takes the form of clarification of some of the
points made in the original "''ecommendations" and additional
points which we raiso in the hope that they will be addressed
in the forthcoming Environmental Impact Statement. These addi-
tional iter.is stem primarily from the discussions which occurred
during the Environmental Assessment Hearing held in Bloomington
on May 29.
The amendment is enclosed.
Sincerely yours,
W. E. Dron, Chairnan
Blooninoton "^nvironncntal Quality
and Conservation Commission
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Amendment to the "Recommfindations of tho
2nvjronnental Quality and Conservation Commission (SCtCC)
on tho Siting of the Proposed
Eloomington Sewage Treatment Facilities"
1. Comparison of the Effluent Quality Sffects between the Salt Creek
Site and Any of the Clear Creek Sites,
Discussion during the May 29, 1975 Environmental Assessment Bearing
brought out the point that current requirements on effluent, based
on the dilution capacity of the receiving stream, may not (or nay)
be changed in the future to meet the 19"? goals stated in Public
Law 02—50O, If the requirements are not increased, then clearly the
one-stage Salt Creek plant could continue to be in compliancn with
the legal requirements. In any event, however, as regards full cost
effectiveness, a Clear Creek plant is nore cost effective than the
Salt Creek plant, because the former would discharge a hirjher quality
effluent for the same cost. Moreover, with regard to future stan-
dards, a Clear Creek plant would discharge an effluent noro clearly
in the spirit of Public Law 92-50O than would th<* Salt Crook plant.
2. The EQCC recommends that every effort be nade to consider construction
of a plant at the Dillman Hoad si to without rolocat ir.g Clear Croe!..
An anount of abo''t i 1. ^ pillion has boo:1 ertii'ated by 13'nc'. am!
Vo.itch for the cost of relocation th^ crc-r-' . An adf'itiona1 "1 r-iilion
appears to have bo^ii included for aligninn tho plant tr fit tho site
after relocation of the creek. It ar-iears to the SC;CC that for
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•^"-•3 nillion (and1 probably for considerably Joss), sewer Jinl.s can
1 ~r- >,iti]t, between components of tan facility which would need to be
loc-ii':r' on either si'lc of the crook, ./o request thai the :,JG con-
sider the environnontal consequences of relocating the creel; coin-
pared with the construction of sewer links, and also the relative
cost effectiveness of these alternatives.
3. At the Environmental Assessment Hearing, Black and Veatch claimed
that tre need for vacuum drying of sludge at the Dillman Road site
results from the ]ack of two to three level acres of land needed to
b'lild drying beds. The relative additional cost for vacuum drying
over drying beds is projected to be ^>1 million (projected worth).
This additional expenditure is assessed only on the Dillman Road
site. A study of a geodetic nap of the site suggests that the
required two to three acres of land are available, even if the
Black ar.d Veatch layout is adhered to. In any event, it appears to
the EQCC that the required acreage can be constructed for consider-
ably less than the increnental $1 nillion. The EUCC requests that
this cost differential he investigated.
A. The EQCC questions the need for an additional anount of 3lOO,OOO
yearly attached by Blac': and Veatch to the labor costs at any of the
Clear Crec1: niter c^ri^aroc! to the ^al t Creek r.ite. The only explana-
tion o.r tMs ano"nt fjivon " y !31ack and Veatch to r'ato ir that the
Clear Creek s:tor; dn rot require ;'ore prrno;inel but, ra!v~r, '.id ^h.er
"••ality perr-nrsiir 1 . .Sine1? r32n.c!'. and Voatch has stated that the cc-;.-'-
1r-Jty of operation is tie sane at all sites, the Er.CC fails to
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understand th~ basis for tMr, i-.cr" cntal r rrcrr, .'.vi t a;a;-int
Clear Cr^p' n;te.s. T''- i^CC rnquosts : Vrxt t'..Js cost -' : T^r^
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Bloociington, Indiana
May 3, 1975
Steve Riggins, President
Monroe County Plan Commission
County Courthouse Annex
Bloomington, Indiana
Dear Mr. Biggins t
A number of organizations concerned with implementation of the
Land Suitability Study of the Lake Monroe area, in process of
completion by the Indiana University School for Public and
Environmental Affairs, would like a place on the agenda of the
May 20th meeting of the Monroe County Plan Commission in order
to present two requests:
1) for formulation and adoption of a policy and plan for
the use of the Lake Monroe Land Suitability Study, and
2) for consideration of applying for a Planning Grant for
a similar study for the remainder of the County.
Enclosed is a statement which we are sending to the members of
the Monroe County Plan .Commission, the Monroe County Council,
and the Monroe County Commissioners.
Yours sincerely,
Anne Hippy
609 S. Stall, representing the
organizations
cc: Bob Snoddy
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TO: TIES MONROE COUNTY PLAN COUiISSION
FROMJ CONTACT, BLOOM1NGTON LEAGUE Oi-1 YJOMEif VOTERS, jJLOUilLlGTOIf
MENTAL DUALITY AND CONSERVATION COLIuISSION, SASSAFilAS AUDU30N SOCIETY
The Land Suitability Study being conducted by the Indiana University School
of Public and Environmental Affairs covers approximately a 100 square mile
area around Lake Monroe and will provide a valuable data base and Land Capa-
bility Model for use in planning for that area. It is an important first
step in terras of the study and planning needed for the entire Lake Monroe
Watershed.
The value of such a study, however, will not be realized until the results
of the study are incorporated into planning and decision-making for that
region. ¥e ask that the Monroe County Plan Commission formulate and adopt
a policy and plan for the implementation of the study. Those involved in
making the study will demonstrate how to retrieve and interpret the data,
but we need a firm committment to its use to gain the benefits inherent in
the study.
We believe that the time is appropriate, also, for undertaking a compre-
hensive land use study for the remainder of Monroe County with the ^oal of
incorporating the two studies with the zoning ordinance recently adopted
into a Comprehensive Master Plan for the County.
The need for such a study is apparent. For example, the Indiana University
School of Business recently predicted a 25,000 population increase in the
south drainage basin of the. County within the next two decades. V7e need
to identify critical areas such as fragile lands, renewable resource lands,
natural hazard lands, mineral resources, etc and protect them through
planning as well as seek an over-view of our land-use problems and potential.
Funding for such a study is available through a Federal 701 Planning Grant
which would pay 2/3 of the cost with the local governing body providing 1/5.
701 Planning Grant funds are allocated by the Indiana State Planning Services
Agency which could conceivably give high priority to a project which would
include land-use planning for Lake Monroe as one of its components.
Many kinds of data are available which would minimize the cost of the study.
The Soil Survey of Monroe County is well advanced and expected to be com-
pleted within two years. The Indiana Geological Survey will provide geo-
logical and hydrological data and both the Soil Conservation Service and
the Geological Survey will provide expert services in interpretation of
this data. A recently completed study of the karst region of the west side
of the County should prove valuable. The services of the Region 10 planner
and cooperation with the planning services of the City of Bloomington could
also expedite planning and minimize costs.
We would appreciate early consideration by the Monroe County Plan Commission
of an application for a Planning Grant.
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LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS
BLOOMINGTON. INDIANA
1975
To: City of Bloomington Utilities Service
Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board
Region V Environmental Protection Agency
Lake Monroe Regional Sewage Board
From: League of Women Voters of Bloomington-Monroe County
Subject: Addition to our statement of May 29, 19?^> for the
record of the assessment hearing for the proposed
sewage treatment facility at the confluence of
Salt and Clear Creeks in southern Monroe County
Our initial statement consisted of an outline of the
positions of the League on the issues of water resources and
land use, followed by questions regarding the six major issues
of EPA concern as stated in the announcement of requirement
for an environmental impact statement.
The purpose of this addition to the first statement is
twofold. We would like to express our disappointment in the
reception given our questions. For most of them there seemed
to be little serious attempt to answer tnem at the assessment
hearing. Second, we would like to outline, this time in
statement form, our reservations and doubts about the
Facilities Plan and First Amendment prepared by Black and Veatch:
I. Regionalization
The concept of regionalization, as it has been used in
this long conflict over expansion of treatment facilities
for Bloomington's south service area, is fuzzy. The most
widely understood meaning of a regional facility is that of
a facility planned by two or more local governmental bodies
with existing needs which can be more efficiently and
economically met by a common facility. That Bloomington's
situation fits tnis description is extremely doubtful.
An additional complication is a semantic problem which
has arisen with the use of the words "region" and "regional".
These words have been used to describe both the domain of the
Lake Monroe Waste District and the larger service area including
the Bloomington South Area. The confusion is most obvious when
someone uses the phrase "regional plant" which might be for the
lake only (3 mgd) or for the larger proposed region (15 or 20 mgd)
AFFILIATED WITH TM« LlAOUl OF WOMIH VOTKNI OF TMI UNITIO 1TATO AND OF INDIANA
6-69
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Page 2 Addition to LWV statement of May 29, 1975
The needs of the Lake Monroe area are quite small at the
present time and are projected to reach 3 million gallons per
day only in 1998. The Lake Monroe area has individual treat-
ment facilities for each of its few developments, since no
construction is permitted without approval of treatment
facilities. Those which discnarge an effluent must have
NPDES permits and meet schedules for upgrading tneir treatment
as required by Public Law 92-500.
The replacement of these small treatment facilities with a
collector sewer almost completely circling the lake basin
west of the causeway and a single treatment plant is a plan
which may not, by itself, be economically feasible. Tnere
may never be enough users to pay for it. The facilities
plan for the Lake Monroe Regional A'aste District lists costs
of more than $8 million for the collector and interceptor
sewers. Presumably these costs are at prices as of October 23,
197^, the date of publication of the report. The constructiion
cost listed for a 3 ngd plant is approximately $3«o" million.
These costs are to be borne by a present user population of
about 1900 home equivalents (370 gpd per home). To finance
the total of 811.8 million in construction costs amounts to
about $6000 per home equivalent. It seems clear and has been
so stated publicly that large developers will be needed to bring
the costs per dwelling within reasonable limits.
At the 1998 projected population of about bOOO home
equivalents (3 million gpd, 100 gpd per person, 3*7 persons
per home equivalent), the cost still amounts to about S1500
per home equivalent for construction alone; and tnis does not
include lateral sewers from collector to dwelling.
In addition single family dwellings not able to be served
by planned collector sewers nave been included in present and
projected user populations for the Lake Monroe Regional Waste
District. They will have tne additional cost of building a
sewer from their lot line to the region interceptor sewer.
The cost to serve scattered single family dwellings would be
extremely high.
There is no existing legal mechanism for forcing homes
now using eeptic tanks to hook onto the planned sewers.
There is a state law requiring nomes within 300 feet of a
sewer to hook on; but this nas not been uniformly enforced
even within the Blooming-ton city limits. Moreover there does
not seem to be a mechanism for taking existing small treatment
plants out of service and forcing tneir users to hook onto tne
region's interceptor. it seems probable tnat many users
would reject this expensive alternative unless tnere are
l«-gal means to compel them to accept it.
6-70
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Page 3 Addition to LWV statement of May 29, 1975
If the concept of providing sewer service for these areas
of low population density proves unworkable, we are ]eft with
a rather small probable service area for a Lakt Monroe regional
plant at the site proposed. Tnis area might reasonably include
The Pointe, the Fairfax area, Seven Flags Corporation, possibly
Harrodsburg. Ths total projected flow from tnese communities
by 199fc is 8^3,863 gpd compared to 3,000,000 gpd for the whole
lake area, (page 15, Lake Monroe region facilities plan)
There is already in existence a treatment plant built for
The Pointe with a capacity of 116,000 gpd. The effluent of
this plant discharges into Little Clear Creek, out of the
Lake Monroe watershed. This "interim plant" represents a
large investment and might not be willingly abandoned even
if Bloomington chooses the proposed Salt Creek site for its
South Area plant.
In summary of our thinking on the regional concept, we
would like to see more cost factors discussed. At what
population density does it become cost effective to go to one
big regional plant? Do any cost projections consider a
planning span long enough to include replacement of sewers?
What is the state of the art for small (less than 1 mgd) treat-
ment plants? For individual hone treatment? Is there an
increased cost for "old" users when their sewer service area
is broadened? Should a densely populated, efficient service area
share treatment plant construction costs with a sparsely
populated, inefficient service area? Do the growth projections
accurately predict wnat will happen when a service area is
greatly expanded? Might not a slowly growing Bloomington Soutn
area find itself paying the costs for a rapidly growing area
southwest of Lake Monroe?
II. The Capacity(ies) and Location(s) of a_ Regional STP or
Separate STPs
A. Capacity
There are a number of important unanswered questions
relating to the amount of new plant capacity which is needed.
In the original facilities plan (December ^, 197^) a figure of
14.9 mgd was given for the Bloomington South area for 199&.
In the First Amendment to the facilities plan (March 20, 1975),
after a recalibration of flowraeters at the Winston Thomas plant,
this figure was changed to 17.6 m^d. (In both cases the flow
contribution estimated for the Lake Monroe area is 3 ngd.)
Included in these figures is 1.9 mgd now treated at
Bloomington's north treatment plant, tne Blucher Poole plant.
This compares to a total of 2.7 mgd treated at tnat plant.
6-71
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Page k Addition to LWV statement of May
-------
Page 5 Addition to LWV statement of May 29, 1975
and even individual home treatment. These trends in the technology
have obvious cost benefits to the buyer of water and sewer services.
To summarize our thoughts on plant capacity, there would
appear to be a number of reasons to question an initial design
capacity of 20 mgd (as recommended in the First Amendment).
For the Bloomington South area 15 mgd is a preferable design
capacity, with provision for staged enlargement of capacity.
If the decision is made to serve tne Soutn area and the Lake
Monroe area with a single plant, the 15 mgd would still be adequate
with staged enlargement depending on the speed of development in
the area.
B. Location
Obviously the location problem is tied up with the choice
between one large and two or more smaller plants to serve the
region. If the choice is one large plant and it is expected
that the entire Lake Monroe interceptor sewer system can be
built, the Salt Creek site might be the best location (only location
is considered here), but it would certainly seem foolish to build
a gravity outfall sewer all the way down Clear Creek and a
parallel interceptor sewer down Little Clear Creek valley when
the two might be combined in Little Clear Creek valley. If,
however, it is decided that the southwest corner of the lake
might be served by its own plant (the "interim plant", already
constructed^ discharges out of the lake watershed), then tne
remainder of the lake service area might be just as well served
by a plant at Dillman Read or Ketchaai Road. This would remove the
nece&sity for the interceptor sewer from Smithville down the
Little Clear Creek valley to Salt Creek and the necessity for
11 miles of outfall sewer down Clear Creek.
No cost comparisons have been made for the alternative
just described, with a small plant serving the south part of
the lake and a Bloomington plant at Dillman Road or Ketcnam Road
serving the north part of the lake area. (The Facilities Plans
calculated costs for a separate lake Piant serving the entire
lake area.) It might turn out to be/cost-effective solution
for the planning region. It would eliminate most of the Clear
Creek gravity outfall sewer which has caused so much environmental
concern.
III. The Treatment Process Best Suited to Speci-fic Sites
We will not attempt to evaluate the relative merits of
available sewage treatment processes. This does, however,
seem to be an engineering specialty in which there is much
current research and a great many developing new methods.
In addition, the requirements of Public Law 92-500 are for
increasingly high effluent quality to the point where the
eize of the receiving body of water will not be considered
as important as it is at present.
The implication of the above situation for Blooraington's
choice are as follows: 6-73
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Page 6 Addition to LWV statement of May 29, 1975
a) The treatment chosen should be capable of being changed
or treatment steps added, to the extent possible with
present knowledge.
b) It seems likely that treatment level required in the
future will be higher than that required at present.
c) The level of treatment required for the Clear Creek sites
probably is closer to future requirements than that
required for the Salt Creek site.
d) The larger acreage at tne Salt Creek site probably gives
more improvement flexibility, depending on the space
requirements for improvements.
e) The cost balance between Salt Creek -and Clear Creek sites
might well change before the end of the planning period
if a higher level of treatment becomes mandatory at tne
Salt Creek site, since the cost effectiveness of the
latter depends on its lower level of treatment.
f) Alternatives involving small treatment plants depend
on the ability of such plants to produce effluent of
high quality.
IV. The Environmental Impacts of Construction and Cperation
of SJ^s, Interceptors and Outfall Sewers
The most important environmental impact of the construction
and operation of the STPs would seem to be tne quality of the
effluent produced, and possibly the odor in the immediate
vicinity of the plant. Anotner impact, of course, would be
the amount of site preparation necessary. The Audubon Society
has questioned tne stream recnannelization which is proposed
in the Facilities Plan. We leave this point to them and the
engineers.
With regard to tne quality of the effluent produced, any
of the Clear Creek sites is superior to the Salt Creek site
in this respect.
As far as secondary >vater quality impacts are concerned,
we feel unable to predict these. The number of septic tanks
a-bandoned, small treatment plants snut down, facilitation of
development in the Lake Monroe area, water quality impact of
that development, art all unknown quantities. There are water
quality arguments on botn sides of the controversy. Statements
have been made that a large regional plant is essential to
Lake Monroe water quality, *nd that a large regional plant is
fatal to Lake Monroe water quality. Ae are unable to reach
either of these conclusions. Botn sides of the argument seem
to nave been overstated. A small Lake Monroe region treatment
plant can easily be built and would seem to have the same
advantages and disadvantages for Lake Monroe water quality as a
larger plant bui^t by Bloomington. We would like to see tne
primary emphasis placed upon other factors.
6-74
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Page 7 Addition to LWV statement of May 29, 1975
The direct environmental impact of the interceptor and outfall
sewers construction nnd operation is considerable. Discussion of
this issue is omitted here because others have addressed this
problem. Alternatives should be evaluated with a goal of minimizing
sewage construction impact. It is not clear that the present plan
does this.
The secondary effects of sewer construction are another
matter entirely. In the absence of other more powerful forms of
planning for development, the construction of sewers is equivalent
to planning for development. One may therefore expect that a loose,
sprawled network of sewers will lead to the same sort of development.
These in turn require loose, sprawled networks of roads, schools,
school buses, refuse collection. All of these services cost more
than their clustered counterparts, and this probably means that
they have more environmental impact as well.
Considering the effects of sewer placement, a plant for
Bloomington should be placed close to the planned development
area for Bloomington, and a plant for Lake Monroe should be placed
close to the area of planned or expected development for Lake
Monroe. If long connecting sewers passing through undeveloped
areas are planned, then some means of controlling development
along them should be found in advance of construction.
It is not clear how development along the interceptor sewer
ringing Lake Monroe could be controlled, except in tne inaccessible
force-main portions. In this respect, several carefully planned
and well regulated small treatment plants might be preferable, if
they are capable of achieving effluent of the required quality.
Induced Growth Implications for the Lake Monroe Area
of Building a_ Regional Sewage Treatment Plant
On this issue like the Lake Monroe water quality issue,
extreme statements have been made. On one side it has been
said that construction of a regional plant at the Salt Creek
site will result in rapid, unplanned development of the lake
area. On the other side it has been said that development
will take place even without a regional plant. Both sides
cite lake water quality as an important concern. Both sides
(despite the threat of development without a plant) seem to
feel that development of tne Lake Monroe area is closely
linked to obtaining a regional treatment plant at the Salt
Creek site. It is this link which is holding up a long
overdue expansion of treatment facilities for Bloomington' s
south area.
A great improvement in everyone's logical though
processes mignt be achieved at this point if Bloomington 's
future and Lake Monroe's future were considered separately,
as regards sewage treatment netds. Tnis probably means
separate sewage treatment plants. It is not necessarily
6-75
-------
Page fe Addition to LWV statement of May 29, 1975
true that Lake Monroe development would ride along on the
coattails of Bloomington's treatment plant expansion. But the
best way to be sure of fair consideration of both interests is
to find a cost equivalent plan for two or more plants to serve
separate density areas.
VI. The_ Best Method £f_ Sludge Treatment and Disposal
This issue, like the one involving treatment processes, is
for experts in the technology. The situation does seem to be
under intensive study as indicated by published articles.
Changes are likely in recommended methods. It would therefore
not seem wise to base arguments for choice of plant site on a
disposal method which might change even before the plant is
built. From the same line of tninking, several disposal
alternatives should be possible for each site.
VII. Conclusions
There is an alternative to a large regional plant which
should be considered. This alternative would involve first
selecting a plant site which would best serve tne Bloomington
South area present and future needs. After site selection
it would then be determined whicn portions of tne Lake Monroe
area could be served at the cnosen site. Other treatment
facilities for the lake area mignt then be planned at one or
two sites near expected dense development.
The Land Suitability Study prepared by the Indiana
University School of Public and Environmental Affairs has
indicated the southwest corner of the lake as the arta most
suitable for development. Planning for sewage treatment
for the lake area might focus on this corner until tne
economics of the lake interceptor sewer plans are worked out.
Either the Dillman or Ketcham Road site could serve the
north lake area, while a small plant near tne dam could
serve the south lake area.
This alternative would avoid the considerable difficulty
of planning a sewer network to connect two planning areas which
are separated by a large stretch of undeveloped land. It would
avoid both the environmental and unplanned development impacts
of building long sewers through open countryside.
The Salt Creek site has tne advantage of larger size
and smoother terrain. The use of Salt Creek for dilution and
of site acreage for sludge injection may be undesirable in the
near future and should net count as reasons in favor of the
site. Use of the site involves the problem of very long
6-76
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Page 9 Addition to LWV statement of May 29,
sewer to connect it to the present plant. The long controversy
which has been centered on this site is a reason in itself for
not choosing it if acceptable alternatives are available.
The question of initial capacity contains several issues
which should be examined further; the infiltration/inflow
problem, the future use of tne north treatment plant, conservation
by users, and the portion of tne lake area to be served. An
adequate solution would seem to be a 15 ragd plant to which
5 mgd capacity could be added when needed, depending on the
issues listed above.
Sincerely,
Shirley Cordes, Chairman
Environmental quality Comaittee
League of Women Voters of
Bloomington-Monroe County
(2728 Pine Lane, R.R. 3)
339-9364
6-77
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Llay 29,
US JJnvj ronmcntal
Region 7 '
2>0 South Dearborn Stree
Chic?v;o, Illinois o0604
Of lAUi/RENCE • qREENE • MONKOE
BROWN • MORqAN ANC! OVX/EN couNiits
SASSAfRAS
! SOCIETY
Dear "Jr. Ifirt:
In regard to your letter of Lay 14, 1975, tlio Sassafras AuCubon Society
is interested in contributing to the preparation of tlie Draft Llavironmen'tal
Impact Statement on the location of the new wastev/ater treatment system in
the South drainage basin of Bloomin^ton, Ilonroe County, Lnciiana. The
princioal question, as stated in your letter, is \7hether to build one
sevra^e treatment plant (loTP) for south 131ooninv;ton and the Lake I'onroe
area or separate STPs.
\7o believe that a site near Bloominr;ton vrould be advantageous in teiir\s of
curbing urban sprawl and strip development, in niiii;.;isintr; environmental
disruption, and in ovcrn.ll cconony of operation and maintenance. YJe rec-
or.inond serious consideration of the Dillman Road Site vrlthout rerouting
of Clear Creek.
'.7e further recommend that sewage trea,tment facility expansion at Lake
Monroe be curbed until comprehensive land-use planning is in effect for
at least the area encompassed in the Lake I.Ionroe Land SuLtabJlity Study.
V/e see serious consequer.ccs if a Regional Se\Tora,e;c Systen is instituted
at Lake I.Ionroe prior to land-use pla-'ming for the Lake i.onroc ;atershed.
The Sassarras Audubon Society in I.iarch, 1974, sent Region V, SPA (under
cover letter to Francis I.'.ayo) . a file of biblio;r:i-aph:Lcal -iater?ial, corres-
pondence, nevrs articles, etc on iscuco and problems surrounding Lake T'onroo.
Region V also has a cojiy of the lengthy statement \;c presented at the
Hearing; on the Black & Yeatch i'acilit J os Plan held in "arch of this year.
',7e enclose with this letter tine brief statement v,-^ )rc.\ared i'or the '. ay
29, 1975 Environmental Assessment ile.-'riiv" on the siting oi' the STP, as
v;cll as a statement sent to the ITonroc County i'laji Corr;issi.on (llCPC) bv
a nui.iber of or^auiantionc sockin;; implementation o'° the Lake ilonroo Lri^id
Suitability Study.
As you 'uior;, t'.ie " 'CFC Kan .jurinuiction Tor land-use -ila:Miui;7 o C a I.-'T-^P
and v.i tal :vroa oi' fie L:\ke I'oi'roe ',/;itcrshed. T.io I.'CPC mndo no commenty on
the Draft Lake l.o'i.'oc lj,'\nd Suitability Stuc'y tho;i~'i askod to ilo no bv tie
Director of the study (the l.CPC --eceived one of tie ''ou^ draft co-vi,^-.) .
They have sn.id t'io,t vlion the t; tud;.r is in Final fo"m. t ioy \,rL]l rcvui it
and dincues it.
Please let us know hn\: v/e c;ui contribute to
itr.l Lmnact 3 {,;'< tomcat.
r.ce
6-78
So.-i^;,
-------
of IAWRENCE •
BROWN • MORGAN
MONWOE
OWEN
SASSAFRAS
AUaUDON
SOCIETY
Msy 1975
Statement presented at Environmental Aasnsasnt Hearing on Facilities Plan
for Wastewater Treatment System, South
The Sassafras Audubon Society has studied the various sites Black & Tsatsh
have considered for placement of the south basin wastswater trootieiiit
system, and recommends the Dillman Road Sits. This sits, while rural, is
close to the Bloomington Metropolitan Area and a gravity feed system is
possible without serious environmental disruption.
We would ask, however, that Black & Teatoh prep
the Dillnan Site without rerouting Clear Creek.
es an alternative plan for
The proposed plan (Figure
7IU-5) would sacrifice a substantial part of the longest contimKma pises
of the sits for a new creek channel. Examination of the aits suggests that
the present major piece of land between the railroad and the oreek shannsl
would be adequate for most of the design capacity. Adjaosnt ssrsmjt eoald
be utilised if necessary and still maintain a ooupast unit for operation
and maintenance, even though line(s) across Clear Creek might bs involved.
Besides, channelisation has proven rspsswaflly to be a destructive
sent praotioe entftil \ng frtr^ffl<\flTirt>l^t posts in wnfftrwyti-on and
'
downstrean damagse to stream ecology.
Two stateraents which Black & Teatoh aake with regard to the Dillasn Sits
have little merits 1) "By 998 it is not unlikely that the plant sits would
become surrounded by development comparable to that which presently rings
the Winston Thomas Sits." (7III-4), and "Acceptance of the Dillman RosA
Sits is questionable due to the close proxLaitfr of Stats Bouts 37 Bypass."
(BUI). The Dillnan Site, if accepted* could be effectively sonsd to pre-
vent build-up in the plant area. The greater part of the site is adequately
buffered in terns of SB 37» and more oould be done, if necessary, to lessen
the affront to sensitive motoristsI
Mention la also made with regard to the Dillnan Site that "There would be
no surplus area available for construction of additional facilities if fur-
theresjdvanosd treatment processes, such as denitrlfioation, were mandated
in the future.n (VIII-4). This needs clarification, sines the possibility
exists that denitrif ioation nay be required by the Federal Government within
a few years. Couldn't the spass used for nitrification facilities bs con-
verted to denitrifioation? When denitrlfioation is required, wouldn't this
nullify the advantage of the Salt Creek Sits over the Clear Creek Sitss,
as emphasized by Black & Yeatoh on pages IIX-1 and IIL-2?
6-79
-------
The Black & Teatch Reports continue to seen slanted toward naaciniaing
the advantages of the Salt Creek Site while minimizing the advantage* of
the sites significantly closer to the Bloomington Metropolitan Area* No
assessment of the environmental damages which could result from construc-
tion of the lengthy transport system to the Salt Creel: Site hare been
made by Black & Veatch. Environmental damages should be considered a cost
of the project and not disnissed under the eupheraisn of "temporary dis-
ruption." (K-9).
The fact that there is sufficient acreage at the Salt Creok Site for us*
of the sludge injection process is stressed as an advantage of the site,
yet no evaluation AB given of the soils of the area in terms of the
process, nor of difficulties which might be encountered* Composting of
sludge should be considered for all sites* (See Sassafras Audubon Society
Statement to Utility Service Board, February 1975, pages 2-3•)•
Black & Teatoh assert (I&-10) that "Sonrage service for the Lake Uonro*
region is necessary to preserve the ecologic value of the area*" While
there is grave need for a new nastewater treatment system in the south
drainage basin of Uonroe County, we continue to assert that saversg*
is but one of the factors that most be considered in the protection of
Lake Monroe. LAND-USE PLAINING ?011 Tiffi LA&I LIUIiTiOE WATERSHED SHOULD HATE
AS HIGH: PRIORITY AS THE DBTELOPISHT OP A REGIONAL '..EUERA&& SYSTEM im-
plementation of the Lake Monroe Suitability Study by the Monroe County
Plan Commission should be of prime importance to the Bloomington-Uonro*
County Coiasiunity.
The Board of Directors
Sassafras Audubon Society
6-80
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"I.-^-lari D. 'ii-.-t, Chriof
Rc.'r; on V Planning Branch^ EPA
230 So^th Dearborn Street^A/V^Mc; £.< •, ;
Chicago. Illinois 6060/ "" __ '*'*'*'
THE ,
SASSATRAS
of (AWRENCE • qnEENE • MONKOE ^W V \ AudUDON
bROWN • MORqAN ANd OU/EN COUNlitS Y * SOCIETy
June 16, 1975
;r. Jlirt:
'/e \7ould like to call the attention of the Planning Branch of Region V,
EPA, to the Strain Ridge School controversy in Ilonroe County, as it has
implications v;ith regard to the siting of the new treatment plant.
m
There was organized opposition to the placencnt of a school at Strain
Hidtr;e v:hen it was first proposed, because Srnithville citizens v/anted
to retain their comnunity school, and the citizens of Harrodsburg and
Kirks ville sought a comnunity school near the center of their popula-
tions (combined) which would require significantly less bussing than
to Strain Ridge.
«'e are enclosing several recent news itcns from the Blooraington Daily
Herald- Telephone which will give you sone idea of the interest and argu-
ments this issue has engendered. The issue is more complicated than can
be presented here, but we do not feel the issue is whether the children
in these particular areas will be deprived of proper educational facili-
ties, but where those facilities should be placed. It should be noted
that if a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) were placed at the Dillraan Road
S_itet it could service a community school at Sriithville.
TT3 SASL'Aj'iiAS AUUUBON SOC^TY 70ULD LIOJ 'I'O .^IITERAIE ITS
SUPPORT FOR -i ST? TJAR TilE BLOO:;iJ.rGTOH IH'JTRO^OLITAIT AREA-
'.03 B^-.IEVE THAT .-. PLAlIT AT V.l± DlLLTuL: SIT?. COULD 3" A
IgiGTO-iAL STP Tir TIE^ 3IJST .SifSE OF 'I'lfi-] '.'OtU). SKRYII/G TIffl
:Di-]J)S OP Air JJZPA1TDI1IG, "SIJ fJPJCD, J,3'.r:OP01/!TA!.r POPULATION,
BUT ALSO STIL'TULATlIiG T.i>] DEVELOP] HifT OF A S^.ffi'UGE SYSTEM
.^OTi T.iOSE BUJ'.LT-IIP A'PaJAS Ilf Tl^ SOUTH BASilf SERVICED BY
RURAL ',MV>:R SUP]^L":r SYSTEIJS BUT STILL D'OPLLJDyJT Oil SEPTIC
T;L.TS. cc.rC'ir/AjiLY, ALSQ PAINTS OF T:^E IIORTH -./AyaRSiiED o-1
no:n« .1 •,/]'ic:i •'OTTLD :a:cLUDE TIH ^AYi^To;/!; RHCMATIOK
'A, etc ^70ULD 133 •/I'TIIU'T A Rl^ASOI'^tBLE RAj.rCJi3.
',
-------
the technology and planning for achieving those goals. It is not good
policy to use a lesser standard an a selling point for a cite on the
grounds that it is cheaper.
Arrt'icm ;rc, it it; pocc;ib"!o that in the I'uture _,a~::e onroc'c function
as the .irincirial -rater su M)ly resource of the entire ilogion v/ill ascune
top priority in the Management of the lal:e. The oassafrr.c Sach.!bon. Societ./
is vorkJ.ng L'or th^t top priority reco/;nition. i L in conceivable tneri
th.at lo\7-flov.' uov;iiatreeza vrould become a looser 'unction oi? the laiCe during
periods of prolonged drought. ir GO, tlie site advruita ,e could becone a
disadvantage ,
\lc advocate slr.d^e re eye i ing; but object to trie omroach ox recoiinendin,?:
a procesn of nlud-^e disposal (soil injection) as an advantage of the
Salt Creole Site -orior to an evaluation of the soils and the ••rocess
through on-oite research. "Jc quote "ror. tlie abst^-act of the pa :>er
of Paul Blakeslec "I.onitorinc Goiiniderations Cor l.Ituiici-oal .'.astev/ater
Effluent and Sludge Application to the Land" presented at the Joint
Conference on Recycling ~ oinicipal Sludges and Affluents on Lrjad in 1973 :
"Konitorin^: the ->er romance of the Many interrelated systems vm;cn
are involved i:i aiiy ^reject ennloyi:'^ v:as '.ovrator or v.ristev;ater
sludge P/O ilication to the land con not be looked uoon as a sub-
stitute for a full understanding of systen res lonse prior to
project co-nuitt, tent."
',/c ^;ould appreciate havinr; the Di.LLir..'! .iofd Site re-evalnafccd fro.; the
strncivjoiiit of "environi leutal" en 'ine^rui';, to nee if t-ic r.ite could be
utilized to jotter advc.'.ta;,v than irojccted ;n the j'n'rot iu..;:ii(1::ent to
Facilities Plan of Ulac'; ,'; Ve-itch.
'./ill there be an opportunity to nect vril.i r.'c-ircr.entatives oT ile ;i'~>n V
Ij";^-. o : thin natter vhen t.ie.-' ;i.ro in the area?
Shioerely yourn, ,, f.,
"T'n--^ jt$r^ »^t
-------
Dt.le Leucht
Planning Division
Region V EPK
230 South Dearborn Street —_iB_lg
Chicago, Illinois 60^04 iSBMjKT THE
SASSAFRAS
of IAWRENCE • QREENE • MOIWOE ^^ V \ AUuUDON
BROWN • MORCJAN Afvd OU/EN couNiits Y , SOCIETy
July 2, 1975
Dear Mr. Leucht:
Enclosed are copies of three recent news items from the Blooraington Herald-
Telephone which relate to the siting of the south side sewage treatment plant.
On June 17 the Utility Service Board heard a presentation from Scarab Compost-
ing Company of Blooraington for accepting all the city's sludge. The proposal
is being considered by the Board. The implications of this proposal are ob-
vious, if implemented, since a leading argument for the Salt Creek Site is
the space available for the sludge injection process. We have advocated con-
sideration of composting as an alternative to the injection process, and would
like to see serious consideration given to this proposal.
The Statement of the Monroe Engineering Society (signed by Ray Graham, County
Surveyor and member of the Monroe County Plan Commission, and Ray Long, City
Engineer) backing the Salt Creek Site is essentially an endorsement of the
Black & Veatch recommendations, using similar arguments for their decision.
Emphasis is placed both in the engineers statement and the H-T editorial on
the argument thot the operation and maintenance expenses would be higher at
the Clear Creek sites. This is based on the higher degree of treatment which
would be required at the Clear Creek sites and high costs of sludge disposal
at same sites. Me have discussed these matters previously and can only reit-
erate that they have not considered all the factors involved, e.g. what the
situation might be if effluent standards are adopted and enforced, implement-
ing recent amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, if denitri-
fication facilities are required at both sites, if water supply is recognized
as a top priority function of Lake Monroe (as we believe it should be) etc.
The Engineering Society also fails to consider any alternative to landfill
for the Clear Greek sites and blindly acrepts the sludge injection p-^ocess
for the Salt Creek Site as if it had neither problems nor expenses associated
with it. ^here are unknowns associated with the sludge injection process
which can only be resolved by research and continuing studies in the field.
Particularly important is thorough analysis o^ the capabilities of the site
which in this instance is lacking although the survey of soil types of tve
area has b^en made. Perhaps better drainage might be needed, and this would
be a cost of the p-p-npct. In addition, also, to the costs of storage, trans-
poT*t, and injection of sludge, would be the need for continuing research on
what happens to the sludge components in the soil and in the croos etc.
6-83
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Ou~ Society would like to see the sludge recvcled whatever process is used. We
realize that it could be expensive, perhaps, especially in initial stages when
an adequate and acceptable Method is being developed. However, a community
should feel an obligation toward recycling such a resource.
?he assertion bv the en-ineers that permanent damage in Clear Creek Valley can't
be substantiated reflectsvthe viewpoint V at ^j the end justifies the mean, and
?^ ignorance of the word "damage" from an ecological standpoint. Actually, one
type of damage which could result ^^n interference with the stream channel,
t~nd its watershed,has been widely ^ernon.streted in ou^ country in terns of cvanges
in natural systems, drainage ps+tems «+r. "t n- s Difficult to see 'How long-lasting
damage could be avoided if +her^> are numerous crossings of Clear Creek involved
in th<= laying of the "iery large interceptor sewer. Recent experiences with rock-
slides at road cuts on South 37 indicates the complexity of problems associated
with construction in this area.
Both at the last environmental assessment hearing and in the engineers statement
it was noted that nature rabidly heals scars of construction and the Korth Sewage
Plant outfall sewer was given as an example of how soon a sewer construction pro-
ject can be hidden bv nature. Uhat is not recognized is that out of sight (dis-
guised by vegetation or hidden under the creek^ is not necessarily out of mind
in terms of continuing effects if serious alteration of channel and watershed
has been effected.
We also take exception to the comparison of the North sewer line with the oro-
nosed line to Salt Creek because of the greater length involved to Salt Creek
and the magnitude of the topographical problems. The North line had one short
passage through rugged terrain and then followed the flood plain to the Bottom
Road plant. Even so, the laying of the north line was a travesty of environ-
mental planning! Enclosed is a cop^ of page 3 of The Balancer (newspaoer of
Soil Conservation District^ which depicts and describes the situation. AS we
understand it, the City had to absorb costly changes in the laying of the line.
The news article on the Engineering Society's statement ends on the note that
one plant is more economic than two, and that the hake 'onroe Regional 'Jaste
District will probably construct a plant somewhere south of 1'arr-odsburg if the.
Clear Creek site is selected. "Ihiie we would agree that one regional plant
would be more economic than two, there are alternatives which haven't been fully
considered for dealing with effluent now entering the lake and questions of
pQjicy concerning the management of Lake honroe are still to be answered which
could affect what is needed in the way of a o.'ant tt that site (or if there is
any need at all beyond the plant ow in process of construction at Little Cle;. r
Creek).
'.'e reiterate our concern ^or any action which would oromote growth arid dev'ion-
-ent around T,ake "'onroe ;>n ,.RS. 0? OIiKlC. L ?:'!V"I.;.or.-;; T. T,";j i; Qilii: .,?£ h...A,
,'T TS ^E Cfn:-1? (V'r) I*L°;V) 'L.T^J ,:ihj UY .v^TROE 0^ 71 .; ^^T,! 7VM" ' T ^ >ni \. "
, ^"-ii. '«***»nrin ^p Absence of any combined ^Pfort on t.lie na-nt of -ove^rir.ont;::"!
agencies concerned with its management to evaluate and determine '^at levels of
development and use can b^ absorbed without seHously affecting water «'U.j it^.
^he issue is vihat is bes+ fo^1 tYie oxiblic interest in this Instance as the '•< ko
'fc.s created with oublic funds t.nd the life of a eomnur:itv is involved.
6-84
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v. L-ind-usp policy for* t>ie perimeter and the entire watershed ofi Lake Monroe
needs to "be adapter! but has not «MMR been considered as yet. Standards must
necessarily be more stringent for protection of a communal water supply.
Our Society uou"1 H also like to rro on record as favoring a ?0 m^d plant in
order to provide for built-up areas in need of sewer service and for future
o:r')ansion around the metropolitan southern a TV* a.
Tn conclusion, we would liVe to stress ?* point already covered but which n^eds
to be ernpK'is'i zed since the a^.'pi^erit u?.ed for the Salt Creek Site t^ndn to
center around do^-roe of dilution water:
"The err>p>'HsiR of national water pollution control policy is now on
the ano-unt of wastes that can be kept nut of surface waters, rather
than on the amount of wastps that can be assimilated by the waters.
This emphasis will ^uide future acceptable water resource policies."
(^•"ojn Cha.T-Mc.teri sties and comparative magnitude of non-
point sources by Uny^on^ C. Loehr, Journal of Water Polluti
Control federation, "I??/,, 'fi-(?} • l?/,9-l ^2. MT*. Loehr is
professo^ of civil and agricultural engineering, Cornell
University, Tthaca, ^.v.
sincerely,
for the Board of Directors,
Sassafras A\idubon Society
P.?. Smith Hoad
Bloomi nf^ton Indiana
6-85
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D) LETTERS FROM INDIVIDUALS
6-86
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7k~L Bigenmann Center
Indiana University
Blooraington, IN U7U01
June 3, 1975
Region V Office
Environmental Protection Agency
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, IL 60606
Gentlemen:
With regard to the environmental impact statement you have decided to
write concerning the siting of the proposed Bloomington sewage treatment
plant, I believe that the following points, in addition to those made
in the report of the Bloomington Environmental Quality and Conservation
Commission, should be considered:
(1) The amount of rock to be removed by blasting during the construction
of the outfall sewer. The assumption made by Black & Veatch in their
Facilities Plan that the soil depth along Clear Creek is equal to the
average Monroe County soil depth is tenuous. More blasting would quite
probably result in higher economic and ecological costs.
(2) Identification of sludge injection sites in the Dillman Road site
vicinity. If soil injection could be used as a sludge disposal method
at that site, it would substantially reduce the present worth of that
alternative from the Black & Veatch estimate.
(3) Identification of the soil types at the various sites and their impli-
cations for plant construction and ionic leaching from sewage.
While I realize that resource constraints may prohibit a full investiga-
tion of these points, I think that, to the extent that they can be con-
sidered, the EIS will benefit from them.
Sincerely,
6-87
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*
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Indiana University Alumni Association
AREA CODE 812 / 337-1711
Office of the Executive Secretary
AGENCy
June 17, 197;
Mr. Dale Luecht
United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Planning Branch
12th Floor
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 6o6c4
Dear Mr. Luecht:
I would like to endorse the Salt Creek site as the best location
for the Waste Treatment Plant to serve Bloomington and that part
of Monroe County which is in the natural drainage area.
I believe the Salt Creek site will not only serve a much larger
area for a collection system, but it will also result in less
environmental damage than any other site to which serious attention
has been given.
I am interested in environmental considerations for our community
and believe that the Salt Creek site will provide the greatest
protection.
Jone
Alumni Secreta:
FBJ:jh
Winner of three national Alumni Administration awards for comprehensive excellence in alumni programming
6-88
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BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION TRADES COUNCIL
IX AFFILIATION WITH
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION TRADES DEPARTMENT
AMERICAN' FEDERATION OF LABOR-—CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL OHGAX1/ATIONS
of Writer 2355 Vernal Pike, Bloomington. Ind. 4T4&5 I V E
June 18,
Mr. Dale Luecht
United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Planning Branch
12a> Floor
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Luecht:
The Bloomington Building & Construction Trades
Council is a Council of representatives from all the
fifteen Construction Unions in this area. As it was
impossible for us to attend the public meeting this
letter is to advise you that the Council has went on
record to support the Salt Creek site for Construction
of the new Waste Treatment Plant for the Bloomington
Indiana area.
This site would serve a much larger area that
badly needs a sewage system.
6-89
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^inrffyerfomfc of Qfarjmttea mtft ^fmn*** xrf ^m^wa:
LOCAL UNION No. 1664
2335 VERNAL PIKE
BLOaMINBTON, INDIANA 474D1
PHONE: B12/336-435O
June 18,
*>'"'.-
f I' «• * "t^
Mr. Dale Luecht •*> ~*c>
United States Environmental Protection ^{AA, ' '
Agency, Planning Branch f*f*^^ tt^
230 South Dearborn Street ^~
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Luecht:
The Carpenters in the Bloomington, Indiana are
very much interested in the proposed Waste Treatment
Plant for this area.
When building a house, apartment, store, office,
school, factory or what ever, it is only good business
to design and locate the structure so that it will be
utilized to its fullest extent. For these reasons
and others we want to urge your approval of the Salt
Creek site for this plant.
As you may know Monroe County Indiana does not
have maney areas that are suitable for Septic Systems.
The Engineering report given in the local paper
recomended this site to service a large area and
thereby eleminating maney other possible environmental
problems in the future.
We further think this plant should serve the
greatest number of people at the lowest possible cost.
The Salt Creek site is the best suited to do this
pluss protecting the environment of the largest
possible area.
6-90
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JAMES R.REOESTER
EDWARD W. NAJAM.JR.
REOEBTEH S NA.UAM
ATTDHNEYB AT LAW
IOO« WEST SIXTH STREET
i, INDIANA
47401
TELEPHONE
AREA CODE 812
June 4, 1975
Mr. Dale Luecht
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region V, Planning Branch
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
RE: City of Bloomington, Indiana
Wastewater Treatment
Disposal of Sludge
Dear Mr. Luecht:
It is our understanding that you are presently evaluating
various proposals for construction by the City of Bloomington of a
new wastewater treatment facility. You have been referred to us by
Mr. Gary Kent, Director of Utilities, and Mr. Rick Peoples, Utilities
Chemist.
The Scarab Compost Company has developed a process for
the accelerated decomposition of organic matter. The Company can
process virtually any organic substance, e.g., leaves, grass, saw-
dust, wood chips, cardboard, paper, etc., and can convert such
organic material into a mineral rich dirt in a period of thirty
(30) days.
The Company has worked with the Indiana State Board of
Health in cleaning up the Bloomington Packing Company by disposing
of its organic refuse through composting. The Company has also, by
way of experimentation, disposed of sludge left over from the City
of Bloomington wastewater treatment process.
The Company now has a tentative agreement for a contract
with the City of Bloomington to dispose of the sludge material
produced by both the Winston Thomas and Blucher Poole waste treat-
ment plants. The end product from this process will be a harmless,
odorless and mineral rich black dirt.
6-91
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Mr. Dale Luecht
June 4, 1975
Page Two
We believe that the process which Scarab has developed
holds great promise as an alternative to conventional land applied
means of disposing of sewage sludge. We would like to discuss this
process with you or other representatives of the Environmental
Protection Agency, with emphasis on the high cost effectiveness of
the Scarab method and the environmental benefits.
Please let us hear from you at your earliest convenience.
Very truly yours,
SCARAB COMPOST COMPANY, INC.
Cdward W. Najai
EWN:ap
6-92
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REQESTEH S NAJAM
ATTDHNEYB AT LAW TELEPHONE
JAMCS R. REOESTER lOO tt WEST SIXTH STREET AREA CODE ei2
COWARD w. NAJAM,JR. BixiDMiNQTDN, INDIANA 332-333*
474OI
August 8, 1975
Mr. Dale Luecht
United States Environmental
Protection Agency
Region V, Planning Branch RE: City of Bloomington, Indiana,
230 South Dearborn Street Contract for Sludge Disposal
Chicago, Illinois 60604 Through Composting
Dear Mr. Luecht:
Since I met with you and Cathy Grissom in Bloomington
on July 17th, the Scarab Compost Company has signed a sludge
disposal contract with the City of Bloomington to compost the
sludge produced by the City's present wastewater treatment plants.
A copy of the Contract is enclosed herewith.
The purpose of this letter is to request that the
Environmental Protection Agency and its consulting engineers fully
consider and evaluate composting as a sludge treatment alternative
in preparing the Environmental Impact Statement for Bloomington's
proposed wastewater treatment facility.
In our Contract with the City, our objective is to
demonstrate, in practical use, the desirability and feasibility
of composting sewage sludge. We believe that composting is the
most effective method of sludge treatment and disposal both in
terms of environmental protection and solid waste resource re-
covery and utilization.
Our Contract with the City provides for testing and
evaluation of digested sludge both before and after composting.
We anticipate that, given the constituent character of Blooming-
ton's digested sludge, the concentration of heavy metals and other
contaminants before composting will be acceptable and will improve
in the future with pre-treatment. After the sludge is composted
with other organic materials, e.g. leaves, sawdust, corn cobs, etc.,
there is a significant dilution factor in the finished product.
6-93
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Page Two
Dale Luecht
August 8, 1975
The Scarab compost process also achieves significant
pathogen reduction. Accelerated bio-degradation generates tem-
peratures which disinfect the digested sludge in a natural pro-
cess of stabilization through bacterial action.
In addition, the Scarab aerobic or "open stomach"
method requires a limited energy investment, a factor of in-
creasing significance which should be considered in evaluating
various sludge disposal alternatives.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972 call for the development of alternative means of sludge
disposal and utilization. As you know, traditional land appli-
cation of digested sludge presents significant problems of soil
and water contamination. These problems can be controlled and
significantly reduced or eliminated by adequate composting under
controlled conditions.
To insure safe operation and control while the sludge
is being processed, our Contract provides for inspection by the
City and other appropriate public agencies, including the Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency. We invite you and your consulting
engineers to participate in the evaluation which will be conducted
by the City's Environmental Quality and Conservation Commission.
There are not many people qualified and capable of
producing large amounts of compost on a commercial scale through
an accelerated process of bio-degradation. The President of our
Company, William Addison, was among the original group of persons
involved in the 1930*s in compost research at George Washington
University at College Park and Beltsville, Maryland. Mr. Addison*s
early work involved field research in agriculture and animal hus-
bandry and the creation of organic substitutes to commercial ferti-
lizers. In his early research Mr. Addison worked with Dr. E. E.
Pfeiffer who was responsible for the fundamental research in
composting during that period. Mr. Addison"s composting experience
spans forty years. Three years ago he sold his sole proprietorship
and began the commercial production of compost within the present
corporation, the Scarab Compost Company.
As I indicated to you in my letter of June 4, 1975,
Mr. Addison and the Company have worked with Indiana State
Board of Health in cleaning up the Bloomington Packing Company
6-94
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Page Three
Dale Luecht
August 8, 1975
which was under an order to close unless it disposed of its
organic refuse. The Packing Company now has a clean bill of
health and Scarab composts all of the offal remaining after the
meat packing process.
Mr. Addison has worked with numerous officials from
the State Board of Health. Among those who may be contacted
are Mr. Frank Kuhns, Field Supervisor in the Division of Meat
and Poultry. Mr. Lee Parsons of the Agricultural Waste Disposal
Section is also familiar with Mr. Addison's work.
Composting deserves serious and systematic consideration
in preparation of the Environmental Impact Statement wherever the
proposed treatment plant is to be located. One reason we have
obtained the present Contract with the City is that our proposal to
compost the City's sludge is the most reliable and cost-effective
means of disposal. The Scarab process also offers an environmental
control factor not available with other methods. Further, composting
could result in a substantial savings to the City in eliminating the
need to purchase land for a sludge farm operation.
We look forward to hearing from you or your consulting
engineers in the very near future.
Very truly yours,
SCARAB COMPOST COMPANY, INC.
Edward W. Najam, Jr.
EWNrrn
6-95
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Part II Comments on the Draft EIS
1. Public Hearing Comments
Comment; MAYOR FRANK McCLOSKEY:
I'd like to thank the EPA and Gilbert Associates for coming down
and the interest they've shown. As would be the gist of this state-
ment, I'd like to stress that in no way should anything I say be
construed as being in opposition or counter to the Dillman Road
site. I think almost everyone in Bloomington would enthusias-
tically endorse the Dillman Road site and I think, for the Record,
I would like some questions stressed, and I am also helpful that
the EIS would be finalized come June or so, that wherever we go,
it does move along. But now I'll read the statement.
For about four years now the City of Bloomington has been actively
working on a sewage expansion program for the south treatment area.
There is total concensus by all parties that the City direly needs
a. new wastewater treatment facility to service the southern drainage
area. Recent weeks have seen the imposition by the Stream Pollution
Control Board of an additional hook-on limitation. Neither our
concern for the environment nor for improved economic conditions
in Bloomington can allow further delay on this vital project.
Every month of delay results in better than $300,000 in infla-
tionary costs.
The Environmental Protection Agency with the aid of their con-
sultants have definitely decided that Dillman Road is the best
site for the new facility. The city's technical consultants,
Black and Veatch, endorse the concept that a completely functional
and satisfactory plant can be constructed at the Dillman Road
site. I believe the entire Utilities Service Board will agree
to the Dillman Road site, as I will.
However, as the final EIS is still being processed, for the
Record I would like to see several concerns addressed. These
concerns include the technical questions raised by Black and
Veatch during the hearing on January 29th. I believe that two
gentlemen from Black and Veatch would like to speak later, briefly.
I believe that only one — the nitrogen discharge requirements
of the State of Indiana — has been addressed thus far.
Perhaps of more importance to me than location would be the
question of plant size, as additional growth is expected and
almost certain in the Bloomington metropolitan area. It would
be unfortunate if after years and years of effort that a 15 MGD
plant at the Dillman Road site would be in any way inadequate
and have to undergo an additional expansion program soon after
construction.
I have no desire to freeze-in or artificially justify a less than
optimum decision on a plant site. However, consultation with the
engineers indicates it would almost be an additional year's delay
for the new planning sheets for modification to the Dillman Road
6-96
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site to be completed. Total additional costs for all consumers
and governmental agencies could amount to several million dollars
given the current inflationary spiral. I would hope that in the
ensuing weeks that these additional costs — due to inflation,
time and consultants' work on modifications — would be considered
in cost-benefit decisions as to the two sites.
I would stress, however, that these concerns are in no way raised
in opposition to the Dillman Road site. The Utilities Service
Board, the consulting engineers, and I will support the Dillman
Road site. These questions are raised only to develop pertinent
information to facilitate the best decision about a project that
has been underway for a number of years.
If the final version of the EIS recommends Dillman Road and that
is the decision of the EPA, the City of Bloomington and the entire
Bloomington and Monroe County area will enthusiastically work
toward the accomplishment of this project.
Comment; MRS. DAVID FREY, commenting for the Sassafras Audubon
Society:
1. Supported construction of the proposed STP at the Dillman
Road site.
2. Stated that the Audubon Society, had aksed EPA to address
the capacity issue in an earlier 'communication.
3. Expressed deep concern about the PCB problem and suggested
that the Audubon Society would like to see a closed system for the
use of PCB's by Westinghouse in the very shortest time possible.
Response; To MAYOR FRANK McCLOSKEY and MRS. DAVID FREY
1. The questions that Black & Veatch raised and the responses
to them are found on pages 6-35to6-36of this EIS.
2. The capacity of the proposed STP for the South Bloomington
Service Area recommended in the draft EIS was 15 MGD. As a
result of Mayor McCloskey's concern that the proposed STP
might be undersized, USEPA requested the City of Bloomington
Utilities to recheck the existing flow data for the Winston
Thomas STP. The revised flows and a discussion of them is
found in Appendix A pp 9 to 15 » The conclusion is that
a 15 MGD capacity (with 1.9 MGD diverted to the North STP)
should be sufficient to meet the needs of the south service
area through the year 2000.
3. The PCB issues are addressed in Appendix G.
6-97
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COMMENT; MR. L.W. BREMSER - Black and Veatch, Inc.
At the January 29th meeting we commented concerning twelve points
in evaluation of the Gilbert Report. These comments are repro-
duced on pages 6-32 through 6-34 of the draft (and final) Environ-
mental Impact Statement. One point (Point #1) regarding nitrogen
discharge has been resolved (in the draft EIS). However, we still
have reservations as- to six other points, five of them concerned
with cost. They are:
Point two - The estimated additional cost for second-stage nitri-
fication required on Clear Creek has been increased from $1,722,000
back in January to $2,253,000. We are still concerned that this
may not be adequate.
And if I understood the statement by the Gilbert representative
awhile ago today, the two stage plant was estimated at one and a
half times the single stage aeration plant. This statement is
not borne out in the summary of estimates, Table 6-8, page 3-6-17.
Point four - We still question the adequacy of estimates for
channel relocation at the Dillman Road site.
Point five - We wish to point out again that overestimation of
the cost of the gravity outfall sewer tends to make the upper
Clear Creek sites more attractive than would otherwise be the
case.
Point three - Differentials in operation and maintenance costs
pointed out in January have been increased to the nine to ten per-
cent range as opposed to the eight percent which they were. We
still question the adequacy of this differential.
Point eight - The additional 8 percent for sludge handling and
disposal still does not seem adequate but the backup for these
figures is not included in the draft.
Point ten - This is concerned with pumping the 1.9 million
gallons per day to the Blucher Poole Plant as a routine practice.
This plan was only intended to serve on an interim basis and with
the current energy shortage, we believe this recommendation should
be reconsidered. If this recommendation stands and the statement
as to the lesser cost treatment at Blucher Poole is correct, we
assume that no additional stage of treatment at the Blucher Poole
Plant would be required within the design period.
Finally, the interpretation of trends and the pumping of 1.9 MGD
to the north has been used to justify the construction capacity
of only 15 MGD. We are concerned along with others that limita-
tions of only 15 MGD capacity design could prove to be a short-
sighted approach. Thank you.
6-98
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Response; MR. JAMES QUIN of GILBERT ASSOCIATES (Consultant to EPA)
We did reply to EPA after that January 29th meeting but our reply
was not published in the draft EIS. (These comments have been
included in the final EIS and are found on pages 6-35 and 6-36.)
On the costs that Mr,, Bremser mentioned on point two of the
additional cost for the two-stage nitrification, the figures
were revised after that January 29th meeting. The one and a
half times figure that I spoke of earlier is incorrect, and we
will stand behind the figures that are published in the cost
summary tables, in the draft EIS. (Same tables in Final EIS.)
Mention was made in the January 29th meeting of misunderstanding
that we had of the nitrogen discharge requirements (Point one).
This has been cleared up and the nitrogen discharge requirements
are shown correctly in the final report of Gilbert Associates
(and in the draft and final EIS's).
On the question of the rock excavation (Point four) at the Clear
Creek sites, our estimates are based on a minimum rock excavation
at the Clear Creek site, at the Dillman Road site, and that
assumption is based on an on-site investigation that we did
while we were here during our field visit in August. We didn't
do any extensive borings at the site, but we did do some borings
down to a depth of about ten feet at several places on that
Dillman Road site.
And we feel, based on that, that the rock excavation for a
stream relocation at that site will be minimal. That is the
reason behind that assumption.
Another item (Point five) that was mentioned was the sizing
of the pipes that we used for the interceptor sewer going from
Winston Thomas down to the Salt Creek site. Apparently, there
is a difference in two places in the facilities plan. We took
the pipe sizes that were shown on a plate in the Black and Veatch
report and took the pipe sizes directly off that. I noticed
in the table within the facilities plan (after our final report
to EPA was completed) that different pipe sizes are ased. I
think the pipe sizes that we took from the Bloomington 201 plan
are consistently six inches larger than the sizes that were
used in costing in the Black and Veatch report.
This was an error, and it definitely involves higher costs,
but even if the smaller pipe sizes were assumed, it would
still not make the Salt Creek alternative more attractive than
Dillman Road.
We did take the pipe sizes directly off the plate in the
facilities plan.
On point ten involving the continued pumping to the Blucher
Poole plant we did recommend that it be continued based on
the low energy requirement for pumping. The figure we were
given by the Utilities Service Board was on the order of
$4,000 a year in pumping costs to that north plant. In
looking at the north plant, it's our feeling that the plant
6-99
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is presently being underutilized based on its design capacity,
and that the additional flow that's coming from the south
service area now should continue, and even if additional treat-
ment is required at the north plant, that it's still going to
be more cost effective to treat that sewage at the north plant
and continue the pumping, than it would be to increase the
capacity at the new plant to handle this.
We feel that there is certainly plenty of capacity at the north
plant to handle that 1.9 MGD flow. I think that covers our
reply to those comments. I think the other comments that
were made on January 29th have been covered in the EIS itself
and in our letter to EPA of February 17, 1976 (see pages 6-35
and 6-36) .
Comment; MR. ORAL HERT, Technical Secretary of the Stream
Pollution Control Board, State of Indiana.
I might say that I do feel right at home in Bloomington. I
attended the joint school out on White Hall Pike, just a few
blocks from where Westinghouse is now located. I graduated
from the high school that burned down a few years ago, and
attended one year at I.U. before World War II. My gray hair
might indicate the age.
I would say that we have been concerned over the delay in
construction of additional treatment facilities for the City
of Bloomington. We admit that we are somewhat taken aback
by the long sewer line that was proposed to transport the
sewage all the way to the Salt Creek site.
However, the State of Indiana does not make a cost effective
analysis, and our consideration was that there might be a
tradeoff of first cost of the sewer versus the less operation
and maintenanofe costs over the years at the Salt Creek site.
We did rely on the city's engineers to select the proper site.
We do believe — I am looking at the environmental report,
that the plant can be located at the Dillman Road site designed
to produce an effluent that will reach standard water quality
standards. We certainly hope that this Environmental Impact
Statement would be completed at an early date, and it will be
acceptable to the city, so that they can have their consulting
engineers adapt the plans that have been developed for the
treatment plant for the city in time to receive construction
grant funds from grants that are now available and have to be
obligated to municipalities in the State of Indiana prior to
September 1977.
I have discussed this problem with the City officials, and
they have indicated to me that they are ready to go forward
as rapidly as possible once this environmental impact is
finally decided.
We are somewhat concerned that the Lake Monroe area will not .
be served by a joint treatment plant, because we believe that
sewers in this area where there is development will be delayed
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because there is not a region system to meet that requirement.
But, we will continue as we have in the past to limit develop-
ments on Lake Monroe that propose discharge effluent to the
lake.
We'd just cite a couple of points on page 3-3-1 in the Environ-
mental Statement. It cites the average daily flow treated by
the south plant as 11.2 MGD. Recent information from the City
indicates the average flow at the plant is in the range of 7
to 8 million gallons a day with two to two and a half million
gallons a day pumped to the north sewage treatment plant. I'm
not sure whether that was available to the consultants when
they made their survey or not.
And one other point on the Pointe development sewage plant,
they may be required to extend their outfall to Salt Creek
since, at the time their treatment plant was approved by our
Board, we contemplated that a regional plant would be built,
and the effluent would be discharged to Salt Creek, so we will
have to take another look at the Pointe treatment plant in
the near future once this site is established to determine
whether or not a longer outfall will be required from the
Point treatment facility.
I think that's the only comments I have.
Response; to MR. ORAL HERT
USEPA has reviewed the latest flow meter calculations on the
existing flows at the Winston Thomas STP. This is found in
Appendix A-9 toA-15. USEPA finds that 15 MGD is a cost effective
capacity for the proposed STP. The decision on the outfall
location for the Caslon (Pointe) STP is determined by the ISBOH.
Comment; MR. ROBERT SCHMUHL, President, Bloomington Utilities
Service Board.
Let me say first of all that the Utilities Service Board shares
the concerns expressed by Mayor McCloskey and Black and Veatch
about certain elements of the draft Environmental Impact State-
ment, and we appreciate the opportunity of presenting this
statement this evening.
In May of 1972, the City of Bloomington began to make plans for
a sewage treatment expansion program. It was apparent at that
time, as it is now, that a new facility to replace the old and
nearly overloaded Winston Thomas plant was necessary.
Given the condition of the Winston Thomas plant, the recent letter
from the State limiting sewer hook-ons in the southern drainage
area, and other factors, the Utilities Service Board hopes that
the authorities of the Environmental Protection Agency and the
State of Indiana in cooperation with the City of Bloomington
will select a definite site as rapidly as possible. The years
of delay on this project have already almost doubled what it
will eventually cost. We need to get this program moving, and
6-ldl
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we need to move without delay.
To facilitate the selection of s site for the proposed facility,
the Utilities Service Board last Spring requested an Environmental
Impact Statement. Since certain doubts about the site existed,
we felt that an EIS was necessary. We appreciate the work done
by EPA and Gilbert Associates in preparing the EIS.
Although the Utilities Service Board has supported the Salt Creek
site as a cost effective and versatile choice, we nevertheless
recognize the arguments that have led EPA to select the Dillman
Road site. Of utmost importance to the Board is a positive and
concerted movement towards the construction of a new plant.
We believe the Dillman Road site will serve the needs of our
community. It will also provide for immediate and continuing
growth and is compatible with the City's plans for the future.
The level of treatment at the Dillman Road site will be vast
improvement over the capability of the present Winston-Thomas
plant. We feel that a plant at Dillman Road will respond to
the environmental considerations and concerns that have been
raised by many segments of the community. For these reasons
and others, the Utilities Service Board supports the selection
of the Dillman Road site.
In conclusion, let me reiterate on behalf of the Utilities
Service Board the City's genuine need for a new wastewater
treatment facility. We sincer.ely hope that this project,
which has been delayed for so long, can be completed with all
deliberate speed. Environmentally, Bloomington cannot afford i
an old and overloaded sewage treatment facility. Economically,
Bloomington cannot afford a moratorium on the number of sewer
hook-ons. Our need is acute, and we hope by working together
that the community can have a new, environmentally-sound plant
in operation as soon as possible.
Response; EPA has addressed MR. SCHMUHLs' concerns in the
response to MAYOR McCLOSKEY.
Mr. Fuller, Deputy Planning Branch Chief, USEPA.
Do we have a representative here from the Lake Monroe Regional
Waste District? Anyone wishing to speak on their behalf?
(No one spoke on the behalf of the LMRWD.)
Comment; MR. JIM PERRIN
Good evening. It's been about a year since Bloomington Sierra
Club spoke at the May 29th meeting concerning the problem that
we saw with the study that had been done before and some of
the issues that we felt the EPA should address in the draft
Environmental Impact Statement.
At that time, we endorsed the Dillman Road site, and this
evening, we would like to affirm our support for the selection
of the Dillman Road site, and indicate that we are somewhat
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gratified that as a fairly new group at that time. ^iUi little
experience, and a lot of help from other environmental groups
in town, that we were able to get involved in this issue and
come to some conclusions that we felt were right, and to have
them for the most part substantiated by' an external agency
that I am sure spent more money and time than we did in coming
to our conclusions.
There are some points, I guess, we still feel somewhat uneasy
about. While the demographic projections made by Gilbert and
adopted by EPA are quite elaborate and seem certainly within
the realm of justification, it is difficult for us to come
to a conclusion about the size of the plant. It is, of course,
crystal*balling to look 20 years in the future, and it will be
an important decision in the Bloomington community.
The environmental concerns seem to have quite well covered by
Gilbert and the EPA and for that we are very gratified. Our
stance was, of course to see first of all that the environ-
mental considerations were protected and did get a fair con-
sideration, and for that we are much appreciative.
Response; None required.
Comment: MR. W. E. BRAUN
I would like to read a prepared statement from the Environ-
mental Quality and Conservation Commission — I'll refer to
it hereafter as EQCC — of the City of Bloomington has counseled
the people of Bloomington on the siting of the proposed Sewage
Treatment Facility (STF). The Commission's position was
completely summarized in its statement to the May 29, 1975,
Environmental Assessment Hearing on the subject. The major
recommendations were:
1. That the Sewage Treatment Facility be located at the Dillman
Road site. The main reasons for rejecting the Salt Creek were:
a. The terrestrial and aquatic destruction involved in
running a long outfall sewer to the site.
b. The lower quality of effluent from the Sewage Treatment
Facility proposed for the Salt Creek site as compared to any
of the Clear Creek sites.
c. The Salt Creek site is within the flood plain of Salt
Creek, directly below the spillway at the reservoir and located
on a soil type known to be subject to waterlogging.
d. The possibility of severe adverse secondary effects
of facilitated development at Lake Monroe because of placement
at Salt Creek.
In addition, the EQCC requested that the Environmental Impact
Statement consider £g points of secondary impact.
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The draft Environmental Impact Statement contains detailed
treatment of items l.a, b, and d above and the majority of
the points of secondary impact. In addition, item l.c and
most of the remaining points of secondary impact are treated
in a general way.
Our conclusions are as follows.
The Environmental Quality and Conservation Commission of
the City of Bloomington concurs with the conclusions of the
Environmental Impact Statement, specifically, one —
The EQCC concurs that a 15 million gallon per day activated
sludge sewage treatment plant with rapid sand filters and
sludge treatment via aerobic digestion and centrifugation
located at the Dillman Road site will serve the needs of the
South Bloomington Service Area.
2. The EQCC concurs that the processed sludge from the south
treatment plant should not be applied to farmland until
a. The extent of the PCB problem in Bloomington has been
determined and;
b. Corrective actions are taken that reduce PCB levels
to a safe level.
We take this opportunity to recommend further that the pre-
cautions be taken placing contaminated sludge into landfill
so that the eventual leakage from such landfill does not
pose a future problem for the area's watersheds.
3. The EQCC concurs that in view of the economic forecasts
and in view of the absence of a comprehensive development
plan, for the Lake Monroe region, regionalization of the
South Bloomington Service Area and the Lake Monroe Regional
Waste District as proposed in the Bloomington 201 plan is
not warranted. We caution, however, that future development
trends may vary from current forecasts. Since the Lake
Monroe region represents the prime watershed for drinking
water for Bloomington and its neighboring communities, land
use in the area should be closely monitored and indiscriminate
utilization as currently practiced be strongly discouraged.
4. The EQCC concurs with the remaining conclusions in the
draft Environmental Impact Statement.
The EQCC would like to take this opportunity to thank all
those concerned, particularly the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, for their efforts to place in proper per-
spective the economic and environmental factors concerned
in this project.
Response: None required.
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Comment; MR. LARRY NEMBA
Good evening. I am representing the Monroe County Home Builders
Associated. We met with Mayor McCloskey and discussed the
possibilities of the sewage treatment plant at both sites.
We are in agreement with Mayor McCloskey's statement that we
need a site and we need it as soon as we can get one, whether
it be the Dillman Road site or the Salt Creek site. As it
appears, it will probably be the Dillman Road site.
Our main desire is to provide housing for anyone in the City
of Bloomington or Monroe County. Without sewage treatment,
we cannot increase the number of residents in Monroe County
or the City of Bloomington. We are now down to a limited
number of hook-ons as you read in the paper recently. Without
more hook-ons, virtually home builders and developers are out
of business.
We do desire that there be a reasonable growth. We're not
just wanting to build anyplace anytime, with no concern for
what it does to the environment. We still feel that the
original site on Salt Creek would have been our preference
due to the fact that there has been development around Lake
Monroe with better treatment of the sewage from that area.
We are also concerned on the additional cost that's going
to be to do all the planning and all the delaying to change
over to the Dillman site.
The time schedule, as it was mentioned these are just kind
of loose figures — at the time we were probably talking six
to eight months, before all the paper work can even be altered,
so we feel that we can live with either facility, but our main
goal is to get one underway.
Response; EPA shares the objective of getting a new facility
constructed for the South Bloomington Area.
Comment; MR. DENNIS FALLS, Chairman of the Bloomington Sierra
Club here in town.
Both Mayor McCloskey this afternoon and the Utilities Service
Board this evening expressed a need for proceeding with all
deliberate haste in proceeding with the beginning the con-
struction of additional sewage treatment facilities in
Bloomington.
I think they will excuse me if this is not their intent, but
I think I should comment on the implication that the prepara-
tion of the EIS itself was a cause for the additional delay
and cost in planning this facility. I think that this has
been an excellent lesson for this community that had environ-
mental considerations and existing alternatives that were
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known at the time but inadequately considered in the initial
planning that the delay in the additional costs might not have
had to have been incurred.
Might I at this time ask Mr. Ross some questions about his
statement? (See Appendix G for Mr. Ross's statement)
I was here this afternoon and asked Mr. Ross for a copy of
EPA's statement, on the PCBs in this area. We were very happy
to see this, it really does indicate some forward momentum on
this problem and indicates that some action certainly has been
initiated to help deal with this PCB contamination in this area,
I would like to ask a couple of questions not in the way of
criticism, but just to clarify a couple of problems with myself,
Could you clarify — I think a lot of people are concerned
about the meaning of the term "minimal discharge". This has
been expressed as a goal, and it might be helpful if people
understood what this meant, since it seems often to be
referred to.
MR. ROSS:
I think you are referring to the statement that Westinghouse
in Bloomington has been placed on a timetable for obtaining
minimal discharging of PCBs by the end of 1976.
That question came up this afternoon from a lady, and I didn't
have the precise answer on it, and I still do not have it now,
because I did not make an attempt to examine the total state-
ment regarding Westinghouse.
Now, the State is the primary one carrying the ball on this.
We did some of the initial work and since then we've done some
joint work, and right now, the State is in the active phase of
the enforcement abatement of it.
But I think what can be said on this is that based upon the
process and the operation at Westinghouse, the schedule that
they are on here now to be completed by 1976 is perhaps based
on technology. It may be the best schedule we can get from
them now, merely because they are going on a schedule now that
permits minimum discharge of PCBs which I might not qualify
now to quantify — it does not mean that the effluent will go
to complete zero either by recycling or by changing due plant
process in search of substitution of PCBs, it's still not the
ultimate goal, and still is being pursued with as much vigor
as it was prior to getting the kind of agreement we now have
with Westinghouse.
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MR. FALLS:
Okay. The reason that I wanted to ask that question was — a
number of years ago when it first became known to State agencies
that PCBs were being discharged at the rate 46 pounds a day,
somebody probably considered that to be a minimal discharge,
and we hope that it will become more minimal as quickly as
possible.
You also stated that testing at Bloomington water plants found
PCBs below detectable levels. Can you tell me what EPA con-
sidered to be a detectable level or minimum detectable level?
MR. ROSS:
I think the laboratory now looks at PCBs routinely at a level
that would generally stand as what you can detect in a labora-
tory. Let's see, is Mr. Peoples here?
MR. PEOPLES: (City of Bloomington Chemist)
Ten per parts per billion.
MR. ROSS:
He's in the laboratory, and I am not, that's why I asked him
that.
MR. FALLS:
Sure, okay. Refer on the last page to paragraph B.3, (Appendix
G) at the top of the page, in that the EPA recommended the
three landfill sites be closed and reworked which were formerly
used for solids waste disposal, by Westinghouse, and where water
and soil PCB contamination were found. Does reworking a landfill
site mean complete excavation?
MR. ROSS:
Right now that's a recommendation that's in the report but at
the time the actual survey was done, the leaching from the
landfills that were looked at were very, minimal. And when
I say minimal, leachate coming of there probably, one into
the stream, would not be detectable. That doesn't mean now
that we are saying we don't have a concern for them, that's
why we have in there a recommendation to the Indiana district
office that it may be reworked in a manner which would pre-
clude the leachate in some ditches, drainage ditches, so
that the capacitors that actually conduct the flow of water
through landfill and perhaps into the stream. We feel that
if in the future we find that this leachate problem is one
that is contributing to the problem in the creeks and
consequently in the fish, then those things ought to be
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reworked in a manner which would not cause the problem.
MR. FALLS:
One last question. You note here that the Bloomington south
treatment plant — Winston-Thomas right next to us — has
stopped distributing sludge to farmers and gardeners because
of the high levels of PCBs — who or what agency would be
responsible in determining the proper ultimate disposal of
the sludge that is accumulating at the plant next door. And
apparently you only have until September before storage .
facilities are completely filled.
What local agency or state or federal agency would be most
helpful in determining what to do with that?
MR. ROSS:
Perhaps a better approach to it — I'm not prepared to pin-
point what local agency, or federal or state agency would
have the ultimate responsibility, but I think the approach
to it is going to have to be one where all pollution control
agencies — local, state, federal — are going to have to
pool efforts to find methods of safely disposing of sludge.
I think we necessarily should share the responsibility rather
than any one agency excluding the others. We are addressing
a problem that we need all of the expertise and all of the
help we can get so I would think that we are going to work
together on that problem.
MR. FALLS:
Excellent, that's a very excellent idea, and I thank you
again for that report. It's very encouraging.
If you will permit, Mr. Fuller, I'd like to read a short
public statement.
There will be a public meeting to form a citizens committee
on the PCB problem in Monroe, Owen and Lawrence Counties this
Thursday, May 6, at 7 p.m. in the County Public Library. The
purpose of the committee will be provide a focus for citizen
concern on PCBs and to encourage research on and resolution
of the PCB contamination of lands and waters in this area.
If you have used sludge from the Winston-Thomas treatment
plant, you are especially urged to attend. If you know of
others who have used this sludge, please urge them also to
attend. The committee will help obtain advice and assistance
for citizens concerned about the PCB contamination in their
lives and of course this will help support any other agencies
that are working on this problem.
The coordinator of the committee will be Sarah Narreg (phonetic
spelling), and I'd like to remind you that will be May 6th,
in the Monroe County Public Library auditorium, at 7 p.m.
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Comment; MR. RAY GRAHAM, Professional engineer, county surveyor
at the present time.
I think the question tonight on Salt Creek condemned route sites
were the same state when the bypass was built around Bloomington,
It was needed so bad that everybody said we wanted the thing, we
needed the thing, we were afraid to say what we should do with
it. But we let the bypass go without anybody except Dave
Thrasher and I asking for overheads on it, so that we got
several people killed in the last few years.
I am in favor of the Salt Creek site because I think we're not
far enough down the road. We've got a regional problem, we've
got a sanitation problem, below Dillman Road, as Mr. Hert, I
am sure, knows about, I think we should consider the whole
area — we've got a western area clear out to Stanford that
is going to be loading into the Bloomington plant at some
time. I think the Salt Creek site is the only effective site
for the area.
Response; To RAY GRAHAM
All Clear Creek sites (Winston Thomas, Dillman and Ketchum)
are preferable to the Salt Creek site on an environmental,
economic and geographic basis. Present Worth Analysis (p 3-
6-15) indicate Salt Creek to be more costly by several millions
of dollars (e.g. Dillman Road Present Worth $31,775,000 vs.
Salt Creek Present Worth $42,489,000.).
Furthermore, selection of the Salt Creek site would result in
less centralization of sewer interceptor facilities, extensive
disruption of the Clear Creek stream banks, a poorer quality
effluent, a less reliable sewage treatment facility, and might
cause an acceleration of the Lake Monroe area prior to a full
opportunity by the local planning commission, with appropriate
citizen input, to discuss and evaluate land use options for
the Lake Monroe area.
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STATEMENT FROM COUNCILMEMBER THOMAS O MIDDLETON, M.D.
for the EPA Hearing, 3 May 1976
For the past five to six years, the City of
Bloomington, State of Indiana and U.S. government, as
represented by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and other appropriate agencies, have variously
considered, debated and procrastinated in the efforts
to solve our increasing problem of disposal of sewagae
waste within the community.
We have now reached the point where future hook-
ons are limited to 208. This is not a year's problem,
but will continue until the problem is solved. This
ruling by the State Board of Health, will preclude the
development of any significant apartment complexes,
limit home construction, and seriously threaten any
commercial developments, including those that are pre-
sently planned.
I have no quarrel with the particular sites that
might-be recommended, although I question the compe-
tence of the report upon which the EPA bases its recom-
mendations. In any event, it is my belief that this
problem must be approached and solved without further
dawdling. To this end, I will introduce a resolution
to the Common Council of the City of Bloomington request-
ing the Utilities Service Board to establish a site for
the treatment plant and proceed with all deliberate speed
to implement the plans that are now at hand.
I have sufficient confidence in the capabilities
of the persons on this Board that they can consider the
engineering plans available to them and make a logical
decision in this matter. I urge the EPA to be respon-
sive of the needs of the community and of the desires
of the people who live here to solve their problems
•with a minimum of harrassment and obfuscation by outside
agencies. Further, I have enough respect for the integ-
rity of our local boards and governmental officials that
they are going to be cognizant of the impact of their
actions in this matter upon not only the immediate envi-
ronment of the community, but our neighbors as well.
I urge you to consider this matter expeditiously.
Respectfully submitted,
Thomas O Middleton, M.D.
Response: None
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United States Department of the Interior
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
NORTH CENTRAL REGION
230 S. DEARBORN STREET, 32r.d FLOOR
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60604
ER 76/334 May 14, 1976
Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr.
Regional Administrator
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Alexander:
This is in response to your request of March 5 for Department of the
Interior comments on the draft environmental statement for the Sewage
Treatment Facilities for the South Bloomington and Lake Monroe Service
Areas, Bloomington, Indiana.
GENERAL COMMENTS
We have noted that the applicant's proposed 20 MGD sewage treatment
plant at the Salt Creek site described in chapter 1 is not the action
proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA proposal,
revealed in the Summary and Conclusion chapters of the statement, is
that a 15 MGD plant be constructed at the 60-acre Dillman Road site.
A connecting sewer approximately two miles long, paralleling Clear
Creek, would be constructed from the existing Winston Thomas plant to
the Dillman Road site. Clear Creek at the Dillman Road site would be
relocated and channelized.
While the draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) includes much
information on the aquatic ecology of the Monroe Reservoir, it does
not describe adequately the abiotic and biotic factors of the streams
affected by the proposed facility, in particular Clear Creek which
was recommended in the draft EIS for reception of sewage effluent
from the proposed sewage treatment plant (STP).
On April 28, 1976, a representative of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service conducted a field survey of the selected site (Dillman Road
site) for location of the STP. The Service representative found that
that segment of Clear Creek provides suitable habitat for some fish
and wildlife species. Twenty-five species of birds and several
squirrels were observed. Also, raccoon and deer tracks were found
along the stream bank. Sycamore trees predominate the flood plain
"76-1916 6"111
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-2-
with a few river birch and silver maple. Several species of shrubs
provide dense cover for birds and mammals. Poor water quality in the
surveyed reach of Clear Creek was the only adverse factor found in the
field review. Low species diversity of invertebrates and fish indicate
the unhealthy condition of the stream. Oligochaetes, midge and black
fly larvae dominated the benthic community, and creek chub and stone-
roller were the only fish species observed. Growths of Cladophora were
present and the rocky substrate was slippery with diatom growth. Such
algae growth indicates nutrient rich waters. Properly treated sewage
effluent should improve the water quality and subsequent biotic diversity
and abundance in Clear Creek.
SPECIFIC COMMENTS
Page 1-5 - General and Specific Location of the Proposed Action
The fourth and fifth lines indicate that Lake Monroe discharges a
minimum controlled release of 32 million gallons per day (49.5 cfs).
Also, at the bottom of the page, the EIS indicates that Clear Creek,
presumably at the Winston Thomas STP discharge, has a 7-day 10-year
low-flow of 0. However, low-flow characteristics of Indiana Streams
by P. B. Rohne, Jr. (U.S. Geological Survey, 1972) indicates that Salt
Creek at Peerless, Indiana has a 7-day 10-year low-flow of 0.8 MGD
(1.3 cfs). It also had a zero discharge from September to December 1965.
The same publication indicates that Clear Creek at Harrodsburg has a
7-day 10-year low-flow of 4.3 MGD (6.6 cfs). Sewage treatment effluents
from Bloomington are apparently included in the statistical estimate at
the Harrodsburg location. This apparent conflict of information should
be investigated for resolution of a recalculated 7-day 10-year low-flow
figure in the final EIS.
Page 1-7 - Polvchlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Winston Thomas STP
System
The final EIS should contain more specific information regarding the
occurrence of PCBs in raw sewage of the Winston Thomas STP. We under-
stand that more information already is known and available, as well as
the source of PCBs. The final statement also should discuss the impacts
of project-processed PCBs on fish and wildlife resources.
Page 2-3 - Parks and Historical Sites
A letter from Mr. Joseph D. Cloud, Director, Department of Natural
Resources (and State Historic Preservation Officer) confirms the state-
ment on page 2-3 that no known historic sites would be affected by the
project. In addition, Mr. Cloud recommends that the subject of archeo-
logical sites be addressed in the statement. We concur and also recommend
that the statement discuss the action taken or proposed to professionally
determine the presence or absence of archeological resources in the
project area and the effect of the proposal upon any such resources
present. The statement should further reflect procedures to be followed
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-3-
should previously unknown archeological resources be encountered during
project development.
Page 2-3 - Environmental Constraints
The frequency and magnitude of flooding on reaches of Clear Creek and
Salt Creek draining the project area should be assessed. This information
is needed to evaluate the planned flood-protection measures for the
treatment facilities. Impacts of infiltration and exfiltration through
the sewer lines, many of which must actually be laid within the limestones
of the area, should be discussed. The drastic, probably worst-case,
situation of a ruptured sewer line in a limestone with fractures and
cavernous openings should also be addressed.
Page 3-2-1 - Evaluation of Pure Oxygen Process, and Page 3-5-1 - Treatment
Requirements
While we consider the effluent standards adequate for parameters such as
BOD's, suspended solids and phosphorus, we are not in agreement with
concentrations proposed for ammonia nitrogen. To ascertain a safe
concentration for toxic un-ionized ammonia, a correct 7-day 10-year low-
flow should be calculated. Based on that calculated low-flow, the
concentration of project-caused un-ionized ammonia should not exceed
0.02 mg/1 in the receiving waters. This determination should be made
for the chosen project site - - either Salt Creek or Clear Creek - - to
avoid ammonia toxicity to aquatic life.
Page'3-6-2 - Alternative 4
Because of the excellent physical characteristics of Clear Creek and
riparian habitat along Clear Creek at the proposed Dillman Road site,
we suggest further consideration be given to locating the treatment
plant to avoid relocation of 2,000 feet of stream. If relocation is
necessary, we recommend mitigation features be implemented to minimize
permanent destruction of fish and wildlife habitat. Mitigation measures
should include plantings of trees and shrubs along the relocated channel
to provide a variety of wildlife habitat. Also, alternative riffles and
pools should be constructed in the new channel to offset that destroyed
by project construction. A specific fish and wildlife mitigation plan
should be included in the final EIS.
Page 3-8-14 and 5-1 - Conclusions and Recommendations
The conclusions suggest only that land disposal of sludge—although
preferable on a cost basis—should not be undertaken until the PCB
problem is resolved (p. 5-1). The statement should also more fully
describe the nature, distribution, and hydrologic properties of the
soils that may be involved, should address the probable character of
the leachate, and should evaluate the potential impacts over the long
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-4-
term of the land-disposal process on ground water and the closely related
surface water, for any disposal site that might be considered.
Page 4-9-5 - Aquatic Ecology
The draft EIS considered several methods of disinfection of treated
sewage effluents but Ho final decision is made in the draft. We support
the recommendation in the draft EIS to study further alternatives to the
use of chlorine and to analyze further the toxic effects of chlorinated
organics formed as a result of chlorination. If chlorination is selected
as the method of disinfection, we recommend that the residual chlorine
be limited to such that the concentration will not exceed 0.003 mg/1 in
the receiving waters. This concentration has been determined to be safe
for most aquatic organisms. However, we agree that ultimately final
chlorine limitations should be determined by bioassay study using the
receiving waters and the most sensitive fish species in the locality.
Page 4-9-16 - Aquatic Organisms Found in Clear Creek
More information should be given for this portion of table 9-2, such as
the location of the stream reach of the Clear Creek study and the dates
of investigations. Judging from the U. S, Fish and Wildlife Service
findings on April 28, 1976, the data presented is unlikely to have been
observed between Dillman Road and Winston Thomas STP.
Page 4-11-1 - Mitigative Measures for Minimized Physical Effects
We support the general mitigation guidelines in the draft EIS. However,
mitigation means and measures of construction activities should be more
specific.
Sincerely,
Madonna F. McGrath
Acting Special Assistant
to the Secretary
6-114
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USEPA Response: (To U.S. Department of Interior)
1. Page 1-5 General and Specific Location of the Proposed Action
Clear Creek is tributary to Salt Creek below the Lake Monroe Dam. Thus,
the flow in Salt Creek does not change the 7-day 10-year low flow for Clear
Creek. The 7-day 10-year low flow of zero at the Winston Thomas STP does
not include the effluent discharge from the STP. Construction of the Lake
Monroe Dam on Salt Creek began in October 1960 and according.to the discharge logs
at Lake Monroe, the minimum 50 cfs discharge began in February 1965 and has
been maintained since that time. The reference Low Flow Characteristics
of Indiana Streams by P.B. Pohne, Jr. indicates low flows based on the
historic periods from February 1939 to September 1950 and February 1957 to
September 1963. Since the flow is now regulated by the Lake Monroe Dam,
the minimum discharge of 50 cfs (32 MGD) is correct for Salt Creek and
consistent with the design parameters and management discharge program
for the reservoir.
2. Page 1-7 PCBs in the Winston Thomas STP System
This is discussed in Appendix G.
3. Page 2-3 Parks and Historical Sites
The Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology at Indiana University has
completed a reconnaissance survey and test excavation at the Dillman Road
site. Their reports are in Appendix H. The conclusions of their test
excavation indicate that "project construction at the Dillman Road location
will not adversely affect prehistoric cultural resources".
4. Page 2-3 Environmental Constraints
a. The proposed sewage treatment plant must be protected from a. 100 year
flood event. Flood protection will be achieved by the construction of levees
as follows:
Site
Winston Thomas
South Roger
Dillman Road
Ketchum Road
Salt Creek
Upstream end
of site
680
676
624
603
515
Downstream end
of site
676
672
617
598
515
Average
of di*
678
675
620
600
515
top
:e
b. Impacts of infiltration through interceptor sewer line from Winston
Thomas to Dillman Road site.
To insure the integrity of the sewer system, test borings should be made
along proposed interceptor routes to assure adequate bearing capacity for
the line. With proper construction, infiltration or exfiltration along the
proposed sewer lines should be minimal.
As a rule of thumb, infiltration in a new sewer could be as great as
100 gallons per day per inch of pipe diameter per mile of pipe. Assuming a
42-inch diameter pipe, the infiltation would be:
6-115
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USEPA Response: cont. (TO U.S. Department of Interior)
42" x 100 gal x 2 mi = 8,400gpd
day-uich-mile
Assuming 15 M3D average flow, this would be less than one-tenth of one percent
of average daily flow.
5. Page 3-2-1 Evaluation of Pure Oxygen Process and
Page 3-5-1 Treatment Requirements
To determine the "worst case" concentration of unionized ammonia for Clear
Creek, the following parameters are important: pH, temperature, dilution ratio
and amnonia effluent discharge limit.
Values for the worst case are:
a. dilution ration = 0 (i.e. 7-day 10-year low flow = 0)
NH3 before = NH3 after
b. ammonia-nitrogen = 1.5 mg/1
c. pH of treatment plant effluent
Effluent pH can be adjusted chemically, but in normal operations should
not exceed 7.4.
d. T = 70° F
Based on the article "The Percent Un-Ionized Aranonia in Aqueous Ammonia
Solutions at Different pH Levels and Temperatures" by R.P. Trussell, Journal
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 10, 1972 pp 1505-1507, the
percent unionized ammonia for the worst caae situation is 1.32% thus the
unionized concentrations is:
1.32% x 1.5 mg/liter = .0132 x 1.5 = .0198 mg/1
which is less than .02 mg/1 in the receiving
waters recarmended as the maximum concentration
by DOI.
6. Page 3-6-2 Alternative 4
Reasons for the stream relocation (provided by Black & Veatch, consultant
to the City of Blooming-ton) are as follows.
If the stream is not relocated, the plant structures would be in two or
perhaps three separate complexes separated by the creek. The resulting plant
layout would be very awkward. Increased lengths of piping would be required
and perhaps pumping heads for sludge and return waste lines would be higher.
The longer lengths of piping would result in more maintenance and in the case
of sludge lines, increased probability of clogging. The plant would be more
inconvenient to operate due to the separation of facilities. Increased operation
costs would result due to greater pumping heads and greater maintenance.
Increased initial construction costs would result frcm the greatly increased
pipe lengths.
6-116
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Since stream relocation is desirable, the following mitigative measures
are recommended:
a. Following the general mitigative actions discussed on p 4-11-5 of
the EIS.
b. A fish and wildlife mitigation plan shall be developed and implemented
for the Dillman Road site by the City of Blocrnington in consultation with U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
7. Page 3-8-14 and 5-1 Conclusions and Recatroendations
Landfilling is the method of sludge disposal recommended. Until the PCB
problem is resolved. Land spreading and/or composting of the sludge may be
practiced only if these alternatives can meet the standards promulgated by
Federal and state agencies. The nature, distribution and hydrologic prop-
erties of the soils that may be involved in land application as well as the
character of the leachate and long term impacts are beyond the scope of this
study. (See Draft EIS on Sludge Disposal and Land Reclamation in Fulton
County, Illinois, USEPA Region V, June 1976.)
8. Page 4-9-5 Aquatic Ecology
Literature indicates that most aquatic organisms should be protected if
the total residual chlorine in the stream does not exceed a level of 0.003 mg/1.
Typical dosage rates for chlorinating secondary effluents range from 2 to 8
mg/1. Total chlorine residual in the effluent (after 15 minutes detention) of
0.5 mg/1 should be sufficient for purposes of disinfection. Since the kill
(disinfection effectiveness) is proportional to the concentration times the
time of contact, the contact time could be increased and the dosage decreased.
If necessary, dechlorination can be practiced following chlorination, using
sulfur dioxide or sodium bisulfate. (See Recommendation #8 page 5-2.)
9. Aquatic organisms found in Clear Creek
Further documentation concerning time and location of observations may
be obtained by contacting Dr. D.G. Frey at Indiana University in Bloomington.
The investigation upon which the table (9-2) is based was conducted under
the direction of Dr. Frey. Results of the investigations were loaned to
us by Dr. Frey and have since been returned.
6-117
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National Wildlife Federation
1412 16TH ST., N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 Phone 202—797-6800
May 28, 1976
Mr. Harlan D. Hirt
Chief, Planning Branch
EPA - Region V
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
Re: DEIS from South Bloomington and Lake Monroe Service
Areas, Bloomington, IN (C-180560-01)
Dear Mr. Hirt:
We have received and reviewed the DEIS for the captioned
project. The draft appears to be quite thorough, particularly in
its discussion of alternatives.
We would, however, like to offer the following brief comments
for your consideration:
1) Page 2-3 of the DEIS indicate that the treatment facility
must be protected from flooding and that such protective measures
must not "result in excessive restrictions of the floodplain".
We assume that a portion of the service area embraces a
flood hazard area? If so, we would like some assurance that this
project will not serve to stimulate growth in the floodplain (see
Executive Order 11296, which calls upon you as far as practicable
to preclude the uneconomic, hazardous or unnecessary use of the
floodplain). Also, the list of agencies consulted (see page ill)
fails to list the Flood Insurance Administration as an agency
consulted. If the project involves a flood hazard area identified
under the Flood Disaster Protection Act, 40 C.F.R. 6.512(a)(3)(ii)
requires you to consult with the HUD regional office.
2) Page 4-9-6 of the DEIS states that there are rare and en-
dangered species in the area, but that "effects of construction
would be negligible in any site proposed" (our emphasis).What
secondary effects due to induced development, may be anticipated?
While the DEIS thoroughly discusses the possible secondary effects
of a regionalization alternative (not favored), the secondary impacts
of the recommended alternative are not. This concerns us. For
example, what type of areas will be affected by population growth,
how large will the population growth be, and what will be the
effects of this population growth on wildlife habitat in the
area?
6-118
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National Wildlife Federation
Mr. Harlan D. Hlrt
May 28, 1975
Page Two
We would appreciate your advice.
Verv^fcruly yours,
JOHN M. LISHMAN
Wastewater Treatment/
Land Use Project
Resources Defense
JML/cr
6-119
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USEPA Response: (to National Wildlife Federation)
1. The final meeting on the 100 year flood plain map for Bloonington, Indiana
was held on June 1, 1976. A three month ootment period is now in effect. (All
ocrnments are to be directed to the City of Blccmington.) Following resolution
of all issues, an official map will be issued that delineates two areas:
a. The flocdway area which is inundated by the 100 year flood and defines
an area of continuously moving water.
b. The flocdway fringe - inundated by 100 year flood but is primarily
standing (or extremely slow moving water).
To participate in the flood insurance program the City of Bloomington must develop
land use controls restricting development in the floodway. Development in the
flocdway fringe is permitted provided that construction and development are pro-
tected from a 100 year flood. Although HUD was not listed as consulted on page
iii, of the Draft EIS, copies of the Draft EIS for Bloomington were mailed to
HUD offices. HUD also has been contacted by phone regarding the proposed
project. HUD did not submit any comments on the proposed projects.
2. The Dillman Road Site is situated so that it will encourage centralization
of sewer service for the south service area of the City of Bloomington. This
will minimize induced growth. The secondary growth impacts of normal develop-
ment include the change of land use from open fields and farmland to urban -
suburban uses, development of hones, apartments, and businesses which means
more roads, sidewalks, water, sewer and power lines. The net effect of this
development is to decrease the habitat for small animals. However, by central-
ization of sewer service the total area developed is minimized. The areas affected
by this growth will be in the South Service Area of Bloonington where connections
to interceptor sewers are made. The extent of population growth in the service
area is projected in Chapter 3 Task 1, (see p 3-1-25 for discussion of projected
land use around the Dillman Road site).
6-120
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STATEr
INDIANA
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
JOSEPH D. CLOUD
DIRECTOR
INDIANAPOLIS, 46204
April 14, 1976
Mr. George R, Alexander, Jr.
Regional Administrator
Planning Branch - EIS Preparation Section
Environmental Protection Agency
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
.&,
c:
c
<
•
I
c
LT
e_r
Dear Mr. Alexander:
The Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Sewage Treatment for the South
Bloomington and Lake Monroe Service Areas, Bloomington, Indiana, indicates
no known historic or architectural sites which will be affected.
The Draft Environmental Impact Statement does not include a report by the
Glent' A. Black Archaeological Laboratory. We ask that the recommendations
by ttia Black Laboratory, as outlined in their letter of September 9, 1975, be
followed and that an archaeological survey be done prior to construction.
Very truly yours,
). Cloud,
"ector
Dartment of Natural Resources
)C:RG:jm
6-121
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STATEr
INDIANA
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
JOSEPH D. CLOUD
DIRECTOR
INDIANAPOLIS, 46204
May 17, 1976
Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr.
Regional Administrator
Planning Branch-EIS Preparation Section
Environmental Protection Agency
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
RE: DNR #745, DEIS for Sewage Treatment Facilities, Lake Monroe and
South Bloomington, Monroe County
Dear Mr. Alexander:
The above referenced project has been reviewed by the Department of
Natural Resources and is satisfactory in regards to its effect on the
environment, including fish and wildlife resources and recreational
sites.
While no known historical or architectural sites will be effected by
this project, we suggest that any recommendations concerning archaeological
resources by the Glenn A. Black Laboratory be followed closely. We refer
you to our letter of April 14, 1976, addressing this matter.
We appreciate this opportunity to be of service. If we can be of further
assistance, please do not hesitate to contact me.
JDC:JEF:nm
USEPA Response:
An archaeological survey and test excavation have been completed
for the Dillman Road site. The results indicated that "project
construction at the Dillman Road location will not adversely
affect prehistoric cultural resources". Reports on the survey
and test excavation are found in Appendix H.
'EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER'
6-122
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STATEr
INDIANA
STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
An Equal Opportunity Employer
INDIANAPOLIS
Address Reply to:
Indiana State Board of Health
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, IN 46206
April 28, 1976
Planning Branch-EIS Preparation Section
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Sirs:
Re: Bloomington Sewage Treatment Facilities
We have reviewed the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the
proposed Sewage Treatment Facilities for the South Bloomington and Lake
Monroe Service Areas in Bloomington, Indiana.
This project will be consistent with the Indiana Plan of Implementation
if the following conditions are followed:
1. That a proper program for dust control during
construction be followed using water sprays,
or other approved methods.
2. That no open burning be conducted without the
written permission of the Indiana Air Pollution
Control Board.
Very truly yours,
8
Harry D. Williams, Director
Air Pollution Control Division
WEM/sdp
USEPA Response:
The Environmental Assessment submitted by the City stated that
the construction contract specifications will require construction
procedures and measures during construction which will minimize
adverse enviroitnental effects. It will be the responsibility
of the City to ensure the specifications are so written and
subsequently enforced during the construction period.
6-123
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RAYMOND GRAHAM
3215 N. SMITH PIKE
BUOOMINGTON, INDIANA 474O1
R.P.E. S4O9 INDIANA
May ia,
Mr. Harlan B. Hirt
Chief, Planning Branch
U. S. Environmental Projection Agency
Region 17
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60601;
Re: Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Facilities for the South 31oomington and
Lake Monroe Service Areas, Bloomington,
Indiana U/U01
Dear Sir:
After reading the report I am sure someone from this area should point
out some of the parts of this report which need to be commented on.
A fifteen (15) mg/day plant will not be large enough to handle the sewage
of the Bloomington area in 1985. At present there are several areas in the
existing jurisidiction of the City that are not on a sewer system. Some of the
worst needed in the South Plant area are the Edgement Park Addition, the
Broadview area and the South Rogers Street area, the Sunset Hill and Allen Street
Garden Acres and parts of Grandview , Clear Creek and the areas along Rogers,
Old State Route 37 and Walnut- Street road below Gordon Pike, the Moffat Lane
area and one large addition is also suitable for gravity sewers.
Of course in the North plant area interce )ta>rs have not been built in either
Stoutes Creek or G-riffy Creek. There is enought unsewered additions and densely
populated area to supply half of the North plant capacity at oresent with no
further development.
Also, an area for possible sewer to a South plant includes the State Road
U5> area South and West of Airport road to Stanford w dch should be collected in
Indiah Creek Valley and pumped to a Clear Creek Line. This area is considerably
built up and has several more proposed.
6-124
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RAYMOND GRAHAM
32IB N. SMITH PIKE
BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA 474O1
R.P.E. 84O9 INDIANA
-2-
Sout.h of Dillman Road in the Clear Creek and Little Clear Creek Watershed area
there is over one thousand (1000) single residences on a count taken in November,
1??5 plus the Pointe, The ^airfax and other recreational and camping sites.
The next thing that looks as though it has not been considered enough is
recommending any location in .he Clear Creek bottom. Both the Dillman and
Ketcham Road sites are solid rock within four (U) feet of the surfact, with a.
limited width of valley LOT usable acreage, the Plant cost of construction for
rock removal should alone call for another location. It will be impossible
also to find locations for sludge disposal in the immediate area.
Adding another five (5) million gallon per day effluent is going to cause
considerable damage to Clear Creek. At the present time Clear Creek averages about
sixty-five (65) feet wide and from two (2) to five (5) feet in depth, with the
solid rock bottom/ in any rainstorm the banks are going to be subjected to
considerable more erosion.
Any expansion at a later date would also have to expand the width of this
natural flume and cause considerable more damage than a single excavation which
will be covered in a grassy or weedy state and unaoticable within a few years.
I thought the prime purpose of the Environmental Protection Agency was to
clean up pollution. The Blcomington area could be amodel Tor other regions by
including the Lake Monroe Regional District for treatment at a lower cost of
ooeration and considerable less tax dollars than what it will cost to build
two (?) separate systems.
I am firmly convinced that any Engineering Consultant having amole time
to study the Bloomington area would have to favor the Salt Creek site. It is
supposedly, the responsibility of an Engineer t<; give his client the most
6-125
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RAYMOND GRAHAM
3215 N. SMITH PIKE
BL.OOMINGTON, INDIANA 474O1
R.P.E. 84O9 INDIANA
-3-
cffiecent and least costly recommendations possible. The Dillman site
operation and maintenance alone in the life of the Plant makes it more costly
to the users, even though initial costs are more at the Salt Creek site.
Before a disoosal plant is discarded several exoansions are alwys necessary
and with the limited site selected someone will have to either move the olant to
a new s , te or remove small mountains.
I believe the recommendation of the Di'.lman site is both bad on account of
cost and the unnecessary da- age that will be caused by the increased effluent in
Clear Greek and the effects of a later more costly move. I urge you to consider
both present cost and damage as well as future costs and da-nages before you g.i VP
your final decision.
Sincerely j
Raymond Jra >am
Professional Engineer o'i;0? Indiana
Monree County Surveyor
6-126
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USEPA Response: (To Ray Graham)
The capacity of the proposed STP is discussed in Chapter 3 Task 1 and in responses
to Mayor McCloskey and Mr. Oral Hert. (See p 6-97 and 6-101.)
A 15 MGD capacity is a cost-effective capacity serve the South Bloonington Service
Area. Areas presently not sewered were included in the flow projections for the
20 year planning period whenever providing service was determined to be cost-
effective.
Table 1-3 (p 3-1-29) of the EIS indicates that the City Planning Commission
projects a population increase of 2,030 people for the north service area
which is the equivelent of 200,000 gal/day or 0.2 MGD. the capacity of the
north treatment plant is 6 MGD with a present flow of 3 MGD including the
2 MGD division from the South Service Area.
With respect to the State Road 45 area, the area was included in population
projections as far west as the airport. The areas South of Dillinan Road and
in the Lake Monroe district discussed in the Draft and Final EIS (see Chapter
3, Task 1, and Chapter 4 Task 10) sludge alternatives are evaluated in
Chapter 3 Task 8.
Adding 5 MGD effluent to Clear Creek should not cause considerable damage.
On four sampling dates between February 22, 1975 and April 2, 1975 (a high
flow period for the creek) the flow of Clear Creek averaged 200 MGD (see
p. 4-9-3). Therefore, an additional 5 MGD to the average flow of Clear
Creek should not cause any problems.
Extensive cost data for the alternatives has been developed and is presented
in Chapter 3, Tasks 6, 7, and 8 and Appendix F.
6-127
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THE IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA
HOOSIER HILLS CHAPTER
BEDFORD, INDIANA
May 15, 1976
c/o Mr. Carroll Ritter
R.R.# 1
Mitchell, IN
Mr. Harlan D. Hirt, Chief
Planning Branch
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region Fire
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60601).
Dear Sir,
The Hoosier Hills Chapter of the Izaak "Walton League of
America would like to comment on the Draft EnTironmental Impact
Statement for Sewage Treatment Facilities for the South Bloora-
ington and Lake Monroe Service Areas, Bloomington, Indiana.
The location of one plant at Salt Creek, some eight miles
south of the metropolitan area is proposed to provide service
for the Lake Monroe Regional Waste District. However, the
questions raised about such a site include whether the system
is economically feasible except to large developers, what the
second home market and recreational picture is going to be like
in the future, whether large developments will ever be constr-
ucted, and whether the decisions fit into a long range plan
for the area.
Although the Lake Monroe 201 plan assumed that all develop-
ments and population within the district would be served, the
EIS Consultant believes that it is almost impossible to predict
seasonal influx and resort prospects from available information.
Although the 201 plans assumed full developments, this is pre-
mature. The LMRWD 201 plan estimated 1,UOE|. household units,
but locations and economic feasibility of hooking on to a
regional line were not included, as was not the seasonal nature
of residents. Furthermore such data is needed because seasonal
population economics vary from permanent residential economic
patterns, arid water usage varies. Of the consultant's pop-
ulation estimate of 3,500 persons in the LMRWD or Service Area
or contiguous areas, a majority resided in older settled areas
6-128
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2.
not within the district's boundaries. The only concentration
of year round housing in the LMRWD was at Harrodsburg. Such
areas can be treated at the Ketoham or Dillman sites. Gilbert
Associates further believes that less than 2,500 persons reside
in areas of favorable density and location that warrant near
term sewerage service.
The Salt Creek site would have the most serious long range
environmental Impact and would encourage leap frogging devel-
opments. Initial cheap land costs could draw said development
consequently driving up local land prices. Investors would be
second home or high rent apartment or condominium developers or
individual vacation home developers. Monroe County planning
must continue to encourage current infrastructure development
to avoid encouraging leap frogging. Current rural residents
faced with influx of s ervice developments and consequent costs
to support new residents will be forced t» pay higher costs.
Concurrently, land speculators will drive up local land prices.
Development within the existing central growth area will be the
most economical in the long run.
A treatment plant at Salt Creek would require a long sewer
outfall of 13.lj, miles but since the discharge limits are less
stringent at this site than at the Clear Creek discharge points,
the overall effectiveness of treatment would be less expensive
for Monroe Countians. A two stage ratification process at the
Clear Creek sites would afford nitifioatioa organisms protection
from sludge of toxic nature, high organic loads, and overflow.
Phosphorus removal is also enhanced. The Clear Creek sites
require two stage nitrification but the Salt Creek site requires
only single stage nitrification to meet standards. Cheaper, but
less effective. A greater burden for downstream intake purif-
ication. The two stage system would also be more reliable.
Clear Creek STP's would have then a double advantage: (1) more
effective treatment, (2) greater aeration travel distance
before reaching Bedford,
The sum advantages of the STP at Salt Creek appear to be:
(1) Cheaper site cost and energy less to run
(2) More land area available for site
(3) Greater dilution flow
(k) More land for sludge disposal (but less than 20 years)
The sum advantages of the Clear Creeks sites appear to be:
(1) Overall superior water quality of discharge
(2) Greater travel distance to Bedford
(3) Less cost for outfall
(If) Less environmental effects of outfall
(5) Beneficial effect on low flow of Clear Creek
(6) Superior reliability and high flow containment
(7) Meeting 1983 PL 92-500 requirements more clearly
Beeause of land requirements for disposal of sludge the
consultants recommended not using the Salt Creek site. Land
injection of sludge at the the Salt Creek site may contribute
to greater nitrate levels in Salt Creek after land flooding.
6-129
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This would need controlled through rate of application after
careful studies. A Clear Creek site would be more efficient
in breaking up chlorinated organic compounds. The two stage
process -would not only reduce the organic compounds, but per-
mit a longer travel time for natural degradation. A decrease
in chlorination would be possible, thus eliminating some chlor-
ine to the creek. A careful analysis should presently be
made to determine chromatographically the toxic organochlorine
compounds which may already be present in discharges. The
proposed plant should then be constructed with added capability
to render these harmless.
The regional waste treatment system as proposed by the
Lake Monroe Regional Waste District 201 plan may not be the
pivotal stimulus for lake developments but it should be
considered as a necessity for future development, especially in
light of PL 92-500. The system would benefit the large scale
developer. Before any further development occurs, a regional
plan should integrate carrying capacity, impacts on the lake
and contiguous areas, and social and economic impacts. Clear
separation must be maintained between public and private
interests.
A regional sewer line around the lake would for the most
part cross open land. Too few developments are located close
enough to each other to merit one line. The actual determination
of developments is unsure, especially in the current economic
climate. The only existing development at this time which is
being completed is the Pointe. The fewer the users on a region-
al trunk, the higher the individual cost.
The need for a coordinated plan for future use of the lake
area is paramount. Several Jurisdictions overlap and few if any
are coordinated. Such planning needs to reflect concern over
environmental and social impacts. Resource committments may be
irretrievable. Current responsibility for land use planning
lies with the Monroe County Planning Commission. The Lake
Monroe Regional Waste District has the utility planning and
development function , while the Monroe County Zoning Ordinance
has determined the zoning plan around the lake. The Inland area
has been zoned business but the sewer line to reach here would
cross Hoosier National Forest land.(However, Inland has withdrawm),
The Forest Service has gone on record as intending to withhold
permission for the line to cross its property until an adequate
land use plan is in effect. Current zoning incongruities appear
to hare been influenced by considerations other than environ-
mental. The 16.5 square miles of residential zoning would permit
13>200 lots with on-lot sewers and septic tanks draining to un-
suitable soils. The soils around Lake Monroe are easily eroded
and sloping. Shallow soil depth to bedrock increases the chance
of septic reappearance. Since the present natural land condition
is predominantly woodland, any major alterations are bound to
affect it. As areas are developed more runoff will occur.
Increased boating on the lake will further cause bank erosion and
petroleum slicks. It is hoped that further environmental planning
6-130
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will curtail all these things.
The initial capital expenses in developing utilites for
lake developments may be very high* The type of residence and
yearly use will further determine operating costs for services
after development. Although apartment sturetures will hare
fewer children to send into the school system, other services
will be needed. The initial costs and operating costs for
services to any proposed developments need careful planning.
Even in cases where taxes paid may exceed service costs, the
total environmental impact must be the determinant factor for
development.
COHCLU3IOHS
Based upon the information and alternatives contained in
the draft EIS, March, 1976, the Hoosier Hills Chapter of the
Izaak Walton League of America endorses the Dillman Road site.
The site on Clear Creek is preferable for the reasons previously
stated. It is to be hoped that solutions could be found to (
eliminate re-routing Clear Creek for environmental reasons*
The Salt Creek site should be rejected for the following reasons;
(1) The overall quality of effluent would not be as good as the
Clear Creek site
(2) The efficiency of the Salt Creek plant is lower
(3) The holding capacity for overburdened flows is less
(\4) The outfall distance and cost is greater and more damaging
(5) The site is prone to waterlogging
(6) The self purification distance before reaching Bedford is
shorter
(7) Future lake developments are questionable
(8) The regional line around the lake benefits large scale
development
(9) Alternatives for sewage processing are available from other
sites for Smithville, Sanders, Fairfax, and the Pointe
(10) A regional plan for the lake and county is not in effect
nor have long range plans considered all environmental,
social, economic, and political relationships and goals.
(11) The Charles Wise survey of 1975 indicates user preference
for keeping the natural conditions in and developments out.
Re spe o tfully,
Mr. Carroll Hitter
Chapter President
6-131
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USEPA Response: The City of Bloomington shall be required as a grant condition
to analyze by the gas chrcmatographic mass spectrophotonetric
method the raw sewage and chlorinated effluent from the Winston
Thomas STP to identify toxic chlorinated compounds that may be
formed during the chlorination process. If toxic organochlorine
oonpounds are identified exceeding Federal or State standards,
a mitigation program shall be required to enable the effluent
to conform to State and Federal water quality standards.
The rerouting of Clear Creek is necessary according to Black
and Veatch, the design engineers for the City of Bloomington,
for the following reasons: see response to DOI comment #6
in Final EIS page 6-116 .
6-132a
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CORPS OF ENGINEERS COMMENTS: (COE)
General Comments
Both Clear Creek and Salt Creek in the vicinity of this project
will, on July lf 1977, come under the jurisdiction of the Louisville
District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Any of the proposed
project alternatives will require a Department of the Array Permit
pursuant to Section 404, PL 92-500, for the discharge of dredged
or fill material below the ordinary high water elevation of Clear
Creek or Salt Creek.
The Draft Environmental Impact Statement appears to be more of a
design and economic analysis rather than an examination of envi-
ronmental impacts. An insufficiency of information is noted in
various areas and is discussed in both general and specific
comments.
The "proposed action" for this statement is unclear. The summary
sheet indicates the proposed action to be a 15 MGD sewage treat-
ment plant at the Dillman Road site with no mention of a connection
with the Lake Monroe Regional Waste District. Chapter 1 identi*-
fies the applicant's action as a 20 MGD sewage treatment plant
at the Salt Creek site, serving both the South Bloomington Service
Area and the Lake Monroe Regional Waste District. This discrep-
ancy between the EPA view of the proposed action and the local
utility view should be resolved. '
Response; The proposed action that EPA is recommending is the
construction of a 15 MGD facility. It is anticipated that the
City of Bloomington will amend their facilities plan to propose
construction of a 15 MGD STP at the Dillman Road site instead
of a 20 MGD STP at the Salt Creek site.
Comment; (COE)
A diagramatic layout of plant facilities for each site alternative
would be very helpful for reviewers of this document with key
locational features, such as highways, railroads, and streams,
indicated to provide reference points.
Response; This will be provided by the City of Bloomington when
a diagramatic layout for the proposed 15 MGD STP at the Dillman
Road site is available.
Comment; (COE)
The information provided to characterize the existing environment
for the treatment plant alternative sites, for Clear Creek and
for Salt Creek, is considered inadequate since it provides only
a regional characterization and indicates no detail as to the
characteristics of each alternative site and each stream. This
lack of characterization does not allow a review of this document
to understand the present conditions or reasonably review the
impacts anticipated for each alternative.
6-132b
-------
Response; The comment is noted and is responded to in the more
detailed comments that follow.
Comment; (COE)
There appears to be a major discrepancy in the 1974 average daily
flow at the Winston Thomas Treatment Plant which is mentioned in
numerous locations. The stated value in most of the text is 11.2
MGD while the Technical Appendix (Table V-3) indicates that the
flow meters showed a substantial error and corrected 1974 average
flow at the Winston Thomas Plant was 8.45 MGD. This discrepancy
should be resolved.
Response; This discrepancy is discussed Appendix A pages A-9 to A-15
CORPS OF ENGINEERS COMMENTS: (COE)
Specific Comments
Chapter 1, - This does not provide an accurate characterization
of the proposed project; the proposed action is unclear. The
elements necessary for this wastewater treatment plant are not
listed. A flow diagram for the proposed plant would also be
helpful at this point in the DEIS so that reviewers can under-
stand the proposed action. Since all alternatives appear to
require stream rechannelization and flood protection, this also
should be described in detail at this point of the EIS, to the
extent that they are adequately described, not merely to mention
that they are necessary.
A listing of all Federal and state permits necessary to construct
and operate a new wastewater treatment plant should be included.
Response; The summary sheet page i identifies the proposed action.
Chapter 1 is a background chapter and follows EPA's Manual for
Preparation of Environmental Impact Statements ... Waste Treatment
Management Plans, Office of Federal Activities, USEPA, July 1974.
A flow chart for the proposed Dillman Road STP is presently not
available. A listing of all Federal and state permits necessary
to construct and operate a new wastewater treatment facility is
not considered to be an environmental issue in this EIS and
therefore is not included in the document.
Chapter 2, - The discussion provided in Chapter 2, the environ-
ment without the proposed action, provides only a regional
characterization of the alternate project locations. This
should be supplemented with an in-depth discussion of the exist-
ing environment for each alternate site considered for the
wastewater treatment plant, the sludge disposal sites and the
effluent receiving streams.
This discussion should include, but not be limited to, a site-
specific discussion of the existing soils and geology, including
construction limitations such as shallow bedrock, erosive soils,
6-133
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wet soils, and seisraicity; a thorough discussion of the existing
flora and fauna for each potential project area should charac-
terize the mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds typically
occuring as well as a listing of floral species represented at
each site; a discussion to characterize the aquatic floral and
faunal species known to occur in Clear and Salt Creeks, with
sampling locations at various points in the streams to provide
an accurate representation of species distributions and popu-
lations at numerous locations; a discussion to clearly charac-
terize the streams involved in this project, to include mean,
minimum and maximum stream flows for both Clear and Salt Creeks,
floods of record, and an accurate representation of the existing
water quality, with adequate sampling to characterize the present
streams including at least BOD, DO, turbidity, hardness,
alkalinity, temperature, pH, conductivity, nitrates, phosphates,
heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fecal coliforms and
total coliforms,; and a thorough discussion of socio-economic
elements involved at each alternative project element location
including archeological field and literature surveys, field
reconnaissance to determine if any structures of possible
historical or architectural significance will be involved,
a discussion of paleontological resources that may occur, a
statement regarding whether the National Register of Historic
Places has been consulted for the alternate project areas should
be included, a characterization of the land use at each alter-
nate site, a discussion of population characteristics at each
site location, in particular, those which will require displace-
ment of persons for project purposes, a discussion of local
employment patterns, and a narrative to describe the local
aesthetic characteristics for each site alternative and both
streams.
Response; Chapter 2 is a regional characterization of the
environment without the proposed action. The details requested
above are generally contained in Chapters 3-6 of the EIS and
in the appendices and are addressed concurrently as the issues
on Page 1-10 are evaluated.
Comments; (COE)
Chapter 3, - Task 1 does provide a short description of several
of the project alternate sites in Section 1.4.4 but his dis-
cussion should be expanded to reflect the information that has
been suggested as addition to Chapter 2 or incorporated directly
into Chapter 2 if the proposed action is to be a range of alter-
natives rather than a specific site.
The summary provided in Section 1.4.1 needs several terms defined.
It describes the Winston Thomas site to possibly be the best site
with respect to serving the "near term urban growth". This term
should be defined and compared to the anticipated population
6-134
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growth and given a time frame for reference. A similar definition
should be given for the term "long term viewpoint" applied to the
Dillman Road, Ketcham Road and Salt Creek sites.
Response; Near term urban growth is the present up to 10 years
in the future. "Long term viewpoint" is the time frame beginning
in 15-20 years and beyond. Population projections are detailed
in Chapter 3, Task 1.
Comments; (COE)
Section 1.4.1 also indicates that the Ketcham Road and Salt Creek
sites could be disruptive to the existing land use pattern by
encouraging urban sprawl. The Dillman Road site may also con-
tribute to sprawl and "leap-frogging" and should be included
in the discussion.
Response; The Dillman Road site is approximately 2 miles down-
stream from the Winston Thomas STP. The Dillman Road site retains
centralization of sewer service while allowing for normal growth
in the service area to be sewed by gravity interceptors rather
than a force main system (see Chapter 3 sections 6.1.4 and 6.1.5).
We do not feel that construction of a sewage treatment plant at
the Dillman Road site would be a significant factor causing sprawl
and "leap-frogging" in the Bloomington area.
Comments; (COE)
Task 3, Renovation and Expansion of Winston Thomas Sewage Treat-
ment Plant, indicates that phased construction of new facilities
along with demolition and renovation of existing facilities would
require that effluent standards could not be met at all times.
A definition of the 30-30 standards should be provided to indi-
cate whose standard this is. A definition of "could not be met
at all times" should be included to indicate peak ranges of BOD
and SS levels and the anticipated lengths of time that these
levels may be elevated.
Response; The 30-30 standard is the interim requirement established
by the Indiana State Board of Health through the NPDES permit.
If the Winston Thomas site were chosen, renovation and expansion
via phased construction is recommended by Black & Veatch. While
it is difficult to specify exact changes in treatment efficiency
as construction proceeds, as units initially go off-line the
treatment efficiency decreases until new facilities become oper-
ational .
Comment; (COE)
Task 6, present Worth Analysis, discusses alternative with a
heavy emphasis on economic factors. Only few points of environ-
mental concern are raised, most typically stream relocation, and
they are discussed in terms of actions rather than impacts. In
6-135
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view of CEQ guidelines, this and following discussions related to
alternatives are considered inadequate.
Section 6.1.5 discusses alternate interceptor design and timing
for both the South Rogers Street and the Winston Thomas site.
No information is provided on the existing force mains and pumping
stations that presently serve the Winston Thomas Plant. If these
mains and pumping stations are inadequate, this should be stated.
If these existing facilities will be adequate for the near future
and can be utilized to handle anticipated future growth, this also
should be discussed. It appears that few alernate interceptor
routings have been examined. Those that have been examined are
"creek-bottom" routings and do not utilize the existing force
mains that presently serve the southwest and southeast portions
of the service area. The reasons for assuming the need to
construct new southeast and southwest interceptors should be
included.
Response; Figure 6-1 shows the existing collection facilities in
the south service area. The two pump stations which would be
abandoned with construction of a southeast and southwest inter-
ceptor are labeled #1 and 3 respectively. It should be noted
that this EIS does not state that these lift stations should
be abandoned but rather identifies that it is a possibility in
10 or 15 years depending on growth of the area. The present
plan for these pump stations was discussed in the 1972 Long
Range Plan for wastewater collection and treatment facilities
for Bloomington, Indiana prepared by Black & Veatch. Exerpts
from that report follow:
1. Southeast Lift Station
The lift station pumps flow from the southeast trunk sewer
to the south plant. The lift station is equipped with two
electric motor driven pumps, each rated at 2.0 mgd. The third
pump is equipped with a gasoline engine drive, and has a rated
capacity of 3.7 mgd. Firm capacity (with the largest unit out
of service) is 4.0 mgd. Maximum flow rates are slightly less
than firm capcity, and overloading is anticipated in the near
future.
2. Southwest Lift Stations
The two lift stations handle wastewater flow from the south-
west trunk sewer. The lower lift station discharges directly to
the south plant, and has two 6.0 mgd pumps for a firm capacity
of 6.0 mgd. The upper lift station has two electric motor driven
pumps, each rated capacity at 2.4 mgd. The third pump has a
gasoline engine drive and a rated capacity of 4.8 mgd. The
station has a firm capcity of 4.8 mgd. Maximum rates of flows
are approaching the firm capacities of the stations.
6-136
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3. Southwest Interceptor Sewer
The proposed southwest interceptor sewer could provide service
to 3,650 acres in the southwest drainage area. The proposed sewer
will be 30-inches in size and will have a capacity of 14.1 mgd
(see Plate 2).
At present flow from the upper half of the southwest drainage
area is pumped eastward into the south drainage area. Completion
of the southwest interceptor sewer will permit abandonment of the
upper lift station.
Completion of the interceptor sewer is desirable in the near
future because flow from the tributary area is approaching the
firm capacity of the upper lift station. However, if financial
limitations require postponement of interceptor sewer construction,
service lift on the lift station can be extended by installing
larger pumps.
4. Southeast Interceptor Sewer
The proposed southeast interceptor sewer would serve a total
of 8,760 acres, including 7,095 acres in the Jackson Creek water-
shed by gravity. Flow from 1,665 acres in the Salt Creek valley
could also be pumped into the southeast drainage area. The pro-
posed sewer would be 30 and 36 inches in size with a design
capacity of 28.9 mgd.
At present flow from the upper half of the southeast drainage
area is pumped into the south drainage area. Completion of the
interceptor sewer will permit abandonment of the southeast lift
station. The flow from the tributary area is approaching firm
capacity of the lift station. It appears that the firm capacity
will be exceeded before the proposed sewers can be completed.
Therefore, it is virtually certain that the service lift of the
lift station must be extended by installing larger pumps. Con-
struction of the interceptor sewer could then be postponed until
justified by development downstream from the lift station.
Note: Before EPA will participate in funding the southeast and
southwest interceptors in the future, it must be demonstrated
that it is the most cost effective alternative to providing
needed sewer service for the area.
Comments: (COE)
The analysis of present worth for providing sewage service for
Smithville and Sanders (Section 6.6) includes only treatment at
the Dillman Road site or the Caslon Treatment Plant. Since this
is the only discussion of alternatives for these communites, it
would seem appropriate to discuss the potential for utilizing
the Winston Thomas, Ketcham Road or Salt Creek sites, particu-
larly since the local applicant favors including the Lake Monroe
Regional Waste District into a Salt Creek site treatment plant.
The discussion of present worth for routing Smithville and Sanders
wastewater to Caslon should be combined with the present worth
estimate for Fairfax since it is a likely contributor to the
Caslon plant.
6-137
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Response; The Facilities Plan for the LMRWD is not completed and
EPA will require that additional alternatives be evaluated. The
site selected for the new STP for the south service area is not
affected by the sewerage needs of the LMRWD.
The reasons for selecting the Dillman Road site for the South
Bloomington service area is evaluated in this EIS. Intercon-
necting Fairfax and Caslon is an ongoing task that was funded
without EPA participation and represents a sunk cost.
Comments: (COE)
Task 7, the distribution of costs for the treatment of wastewater
from Smithville and Sanders should be altered if the present worth
analysis suggested above for other treatment sites (Task 6) shows a
more economical alternative.
It would appear that this task would be the likely place for a
further discussion of cost distribution. The costs (monthly,
yearly, etc.) to individual users should be spelled out. An
indication as to the economic impact these alternative plans have
on the average homeowner in Bloomington, Smithville, Sanders and
any other area included in these plans would be useful informa-
tion to reviewers of this document.
Response; The comment is noted approximate projects costs are
identified in Chapter 7. User charges are established by the City
during the Step 3 construction phase of the project.
Comments; (COE)
Task 8, the discussion provided in this section on sludge treatment
and disposal is an engineering and economic discussion. There was,
however, no discussion provided of the environmental consequences
of each of the alternative techniques in the narrative. Since
composting, soil injection, agronomic spreading and landfilling
are all possibilities, the impact of each on soils, surface water
quality, ground water quality, aesthetics, and terrestrial and
aquatic flora and fauna should be included.
Several discrepancies in the sludge production calculations have
been found. The influent BOD and SS appears to be low in light of
fluctuations of unknown origin (page A-l) in BOD and SS levels
historically. It is suggested that a higher, more conservative
figure be used. The BOD and SS removal efficiencies should be
97.5% removal for Clear Creek plants. The effluent BOD and SS
for Clear Creek should reflect the 5 mg/1 requirements for both.
These factors may well represent a need for revision in total
sludge production and disposal costs.
The recommended sludge disposal method is indicated on page 3-8-5.
It should be noted if this is an EPA, Region V recommendation or
one made by Gilbert Associates, Inc.
6-138
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Response: It shall be a grant condition that any sludge disposal
alternative meets all applicable Federal and state laws. Specific
sites recommended for landfilling or land application of the
sludges are not identified in this EIS. It shall be the respon-
sibility of the City of Bloomington to identify which alternatives
or mix of alternatives they are going to pursue. (Grant conditions
see Chapter 5.)
If land application is chosen, a sludge management program will
have to be developed. This program will have to meet both Indiana
and USEPA criteria. Environmental factors for sludge application
have been published in the June 3, 1976, Federal Register.
Impacts of applying sludge to farmland is extensively discussed in
EPA*s draft EIS, Sludge Disposal and Land Reclamation in Fulton
County, June 1976. Although the 95% removal figure was used to
calculate sludge quantities instead of 97.5%, the difference is
less than a 3% error while the accuracy of population projections
can vary 10-15%. Therefore, no revisions to sludge disposal and
production costs are necessary.
The recommendation on page 3-8-15 is an EPA recommendation
Comments; (COE)
Task 9, the environmental impacts from the construction and oper-
ation of the proposed wastewater treatment plant do not adequately
address the potential adverse effects that are likely to occur.
The suggestion that "the ecosystem of the area will be adversely
impacted during construction and operation of the proposed waste-
water treatment plant only if mitigative measures recommended in
Task 11 are not practiced" is speculation that cannot be entirely
accepted. Since no adequate characterization of the existing envi-
ronment has been provided for any of the potential wastewater
treatment plant sites, sludge disposal sites or effluent receiving
streams, there is no reasonable way for' reviewers of this state-
ment to know if any of the mitigative measures are necessary or if
a substantially enlarged list of mitigative measures would minimize
all or some of the potential impacts.
No assurances are provided tfiat any or all of the mitigative
measures will be carried out. Some indication should be given
as to the probability of these measures being implemented, such
as, including them as conditions of permits or in project con-
tract specifications.
Response: See Chapter 5 Conclusions, Recommendations and Grant
Conditions.
Comments; (COE)
Section 9.1.1, General, indicates that Table 9-1 compares physical
impacts by alternative sites for the wastewater treatment plant.
This tables does not compare impacts, rather it lists a number
of actions which each alternative will require. The impacts of
each of these actions should be discussed to, at least, the same
degree that engineering and economic concerns are discussed. A
6-139
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similar analysis of actions and impacts should be included in
this table for the sludge disposal alternatives.
Response; The impacts of the action are addressed in the body
of the EIS.
Comments; (COE)
Section 9.1.2, Aquatic Ecology, should provide a discussion of
potential adverse conditions in Clear and Salt Creeks during
construction phases, followed by a discussion of the floral and
faunal species which will be impacted and the extent of each
impact. The rerouting of Clear Creek will cause stresses to
aquatic populations because of disturbance, siltation and in-
creases in stream temperatures. These impacts due to stream
relocation are more than length-only dependent. The stream
bed material, existing water quality and riparian vegetation
are only several of the features that need to be examined.
No mention has been made of replacing riparian vegetation on
relocated stream channels. The suggestion that Clear Creek will
recover based on several historical devastations provides no
quantitative or qualitative proof that this has occured. Since
no information is provided to characterize Clear Creek, it is
not known if past alterations of Winston Thomas Plant have
changed species composition of Clear Creek.
Response; See Conclusions, Recommendations, and Grant Conditions.
Comments; (COE)
The impacts of operation on the aquatic ecology mentions that
"the physical effects of the effluent will depend on where the
outfall is located and the degree to which the sewage is treated".
Given the expected levels of treatment at each alternate location;
these impacts on the aquatic flora and fauna should be discussed.
This seems to have been omitted in this section. The discussion
of canoeing seems inappropriate in this section on aquatic ecology
and should be included in a section on recreation. The discussion
of concentration of pollutants from other sources in Clear Creek
should be enlarged. It has been indicated that some water quality
problems were more severe above the existing Winston Thomas Outfall
than below, on a specific date, indicating a possible dilution
effect by the effluent. A discussion should now be provided to
describe the relative water quality impacts if the treatment plant
and outfall are moved further downstream. It is recommended that
these conditions be field checked to indicate if they presently
occur since the information is over 5 years old and changes in
the relative quality of the outfall for this time period were
not indicated.
The April 12, 1975, sampling for nitrates should include a refer-
ence as to the location of the sample stations for each sample,
rather than only list the stream name.
6-140
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The discussion of chlorinated organics should include a definitive
statement regarding their occurance in Winston Thomas Plant effluent
and at various locations in Clear and Salt Creeks, including
Eedord's water intake. A smapling program of these streams would
provide this information and its inclusion in further refinements
of this document would be helpful for reviewers to determine if
this problem is occuring and to what extent mitigative measures
indicated can resolve the problem.
The environmental impacts of alternative methods for sludge dis-
posal should be addressed in this portion of the DEIS. No mention
has been made of potential effects of each of the alternate
techniques proposed. Since a thorough discussion of economics
of alternate methods has been included in Task 8, an equally
thorough examination of the environmental effects of land spreading,
soil injection, composting and landfilling should be included in
the next edition of this document.
Section 9.1.3, Terrestrial Ecology, discusses rare and endangered
organisms. The effects of construction are subjective since no
indication of their existance has been provided. The description
of the Indiana Bat's habitat requirements does not mention summer
roosting in trees. No indication of consultation of state lists
of rare, endangered or threatened species is listed.
The impact of the proposed development on terrestrial ecology is
not adequate since it only discusses outfalls and interceptors and
not impacts related to wastewater treatment plant construction.
The disruptions caused by the construction of a new plant would
be definite impacts and, without characterization of the existing
sites, ace impossible to disregard. The discussion of impacts
caused by interceptor construction is speculative since no
description of environmental setting is provided in previous
portions of this document. The type of vegetation that will be
destroyed should be listed* with particular attention provided
to rare, endangered, or threatened plants and any relict plant
communities which would be affected. A discussion of potential
revegetation impacts along the right-of-way should be included.
None of the species listed in Task 11 are found in the lists in
Table 9-3 of probably occuring species. The impact on wildlife
habitat of introducing non-native species should be discussed.
The techniques intended to be used for maintaining interceptor
right-of-way should be indicated. If herbicides will be used,
their potential environmental impacts should be discussed. The
terrestrial species listed in this section indicate nothing other
than game species. Further refinements should indicate those
speices existing on project sites and potential impacts.
The aquatic organisms listing provided in Table 9-2 (those found
in Lake Monroe and expected in Salt Creek) should be enlarged
to differentiate between those species known to exist in Lake
Monroe and those expected in Salt Creek. The two different
aquatic ecosystems would obviously not support identical species
6-141
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and population densities. A similar table should also be provided
that lists the aquatic organisms known to exist in Clear Creek,
since this is the stream that will likely be receiving primary
impacts from wastewater treatment plant construction, stream
channelization an continual effluent outfall.
Several other major areas have been omitted in the discussion of
environmental impacts. No discussion has been provided regarding
human displacements that would be required by alternative site
development. A narrative should be included that discusses the
numbers of persons that would be directly displaced at each alter-
nate project site and those in the immediate vicinity of each site
that would receive secondary effects from construction and opera-
tion activities. This portion of the DEIS does not discuss impacts
related to cultural resources that would be affected by develop-
ment at each site. Each alternative location should be surveyed
for historic and prehistoric features and anticipated impacts
associated with project development should be discussed. A
survey of existing literature should also reveal any cultural
features that are known and would be affected. No discussion
has been provided regarding the impacts associated with the
abandonment of the Winston Thomas Plant. A narrative should
be provided to fully describe the impacts of abandonment,
demolition of the existing plant and the ultimate disposition
of the property which Winston Thomas Plant is located on.
A discussion should be included concerning the environmental
desirability of returning Clear Creek to its pre-Winston Thomas
flow levels. A quantitiative assessment of siltation which will
be caused by construction would be helpful to reviewers. Blast-
ing areas should be identified and impacts on critical habitat
areas and secretive species should be listed. A discussion of
the relationship of Cedar Cliffs Preserve to proposed project
alternatives should be included to determine relative impacts
of each alternative. A narrative to describe flood plain
restrictions and resultant flow levels caused by the wastewater
treatment plant should be included.
Response; In general the EIS does address the questions which
are asked above. We do not find it necessary to address all
comments to the level of detail requested by the Corps of
Engineers in order to assess the significant impacts of the
proposed project.
Comments; (COE)
Task 11, Mitigative Measures, provides some good ideas for
lessening some impacts caused by the proposed project. No
indication is given whether any will be required for the project.
If none are required, no assurances can be given that these
measures will be carried out.
Response; See Chapter 5, Conclusions, Recommendations and Grant
Conditions.
6-142
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Comments; (COE)
Chapter 5, Conclusions and Recommendations, provides no indi-
cation regarding whether these conclusions and recommendations
are Gilbert Associates' or Region V, EPA. A clear distinction
should be made in this chapter of this point in subsequent issues
of this statement. Those recommendations included in this section
that will be conditions of permits granted should: be noted. Those
recommendations that will not be conditional in any permits should
include a discussion concerning why they will not be conditions.
Response: The text of the EIS including Chapter 5 represents
the views of EPA on the proposed project. Grant conditions are
identified in Chapter 5.
Comments; (COE)
Chapter 6, Comments and Participation, could include a listing of
agencies and parties who received copies of this statement. Pages
6-32 to 6-35 provides an evaluation of the Gilbert Associates
report (which seems to be the body of this document) by Black and
Veatch which appears to indicate deficiencies in the DEIS. Areas
of conflict or inaccuracies reported by Black and Veatch should
be resolved.
Response; The Final EIS identifies in Chapter 6 all comments
received on the DEIS. Issues raised by Black & Veatch have been
responded to by EPA.
6-143
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ALTERNATE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT SITE
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DEMAND CENTERS-
LAKE MONROE AREA
SCALE IN FEE
-------
L E G E N D
INTERCEPTOR OR TRUNK SEWER
FORCE MAIN
TREATMENT PLANT SITES
LIFT STATION
PCfTENTIAL SOIL INJECTION
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DRAINAGE AREA DIVIDE
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EXISTING FORCE MAIN OR TRUNK SEWER
EXISTING FACILITY
Vi ( LJ PROPOSED FACILITY
'/////, TO BE ABANDONED BY 1990
PLATE 2
EXISTING a PROPOSED SEWAGE
TRANSMISSION a TREATMENT FACILITIES
SOUTH SERVICE AREA
2000 0 4000
-------
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L li^twJ^
ALTERNATIVE REGIONAL SEWA8E
TREATMENT PLANT SITES
-------
APPENDIX A
'PHYSICAL. PARAMETERS
A. MUNICIPAL WASTE LOADS.-
Data for each of the Bloomington wastewater treatment plants are shown
in Tables IV-1, V-l, V-2. This data indicates the chemical and biological.
• ^
characteristics of untreated and treated wastes.
There is a substantial change between the recently recorded data and
similar data for 1971. A comparison of the 1971 and 1973-74 data is shown
in the following tabulation:
Average Concentrations
North Plant South Plant
(Blucher Poole) (Winston Thomas)
Year
1971
1973-74
BOD5
125
164
SS_
89
187
BOD5
196
137
SS
261
146
The change in waste characteristics at the Blucher Poole plant may be
attributed to the fact that since September 1973 waste has been pumped
•
from the south drainage area to the north drainage area.
Reasons for the change in strength of waste at the Winston Thomas
plant are not clear. There is no known significant change in industrial
waste contributions. The quantity of flow during the 1973-74 period
was slightly lower than in 1971, which would suggest less infiltration/
inflow.
Bloomington has historically experienced problems with the operation of
the anaerobic digesters at the existing Winston Thomas plant. High concen-
trations of heavy metals in the raw waste have been partially responsible
for the operational problems. An industrial waste ordinance has been
passed in recent years to allow control of industrial waste discharges.
A-l
-------
Table IV-1
RAW WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
BLUCHER POOLE PLANT
Date
1973
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1974
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
BOD
105
172
200
160
140
110
150
158
171
147
205
139
158
199
201
201
165
SS '
103
185
106
140
70
73
75
136
200
165
431
234
227
217
261
314
243
DO
3.3
3.2
4.3
3.5
2.1
1.6
1,0
0.8
0.9
0.6
1.2
2.4
2.8
2.1
2.4
1.9
1.9
JES.
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.1
7.1
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.0
Total
Phosphate
5.2
3.5
4.3
7.5
4.6
7.4
8.5
10.8
6.8
4.5
2.9
3.2
3.6
2.9
2.7
9.2
Chlorides A
53
43
37
42
45
37
40
36
40
43
47
72
59
59
50
46
dkalii
120
250
200
206
199
113
186
180
160
180
167
171
153
152
A-2
-------
Date
BOD
SS
Table JV-2
RAW WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
WINSTON THOMAS PLANT
Total
DO jsH Phosphate Chlorides Alkalinity
1973
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1974
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
185
366
150
96
95
70
105
106
127
129
153
118
108
114
136
133
128
166
174
130
81
110
98
88
165
180
174
223
155
113
137
157
164
159
5.2
5.4
6.8
5.7
3.8
3.7
3.0
2;5
2.6
2.8
5.1
4,8
6.4
3.9
8.0
5.2
4.7
*••!•.
7.3
7.3
7.4
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.0
7.0
6.8
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.2
7.2
7.0
6.7
7.0
3.3
2.4
5.3
3.3
6.3
4.9
5.5
7.5
4.9
3.5
2.7
3.2
2.9
4.0
10.8
55
49
45
45
41
46
44
34
44
57
95
67
56
51
46
86
185
170
160
107
174
212
164
176
168
151
164
152
159
A-3
-------
An industrial waste monitoring program is scheduled to start in the fall of
1974. Heavy metals concentrations will be monitored as part of this program.
Heavy metals concentrations in the raw waste during recent months are shown
in Table IV-3.
B. RECEIVING WATER QUALITY
The receiving stream for the Blucher Poole plant is Bean Blossom Creek
and for the Winston Thomas plant it is Clear Creek. The receiving stream
for the new regional plant will be either Clear Creek or Salt Creek,depending
on the site selected.
Data for dissolved oxygen levels in the streams above and below the
existing treatment plants have been obtained by the City and are recorded
in Table IV-4.
A-4
-------
Table IV-3
CHEMICAL ANALYSES - RAW WASTE (WINSTON THOMAS PLANT)
All results in mg/1
Date
1973
Sep. 19
Sep. 25
Oct. 3
Oct. 16
Oct. 24
Oct. 31
Nov. 7
Nov. 14
Nov. 21
Nov. 28
Dec. 12
Dec. 19
1974
Jan. 9
Jan. 16
Jan. 24
Jan . 30
Feb. 6
Feb. 14
Feb. 20
Feb. 27
Mar. 6
Mar. 13
Mar. 20
Mar. 27
Apr. 3
Average
*N/T = No
Cu
0.06
0.09
0.15
0.11
N/T*
0.14
N/T*
0.08
0.11
0.11
N/T*
0.12
0.12
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.11
0.06
0.02
0.04
0.12
0.11
0.09
Test.
Cr
0.03
0.07
0.18
0.11
0.09
0.04
0.16
0.06
0.17
0.15
0
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.03
0
0
0.01
0.09
0.08
0.06
Ni
0.02
0.14
0.21
0.12
0.09
0.18
0.26
0.21
0.07
0.10
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.05
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.10
Fe
0.45
0.82
3.10
0.77
1.51
0.49
0.71
1.95
1.02
0.73
0.54
0.68
1.10
1.7
1.08
0.63
0.44
0.26
0.11
0.32
1.45
1.65
0.98
Zn
0.16
0.47
1.99
0.34
0.59
0.60
0.86
0.42
0.47
0.33
0.21
0.17
0.24
0.40
0.35
0.25
0.18
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.55
0.50
0.43
Mg
7.6
7.1
7.6
6.6
8.37
8.1
8.1
8.7
8.8
8.4
11.2
10.26
9.44
9.44
9.4
8.6
10.7
9.2
9.1
9.2
8.9
9.7
8.84
Ca
54.9
26.0
47.1
42.7
• 32.3
23.3
29.8
30.2
40.8
—
63.1
70.6
75.6
56.4
47.3
32.2
71.9
66.9
63.4
78.0
59.3
61.1
51.1
A-5
-------
Table IV-4
DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS IN STREAMS
BLUCHER POOLE PLANT WINSTON THOMAS PLANT
Date Above Outfall
1973
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.*
1974
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
13.6
14.0
11.9
11.0
9.5
7.0
6.4
6.2
6.5
6.4
8.3
9.1
12.5
12.4
10.4
9.4
8.2
Below Outfall
13.2
12.0
12.0
10.0
8.7
6.6
6.1
5.4
4.6
4.2 '
6.1
8.3
12.7
12.1
10.2
9.2
8.2
Above Outfall
13.1
14.4
13.0
11.0
8.9
7.7
7.1
6.9
7.2
7.6
8.7
9.3
10.9
11.4
10.1
10.8
8.7
Below Outfall
9.2
10.0
11.0
8.8
8.9
7.6
7.1
6.3
4.8
5.8
8.1
7.8
10.1
9.7
9.2
8.3
8.7
*Estimated
A-6
-------
Table V-l
ANALYSES OF NORTH PLANT WASTE
(BLUCHER POOLE)
Suspended Solids
Date
1973
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.*
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1974
Jan.
Feb.
Flow
(mgd)
0.41
0.40
0.84
1.03
0.41
0.48
0.38
0.45
1.44
2.21
2.34
1.76
2.59
3.36
Raw
(mg/1)
103
185
106
140
70
73
75
136
200
165
431
234
227
217
Final
(mg/1)
18
18
38
7
7
27
32
23
2-7
38
32
29
21
20
BOD
Raw
(mg/1)
105
172
200
160
140
.110
150
, 158
171
147
205
139
158
199
Final
(mg/1)
10.4
13.4
8.8
6.7
4.4
9.5
10.2
9.7
5.6
11.0
14.4
7.0
6.2
13.1
* Since September 1973, flow has been pumped from the south basin
to the north plant through the central lift station.
A-7
-------
Table V-2
ANALYSES OF SOUTH PLANT WASTE
(WINSTON THOMAS)
atjMt Suspended Solids
Date
1973
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.*
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.**
1974
Jan.
Feb.
Flow
(mgd)
9.1
8.9
10.6
11.2
7.9
8.4
8.2
7.2
5.6
5.3
5.8
6.4
7.8
7.2
Raw
(mg/1)
166
174
130
81
110
98
88
165
180
174
223
239
113
137
Final
(mg/1)
29
38
40
45
39
36
32
46
34
24
44
58
18
19
BOD
Raw
(mg/1)
185
366
150
96
95
70 '
105
106
127
129
153
' 121
108
114
Final
(mg/1)
40
59
47
41
30
27
35
41
35
20
31
19
18
17
* Since September 1973 flow has been diverted to the north plant
through the central lift station.
** Estimated.
*** See pages A-9 to A-15 of this appendix for correction of flows due to
inaccurate metering devices.
A-8
-------
L.fY OF BLDDMINGTL.vl UTILITIES
P. D. BOX 1216
BLOOMINGTDN, INDIANA 474D1
TEltPHONE AC 812 339-2261
March 18, 1975
Robert Denman
Field Engineer
Municipal Wastewater Section
Indiana State Board of Health
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206 •
Dear Mr. Denman:
Attached is a copy of work we have done checking the accuracy
of our raw sewage meter.
Our work seems to indicate that the actual flow is only about
84% of the metered flow. We are contacting the meter manufac-
turer and hope to have them re-calibrate it in the near future.
If you have any questions on what we have done or need additional
information, please contact me.
Very truly yours,
Michael M. Phillips
Treatment Engineer
MMP:jf
Attachment
cc:F. Beatty.,Black & Veatch
G.
File
A-9
-------
j Cf WINSTON THOMAS WASTEWATER PLANT
FLOW MEASUREMENTS
As part of our routine maintenance policy, the factory represen-
tative was contacted-to inspect and calibrate our magnetic raw
sewage meter. ' .
On August 28 the meter was worked on for the first time. Because
of the large increase indicated by the meter, he was called back
on September 30 and October 21 to inspect and re-adjust it. Table
I gives information on flows for the Blucher Poole and Winston
Thomas Plants from 1973 to the present, along with the monthly
measured precipitation. Graph I shows this pictorially.
To check the accuracy of the meter, three methods were used:
displacement of the dosing tank, chemical gauging, and a'.weir.
The volume of the four dosing tanks was calculated from the blue
prints and checked by addition of a known amount of LiCl. The
number of times the tanks filled times their volume, was then
compared to the gallons indicated by the meter totalizer for the
same period of time. These values were then converted to MGD.
Chemical gauging was the second method used to check the flow.
A known concentration of tracer, LiCl, was metered into the waste-
water flow and samples were then collected down stream of the
meter. The samples were analyzed for lithium by a model 403
Perkin Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, and the flow
was calculated by the formula:
(C-,) (CO 1440 min/day
„ i t_x
u CD 3785 ml/gal
Where: CD = downstream concentration Li mg/1
•» flow of injected stream ml/min
*= concentration of injected stream mg/1
Qu = flow MGD
Figure I shows the arrangement of equipment and sample point.
As a final test we constructed a 3 foot weir and placed it in
one channel leading to the aerated grit chambers. The other side
was then shut-off and all flow passed over the weir.
A-10
-------
2
'The comparison of the results of these three methods is as follows
Dosing tank 84.4% of indicated flow
Chemical gauging 83.5% of indicated flow
Weir - 84.6% of indicated flow.
MMPrjf
3-75
A-ll
-------
* \ • i
*'•', \? ,' • ,.
' v X
CITY,DF BLDGMINGTDN UTILITIES
P. D. BOX 1216
BLDDMINGTDN, 'INDIANA 474 01
TELEPHONE AC 812 339-2261
June 14, 1976
Mr. Dale Luecht
Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60607
Dear Mr. Luecht:
According to our telephone conversation of June 9, 1976,
I have enclosed the information on the flows going to the
South Treatment Plant that you requested.
This reflects, as best as we can tell, the actual flows
at the Winston Thomas Plant. This allows for the raw sewage
meter adjustments made first July 31, 1974 and for the final
adjustment made May 6, 1975.
If you have any questions please contact me at 8T2-339-2261
Extension 201 .
Very truly yours ,
Michael M. Phillips^
Assistant Director of Utilities
MMP/dty
cc: Paul K. Coulter
Black & Veatch
A-12
-------
1974
•iONTK
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
PRECIP.
3.83
2.61
" 4.78
2.56
7.06
3.72
1.47
6.36
8.39
1.22
4.52
2 . 94
4.12
5.16
4.59
6.70
3.65
3.53
5.47
1.51
3.61
3.28
6.12
3.50
4. SB
. 4.30
*
W.T.
FLOW
7.7
7.2
8.8
8.0
6.9
6.4
4.5
5.5
9.7
8,1
10.3
10.0
7.8
1975
8.7
9.5
10.6
8.7
6.8
7.7
5.6
6.3
8.0
8.7
9.1
9.5
8.3
A-13
*
B . P .
FLOW
2.6
3.4
3.9
3.7
2.8
2.0
1 .6
2.7
3.2
2.4
•1.8
2.3
2.7
3,6
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.2
2.5
• 2.2
3.1
3.0
2.8
3.0
2.3
2.4-
*
TOTAL
W.T.& B.P.
10.3
10.6
12.7
11 .7
9.7
8.4
6.1
8.2
12.9
10.5
12.1
12.3
10.5
12.3
13.0
13.7
11.7
9.0
10.2
7.8
9.4
11 .0
11 .5
12.1
11 .8
10.7
-------
19.76
*
W.I .
FLOW
*
B.P.
FLOW
*
TOTAL
W . T . & B.P.
MON T H P_R EC I P.
JANUARY 2.06 9.8 2.4 12.2
FEBRUARY .- 1.90 10.1 3.0 13.1
MARCH 4.54 7.9 3.2 11.1
APRIL 1.00 7.2 2.7 9.9
MAY 4.02 6.1 2.6. 8.7
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
2.23 8.2 2.8 11.0
A-14
-------
Discussion of Existing Flows at Winston Thomas STP
As identified in Chapter 1, the First Amendment to the Facilities
Plan prepared by Black & Veatch, December 1975, indicated that
the existing flow at the Winston Thomas plant in 1974 was 10.9
MGD + 0.3 MGD for unmetered diversions to the tertiary lagoon
making the total flow 11.2 MGD. The indicated average daily flow
was 10.9 MGD for 1974 after analyses and adjustment for the low
meter readings prior to recalibration. (The 1974 recorded average
flows were 8.4 MGD prior to analyses and adjustments.)
Since the preparation of the 1st Amendment by Black & Veatch
and the Draft EIS, additional adjustments have been made to
the flow meter at Winston Thomas and these latest figures
have been reflected on pages A-12 through A-14 of Appendix A.
The uncertainty in these figures is difficult to determine
since the flow meter has been adjusted by the manufacturer
several times between July 31, 1974, and May 6, 1975. Each
time the meter has been shown to be in error. Mike Phillips
who calculated the latest revised flows stated that the con-
fidence of the numbers is difficult to determine. One could
estimate that these latest figures could be in error 5-10%.
(The flow meter was put in service in 1969 and is designed to
record flows in excess of 20 MGD with an accuracy of 2%.)
Using the June 14, 1976, flow estimations^the existing flows
for 1974 and 1975 are 9.1 MGD and 9.4 MGD respectively. This
was determined in the following way. The highest 8 months in
each year were summed and averaged and 0.3 MGD was added to
each average for the unmetered diversion contribution to the
tertiary lagoon.
Given the uncertainty of the adjustment of the metering device
at Winston Thomas STP during the periods of 1973, 1974, and
1975, and the conflicting flow reports provided by the City
of Bloomington to date, it is the opinion of USEPA that exact
historic flows cannot be developed. If the lower figures
recently provided this agency, are substituted for 11.2 MGD
the resulting design flow change would be approximately 1.5
MGD depending on the uncertainties one assigns to population
projections for the year 2000, the design flows, and the land
use changes that may occur in part of the LMRWD service area
which could be tributary to the Dillman Road STP. Since this
discrepency equates to approximately 10% of the projected
design flow, and since the City of Bloomington has indicated
concern that the facility will be smaller than what they will
require, we find no compelling reason the change the recom-
mendation to construct a 15 MGD facility at the Dillman Road
site.
A-15
-------
D. Sludge Composition
CITY DF BLDOMINGTDN UTILITIES
P. 0. BOX 1216
BLDDMINGTDN, INDIANA 474D1
TELEPHONE AC 812 339-2261
September 17, 1975
Dale Leucht
Planning
US EPA Region V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Dale:
The following is the information you requested:
1. Winston Thomas sludge composition in rag/kg
dry weight:
2.
Cu
Cr
Fe
Ni
Cd
Zn
980
585
5940
282
29
430
Winston Thomas sludge which is now picked
up by the public for use in gardens and
composting is about 6570 solids.
Blucher Poole sludge composition in mg/kg
dry weight:
Cu
Cr
Fe
Cd
Ni
Zn
690
82
2900
23
55
380
Blucher Poole sludge used for injection is
about 87o solids. That used for land appli-
cation is about 20% solids.
A-16
-------
Dale Leucht
September 17, 1975
Page 2
3. Enclosed is a copy of a Winston Thomas sludge
test run by Purdue's Soil Testing Laboratory.
4. Tentative plans for sludge disposal at the
Salt Creek Site include injection on approx-
imately 240 acres. The Site will be divided
into thirds. In a particular year one third
will be injected, one third fallow, and one
third farmed. We now plan to grow corn, beans,
and grass.
I hope this response answers all of your questions. If not,
please contact me.
Sincerely,
Richard S. Peoples
Project Coordinator
RSP:jf
Enclosure
cc: J. Quin, Gilbert Associates
G. Kent, Blgtn. Utilities Director
F. Beatty, Black & Veatch
File
A-17
-------
PURDUE UNIVERSITY SOIL TESTING LABORATORY - - AGRONOMY DEPARTMENT - - LAFAYETTE, INDIANA - - AES FORM 400
zc-2
SOIL TEST REPORT
for
Richard s. People*
City of Blooaington utilities
Box 100
Blooadngton, Indiana 47401
A COPY OF trllS REPORT HAS BEEN SENT TO
Monro* COUNTY EXTENSION OFFICE.
AN EXTRA COPY HAS BEEN SENT TO:
1/16/74
IDENTIFICATION
Ul
NUMBFR
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•NUTRIENT RECOMMENDATIONS HAVE BEEN PREPARED
FOR THE CROP YIELDS REQUESTED ON YOUR CROPPING
HISTORY FORM. IF NO CROP YIELD LEVELS WERE LISTED,
THEN STANDARD RECOMMENDATIONS WERE WRITTEN,
THAT IS, FOR 125 BUSHEL CORN, 40 BUSHEL SOYBEAN,
50 BUSHEL WHEAT, 70 BUSHEL OATS, 6-TON ALFALFA, OR
4-TON RED CLOVER.
INFORMATION ON METHODS OF FERTILIZATION FOR EACH
CROP ARE DISCUSSED IN YOUR SOIL TEST REPORT EX-
UANATION SHEET.
4OTE: SOIL-BUFFER pH, THE BASIS FOR UME RECOMMEN-
IATIONS, IS ONLY USED WHEN THE SOIL-WATER pH IS
ELOW 6.6. LIMING RATES INCREASE AS THE SOIL-BUFFER
. H DROPS BELOW 6.8.
MEANING OF SOU TEST RESULTS
SOIL
TEST
LEVEL
VQT LOW
LOW
MEDIUM
NIGH
VERY HIGH
P. PHOSPHORUS 1EST
FOR CORN.
SOYBEANS
IBS. P/A
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-45
ABOVE 4S
FOI WHEAT, OATS,
PASTURE LEGUMES
ETC IBS. P/A
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-70
ABOVE 70
POTASSIUM TEST
ALL
FIELD CROPS
US. K/A
0-SO
81-150
151210
211-300
ABOVE 300
A-18
F
-------
E. EFFLUENT LIMITS FOR THE PROPOSED SOUTH BLOOMINGTON STP.*
BOD,
Salt
Creek
Site
10 mg/1
95%
10 rag/1
95%
30 day average
7 day average
per cent removal
Suspended Solids
30 day average
7 day average
per cent removal
Phosphorus
maximum
br
per cent removal
Fecal Coliform Bacteria
30 day geometric mean 200/100 ml
7 day geometric mean 400/100 ml
1.0 mg/1
pH Range
* NH3 limits are on p. A-17,
6.0-8.5
Clear
Creek
Site
5 mg/1
97.5%
5 mg/1
97.5%
1.0 mg/1
80%
200/100 ml
400/100 ml
6.0-8.5
A-19
-------
STATE
INDIANA
STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
INDIANAPOLIS 46206
1330 West Michigan Street
633-5467
XXX 5467
January 31, 1975
Mr. Gary R. Kent
Director of Utilities
City of Bloorrtngton Utilities
P. 0. Box 1216
Bloomlngton, Indiana 47401
c a WATCH
Dear Mr. Kent:
Re: Nitrification Requirements for Potential
Bloomington Hastewater Treatment Plant Site*
In response to your letter of January 9, 1975^concerning the effluent
ammonia nitrogen limitations for Bloomlngton*s potential wastewater treatment
plant sites, the following limits have been established:
BOD
SS
NH3- N
Summer
Winter
Existing Site or
S. Rogers St.
(Oil Dilution Ratio)
5mg/l
5mg/1
1.5 mg/1
3.0 mg/1
Ketcham Road
(0:1 Dilution Ratio)
Salt Creek
(1.6:1 D.R.) (2.1:1 D.R.)
mg/1
mg/1
10 mg/1
10 mg/1
10 mg/1
10 mg/1
1.5 mg/1
3.0 mg/1
6.5 mg/1 7.9 mg/1
The 1.5 mg/1 NH7-N limitation 1s based on the best practicable technology and the
other NHo-N limitations are based on a maximum allowable toxlclty concentration of
2.5 mg/1 with 1.6 % un-Ionized NH3 1n the stream. The 1.6:1 dilution ratio 1s based
on a 20 mgd facility and the 2.1 :T dilution ratio 1s based on a 15 mgd facility.
The more rigid requirements for ammonia nitrogen limitations were outlined In
a letter dated October 21, 1974, from Region V, U.S. EPA In connection with Issuance
of NPDES permits. The cities of Connersvllle, Crawfordsvllle, New Castle, Richmond,
and Warsaw have similar restrictions.
A-20
-------
-2-
Mr. Gary R. Kent January 31, 1975
If you have any more questions concerning this matter, please do not
hesitate to contact this office.
Very truly yours,
Oral H. Hert
Technical Secretary
MAScherer/Jam
cc: Black and Veatch
A-21
-------
-------
Appendix B
AQUATIC ECOLOGY-LAKE MONROE
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
The situation and shape of the Monroe Reservoir appears
in Figure 4.1. The area of the lake watershed is approximately
1008 Km2 or 420 square miles, with about 80% of the runoff
entering the lake through the three forks of Salt Creek
(Figure 4.1). Docauer (1972) compares the population, settle-
ments, urban development, etc. of the three major forks of
Salt Creek (Table 4.1). Most available information concerns
the North Fork of Salt Creek drainage system for the following
reasons: (1) Nashville and its associated tourist attractions
coupled with inefficient sewage treatment facilities; (2) relative
size of the drainage system (almoist equal to the combined areas
of Middle and South Forks); and (3) relative accessibility
to the University.
The effects of Nashville's sewage plant effluent can be
seen in Table 4.2 from McAhron's (1972) survey of North Fork of
June 19, 1972. A relative decrease in efficiency of BOD removal
can be seen in Table 4.3 for the influent and effluent of the
sewage plant spanning the years of 1968, 1970, and 1972.
More recently, Nelson (1974) sampled from March 19 to
June 26, 1974, from six stations at regular weekly intervals
to determine the actual characteristics of the North Fork water
and its variation with discharge, seasonal effects, and location.
A partial summary of her findings (Table 4.4) tends to show the
following: (1) during high flows, before fertilization, the
B-l
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Figure 4.1; Lake Monroe Basin and Watershed Map showing the
permanent water sampling stations.
MORSAN CO.
MONROE CO.
r
JOHNSON CO.
BROWN CO.
MONROE RESERVOIR WATERSHED MAP
(BARTHOLOMEW
CO
JACKSON CO
AVTOWN
B-2
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Aquatic Ecology
B-3
-------
Aquatic Ecology
stream maintains a high dissolved oxygen concentration and a
dilution of nutrients; (2) after a peak flood on April 9, dis-
charge then decreased; (3) after field fertilization began,
obvious station-to-station variations became evident. Nutrient
load, conductivity, etc. increased and the oxygen concentration
decreased downstream. One might notice that the effects of the
Nashville sewage plant appear masked in the overall dilution
effect. However, when the water gauge reading becomes available
from Nashville's gauge, the weekly discharge information will
be related to nutrient concentration.
Docauer (1972), in Table 4.6, shows the fate of total
phosphate from Nashville to the causeway within the lake. The
spring and summer data show first the effects of dilution (spring)
and also the possible increase of effluent nutrients from the
Nashville plant during the tourist season of June-July.
A survey of the chemical and physical aspects of the three
tributaries of Salt Creek is shown in Table 4.7 for October 2 and
29, 1974. The effects of discharge on concentration is apparent
particularly at station #2 on Green Valley Road, two miles below
the Nashville plant. Notice, however, that less total phosphate
and soluble reactive phosphate is reaching the upper basin (#6)
during this extremely low flow than reported by Docauer's Tables
4.5 and 4.6. Much utilization occurs removing these nutrients.
Interest in the upper reaches of the South Fork at #3 and
#4 stations is due to the extensive farming practices present in
B-4
-------
Aquatic Ecology
this area. Middle Fork is of special interest since it is
forested with less farming. It will serve as a "control"
system in the upper head waters.
Since about 80% of the volume of yearly discharge occurs
during the late winter, spring, and early summer, there is a need
to concentrate most heavily on the interrelationships between
nutrient loading and discharge at this time (Lee, 1969). Like-
wise, the overall pollution of non-point source loading needs to
be investigated, since recent information shows that non-point
sources are considerably greater than formerly thought (Loehr,
1974). Possible methods for controlling or decreasing the non-
point sources may need to be considered.
B. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF LAKE MONROE
Monroe Reservoir is a shallow basin-shaped lake with a
mean depth of 3 to 4 meters. The old Salt Creek channel meanders
across the bottom as a 7 to 11 meter trench. The lake is divided
into three distinct basins (Figure 4.1). The upper basin above
the causeway is a shallow (3-5 meter mean depth) basin with
approximately 1927 hectares area of lake surface. This basin
receives the water from the three tributaries of Salt Creek.
The middle basin lies between the causeway and the down stream
narrows (station #5) and has an approximate mean depth of 5-6
meters. The lower basin extends downstream to the dam and has
B-5
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.2:
Survey of North Fork Salt Creek near Nashville, Indiana
State Board of Health
All concentrations in parts per million (ppm) except
fecal coliforms.
Station BOD
100 meters 1.5
Above
Sewage
Plant
76 meters 4.6
below
Sewage
Plant
3.2 Kilo- 1.7
meters
below
Plant
4.83 Kilo- 1.6
meters
below
Plant
7.2 Kilo- 1.6
meters
below
Plant
June 19, 1972
From McAhron
Table 4.3:
Nashville Sewage
Surveys
Date and Station
June 6, 1968
influent
effluent
efficiency
August 16, 1970
influent
effluent
efficiency
June 19, 1972
influent
effluent
efficiency
Dissolved PO.-P NO..-N NH^-N
^ 433
Oxygen
7.3 0.1 0.1 0.2
6.0 1.4 0.2 0.4
5.0 0.5 0.3 0.4
5.1 0.4 0.3 0.3
5.0 0.4 0.4 0.3
•
(1972) .
Plant, Brown County Indiana — State
All concentrations in ppm.
B.O.D. Total PO.-P Suspended
490 29
120 37
75.5% -27%
570 500
290 160
49.8% 68%
350 48
260 43
25.7% 10.4%
Fecal Coli- Total
forms-*/ Solids
100ml.
90 110
20,000 170
11,000 100
386 110
290 110
Board of Health
•
Solids Total Solids
850
600
29.4%
880
760
13.6%
910
710
21.9%
June 6, 1968, August 16, 1970 (Hall 1971) and June 19, 1972
(McAhron 1972).
B-6
-------
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*
Aquatic Ecology
B-7
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.5:
Seasonal averages of inorganic (soluble reactive) phosphate in
micrograms PO^-P per liter.
Station and
location on
figure 1
North Fork #6
Pine Grove-c
0 meters
5 meters
Causeway-#4
0 meters
5 meters
Winter
Feb.
10 '
11
9
1
1
Spring
Mar. -Apr.
49.
28.
28.
10.
10.
4
8
6
1
1
Summer
May-Aug .
12.
4.
14.
3.
4.
9
9
6
7
8
Fall
Sept.
21.
18.
25.
2.
0.
-Oct.
5
0
4
5
0
Middle Fork — 11.7 5.5
(Elkinsville)
South Fork
(Maumee) — 20.0 15.4
From Docauer (1972).
Table 4.6:
Seasonal Averages of Total phosphate in micrograms per liter PO.-P.
Station and Winter Spring Summer
location on Feb. Mar.-Apr. May-July
figure 1
North Fork 17.5 84.0
Nashville #1
North Fork
Green Valley #2 28.0 251.0
North Fork
Kent Road #6 45 79.5 144.0
Reservoir -c 35 52.0 149.0
Pine Grove
Causeway #4 21 33.0 84.7
Middle Fork 89.5
(Elkinsville)
South Fork
(Maumee) 163.0
From Docauer (1972).
B-8
-------
j* Aquatic Ecology
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B-9
-------
Aquatic Ecology
an approximate mean depth of 7-8 meters. The surface area of
the combined lower basins is approximately 2875 hectares. (For
more' information see Table 4.8).
Four main, interdependent categories of physical factors
control biological production in Lake Monroe, as in all natural
waters. They are associated with (1) radiant energy input, (2)
nutrient input and loss, (3) oxygen supply, and (4) interactions
of morphometry and motion (Mortimer 1969).
On a global scale, variables related to solar energy appear
to have a greater effect than those related to nutrient avail-
ability. This solar energy is a key factor in driving wind-
induced and convective circulation, regulating water temperatures,
and governing local climatic conditions. However, when restricted
latitudes are considered, factors related to nutrient availability
assume a much greater importance.
A comparison of the watershed to lake surface area yields
a ratio of 25/1 for Lake Monroe. Vollenweider (1971), using
f
information from various sources, has shown that the "surround-
ing factor" (drainage area/lake surface) and primary production
in European lakes are strongly correlated. Obviously, lakes
with a large "surrounding factor," or with a high nutrient
input, or both, will be greatly enriched by nutrients from the
watershed. As these nutrients enter the lake, their dilution
will be governed by the total volume of the lake. Since temperate
lakes are notorious for stratification and incomplete mixing,
B-10
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Vollenweider suggests that the mean depth (relating volume to
unit surface area) as an index of the biological effectiveness
of loadinc is, at present, the best compromise. The relative
shallow mean depth of Lake Monroe forces one to consider the
statement made by Brylinsky and Mann (1973: 1-15) which reads,
"However, if one wished to make comparisons on the basis of
production per unit volume, the shallower lakes would be more
productive and would be expected to have a more dense phytoplankton
population. Hence, it is reasonable to think of shallow lakes as
compressed versions of deep lakes, in terms of productivity per
unit area." The relatively shallow basins found in Monroe
Reservoir must be regarded as an important factor in all future
considerations.
C. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LAKE MONROE
The chemical and physical methods of water analysis are
shown in Table 4.9. Methods not included in this table are dis-
cussed within the text.
1. Transparency
Secchi disc readings obtained from June to October 1974
are shown in Figure 4.2. This figure suggests that there is
a significant increase in transparency from the months June to
August. Following a decrease in September, transparency slightly
increased in October. Maximum Secchi disc transparency occurred
B-ll
-------
Aquatic hicoiogy
TABLE 4.8:
The following data have been converted or calculated from
figures reported in Report #9, Indiana Flood Control and Water
Resources Commission, 1956.
Stream
Gaging Stations in Salt Creek Watershed
Drainage
Location Area Sq. km. Period & Record
Salt Creek near 1507 1939-1950
Peerless
Salt Creek near 1142 1955-1956
Harrodsburg
North Fork of Salt 311 1946-1956
Discharge, m3 /sec .
Mean Max. Min.
19.2 577.9 0.02
11.2 133.1 0.03
133.1 430.6 0.
Creek near Belmont
Annual
Precipitation: Mean Max. Min.
1.06m 1.54m 0.72m
Storage
Capacity: Total
for flood control
for increasing low flow
for sediment storage
55 km3
32
20
03
Total volume corresponds to 0.482 meters run off from drainage area
of 1142 sq. km.
Maximum flood control pool elevation 169.5m
Normal pool level 164.3m
corresponding to a pool of 43.3km2
Sediment storage below 157.0m
Approximate mean depth (max.) 7m
Approximate mean depth (min.) 4m
B-12
-------
Aquatic Ecolocjy
in late August and agreed well with measurements in 1968 and 1971
by Zimmerman and Allanson. Transparency increased from the
upper basin to the lower basin with an increment of 0.3 to 1.1
meters. The high variance occurring in late July and August
is due to fluctuations of phytoplankton species abundance and
biomass. The high variance shown in September and October
is contributed to by rapid climatic changes.
A set of extinction curves for sunlight versus Secchi disc
readings is given in Figure 4.3 for Station 4 and Station 1 from
July to October. The one percent level of transmission occurred
at 4.5-8.5 meters during this period. The simultaneous Secchi
disc reading was calculated and it demonstrated that the disc
disappeared at 10 to 25 percent of surface illumination. Allanson
et al. (1973) suggested that this was due to extensive scattering
of light by particulate material.
A comparison of Secchi disc readings from 1968 to 1971
with data from this study is given in Table 4.10. The means and
their standard deviations suggest that no significant change in
transparency occurred in these years, but a decline in the
mean transparency for 1974 was found. Two possible explanations
could be given: (1) an increase in planktonic production as
a result of nutrient additions, or (2) an increase in soil
deposit and non-biological particulate matter. It should be
noted that similar patterns of weed distribution were found, so
the competitive interactions would remain of roughly the same
magnitude and no increases in phytoplankton from this phenomenon
would result.
B-13
-------
Aquatic Ecology
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B-U
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Figure 4.3:
Extinction curves for sunlight at two stations in Lake Monroe,
June to October, 1974.
Secchi disc transparencies are recorded as perpendicular lines.
STN 4 STN 4 STN 4
25 50 75 100% 25 50 75 100% 25 50 75 100%
6.15
STN 4
25 50 75 100%
7.17
STN 4
25 50
9.16
STN 1
25 50 75 100%
8.25
- 75 100%
8.2
STN 1
25 50 75 100%
10.24
STN 1
25 50 75 100%
7.17
STN 1
25 50 75 100%
9.7
10.24
B-15
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.9:
Chemical and Physical Methods of Water Analysis
A.
Chemical
1. Alkalinity (methyl orange alkalinity) - using 0.01 N
sulfuric'acid with pH determined end point of 4.4
pH. This gives milliequivalents (meq). To
determine ppm CaC03, multiply meq. by 50.
2. Dissolved Oxygen- YSI Dissolved Oxygen Meter Model 54
or Azidemodified Winkler Method with N/80
Thiosulfate.
Nitrogen-Three types: (Stainton, Capel and Armstrong, 1974)
A. Ammonia-N- indophenol blue color with phenol and
hypochlorite.
B. Nitrite-N- pink azo dye; reduce quantitatively nitrate
N-l Napthyethylene diamine dihydrochloride.
C. Nitrate-N- Pink azo dye; reduce quantitatively
nitrate to nitrite-treat for nitrite.
4. Phosphate-Two types: (Golterman and Clymo, 1969)
A. Soluble Reactive Phosphate - blue colored complex
with acidic molybdate, ascorbic acid
reductant and antimony as a color en-
hancing species.
B. Total Phosphate - same as above except treat sample
(25 ml) with acid and 1 gm potassium
persulfate-autoclave for 1 1/2 hour. Cool
and use 1 N acid-molybdate sol.
B.
5. Reactive Silicate- blue colored complex with acidic
molybdate. A reducing solution of metol
and oxalic acid added to reduce the
silicomolybdate complex and simultaneously
decompose phosphate and arsenate inter-
ferences. (Strickland and Parson, 1972).
Physical
1. Conductivity- Hach Model 2510 (Battery Operated)
Conductivity Meter in micromhos - 20°C.
2. pH-Corning pH Model 7 meter with a Bradley-James
Combination Electrode
(continued)
B-16
-------
Aquatic Ecology
3. Turbidity- Hach Model 2100 Turbidimeter in NTU units.
4. Temperature- Whitney Model TC-5A Thermistor or YSI
Model 54 Thermistor (with the Dissolved 02 probe).
5. Light-
A. Whitney Underwater Light Meter with the following
filters:
RG2-red, OG2-yellow orange, VG9-green,
BGl2-blue, BG15-near ultra violet.
Filters are Schott colored filters from
Jenaer Glaswerk, Schott & Gen/ Mainz.
B. Secchi Disc- 20cm diameter.
B-17
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Some reasonable degree of correlation between Secchi disc
transparency and eutrophication can be found in natural lake
situations. Rodhe (1965) demonstrated a relation of Secchi disc
transparency, light extinction, and trophic status in a number
of. European lakes (Table 4.11). From this demonstration it was
suggested by Allanson et al. (1973) that Monroe Reservoir had
already reached a mildly eutrophic or mesotrophic level. It is
known, however, on the basis of primary production, nutrient
chemistry, and plankton data from this study, that Lake Monroe
is not as well advanced as suspected. Light scattering by
suspended non-biological particles decreases the Secchi disc
transparency. We therefore propose that Lake Monroe is
oligotrophic or, at most, mildly mesotrophic.
2. Temperature
A typical sequence of seasonal temperature profiles is shown
by Docauer (Figure 4.4A) for 1972. Similar temperature curves
were observed by Allanson et al. (1973) for the years 1971 and
1968. Stratification becomes apparent in late May to early June,
reaching a maximum in late July to mid August. Isothermal
conditions occur generally in late September-early October.
Partial turnovers or mixing do occasionally occur, especially
after periods of cooler weather. Docauer (1972) indicates that
at least two such events (August 8 and September 22) appeared
in the Pine Grove Station (c). Likewise, Smith reported a
similar mixing down to 6 meters in August 1971 at Station 1.
B-18
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.10: Secchi Disc Transparency (Meters) in
Monroe Reservoir Irrespective of Sampling
Site, July-October 1968, 1971 and 1974.
1968
4.00 4.25
2.33 3.50
3.50 3.50
Mean (x)
Std. Dev.
n
2.50 1.50 2.00
3.00 2.00 2.50
2.00
2.85
0.99
17
5.00 2.00
3.35 1.75
1971
4.10 2.10
3.60 4.25
1.60 3.75
2.20 3.50
Mean (x)
Std. Dev.
n
3.05 2.00 4.35
1.70 5.10 2.40
2.95 3.70 2.70
4.00 2.00
3.08
0.94
25
3.50 3.25
3.55 2.00
2.30 3.55
1974
1.15 1.05
2.35 2.10
3.70 2.40
1.60 1.50
2.20 2.05
Mean (x)
Std. Dev.
n.
1.30 1.10 1.90
3.00 1.20 1.80
3.25 3.10 4.60
2.40 ,2.10 2.80
2.50 3.10
2.28
0.80
32
2.10 2.20
2.10 2.20
1.25 2.40
2.70 2.80
B-19
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.11:
A Comparison of Secchi Disc Transparency, Light
Extinction, and Degree of Eutrophication in a
Number of European Lakes.
E=Total Visible Energy
Productivity
Very eutrophic
Eutrophic
Oligotrophic
Lake
Lago di Varese
Erken
Gr. Ploner See
Zurichsee
Bodensee
Tornetrask
Lago di Garda
Date
19
23
9
1
11
-16
25
. iv
Depth
Secchi disc
.57
.vii. 57
. iv
.V.
. V.
.57
57
57
.vii. 58
.iv
.57
2.
2.
5.
4.
4.
13.
12.
3
4
3
5
0
7
0
in meters
E.
6
8.
7.
8.
7.
17
27
1%
5
0
5
5
Data From Figure 2 in Rodhe (1965).
B-20
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Both Stations 1 and 4 showed midsummer partial or complete
mixing during 1974. Figures 4.4(B) and 4.4(C) indicate that
maximum stratification in both basins occurred around the 17th
of July. The unusually cool weather of late July and early August
lowered the lake water temperature considerably. This caused the
shallower, upper basin to mix completely before September 1.
However, in the deeper, lower basin at Station 1, the thermocline
was depressed to about 7 meters with partial mixing occurring in
the upper waters. During the first week of September, this
basin, likewise, completely mixed. This isothermal condition
persists as demonstrated by the November 6 temperature profiles
for both basins. Chemical uniformity also confirms this con-
clusion.
3. Specific Conductance
Conductivity is related to the concentration of ions
present and therefore directly related to the alkalinity in
lakes similar to Monroe, in which the dissolved electrolytes
are chiefly calcium and magnesium bicarbonates. Table 4.12
shows the bottom water conductivity corrected to 20°C for the
years 1968, 1971, and 1974. There is only a slight increase
in the conductivity from 1971 to 1974 which may well be within
the range of instrument error. Mean conductance was only
slightly different in the surface and bottom samples, suggesting
that density currents were not present during the sampling
B-21
-------
Aquatic Ecology
period. Also, the low uniform conductance may be a reflection
of the early mixing of the basins, resulting in a lower standard
deviation.
4. Alkalinity
The data for the three years (1968, 1971, and 1974) are
presented in Table 4.13. The high values determined by Allanson
(1971) must be questioned. There are two reasons for such a
statement. First, conditions within the lake appear to be similar
for the two years, in particular, the low summer and fall
precipitation. Second, if Allanson's alkalinity readings are
correct, then his conductivity values are about 100 micro-ohms
too low. Data from Brummet's Creek, a tributary of North Fork,
shows the following trend (Hartzell, unpublished):
A. 19 samples ranging from 60 to 78 ppm CaCO-, have an
average conductivity of 229.6 micro-ohms at 20°C.,
B. 11 samples ranging from 27 to 39 ppm CaCO, have an
average conductivity of 136.5 micro-ohms at 20°C.
Similar trends are apparent from the major forks of Salt Creek.
Therefore, the alkalinity estimate by Allanson (1973) is
highly questionable and probably should be similar to the 1974
mean value.
5. pH
The available data is given in Table 4.14. No significant
difference in the mean surface or bottom pH values appears over
B-22
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Figure 4.4:
Temperature Profiles from Pine Grove, Station 4, and Station 1.
(A)
0 -
1 .
2 .
3 -
o
-p
o
E
o
a
6 -
C-
10 15 20
Degrees Celsius.
30
(A) Pine Grove temperature
profiles 1972 by
Docaucr (iy?2).
Top numlxTc represent the
following dates.
1. Feb.2?,1972
2. Apr. 8,1972
}. Kay 20,1972
4. Ju3 >•?.;>, 1972
5. SeptiP.,1972
6. Oct. 6,1972
7. Oct.30,1972
8. Nov. J5.1972
B-23
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Figure 4.4 (continued)
3 2
(C) Station 1
0 .
ft
(1)
15 20
Degrees Celsius
30
1
1 .
2 •
3 '
4 '-
5 -
6 -
0
r
8 -
9 '
r\ -i
,
/
,
'
1
l
1
1
/
i i i i I i i
(B) Station 4 ter.iperaturo ;.:of:
1974 from June 7-;;ov.7, IvV'
Top numbers represent the-
following dates.
1. Juno 7,1974
2. JulylO,1974
3. Julyl7,197/i
4. Aug. 2,1974
5. AuG.15,197^
6. Sept.1,1974
7. Scpt28,1974
8. Nov. 7,1974
(C) Station 1 tomperatme profile
1974 from Jur.o ?. to i"ov. 7, ~-(
Top numbers rcprec.^nt Lhi-
foJ lowinc; a.jt^n.
1. June 1-2, 197'V
2. June 23, 1(J7':-
3. July 17, 1974
4. AIK. 8, 197:'t-
5. Auj. 2^, iy?'i
6. r.cpt. 7, 19V4
?. Oct. o, 397'*
8. Nov. 7, 19/4
10
no
Decrees Col;, lus
30
B-24
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-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.12:
Comparisons of specific conductance (micromhos / cm) at
20 degrees Celsius of bottom water in Monroe Reservoir
during July/August 1968*, September/October 1971** and
August/October 1974.
1968
88
95
x 100
83
Mean (x)
Std. dev
n
112 72 98
81 80 73
94 88 92
82 84 62
86.5
. 12.2
16
1971
120 112
116 125
116 125
145 125
123.0
10.2
8
1974
142 134 123
130 126 127
132 126 125
132 126 126
129.1
4.9
14
129
130
*Zimmerman (1968)—** Allanson (1973).
Table 4.13:
Methyl Orange Alkalinity (as mg/1 CaCO^) Averaged values for
surface and bottom waters in Monroe Reservoir during July/August
1968 (Zimmerman), September/October 1971 (Allanson) and August/
October 1974. .
Mean
Std.
n
Surface
(x) 37.5
dev. 5.11
16
1968
Bottom
42.5
14.37
16
1971
Surface Bottom
72.8 77.6
12.69 9.50
11 9
Surface
33. 32
2.22
23
1974
Bottom
34.64
2.15
13
B-26
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.14:
Comparisons of the Averaged pH of surface and bottom waters
in Monroe Reservoir during July/August 1968 (Zimmerman),
September/October 1971 (Allanson) and August/October 1974.
Surface
Mean (x) 7.8
Std. dev. 0.29
n 16
1968
Bottom
7.2
0.49
16
1971
Surface Bottom
7.7 7.4
0.35 0.33
14 13
Surface
7.7
0.18
21
1974
Bottom
7.5
0.18
14
B-27
-------
Aquatic Ecology
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Aquatic Ecology
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Aquatic Ecology
simply stress the importance of the upper basins of this lake
as phosphate regulators. This is generally attributed to the
extensive macrophyte beds and their associated epiphytic algae
along with the greater diatom populations in this basin (Allanson
et al., 1973).
7. Phosphorus (Total Hydrolysable Phosphate).
Total phosphate tends to follow rather closely the general
scheme for soluble reactive phosphate. During stratification,
the greatest concentration is found near the bottom but as mixing
occurs the concentration is uniform in the vertical water column.
Table 4.16 shows that all stations had similar surface concen-
trations on September 7. There is a tendency for an increase
in total phosphates as the fall progresses, perhaps indicating
an increased algal biomass. This same trend can be traced in
the upper basin. The higher soluble reactive phosphate levels
are closely paralleled with higher total phosphate (greater algal
biomass) and as the soluble reactive phosphate declines, so does
the total PO4.
8. Nitrogen
The forms of nitrogen present in lake waters may be
grouped as:
(1) molecular nitrogen (N_) in solution;
(2) organic nitrogen compounds, including decomposition
products (ranging from proteins to simple compounds
like amino acids and urea);
(3) ammonia (NH* and NH4
-------
Aquatic Ecology
(4) nitrite (NO");
(5) nitrate (NO~).
The combined nitrogen of lakes is probably derived mainly from
inflowing water (Hutchinson, 1956). However, recent evidence
shows that precipitation can carry considerable quantities of
nitrogen into a lake (Likens and Bormann, 1974) .
9. Nitrogen (Nitrite).
Nitrites are intermediates in the oxidation or reduction
processes of bacteria. The low concentration of this nutrient
throughout the current investigation suggests that this form of
nitrogen plays a very minor part in the nitrogen dynamics of
Lake Monroe. A more typical year-with a longer stratification
period might have yielded a different conclusion.
10. Nitrogen (Nitrate).
The extremely low concentrations of nitrate-N found through-
out the reservoir is surprising when one views the stream data for
Station 6 on North Fork and those on Middle and South Forks of
Salt Creek (Tables 4.7 and 4,17). The efficiency of the macro-
phytes, etc. in removing this nutrient is obvious. These
extremely low readings do not coincide with Allanson's mean
value of 124 ug/1 NCu-N for 1971. Only when the water begins
to cool and light decreases does one see an appreciable increase
in nitrate concentration (Station 1 on Nov. 6).
11. Nitrogen (Ammonia).
Ammonia is produced by practically all heterotrophic bacteria
B-31
-------
Aquatic Ecology
in the course of organic decomposition. This explains the
large accumulation of ammonia during stratification on the
bottom of the lake, as seen at Station 1 (Table 4.15). The
ammonia also became uniformly distributed during the fall mixing.
Large amounts can leave the system at this time and may explain
the decrease in ammonia concentrations during October. However,
several algae are capable of utilizing this nutrient as well
(Hutchinson, 1957). When one looks at the surface concentration
across the lake (Table 4.16), there is no apparent trend to the
varying concentrations.
12. Silicate
Silica is the most abundant acidic substance other than
bicarbonates in lakes, and is of immense significance as a
major nutrient for diatoms. At the pH values of natural water,
Silica occurs mainly as ortho silicate (reactive) in an undis-
sociated condition (Hutchinson 1957).
The distribution of silicate throughout the lake is puzzling,
The data indicate that the high concentrations at Station 6 and
the Middle and South Forks (Table 4.17) are effectively removed
as the water moves down through these upper basins. However,
the gradual increase of reactive silicates from Station 4 to 1
(Table 4.16) is difficult to explain. On November 6, sampling
again showed the greater concentration of silicate at Station 1.
The apparent difference in silicates throughout the basins
has two possible explanations: (1) the respective diatom
B-32
-------
AquatJc Ecology
populations of the basins may vary considerably, with the lower
basin having the least diatoms; or (2) this difference may
depend upon the moxphometric slope and depth of the respective
basins. This problem needs more investigation, specifically
because the relation of phytoplarikton distribution and abundance
to the silicate concentration is not clear.
13. Oxygen
There is a close relationship between the thermal regime
and the distribution of dissolved oxygen. This thermal regime
affects both the concentration of the gas dissolved in the water
and its distribution in the water column.
Figures 4.5 and 4.6 compare the temporal distribution of
oxygen at these stations. One must agree with the statement of
Allanson et al. (1973), that "rapid changes in the distribution
of dissolved oxygen are linked directly with the thermal regime."
During the midsummer mixing of the basins, the oxygen is evenly
distributed in the water column. As the water cools during the
fall, the concentration of oxygen increases due to its increased
solubility.
Allanson found no significant change in the dissolved oxygen
content between the period of 1968 and 1971. Only in the deeper
Salt Creek channel does one find any serious oxygen depletion.
The relative volume of this old creek bed is minor, though, in
comparison to the basins. The 1974 oxygen concentrations agree
with the findings of Allanson et al. (1973).
B-33
-------
Aquatic Ecology
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B-34
-------
Aquatic Ecology
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B-35
-------
Aquatic Ecology
D. ORGANISMS
Methods of biological assessment of the lake waters are
described in Table 4.18.
1. Phytoplankton
A list of net phytoplankton from Lake Monroe is given in
Table 4.19. Nannoplankton algae identified from a 19 October
1974 sample are listed in Table 4.20.
With few exceptions, the diatoms, Melosira, Fragilaria,
and Asterionella and the chrysophyte, Dinobryon divergens were
the dominant forms on all sampled dates and at each depth.
Diatoms, Dinobryon, and the blue-green algae, Anabaena, were
most abundant in 57, 38 and 10 percent, respectively, of the
samples counted.
Correlation coefficients were calculated by Schaefer (1974)
for relationships between selected algae and three environmental
variables: light, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Melosira
and Dinobryon showed little correlation with temperature and
oxygen. Fragilaria was correlated with dissolved oxygen and had
low negative correlation with light (as did Melosira and Dinobryon)
Asterionella showed high positive correlation with light (r=0.5139)
and negative correlation with dissolved oxygen (r=0.6177).
Schaefer (1974) also computed the Shannon-Weaver index of
general diversity (H), which indicated that one or two forms were
predominant in the upper lake levels (0-3 meters). At greater
depths, increased diversity was found. The index ranged from
0.0473 to 0.9050, indicating that the composition and abundance
B-36
-------
Aquatic Ecology
of plankton populations were highly variable and not static.
Well stratified algal populations existed in areas not circulated
by wind action (e.g., Station 4), and during calm periods
(Station 3).
Large-scale differences were apparent when plankton popu-
lations from the three basins were compared. (Tables 4.21, 4.22,
and 4.23). For example, the middle basin may contain more plankton
organisms per liter than the upper basin or much less than the
upper basin. It may become essential in further work to regard
the reservoir as three separate, functional units, since dramatic
chemical plankton changes occur in moving from the upper basin to
the middle basin, and again to the lower basin.
Both the large number of phytoplankton genera present and
the prevalance of diatoms and Dinobryon suggest a low electrolyte
situation. Nutrient loadings above current levels would serve
to bring about the dominance of fewer algae and a decrease in
community diversity and stability. Blue-green algae would
probably show the largest increases since they are capable of
fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and are not retarded by low
concentrations of dissolved nitrogen that occur in summer and
early fall (see Table 4.15). One of those blue-green algae,
Anabaena is presently dominant in 10% of the sample.
Seasonal changes in phytoplankton population density
were measured by pigment estimation, which has been found to
be a good indicator of nutrient conditions and an accurate
estimator of population density and primary production (Brylinsky
B-37
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4:18
Methods of Biological Assessment
1.
Phytoplankton:
Sampled with Kemmerer sampler operated at various
depths and preserved with Lugol's solution.
Qualitative sampling with vertical hauls of a
Wisconsin standard plankton net.
One ml aliquots of concentrated samples were placed
in a Sedgwick-Rafter cell and enumerated under 100X
magnification with a Leitz Wetzlar Ortholux micro-
scope.
Nannoplankton were observed with a Nikon inverted
phase microscope.
Phytoplankton/1 = cell count X 1000mm3 125 ml ,nnn
50iran( 1.74mm) (1mm) (2) V (ml) x 1U
where:
1000mm3 = volume of Sedgwick-Rafter cell
50mm = length of Sedgwick-Rafter cell
1.74mm = width of strip counted
1mm = height of Sedgwick-Rafter cell
2 = number of strips counted
V = sampled volume of water in mis,
125ml = concentrated volume of sample
a) Chlorophyll determination
Pigment estimations were determined by the Strickland
and Parson (1972) technique of dissolving 0.34 u Millipore
filter paper following filtration in 10 ml of 90% acetone
solvents for about 20 hours in the dark, then stirring and
centrifugation. The top supernatant liquid was decanted
into a 1 cm cell. Readings were made on a Beckman DU-2
spectrophotometer at 665, 645 and 630 mu. Triplicate
determinations were made at each depth and samples were
taken from each meter 0-8. The results were then
calculated, using the equations formulated by Strickland
and Parsons (1972):
Chi a = 11.6 E665 - 1.31 E645 - 0.14 E630
Chi b - 20.7 E645 - 4.34 E665 - 4.42 E630
Chi c = 55 E630 - 4.64 E665 - 16.3 E645
continued.
B-38
-------
Aquatic Ecology
b) Algal Bioassay Tests
Method I
The March 6-10, 1973 experiment was made, using water
taken from the surface at the causeway with additions of
three different levels of phosphate (PO.-P) 5, 15, and 50
ug/1 and of three different levels of nitrate (N03-N) 75,
225, and 750 ug/1, which were added into 300 ml B".O.D.
bottle in 250 ml of water. Seven different concentrations
of samples and one opaque control sample, were inoculated
with 1 ml of Nances, and placed into an environmental
chamber on a shaker set of 100 rpm under 450 + 20 foot-
candle illumination for 4 continuous day's incubation.
At 6 hours, 25 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours,
after incubation, 50 ml of sample was removed from the
bottle and filtered through 0.45 y Millipore membranes
at a vacuum of 0.25 atmospheres. The filters were placed
onto an aluminum planchett for desiccation, then exposed
to HC1 fumes for 10 minutes to remove inorganic C11*. The
filters were counted on a Geiger-Mxiller counter.
Method II
The October 1-3, 1974 experiment was conducted, using
the standard algal assay procedure (EPA, August 1971).
The water sample was taken from the surface at Station 3
with two different concentrations of phosphate (P04-P),
5 ug/1 and 25 ug/1, and two different concentrations of
nitrate (NO,-N), 25 ug/1 and 125 ug/1, added into a 2
gallon jar with 2 liters of lake water. This constituted
8 different levels of concentration. There were:
1) Control (pure lake water), 2) Control plus 5 ug/1
phosphate, 3) Control plus 25 ug/1 phosphate, 4) Control
plus 25 ug/1 nitrate, 5) Control plus 125 ug/1 nitrate,
6) Control plus 5 ug/1 phosphate and 25 ug/1 nitrate,
7) Control plus 5 ug/1 phosphate and 125 ug/1 nitrate,
and 8) Control plus 25 ug/1 phosphate and 125 ug/1
nitrate. Then the 8 jars with different concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphorous were placed into an environ-
mental chamber with previously described conditions.
After an initial measurement, every -24 hrs. 50 ml of sample
were removed from each bottle. Triplicate measurements
of each concentration were made. Each sample was filtered
through 0.45 y Millipore Membrane at a vacuum of 0.25
atmosphere and washed with distilled water to remove
inorganic C1**. The filters were counted using an LS 100
Scintilliation Counter. The counts after corrections
were coverted to obtain relative rates of growth to
the control.
continued
B-39
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.18 (continued)
2.
Zooplankton:
Sampled with a metered Clarke-Bumpus trawl equipped
with a no. 18 wire mesh bucket. Integrated vertical
hauls as well as horizontal tows were taken at depths
of 0, 3, 6 and 9 meters. Samples were concentrated
to a volume of 125 ml and entire 1 ml sub-samples were
counted on a Sedgwick-Rafter cell at 40X using a
Leitz Wetzlar microscope.
Total volume of concentrated sample (ml)
Zooplankton/m3 = X zooplankton/ml of cone, sample 1000 liter
volume of water sampled (liters) x m3
B-40
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.19:
Phytoplankton Organisms Identified from Lake Monroe,
June-August 1974.
1. Cyanophyceae
Chroococcales
Chroococcus
*Coelospaerium
Dactylococcopsis
Gloeocapsa
Gomphosphaeria
Marssoniella
Merismopedia
Microcystis
Chaemaesiphonales
Pleurocapsa
Oscillatoriales
*Anabaena
Lyngbya
Oscillatoria
2. Chlorophyceae
Chlorococcales
Ankistrodesmus
Crucigenia
Lauterborniella
Oocystis
Pediastrum
Scenedesmus
Tetraedron
Tetrasporales
Gloeocystis
Volvocales
Volvox
Zygnematales
Closterium
Cosmarium
Gonatozygon
Micrasterias
Spirogyra
Staurastrum
Chrysophyceae
*Dinobryon
Mallomonas
Ochromonas
Xanthophyce ae
Asterogloea
Ophiocytium
Bacillariophyceae
Centrales
Cyclotella
*Melosira
Stephanodiscus
Terpisnoe
Pennales
Amphiprora
Amphora
*Asterionella
Cymbella
*Fragilaria
Gyrosigma
Navicula
Neidium
Nitzschia
Surirella
Synedra
Tabellaria
*most commonly encountered phytoplankters.
B-41
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.20:
Nannoplankton Algae and Protozoa. Identified from a
19 October 1974 Lake Monroe sample at Station 4 (Upper Basin)
Melosira italica
Melosira sp.
Dinobryon divergens
Dinobryon bavaricum
Stephanodiscus sp.
Merismopedia tenuissima
Merismopedia minor
Ankistrodesmus sp.
Cryptomonas sp.
Fragilaria crotonensis
Chroococcus lirtmeticus
Chroococcus minor
Mallomonas akrokomas
Mallomonas sp.
Coelastrum sp.
Asterionella formosa
Anabaena lemmermanni
Coelosphaerium kutzingianum
Stombidium viride
B-42
-------
Table 4.21:
Phytoplankton organisms per liter from
integrated vertical samples, 15 June 1974,
Aquatic Ecology
Dinobryon
Asterionella
Fragilaria
Melosira
Neidium
Ceratium
Chrysophyceae
Pediastrum
Gomphosphaeria
small Chlorococcales
peritrichs
Pleurosigma
Totals
% Dinobryon
% diatoms
% blue-green algae
(Middle Basin)
station 3
X/£ a
1562
4778
233
144
18
539
18
18
18
162
18
-
7508
20.8
68.9
0.2
76
560
76
51
25
102
25
'25
25
25
25
-
559
(Upper Basin)
station 4
X/4
1035
3506
230
374
-
201
29
-
29
58
-
29
5518
18.8
75.0
0.5
a
0
490
81
122
-
41
41
-
41
81
-
41
410
B-M
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Table 4.22:
Phytoplankton organisms per liter
From integrated vertical samples
28 June 1974
Fragilaria
Synedra
Melosira
Asterionella
Dinobryon
small chlorococcales
Microcystis
Anabaena
peritrichs
Ceratium
Staurastrum
Gomphosphaeria
Crucigenial
Stephanodiscus
Navicula
Gloeocapsa
Pleurosigna
Ankistrodesmus
Surirella
Chrysophyceae
Totals
% Dinobryon
% diatoms
% blue-green algae
(Lower Basin
station 1
X/£
483
39
39
248
575
91
39
1280
52
157
52
13
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2835
20.3
28.5
45.6
a
166
18
18
18
111
18
18
333
37
74
37
18
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
794
(Middle Basin)
station 3
X/£
599
240
1030
814
264
96
-
24
-
383
240
-
24
96
96
24
24
24
24
-
3760
7.0
77.7
1.3
a
373
0
34
68
373
68
-
34
-
136
0
-
34
0
68
34
34
34
34
(Upper Basin)
station 4
X/£
86
86
115
86
1610
-
-
230
345
316
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
28
305
2902
55.5
12.8
7.9
a
122
41
163
122
410
-
-
163
0
203
-
-
-
-
I
-
|
41
41
B-44
-------
Table 4.23:
Phytoplankton organisms per liter
from integrated vertical samples
5 July 1974
Aquatic Ecology
Tabellaria
Asterionella
Nitzschia
Navicula
Cymbella
small Chlorococcales
Ceratium
Synedra
Fragilaria
peritrichs
Chrysophyceae
Gloeocapsa
Microcystis
Amphora
Dinobryon
Melosira
Stephenodiscus
Anabaona
Stauastrum
Synedra
Crucigenia
Totals
%Dinobryon
% diatoms
% blue-green algae
(Lower Basin)
station 1
X/i
594
441
19
399
19
38
57
38
1974
307
38
57
57
19
192
651
498
2050
77
-
_
7530
2.5
61.3
28.7
a
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
(Middle Basin)
station 3
X/i
-
166
-
11
-
-
33
-
796
387
11
44
11
-
1360
-
-
2708
44
44
11
6157
22.1
16.5
44.9
a
-
16
-
16
-
-
16
-
156
47
16
31
16
-
109
-
-
109
0
31
16
234
(Upper Basin)
station 4
X/SL
-
205
-
-
-
20
123
82
328
801
-
20
20
-
7944
862
-
1663
28
-
82
12340
64.4
11.3
13.8
o
-
58
-
-
-
29
116
116
58
87
-
29
29
-
784
58
-
261
29
-
116
1393
B-45
-------
Aquatic Ecology
and Mann, 1973). The correlation of estimation between phyto-
plankton chlorophyll a and biomass, as indicated by Brylinsky
and Mann, was 0.98. This value indicates that it estimated
chlorophyll a almost as well as phytoplankton populations. The
correlation between photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll a_
was 0.92. All these suggest that pigment estimation constitutes
a good means of estimating primary production and population
density (Brylinsky and Mann, 1973).
Pigment estimations were made from August to October
(Figure 4.7). The highest total chlorophyll reading was found in
the beginning of August. The lowest measurement was taken in the
middle of September. Maximum difference, excluding the month
of August, was less than 8mg/m3, which was insigificant compared
to the variance of any single measurement (Figure 4.8). The
exceedingly high variance shown in the month of August was
probably due to strong patchiness of aggregated phytoplankton
biomass at certain depths in the water column. Maximum
chlorophyll content was frequently found from 0-3 meters in
depth. Little vertical difference was obtained after August's
measurements, indicating circulation in the lake.
An increase in population density is generally associated
with increases in light extinction as measured by the minimum
extinction coefficient. However, no strong correlation was
found between them in Monroe Reservoir. Poor correlation is
likely due to the contribution to varying quantities of organic
and inorganic detritus and dissolved colored matter (Bindloss
B-46
-------
Aquatic Ecology
et al., 1972). It may also be influenced by changes in species
composition of the phytoplankton.
No significant relation was found between population density
and nitrogen concentrations, but a negative correlation was seen
with soluble reactive phosphorus and also with reactive silicate
(Figure 4.9 and 4.10). This appeared to be an inverse relation •
to what Brylinsky and Mann found. If, however, total phosphorus
was plotted against population density, a strong positive cor-
relation would result. Brylinsky and Mann found the following
correlations between chlorophyll a and mean nutrient concen-
trations: soluble reactive phosphorus, +0.78; nitrate, +0.59;
and total nitrogen, +0.49. Exactly the opposite correlation
found here may be due to the rapid consumption of dissolved
phosphorus and reactive silicate by phytoplankton populations
in Lake Monroe. This suggests that a great increase of aquatic
macrophytes competing for available nutrients would essentially
control phytoplankton blooms in the upper basin. Similarly, if
the weeds were removed, increases in phytoplankton would result.
Two separate algal assay tests were conducted during March
6-10, 1973, and October 1-3, 1974. The techniques applied to
the two experiments were somewhat different, and are stated
separately in Table 4.18. The readings for the first method
were corrected and plotted in Figure 4.11; results of Method II
are shown in Figure 4.12.
The two bioassay experiments show similar results. The
addition of phosphate (PO -P) stimulates a rapid rate of growth.
B-47
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Prolonging the time of incubation stimulates a much higher growth
'rate. The addition of nitrate, after an initial increase,
produces no significant increase in growth rate (Figure 4.12).
The addition of phosphate and nitrate shows a continuous increase
in rates of production with longer incubation periods. It is
shown that the rate of growth of combined nutrients has a 1.7
times higher rate than the control (Figure 4.12).
To summarize the data, the increase of phosphate content
is of great importance in the growth of algae in Monroe Reservoir.
Limiting the phosphate (PO.-P) input to the reservoir is the
best method of controlling algal blooms.
2. Zooplankton
In the fall of 1971, the zooplankton population was
dominated by a calanoid, a cyclopoid, their copepodites and
nauplii. Rotifers, especially Keratella, were abundant.
Daphnia laevis and Daphnia retrocurva were both present, although
less important. Ceratium was locally abundant (Allanson et al.,
1973). Allanson et al. also concluded that a pelagic community
of zooplankton is present in Lake Monroe, even though the reservoir
is fairly shallow.
Table 4.24 lists zooplankton observed from June to August,
1974. Tables 4.25 and 4.26 show variations in integrated vertical
samples between stations. Table 4.27 gives populations at dis-
crete levels.
Codonella, a vase-shaped ciliate, showed wild population
fluctuations, varying between 0 and 60,000 organisms/m3 in
B-48
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Figure 4.7:
Phytoplankton population density as mg. Chlorophyll
per IP vs, depth and temperature.
(I)
August 12 Chi. mg/rrf
0.5 1.0
(I) _
September 16 Chi. mg/m
Q.-5 1.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Temp. ,2i 222324 25"C
Temp. 21°C 21.5
September 28(1) Chi. mg/m:
0.5 1.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8,
October 8 (I) chl. mg/nf
0.5 1.0
0
1
2
.3
4
5
6
7
8
Temp. 18°C
19°C
15°C Temp. 16°C
B-49
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Figure 4.8:
Variations in population density shown as mg.
Chlorophyll per m3 (n = 9)
It
CM. a
- -f
U Sept I Sept K. sept it Oct ? oct af
IS
Oil.b ,„
JO
:vii. c
«3/«> ao
/e
10
fWk J°
JO
/o
~
•
4
/
^i
•
^•K
^M
•*•
IK*
t ^
la Sc?t I S.Pt 16 Sept -34. Oct 8 Oct
B-50
-------
Aquatic Ecp^pgy
Figure 4.9:
Regression between Total Chlorophyll and PO4~P (soluble reactive
phosphorus).
Se
f.o
1.5"
B-51
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Figure 4.10:
Regression between Total Chlorophyll and reactive Silicate,
1900
SCO,
IOOO
T= -
fcptl
Chlorophyll mj/fl*
B-52
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Aquatic Ecology
Figure 4.11:
Algal bioassay incubation test, March 6, 1972.
so
Ulu w*t
,
L'^Ht Control (
L«kc w
-------
Aquatic Ecology
Figure 4.12:
Algal assay with different additions of nutrients.
1.1
/. Control
2. Control f 0.005pi. Control
7. Contrb
+• o.
8. Control
•*• 0. 0^m7o, +- o. \
21 Hours
18 Hours
B-54
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Aquatic Ecology
one month. The dinoflagellate Ceratium, as well, showed great
variation in population size.
A very diverse assemblage of rotifers was found (12 genera).
Of these, Keratella cochlearis and Polyarthra vulgaris were
most common.
One calanoid and two cyclopoid copepods were found. Their •
larval stage, the nauplius, was quite abundant throughout June
and July.
Bosmina coregoni was the most abundant Cladoceran, reaching
a density of 140,000/m3 on 24 June 1974 at a depth of 3m at
station 4. It declined logarithmically after this peak.
Two species of Daphnia were encountered, retrocurva and
laeyis. D. retrocurva was much more abundant and also showed
pronounced helmet development (cyclomorphosis).
Other Cladocera were more rare than Bosmina and Daphnia,
although Pseudosida and Holopedium were at times quite common.
Genera peculiar to a littoral habitat are discussed in the
macrophyte section.
It is apparent from Tables 4;25 and 4.26, that in lake areas
not widely separated, differences can be found in their plankton
populations. Stations 3 and 4 supported similar populations, but
they had developed independently. The upper (and sometimes the
middle) basin contains the greatest density of zooplankters,
both being larger than populations in the lower basin. In
addition, the percentage of Cladocera of the total zooplankton
population could be nearly identical (cf. 15 June), or vary
markedly (cf. 24 June), from station to station.
B-55
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Aquatic Ecology
TABLE 4.24:
Zooplankton in Lake Monroe
June - August 1974.
Protozoa
*Codonella
*Ceratium
*Difflugia cristata
*peritrich
Rotifera
Ascomorpha
Asplanchna
Brachionus
Colurella
Conochilus
Filinia
Gastropus
*Kellicottia
*Keratella cochlearis
Polyarthra euryptera
*Polyarthra vulgaris
Rotatoria
Trichocerca
Cladocerna
+Alona sp.
+Alonella sp.
*Bosmina coregoni
Ceriodaphnia lacustris
+Chydorus sphaericus
*Daphnia laevis
*Daphnia retrocurva
Diaphanosoma leuchtenbirgeanum
*Holopedium gibberum
Leptodora kindtii
+Pleuroxus denticulatus
*Pseudosida bidentata
+Sida crystallina
Copepoda
*Cyclops (2 sp.)
Limnocalanus
*Diaptomus
Ostracoda
*most commonly encountered organisms
+Cladocera associated primarily with
aquatic plants
B-56
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Acmntic Ecology
Table 4.25:
Zooplankton Organisms/m3 from integrated vertical samples
(15 June 74)
Codonella
Ceratium
Keratella
Polyarthra
Trichocerca
Colurella
Bosmina
Daphnia retrocurva
Hoi oped i urn
Nauplius larvae
Cyclops
Diaptomus
Totals
% Cladocera
(Middle Basin)
Station 3
3125
143000
6250
2344
781
781
30500
3125
3125
14060
2344
781
170216
21.6
(Upper Basin)
Station 4
7500
100000
11250
8750
3750
-
38750
-
-
8750
-
—
178750
21.7
B-57
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Aquatic Ecology
TABLE 4.26:
Zooplankton from an integrated vertical sample,
28 June 74, organisms/m3
Codonella
Ceratium
Keratella
Polyarthra
Trichocerca
Filinia
Conochilus
Kellicottia
Bosmina
Daphnia
retrocurva
Daphnia
laevis
Pseudosida
Holopedium
Nauplius
Cyclops
sp. 1
Cyclops
sp. 2
Diaptomus
Ostracod
Chaoborus
Total
%Cladocera
(Upper Basin)
Station 4
2500
110000
8750
2500
-
2500
-
-
26250
6250
-
1250
1250
10000
1250
1250
2500
-
-
176250
19.8
(Middle Basin)
Station 3
2083
162500
6250
13540
-
1042
14580
-
15625
-
1042
-
-
7292
-
-
1042
4170
-
229166
7.3
(Lower Basin)
Station 1
2273
71590
5680
5110
-
3409
1136
568
23925
5110.
-
568
2841
4545
—
-
-
-
-
131755
28.4
B-58
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Aquatic Ecology
TABLE 4.27:
Vertical Variation in Zooplankton (organisms/m3) at
Station 1. Lower Basin, 28 June 1974.
Codonella
Ceratium
Keratella
Polyarthra
Trichocerca
Filinia
Conochilus
Kellicottia
Bosmina
Daphnia
retrocurva
Daphnia
laevis
Pseudosida
Holopedium
Nauplius
Cyclops
sp. 1
Cyclops
sp. 2
Diaptomus
Chaoborus
Totals
% Cladocera
0 meters
595
20635
6350
1885
-
-
1190
595
3175
290
-
-
992
4266
-
-
198
99
40270
11.1
3 meters
426
14347
4830
4260
142
142
3125
-
20170
2273
852
284
568
2840
142
426
1562
-
56389
51.7
6 meters
2261
67154
7980
5850
133
266
7048
-
9574
798
931
266
665
3058
133
665
133
-
106915
11.4
B-59
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Aquatic Ecology
Vertical variation in populations was also found (Table 4.27).
Certain zooplankters are capable of dramatic vertical movements,
usually away from the surface during the day and towards it at
night, which further Complicates the pattern of their distribution.
Cladoceran peaks during daylight hours were commonly at 2-3 meters.
As lake water transparency increased during summer, their peak
occurrence was at greater depths. Similar results were found
in 1971 (Allanson et al., 1973).
Similar consequences to that suggested for phytoplankton
species diversity, following nutrient additions, apply here
as well. Large increases in numbers of a few species and a
lower number of total species present would be expected. The
diverse congregation of zooplankters is indicative of low nutrient
conditions. The occurrence of the genus Holopedium in the lake
suggests a low calcium content and oligo- or mesotrophy (Flossr-er,
1972). Secchi disc transparency in a Holopedium lake should be
at least 1.8 meters (which it is). Leptodora, also, by its
presence implies similar conditions. With greater nutrient
loading per area of lake surface, surface blooms of blue-green
algae would develop. The resultant light attenuation from these
blooms would deny sufficient light to certain forms and alter
the composition of the phytoplankton. In turn, any changes in
the phytoplankton would involve the replacement of some zooplankters
(e.g., Holopedium) with more tolerant forms. The increased
eutrophy would place more biomass in undesirable forms and reduce
the energy available to fishes.
B-60
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Aquatic Ecology
3. Bacterioplankton
Studies of bacteria in the lower basin were made by Smith
in 1971 (Allanson et al., 1973). She found a predominance of
Gram negative organisms. Gram positive organisms (Corynebackterium,
Micrococcus, Staphylococcus) rarely exceeded 25% of the total
bacterial population. Of the Gram negative organisms, only
two were facultative aerobes. Shigella and Salmonella, both
enteric pathogens, showed maxima of 5.2 and 2.5 percent of the
total population, respectively. Obligate aerobes (Pseudomonas,
Achrobacter, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium) normally comprised
greater than 80% of the total bacteria.
4. Benthos
No studies on,benthic animals have been conducted on Lake
Monroe. Shallow-water insects are an important prey item for
fishes, incorporating animal or plant tissue into larger mass
units. Tubificids, and chironomids as well, serve as food
sources; in addition, they may have profound effects on the
sediment through which they burrow, recycling materials from the
rich organic deposits (Davis, 1974).
5. Macrophytes
Aquatic plant distribution and development in 1974 was very
similar to that found in 1971 (Allanson et al, 1973), yet much
different from that encountered in 1972 by Docauer (1972). (See
Figures 4.13 and 4.14). Macrophytes were well-developed in the
relatively shallow upper basin, especially in the North and
B-61
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Aquatic Ecology
Middle Forks of Salt Creek. Allanson et al. (1973) described
two separate communities: a Potamogeton-Najas-Myriophyllum-
Ceratophyllum association found in open water and a Sagitaria-
Potamogeton-Naj as grouping in sheltered cover. The Sagittaria
community was found along the margins of the upper and middle
basins, and off the western shore of the lower basin (near
the Fourwinds Marina).
In addition to the plants described in Allanson, Najas
quadalupensis was found to be widespread. It was distributed
across nearly the entire bottom of the lower basin, with the
exception of the deeper channels, probably due to the increased
light penetration at Station 1 (see section on Secchi disc
transparency).
An above-average rainfall in spring would increase reservoir
water level and turbidity resulting in later, and perhaps less,
weed development. Conversely, low stages would permit increased
weed growth.
In 1974, dense growths of Myriophyllum were found in the
upper basin. Weed beds developed slowly until July and then
increased rapidly. The Myriophyllum beds appear to be extremely
important to the reservoir, acting as sediment traps of the silty
flow from the North Fork. Plans to decrease weed beds by various
means, whether for better fishing success or water quality, appear
unwise in light of recent evidence (Mulligan, 1969; Peterson,
Smith, and Malueg, 1974). Aquatic plants have been demonstrated
to have an antagonistic or antibiotic effect on algae (Easier and
B-62
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Aquatic Ecology
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B-63
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Aquatic Ecology
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B-64
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> uic Ecology
Jones, 1949; Fitzgerald, 1969) . Large blooms of the noxious
blue-green algae Anabaena and Microcystis have resulted following
weed removal (Brakke, 1974) .
Primary production in Myr i ophy 1 1 urn is mainly accomplished
by only the active photosynthetic leaves forming a canopy near
the water surface. The factors most important in Myriophyllum
net production are light penetration and the distribution of
leaf tissue (Adams, Titus, and McCracken, 1974).
In addition to macrophyte production, there is also an
additional utilization of nutrient inputs and production by the
abundant growths of attached periphyton (especially diatoms) .
Macrophytes and their associated periphyton act together as a
complex, and compete with the phytoplankton for available
nutrients.
Aquatic plants are colonized by an algal-fungal-bacterial
assemblage. In turn, this grouping serves as a substrate for a
very diverse community of animals that either graze on the periphtic
algae and bacteria or prey upon other animals. (All of these
organisms are collectively referred to as Aufwuchs.) Further,
the diverse animal community appears to be very important as a
food source for fish fry and fingerlings.
The animal component of the Aufwuchs, identified from a
29 June 1974 sample, were collected from a Myriophyllum bed.
They included: Cladocera (Daphnia retrocurva, Chydorus sphaericus,
Pleuroxus denticulatus, Sida crystallina, Bosmina coregoni) ,
copepods (Cyclops) , snails, several species of rotifers, ostracods,
B-65
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Aquatic Ecology
midges, damselflies and the oligochaete worm, Chaetogaster.
Cladocera were not abundant in the June sample, but showed
increases in September.
6. Fish
Fish stocking began in November 1964, and was completed in
December 1965. Table 4.28 shows a list of species and numbers
of fish introduced.
On January 1, 1967, Monroe Reservoir was opened to fishing.
Annual surveys were conducted for 1968, 1969, and 1970 and 1971
by the Fishery Research section, Indiana Department of Natural
Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife.
Table 4.29 shows species composition and "relative abundance
of fish collected in Monroe Reservoir.
Bluegill is the only sunfish species of any significance
to the fishery. Others are so few in number that they contribute
little except as forage. Bluegill population growth was high.
Yellow perch are increasing rapidly due to lack of predation upon
them and what appears to be ideal habitat. Crappie numbers
fluctuate to some extent but are high enough to provide good
fishing. Although channel catfish reproduction seems to be
limited, an excellent channel cat fishery exists. Carp and
suckers appear to have no threat to the fishery; however, an
adequate predator population must be maintained.
Monroe Reservoir is following the typical aging pattern.
The bass population, which was larger, is now decreasing, a
B-66
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Aquatic Ecology
TABLE 4.28:
Species, size, number and number per acre of fish stocked
in Monroe Reservoir.
Species Size Number Number/acre
Large mouth bass
Blue-gill
Channel catfish
Flathead catfish
Red ear
Northern Pike
Black crappie
6.0-12.5 in.
4.0-7.0 in.
6.0-22.0 in.
1.0-25.0 Ibs.
5.0-6.0 in. -
1.0-25.0 in.
9.0-12.0 in.
14,821
2,816
113,275
433
56
48
87
1.38
0.26
10.54
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Source: Ridenour, 1972.
B-67
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Aquatic Ecology
TABLE 4.29:
Species Composition and Relative Abundance of Fish
Collected in Monroe Reservoir, 1968-1971.
PERCENT OF SAMPLE
SPECIES
Largemouth bass
Bluegill
White crappie
Black crappie
Yellow perch
Yellow bass
Carp
Black bullhead
Yellow bullhead
Channel catfish
White sucker
Spotted sucker
Redear sunfish
Pumpkinseed
Longear sunfish
Green sunfish
Warmouth
Orange- spotted sunfish
Redhorse
Rockbass
Smallmouth bass
Flathead catfish
Northern pike
Total Number of Fish
in Sample
Total Number of Species
Represented
1968
37.3
16.2
0.9
0.4
6.4
*
0.3
0.3
9.0
3.5
9.6
0.1
0.7
*
*
4.9
3.4-
0.1
0.6
0.2
*
*
0.1
3,103
18
1969
26.2
38.8
8.9
*
3.7
*
1.7
2.0
0.4
1.9
4.0
3.7
0.7
*
1.4
2.2
1.5
**
0.2
0.1
**
**
*
2,298
19
1970
18.1
24.7
23.5
0.7
11.0
3.4
2.4
1.5
1.5
1.0
4.9
3.1
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.6
1.4
*
0.1
*
*
*
*
2,491
18
1971
23.7
35.5
4.6
2.9
16.9
0.6
1.5
*
0.1
1.2
4.4
0.5
1.6
*
3.3
0.6
1.9
0.1
0.1
*
*
*
*
856
17
*None collected.
*:VLess than 0.1 per cent collected,
Source: Ridenour, 1972.
B-68
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Aquatic Ecology
phenomenon that occurs in artificial reservoirs. The 1972 fishery
survey (Ridenour, 1973) indicated the following order of abundance:
bluegill (30.59%), yellow perch (18.38%); largemouth bass (15.23%),
yellow bass (5.56%), warmouth ( ?? ), carp (3.98%), golden shiner
( ?? ); redear sunfish (3.5%) white and black crappie (5%); bull-
heads (brown, yellow, black) (5%), channel catfish (0.96%). This
suggests that Lake Monroe will sustain a good bass population for
a longer period of time.
Yellow perch and yellow bass, which do not have the habitat
preference of largemouth bass, are potential threats to Monroe's
fishery. Predator-prey relationships between northern pike and
yellow perch and between walleye and both yellow perch and
yellow bass suggests that stocking northern pike fingerlings
and walleye fry in Lake Monroe may be a solution (Ridenour, 1972) .
E. SUMMARY
(1) Watershed — Nashville, Indiana is a major point source
of nutrients on the North Fork. Other sources may contribute
heavily, especially during spring rains. A regional land- and
water-use management is advised.
(2) Lake Monroe Morphometry — Three distinct, major basins
are present; mean depth increases from the pond-like upper basin
(above the causeway) to the lower basin (near the dam).
(3) Nutrients — Phosphorus and nitrogen in 1974 were lower
than previously reported.
B-69
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Aquatic Ecology
(4) Thermal Stratification — Cool weather in mid- to
late-summer may bring about isothermal conditions and result
in partial or complete circulation. Allanson et al. (1973)
showed stratification into October in 1971.
(5) Chemistry — Hydrogen ion concentrations and conductivity
have not changed much since 1968 or 1971. Alkalinity results did
not agree (1971 results are in error by a factor of 2X).
(6) Secchi Disc Transparency — A decline in mean trans-
parency indicates increases in turbidity from 1971-1974, from
added phytoplankton or non-biological particulate matter. Continuous
study of plankton and sedimentary conditions is advised.
(7) Bioassay — Experiments demonstrate that in spring algal
growth is limited by phosphorus concentrations and not retarded
by nitrogen. In fall, (October 1974) growth was limited primarily
by phosphorus; additions of nitrate enhanced phytoplankton develop-
ment.
(8) Chlorophyll — A strong negative correlation occurred
between chlorophyll a and soluble reactive phosphorus and also
with reactive silicates. This indicated a fast uptake of reactive
phosphorus and silicates by the phytoplankton.
(9) Plankton — Need for a continuation of studies on
seasonal succession and other quantitative aspects of both phyto-
plankton and zooplankton.
(10) Benthos — Need for initiation of studies on benthic
animals and secondary production in general.
B-70
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Aquatic Ecology
(11) Macrophytes — Aquatic plants, especially in the
shallow, upper basin, appear to effectively compete with the
phytoplankton for available nutrients. Decreases in weed
distribution would result in increased phytoplankton density.
(12) Trophic Status — Lake Monroe is a low alkalinity,
oligotrophic system. Whole lake experiments have shown that
lakes of this type are quite sensitive and respond rapidly to
phosphorus enrichment (Schindler, 1974) . Steps must be taken
to avoid phosphorus effluents from entering the reservoir.
Research is currently underway under the directorship of
Dr. David G. Frey with student assistance to establish the
following: (1) a general study of the watershed and lake to
provide a baseline for observing the rate and duration of bio-
logical changes; (2) an understanding of the lake's biology
useful in predicting the probable importance in biotic changes
connected primarily with eutrophication; and (3) special studies
to contribute original information to reservoir biology.
F. REFERENCES
Adams, M.S., J. Titus, and M. McCraken (1974). "Depth Distribution
of Photosynthetic Activity in a Myriophyllum spicatum
Community in Lake Wingra." Limnol.Oceanogr. 19;377-389.
Allanson, B.R., C.J. Zimmerman, and D.K. Smith (1973). "A Report
on the Limnology of Monroe Reservoir, Indiana." School of
Public and Environmental Affairs-Occasional Papers No. 1,
January 1973. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
B-71
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Aquatic Ecology
Bartsch, A.F. (1971). Algal Assay Procedure Bottle Test. National
Eutrophication Research Program-Environmental Protection
Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
Bindloss, M.E., A.V. Hoiden, A.E. BaileyWatts, and I.R. Smith.
(1972). "Phytoplankton Production, Chemical and Physical
Conditions in Loch Leven." In: Productivity Problems of
Freshwaters, pp. 639-659. Z. Kajak and A. Hillbricht-
IlkowskaTeds.). Proceedings of the IBP-UNESCO Symposium,
Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 1970.
Brakke, D.F. (1974). MS. "Primary Production in Culturally
Enriched Lake Sallie, Minnesota Following Weed Harvest."
Brylinsky, M. and K.H. Mann (1973). "An Analysis of Factors
Governing Productivity in Lakes and Reservoirs." Limnol.
Oceanogr. 18(1): 1-15.
Davis. R.B. (1974). "Stratigraphic Effects of Tubificids on
Lake Sediments." Limnol. Oceanogr. 19:466-488.
Docauer, D. (1972). "Human Development and Its Effect on Lake
Monroe." (unpublished) Environmental Protection Agency
(1971). Algal Assay Procedure Bottle Test. National
Eutrophication, Research Program.
Fitzgerald, G.P. (1969). "Some Factors in the Competition or
Antagonism Among Bacteria, Algae and Aquatic Weeds."
J. Phycol. 5:351-359.
Flossner, D. (1972). "Branchiopoda, Branchiura." Die Tierwelt
Deutschlands, 60. Teil:l-501.
Golterman, H.L. and R.S. Clymo (1969). "Methods for Chemical
Analysis of Fresh Waters." IBP Handbook No. 8. Blackwell
Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Hasler, A.D. and E. Jones (1949). Demonstration of the Antagonistic
action of Large Aquatic Plants on Algae and Rotifers. Ecology
30:359-364.
Hutchinson, G.E. (1956). "A Treatise on Limnology." Volume 1.
Geography, Physics, and Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. New York.
Lee, G.F. (1969). "Analytical chemistry of plant nutrients."
pp 646-658. In: Eutrophication; Causes, Consequences,
Correctives. Rohlich, G. (ed) Proceedings of a Symposium.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
B-72
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Aquatic Ecology
Likens, G.E. and F.H. Bormann (1974). "Linkages Between
Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems." BioScience 24:447-446.
Loehr, R.C. (1974). "Characteristics and Comparative Magnitude
of Non-point Sources." Journal WPCF 46:1849-1872.
McAhron, R. (1972). "The Nashville Sewage Plant." (unpublished).
Mulligan, H.F. (1969). "Management of aquatic vascular plants
and algae." In: Eutrophication; Causes, Consequences/
Correctives^, pp 464-483. G. Rohlich (ed.).Proceedings
of Symposium. National Academy of Science. Washington,
D.C.
Nelson, M. (1974). "Some Chemical and Physical Aspects of the
North Fork of Salt Creek Near Nashville, Indiana." (unpublished)
Peterson, S.A., W.L. Smith, and K.W. Maleug (1974). "Fullscale
Harvest of Aquatic Plants: Nutrient Removal from a Eutrophic
Lake. J. Wat. Poll. Contr. Fed.. 46:697-707.
Ridenour, R.L. (1972) . Monroe Reservoir — Fishery Status Report
1968"-1971. Fishery Research Section, Indiana Department of
Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife.
Ridenour, R.L. (1973). Monroe Fisheries Survey 1972. Fishery
Research Section, Indiana Department of Natural Resources,
Division of Fish and Wildlife.
Rodhe, W. (1965). "Standard Correlations Between Pelagic
Photosynthesis and Light." In: Goldman, C.R. (ed.)
pp. 365-381. Primary Productivity in Aquatic Environments.
Mem. 1st. Ital. Idrobiol. 18 Suppl. University of California
Press, Berkeley.
Schaefer, A. (1974). Phytoplankton Cycling and Species Diversity
in Lake Monroe, Indiana and Relations to Environmental
Factors.1974 NSF Summer Science Institute, Indiana University,
Bloomington.
Schindler, D.W. (1974). "Eutrophication and Recovery in
Experimental Lakes: Implications for Lake Management."
Science 184:897-899.
Stainton, M.P., M.J. Capel, and F.A.J. Armstrong (1974). The
Chemical Analysis of Fresh Water. Research and Development
Directorate, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
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Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons (1972). "A Practical
Handbook of Seawater Analysis." Fisheries Research Board
of Canada-Bulletin 167 (second edition). Ottawa. R.A.
Vollenweider(1971).Scientific Fundamentals of the
Eutrophication of Lakes and Flowing Waters, with Particular
Reference to Nitrogen and Phosphorus as factors in
Eutrophication. U.N. OECD
Zimmerman, C.J. (1968). Progress Report on Limnological Investi-
gations in the Monroe Reservoir Basin-1968. Indiana University
Water Resources Center and Department of Zoology, Bloomington,
Indiana.
B-74
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APPENDIX D
LAKE MONROE LAND SUITABILITY STUDY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Indiana University
School of Public Environmental Affairs
Center for Urban and Regional Analysis
July 1975
D-i
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PREFACE
The purpose of this Executive Summary is to provide a concise, easily read review of the major points
of the Lake Monroe Land Suitability Study Technical Report for the benefit of elected and appointed
officials as well as other persons with a general interest in the topic.
D-ii
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CONTENTS'
INTRODUCTION 1
Description of the Watershed 2
Study Area Defined 2
Reservoir Purposes 2
The Demand for U se 3
GEOLOGY 5
General Information , i.}.."'.." 6
Geologic Description of the Area 6
Soil Material Characteristics 7
Land-Use Considerations 8
TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 1J
General Information 12
Forests 12
Wildlife 12
Forest and Wildlife Management 13
Land-Use Considerations 13
AQUATIC ECOLOGY 15
General Information 16
Physical-Chemical Properties 16
Organisms 18
Land-Use Considerations 19
LAND USE 21
General Information 22
Land-Use Survey 22
Land-Use Maps • 23
Land Capability Model 24
Land-Use Considerations 24
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 25
General Information 26
Federal Agencies 27
State Agencies 29
Local Agencies .'12_
* Maps Identified In The Executive Summary Have Not Been Reproduced In
This EIS.
D-iii
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INTRODUCTION
D DESCRIPTION OF THE
LAKE MONROE WATERSHED
D STUDY AREA DEFINED
D RESERVOIR PURPOSES
D THE DEMAND FOR USE
D-1
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DESCRIPTION OF THE LAKE MONROE WATERSHED
Monroe Reservoir, with a surface area of 10,750 acres, is the largest impoundment of water in Indiana.
It is situated in the south-central par! of the state, about ten miles south and east of Bloomington. The
major portion of the reservoir lies within Monroe County with the upper end of the reservoir
extending into Brown and Jackson Counties. A very small par! of the reservoir's drainage area lies in
Lawrence County.
The reservoir occupies the main valley of Salt Creek and extends into several tributary valleys. From
the reservoir, Salt Creek flows southwesterly through Lawrence County to its confluence with the
East Fork of the White River about five mileb south west of Bedford, Indiana. The drainage area of the
Salt Creek basin is 647 square miles, of which 441 square miles lie upstream from the damsite. The
dam is located 25.6 miles above the mouth of Salt Creek, about two miles east of Harrodsburg in
Monroe County.
STUDY AREA DEFINED
The specific focus of the geology, ecology, and land use studies of this report was an area of
approximately 100 square miles immediately surrounding the lake (see Map 1). The institutional
study describes the jurisdiction of county, regional, slate, arid federal agencies within theentire Lake
Monroe drainage basin.
RESERVOIR PURPOSES
Monroe Reservoir was constructed for two primary purposes:
• Flood control
• Low flow augmentation of Salt Creek below the dam and the East Fork of the White River
The reservoir's secondary purposes are:
• Recreation
• Fish and wildlife
• Water supply
D-2
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THE DEMAND FOR USE
Since 1965, the demand for the multiple use of Lake Monroe beyond the original purposes has grown
considerably. As a result, the following are emerging:
• Lake Monroe provides drinking water toBloomingtonand Bedford. It is estimated that the
City of Bioomington, alone, will have an average daily use of 12 million gallons per day by
1980 and 16 million gallons per day by 1990. Maximum daily use is expected to be 21
million gallons in 1980 and 28 million gallons in 1990. The available pool can supply 36
million gallons per day.
• A "major center of commerce" has been predicted for the Lake Monroe region due to the
presence of Lake Monroe and the attractiveness of other recreational sites nearby.
Tourism and recreation are already major industries in the area. Development of
numerous residential areas are proposed.
• Eutrophication and other deterioration of the lake may be significantly accelerated due to
human activities around the lake. The usual resultant problems of prolific weed and algal
growth, deteriorating fisheries, impaired water quality, and sediment infilling may pose a
serious threat to the utilization of the lake.
D-3
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GEOLOGY
D GENERAL INFORMATION
D GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTION
OF THE AREA
O SOIL MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS
D LAND-USE CONSIDERATIONS
D-5
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GENERAL INFORMATION
The geologic and soil conditions of an area are important factors in determining (he suitability ofland
for a particular use. Among the land-use (actors that are directly affected by the underlying geology
are:
• Suitability for septic tank waste disposal
• Foundation and excavation conditions
• Slope stability
• Ground water availability
The purpose of this section is to identify basic geologic features ol the Lake Monroe area arid to relate
them to these land-use factors. Many other land-use factors, such as soil fertility, tree growth rates,
and erosion hazard, also are influenced by geologic features and are discussed in other sections of this
report.
GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA
In parts of the Lake Monroe study area, bedrock is the most important geologic element and the
overlying soil materials are directly related to the bedrock. In other parts, soil materials are not
directly related to the underlying bedrock and the soil materials themselves are the most important
geologic element.
There are principally two types of bedrock in the Lake Monroe study area: limestone and siltstone.
Siltstone bedrock underlies much of the eastern part of the study area, whereas limestone bedrock
underlies some of the centra! and most of the western part of the area. The two bedrock areas are
subdivided based on steepness of topography into areasofless th*n 20 percent slope and areas of more
than 20 percent slope. These are shown on the geologic map (Map 2) as:
• Area 1: Limestone bedrock and less than 20 percent slope
• Area II: Limestone bedrock and gteater ilian 20 percent slope
• Area HI: Siltstone bedrock and less than 20 percent slope
• Area IV: Siltstone bedrock and greater than 20 percent slope
D-0
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Parts of the study area where soil materials are not directly related to bedrockare divided into two map
Areas (Map 2):
• Area V: Valley-flanking terraces along Salt Creek and its tributaries
• Area VI: Rat bottomkod areas underlain principally by stream-deposited materials
•Stan are shown (Map 2) as:
rock cuts, fills, and other disturbed areas
These seven Areas differ in geologic characteristics and land-use capability. Many geologic
characteristics such as slope, depth to bedrock, and soil texture vary somewhat within each Area. The
discussion that follows is in terms of these Areas.
SOIL MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thickness of soil materials in the study arta ranges from a few inches to more than 70 feet. The thicker
soils generally are in areas of the gentler slopes; the thickest soils are in terrace or valley-bottom
pos-tion?. The soil materials specific to each area are as follows:
Area
I
II
HI
IV
V
VI
Soil Materials
0-5 feet of silt loam and silty clay loam overly ing up to 20 feet of
plastic silty clay and clay, slightly stony in places
0-2 feet of silt loam and siltv clay loam overlying up to 5 feet of plastic
siity clay and clay, stony in places
0-10 feel of silt loam and silty clay loam with some silty clay at depth,
slightly stony
0-3 feet of silt loam and silty clay loam, very stony
Contains s complex of soil materials ranging from 5 to 70 feet in thickness,
mostly silt loam with some pebbly, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and
loamy sand at depth
Generally silt loam but contains some clay rich zones stony or pebbly in
places
-------
LAND-USE CONSIDERATIONS
The geologic features of the Lake Monroe study area importantly influence four land-use factors:
On-Site Septic Ditposal
Adverse geologic and soil conditions are important factors leading to the failure of private septic tank
waste disposal systems. Overloading of the drainfield is the primary cause of failure, and conditions
that cause overloading are in many ways tied to the geologic and soil conditions. The following factors
influence the effectiveness of the drainfield:
• Permeability and thickness of the soil
• Highest seasonal water table
• Slope of the land
The geologic data indicate that much of the study area is unsuitable for private septic tank waste
disposal. Specifically:
• All of Areas JI and IV are unsuitable for septic tank divpowl because of excessive slope.
Area VI is unsuitable because of high water table and/or frequent flooding.
• Use"of septic tanks in parts of Area I and parts of Area V is limited by the presence of
impermeable fragipan or heavy clay zones in the soil.
• Area I is underlain by cavernous bedrock. Therefore, pollution of local ground water
supplies may result if the septic systems fail.
• Parts of Area III are suitable for septic tanks, dependent on local slope, water table depth,
and soil thickness.
Foundation and Excavation Conditions-
Many geologic and soil factors influence the type and design of footings and foundations for buildings.
In particular, the following factors should be considered in foundation design:
• Slope of the land
• Depth and type of bedrock
• Water table conditions
• Soil drainage
• Strength, compressibility, and shrink-swell capacity of the soil
D-8
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Parts of the study area are potentially hazardous for residential and light commercial construction
because of one or more of the above factors (larger industrial buildings require a much more detailed
analysis of soil conditions than has been presented in this study).
• Areas I and II, which are underlain by limestone, present two potential building problems.
The bedrock surface is irregular and rock that is difficult to remove may be encountered in
basement excavations. In addition, clay and silty clay in the subsoil possess high shrink-
swell properties that may cause damage to footings and foundations unless adequate soil
drainage is provided.
• Area III is underlain in places by soft consistency materials of low bearing capacity.
• Area VI has a high seasonal water table and the possibility of surface flooding.
• Areas II and IV have bedrock at shallow depth and slopes which are too steep for most
conventional types of construction.
Slope Stabuty
Some parts of Area IV and adjacent parts of Area V are prone to landslides, particularly along cut
slopes parallel to hillsides where soil material is removed by excavation. This leaves material on the
slope above the excavation with no lateral support. Slope stability problems in Area IV result from
steep slopes and impermeable bedrock at shallow depth. Foundations, roads, utility lines, and other
kinds of construction should be designed so as to avoid problems with this kind of earth movement.
Ground Water
The same geologic features that make the study area an excellent location for a reservoir also make it
an area of very limited ground water supply. As a result, nowhere in the study area are ground water
sources abundant enough for more than private residential use.
• In the eastern and central parts of the area, wells completed in siltstone are dry or yield
water at only a few gallons per hour.
• In the western part of the area, wells completed 100 to 150 feet through the limestone into
the top of the underlying siltstone generally have yields adequate for single family
domestic use. In the limestone area, however, pollution of the ground water by effluent
from faulty septic tank systems is common.
• Soil materials of the terrace and valley-bottom areas (Areas V anil VI) are insufficiently
permeable to yield water in usable quantity.
D-9
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TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
D GENERAL INFORMATION
D FORESTS
D WILDUFE
D FOREST AND WILDUFE
MANAGEMENT
D LAND-USE CONSIDERATIONS
D-ll
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GENERAL INFORMATION
The forests surrounding Lake Monroe are one of the most valuable assets of the region. Land uses such
as outdoor recreation, timber production, wildlife management, watershed management, and the life
of the reservoir itself, all depend, directly or indirectly, on these forested lands.
The purpose of this section is to identify the structure and composition of these forests and to indicate
the importance of the forests to land-use considerations. In addition, the wildlife common to the area
will be discussed.
FORESTS
To help identify the structure and composition of the forested areas, a generalized vegetation map
(Map 3) was compiled to show the extent and location within the study area of the following:
• Early "old field" successional vegetation
• Young successional or disturbed^ forests
• Mature forests
Analysis of forest species composition, on the basis of the vegetation map and the data obtained from
field surveys, revealed that the forests of the Lake Monroe region have remained very much the same
in species composition as that of pre-settlement time, namely, Beech-Oak-Maple-Hickory forests. This
type of vegetation is not extensive in southern Indiana and is one of the most interesting plant
communities of the state because of the great number of species sharing dominance.
WILDLIFE
Due to its ruggedness and sub-marginal value for farming, much of the Lake Monroe region has
remained forested. As a result, an abundance of wildlife exists within the area, including:
• 50 species of amphibians and reptiles
• 40 species of mammals
• 30 species of birds which are common permanent residents, 55 which are common summer
residents, 15 which are common winter residents, and 64 which are common migrants
D-12
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It should also be noted that two species of birds occurring in the Lake Monroe region have sub-species
(the Southern Bald Eagle and the Peregrine Falcon) which are classified as "endangered" by the
Department of the Interior. Although the sub-species have not actually been sighted in the Lake
Monroe region, their range does encompass the area.
FOREST AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
A large extent ol the forested areas in the Like Monroe region are public lands under llie supervision
of the National Forest Service and the Division ol Fish and Wildlife. These agencies currently have
management programs which utilize the forests for multiple purposes including:
• Timber production
• Soil and water conservation
• Wildlife protection and production
• Outdoor recreation
LAND-USE CONSIDERATIONS
Land-use changes in the Lake Monroe region can be expected in the future, especially in the immediate
vicinity of the lake. When such changes require extensive clearing and construction, terrestrial
ecosystems will be affected. Of particular importance is the clearing ol forested areas which often
results in accelerated runoff and erosion. Forests help retard runoff and erosion because:
• The forest canopy intercepts the falling rain and diminishes the energy of impact.
• The canopy, understory vegetation, and leal litter layer are effective in absorbing rainfall.
• Forest soils typically absorb large quantities of water rapidly.
Since much of the Lake Monroe region is characterized by steep slopes and erodible soils, the
extensive forests present in the area are clearly important in retarding runoff and soil erosion as well
as moderating stream flow and sediment discharge into the reservoir. Tins should be kept in mind
when major land-use changes are proposed.
D_13
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AQUATIC ECOLOGY
D GENERAL INFORMATION
D PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
D ORGANISMS
D LAND-USE CONSIDERATIONS
D-15
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GENERAL INFORMATION
Monroe Reservoir is a shallow lake with a mean depth of 10-13 feet and a surface area of approximately
10,750 acres. The lake is comprised of three distinct basins (see Figure 1), with the mean depth
increasing from the pond-like upper basin (above the causeway) to the lower basin (near the dam).
The old Salt Creek channel meanders across the bottom of the reservoir as a 23-36-foot trench.
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The physical and chemical conditions within any body of water largely determine what aquatic
communities can exist within it. While there are many different physical and chemical characteristics
that can be discussed, only several of the more important ones will be dealt with here.
Transparency
Suspended materials can interfere with the penetration of light into water by scattering arid absorbing
the rays. If enough suspended material is present, the water will become turbid and, as a result, the
photosynthetic zone will become restricted. A comparison of transparency readings taken from 1968
to 1971 with the readings obtained in the Land'Suitability Study reveals that there is a decline in the
mean transparency of the lake. Two possible explanations for this are: (1) an increase in planktonic
populations as a result of nutrient additions and (2) an increase in suspended soil particles and other
non-biological particulate matter.
Oxygen
Oxygen is important to the survival, reproduction, and growth of a variety of aquatic organisms, most
notably fish. Oxygen is also an essential element for the decomposition of organic materials. When
organic materials are present in relatively large quantities in the water, the demand for oxygen by
microorganisms to decompose these materials is high. Under such conditions, oxygen depletion may
result and this, in turn, may have a deleterious effect upon fish and other organisms.
The Land Suitability Study shows that the dissolved oxygen levels are not significantly different from
those obtained in the 1968-71 study. Only in the deeper Salt Creek channel does serious oxygen
depletion occur, and the relative volume of this old creek bed is minor in comparison to the three
basins.
D- 16
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Nutrients
Phosphorous and nitrogen are essential nutrients for aquatic plant growth. When present in large
quantities, however, these nutrients can cause unnatural enrichment of the lake, commonly referred
to as eutrophication. Readings taken during the course of the Land Suitability Study indicate that
phosphorous and nitrogen levels in the lake are generally low.
ORGANISMS
Plankton
Tests indicate that nutrient loadings above the current levels would serve to bring about the
dominance of fewer species and a decrease in community diversity and stability of phytoplankton and
zooplankton within Lake Monroe. An increase in phosphate content, in particular, would likely lead to
the development of large surface blooms of blue-green algae. These blooms would deny sufficient light
to certain forms and alter the composition oi phytoplankton. In turn, any changes in the
phytoplankton would involve the replacement ol some zooplankters with more tolerant forms.
Macrophytes
Aquatic plants, especially in the shallow upper basin, appear to compete effectively with the
phytoplankton for available nutrients. Any decrease in weed distribution would most likely result in
increased phytoplankton density.
Fish
A 1972 survey indicated that Lake Monroe contains the following fish:
• Bluegill (31%) • Carp (4%)
• Yellow Perch (18%) • Redear sunfish (4%)
• Largemouth bass (15%) • White and black crappie (5%)
• Yfsltew bass (6%) • Bullheads (brown, yellow, black) (5%)
• Channel catfish (1%)
Golden shiner and warmouth are also present within the lake, but their abundance is currently
unknown.
D- 18
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The fact that the bass population has riot declined as much as> typically occurs in artificial lakes
suggests that Lake Monroe is potentially a greater producer of bass and should sustain a good bass
population for a longer period ol time.
LAND-USE CONSIDERATIONS
On the basis of the Land Suitability Study, Lake Monroe does not appear to be mildly eutrophic as
suggested by the 1968-71 study. However, experiments have shown that lakes of Monroe Reservoir's
nature are quite sensitive and respond rapidly to phosphorous enrichment. The resultant problems of
prolific weed and algal growth, deteriorating fisheries, and impaired water quality can pose a serious
threat to the utilization of the lake. Therefore, care should be taken to minimize the entrance of
phosphorous effluents into the reservoir.
D-19
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LAND USE
D GENERAL INFORMATION
D LAND-USE SURVEY
D LAND-USE MAPS
D LAND CAPABILITY MODEL
Q LAND-USE CONSIDERATIONS
D-21
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GENERAL INFORMATION
A land-use survey is carried oul to provide a dr script ion of the surface utilization of an area at a certain
moment in time. In essence, this type of survey pi oxides an answer to the question, "How is the land
being used in this region?' The information gathered in a land-use survey permits the construction of
a land-use map. This map shows the clustering of certain uses and the stringing out of others. It shows,
in total, the impact of man on the natural landscape.
The purpose of this section is to provide detailed information about the use of land around one of
southern Indiana's most heavily used recreation areas—Lake Monroe. Both a land-use survey and
land-use maps are employed to generate this information in a format suitable for forming the basis for
future planning decisions for the Lake Monroe area.
It should be carefully noted that foi the u-Milts of tins section to be meaningful, it isessential that the
land-use information is periodically updated. This can most easily be accomplished by
institutionalizing the whole process by making it a function of an agency such as the Monroe County
Planning Commission.
LAND-USE SURVEY
The classification system for the land-use survey is designed to be:
• Easily followed and understood by someone not involved in either its construction or in
the actual data collection;
• Comprehensive enough so that if the decision is made to complete the land-use inventory
of the entire watershed, then the original classification will need little or no modification;
• Comprehensive enough at the outset to eliminate the need for any kind of expensive and
time-consuming reconnaissance stud\;
• Compatible with computer data processing procedures.
The land-use classification system encompasses rural as well as urban land uses. The classification has
nine major categories:
• Residential . • Agricultural
• Commercial • Communications and Transport
• Business Services • Public and Quasi-Public
• Industrial • Recreational and Open Space
* r'orestr\
-------
Within each of these groups, further subdivision* were instituted giving a more detailed breakdown ol
a land-use category. (A complete listing ol these categories can be found in Appendix A ol the Land
Use Survey section of the Land Suitability Study Technical Report.)
Data was collected using a grid system tor the study area. Each section was divided into 64 ten-acre
cells and these cells were the unit for which data was categorized. I he data gathered in the land-use
survey reveal that:
• Forests comprise 30,362 acres (63%) ol the study area, of which 15,613 acres (32%) are
public lands.
• Parks and recreation areas comprise 2,997 acres (6'o) ol I fit: study area.
• Agriculture accounts lor 6,659 acres (I V',',,) of the study area, ol which 2,494acres (5%)
are utilized croplands and 2,419 acres (•">'/<,) are abandoned croplands.
• The total number of acres classified as residential in the study area is 1,762 (4%).
LAND-USE MAPS
Two types of land-use maps have been constructed:
• A general map (Map 4) which portrays all major categories ol land use;
• A set ol maps showing individual land uses (refer to the Appendix in the Land L'se section
of the Land Suitability Study Technical Report).
When the reader examines these maps, there should be the realisation thai since the east side of the
lake is largely in public ownership, the pressures for development will be primarily on the west side of
the lake.
-------
LAND CAPABILITY MODEL
A land capability model is being designed on the basis of the information gathered in the Land
Suitability Study. This model will be a useful tool for considering alternative development proposals
in terms of their environmental impact. While the model will be of particular use to the
planner/analyst, it can be used by almost anyone who is willing to study carefully the Computer Model
User's Manual which provides the procedure for using the model as well as the accompanying data
base.
LAND-USE CONSIDERATIONS
One of the most demanding and complex issues facing the residents of the Lake Monroe region is that
of land development, zoning, and the impacts of land-use change. Questions such as the following
emerge:
• What is the impact of an individual development on the whole community?
• What are the legal ramifications of a given land-use decision? Will these be long-term
implications?
• What are the potential costs to the community (police protection, solid waste disposal,
etc.) of a new development?
• Are there environmental impacts of a given development which have not been considered?
• Is low-income housing being considered as well as high-income housing?
• What is the recreational carrying capacity of the lake and the implications of this on
residential and commercial development?
This section on land use does not, and cannot, provide complete answers to these problems. It does,
however, provide the basic information for land-use decision making.
D-24
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INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
D GENERAL INFORMATION
D FEDERAL AGENCIES
D STATE AGENCIES
D LOCAL AGENCIES
D-25
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GENERAL INFORMATION
A myriad of federal, state, and local Agencies t:tist which have powers that directly bear on the
planning and development of the /,ake Monroe iegior. The purpose of this section is to identify these
agencies and to clarify their /oles as tlu-v reiau- I o the Lake Monroe area. To assist in this process, a
series of charts is presented on the following pages. While the charts discuss in some detail the
functions of each agency, it should be kept in mind that these descriptions are by no means complete.
The Land Suitability Study Technical Report should be corisuJled if a more detailed description is
desired.
D- 26
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PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
AUTHORS: Henry H. Gray, Indiana Geological Survey
Richard S. Howe, School of Public and Environmental Afiairs
J.C. Randolph, School of Public and Environmental Affaire
Michael C. Roberts, Department of Geography
Nicholas L White, School of Law
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EDITED BY: William A. Kelksy, School of
and Environmental Affairs
FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Office of State Planning with the cooperation of the
Monroe County Commissioners
Mr. William Cook, President, Cook, Inc.
The Gty of Bloomington Utilities Board
Caslon Development
RELATED REPORTS
• Lake Monroe Land Suitability Study: A Technical Report on a Selected Portion of the Lake Monroe
Watershed
• Land Capability Model for the Lower Lake Monroe Watershed
• Computer Program User's Manual
FURTHER INFORMATION
For further information contact:
Richard S. Howe
School of Public and Environmental Affairs
Indiana University
400 East Seventh Street
Bloomington, Indiana 47401
D-34
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Ambient Air puali ty Standards
TSP (pj/m3)
Annual geo. mean
Max. 24-hr cone.**
Primary
75
260
Secondary
60
150
SO? ((ug/m3)
Annual arith. aver.
Max. 24-hr cone.**
Max. 3-hr cone.**
BO (.03 ppm)
36b (.14 ppn)
1300 (0.5 ppm)
CO (mg/m3)
Max. 8-hr cone.**
Max. 1-hr cone.**
10 (9 ppm)
40 (35 ppm)
10
40
(pg/m3)
. 1-hr cone.**
160 (.08 ppm)
160
HC
Max. 3-hr cone.**
260 (.24 ppm)
160
NOx (ug/m3)
ANNUAL ARITH. AVER.
100 (.05 ppm)
100
**Not to be exceeded more than once d year.
Source of data: 36 F.R. 0187, April 30, .1971;
38 F.R. 25670, Sept. 14, 1973.
£- H"
-------
APPENDIX F
ENGINEERING & COST CALCULATIONS
I. TASK 2 EVALUATION OF PURE OXYGEN PROCESS
A. Two Stage Aeration (Air)
Design Flow = 16 MGD
Assume Detention Time 4 hours
Assume three parallel reactors
Reactor Flow - 16 MGD/3 = 5.33 MGD
Reactor Volume = 5.33 x 106 gals x 4 hours
24 hours
= 8.85 x 10^ gals per reactor
8.85 x 105 gal
7.48 gals/ft3 - 1.18 x 105 ft3 per reactor
Assume liquid depth of 15 ft
118 x 103 ft3/15 = 7.8 x 103 ft2 - 78 x 102
Use 90 x 90 x 15 SWD @ 3 each
Volume supplied - 90 x 90 x 15 - 122 x 103
1.22 x 105 > 1.18 x 105 O.K.
Air Required for First Stage
Lbs. of BOD - 16 x 8.34 x (144-5) - 18,600# BOD
Lbs. of BOD/Tank - 18,600/3 - 6,200 f BOD
Air Requirements - 1,500 cfair/lb of BOD
(includes 50% safety factor)
Total Blower Capacity - 1,500 cf/air x 18,600
- 2.8 cf x 107/1.44 x 103
- 2 x 104 cfm of'air
Return Sludge Pumps
Assume Aerator Vss * 3,000 mg/1
F-l
-------
Assume Return Sludge Vss = 10,000 mg/1
3,000 (Q + Qr) - 10,000 (Qr)
3,000 Q = 7,000 Qr
Qr/Q = 3/7 = -.43
Oxygen Requirement for Salt and Clear Creek; calculate 0
requirement by the following equation.
Lbs. 02/day - 1.5 BOD + 4.6 NH3-N
Assume carbonacious demand (1.5 BOD) is negligible.
Salt Creek
Winter - No requirement
Summer - 3 mg/1
(12-3) x 8.34 x 16 x 1.5 - 1,800 Ibs. of NH3-N
Lbs. of 02 - 4.6 x 1,800 = 8,300 Ibs. 02/day
Clear Creek
Winter - 6.5 mg/1
Summer - 1.5 mg/1
Winter (12-6.5) x 8.34 x 16 x 1.5 - 1,100 Ibs. of NH3-N
Summer (12-1.5) x 8.34 x 16 x 1.5 - 2,100 Ibs. of NH3-N
Lbs. of 02 Winter 4.6 x 1,100 - 5,100 Ibs. 0,/day
Summer 4.6 x 2,100 - 9,700 Ibs. 02/day
Volume for Second Stage
Source of Design Data;"Nitrification and Denitrification
Facilities" EPA Technology Transfer Seminar Publication.
F- 2
-------
Assume
Q = 16 MGD
NH3-N concentration = 12 mg/1
MLVss - 1,500 mg/1
Minimum operating temperature = 10°C
Operating pH = 7.8
Effluent requirements
Salt Creek - 7.9 mg/1 summer
N/A winter
Clear Creek - 3.0 mg/1 winter
1.5 mg/1 summer
It is to be noted that effluent requirements will affect operating
costs (amount of air required) rather than capital costs (size of
tanks).
NH-i-N Load
Maximum
Salt Creek
1.5 x 16 x 8.34 x (12 - 7.9) - 1,100 Ibs/day
Maximum
Clear Creek
1.5 x 16 x 8.34 x (12 - 1.5) -
2,250 Ibs/day
Tank Volume
From Figure II-3, page 24
Volumetric Load -8.2 lbs/1,000 ft3
Clear Creek
2,250/8.2/1,000 - 275,000 ftj
Salt Creek
1,100/8.2/1,000 - 134,000 ft3
Tank Volume Adjusted to pH 7.8
Correction factor according to Figure III-4, page 23 - 0.88
F-3
-------
Salt Creek 3
134,0007.88 - 153,000 ft
Clear Creek
327,0007.88 - 315,000 ftj
Detention Time ,
315,000 x 24 x 7.48/16 x 10° - 3.6 hours Clear Creek
153,000 x 24 x 7.48/16 x 106 - 1.8 hours Salt Creek
Therefore, assume the detention time is 4 hours on Clear Creek
and 2 hours on Salt Creek for nitrification.
Estimate Concrete (Two Stage - Air)
90 x 90 x 17 (2 ft of freeboard)
210
Assume Thickness - Bottom Slab 1.25'
Walls I1
Concrete Slab - 1.25 x 270 x 90/27 -
Walls - 4 x 1 x 90 x 17/27 =
Walls - 2 x 270 x 17 x 1/27 -
Rock - 10' x 90 x 270/27 -
Excavation =5' x 270 x 90/27
1/2 bh
1/2 5 x 90 x 2 + 1/2 x 2 x 5 x 270
450 + 1350
1,110 yds
230
340
1,680 yds
9,000
4,500
27
27
100
4600
F-4
-------
Construction Cost
Concrete
Rock
Excavation
1,680 x 400
9,000 x 10
4,600 x 4
Two Stage
2 x 780,000
Concrete, Rock, Excavation
Equipment
Install
Project Cost
Project Cost @ 15 MGD
Salvage Value - 1,560 x 1.30 x 30/50
Salvage Value @ 15 MGD
B. Single Stage Aeration (Air)
Detention Time * 6 hrs
672,000
90,000
18,000
780,000
1,560,000
1,560,000
390,000
80.000
$2,030,000
2,639,000
2,474,000
1,216,000
1,140,000
Concrete
Slab
Walls
Walls
Excavation
Excavation
270 x 115 x 1.25 x/27
4 x 1 x 115 x 17/27
2 x 270 x 17 x 1/27
10 x 115 x 270/27
1,420
300
340
3,020
11,560
5' x 270 x 115/27 5,750
1/2 x 2 x 5 x 115 + 1/2 x 2 x 5 x 270 100
5,850
F-5
-------
Construction Cost
Concrete 2,060 x 400 824,000
Excavation 17,300 x 4 70,000
Equipment 310,000
Install 62,000
1,266,000
Project @ 15 M«D $1,645,000
Salvage Value
1.30 x 10/30 (824,000 + 108,400) - 811,000
C. Two Stage, Aeration - Oxygen System
The following parameters were given by oxygen manufacturers.
Detention Time - 1-1/2 hours for first stage
1-1/2 hours second stage
MLSS - 4,500 mg/1
Depth of reactor 13 deep
Allow 4 ft freeboard for oxygen absorbtion.
Each unit should have three cells
Recycle Flow 30%
Mixing BHP 261
Oxygen BHP 365 Turndown 60%
Assume three reactors
Q/reactor = 5.33 MGD
Liquid Depth * 13 deep
Detention Time = 1.5 hours
Volume req'd - 5.33 x 106 gal/day x 1 day/2.4 x 10' hrs x
1.5 hours
= 3.33 x 105 gallons
33.3 x 104 gals/7.48 gals/ft3 - 4.45 x 104 ft3
F-6
-------
Surface Area « 44.5 x 103 ft3/13 ft
3.423 x 103 ft2
3423 ft2
Use 60 x 60 x 13 SWD Basins
Volume Supplies
60 x 60 x 13 - 46,800 Jrt3
46,800 > 44,500 O.K.
Uc.ll.
Concrete
Bottom Slab
Walls
Walls
Top Slab
Rock
Earth
1.25 x 180 x 60/27 •
4 x 1 x 180 x 17/27
4 x 60 x 1 x 17/27 •
1/2 x 180 x 60/27 -
8' x 180' x 60V27 -
5 x 180 x 60/27 -
2 x 1/2 x 5 x 5 x 180/27
2 x 1/2 x 5 x 5 x 60/27
500
450
150
1,100
200
3,200 yds
2,300 yds
200
50
2,550 yds
F-7
-------
Construction Cost
Concrete
Rock
Earth
1,100 x 400
200 x 200
3,200 x 10
2,550 x 4
Two stage will require 2 x 522,000
Concrete, Rock, Excavation
Equipment
Install
Project (30% does not apply because of equip)
Project @ 15 MGD
Salvage Value
1,044,000 x 1.3 x 30/50 =
@ 15 MGD
I
L
440,000
40,000
32,000
10,000
$522,000
1,044,000
1,044,000
1,900,000
80,000
$3,024,000
3,639,000
3,420,000
814,000
765,000
D. Single Stage Oxygen System
Concrete
Bottom Slab
Walls
Walls
Earth
Earth
1.25 x 180 x 120/27
4 x 1 x 180 x 17/27
4 x 1 x 120 x 17/27
8' x 120 x 180/27
5 x 120 x 180/27
2 x 1/2 x 5 x 5 x 180/27
2 x 1/2 x 5 x 5 x 120/27
1,000
450
300
1,750
6,400
4,600
200
110
11,300
F-8
-------
Concrete 1,750 x 400 700,000
Earth 11,300 x 4 45,000
Equipment 1,900,000
Install 80,000
2,725,000
Project Cost 3,260,000
Project Cost @ 15 MGD 3,064,000
Salvage Value
1.3 x 30/50 (700,000 + 45,000) = 581,000
@ 15 MGD 546,000
E. Clarifiers for Air & Oxygen Systems
Size Air Clarifiers
Assume 3 units
Overflow rate - 700 gals/ft2-/day
Solids Loading - 25 Ibs/ft2/day
Q clarifier - 16/3 - 5.33 MGD
Area Req'd - 53.3 x lflS/7 x 102 - 7,650 ft2
Use 100 ft dia. units
7,850 ft2 > 7,650 O.K.
Check Solids Loading
Lbs. to Clarifier - 3,000 x 8.34 x 5.33 (It. 43)
3,000 x 8.34 x 7.6
191,000 Ibs/day/reactor
191,000/25 Ibs/ft2/day - 7,650 ft2
7,850 ft2 > 7,650 O.K.
F-9
-------
Assuae 12 deep clarifiers
7,850 x 12 - 94,000 ft3
94,000 ft3 x 7.48 gals/ft3 - 705,000 gals.
705.000 gals'.
5,330,000 gals/day
131 days - 3.1 hours O.K.
Clarif iers
Overflow lat* « 550 gal/ft2 (oxygen «fs received)
Solid* Loading 25 Ibs/ft2/day
Arm laVd 5.33 x 105/5.5 x 102 - 9,750 ft2
Check Solid* Loading
Q recycle - 30X
MLSS * 4,500 ag/l ,
f 4^500 x 8.34 * 5,39 (1 -K .3) * 260,000*
Ana Baq'd - 260,000/25 - 10,400 ft2 r*q'd
10,400 > 9,750 solida loading governs
Use 115 4 unit - 10,400 ft2
10,400 • 10,400 O.K.
Depth 11 ft (supplied by oxygen «fs)
Construction Costs
^.
\ CO -
••••
F-10
-------
Concrete
Slab 1.25/27 x .785 x 1002
1.25/27 x 7,850 - 330 yds 1.25/27 x 10,400 = 470
Walls 14/27 x .798 (1012 - 1002) 13/27 x .785 (1162 - 1152)
14/27 .875 x 201 = 80 yds 13/27 x .785 x 231 = 90
330 + 80 - 410/each 470 + 90 = 560/each
Rock (assume 5 deep)
7'/27 x 7,850 = 2,000 yds/ea. 6'/27 x 10,400 - 2,400 yds/ea.
Excavation
5/27 x 7,850 - 1,400 yds/ea. 5/27 x 10,400 = 2,000/ea.
Clarifier Mechanisms & Weirs & Baffles
100* I $52,000/each
115' 4> $71,000/each
Source - Envirex phone call.
Area Required
Air Oxygen
Single Nitrification 3 x 7,850 - 23,000 3 x 10,400 = 31,200
Dual Nitrification 47,000 62,400
Air - Single Stage
Concrete 3 x 410 yd x $400/yd - 492,000
Rock 3 x 2,000 yd x $10 day 60,000
Earth 3 x 1,400 yd x $4/yd 16.800
568,000
Equipment 52,000 x 3 156,000
Install 156,000 x .2 31,200
Installation cost assumes 20% of equipment price.
F-ll
-------
Oxygen - Single Stag*
Concrete
Rock
Earth
3 x 560 x 400
3 x 2400 x 10
3 x 2000 x 4
71,000 x 3
213,000 x .2
672,000
72,100
24,000
768,100
213,000
42.600
255,600
Air
Eqxilparnf
last*
156,000
31.000
Sock
Berth
60,000
I&JBDO
30Z
8 15 MGD
2 atg
-K 1,9(5,000
1,847,000
Oxygen
1 atg 2 ctg
213,000
42,600
672,000
72', 100
24.000
1,024,000
1,332,000 + 2,6*2.000
1,252,000 2,502.000
Salvsg* V«l»e (982,000 - 187*000) 30/50
477,00ft
(1,332,000 - 256,000) 30/50
645,000
15 MGD
448.000
896,000
606,000
1,212,000
F-12
-------
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I. Return Sludge Pimping Costs
GPM x HEAD x SP. GR/3,960 x EFF. * B.H.P.
16 x .43 - 6.88 HGD 30'
694 (6.88) (30) (1)/3,960 x .75 - 48.2 hp
@ 952 Motor Eff = 50.8 hp
50.8 x 24 hr x 365 x .0149 $/hp hr - $6,630/yr
@ 15 MGD $6,232
16 x .30 - 4.88 20*
694 x (4.8) (20) (1)/3,960 x .75 - 22.4 hp
@ 95Z Motor Eff - 23.6 hp
23.6 x 24 x 365 x .0149 - $3,080/yr
g 15 MGD $2,895/yr
J. Air & Oxygen Power Costs
The following data were supplied by manufactuers of oxygen
systems and air systems. The air systems were based on a
submersed tubing with 30% efficiency.
The following data was supplied by manufacturers and pertains
to oxygen systems.
Salt Creek
16 MGD
Winter
414 x 24 x .0149 x 270 - 39,972
Summer
594 x 24 x .0149 x 90 « 19.117
$59,089
@ 15 MGD 55,543
F-16
-------
11 MGD
Winter
289 x 24 x .0149 x 270 - 27,903
Slimmer
415 x 24 x .0149 x 90 - 13.356
41,259
Clear Creek
Oxygen
16 MGD
Winter
520 x .0149 x 24 x 270 - 50,205
Summer
626 x .0149 x 24 x 90 - 20,147
70,352
@ 15 MGD 66,130
11 MGD '
Winter
364 x .0149 x 24 x 270 - 35,144
Summer
438 x .0149 x 24 x 90 - 14,096
$49,240
The following data was supplied by manufacturers and pertain
to Air systems.
Clear Creek
15 MGD
Winter
485 BHP x 24 x .0149 x 270 - $46,831
Summer
317 BHP x 24 x .0149 x 90 - 16;536
$63,367
F-17
-------
11 MGD
Winter
361 BHP x 24 x .0149 x 270
Summer
380 BHP x 24 x .0149 x 90
Salt Creek
Air
15 MGD
Winter
342 x 24 x .0149 x 270
Summer
516 x 24 x .0149 x 90
11 MGD
Winter
254 x 24 x .0149 x 270
Summer
317 x 24 x .0149 x 90
$34,855
12.229
$47,184
$32,947
13.668
$46,615
$24,698
10.202
$34,890
K. Present Worth Comparison of Air & Oxygen at Clear Creek
Operating Costs
Air
11
15
149,508 204,831
(204,831 - 149,508)720 - 53,323/20
- 2,766
Oxygen
11
15
Clarifier
Aeration
Return Sludge
63,784
47,184
29,400
9.140
89,500
63,367
39,500
12.464
84,420
45,240
30,000
4,246
118,400
66,130
41,100
5,790
167,894 231,420
(231,420 - 167,894)720
3,176
F-18
-------
Present Worth of Constant 0 & M
Air Oxygen
11.47 x 149,508 - 1,715,000 11.47 x 167,854 - 1,925,744
Present Worth of Variable O&M
86.01 x 2.766 - 238,000 86.01 x 3176 - 273,167
Initial Project Cost
Air
Aerators 2,474,000
Clarifiers 1,847,000
Add 500,000
4,821,000
Present Work of S.V.
Aerators 1 , 140 , 000
Clarifiers 876,000
Add . 300,000
2,336,000
714,000
Initial Cost 4,821,000
P.W. of O&M 1,715,000
P.W. of O&M 238,000
6,774,000
S.V. 714,000
$6,060,000
L. Present Worth Comparison of Air
Operating Costs
Air
11 15
Clarifier 41,662 56,900
Aerator 34,890 46,615
21,000 28,700
Return Sled 4,570 6,232
102,122 138,447
Oxygen
3,420,000
2,502,000
500,000
6,422,000
765,000
1,212,000
900,000
2,277,000
696,000
6,422,000
1,926,000
273,000
8,621,000
696,000
$7,925,000
and Oxygen at Salt Creek
Oxygen
11 15
53,268 72,600
41,255 55,543
22,200 30,400
2,123 2,895
118,850 161,438
(138,447 - 102,620)/20 - 1816 161,438 - 118,850 - 2129
F-19
-------
Present Worth of Constant 0 & M
Air Oxygen
11.47 x 102,120 = 1,171,000 11.47 x 118,852 - 1,313,232
Present Worth of Variable 0 & M
86.01 x 1816 - 156,000 86.01 x 2,129 * 183,115
Initial Project Cost
Air Oxygen
Aerators 1,645,000 3,064,000
Clartfiers 923.000 1.252.000
2,568,000 4,316,000
Present Worth of S.V.
Aerators 542,000 546,000
Clarifier 448.000 ' 606.000
.3058 990,000 1,152,000
303,000 352,000
Initial Cost 2,508,000 4,316,000
P.W. of Con. O&M 1,189,000 1,363,000
P.W. of Var. O&M 159.000 183.000
3,916,000 5,862,000
S.V. 303.000 352.000
3,613,000 5,510,000
Assume oxygen system will eliminate sludge thickening device.
Construction Cost * $210,000
Project Cost - $274,000
Assume Equipment Cost » $30,000
S.V. - (274,000 - 30,000)30/50
146,000
F-2C
-------
0 & M @ 15 MGD - $ 28,000
@ 11 MGD - 20.600
7,200/20. « 360
P.W. of Constant 0 & M - 20,600 x 11,470 « 236,287
P.W. of Variable 0 & M » 360 x 86.01 » 30 963
* ™
P.W. of S.V. » 1,146,000 x .3058 - 44,000
^
Project Cost 274,000
P.W. of 0 & M 236,000
31.000
541,000
S.V. 44.000
497,000
II. PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS - SOUTH BLOOMINGTON
A. Site Development
Winston Thomas
1. 3200 feet of stream relocation
(Assume 5' deep) '
2. Flood elevation &7S IP* ~*JB - AvG> D»
3800' / a/>' X '
South Rogers
1. Relocate Trailer Park
Assume $500,000
2. Relocate streams
1300 feet and 3200 feet. Assume 5* deep
3. Levee Elevation
Upper 676 and lower 672
Length of Dike - 2500 , ^ '
Depth
Dillroan Road
I. Levee JL^gth : //OO' ._,
- *y
F-21
-------
2. Stream Relocation
2000 Feet. Assume 10* deep cut.
Salt Creek
Stream Recollection 1000'
Assume 10' deep
*•
Ketcham Rd
»
1. Levee
Length - 2200* ,
f 1 o S_ ;
2. Relocate stream
A
2500 ft. Assume 10* deep
Salt Creek
Salt Creek Flood Elevation - 512
Assume grade is 505 and top of'levee 515
L = 3400 feet
CONSTRUCTION COSTS
Winston Thomas
Stream relocation \ /
" /J2.-
Volume = 3200 x [20 x 5 + 2 x 1/2 x 5 x 2J/27
3200 x [100 + 10]/27
13,037 yd x $10/yd - $130,000
Rip Rap 2 x 3200/9 x (5.4/2) = 1920 sq.yd.
1920 sq. yds x $20/yd. = $38,000
Stream Fill - 5 x 1600 x 20/27 x $l/yd = $6000
F-22
-------
to
Dike /
Volume - 3800/27 (10 x 10 + 1/2 x 10 x 10 x 2]
- 28,148
28,148 x $15/yd = $422,000
Stream Fill ^ 6,000
Stream Relocation 130,000
Rip Rap 38,000
Levee 422.000
Construction Cost 596,000
30% 179,000
Total $775,000
South Rogers
Stream Relocation v X"'t >^/ z.£~
'Z.O'
Volume r (1300 -I- 3200) [20 x 5 -I- 2 x 1/2 x 5 x 2]/27
4500 [100 + 10]/27 = 18,333
18,333 x 10 - $183,000
Rip Rap - 2 x 4500/9 x 5.4/2 « _ 2700
Stream Fill - 2700 x $20 - $54,000
1500/27 x 20 x 5 x $l/yd - $6,000
Dike
Volume - 4500/27 [100 » 100] - 33,333 yds.
Land - 33,333 x $15/yd $500,000
40 acres x 2500 100,000
Stream Fill 60,000
Land . 100,000
Trailer Park Relocation 500,000
Dike • 500,000
Stream Relocation 183,000
Rip Rap 54,000
Construction $1,343,000
Project Cost (30%) $1,745,000
S.V. « 100,000
P.W.S.V. - 30,000
F-23
-------
Ketcham Rd.
Stream Relocation \ /Q ? / I 2.-*"
Volume = 2500 [20 x 10 4- ]/2 x 4 x JO x 2J/27
92.6 [200 + 40]
21,574 yd.
21,574 x 10 = $216,000
Rip Rap 2x2500/9(10.5/2)-= 2516
2516 x 20 = $58,000
Stream = 1800/27 x 20 x 5 x $l/yd. = $7,000
4£_
Dike r-*-^«> r~~_
0 *"
2200/27 (10 x 10 x 1/2 x 2 x 10 x 10) + 900/27 (L.O x 5 x 1/2 x 2 x 5 x 10)
16,296 + 3,333
19,625 x $15/yd. = $294,440
Land - 60 acres x 2,500 = $150,000
Land
Stream Fill • 7,000
Stream 216,000
58,000
Dike 295,000
Land 150,000
$726,000
Project $943,000
P.W.S.V = $45,000
Dillman Site
Land - 60 acres x 2500 = $150,000
Stream Relocation \
Volume = 2000/27 [20 x 10 + 1/2 x 2 x 10 x 4]
74 (200 + 40)
17,777 yds.
17,777 x 10 = $178,000
Rip Rap = 2000 x 2/9 x 10.5 = 4667
4667 x $20 = $94,000
F-24
-------
Stream Fill = 3000/2 x 20 x 5 x $l/yd = 12,000
Dike
Volume = 1500/27 (10 x 10 + 1/2 x 2 x 10 x 10)
40.74 x 200
11,111 x $15/yd. - $167,000
Land 150,000
Stream Fill 12,000
Stream Relocation 178,000
Rip Rap 94,000
Dike 167.000
601,000
Project Cost $781,000
P.W.S.V. = 45,000
Salt Creek
Stream Relocation
1000/27 (20 x 10 + 2 x 1/2 x 10 x 4)
8888 yds. x $10 day = $89,000
Rip Rap - 1000 x 2/9 [105 x $20/yd] = $47,000
Stream Fill = $l/yd x 10/27 x 20 x 2100 - $16,000
i **
Dike
Volume = 3400/27 (10 x 10.+ 1/2 x 2 x 10 x 10)
125.93 x 200 - 25,185
25,185 x 15 " $378,000
Land - 160 x 2,500 - $150,000
«
Stream Relocation 89,000
Rip Rap 47,000
Stream Fill 16,000
Dike 378,000
Land 150.000
$680,000
Project Costs $884,000
S.V. - 45,000
?_25
-------
P.W.
Winston Thomas - $ 775,000
South Rodgers - 1,745,000 - 30,000 $1,715,000
Ketcham - 943,000 - 45,000 $ 898,000
Dillman - 781,000 - 45,000 $ 736,000
Salt Creek - 884,000 - 45,000 $ 839,000
Salt Creek (extra land) - $ 455,000
B. Calculated Cost of Treatment Plant
Items Required
1. Preliminary Treatment
a. Grit removal equipment
b. Pumps
c. Pump station building
Q - 16 MGD
xavg
inax
32 MGD
Construction Cost = $700,000 (1971)
Construction Cost = 7000,000 x 232/151 = $1,075,000 (1975)
Project Cost = 1,075,000 x 1.3 = 1,398,000
2. Administration Building
a. Clerical
b. Laboratory
Construction Cost = $150,000 (1971)
150,000 x 1.54 = 230,000 (1975)
Project Cost = 1.3 x 230,000 = $300,000
3. Garage & Shop Facilities
Construction Cost = $45,000 (1971)
Construction Cost = $45,000 x 1.54 = $70,000
Project Cost = $70,000 x 1.3 = $90,000
F-26
-------
4* Chlorine Building and Equipment
32 x 8.34 x 8 = 2135 Ibs/day
Construction Cost = $110,000
Construction Cost = $110,000 x 1.54 = $170,000
Project Cost = $170,000 x 1.3 = $220,000
5. Chlorine Contact Basins
oo ir>6 8als day , c , 1 hour
32 x 10 f? - x 0/ ,J- — x 15 min. x 77: — j—
day 24 hour 60 min
Construction Cost = $700,000
Construction Cost = $700,000 x 1.54 « $1,078,000
Project Cost = $1,401,000
6. Return Activated Sludge Pumping
Use Q - 16 MGD
Install = 32 MGD Use thru pumps
@ 11 MGD
Finn capacity = 22 MGD
Construction Cost « $250,000
Construction Cost = $250,000 x 1.54 - $385,000
Project Cost = $385,000 x 1.3 - $500,000
7. Pumping to Filtration Units
Use 22 MGD
Project Cost = $500,000
8. Filtration Units
Use 2.5 gpm/ft2
16 x 106 gals/day x - = 11.11 x 103 gpm
11.11 x 103/2.5 gpm/ft2 = 4,480 ft2
Construction Cost = $900,000
Construction Cost = 232/175 x 900,000
- 1,200,000
Project Cost - $1,550,000
Source EPA Suspended Solids Removal
F_27
-------
9. 0 & M
Manhours
N = gQh
N = 460 x 16' 460 x 5.2 = 4232 hours
N = 460 x 11 ° 460 x 6.8 = 3128
Materials & Supply
F = 1.0; Q = 16
S = i (FQ)J i = 17.40; j = .8
at 16 MGD „
17.40 x 16 = 17.4 x 9 = $150,000
at 11 MGD R
17.4 x 11 = 17.4 x 6.8 = $120,000
10. Equilization Basin
Basin size required = 10 Mg
Basin size - 2.4 MG Costs = $595,000
595.000/.36
*••* \
10 '
$1,700,000 x 232/175 = $2,253,000
Source: Flow Equilization EPA Bulletin
11- HVAC. Plumbing & Electrical Work
Assume 25% of other work costs
.25 x 11.942,000 = 3,000,000
12. Yard Work
Assume 20% of other construction costs from EPA Bulletin
.20 x 14,942,000 = 2,988,000
Use $3,000,000
F_28
-------
Summary of Costs - Project Costs
Preliminary Treatment $ 1,398,000
Administration Building 300,000
Garage & Shop 90,000
Chlorine Bldg. 220,000
Chlorine Contact Basin 1,078,000
Return Sludge Pumping 500,000
Pumping to Filtration Units 500,000
Filters 1,550,000
Electric Substation 750,000
Pond 2,253,000
Aeration & Clarifiers 2,566,000
Electrical, HVAC, Plumbing 3,000,000
Yard Work 3,000,000
Project Cost $17,205,000
@ 15 MGD 16,130,000
C. Calculate 0 & M Costs
Wastewater pumping 11 16
Labor 1500 hrs. 2000 hrs.
' $ 9000 $12,000
Electricity 10,000 20,000
Material & Supply
(1800 x 1.53) 3.000 (2800 x ) 4.500
$22,000 $36,500
Use above figures for pumping to filters
Preliminary Treatment 11 16
Labor 3600 4800
$22,000 $29,000
Material & Supply 4,500 6.000
$26,500 $35,000
F-29
-------
Chlorination U_ 16
1850 2500
Labor $ 11,000 $ 15,000
Material 2,500 3,000
Chlorination 180,000 117,000
Yardwork _U J.6_
Labor 2,000 3,500
Material & Supply 3.000 4,500
$ 15,000 $ 25,500
Laboratory 11 16
Labor 4,100 4,300
$ 25,000 $ 26,000
Material & Supply 2.000 4,500
$ 27,000 $ 30,500
Administration l± 16^
Labor 2,800 4,500
$ 17,000 $ 27,000
General Expense 7,000 8,000
$ 24,000 $ 35,000
Pumping Electric $ 4,574 $ 6,630
Manpower 4,500 6,000
$ 9,074 $ 12,630
Filtration (Source: Gulp, Weiser & Gulp)
EPA STP Index - 200
@ 16 MGD = 180,000 x 231/200 = 208,000
@ 11 MGD = 130,000 x 231/200 = 150,000
Equalization Basin
Assume same costs at 11 MGD as 16 MGD
Assume 300 HP
Power costs - 200 x 24 x 365 x .0145 » 26,000
Material 2,000
Manpower = 3800 x 6 23.000
$51,000
F-30
-------
Summary 0 & M
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Raw & intermediate
pumping
Preliminary Treatment
Chlorination
Aerator Clarifiers
Filtration
Pumping
Yardwork
Laboratory
Administration
Equalization Basin
Jj.
$ 44,000
27,000
80,000
99,000
150,000
10,000
15,000
27,000
24,000
51,000
$527,000
$ 73,000
35,000
117,000
141,000
208,000
13,000
26,000
31,000
35,000
51,000
$730,000
@ 15 MGD 684,000
P.W. and 0 & M
$527,000 x 11.47 = $6,045,000
P.W. = ($684,000 - $527,000)/20 x 86.01 - $675,000
= $6,720,000
III. TASK 6 - PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS - LAKE MONROE
Smithville and Sanders at Dillman
One P.S. ' Q = .08
6500 FM @ 4" avg
5500 @ 8 gravity
Head = 820 - 730 - 90 static - 80 friction
u a m —
Labor
.5
6.000
$6,700
P.W. of 0 & M 11.47 x 6700 77,000
P.S. 55,000
6500 @ 15 98,000
5500 @ 27 149.000
302,000
Project Cost 393,000
S.W. - 393,000 x 31/50 x .3052 = 72,000
P.W. 393,000
77,000
-72.000
$398,000
F-31
-------
Smithville and Sanders Costs at Dillman
Smithville and Sanders require .08 MGD reserved capacity. Their
proportionate share is .08/15 x 100 = .53%.
Smithville and Sanders are responsible for:
.0053 x (28,583,000 - 2,319,000) = 139,000
Smithville and Sanders (Clear Creek)
Gravity Line - 18,500 @ 8"
Construction Cost = 18,500 x $17/ft = $499,500
Project Cost = $499,500 x 1.3 = $649,000
S.W. = $649,000 x 30/50 x .305 = $118,000
P.W. = $531,000
Clear Creek Plant
Castore 500,000 - 100,000 = $400,000
Harrodsburg 120,000
Smithville - 80.000
600,000 gpd
Assume package plant
Equipment $500,000
Instrumentation 100,000
Building - $20/sq. ft. 100,000
$700,000
Project Cost $910,000
S.W. 910,000 x 6 = 546,000
P.W.S.V. 546,000 x .3058 = 166,000
P.W. 910,000 - 133,000 = $777,000
Interceptor Q = .12 + .08 = .20
Use existing interceptor for Castore
500 ft
-------
Land = 5 acres x $2500
S.V.
Clear Creek Plant Construction Cost
Plant
Int.
Land
$13,000
$13,000
$ 700,000
135,000
13.000
$ 848,000
Project Cost - $910,000 -I- $176,000 + $13,000 - $1,099,000
0 & M
For 1 MGD
Filtration
Q Start-up
$100,000
30,000
$130,000
Q Down
Cast on
Harrodsburg
Smithville
.03
.10
.06
.20
.5
.12
.08
.70
Cs
Cs
Cs
Cs
Cs
Cs/(QL/Qg)
Cs/(l/.20)
CL/(5)'55
CT/2.4
Li
.42 Cs
.55
Cs
Cs
Cs
Cs
Cs/(l/.70)
.6
Cs/U.43)
Ca/1.24
.81 Cs
.6
0 & M @ .2 = .42 x $130,000
0 & M @ .7 = .Six $130,000
Present worth
55,000 x 11.47
50,000/20 x 86.01
$55,000
$105,000
$630,850
215.025
$845,875
F-33
-------
Fairfax to Caslon
5000 ft @ 8" gravity
16,000 ft @ 4" F.M.
3 p.s.
0 & M Pump Station
Power = 3 @ $200
Labor
$ 600
12,000
$12,600
5000 ft @ $27/ft.
16,000 ft @ $15/ft.
P.S. + $55,000 @ 3
Construction Cost
Project Cost
$135,000
240,000
165.000
$540,000
$702,000
$ 81,000
240,000
165.000
$486,000
146.000
$632,000
F-34
-------
IV.
TASK 6 - PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS - INTERCEPTORS AND PUMPING STATIONS
A. Unit Prices - Interceptor Sewer
Normal Excavation - $5/c.y.
Rock Excavation - $25/c.y.
Trench Backfill - $6/c.y.
PIPE PRICES
Size
24"
30"
42"
48"
54"
60"
60"
66"
72"
78"
Type
D.I.
D.I.
RCP
D.I.
RCP
RCP '
RCP
RCP
RCP
RCP
Mat. & Labor
$66/L.F.
71
88
105
132
149
149
165
187
209
Normal Rock
Excav.* Excav.*
$37/L.F.
42
51
56
60
65
$13/L.F.
14
15
16
Backfill*
$9/L.F.
10
12
13
15
16
16
17
18
19
Total
$112/L.F
123
151
174
207
230
178
196
220
244
*Trench depth - 10'
Trench width * pipe diameter + 2 feet
F—
-------
B. Interceptor Systems - Construction Costs
Alternative 1 - Gravity Interceptor to Salt Creek Site
Item
42" RCP (rock)
54" RCP (rock)
60" RCP (rock)
66" RCP
72" RCP
78" RCP
Manholes
Railroad Boring
Quantity
10,000 L.F.
7,500
29,000
6,000
8,500 L.F.
10,000
134
15
Stream Crossing 25
Total Construction Cost
Alternative 2 -
Item
42" RCP (rock)
48" DIP (rock)
60" RCP (rock)
60" RCP
72" RCP
78" RCP
Manholes
Railroad Boring
Steam Crossing
Pump Station
Unit Price
$151/L.F.
207
230
196
$220/L.F.
244
$1,500 ea.
L.S.
L.S.
Gravity Interceptor and Force Main to
Creek Site
Quantity
10,500 L.F.
13,000
14,800
3,700
6,500
9,000
78
2
2
1
Total Construction Cost
Unit Price
$151/L.F.
174
230
178
220
244
$1500 ea.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
Total
$ 1,510,000
1,550,000
6,670,000
1,180,000
$ 1,870,000
2,440,000
201,000
426,000
365,000
$16,212,000
Salt
Total
$ 1,590,000
2,260,000
3,400,000
660,000
1,430,000
2,200,000
120,000
40,800
31,900
2,500,000
$14,232,700
F-36
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Alternative 3 - Gravity Interceptor to Ketcham Road Site
Item
42" RCP (rock)
54" RCP (rock)
60" RCP (rock)
Manholes
Railraod Boring
Stream Crossing
Total
Quantity
9,600 L.F.
8,800
5,000
45
6
5
Construction Cost
Alternative 4 - Gravity Interceptor to
Item
42" RCP (rock)
54" RCP (rock)
Manholes
Railroad Boring
Stream Crossing
Total
Alternative 5 - Force
Item
24" DIP (rock)
30" DIP (rock)
Pump Station #1
Pump Station #2
Railroad Boring
Quantity
9,600 L.F.
3,odo
29
2
2
Construction Cost
Unit Price
$151/L.F. $
207
230
$1500 ea.
L.S.
L.S.
$
Dillman Road Site
Unit Price
$151/L.F. $
207
$1500 ea.
L.S.
L.S.
$
Total
1,450,000
1,820,000
1,150,000
68,000
151,200
67,500
4,706,700
Total
1,450,000
620,000
44,000
40,800
24,200
2,179,000
Main to South Rogers Street Site
Quantity
6,000 L.F.
9,000
1
1
1
Unit Price
$112/L.F. $
123
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
Total
672,000
1,107,000
1,000,000
1,400,000
61,200
Total Construction Cost $ 4,240,200
F-37
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C. Stream Crossings
For stream crossings, use 2 x excavation and backfill prices and
1.5 x material and labor prices.
Stream crossings are 40', manhole to manhole.
Alternative 1
Size #
42"
54"
60"
66"
72"
78"
Alternative
Size //
72"
78"
Alternative
Size #
42"
54"
60"
Crossings
1
3
15
3
1
2
Total
2
Crossings
1
1
Total
3
Crossings
1
3
1
Total
L.S. Per Crossing
$ 10,320
13,920
15,420
12,380
13,860
15,340
L.S. Per Crossing
$ 13,860
18,060
L.S. Per Crossing
$ 10,320
13,920
15,420
Total
$ 10,320
41,760
231,300
37,140
13,860
15,340
$365,060
Total
$ 13,860
18,060
$ 31,920
Total
$ 10,320
41,760
15,420
$ 67,500
F-38
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Alternative 4
D.
Size # Crossings
42" 1
54" 1
Total
Alternative 5
No stream crossings.
Railroad Borings
Railroad borings are 80 ' .
Unit Prices
24" - $150/L.F.
30" - 180
42" - 230
48" - 270
54" - 300
Excavation for boring pit
Alternative 1
Size # Borings
42" 2
54" 2
60" 7
66" 3
72" 1
Total
Alternative 2
Size tf Borings
42" 2
L.S. Per Crossing Total
$ 10,320
13,920
60" -
66" -
72" -
78" -
- $2, 000 /pit.
L.S. Per Boring
$ 20,400
26,000
29,200
31,600
34,000
L.S. Per Boring
$ 20,400
$ 10,320
13,920
$ 24,240
$340/L.F.
370
400
450
Total
$ 40,800
52,000
204,400
94,800
34,000
$426,000
Total
$ 40,800
F-39
-------
Alternative 3
Size # Borings L.S. Per Boring Total
42" 2 $ 20,400 $ 40,800
54" 2 26,000 52,000
60" 2 29,200 58,400
Total $151,200
Alternative 4
Size i
42"
Alternative
Size #
42"
Borings
2
5
Borings
3
L.S. Per Boring
$ 20,400
L.S. Per Boring
$ 20,400
Total
$ 40,800
Total
$ 61,200
E. Pumping Stations
1. Construction Costs (based on peak flows)
Pump Station within S.T.P.
40 MGD Peak (16)
Basic cost $650,000 x 232.1/150.6 = $1,001,000
Total cost $820,000 x 1.54 = $1,263,000
16 MGD Peak (6.5)
Basic cost $300,000 x 1.54 = $462,000
Total cost $400,000 x 1.54 = $616,000
9 MGD Peak (3.5)
Basic cost $190,000 x 1.54 = $293,000
Total cost $230,000 x 1.54 = $354,000
F-40
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Pump Station outside of S.T.P.
ffy
c = 250 Q" - Camp. Dresser and McKee
40 MGD 250(40) *62 - $2,500,000
16 MGD 250(16) -62 - $1,400,000
9 MGD 250(9) -62 = $1,000,000
2. Labor Costs (Ref . EPA)
40 MGD
Operating labor 1200 mhr
Maintenance labor 930 mhr
2130 @ $6/hr - $12,780/yr.
16 MGD
Operation 730 mhr
Maintenance 600 mhr
1330 @ $6/hr - $7,980/yr.
9 MGD
r
Operation 600 mhr
Maintenance 510
1110 (9 $6/hr - $6,660/yr.
3. Material and Supply Costs - Based on Average Flow
16 MGD $2500 x 171.2/112.2 « $3,825/yr.
6.5 MGD $1050 x 1.53 - $l,606/yr.
3.5 MGD $650 x 1.53 - $ 995/yr.
4. Annual Electrical Costs
S.W. 45 hp pump
45 x 24 hr. x 365 days x .0149 $/hp* hr. - $5,874/yr.
S...E.. 115 hp pump
115 x 24 x 365 x .0149 - $15,000/yr.
Central 550 hp pump
550 x 24 x 365 x .0149 - $71,800/yr.
F-41
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5. Summary of O&M Costs
Alternative 2
O&M
Electrical Power $ 71,800
Labor 12,780
Material and Supplies 3,825
Annual O&M $ 88,405/yr.
Alternative 5
O&M S.E. S.W. Total
Electrical Power $ 15,000 $ 5,874 $ 20,874
Labor 7,980 6,660 14,640
Material and Supplies 1,606 995 2,601
Annual O&M $ 38,115
F-42
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APPENDIX G
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION V
INDIANA DISTRICT OFFICE
EVANSVILLE, INDIANA
CURTIS ROSS, DIRECTOR
April 30, 1976
STATEMENT FOR PRESENTATION AT
PUBLIC HEARING ON DRAFT
EIS, SOUTH BLOOMINGTON AND
MON-ROE LAKE SERVICE AREAS STPs
May 3, 1976
Bloomington, IN
G-l
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STATEMENT FOR PRESENTATION AT
PUBLIC HEARING ON DRAFT
EIS, SOUTH BLOOMINGTON AND
MONROE LAKE SERVICE AREAS STPs
May 3, 1976
Bloomington, IN
POLY CHLORINATED BIPHENYL PROBLEM AND STATUS
I. History of Usage of PCBs
A. Production
It is estimated that 1.4 billion pounds of PCBs have been produced
in the United States since their introduction in 1929. Of this
amount, 150 million pounds have been exported; 750 million pounds are
currently in service; and 500 million pounds have entered the
environment. Of the 500 million pounds that have entered the
environment, 300 million pounds are in landfills; 150 million
pounds are in air, water, soil, and bottom sediments; and only
50 million pounds or 10 percent of the total that has entered the
environment have been degraded or incinerated. (See Attachment I).
The sole producer of PCBs in the United States is the Monsanto
Company, under the trade name of Aroclor. Some domestic manufactuers
either modify Aroclor or have Monsanto prepare special formulations
for them. These have been marketed and used by manufacturers in
their products under various trade names. Additional quantities of
PCBs are imported, both as a raw material and as a substance
incorporated into manufactured parts or products.
In 1970 Monsanto voluntarily restricted domestic salas of PCBs to
use in transformer? and capacitors (closed systems). As a result,
current domestic production of PCBs is down about 50 percent from the
peak years before 1970, but still amounts to about 40 million pounds
per year (1974). Imports of PCB liquids currently amount to about
0.4 million pounds per year.
B. Uses
PCBs have been used both in closed systems, especially as sealed
dielectric fluids in transformers and capacitors, and consumptive
(or "open") applications, where the PCBs are used in and consumed
and discarded with a product.
In the past, consumptive or "open" uses of PCBs have included im-
pregnation of cotton and asbestos for braided insulation of electrical
wiring; plasticizers of vinyl chloride polymer films; components of
6-2
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high pressure hydraulic fluids; specialized lubricants and gasket
sealers; heat transfer agents; and machine tool cutting oils.
Former "open11 applications also include: formulation into some
epoxy paints; protective coatings for wood, metal, and concrete;
adhesive; carbonless reproducing paper; vacuum diffusion pump oil;
additives to waxes destined for investment casting; as a component
of more efficient lighting systems (fluorescent, mercury vapor, and
sodium vapor).
C. Disposal
The methods of disposal of PCBs are tied closely to the type of use;
i.e., either consumptive (open), or closed systems. Consumptive uses
result in PCBs being dispersed in the environment in accordance
with the use made of the particular products involved (electrical
wiring, coatings, plasticizers, etc.). Closed systems (capacitors
and transformers) account for release of PCBs to the environment at
the end of the useful life of the electrical equipment; as a result
of accidental leakage from the equipment during its life; and during
filling or impregnation of the equipment with PCBs before sale to
users.
Since 1970, when Monsanto restricted sales of PCBs to electrical
closed-system users, methods of disposal of solid and liquid PCB-
contaminated wastes by these users have been well-documented. Such
disposal has been, for solid wastes, to either landfill or incineration;
and for liquid wastes to either landfill, incineration, direct discharge
to waterways, or discharge to municipal sewerage systems. Prior to 1970,
the methods of disposal of such wastes were not well documented, and
disposal was indiscriminate since the high levels of toxicity of the
compounds involved were not known.
II. The Environmental Problem of PCBs
PCBs give rise to concern because of their chronic toxicity, their per-
vasiveness and persistence in the environment, and their tendency to
accumulate in food chains. Chronic toxicity effects in humans (in
addition to harmful effects of fish and wildlife) have been reported to
be: reproductive failures, gastric disorders, skin lesions, and tumors.
Acute toxicity is low. Because they are relatively insoluble and heavier
than water, PCBs will tend to accumulate in bottom sediments of lakes
and rivers into which they are discharged. Plants and animals have the
capacity to bioaccumulate PCBs in their tissue. Such bioaccumulation
factors have been reported to be as high as 40,000 to 75,000 times the
concentration in the surrounding environment (water or soil).
III. Critical Path of PCBs in Bloomington Area and Approach to Elimination of
the Problem
G-3
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A. Background
1. As a result of letters sent by EPA under Section 303 of
PL 92-500, Westinghouse Electric Corp. at Bloomington
(a manufacturer of capacitors and other electrical
equipment) was identified as one of 37 major PCB users/
dischargers in the Nation (Nov. 1975).
2. Russell Train Statement (12/22/75)
a. Regional offices of EPA were directed, in cooperation
with States, to immediately establish requirements to
virtually eliminate PCB's from the process wastes of
all manufacturers of PCBs and manufacturers of capacitors
and transformers that utilize PCBs.
b. Regional Offices of EPA were directed to complete
ongoing surveys of 37 identified major PCB sources
throughout the Nation, one of which is Westinghouse
at Bloomingcon, by February 22, 1976. On these surveys,
U.S. EPA personnel were directed to:
(1) Determine precise manner in which PCBs enter
land, air and v/ater from each plant
(2) Determine what precise measures can be taken at each
plant to eliminate or drastically minimize PCB
contamination.
c. Regional offices of EPA were further directed to require
that all measures affecting water discharges be under-
taken expeditiously, regardless of whether plant dis-
charges to a waterway or to a municipal STP.
d. Results of above surveys will be used to determine
whether an air emission standard for PCBs should be
developed and, if so, what it should be.
e. The surveys will enable the regional offices, in
cooperation with State and local solid waste disposal
authorities, to assure that land disposal of wastes
from these plants will not cause additional land
contamination from PCBs.
f. It is believed these negligible levels of PCB
discharge to the environment can be attained at
reasonable cost in most instances through process
changes, substitution and/or installation of control
technology.
G-4
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B. Surveys Completed, Results and Action Taken to Date
The U.S. EPA has conducted three separate sampling and
inspection surveys in the Bloomington area as a result
of westinghouse Electric Corp. (Bloomington) being
identified as one of the 37 major PCB users/dischargers
in the Nation. As a result of these surveys, the EPA
has verified the fact that Westinghouse is discharging
PCBs to the City Sewer system, that a portion of the
PCBs go through the South STP and are discharged into
Clear Creek, that PCBs el so are reaching Clear Creek
via a stream (partially underground) which received
runoff from the Westinghouse plant area, PCBs are
present in Salt Creek at the raw water intake of the
Salt Creek water treatment plant in Bedford, and PCBs
are concentrating in the South Bloomington STP sludge.
Related surveys by the State have shown PCBs to be
present at high levels in fish caught downstream of the
South Bloomington STP outfall; and another survey has
shown PCBs present in milk taken from a cow which had
eaten grass from areas fertilized with dried sludge from
the South Bloomington STP.
As a result of these surveys, the following action has
been initiated:
1. Westinghouse Electric Corp. at Bloomington has been
placed on a timetable for attaining minimal discharge
of PCBs. Construction of abatement facilities is to
be complete by the end of 1976. Specific items agreed
by Westinghouse to be completed are as follows:
a. Cover the Aroclor 1016 receiving area at the plant
with suitable roofing to preclude contaminated
runoffs.
b. Cover the solid/liquid waste drum storage area with
suitable roofing to preclude contaminationed runoff;
c. A consultant has been retained to explore converting
the capacitor washing operation from water-caustic
with sewer discharge to solvent washing with complete
recycle and solvent recovery.
2. Air emission studies of PCBs at the Westinghouse plant are
continuing in cooperation with correlative State personnel,
6-5
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3. The EPA recommended that 3 landfill sites be closed and reworked
which v/ere formerly used for solid waste disposal by Westinghouse,
and where water and soil PCS contamination were found.
4. Discrepancy in the PCS data between the amount discharged by the
Uestingnouse Plant and the amount discharged by the South STP
has resulted in the State setting up an additional sampling
survey to identify other possible dischargers of PCBs in
Bloomington.
5. -The State has recommended that fish caught from Clear Creek
below the Winston Thomas STP outfall and from Salt Creek below
the Monroe Dam not be consumed by the public.
6. The Bloomington South STP has stopped distributing their sludge
to local farmers and gardeners because of the high levels of
PCBs detected.
IV. SUMMARY
The uses and attendant problems related to PCBs are well documented.
In the Bloomington area, PCBs have been detected in the sewerage
system, related receiving streams and associated fish, in runoff from
relevant landfills, and cattle associated with sewerage sludge
disposal. However, the U.S. EPA and other applicable Federal Agencies,
local government and industry involved are expediently working toward
substantial reduction and/or complete elimination of the identified
problem. Furthermore, these same entities are continuing "search and
find" surveillance actions designed to identify and abate any pervasive
PCB problems not previously identified in the Bloomington area.
G-6
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-------
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APPENDIX H
AN A^ChAIXJLOClfA:, VKCO.'.'NAI: lA.'-CF OT HI!. A:ILA OF I'KOl (>Sr.:>
LOCATION Or l.iE OI[.!,.",A, : OAI. SL-,,U/, THHATMrNT
FACILITIES AND ASSOCiATi.i) IMiiRC?:PTOR KOUTL
Prepared for City of Bloomington
By
W. Fredrick Limp, Survey Archaeologist
Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology
Indiana University
June, 1976
H-l
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Iniirodur t J on
In order to comply with the National l.uviror.mental Policy Act, the
National historic Preservation Act, Executive Order 11593, and Public
Law 93-291, an archaeological recormdtsuance of the-.irca of the proposed
location of the Dillszan Road scwae,e treatment facilities and associated
int-eceptor route was undertaken on Ju;n- 'i - A, 1976. At the request
of City of Bloomington Utilities, this, work was accomplished by the
writer in order to assess project impact on prehistoric cultural
resources.
The proposed project areas are situated in the Clear Creek floodplain
for both plant and iivterceptor locations. This pnysiographic situation
is one in which prehistoric habitation sites are known to exist in nearby
areas.
The Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance conditions for the interceptor route were extremely
poor. Based on the available small scale maps the precise interceptor
route could not be determined. Using the information on pages 3-6-1 and
3-6-2 of the Environmental Impact Statement, Draft it was decided that
observation of a corridor extending 50 feet on either side of the stream
channel would be necessary. From the Winston-Thomas plant to the. Dillman
Road Location the entire corridor was covered with either timber, brush
or pasture. Under these very poor observation conditions no materials
indicative of prehistoric cultural resources were located.
H-2
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i. irju' .'u'ea .if ; 1,0 [ ropc>•-,•!; 0'a IT. in Uuad treatnit-nt facility
--er / .,ood k.i-:i ! j.- ,;•;;/ »_-> CUM e:.-.,! n.;, vit : ;>i',;h jirolabil itv, thf
,-VL',•-,•'; .'•. ;tb 1 ,>c . t eU in want, is to
l;r. the. norLl:e3«terr portion of the ;)i;irit. b'sLnR ' Iv.nrc VIII - 5
(Uil lauin Koad Site Vlan, I ir&t /.m«nJ:-.--nt to i''a»- il it i«s Flr,n) the are.1
involved in-_ludes ti^e project area northeast of a line from the prop'osed
location of the Pump Station to the southern tcl^-.?. of the Electrical
Substation. The reuaining project area.was covered" in pasture,
brush ana timber.
In the. area witn good observation conditions a large amount of
prehistoric cultural materials was located during the reconnaissance.
Five different ^rrif^rt r'istributions could be delimited frora the
reconnaissance data. The five areas can be located (aporoxiciately) vith
regard to the facility plan as follows: Location ore. extends from the
proposed pump station location to the northernmost 20 MGD primary
aerator. The second location is indicated by the two northernmost
AO MGD aerators, while the third locus is within the limits of location
1 but has a very dense distribution of materials. It is positioned at
the location of the areated grit chaniber. The fourth locus includes
the area in the vicinity of the proposed roadway at its most northern
extension. The final location of materials is just east of the
proposed electrical substation.
The delineation of archaeological material limits is based on
the observed presence or absence of artifacts and their relative densities.
Such loci are guides to future work but may, in fact, reflect only
superficial or temporary site characteristics.
H-3
-------
'.ate; . ;. is SHIIV.: fr..j;_v>eh Joci -.10:
1,1 " a', to 11 1
7 larj'e irri-f", jl if •] i :•••:; u.-aJc :><•'?. .iar ro-i-- hur • chert, one of
•w'-(ic:i is hi- .it r. .'o«U?'J
13' srcall'
I quartzice flar.c
5 flakes ot ;:nJotfer'?.ined c'.iart type
2 block fragments (cores?) one ot which ^s {larroclybur-.; chert
Location 2 •
6 flakes of ilarro«isbur« chert, tifce of whicti were heat treated
f> flakes of undetermined ciiert type, one of which was heat treated
1 triangular end scraper
Location 3
36 srr.aH llarrodsbnrg chert flakes, eight of wuich were heat treated
35 siriall Lest River ciiert flakes one of which w:is heat treated
2 flakes of undetermined chert type
Location i
1 large trian^ulcid flake with retouch on the point indicating
drill-like use
1 thick bifacial kuife
18 Harrodsburs chert flakes, five of which were heat treated
3 block fragments (cores?), two of which are of llarrodsburg chert
7 flakes of undetermined chert type
Location b
1 Late Archaic stei.ir.ied knife, undetermined chert type
2 large irregular flakes, one of whim is liar rod shurg chert
H-4
-------
'i'lin- .ir i "liaats Iror tbe oifa indicate t;!.at Ll.p project r rnifitor lea] 1 y -is a "a^nufacturinj; station" where the local
charts (hr-urodbburg -ma l-c^t Kivor) wc.ce >. •'•>!• M-.! into useable forms.
In addition to uianufacturlng, ot'.,er domestic activities verc also
performed at the site us the presence of knives, scrapers and a "drill"
indicates.
Only one artifact could he assigned to a chronological period.
The artifact, a Late Archaic stenned knife, dates to more than 3000
years__a_go.
In the remaining project area, covered by pasture, timber and
brush, no materials were found.
Conclusions and Recommendations
The materials recovered from the reconnaissance of the Dilloan
Road'archaeological site will be curated at the Clenn A. Black
Laboratory unless other curatlon is desired by the City of Bloomington
or other concerned agencies. The site has been recorded in the Indiana
University Archaeological Survey as Mo-305. Reconnaissance results
indicate that at least one large portion of the project area is a
site of prehistoric human habitation. Given the physiographic
circumstances it is almost certain thai other habitation sites are
located in both the interceptor route and those parts of the treatment
plant covered by pasture.
As the interceptor route surface disturbances will be limited
to a relatively circumscribed area any destruction of cultural resources
caused by interceptor construction will not materially degrade the
future possibilities of recovery of information from these sites.
Consequently no future archaeological investigations are recommended
for the interceptor route. H-5
-------
. Const-~ action of the Diilman facility will undoubtedly destroy
pruhistox' ic cultural r^icerialr,. A test excavation at Mo-303 is,
clcrcfcre, recur Landed Co permit the evaluation of the exact nature of
tiie site, its archaeological significance, and it;* potential, if any,
for inclusion in the National Register of historic Places.
The attached budget indicates estimated time and charges for a
test excavation which includes the removal of the "plow zone" in at
least two areas using heavy equipment. Removal of this disturbed zone
will expose any prehistoric features and artifacts which have not been
disturbed by modern plowing,. Excavations should be conducted within
Location 1, including that part around Location 3. Additionally Location
4 should also be examined.
After test excavation, the dirt removed should be replaced and
the information obtaiasd analyzed and described. A report of findings
should then be prepared and an evaluation of the imapct of project
construction on the site and the archaeological data base presented.
This evaluation should consider those criteria which determine elgibility
of the site to the National Register of Historic Places.
H-6
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Prepared for the City of Bloomington
"VU.
:-: T. .. ' ' V " '?
'\, ii' ''I
By
David E. Sonner
Gler.n A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology
Indiana University
July, 1976
H-7
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In order to comply vth lne I.ario.i-il Lnvironrnentai Policy Act, '_tu-
National Historic Preservation Act, executive uriier 11593, .'ind Public
Uiw 93-291, an archaeological reconnaissance of the area of the proposed
location of the Dillman Road sewage treatment facilities and associated
interceptor route was undertaken on June 3-4, 1V76 at the request of ti.e
City of Bloomington Utilities. The reconnaissance was accomplished by
W. Frederick Ltmp in order to assess project impact on prehistoric cultural
resources. A large prehistoric site, now recorded in the Indiana University
Archaeological Survey as 12Mo305, was located during the reconnaissance.
W. F. Limp recommended that the site be further evaluated by means of
archaeological test excavations to assess its archaeological significance
and its possible potential for inclusion in the National Register of
Historic Places. The present report is a description of the test conducted
during July 6-9, 1976 and an evaluation of site significance based upon
test results.
The Test Excavation
Three areas, each 1000 square feet, were opened to determine if 12Mo305
had any subsurface cultural context. The areas investigated were chosen
because of the apparent ground surface concentration of tools, or tool
fragments, and also because of the quantity of associated lithic debris.
Plow zone re^ova] WflS accomplished with heavy equipment and was not screened
because the- cultural material was not in primary context. After the plow
H-8
-------
tone '/ar rani'VfH; ^ui.:n!' ,. •) ~ ' >•.. ! 00' s^i-.jj r ioot are^t* were
ihovei scrau^v1 to :• ii,:er'. t .; !-''e'•;'.;:• e cr ab^p.rct- cf prchj^t ' '.. 'rcU.s;1
construe I.1 or ^ <,r faaU.it - . ''.f.-rv. t-. ' hr • J v* ?.cm> ;r. Ccs'c or?* no. 2
two ,'r^«.is o*. 301 -ii;:r.i lu.-jrii >' 01 po:'"- i ulc prohisror ic fa^tuc*-,-! were
, bit ufon tjri her ---x -tininat i.on it was foi.ad that they were
not features m.T-Je h" tha prehfstoric inh;»oitants. Test areas
no. i dn'l 'j were also void or featurf-s.
During the proc«8« of shovel scraping the floor in test are* no. 2,
several oieces of flint debris were encountered. It was difficult to
determine whether these were in primary context or whether they had been
deposited by the weight of the heavy equipment. In order to evaluate the
deposition of this material a 25 foot square area was excavated from the base of
plow zone down to a depth of approximately three tenths of a foot. The
soil removed fro» this test was screened through quarter Inch «eeh and
was found to contain several pieces of flint all of which were fairly small
except for one piece. Some, or possibly all, of the flint below the
plow zone may have filtered to a lower depth through foot action or rodent
activity. Flint was not noticed while shovel scraping teat areaa no. 1
and 3. Therefore, comparable 25 foot square tests in these areaa were
deemed unnecessary.
A limited deep test trench was excavated in a portion of teat area no. 3
to explore the possibility of a deeply buried occupational level or levels.
The test trench measured three feet in width and seven feet in length and
was excavated to a depth of eight feet below the surface of the ground
where bedrock was encountered. The walls of the deep test trench were
examined for cultural materials but none were found.
H-9
-------
Conclusions f\\,303 Indicates this
t>5te is not likel; to produce signlti.dn^ archaeological infonaation
other than the surface collections made and it does not appear to meet
i ie criteria for listing on tha National Register of historic Places.
Oid> a small portion of the site was tested but the absence of prehistoric1
Indian features in the areas tested indicates a low probability of any
features existing in other areas of the site. However, since it is a
known area of prehistoric utilization it is recommended that the Glenn
A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology be notified to prevent destruction
of information if any soil discolorations are observed during construction.
It is our conclusion that project construction at the Dillman Road
location will not adversely affect prehistoric cultural resources.
H-10
•U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1976 684^308
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