EPA-450/3-76-026c
June 1976
NATIONAL ASSESSMENT
OF THE URBAN
PARTICIPATE PROBLEM
Volume V -
Baltimore
LIB
1$. L.^wSJWL'JfAl. PROTECTION
N. J. 08817
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
-------
EPA-450/3-76-026c
NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN
PARTICULATE PROBLEM
Volwne V
Baltimore, Maryland
FINAL REPORT
by
Rebecca C. Galkiewicz
David A. Lynn
GCA/Technology Division
Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
Contract No. 68-02-1376, Task Order No. 18
EPA Project Officer: Thompson G. Pace
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
- ~. b ^L
June 1976
-------
This final report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
the GCA/Technology Division in fulfillment of the requirements under Con-
tract No. 68-02-1376, Task Order No. 18. The contents of this report are
reproduced herein as received from the contractor. The opinions, findings
and conclusions are those of the authors and not necessarily those of
the Environmental Protection Agency.
-------
FOREWORD
This document is part of a 16-volume report assessing the urban particulate
problem, which was conducted by GCA/Technology Division for EPA.
This particular document is one of the 14 single city volumes that provide
working summaries of data gathered in the 14 urban areas during 1974 to
support an assessment of the general nature and extent of the TSP problem
nationwide. No attempt was made to perform detailed or extensive analyses
in each urban area. Rather, the city reports are intended as a collection
of pertinent data which collectively form a profile of each urban area. This,
in turn contributes to a comparative analysis of data among the 14 areas
in an attempt to identify general patterns and factors relating to attainment
of the TSP problem nationwide. Such an analysis has been made in Volume I
of the study-National Assessment of the Urban Particulate Problem-National
Assessment. The reader is referred to this volume as the summary document
where the data is collectively analyzed.
This and the other 13 city reports are viewed primarily as working documents;
thus, no effort was made to incorporate all the reviewer's comments into the
text of the report. The comments were, however, considered during the prepara-
tion of Volume I and are included herein in order to alert the reader to
different points of view. The 16 volumes comprising the overall study are
as follows:
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
IX
X
XI
XII
XI 11
XIV
XV
XV]
National Assessment of the Urban Particulate Problem
Particle Characterization
Denver
Birmingham
Baltimore
Philadelphia
Chattanooga
Oklahoma City
Seat-tie
Cincinnati
Clove 1 and
San Francisco
Miami
St. Louis
Providence
iii
-------
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword ±±±
List of Figures v
List of Tables vii
Acknowledgments ix
Executive Summary x
Reviewers' Comments xiv
Sections
I Introduction 1
II Analysis 12
III Summary and Conclusions 38
Appendixes
A Supplementary Information 45
B Particle Characterization 61
IV
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
No. Page
1 Locations of Sampling Sites in the Baltimore AQCR 5
2 Locations of Sampling Sites in the Baltimore Metropolitan
Area 6
3 1974 Annual Geometric TSP Means for the Baltimore AQCR 7
4 1974 Annual Geometric TSP Means for the Baltimore
Metropolitan Area 8
5 Historical Trends in TSP Levels 10
6 Locations of Major Point Sources 18
7 Annual Rainfall 20
8 Monthly Citywide Mean TSP Concentrations 22
9 Heating Degree Days Per Season 23
10 TSP Versus Wind Direction, SW Police Station (Site 12) 24
11 TSP Versus Wind Direction, Essex (Site 25) 25
12 TSP Versus Wind Direction, Linthicum (Site 2) 26
13 TSP Versus Wind Direction, SE Police Station (Site 11) 27
14 TSP Versus Wind Direction, Fire Engine Co. if22 (Site 18) 28
15 Locations of Highways, Highway Construction, and Urban
Renewal 33
16 Pollutant Roses at Sites Surrounding Harbor 41
17 Land Use Patterns in Baltimore City 42
-------
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
No. Page
A-l TSP Trends at Sites in the Northern Part of the AQCR 53
A-2 TSP Trends at Sites in the Southern Part of the AQCR 54
A-3 TSP Trends at Sites East of Baltimore City 55
A-4 TSP Trends at Sites South of Baltimore City 56
A-5 TSP Trends at Sites in the Southern Part of Baltimore City 57
A-6 TSP Trends at Sites in the Northern Part of Baltimore City 58
A-7 Annual Means for Sulfate and Nitrate at the NASN Station at
Fire Department Headquarters 59
A-8 Process Weight Regulation for Installations Other Than
Fuel-Burning, Incii ^rators, or Grain-Drying 60
VI
-------
LIST OF TABLES
No. Page
1 Employment By Major Industry 1970 3
2 State Estimates of 1974 TSP Emissions (Tons/Year) 13
3 Area Source Emissions of TSP in Baltimore City, 1974 13
4 Estimates of Fugitive Source Emissions (Tons/Year) 14
5 Changes in Point Source Emissions in the Baltimore
Metropolitan Area, 1970 to 1974 15
6 Fuel Usage by Industry, in Baltimore City 17
7 Fuel Usage by Number of Dwelling Units, in Baltimore City 17
8 Typical Emissions Densities in Baltimore City 17
9 TSP and Land Use Characteristics 35
10 Land Use Characteristics of Sampling Sites 39
A-l Sampling Site Information 46
A-2 Sampling Site Characteristics 48
A-3 Summary of Regulations Pertaining to Particulates 49
A-4 Emission Standards and Dust Collector Performance Standards
For Fuel Burning Installations 51
A-5 Sulfur Content of Fuels 52
A-6 Maryland State Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter 52
B-l Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Friendship
International Airport, Baltimore) 65
B-2 Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions
at the Baltimore, Maryland, NASN Site No. 210120001 67
VII
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Page
B-3a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Baltimore
and Vicinity (Fire Dept. HQ. - No. 7) 68
B-3b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Baltimore
and Vicinity (Fort McHenry - No. 17) 69
B-3c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Baltimore
and Vicinity (N. E. Police - No. 9, Fire Engine Co. 10 -
No. 8, and Patapsco - No. 19) 70
B-3d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Baltimore
and Vicinity (Fire Engine Co. 22 - No. 18) 71
B-3e Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Baltimore
and Vicinity (Lansdowne - No. 26) 72
B-4 Composite Summaiy r f Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Baltimore and Vicmity 73
B-5 Results rt Replicate Analyses cf Baltimore Filters 74
B-6a Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
210120001 in Baltimore (1964 and 1970) 75
B-6b Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
21012001 in Baltimore (1970, 1971, and 1973) 76
B-6c Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
210120001 in Baltimore (1973 and 1974) 77
B-7 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for NASN Sites in
Baltimore and Vicinity (By Year) 78
B-8 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Baltimore 79
B-9 Detailed Physical Examination: Fire Engine Co. 22,
Baltimore, January 17, 1974 80
B-10 Monthly Composite Lead Levels in Baltimore For 1974,
yg/m3 81
B-ll Monthly Composite Benzo(a)Pyrene Levels in Baltimore for
1974, pg/m3 81
VI11
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
GCA/Technology Division wishes to sincerely thank those persons and organi-
zations who made significant contributions to this effort. On-going project
supervision was provided by Thompson G. Pace of EPA's Control Programs
Development Division. The case study in Baltimore was greatly assisted
by the cooperation and helpfulness of the staff of the Baltimore City
Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, particularly Elkins W. Dahle, Jr., and
Winston Miller, and the staff of the Maryland Bureau of Air Quality
Control, especially Edward Carter, Douglas Proctor, Parker Dean and
Carl York.
IX
-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
AIR QUALITY LEVELS AND TRENDS
Geometric mean TSP concentrations in the Baltimore AQCR in 1974 range from
less than 50 |ag/m at the monitors furthest from the city to over 100 |_ig/m
in the center city and industrial areas. Nine of the sampling sites ex-
ceed the national annual primary standard and five more exceed the secondary
standard; the 24-hour primary standard was exceeded on 0.9 percent of the
sampling days and the sec^tdary standard on 7.6 percent of the sampling
days. Air quality has been improving since the 1960's arithmetic mean
3
TSP concentrations have decreased 30 [_ig/m at some sites near the city
3 3
to 70 jag/m at sites in or near the ci;y. An average decrease of 20 p.g/m
has occurred since 1970.
Many of the sampling sites in the AQCR, especially in and near Baltimore
City, exceeded the annual standards for TSP in the past due to the high
degree of urban and industrial activity. Many sites have experienced de-
creases in TSP concentrations because of fuel switching, decreases in
fossil fuel consumption, stringent regulations, and rigorous enforcement
of the regulations, and industrial emissions controls. Almost half of the
sampling sites, however, continue to exceed the annual standards. Particu-
late emissions from urban activities such as space heating, construction,
traffic, and fugitive sources have not been controlled and are becoming a
more important portion of the urban TSP concentration in Baltimore as
other sources are controlled.
-------
REGIONAL SETTING
The Baltimore AQCR lies in the central portion of the State of Maryland
along the western edge of the northern section of Chesapeake Bay. The
important features of the AQCR are the Bay, the generally flat, low
eastern portion, and the rolling hills and somewhat higher elevations
of the western portion. The region lies near the path of low pressure
systems which move across the country, resulting in changeable winds and
weather in the region. During the summer, the region is influenced by
the Bermuda High which brings a circulation of air masses over the area
from the Deep South. Precipitation occurs frequently and moderately,
averaging about 40 inches per year. Temperatures are moderated by the
proximity to the Bay. High relative humidities are caused by the inflow
of southerly winds and the proximity of the Bay. The region frequently
experiences short-term inversions.
There is a high level and a wide variety of heavy industrial activity,
much of which is concentrated along the Patapsco River. An extensive
program of urban renewal and highway construction is being conducted.
METEOROLOGY
Patterns in annual TSP concentrations tend to follow patterns in annual
rainfall but this is not conclusive. The number of heating degree days
per season has been below average for 1970 to 1974, probably resulting
in a decrease in fuel consumption for space heating. Transport of TSP
into the area occurs when winds from the Bermuda High pass over the Deep
South and through the AQCR. Some local transport, from urban and indus-
trial areas, also occurs. Stagnating meteorological conditions of rel-
atively short duration occasionally occur during the fall and winter
seasons but are not considered important with respect to overall or annual
TSP concentrations.
XI
-------
NETWORK DESIGN AND MONITOR SETTING
The r -rail set of sampling sites located throughout the AQCR adequately
represents the various regions within the state, with particular attention
placed on populated areas and areas in Che AQCR where the national stan-
dards are being violated. The specific siting of the monitors is also
adequate exposure is good; height falls within the range of 15 to 30
feet. In several cases a boiler stack on the roof of the building is a
possible local source.
URBAN ACTIVITY FACTORS
Extensive programs of urban renewal and highway construction have been
occurring over the past 10 years in Baltimore City. The activities in-
volved in these programs contribute to the TSP concentrations in the city
but how much is not certain. Trends in construction activity do not seem
to be matched by trends in air quality at the sampling sites nearest the
activity. Construction activity, then, appears to have more of an areawide
effect on TSP concentrations.
There is a strong relationship between annual TSP concentrations and the
predominant land use surrounding the monitoring sites. The amount and
type of urban activity surrounding a site residential, commercial, and
industrial helps to determine the TSP concentrations experienced.
REGULATIONS AND COMPLIANCE
The Baltimore AQCR regulations are considered to be stringent, especially
the regulation which prohibits visible emissions. Surveillance and en-
forcement of the regulations has been rigorous most of the point sources
are in compliance or are under a plan for compliance within the next few
years. As a result, a large proportion of the industries are achieving
maximum reductions of potential emissions with respect to currently avail-
able control technologies.
XII
-------
EMISSIONS
Baltimore is a highly industrialized city with numerous fugitive dust
sources associated with the industrial areas and with construction ac-
tivities. The important sources of particulates in Baltimore are fugitive
sources, industry, mobile sources, municipal refuse incinerators and space
heating, although the inventories of fugitive emissions are not adequate
to firmly quantify their relative contributions. Space heating and con-
struction activity also contribute to the urban TSP concentrations. The
monitoring sices located in or near the industrial and center city areas
have consistently recorded the highest TSP concentrations.
Considerable decreases in particulate emissions from point sources have
occurred since 1970, the largest changes occurring in the steel, cement
and concrete, and power industries, and large institutions, due to emis-
sions controls and fuel switching.
Xlll
-------
REVIEWERS' COMMENTS
The draft report for each city was submitted to interested EPA, state
and local officials for comment on the contents and findings. Comments
of an editorial nature were reconciled; comments of a substantive nature
which reflect differences of opinion were compiled and are presented
below.
Page 4 - Baltimore uad a smoke program prior to 1960.
Page 9 - The city had more than one monitoring site prior to 1969.
Page 14 - Given the lack of confidence that the contractor has
expressed in the fugitive dust emission calculations
and the data base, there should be no quantification
of these emissions in the report.
Page 30 - There is also a 0.03 gr/scf regulation that applies to
all processes.
xiv
-------
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
NATURE OF THE AREA
The Baltimore AQCR includes the City of Baltimore and the counties of
Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll, Harford, and Howard, along the north-
western edge of Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is the seventh largest city in
the U.S., and is a major manufacturing area and shipping port. Air pollu-
tion control responsibility is shared by the State Department of Health and
Mental Hygiene and the several local Health Departments.
Topography and Climatology
The western portion of the Baltimore AQCR lies in the Piedmont Plateau with
the elevation rising gradually to the gently rolling areas of Carroll and
Howard Counties and reaching 1,000 feet. The eastern portion, lying within
the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, is generally flat, with elevations of
less than 500 feet. The topography generally permits free air movement and
has little effect on air pollution levels.
The Region lies about midway between the rigorous climates of the north
and the mild climates of the south, and adjacent to the modifying influ-
ences of the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Appa-
lachian Mountains to the west. The net effect of the mountains and the
Bay and Ocean is to produce a more equable climate compared with other
continental locations farther inland at the same latitude. January is
the coldest month, and July the warmest, averaging 33 degrees and 77 degrees
-------
respectively. Rainfall distribution throughout the year is rather uni-
form: 'owever, the greatest intensities are confined to the; summer and
ea"!.y fall months, the season for hurricanes and severe thunderstorms.
An average of 7 days annually produce snowfalls greater than 0.1 inch.
The region averages 1,230 cooling degree days and 4,810 heating degree
days each year. Since this region is near the average path of the low
pressure systems which move across the country, changes in wind direction
are frequent and contribute to the changeable character of the weather.
Winter and spring months have the highest average windspeeds.
In summer, the area is under the influence of the large semipermanent: high
pressure system centered over the Atlantic Ocean near 30 north latitude.
This high pressure system, commonly known as the Bermuda High, brings a
circulation of warm humid ir masses over the area from the deep south.
The proximity of large water areas and the inflow of southerly winds
also contribute to high relative humidities during much of the year.
Meteorological conditions conducive to the accumulation of air pollutants
can and do occur in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area. Although topography
does not materially restrict free flow of air throughout the area, adverse
vertical mixing conditions involving light winds and a stable temperature
lapse rate occasionally increase the concentrations of air pollution.
Weather bureau data indicate that inversion conditions occur on a short-
term basis about 34 percent of the time in the region. Over a 30-year
interval, the region averaged 1.5 times per year when stagnations occurred
that averaged 4.8 days duration. During the same 30-year period, the
region experienced three cases of stagnation that lasted for 7 or more
days. In general, however, Holzworth's calculations of annual normalized
pollutant concentrations for the contiguous U.S., based on mixing heights
and average wind speeds, indicate that Baltimore is among the cities most
favorably located with respect to pollution potential.
-------
Land Use, Employment and Population Patterns
Of the state's 3,922,000 people, over half (2,070,700) live in the metro-
politan Baltimore area. The population of the region increased 19 percent
between 1960 and 1970, although the City of Baltimore lost 4 percent in
population,,
Baltimore is one of the major industrial centers of the nation. In the
metropolitan Baltimore area, slightly more than one-quarter of the working
force are employed in manufacturing - see Table 1. Other major employment
categories are services and retail trade.
Table 1. EMPLOYMENT BY MAJOR INDUSTRY 1970
Agriculture
Construct ion
Manufacturing
Trans, cotnm, pub util.
Wholesale
Retail
Finance, insurance,
real estate
Services
Government
5,700
48,300
203,700
59,300
41,200
156,300
45,900
191,100
118,300
869,800
7o of
total
0.7
5.6
23.4
6.8
4.7
18.0
5.3
21.9
13.6
100.0
Source: Baltimore Transportation Control Plan
Industry and manufacturing in Baltimore are diversified. The leading
manufacturing industries include iron and steel products, sugar refining,
meat packing, metal containers, machinery, shipbuilding, automobile
-------
assembly, clothing, petroleum refining, fertilizers, vegetable canning,
bakery products, copper refining, stamped metal products, electronic and
communications equipment, rockets and missiles, printing and publishing.
The port of Baltimore is ranked third in foreign tonnage and annually
aandles approximately 50 million tons of foreign and intercoastal commerce.
Air Pollution Control
Air pollution control programs have been operational since the early
1960's in the Baltimore City Bureau of Industrial Hygiene and the Health
Departments of Baltimore and Anne Arundel Counties. These local programs
currently share control responsibility with the Bureau of Air Quality
control of the State Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Under a
written understanding, the State and local agencies have developed what:
is considered to be an eff -ient well-organized joint control program.
The control regulations applicable to particulates in the Baltimore area
are quite stringent and enforcement is widely considered to be strict.
AIR QUALITY SUMMARY
Sampling for suspended particulates in the Baltimore Intrastate Air Quality
Control Region takes place at 38 sites. The State Bureau of Air Quality
Control operates 16 of the sites, the Baltimore City Bureau of Industrial
Hygiene operated six, Anne Arundel County seven, and nine are operated by
Baltimore County. The location of the sampling sites, with identifying
codes, is shown for the AQCR in Figure 1 and for Baltimore City in Fig-
ure 2. Most of the sites are in suburban locations, six are considered
center city, and three are rural. The height about ground of the monitors
varies from near ground level (6 feet) to 50 feet, with the majority in
the 20 to 30 foot range.
The 1974 annual geometric means for TSP are shown at their respective
sampling sites in Figure 3 for AQCR and Figure 4 for the metropolitan area.
-------
33
BALTIMORE CITYJ
10 «9 '
036
miltt
9 12
Figure 1. Locations of sampling sites in the Baltimore
AQCR
-------
/
CATONSVILLE
N,
33
TOWSON
10
64.
3
5
HARMANS
^ ff
i 1 1
0 I 2
miles
Figure 2. Locations of sampling sites in the Baltimore
Metropolitan Area
-------
>
"S
\
N
/
y
/
i
/
31
©O /t*J
/ r£?
f
/"'
^
/
V
0 3 6 9 12
milts
Figure 3. 1974 Annual geometric TSP means for the Baltimore AQCR
-------
I 1 1
0 I 2
miles
Figure 4. 1974 Annual geometric TSP means for the
Baltimore Metropolitan Area
-------
The general pattern of particulate concentrations in the AQCR is concen-
tric around Baltimore City. The monitors furthest from the city (sites 1,
3, 6, 21, 29, 30, 31, and 32) generally recorded annual geometric mean TSP
concentrations in 1974 of less than 50 (jg/m , while levels exceeded
3
100 |_ig/m at five locations within the city (sites 7, 8, 11, 17 and 19).
Of the 29 monitors recording TSP in the AQCR in 1974, nine sites exceeded
3
the national annual primary standard of 75 |_ig/m , and five other sites
exceeded only the annual secondary standard of 60 jjg/m . Out of a total
of 2,025 days of sampling, the 24-hour secondary standard was exceeded on
154 days (7.6 percent) and the primary standard was exceeded on 18 days
(0.9 percent). Only eight of the 29 stations did not exceed either 24-
hour standard during the year. All but two of the nine sites exceeding
the annual primary standard are located in Baltimore City.
Eight of the hi-vol sampling stations were operated prior to 1969 - seven
in suburban areas and one in center city Baltimore (site 7). The annual
arithmetic means for these stations are plotted in Figure 5 to indicate
historical trends in particulate levels. Most of the sites have shown
an overall decrease in TSP levels despite some wide fluctuations from
3
year to year. The largest decreases, of 50 to 70 jag/m , occurred at sites
in or near the city (7, 14, and 24), while noticeable decreases of 30 to
3
40 p.g/m occurred at two other sites (4 and 27) near the city. The re-
maining sites (29, 32, and 33) are distant from the city and appear mainly
to be fluctuating over time around some mean.
Trends in annual arithmetic mean TSP concentrations at all the sites, in-
cluding those with only recent data, are included in the Appendix as
Figures A-l through A-6, grouped according to geographic areas. The TSP
concentrations for the sites in a particular area tend to be close and
to vary similarly, with a few exceptions due to local variations. Most
of the sampling sites appear to exceed the annual standards in the past.
Since only arithmetic means are available prior to 1972, the sampling
-------
w
,I
0)
0)
CO
H
C
rH
C
0)
S-4
d
o
H
>-i
o
4-1
(1)
l-l
NOIiVHiN30NOO dSl NV3W Oli3WHliyV 1VONNV
10
-------
sites were assumed to be exceeding the annual standards if their arith-
metic mean concentration was appreciably higher than the geometric means
used as standards. Most of the sites in the AQCR have experienced re-
cent decreases in mean TSP concentrations, but many continue to exceed
the annual standards.
11
-------
SECTION II
ANALYSIS
This section of the report considers the information available in each of
several areas sources and emissions, regulations, meteorology, etc.
that might reasonably be expected to have significant influence on ambient
TSP levels.
SOURCES AND EMISSIONS
The emissions inventory maintained by the state control program provides
1974 point source emission estimates of about 37,000 and 10,000 tons/years
for the AQCR and for Baltimore City, respectively (see Table 2), and an
area source emissions estimate of 4,000 tons/year for the city (see
Table 3). The industrial nature of the Baltimore area is eipparent; in-
dustrial space heating and process emissions together account for about
half of the point source emissions in the entire AQCR as well as in the
city.
The above inventory does not include estimates of what have come to be
called fugitive emissions, other than the estimate of construction emis-
sions that is included in the "Nonautomotive" category of Table 3. Esti-
mates of emissions from such sources, from a study which provides esti-
mates on a county-by-county basis for the entire country, are summarized
in Table 4. It is apparent that the estimates in Table 4 are dramat-
ically out of line with those in Tables 2 and 3. There is an obvious
large discrepancy between the two estimates of construction emissions
in Baltimore City - 19320 TPY from the EPA/MRI study (Table 4) and
12
-------
Table 2. STATE ESTIMATES OF 1974 TSP EMISSIONS (tons/year)
Space heating (total)
Residential
Commercial
Govt. Institutional
Industry
Power Plants
Mobile Sources
Process (total)
Industry
Commercial
Refuse (total)
Incinerator
Open Burning
Total
Baltimore
AQCR
5274
2054
224
959
2037
3204
8569
17041
16997
44
2721
2608
113
36809
Baltimore
city
1850
851
102
293
604
490
2956
2088
2063
25
2558
2558
0
9942
7. of
AQCR
157.
67.
17.
37.
57.
97.
237.
467.
467.
77.
77.
'1007.
7. of
city
197.
97.
1%
37.
267.
57.
307.
217.
217.
267,
267.
07.
1007.
Source: BAQC, Emissions for the Grant program
Table 3. AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF TSP IN BALTIMORE CITY, 1974
Nonautomotive
Residential space heating
Mobile source
Total
Emissions
(TPY)
1,172
871
1,770
3,822
7, of total
area source
emissions
317.
237»
467.
1007.
Source: BAQC
Nonautomotive includes boats, ships, agriculture,
construction, trucks, aircraft, miscellaneous gas
engines and fires.
bMobil
e refers to automobiles.
13
-------
1,172 TPY from the Bureau of Air Quality Control (Table 3). Neither
estimate of construction emissions seems to be reasonable. There are
no estimates of other types of fugitive emissions from the Bureau of Air
Quality Control that could be compared with the figures from the MRI study,
but is. appears that the estimates of the latter are excessively high. In
fact, the Emissions Inventory of Agricultural Tilling, Unpaved Roads and
Airstrips, and Construction Sites states that the estimated relative error
is + 50 percent for construction emissions and + 20 percent for unpaved
roads emissions. It appears obvious, then, that the estimates of fugitive
emissions are inadequate and should be verified before firm conclusions
can be drawn. Generally, however, it seems reasonable to believe that
total emissions should be increased somewhat by fugitive, source estimates,
but not in the magnitude of Table 4.
Table 4. ESTIMATES OF FUGITIVE SOURCE EMISSIONS (tons/year)
Unpaved roads
Dirt air strips
Construction
Land tilling
Total
Baltimore
AQCR
406,510
17
122,740
1,510
530,77
Baltimore
City
510
0
19,320
0
19,830
Source: Emissions Inventory of Agricul-
tural Tilling. Unpaved Roads and
Airstrips, and Construction Sites,
Environmental Protection Agency
Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-085,
November 1974.
Emissions inventories of point sources in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area
were compiled for 1970, 1972, and 1974 and changes in emissjions over
time are shown in Table 5. The largest average net changes in emis-
sions from 1970 to 1974 occurred in the steel, cement and concrete, and
power generation industries, and in large institutions. The decreases
14
-------
Table 5. CHANGES IN POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN THE BALTIMORE
METROPOLITAN AREA, 1970 TO 1974
Type of
industry
Steel
Cement /concrete
Minerals /earths
Refinery
Asphalt
Chemical
Foundry
Detergents
Shipyard
Sugar
Distillery
Power
Sewage
Incinerator
Institution
Gyp s um
Total
Number
4
2
3
3
1
6
1
2
1
1
1
6
1
2
6
2
42
1970
emissions
46,712
1,765
767
1,322
109
1,562
36
274
17
1974
'.missions
39,567
239
79
Average
net change
-1,786
-763
-230
198 -375
15
1,076
8
109
22
123 52
78
5,993
26
2,851
4,328
745
66,708
25
1,448
16
2,521
124
64
45,563
-94
-81
-28
-83
+5
-71
-53
-758
-10
-165
-700
-341
-503
Net
change
-7,144
-1,526
-688
-1,124
-94
-486
-28
-165
+5
-71
-53
-4,545
-10
-330
-4,204
-681
-21,145
Source: Bureau of Air Quality Control, State of Maryland
15
-------
are due to sources coming into compliance with regulations by applying
control devices, and to major changes in the pattern of fuel use. This
latter effect is illustrated clearly in Table 6, which indicates a massive
deer ;e in coal consumption over a decade, with a corresponding increase
in the use of fuel oil and natural gas. For Baltimore City industry, coal
usage declined 96 percent between 1963 and 1972, while usage of fuel oil
and natural gas increased by 16 and 58 percent, respectively. This trend
has also occurred with the smaller, residential heating units that are
considered area sources. Table 7 indicates that residential coal consump-
tion in Baltimore City has decreased substantially during the past 25
years. The number of dwelling units using coal decreased 83 percent and
the number using oil decreased 13 percent, while the number using gas in-
creased 37 percent. A new nuclear power plant was put into operation in
1974, thus decreasing fuel oil consumption by power plants in and around
Baltimore City. In genera1, there has been a trend in fuel consumption
toward fuels with lower particulate emis;sions, especially natural gas.
The geographic pattern of emissions within the area is, as would be ex-
pected, not uniform. Baltimore has a highly industrialized area where
much of the industry is concentrated along the Patapsco River and the
Harbor. Associated with the industrial area are fugitive dust sources
such as railroad yards, materials stock piles, unpaved roads , and empty
lots. As a large city, Baltimore also experiences urban activities such
as space heating and traffic, which contribute to TSP emissions in a pat-
tern generally proportional to population. In addition, the city has been
undergoing an extensive program of urban renewal and highway construction.
The locations and emissions of the major point sources are shown in Fig-
ure 6. Estimates of the overall emissions are shown in Table 8, as esti-
mated from the 1974 point and area source inventories. The point source
portion of the emissions is very heavily concentrated in the CBD and in-
dustrial areas, and the area sources, while also highest in the CBD, are
more nearly evenly distributed; combined, the highest overall density is
thus in the CBD area, with the industrial area reasonably close. Several
16
-------
Table 6. FUEL USAGE BY INDUSTRY,
IN BALTIMORE CITY
Coal (tons)
Fuel oil (bbl)
Gas (106 ft3)
1963
683,000
6,640,000
13,000
1972
25,000
7,679,000
31,000
Percent
change
- 96
+ 16
+ 58
Table 7. FUEL USAGE BY NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS,
IN BALTIMORE CITY
Gas
Oil
Coal
Total
Number of
dwelling units
1950
37,000
136,000
85,000
258,000
1960
81,000
164,000
23,000
268,000
1970
128,000
142,000
4,000
274,000
Percentage of
dwelling units
1960
30
61
9
100
1970
47
52
1
100
Percent
change
+ 37
- 13
- 83
+ 22
Table 8. TYPICAL EMISSIONS DENSITIES IN BALTIMORE CITY
Typical emission densities
TPY/square mile
rreaominant
land use
Center city
Industrial
Dense residential
Residential
Area source
70
35
35
20
Point source
200
200
10
0
Total
270
235
45
20
Estimated from area source emissions density for Baltimore
City and the 1974 point source emission inventory.
17
-------
LOCATIONS OF POINT SOURCES IN 1974
TRY
B 25-100 TRY
100-300 TRY
B SOO-IOOO TRY
0 I 2
miles
Figure 6. Locations of major point sources
18
-------
of the monitoring sites the Southeast Police Station, Fire Company 22,
Fort McHenry, Fairfield, and Patapsco Sewage (sites 11, 18, 17, 8, 19)
are located near or within the center city-industrial area, and these
sites have consistently had the highest TSP concentrations of the AQCR
over the past several years.
METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
Next to the general level of pollutant emissions, the most obvious factors
that can influence TSP levels are meteorological and climatological ones.
In the scale of several years, the most important factors are rainfall,
which can affect particulate levels in several ways, and winter heating
demand, which can have an indirect influence through its effect on
emissions.
Baltimore experiences frequent and moderate amounts of rainfall, averaging
about 42 inches per year, spread fairly uniformly throughout the year.
Trends in annual rainfall (Figure 7) tend to be matched by corresponding
and opposite trends in annual TSP concentrations because rainfall tends
to wash particulates from the air and to suppress dust. Lower than av-
erage amounts of rainfall fell in the years 1964 to 1965 and 1969 to 1970.
The trend plots in Figure 5 show that somewhat higher TSP concentrations
occurred at three of four sites in 1965, at one of seven sites in 1969,
and at four of eight sites in 1970. Appreciably higher than average
amounts of rainfall fell during the period 1971 to 1973, while annual
TSP concentrations decreased at the same time for many of the sampling
sites. But TSP concentrations do not follow precipitation trends at some
of the sites during some years, so it is apparent other significant fac-
tors are also operating to influence particulate levels,
Baltimore experiences moderately cool winters, resulting in an average of
4800 heating degree days each year. Space heating, both commercial and
residential and mostly by oil furnaces, is considered to be an important
19
-------
m
^
(ft
te.
n
u>
o>
cB
'4-1
c
CO
S-i
03
3
C
C!
r~
0)
W)
1
In
o>
o o o o o
\f) if) *r 10 c\j
NOIlVlldlD3dd JO S3HDNI
20
-------
area source of particulates. There is a seasonal pattern in monthly mean
TSP concentrations slightly higher monthly means occur in the winter due
in part to space heating emissions (see Figure 8). The trend in the num-
ber of heating degree days per season has been downward since the winter
of 1969 to 1970 see Figure 9. This indicates that the trend in fuel
consumption for space heating is also downward which accounts in part for
the downward trend in TSP concentrations noted since 1970. The energy
crisis of 1973 to 1974, in addition to the mild winter that season, most
likely resulted in a considerable decrease in fuel consumption by resi-
dential, commercial, and mobile sources with corresponding effects on air
quality.
The meteorological patterns of the Baltimore area are responsible for the
concentration and direction of TSP entering the region. Like other East
Coast, cities, Baltimore is affected by the Bermuda High in the summer and
fall seasons. Southwesterly winds come from the back side of the high and
pass over the deep south before reaching the Baltimore area and thus, tend
to carry higher concentrations of particulates. On the east coast, winds
from the northwest are associated with incoming cold fronts carrying fresh
polar air, and winds from the east to northeast are associated with north-
easterly storms. TSP concentrations tend to be lower when winds are from
these directions. Figures 10 and 11 are graphs of TSP concentration as a
function of wind direction for two sites fairly well away from the city;
they show that TSP concentrations are higher for winds from the southwest
and lower for winds from the northeast to northwest. These regional
meteorological effects are generally only apparent at the sampling sites
away from the city; those closer in are more likely dominated by local
effects.
Graphs of TSP concentration versus wind direction show such local effects
on the sampling sites. Figures 12 through 14 show local directional ef-
fects at sites near or within the city. The bars of the graphs are longer
at sites nearer the metropolitan area, indicating that particulates tend
21
-------
100
80
o>
4.
a
CO
60
40
20
FMAMJJAS 0
MONTH
N D
Figure 8. Monthly citywide mean TSP concentrations
22
-------
Ul
O >
OJ <
ro
c\j
(D
(0
h- a:
CD <
UJ
co
CO
CO
CJ
CD
o
CD
cr>
c
o
en
cd
O)
01
a,
cfl
TD
0)
OJ
S-i
c
H
JJ
tO
cu
OA
01
M
H
Fn
O
O
<*
in
o
o
CJ
in
o
o
oo
o
o
co
o
o
O
O
CVJ
NOSV3S
SAVQ
9NI1V3H
23
-------
o
I"-,
'o.
na)
oc
-------
o
in.
X
o
.
10)
o:
cc
UJ
o
z"
o
o
o.
-------
o
10-,
X
o
ID
cr
oc
o
Q_
V)
h ru
60 120 l'80 2HO
WIND DIRECTION (DEGREES)
300 360
Figure 12. TSP versus wind direction, Linthicum (site 2)
26
-------
o
l/}_
'o.
1O)
cc
cc
o.
:o>
o
Q_
CD
60 120 180 240 300
WIND DIRECTION (DEGREES)
360
Figure 13. TSP versus wind direction, SE Police Station (site 11)
27
-------
o
ID
(X
QC
O
0_
cn
.O-
60 120 180 240 300
WIND DIRECTION (DEGREES)
360
Figure 14. TSP versus wind direction, Fire Engine Co. #22
(site 18)
28
-------
to be picked up in urban and suburban areas as air flows by toward the
city and away from it after passing through. The longer bars in the
graphs occur for the directions in which the areas of industrial concen-
tration are located with respect to the sampling sites. The greatest TSP
concentrations for site 11 occur when winds are from the southwest while
the greatest concentrations at sites 12 and 18 occur with winds from the
southeast and at site 2 with winds from the northeast in each case, the
direction of greatest concentration is toward the Patapsco River indus-
trial areas.
LEGAL AUTHORITY, REGULATIONS AND SURVEILLANCE
Under the Air Quality Control Act of the State of Maryland, the Department
of Health and Mental Hygiene has jurisdiction over emissions into r he air,
preparation of regulations for the control of air pollution, estab ishment
of standards for emissions and ambient air quality, and enforcement of the
standards. The Bureau of Air Quality Control within the health department
is the adminstering agency for rules and regulations for the prevention
and control of air pollution throughout the state where other agencies do
not exist. Local health departments in Baltimore City and several coun-
ties (including Anne Arundel and Baltimore) have also accepted the re-
sponsibility of making regulations (adopting either the state regulations
or more stringent ones) and enforcing them.
The air pollution control regulations for the state consist of two parts.
The first part is general regulations which pertain to all aread of Mary-
land. The second part is additional regulations which pertain specifically
to certain areas of the state, one of which is the Baltimore AQCR. The
regulations dealing with particulates are summarized in the appendix.
In Baltimore City, there has been a total ban on open fires and small in-
cinerators for several years. Open burning is allowed only in genuine
emergencies, such as during recent garbage strikes and the aftermath of
29
-------
a hurricane, but every possible way which avoids open burning is examined
first. Baltimore County now also has a ban on open burning within the
Beltway.
Residential oil burners are a large category of particulate sources that
are not covered by the regulations. The Baltimore City agency recently
conducted a voluntary survey of residential furnaces and discovered that
80 percent could not meet the state standards for allowable emissions
from fuel combustion (Bacharach No. 2) if it were to be extended to cover
them. Both the city and the state agencies are cognizant of the problem
and are seeking feasible ways of controlling emissions from residential
oil burners. One reasonably enforceable possibility is a requirement for
service contracts with the oil suppliers for the maintenance of home
furnaces.
In order to understand the stringency of trie Maryland and Baltimore AQCR
regulations, it is necessary to compare them with the regulations of other
states and AQCRs. In this report, only general comparisons are possible
but more detailed comparisons will be performed later.
The visible emissions regulation of the Baltimore AQCR is among the most
rigorous in the country in that it totally prohibits visible emissions.
The process weight regulation is comparable to the national average of
state regulations but the fuel burning emissions regulation is much more
stringent, allowing less than half of the emissions allowed by most other
states. The standards for the sulfur content of fuels are among the more
stringent in the country all fuels to contain less than 1.0 percent
sulfur by weight, and distillate and residual oil and process gases used
as fuel to contain less than 0.3 percent, 0.5 percent, and 0.3 percent
sulfur, respectively. Air quality standards for particulates are as
stringent or more so than the national air quality standards the 24-hour
3 3
standards are 140 )j.g/m (more adverse range lower limit) and 160 jj.g/m~
3 3
(serious level) as compared to 150 |ag/m (secondary) and 260 |_ig/m
30
-------
3
(primary), the national 24-hour standards; the annual standards are 65 jjg/m
3
(more adverse range lower limit) and 75 (ag/m (serious level) as compared
3 3
to 60 |_ig/m (secondary) and 75 (jg/m (primary) , the national annual stan-
dards. There is a requirement for minimizing increases of a pollutant in
the ambient air even if it is not presently exceeding the standards.
The responsibilities for surveillance of sources and enforcement of regula-
tions are divided between the state and the local agencies, taking into
account problem areas and the manpower available in each. In general, the
agencies operate by putting one person in charge of the inspections and
compliance plans of all plants of one industry type in a certain area. The
state inspects all registered plants at least once every 3 years and major
sources (over 100 TPY) at least four times a year, even if the sources are
in compliance and there have been no complaints. The Baltimore City agency
makes inspections once every 1 or 2 years. Registrations are checked
periodically and updated when changes in processes or fuel usage result
in changes in the emissions inventory.
When an industry is not in compliance with regulations and will not be
able to achieve the standards before the target date for compliance, a
plan for compliance is negotiated between the industry and the air pollu-
tion control agency responsible for that jurisdiction. Plans for com-
pliance take into account the available control technology for that in-
dustry type and the economic condition of the company. All compliance
plans must be approved by the Secretary of the Department of Health.
Once a plan has been approved, the industry must follow the schedule of
steps toward compliance set forth in the plan or it will be considered in
violation of regulations.
Surveillance of sources and response to complaints are continuous activi-
ties. Both the state and Baltimore City make night inspections for vis-
ible emissions. Baltimore City uses radio-equipped cars to respond
promptly, day and night, to complaints or other special needs.
31
-------
Most of the point sources are in compliance or are under a plan for com-
pliance within the next few years. There have been only a few major
court cases against companies testing the applicability of the regula-
tions. The results of the cases have generally been in favor of the air
pollui-.j-un control agencies. Most companies;, however, have cooperated
when shown the controls that industries have adopted. Exceptions have
been made in hardship cases, but most companies are or will be in com-
pliance with the regulations.
URBAN ACTIVITY FACTORS
Construction Activity
Baltimore City has been conducting a large urban renewal program over the
past 10 years, resulting in a considerable amount of demolition, con-
struction, and rehabilitatic . Figure 15 shows the locations of urban
renewal areas and highway construction with respect to the monitoring
sites.
Urban renewal involves demolition of structures, clearing of the land, and
construction of new buildings, as well as rehabilitation of older struc-
tures. Highway construction involves demolition of structures;, clearing
of the land, grading and paving of the highways, construction of bridges
and interchanges, and grading of the median and right-of-way. All of
these activities generate significant amounts of particulates,, Urban re-
newal and highway construction have been occurring for a long time in
several areas in Baltimore.
Three monitoring sites (sites 11, 12, and 24) are between three-quarters
of a mile and a mile in distance from construction activity. Annual mean
TSP concentrations at the three sites are all greater than the annual
primary standard; however, there have been recent declines at all of the
sites, which suggests that any impact from the construction has not been
32
-------
^ /
HIGHWAYS (MULTILANE, LIMITED ACCESS)
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
8&&URBAN RENEWAL AND CONSTRUCTION
I -! 1
0 I 2
miles
Figure 15. Locations of highways, highway construction, and
urban renewal
33
-------
major. A fourth site, Fire Department Headquarters (site 7), is only
one block away from the current location o£ construction on route 1-83,
which has been going on for the past 3 years. In addition, a considerable
amount £ urban renewal activity has been occurring in the central city
aret* near the monitoring site. TSP concentrations at that site have been
generally declining over a long period, and in particular decreased sig-
nificantly between 1971 and 1973, in parallel with a number of other sites
(see Figure 5). Levels increased significantly between 1973 and 1974,
however, much more proportionately than other sites. It is believed that
this represents the effect of the 1-83 highway construction as it moved
nearer the immediate vicinity of the Fire Department Headquarters site.
Such an effect is clearly suggested by the short-term trends in TSP levels
through the latter half of 1974. However, a careful separation of the
effect of the construction from that of other factors requires a more
elaborate statistical analysis than has been possible to date.
Overall, while it would appear reasonable that construction a.ctivity must
be contributing to the areawide TSP problem, citywide trends in the amount
of construction activity do not correspond to the overall trends in air
quality. Considerable highway construction and urban renewal activity
have been occurring over the past 3 years while TSP annual mean concen-
trations have been decreasing during the same time. It thus appears that
a striking effect is to be seen only in the immediate vicinity of the con-
struction. Though the high level of construction activity is not causing
corresponding trends in the TSP concentrations recorded, it is presumably
contributing to the high urban TSP concentrations, and is in any event
increasing in relative importance as the contributions from other sources
decline. Further reductions in urban TSP concentrations will probably
depend to some degree on the control of particulates generated by urban
renewal and highway construction activities.
34
-------
Land Use and Traffic Activity
In Baltimore City, the general pattern of land use is largely dictated by
the Patapsco River (see Figure 17 in Section III). Industry is concen-
trated along the shores of the Patapsco River in South Baltimore, Fair-
field, Dundalk, and Sparrows Point. The central business district is
located at the head of the northernmost portion of the river. The urban
areas of the city lie around the CBD and adjacent to the industrial areas.
Land use becomes increasingly suburban farther from the CBD, urban and
industrial areas.
Table 9 shows the level of TSP concentrations at sampling sites in four
different types of area. At the five sites where land use was predomi-
nantly industrial or center city, the 1974 geometric mean TSP concentra-
tions averaged greater than 100 |_ig/m . Four of the residential sites are
below the national annual primary standard of 75 |jg/m . The three resi-
dential sites which exceeded the primary standard were probably influenced
by the industrial areas located near them.
Table 9. TSP AND LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS
Predominant
land use
Industrial
Central Business
District
Residential-Industrial
Residential
Average of
1974 TSP
geo. mean
Hg/m3
113
105
85
61
Sampling
sites
8, 11, 17, 19
7
12, 18, 24
2, 9, 10, 26
Different land uses imply different amounts and types of activities gen-
erating particulates and thus affect the particulates concentrations re-
corded. In Baltimore, there is a good correlation between annual TSP
35
-------
concentrations in 1974 and the predominant land use surrounding the moni-
toring sites.
Traffic data, in the form of average daily traffic, is available for four
of the city sites, the four police stations. There was no correlation
apparent when ADT (per foot of distance of the monitor from the street)
was compared with the 1974 mean TSP concentration but a relationship was
apparent between TSP and the land use characteristics ofithe sites. For
two of the sites, the traffic information available was taken in 1967.
For another site, the street for which traffic data was available was
several hundred feet from the sampling site. It is possible that the
data available is not representative of the actual situations at the four
police stations but it is believed to be more likely that other urban
variables are more influential on TSP concentrations.
NETWORK DESIGN AND MONITOR SITING
Sampling sites are located throughout the AQCR and represent the various
kinds of land development in the area. The locations of the sampling
sites are shown in Figure 1 for the AQCR and Figure 2 for the metro-
politan area. Coastal areas are represented by sites in Annapolis,
Riviera Beach, Dundalk, and Fort Howard (sites 1, 27, 24, and 20), rural
areas by Harwood and Cockeysville (sites 6 and 23), a wide variety of
suburban and residential areas by Linthicum, Odenton, Glen Burnie, Harmans,
Baltimore, Reisterstown, Catonsville, Essex, Middle River, Lansdowne,
Westminster, Bel Air, Whiteford, Simpsonville and Towson (sites 2, 3, 4,
5, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33), center city
areas by sites in Baltimore (sites 7, 11, 12, 13, 18, 28), and industrial
areas by Baltimore City (sites 8, 17, and 19). Industry tends to be con-
centrated along the Patapsco River South Baltimore, Fairfield, Dundalk,
and Sparrows Point. Information about each sampling site in the network
is given in Table A-l in the appendix.
36
-------
The geographical configuration of the monitoring network in the Baltimore
AQCR is adequate. The sampling sites are well spread out in the outer
portions of the AQCR, becoming more numerous and closer together near and
in the city, especially in the center city and industrial areas. The net-
work seems sufficient to record the variety of air quality situations
possible with different types of land development, with particular atten-
tion placed on populated areas and areas in the AQCR where the national
standards are being violated.
In general, the specific siting of the hi-vol monitors is also adequate.
Seven of the sampling sites in the metropolitan area were visited in order
to assess hi-vol exposure and possible impacts of each site's immediate
neighborhood on the TSP concentrations recorded there. These sites were
assumed to be representative of the monitor siting characteristics in the
AQCR, and their characteristics are summarized in Table A-2 in the ap-
pendix. The exposure of the monitors is generally good, without obstruc-
tions by the building on which the monitor is located or other surrounding
buildings. The monitor at Fort McHenry receives an especially long-range
exposure due to its location on a peninsula. In several cases, a boiler
stack on the roof of the building is a possible local source. The heights
of the monitors are also adequate, neither so low that they are affected
predominantly by immediately local sources nor so high that a significant
decrease in particulate concentrations might have occurred due to the
height. The Fort McHenry monitor is the highest at 50 feet but its ex-
posure is intended to be long-range. The rest are in the range of 15 to
30 feet.
37
-------
SECTION III
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY
Air Quality Levels
3
Annual mean TSP concentrations in 1974 range from less than 50 ^g/m at
3
the monitors furthest from the city and around 60 jag/m in residential
3
areas to over 100 jag/m in the center city and industrial areas. The
national annual primary standard was exceeded by nine sampling sites
and the secondary standard by five sampling sites out of 29 monitors in
1974. The 24-hour primary standard was exceeded on 009 percent of the.
sampling days and the secondary standard on 7.6 percent of the sampling
days.
Baltimore City is highly industrialized and densely populated and is
presently undergoing a program of urban renewal and highway construction.
The high degree of activity in Baltimore causes the high TSP concentra-
tions recorded at the city sampling sites. Table 10 summarizes the land
use characteristics and urban activities in the vicinity of the city sam-
pling sites. The sites which are predominantly industrial or center city
(sites 11, 17, 8, 19, and 7) recorded the highest TSP concentrations; the.
residential sites influenced by nearby industry (sites 24, 18, and 12) re-
corded somewhat lower TSP concentrations which were still above the annual
primary standard; and the predominantly residential sites in and near the
city (sites 9, 10, 26, and 2) experienced TSP concentrations around the
annual secondary standards. General urban activity in Baltimore includes
38
-------
F SAMPLING SITES
o
CO
u
M
H
CO
c*;
u
H
CJ
$
si
u
w
CO
Q
,-!
t t
0)
i-H
cd
H
V
CO
3
H
4
C 01
CO U
O i-*
0) C
!-i -*4
c
0- 4
£ o a
o
u
4
*J
O
s 1
* 5« S o
4 Li 0) 0) *-*
SB « f-4 iM O)
35 f »* *>
a) d B B **
- »-4 O W
s I 1- - 1
"-.. t-4 -O 4*
eom d -"
5 * 3 * 5
£ "2 x"w 35 «*
C « -4 -H « M
3 X CU m
-v. BJ . *3- 0) ^-t
^-<-^"(UC-4X ^- 1-1 in -^ W
ijc*%»4fl8Xd d c Bo at -^
-H 0 U l-i T-( -H *4 Ol>-i OICN'O B
^. ^ wu4 *O *T3 4J 4 i « 4J ""^ T3 C
COCOCN tn V* d C -^C a: * as «-<
i-4 to C - kibG U Z W) OC C &- 00 W t* W «
- O> 1 TJ -^ 00 OC )J C kt C'CO) t C CO) d >
_i .U k) dC 3-*-t 301--' -^E-cco *4 6) -p4 1-1 0) iH 3(
i-t-^O^X T3TJ CW ** C CCJOOC-^dE-^d WO
H -O -^4 X CO C C J4 D-4Ji£ 3 3dW 3 B 3 B 3Z«^*»^
Q-Ol4Ji-ia.'O33 UOI-Ui O O-^l-iAJO O-J O -^*J
4J-H 33 <4coT3t4 09 co *j w oat « u -*. *J
-IMT)t COO) C t ICO II 4«^g
COr-«O Bf-< i-*f-i co 4 «*- 4 4^H o 4 <-i *J 4 r-t B T3 ^H O
H4UB4 44 «c* -H *o -H « -»4 *4 4 (j^co-^|-^'4'^Ol4W
CLiX M t-iki dCWiCMC CU XCl4 dkiCEbX
T3«3 OT TOW -D-OAJtJtn-a *D« 3*DtoOI"DCO*O * 2
CO'DOOW'a *OTJ 'UC04COT3CO WT3 tiOcoTjCco'DOOU'aoO
aic*^44d c c voiuoiCcv o>c ^a)CHJ 0>
in CN ^tNfnQOcN.O'nj tn»A in
X i-4
M 0 AJ
0) C TJ OIO>O fr. CN O)
U CU .-I O O O ^C J£ H
0X^0.00 ^-»ooi o
cu i-iojpjp-o.jrt--^:!-' (ucu PM
T4.UEH OCaiUr-4 t-l t->
{/) bL, Uj cti £ 2 sc O vi pu (14 to
ki U l*Vjhjk,C3 kiU> h>
o o o o o o a 0 ^ QQ o
J J ^IJ^J^'S Jj 5
^! -j ^-ir-4>-4i-
-------
traffic, space heating, highway construction, urban renewal and other
fugitive emissions, and industry and has a localized effect on sites in
the industrial and center city areas which causes them to experience the
highp t TSP concentrations. It also has an areawide effect in that sites
near the city and/or industrial areas are influenced by the activity and
record high TSP concentrations.
Pollutant roses show the directional effects on a sampling site and thus
indicate the sources which are contributing most to the TSP concentrations
recorded at the sampling site. Figure 16 consists of pollutant roses for
sampling sites around the harbor which is shown by Figure 17 to be the
area of industrial development. A barb on a pollutant rose indicates the
average TSP concentration at the sampling site when the wind is from the
indicated direction. The longest barbs of the Baltimore pollutant roses;
i.e., the greatest TSP concentrations, occur when winds at the sampling
sites are from the direction of industrial development. For sites 7, 11,
and 18 the direction of the longest barbs is from south to southwest;
for site 12 the direction is southeast to southwest; for site 24 southeast
to northwest and for site 17 west. Sites 8, 17 and 19 are surrounded by
industry; as a result, all the barbs are long, meaning that high concen-
trations of TSP at these sites come from all directions.
Pollutant roses for sampling sites farther from the city also show direc-
tional effects (see Figures 10 and 11 for TSP concentration versus wind
direction). The higher TSP concentrations of sites 2, 5, and 25 tend to
occur with winds from the harbor industrial area northeast for sites 2
and 5 and southwest for site 25. Thus, the pollutant roses for Baltimore
City show the distinct local and areawide effects of industrial develop-
ment on the TSP concentrations recorded at the sampling sites.
The analyses of land use patterns, urban activities, and pollutant roses,
indicate that the high TSP concentrations in Baltimore City are due to
industrial development, urban activities such as traffic and space heating,
40
-------
O
,r>
M
rt
C
H
13
C
O
CO
CO
0)
U
H
CO
4J
CS
CO
0)
CO
O
C
rt
60
H
-------
L
4-1
H
O
§
H
CO
CQ
ra
d
5J
0)
4J
4-)
03
0)
en
c
tfl
CU
S-l
42
-------
and construction activity. These activities also have areawide effects,
causing sampling sites near the city to experience high TSP concentrations,
Air Quality Trends
The sampling sites which have been operated for a longer period of time,
from 6 to 18 years, have shown overall a decrease in annual mean TSP con-
centrations despite some fluctuations from year to year. Decreases have
3 3
ranged from 30 ug/m at some sites near the city to 70 (jg/rn at sites in
or near the city. More distant sites have not experienced an apparent
decrease in TSP concentrations which appear mainly to be fluctuating over
3
time around some mean. An average decrease of 20 j^g/m has occurred from
1970 to 1974.
A combination of many factors has been causing the improvement in air
quality with respect to TSP over the past several years. Fuel usage has
been changing in both type and amount of fuel consumed. Coal consumption
by homes, industry, and power plants has declined dramatically while
natural gas consumption has been increasing. Oil consumption for space
heating has decreased but has increased in industry. The recent opening
of a nuclear power plant will decrease the power plants1 consumption of
oil. The fuel shortage and the recent mild winters since 1971 have
probably decreased general fuel consumption for space heating. The trend,
therefore, has been toward consumption of cleaner fuels and, recently, a
decrease in fossil fuel consumption by some sectors.
Regulations and enforcement of them have also been factors in the improve-
ment of air quality. The Baltimore AQCR regulations are considered to be
stringent, especially the regulation which prohibits visible emissions.
Enforcement of the regulations has been rigorous and successful in getting
companies under plans for compliance. The result has been decreases in
emissions from point sources since 1970.
43
-------
The trend in TSP concentrations at Fort Howard, site 20, is an extreme
example of the effect of these changes - see Figure A3, An open hearth
furnace at a nearby steel mill was being operated in the 1960's without
coiicrols and was closed in 1971. The steel mill's emissions have been
greatly reduced due to the decrease in fuel consumption and controls on
emissionso TSP concentrations at site 20 which is about 3 miles southeast
3 3
of the point source increased from 60 ug/m in 1961 to over 100 (j.g/m in
1965 when sampling was halted. When sampling was started again in 1973,
TSP concentrations were down to 50 ug/m .
CONCLUSIONS
Many of the sampling sites in the AQCR, especially in and near Baltimore
City, exceeded the national annual and 24-hour standards for TSP in the
past due to the high de<"ee of urban and industrial activity. Many sites
have experienced decreases in TSP concentrations because of fuel switch-
ing, and decreases in fossil fuel consumption; also rigorous enforcement
of the stringent regulations and the resulting industrial emissions con-
trol. Even after the improvements in air quality with respect to TSP have
occurred, half of the sites continue to exceed the annual standards. Par-
ticulate emissions from urban activities such as space heating, construc-
tion activity, traffic, and fugitive sources have not been controlled and
are becoming a more important portion of the urban TSP concentration in
Baltimore as other sources are controlled.
44
-------
APPENDIX A
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
45
-------
g
M
H
0
Z
\-\
25
M
P-l
CO
r- 1
1
OJ
trt
t-i
0)
1-1
0)
o
.2
CJ
^
4
4J
a
0
.c
CO
c
Ph
w
j:
00
a- -s->
Stte
characteristics
00
J=
0
z
op
East!
CO
to
o
TJ
4-)
3
O
CJ
JJ
u
-d-s
B 2
§
^
iA
en
cn
^!
r-.
lA
u
en
o
0)
O
01
C <
p
0
£.
c
rJ
,-j
O
O O
o u
oo
o
n
O sD
CM m
2 "
U U
en en
CM
'A f*-
CM m
-tf OO
iA iA
00 ^
33 O GO
|| $1
< B.
*c c
c < c <
<: <
01
V4
C
O CO
4-)
O> 0)
S u
0 <,
Of-" O i-4
O O C5 O
o o o o
CO co
O 0
tM IN
I
O^p-'OOOOO
1 1 / 1 1 1 » 1
oooooooo
M«-'CMm'j'so\o
lAiAMDxOsOiAsO iA
O
t-C
O % C C C C
r-» O O O O
03 t *Jcu4-i cn tfi in tn
r^. C c~rtD.o>u cj u u
cuxo-a oooo
D 3 O V- O V p
c^cn^bz^cnen
U CU 0 0) O) CU
aiwoocooo
t3T;E B E B E E
<< << »° -" S" S" S" S"
oi a> a o> oi oi
s § § i g § i i
E S^^^r-,^^,
lASDP-OOcT'O" 'CM
Of-* O - O-- O p-» O p^ OpJ O--< O p-t
OO O C. OO OO OO OO OO OO
oc ox ox o OK ox on: osc
CCUJCMCNfMCMpslCM
oooooooo
CMCMrstCNfMCMfMCM
1
r-l
^
^
0
CO
CJ
1
o
CO
o
CM
sO
c
& 4-1
O co
u
cn >
J= C
n
V
i
CO CJ
eg
i
01
m
m
o c
o ^
CM
O
CM
1
r^
CM
iA
«
CSS
sO
SO
College
c
CO
00
u
£
K
o
CO CJ
01
o
e
«
ca
^
lA
o o
0 t*
CM
o
CM
r--
P-l
1
rH
c
cs
S-C
CJ
u>
U1
siD
s,
stern K
>J
O
i
3"
0)
i
to
CO
LA
-£>
0 0
0 1*4
CN
0
CN
^
lA
sO
M
1
CO
CO
s
oo
r-*
i
eo
(U
4J
tn
M
01
g
etf
02
M
.
1
*
S 0
o c
(S
O
CM
f>
0
w
1
en
i
i
u
c
£
M
tu
-------
CN GO (N
CN r- r*-
o fi c^
S
-a
0)
3
H
4-1
C!
O
O
> ^ a: u
^ ao c u c
O >
O <
a E
c -< >, o
a u u ^
o
«
a)
,(
§ i
(Ni~^ CMi-l Oi-i O<-*
oo oo oo oo
Ok- O[i- OU- OO
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo co oo
OO OO Otu OO OU. OO OU, OU- OU. OU, OU- OCJ
' «-< O ^- O
47
-------
H
H
W
H
O
en
P-I
CO
(U
r-l
t
ces by direction
g
m
1
01
CO
3
C
id
id
g
.
c
.
- a.
Lt
1 C
3 *
Is
a
4>
31
0
UJ
»
North
o
>
<»
TJ
TJ
a
H
U
O
c
re
at
0)
a
O
t-i
to
a
a.
"
construction
m
01
a:
Rte. 83 construction
u
u
g
o
bu
V
§
tt
ea
-
U
O
U
o
T:
c
(0
OB
O
I
01
DC
C
TJ
3
r*t
t.,
O.
03
e
I
to
a.
t-i
m
a.
-------
Table A-3. SUMMARY OF REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO PARTICULATES
A. State of Maryland:
Regulation 3 An Air Pollution Episode System is established pro-
viding standards and procedures to be followed when-
ever air pollution may attain or has attained levels
considered injurious to human health.
Regulation 5 Certain existing installations are required to reg-
ister to obtain a permit to operate.
Regulation 6 The Department may require testing of facilities and
monitoring of emissions.
Regulation 7 Malfunctions in installations must be reported.
Regulation 8 Violators of the Air Quality Control Act are subject
to civil penalties. A violator with an approved plan
for compliance will not be considered in violation.
Regulation 10 The Department shall have access to fuel supply
records.
Regulation 11 Certain installations are required to obtain permits
to construct and to operate.
B. Baltimore AQCR:
Regulation 1 No open fires, except certain authorized or allowed
open fired, are permitted.
Regulation 2 Visible emissions from any installation or building
(other than water) are prohibited, with certain
exceptions.
Regulation 3 Emission standards and process weight standards for
the control of particulate emissions are given for
different types of installations. Reasonable pre-
cautions shall be taken to prevent particulate
matter from materials handling, construction, and
other acts from becoming airborne (see Figure A-l).
Regulation 4 Emission standards for gases and vapors and standards
for the sulfur content of fuels are given (see
Tables A-4 and A-5).
49
-------
Table A-3 (continued). SUMMARY OF REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO PARTICU1ATES
B. Baltimore AQCR (continued):
Regulation 5 Ambient air quality standards for particulates and
other pollutants are set forth. Primary standards
for all pollutants are those lowest concentrations
attainable by application of all reasonably avail-
able methods for reducing pollutant concentrations
in the ambient air. Secondary standards are in two
categories the more adverse range and the serious
level. When ambient: air concentrations of any pol-
lutant are in the more adverse range or exceed the
serious level, the application of all necessary
methods for reducing such concentrations is required
within the shortest reasonable time,, For pollutants
in the more serious range, such reasonable time shall
not exceed 7 years; for pollutants exceeding the
serious level, the time shall not exceed 3 years.
In situations of time and place where an air pol-
lutant does not exceed the secondary standards, all
neces-'.ry methods are required to minimize increases
of that pollutant in the ambient air so that the
secondary standards shall not be exceeded in the
future.
Regulation 6 No installation shall be operated so that a nuisance
or air pollution is created.
50
-------
C/l
-i
§
6
i-i
X
^
4-1
O
>*,
O
c
-i|3CU
60 60(3cUi-H 603CU JJ60
i-i C i-ic-i-i-i-ii-i i-iCrOg cdc
Cd -H Cd -H JJ 4-1 Cd Cd T-l CX i 1 -H
3C SCCQ-r-IJJ 3Cr-4-H rH C
t3rJ TSlJ-HTJCO TdV-lCUS 'H rJ
H 3 -H3XOC -HSScr1 4-13
coxi coxicug-H coxi4-icU coja
cu cu cu T-i
erf erf erf p
cu
i-i
o
g
rJ
O
g
C^
JJ
C
QJ
g
cu
i_j
H
3
cr
cu
S-i
0
IS
LO
o
o
0
o
CN
VI
I-l
cu
3
4-1
rrj
I-l
II
O
C/3
cu
SJ
0
g
S-i
0
O-i
c^
JJ
C
CU
g
cu
SJ
H
3
cr
0)
0
53
rn
0
o
o
0
CN
A
60
(3
H
C
1-1
3
XI
51
-------
Table A-5. SULFUR CONTENT OF FUELS
Upper limits of
sulfur content
by weight
Distillate fuel oils
Residual fuel oils
Process gases used as fuel
All fuels
< 0.3%
< 0.5%
< 0.3%
< 1.0%
Table A-6. MARYLAND STATE AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR PARTICU1ATE MATTER
Pollutant
Suspended
particulate
Dustfall
Measure
Annual
arithmetic
average
Daily
average
Annual
arithmetic
average
Times values
may be exceeded
per unit time
Once per year
Values not to
be exceeded
More adverse range
Lower limit
3
65 ug/mJ
140 ng/m3
0.35 mg/
cm /month
Upper limit
75
160
0.50
Ser Lous
Level
75
160
0.50
52
-------
o
o
2
LJ
I
t-
tr
o
ss
0)
IO
r-
OJ
CO
10
Ui
Z
(0 I-
-------
o
a
LJL
O
cr
z
o:
ui
x
to
CM
U
H
00
CO
N
tO
tO
10
to
U-l
c
cfl
Cu
c
!-l
a)
O
03
0)
X
4-J
C
i-l
CO
0)
JJ
H
CO
4J
tB
Ul
TJ
C
CD
O
o
o
OD
O
(0
H
CM
I
H
ftl
ff!
U
O1
(£iu/6n)
NV3W Oll3WHimV HVONNV
54
-------
UJ
-------
LJ
rH
U
0)
S-l
o
e
M
M-l
O
U
d
o
to
ra
0)
4-1
H
cn
ta
to
Cl
01
PM
w
H
I
-------
Ul .
*b
UJ
UJ
V)
z
o:
UJ
o
V)
o>
CM
(0
H
CJ
O
e
H
Cfl
PQ
n)
Q.
d
S-t
0)
o
en
a)
4-1
c
cn
O
CJ
O
o
o
00
NV3W
HVONNV
57
-------
>-
\-
o
u.
o
z
K
UJ
t-
K
O
01
ft
(O
(0
IT'
1C'
0)
CO
IO
o
(O
o
CM
o
o
o
CO
o
(0
(0
m
en
O
cu
o
S-i
tfl
Cu
C
S-l
Q)
O
a
a
1-1
en
0)
4J
CO
ID
PL,
W
H
-------
I
1
IO
-------
i i i i i i
V
tn
-------
APPENDIX B
PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION
For most of the study cities members of the GCA study team acquired
hi-vol filters from the 1974 filter banks of the cognizant local agen-
cies. In addition, several filter samples for 1974 and selected earlier
years were obtained from state and federal filter banks. Although some
filters underwent chemical and/or detailed physical analysis, the prin-
cipal purpose of obtaining filters was to utilize optical microscopy to
identify each of the constituents that comprised more than 5 percent
of the particulate mass. The selected filters, which were representative
of several different site types and TSP levels within each study area,
were returned to a clean room at GCA/Technology Division and carefully
inspected for artifacts and evidence of sampler or filter malfunctions.
Each filter was then assigned a randomly generated five digit number which
served as the only identifier for the filter sample so that each analyst
had no information concerning the city, site, TSP loading or probable local
sources associated with the sample. Furthermore, the use of two labora-
tories for the microscopy, coupled with the randomly generated identifying
numbers, permitted a fairly comprehensive quality control program in the
form of blind replicate analyses. Since both laboratories utilized more
than one analyst, these procedures resulted in as many as four microsco-
pists observing samples from the same filter and, in some cases, the same
analyst examining replicate samples from the same filter as many as three
times.
The results of this quality control effort, which are presented in Vol-
umes I and II, warn against relying very heavily on the results of any
61
-------
one filter analysis. However, the random match-up between analyst and
filter sample should minimize systematic bias in composited results.
Forty-two filters from eight sites were selected for analysis in
Baltimore and Table B-l summarizes the meteorological data for the se-
lected sampling days. To gain some insight into the contribution of
secondary particulate, much of which is too small to be observed by the
microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate concentrations for
the NASN site are shown in Table B-2. The results for each of the filters
submitted for routine analysis from all sites except the NAS1N site are
presented in Table B-3. The results for the filters at each site have
been averaged to give a composite of the particulate composition as shown
in Table B-4. Seven filters underwent replicate analyses, and the re-
sults of this task are presented in Table B-5.
Baltimore was one of three study cities selected for particulate trends
analysis. To accomplish this task, two to four filters for each of the
calendar years 1964, 1970, 1971, 1973 and 1974 were selected from the
NASN sampling site for microscopic analysis. The results of each filter
analysis are presented in Table B-6 and a composite summary for each year
is presented in Table B-7« Several changes in the makeup of the partic-
ulate have apparently taken place, especially between 1964 and 1970.
During that interval the percent contribution by combustion products de-
creased by more than a factor of two. This decrease, from 47 percent to
22 percent of the observed particulate, was matched, however, by an
equally impressive increase in the percent contribution by minerals.
Of course, when describing the amount of material in percents, a decrease
in one constituent must be matched by an increase in another constituent(s)
because the total must equal 100 percent. However, if the microscopy re-
sults are a reliable indication of the make-up of all the particulate col-
lected on the hi-vol filters, then the weighted average concentration of
3
combustion products on the filters analyzed dropped from 94 jj.g/m in 1964
62
-------
3
to 44 ug/m in 1970. The corresponding increase in minerals was from
154 ug/m3 in 1964 to 192 p.g/m3 in 1970.
The makeup of the particulate at the NASN site since 1970 has shown year
to year fluctuations, but a continued downward trend in combustion pro-
ducts is indicated. This decrease in the combustion products apparently
has not been accompanied by an increase in the percent minerals The
amount of rubber detected on filter samples from this site, however, has
risen sharply. In the 2 most recent years of record rubber accounted
for nearly 15 percent of the particulate at the NASN site. This is in
sharp contrast to the composite results of analyses of non-NASN sites
in Baltimore for 1974, as shown in Table B-8. A city wide average rubber
content of only 2 percent is indicated, which is as low as any of the
14 study cities. Interestingly, the non-NASN site with the highest re-
ported levels of rubber was site seven which is located on the same roof
.?<;, the NASN hi-vol. The average rubber content for the four filters
analyzed from that site was 7 percent, but ranged as high as 26 per-
cent on August 27, 1974. That was also a NASN sampling day and a sample
of the NASN filter was also analyzed microscopically. The results, com-
piled by two separate analysts, compare reasonably well, especially for
the percent combustion products. Oddly, the NASN sample was reported to
have less rubber than the sample from the local agency site,,
The total amount of mineral material reported at the NASN site for 1974
is in excellent agreement with the composite shown in Table B-8 for the
non-NASN sites. Even the individual constituents of quartz, calcite,
ieldspars and hematite are in good agreement. The amount of mineral
material reported for Baltimore is very typical of the other study cities,
ranking sixth highest. In terms of combustion products, Baltimore is
seventh out of the 14 study sites and so is quite typical in that respect
as well.
63
-------
One of the filters that had undergone routine optical microscopic analysis
was also submitted for detailed physical examination. The results of
this task are presented in Table B-9. The Maryland Bureau of Air Quality
Control takes portions of hi-vol filters and runs chemical analyses on
the monthly composite samples. The results of analyses for lead and
benzo(a) pyrene are presented in Tables B-10 and B-ll, respectively., for
six Baltimore City sites.
64
-------
Table B-l. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(FRIENDSHIP INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BALTIMORE)
Date
7/19/64
10/07/64
10/27/64
4/09/70
5/27/70
7/04/70
8/14/70
1/29/71
2/11/71
5/04/71
3/29/73
7/27/73
9/01/73
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs .
0.01
0
0.42
t
t
0
0
0
0
0
Preced-
ing day
0
0.03
0
0
t
0
0
0
0.02
0
Wind speed, mph
Average
12.7
11.2
7.1
6.6
8.3
4.8
15.5
4.8
9.2
4.2
Resultant
10.4
10.1
4.4
2.8
7.6
4.6
15.3
4.0
7.8
3.7
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour observation
250, 240, 240, 230
200, 290, 290, 300
290, 290, 310, 280
290, 330, 350, 350
200, 200, 240, 270
200, 140, 330, 240
260, C, 210, 160
340, 180, 260, 310
260, 170, 160, 210
220, 210, 190, 180
C, C, C, 170
130, 140, 160, 170
270, 260, 270, 290
270, 280, 280, 250
80, C, 70, 60
120, 120, 170, 100
190, 210, 250, 230
260, 280, 200, 190
C, 250, C, 240
360, 260, 240, 260
Resul-
tant
250
310
230
280
200
150
270
100
230
250
65
-------
Table B-l (continued). METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(FRIENDSHIP INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BALTIMORE)
Date
1/05/74
1/17/74
2/12/74
2/28/74
8/15/74
8/27/74
9/17/74
9/26/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs .
0
0
0
t
0
0
t
0
Preced-
ing day
0.15
0
t
0
0.12
1. 73
0
0
Wind speed, mph
Average
4.5
8.9
6.5
8.5
5.9
5.3
5.6
6.8
Resultant
2.2
7.8
5.0
7.0
4.3
4.8
4.5
6.1
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour observation
290, 350, 360, 70
70, 140, C, C
280, 20, 350, 360
10, 30, 40, 60
190, 250, 260, 270
270, 240, 140, C
190, C, C, 200
160, 220, 260, 180
270, 40, 20, 60
80, 100, 140, 340
210, 230, C, 150
220, 210, 180, 180
C, 60, 160, 200
190, 210, 200, 180
250, 280, 260, 270
270, 270, 170, 250
Re s u 1 -
tant
30
10
250
210
60
200
190
260
Note: C = Calm
t = Trace
66
-------
Table B-2. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFATE AND
NITRATE IONS AT THE BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, NASN
SITE NO. 210120001, yg/m3
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
16.52
12.71
11.43
Geometric
mean
15.07
11.69
10.26
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
3.05
3.17
3.69
Geometric
mean
2.59
2.87
3.35
67
-------
Q
W
QCi
C/3
w
H
M
C/3
n
w
H
o
w
co r-~
O O
S '
PS W
W Q
J &
5 M
co o
W M
Pd >
tfl
CO
I
PQ
s
H
r-.
Li
ftl
1
a
at
c/;
-
2
u
3
Of
3
^
CN
^f
f-
~
u
«
3
a
u.
00
2
£'
!
QJ
h.
CM
ID
T!
O
£
ra
'
OC
r^
CN
S
00
^
f-l
0)
oo N e
> ^ 3.
4) 0)
W 00 E
'H C a
c/i re
1 W
C >. JI
-u
3 r4 C
o- -J a.
at
u) M e
N tt e
-^ C n.
ti
1 - *
s ^ c
CX u CJ
at
M M e
> « a
-^ V)
u u
N X g
1-
t * I/I
3*J U
H C
0)
50 N S
> - 3
tn(flUi3O.*J*~*i^ ^-<(UCi> -»!-. 4)OlJO»en -* v
«: i-iuTirtttj «T3 u-^oo«--'"-*f-*ccc^ aoo-«-< < Q"S
CO-UlS-S "I fc « 0 M M M 2 *0 fi £ W fi w X inM«
* " ° "* '.2
I u «s *
<
iJ
O
z
68
-------
O
CO
w
H
H
O
W
_q
W
en
Pi
O
CO
w
CO
o
g?
S '
M >H
PL, p£j
co S
H
tJ H
]i p^
CO O
W (w
I
m
§
H
J
r~
a
ptember
V)
o
OJ
<*
a*
ij
n
3
00
2
<
r*.
J
ebroary
00
M
-j
CT-
X
)-i
I
«
*-)
-*
-J
r-
>,
v.
£
nJ
55
00
0
ON
fl
r
?
H
V
Of) fj B
< w "~
« OJ
N M B
V- (0
L-
c >, jn
eg *j AJ
3 ^-t C
CX *J ttJ
4-1
a>
§p^i i
-i TO
N M 0
^ C ^i.
V] to
w
C >, J=
gi-. t->
-H C
o* *-* s X
0) 4J 4J
3 -^ C
cr *-> . i
(^ 4J i-
o* *-< -* a
< w
0) 0)
N Wj B
en n]
L-I
3 ?1
cr A-J QJ
-< 3.
< «
rtj OJ
N y> e
-- 1 r j.
iyi rg
C X ,c
s -< r.
O* *J OJ
*j
en
j_i
c
j,
a
o
o
u
oo irt O
1 < **
o
u-i irt O
r-- >O ""
i i >
^ r* »O
V V
^ i + T H- J ^
^rO^i^jC^ ^HO t-*
r-4 00
<~> u-i C O
o o o
O O r4 CO
,~i m 1-1 >-*
r i r I
'v v "v v
I -^ * § ^^ I I
r-, e^ r-4
t~<
r-t O *J p)
o a n. c a
i/i ,c u ,ri o cj o « o
l-i QJ C 'ii r, ,. -,) ~( C- *J ^-< ,-! r-- W 4)
odA-1 OAJ di<« ^ rtd n-dc,
to i*ir^,j .-<(j < u >, dj """Tijj (j-' ct/i f- vi «
- ii i i -i i- . - ^< rj O M *» 1" i 4J CJ y '/i -^ ii .1 41 i-j -j «. ,-
,- i-i . i ,-) O O ") rH rt i "" C r o '/ D i l- u 1- ,J ^-.
v a <-* - i [. t) pj j , O O U L.O n] ^ o -J i' i-' f' (i) O ^- ,- * o i n w cy
C J ft) (U Q> J -« J3l. O ^ C 3 3 M i i "« o f^ 1 *' -t u
cc^^^^i-U h fc fi O »-< fficni. O oXf^oic^cn;*: n
o *« ._
> u aa X
.-(
Iron or stsel
Rubber
69
-------
H
M
z
II
U
H
>
Q
O
Z
U
CO
<
H
I
ft
to
u«
CM
1
V,
-
(1)
UH
CO
CM
-J
ON
r
V.
CN
CJ
n
3
^
CN
CO
rj
cr
vO
5
f-T
"^"^
"^
l/l
^-
V
-1 C i
u
1 - Ut
C >-, "
3 ." t
CX - aJ
?5i
a) u
si nj
v^
c X jr
rt *j xj
P "< C
^ ^
*
OC t-J g
> -^ r-
<: «
cj a>"
^ C i
i tn
C >. JT
cS1 -u a
a)
> i r.
< w
_
N M F t
- 1 C ^
2
i - tn
3 ^1 C
O1 ^ CJ
0)
00 rj g
^ J^
nj *-» i'
3 .-< C
frC N R
> H ,1
"^ W
O U
N ^ B
*~ >\ .r
J «-* C
ul
1
a
c
u
O 0
i O O lA
O 0 0
70
-------
£>_,
H
1 I
2
H
O
M
P
pL| 00
CO
W
CO O
i '
<2 CM
Pi
w
H 0
>-J U
1 1
o o
H
nJ W
£> Pi
CO I 1
T3
1
pq
H
^
u
&
y
*tf
r*.
p
So
^
s
>s
Jj
d
3
Vj
.£
QJ
^j.
&
uary
c
01
)
3
*
O
a
s
r-j
-
n
P
:t
%
H
V
00 N B
-< w
iy Q)
N OC 0
W nj
C > x:
3 -rt C
CX *-* O
.
00 N B
N CO E
-< c ^
Ll
1 - 01
c x x;
fQ 4-1 l-i
O" *-* flJ
*~*
OO N E
<; m
QJ CJ
N &c 6
1 - y
ca *-< w
D T-I C
cr i-j o
_
OO N E
<; tn
a >*J
N uj G
~* c: ^
tn «
ex-
g .- ^
co N e
QJ O
N -o F:
-
CJ *J iJ
'-. H C
O* *-< OJ
"
2
r
OJ
o
a
L
o
0
^ "** »J
00 co m CM
v v / v
X-N <~V
'^u-,rjiC7-H i i
""^ N-' s~' x~'
u-i u-» O O
O
O 0 O O
III 1
'. J V V
^ + + ^ ' J sr
CO f~> . < fn CN r-< t-* O O
-H k4 a)
S^H Vj 'U QJ *J cn QJ
^ O O a. C D iJ
OJ d j_t OH "O T3 rj u (3 tj rj O- 3 C Lt
L .; ^ ^ ? u L; c c c o >1 n 0 J £ E t: tb 0 ^1 n o a « «i ^ 7J o 5
c. o* U Uj n: *-. E CM to U M aacDX GV, o-.cnt~.tnX M >-( os
£ o « 1 S
71
-------
M
U
M
>
O
w
I
M
3
W
H
P
W
H
U
w
en
w
PS
w
H O
i-l 53
fn W
O &
!/> O
H Q
CO
W
pi
I
PQ
co
H
I-*
o
1
V
a.
-3
00
CM
o*
CO
00
m
r^
>,
S
LI
X>
V
OJ
u-t
£
X
£
g
^
a)
nj
*n
0)
«
0
%
*^
e
£
00
"»-
n
CO
>-
^c
\n
H
oo N e
< » a
N &> 8
r-> C --
_n «
c >. jr
3 -^H C
O1 J-1 QJ
t* N B
< « -
r~ c n
) - [ft
c >> j=
3 -^ C
o- ^ > jr
Cr »-» cu
4-J
« S e
3 s -1
o o
-< C 3
< «
at a)
N 60 E
10 ra
1-1
c -^r1
O* -J 41
<1J
w? N E:
< .0
OJ U
:/: ri
1 - !/
C :- ~
n) *.' i.
n -< ~
O1 *-' O
r
"i
c
^
u
^ *
0 C
1 t
>y
[^ ^t __, u-,
o m
^
J5 O
rl r^
v,' V
^"^
^ J
72
-------
H
M
S3
w
H
3
M
r-i o in u~i
u-l CN OO O 1^1
W
H
M
CO
Q
W
H
U
w
hJ
w
to
O O CN
CO
w
CO
OOOO
OS
w
H
hJ
M
PM
Pn
o
>-l
Pi
O-1CN (
w
H
M
CO
O
P^
X
O
U
03 u
I
01
c: ,o
o .a
Vj J
ctf
H
73
-------
w
H
h-1
H
w
o
a
M
H
3
pa
CO
w
en
W
S3
u
W
Pi
m
I
s
H
IN! ^-" -
OO .-i 00
Lansdow
l__.
V V V
O-
-------
o
o
o
CN)
w
H
M
CO
CO
Q
13
w
8
CO
CO
P
es
W
H
tJ
CO
H
n
CO
cd
I
Tab
w
o
s
M
H
<
C >, Ji
tfl w U
3 « c:
Cr -LJ a)
0) 4-1 *-'
3 ^ f
c>- w a;
1_
C- y
U 1 P^
.,-3oi-l??-ss;-. 5;-
O '-* C 3DfQ-C ^-
-------
o
o
o
CXI
i-H
O
o
z
w
H
Z
CO
-Jj
n ^i -* ra
m V i-i -:*
76
-------
Table B-6c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS
AT NASN SITE NO. 210120001 IN BALTIMORE
(1973 AND 1974)
Dn c c
3.
I'bP (ug/ll, )
Component s
Mi nc r.il s
Quart:.
Calcito
Feldspars
Heism cite
Mica
Comhub t X on
Products
Soot :
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Inc i aerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnet ite
Biologi cal
Ma L e r t a 1
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc . plant
t issue
Mi 'CP 1 ] ancous
1 1 on or s teel
Rubber
1 September 1973
112
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
3 +
2
n-
(i)
i
(0+)
(1+)
Size
nm
.,1-100
^1-80
,1-100
.,1-200
1+ . 1-200
Avg.
urn
5
5
0.5
0.5
3
15 August 1974
102
Quun-
ten th s
(3)
3
3
1-
1 +
(1)
1-
(CH-)
(1)
1
Size
iim
1-50
<1-50
-------
Table B-7. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR NASN
SITES IN BALTIMORE AND VICINITY (BY YEAR)
Year
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Procluc ts
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc . plant
t i s s ue
Other
Mi sec 1 laneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
1964
3
Quantity,
percent
Average
(52)
33
4
2
13
<1
(47)
33
3
7
3
2
( 1)
<1
1
<1
(-1)
<1
Range
25-74
9-52
1-7
0-5
0-32
0-1
24-75
0-74
0-8
0-22
-------
Table B-8. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY
OF FILTER ANALYSES IN
BALTIMORE
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
27"
Quantity,
percent
Average
(69)
31
18
3
15
<1
2
(25)
9
5
4
6
<1
<1
<1
1
( 3)
<1
<1
<1
1
2
( 3)
1
2
Range
52-88
10-50
2-41
0-6
2-46
0-46
11-61
0-60
0-52
0-50
0-42
0-12
<1-11
0-8
0-10
0-26
0-1C
0-26
Excludes filter analyses of NASN
site samples
79
-------
Table B-9. DETAILED PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: FIRE ENGINE CO. 22, BALTIMORE,
JANUARY 17, 1974
A. Quartz - confirmed by refractive indices and (+) uniaxial interfer-
ence figure. EDXRA shows only silicon and traces of aluminum.
B. Calcite - Confirmed by refractive indices, and (-) uniaxial inter-
ference figure. Carbonate confirmed microchemically by evolution of
C09 gas. EDXRA shows only calcium. Some samples show trace of
magnesium indicating some particles are dolomite, CaMg(CCO,,.
C. Hematite - confirmed by high refractive indices, birefringence and
deep red color. EDXRA shows only iron.
D. Oil soot - oil soot confirmed by brittleness, morphology of large
pieces and EDXRA which showed aluminum, silicon, calcium, sulfur,
iron and vanadium. The major constituent was carbon. The vanadium
principally distinguishes this sample chemically from fine coal
soot.
80
-------
00
3.
>
r-l
ffl
H
!S
i
I
PQ
,0
eti
H
CL
>
O
0)
o
,2
u
u
o
u
D.
HI
M
3
<
, i
>^
C
->
>^
r;
2^
>H
C-
M
^H
.G
O
f^
C
rc
>-}
OJ
u
-r-4
LO
r^
m
oo
CO
rH
Y
x.
0,
0)
Q
CO
>-,
rH
b-,
r^-
o
o
'
0
co
i i
o
"i
CO
CM
r^
in
, i
f-H
CM
co
t^
J
-rJ
b^
O
r-j
CO
CN!
m
, J
CO
,-H
CT\
, 1
-r
in
m
O
o
o
r^
CO
>o
vD
r^
c^
r^
CO
CO
o-i
m
vO
CO
0
CN
r->
m
O
rt
CM
O
1 1
CM
(Ti
m
CM
in
r^
VD
<-*
r-~
"1
i i
r-(
^C
C^l
O
"*
in
o>
0
CM
o>
o>
1
1 1
0>
CM
m
en
m
tn
r-H
0)
u
r-i
o
CM
Southeast
m
^
r-H
rt
in
>o
r^.
m
m
CO
-1
in
O
O
rt
0-N
in
-'
rj
in
O
O
i i
^_Q
r^v
O
Cs
r~-
r-H
0
, 1
rt
CO
O
1 1
o^
m
vO
un
i-n
CM
rH
CJ
o
.-1
o
Oi
w
OJ
5
^j
3
0
to
Monthly /
ro
b
60
n.
<
Oi
s*~\
<
*~s
o
M
a
w
pq
W
H
H
CO
Q
U
|X
u
53
H
a
§
i i
r-H
1
PQ
0)
r-l
^3
cd
H
10
>
r_,
i t
CM
lO
O
r--
i
-o
o
<
o>
CO
ON
c^
-1
O
r-H
CM
CO
CM
^r
'
o
o
'~4
tn
O
r-H
O
F^
CO
in
CO
VO
m
m
CJ
o
r-J
O
rM
W
V
3
jC
3
O
W
r I
*o
CM
O
O
X
rH
Jl
£
O
g.
81
-------
, F DAI A
I I' ' ''' 1 R T N O I 7
EPA 450/3-76-026C | '
4 ilTLi ANLi SU JTI I LL jij R I I'ORT r> AT r
National Assessment of the Urban Parti cu I ate Problem; L J.u n e _ 1 9_7_6
Volume V - Baltimore
AUFHUHIui I,'! PLRfURMING ORGANIJAT ON REPORT NO
Rebecca C. Galkiewicz, David A. Lynn, Frank Record, GCA-TR-76-25-G (5)
Project.Director
1 Pt RF- OHMIN., OHC.ANIZA I U'T-i NAM I- A NO A lj I > HI ,",
GCA Technology Division
Burlington Road
Bedford, MA 01720
12 SPONSORING A' i \'CYNAMi A'JL'AUMii , ~,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning ard Slandarcis
Research Triangle Pan;, Florth Carolina 27711
,11 CON I K AC I , ! ,|i AN I Nl )
68-0?-I 376
s.suppLiMfMAMYMm:, Volume I, Nat'iondl Assessment - EPA 450/3-76-0^4; Volume II,
Particle Characterization - EPA 450/3-76-025; Volumes III-XVI, tlrsan Area Reports -
EPA 450/3-76-0?6a__thru_026n_.
16 ABSTRACT
This document is one volume of d c- iyl:oen-vo! umo report present", nq an overall
assessment of the particulate prooiem, which was conducted by CCA/Technology
Division for EPA.
This particular document is one o," rourr.pcn si>igle-area volumes that provide
working summaries of data gar.hered in the fourteen urban areas studied. These
city reports primarily provide documentation arid background information for
Volume I of the study - National Assessment of the Parr.iculate Problem - Final
Report. Volume I should be considered the primary output of the report.
Particulate Matter
Total Suspended Particulate
Emission Sources
Control Methods
Air Quality Measurements
18 DISTR.BUTIONSrATfcMCNT Re]eaSe Unlimited.
Available for a fee, Thru the National
Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Rpa,d. -Sftrinnfie_ld_,_lA 22151
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
Optical Microscopy""
Secondary Particula tcs
Fuel Combustion
Process Emissions
Fuqi Li v.1 Emi ssions
Fugitive Dust
''oni tor S i Li ng
_M§t,§P_rJlJ^LSJy
H.I St CURITY TLA.,3 ;/,',/s !!,() .n,
Duelassi fled
vn sr_cuRi TY OLA-s ,')''i/i/)«/(,
Unclassi tied
;>1 NO Ol PAG I S
96
?? I'HhT
82
------- |