IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
FOR THE
"COST OF A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT"
REPORT
PREPARED FOR:
THE WASHINGTON ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20460
CONTROL DATA
-------
-------
I
I
I
I
I IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
FOR THE
• "COST OF A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT"
| REPORT
I
I
PREPARED FOR:
THE WASHINGTON ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
• U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
™ WASHINGTON, D. C. 20460
I
• by
CONTROL DATA CORPORATION
| PROFESSIONAL SERVICES DIVISION
ROCKVILLE, MARYLAND 20852
I
• July 29, 1974
I
|
I
CONTROL DATA
-------
FOREWORD
This planning document was produced by Control Data Corporation for the Washington
Environmental Research Center under contract 68-01-2013. The plan presents the
general approach planned for producing the Cost of a Clean Environment Report,
along with a description of the research contracts and tasks required to implement
this approach.
11
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION ONE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Background 1-1
1.2 General Approach 1-2
1.3 Anticipated Contract Studies 1-15
1.4 Report Development Schedule 1-18
SECTION TWO
PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL
2.1 Project Organizational Structure 2-1
2.2 Review Meetings 2-3
SEC TION THREE
TASK DEFINITIONS
3.1 Work Package Structure 3-1
• 3.2 Package 110, Air Program Costs 3-1
3.3 Package 121, Industrial Sources of Air Pollution 3-3
3.4 Packages 122-124, Stationary Sources of Air Pollution 3-4
3.5 Packages 131-133, Non-Point Sources of Pollution 3-6
^1 3.6 Package 141, Transportation Sources 3-7
^" 3.7 Package 150, Air Integration Services 3-8
3.8 Packages 210-250, Air Benefits 3-9
• 3.9 Package 310, Water Program Costs 3-11
3.10 Packages 321-322, Industrial Sources of Water Pollution 3-12
3.11 Package 323, Municipal Sources of Water Pollution 3-13
• 3.12 Packages 331-332, Non-Point Sources 3-14
3.13 Package 340, Water Costs Aggregation and Integration 3-15
3.14 Packages 410-460, Water Benefits 3-16
_ 3.15 Packages 260 and 470, Analysis of Damages and Costs 3-18
• 3.16 Package 510, Forecasts and Constraints Support 3-18
3.17 Package 520, Preliminary Study Assumptions 3-19
111
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
SECTION THREE
TASK DEFINITIONS (Continued)
,18
,19
,20
,21
,22
,23
,24
.25
Package 530,
Package 540,
Package 550,
Package 560,
Package 610,
Package 620,
Package 630,
Package 640,
Initial Emissions Forecasts
Cost Forecasts ....
Constraints
Integrate for SEAS Load
Organize Review Meetings
Special Studies
Special Report Sections
Emissions/Ambient Study .
3.26 Package 650, Report Organization and Ccnstruction
3-20
3-21
3-22
3-23
3-23
3-24
3-24
3-24
3-25
IV
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. Cost of a Clean Environment Report Outline 1-3
Figure 2. Tentative List of Pollutants to be Studied .......... 1-7
^1 Figure 3 . Tentative List of Sectors by Standard Industrial ........
™ Classification (SIC) 1-8
flj Figure 4. General Outline of Sector Studies ............. 1-12
Figures. Sample Format for Standard Analysis Summary Sheets ..... 1-14
| FigureG. Development Plan for CCE Report ............. 1-19
M Figure 7. CCE Project Organizational Structure ............ 2-2
Figure 8. Work Packages for Development of CCE Report ........ 3-2
fl Figure 9. Sources to be Studied in WP- 121 ............. 3-5
I
I
V
-------
SECTION ONE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 BACKGROUND
As a result of the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, standards
have been developed to control air and water pollution. The planning, implementation,
operation, and enforcement of control programs designed to meet these standards
result in significant expenditures by federal, state and local governments, and
also by private companies and individuals.
Under the provisions of the Acts mentioned above, the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), has the responsibility of providing regular reports to Congress
regarding the cost of pollution controls necessary to achieve the legislated standards.
Previously, EPA's Office of Planning and Evaluation (OPE) had been tasked with the
responsibility of producing these reports. However, beginning with the reports which
are due in 1975, this responsibility has been assigned to EPA's Washington Environ-
mental Research Center (WERC). Accordingly, the WERC staff is currently engaged
in planning and contracting for studies which will enable them to meet this
responsibility.
A review of previous clean water and clean air reports has identified certain overlaps
in research efforts and also a need for integration and standardization of assumptions
between the reports. Because of this, the WERC staff has proposed that the reports
be combined into one report, to be known as the "Cost of a Clean Environment" (CCE)
Report.
The advantages to this approach are both short and long term. For example, certain
economic sectors require significant expenditures for both air and water pollution
control (e.g. , iron and steel, and petroleum refining). Knowledge of the economic
impact of all environmental controls on these sectors is important for national policy
development. While conducting a detailed study of such a sector, information could
be determined for both air, water, and residual treatment requirements, thus reducing
a potential overlap of efforts or omission of combined impacts.
1-1
-------
The combined report approach also promotes the analysis of intermedia effects (links
between air, water, and land pollution) caused by pollution abatement programs.
The approach is open-ended in that considerations such as solid waste programs
can be included in the report without disrupting report organization or continuity.
A major advantage, however, appears to be the standardization of report assumptions,
such as a constant dollar for reporting costs, standard time intervals and periods
for projecting annualized costs, depreciation rates for equipment ana facilities,
interest rates assumptions, standard assumptions for modeling control technologies,
and standard cost forecasting assumptions.
Successful development of the 1975 CCE Report will require a cooperative effort
between the WERC staff, OPE, study contractors, and other government agencies
conducting pollution related studies. The purpose of this plan is to help promote
that cooperation by developing a common base of understanding in relation to project
objectives, milestones, and potential problem areas.
1.2 GENERAL APPROACH
The following narrative describes the general approach that will be used to develop
the text and related materials for the 1975 CCE Report. The overall approach employs
a "top-down" philosophy by beginning with the effects of pollution and working
toward identifying the sources and technologies that apply to those sources.
Report chapters and sections mentioned in the narrative refer to the report outline
shown in figure 1. Task numbers shown on the report outline refer to detailed task
descriptions given in section three of this plan.
Considerable material exists which documents the potential effects of pollution.
Previous studies have identified the pollutants listed in figure 2 as the primary causes
of these effects. A review of these studies, as well as of current efforts aimed at
a further definition of pollutants and their associated effects, will be used to develop
the text for portions of the Chapter III, Statement of the Problem, of the report.
The identification of pollutant sources and associated control technologies represents
a significant research effort. The approach to be used is to first categorize pollutant
sources by general source categories, called sectors, and then conduct detailed
studies for specific source categories within the sectors. A tentative list of sectors
is given in figure 3. For the specific source categories selected, alternate control
technologies are identified along with associated cost functions and sufficient
treatment data to determine annual costs for each alternative. This information is
then expanded to give national data by sector. To facilitate the uniform gathering and
recording of data at the specific source level, detailed source outlines will be
prepared using the general outline shown in figure 4 as a guide.
The information and analysis produced by the detailed source studies will be used to
draft portions of text for the control cost chapters (chapter V - air, and chapter VIII -
water). In addition, cost functions and associated treatment data from these studies
will be used to forecast abatement costs for selected years. A sample format for
standard analysis summary sheets to be provided by forecast results is shown in
figure 5. The summaries can provide information aggregated to state, federal region,
or national levels, and can be sorted by pollutant type or by sector.
1-2
-------
INTRODUCTION (WP-630)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A. Legal Requirement for Report
B. Reasons for Combining Reports
1. Potential to extend to other pollutant categories
2. Intermedia analysis
3. Standardization of definitions, assumptions, and units
4. Consistent forecasting methods and assumptions
II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (WP-630)
A. Purpose and Scope of Report
B. Summary and Conclusions
III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A. Effects of Pollution (General Description) (WP-630)
B. Pollutants Responsible for Effects (WP-630)
1. Air
2. Water
3. Solid waste
C. Sources of Pollution (WP-630)
1. Stationary
a. industrial
b. power generation
c. space heating
d. municipal
2. Non-point
a. agriculture
b. mining and drilling
c. residential
d. construction
e. urban runoff
3. Mobile - private
a. ground transportation
b. air transportation
c. water transportation
4. Mobile - commercial
a. ground transportation
b. air transportation
c. water transportation
Figure 1. Cost of Clean Environment Report Outline
1-3
-------
D. Annual Mass (WP-530)
1. With controls
2. Without controls
E. Control Levels (WP-630)
1. Ambient
2. Emission
F. Control Methods (WP-150, WP-340, and WP-630)
G. Report Assumptions (WP-520)
IV. BENEFITS OF CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION
A. Reduced Damage Costs
1. Human health (WP-210)
2. Esthetics (WP-220)
3. Materials (WP-230)
4. Production (WP-240)
5. Property values (WP-250)
B. Total Benefits (WP-260)
1. With 1970 controls
2. With future controls
V0 COSTS OF CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION
A. Program Costs (WP-110)
1. Research
2. Federal programs
3. State programs
4. Private programs
B. Control Costs
1. Stationary
a. industrial (WP-121)
b. power generation (WP-122)
c. space heating (WP-123)
d. municipal (WP-124)
2. Non-point
a. agriculture (WP-131)
b. mining anddrilling (WP-132)
c. residential (WP-133)
3. Mobile
a. transportation (WP-141)
Figure 1 (Continued). Cost of Clean Environment Report Outline
1-4
-------
•
I
I
I
1
•
I
I
™
I
*
1
I
I
VI. ANALYSIS OF DAMAGES AND COSTS: AIR
A. Trade-Off Analysis (WP-260)
1. SMSA, by sector
B. Trend Impacts (WP-260)
VII. BENEFITS OF CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION
A. Reduced Damage Costs
1. Human health (WP-410)
2. Esthetics (WP-420)
3. Recreation (WP-430)
4. Materials damage (WP-440)
5. Production (WP-450)
6. Property values (WP-460)
B. Total Benefits (WP-470)
1. With 1970 controls
2. With future controls
VIII. COSTS OF CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION
A. Program Costs (WP-310)
1. Research
2. Federal programs
3. State programs
4. Private programs
B. Control Costs
1. Point sources
a. industrial (WP-321)
b. power plants (WP-322)
c. municipal (WP-323)
2. N on- point sources
a. agriculture (WP-331)
b. urban runoff (WP-332)
c. mining (WP-333)
d. construction (WP-334)
IX. ANALYSIS OF DAMAGES AND COSTS: WATER
A. Trade-Off Analysis (WP-470)
1. Region, by sector
B. Trend Impacts (WP-470)
Figure 1 (Continued). Cost of Clean Environment Report Outline
1-5
-------
X. SUMMARY SECTION
A. Potential Constraints (WP-550)
1. Personnel
2. Capital
3. Time
4. Resources
5. Technology
B. Mitigation of Constraints (WP-550)
1. EPA assistance
2. Assistance of other agencies
C. Analysis by Impact Categories (WP-550)
1. Federal
2. State
D. Comprehensive Multi-Media Cost Analysis
XI. APPENDIX (WP-620)
A. Supporting Studies
Figure 1 (Continued). Cost of Clean Environment Report Outline
1-6
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
AIR POLLUTANTS
Particulates
Sulfur Oxides
Carbon Monoxides
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Asbestos
Beryllium
Mercury
Vinyl Chloride
Sulfuric Acid Mists
WATER POLLUTANTS
Heavy Metals
Pesticides
Herbicides
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Total Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Temperature
Acidity/Alkalinity
Fecal Coliform
Cyanide
Phenols
Toxic Substances
Nutrients
Asbestos
Mercury
Figure 2 . Tentative List of Pollutants to be Studied
Concurrent with the detail source studies, additional studies will be conducted to
determine quantifiable benefits to be gained by abating pollution, where benefits are
defined as the reduction of economic damages resulting from pollution controls.
Emission forecasts with and without controls will provide annual mass of pollutant
data, which will be used with environmental response approximations to assist in
estimating changes in benefits. Results of the benefits studies will be developed
into text which will contribute to the benefits chapters of the report (chapter IV - air,
and chapter VII - water).
Chapters VI and IX of the report will discuss benefits and costs of pollution control
for air (chapter IV) and water (chapter K). Problems related to the quantification of
benefits, and the correlating of pollution control measures to benefits in terms of
time and geography will be discussed along with tradeoffs resulting from alternate
abatement policies.
Chapter X of the report will summarize potential constraints to meeting the legislated
standards. Text for this chapter will be developed from the analysis of cost and
emission forecasts, treatment technology data from the cost studies, and from
report assumptions.
Preparation of text for the introductory chapters (I and II), and the scheduling and
integrating of contributions to the report will be the responsibility of the report
integration contractor, whose role is further defined in Section Two, Organizational
Structure, of this plan.
1-7
-------
SIC
Sector Description
01
02
021
0211
0212
0213
024
025
07
08
11
12
14
1422
1442
20
201
2011
2016
202
2021
2023
2024
2026
203
2033
2037
204
2048
2061
2062
2063
2077
2082
209
2091
2092
2095
22
221
223
2261
2262
24
2411
242
Agricultural Production - Crops
Agricultural Production - Livestock
Livestock, except dairy, poultry
Beef cattle Feed lots
Beef cattle except Feedlots
Hogs
Dairy Farms
Poultry
Agricultural Sen/ices
Forestry
Anthracite Mining
Bituminous Coal and Lignite Mining
Mining and Quarrying of Non-Metallic Minerals except Fuels
Crushed and Broken Stone
Crushed Stone, Sand and Gravel
Food and Kindred Products
Meat Products
Meat Packing Plants
Poultry Dressing Plants
Dairy Products
Creamery Butter
Condensed and Evaporated Milk
Ice Cream and Frozen Desserts
Fluid Milk
Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables
Canned Fruits, Vegetables, Preserves, Jams and Jellies
Frozen Fruits, Fruit Juices, and Vegetables
Grain Mill Products
Prepared Feeds and Feed Ingredients
Cane Sugar, except refining
Cane Sugar, refining
Beet Sugar
Animal and Marine Fats and Oils
Malt Beverages
Canned and Preserved Seafood Processing
Canned and Cured Fish and Seafoods
Fresh or Frozen Package Fish and Seafoods
Roasted Coffee
Textile Mill Products
Broad Woven Fabric Mills, Cotton
Broad Woven Fabric Mills, Wool
Finishers of Broad Woven Fabrics of Cotton
Finishers of Broad Woven Fabrics of Man-made fibers and silk
Lumber and Wood Products
Logging Camps
Sawmills and Planing Mills
Figure 2. Tentative List of Sectors by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SIC
243
26
2611
2621
2631
2661
28
281
2812
2816
2819
282
2821
2822
2841
2865
2869
287
2873
2874
2879
2895
2899
29
291
2951
299
30
3011
31
3111
32
3211
3221
3226
3241
3244
327
3271
3292
3293
3299
33
331
Sector
Millwork, Veneer, Plywood
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp Mills
Paper Mills, except building paper mills
Paper Board Mills
Building Paper Mills
Chemicals and Allied Products
Industrial and Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies and Chlorine
Inorganic Pigments
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals not elsewhere identified
Plastic Materials and Synthetic Resins
Plastic Materials, Synthetic Resins and Non-Vulcanizable
Elastomers
Synthetic Rubber
Soap and Other Detergents
Cyclic Crudes and Cyclic Intermediates, Dyes and Organic
Pigments
Industrial Organic Chemicals, not elsewhere identified
Agricultural Chemicals
Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Phosphate Fertilizers
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals
Carbon Black
Chemicals and Chemical Preparations not elsewhere classified
Petroleum Refining and Related Industries
Petroleum Refining
Paving Mixtures and Blocks
Miscellaneous Products of Petroleum and Coal
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Tires and Inner tubes
Leather and Leather Products
Leather Tanning and Finishing
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Products
Flat Glass
Glass Containers
Insulation Fiberglass
Cement, Hydraulic
Lime Manufacturing
Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster products
Concrete Block and Brick
Asbestos Products
Gaskets, Packing and Sealing Devices
Non-metallic Mineral Products not elsewhere classified
Primary Metal Industries
Blast Furnaces, Steel Works, and Rolling and Finishing Mills
Figures (Continued). Tentative List of Sectors by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
1-9
-------
SIC
3312
3313
3315
3316
3317
332
3321
3322
3323
333
3331
3332
3333
3334
3341
335
3362
339
34
3471
36
37
40
41*
42
4221
44
45
46
49
491
4911
4922
4923
493
4952
4953
4959
51
55
5541
Sector
Blast Furnaces including coke ovens, steel works, and
rolling mills
Electrometallurgical Products
Steel Wire Drawing, Steel Nails and Spikes
Cold Rolled Steel Sheets, Strips, and Bars
Steel Pipe and Tubes
Iron and Steel Foundries
Gray Iron Foundries
Malleable Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals
Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
Primary Smelting and Refining of Lead
Primary Smelting and Refining of Zinc
Primary Production of Aluminum
Secondary Smelting and Refining
Rolling, Drawing, and Extending of Nonferrous Metals
Brass, Bronze, Copper, and Copper Base Alloy Foundries
Miscellaneous Primary Metal Products
Fabricated Metal Products, except Machinery and Transportation
Equipment
Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing and Coloring
Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Supplies
Transportation Equipment
Railroad Transportation
Local and Suburban Transit and Inter-Suburban Highway
Passenger Transportation
Motor Freight Transportation and Warehousing
Grain Handling
Water Transportation
Air Transportation
Pipelines, except natural gas
Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services
Electric Services
Steam Electric Powerplants
Natural Gas Transmission
Natural Gas Distribution
Combination Electric, Gas, and other utilities
Sewage Systems
Refuse Systems
Sanitary Services not elsewhere classified
Wholesale Trade, non-durable goods
Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations
Gasoline Service Stations
ill include private transportation for purposes of this report.
Figure 3 (Continued). Tentative List of Sectors by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
1-10
-------
I
I
1
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SIC
72
7216
88
Sector
Personal Services
Dry Cleaning Plants except rug cleaning
Private Households
Figure 3 (Continued) . Tentative List of Sectors by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
1-11
-------
I. DESCRIPTION OF SECTOR
A. Nature
B. Products
C. Size
1. Output/capacity
2. Number of facilities
3. Employment
D. Geographic Location
E. Technology
F. Age of Facilities
G. Activity Status through 1985
1. Changes in the demand for the product
2. Financial situation
a. prices
b. interest rates
c. industry financial profile
(1) profits before taxes
(2) annual cash flow
(3) cost structure
(4) market value of assets
3. Resource availability
a. energy
b. raw materials
4. Lifespan of pollution controls
5. Projected activity output and number of facilities
II. DESCRIPTION OF POLLUTION AND CONTROLS
A. List of Pollutants by Process
B. Raw Waste Load (Uncontrolled) Per Unit Output
C. Raw Waste Load Versus Another Available Size Indicator
(Water Use, Employment, Value Added)
D. Pollution Control Options (Including Production Process
Modification)
E. Anticipated Control Strategies Through 1985 (Compliance
with Regulations)
Figure 4. General Outline for Sector Studies
1-12
-------
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
1
F.
G.
Control Cost Versus Facility Size
Source of Ultimate Disposal and Means of Precluding Serious
Intermedia Transfers
III. AGGREGATED CONTROL COSTS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Definition of All Assumptions and Calculation Methods
Present Costs
Annual Costs Through 1985
1. Total capital
2. Annualized capital
3. Annual 0 and M
4. Financing costs
Costs Directly Attributable to P.L. 91-604 and 92-500
Sensitivity Analyses
Comparison with Previous Estimates
Aggregations for Specifically Legislated Periods or Targets
IV. ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Price Effects
Change in Demand
Output Effects
1. Plant closures
2. Production reduction
Employment Effects
Financial Effects
1 . Profits
2. Capital availability
V. INTERMEDIA IMPACTS
Estimates of new pollution in other media as a result of implementing
proposed control strategies .
VI. OVERALL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF
CONFIDENCE OF REPORTED VALUES
VII. APPENDIX
A.
B.
Detailed Calculation Algorithm
Worksheets
H Figure 4 (Continued). General Outline for Sector Studies
1
1-13
-------
in LL
co "--
O-, t/1
sS
Ulz
Q)
,
J-,
(0
6
6
co
(0
(0
-a
c
(0
•M
CO
ra
§
P-,
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1.3 ANTICIPATED CONTRACT STUDIES
The Washington Environmental Research Center is currently developing Requests for
Proposals (RFP's) in anticipation of awarding contracts before September 15, 1974, in
support of the 1975 Cost of a Clean Environment Report. These contracts will provide
for the review, adaptation, and where appropriate, integration of results from ongoing
studies into pollution control technologies, costs, and benefits. Other contracts
will determine the cost of government support programs, develop forecasts and
constraints affecting future emission levels and abatement costs, and provide for
report integration services.
1.3.1 Ongoing Cost of Control Studies
Development of the 1975 CCE Report will draw heavily upon the following pollution
control cost studies which are already in progress.
1.3.1.1 Industrial Treatment Cost Studies - EPA has a contract in progress with
Battelle Columbus Laboratories (BCL) to assess for industrial sources the cost of
compliance with air pollution standards. Under this contract BCL will develop
estimates of investments and annual operating costs, identify control techniques,
and estimate emissions for:
• Sources affected by Ambient Air Quality Standards
• Sources affected by New Source Performance Standards on Hazardous Polluting
Substances Emission Standards.
A report will be prepared on an industry basis, and will be available in February 1975.
EPA also has a contract in progress with the Center for Industrial Water Quality
Management of Vanderbilt University, to conduct studies on best available technology
(BAT) for 27 industrial categories and to evaluate the effectiveness of in-plant process
change as an alternative or supplement to end-of-the-pipe treatment. The study will
evaluate typical industrial practices for selected industries with respect to:
• Reduction of water use
• Reuse of process and treated waters
• In-process reduction of pollutants
• By-product recovery
• Plant process modifications and raw material substitutions.
The results of studies from this contract will be available by February 1975.
1.3.1.2 Survey of Needs for Municipal Wastewater Facilities - EPA's Municipal
Waste Water Systems Division, within the Office of Water and Hazardous Materials,
is currently updating the Needs Survey, which was originally conducted in 1973 in
accordance with Section 516 (b) (2) of the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water
1-15
-------
Pollution Control Act. This survey covers publicly-owned treatment and collection
facilities that are eligible for federal assistance. The updated survey results will
be used to provide cost data on public sewage systems. This report will be available
in February 1975.
1.3.1.3 National Commission on Water Quality - The National Commission on Water
Quality (NCWQ) is contracting for studies to determine the technological aspects of
achieving the 1977 and 1983 standards of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
Related NCWQ study contracts will investigate the resultant level of water quality,
the associated industrial and municipal treatment costs, and the ultimate impact on
regional and national economic and social conditions. Although results of these
studies will not be available for inclusion in the CCE Report, EPA/WERC will
coordinate closely with NCWQ on analysis methods, data sources, etc.
1.3.2 EPA/WERC Contracts
The following tasks will be accomplished through anticipated contracts in support of
the 1975 CCE Report. These contracts may be written for portions of, or groups of tasks.
1.3.2.1 Air Pollution and Cost Estimations - The purpose of this contract is to assist
in producing control cost information on sources of air pollution. Services performed
under this contract will include the following:
• Analysis of transportation studies
• Impact studies for air pollution control alternatives
• Examine State Implementation Plans (SIP's) to assist in regional impact studies
• Develop econometric approaches for those industry sources excluded in the
Battelle contract
• Program costs.
1.3.2.2 Water Cost Compilation and Aggregation - The technology cost information
provided by the Vanderbilt Study (paragraph 1.3.1) will contain cost information at
the plant level. This information will be aggregated to the national level, by industry,
under this contract. The contractor selected for this effort will also integrate the
data from other water studies in preparation for Strategic Environmental Assessment
System (SEAS) forecasts, and will prepare the text for those sections of the report
dealing with water pollution control costs (chapter VIII).
1.3.2.3 Water Program Costs - This study will determine the costs of research
programs, of federal and state control agency programs (e.g. , administrative and
enforcement costs), and of private programs (e.g. , administrative and legal costs),
designed to meet the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
1-16
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1.3.2.4 Control Methods and Costs for Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution -
This study will develop information on control technologies for pollutants resulting
from agriculture, urban runoff, mining, and construction sources. An RFP is currently
being prepared for this contract.
1.3.2.5 Process Change Cost Study - A study is planned to assess the difference
between "add-on" costs and "modification" costs for industries not covered under
the Vanderbilt contract (paragraph 1.3.1.1). EPA's current estimates assume the
purchase of new pollution control equipment to accomplish control objectives,
when, in fact, many companies may achieve objectives by modifying internal
production processes. Contract award for this study is expected in mid-September
1974, with the study lasting until April 1975.
1.3.2.6 Population Risk Study - A benefits study will correlate ambient air quality
data to population densities. Contour maps depicting ambient air levels will be
compared with census maps depicting population densities. The purpose of the
study is to determine the number of people subject to health risks resulting from air
pollution. Contract award for this study is targeted for October 15, 1974, with
study results to be available by February 15, 1975.
1.3.2.7 Forecasts and Constraints Support - Efforts to forecast pollution levels
and associated control costs for use in the 1975 CCE Report will take advantage of
the capabilities offered by SEAS, developed by EPA/WERC. In addition, the reporting
capabilities offered by SEAS will be used to produce report tables requiring varying
levels of aggregation.
Phase III development of SEAS is currently in progress and will provide expanded
capabilities for use in preparing the 1975 CCE Report.
RFP's are currently being developed to obtain support for the Forecasts and Constraints
effort in the following areas:
• Modification of the SEAS post-processor module (POSTCOMP) to provide
summary report options needed for the CCE Report
• The operational design and execution of SEAS scenarios to provide the desired
cost and emissions forecasts
• The analysis of forecasts necessary to produce forecasts and constraints
text and summary tables.
1.3.2.8 Report Integration Services - An RFP is currently being developed to provide
integration support for all efforts related to the production of the 1975 CCE Report.
The contractor selected will monitor EPA/WERC contracts with respect to data
compatibility and milestone dates. The contractor will be responsible for report
construction efforts, including editing and preparing draft and final reports.
1-17
-------
1.4 REPORT DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE
Figure 6 presents a network development plan for the 1975 CCE Report. Detailed
milestone schedules for each task/subtask are contained as part of the task descrip-
tions in section three of this plan. Milestone dates shown in figure 6 and in the
task descriptions are summarized below.
• Implementation Plan Completed 7/29/74
• Preliminary Assumptions Completed 8/15/74
• Study Contracts Awarded 9/15/74
• Forecasts and Constraints Support Contract Awarded 9/20/74
• Preliminary Emissions Forecasts Completed 11/20/74
• Final Report Assumptions Completed 11/20/74
• Detailed Source Studies Completed 2/01/75
• SEAS Data Load Completed 3/03/75
• Benefits Drafts Completed 3/11/75
• Final Cost Forecasts Completed 4/07/75
• Draft Sections Completed 5/01/75
• Report Integration Completed 5/15/75
• WERC Draft Completed 5/25/75
1.4.1 Potential Schedule Constraints
The tightest schedule constraints occur in the April-May period of 1975 when
individual report contributions are to be integrated into a draft report. Early agree-
ment on a detailed report outline and extensive interactions between responsible
work groups will be important factors in meeting the May 25, 1975, WERC draft
milestone.
The integration of detailed source data for loading in SEAS provides potential difficulties
if the data collection efforts are not effectively coordinated. Efforts to see that the
detailed source outlines are used properly in the cost studies should provide assistance
in this area. An early determination needs to be made as to the extent that the
outlines can be imposed on existing contracts (e.g. , Battelle - Air Costs).
1-18
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SECTION TWO
PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL
2.1 PROJECT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The development of the 1975 Cost of a Clean Environment Report will require a
cooperative effort among organizations within EPA, selected contractors, and
government agencies with the potential to contribute to the report. Figure 7
presents the overall organizational structure designed to facilitate this cooperation.
With the exception of the chapters on benefits (chapters IV and VII), most of the
information-gathering, analysis, and text preparation will be accomplished by
contract support. Integration contractors for the air and water subject areas
will be responsible for scheduling contributions and preparing text for subject
area drafts. Similar responsibilities for the benefits chapters will be performed by
members of the WERC staff. A report integration contractor will be responsible for
receiving subject area drafts and for preparing draft and final reports. The prepara-
tion of introductory sections (chapters I and II) and the integration of special studies
into the report also will be accomplished by the report integration contractor.
The project director, project manager, and project leaders are members of the WERC
staff. The project director will provide overall policy guidance to the individual
project leaders and also to the integration contractor. The project manager will
provide the necessary technical guidance and coordination. The project leaders will
handle contracting tasks (RFP's, proposal analysis, and aware procedures) and will
monitor the resultant contracts with the assistance of the report integration contractor.
Extensive interactions between the project study leaders and the integration contractors
are expected to minimize study overlaps and to assure a uniform perception of report
assumptions.
The report integration contractor will monitor study efforts with respect to milestone
dates and study assumptions. This contractor will schedule final report contributions
and will prepare the draft and final reports.
2-1
-------
1
1-
Lutf
O ~3
CtL
Q.
1—
Lutf
0 O
o:
Q_
g-J
LU LU
a: °-
r
a: ^
0 >
1- 0
o —>
LU Q
a: <
UJ o
o —
z x
-
LU
O
Z
o
o
CO
LU
h—
Z
LU
O
_J
o
Q.
co
to c_> P^
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2.2 REVIEW MEETINGS
Biweekly review meetings will be scheduled to discuss information sources,
the progress of studies, preliminary results, and potential problems in terms of
report integration and compliance with milestone dates. These meetings will be
chaired by the CCE Project Director and will be attended at a minimum by the CCE
project leaders and the integration contractors. The report integration contractor
will prepare tentative agendas for each of these meetings far enough in advance so
that attendance by representatives from other EPA offices, government agencies,
and contractors may be solicited for participation in discussion of topics related to
their areas of interest. Potential sources for participating attendees include
the following:
• EPA Offices
Planning and Evaluation
Water Program Operations
Water Planning and Standards
Pesticide Programs
Radiation Programs
Solid Waste Management
Enforcement and General Counsel
Legislation
- Air Quality Planning and Standards
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
• Other Agencies
Department of Transportation
Department of Commerce
Office of Management and Budget
Council on Environmental Quality
Department of Housing and Urban Development
National Commission on Water Quality.
2-3
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SECTION THREE
TASK DEFINITIONS
3.1 WORK PACKAGE STRUCTURE
• Figure 8 shows the work package breakdown proposed for the performance of all tasks
required to produce the Cost of Clean Environment Report. Tasks are identified as
falling within one of six general work package series:
• Air Costs
• Air Benefits
• Water Costs
• Water Benefits
• Forecasts and Constraints
• System Integration Services.
• Task descriptions for each package shown in this chart are presented below in
numerical order.
M 3.2 PACKAGE 110, AIR PROGRAM COSTS
3.2.1 Task Description
H As stated in Section 312 (a) of the Clean Air Act, "a comprehensive study of the cost
of program implementation by affected units of government;" is required.
I
I
3-1
I
-------
00
INTEGRATION
SERVICES
ASTS AND
TRAINTS
o ce o
in u.
30
TER BENEFITS
"• s
o
o:
0
MR BENEFITS
CSJ
o
—
§ *
*"*
610
REVIEW
MEETINGS
1
0
SUPPORT
:ONTRACTS
in
1
x
410
HUMAN HEAL!
1
£
10
OGRAM COS
^ Q_
1
I
210
HUMAN HEAL
1
in
10
OGRAM COS
.-i o:
1
s
620
SPECIAL STUD
1
i/>
0
STUDY
SSUMPTION
in <
1
420
ESTHETICS
1
u
o
a:
0
1
g -
1
20
STATIONARY
SOURCES
r-
1
630
SPECIAL
SECTIONS
1
0
EMISSIONS
"ORECASTS
in
1
O
0
o o:
i
£
-D
___ Z
I
0 ^
1
<
=)
1
640
EMISSIONS'
AMBIENTS
T
0
COST
FORECASTS
in
1
o £
TT
1
«
0-
S °
1
240
VEGETATIO
I
CC
"°
CL ^
1
Z
650
REPORT
CONSTRUCTIO
I
01
z
iT
1
O
0
*3-
1
D.
J
1
250
PROPERTY
VALUES
T
2
i
o;
o
0
TEGRATE F
SEAS LOAC
1
460
PROPERTY
VALUES
1
30
NON-POINT
SOURCES
M
1
Q
260
DAMAGES Afi
COSTS
1
^
^
\
Q
0 1°
r- o
1
L,
= Z k- Q
1 1 1 1^3
|
UJ , °
-3 U ^ <
'3 r"1 O (M — Q (^ILU "^ '"'S
ZQ^^ f^S f^or LJ *3 <
o z o — i—
•"• | 1 1 •"• £ |
I 1
50
NTEGRATION
TASKS
•-'
1
-M
o
u
(D
PC;
M
u
M-t
o
c
S
Q,
O
. — i
0)
5)
Q
o
ro
CD
to
(TD
a,
o
•£
CO
CD
1-4
-1
m
-rH
PL,
3-2
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.2.2 General Approach
Identify those federal, state, and local programs established to reduce pollution
levels to the legislated standards. Governmental programs in the areas of enforce-
ment, research, and grants and subsidies should be considered. It should also be
determined if private programs have significant costs, and if so they should be
addressed.
3.2.3 Prerequisites and Interfaces
Programs directed at or related to the abatement of those pollutants identified in
figure 2 are to be considered in this task. The output from this task will be integrated
with abatement control costs in determining the cost of clean air.
3.2.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
110.1
110.2
110.3
110.4
110.5
Objective/Product
Determine data sources: existing
studies; new studies (contract process)
Prepare working paper
Determine costs
Prepare Air Program Costs Draft
Air Program Costs Final Report
Start Date
7/29/74
9/15/74
10/01/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
End Date
9/15/74
10/01/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
2/01/75
3.2.5 Data Sources and Availability
Potential data sources include CEQ Reports, past Clean Air Reports, Department of
Commerce, EPA Budget. Other sources to be determined in subtask 110.1.
3.2.6 Status
A description of services required for this task is contained in the RFP for Air Pollution
and Cost Estimations.
3.3 PACKAGE 121, INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
3.3.1 Task Description
This task will identify abatement technologies and associated cost data for industrial
sources of air pollution.
3.3.2 General Approach
A series of industry studies will be conducted for the purpose of identifying information
such as that contained in the Outline for Detailed Industry Studies. Minimally, for
3-3
-------
each of the sources identified in figure 9, the following treatment data will be provided:
• Treatment efficiency
• Secondary residuals
• % of source using treatment
• Cost functions for capital, operating, and maintenance costs
• Aggregate costs to industry totals.
3.3.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Inputs to this task include the list of pollutants to be considered in figure 2 and in
the Preliminary Study Assumptions (WP-520). Outputs from this task will be integrated
with abatement costs frorr other sources and formatted for loading into SEAS (WP-560).
Regular interaction with the integration contractor will be necessary in performing
this task to ensure uniformity of report assumptions.
3.3.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
121.1
121.2
121.3
121.4
Objective/Product
Preliminary Assumptions to contractor
Conduct studies
Draft report
Final report
Start Date
7/29/74
7/29/74
11/01/74
1/01/75
End Date
8/15/74
11/01/74
1/01/75
2/01/75
3.3.5 Data Sources and Availability
Appropriate data sources are to be defined by the Industrial Studies research contractor.
3.3.6 Contract Status
A contract to perform the industrial source studies has been awarded to Battelle, to
be completed by February 1975. The contract however, specifically excludes the
following sources: clay products, surface coatings, building incinerators, and
industrial incinerators. Studies of these sources will be included in WP-150.
3.4 PACKAGES 122-124, STATIONARY SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
3.4.1 Task Description
This task will identify abatement technologies and associated cost data for Power
Generators (122), Space Heat (123), and Municipal (124) sources.
3-4
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
INDUSTRY SOURCES
Asphalt Batching
Carbon Black
Cement
Clay products
Coal Cleaning and Refining
Crushed Stone, Sand and Gravel
Ferroalloys Production
Forest Products
Foundries:
- Steel
- Iron (Gray, Malleable and Ductile)
Feed and Grain Milling
Grain Handling
Gray Iron Foundries
Iron and Steel
Lime Manufacturing
Natural Gas Production and Transmission
Nitric Acid
Open Burning Solid Wastes
Petroleum:
- Catylist Regeneration
- Products Storage
- Refineries
Phosphate Fertilizer
Primary Nonferrous Metallurgy:
- Copper
- Lead
- Zinc
- Aluminum
Paper and Pulp:
- Sulfate
- Sulfite
- Other Processes
Secondary Nonferrous Metallurgy:
- Aluminum
- Brass and Bronze
- Lead
- Zinc
Solvent Evaporation:
- Dry Cleaning
- Surface Coating
Sulfuric Acid
OTHER SOURCES
Building Incinerators
Industrial Incinerators
Municipal Incinerators
Sludge Incinerators for Sewage
Teepee Incinerators
Figure 9. Sources to be Studied in WP-121
3-5
-------
3.4.2 General Approach
In this task, the integration contractor will work with the EPA/OPE staff to develop
detailed source information for power generators, space heat, and municipal sources,
Cost treatment data for sources in these categories will be gathered on detailed
source outlines and later integrated for SEAS loading (Task 650) and creation of
text (Task 660).
3.4.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Inputs to this task will include the list of pollutants identified in figure 2, the
Preliminary Stuey Assumptions (WP-520), and in interactions with the system
integration contractor.
3.4.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
122.1
122.2
122.3
122.4
Objective/Product
Determine data sources
Prepare abatement cost data
Draft report
Final report
Start Date
7/29/74
9/15/74
11/01/74
1/01/75
End Date
9/15/74
11/01/74
1/01/75
2/01/75
Subtasks for packages 123 and 124 are the same as for 122.
3.4.5 Data Sources and Availability
Appropriate data sources are to be defined in subtask 122.1.
3.4.6 Status
Raw data will be provided by EPA to Batelle for analysis.
3.5 PACKAGES 131-133, NON-POINT SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
3.5.1 Task Description
This task will provide abatement cost information from non-point sources including
the following: Agriculture (131), Mining and Drilling (132), and Residential (133).
3.5.2 General Approach
The integration contractor will coordinate study efforts to gather technological cost
data for non-point sources of air pollution.
3-6
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.5.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Inputs to this task will include the list of pollutants identified in figure 2 and
preliminary report assumptions (WP-520), Outputs from this task will be integrated
for SEAS loading (WP-560) and creation of text (WP-650).
3.5.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
131.1
131.2
131.3
131.4
131.5
Objective/Product
Determine data sources; contact
potential external sources
Contact potential external sources;
gather abatement cost data
Prepare non-point draft text
Prepare detailed Non- Point Source
Outline
Non -Point Source Report
Start Date
7/29/74
9/15/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
1/01/75
End Date
9/15/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
2/01/75
2/01/75
Subtasks for packages 132 and 133 will proceed concurrently with those listed above
for task 131.
3.5.5 Data Sources and Availability
Potential data sources for this task include previous Clean Air Reports and EPA/OPE
sources. Additional sources will be determined in subtask 131.1.
3.5.6 Status
A description of services required for this task is contained in the RFP for Air
Pollution and Cost Estimations.
3.6 PACKAGE 141, TRANSPORTATION SOURCES
3.6.1 Task Description
In this task, abatement control technologies and related costs will be studied for
mobile sources of air pollution.
3.6.2 General Approach
As a part of this task, technologies and costs related to fuel regulations, emission
control devices, and associated operating and maintenance costs will be studied.
Specific emission control standards and devices will be studied to determine list
prices and operating and maintenance cost increases attributable to the legislated
controls.
3-7
-------
3.6.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Inputs to this task include the list of pollutants identified in figure 2 and in
preliminary report assumptions (WP-520).
3.6.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
141.1
141.2
141.3
141.4
Objective/Product
Determine data sources; contact
Department of Transportation for sources
Develop control cost data
Prepare Transportation Source Draft
Prepare Transportation Report
Start Date
7/29/74
9/15/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
End Date
9/15/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
2/01/75
3.6.5 Data Sources and Availability
As part of subtask 141.1, efforts should be made to take advantage of DOT studies.
Other sources include past Clean Air Reports, San Diego Case Study, and EPA/OPE
sources.
3.6.6 Status
EPA/OPE is conducting transportation studies in concert with EPA laboratory in
Ann Arbor, Michigan.
3.7 PACKAGE 150, AIR INTEGRATION SERVICES
3.7.1 Task Description
The purpose of this task is to integrate the air cost studies, identifying and addressing
potential information gaps. Also included in this task will be the scheduling of
contributions to the air costs chapter of the CCE Report.
3.7.2 General Approach
Services to be- performed in this task include the following:
• Analysis of transportation studies (output from WP-141)
• Impact studies for policy alternatives
• Examine state implementation plans to assist in regional impact studies
• Develop approaches for those sources excluded by the Battelle contract
• Schedule contributions to the clean air draft
• Prepare draft material for clean air sections of the CCE Report.
3-8
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.7.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Performance of this task will require frequent interactions with the activities of
Work Packages 110-140 and with the report integration contractor.
3.7.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
150.1
150.2
150.3
150.4
150.5
150.6
150.7
Objective/Product
Prepare work paper for approach to
sources excluded by Battelle
Develop detailed source data
Monitor air source studies
Analysis of transportation studies
Integrate data from source studies
Perform impact studies
Prepare text drafts for chapter V and
portions of chapter III
Start Date
10/01/74
11/01/74
9/01/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
3/01/75
4/01/75
End Date
11/01/74
1/01/75
1/01/75
2/01/75
3/01/75
4/01/75
5/01/75
3.7.5 Data Sources and Availability
Data sources for various subtasks will be provided by subject area study contractor
or by the air integration contractor.
3.7.6 Status
An RFP for an Air Pollution and Cost Estimations contract is being developed with
contract award targeted for September 1974.
3.8 PACKAGES 210-250, AIR BENEFITS
3.8.1 Task Description
These tasks identify benefits to be gained by abating air pollution to the legislated
standards.
3.8.2 General Approach
The benefits to be gained occur in five areas: Human Health (210), Esthetics (220),
Materials Damage (230), Vegetation (240), and Property Value (250). The benefits
of pollution control are the reductions and prevented increases in pollutant damage
costs. In order to determine such reductions, it will be necessary to project damage
costs by:
• Assuming pollution levels resulting from no controls
• Assuming abated pollution levels resulting from legislated controls.
3-9
-------
The ability to quantify such damage costs varies greatly within the five areas given
above. The approach suggested is to identify the method(s) to be used in each area,
the assumptions required by the method(s), and the results from applying the method(s),
3.8.3 Prerequi site s/Inter face s
In order to forecast benefits with and without legislated controls, packages 210-250
will receive forecast pollutant levels (with and without controls) for those pollutants
identified in figure 2. Using this data along with the results from the Populations
Risk Study, air benefits will be determined.
3.8.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
210.1
210.2
210.3
210.4
210.5
210.6
Objective/Product
Select data sources
Population Risk Study
Prepare rrethods work paper
Determine clean air benefits
Develop Air Benefits Draft
Develop Air Benefits Text
Start Date
7/19/74
10/15/74
10/01/74
12/14/74
2/01/75
3/01/75
End Date
10/01/74
2/15/75
12/15/74
2/01/75
3/11/75
4/01/75
3.8.5 Data Sources and Availability
• Air Pollution Damages to Human Health - Hospital Costs; due July 1974.
• Air Resource Board - Damage Functions for Mobile Source Air Pollutants;
due October 1974.
• WERC Staff - Activit/ Days Lost Due to Mobile Source Air Pollutants; due
December 1974.
• EPA/WERC Contract - Populations at Risk Due to Air Pollutants; due April 1975.
• National Bureau of Economic Research - Air Pollution Health Damages from
Mobile Source Pollution Episodes; due March 1975.
3.8.6 Status
An RFP has been prepared for the Population Risk Study with contract award expected
by October 15, 1974. EPA/WERC currently has several people involved in studies
related to the subject areas defined in Work Packages 210-250.
3-10
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.9 PACKAGE 310, WATER PROGRAM COSTS
3.9.1 Task Description
This task will identify those programs (and their associated costs) designed to carry
out the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
3.9.2 General Approach
Identify the cost of research programs, of federal and state control programs (e.g. ,
administrative and enforcement), and of private programs (e.g. , administrative
and legal) designed to meet the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
3.9.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Programs directed at or related to controlling the pollutants identified in figure 2 are
to be identified in this task. The output from this task will be integrated with the
results of the control cost studies (packages 321-323 and 331-334) in determining
the cost of clean water.
3.9.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
310.1
310.2
310.3
310.4
310.5
Objective/Product
Determine data sources; contract/
award process
Prepare working paper
Determine water program costs
Prepare Water Program Costs Draft
Water Program Costs Final Report
Start Date
7/29/74
9/15/74
10/01/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
End Date
9/15/74
10/01/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
2/01/75
3.9.5 Data Sources Availability
Potential data sources include the following:
• CEQ reports
• EPA budget
• OPE personnel
• Previous clean water reports
Other sources will be determined in subtask 310.1 or by the water program costs
research contractor.
3-11
-------
3.9.6 Status
An RFP is being prepared for the services required for this task.
3.10 PACKAGES 321-322, INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
3.10.1 Task Description
This task will provide information from a range of studies investigating treatment
technologies used to control water pollution from industrial sources, including
thermal pollution caused by power plants (WP-322).
3.10.2 General Approach
A series of studies will be conducted to identify technologies used to control water
pollution at plants within selected industries. The information indicated in the
outline for detailed industry studies are representative of the information required
to be output from this task. In addition to the technological information, this task
will study typical industrial practices for selected industries with respect to:
• Reduction of water ase
• Reuse of process arid treated waters
• In-process reduction of pollutants
• By-product recovery
• Plant process modifications and raw material substitutions.
3.10.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Inputs to this task include the list of pollutants identified in figure 2, in the
Preliminary Study Assumptions (WP-520), in the Final Report Assumptions (WP-520),
and interactions with the water integration contractor. Output from this task
will be aggregated in package 340 to give national costs by industry.
3.10.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask '
321.1
321.2
321.3
321.4
321.5
Objective/Product
Preliminary assumptions to contractor
Conduct studies
Final assumptions to contractor
Draft Report
Final Report
Start Date
7/29/74
7/29/74
8/15/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
End Date
8/15/74
1/01/75
11/20/74
1/01/75
2/01/75
3-12
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.10.5 Data Sources and Availability
Appropriate data sources are to be defined by the research contractor.
3.10.6 Status
This task will be performed under a contract with the Center for Industrial Water
Quality Management, Vanderbilt University.
3.11 PACKAGE 323, MUNICIPAL SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
3.11.1 Task Description
This task will provide information on municipal treatment cost data for facilities
in at least the following categories:
• Secondary treatment required by the 1972 act
• More stringent treatment to meet water quality standards
• Infiltration inflow correction
• Major sewage system rehabilitation
• New collectors
• New interceptors
• Correction of combined sewer overflow
• Treatment and/or control of storm waters.
3.11.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Inputs to this task include the list of pollutants identified in figure 2, the
Preliminary Study Assumptions (WP-520), and in the Final Report Assumptions (WP-520)
Output from this task will be integrated with cost data from other sources of water
pollution, and formatted for SEAS loading.
3.11.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
110.1
110.2
110.3
Objective/Product
Determine data sources: existing,
studies, new studies (contract award
process)
Prepare working paper
Prepare municipal treatment costs data
Start Date
7/29/74
9/15/74
10/01/74
End Date
9/15/74
10/01/74
12/01/74
3-13
-------
3.11.4 Milestone Schedule (Continued)
Subtask
110.4
110.5
Objective/Product
Draft Report
Final Report
Start Date
12/01/74
1/01/75
End Date
1/01/75
2/01/75
3.11.5 Data Sources and Availability
Data sources for this task include the Needs Survey and appropriate NCWQ studies;
additional sources will be determined as a part of subtask 110.1.
3.11.6 Status
The Needs Survey is currently being updated within EPA's Office of Water and
Hazardous Materials. NCWQ studies are currently in progress. An RFP is being
prepared for services deiscribed in this task.
3.12 PACKAGES 331-334, NON-POINT SOURCES
3.12.1 Task Description
This task will provide treatment cost information from non-point sources including
the following: Agriculture (331), Urban Runoff (332), Mining (333), and
Construction (334).
3.12.2 General Approach
A study will be undertaken to gather information from existing or ongoing studies
both internal and external to EPA. Data on agricultural pollution sources shall
include nutrients, pesticide run-off, sediments, and salinity/acidity treatment costs,
3.12.3 Prerequisites/In:erfaces
Inputs to this task will iiclude the list of pollutants identified in figure 2, and
preliminary and final report assumptions. Output from the task will contribute to
the text of the Cost of Clean Water section of the report and will also provide cost
data to the SEAS load task.
3.12.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
331.1
331.2
Objective/Product
Determine data sources; contact
potential external sources; contract/
award process
Prepare working paper
Start Date
7/29/74
9/01/74
End Date
9/15/74
10/01/74
3-14
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.12.4 Milestone Schedule (Continued)
Subtask
331.3
331.4
331.5
Objective/Product
Prepare Non- Point Source treatment
cost data
Prepare Non- Point Source Draft
Non -Point Source Final Report
Start Date
10/01/74
12/01/74
1/01/75
End Date
12/01/74
1/01/75
2/01/75
Subtasks for packages 332-334 will proceed concurrently with those listed above
for WP-331.
3.12.5 Data Sources and Availability
Potential data sources to be contacted in subtask 331.1 include the Department of
Agriculture, the Water Resources Board, Development Resources, the National
Commission on Water Quality, WERC contributions to the 1974 "financing report",
personnel from the WERC staff, and OPE.
3.12.6 Status
An RFP is being prepared for services required of this task.
3.13 PACKAGE 340, WATER COSTS AGGREGATION AND INTEGRATION
3.13.1 Task Description
This task will provide the capability to aggregate cost data from the plant level to
regional and national totals by source category code. This task will also integrate
water cost data, and prepare text for cost of clean water (chapter VIII).
3.13.2 General Approach
Using cost data developed in the 300 series work packages, aggregate the data to
regional and/or national levels as determined in the Report Assumptions (WP-520).
Data from the various sources will then be integrated via the appropriate detailed
source outlines into a format compatible with SEAS loading procedures. Text for
sections of the report related to water pollution problems (Statement of the Problem)
and the cost of clean water will be prepared as part of this task.
3.13.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Input to this task will be provided by the cost data from Work Packages 310, 321-323,
and 331-334, and the Report Assumptions (WP-520).
Output from this task will be provided to the system integration contractor for SEAS
loading preparation (WP-560).
3-15
-------
3.13.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
340.1
340.2
340.3
Objective/Product
Prepare working paper for aggregation
techniqi.es
Analyze/prepare detailed source outline
Work with forecast support contractor
preparing data for SEAS load
Start Date
9/15/74
1/01/75
2/01/75
End Date
1/01/75
2/01/75
3/01/75
3.13.5 Data Sources and Availability
Data sources for aggrega:ion techniques will be identified by the water integration
contractor.
3.13.6 Status
An RFP is being prepared for the above described services.
3.14 PACKAGES 410-460, WATER BENEFITS
3.14.1 Task Description
These tasks identify benefits to be gained by abating water pollution to the
legislated standards.
3.14.2 General Approach
The primary benefits to be gained by abating water pollution occur in six general
areas which make up the six work packages in series 400: Human Health (410),
Esthetics (420), Recreation (430), Materials Damage (440), Production (450), and
Property Values (460). The benefits of water pollution control are the reductions and
prevented increases in pollutant damage costs. In order to calculate such reductions,
it will be necessary to project damage costs by:
• Assuming pollution levels resulting from no controls
• Assuming abated pollution levels resulting from the legislated controls.
The problem of quantifying such damage costs as a function of pollution levels is
aggravated by the fact that the sources of water pollution may often be geographically
removed from the affectec population. This problem requires an approach which is tied
closely to the specific assumptions to be developed as a part of this task.
3.14.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
In order to forecast benefits with and without legislated controls, packages 410-460
will receive forecast pollutant levels (with and without controls) for those pollutants
identified in figure 2. Outputs from this task will contribute portions of text related to
3-16
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
the following sections of the CCE Report; Statement of the Problem - Effects,
Water Benefits, and Tradeoff Analysis.
3.14.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
400.1
400.2
400.3
400.4
400.5
Objective/Product
Select data sources; contact potential
external sources
Prepare methods work paper
Determine clean water benefits
Develop Water Benefits Draft
Develop Water Benefits Text
Start Date
7/19/74
10/01/74
12/15/74
2/01/75
3/01/75
End Date
10/01/74
12/15/74
2/01/75
3/01/75
4/01/75
3.14.5 Data Sources and Availability
Data for this task will be drawn from the following list of studies and papers, some
of which will not be completed in time for this report, but will provide data through
preliminary reports:
1. Benefits of Obtaining the 83-85 Water Quality Goals due April 1975.
2. National Estimates of Water Quality Benefits, produced by Development Planning
and Research Associates, due October, 1974
3. Recreation Benefits of Water Quality Improvements, by Urban Systems Research
and Engineering, Inc., due April 1975
4. Sport Fishing Benefits of Water Quality Improvement, by WERC staff, due
October 1974.
5. Health Damages from Polluted Water, by Bendix Corporation, due June 1974
6. Willingness-to-Pay for Environmental Quality Improvement, by University of
Pittsburgh, due December 1974
7. Value of Non-User Benefits of Water Quality Improvement, by University of
California, due June 1974
8. Process Change Costs vs. Add-on Technology Costs; and Total Health Damages
from Air Pollution, by WERC staff, due May 1975
3.14.6 Status
EPA/WERC is currently engaged in studies related to the subject areas defined by
Work Packages 400-460.
3-17
-------
3.15 PACKAGES 260 AND 470, ANALYSIS OF DAMAGES AND COSTS
3.15.1 Task Descrlptioi
These tasks will compare pollution damage costs with pollution control costs for
Air (WP-260), and Water (WP-470).
3.15.2 General Approach
In this task, members of the EPA/WERC staff will identify appropriate techniques for
conducting tradeoff stud..es regarding pollution control policies. As a part of this
task, a study will be contracted to assess the impact on control cost estimates if
control levels are accomplished by process-change as opposed to add-on equipment.
Development of text for chapters VI and IX will be performed as part of these tasks.
3.15.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Damage costs for Air (WP-210, WP-250) and for Water (WP-410, WP-460) and Control
Cost Forecasts (WP-540) will be input to this task.
3.15.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
260.1
260.2
260.3
Objective/Product
Identify techniques for tradeoff analysis
Tradeof:: analysis studies
Prepare text for chapters IV and VI
Start Date
1/01/75
2/20/75
4/15/75
End Date
2/20/75
4/15/75
5/10/75
3.15.5 Data Sources and Availability
Data sources will be selected from the lists provided in task descriptions for
Work Package Series 200 and 400.
3.15.6 Status
An RFP is being prepared for the process-change study.
3.16 PACKAGE 510, FORECASTS AND CONSTRAINTS SUPPORT
3.16.1 Task Descriptioi
This task will initiate the contracting of support for the following forecasting efforts:
• Modification of the SEAS POSTCOMP and AIRCOST Modules
• SEAS run designs and executions
• Analysis of forecasts .
3-18
-------
I
1
3.16.2 General Approach
• In this task, RFP's will be developed for the above described support.
I
I
I
1
1
I
3.16.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
This task should interact with the Report Assumptions Package (WP-520) to ensure
proper statements of work.
3.16.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
316.1
316.2
3.16.5 Status
RFP's are being
3.17 PACKAGE
Objective/Product Start Date End Date
Develop RFP's 7/29/74 8/05/74
Assess proposals/award 9/01/74 9/20/74
prepared for services described in this task.
520, PRELIMINARY STUDY ASSUMPTIONS
3.17.1 Task Description
1
I
1
I
I
I
This task will develop the necessary preliminary assumptions to serve as inputs
for efforts in Work Package Series 100-400.
3.17.2 General Approach
Expand the list below and develop the necessary assumptions and/or recommendations
• Determine levels of reporting for costs and benefits (national, regional,
state, SMSA, county, other)
• Develop time intervals for report (Air uses 5 -year interval whereas Water
uses 72-77-83-85)
• Develop criteria for determining plant size (number of employees, value of
output, water used, capacity)
• Depreciation rates for equipment/facilities
• Interest rates
I
I
I
1
• Potential alternatives (e.g., energy conservation)
• Forecasts and constraints data needs and interfaces
• Develop Forecast Analysis Outline
3-19
-------
• Standardize Base Year assumptions
• Define "unit cost"
• Define impact studies.
3.17.3 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
520.1
520.2
520.3
Objective/Product
Develop work paper identifying
"decision items"
Prepare Preliminary Assumptions Draft
Prepare Final Assumptions Report
Start Date
7/29/74
7/29/74
8/15/74
End Date
8/05/74
8/15/74
11/20/74
3.17.4 Data Sources and Availability
Potential data sources for this task include previous clean media reports, SEAS
Data Specifications, and WERC staff discussions.
3.17.5 Status
Members of WERC and OPE are currently defining assumptions.
3.18 PACKAGE 530, INITIAL EMISSIONS FORECASTS
3.18.1 Task Description
In this task, a projected preliminary annual mass is forecast for each of the
pollutants identified in figure 2, first assuming the legislated controls, and
second, assuming no controls.
3.18.2 General Approach
Use SEAS to forecast anrual pollutant masses. Use 1970 residual coefficients to
forecast pollutant masses without controls. Use 1977 coefficients to forecast
emissions with controls.
3.18.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
The output from this task will be input to the air and water benefits work series.
Depending on the results of the emission/ambient conversion study (WP-640),
conversion effort may be attempted for some or all of the pollutants for use in the
benefits studies.
3-20
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.18.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
530.1
530.2
530.3
530.4
530.5
530.6
Objective/Product
Develop initial economic futures
Preliminary run designs and execution
Analyze forecasts and build
summary tables
SEAS run designs
SEAS data load
Emission forecast execution and
analysis
Start Date
10/01/74
10/15/74
11/10/74
2/01/75
3/03/75
3/07/75
End Date
10/15/74
11/10/74
11/20/74
3/01/75
3/07/75
4/01/75
3.18.5 Data Sources and Availability
SEAS Documentation, data from Work Package Series 100, 300, and 500.
3. 18.6 Status
Subtasks defined will be contracted as described in WP-510.
3.19 PACKAGE 540, COST FORECASTS
3.19.1 Task Description
This task will forecast abatement costs for those pollutants identified in figure 2.
3.19.2 General Approach
In this task, data from the detailed source studies will be loaded into SEAS, and
the scenarios for alternate abatement technologies will be executed.
3.19.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
Input to this will be developed in WP-560, Integrate for SEAS Load. Outputs will be
analyzed for potential constraints, and will feed the Tradeoff Analysis tasks
(WP-220 and WP-240). Placement of the cost data in the final report will be handled
by the system integration contractor.
3.19.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
540.1
540.2
Objective/Product
Modify POSTCOMP and AIRCOST
Preliminary cost forecasts
Start Date
9/20/74
10/15/74
End Date
2/01/75
11/10/74
3-21
-------
3.19.4 Milestone Schedule (Continued)
Sub task
540.3
540.4
540.5
Objective/Product
SEAS run designs
SEAS data load
Cost forecast executions and analysis
Start Date
2/01/75
3/03/75
3/07/75
End Date
3/01/75
3/07/75
4/01/75
3. 19.5 Status
Subtasks will be contracted as described in WP-510.
3.20 PACKAGE 550, CONSTRAINTS
3.20.1 Task Description
This task will identify circumstances which constrain pollution abatement efforts.
3.20.2 General Approach
As a part of this task, a set of initial constraints will be developed from the analysis
of emissions forecasts (Task 530) and from analysis of such factors as personnel,
capital, time, resources, and technology. Technology and program cost data from
the detailed source studies, and abatement cost data from the cost forecasts will
be measured against the initial constraint ranges to identify additional potential
constraints. The results of the constraints analysis will contribute to the Summary
Chapter of the final report.
3.20.3 Prerequisites/Inl erf aces
Input to this task will consist of emissions forecasts, data from the detailed source
studies, and cost forecast data. Output from the initial constraints analysis will
be included in Report Assumptions. Output from the final constraints analysis will
be developed into text for inclusion in the Summary Chapter of the final report.
3.20.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask '
550.1
550.2
550.3
550.4
Objective - Product
Identify initial constraints ranges
Develop initial constraints from
emissions forecasts
Develop abatement cost constraints
Develop constraints draft for text
Start Date
9/20/74
11/20/74
3/01/75
4/01/75
End Date
11/20/74
12/01/74
4/01/75
5/01/75
3-22
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.20.5 Status
Subtasks will be contracted as described in WP-510.
3.21 PACKAGE 560, INTEGRATE FOR SEAS LOAD
3.21.1 Task Description
As data becomes available from the detailed source studies, the forecasts and
constraints support contractor will monitor data preparation for SEAS loading.
3.21.2 General Approach
As a part of this task the support contractor will develop a set of procedures designed
to integrate the data from the detailed source studies into a format suitable for
loading into SEAS. He will then work with the detailed study contractors, in data
validation and units checking to ensure that the data conforms with the preliminary
assumptions.
3.21.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
The input data for this task will be obtained from the detailed source studies.
3.21.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
560.1
560.2
Objective/Product
Determine load requirements and
sources
Receive data from studies/prepare for
loading
Start Date
12/01/74
1/01/75
End Date
1/01/75
3/01/75
3.21.5 Status
Data loading will be accomplished as part of forecast support contractor services.
3.22 PACKAGE 610, ORGANIZE REVIEW MEETINGS
3.22.1 Task Description
This task will prepare agendas for biweekly review meetings.
3.22.2 General Approach
The report integration contractor will work with the project manager and project leaders
in scheduling review meetings, as described in section two of this plan. As a part
of this task, agendas will be prepared and distributed to encourage participatory
attendance. Study efforts will be reviewed regarding progress in meeting milestone
dates and success in gathering data in conformance with report assumptions. Summaries
of each meeting will be prepared and distributed to facilitate a common understanding
of review results.
3-23
-------
3.23 PACKAGE 620, SPECIAL STUDIES
3.23.1 Task Description
As the result of preliminary results of project studies, and of review meeting
discussions, "information gaps" may be identified. The organizing of special
studies to fill these gap:;, will be coordinated with the system integration services
contractor to ensure that the implementation schedule is not affected.
3.23.2 General Approaci
As information gaps are identified, the integration contractor will meet with appro-
priate project members to define a statement of work for the special study. The
study will be assessed as to its need, potential impact on the implementation
schedule, and interface requirements with other studies.
3.24 PACKAGE 630, SPECIAL REPORT SECTIONS
3.24.1 Task Description
The Introductory and Appendix sections of the report will be prepared by the
integration contractor.
3.24.2 General Approach
The integration contractor will gather and organize the necessary materials
for preparing the Preface. Executive Summary, and Appendix sections of the report.
The relevant sections of the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act should be reviewed and discussions held with EPA staff, CEQ, and responsible
agencies to determine later interpretations of the Acts. The integration contractor
will prepare the text for these sections of the report.
3.25 PACKAGE 640, EMISSIONS/AMBIENT STUDY
3.25.1 Task Descriptior
For the pollutants identified in figure 2, identify existing dispersion/rollback
techniques.
3.25.2 General Approach
Through discussions with EPA/WERC staff members, determine data sources for
existing dispersion/rollback techniques. Develop working paper discussing
techniques and their associated problems.
3.25.3 Prerequisites/Interfaces
The results of this effort will determine the extent to which ambient levels can be
supplied to the benefits studies from emission forecast outputs (WP-530).
3-24
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.25.4 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
640.1
640.2
640.3
640.4
Objective/Product
Gather information on existing
techniques
Prepare work paper
Develop procedures for implementing
techniques
Apply procedures to emission outputs
from WP-530
Start Date
7/29/74
8/15/74
9/01/74
11/15/74
End Date
8/15/74
9/01/74
11/15/74
12/20/74
3.25.5 Data Sources and Availability
EPA/WERC staff
3.25.6 Status
CCE project manager will select WERC members to participate in this task.
3.26 PACKAGE 650, REPORT ORGANIZATION AND CONSTRUCTION
3.26.1 Task Description
In this task, the integration contractor will receive study materials and/or sections
of text from the study contractors, and will organize these materials into the form
of a draft text which conforms to the study outline. In addition, the integration
contractor will prepare the introductory materials and appendix sections of text.
3.26.2 General Approach
Periodically, the integration contractor will review the report outline with EPA/WERC
staff and study contractors. The purpose of this review process is to maintain a
top-down approach to the construction of the report, rather than have the construction
governed by study materials. Proposed changes to the report outline will be
discussed at scheduled review meetings. As reports become available from study
contractors, the integration contractor will organize and integrate materials into
cohesive text which conforms to the study outline. Introductory sections (Preface
and Executive Summary), Special Study Sections, and the Appendix will be prepared
by the integration contractor as part of this task,
3.26.3 Milestone Schedule
Subtask
660.1
660.2
Objective/Product
Report outline
Introductory materials
Start Date
10/01/74
10/01/74
End Date
12/01/74
1/01/75
3-25
-------
3.26.3 Milestone Schedule (Continued)
Subtask
660.3
660.4
Objective/Product
Receive study materials/organize/
integrate;
Prepare draft report
Start Date
2/01/75
4/01/75
End Date
5/15/75
5/23/75
3.26.4 Status
An RFP for report integration services is being prepared.
3-26
------- |