530SW141C
        ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS
        WASTE PRACTICES-SPECIAL MACHINERY
            MANUFACTURING  INDUSTRIES
This  final report (SW-141c) describes work performed
   for the Federal solid  waste management programs
           under contract no. 68-01-3193
  and is reproduced as received from the contractor
       U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                     1977
             LIBRARY
             ,  nM^AL PROTECTS
              EDISON, N. J-  08SH

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     This report has been reviewed by the U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication.   Its publication does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
An environmental protection publication (SW-141c) in the solid waste
management series.

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                         ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
     Mr. Allen Pearce and,  later  Mr.  Timothy  Fields, Office of
Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste Management  Division,  were  the  EPA
Project Officers responsible for monitoring this Assessment.

     Mr. James Levin was WAPORA, Inc.'s Project Manager  for  this
assessment.   WAPORA's key technical staff were Mrs. Gene Beeland,
Mr.  Gerald  Peters,  and  Mr.  Tony Laird.  The Associate Project
Manager for  WAPORA's  subcontractor, A. T. Kearney, Inc., was Mr.
Joe Greenberg.  A. T. Kearney, Inc.'s key technical staff were Mr.
Jack Poyser and Mr. Sidney Dunn.

     Special  expression  of  appreciation is extended to  the  33
special machinery  manufacturing companies and their personnel who
voluntarily participated in this Assessment.
                               iii

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS


Section                                                               Page

    I       EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  	  1

                 Introduction  	  1
                 Project Methodology 	  2
                 Major Findings of the Study	3

                      Description of the Industries  	  3
                      Waste Characterization 	  6
                      Waste Quantities	12
                      Treatment and Disposal Practices	•  •  • 27
                      Cost of Potentially Hazardous Waste
                        Treatment and Disposal  	 30

   II       DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRIES	37

                 Introduction  	 37
                 Products of the Industries	37

                      Definition of the Industries	38
                      Products Produced  	 39

                 Economic Structure  	 39
                 Future Trends and Developments  	 47

                      SIC 355 - Special Machinery Industry	57
                      SIC 357 - Office, Computing, and  Accounting
                        Machines	59

                 Alphabetic Listing of Plants and Addresses  	 61
                 Number and Geographic Distribution of  Manufacturing
                        Establishments 	 61
                 Size Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments  .  • 66
                 Distribution of Processes in Manufacturing
                        Establishments 	 66
                 Age Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments  •  • 70
                 Distribution of Products Produced 	 70

  III       MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATIONS  .... 75

                 Introduction  	 75
                 Criteria for the Determination of a Potentially
                        Hazardous Waste	76

                      Toxicity	77
                      Flammability 	 79

                 Definition of Potentially Hazardous Process Waste •  • 79

                                  iv

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Section                                                                 PaSe

                 Raw Materials ..................... 80

                      Oils ....................... 81

                           Hydraulic Fluids  .............. 82
                           Lubricating Oils  .............. 82
                           Cutting Oils and Coolants   ......... 83
                           Quenching Oils  ............... 84
                                                                         Q C
                      Metal and Metal Compounds  ............
                      Acids and Alkalies ................ 87
                                                                         Q-|
                      Organic Solvents ......  • ..........
                      Miscellaneous Materials  .............
                                                                         no
                 Manufacturing Processes ................

                      Typical Manufacturing Plants ...........
                      Description of Manufacturing Processes ...... *'

                           Metal Casting ................ 102
                           Metal Forging
                      Heat Treating
                           Electroplating and Etching  .........  120
                           Hot Dip Galvanizing .............  !28
                           Machining ..................  13°
                           Plate or Structural Fabrication .......  137
                           Stamping, Blanking, and Forming .......  139
                           Coating
                           Plastics Molding
                           Assembly  ..................  147

                 Quantities of Wastes  .................  147

                      Estimates of Potentially Hazardous  Waste Quantities . 164
                      Residues from Pollution Abatement Equipment .... 167

   IV       TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY  ............. 169

                 Introduction   ..................... 169
                 Present Waste Handling and Treatment Technologies .  . . 169

                      Machining Waste  ................. 170
                      Electroplating Wastes   .............. 171
                      Heat Treating Wastes ...............  172
                      Painting Wastes  ................. 173
                      New Developments .................  173
                      Machining Waste Disposal .............  174
                      Electroplating Waste Disposal  ..........  175
                      Heat Treating Waste Disposal ...........  175
                      Painting Waste Disposal  .............  176

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Section                                                                 Page
"" ~' * " ""' " '" ""                                                                 I !• S*

                 On-Site vs.  Off-Site Treatment and Disposal	176
                 Safeguards used in Disposal	176
                 Private Contractors and Service Organizations	179
                 Treatment and Disposal at Typical Manufacturing
                   Establishments	180

                      Characteristics for Typical Special Machines
                           Manufacturing Plants	180
                      Characteristics for Typical Office, Computing,
                           and Accounting Machines Manufacturing Plants  -181

                 Levels of Treatment and Disposal Technology for
                           Potentially Hazardous Wastes	181

   V        COST ANALYSIS	195

                 Introduction  	  195
                 Treatment and Disposal Costs at Typical Manufacturing
                    Plants	196

                      Office, Computing, and Accounting Machines Industry .198

                 Treatment and Disposal Costs	198

                      Level I Technology	198

                           Machine Shop Wastes 	198
                           Electroplating Wastes	201
                           Heat Treating Wastes	201
                           Paint Shop Wastes   	201

                      Level II Technology	201

                           Machine Shop Wastes 	205
                           Electroplating Wastes	205
                           Heat Treating Wastes	207
                           Paint Shop Wastes	207

                      Level III Technology	207

                           Machine Shop Wastes	207
                           Electroplating Wastes	207
                           Heat Treating Wastes	207
                           Paint Shop Wastes	207

                 Impact of Potentially Hazardous Waste Management
                     Upon the Industries	208

   VI       REFERENCES	213

   VII      GLOSSARY   	219
                                    vi

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                      LIST OF APPENDICES

A        SIC 355 - Special Industry Machinery, except Metal           A-l
              Working Machinery, Products Produced
B        SIC 357 - Office, Computing, and Accounting Machines,
              Products Produced                                       B-l
C        General Statistics by Size Distribution of Manufacturing
              Establishments, SIC 355 - Special Industry Machinery,
              Except Metalworking Machinery                           C-l
D        General Statistics by Size Distribution of Manufacturing
              Establishments, SIC 357 -  Office, Computing, and
              Accounting Machines                                     D-l
E        Age Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments (SIC 355)   E-l
F        Age Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments (SIC 357)   F-l
G        Project Methodology                                          G-l
H        Hazardous Materials                                          H-l
I        Estimates of State and EPA Region Waste Totals-1975,
              1977, and 1983 - SIC 355                                1-1
J        Estimates of State and EPA Region Waste Totals-1975,
              1977, and 1983 - SIC 357                                J-l
K        Private Waste Contractors and Service Organizations          R-l
                                   vii

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                       LIST OF TABLES


Table                                                                 Page
 ~*'                                                                     i i |Sr^—

 1-1      Distribution of Onsite Manufacturing Plant Surveys 	    4

 1-2      Distribution of Manufacturing Processes  	    7

 1-3      Wastes Generated in SIC 355 and 357 Plants	10

 1-4      Designation of Potentially Hazardous Waste Streams 	   13

 1-5      Special Industrial Machinery Manufacturing, SIC 355 -
          Process Waste Generation - 1975 National Totals  	   14

 1-6      Special Industrial Machinery Manufacturing, SIC 355 -
          Process Waste Generation - 1977 National Totals  	   15

 1-7      Special Industrial Machinery Manufacturing, SIC 355 -
          Process Waste Generation - 1983 National Totals  	   16

 1-8      Office Computing and Accounting Machinery Manufacturing,
          SIC 357 - Process Waste Generation - 1975 National Totals  .   17

 1-9      Office Computing and Accounting Machinery Manufacturing,
          SIC 357 - Process Waste Generation - 1977 National Totals  .   18

 1-10     Office Computing and Accounting Machinery Manufacturing,
          SIC 357 - Process Waste Generation - 1983 National Totals  .   19

 1-11     SIC 355 Process Waste Generation - 1975 State and EPA
          Region Totals  	   20

 1-12     SIC 355 Process Waste Generation - 1977 State and EPA
          Region Totals  	   21

 1-13     SIC 355 Process Waste Generation - 1983 State and EPA
          Region Totals  	   22

 1-14     SIC 357 Process Waste Generation - 1975 State and EPA
          Region Totals  	   23

 1-15     SIC 357 Process Waste Generation - 1977 State and EPA
          Region Totals  	   24

 1-16     SIC 357 Process Waste Generation - 1983 State and EPA
          Region Totals  	   25

 1-17     Levels of Treatment and Disposal for Potentially Hazardous
          Wastes	   28
                                viii

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  Table                                                                 Page

  1-18     Typical Plant Costs for Treatment and Disposal of
           Potentially Hazardous Wastes, 1975 (SIC 355)  ........  31

  1-19     Typical Plant Costs for Treatment and Disposal of
           Potentially Hazardous Wastes, 1975 (SIC 357)  ........  33

  1-20     Potentially Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
           Costs   ...........................  34

  1-21     Total National Costs to the SIC 355 and 357 Industries
           For Potentially Hazardous Waste Disposal  ..........  35

 II-l      SIC 355 - Special Industry Machinery Major Product
           Classifications   ......................  40

 II-2      SIC 357 - Office, Computing, and Accounting Machines
           Major Product Classifications   ...............  43
 II-3      Trends and Projections  ...................  48

 II-4      Wholesale Price Indices for all Commodities, including
           SIC 355 & 357   .......................  49

 II-5      Number and Geographic Distribution of Manufacturing
           Establishments  .......................  62

 II-6      Size Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments   .....  67

 II-7      Distribution of Processes in Manufacturing Establishments   •  "8

 II-8      Age Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments  ......  71

 II-9      Distribution of Products Produced by Manufacturing
           Establishments  .......................  72
 11-10     Distribution of Products Produced by Manufacturing Estab-
           lishments   .........................  73

 11-11     Percentage of Primary Industry Shipments Shipped by other
           Industries  .........................  '4

III-l      Common Plating Bath Formulae  ................  86

III-2      Typical Alkaline Cleaner Formulations for Various Metals  •  •  88

III-3      Typical Acid Cleaner Formulations for Ferrous Metals  •  •  •  •  89

III-4      Process Waste Generation for Typical Special Machines
           Manufacturing Operations (SIC 355 & 357)  ..........  96

III-5      Establishments Utilizing Waste - Producing Processes  •  •  •  •  99

III-6      Distribution of Processes among Surveyed Plants   ...... 100
                                 ix

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Table                                                                   Page

 III-7      Qualitative Spectrographic Analysis of Two Samples Taken
            from a Baghouse Serving a Gray Iron Cupola Furnace .....  107

 III-8      Dust Emissions from Gray Iron Cupolas  ...........  108

 III-9      Waste Factors for Iron and Steel Foundries .........  110

 111-10     Foundry Waste Constituents .................  Ill

 III-ll     Analyses of Foundry Wastes .................  113

 111-12     Laboratory Analysis of a. Heat Treating Quench Oil from
            an SIC 3574 Plant  .....................  119

 111-13     Common Plating Baths ....................  124

 111-14     Analyses of Sludges from Treatment of Electroplating Wastes-  127

 111-15     Laboratory Analysis of Heavy Metals in Spent and Fresh
            Cutting Oils from SIC 355 Machine Shops ...........  134

 111-16     Laboratory Analysis of Degreaser Solvent Samples from SIC
            355 Plant  .........................  135

 111-17     Analyses of Metal Shavings and Soil from On-Site Disposal
            at SIC 3554 Plant  .....................  136

 111-18     Special Industrial Machinery Manufacturing - SIC 355
            Process Waste Generation - 1975 National Totals  ......  149

 111-19     Special Industrial Machinery Manufacturing - SIC 355
            Process Waste Generation - 1977 National Totals  ......  150

 111-20     Special Industrial Machinery Manufacturing - SIC 355
            Process Waste Generation - 1983 National Totals  ......
 111-21     Office, Computing and Accounting Machinery Manufacturing-
            SIC 357 Process Waste Generation - 1975 National Totals  •  •  152

 111-22     Office, Computing and Accounting Machinery Manufacturing-
            SIC 357 Process Waste Generation - 1977 National Totals  •  •  153

 111-23     Office, Computing and Accounting Machinery Manufacturing-
            SIC 357 Process Waste Generation - 1983 National Totals  •  •  154

 111-24     SIC 355 Process Waste Generation - 1975 State and EPA Region
            Totals ...........................  155

 111-25     SIC 355 Process Waste Generation - 1977 State and EPA Region
            Totals ...........................  156

 111-26     SIC 355 Process Waste Generation - 1983 State and EPA Region
            Totals ...........................  157
                                     x

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Table                                                                   Page

 111-27     SIC 357 Process Waste Generation - 1975 State and EPA
            Region Totals 	   158

 111-28     SIC 357 Process Waste Generation - 1977 State and EPA
            Region Totals 	   159

 111-29     SIC 357 Process Waste Generation - 1983 State and EPA
            Region Totals 	   160

 111-30     Waste Generation Factors  	   162

 111-31     Process Waste Generation from Air and Water Pollution
            Control Devices 	   168

  IV-1      Onsite and Offsite Disposal of Potentially Hazardous Wastes  177

  IV-2      Treatment and Disposal of Machine Shop Wastes 	   184

  IV-3      Treatment and Disposal of Electroplating Wastes 	   186

  IV-4      Treatment and Disposal of Electroplating Wastes
            (Acids and Alkalines) 	   188

  IV-5      Treatment and Disposal of Heat Treating Wastes  	   190

  IV-6      Treatment and Disposal of Paint Wastes  	   192

   V-l      Typical Plant Costs for Treatment and Disposal of
            Potentially Hazardous Wastes, 1975 (SIC 355)  	   197

   V-2      Typical Plant Costs for Treatment and Disposal of
            Potentially Hazardous Wastes, 1975 (SIC 357)  	   199

   V-3      Treatment and Disposal Costs for Machine Shop Wastes in
            SIC 355 & 357	200

   V-4      Treatment and Disposal Costs for Electroplating Wastes
            in SIC 355 & 357	202

   V-5      Treatment and Disposal Costs for Heat Treating Wastes in
            SIC 355 & 357	202

   V-6      Treatment and Disposal Costs for Paint Wastes in SIC
            355 & 357	204

   V-7      Potentially Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Costs  .   209

   V-8      Total National Costs to the SIC 355 & 357 Industries for
            Potentially Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal (1975) .   210

   V-9      Comparison of Technology Costs to SIC 355 and 357 Industry
            Characteristics •	212
                                    xi

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                         LIST OF FIGURES


Figure                                                                Page

 II-l     Number and Geographic Distribution of SIC 355 Manufactur-
          ing Establishments 	 .....  ,45

 II-2     Number and Geographic Distribution of SIC 357 Manufactur-
          ing Establishments 	  46

 II-3     Value of Shipments ($ Millions)	50

 II-4     Number of Establishments, SIC 355 - Special Industry Machinery.51

 II-5     Number of Employees (Thousands),  SIC 355 - Special
          Industry Machinery •	52

 II-6     Value of Shipments ($ Millions),  SIC 3572 - Typewriters
          and Office Machines;  SIC 3576 - Scales and Balances  	  53

 II-7     Value of Shipments ($ Millions),  SIC 3573 - Electronic Com-
          puting Equipment; SIC 3574 - Calculating and Accounting
          Machines; SIC 3571, SIC 3573, and 3574 Combined	54

 II-8     Number of Establishments, SIC 357 - Office, Computing, and
          Accounting Machines  	  55

 II-9     Number of Employees (OOO's), SIC  357 - Office, Computing
          and Accounting Machines  	  56

III-l     Typical Special Industrial Machinery Manufacturing
          Establishments (SIC 355)	95

III-2     Typical Office, Computing and Accounting Machines
          Manufacturing Establishments (SIC 357) (15 Employees)  ....  98

III-3     Simplified Typical Foundry Operation (24 Employees)  	105

III-4     Simplified Typical Metal Forging  Operation	115

III-5     Simplified Typical Heat Treating  Operation (26 Employees)  •  -117

III-6     Simplified Typical Electroplating Operation (44 Employees) •  -121

III-7     Simplified Typical Hot Dip Galvanizing Operation	129

III-8     Simplified Typical Machining Operation (16 Employees)  •  •  •  .131

III-9     Simplified Typical Plate or Structural Fabrication	138

111-10    Simplified Typical Forming Operation
                               xn

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Figure                                                                 Page




 III-ll    Simplified Typical Coating Operation (14 Employees)	142




 111-12    Simplified Typical Plastics Molding Operation (4 Employees) -145




 111-13    Simplified Assembly Operation	148




  IV-1     Solvent Recovery Rate, kg/hr
                                     xiii

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                              SECTION I

                          EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

     This  study  is an assessment of the hazardous  waste  management
practices of  the  industrial establishments which manufacture special
industry machinery, Standard  Industrial Classification (SIC) 355, and
office, computing, and accounting  machines,  SIC 357.  It is one of a
series of industrial studies initiated  by  the  Office of Solid Waste
(OSW), Hazardous Waste Management Division, of  the U.S. Environmental
Protection  Agency  (EPA).   The  studies  have  been   conducted  for
information  purposes  only  and  not in response to  a  Congressional
regulatory mandate.  As such, the studies serve to provide  EPA  with:
1) an initial data base on current and projected types  and quantities
of industrial wastes  and applicable treatment and disposal techniques
along with  their  associated  costs;  2)  a  data  base for technical
assistance activities; and 3) a  background for guidelines development
work.

     The  definition  of  "potentially  hazardous waste" used in  this
study  is based upon contractor investigations and the  assessment  of
wastes  generated  by  SIC  355  and  357  plants  exclusively.   This
definition  of  potentially  hazardous  waste  does  not  reflect  EPA
judgment since any Agency  definition  must be broadly applicable to a
wide range of different types and combinations of wastes.   Some of the
criteria for a hazardous designation applied  in  this report made use
of  numerical  limitations designed initially for other  environmental
control  purposes,  and  all  of the criteria are  based  entirely  on
information available to the contractor at this time.  The  reader  is
cautioned  that the validity of these criteria for this purpose  rests
on  many unknown or partially understood factors and that  the criteria
should  be subject  to  review  when  mechanisms  to illustrate actual
effects of wastes in specified environments become available.

     This report describes the  SIC 355 and 357 industries in terms of
plant  distribution  by  geographic  region,  size, age, process,  and
products; analyzes the types of total and potentially hazardous wastes
generated and  estimates  their  present  and projected quantities for
1977 and 1983;  and  discusses  the  various methods currently used to
treat and dispose of these waste streams and those alternative methods
needed to treat, dispose, or  recycle  each  waste  stream in a manner
which will provide adequate health and  environmental protection.  The
costs of both present and alternative treatment and disposal practices
were  estimated  based  on  data  collected during plant  surveys  and
information published in other EPA reports [1-4, 63, 64].

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     These industries were chosen by OSW for in-depth study because an
earlier overview  study  of hazardous wastes [3]   identified processes
used within plants in SIC 355 and 357 as sources  of  sludge  or  other
process waste containing potentially hazardous  constituents,  such as
heavy metals and  cyanides.   These  wastes  are   to  a  large  extent
ultimately disposed on land, either directly  or   through incineration
and ash disposal.  This practice  will increase due to the application
of effluent limitations and new source performance standards  pursuant
to the Federal Water Pollution Control  Act  (IWPCA as Amended)  to the
liquid wastes  of these industries.  In order to  meet the FWPCA's 1977
and 1983 requirements,  treatment  technologies  effective in removing
potentially hazardous materials must  be  applied to waste streams now
discharged  to  municipal sewage treatment  systems  and/or  navigable
waters.  Thus, the expectation of increased  wastes  for land disposal
underscored the need for this study.

     As  on-site  plant  surveys  of  SIC  355 and 357  establishments
progressed, it became apparent that:

     1) the processes  which  generate heavy metal sludges and cyanide
wastes are not  in  wide  use  in  plants  which   manufacture  special
machinery and office, computing, and accounting machines; and

     2) the processes in these industries which  produce  the  largest
quantities of waste — all  of  which  fall in the general category of
machining — are essentially the same from one plant to another.   As a
result, the number  of on-site surveys planned in these industries was
curtailed to 33 plant  visits,  which represents  less than one percent
of the establishments in SIC's 355 and 357.
PROJECT METHODOLOGY

     Standard Industrial Classifications  (SIC)   were  used to develop
and compare information  on  the subject industries,  their production,
and wastes.  The statistical  description  of the industries presented
in Section  II  was developed primarily from U.S. Bureau of the Census
and U.S. Department  of  Commerce  data  [5,  6],  along  with  Dun  &
Bradstreet directories and computer printouts [7,8J.   Where  data were
not available — for example, on plants with less than 20 employees —
contractor  assumptions  were  applied.   Published   statistics   and
contractor estimates  were  used  to  project  to  1983  the number of
establishments, value of  shipments,  and  number  of employees.  This
information was used to  estimate  the  quantities  of  wastes  to  be
generated in 1977 and 1983.

     The mechanism used primarily to characterize the  wastes of these
industries  was  on-site  surveys  of  representative  plants.  Dun  &
Bradstreet listings were the initial basis for selection of  plants to
be visited on a random basis.  Due to problems resulting  from  faulty

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or out-of-date information on individual plants and the uniformity  in
processes  encountered,  random  selection  was  abandoned.    Instead,
selection  of  plants  known  to  be  utilizing  electroplating,   heat
treating,   or   other  waste-producing  processes  was   substituted.
Thirty-three  onsite  plant  surveys  were  made.   The  surveys   were
distributed among the 4-digit SIC codes as shown in Table 1-1.

     Information obtained at the plants and in the literature was used
to  describe  the  various  unit manufacturing processes employed, raw
materials  used,  and  the  sources  and  nature  of  process  wastes.
Twenty-two waste samples  from  various  processes  were collected and
analyzed in the contractor's laboratory to help determine which wastes
would be considered potentially hazardous.   The  plant  surveys   also
provided information on quantities of wastes  generated by process and
the number of production workers employed in each process area.  These
data were used to develop waste generation factors  based upon numbers
of   process   area  production  workers.   By  applying  these  waste
generation factors to Census estimates of the national distribution of
production  workers,  national  quantities  of  potentially   hazardous
wastes were estimated  for 1975.  Using published forecasts  on numbers
of production workers and contractor  estimates  of  waste  generation
factors,  national  quantities  were extrapolated to  1977  and  1983.
Census data on production worker  distribution  by  state were used to
estimate state and EPA Region quantity totals.

     Cost data  on  the  treatment and disposal of process wastes from
the special machinery  and  office  machines  manufacturing  industries
were obtained  during  the  survey visits and from other EPA-sponsored
studies [63,64].  The  waste  quantities  and  treatment/disposal cost
data provided in this  report are estimated to be accurate within + 30
percent.
MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

Description of the Industries

     The two three-digit industries covered  by  this report,  SIC 355,
special  industry  machinery,  and  SIC  357, office,  computing,  and
accounting machines,  account  for  11  specific  four-digit  industry
classifications, which are listed in Table 1-1.

     According to the  1972  Census  of  Manufactures, there were 4610
establishments in these industries,  3641  in  SIC  355 and 969  in SIC
357.  Total employment was approximately  397,600,  with  189,500  and
208,100 employees in the two industries,  respectively.   SIC   355 and
357 facilities are located in every state,  except Alaska, Idaho, West
Virginia,  and  the  District  of  Columbia.   Over  2000   of   these
facilities,  or  45  percent,  are  located  in  the  five  states  of
California,  New  York,   New  Jersey,  Illinois,  and  Massachusetts.

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                                TABLE 1-1
                         DISTRIBUTION OF ONSITE
                       MANUFACTURING PLANT SURVEYS
SIC

355

3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3559
357
3572
3573
3574
3576
3579
Description
              except
Special Industry Machinery,
  metalworking machinery
Food Products Machinery
Textile Machinery .
Woodworking Machinery
Paper Industries Machinery
Printing Trades Machinery
Special Industry Machinery,
  not elsewhere classified (NEC)
                                        No. of
                                        Plants
                                       Surveyed
                             4
                             4
                             3
                             4
                             1
Office, Computing, and Accounting Machines
Typewriters
Electronic Computing Equipment
Calculating and Accounting Machines
Scales and Balances, except laboratory
Office Machines, NEC
                             1
                             4
                             3
                             3

                            33~
Percent of
 Industry
  Plants
 Surveyed
                                            0.6
                                            1.4
Sources:  1972 Census of Manufactures and Contractor data.

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Another 1390, or 30 percent, are located in Ohio,  Pennsylvania, North
Carolina, Michigan, Texas, Wisconsin, Florida, and Georgia.

     The age of the plants ranges from less than 10 years to more than
50  years.   The largest percentage of plants in both SIC 355 and 357,
41 and  64  respectively,  range from one to ten years old.  This very
high percentage of newer facilities in SIC 357 is due primarily to the
80  percent  of  newer facilities in SIC  3573,  electronic  computing
equipment,  a  rapid-growth  industry  in  the  last  decade   due  to
increasing computer  usage.   Only  four percent of the plants in both
classifications are more  than  50  years  old,  and 67 percent and 83
percent, respectively, are less than 21 years old.

     The 1972 Census of Manufactures indicates  that  SIC  357, office
machines,  had  a  higher  annual  capital investment  rate  over  the
four-year period it covers than SIC 355, special industrial machinery.
This   is   also   largely  influenced  by  the  significantly  higher
expenditures in SIC 3573, electronic computers.

     Total value of  shipments  for  both  industries increased by 115
percent from  1958  to  1972,  and  another increase of 110 percent is
projected for the period  extending  from 1972 to 1983.  The increases
in value of shipments from  1958  to  1972  were  either approximately
equal to or greater than the increase in the wholesale price index for
all commodities over the same time  span,  indicating a period of real
growth.

     Excluding SIC 3559, the total number of establishments in SIC 355
is projected to increase by  112,  or  4.9 percent, from 1972 to 1983.
The projected increase in total number of employees is 21,800, or 18.5
percent.  SIC 3551, food products machinery, and  SIC  3555,  printing
trades  machinery, are .projected to grow at a  faster  rate  than  the
other  segments   of   this  overall  classification.   The  projected
increases for SIC 357 from 1972 to 1983 are 179  establishments, or 18
percent, and  149,300  employees,  or 72 percent.  This again reflects
the relative growth nature of SIC 3573.

     The products produced by these  industries  range  in  size  from
pocket-size  electronic  calculators  to papermaking machines  a  city
block  in length.  Many plants produce products  represented  by  more
than one SIC classification.   In terms of  facility  size,  there  are
2723 plants  with  less  than  20  employees in SIC 355 and 357, or 58
percent.  This compares  with  315 (7%) with 250 employees or more and
only 54 (1%)  with 1000 or more.  These statistics establish that these
are small-plant industries, a fact which has a very significant effect
on types and quantities of wastes produced.

     Waste  types  and  quantities are related to plant  size  because
small  plants  are  less likely than large plants to  have  integrated
process  facilities  incorporating  casting, forging,  electroplating,

-------
 galvanizing, or heat treating.  These processes have greater potential
 to produce more wastes per process than the machining operations which
 are more typical in small plants.  This conclusion is supported by the
 Census process distribution data, as well as on-site surveys of plants
 in these industries undertaken during the course of this study.  Table
 1-2 shows the distribution of  the  various  manufacturing processes in
 the subject industries.  The table indicates  that  casting  and  heat
 treating are the only waste  intensive processes used in more than one
 percent of the plants in  SIC  355 — 3.2 and 4.4 percent respectively
 — and  heat  treating and electroplating are the only waste intensive
 processes used in  more  than  one percent of the plants in SIC 357 —
 3.7 and 4.6 percent  respectively.   Painting, another waste-producing
 operation, is more common in SIC 355, where 19.1 percent of the plants
 engage in this process, than in  SIC  357, where only 8.9 percent have
 painting operations.
Waste Characterization

     Thus, while virtually all  common  metal  working  processes  are
utilized  at some stage  in  the  manufacture  of  special  industrial
machinery and office, computing, and  accounting machines, all of them
are not common to SIC 355 or 357 plants.  A substantial portion of the
metal parts used by these industries,  such  as castings and forgings,
are produced and finished elsewhere in plants  classified in other SIC
categories, such  as  foundries  and  electroplating  job shops or are
purchased as raw materials by plants in SIC 355 and 357.  In addition,
heat treating, electroplating, and similar processing requirements are
frequently  jobbed  out  to shops  which  engage  in  these  practices
exclus ively.

     Therefore, the character and quantity of the wastes  generated by
SIC  355  and  357  plants are a direct function  of  the  process  or
processes  used  in any given manufacturing establishment and can vary
among plants producing the same or similar products.  For example, one
plant making one  type  of  equipment  may  engage  in electroplating,
machining, and structural fabrication.  Another  turning  out the same
product may job  out  the  electroplating, and use no heat or chemical
processes at all.

     The  major  division  of  waste potential among the manufacturing
processes used  by  these  industries is between those processes which
employ heat and/or  chemicals,  such  as those listed above, and those
which do not.  This is because: (1) the more complex processes usually
generate more wastes than a  simple  machining operation, for example;
and (2) the application of heat  and/or  chemicals  to  a  metal  part
nearly always requires treatment either before or  after  (or both)  to
protect the metal or to achieve desired properties.  These cleaning or
conditioning  operations  can  produce  almost  as  much waste as  the
primary process  itself.   Examples  of processes with relatively high

-------
                                TABLE 1-2
                   DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
                           Number in
 Manufacturing Process      SIC 355

 Ferrous and Nonferrous
   Foundry (Casting)          116
 Forge                          9
*Electroplating                33
 Galvanizing                    8
*Heat Treating                159
*Machine Shop (including
  tool & plate & structure
  fabrication; die shops;
  & stamping, blanking &
  forming; & assembly)       2335
*Painting                     685
 Plastics Molding              0
Percent of
 SIC 355
 Plants
  3.2
  0.3
  0.9
  0.2
  4.4
 65.0
 19.1
   0
Number in
 SIC 357
    7
    3
   53
    2
   42
  639
  102
   31
Percent of
 SIC 357
 Plants
  0.6
  0.3
  4.6
  0.2
  3.7
 56.1
  8.9
  2.7
Source:   1967 Census of Manufactures, U.S.  Department of Commerce.
*Determined by the contractor to generate potentially hazardous waste.

-------
volumes  of  cleaning  or  conditioning  related  wastes  are painting
machine shops, and electroplating.

     Many chemicals and  materials   may be used interchangeably in the
same process application, although  slight  variations  in  process may
require  different chemicals or materials.  Some  compounds  are  more
effective  on,  or  conversely,  completely  incompatible with certain
metals.  In spite of the  wide  variety in specific substances used in
manufacturing,   however,   most   of  them  fall  within  five  major
classifications:

         1.  Oils
         2.  Metals and metallic compounds
         3.  Acids and alkalies
         4.  Organic solvents
         5.  Miscellaneous materials

     The term "waste stream" is a designation given to a process waste
or   group   of  process  wastes  deriving  from  or  generated  by  a
manufacturing process  within  SIC  355 and 357.  This usage provides a
common  unit for quantifying  wastes  collectively  on  a  state,  EPA
regional, or national basis.

     The waste streams in SIC 355 and 357 plants were determined to be
generated by the following eleven basic processes:
     Metal Casting                   Machining
     Metal Forging                   Plate  or Structural  Fabrication
     Electroplating-Etching          Stamping,  Blanking,  and  Forming
     Galvanizing                     Coating
     Heat Treating                   Plastics Molding
     Assembly
     Each  of  these  processes  yields  a distinctive combination of
process  wastes..   In   the   plants   visited,  these  wastes  were
quantifiable, if at  all,  according  to  process  area totals, since
waste  segregation  within process  areas  is  not  common  practice.
Therefore, both description and quantification  of  waste  streams in
this report are based on typical combinations of waste materials from
each process area.

-------
     Any waste stream is, therefore, made up of one  or more types of
material.  Disaggregation  of  waste  stream  quantities  by types of
waste material was attempted but was not justifiable  in light of the
data  collectable from  these  plants  except  for  the  most  common
processes:  machine shops and painting.

     The different kinds of materials in a process waste stream could
feasibly be segregated from each other  and  combined  with a similar
waste from other process areas for treatment  or disposal purposes —
solvents, for example.  In typical plants, however, waste segregation
is not generally  practiced.   This is because most of the plants are
small (less than twenty  production  employees)  and relatively small
quantities of process wastes are generated.

     Typical wastes produced by these processes are  shown  in  Table
1-3.   They  fall within the same five classes  of  materials  listed
above  —  i.e.,  oils,  metals  and  metallic  compounds, acids  and
alkalies, organic  solvents, and miscellaneous materials.  Any of the
liquid  wastes  is likely to contain residues of other liquids and/or
solids, and  it is frequently the sludge which results from treatment
of liquid wastes which comprises the waste for land disposal.

     Scrap metal from SIC  355 and 357 plants usually does not become
a waste because most of  it, except for sweepings and some grindings,
is recovered and sold for reprocessing and reuse.   Unrecovered metal
wastes are  generated,  however,  and  usually  take  two  forms: (1)
particulate metal generated  in  certain machining operations such as
grinding,  and (2) metal  compounds  in  solution.   The  latter  are
generated  during  heat treating, electroplating,  or  other  surface
finishing  treatments,  and from the metal  removed  from  workpieces
during cleaning and scaling.

     While  machining  is a relatively simple mechanical process, the
cooling  and  cutting  oils  discarded account for the largest single
process waste in SIC 355 and 357 plants.  This is by  virtue  of  the
relative prevalence and  size  of  machine  shops and other machining
operations in these industries compared to other processes.

     The waste streams classified as potentially hazardous  in  Table
1-3  either  manifest  one  or  more  toxic  characteristics  or  are
flammable.   No biological,  radioactive,  or  explosive  wastes  are
generated in SIC 355 and 357.

     The toxic characteristics encountered include corrosivity/dermal
irritation, bioconcentration, genetic change, and  toxicity.  In this
case,  the  toxicity term denotes the  range  of  toxic  effects  not
included in the other manifestations.  It is  likely,  however,  that
some  wastes  defined as potentially hazardous because of  one  toxic
characteristic  may also be capable of one or another  of  the  these
other manifestations.   Wastes  with  flash  points  of  38°C (100°F)

-------
                             TABLE 1-3
              WASTES GENERATED IN SIC 355 AND 357 PLANTS
              Grouped According to Manufacturing Process
 Casting

 Metals and metallic compounds
 Abrasive particles other than
   metal
 Fluxes
 Oil
 Solvents
 Plastic and Ceramic trash

 Forging

 Metals and  metallic compounds
 Abrasive particles other than
   metal
 Oils
 Acids

*Electroplating-Etching

 Metallic compounds
 Solvents
 Acids
 Alkalies

 Galvanizing

 Metallic compounds
 Solvents
 Acids
 Alkalies
 Fluxes

*Heat Treating

 Metallic compounds
 Oil
 Salt
 *Machining

 Metals
 Oil
 Solvents

*Plate or Structural Fabrication

 Metals
 Metallic compounds (if heat
   treating is employed)
 Solvents

*Stamping, Blanking, and Forming

 Metals
 Oil

*Coating

 Paint (water- and solvent-thinned)
 Solvents

 Plastics Modling

 Scrap plastic
 Solvents
 Mold release

*Assembly

 Metals
 Fluxes
 Oil
 Solvents
 *Processes whose waste streams are considered potentially hazardous
  by the contractor.
                                   10

-------
 (based on U.S. Department of Transportation flammability regulations)
 or below  are  considered  potentially  hazardous  because  of  their
 flammability.

     The hazard criteria used in this report are as follows:

      Hazard                            Criteria for Waste

  Flammability                Flashpoint  less    than   38°C  (100°F)
                              (DOT).

  Corrosivity/dermal          pH less  than  5.0  or greater than 9.0
    irritation                [15].

  Toxicity                    Water  leachate  of a waste contains  a
                              chemical  which  exceeds  Federal Water
                              Quality Criteria  [14]

  Bioconcentration            Contains  cadmium,  lead,   mercury,  or
                              PCBj  in  any detectable concentration.
                              (Wastes  were  initially    thought  to
                              contain these substances)

  Genetic change              Contains any  detectable concentrations
                              of  a  known  carcinogen,   mutagen,  or
                              teratogen,  such   as  trichloroethylene,
                              arsenic or nitrates.

     Any waste stream emanating from SIC 355 and 357 plants  which has
one or more of the following  wastes  or  chemical characteristics is
defined as potentially hazardous:
       Contains oil  in  excess of 0.01 mg/1.  A water quality
       standard on the order of 0.1 mg/1 is expected to be set
       for oil in fresh waters [65].

       Contains  copper,  chromium, iron, and zinc  dusts  and
       grindings  in excess of Federal Water Quality  Criteria
       [14].

       Contains arsenic, chromium, copper, cyanide,  selenium,
       silver, and zinc salts in solution in excess of Federal
       Water Quality Criteria [14] and  other  criteria listed
       ab ove.

       Contains  cadmium,  lead,   mercury,   and   PCB's   in
       detectable concentrations.
                                   11

-------
        Acidic  (pH below 5)

        Alkaline  (pH  above 9)

        Flash point below 38°C  (100°F)

        Contains  carcinogens,  mutagens,   or   teratogens  in
        detectable quantities.
     Application  of  the  above  criteria  to  the wastes  of  these
industries results in the designation of the processes shown in Table
1-4 as those generating potentially hazardous waste streams.

     One of the  largest  process waste streams, foundry wastes, were
not  characterized  as  potentially  hazardous,  mainly  because  the
hazardous metals and metal  salts  contained  in the foundry sand and
sludges  did  not  leach using water  during  laboratory  tests  (see
Appendix G).

     The  processes  considered  to  generate  potentially  hazardous
wastes generally will be affected by the effluent guidelines programs
— particularly machine shop  and  electroplating  wastes.   Residues
from the treatment of electroplating  wastewater  will  increase  the
amount of wastes requiring some form  of  land disposal from the 1975
level by more than 40 percent.  Additional  wastes  will be generated
by  machine  shops due to oil collection through  increasing  use  of
oil/water separators by the industries.
Waste Quantities

     Estimated waste quantities generated by  SIC  355 and 357 plants
during 1975, 1977, and  1983  are  shown  in Tables 1-5  through 1-16.
Tables  1-5  through  I-10  present 1975, 1977,   and  1983  estimated
annual, national total and potentially hazardous waste quantities for
SIC 355  and  357  disaggregated  by  waste  streams and by hazardous
constituents. Tables I-11  through  1-16  present the 1975, 1977, and
1983 estimated annual national  total and potentially hazardous waste
quantities for the two industries  disaggregated  by  states  and EPA
Regions where the wastes are expected to be generated.  Data in these
tables were developed from plant survey information  and  1972 Census
data.  Process employee-based waste generation factors for each waste
stream  were also developed from plant data and used  in  conjunction
with Census  projections on production employees to extrapolate waste
                                12

-------
                    TABLE 1-4
DESIGNATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTE STREAMS
                           CRITERION
Process
Heat Treating
Electroplating
Machining
Tool and Die
Stamping, Blanking,
and Forming
Painting

Plate and Structural
Fabrication

Assembly
/
X

X
X
X



X


X
/
X
X
X
X
X

X

x


X
/

X










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X
X
X

X

x


X
/


X
X
X

X

x


X

201
86
1375
361
450

787

564


226
                     13

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-------
                                                    TABLE  1-11
                                       SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                      SIC 355
                                               PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
                                            1975 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                    (kkg/year)
                                        Total Potentially
                                                Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAUAT T
rVMvM 1
IDAHO
ILLINOIS

1NU1/*NA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
TV
i A
X
v


VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)
2588.
0.
730.
689.
16449,
349.
7790.
1211.
4916.
110.
0.
21846,
8119.
3237.
2386.
1876,
1230.
963.
4473.
23070.
8907.
2384.
1289,
1791.
107.
239,
110.
2000.
16341,
110.
15755.
15598.
190.
27351 .
2415.
3018.
21996.
5623.
11423,
190,
3597,
5113,
110,
1216,
2297,
4844,
611.
11820.
334.
(Dry Wt.)
2235.
0.
630.
596.
14210.
302.
6730.
1046.
3647.
4247,
95.
0.
18872.
7014.
2796.
2061.
1621 .
1106.
832.
3864.
20620.
7695.
2060.
1114.
1547.
93.
249.
95.
1797.
14117.
95.
13610.
13475.
164.
23627.
2087.
2607,
19002,
4853.
9868.
164.
3103.
4417.
95.
1050.
1984.
4185.
523.
10211 .
288.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
954.
0.
269,
254.
6063,
129.
2872.
446.
1556.
1812.
40.
0.
8053,
2993.
1193.
880,
691.
472.
355.
1649.
8799.
3283.
879.
475.
660.
40.
106.
40.
767.
6024.
40.
5807,
5750,
70.
10082.
890.
1112.
8108.
2073.
4211.
70.
1326.
1805.
40.
448,
847.
1736.
225.
4357.
123.
(Dry Wt.)
602.
0,
170.
160.
3824.
81.
1811.
282.
982.
1143.
26.
0.
5079.
1883.
753.
555.
436,
298.
224 #
1040.
5549.
2071.
554.
300.
416.
25.
67.
26.
483.
3799.
26.
3663.
3626.
44.
6358.
562.
702.
5114.
1307,
2656,
44,
836.
1189,
26,
283.
534.
1126.
142,
2748.
78.
Flanraable
Solvents
235.
0.
66.
63.
1496.
32.
709.
110.
384.
447.
10.
0.
1987.
738.
294.
217.
171.
116.
88.
407.
2171.
8.10.
217.
117.
163.
10.
26.
10,
109,
14H6.
10.
1433.
1419.
17.
2488,
220,
274,
20O1 .
511.
1039.
17,
327,
465.
10,
11.1.
209,
441.
56.
1075.
30,
Heavy
Metals
36.1
0.
10,2
9.6
229.3
4.9
108.6
16.9
58.8
68.5
1.5
0.
304.5
113.2
45.1
33,3
26.1
17,8
13.4
62.3
332. /
124.1
33.2
19.0
25.0
US
4.0
L .5
29.0
227.8
1*5
219.6
217,4
2.7
331.2
33.7
42.1
306,6
73,4
159,2
2 , 7
50 . 1
71. .3
1 .5
16.9
32 , 0
67.5
3.5
164 ,7
4.6
Acids/Alkali
Sweepings &
Oils Solution Cyanide
41.4
0.
11.7
11.0
263.3
5.6
124.7
19.4
67.6
78.7
1.8
0.
349.7
130.0
51.8
38,2
30.0
20.5
15.4
71.6
332.1
142.6
38.2
20. 6
23.7
1.7
4.6
1 .8
33.3
261.6
1.0

249.7
3.0
437.8
38.7
48.3
352,1
90,0
182.9
3,0
57 . 6
01 ,8
1.8
19,5
36,8
77,5
9,8
189,2
5,3
2.6
0.
.7
.7
16.3
.4
8.0
1 .2
4.3
5.0
.1
0.
22 . 3
3.3
3.3
2.4
1 .9
1 .3
1 .0
4.6
24.4
9.1
2.4
1. .3
1 .3
. 1
.3
, 1
2,1
1(5,7
. I
16, 1
15,9

27,9
2,5
3.1
22.5
5.7
11.7

3.7
5.2
.1
1.2
2.3
' j . 0
.6
12.1
, vj
.8
0.

tT
5.3
.1
2.5
.4
1.4
1.6
.0
0.
7,0
2,6
1 .0
,8
,6
,4
.3
1.4
7.7
2,9
.3
,4
.6
.0
. 1
.0
,7
5.2
,0
5.1
5.0
.1
8.8
.8
1.0
7, 1
1.8
3.7
. 1
1 .2
1.6
.0
,4
.7
1 ,6
,2
3.8
, 1
Grind ing s
260.
0.
73,
69.
1653.
35.
783.
122.
424 .
494.
11.
0.
2195.
816.
325.
240.
109.
129.
97.
449.
2399,
895.
240,
130,
180.
11 .
29 .
11 .
20P ,
1642.
11 .
1583.
1568.
19.
2749.
243.
303.
2210.
565.
1148,
19.
362,
514,
11 .
122,
231 .
487.
61 ,
1108.
34.
    TOTALS

REGION I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
274000,  236700.  101000.
                            63700.
                                     24920.
                                               3319,0   4306.0
                                                                  2SO. 0
                                                                              3,0
41541.
32096,
30537.
45510.
80415.
9648.
7714,
1269,
17358.
7862.
35886.
27727,
26424.
39314.
69468.
9335.
6664.
109o,
14995.
6792.
15312.
1 1831,
11275.
16775,
29642.
3556 ,
2843.
468.
6393.
2893.
9657.
7462.
71.11,
10580,
18695,
2243,
1793,
295,
4035,
1828,
37"73,
2919.
2782.
4139.
7314.
.077.
702,
115,
1579,
71 U.
579
447
426
634
1120
134
107
j •
241
109
-0
, 4
* r J
,3
.8
.5
,5
•7
,9
-6
665,
513,
489.
728 ,
1287,
154,
123,
20,
277 ,
125,
0
8
6
a
*J
2
4
5
3
8
3
42
32.
31 ,
46.
32,
o ,
7 ,
1 ,
17,
0.
5
8
3
•$
'"i
9
9
2
7
0
13
10
9
14
25
3
2

'5
2
, 3
,3
.3
.6
.8
.1
,o
,4
-6
.5
4 1 75
^225
3074
4573
8081
970
775
128
1744
790
                                                         20

-------
             TABLE  1-12
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC  355
         PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
     1977 State  and  EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total Potentially
                              Total Hazardous Constituents  (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
1
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total
Waste
(Wet Wt.) (Dry Wt.)
2380.
0.
671 ,
634,
15J28.
321 ,
7L65.
1114,
3383,
4521 ,
tot.
0 ,
20092.

2977-
2 l.°5.
1725,
LI 78,
H05.
4 t 1 3 .
21 953,
:; 1 9'1,,
2193.
1 Lfe,
! A 4 7 ,
0(3 ^
i- O ^ ,
1 0 1. ,
1.91,5,.
1 5029 ,
101 ,
1 4490,
1 434 A,
t"5 ,
20 I 55.
2721 .
7 / '5 ,
"''.''..'30.
'j I 72 ,
1 O'jOn ,
1 ''" .
" 3 r' 9 ,
4/02 ,
t 0 1 ,
1113,
2 J 1 V -

562-

:••:••,
:".:ooo.
38205.
2951 °
20132-
11 056 ,
73r'5° ,
o!!7 i ,
"9'j .
] J 6 - ,
r_)c'A-! -
72 3 I
2054.
0.
579.
547.
13057.
277,
6184.
961 .
3351 .
3902.
87.
0 ,
17341 .
6445.
2569,
1094 ,
1489,
L016,
764 ,
3550.
L0940,
7070.

1024,
1 422 .
05 .
229 .
07,
1.651 ,
J 2972 ,
07,
12506,
1 ' 3 0 2 ,
151 ,
2 J 7 1 i ,
1 >J ! / „
2 "9t-j ,
1 746O ,
4 1 ^ 4 .
9068,
I '.11 .
205,*-..
4OIJ9 ,
!? ' ,
9 ' 'j ,
1 023,
3045,

9,502 ,
:65,
,U'L,v>.
,52«'r;.
254 78,
2 ) 2 0 O ,
36 J 2'J.
63033-
7c,'"v ,
c> 1 23 ,
1 00: J.
1 ?//!.!.
62-11 ,
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
859,
0.
242 .
229,
5463.
116,
2587,
402,
1 402 .
1633.
36,
0,
7255,
2697.
1 075-
793,
623,
425,
320.
1405,
7927,
2958,
7*92 ,
128,
595,
36 ,
96,
36,
69! ,
C'42"7.
JA,
5232-
5180,
63,
V084,

1002,
7305 ,
tO//* .
3794,
6 3 ,
1 ' (-55
1 .- '/ft ,
56 -
404,
763,
160°-
203 ,
"r-'">t',
111,
9 1 000,
13/96,
106AO,
101 0^.
1 5 1 I 'j ,
26/07,
"204
2562,
122 ,
', i ' .
11 60,
2,5']6.
39 ,
7 4 "> ,
1054.

25 i .
474.
990.
126-
243"'.
A9.
56500,
050,6,
6 fi 1 8 »
6307-
9304 ,
1 Abi!;' ,
! V8>3,
1 ;,<"" J
2 A 2 ,
<5 /9-
to,2l -
Flammable
Solvents
208.
0.
59.

1323,
28,
626.
97,
339,
395.
9.
0.
1 757.
653.
260,
192.
151.
103,
77.
360,
1 9 1 " ,
716.
192,
104,
144,
9-
23.
9,
167,
L3J 4.
9,
1267,
12 54,

-'199,
I "4,
24?,
1 7,-.°,
452
91 ".
tr;.
,209 ,
41 J .
9,
o;j :
U-<5,
390,
49.
950 ,

22033 ,
3340,
2581 ,
2460,
V.,60.
6466.
77'.;. ,
62')-
1 0 2 ,
1396.
6 3 2 ,
Heavy
Metals
32,3
0.
9.1
8,6
205.4
4,4
97,3
15,1
52.7
61 , 4
1 .4
0.
272.8
101,4
40.4
29,8
23,4
16,0
12,0
55,9
298, 1
111,2
29 , 0-
16,1
22 , 4
1.3
3,6
t , 4
26,0
204.1
1. 4
196,0
194.8
2, 4
341.6
30 , 2
37,7
274,7
/O , 2
1 42.7
2. 4
4 4 , 9

1 , 4
lo , 2
28, 7
60.5
7,6
i 47,6
4 , 2
3422,0
5 1. 8 . 0
400,9
302,0
568,4
1001 ,3
120,5
96-3
15."
" I 6 , 0
90,2
Acids/Alkali
Sweepings &
Oils Solution Cyanide
40.3
0.
11.4
10.7
256.0
5.4
121.2
18.8
65.7
76.5
1.7
0.
340.0
1 26 . 4
50,4
37,1
29 , 2
19,9
15,0
69,6
371,5
130.6
37.1
20. 1
27.9
1.7
4,5
1,7
32 . 4
254,3
1,7
245,2
242,7
3,0
425,6
37,6
47,()
342.3
07,5
J 77,8
3 , 0
56.0
77.6
t ,7
18,9
35 * .'
75,4
9,5
133,9
5,2
4264, 0
646,5
49^,5
476,0
700,2
1251 , 4
1 50 , L
120,0
19,0
270. 1
122,3
2.6
0.
.7
.7
16.8
, 4
8.0
1 .2
4,3
5,0
. t
0.
22,3
8,3
3,3
2.4
L .9
1 ,3
1.0

24,4
9, L
2.4
1 .3
i ,8
, I
* ,5
, 1
2.1
16,7
, t
16, L
15,9

27,9
2,5
3, t
22 . 5
5,7
11,7
, 2
3, /
5.2
. 1
1 ,2
'"} Z
5,0
,6
12,1
, 3
200,0
42,5
32 , S
31,3
4 6 . ' j
82 ,2
o ^ o
— o
1 , 3
I ', 7
0,0
.8
0.
# 2
1 2
5.3
.1
2.5
.4
1,4
1.6
.0
0.
7.0
2.6
1 ,0
,8
,6
j
,3
1 .4
7,7
2,9
,8
.4
,6
.0
.1
.0

5.2
.0
5.1
5.0
, 1
0,8
,8
1,0
7.1
1 .8
3.7
. L
1 ,2
1 ,6
,0
,4
,7
1 ,6

,5,3
. 1
80 , 0
13,3
10,3
9,8
1 4 , 6
25,0
3,1
2-5
,4
5,6
2.5
Grind ing s
225.
0.
64.
60.
1433.
30.
679.
105,
368.
428.
10.
0..
1903.
707.
282.
208,
163,
112.
84,
390.
2079.
776.
208,
112.
156.
9,
25.
10.
181.
1423.
10.
1372,
1359,
17,
2382.
210.
263.
1916.
490.
995.
17,
313.
445.
10.
106,
200,
422,
53,
1029,
29 ,
23065,
3618,
2796,
2664,
3'J64,
7004,
040.
672.
Ill .
1512,
635,
                  21

-------
              TABLE T.i-13
SPECIAL  INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
               SIC 355
        PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
     1983  State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total  Potentially
                                                                      Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total
Waste
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.KDry Wt.) (Wet Wt.)
2276 .
0.
642.
606.
14468.
307,
6352,
L065.
3713.
4324,
96,
0,
L9215.
/" 1 4 L
204 ' ,
2 0 Q 9 ,
16'jO.
1 126,
847,
3C'34 ,
20^95,
7334,
?0°7,
I 134,
l'j?5 .
"5<
23 4,
9-; ,
•U329.
i 4373,

L3857,
1.5 "20.

24-56,
21 M.
2654 ,
1 ••> 3 4 7 .
4^46.
10047.
io7.
3164,
4497,
96-
1069,
2020,
4261 ,
530,
L0396,
293,
2007.
0.
566.
535,
12757.
271.
6042.
939.
3274,
3312.
35,
0.
16943,
.-j297.
2510.
L351.
L4S5.
"93,
747,
3469,
L0512.
6903.
1849,
1000.
I 389 .
03.
224,
(JCi.
1. o 1 3 ,
12674,
85,
L 22 L 9 .
12097,
143,
21212,
1873,
2340.
l.70nj°.
436 1. ,
0859,
148,
2790,
3965,
85,
943,
1 7R I. ,
3757,
4^4.
9167,
259,
940.
0,
265.
250.
5973.
127,
2829.
440.
1533.
1785.
40.
0.
7933.
2948.
1175,
867.
681.
465,
350,
1&24,
8660,
3235 *
866,
468,
650,
39,
105,
40.
755.
5934,
40,
5721 ,
5664.
69,
99 $2 ,
8/7.
10" 6.
7980 ,
2042,
H48.
69,
130'b.
1357-
40.
441 ,
834,
1759,
222 ,
4292.
121,
(Dry Wt.)
680.
0.
192.
181.
4322,
92,
2047,
318.
1109.
1292.
29.
0.
5741.
2134,
851.
627,
493.
336,
253.
1175.
6272.
2341.
626,
339.
471,
28.
76.
29,
546.
4294.
29.
4140.
4099,
50.
7187,
635.
793.
5700.
1478,
3002,
50,
945.
1344.
29,
319.
604,
1273,
161.
3106.
88.
Flammable
Solvents
174.
0.
49.
46.
1106.
23.
524.
81,
284,
33 L,
7,
0,
1469.
546.
213.
160.
126,
86.
65.
301.
1605.
599.
160,
87,
120.
7,
19,
7,
140.
1099,
7.
L059,
1049.
L3,
1039,
162,
203,
1479,
378,
763,
13,
242,
344,
7.
32,
154,
326.
41 .
795.
22.
Heavy
Metals
28.5
0.
8.0
7.6
181.4
3.9
85.9
13.4
46.6
54.2
1 .2
0.
240.9
89,5
35,7
26.3
20.7
14,1
10,6
49.3
263.3
93.2
26.3
14.2
L9,8
1,2
3.2
1.2
22 * 9
180.2
L,2
173,8
172,0
2.1
30L ,7
26,6
33,3
242,6
62,0
126,0
2.1
39.7
56,4
1 .2
13. 4
25,3
53.4
6.7
130.4
3,7
Acids /Alkali
Oils Solution
109.0
0.
30.7
29.0
692.6
14,7
320,0
51.0
177.8
207.0
4.6
0,
919.8
341,9
136.3
100.5
79.0
53.9
40.5
188.3
1005.0
375.0
100.4
54.3
75.4
4.5
12,2
4.6
87.6
630.1
4.6
663 , 4
656.8
8.0
J L51 ,6
101 .7
127,1
926,2
236.8
481.0
3.0
151,5
215.3
4.6
51,2
96,7
204,0
25.7
497.7
14, d
0 T
0.
.6
.6
14.2
.3
,6.7
' 1.0
3.7
4.3
. 1
0.
L8.9
7.0
2.3
2,1
1,6
1,1
.8
3.9
20.6
7.7
2.1
1.1
1.5
. L
,2
.1
1,0
L4,l
.1
13.6
13.5
, 2
23.7
2.1
2,6
19,0
4,9
9.9
.2
3. L
4.4
. 1
1 .1
2.0
4.2
* 5
10,2
,3
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grindings
3.4
0.
.9
.9
21.3
,5
10.1
1 .6
5.5
6.4
.1
0.
23.3
10.5
4.2
3.1
2.4
1.7
1.2
5.8
30.9
11.5
3. L
1.7
2.3
, 1
.4
.1
2,7
21.2
,1
20,4
20.2

35.4
3.1
3.9
28.5
7.3
14.8
,2
4.7
6,6
,1
1,6
3.0
6.3
.8
15.3
.4
191.
0.
54.
51.
1212 .
26,
574.
89.
311.
362.
8.
0.
• 1610.
598.
239,
176.
138.
94.
71.
330.
1759,
656,
176.
95.
132.
8.
21.
8.
153.
1204.
8,
1161.
1150.
14.
2016.
173.
222.
1621,
414,
342.
14.
265,
377.
8.
90.
169.
357.
45.
871 .
25.
    TOTALS

REGION I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
 97500,
           72000,
                    L8426-
                             3022.0 115,37,0
                                                          355.0  20194,
L50P5,
1 16!-. 5,
11107.
16526,
29202 .
3504 .
2801 .
46 1 .
6303,
2b\'j5 .
L
-------
             TABLE 1-14
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
               SIC 357
         PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
     1975 State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total Potentially
                              Total Hazardous  Constituents  (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)
78.
0.
772.
2630.
16484.
4087.
3864,
1491,
1851 .
142.
0.
0.
3°49.
1950,
102,
Go",
3679,
33,
0.
584,
7724.
1669,
7086,
0.
1"7.
0.
158.
0 ,
737,
3 101.
5J 5 ,
12443,
1 755 .
0 ,
2960-
L 5 4 9 ,
4 1 5 ,
1 '•">(.',
0,
623,
303,
4bO .
4 7 CO,
of! 4,
1 "•' 4 -
J ll '•> ,
J 1?5V ,
0
1527.
293.
94700.
! 2530,
ir/'44 ,
4 1 54 -
0586.
1 a 1 4 ! ,
7556,
1. 325,
5702 ',
191 14,
19'j° ,
(Dry Wt.)
52.
0.
509.
1736.
10879.
2697.
2550.
984,
1221 .
94,
0.
0,
2606 ,
1287-
o7 •
573,
2428.
25 ,
0,
386 ,
5098 .
1102,
4677.
0.
I 30 .
0,
104,
0 .
486,
2047,
340 ,
8212.
1 ! 58 ,
0,
I V53 *
J023.
2 '4 ,
1181 ,
0.
411,
200 .
302 .
31 15,
451 .
1 1 r; ,
L '•' 1 ,
12V -I,
0,
,5-1 R,
1V4,
62500.
H275,
10.-'~j® ~
2742,
15667 ,
1 1975,
49137.
!i/5.
3 H 1 i, .
126 15,
1293,
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
58.
0.
576.
1964.
12306.
3051.
2885.
1 113,
1382.
106.
0.
0.
2948.
1456,
7
1 089,
0.
30,
0,
24,
0,
1 J. 3 ,
477,
7
29,4
0,
*U
0.
,7
0.
3, 1
12.9
2. 1
51,6
A3
0,
12,3
6. 1
1,7
7 , 4
0,
2,6
1 .3
1 ,9
1. 9 , 6
2.8
,7
1 ,2
a, i
0,
') O
1 ,2
393.0
52-0
64.5
1 '.2
3 5 . 6
75.3
31,4
'~,5
24,0
7". 3
3, 1
Cyanide
.0
0.
.5
1.6
10,1
2,5
2.4
,9
1.1
.1
0.
0,
2.4
1,2
, 1
.5
2.3
.0
0,
, 4
4 , ~'
1.0
4,3
0.
, 1
0,
,1
0.
.5
1.9
,3
7,6
1. 1
0,
1,8
,9
, 3
1.1
0.
,4
- 2
. 3
2.9
.4
, 1
, 2
1 ,2
0,
.3
,2
58,0
7, 7
9 , ;_,
2,5
5,3
11.1
4,6
* 8
i . 5
11,7
1 ,2
Sweepings &
Grindings
11.
0.
112.
382.
2397,
594.
562.
217.
269.
21.
0.
0.
574.
284,
15,
126,
535 »
6,
0.
85.
1123,
243.
1030,
0.
29,
0.
23,
0,
107,
45 1 ,
75.
1009.
255,
0,
430,
225.
60,
260,
0,
91,
44.
67,
686,
99 ,
25,
42,
285.
0,
77,
43,
1,576".
1823-
2260,
604,
1248,
3638 ,
1099,
1*3.
:i4l. ,
277",
2H5,
                 23

-------
              TABLE  1-15

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC 357
         PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
     1977 State  and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
                              Total Hazardous Constituents  (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Reeion
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
WINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
— *J . .—
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total
Waste
(Wet Wt.)(Dry Wt.)
76.
0,
755.
2575.
16135.
4000,
3783,
1460.
1812.
139.
0.
0.
3865.
1909.
99,
351 .
3601 ,
37.
0.
572.
756 L .
1634,
6937,
0,
1 "3 >
0,
1 b 5 ,
0,
721,
3036.
504.
12100,
1718.
0.
2397,
1 b ! /' .
?06 .
1752.
0.
610.
2
287,
92700.
12273,
J52lo,
4067,
8405,
1 7750,
7396 ,
1297.
5660.
1 8710.
1918,
50,
0.
493.
1680.
10531 ,
2611,
2469,
953,
1182.
91 .
0.
0.
2523 *
1 246 .
65.
555 ,
2350,
24.
0.
373,
4935,
1066,
4527,
0,
126.
0,
101 .
0.
471.
1981 .
329.
7949.
1121 .
0,
L091 .
990,
265,
1J 43,
0,
390,
194,
293.
3016.
437,
111,
185,
tlb'2.
0,
337.
187.
60500,
8010-
993 1 .
2654,
5405 .
ilb90,
4027.
047,
3694,
L22I. 1,
1252,
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
58.
0,
576.
1964.
12306.
3051 .
2885 ,
1113.
1382.
106,
0.
0.
2948.
1456.
76.
649.
2746.
29 .
0.
436.
576^,
1246.
5291.
0.
147,
0.
113,
0,
550.
2315.
384.
92Q0 .
1310.
0.
2210.
1157.
310.
1336.
0.
465,
226.
342.
352 } ,
511,
130.
216.
1463,
0.
393.
219,
70700.
9360,
11605.
3101 ,
6410
13544.
b641.
990 ,
4317,
14270,
1463.
(Dry Wt...)
32.
0.
314.
1069,
6701.
1661,
1571 ,
606.
752.
58.
0.
0.
1605.'
793.
41.
353.
1496,
16.
0.
237.
3140,
679,
2881.
0,
80,
0,
64,
0.
300,
1261,
209,
5059,
714,
0.
1 203,
630.
169,
728.
0.
253 .
123,
106.
1919,
270,
71 ,
118.
796.
0.
214.
119.
38500.
5097.
6320,
1689,
-149-1.
7375.
3072.
539,
2351 .
7771,
796,
Flammable Heavy
Solvents
12.
0.
119.
404.
2534.
628.
594,
229 ,
284.
T")
0.
0.
607,
300,
16.
134,
566.
6.
0,
90,
11S7,
257.
1089,
0.
30,
0.
24,
0.
113.
477 .
79.
1913.
270.
0.
455 .
238,
61,
27b,
0.
96.
47,
70.
726.
105.
27 ,
44.
301 ,
0.
81,
45.
14558,
i»:v.
2390,
639,
1320,
2709.
1162.
204,
009.
2930.
301 ,
Metals
1.6
0,
16.0
54.6
342.4
84.9
80.3
31 ,0
38.4
3,0
0,
0,
82,0
40.5
2,1
18.0
76,4
,8
0,
12. 1
160.4
34,7
147,2
0.
4,1
0.
3.3
0,
15,3
64,4
10.7
258,5
36.5
0,
61 .5
32,2
8.6
37,2
0.
12,9
6,3
9,5
98,0
14,2
3,6
6.0
40,7
0,
10.9
6.1
1967,0
260 , 4
322,9
06,3
1 78.3
376,8
156.9
27,5
120,1
397,0
40,7
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
2.4
0,
23.5
80.2
502 . 9
124,7
117,9
45.5

4.3
0.
0,
120.5
59 , 5
3,1
26,5
112,2
1,2
0,
17,8
235, i
50,9
216.2
0,
6.0
0,
4.8
0.
22.5
94 . 6
15,7
379,6
53.5
0.
90.3
47.3
12,7
54.6
0.
19.0
9,2
14.0
1 44 . 0
20 . 9
5,3
8.8
59.0
0.
16,1
9.0
2089,0
382 , 5
474.2
126,7
26 1 ,9
553,4
230.5
40,4
176.4
583 , 1
59,0
,3
0.
3,2
10.9
68.4
17.0
16.0
6,2
7, 7
, 6
0.
0.
16,4
8,1
,4
3,6
15.3

0,
2,4
32,1
6,9
29,4
0,
,3
0,
.7
0.
3.1
12.9
2.1
51.6
7,3
0,
12.3
6,4
1.7
7.4
0,
2,6
1.3
1.9
19,6
2,8
.7
1,2
8. 1
0.
o o
1.2
393.0
52,0
64.5
1 7 . 2
J5-.-6
75,3
31,4
IT !=•
24,0
79,3
8.1
Sweepings &
Cyanide
.0
0.
.5
1,6
10,1
2.5
2 . 4
.9
1 .1
.1
0.
0.
2.4
1,2
. 1

'~> 'i
,0
0.
.4
4,7
1 .0
4.3
0.
.1
0.
.1
0.
.5
1,9
,3
7,6
1.1
0.
i.S
.9
.3
l.i
0 .
. 4
,2
, o
2.9
,4
, 1
,2
1.2
0.
, 3
^ '•>
58,0
7 , 7
^ , b
2 , b
5.3
11,1
4,6
,0
3,5
11,7
1 , 2
Grind ings
11.
0.
1 12.
382.
2397.
594.
562,
217.
269,
21.
0,
0.
574.
284.
15.
126,
535.
6.
0.
85.
1123,
243,
1030.
0.
29 .
0,
23.
0.
107,
451.
75.
1009.
1255 *
0,
430,
225,
60.
260,
0.
91 .
44,
67,
686,
99,
25 .
42 .
235,
0,
77,
43,
13769,
1023,
2260 ,
604,
1240,
2638,
1.099,
1.93.
041 ,
2779.
285,
                   24

-------
                                                     TABLE 1-16
                                       SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                      SIC 357
                                                PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
                                            1983 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                     (kkg/year)
                                        Total Potentially
                                                                    Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VI.I
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total
Waste
(Wet Wt.) (Dry Wt.)
126.
0.
1247.
4249.
26631.
6602.
6243.
2409,
2990.
230.
0.
0.
6379.
3151,
164.
1404.
5943.
62.
0.
944,
124SO.
2697.
11449.
0.
318.
0.
255,
0.
1191,
5011,
832.
20103,
2836.
0.
4782.
2503.
670.
2392.
0.
1007.
489.
740.
7626.
1105.
280.
467,
3165.
0.
851.
474.
114.
0.
1124.
3833.
24020,
5955,
5631.
2173.
2697.
207.
0.
0.
5754,
2842.
148.
1266.
5361.
56.
0.
851.
11256,
2432,
10327.
0.
287.
0.
230.
0,
1074.
4519.
750.
18132,
2558.
0.
4313.
2258.
605.
2608.
0.
90S.
443 .
668.
6878.
997,
253.
421.
2855.
0.
768.
428.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
97.
0.
953.
3249.
20365.
5049.
4774.
1842,
2286.
176.
0.
0,
4878.
2410.
125.
1073.
4545.
47.
0.
722.
9543,
2062,
8755,
0,
243.
0,
195,
0,
910,
3832.
636,
15373.
2168.
0.
3657,
1914.
513.
2211.
0,
770.
374.
566.
5832.
845.
214.
357.
2420.
0.
651.
362.
(Pry Wt.)
70.
0.
693.
2361,
14795.
3668.
3469.
1338,
1661.
128.
0.
0,
3544.
1751.
91.
780.
3302.
34.
0.
524,
6933.
1498.
6361.
0.
177.
0.
142.
0.
661,
2784.
462.
11168,
1575.
0.
2657.
1391 .
372.
1607.
0.
559.
272 *
411 .
4237.
614.
156.
259.
1758.
0.
473.
263.
Flammable
Solvents
12.
0.
119.
404,
2534.
628,
594.
229.
284,
22,
0.
0.
607.
300.
16.
134.
566,
6.
0.
90.
1187.
257.
1089.
0.
30.
0.
24,
0.
113,
477.
79.
1913.
270.
0.
455.
238.
64.
275.
0.
96.
47.
70.
726.
105.
27,
44.
301.
0.
8.1.
45.
Heavy
Metals
2.0
0.
19.9
67,9
425,6
105,5
99.8
38.5
47.8
3.7
0.
0,
101.9
50.4
2.6
22 * 4
95.0
1.0
0.
15.1
199.4
43.1
183,0
0,
5.1
0.
4.1
0,
19.0
80.1
]3.3
321.3
45.3
0.
76.4
40.0
10,7
46.2
0.
16.1
7.8
11.8
121.9
17.7
4.5
7.5
50.6
0,
13.6
7,6
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
17.3
0.
170.8
582.0
3647.6
904.3
855,1
330.0
409.5
31.5
0.
0,
873.8
431.6
->*•) e-
192,3
814,0
8.5
0.
129.3
1709.3
369.4
1568,1
0.
43,6
0.
35.0
0,
163,1
686.3
113.9
2753.5
388.4
0.
655,0
342.9
91.8
396.1
0.
137.9
67.0
101.4
1044.5
151.4
38.4
64.0
433.5
0.
116,6
64.9
.3
0.
3.1
10.5
65.8
16.3
15.4
6.0
7.4
,6
0.
0,
15.8
7.8
.4
3.5
14.7
">
0.
2.3
30.8
6,7
28.3
0.
.8
0,
.6
0.
2.9
12.4
2,1
49,7
7,0
0.
11,8
6.2
1,7
7.1
0.
2.5
1.2
l.S
ia.8
2.7
.7
1.2
7.S
0.
2.1
1*2
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grindings
.5
0.
5.4
18.4
115.6
28.7
27.1
10,5
13.0
1 .0
0.
0.
27,7
13,7
.7
6,1
25.8
,3
0.
4.1
54.2
11,7
49,7
0,
1.4
0.
t .1
0.
5.2
21.7
3.6
87,2
12.3
0.
20.8
10.9
2.9
12,5
0.
4,4
2.1
3.2
33.1
4.8
1.2
2.0
13.7
0.
3,7
2.1
11.
0.
112.
382.
2397.
594.
562.
217.
269.
21,
0.
0,
574.
284.
15.
126.
535.
6.
0.
85.
1123.
243,
1030.
0.
29.
0.
23.
0,
107,
451.
75.
1809.
255.
0.
430.
225.
60.
260.
0,
91.
44,
67.
686.
99.
25.
42.
285.
0.
77,
43.
    TOTALS

REGION  I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
       X
                     153000. 138000.  117000.
                                                  85000.
                                                           14558.
                                                                    2445.0  20956.0
                                                                                       378.0
                                                                                                664.0   13769.
20256.
25114,
6712,
13872,
29310.
12208.
2141,
9341,
30880.
3165.
18270,
22652,
6054,
12512.
26436.
11011 .
1931 .
8425,
27053.
2855.
15490.
19205,
5133,
1060S,
22413.
9335.
1638.
7143,
23614,
2420.
11253.
13952,
3729.
7707,
16283.
6782,
1190.
5190,
17156.
1758.
1927.
2390,
639.
1320.
2789.
1162.
204.
889.
2930.
301 .
323.7
401 .3
107.3
221 , 7
468.4
195.1
34.2
149.3
493.5
50.6
2774
3439
919
1900
4014
1672
293
1279
4229
433
, 4
,U
.3
,1
.5
,1
,3
.4
,6
.5
50.0
62,0
16.6
34.3
72.4
30.2
5.3
23.1
76.3
7,3
87
109
29
60
127
53
9
40
134
13
.9
,0
,1
'->
'•>
.0
.3
+ \J
.0
"7
1823
2260
604
1248
2638
1099
193
841
2779
285
                                                           25

-------
quantity  projections to 1977 and 1983 for SIC 355  and  357.    Waste
allocations   to  the  states  were  based  on  the  distribution  of
production employees as shown in Census data [5],

     The machine shop and related  machining  activities  account for
the largest potentially  hazardous waste in both SIC 355 and 357.  In
SIC 355, the largest hazardous waste  constituent  is  sweepings  and
grindings found only in the machine  shop  waste  stream.    Up  until
1983, flammable organic  solvents  generated  in  electroplating  and
coating as  well  as  the  machine  shop will account for the largest
volume waste in  SIC 357.  It is anticipated that  oil will become the
largest hazardous constituent of  SIC  357  wastes in 1983 due to the
impact  of  Federal  Water  Pollution   Control   Act   requirements.
Treatment of liquid wastes is estimated  to  increase  oil quantities
seven times by 1983 as SIC 357  plants  move toward zero discharge of
this pollutant.

     Each waste stream in SIC 355, except electroplating and plastics
molding, is larger in quantity than its counterpart in SIC 357.   This
relative distribution of  waste  quantities  can be attributed to two
factors.  One is  that SIC 357 employs more and larger electroplating
facilities than SIC 355,  and  the  latter  has  almost  no  plastics
molding  operations.  Another factor is that  SIC   355  products  are
typically much larger than SIC 357  products  and  processes common to
both would tend to be much larger in SIC 355.

     Waste quantity estimates  show  a  decrease  in  both industries
between 1975 and 1983.   This  is  engendered by a general decline in
SIC 355 and 357 plants,  which  are  phasing  out   or  reducing  some
production due to the prevailing economic  climate.   SIC 355 shows a
greater decrease than SIC 357 primarily because the decline is offset
somewhat by  the explosive  growth  pattern in  SIC  3573, electronic
computers.   SIC  3553, wood working machinery, is the only  SIC  355
category which has expanded in recent years.

     As  shown in Tables 1-11 through 1-16, the states which have the
most plants and  production  employees, based on Census data 15], are
considered to have the largest  quantities of process and potentially
hazardous wastes.  Ohio has the largest  quantity   of waste generated
from  SIC  355  manufacturing  plants at approximately 27,000  kkg/yr
(30,000  ton/yr)  on  a wet basis.  Thirty-six  percent  of  this  is
considered  potentially   hazardous.    Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,
Illinois, California, New  Jersey,  New  York,  North  Carolina,  and
Wisconsin follow Ohio in  terms  of  SIC  355 waste generation within
their borders.  Hawaii, Montana, Nevada,  New  Mexico,  North Dakota,
South Dakota, and Utah all have less than 187 kkg/yr (206 tons/yr) of
total  process  wastes  generated  by  their  respective   industrial
operations in SIC 355.

     EPA  Region  V has the greatest amount of total and  potentially
                                 26

-------
hazardous waste generated by SIC 355 plants with approximately 79,000
kkg/yr   (87,000  tons/yr)  on  a wet basis and 28,000 kkg/yr  (31,000
tons/yr) on  a  dry  basis.    Region  IV, consisting of Southeastern
states, has the next  largest  generation  of  potentially  hazardous
wastes,  while  Region  VIII  has  the  smallest  quantity  of  waste
generation from SIC 355.

     California  has  the  largest  amount  of  SIC  357  potentially
hazardous waste at 12,000 kkg/yr (13,000 tons/yr)  on  a  wet  weight
basis.  New  York  has  the  second  highest  total.  Several states,
including Alaska, Idaho,  and  Mississippi,  are  thought  to have no
waste generated from SIC  357  industries  based  on Census data [5],
EPA Region IX has the  greatest  quantities  of total waste at 19,500
kkg/yr   (21,500  ton/yr) and potentially hazardous  waste  at  13,500
kkg/yr   (15,000 ton/yr), all of which are  on  a  wet  weight  basis.
Region V plants generate very close to these quantities of wastes.
Treatment and DisposalPractices

     Several  types  of  potentially  hazardous wastes  generated  by
manufacturing plants in SIC  355  and  357  are  handled  and treated
either  by  the  plant on-site  or  by  contractors  at  an  off-site
location.   On-site   treatment  will  necessarily  increase  in  the
foreseeable  future  as  the federal limitations discussed in Section
III are  imposed  on  the pollutant constituents of the liquid wastes
generated by these industries.

     As shown in Table 1-17,  the  prevalent  treatment  and disposal
practice for all potentially hazardous wastes  is  off-site  sanitary
landfilling. Between 70 and 75 percent of the plants are estimated to
implement  this practice.  Conversely, none of the plants  appear  to
use  technology which is adequate to assure environmental and  health
protection.   In  preparing Table 1-17, three levels of treatment and
disposal practice for  potentially  hazardous  wastes were used.   The
levels' definitions, are as follows:

         Level  I  -  The technology currently  employed  by  typical
facilities  —  i.e.,  broad average present treatment  and  disposal
practice.

         Level  II   -   The   best  technology  currently  employed.
Identified technology at  this  level  must  represent  the  soundest
process from an environmental  and health standpoint currently in use
in at least one location.   Installations  must  be commercial scale;
pilot and bench scale installations are not suitable.

         Level  III  -  The technology necessary to provide  adequate
health  and  environmental  protection.   Level III technology may be
more or less sophisticated or may be identical with Level I  or Level
                                27

-------
                              TABLE 1-17
         LEVELS OF TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL FOR POTENTIALLY

                            HAZARDOUS WASTES
                 Level I
Machine    Offslte sanitary
Shop       landfill (used
           by 70% of plants)
Heat       Offsite sanitary
Treating   landfill (used by
           70% of plants)

Electro-   Offsite sanitary
plating    landfill (used by
           70% of plants)
Coating    Offsite sanitary
           landfill (used by
           75% of plants)
      Level II
   Level III
Offsite recovery of
waste oils with resi-
due to sanitary land-
fill. Offsite sanitary
landfill of swarf.
used by 61% of.plants)

Same as Level I
Same as Level I
Offsite incinera-
tion with ash dis-
posal in sanitary
landfills. Separa-
tion and reclamation
of solvents with
still bottoms incin-
eration followed by
sanitary landfilling
of ash (used by 10%
of plants)
Same as Level II,
except that secured
landfills are used
instead of sanitary
landfills, (not
currently used)

Offsite secured
landfill  (not cur-
rently used)

Sludge dewatering
followed by secured
landfilling (not
currently used)

Same as Level II,
except that secured
landfills are used
instead of sanitary
landfills (not cur-
rently used)
                                   28

-------
 II  technology.   At  this  level,  Identified technology may include
 pilot  or  bench  scale  processes,  providing  the  exact  stage  of
 development is identified.

     The wastes  from all the machining operations of SIC 355 and 357
 plants — machine shop,  tool  and  die  shop,  plate  and structural
 fabrication,  and stamping, blanking, and forming —  were  typically
 combined  into  one overall waste stream called  the  "machine  shop"
 waste stream.  The "machine shop," heat treating, electroplating, and
 painting waste  streams  are judged to be potentially hazardous waste
 streams.  The concept  of each individual process as the generator of
 a separate waste stream  was  functional  — and necessary due to the
 manner in which data were  reported  —  in  developing the potential
 waste  contribution  of  each  process  and  for  quantifying  state,
 regional, and national quantities of total and  potentially hazardous
 wastes.  However, some of the process waste streams  are  made  up of
 dissimilar  materials  which  are amenable to different treatment and
 disposal technologies.   Some  of  these  individual  wastes, such as
 waste  solvents or oils', are generated in more than one process  area
 and could  be  segregated from ether waste streams for application of
 improved treatment and disposal technologies.

     The most common treatment of  coolants and cutting oils found in
 surveyed plants was filtering for reuse,  used by practically all the
 plants.   While  some  plants  claimed  complete  or  nearly complete
 recirculation of  these  fluids,  varying  operating  conditions will
 probably not permit  this  in  all  cases.   In some instances, spent
 lubricating and hydraulic oils  are burned with fuel oil in the plant
boiler after filtration.  This practice  is  not practicable for some
 coolants  and  cutting  oils because of  high  water  content.    Some
 off-site reclamation of cutting and quenching oils  by contractor was
 also reported, but only at about ten percent of the plants.

     While  a  few instances of both on-site and off-site reclamation
 of  organic  solvents  were  discovered,  this  practice  is  not  as
 prevalent  as  it is in some other industries, such as the paint  and
 coating industry.

     Cyanide  neutralization and other treatment processes applied to
 heat treating,  electroplating,  and  other  metal  finishing  wastes
 account for the bulk of the treatment which occurs on-site in SIC 355
 and 357  plants.   Many  of these are liquid wastes, the treatment of
which results in  heavy  metal  sludges.  In this context, wastewater
treatment is a source  of  waste  for  land  disposal.  If the liquid
wastes are very small in  quantity  or  are  too  dilute for economic
 recovery of the metals they contain,  they  may be drummed and placed
on land directly without treatment.

     In   some  cases,  acid  and  alkaline  cleaning  solutions  are
neutralized  or   diluted  before  discharge  to  a  sanitary  sewer.
                                29

-------
However, some  are  sewered  without  either treatment.   Concentrated
residues  from  electroplating  waste solutions such as  these will be
candidates  for  land disposal by 1983.   Sewered wastes  have not been
included in the waste generation tables  presented previously.

     A wide range  was found in the degree of sophistication of waste
disposal  practices  in  the surveyed plants.   This  appears  to  be
largely a function of plant  size  and  location  —  i.e., the small
plant outside a metropolitan area is  more  likely  to engage in more
primitive disposal practices.

     The degree of segregation of waste  streams is also  widely varied
from plant to plant.  This  variation is  also largely  a function of
size  —  i.e.,  more  segregation  occurs   in  large  plants  where
reclamation  and  recycle  are practiced when economically feasible.
The waste treatment and disposal technologies identified apply to the
process wastes common to SIC 355 and 357 plants.    This  is because no
discernible  differences  were  found in the wastes generated by each
process which were due to or influenced  by the characteristics of the
SIC category.
Costs of Potentially Hazardous Waste
  Treatment and Disposal

     Cost data  on  current waste treatment and disposal  practices  in
the subject industries were sparse at most of  the plants  surveyed and
much of the information  collected  were  rough  estimates   by  plant
personnel.  Data were also compiled  from  the  literature,  other EPA
reports   [63,64], and from contacts with  four  waste   treatment and
disposal   operations   specifically   handling   wastes  from  these
industries.

     Typical manufacturing plants in SIC 355 and 357 were defined   to
reflect the most  common  operations within these industries.   Census
of   Manufactures'   data   [5]    were   used   to    establish  the
plant characteristics, and  plant survey data   were  used to   define
treatment practices.

     The cost of Level I technology  for  treatment  and  disposal  of
potentially hazardous wastes at a typical SIC   355 plant  is  estimated
to be about $287/year.  As shown in. Table 1-18, this plant is  defined
as a machine  shop with attendant plate or structural  fabrication and
a painting operation with  a  total  of  17 employees.  Located in  an
urban area, its wastes, generated  at  a  rate  of 16.4  kkg/yr (18.1
tons/yr) on a wet basis are  picked  up  periodically  by  a contractor
for  landfill  disposal.   All  solid  wastes  are collected  in one
disposal container and waste oils and solvents are collected,  stored,
ind disposed of in 208- liter (55-gal.) drums.
                                30

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                               TABLE 1-18
             Typical Plant Costs for Treatment and Disposal of
                Potentially Hazardous Wastes, 1975 (SIC 355)
Typical Plant Characteristics

     The typical plant has 17 employees and in located in an urban area in
EPA Region V.  The manufacturing processes are:  Machine Shop, Plate &
Structural Fabrication, and Paint Shop.  The composition of waste derived
from these processes are: dirty oil; waste solvents; sweepings and grindings.
Annual waste generation rates in kkg/product employee are 1.0 (wet) and 0.6
(dry)for Machine Shop and Plate and Structural Fabrication combined and 1.0
(wet) and 0.8 (dry) for Paint Shop Waste.


Treatment/Disposal Costs       Level I         Level II         Level III

Total Annual Cost, ?             287              344              347
Cost/kkg of Waste (1) (wet) $     18               21               21
Cost/kkg of Waste (1) (dry) $     27               32               32
Cost/yr-Production Emp., $        17               20               20


Description ofTreatment/Disposal Technology

Level I:       Off-site sanitary landfilling of all process wastes by
               private contractor.

Level II: (2)  Off-site recovery of waste oils through rerefining with
               residues of the rerefining operation going to a sanitary
               landfill.  Off-site sanitary landfilling of remaining
               machine shop wastes.  Reclamation of solvents off-site
               with still bottoms incineration followed by ash disposal
               in a sanitary landfill.  Incineration of paint wastes by
               a private contractor with ash disposal in sanitary landfills.

Level II: (2)  Off-site recovery of waste oils through rerefining with
               residues of the rerefining operation going to a secured
               landfill.  Off-site secured landfilling of remaining ma-
               chine shop wastes.  Reclamation of solvents off-site with
               still bottoms incineration followed by ash disposal in a
               secured landfill.  Incineration of paint wastes by a private
               contractor with ash disposal in a secured landfill.
Notes:  (1) Total pp&cess waste = total potentially hazardous wastes,
        (2) Waste segregation necessary.

Source: Contractor estimates.

                                     31

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     Level  I  treatment  and  disposal costs for a typical  SIC  357
plant,  as  shown  on  Table 1-19, are approximately $260/year.   This
plant  is  defined as one with a machine shop and assembly  operation
employing an average  of  15  production personnel.  Its  solid wastes
are also combined for disposal, and oils and solvents are drummed for
pick-up by  a  contractor  at  intervals  of  a  week  to a month for
deposition in a landfill.

     Level II costs are $344/year for  the  typical SIC 355 plant and
$274/year for  the  SIC 357 plant.  These reflect reductions achieved
by solvent reclamation,  but  do  not  give  credit  for   purchase of
reclaimed rather than virgin solvents.

     The  cost  of  Level  III  treatment   and  disposal  would  not
demonstrably increase above Level II.  For typical  SIC  355  and 357
plants   they   would  amount  to  about  $347/year  and    $274/year,
respectively.

     The average costs for Level I, Level II, and Level III treatment
and disposal technology  for  the  four  major classes of potentially
hazardous wastes are shown in Table 1-20.   Using Table 1-17  and the
waste  quantity  tables  presented  earlier in  this  section,  total
national industry costs for potentially hazardous waste treatment and
disposal were determined, and are shown  in  Table  1-21.   The  total
cost in SIC 355 and  357 is $2.8 million/year for Level I technology.
Annual level  II  and  Level  III  costs  are  $3.5  million and $4.6
million, respectively.  These costs are not significant when compared
with the total annual value of shipments in 1972 for SIC  355 and 357,
which is $14.8 billion.  Both  Level  I and Level II technology  costs
represent only 0.02 percent of the  value  of  shipments, while  Level
III technology costs will constitute 0.03 percent  of  the  value  of
shipments.
                                   32

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                                       L-19
             Typical Plant Costs for Treatment and Disposal of
                Potentially Hazardous Wastes, 1975 (SIC 357)
Typical Plant Characteristics

     The typical plant has 15 employees and is located in an urban area in
EPA Region IX.  The manufacturing process is Machine Shop (with assembly).
The composition of waste derived from this process is dirty oil; waste sol-
vents; sweepings & grindings.  Annual waste generation rates in kkg/product
employee is are (wet) and 0.6 (dry).


Treatment/jPisposal Costs       Level I         Level II         Level III

Total Annual Cost, $             260              274              274
Cost/kkg of waste (1) (wet) $     18               19               19
Cost/kkg of waste (1) (dry) $     28               29               29
Cost/yr-Production Emp., $        17               18               18


Description of Treatment/Disposal Technology

Level I:       Off-site sanitary landfilling of all process wastes by
               private contractor.

Level II:(2)   Off-site recovery of waste oils through rerefining with
               residues of the rerefining operation going to a sanitary
               landfill.  Off-site sanitary landfilling of remaining
               machine shop wastes.  Reclamation of solvents off-site
               with still bottoms incineration followed by ash disposal
               in a sanitary landfill.

Level II:(2)   Off-site recovery of waste oils through rerefining with
               residues of the rerefining operation going to a secured
               landfill.  Off-site secured landfilling of remaining ma-
               chine shop wastes.  Reclamation of solvents off-site with
               still bottoms incineration followed by ash disposal in a
               secured landfill.
Notes:  (1) Total process waste = total potentially hazardous waste.
        (2) Waste segregation necessary.
Source: Contractor estimates.
                                   33

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                            Table 1-20
     Potentially Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Costs
                                     Cost, $/ddg ($/ton)(2)
                            Level I          Level II        Level III
       Process	     Wet    Dry       Wet    Dry       Wet    Dry


                          18     28        19     30        19     30
                         (16)   (25)      (17)   (27)       (17)    (27)
Machine Shop(1)           18     28        19     30        19      30
Electroplating:
  Heavy Metal Sludges     16     40        16     40        48    120
                         (15)   (38)      (15)    (38)       (44)   (110)


  Acid/Alkali             NA     NA        NA     NA        NA     NA
                          NA     NA        NA     NA        NA     NA


Heat Treating             24     59        24     59        60    146
                         (22)   (54)      (22)    (54)       (61)   (132)

Paint Shop                10     13        51     67        54     71
                          (9)   (12)      (46)    (61)       (49)    (64)
Notes (1)  Includes wastes from tool and die shops; stamping, blanking,  and
           forming operations; and plate and structural fabrication  operations.
      (2)  The wet and dry weight factors used in deriving these waste T/D
           costs are approximate and may vary with given manufacturing operations.


Source:    Contractor estimates.
                                   34

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                           Table 1-21
     Total National Costs to the SIC 355 and 357 Industries
            For Potentially Hazardous Waste Disposal
                             (1975)
                                       Cost, $ thousand/year
       Process                Level I        Level II       Level III
Machine Shop                   2,124          2,224          2,242

Electroplating:
  Heavy Metal Sludges            206            206            617

  Acid/Alkali                     —             —            141

Heat Treating                    348            348            870

Paint Shop                       135            688            729

                    Total      2,813          3,484          4,599
                                35

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                             SECTION II

                    DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRIES
INTRODUCTION

     This  section describes the  two  industries  which  manufacture
special industrial machinery and office,  computing,  and  accounting
machines.  The products of  the  two  industries  are  identified and
their  Standard  Industrial  Classifications  (SIC)  are  introduced.
These classifications will be used to  present and compare statistics
describing various segments of the industries, their production,  and
wastes.

     The  number  and   geographic   distribution   of  manufacturing
establishments  in  SIC 355  and  357  are  set  forth  and  relevant
statistics  on  number o-f employees,  value  of  shipments,  and  new
capital  expenditures  are  presented.   Size  of  establishments  is
compared using the data on number of employees.

     The distribution  of  individual  metal  working processes among
plants is  described  statistically  along with the age distribution.
The section  closes  with  a discussion of product distribution which
was developed  from  the  1972  Census of Manufactures [5].  This was
also the source for the geographic and size distribution.

     The  process  distribution  is  based  on  the  1967  Census  of
Manufactures [6] since this information was  not provided in the 1972
Census  reports.  Age distribution was supplied by Dun  &  Bradstreet
[7],  In  all  cases,  experienced  estimates  were  used  to  adjust
discrepancies in the available published data.

     Future trends and developments in  these industries are forecast
in terms of number of establishments,  number of employees, and value
of shipments.  Both published growth factors and contractor estimates
are used.

     Data  are   given   for   the   four-digit  SIC  industry  codes
individually within each of the three-digit codes — SIC 355 and 357.
In  certain  instances,  the  data  for  SIC  codes 3572 and 3579 are
combined because  they  were published in this manner and there is no
valid means available for segregating  the  information  on each one.
In  the  case  of  product  distribution,   data  are  presented  for
five-digit SIC codes within the four-digit classifications.
PRODUCTS OF THE INDUSTRIES
                               37

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Definition of the Industries

     As used  in  this report, SIC 355 is the industrial sector which
manufactures  special   industry   machinery,  except  metal  working
machinery, whereas SIC 357 is the  industrial  sector  which produces
office, computing,  and  accounting  machines.   The  four-digit  SIC
breakdowns for SIC's 355 and 357 are as follows:

         SIC 355 - Special Industry Machinery, except
                   metalworking machinery

             3551 - Food Products Machinery
             3552 - Textile Machinery
             3553 - Woodworking Machinery
             3554 - Paper Industries Machinery
             3555 - Printing Trades Machinery and Equipment
             3559 - Special Industry Machinery, Not Elsewhere
                    Classified (N.E.C.)

         SIC 357 - Office, Computing, and Accounting Machines

             3572 - Office, Computing, and Accounting Machines
             3573 - Electronic Computing Equipment
             3574 - Calculating and Accounting Machines, Except
                    Electronic Computing Equipment
             3576 - Scales and Balances, Except Laboratory
             3579 - Office Machines, N.E.C.

     It can be seen from this list  that the two three-digit, overall
industry  classifications account for 11 specific four-digit industry
classifications.   However, most of the information presented in this
section  combines  SIC 3572 and 3579 into one classification because,
as noted above, this is the way it was developed in  the  1972 Census
of  Manufactures.  It should be noted that in this report SIC 355  is
often referred  to as the "special machinery industry" and SIC 357 as
the "office machines industry."

     The magnitude of the two  industries  (SIC's 355 and 357) can be
discerned from the following data developed from  the  1972 Census of
Manufactures:

         Three-digit groups                                    2
         Four-digit groups                                    11
         Total number of establishments                    4,610
         Total number of employees                       397,100
         Total value of shipments/yr             $14,705,000,000

     The following data have been developed for establishments in SIC
355 and 357 employing  20  employees  or more from the 1972 Census of
                               38

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Manufactures  and  from  the  Dun   &  Bradstreet  1975  Metalworking
Directory [8]:

                                                Dun & Bradstreet
                            1972 Census of      1975 Metalworking
                             Manufactures           Directory	

     Number of Establishments
       (with 20 or more
       employees)                1,951                1,984

     Number of Employees       369,870(1)           397,387

     (1) Data developed by contractor  by assuming the 2659
         establishments with 1 to 19 employees would average 10
         employees each and subtracting 26,590 from 397,100,
         the number of employees in the entire industries.

No  data  were  available from  either  source  concerning  value  of
shipments for establishments with 20 employees or less.
     The  differences  in these figures are not  large,  with  Dun  &
Bradstreet reporting 33 more establishments and 26,877 more employees
than the 1972  Census of Manufactures.  These differences may reflect
actual changes from 1972 to 1975.
Products Produced

     The  1972  Census  of Manufactures provides detailed listings of
products produced in each of the SIC 355 and 357  industries in terms
of seven-digit  SIC  codes.   These  detailed  listings  are shown in
Appendix  A  and  Appendix  B.   The  major  product  classifications
identified by six-digit SIC codes are shown in Tables II-l and II-2.

     As  can be seen,  there  is  a  great  variety  among  the  many
mechanical products produced by the two three-digit industries,,  They
range  in  size  from  tiny  electronic  calculators  to  papermaking
machines which may be as much as a city block in length.
ECONOMIC STRUCTURE

     While these industries include  some  very  large  manufacturing
companies, typical plants are relatively small.   According  to  1972
Census data, approximately 58 percent of 2760 of  the facilities have
fewer than 20 employees, while there are only 666 establishments  (14
percent) with 100 employees or more.
                              39

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 Standard
Industrial
   Code

  3551
  3552
                         TABLE II-l
            SIC 355 - Special Industry Machinery
               Major Product Classifications*
	Industries and Major Product Groups

Food Products Machinery
  355110     Dairy and Milk Products Plant Machinery and Equipment
  355122     Commercial Food Products Machinery
  355127     Bakery Machinery and Equipment
  355131     Meat, Poultry and Fish Packing and Processing
               Machinery
  355132     Vegetable Fruit Packing and Processing Machinery
  355133     Flour and Grain Mill Machinery
  355134     Sugar Mill Machinery
  355135     Other Industrial Food Products Machinery, N.E.C.**
  355136     Beverage Machinery Process Equipment Except Dairy
Textile Machinery
  355211     Fiber to Fabric Textile Machinery
  355212     Carding Machines
  355213     Combing Machines
  355214     Spinning and Twisting Frames
  355215     Yarn Preparing Machines-Winding, Beaming, Warping
  355216     Power Looms
  355217     Knitting Machines
  355218     Other Fabric Machinery, N.E.C.
  355220     Parts and Attachments for Textile Machinery

 *Source:  1972 Census of Manufactures

**Not Elsewhere Classified
                              40

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Table II-l - Cont'd.
 Standard
Industrial
   Code

  3553
  3554
  3555
	Industries and Major Product Groups

Woodworking Machinery
  355311     Sawmill Equipment Except Chain Saws
  355316     Sawing Machines and Chain Saws Except Saw Mill
               Equipment
  355317     Jointers, Matchers, Molders, Shapers, Tenoners
  355318     Parts, Attachments and Accessories for Woodworking
               Machinery
  355319     Other Woodworking Machinery, N.E.C., Except Power
               Hand Tools
  355322     Woodworking Saws, Including Home Work Shop and
               Service Shop
  355328     Parts Attachments and Accessories for Woodworking
               Machinery
  355329     Other Woodworking Machinery for Home Work Shops
Paper Industries Machinery
  355401     Wood Preparation Equipment-Barkers, Chippers,  Split-
               ters, etc.
  355402     Pulp Mill Machinery, N.E.C.
  355403     Paper Mill Machinery-Beaters, Jordens
  355404     Paper Machines-Fourdriniers,  Cylinders,  Calenders,
               etc.
  355405     Paper and Paper Board Converting Equipment
  355408     Parts, Attachments and Accessories for Paper Industry
               Machinery
Printing Trades Machinery
  355511     Printing Trades Machinery
  355512     Offset and Lithographic Presses
  355513     Gravure Machines
  355514     Other Presses
  355525     Typesetting,  Typecasting and Linotype Machines
  355526     Electrotyping,  Photoengraving and Bookbinding
               Machines
  355527     Ink Rollers,  Foundry Type Slugs,  etc.
  355528     Parts, Attachments and Accessories for Printing Trade
               Machinery
  355529     Other Printing  Equipment, N.E.C.
                              41

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Table II-l - Cont'd.
 Standard
Industrial
   Code

  3559
	Industries and Major Product Groups

Special Industry Machinery, N.E.C.
  355911     Chemical Manufacturing Industries Machinery
  355923     Foundry Molding Machines
  355925     Blast Cleaning Equipment
  355929     Other Foundry Machinery, Including Core Making
               Machines
  355931     Plastics Compression Molding Machines
  355933     Plastics Extruding Machines
  355935     Plastics Injection Molding Machines
  355939     Other Plastics-Working Machinery and Equipment,
               N.E.C.
  355940     Rubber-Working Machinery, Including Mill Mixing,
               Extruding
  355945     Tire Building Equipment, Except Molds
  355947     Tire Recapping and Repairing Machinery
  355949     Other Rubber-Working Machinery, N.E.C.
  355951     Petroleum and Refinery Machinery Equipment
  355952     Ammunition and Explosives Loading Machinery
  355953     Tobacco Manufacturing and Cigar Making Machinery
  355954     Clay-Working and Concrete Products Machinery and
               Equipment
  355955     Glass and Bottle Making Machinery and Equipment
  355956     Shoe Making and Repairing Machinery and Equipment
  355957     Cotton Ginning Equipment
  355958     Metal Cleaning, Degreasing, Finishing and Drying
               Machinery
  355959     Other Special Industrial Machinery, N.E.C.
                               42

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                          TABLE II-2
     SIC 357 - Office, Computing and Accounting Machines
     	Major Product Classifications*	
 Standard
Industrial
   Code

  3572
  357201
	Industries and Major Products Groups

Typewriters
Typewriters and Parts and Attachments
  3573
  3574
  3576
Electronic Computing Equipment
  357311     Computing Machines, Including Electronic
  357312     Gun Data Computers
  357313     Computer Peripheral Equipment
  357314     Card Punching, Sorting and Tabulating Machines
Calculating and Accounting Machines
  357411     Bookkeeping Machines
  357412     Calculating Machines
  357413     Cash Registers and Parts
  357414     Voting Machines
Scales and Balances Except Laboratory
  357601     Railroad and Motor Truck Scales
  357602     Industrial Scales
  357603     Retail and Commercial Scales
  357604     Household and Personal Scales
  357605     Mail Scales
  357609     Other Scales, N.E.C.
  3579
Office Machines, N.E.C.**
  357901     Addressing, Dictating, Duplicating, Other office
               Machinery

 *Source:  1972 Census of Manufactures.

**Not Elsewhere Classified.

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     Manufacturing  facilities are  located  in  every  state  except
Alaska, Montana, West Virginia,  and  the District of Columbia.  Over
2000 of these facilities, 45 percent, are located in only five states
as  shown  below.   Each  of  these   states   has   at   least   300
establishments:

                                   	Number of Facilities	
              State                SIC 355     SIC 357       Total

         California                  355         226         581
         New York                    346         102         448
         New Jersey                  294          72         366
         Illinois                    296          55         351
         Massachusetts               230          82         312

             Total                  1521         537        2058
     Another  1390  facilities or 30 percent  are  located  in  eight
states.  Those states which have between 100  and  300 facilities are
as follows:
                                        Number of Facilities
              State                SIC 355     SIC 357     Total
         Ohio                        263           29
         Pennsylvania                220           39
         North Carolina              165            8
         Michigan                    134           33
         Texas                       106           35
         Wisconsin                   125           12
         Florida                      73           42
         Georgia                     102          	4

             Total                  1188          202      1390
     The geographic distributions of the above facilities  are  shown
in Figures II-l and II-2 along with the  remaining  1190  plants  (25
percent)  in  these  industries.  The latter are scattered across  34
states in numbers ranging from only one or two up to 83.

     The  age  of  plants  ranges from less than 10 years to over  50
years.  Based  on  data  from  the  Dun  & Bradstreet Listing of 6900
Manufacturing  Establishments,   April   1975,   the   following  age
distribution was developed for the plants in SIC's 355 and 357 [7]:
                               44

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45

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                     Special Machinery        Office Machines
     Age Range       Industry CSIC 355)      Industry (SIC 357)
       (Years)    No. of Plants    Percent   No. of Plants    Percent

       1-10          1950             41       3044           64
       11-20          1237             26        904           19
       21-50          1380             29        618           13
       51-Up           190              4        190            4
     The very  high  percentage  (64 percent) of newer faciliities in
the  office  machines  industry is due primarily to the 80 percent of
newer facilities in SIC  3573, electronic computing equipment.  It is
interesting to note  that  only  four  percent  of the plants in both
industry groups are 51 years of age or older, and that 67 percent and
83 percent of the plants, respectively, are less than 21 years old.

     Data taken  from  the  1972  Census of Manufactures indicate new
annual capital expenditures of $450.6 million for the two industries„
For the special machinery  industry, this amounted to $164.0 million,
or an average of $287,600  per  establishment.   The  investment  per
establishment figure in the office machines industry is pushed higher
by  the  average  of  $352,000  invested  per  establishment  by  the
electronic  computing  equipment manufacturers (SIC 3573).  The other
subgroups  invested  an average of $188,500 per establishmento  These
data  demonstrate  that the office machinery industry as a whole  has
invested significantly more  capital  per  establishment than has the
special machinery industry.
FUTURE TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS

     Tables  II-3  and  II-4  were  developed  to  provide  data  for
preparing Figures  II-3   through  II-9.  Table II-3 shows trends and
projections for number  of  establishments,  number of employees, and
for each  of  the  four-digit  SIC industries.  Data for 1958 through
1972 were obtained  from  the  1967  and  1972 Census of Manufactures
[5,6]; the 1974 and  1975  editions of U.S. Industry Outlook provided
data for 1973 and 1974  and for compound annual shipment value growth
rates, 1973 to 1980 and 1974  to 1980 [9,10]; and the compound annual
growth rate in number of employees was  obtained from Predicasts 1975
Annual  Cumulative Edition [11].  Other compound annual growth  rates
shown  in  Table  II-3 were obtained by extrapolating the  graphs  in
Figures  II-3  and  II-7.   There  were  insufficient data to support
projections for  SIC  3559, Special Machinery Industry, N.E.C. due to
the widely varied nature of the industries in this classification, as
shown in Table  II-l.   The  projections  for  shipment values are in
constant base year dollars, i.e., 1972, 1973, or 1974.

     Table II-4 shows wholesale price indices for  all commodities in
1958, 1963, 1967, 1972, 1973,  and 1974.  It also shows the effect of
                              47

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                             Table II-4

             WHOLESALE PRICE INDICES FOR ALL COMMODITIES
                     INCLUDING SIC 355 AND 357
                                                Effect on Value of
 Year                 Index                   Shipments ($ Million)
1958                   94.6                          0.946
1963                   94.5                          0.945
1967                  100.0                          1.000
1972                  119.1                          1.191
1973                  134.7                          1.347
1974                  160.1                          .1601
Source:  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
                                   49

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 320 —
 300—
 280—
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 240 —
 200 —
 180—
'160—
I no—
 120—
  80
   ,_    3571
  40—
      3572 «nd
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  0 —
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d  FIGURE    J.

      II-9
                                                                                        Number of Employ««« (000'»)
                                                                                          I                  l
                                                                                      SIC 337  - Office, Computing
                                                                                            Accovmcing Machine*
                              SIC 3S72 and 3574

                              SIC 3573

                              SIC 3574

                              SIC 3576
                                                                                                         *Combln«cion of SIC 3573 and 3574
                                                                                        1980
                                                                                                          1985
             Source:    Table  II-3
                                                              56

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that would  have been worth $1.0 million dollars in 1967.  The source
of the indices was the 1975 Handbook of Labor Statistics [12]„

     Figures II-3 through- II-9 graphically  portray  the  trends  and
projections shown in Tables II-3 and  II-4.   The  projections  shown
through 1983 could be in error in  the  range  of  plus  or  minus 50
percent considering the basis for their development.

     The  significance of the trends and projections shown in Figures
II-3  through  II-9  and  in  Table  II-3 is discussed below for  the
individual SIC 355 and 357 industry groups.
SIC 355 - Special Machinery Industry

     The value of special machinery industry shipments, not including
SIC 3559,  has  increased  for each of the four years reported in the
1972 Census of  Manufactures  and  future increases are projected, as
shown below:

                                         Shipments
                           Year        ($ Millions)

                           1958          $1,667
                           1963           2,288
                           1967           3,202
                           1972           3,582
                           1977           5,213
                           1983           7,521
SIC 3559 is excluded  from  these  data because no future projections
were made for it due  to  the  diversity of products produced in this
category.

     Total  value  of  shipments increased by $1.92 billion,  or  115
percent,  in  the  14-year period from 1958 to 1972,  and  a  further
increase  of  $304  billion,  or  110  percent, is projected for  the
11-year period, 1972 to 1983.  For SIC 3559 alone, value of shipments
increased  by  $1.84  billion, or 242 percent from 1952 to 19720  The
increases in  value  of  shipments from 1958 through 1972 for each of
the four-digit SIC industries in  SIC  355  were either approximately
equal to or considerably greater  than  the increase in the wholesale
price index for all commodities  over the same time span0  This means
that the increase in sales was  not  due  solely  to  inflation,,  The
indication, therefore,  is  that  this was a period of real growth in
business volume.

     The  compound  growth rates in  value  of  shipments  have  been
projected as follows:
                              57

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                                              Growth,
                      SIC        Years        Percent

                      3551     1974-80           8
                      3552     1974-80           3
                      3553     1972-80           4
                      3554     1972-80           4
                      3555     1974-80           8
These growth rates are in terms of constant dollars for the base year
shown,  i.e.,  either  1972  or   1974.     Therefore,   they  indicate
continuing real, though somewhat modest, growth.

     Trends  and projections for number  of establishments  and  number
of employees in SIC 355, Special Machinery Industry, follow generally
similar  patterns  to  those  discussed   for value of  shipments.  The
actual and  projected  quantities,  not  including SIC  3559, are shown
below:

                                SIC 355            SIC  355
                               Number of         Number of
                Year        Establishments    Employees(1000)

                1958             2086               111.4
                1963             2198               123o3
                1967             2183               136.2
                1972             2299               117,, 3
                1977             2336               129,1
                1983             2411               139.1
     Total number of establishments increased by 213,  or 10»2 percent,
from 1958 to 1972.  During the same period,  total number of  employees
increased by 5900, or 5.2 percent;  this  increase would have  been even
greater had  not  the  total number of employees dropped between 1967
and 1972, reflecting the  change  in  economic conditions during that
time period.  For SIC 3559  alone,  number of establishments  increased
by 334 (31.9 percent) and  number  of employees  increased  by 21,400
(42.1 percent) between 1958 and 1972.

     The projected  increase  in  total  number of establishments, not
including SIC 3559,  is  112, or 4.9 percent, from 1972 to 1983.  The
projected increase in total  number  of   employees is  21,800, or 18.5
percent, for the same period.   Thus, it appears that  the industry as
a whole will increase its total  employment   at  a  much greater rate
than its number of establishments.   This tends  to  confirm   the real
growth projections discussed for value of shipments.

     The  projected  increases,  1972 to 1983, for the food products
                               58

-------
machinery and printing  trades  machinery  industries CSIC's 3551 and
3555)  amount  to  75.0  percent  of  the increase in total number of
establishments and 72.0  percent  of  the increase in total number of
employees.  The indication, therefore, is that  the  other four-digit
SIC industries will grow  at  lower  rates  than SIC's 3551 and 3555.
This finding supports the value of shipment projections„
SIC 357 - Office. Computing, and Accounting Machines

     The value of  office  machines industry total shipments has also
increased  for  the  years  reported  in  1967  and  1972  Census  of
Manufactures, and further increases are projected as follows:
                                          Shipments
                             Year       ($ Millions)

                             1958           $1,685
                             1963            2,783
                             1967            5,731
                             1972            8,626
                             1977           18,156
                             1983           36,102


     Total value  of  shipments  increased  by  $6.94 billion, or 412
percent, in the  14-year  period  from  1958  to  1972, and a further
increase of $27.48 billion,  or  318  percent,  is  projected for the
11-year period, 1972 to 1983.

     Each  of  the  four-digit  SIC  industries within  SIC  357  has
contributed  to  these  spectacular  increases  in  total  value   of
shipments,  but  in  varying degrees0   SIC 3576, Scales and  Balances
Except Laboratory,  has  contributed the least increase, $.12 billion
from  1958 to 1972, and accounts for the smallest projected increase,
$.08 billion from 1972 to 1983.  SIC's 3572 and 3579, Typewriters and
Office Machines, N.E.C., have made  greater contributions.   These two
industries,  which  are  combined  in the  source  data,  contributed
increases in value of shipments amounting  to  $.79 billion from 1958
to 1972 and an  increase  of $1.08  billion is projected from 1972 to
1983.

     The contributions  to increases in total value of shipments made
by  SIC  3573,   Electronic   Computing   Equipment,   and  SIC  3574,
Calculating and Accounting Machines,  cannot be assessed individually
for the years 1958 and  1963.   The  reason for this  is that prior to
1967, the Census of Manufactures combines these two industries in SIC
3571, Computing and Related Machines.   Therefore, the contribution of
                              59

-------
SIC 3571 to increased In total value of  SIC  357  shipments  must be
used   to   provide  comparability  with,  the  other  four-digit  SIC
industries.  These contributions  have been unusually high,  amounting
to  $6.03  billion from 1958 to 1972, and are projected to  be  $2603
billion from 1972 and^ 1983.

     The increases in value of shipments, 1958 through 1972, for each
of the four-digit SIC industries were  either  approximately equal to
or  considerably  greater than the increase in  the  wholesale  price
index for all commodities over the same  time  span.  Future compound
growth rates have been projected as follows:

                                                  Growth,
                        SIC          Years        Percent

                        3572 &
                        3579         1973-80         5.8
                        3573         1974-80        10.0
                        3574         1974-80        21.0
                        3576         1972-80         3»0
These growth rates represent constant dollars for the base year shown
— i.e., 1972, 1973, or  1974.   They indicate continuing real growth..
The  projection  for SIC 3574 is especially  large;  calculating  and
accounting   machines   have  changed  from   electro-mechanical   to
electronic devices which have gained a very wide market.

     Trends and projections for  number  of establishments and number
of employees in SIC 357,  Office, Computing, and Accounting Machines,
follows generally similar patterns to those  discussed  for  value of
shipments.  The actual and projected quantities are shown below:
                                 Number of          Number of
                   Year       Establishments    Employees (1000)

                   1958             346               121,6
                   1963             515               137.2
                   1967             594               190.5
                   1972             993               208.1
                   1977            1017               301.2
                   1982            1172               357.3
     Total number of establishments increased by 647,  or 187 percent,
from 1958 to 1972.  During the same period,  total number of employees
increased by 86,500, or  71  percent.    The lower rate of increase in
number of employees versus the  higher  number  of establishments may
reflect improvements in productivity,  in technology,   and  especially
                               60

-------
 in electronics miniaturization which have occurred over  the  14-year
 period.

     The projected increase in total number of establishments is 179,
 or   18  percent,  from  1972  to  1983.  During the same period,  the
 projected increase  in  total  number  of employees is 149,300, or 72
 percent.   This,  along  with  the  318  percent  increase  in  total
 shipments, 1972 to 1983,  again reflects the overall growth nature of
 the  SIC 357 industries.
ALPHABETIC LISTING OF PLANTS AND ADDRESSES

     An  alphabetic  listing of  all  SIC  355  and  357  plants  and
addresses has been submitted to  EPA under separate cover.  This is a
computer printout of information obtained from Dun & Bradstreet which
is  too  bulky  for inclusion in this  report.   This  list  will  be
maintained in EPA files.

     Approximately the first 10 percent of the document is devoted to
nonmanufacturing    establishments;    the     balance     identifies
establishments which do engage  in product manufacture.  The listings
are arranged as follows:  first,  in  four-digit  SIC  code sequence;
second, within each four-digit code, by  alphabetic  state  sequence;
and, third, within each state, alphabetically by company name.
NUMBER AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF
  MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS

     Table   II-5   shows  the  estimated   number   and   geographic
distribution of manufacturing establishments for each  of  the three-
digit SIC codes and .their combined total  numbers, and breakdowns for
each of the four-digit SIC codes within them.   These  breakdowns are
shown by state, by EPA region, and nationally.

     Most   of  the  data  were  derived  from  the  1972  Census  of
Manufactureso  However, the Census does not show the number of plants
in states having  very  few  plants  and  groups  several such states
together as "other States."  The  Dun  &  Bradstreet  Listing  of all
Manufacturing  Establishments  was  used  in developing estimates for
those states, but only  to  the exact numbers shown by the Census for
"other States."  Thus, the column breakdowns do "add" to the national
total.

     As indicated previously, 75 percent or 3448 of the manufacturing
establishments for SIC's  355  and  357  are located in 13 states;  45
percent  (2058 plants) are  in  California,  New  York,  New  Jersey,
Illinois, and Massachusetts.   Twenty-five percent  0-190  plants) are
scattered in 34 states, and there  are  none  in Alaska, Montana, and
                               61

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West  Virginia,  or the District of Columbia.   The  details  of  the
geographic distribution in the five states which embrace  45  percent
of all establishments are as follows:

     California  has  a total of 581 establishments;; 426 of these, or
73 percent,  are  accounted for by three four-digit SIC industries as
shown below:

             SIC      	Industry	     Percent

             3551     Food Products Machinery                18
             3559     Special Industry Machinery, N.E.C.     26
             3573     Electronic Computing Equipment         29
                                                             73

     The fact that California has many food processing establishments
and  a  very  large  aero-space  industry  would   account   for  the
substantial percentages of SIC 3551 and 3573 establishmentSo  As will
be seen subsequently, there is a substantial percentage of  SIC  3559
establishments in all five states.  The reason for this is  that  SIC
3559  accounts for 30 percent of the total establishments in SIC  355
and  357 combined and also it includes a great diversity of types  of
industry as shown in Table II-l.

     New York has  a  total of 448 establishments; 363 of these or 81
percent  are  accounted  for  by five four-digit  SIC  industries  as
follows:

             SIC      	Industry	    Percent

             3551     Food Products Machinery                13
             3552     Textile Machinery                      12
             3555     Printing Trades Machinery              22
             3559     Special Industry Machinery, N.E.C.     22
             3573     Electronic Computing Equipment         _12_
                                                             81
All  of  these  industries   had.   their   early  beginnings  in  the
Northeastern part of the United  States,  which  accounts  for  their
substantial percentages of New York's total number of establishments.

     New Jersey has a total of  366  establishments; 285 of these, or
78 percent are  accounted  for  by  four four-digit SIC industries as
follows:

             SIC      	Industry	     Percent

             3552     Textile Machinery                      17
             3555     Printing Trades Machinery              15
             3559     Special Industry Machinery, N.E.C.     35
             3573     Electronic Computing Equipment         11
                                                             78

                               64

-------
The primary  reason  for these distributions is that New Jersey, like
New York, is also the area where the industries originated„

     Illinois has a total of  351  establishments;  261  of these, or
74 percent,  are  accounted  for  by three four-digit industries,  as
shown below:

             SIC      	Industry	    Percent

             3551     Food Products Machinery               20
             3552     Printing Trades Machinery             23
             3559     Special Industries Machinery, N.E.Co  _3!L
                                                            74

Illinois is the only one of the five states which  does  not  have  a
substantial   percentage   of   SIC   3573,   Electronic   Computers,
establishments.  However, this classification does  account  for  5.3
percent of total SIC 357 establishments in Illinois.

     Massachusetts has a total of 312  establishments;  202 of these,
or 65 percent, are accounted for by three  four-digit SIC industries,
as follows:

             SIC      	Industry	     Percent

             3552     Textile Machinery                         21
             3559     Special Machinery, Industry, N.E.C.       23
             3573     Electronic Computing Equipment            21
                                                                65

The previous discussion on New York and New Jersey is also applicable
to the substantial  percentages  of  Massachusetts'  total  number of
establishments accounted for by these three industries.,

     The ranking of number  of  establishments by EPA region is shown
below:

                       EPA          Number of          Percent
             Rank    Region       Eatablishments       of Total

               1        V
               2       II
               3       IX
               4       IV
               5        I
               6       III
               7       VI
               8       VII
               9        X
              10      VIII
                           Totals      4610
                               65

-------
     As can  be seen, EPA Regions, I, II, IV, V, and IX combined have
 79 o 4 percent of the total establishments and  II  and  V  alone  have
 42.2 percent.
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS

     Table    II-6   shows   the   distribution   of    manufacturing
establishments  in  terms of number of employees  per  establishment.
The data are shown for each of the  three-digit  SIC  industries  and
their combined total and for each of the four-digit  SIC  industries.
The  ranges  of  number  of  employees identified are from 1-4,  5-9,
10-19,  20-49,  250-499,  1000-2499, and 2500 or more.  This scope of
ranges provides a  striking  contrast  between  plants having 1000 or
more employees (only  54)  and  those  with  less  than  20 employees
(2733).  Obviously, these are mainly small-plant industries,,

     These  figures  are  particularly  significant  in terms of  the
conclusions  reached  in  Section  111=   It  is established  in  the
discussion of  the  characteristics of the wastes of these industries
that larger plants  are  more  likely  to  integrate processes with a
greater potential for producing  hazardous  wastes.  However, in both
three-digit SIC industries combined there are only 315 establishments
with 250 or more employees, or  less  than seven percent of the total
number of establishments.

     Appendix  C and Appendix D contain additional data for  each  of
the  four-digit  SIC  industries  on  the  number  and  percentage of
establishments  by  size in terms of the same employee ranges and  in
national totals.  They  also show the following general statistics by
size range and  in national totals:  total number of employees; value
added by manufacture; cost  of materials; value of shipments; and new
capital expenditures.
DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESSES IN MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS

     Table II-7  shows  the  distribution  of manufacturing processes
employed in each  of  the  three-digit  industries,  totals  in these
classifications, and breakdowns for each of the four-digit industries
which they encompass„  The total  numbers of establishments shown are
different from those in Table II-6 because  Table  II-6  was  derived
from the 1972 Census of Manufactures,  while  Table II-7  was  derived
from  the  1967 Census0  This was necessary because  comparable  1972
process data were not available.

     Some  of  the  columns in Table II-7 exceed the total number  of
establishments shown.  This is to be expected in all cases since many
establishments utilize more than one manufacturing process.  However,
other  discrepancies  appear  in the  table.   For  example,  in  one
                              66

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 four-digit  industry the process distribution total is nearly 200 less
 than total  establishments; in  the  totals  for both SIC 355 and 357,
 the  distribution  of processes exactly equals the  total  number  of
 es tablishments.

     The latter situation is in conflict with the manner in which the
 Census of Manufactures assigns  industrial  classifications.  If this
 information were correct, it would  mean that plants perform only one
 function.   In this case, they would  be classified as "job shops" and
 placed in an SIC which covers foundries, electroplating jobbers, heat
 treating    operations,   etc.   They  would  not  be  classified   as
 establishments manufacturing SIC 355 and 357 products.

     In SIC 3555,  printing  trades machinery, Table II-7 shows that
 processes used  add  to  only  327  when  they are 522 establishments
 listed in this category,,   In  this  instance,  there  are  obviously
 insufficient processes listed to  be  distributed even at the rate of
 one to a  plant,  and  the plant surveys showed a distinct overlap in
 process usage.   In  SIC 3554,  paper  industries  machinery, process
 usage figures add to 229 when  there are 220 establishments.  This is
 also felt to be quite low in view of the degree of overlap in process
 use, although it is impossible to determine how low the process total
 actually isc

     Based  on the results of the  plant  surveys,  to be discussed in
 detail in the next section, it appears  that  the reported numbers of
 foundries,  forges, galvanizing operations, heat treatment operations,
 and plastics molding facilities may be more realistic,,  However,  the
 numbers of  machine  shops,  paint  shops,  fabrication, and assembly
 operations  are not doubt low.

     In  spite  of  these  shortcomings,  however,  the  Census  data
 represent the best available information on  process distributions in
 SIC 355 and  357.  In order to maintain a consistent basis, they have
 been used throughout the study to calculate waste generation rates.

     The six  most commonly used manufacturing processes are shown in
 the following data taken from Table II-7:

                                            Number of Establishments
                                                Using the Process	
	Manufacturing Process	  SIC 355   SIC 357  Total

Machine Shop                                 1201       172     1373
Printing, Lacquering, Enameling, on Metal     685       102      787
Plate or Structural Fabrication               538        26      564
Stamping, Blanking and Forming of Metals      333       117      450
Tool and Die Shop                             263        98       361
Assembly of Product                             0       226      226
                              69

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AGE DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS

     Table  II—8  shows   the   age   distribution  of  manufacturing
establishments in the following ranges of years:  1-10, 11-20, 21-50,
and 51 and  over.  These are age ranges for the plants themselves and
do not necessarily reflect ages of machinery and equipment.

     Forty-one  percent  of SIC 355 establishments  (1,894)  are  ten
years  old or less.  This age group  accounts  for  64  percent  (663
plants) of SIC 357.  Within SIC 357, SIC 3573  represents  80 percent
(496 plants) of establishments ten years old or less;  if SIC 3573 is
excluded  from  the  calculation for SIC 357, then establishments ten
years  old  or  less  would  also  account  for  41  percent of  this
classification.  This further confirms  the  trend  and  growth  data
previously  discussed concerning the  rapid  growth  of  SIC  3573  -
Electronic Computing Equipment.  Clearly, it is  a young, high-growth
industry.

     In both SIC 355 and 357,  only approximately four percent of the
total  establishments   is   over  50  years  old.   Only  SIC  3572,
Typewriters, has no establishments in this age category.  This may be
indicative of recent trends  of  industries  moving out of cities and
into more open spaces where  single-floor  plants  can  replace  less
efficient multi-story buildings.

     Appendices E and F show more detailed information concerning age
distribution of  manufacturing  establishments  by state, EPA region,
and nationally.  These data are shown by four-digit SIC industries.
DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED

     Tables  II-9  and  11-10 show by  five-digit  codes  within  the
four-digit   SIC   industries  the  products  produced  by  the   two
three-digit  SIC  industries.   These  tables  show shipments made in
millions of  dollars  by  the  primary industry and also shipments of
those same products  made  by other industries.  The primary industry
is defined  as the industry which is primarily engaged in producing a
specific industry product,  such  as  SIC 3573 - Electronic Computing
Equipment.  However, other industries  primarily engaged in producing
other products may also produce  products  which  fall  under the SIC
3573 classification.

     These and other industry shipments are shown in  Table  11-11 as
percentages of the primary industry shipments.
                               70

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                             SECTION III
          MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATIONS
INTRODUCTION

     The character and  quantity  of  the process wastes generated in
the special machinery and office machines manufacturing industries as
defined by  SIC  355  and  357 are directly related to the process or
processes used in any given manufacturing  establishment.  There is a
great variety of raw materials used  to  manufacture  the products of
these industries, many of which are used in more than one process and
eventually become, to some extent, waste constituents.

     The purposes of this  section are to describe the overall nature
of the SIC 355 and  357 manufacturing operations, and to describe the
potentially hazardous wastes generated.  This will be done by, first,
setting forth the criteria used by WAPORA  to   assess the hazards of
special  machinery  manufacturing  wastes.  The various types of  raw
materials  used  by  the industries are discussed in terms  of  their
characteristics   and  normal  applications.     The   rationale   for
considering each  class  of raw material as hazardous or nonhazardous
is  given.   Next,  descriptions  of   manufacturing   processes  are
provided.   Typical manufacturing establishments within SIC  355  and
357  are described, then each  process  (such  as  casting,  forging,
electroplating,  assembly,  etc.)   is   discussed.    Within   these
discussions are estimations of the nature  and  amount of the process
wastes generated and their classification as potentially hazardous or
nonhazardous.

     Waste  generation  rates for  1975  are  developed  for  special
machinery and office machines manufacturing  plants  in  this section
through extrapolation of waste quantity data  obtained  in  the plant
surveys.  The number of production workers assigned  to  each process
(based  on  survey  data) is used along with  1967  Census  data  for
developing  estimates  of  national  quantities.   State  totals  are
determined  by production worker distribution by state as reported by
the Census Bureau.  EPA Regional waste totals are also provided.

     Tabulations of waste quantities by waste stream are set forth by
total waste, total potentially hazardous waste, and total potentially
hazardous constituents.

     Projections  of  1977 and 1983 waste generation rates  are  also
presented and  are  based  on  two factors: 1) percentage of industry
growth; and 2)  effect  of the 1977 and 1983 effluent limitations and
                               75

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standards  which  will  be  Imposed on the  liquid  wastes  of  these
industries by  the  1972  amendments  to  the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (PL  92-500).   The applicability and probable effects of
the various effluent restrictions  are  described.  The quantities of
the process wastes generated on  a  national  basis,  including total
wastes,  total  potentially hazardous wastes, and  certain  hazardous
constituents,  are provided in various reporting formats  on  both  a
wet-weight and a dry-weight basis.  More detailed breakdowns of waste
generation are subsequently developed in an appendix.
CRITERIA FOR THE DETERMINATION OF A POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTE

     There  are  many  definitions of "hazardous  materials"  in  use
today.  They are variously designed for application  in implementing,
such as the Clean Air Act,  the  Longshoremen's  and  Harbor Worker's
Compensation  Act,  and  Department  of  Transportation  regulations.
Others are  built into legislation on solid waste disposal, and still
others have been  posed  for  purposes of earlier EPA hazardous waste
studies relating to other industries.  The two considerations, stated
or implied, most common to all of them are the. potential for acute or
chronic  adverse  effects.   This concept is  also  inherent  in  the
hazardous criteria applied in this report.

     One  definition of "hazardous waste" in rather wide use  is  any
waste  or  combination of wastes which pose a substantial present  or
potential hazard  to  human  health  or living organisms because such
wastes are lethal,  nondegradable,  or  persistent  in nature; may be
biologically magnified; or may  otherwise  cause  or  tend  to  cause
detrimental cumulative effects [13].  In interpreting this definition
in its Report to Congress,  Disposal  of  Hazardous Wastes, [13], EPA
established five  categories of hazardous characteristics.  They are:
toxic  chemical, flammable, biological, radioactive,  and  explosive.
The wastes  generated by SIC 355 and 357 plants fall within the first
two of these  categories.   No  wastes  are  produced,  which meet the
definitions of radioactive, explosive,  or  biological categories set
forth in the report.

     Toxicity is defined in. the Report to  Congress as, the ability of
a  waste to produce injury upon contact with  or  accumulation  in  a
susceptible site in or on the body of a  living  organism.  Toxicity,
as it applies to the wastes of these industries, may be manifested in
several ways.   A  corrosive  waste may produce dermal irritation, an
acute toxic effect.  This type of waste may also be involved in  long
range situations because of  interaction with metals or other wastes.
Genetic change and bioconcentration are also long terms effects which
are  not  immediately  discernible.   The remaining manifestations of
toxicity, ranging from minor systematic or local injury to death, are
grouped under the umbrella term of "toxicity"  for  the  purposes  of
this report.
                               76

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     While  these  effects,  in  the  usual  use  of  the  term,  are
frequently exhibited in acute form, the effects which may result from
the wastes of these  industries  are  most  likely  to  be long term,
chronic type effects.  This is  because  wastes are produced which by
almost any definition must be classified  as  potentially  hazardous,
but the quantities generated are unlikely to  create acute situations
in the ambient environment.

     The   degree  of  flammability  of  a  waste  is  rather  easily
established  as  discussed  below,  but most toxic effects are not as
readily measured.
Toxicity

     Within the scope of this project, assessment of  whether  wastes
may present  a potential hazard due to toxic effects must be based on
available  information and  evidence  generated  by  experts  in  the
toxicological field.  The body  of toxicological literature, however,
suffers certain deficiencies for the  purposes  of this program.  The
most serious of these is that  it  is  nearly  all  occupationally or
laboratory  oriented.    Correlations   between   concentrations   of
substances   and  morbidity  and  mortality  data  are  scarce,   and
frequently an episode — ranging from simple irritation to  death  —
is  described  without reference to the amount of the compound  which
engendered  it.   In  the  few cases where this information is given,
however,   it   usually   documents   toxic   responses   to   higher
concentrations than levels which  could  be  expected  to accrue from
deposition of relatively small quantities  of  these  substances in a
land disposal operation.  Few epidemiological facts are available and
information  developed  on  the  basis of occupational or  laboratory
exposure must be substituted.

     The literature is replete with descriptions and documentation of
the toxicity of elemental  substances,  but  reliable  information on
certain specific compounds used by  manufacturing  plants  within SIC
355 and 357 is sparse or  apparently  nonexistent  on  some materials
which have only recently come into use.  In some cases where data are
available, multiple references are in conflict with one another.

     Because of  these  constraints  on  documenting the chronic long
term toxicity  of compounds at various concentrations, it was decided
to accept the Quality Criteria for Water (Prepublication copy) issued
by the U.  S.   Environmental  Protection  Agency  [14]  as  a  basic
criterion  for this hazardous property  where  possible  —  i.e.,  a
process  waste  constituent  which leaches in a  concentration  which
exceeds  the  suggested  water  quality  criteria  renders the  waste
potentially hazardous.

     An acute toxic  criterion  applicable  to  special machinery and
office machines  manufacturing  wastes is somewhat easier to document
                               77

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since   it   is   more   closely   akin  to   occupationally-oriented
concentrations.  This  is the corrosivity/dermal irritation criterion
which, for purposes of this study, has been set  at a pH of less than
5.0  and  greater  than 9.0, which are widely accepted safety  ranges
[15].

     The mere presence of a toxic substance in a process waste stream
does not signify that the substance can be  extracted  from the waste
into the environment.  Therefore, one of the criteria established for
a  potentially  hazardous waste was that the toxic substance must  be
water-leachable  from  the  waste.    Data   were  developed  through
laboratory  leachate  tests performed  by  WAPORA  on  process  waste
samples collected at surveyed  plants  to support this approach.  The
test procedures are documented in Appendix G.  In the case of foundry
wastes, these leaching tests were corroborated  by  a similar program
underway at the University of Wisconsin  under the sponsorship of the
American Foundrymen's Association [64],

     Bioconcentration may be  defined as the selective concentration,
or storing, of a  specific  chemical  species  by  an organism.  This
phenomenon   occurs   in   organisms   ranging    from    water-borne
microorganisms to humans.  An organism's own chemistry will determine
which substances it will accumulate and in what quantities.

     While  there  is  still a great deal to be  learned  about  this
process,  there  is  ample  evidence  to show that several substances
contained in the wastes from the manufacture of special machinery and
office machines can be retained and stored by organisms up to harmful
levels.   These include cadmium, lead, mercury,  and  polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB's) [17-24].  Thus,  the  entry  of any amount of these
substances into the environment is undesirable from the standpoint of
the potential long term hazards.  However, cadmium, lead, and mercury
are naturally present in at least trace  amounts  in  many  materials
which become  wastes,  and  PCB's  have become widely disseminated in
recent years.  This  being  the  case, the bioconcentration criterion
for use in this  report  is  that  any  measurable  amount  of  these
substances in a waste results in a hazardous designation.

     Carcinogens,  mutagens,  or teratogens — materials which  cause
cancer or genetic change — are not widespread  in  SIC  355  and 357
wastes.  However, a few suspected carcinogens may be present although
trichloroethylene was the only suspected cancer-inducing agency which
the  surveys  showed  to  be in common use.  Current studies on  this
solvent  may  provide  more evidence of the nature of its reaction on
organisms.  No use  of  other  hydrocarbons  in the suspect class has
been reported by surveyed plants.   Arsenic,  a  known carcinogen, is
used in one  surveyed plant which will be discussed in the section on
treatment  and  disposal  of wastes.  This is  a  highly  specialized
application  and  does  not indicate general usage of  this  chemical
within the subject industries.
                                78

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     Nitrates are  probably the only suspected mutagens — substances
held responsible for changes within the genes — which may be present
in  the wastes of  these  industries.   None  were  reported  in  the
surveyed  plants,  but  the  literature   indicates  this  potential.
According to the National Academy of  Sciences,  teratogenic  effects
are usually seen only at doses well  above likely exposure levels for
environmental  chemicals  such  as  solvents  and  some compounds  of
mercury,   lead,   cadmium,   and   other  metals  [25].   In  simple
terminology, a  teratogenic  effect  is the creation of abnormalities
during gestation.

     Introduction  of carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens  into  the
environment in any quantity is  undesirable.  It was established that
a process waste containing a  constituent  which is determined by EPA
to  have  any  of  these  characteristics  constitutes a  potentially
hazardous  waste  when  the  constituent  is  present  in  detectable
quantities.
Flammability

     The  second  criterion  applied  to the process  wastes  of  the
subject  industries  in  determining  their  hazardous nature is  the
measure  of  flammability.   Any  waste  with a flash point  of  38°C
(100°F)  or less as measured by the Closed  Cup method  is  deemed  a
potential  acute  hazard.   This  is  the limit which is used by  the
Department   of  Transportation  to  designate  hazardous   flammable
solvents which require a red label warning.

     The application of the measure of  flammability to specific pure
organic  solvents  is  quite  precise.   This  information is  widely
available . in chemical and supplier literature.  The flash  point  of
mixed solvents  as  well  as  solvent-laden  wastes  is  not  as well
established although a  new test procedure has been developed and has
been implemented to test  the  flash  point  of selected wastes [26].
Actual flash point determinations of  certain  sampled  process waste
streams  from surveyed plants were made  in  WAPORA's  laboratory  to
support this approach.
DEFINITION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS PROCESS WASTE

     A process waste  is  defined  as  a  residual material emanating
directly from a manufacturing process  such  as  casting  operations,
machining  operations,  paint  shops,  etc.  Constituents of  process
wastes are generally oils, metals and  metallic  compounds, acids and
alkalies, and  organic  solvents.   These constituents, under certain
conditions  described  earlier  in  this  section  may  be  toxic  or
flammable, rendering  them  hazardous to man and his environment.   A
process waste is  defined  as potentially hazardous by the contractor
                               79

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if its  constituents  cause  the  waste  to  have  one or more of the
following properties:
     Hazard                 Criteria for Waste Stream
Flammability                Flashpoint less than 28°C (100°F) (DOT)

Corrosivity/dermal          pH less than 5.0 or greater than 9.0
  irritation                [15].

Toxicity                    Water leachate of a waste contains a
                            chemical which exceeds Federal Quality
                            Criteria for water [14]

Bioconcentration            Contains cadmium, lead, mercury, or PCB,
                            in any detectable concentration

Genetic change              Contains any detectable concentrations
                            of a known carcinogen, mutagen, or
                            teratogen
     Several  discrete  process   wastes   may  be  included  in  any
particular  waste   stream   from   a   manufacturing  process  area0
Typically, segregation and recovery of discrete process wastes is not
typically  practiced  (see  Section VI   -   Treatment  and  Disposal
Technology)  so  that  both potentially  hazardous  and  nonhazardous
process wastes are handled and disposed  of together.  This generally
renders the entire waste stream potentially hazardous.

     When waste  streams  are  mechanically  handled  and  chemically
treated  on the manufacturing plant premises to the extent that  they
no  longer  meet  any of the above criteria, they are not  considered
potentially hazardous waste streams for disposal.
RAW MATERIALS

     A great variety of raw materials is  used to manufacture special
industrial machinery  and  office  computing and accounting machines,,
This is true  for  several  reasons.    Many  chemicals  may  be  used
interchangeably  in  the  same   application,  although  even  slight
variations  in  process  may dictate  different  formulations.    Some
compounds   are   more  effective  on,  or   conversely,   completely
incompatible  with  certain  metals.   In addition, a  wide  range  of
metals is available for selected use.

     In spite of the wide variety in specific raw materials, however,
most of them fall within five major classifications:
                               80

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         1.  Oils
         2.  Metals and metallic compounds
         3.  Acids and alkalies
         4.  Organic solvents
         5.  Miscellaneous materials

     The  general  nature  of  these materials is discussed  in  this
section and  the  physical/chemical properties of specific substances
are tabulated in Appendix H.  The materials listed in Appendix  H are
those found in use in surveyed plants with the exception of the acids
and alkalies.   Since  the  specific  compound  used in this class of
materials was rarely identified, ones  typically  used  were obtained
from the literature.  This section also describes the basic functions
of these materials in  SIC  355  and  357.  The specific processes in
which they are utilized are identified later in this section.
 Oils

     Oil is widely used in  metal working operations.  In addition to
its function in many cutting, grinding,  and  stamping  processes, it
also  serves as a lubricant in other  miscellaneous  uses.   While  a
variety of fluid mixtures is used in individual applications, most of
the oil itself is derived from refined petroleum.  Smaller quantities
of animal or vegetable oils from various sources — lard, for example
—  are  employed  in  specialized uses, either alone or blended with
mineral oil.   There are insufficient data available to this study to
support a breakdown by  derivation,  and since petroleum products are
vastly predominant, the  term  "oil"  as  used in this report means a
petroleum derivative unless otherwise specified.

     Mixtures  of hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum used vary
in chemical  composition  and  viscosity  [40],  They are composed of
straight and branched  chain  aliphatic,  naphthenic,  aromatic,  and
polyaromatic hydrocarbons [41,42],

     Most oils used in the manufacture  of machinery can be generally
classified  by  application  as  hydraulic, lubricating, cooling,  or
cutting oils.  These basic groups of oil generally  derive  from  the
refined  petroleum  end  product  category  called  lube oil blending
stocks which are produced from a lower, or heavier, fraction  of  the
crude  oil  than gasoline and other fuels [41].  Thus, the properties
of  the  mineral oil content of the fluids used in metal working  are
essentially the  same  originally, and some oils may be used in their
virgin refined state.

     In  other  cases,  various  substances which are usually  termed
additives — ranging from water to  complex chemicals — are added to
enhance an oil characteristic such as viscosity or freezing point for
one purpose or another.
                               81

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     While various  processes  may  dictate specialized formulations,
the oils used  generally  as  lubricants,  hydraulic  fluids, cutting
oils, coolants, and quenchants are sufficiently similar that they can
be characterized according to this grouping.

     All  of  these  oils  are considered by  the  contractor  to  be
hazardous materials.  While oil itself is not highly toxic to humans,
prevalent additives in oils which contain heavy metals or other toxic
constituents are  potentially harmful [16,21].  In addition, oils are
toxic  to   aquatic   life   and  shore   wildlife  at  relative  low
concentrations [15,43],
                          Hydraulic Fluids

     The use of hydraulic fluids in metal  working  is  probably  the
least important  use  of oils in terms of wastes produced.  Hydraulic
oil is used as a fluid in the mechanics of metal working — to supply
drive or to transfer  mechanical  energy  in  closed  systems,  power
presses, for example — and  becomes  waste  only  when  a  system is
cleaned or when spills or leaks occur.

     Hydraulic oils are one of a group of  highly  refined industrial
lubrication oils obtained by extracting solvents from lube oil stocks
and  removing  excess  wax content [41],  They are likely to  contain
rust  inhibitors such as  imidazolines,  alkenylsuccinic  acids,  and
amine phosphates; oxidation inhibitors such  as zinc dithiophosphate,
sulfates, hindered phenels, and amines;  corrosion inhibitors such as
metal dithiophosphates; and foam inhibitors such  as  silicones [41],
Oxidation inhibitors are used to prevent  acid  and  sludge formation
and thickening.   Rust  inhibitors protect nonferrous components such
as  bearings  from scoring by acid contaminants  in  the  oil.   Foam
inhibitors reduce  the  stability  of  bubbles formed in an agitating
system and thus  prevent  overflow  [41],   Additional  additives may
include pour paint depressants  to  control  the  behavior of the wax
remaining in the oil, and  antiwear  compounds  which  are similar to
those used for oxidation and corrosion  resistance  [41],   Hydrualic
oils are generally separated easily from water.
                          Lubricating Oils

     Lubricating  oils  discussed  here  are  those  used  to  reduce
friction in the  operation of machinery, to lubricate molds and dies,
and  similar purposes as opposed  to  the  lubricating  functions  of
cutting oils described below.   This type of oil is also subjected to
wax and acid reduction as well as for color and asphalt removal [44],
The higher-grade lubricants  also  undergo  solvent  extraction  with
phenol, furfural, and sulfur dioxides to remove the aromatic portions
[44].
                               82

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     The characteristics demanded of lubricating oils depend in large
measure on whether  they are used in a circulating lubrication system
(such  as a hydraulic  system)  or  whether  they  are  intended  for
"once-through" application.  The composition of  the  former  is very
similar  to  that of hydraulic oils.   The  latter  may  require  the
addition of additives such as oleic acid  to  increase "oiliness" and
enhance adherence in the presence of the water  contained  in cooling
and cutting oils [41].

     Barium  sulfonate,  a  salt  of  an alkyl aryl sulfonic acid, is
probably the most  common detergent in current lubricating oils [21],
In 12 commercially available  additives  of  this  type,  the  barium
content ranged  from one to 15 percent.  No figures were found on the
percentages of this additive in the total product.

     Tri-o-cresyl  phosphate (TCP), which enhances the ability of oil
to wet  the  metal  surface,  is  another  widely  used  additive  in
lubricating oils.  A  reference  to  a  lubricating  oil for turbojet
engines indicated a three  percent  TCP content [16].  No information
relating specifically to the oils used by SIC 355 and 357 was found.
                      Cutting Oils and Coolants

     Cutting oils and coolants are the fluids used in the cutting and
grinding  of  metal  to cool both the workpiece and the tool  and  to
lubricate the interface  between  the  two  [36,44],   Oils  used  in
quenching are discussed separately.

     An  insoluble cutting oil, called "straight"  oil,  may  be  100
percent mineral oil or  a  combination of mineral oil and a fatty oil
such as lard or sperm oil [44],   Small  quantities  of  bactericides
and/or sulfur,  chlorinated  fats,  sulfochlorinated  fats  [44], and
other substances are  sometimes  added  to  provide  more substantial
lubrication.  Industrial oil as  refined  contains  almost  no sulfur
because  it  is removed in  the  refining  process.   Sulfur,   as  an
additive, improves machinability.

     More and more use is being made of  water  soluble  cutting oils
which  usually  range  in  ratio  from  1:5  oil to  water  to  1:50.
Stabilizers such as high molecular weight alcohols, esters, or amines
are  added  to  dissolve  hydrocarbons  and to create an affinity for
water.  They  also  may contain many of the additives discussed above
including bactericides, corrosion and foaming inhibitors, and extreme
pressure aids, as  well as dyes and water conditioners such as sodium
carbonate,  polyphosphates,  or  borax [44,45],  Palm oils  or  other
emulsions may be substituted for petroleum products [40],

     Chlorinated oils  have  been used for many years in cutting oils
because of their  effectiveness  under  extreme  pressure  conditions
                               83

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[45],  However, they are difficult  to  remove  from  metal parts and
tend to engender rust on ferrous  metals  and stains on others.  This
effect has been reduced by the addition  of  emulsifiers,  and,  more
recently, by ethoxylated fatty amines [45]„

     Cutting oil in normal use is recycled and is discarded only when
it is too rancid or degraded by biological oxidation or contamination
to be suitable for further use [42],  In larger  plants,  the coolant
is recirculated to the machine tools from a central tank  and pumping
system,  and in smaller plants each machine has its own recirculation
system.  Cast  iron  and  some  nonferrous materials do not require a
lubricant or coolant, as noted above.
                           Quenching Oils

     Conventional quenching  oils  are  blends of crude oil fractions
which contain no  additives  to  alter cooling characteristics.  Fast
quenching oils are created through the use of additives, usually of a
proprietary nature [36],  Water-oil emulsions are  less effective for
quenching than conventional oils whether the  highest  percentage  of
content is oil or water [36].

     While  oil itself is not highly toxic to humans,  it  is  highly
toxic  within  aquatic  and marine food chains and to shore  wildlife
[15,43],   In   addition,  the  oil  used  in  the  special  machines
manufacturing industries may contain one or more of a wide variety of
additives  and  miscellaneous  compounds  in  diverse concentrations.
These  materials may include barium sulfonate, zinc  dithiophosphate,
hindered  phenols,  chlorinated  fats,  sodium  nitrate, and antimony
trioxide,  among  many  others.   The Federal Water Quality  Criteria
document the toxicity of the alkyl-aryl sulfonate class of detergents
on fish, to which barium sulfonate, belongs [15].

     The existing Water Quality  Criteria for oil are that oil should
be virtually absent, or desirably,  completely  absent,  from  public
water supplies.  This is not based  primarily  on toxicity but rather
on the taste and odor which oil  may  impart to humans.  However, the
fish and wildlife criteria provide that oil should  not  be  added to
receiving waters in such quantities that it will become  an effective
toxicant.  In  the  revised  criteria  for  aquatic  life,  presently
undergoing final review, a numerical limit is applied to oil which is
0.01 of  the lowest continuous flow 96-hour LC50 to several important
freshwater and marine special [14].  For several oil types this would
result in a limit on the order of 0.01 ppm.  Since the runoff of  oil
from  improperly  discarded  process  wastes could exceed  the  Water
Quality Criteria, it was established that a  process waste containing
more  than  0.01  ppm of oil and  grease  is  considered  potentially
hazardous.
                               84

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Metals and Metal Compounds

     The surveyed plants reported using gray and ductile iron, carbon
steel, stainless steels, bronze, brass, aluminum,  chromium,  copper,
nickel, zinc, cadmium, tin, and precious metals  —  including  gold,
silver,  and  rhodium.  Some of these metals are  employed  in  their
solid, metallic  state  as  structural  machine  components including
iron,  steel, aluminum, brass, and bronze.  Others are used primarily
in  compounds  such  as soluble salts of the metals  for plating  and
other surface finishing operations.   Examples  of  the soluble salts
found  in  surveyed plants are  nickel  sulfamate,  cupric  chloride,
cupric oxide, cupric ammonium hydroxide, and chromate ions.  However,
compounds were not usually identified chemically  and the metals used
in  plating  were  more  frequently  referred  to generically.   They
include — in addition to nickel,  copper  and  chrome  — zinc, tin,
cadmium, gold,  silver,  and rhodium.  One arsenic and selenium alloy
was encountered in a vacuum coating operation.

     Since the identity of specific compounds was not often known, it
was necessary to use the literature to identify the typical compounds
employed in finishing processes. Table III-l shows the composition of
some common plating baths [46],  The cyanides are  employed  to  hold
metal ions in solution so that they may be  deposited on a base metal
[47].  In some heat treating operations, work pieces are immersed  in
a  metal  salt  bath  prior to their entry into the furnace.   Molten
cyanide salts, barium chloride,  neutral  chloride,  or  nitrate  are
frequently employed [34],

     The metals used  by  SIC  355 and 357 in their metallic form for
structural  components   of  their  products  are  not  intrinsically
hazardous, in terms of the criteria  set  forth  in this report, when
they are  in  sufficiently  large dimension to resist solubilization.
However, small particles  are  more  subject  to dissolution by other
substances such as acids and alkalies.  The potential for formulation
of  harmful metal compounds increases  as  particle  size  decreases<>
This is because dissolution occurs at  the metal surface and the rate
of dissolution is proportional to the surface area available and, for
any given weight of a material, surface area  increases  as  particle
size  decreases.   Metals containing aluminum, copper, tin, zinc, and
other amphoteric elements could be soluble at a pH that  is acidic or
basic.   Most  other metals (chromium, nickel, and iron which are the
common ingredients of stainless steels) are more soluble at a pH that
is acidic.   Thus,  the  dusts and grindings of metals covered by the
Water Quality Criteria render a process  waste  potentially hazardous
when their leachate exceeds the numerical limitation.

     Similarly, metal salts in solution which leach in  amounts which
exceed these limitations also cause a process waste to be potentially
hazardous.  The potential  for  runoff  from  improper  land disposal
                               85

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                             TABLE III-l

                      COMMON PLATING BATH FORMULAE
Chromium
Copper (acid)
Copper
(cyanide)
Copper
(pyrophosphate)
Cadmium
Zinc
Brass
Tin
(alkaline)
Silver
(cyanide)
  Constituent

nickel sulfate
nickel chloride
boric acid

chromic acid
sulfuric acid

copper sulfate
sulfuric acid

copper cyanide
sodium cyanide
sodium carbonate

copper (as proprietary mix)
sodium pyrophosphate
0.4% ammonia (by volume)

cadmium oxide
sodium cyanide

zinc cyanide
sodium cyanide
sodium hydroxide

copper cyanide
zinc cyanide
sodium cyanide
sodium carbonate

sodium stannate
sodium hydroxide
sodium acetate

silver cyanide
sodium cyanide
sodium carbonate
                                              Concentration
gm/1
300
60
45
397
30
202
49
22
34
15
:) 30
217
26
109
60
42
75
30
9
56
30
120
715
15
30
30
45
oz/gal
40
8
6
53
0.53
27
6.5
3
4.5
2
4
29
3.5
14.5
8
5.6
10
4
1.25
7.5
4
16
1
2
4
4
6
Source:  Reference 46.
                                   86

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could result in violation of the above regulations and criteria.

     There is sufficient documentation  of  the  tendency of cadmium,
lead, and mercury to bioconcentrate to dictate that these elements be
considered  hazardous  when  they  are  present  in  any  measureable
concentration.,  The levels permitted under the Water Quality Criteria
are  so low that virtually any runoff from  improper  disposal  might
exceed  them.   They are 0.01 mg/1 for cadmium, 0.05  for  lead,  and
0.002 for mercury.  The desirable criterion for public water supplies
for cadmium and lead is complete absence.
Acids and Alkalies

     Alkalies  and  strong  acids  are  used  in  several   processes
attendant  to  metal  working. These include stripping, cleaning, and
etching.

     Alkaline cleaners are used  to  remove oily substances (mineral,
vegetable, and animal oils); semisolids  (greases,  waxes, etc.), and
solid  soils  (grinding  and  polishing  abrasives,  graphite,  metal
oxides, etc.) from cast, forged, or heat  treated  parts  before they
are electroplated or otherwise finished or processed and  are applied
by  soaking,  spraying, and electrolysis [34],  Many formulations are
used  to  meet  the  diverse cleaning requirements although two basic
components  —  builders and wetting agents — are common, along with
water,  to all of them.  Builders, which account for the bulk of  the
preparation,  supply  the  cleaning  effectiveness  and   many  other
individual properties as desired [34],  Typical  builders  are sodium
compounds,   including   carbonates,   phosphates,   silicates,   and
hydroxides [48],  Wetting constituents (surface-active agents) may be
snythetic detergents or sodium resinate, a waste by-product  of kraft
pulping, or  a combination of these materials [34].  Typical alkaline
cleaner formulations designed  for use on various metals are shown in
Table III-2.  Alkaline cleaning  may  also  be  practiced  as  a post
treatment.

     Acid  cleaners used in metal working fall  generally  into  five
categories [34]:

         1.  Inorganic acid solutions
         2.  Organic acid solutions
         3.  Inorganic and organic mixtures
         4.  Acid-solvent mixtures
         5.  Solutions of acid salts

     The organic acids include citric, tartaric, acetic, oxalic,  and
gluconic; inorganic acids  include  ammonium  persulfate, sodium acid
sulfate, and bifluoride salts.  Typical acid cleaner formulations are
shown in Table  III-3.   The  pH.  ranges from 5.5 to much, more acidic
[34].
                               87

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     Acidic pickling is a more severe treatment than acid cleaning to
remove oxides and scale.   However, some cleaning acids may be nearly
as strong as pickling solutions.   Sulfuric,  hydrochloric, nitric,  and
hydrofluoric  acids  are  most  commonly used  in  pickling  [34,49].
Minimum  sulfuric  acid  concentrations  in   pickling  solutions  for
various metals range from 5 to 25 percent by weight [34],

     The  materials  used  in stripping, the removal of coatings from
metal  which  has  been  improperly coated,  vary from metal to metal,
both in terms of the basis metal and the coating itself.  Some of  the
standard substances used for stripping are:   sodium hydroxide, sodium
carbonate, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sodium cyanide,  and
nitric  acid.   Very  small quantities of other  chemicals  such   as
antimony trioxide and sodium nitrate may  be  added  to  protect  the
surface  of  the basis metals or for  other   purposes.   Examples   of
quantities used are as follows:
Plating &
Coating .
Chromium
Chromium
Chromium
Basis Metal
Steel
Nickel plated
steel

Magnesium and
alloys
Gold, silver   Magnesium alloys
copper, nickel
Cadmium
Cadmium
Steel, cast iron
Steel, cast iron
Stripping Solution
45 gm (6 oz) sodium hydroxide/
liter (gal.) of water

Equal parts by volume, hydro-
chloric acid and water

45 gm (6.5 oz) anhydrous sodium
carbonate/liter (gal.) water

Proprietary alkaline chemical
stripper with cyanide plus 15 gm
(2 oz) sodium hydroxide/liter
(gal.) of prepared solution

105-135 gm (14-18 oz) ammonium
nitrate/liter (gal.) water

135-90 gm (18-12 oz) sodium
cyanide 15-30 gm (2-4 oz) sodium
hydroxide/liter (gal.) water
     These compositions are all excerpted from Volume 2 of the Metals
Handbook.   All of these plating metals were reported in use by one or
more  surveyed  plants,  although,  no data are available  to  suggest
whether these  specific  stripping  solutions  or  similar  ones  are
employed.
                               90

-------
     Strong acids are more prevalent in etching and nitric acid alone
or in combination with other acids is frequently used [31],  However,
alkaline solutions may be  required  for the surface of aluminum, its
alloys,  and other metals.  Hot  solutions  of  sodium  or  potassium
hydroxide, trisodium phosphate, or sodium carbonate are commonly used
[34],  The use of etching is not  likely  to be practiced extensively
in the subject industries.

     Many  other  metal   processes   such  as  electropolishing  and
anodizing  also  utilize concentrated  acid  or  alkaline  solutions.
Substances used include sulfuric, phosphoric,  chromic, and fluoboric
acids, sodium carbonate, sodium bisulfate, and trivalent metals.

     Most acid and alkaline cleaning solutions are  hazardous.  These
materials present an acute hazard in  handling  and  a  potential for
long term harm if appropriate disposal techniques are  not  employed.
They are  corrosive,  both  to  humans  handling  them and to metals.
Using the Water  Quality. Criteria for primary contact recreation, the
safe range is accepted  at  5.0-9.0.   If  acids and alkalies cause a
process waste to fall outside  this pH range, the waste is considered
potentially hazardous.

     Waste  acids and alkalies may also carry toxic  metal  salts  as
well as bioconcentrative materials such as cadmium, lead, and mercury
which, if  present  in  detectable  concentrations,  render a process
waste potentially hazardous.
Organic Solvents

     The  use  of  organic solvents in metal  working  operations  is
nearly as universal as that of  oil.   These  materials  are  used in
solvent-thinned painting  operations,  solvent  cleaning  of  metals,
molds, and dies,  vapor  degreasing,  and  emulsion  cleaning,  among
others.

     The  solvents  commonly  used in metal  cleaning  are  aliphatic
hydrocarbons  (kerosene,  mineral  spirits,  Stoddard  solvent,  VM&P
naphtha,  etc.);  chlorinated   hydrocarbons   (methylene   chloride,
trichloroethylene,   etc.);   alcohol  (ethanol,   isopropanol,   and
methanol);  and others such as acetone and toluene.  Stoddard solvent
and  mineral  spirits  probably  see more use than the- others because
they  are less expensive and have a relatively high- flask point I34J0
The amount  used  can  be illustrated by the number of pieces cleaned
per liter (gallon) of pure solvent consumed [34]:
                               91

-------
  Small Pieces
  (Ixlxl" max.)
  Medium Pieces
  (12x12x12" max.)
  Large Pieces
  (12x12x12" min.)
                      High-Flash Naphtha
  Light Soil
(Pip Cleaning)

     15,840
    (60,000)
  Heavy Soil
(Soak Cleaning)

     3,960  (pre-clean)
   (15,000)  (high degree of
     1,003    cleaning)
    (3,800)
        528
     (2,000)
         53
       (200)
     1,584
    (6,000)
(pre-clean)
        26  (pre-clean)
      (100)
     Chlorinated   solvents    such   as   methylene   chloride   and
trichloroethylene  are  used  in  vapor  degreasing,  while  emulsion
cleaning commonly involves kerosene  and  mineral oil.  The emulsions
may  also contain soaps, low-  and  high-molecular  weight  petroleum
sulfonates, glycols and glycol ethers, and  aromatic  solvents  [34],
Degreasing may also be accomplished by the  use  of  a combination of
vapor and liquid.

     Many  of  the  solvents  used  meet  the  foregoing criteria for
flammability and  are,  thus, considered hazardous.  Some of them are
also   toxic  and  some  are  suspected  by  at  least  part  of  the
toxicological  community  of  having  carcinogenic  properties.  Such
solvents  include  trichloroethylene  and   perchloroethylene.    The
organic chemicals for which maximum contaminant levels are set in the
Water Quality Criteria do not  include  any  solvents found in use in
surveyed  plants.   They are, however, in the chlorinated hydrocarbon
class and others in this category are used by SIC 355 and 357 plants,
and are considered  hazardous.   If the presence of solvents causes a
process waste to have a flash point less than 38°C (100°F), the waste
is potentially hazardous.  If a  process  waste  contains  a  solvent
considered as a possible carcinogen or mutagen, in any concentration,
the waste is potentially hazardous.
Miscellaneous Materials

     In addition to  the  raw  materials  of the castings themselves,
foundries employ  a number of materials to make the casting molds.  A
sand mixture containing  up  to  98  percent silica sand plus clay, a
carbonaceous  material such as ground bituminous coal,  cellulose  or
various   proprietary  compounds,  and  water  is  perhaps  in   most
widespread  use.   Plaster molds require some mixture of  gypsum  and
                               92

-------
talc  with  various  additives  such  as  lime  and Portland  cement.
Silica,  zircon,   and  similar  refractory  materials  are  used  in
investment and  ceramic  molds  [27,28],   Three  of the foundries in
surveyed plants use sand molds and one employs ceramic molds produced
by the Shaw  process.   None  of  these substances meet the foregoing
criteria for hazardous materials.

     A number of thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics are  molded
in plants having the capability to  mold these parts on the premises.
Phenolic resins  and  styrene  were  found in use in surveyed plants.
These polymers are  considered nonhazardous by the contractors as are
adhesives  used  in  assembly   operations.    They   are   similarly
thermoplastic and thermosetting materials or  mixtures  of both types
of polymers [51],

     A  variety  of  compounds  is  utilized  as fluxes  in  casting,
galvanizing, and other heat/chemical processes.  The purpose of these
materials,  which do not remain in the final product, is  to  enhance
removal  of  impurities  such as gases and oxides [50],  They include
limestone, lime, fluorspar,  chlorine, and a host of other materials.
Some  of  these  materials   are  nonhazardous  and  others  must  be
considered  hazardous  —  sometimes  because  of secondary  products
formed when they combine with  metal  impurities.  An example of this
occurrence is the formation of fluorine  when fluorspar is used.  Due
to the limited number of plants surveyed  with foundry operations, no
first-hand  data   are   available   upon   which  to  base  specific
hazardous/nonhazardous characterizations of these substances.

     A wide range of paint  and  specialty coating products are used,
including  both solvent- and water-thinned materials.   Paint-related
wastes are hazardous because of the large  variety  of  raw materials
they  may  contain  which  could exceed the Water  Quality  Criteria.
These include compounds of some of the metals listed above as well as
organic solvents in some cases.

     Spills, leaks, and equipment wash-ups have not been allocated to
specific  processes since no qualitative  or  quantitative  data  are
available  to  support  a  description of  typi.cal  wastes  generated
through these routes.  Surveyed plants were generally quite conscious
of the economic benefits to be  derived through minimizing spills and
leakage, and, in view of raw  material  costs,  it  can be reasonably
concluded that  this  attitude  is  prevalent industrywide.  The most
significant spills from  a standpoint of potentially hazardous wastes
are  those  which may  occur  in  electroplating.   This  subject  is
addressed in "Treatment of Potentially  Hazardous  Wastes,"  later in
this report.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

     Manufacturing  processes  form the  integral  parts  of  special
                               93

-------
machinery  manufacturing  operations.   These processes are  casting,
forging,  electroplating  and  etching,  hot  dip  galvanizing,  heat
treating,  machining,  plate  or  structural  fabrication,  stamping,
blanking  and forming, coating, plastics molding, and  assembly.   In
the  context  of this report,  a  process  is  the  basic  source  of
manufacturing waste and is used as the  common  unit  for quantifying
wastes.  For  example,  a  machining  operation  will  generate  0.96
kkg/yr-dept. employee.  Thus,  the  total  process waste from a given
plant's machining operation can  be  estimated  by  multiplying  this
factor  by  the  number  of   employees   working  in  the  machining
department.
Typical Manufacturing Plants

     Virtually all of  the  common  metal  fabrication  processes are
utilized at some  stage  in  the  manufacture  of  special industrial
machinery and office, computing, and accounting  machines.   However,
all of these  processes are not widely employed in the plants falling
within SIC 355 or 357.  A substantial portion of the metal parts used
by these industreis, such as castings  and forgings, are produced and
finished elsewhere — in plants classified in other SIC categories —
and are  purchased  as  raw  materials by many of the SIC 355 and 357
plants.  In addition, many plants in these categories have their heat
treating, electroplating, and galvanizing done by other firms when it
is needed.  Thus, the typical plant for roughly 90 percent of SIC 355
plants consists of a machine shop,  sometimes with accompanying plate
or  structural  fabrication  and/or  painting.   Such  a   plant   is
illustrated  in Figure III-l.  Based on information collected  during
the  surveys,  no  equipment  for  air  pollution  control  or  water
pollution abatement is normally used.  This is because (a) no process
waste  water streams are normally generated and (b) no stacks or  air
blower systems are used in typical installations.

     The typical  plant in SIC 355 has 17 employees, is located in an
urban area within industrialized states such as California, New York,
or Illinois, and is less than 10 years old.  As shown in Table III-4,
approximately 16.4 kkg/yr Q.8.0 tons/yr) of total process wastes on a
wet weight  basis are generated by the plant.  On a dry weight basis,
10,7 kkg/yr 0-1 • 8 tons/yr) of process wastes are generated.  Based on
the definition developed earlier  in  this  section, these wastes are
considered potentially hazardous.  They consist  of  spent  coolants,
sweepings, grlndings, and solvents from the  machining operation, and
sludge, overspray, and solvent from the paint shop.

     The  solid  process  wastes  are  accumulated  in a single trash
container along with waste paper, cartons and garbage.  The container
is  emptied  and  the drums collected from once per week to once  per
month by  a  private  contractor.   They  are  hauled  to  a sanitary
landfill  for disposal.  The cost  for  this  service  is  $300/year,
                               94

-------
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including hauling and disposal, and translates to  $18/kkg  ($17/ton)
on a wet basis and $28/kkg ($25/ton) on a dry basis.

     The typical  plant  in  SIC 357 is a machine shop followed by an
essembly operation, as  shown in Figure III-2.  The plant is probably
located in an urban  area in an industrialized state such as New York
or California and has slightly less than 20 employees.  The plant age
is less than ten years.

     The   process  wastes  generated  by  this  operation  originate
entirely  in  the  machine  shop  and  are classified as  potentially
hazardous by  this  contractor.  The waste constituents are coolants,
oils,  sweeps, grindings, and  spent  solvents.   Approximately  14.4
kkg/yr  (15.9  tons/yr) of process wastes are produced on a wet basis
— 9.3 kkg/yr (10.3 tons/yr) on a dry basis — having the composition
shown in Table  III-4.   The wastes are combined in a trash container
along with other garbage for  collection  by a private contractor who
picks up the waste on  a  prearranged  time schedule.  It is unlikely
that the contractor picks up  full loads all of the time, although he
probably charges  the  plant  for  pick-up  and  disposal  at a fixed
monthly rate.  The wastes are hauled to an off-site sanitary landfill
operation.  Based on hauling  and disposal costs of $18/kkg ($17/ton)
on a wet basis and $28/kkg ($25/ton) on a dry basis, the plant spends
$260/year on process waste disposal.
Description of Manufacturing Processes

     Table III-5  summarizes  the  1967 Census data for the processes
which generate wastes in terms of their percentage of use in SIC  355
and SIC 357.  It shows that only three of these operations — ferrous
foundries, heat treating, and  painting  — are employed at more than
one percent of SIC 355 installations  and  that  electroplating, heat
treating, and painting are the  only  ones  used  in  more  than  one
percent of the plants in SIC 357.

     In gathering data and information  for use in the preparation of
this report, survey visits  were  made to 33 manufacturing operations
within SIC 355 and 357.   Twenty  of  the  33  surveyed  plants  were
selected on a random basis.  The initial selection factors were size,
product (four-digit SIC), and geographical location.  Processes  used
were not a factor in selecting these twenty plants for plant survyes.

     As shown in Table III-6, none of the 20 randomly selected plants
engage in  casting,  forging,  or  galvanizing;  only three have heat
treating operations; two have plastics molding machinery; and one has
extensive  electroplating  operations.    Heat   treating,   plastics
molding, and electroplating appeared among the randomly picked plants
primarily because one large multi-faceted facility surfaced  in  this
process.   Of  the  other  19,  only  two  had  small  heat  treating
operations  and  one  a very minor plastics molding  operation.   One
                              97

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       TABLE  III-6





DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESSES




  AMONG SURVEYED PLANTS
Process
Ferrous Foundry
Nonfarrous Foundry
Nonferrous Die Casting
Electroplating
Galvanizing
Heat Treating
Machine Shop
Tool & Die Shop
Plate or Structural Fabrication
Stamping, Blanking, Forming
Painting & Other Coating
Plastics Molding
20
Random
Plants
0
0
0
1
0
3
20
4
10
6
15
2
13
Selected
Plants
3
1
3
8
0
8
8
5
2
5
11
4
All Surveyed
Plants
3
1
3
9
0
11
28
9
12
11
26
6
           100

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randomly selected  plant  engaged in heat treating and electroplating
but was not  visited  because  of conflicting schedules in the plant.
However, it can be  used  statistically  to  show  that  of 21 plants
selected at random, less than  20 percent engage in heat treating and
less than 10 percent mold plastics or electroplate.

     The fact that these percentages are higher than  the 1967 Census
data  on  these  processes is explained by the facts  that  even  the
randomly  selected  plants  included  more  of the larger plants than
would be  expected  from  a  statistically  random  sample,  and  the
smallest plants, which were  not  proportionately  represented in our
sample, do not ordinarily  employ  the  more complex processes.  This
bias in regard to size was not intended, and plants with less than 20
employees  were  included  in  the  initial random  selection  lists.
However, this bias was the  natural  result  of  the breakdown in the
random process engendered  by  difficulties  encountered  in  gaining
entry to many SIC 355 and 357 plants, a problem which is described in
Appendix G.  Some  of  the  establishments  with  a  relatively small
number of employees (perhaps  70  or  less)  were  not  as willing to
contribute personnel time to the  survey.  On the other hand, some of
the larger plants — especially those  with data already assembled —
found the survey less time consuming, and, thus, were more receptive.

     Even   with   this   bias   in   regard  to  size,  the   Census
characterization  of  the  majority of SIC 355 and 357 establishments
was  sufficiently confirmed by the first 19 plants visited.  As Table
III-6 shows, the randomly  selected  plants  were  almost exclusively
machine shops.   Three  have  tool  and  die shops and five engage in
stamping, blanking, and forming.  These  were  not major functions in
any of the plants and were generally carried out in the machine shop.
The forming process is limited to  those making parts only.  Fourteen
of these 19 plants engage  in  painting  to  some degree, and 10 have
plate or  structural  fabrication operations as noted above; only two
practice heat treating and one, plastics molding.

     After the first 20 plants,  the  random  selection  process  was
abandoned and new criteria for selection  were  established  — i.e.,
that plants engage in one or more  of  the processes with the largest
potential  for  waste  generation  as  shown  in  Table   III-l.    A
concentrated effort was made to find SIC 355 and  357  plants meeting
this criterion.  Subsequently, plants were selected for survey on the
basis of  contractor  knowledge  that  they  do  operate foundries or
engage in plating, heat  treating,  and/or extensive painting.  These
nonrandomly selected plants thus provided data on more complete metal
working operations.

     The  following  description of the metal working unit  processes
are  based in part on the literature, particularly  the  multi—volume
Metals Handbook   published  by  the  American Society for Metals the
Volumes of which  are  referenced separately, and earlier related EPA
                               101

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reports which are also referenced.   The  processes described include
metal    casting    (ferrous   and   nonferrous),   metal    forging,
electroplating,  glavanizing, heat treating, machining, tool and  die
operations,  plant or structural fabrication, stamping, blanking, and
forming, painting, plastics molding, and assembly.

     The descriptions for each unit process include  description  and
evaluation of the process wastes generated,,  The data and information
required for these evaluations were compiled from the plant surveys.

     In  order  to  develop  new  information on the waste streams of
these industries for the purpose  of  setting  hazardous/nonhazardous
classifications, 23 grab samples  of  liquid and solid materials were
collected at 14 of  the  surveyed plants.   The general guidelines for
the collection of samples were that (1)  the wastes should be destined
for land disposal or incineration, (2)  they  should  be generated in
relatively  significant  quantities  which was usually defined by the
contractor as  more than 190 liters (50  gallons) per year and (3) the
waste should be available 'for sampling by the survey team.  The waste
streams sampled varied from one facility to another.

     The analytical  methods  employed  are  described  in  detail in
Appendix G.  Briefly, the methodology was as follows:

         Metals - atomic absorption spectroscopy
         Oil and Grease - hexane extraction
         Cyanide - distillation and colorimetric determination
         H20 - Karl Fischer titration

     The  pH  and  heavy  metals  concentrations  of the samples were
analyzed  in  two  ways.   First,  they  were  analyzed  as they were
received to determine the  concentrations of the various constituents
that were present.  Second,  the  samples were leached with distilled
water, and the leachate  was  analyzed  for  selected heavy metals to
crudely  ascertain  the possibility that some  of  the  metals   could
escape into the environment from the  waste after land disposal.  The
heavy  metals analyzed include cadmium,  copper, chromium, iron,  zinc,
nickel, and  manganese.   They  were chosen for analysis based on (1)
their hazardous nature,  and (2) the probability, in the contractor's
opinion,  of  finding  them   in  the  waste  streams  in  detectable
concentrations.
                            Metal Casting

     Metal  casting  is  a  process  by which metal parts of  varying
shapes  and complexities can be produced by pouring molten metal into
the  cavity  of  a  mold,  resulting  in a solid metal part with  the
configuration of the mold  cavity.   Metal  castings  can be produced
from any metal  or  combination  of  metals,  but th_e vast majority of
castings produced in this country are made of iron, steel, and alloys
of aluminum, copper, magnesium, and zinc.    The foundries seen in the
                               102

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surveyed plants produce mostly iron and steel castings, although, some
production of  aluminum,  brass,  nickel,  and zinc castings was also
observed.  Since the technologies  for ferrous and nonferrous casting
operations are similar,  especially  in  terms of the  types of wastes
generated, they will be discussed together.

     Almost every type of furnace is employed for  melting  of metals
in  foundries.   Iron is melted in cupolas, electric arc  furnaces  ,
electric induction furnaces, and  fuel-fired  reverberatory furnaces.
Steel  is  melted   in  electric  arc  furnaces,  electric  induction
furnaces,  and  acid  open-hearth furnaces.   Nonferrous  metals  are
melted in fuel-fired pot  furnaces.  [27],   Based  on the relatively
small number of foundries  in  the subject industries, along with the
fact that only two foundry  operations  were visited during the plant
surveys, the contractor cannot speculate whether any  of  these types
of furnaces are dominant in SIC 355 or 357.

     Furnace charge make-up  varies  with  the  type  of  metal being
melted, and the method  of melting employed.  The cupola requires the
greatest number of charge constituents.   This  is  true  because the
fuel used, coke, is part of  the  furnace  charge.   This  means that
relatively  large  quantities  of  fluxing  material  —   frequently
limestone — are required to liquefy and remove  impurities  from the
burning  coke  as  well  as from the scrap metal  charge  [27],   The
electric induction  furnace  requires  the  least  number  of  charge
constituents.  Since only minor chemical changes occur during melting
in this  process, the necessity for fluxing or refining is minimized.
Generally, all alloying elements  are added during the melting cycle,
while inoculants are  added  to  the molten metal in the ladle before
pouring into molds [27],

     Molds can be prepared from green (unbaked)  sand, baked or dried
sand, chemically  bonded  sand,  ceramic material, plaster, and other
refractory materials.  These types of molds must be prepared for each
casting and are broken apart when the casting is finished; reclaiming
facilities provide for reuse of  sand  mold  materials,.   Ceramic and
plaster molds cannot be reclaimed and  are  discarded  after one use.
Permanent molds and dies can also be used for most metals where large
quantities of relatively small castings are to be  produced and where
precision  and  good-as-cast  finish is required.  Mold materials for
these purposes are iron, steel, copper, and graphite [27,28].

     Cores are  used  in  molds  where  cavities  or hollow areas are
required in the  castings.   Cores are generally made from sand which
has been  mixed  with  oil or chemical binders and cured to produce a
shape  of  sufficient  strength  and  permeability to  withstand  the
temperature,  thermal stresses, and gas evolution which occur  during
casting.

     After castings have  been  removed  from  the  molds, the excess
                                103

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sprues, gates,  and  risers  is  removed  by  shearing,  cutting,  or
grinding.  Castings are then cleaned of surface sand by oxidation and
abrasive or metallic blasting,  or  by hydraulic blasting or tumbling
[27].

     Other  operations  which may be performed in  foundries  include
heat  treating,   machining,   pickling,   and  painting.   Auxiliary
departments found in foundries include patternmaking, mold rebuilding
or repair, tool room, and plant maintenance.

     A typical foundry  operation  is  shown  in Figure III-3.  Metal
castings used in special machinery  and office machines manufacturing
plants come from in-house foundries  or  captive  foundries  in other
locations, or are purchased from outside sources.

     Only four of the surveyed plants operate  a  ferrous  foundry on
the premises,  one  of  which also produced nonferrous castings.  One
other establishment operates  its  own foundry but it was not located
on the same site as the manufacturing facility.  This foundry was not
considered in the study since  its  wastes did not comprise a part of
the  machinery  manufacturing  plant  waste  stream.   Several  other
surveyed plants operate foundries which sell all  or  part  of  their
castings to other firms and do not consume them in-house.

     In  some   instances,  the  surveyed  plants  confirmed  that  a
multi-plant company manufactures  castings  at  one captive plant and
distributes  them  from  this facility to the rest of its plants over
the country.  This  is  exemplified by a large manufacturer of scales
which  maintains one foundry  at  a  New  England  plant  to  provide
castings to assembly-type operations in other areas.

     Data  are not available to identify the quantities  of  castings
used in  each  category  of  manufacturing,  or  the sources of these
castings.  However, no  foundries were operated on-site at any of the
randomly selected plants.  This fact and the relatively few foundries
reported in these industries by  the  Census  Bureau  make it evident
that the majority of the castings  which  are used are purchased from
outside sources.

     Several  types  of waste are generated by casting operations  —
both  ferrous   and   nonferrous.    These   include  (1)  metals  as
particulates  captured  by  air   pollution   equipment;   (2)  water
contaminated by rinsing  of casts, sand reclamation, and scrubbing of
gaseous constituents; and (3)  waste  materials  such as slag, dross,
metal  trimmed  from  the  casting,  spent  sand,  particulates  from
abrasive cleaning, oils, and solvents.

     The  furnaces  used  for  melting  metals  are  the  sources  of
air-borne gases,  dusts,  fumes,  smoke,  and  oil vapor.  The cupola
furnace, most widely  used  for  iron,  is  the  largest generator of
                                104

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 airborne wastes followed by  the electric-arc furnace.  Air pollution
 control equipment  converts air-borne wastes  into  wastes  which,  are
 land  disposed.  These wastes are the  particulate metal collected and
 the alkaline  sludge remaining after scrubbing the  off-gases  of some
 metals.

     Other  waste  sources  in  foundries include the  charge  itself
 (waste fluxes, dross, and slag); trimming, cleaning,  and  rinsing  of
castings;  lubricating  and  cleaning of molds;  discard of molds  and
 cores; and sand reclamation.

     The solids contained  in the exhaust gases  from aluminum casting
operations  may  include aluminum and  magnesium  chloride  and  zinc
oxide;  calcium fluoride and calcium chloride;   and  sodium  chloride
 [50].   All  of  them  are  not  likely to be present at once, and the
mixture  at  any  one  time  may   contain  minor  amounts  of  other
substances.  These dusts are generally collected in dry  equipment —
baghouses or  electrostatic  precipitators  —   and  then dumped to a
refuse container for disposal.

     In addition to the solid  emissions  from  the  aluminum casting
operation,  exhausts  may  also contain hydrogen  fluoride,  hydrogen
chloride, and chlorine in the gaseous state  which must be removed by
scrubbers utilizing a caustic solution [29,50].   The resulting sludge
is quite high in suspended solids content.

     Examples of  the  wastes  from  ferrous foundries trapped in air
pollution control equipment  are  shown  in  Table III-7 [50],  These
data,  assembled by the  Los  Angeles  County  Air  Pollution  Control
District, represent the laboratory analysis of  two dust samples taken
from a baghouse  on  a  gray iron cupola and indicate the presence of
over 20 metals.

     Table III-8  shows  a  range  of  quantities  of  metallic  dust
emissions from gray  iron  cupolas [50],  Twenty to 30 percent of the
particles  are less than  five  microns  in  size  and  some  may  be
submicron in diameter [50J.  The  table  shows   no  clear correlation
between cupola size and magnitude of emissions  and that while the two
largest operations have the smallest emission rate, the third largest
cupola has the second highest emissions.

     Gases from this type of operation include carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, oxygen,  and  nitrogen  [50],   These  gases  are of little
 concern  to  this  study because they do not require scrubbing and do
not generate waste for disposal.

     Electric-arc  furnaces  also  produce metallurgic fumes, and the
emission  rates  range from five  to  10  pounds  per  ton  of  metal
processed  [50].   Induction  and  reverberatory   furnaces  generate
considerably smaller  quantities of metallic dusts and depending upon
the metal charged and its condition, are often  virtually free of this
 kind  of waste.
                                106

-------
                              TABLE III-7

        QUALITATIVE SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF TWO SAMPLES TAKEN
         FROM A BAGHOUSE SERVING A GRAY IRON CUPOLA FURNACE 1'2
                              Approx.amount,  Approx.  amount,
                                                    %7
                                                    la
               Element           Sample A        Sample B	

               Aluminum             0.81            1.0
               Antimony             0.24            0.24
               Boron                0.050           0.054
               Cadmium              0.13            0.064
               Calcium              0.16            .025
               Chromium             0.022           0.019
               Copper               0.42            0.32
               Gallium              0.017           0.019
               Germanium            0.018           0.015
               Iron                 6.0             7.5
               Lead                17.0            17.0
               Magnesium            0.29            0.30
               Manganese            1.0             0.81
               Molybedenum          0.0068          0.0075
               Nickel               0.023           0.022
               Potassium            1.5             1.2
               Silicon              8.6            15.0
               Silver               0.0093          0.0089
               Tin                  0.41            0.38
               Titanium             0.019           0.034
               Zinc                 7.1             5.9
1 These data are qualitative only and require supplementary quantitative
  analysis for actual amounts of the elements found to be present.

2 The source document does not state why the data are described as quali-
  tative in nature.

Source:  Reference 50
                                   107

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                  TABLE III-8


   DUST  EMISSIONS  FROM GRAY IRON CUPOLAS
 Process Weight             Dust  Emission
kkg/hr  (tons/hr)           kg/kkg (Ib/ton)

17.73    (19.55)             2.27     (5.5)
16.73    (18.45)             1.57     (3.8)
11.63    (12.82)             6.59    (16.0)
 7.62     (8.40)             5.36    (13.0)
 6.35     (7.00)            10.89    (26.4)
 3.80     (4.19)             6.14    (14.9)
 3.72     (4.10)             6.51    (15.8)
Source:  Reference 50
                      108

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     Dusts generated by  various methods of cleaning castings such as
grinding, shot blasting, sawing,  cutting, etc. are exhausted to dust
collectors.  Some may be trapped  for  reclamation  or  reuse and the
balance  is  disposed  of  [27],  This  material  consists  mostly  of
metals, except when sand or another non-metallic  material is used in
abrasive cleaning.  The types of abrasives used are  enumerated under
"Forging"  below.   The  sprues, gates, and other protrusions removed
from the surface of the casting, which may account for  50 percent of
the metal poured, are reused in the foundry [52],

     Spent sand is one of the major constituents of the casting waste
stream when sand molds  and  cores are employed.  Discarded cores and
molds may also contain a binder of some sort such as linseed or other
vegetable  oils,  molasses,  or  dextrines,  or,  in  current  usage,
synthetic  resins.   They  may also retain some surface  graphite  or
other lubricants [29,52],  Wastewater produced by wet methods of sand
cleaning is usually high in bentonite, a clay used as a binder [52],

     Some  types  of  fluxes used  in  casting  generate  wastes  for
disposal.  Others decompose or go off  as  gases [50],  A whole range
of materials is used as fluxes which  in  turn may combine with metal
impurities  to form other compounds.  These are usually  skimmed  off
the  surface of molten metal as dross.  An example  of  this  is  the
addition  of  aluminum  fluoride  to  molten  aluminum  with  smaller
quantities  of  other  fluxes  such  as  sodium  chloride,  potassium
chloride,  and  cryolite [50].   Magnesium  fluoride  is  forged  and
discarded.  Limestone and  lime are frequently used in the melting of
other  metals.   Slag,  a  non-metallic product  of  the  interaction
between fluxes and impurities, is an  additional  waste product along
with the water used  for  quenching  slag.  Casting is used to such a
minor extent in SIC 355  and 357 plants that a more definitive review
of the  possible  compounds  or combinations of materials wasted as a
result of fluxing is beyond the scope of this study.

     Other  types  of  miscellaneous  wastes  may  occur  in  casting
depending on the type of mold  used.   These  include scrap porcelain
and plaster.  The use of asbestos in the latter is now discouraged by
the  metals  industry [27].  On-site wastewater treatment of  foundry
wastewater creates sludge which is generally landfilled.

     One of  the four surveyed plants with ferrous foundries reported
disposal of collected particulates.   The  surveyed nonferrous foundry
is equipped  with  a scrubber.  Data on the scrubber water and sludge
were compiled.  Only one  plant  reported  disposing of dust from its
foundry.

     Table  III-9,   reproduced  from  an  earlier  EPA  report,  shows
quantities of the various types of wastes generated by iron and steel
casting  and Table  111-10,  from  the  same  document,  shows  waste
                               109

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 constituents  [53].  Table III-9  points  up  the fact that refractory
 type wastes and cleaning  and  finishing  wastes are higher for steel
 casting than  for iron.   The  other  types  of  waste  do  not differ
 appreciably between iron and steel foundries although  there  is some
 variation among furnace types as illustrated in  the table.  As would
 be expected,  both  cupolas  and  electric arc furnaces produced more
 slag and emissions than electric induction furnaces.

     Table  III-ll was derived from an analysis of samples  collected
 from  four  areas  of  foundry operations surveyed during this study.
 The  samples  are actually combined samples from two foundries on the
 same  premises.   One operation is a 14-16 kkg per day (15-18 ton  per
 day) electric furnace handling  gray  and  ductile  iron  and Ni-hard
 castings.   The other  foundry  is a 159-kkg per day (175-ton per day)
 cupola in which gray and ductile iron castings are made.

     It  readily  can  be  seen  that  the concentrations  of  metals
 detemined by the previous study are generally much greater than those
 in this contractor's  analysis  [53],   However,   the  data  base  is
 sufficiently sparse to preclude any supportable conclusions about the
 differences.

     Another significant aspect of the figures in Table III-ll is the
 extremely low leaching rate of most metals from  the  foundry wastes.
 Although  actual  concentrations  in the wastes,  were rather high  in
 some  cases,  the  metals  concentration  in  the  water leachate was
minimal and  in  most  cases  undetectable.   Because of these tests,
 corroborated  by  testing  sponsored  by  the  American  Foundrymen*s
 Association, foundry wastes are considered nonhazardous.

     The following tabulation reviews the foundry distribution in the
 industries covered by this study as taken from Table II-7.
                  Type of           Total     Total       % With
                  Foundry           Plants  Foundries    Foundries

                  Ferrous           3,590       70           1.95
          SIC     Nonferrous        3,590       46           1.28
          355     Nonferrous
                  Die Casting       3,590        2           0.06

                  Ferrous           1,140        3           .030
          SIC     Nonferrous        1,140        3           0.40
          357     Nonferrous
                  Die Casting       1,140        3           0.30
                               112

-------
FOUNDRY WASTES
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                            Metal Forging

     Metal  forging is a process in  which  metal  parts  of  varying
shapes and complexities can be produced by  hot-working  the metal in
dies in which the shape of the desired product has been formed [27],

     Metal forgings can be produced from most metals and alloys,  but
the majority of forgings are made of steel and alloys of  copper  and
aluminum.  Forging is almost always done with heated metal to provide
the degree of plasticity required to transform the shape of the metal
from the incoming  bar  or  flat section to the desired final product
configuration.   Consequently, the operations involved in the typical
forge shop involve cutting the  metal into the size or shape required
for insertion into the forging dies;  heating the cut pieces or slugs
in an  electric  or  fuel-fired  furnace  to the desired temperature;
hammering or pressing between dies in a mechanical or hydraulic press
to  achieve the desired  form;  and  removing  the  excess  metal  by
punching, shearing, or sawing after  forging,  the  work  may be heat
treated when required to achieve desired physical properties.  It may
also be pickled or sand blasted to  remove surface oxidation or scale
[27,29].

     A typical forging operation is shown in Figure III-4.

     Only one forging  operation  was  found  in  the surveyed plants
which  is  a  hot  press aluminum process in an SIC 3552 plant making
textile machinery.  None were located in randomly selected plants.

     Table II-7 shows that only  nine  SIC  355  plants in the United
States have forging operations and there  are  only  three in SIC 357
facilities out of a total of 3590 and 1140 plants, respectively,,  The
percentage of use is 0,27 and 0.26.

     The forging process itself produces  negligible  wastes although
there  are  wastes from the attendant  descaling  operation  such  as
pickling,  salt bath descaling, and abrasion.  These  operations  are
described later in this section.  Sump oil was the only forging waste
reported by the one surveyed plant which engages in  forging.   It is
expected  that  the generation of this waste will not exceed  100  kg
(220 Ibs) per plant annually.
Heat Treating

     Heat treatment of metals is defined  as  the  process of heating
and cooling of  a  solid  metal  or  alloy in such a way as to obtain
desired conditions  or  properties  [29,35],  Heat treating processes
include annealing and normalizing, used to reduce or control hardness
                               114

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in hot or cold worked metals; hardening  by  heating and quenching of
certain  metals, principally steels; carburizing, in which, carbon  is
introduced into the surface of low carbon steels by  heating  them in
carbon-rich media  followed  by  quenching;  tempering  or drawing in
which  metals  are heated at low temperatures for stress relieving or
to modify  the  hardness  of  quenched steels»  Although, steel is the
principal metal which is heat treated, the process is also applied to
some  grades  of  cast iron,  aluminum  alloys,  copper  alloys,  and
magnesium alloys.

     Heat treating operations  always involve heating of metals under
controlled  conditions  to  a  prescribed  temperature,  followed  by
cooling at a rate required to result in the desired physical property
in the part being  heat treated.  Heating operations are performed in
a  variety of batch or  continuous  furnaces  in  which  reducing  or
oxidizing atmospheres may be present to  control  the  rate of carbon
introduction or elimination from the metallic surfaces; or  they  may
be performed  in  liquid  heating media such as molten salts or lead.
The type of  heat  treating process used depends on the type of metal
involved and the specific properties to be rendered.  Quenching media
include such liquids as water,  brine,  oil,  molten salt, and molten
lead.  For some operations cooling is  done  in  still air, or in the
furnace by reducing the temperature at a  controlled  rate.  Parts to
be heat treated are often cleaned by washing  in  alkaline  solutions
before  heating,  and  are generally cleaned after heat treatment  by
washing,  shot  blasting,  or  pickling  in  acids.   A  typical heat
treating operation is shown in Figure III-5.

     The most common  toxic substance used in heat treating is molten
salt  containing cyanide.  This is  commonly  used  for  heating  and
surface  hardening  of  steels.   Although  little information exists
regarding the prevalence of this operation, it  is  the  contractor's
experience that about half of the  heat  treating shops have salt pot
heating equipment,  although  less than 10 percent of all steel which
is heat treated  is heated in salt baths.  The cyanide baths are only
used when direct heating  methods will not provide the proper surface
properties.  During the plant survey  visits, plant personnel advised
that   the  cyanide-free,  or  "neutral  salts",   are   satisfactory
substitutes  for cyanide salts in many applications.   However,  they
have found that some types of metal parts  must  be  heat-treated  in
cyanides to assure adequate hardness to prevent premature cracking or
breaking.  A "neutral salt" manufacturer's bulletin does not identify
the specific ingredients used [54],

     The  wastes from heat treating  consist  almost  exclusively  of
metal salts, the most  important  of  which  are sodium and potassium
cyanide.   Bath  solutions  of  these  compounds  also  contain  some
quantities  of  nonhazardous  materials such as sodium carbonate  and
sodium chloride.  The waste salts are mainly generated as a result of
drag-out; that  is,  the  salt  is  carried from the bath by the work
piece and either  falls  away  or  is cleaned from the metal surface.
                               116

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The salt baths themselves are discarded less frequently than once per
year.

     Other  spent  salts  result  from  the  use  of  other  chemical
compounds for salt baths.  The quenching medium — oil, water, molten
salt, or brine — contains residues  of these salts and possibly some
solvent  from cleaning operations.  The concentration levels  of  the
medium depend on how long it has been in use, the initial strength of
salt baths, and amount of drag-out.

     Molten salt quenchants  are  reported to include substances such
as sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and sodium nitrite, although no
use of them was found in surveyed plants.  The oils employed for this
purpose are described under "Raw Materials," which appears earlier in
this section.

     Surveyed plants reported  disposing  of  salt  baths,  including
cyanide baths,  quench  oils,  spent coolants, solvents, and alkaline
cleaners from heat treating as well as the still bottoms generated in
reclaiming spent solvents in  this  process.   These materials render
heat treating process wastes potentially hazardous.

     The analysis of a quench oil from  an SIC 3574 plant is shown in
Table 111-12.  This indicates the presence of less  than  10  ppm  of
cyanide,  a not unexpected concentration.  It may be noted,  however,
that  this  particular oil reservoir has never been discarded by  the
plant.  Drag-out is replaced by fresh makeup.  Altogether, about 0097
kkg/year-dept. employee of total wastes are generated for disposal on
a sanitary landfill.  Based on the criteria described earlier in this
section,  these wastes are considered potentially  hazardous  by  the
contractor.

     Eleven of the 33 plants covered by  the  field  survey  practice
heat treating operations.  One plant each in SIC 3552, 3554, and 3555
engages in heat  treating  and  the  others  are about evenly divided
between SIC 3572, 3573, 3574, and 3579.

     Heat treating is one of the  most  widespread processes in metal
working industries.  The following tabulation gives the  distribution
of  heat  treating  operation  in  the special machinery  and  office
machines manufacturing industries:
                                              SIC 355         SIC 357
         Total Plants                          3,590           1,140
         Total Heat Treating Shops               159              42
         Percent with Heat Treating Shops       4.4             3.7
                               118

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                     Electroplating and Etching

     Electroplating  is  a process  in  which  an  adherent  metallic
coating is electrodeposited upon an  electrode (or part being plated)
to  obtain a surface with properties  or  dimensions  different  from
those of the basis metal, the material  on  which  the  coatings  are
deposited [30].  The purposes of electroplating include deposition of
coatings  which  will provide corrosion or wear resistance, or  which
will improve the appearance of an article.  Plating is also  used  to
restore worn  parts  to  original  dimensions  and  to  deposit  hard
coatings on tools to improve tool life.

     Many  metals  can  be  used for  electroplating.   They  include
copper,  chromium,  nickel,  zinc,  tin, cadmium, lead,  iron,  gold,
silver, rhodium, and alloys of tin  and  other  metals.   Almost  any
metallic surface can be plated, and, in addition, certain nonmetallic
materials such as plastics can be plated [30].

     The electroplating process, shown  in  Figure  III-6, involves a
number of steps or operations,  some  of which take place both before
and  after  the  actual  plating operation.   The  typical  ones  are
described in the following paragraphs:

     Surface Preparation and Cleaning -  The  surface  of parts to be
plated must be finished to the degree desired for the  intended final
use.   The  plating   material   will  not  fill  cracks,  scratches,
pin-holes, machining marks, welding beads, or other defects, but will
uniformly  coat  all  surface  discontinuities.   Therefore,  surface
preparation  by  polishing,  buffing, or brushing  may  be  necessary
before  plating.   The surface must also  be  clean.   This  requires
removal of any surface films of  oil,  grease,  polish,  grit,  rust,
oxidation,  or  other material by solvent degreasing, alkali washing,
or acid  pickling.   In  some cases, electropolishing is performed to
electrochemically remove all  surface  material  and  to  prepare the
parts for plating [30,31],   When  pickling  solutions are used alone
for surface preparation, they are  strong  solutions  of  sulfuric or
hydrochloric  acid  (seven  to  12  percent  of  sulfuric  acid,  for
example); when used as a stage of  scale  removal in conjunction with
operations  such  as  abrasive  descaling,  concentrations  of  three
percent  acid  are more typical [29].  As these solutions  accumulate
sufficient quantities  of metal compounds to reduce their efficiency,
they  are  either  dumped  to sewer or reprocessed.  While dumping is
currently the prevalent practice,  reprocessing  is becoming more and
more  commonplace [43].  One  source  indicates  that  acid  use  for
pickling ranges from about  4-20 kg/kkg (10-50 Ib/ton) of metal [43].
In addition, forgings deposit drag-out  of  the  pickle liquor in the
rinse waters, thus creating another dilute waste.   The  same  source
estimates  the  volume of rinse water from about  209-418  liters/kkg
(50-100 gallons  per  ton) of metal pickled [43].  Metal loss through
scaling is usually about three to five percent [29],
                               120

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     After pickling, metalwork  is  normally  dipped in a water rinse
tank.

     Electroplating  -  The electroplating operation itself  involves
the immersion of the parts to be  plated  in an electrolyte, which is
an aqueous solution of acids, bases, or salts.    The  electrolyte  is
capable  of  conducting  the flow of electric current accompanied  by
movement  of the material to be deposited on the part.   The  plating
metal  may  come from cathodes which are hung in the electrolyte,  or
from  the  electrolyte  itself.   The  plating  process  may  involve
deposition of  a  single  metal, or a series of metal deposits.  Each
metal must be  deposited  in  a  separate  tank,  and  in  a separate
operation.

     Dipping of the pieces to  be plated into the bath may be carried
out manually,  automatically, or semi-automatically.  Surveyed plants
reported use of barrel, still, rack, and basket plating and tumbling.

     Etching is a special process  in  which  selected  areas  of the
surface of a part are removed  by  acid  treatment.    Areas not to be
etched are masked by printing the desired  pattern  on the surface of
the part.  Although an exact percentage has not been determined, this
process is commonly used for manufacturing printed circuit boards  in
SIC 3573 and 35740  Equipment and processes are generally similar  to
those used  for  electroplating.   Bright dipping, which, as the term
implies, produces a bright  surface,  is  another  surface  treatment
encountered  in  the  plant surveys.   A  copper-tin-zinc  alloy  was
employed.

     Electroless plating is the deposition of a metallic coating by a
controlled  chemical  reduction  which is catalyzed by the  metal  or
alloy being  deposited  [30,31],  This process is less commonly found
in SIC 355  and  357  plants  than electroplating, and was present in
only three was the  plants  visited.   In  each  case,  production of
printed circuits was involved.  Tin is used in one process and copper
in the other two.

     Black  oxide  coating  is  a chemically deposited coating,  also
known  as  a conversion coating, whick is similar to  electroplating.
Another chemically deposited  coating  is  phosphate  coating.   Both.
processes  are   used   for  corrosion  protection  as  well  as  for
appearance.   Black oxide  coating  is  practiced  in  three  of  the
surveyed plants; phosphate  coating  was reported by only one, as was
the  case  with  anodizing.   The  latter   process   involves  anodic
oxidation  and  is  most  frequently  applied  to   aluminum.    This
industry-wide implementation  of these special coating methods cannot
be accurately assessed from the survey data or available literature.

     Post Treatment - After  the  required  amount  of metal has been
                               122

-------
 deposited, the  parts  being  plated  are  removed  from  the plating
 solution and are  rinsed  in  one  or more successive baths.  This is
 done after each plating  operation  in  cases  where  more  than  one
 coating is plated on a  part.  Both reclaimable rinses and continuous
 overflow  rinses are employed [32],  Final  electroplating  treatment
 involves  drying  of the finished pieces, either  by  air  drying  or
 forced drying methods.

     Nine electroplating  operations  were  found  in  the  33 plants
 surveyed,  only  one of which was in a randomly selected plant.   The
 total number of  electroplating  operations reported by the Census in
 these industries and percentages of use are as follows:

                                     SIC 355        SIC 357
     Total Plants                     3,590          1,140
     Total Electroplating Shops          33             53
     Percent with Plating Shops        0.92           4.65

     In    the    special   machinery    manufacturing    industries,
 electroplating wastes are generally in  a liquid form, but since many
 of them are prohibited from entry  into municipal sewers and they are
 small in quantity, they may be drummed  for  deposit   in a landfill.
 The  most  important constituents of electroplating wastes are  acids
 and metals such as chromium, zinc, copper, nickel, iron, and cyanides
 in solution, either as simple ions or as cyanide complexes [46].  The
 presence of these metals were confirmed by the analytical tests.

     While  some  plating  solutions may  be  restored  with  make-up
 chemicals and are  discarded  only after a long period of use, others
 are dumped with more regularity.   During  the  survey visits, it was
 found that solutions were changed  every  six weeks  in one case, but
 less than once a year in  another case.   The concentrations of metals
 and cyanides  in plating baths and in the first rinse water are shown
 in Table 111-13 [46J.  Subsequent rinses are, of course, more dilute.

     The concentrations of the rinses  are  a  direct function of the
 degree  of  drag-out  which  is illustrated  in  Table  111-13.   The
 percentage of drag-out varies with plating method  —  the. volume may
 be  larger  in  barrel plating than soak plating,  for  example,  and
manual  operations  usually  produce  larger  losses  than  automatic
 systems — the size and shape of the objects plated,  drainage  time,
 recovery efficiency, and other  factors  [43J.   The  liters-per-hour
 (gallons—per-hour) drag-out figures  used  in Table 111—13 —1.9 LPH.
 and  9.5 LPH (0.5  GPH and 2.5 GPH) — represent averages for plating
 small and large, objects respectively,,

     Pre-cleaning  wastes  account  for a significant portion of  the
 electroplating  waste stream.   These  are  most  frequently  organic
 solvents acod pickling baths, and alkaline cleaners.
                                123

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     The  waste  solvents  from  degreasing  may  contain residues of
machining  oil,  metal  chips, quenching oil, stamping oil, waxes, or
other lubricants,  depending upon the process used to manufacture the
part  being  degreased  and the type of plating to be performed.  The
exact  quantities  for  each  of  these  constituents  could  not  be
ascertained during the study.  As discussed previously, a whole range
of   aliphatic  hydrocarbons,  chlorinated  hydrocarbons,   alcohols,
acetone,  and  toluol  are  commonly  employed  for degreasing.   The
additives in the oils used for  different  purposes  may  vary or the
oils may be pure mineral oil or an unaltered animal or vegetable oil.

     Alkaline  cleaners  also remove  oil  and  grease,  as  well  as
pigmented drawing compounds, chips and  cutting fluids, polishing and
buffing compounds, and rust and scale  [34].   The residues contained
in  discarded  cleaners  thus  vary  with  type   of   use.   Caustic
concentrations  vary with original make-up of the cleaning  solution,
length   of  use,  and  synergistic  effect  of  soils  on   solution
constituents.   These cleaning  solutions  are  amenable  to  make-up
additions of  constituent  compounds, and the frequency of discard is
highly variable.  The concentrations of the rinses are also dependent
on the above factors as well as on percentage of drag-out.

     Acid pickling waste concentrations — sulfuric, hydrochloric, or
nitric  — used for electroplating pretreatment are  usually  one  to
five percent [46],

     Similar pretreatment wastes  are generated in etching.  The most
common etching solutions contain ferric chloride or nitric acid.  For
copper etching on printed circuit boards in SIC 357, ferric chloride,
sodium  and ammonium persulfate, chromic acid,  and  cupric  chloride
(31]  are used.  The spent etchants and  rinse  waters  also  contain
residues of the basis metals.

     On-site treatment of plating and etching wastes precipitates the
metals  and the  resulting  sludge  requires  land  disposal.   These
sludges are typically disposed in a sanitary landfill.

     The plating wastes reported by  surveyed  plants which engage in
this  practice  are  consistent  with  the above  description.   They
include acid and alkaline baths, cleaning tank  metals,  plating tank
sludge, chemicals from rinse tanks, and solid waste from equalization
tanks.  Three  sludges  from  the treatment of plating wastes from an
SIC 3574 plant  were  analyzed.  These were derived from treatment of
an ammonia  stream, a general stream, and a cupric oxide stream.  The
results are shown  in  Table  111-14.   Detectable  concentrations of
chromium, copper, iron, lead,  and  zinc  were found, copper and iron
being the most abundant.  No  detectable  quantities  of cadmium were
found  in  the  wastes.  In general,  after  water  leaching  of  the
samples,  no  detectable amounts of metals were  extracted  into  the
leachate.   The  main  exception  was the copper oxide  sludge  which
                               126

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yielded 8 ppm of copper, 1 ppm of lead, and 0.6 ppm of zinc.

     The  value  of  the  initial  copper content of the copper oxide
stream is sufficiently  unusual  to  question  the  validity  of  the
sample.  It was  anticipated  that  the  sludge would contain only an
inert copper hydroxide; instead the analysis showed 284,000 ppm Cu of
a copper oxide.  This company recovers, through  various contractors,
all feasibly and economically reclaimable metals, and it is felt that
the loss represented by this sample reflects an abnormal situation.

         Table 111-14 also  shows  the  analytical  results on sludge
from treatment of an electroplating waste in a plant which makes both
SIC 3572 and 3579 products.   Detectable levels of cadmium, chromium,
copper,  iron,  lead,  zinc,  nickel,  and   manganese   were  found.
Chromium,  iron, zinc, and nickel were all  found  in  concentrations
above  2000  ppm, although water leachate from this  sludge  did  not
contain  more  than 1.0 ppm of any of the  heavy  metal  constituents
listed   above.    Still,  electroplating   wastes   are   considered
potentially hazardous.

     As noted earlier, the sludge from electroplating wastes normally
is drummed and shipped  by  private contractor to a landfill operation
— usually described by plant  personnel  as a sanitary landfill.  On
the other hand, waste rinse water  is  normally  discharged  to plant
sewers and are piped to municipal sewage  treatment  plants.   Due to
pending EPA  effluent guidelines pertaining to electroplating wastes,
it is possible  that  electroplating  rinse  water waste discharge to
sewers may be prohibited  in  the future.  Assuming that this will be
the case, approximately 1.0 kkg/yr-dept.  employee on a wet basis and
0.8 kkg/yr-dept. employee on a dry basis of chemically treated sludge
from electroplating operations will be generated.

                         Hot Dip Galvanizing

     Galvanizing  is the deposition of zinc or alloys of zinc on  the
surface of steel parts.  This process includes electrogalvanizing and
hot dip galvanizing.  The electrogalvanizing  process is very similar
to electroplating.

     Hot dip galvanizing involves operations in which  the  parts are
prepared as needed for dipping and  then  zinc  coated  as  shown  in
Figure III-7.   The  pretreatment  operations  can include washing in
alklaine solutions, pickling  in  acid  to  remove  surface  oxide or
scale, and  fluxing  by  dipping  in a bath of zinc ammonium chloride
[33],  The exact  pretreatment applied will depend on where the metal
work comes from and  the degree of post treatment received from other
operations.  After drying (usually in air), the parts are immersed in
a molten bath of zinc to which certain alloys have been added.  Parts
removed from the zinc pot are drained  and  cooled using air or water
P4].
                               128

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     None of the  surveyed employ galvanizing operations^  Only eight
plants in SIC 355 and two plants in SIC 357 were identified  in Table
II-7 as having hot dip galvanizing facilities.

     The waste stream for galvanizing may include solvent degreasers,
alkaline baths, and pickling acid along  with  the  metal they remove
from  the  surface of objects cleaned during pretreatment.   It  also
could contain  fluxes  used to remove impurities — organic matter or
iron salt or  finely  divided  iron  — in the zinc bath or to finish
cleaning impurities from the  iron  or  steel  prior  to galvanizing.
Dross, an alloy of iron  and  zinc  formed  in the galvanizing pot by
iron salt or finely divided iron  deposited there from the surface of
imcompletely cleaned pieces, is removed from the  bottom  of the bath
or skimmed from the top [33,34,50] where it  is  carried by the flux.
Zinc  ammonium  chloride  is  a  common flux, although air  pollution
control benefits to be derived from the use of materials which do not
share  its fuming tendency may promote the use of other compounds  in
the future [33,34,50J.

     The  generation  of  process  wastes from  hot  dip  galvanizing
operations  will be intermittent, and  may  consist  of  any  of  the
materials described above at any given  time.   It  appears,  in  the
contractor's judgment, that  hot  dip  galvanizing  operations within
these two industries generate negligible quantities of process waste0
Those cleaning wastes  which are generated are included in the wastes
from other unit processes.
                              Machining

     Machining,  according  to  the  definition  of the metal working
industry, is the removal of material in the form of  chips from metal
parts,  usually through the use of a machine tool [35],  The  factors
involved in machining  are the workpiece, machine tool, cutting tool,
and cutting  fluid  [36].   Grinding  is  a  form of cutting in which
abrasive grains in a grinding wheel act as the cutters [37].

     The  machine  shop  equipment used by surveyed plants  includes:
engine  and  turret  lathes,  milling  machines,  drill  presses  and
electric drills,  grinders  of  several types, boring mills, planers,
and hand and cut-off saws.  These tools are capable of functions with
a wide  variety  of nomenclature but they all fall within the general
category of cutting  and  shaping  in one manner or another.  Several
machining operations are often  carried  out in conjunction with each
other and many pieces of  equipment  are  capable  of performing more
than one machining function.  A typical machining process is shown in
Figure III-8.

     Examples  of  the machining operations which are common to  many
                               130

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SIC 355  and  357  establishments include:  milling, facing, turning,
grinding, boring, drilling,  reaming,  sawing,  and  planing.  All of
them  remove  metal  which  may  be  in  the form of chips, turnings,
grindings, borings,  etc.  Filing and lapping are not as likely to be
as widely employed in these SIC categories.

     When  metal  is  cut by  any  of  the  above  methods,  heat  is
generated.  Continuous cooling  and lubrication are usually necessary
to protect  both  the  tool  and  the  workpiece  from  damage and to
facilitate cutting action  [36,37].  These functions are accomplished
by the use of  cutting  fluids,  or  coolants,  which also flush away
metal chips, reduce strain hardening  of  the metal, and prevent rust
[37],  Cast iron and some nonferrous materials do not require the use
of cutting fluids.

     Twenty-eight  of  the  33  surveyed  plants  have machine shops.
According to Table H-7, 1201 out of 3590 SIC 355 plants have machine
shops  and  172  are  located  in  the  1140  SIC 357 establishments.
Although  the  Census  data from Table II-7 were used to estimate the
quantities of waste generated by this process, it is the contractor's
opinion that the  Census1  estimate of the number of machine shops in
the special machines manufacturing industry is very low.

     Ten surveyed plants maintain their own tool  and die shops which
for all  practical purposes can be classified as machine shops.  Some
tool and die  shops  occupy  the  same  portion  of  the plant as the
machine shop and are  used  for maintenance only.  In others, cutting
tools are made or serviced  in the tool and die shop to service other
plant operations.  This procedure is in  itself  a  machine operation
and cannot be separated from the machine  shop  in  terms of types of
wastes produced.

     It  was  found  during  the  survey  visits  that water and  air
pollution control systems were not generally used in machine shops.

     The  waste stream from a machine shop is not a complex one since
machining  is  essentially a mechanical operation.   Waste  metal  is
generated in numerous sizes and  shapes.   The  larger pieces may for
the  most  part be considered "scrap"  metal.   Scrap  metal  is  not
usually a "waste" due to the fact that it is nearly always recovered.
The term "particulate  metal" which  is used in this report generally
means the metal dusts collected as air pollutants and the metal fines
from grinding  and  similar metal working operations.  This is not to
say that an  occasional  "piece"  of metal does not find its way into
the general trash for  disposal,  but this is not common practice and
can neither be qualified nor quantified.

     The smaller particles of metal resulting from  grinding, filing,
and  similar  operations are disposed of as dry  floor  sweepings  or
                               132

-------
mixed with cutting oil (swarf).  The metals involved may  be used for
components of industrial  machinery,  computer,  and office equipment
and would  include  iron, steel, aluminum, bronze, chromium, and many
others.

     The cooling/cutting oils finally disposed of are generally about
20:1  or  25:1  water  to  oil  solutions  which  may  contain  small
quantities of any of the  above  metals  as grindings or small chips,
machining  ink,  and  general  soil  absorbed  from surrounding plant
operations.  The additives used in oils employed for this purpose are
described under Raw Materials.

     Table  111-15  shows the laboratory  results  obtained  on  five
samples of used cutting oils and  one fresh sample taken from SIC 355
plants.  One sump oil sample is included for comparison; it contained
waste  oil from both forging and machine shop  operations.   Although
none  of  the samples exhibited a low flash point,  all  the  samples
contained detectable levels of several heavy metals including cadmium
and lead.  An interesting feature that this table shows is the  small
quantities of metals water-leached  from  some  rather  high  initial
concentrations.  There is no information  available  to  explain  the
high concentration of  lead, 260 ppm, in the first sample listed.  It
leached at only  1.0 ppm.  This sample and the fresh sample came from
the same plant  and  are  the  same  plant and are the same grade and
brand name of oil, though probably  not  from the same supply.  There
is also  no  information  to  explain why the zinc levels are several
times higher in the fresh samples than in the used oil.

     Table  111-16 shows the analysis  of  (1)  a  degreaser  solvent
sample from an SIC 3553 plant machine shop; and (2) a waste degreaser
from  a  combined heat treating, machine shop,  tool  and  die  shop,
fabrication, and stamping operation of an SIC 3552 plant.  The latter
contained about 45 percent trichloroethylene and nearly 55 percent of
another solvent which' was not identified.  The pH of the first sample
is  significantly   higher   than   that  of  Sample  2,  even  after
water-leaching.  This could be explained by the fact that it was used
to degrease parts  which had previously been subjected to an alkaline
treatment,  a   common   occurrence.   Detectable  concentrations  of
chromium, copper, iron, lead and  zinc  were  found  in both samples,
iron being the most abundant.  The initial  concentrations  of metals
in the two samples are very similar except in the case of iron.   The
leaching concentrations  are  not fully comparable since Sample 1 was
93 percent water  and  the  trichloroethylene  in  Sample  2  is  not
miscible with water.

     Table 111-17 shows (1)  the  analysis of waste metals of various
shapes and sizes which had been deposited on an on-site ridge of land
along with soil clinging to the  metal;  and  (2) soil taken from the
valley below the ridge at a distance  of  six  to  eight  feet.   The
concentrations of metals are high — 500 ppm  of  Cr, 8700 ppm of Cu,
                               133

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etc. — although it could not be established whether  the  metals had
migrated  into  the  soil  itself.   This  isolated  instance  is not
conclusive without additional soil  samples  to  establish background
concentrations  in  the area of the metals.  However, it does tend to
indicate  that  some  leaching may  have  occurred.   Leaching  tests
performed in the  lab,  as shown in Table 111-17, indicated that very
little leaching occurred, although iron and  zinc proved leachable in
distilled water to some extent.

     Due  to  the  presence  of  oils,  solvents,  and  metal  swarf,
machining  wastes  are   considered   potentially  hazardous.   Spent
coolants, sweepings, and grindings  are  generated at an average rate
of  0.76  kkg/yr-dept.  employee on  a  wet  basis.   Spent  solvents
destined  for  disposal on land are  produced  at  0.20  kkg/yr-dept.
employee  on a wet basis.  The total  process  waste  generated  from
machining  operations is thus about 0.96 kkg/yr-dept. employee  on  a
wet basis (0.62 kkg/yr-dept. employee on a dry basis). This  material
is disposed on a sanitary landfill in most cases.
                   Plate or Structural Fabrication

     Twelve  of  the  13 plate or structural  fabrication  operations
encountered in the 33 plant  surveys  are  located in SIC 355 plants.
This  process is illustrated in Figure III-9.  These  activities  may
include metal  cutting  and/or  other  machining,  heat treating, and
forming, and they  culminate  in  the  joining  of  component product
pieces.  Welding is extensively  employed.   Welding  is defined, for
purposes of this study, as  joining  two  pieces of metal by applying
heat, pressure, or both, with or without a filler material [35J.  The
energy  for  welding  may be supplied by  gas  or  electricity.    The
surveyed  plants listed spot, arc, and heliarc welders  as  being  in
use.

     One  major  use of welding in these industries is fabrication of
machinery  housings  or  frames  for  large  food  product,  textile,
woodworking,  and  paper industries equipment manufactured  in  SIC's
3551-3554.  This process is  also  used to fabricate pipes, tanks and
the large pressure vessels used to pulp wood (SIC 3554).

     Shears and press brakes were also listed  by  surveyed plants as
fabrication equipment.  Flame cutting operations were not encountered
in  these plants  but  are  present  in  some  plants  in  these  two
industries.

     Plate or structural fabrication  is  a  manufacturing process in
538 plants in SIC 355  and  26  plants  in  SIC 357 (see Table II-7).
Percentages of use are approximately 15.0 and 2.3, respectively.
                               137

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     The components  of  this  waste  stream  are  dependent upon the
specific activities undertaken  in  a  given operation.  These wastes
may include machining wastes  and  spent  welding rods.  It was found
via the plant surveys that, negligible waste quantities are generated
within these industries by this process.
                   Stamping, Blanking, and Forming

     The  term  press work is used by the metals industry to  embrace
almost all press operations including  stamping,  blanking,  forming,
and related processes [35],   Blanking is a process accomplished with
dies in presses  in  which  desired  shapes  are  cut  from  flat  or
preformed  stock  [38],   A  blank  is   usually  the  workpiece  for
subsequent  forming  or  machining,  but  may  constitute a  finished
product in some cases.

     A number of  processes  are  used  in  press forming, the choice
depending  on the type  of  shape  needed.   These  include  drawing,
bending, stamping, and coining [29].   Although  cold forming is most
common,  hot forming is used for  very  heavy  stock.   Some  forming
operations are dry and in others a  lubricant  is used.  A simplified
diagram of a press forming operation is shown in Figure 111-10.

     A major use for press work in SIC 357 is blanking the outline of
printed circuit  boards.   Other  products of press operations in the
surveyed plants are tanks  and  pipe  components, specialized machine
parts,  housings  for  large  machinery,  small  sub-components,  and
transformer  laminations.   Some  plants  use  stamping  presses  and
shears.

     Fifteen of the 33 surveyed plants reported  that  they engage in
some type  of  stamping,  blanking,  or  forming.   They  were almost
equally  divided between  the  randomly  selected  plants  and  those
purposely  picked for their  potentially  waste-producing  processes.
They were also about equally  divided  between  SIC 355  and  SIC 357
plants.

     According  to Census data (Table II-7), stamping, blanking,  and
forming of metals is practiced in 333 SIC 355  plants  and in 117 SIC
357   plants.   The  percentage  of  use  is  about  9.3  and   10.3,
respectively.

     If the more  exotic forms of these processes were practiced, the
waste stream could contain a wide variety of chemicals.  However, the
plant surveys  indicate  that this is not the case in SIC 355 and 357
and  this  waste  stream  in  these  industries  consists  of  metals
(metallic  drop-offs  and clippings from punch presses, for example),
and lubricants  in  some  cases.   The waste generation rate from this
process is relatively low and has been estimated at 0.20 kkg/yr-dept.
                               139

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employee on  a  wet  basis  and  0.13  kkg/yr-dept. employee on a dry
basis.  The process  waste stream from stamping, blanking and forming
is potentially hazardous due to its oil and toxic metals content, and
has been combined with machine shop wastes in assessing quantities on
a state, regional, and national basis.
                               Coating

     The general  term  coating as used here Includes the application
of paint  and  other  types  of  organic  coatings  (metals  are  not
included).   These include conventional solvent-thinned coatings such
as  lacquers  and  enamels,  water-thinned  paints, thermal-  setting
paint, Corvell (a coating that looks like porcelain but is actually a
synthetic fiber), and other miscellaneous specialized products.

     Several methods  of  application  are employed including dry air
filter  spray  booths,   water-wash   spray   booths,   electrostatic
operations,  and  roller  and   dip  coating,  plus  brush  or  spray
application by hand.  The air  filter  booth  was  predominant  among
surveyed  plants,  and  is  illustrated  in  Figure  III-ll.   Eleven
reported  its  use  and nine water-wash booths  were  listed.   Seven
manual  applications  were reported and the other types  appeared  in
only one or two plants.  In a few instances,  both  dry- and wet-wall
spray  booths  are employed.  One plant operates two dry-wall priming
booths, but the top coat on large components is applied by hand.

     A total of 685 painting operations are reported by the Census in
3590 SIC  355  plants nationwide (Table II-7) and 102 in 1140 SIC 357
plants.   The  percentages of use are  approximately  19.1  and  8.9,
respectively.

     The coating waste stream may consist of both water- and solvent-
thinned paints, solvents, and wastewater sludges, along with acid and
alkaline cleaners and the  residue  of materials they remove from the
surface of metal.  The constituents  of the various paints in use may
range over several thousand different substances.   These  fall  into
the   general   categories  of  pigments,  resins,  oils,   solvents,
plasticizers, and additives such as metal organic soaps, non-metallic
driers, bactericides and fungicides [55].

     The residues remaining  in  cleaning fluids reported by surveyed
plants include metals utilized,  oil, phosphate, chromic acid, waxes,
inks, and carbon black.  The residues contained in all coating wastes
from these industries could conceivably  include,  in addition to the
metal  cleaned,  any  substances  with  which   the  metal  part  has
previously  been treated since a cleaning operation  is  designed  to
remove any surface hindrance to the application of paint.

     The waste paint  may  be in the form of dry scrapings, spent air
                               141

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 filters,  dust  collector  dusts,  cleaning  tank sludges, and sludges
 from wet-wall spray booths.  The range of solvents used was discussed
 previously in this section.

     Laboratory analysis of one grab sample of a paint sludge from an
 SIC 355   plant  making food products machinery showed  the  following
 metal concentrations:

                                Raw Sample          Water Leachate
                                    ppm                  ppm

                    Cd              1.5                 <0.2
                    Cr            140                   <0.2
                    Cu         45,300                   <0.2
                    Fe        253,100                   38
                    Pb          2,275                   <2
                    Zn          7,608                    1
     The  high  chromium  and  zinc   levels,   140   and  7608  ppm,
respectively, in the raw sample are  attributable  to  the  use  of a
specific  brand-name  rust  inhibitor  which  contains two  to  three
percent  zinc  chromate  (ZnCr04).   Chromium  is  the  most   common
ingredient  of  rust  inhibitors  used  in  metal  coatings, but  the
presence  of  zinc  with the chromate is not equally frequent.   This
sample,  of  course,  is only representative of the coatings, but the
presence of zinc with chromate is not equally frequent.  This sample,
of course, is  only  representative  of  the coatings waste stream of
this plant on one occasion and does not suggest the chromium and zinc
levels  of  other  painting  wastes.   This  is  illustrated  by  the
following  results  on  solvent  from an SIC  3552  plant's  painting
operations:
                               Raw Sample         Water Leachate
                                   ppm                  ppm

                   Cd              0.5                  0.2
                   Cr             <0.1                 <0.02
                   Cu              2.0                  1.0
                   Fe              6.0                  004
                   Pb             11.0                 <1.0
                   Zn              2.0                  1.0
     The   constituents   of   paint   waste   such  as   toxic   and
bioconcentrative materials  cause  paint  wastes  to  be  potentially
hazardous.

     The quantities of paint wastes are to a degree a function of the
                                143

-------
application method  used.  Spray application, by its very nature, has
the greatest potential for loss and the waste quantity may range from
20 to 75 percent  of  the  total  coating  applied, with the majority
falling in the range of  40 to 60 percent [54],  As noted previously,
this is by far the most common method used in the surveyed plants.

     One plant in SIC 355, for example, uses 30 55-gal. drums of paint
per year.  It applies paint to miscellaneous machinery parts which by
their  size  and  shape  are  not  likely  to  engender  the  largest
percentage of less, nor the smallest.  Thus, assuming a paint loss of
approximately 40 percent,  the  plant  generated about 660 gallons of
waste  paint  per  year.   If a 60 percent paint loss is assumed, the
quantity lost is about 990 gallons per year.

     The  efficiencies  of  wet   electrostatic   spray   application
processes ranged from 70 to better  than  90  percent  in  an earlier
study of  factory-applied  coatings [55],  Roller coatings operations
generally have less  than two percent paint losses.  No estimates are
available for losses from  dip  coatings.  Manual painting with brush
or commercial spray can result in negligible waste.

     On the average, it is estimated, using the survey data, that the
total   process   waste   from  coating  operations  is  about   1.05
kkg/yr.-dept. employee on a wet basis, and 0.81 kkg/yr-dept. employee
on  a  dry  basis.   This  includes paint sludge, spent air  filters,
disposal (as  opposed  to  reprocessing).  At the present time, these
wastes are sent to sanitary landfills in most cases.
                          Plastics Molding

     Plastics   molding  operations,  shown  in  Figure  111-12,  are
employed  in some surveyed plants to make small parts.    These  parts
may be decorative in the case of calculators and adding  machines, or
they  may  be   functional   knobs,   buttons,   gears,   and   other
sub-components.  The most common  process  is  injection  molding, an
operation in which plastic  pellets  are  heated  to  plasticity  and
injected  into  the  cavity  of  a  controlled-temperature  mold  and
hardened [29,39],  The edges on  the  shaped  part  are trimmed after
ejection from the mold  and  it  is  then  ready  for use.  One plant
reported  the  additional  use  of transfer molding, a  variation  of
injection molding  [39],   Injection machines have the ability to use
many thermosetting plastics  as  well as thermoplastic ones, although
the transfer machine is limited to thermosetting materials.

     Six surveyed  plants  have  plastics molding operations.  Of the
six all but  one  are  in  use  in SIC 357 plants making typewriters,
computers or components, calculators  and  adding machines,  and other
office machines.  The other is located in an SIC 3552 plant producing
textile machinery.  The latter operation is  not  shown in the Census
                                144

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data in Table II-7 which indicates no  usage  of  plastics molding in
SIC  355 and only 31 such operations in  SIC  357.   The  discrepancy
between  plant  survey  data and the Census information as  shown  in
Table II-7 cannot be explained.  It is pointed out, however,  that in
the contractor's opinion, the number of the various unit processes in
SIC 355 and 357 quoted in Table II-7 may be low.

     The slight usage of  plastics  molding  operations in SIC 355 is
due to the  fact  that  the  bulk  of  the machinery products of this
industry are so large that plastic  parts  would  not  be functional.
The SIC 357 products are much lighter in weight and their saleability
is enhanced by the esthetics of plastic decorations.

     Scrap  plastic  may be  either  thermoplastic  or  thermosetting
polymers.   Examples of the former  are  acetyls,   acrylics,  nylons,
polystyrenes,  and  cellulosics; alkyds, aminos, epoxies,  phenolics,
polyesters, and others belong to the thermosetting class.

     This  is  a  solid waste which ranges in size  from  pellets  to
pieces   several   inches   in   dimension.   A  great  deal  of  the
thermoplastic  type  material is mixed with new resin and recycled —
more  than  50  percent in some cases — although product quality and
color blends place  limits  on  the  percentage  which  can be reused
successfully.   The  waste quantities are greater from  thermosetting
operations  because  these materials cannot be recycled  since  their
chemical properties are changed in the molding  process.   The  plant
surveys   indicate,   however,   that   the   use  of  the  reuseable
thermoplastic  resins   is   much   more   common  in  SIC  357  than
thermosettingo

     Purge materials will contain varying  percentages of two resins,
one used to remove the other from the machine.

     The  scrap plastic discarded may retain a residue  of  hydraulic
oil, the nature of which is described in the  Raw  Materials section,
and/or mold-release agents.  Small quantities of the hydraulic oil —
on the order of pint or quart cans — may also  be  disposed  of from
time  to  time along with other plant wastes of this type or  may  be
contained in floor sweepings from the molding area.

     Mold-release  agents include compounds such as waxes, silicones,
fluoroplastics, metallic  stearates,  polyethylene, or a wide variety
of proprietary chemical blends [56].  There are insufficient  data on
the losses  of  these materials to quantify them,  but it is estimated
that they amount  to  one  percent or less of the total scrap plastic
waste.

     These wastes are not  considered  potentially hazardous based on
the contractor's criteria as described earlier in this section.
                                146

-------
     The overall  quantities  of  process waste from plastics molding
operations are relatively  small.   On  both a wet and dry basis, the
generation rate is approximately  0.12  kkg/yr-Dept. employee.  Based
on an average process department  size  of  four employees, which was
found from the plant survey data, the total quantity of process waste
generated is about 15 kkg/year (17 tons/yr)  in  SIC  357.   Based on
Census  data  as  documented in Table II-7, a  negligible  amount  of
plastics molding waste is generated in SIC 355.  This waste stream is
not considered potentially hazardous by the contractor.
                              Assembly

     Assembly in the surveyed plants  is  mostly  a  manual  floor or
bench operation using small hand  tools.   A  good example of this is
the  sub-assembly  of  printed circuit boards with wiring  and  other
components, and the subsequent final assembly of an entire electronic
calculator  with  attendant   testing.   In  some  cases,  soldering,
welding, adhesives, or solvent  degreasing  are  employed.  A typical
assembly operation is shown in Figure 111-13.

     Assembly operations were found at 17 SIC 355 plants and nine SIC
357 facilities.  Census data in Table II-7 show that no plants in SIC
355  reported  assembly  operations and 226 out of a  total  of  4730
plants in SIC 357 listed this function.

     The assembly  waste  stream  as  it was reported by the surveyed
plants includes wire cippings, solder  dross,  fluxes, oil, solvents,
and spent welding rods.   All of these have been addressed previously
except solder dross.  This consists  of  an insoluble mixture of lead
and tin and, in many  cases,  antimony  which  is  added  to  improve
certain  characteristics  of  the  soldered joint.  The quantities of
these waste  constituents  are generally quite small and are combined
with  machining and  fabricating  wastes  for  disposal  in  sanitary
landfills.
QUANTITIES OF WASTES

     Quantities of  total wastes, total potentially hazardous wastes,
and total hazardous constituents have been estimated for both SIC 355
and 357 and are presented in Tables 111-18, 19, and 20  for  SIC 355,
and  Tables  111-21,  22,  and  23  for  SIC 357.  State and regional
breakdowns of  process waste generation for SIC 355 and 357 for 1975,
1977, and 1983 are presented  in  Tables 111-24-29.  Waste generation
factors developed from 1975 data collected  during  the plant surveys
inreach  department  were  used  to  estimate  1977  and  1983  waste
quantities.  These estimates are based on the assumption that process
technology as shown in Table II-7 in these industries will not change
significantly by 1983.  A linear extrapolation of production employee
                               147

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-------
                                                  TABLE 111-24
                                        SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                       SIC 355
                                                PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
                                            1975 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                     (kkg/year)
                                        Total Potentially
                                                                     Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMft
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
bJAUlA T T
MAWA1 1
IDAHO
Tl 1 TWT1TQ
ll-LirKJl 3
T Kin T AMA
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
T Y
1 A
X

y/T T
VI 1
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)
2538.
0.
730.
689.
16449.
349.
7790.
1211,
422° .
4916!
110.
0.
21046.
3119.
3237.
2386,
18'' 6.
1200.
963,
4473.
23070.
3907,
2304.
1289,
1791 .
107.
207,
110.
2030 ,
16341,
110.
15755.
15598.
190.
27351,
2-115.
3018.
21906.
5623.
11423.
190.
3597".
5U3.
110.
1216.
22"7 .
4344,
611 ,
11320 .
334,
(Pry Wt.)
2235.
0.
630.
596.
14210.
302.
6730.
1046.
3647,
4247,
95,
0.
18872.
7014.
2"'"6.
204 .
1040.
5549.
2071.
554.
300.
416,
25.
67.
26.
483.
3799.
26.
3663.
3626.
44.
6350.
562.
702.
5114,
1307,
2656.
44.
836.
1189.
26.
283.
534.
1126.
142.
2748.
78.
Flammable
Solvents
235.
0.
66.
63.
1496.
32.
709,
110.
384.
447.
10.
0.
1987,
738.
294.
217.
171.
116,
88.
407,
2171.
810.
217,
1 17,
163.
10.
26.
10.
1S9.
i486.
10.
1433,
1419,
17.
248S.
220.
274,
2001.
511,
1039,
17.
327,
465.
10.
11 I,
209.
441 ,
56,
1075.
30.
Heavy
Metals
36.1
0.
10.2
9.6
229.3
4.9
108.6
16.9
58.8
68.5
1.5
0.
304.5
113,2
45,1
33.3
26.1
17.8
13.4
62,3
332.7
124.1
33.2
18,0
25,0
1,5
4,0
1 ,5
2°,0
227.8
1 .5
219.6
217.4
2.7
301,2
33,7
42.1
306.6
73.4
159,2
2,7
50.1
71 .3
1 .5
16,9
32,0
67.5
3,5
164.7
4.6
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
41.4
0.
11.7
11.0
263.3
5.6
124,7
19.4
67.6
78,7
1,8
0.
349.7
130.0
51,8
38.2
30.0
20.5
15.4
71.6
382.]
142,6
38.2
20.6
28.7
1.7
4.6
1 ,8
33.3
261.6
1.8
252.2
249.7
3.0
437.8
38,7
48,3
352.1
90,0
182.9
3.0
57.6
81,8
1,8
19.5
36 . 9
77,5
9,8
189,2
5,3
2.6
0,
.7
.7
16.8
,4
8.0
1,2
4.3
5.0
.1
0.
oo t 3
3.3
3.3
2.4
1,9
1.3
1,0
4,6
24.4
9.1
2.4
1 .3
1.8
. 1
, 3
. 1
2. 1
16.7
, 1
16, 1
15,9
, 2
27.9
2,5
3.1
22.5
5. 7
11.7

3,7
5.2
. 1
1 .2
2.3
5,0
* 6
12, 1
, 3
Sweepings &
Cyanide
,8
0,
o
1 2
5.3
.1
2.5
.4
1.4
1.6
.0
0,
7.0
2.6
1 ,0
,8
.6
.4
.3
1 .4
7,7
2.9
.8
,4
,6
.0
.1
,0
,7
5,2
,0
5.1
5,0
. 1
3,3
,8
1,0
7,1
1.8
3,7
, t
1 ,2
J .6
.0
,4
.7
1 .6
o
3,8
, I
Grind ing s
260.
0.
73.
69.
1653.
35.
783.
122 .
424.
494.
11.
0.
2195.
816.
325,
240.
139.
129 .
97.
449.
2399.
895,
240,
130.
tso.
11,
29,
11 ,
209,
1642,
11.
1583.
1568.
19.
2749.
243.
303.
2210,
565.
1] 48.
19,
362,
514.
LI.
1.22,
231.
487,
61.
1 108.
34,
    TOTALS

REGION  I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
274000.  236700. 101000,
                             63700,
                                      24920,   3819-0  4306.0
                                                                   280.0
41541,
32096.
30587.
45510.
3041S,
9648,
7714.
1269.
17358.
7362.
35886,
27727,
26424.
39314.
69460.
3335.
6664.
109o .
14995.
6792,
15312,
11831,
11275,
16775,
29642,
3556 ,
2843.
468 .
6398.
2898,
9657.
7462.
7111.
105 SO,
10695,
2243,
1793.
295.
4035.
1828.
3778,
2919,
27R2,
4139,
7314.
,877.
702,
115,
1579.
715,
57^ , 0
447, 4
426.3
634-, 3
1120.0
134.5
107.5
17. 7
241.9
109,6
665
513
48"
728
1237
154
123
20
277
125
.0
,8
.6
,3
,2
.4
» 5
T
.8
.8
42,
32,
31 .
T6%
82.
9,
7,
1 ,
17,
8,
5
8
3
•5-
')
9
9
3
7
0
13,5
10,3
9.3
14,6
25.3
3,1
2 . 5
, 4
5,6
2.5
4175
3225
3074
4G73
3081
970
775
123
1744
790
                                                         155

-------
          TABLE  111-25
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
               SIC 355
        PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
     1977  State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
J
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total
(Wet Wt.)
2380.
0.
671.
634,
15128.
321,
7165,
1114.

3383.
4521.
L01.
0.
20092.
7467,
2977,
21.95.
1725.
L178.
835.
4 L 1 3 ,
21953.
b'L92.
2193,
L LS6.
1 647,
"9,
266.
101 ,
1913,
15029,
101.
14490,
1 4346.
175 .
25 1 55 .
2221.
2775,

51 72,
1 0506,
175,
3309,
4/02.
101.
1 US.
21J2,
4455,
562.
10870.
307.
252000,
J8205,
29519,
23132,
41056-.
7395'=.
3873.
7095,
1 J 67,
15064,
"231 -
Waste
Hazardous Waste
(Dry Wt.) (Wet Wt.)
2054.
0.
579.
547.
13057,
277.
6184,


3351.
3902.
37.
0.
17341.
6445.
2569,
1894.
1489.
1016,
764,
3550 .
10943.
7070.
L892,
1024,
1 422 ,
05.
229.
87,
loSt.
12972 ,
87,
12506.
12382.
1C I .
2 1 -• 1 1 .
J 9 1 7 .
2395.
17460'.
1464.
9063.
151,
2056 .
4059.

965.
1323.
3045.
401J.
9302,
262,
217500.
32975,
25473.
24280.
36125.
63333,
7659,
6123,
1003.
13773.
6241,
859.
0.
242 ,
229 ,
5463 .
116.
2537.
402.

1402.
1633,
36.
0.
7255,
2697.
1075,
793.
623,
425,
320,
1485,
7927,
2958.
792 >
428.
595.
36.
96.
36,
691.
5427,
36.
5232,
5180,
63,
9084,
302,
1 002.
7305 .
I860,
3794.
63 .
1 15 /'9 ,
l.-)2 L -
Flammable
Solvents
208.
0.
59.
55.
1323.
28.
626.
97.

339.
395.
9.
0.
1757.
653.
260,
192,
151,
103.
77,
360.
1919,
716.
192.
104.
144.
9.
23.
9.
167,
1314,
9,
1267.
1254.
15.
2199.
194.
243,
1769,
452,
919.
IS .
239,
411.
9,
98 .
135,
390,
49,
950.
27,
22033,
3340,
2531,
2460.
3660.
6466.
776.
620.
102.
1.396.
632-
Heavy
Metals
32
0
9
8
205
4
97
15

52
61
1
0
272
101
40
29
23
1.6
12
55
290
Lll
29
16
2°
1
3
I
26
-204
1
196
194
2
341.
30
37
274
70
1 42
2
44
63
1
15
28
60
7
147
4
3422
518
400
382
568
1004
120
96
15
216
90
,3

.1
.6
,4"
.4
.3
,1

. 7
,4
.4

.8
,4
,4
.3
. 4
.0
,0
,9
. I

.8
,1
.4
.3
, 6
. 4
,0
,1
.4
.8
,3
, 4
.6

, 7
,7
o
, 7
,4
.9
,9
, 1
.2
-7
.5
.6
,6

,0
.0
,9
.0
,4
,3
, 5
» 3
.9
,0
,2
Acids/Alkali
Sweepings &
Oils Solution Cyanide
40
0
11
10
256
5
121
13

65
76
1
0
340
126
50
37
29
19
15
69
371
L38
37
20
T7
1

L
32
254
1
245
242
3
425

47
342
87
J77
3
56
79
1
18
35
75
9
133
5
4264
64i>
499
4"76
708
125J
150
120
L9
270
1 22
.3

.4
.7
,0
.4
t 2
.8

.5
,7

.0
.4
.4
.1
t 2
.9
,0
,6
,5
,6
.1
.1
,9

er
,7
.4
,3
.7
> o
> 7

, 6
.6
,0
.3

.8
,0
.0
,6
,7
.9
. 7
,4
.5
.9
.2
,0
, o
, 5
,0
, 2
- 4
, L
,0
,0
, 1
3
2,6
0.
.7
.7
16,8
.4
8.0
1.2

4.3
5.0
,1
0,
22,3
8,3
3.3
2.4
1,9
1.3
1 ,0
4,6
24,4
9.1
2.4
1.3
1 .8
.1
,3
,1
2.1
16.7
,1
16. I
15.9

27,9

3,1
1?!2 * 5
5,7
11.7
,2
3,7
5.2
. 1.
1,2
2,3
5.0
,6
12.1
.3
200.0
42.5
32,8
31,3
46. G
32,2
9,9
"7 , 9
t ,3
17,7
0,0
.8
0.

t 2
5.3
.1
2.5
,4

1.4
1 .6
,0
0.
7.0
2,6
1 .0
.8
.6
,4
.3
1,4
7.7
2.9
,8
.4
,6
-0
. t
,0

5,2
,0
5.1
5.0
,1
8.8
.8
1 .0
7. t
1.8
3.7
. i
1,2
1,6
,0
,4
,7
1.6

3.8
, 1
88.0
13.3
10.3
9,3
14,0
25,8
3.1
2 , 5
, 4
5.6
2,5
Grindings
225 *
0.
64.
60.
1433.
30.
679.
105,

368.
428.
10.
0.
1903.
707.
282,
208,
163,
112.
84,
390.
2079,
776.
203.
112.
156.
9.
25,
10.
131 .
1423.
10.
1372.
1359.
17,
2382.
210,
263,
1916.
490.
995.
17.
313.
445,
10.
106.
200,
422.
53.
1029,
29 ,
2306:..
3618,
27°
-------
           TABLE 111-26
SPECIAL  INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
               SIC 355
        PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
     1983  State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total  Potentially
                              Total  Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)(Dry Wt.)
2276.
0.
642.
606.
14468.
307.
6852.
1065,
3713.
4-524.
96,
0.
1971 5.
7 1 4 I .
2847.
2097.
16bO.
L L .26 .
847.
^934,
20905,
78:54.
20° 7 .
1134-
1575,
90.
251.
96.
1829,
1.43/3.
96-
1,5057.
1J720,
167.
24056 *
2 1 .14 ,
2654,
1 •' 3 4 '.' -
474.4,
LOO »/-
167.
jlo4.
44«7,
96.
1 069.
2020.
4261 .
538.
10396.
293.
'J4 LOOO.
365 38,
'•>;-!23i .
"6904.
•SO 029.
•'0730-
SM06.
67'•>
18426.
2794,
21.58.
2057.
306fr>
5400.
649.
519,
f!5.
1167.
529.
Heavy
Metals
28.5
0.
8.0
7.6
181.4
3.9
85.9
13.4
46.6
54.2
1.2
0.
240.9
89,5
35.7
26.3
20-7
14.1
10.6
49.3
263.3
98.2
26,3
14.2
19. Q
1 . 2
3,2
1 .2
22,9
180.2
1 .2
173,8
1 72 . 0
2.1
301.7
26 . 6
33.3
242,6
62,0
126.0
2. t
39.7
56.4
1.2
13.4
25.3
53,4
6.7
J 30 , 4
3.7
3022,0
458.2
354.0
337.4
501 ,9
806.9
106.4
85, 1
1. 4 . 0
191.4
G6, ?
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
109.0
0.
30.7
29.0
692.6
14.7
328. 0
51 .0
177.3
207.0
4.6
0.
919.3
341.9
136.3
100.5
79.0
53.9
40.5
138.3
1005.0
375.0
100,4
54.3
75.4
4.5
12 .2
4.6
87.6
oU8 . 1
4.6
663.4
656,8
8-0
1 151,6
101,7
I?/. 1
926.2
236.8
481 .0
8,0
151.5
215.3
4.6
51.2
96.7
204.0
25.7
497.7
14.0
11537.0
17?9. L
1351.4
1287.9
1916.2
3305 . 9
406,2
324,8
53.4
730,9
331,0
O t ">
0."
.6
.6
14.2
.3
6.7
1.0
3.7
4,3
.1
0.
18,9
7.0
2.8
2.1
1.6
1, 1
.8
3.9
20.6
7,7
2. 1
1.1
1 ,5
.1
t o
.1
1.8
14.1
.1
13.6
13.3
")
23. 7
2,1
2.6
19,0
4.9
9.9
( 'i
3, I
4.4
. L
I , 1
2,0
4.2
* 5
10.2
,3
23"'.0
\ 35.9
' 27,8
26, 5
39. -t
69,6
8, i
6.7
1,1
15,0
6,8
Sweepings &
Cyanide
3.4
0.
.9
.9
21.3
.5
10.1
1.6
5.5
6.4
.1
0.
28.3
10.5
4.2
3.1
2.4
1.7
1.2
5.8
30.9
11.5
3,1
1 .7
2.3
.1
.4
.1
2.7
21 .2
.1
20.4
20.2
t 2
35.4
3.1
3.9
28 . 5
7.3
11.8
•~t
4.7
6.6
. 1
1,6
3.0
6.3
,8
15.3
.4
^55.0
53.8
4J .6
39.6
59,0
104,2
12.5
10,0
1.6
22,5
10.2
Grindings
191.
0.
54.
51.
1212.
26.
574.
89.
311.
362.
3.
0.
1610.
598.
239.
176.
138.
94.
71.
330,
1759,
656.
176.
95.
132.
8.
21.
8.
153.
1204.
8.
1161.
1150.
14.
2016.
178,
222 +
1621.
414.
842.
L4.
265,
377,
8,
90.
169.
357.
45,
871..
25.
20194,
3062.
2366,
2254.
3354.
5927.
7J 1.
569,
9),
1279-
579,
                157

-------
          TABLE 111-27
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
               SIC 357
         PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
     1975 State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total Potentially
Total Hazardous  Constituents  (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.) (Dry Wt.)
78.
0.
772.
2630.
16484.
4087,
3864.
1491.
1851 .
142.
0.
0.
3949.
1950.
102.
8o9,
3679.
38.
0.
504.
7724.
1669.
7086.
0,
197.
0.
150,
0.
737,
3 101.
51.5,
12443.
1 ^50,
0.
2960.
154",
415,
r'°o.
0.
623.
303 ,
458,
4720,
684.
174.
J3",
J*59.
0.
527,
293,
9T'00.
12538.
1 5544 .
4154.
8586.
181.41 ,
7556.
1325,
5781',
1 V 1 14,
195'^.
52.
0.
509.
1736.
10879.
2697.
2550 .
984.
1221 »
94.
0.
0.
2606.
1287.
67.
575.
2428,
25,
0,
336.
50 "8 ,
1102,
4677.
0.
1 30 .
0 ,
104,
0,
43ft,
2017,
340,
8212.
1 1 50 ,
0.
1953,
102?,
2 ''-I ,
1 1 S 1 ,
0,
411.
200.
3 or.
3115.
451.
115.
191 .
I29J.
0,
348.
194,
62500,
3275,
10259-
27 >2,
5667.
11973.
4987,
075,
38U.1,
L26L5.
1293,
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
58.
0.
576.
1964.
12306.
3051 .
2885,
1113.
1382.
106.
0.
0.
2948.
1456.
76.
649.
2746.
29,
0.
436,
5767.
1246.
5291 .
0.
147,
0.
1 IS.
0,
550 .
2315,
384.
9290.
1310,
0.
221 0.
1157.
310.
1336,
0.
»ft!J.
226.
342.
35.? 4,
5J 1 .
130,
216.
J463.
0.
393 ,
219.
"'0700,
"360.
1 160':,.
3101,
6410,
13544.
564 L ,
090,
4317,
14270.
1463.
(Dry Wt.)
32.
0.
311.
1061.
6649.
1648.
1559.
602.
746.
57.
0,
0,
1593.
737,
41,
350,
14S4,
15.
0.
236,
3116.
673.
2359.
0,
79,
0.
64.
0.
297.
1251 .
208.
5019,
700.
0.
1194,
625,
16/.
722,
0.
251.
122.
185,
1904.
276.
70.
117.
7"0 .
0.
213.
118,
30200.
Ii057.
62/0.
1676.
3464.
7318,
3049.
535 *
Tl-r'-i
7710.
7Q0 ,
Flammable Heavy
Solvents
12.
0,
119,
404.
2534.
628.
594.
229 «
284.
22 *
0,
0.
607.
300.
16,
134-
566 »
6 +
0,
90.
1107.
257,
J 009 .
0,
30.
0.
24,
0.
1 .1 3 .
477,
"?'•> .
1913,
270.
0,
455 .
238,
64,
2 7 5,
0.
96.
47,
70,
726.
105,
27,
44.
30 I ,
0,
81 ,
4 5 ,
14558.
1927,
2390.
639,
1 520.
2709.
1 162,
204,
B89 .
2938 ,
30! .
Metals
1,6
0.
16.0
54.6
342.4
84.9
30.3
31.0
38.4
3.0
0.
0.
32,0
40.5
2.1
18.0
76.4
,8
0.
12.1
160.4
34,7
147,2
0.
4. 1
0,
3 . 3
0.
15.3
64 , 4
10,7
258 .5
36.5
0.
61,5
32 , 2
0,6
37,2
0,
12,9
6.3
9,5
98,0
14.2
3.6
6.0
40 , 7
0,
10.9
6,1
1967,0
260,4
322,9
86,3
173.3
37A.O
156.9
27,5
120, L
397,0
40,7
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
2,4
0.
23.5
80.1
502.0
124,5
117.7
45.4
56.4
4.3
0.
0,
120,3
59.4
3.1
26.5
112.0
1.2
0.
17.8
235.2
50.8
215.8
0,
6.0
0,
4.8
0.
22,4
94.5
15,7
378 , 9
5 3 » b
0.
90. 1
47.2
12.6
54,5
0,
19,0
9,2
14,0
143,8
20, H
5.3
a . 8
59,7
0.
J6.0
8,9
2384,0
381,8
473.4
126.5
261 .5
552,5
230.1
40.4
176. J
502,1
59.7
.3
0.
3.2
10.9
68.4
17.0
16.0
6.2
7.7
.6
0.
0.
16.4
8.1
.4
3.6
15.3
* ^
0.
2, 4
32.1
6,9
29.4
0.
,8
0.
. 7
0,
3, 1
J2.9
2,1
51.6
7.3
0.
12.3
6.4
1,7
7.4
0.
2.6
1.3
1.9
19.6
2.0
,7
1.2
8, I
0.
o o
1 .2
393,0
52,0
64 , 5
1 -.2
3 5 , 6
75.3
31.-)
Ll t llf
24.0
79,3
8. 1
Cyanide
.0
0.
» 5
1.6
10.1
2.5
2.4
.9
1.1
.1
0.
0.
2,4
1.2
. 1
.5
2.3
,0
0.
.4
4.7
1 ,0
4.3
0.
.1
0.
. 1
0.
* ^
I .9
,3
7,6
1 ,1
0 ,
1,8
.9
.3
i.i
0.
, 4
*•}
,3
2.9
. 4
, I
')
1 .2
0.
.3
» ^
50 . 0
7.7
9,5
2 . 5
5.3
11.1
4.6
,8
3,5
11.7
1 . 2
Sweepings &
Grindings
11.
0.
112.
382.
2397.
594.
562.
217.
269.
21.
0.
0.
574.
284,
15,
126.
535.
6 ,
0.
85.
1123.
243,
1030.
0.
29,
0.
23.
0.
107.
451.
75,
1309.
255.
0.
430.
225.
60.
260,
0.
91 .
44,
67.
686,
99,
25,
42.
205.
0,
77,
43.
13769.
1023,
2260.
&04.
1248,
2638.
109'?,
193.
84J -
277°,
2015.
                   158

-------
          TABLE III-28

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC 357
         PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
     1977 State  and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
Total Potentially

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total
Waste
(Wet Wt.XDry Wt.)
76.
0.
755.
2575.
16135,
4000.
37S3.
1460.
1812,
139,
0.
0.
3865,
1909,
9".
85 L,
3601 ,
37,
0,
572,
756 1 .
1634.
6937,
0,
193,
0,
1 b b *
0,
721,
3036.
504.
J2180,
171S.
0.
2897,
1 b 1 7 ,
406,
J7b2,
0.
£,10,
297,
447,
4621,
670,
1 70 ,
283,
1918,
0,
516,
287.
92700,
12273,
1 5216,
4067,
8405 ,
1 7750,
7396,
J297.
5660 ,
1 8710,
1918,
50.
0.
493.
1680,
1 0531 .
2611,
2469,
953,
1 182,
91,
0.
0,

1246,
65 ,
555,
2350,
24,
0.
373,
4935.
1066,
4527,
0,
126,
0,
101 ,
0,
471 .
1981 ,
329.
7949,
1121,
0,
1091.
990,
265,
1 143.
0.
398.
194.
293.
3016.
437,
111,
185,
12b"2,
0,
357,
187,
60500,
8010.
9951 ,
2654 ,
-548b,
11590,
4027,
847 ,
3694.
1221.1,
1252,
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
58.
0.
576.
1964.
12306,
3051 .
2805,
1113.
1382.
106.
0.
0.
2940.
1456.
76.
649.
2746.
29.
0,
456.
5767.
1246.
5291,
0.
147.
0.
110,
0,
550.
2315.
384.
9290.
1310.
0.
2210.
1157,
310.
1336,
0.
465,
226,
342,
3524,
511 .
130.
216,
1463.
0.
393.
219.
707QO,
9360,
1 1605.
3101 .
6410,
13544,
0641 ,
99O,
4317,
14270,
J 463.
(Dry Wt.)
32.
0.
314.
1069,
6701.
1661 ,
1571,
606,
752.
53.
0,
0,
1605.
793.
41.
353.
1496,
16,
0,
237,
3140.
679,
288 L ,
0.
80.
0,
64.
0.
300,
1261,
209.
5059.
714,
0,
1203.
630.
169.
728.
0-,
253.
123.
186.
1919,
278.
71 ,
118,
796.
0.
214,
119,
38500.
5097.
6320,
16S9,
3491 ,
7375,
307.2,
539,
2351 .
7771 ,
"'96.
Total Hazardous Constituents (Drv Wt.)
Flammable Heavy
Solvents
12.
0.
119.
404.
2534.
628,
594,

284.

0.
0.
607.
300,
16.
134.
5
0,
0,
574.
284 .
15,
126,
535.
6.
0.
85,
1123,
243.
1030.
0.
29.
0.
23.
0.
107.
451.
75.
1309.
255,
0.
430.
225.
60.
260,
0.
91.
44,
67.
686.
99.
25.
42,
285,
0.
77,
43.
13769.
1823.
2260.
604.
1240.
2638.
1099.
193.
041.
2779.
285,
                   159

-------
                                                 TABLE 111-29
                                       SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                      SIC  357
                                               PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
                                            1983 State and  EPA Region Totals
                                                    (kkg/year)
                                        Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
WINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I -
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total
Waste
(Wet Wt.XDry Wt.)
126.
0.
1247.
4249.
26631.
6602.
6243.
2409.
29VO.
230.
0.
0.
6379.
3151 .
164.
1404.
5*43.
62.
0.
944,
12480.
2697.
11449.
0.
318.
0.
255.
0.
1191.
5011.
832.
20103.
2836.
0.
4782.
2503.
670.
2892.
0.
1007.
489.
740.
7626.
U.05.
280.
467.
3165.
0.
851.
474.
114.
0.
1124.
3333.
24020.
5955.
5631.
2173.
2697.
207.
0.
0.
5754.
2842.
148,
12o6,
5361.
"J6.
0.
851.
11256.
2432.
10327.
0.
287.
0.
230.
0.
1074.
4519.
750.
19132.
2558.
0.
4313.
2258,
605,
2608.
0,
908.
441 ,
608,
6978.
997.
253.
421.
2855.
0.
768.
428.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
97.
0.
953.
3249.
20365.
5049.
4774.
1842.
2286.
176.
0.
0.
4878.
2410.
125.
1073.
4545.
47.
0.
722.
9543.
2062.
8755.
0.
243.
0.
195.
0.
910.
3832.
636.
15373.
2168.
0.
3657.
19 U.
513.
22 11.
0.
770.
374.
566.
5832.
845.
214.
357.
2420.
0.
651.
362.
(Dry Wt.)
70.
0.
693.
2361.
14795.
3660.
3469,
1338.
1661.
128.
0.
0.
3544.
1751 .
91.
780.
3302.
34.
0.
524.
6933.
1498.
6361.
0,
177.
0.
142.
0,
661 .
2784.
462.
11168.
1 575 .
0.
2657.
1391 .
372.
1607.
0,
559.
^72 *
411.
4237.
614,
156.
259.
1758.
0.
473.
263,
Flammable
Solvents
12,
0.
119.
404,
2534.
628.
594,
229,
284,
22 ,
0,
0.
607,
300.
L6,
134.
566.
6.
0,
90.
1187.
257,
1089,
0,
30.
0.
24,
0,
113.
477,
79.
1913,
270,
0,
455,
238,
64.
275.
0.
96,
47,
70.
726,
105.
27.
44,
301,
0.
ai.
45.
Heavy
Metals
2.0
0.
19.9
67.9
425.6
105.5
99.3
38.5
47.3
3.7
0.
0.
101.9
50.4
2.6
22 . 4
95.0
1 ,0
0.
15.1
199.4
43.1
183.0
0.
5.1
0.
4.1
0.
19.0
80,1
13.3
321.3
45.3
0.
76,4
40.0
10.7
46,2
0,
16.1
7.8
11.3
121 .9
17.7
4.5
7.5
50,6
0.
13.6
7.6
Acids/Alkali
Oils jjolution
17.3
0.
170.8
582.0
3647.6
904.3
855.1
330.0
409.5
31.5
0.
0.
373.8
431,6
22.5
192.3
814,0
8.5
0.
129.3
1709.3
369.4
1568. I
0.
43.6
0.
35,0
0.
163.1
686.3
113.9
2753.5
338.4
0.
655.0
342.9
91.8
396.1
0.
137.9
67.0
101.4
1044.5
151.4
38.4
64.0
433.5
0.
116.6
64.9
.3
0.
3,1
10.5
65.8
16.3
15.4
6.0
7.4
.6
0.
0.
15.8
7.8
.4
3.5
14.7
» °
0,
2.3
30.8
6.7
28.3
0.
.8
0.
.6
0.
2.9
12.4
2.1
49.7
7.0
0.
11.3
6.2
1 ,7
7,1
0.
2.5
1.2
1 ,8
18.8
2.7
.7
1 .2
7.8
0.
2,1
1.2
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grindings
.5
0.
5.4
18.4
115.6
28.7
27.1
10.5
13.0
1 ,0
0.
0.
27.7
13.7
. 7
0.1
25.3
.3
0.
4.1
54.2
11.7
49. 7
0.
1,4
0.
I .1
0,
5,2
21.7
3.6
87.2
12.3
0.
20.8
10.9
2.9
12.5
0.
4.4
2.1
3.2
33.1
4.8
1.2
2.0
13.7
0.
3.7
2.1
11.
0.
112.
382.
2397.
594.
562.
217.
269.
21.
0.
0.
574.
234.
15.
126.
535.
6.
0.
85.
1123.
243.
1030.
0.
29.
0.
23.
0,
107.
451.
75.
1809.
255.
0.
430,
225.
60.
260.
0.
91,
44.
67.
686.
99.
25.
42.
285.
0.
77.
43.
    TOTALS

REGION  I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
       X
                     153000.  138000,  117000.
                                                 35000.
                                                                   2445.0 20956.0
                                                                                      378.0
                                                                                               6o4.0  13769,
20256.
251 14.
6712.
13872.
29310.
12208.
2141.
9341.
30880.
3165.
18270,
2265?,
6054.
12512.
26436.
11011 .
1931 .
8425,
27853.
2855.
15490.
19205.
5133.
10608.
22413.
9335 .
1638.
7143.
23614.
2420.
11253.
13952.
3729.
7707.
16233.
6732.
1190.
5190,
17156,
1758.
1927,
2390.
639,
1320.
2789,
1 162.
204.
88V .
2938.
30d .
323.7
401.3
107,3
221.7
463,4
195,1
34.2
149.3
493,5
50.6
2774
3439
919
1900
4014
1672
293
1279
4229
433
.4
.i.!
.3
.1
.5
.1
.3
.4
.6
.5
50
62
16
34
72
30
5
23
-76
7
.0
,0
,6
.3
.4
O
.3
.1
.3
.8
37
109
29
60
127
53
9
40
134
13
.9
.0
,1
"5
,2
.0
.3
. 5
.0
,7
1323
2260
604
1248
2638
1099
193
841
2779
205
                                                          160

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trends within each 4-digit SIC classification, based on 1967 and 1972
Census of Manufactures   [5]  data,  provided  the production employee
estimates for 1975, 1977, and 1983.

     The total quantity of current process  wastes in SIC 355 and SIC
357 is 269,000 kkg/yr (307,000 tons/yr) on a wet basis 236,400 kkg/yr
(260,600 tons/yr) on a dry basis and 90,700  kkg/yr (100,000 tons/yr)
on  a  wet  basis,  62,200 kkg/yr (68,600 tons/yr) on  a  dry  basis,
respectively.  Based  on  engineering  judgment,  the accuracy of the
waste quantity estimates are probably correct to 4^ 30 percent.

     The basic unit used  to calculate the various national, regional
and state quantities for total industry waste, process waste streams,
potentially  hazardous  waste   streams   and  potentially  hazardous
constituents was the average weight of  all  wastes  per process area
employee  generated  within  the  six significant process areas.  The
reasons  for   grouping  all  wastes  from  a  process  together  for
quantification  purposes are  two-fold.   First,  the  most  commonly
available and reliable waste  generation  estimates  were  those  for
total waste volumes in discrete  process  areas.  Some estimates were
available for specific waste materials, such  as  solvents,  within a
process  area.  In general these material estimates  are  limited  in
coverage and accuracy so are considered useful only  in  apportioning
the total process area waste quantities ("waste stream" as used here)
to  their   various   material  components.   The  waste  streams  as
identified  by  the  process  area from which they are generated, the
typical  waste  stream  component  materials,  and  waste  generation
factors for waste streams and components are listed in Table 111-30.

     The  second  reason  for  grouping process wastes  according  to
process area was that waste segregation  in  typical  plants for both
industries is practiced, if at all, according  to  process  area, not
according to  waste  material.   The  national total of waste streams
generated by each  manufacturing  process  was  estimated  using  the
following expression:
         National  waste quantity = (No, of processes  used
         in  the industry) x (Average number of productions
         employees per  process) x (Average amount of waste
         generated per year for each production employee).
     The  number of processes used in SIC 355 and 357 were taken from
Table II-7, and the  average  numbers  of  employees per process were
calculated from data compiled during the  plant surveys.  The average
waste generation factor for each process was also calculated from the
compiled plant survey data base.

     Allocations  of process  wastes  to  the  states  were  made  as
                               161

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                                    TABLE 111-30
                              WASTE GENERATION FACTORS
   Waste Stream
*Machlne Shop
*Heat Treating
*Electroplating
*Coating
 Ferrous and Non-
 Ferrous Foundry
  Components
Coolants
Sweepings &
   Grindings
Solvents

Quench Oils
Cyanides
Acids/Alkalies

Heavy Metal
   Sludges
Solvents
Acids/Alkalies

Paint Sludge
Solvents

Foundry Sand
 Plastic Molding    Scrap Resin
Waste Generation Factor
  kkg/yr - Dept. emp.

      1.29

      1.25
      0.81

      0.85
      0.14
      1.00
      1.88
      0.64
      1.00

      0.55
      0.50

      62.0
                        0.12
      Average
     Number of
Production Employees
     PU Process
                                                                 SIC355
  16
  26
  44
  14
  24
                                                           SIC357
 68
 74
118
 33
 55
*Potentially hazardous waste source
Source:  Contractor estimates
                                          162

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follows:
         State waste quantity = (National waste quantity) x
         (Percent  of production workers in each  state  in
         SIC 355 and 357).


     The percentage of production workers in each state for each  SIC
code was derived primarily from 1972 Census data.

     Metal  foundries — ferrous and  nonferrous  —  constitute  the
largest process waste stream in  SIC  355  generating  173,000 kkg/yr
(190,000 tons/yr) and the smallest waste  stream is electroplating at
3700 kkg/yr (4100 tons/yr) —  all  on  a wet weight basis.  Although
ferrous and nonferrous foundry operations are not typically  found in
SIC 355  plants,  Table  III-9  shows  that  the  quantity  of  waste
generated in casting  operations  is significant, constituting nearly
two-thirds   of  the  total   process   wastes   of   the   industry.
Electroplating wastes are relatively small  both because of the small
number of electroplating processes utilized in SIC 355 plants and the
small  size  of  the  processes employed.  Machine  shop  wastes  are
significant for precisely the reverse reasons.  Machining is  one  of
the  typical  processes  found in SIC 355 plants and  some  of  these
operations are quite large.

     Machining shops account for the largest waste stream in SIC 357,
39,000 kkg/yr (43,000  tons/yr)  wet  weight and the smallest in this
industry is coating at  3500  kkg/yr  (3800 tons/yr) wet weight.  The
machine shop is  a typical process in SIC 357 plants while coating is
not.  In addition, many of the  coating  operations involve only hand
application  or  small dry-wall spray booth operations which  do  not
generate the  sludge  produced  by  wet-wall  booths.  Electroplating
wastes are significant  because of the relatively large size of these
operations as employed in  SIC  357  plants.   Although  ferrous  and
nonferrous foundries are not typical  in  SIC  357  plants, the total
waste is significant because of the  high  quantity  of  foundry sand
generated in casting operations.  Foundry wastes are  not  considered
potentially hazardous.

     Each   waste   stream   in   SIC   355  with  the  exception  of
electroplating and plastics molding is larger than its counterpart in
SIC  357.  Some of the reasons which explain this have been discussed
earlier  —  i.e., there are more plants in SIC 355 than in SIC  357.
In addition, SIC 357 employs  more  and  larger  electroplating shops
than SIC 355 plants  and plastics molding operations are very rare in
SIC 355.  On the other hand, many of the products manufactured in SIC
355  are  much larger in size  than  typical  SIC  357  products  and
operations common  to  both would tend to be on a larger scale in SIC
355.
                               163

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     The national waste generation estimates for SIC 355 and 357 show
a decrease between 1975  and  1983.   This  is  concomitant  with  an
overall   reduction   projected  in  production   employees.    These
projections  were  developed  by the contractor  based  on  1958-1972
Census statistics, the U.S. Industrial Outlook for 1973 and 1974, and
experience factors.  This indication that these industries are  in  a
decline  is  supported by the plant survey experience.  Many  of  the
plants  contacted  reported that they were in the process of  phasing
out or reducing production of some SIC 355 and SIC 357  products  due
to the the prevailing economic climate.  The only industry in SIC 355
that has expanded  in recent years is SIC 3553, woodworking machinery
manufacture.  The only growth  industry  in  SIC  357  is  SIC  3573,
electronic computer equipment manufacture.

     The  reduction  in  estimates of national waste totals  is  more
sizeable in  SIC  355  than  in  357  between 1975 and 1983.  This is
largely due to  the fact that the decline in SIC 357 is balanced to a
considerable  degree  by  the   explosive   expansion  of  SIC  3573,
electronic computing equipment manufacture.

     The  1983 national total incorporates the effects  of  the  1972
amendments  to  the  Federal  Water Pollution Control Act.   The  Act
requires  designated  industries to meet one level of limitations  on
the  pollutant  parameters  of  their  effluents by 1977 and another,
usually more stringent level, by 1983.  These reductions may, in some
cases, be brought about by process change or internal methods such as
water recycle.  The  latter practice is anticipated to some extent in
the case of electroplating effluents  and  acid and alkaline cleaning
solutions.   However,  regardless  of  whether  these  effluents  are
treated for reuse or  are  treated for discharge in order to meet the
regulatory  requirements,  larger   quantities   of  sludge  will  be
generated which  will  require  land  disposal.  Thus, the 1983 total
includes material which is generally disposed of today by discharging
effluent  to sanitary sewers.   These  estimated  quantities  have  a
greater impact on projected national  totals  in  SIC 357 than in SIC
355 because the SIC 357 category  plants  use larger volumes of water
than SIC 355.  The biggest water user  in  these  industries  is  SIC
3573,  electronic  computer equipment manufacture, which uses on  the
average four times as much water as the second  largest  water  user,
SIC 3552, textile machinery [29].
Estimates of Potentially Hazardous Waste Quantities

     Quantifications of hazardous constituents in the wastes  of  the
SIC  355 and 357 industries  are  based  on  plant  survey  data  and
laboratory analyses conducted on waste samples obtained from surveyed
plants.  These constituents contaminate the nonhazardous constituents
of a larger  body of wastes, thereby rendering the whole waste stream
                               164

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potentially hazardous.   Thus,  since  the hazardous constituents are
distributed throughout the  waste  stream  and  are not segregated in
waste handling, the quantity  of  potentially  hazardous  wastes,  as
defined previously, is in most  cases  identical  to  the total waste
stream.   However, in the 1983 estimates,  the  quantities  of  total
waste become greater than the potentially hazardous  portion  because
the  total  waste includes suspended solids, currently discharged  in
plant effluents, which are not potentially hazardous.

     The dry weight  quantities  of  potentially hazardous wastes are
greater than the dry  weight  quantities  of  hazardous constituents,
because hazardous and nonhazardous constituents are  often chemically
bound together.

     In SIC 355 and 357, the  largest  potentially hazardous waste is
machine shop wastes, 79,000 kkg/yr (87,000 ton/yr)  for  SIC  355 and
39,000 kkg/yr (43,000 ton/yr) for SIC 357.  These quantities are on a
wet weight basis.   This  is  because  of  the prevalence and size of
machine shops and related processes in these industries.  The largest
hazardous constituent in machine shop  wastes  is metal sweepings and
grindings  which  is followed by flammable  solvents.   In  SIC  355,
sweepings and grindings, which are found only  in  the  machine  shop
waste stream, are the largest hazardous constituent, and  the largest
hazardous  constituent  in  SIC  357,  up  until  1983, is  flammable
solvents generated  in  the machine shop, electroplating, and coating
waste streams.  One  of  the  smallest volume hazardous constituents,
heavy metals, includes quantities of cadmium, chromium, and lead.

     The  1983 effluent limitations will necessitate greater  removal
of heavy metals, oil, and cyanides  from  plant wastewater effluents.
The  largest  hazardous  constituent  affected  by the proposed  1983
regulations will be oil as  shown in Tables 111-20 and 111-23.  It is
estimated that  the  quantity  of oils for disposal will be increased
two and a half times in SIC 355 and seven times in SIC 357 due to the
impact of the 1983  effluent  guidelines.   This will result in waste
oil becoming the largest hazardous constituent in SIC 357 in 1983.

     Estimates of state and EPA regional totals are presented for SIC
355 in Appendix I and for SIC 357  in Appendix J.  These are based on
the  production  employee  distribution  by  state found in the  1972
Census data [5],  This distribution is assumed to be the same in 1977
and 1983 and therefore is used to determine state quantities in those
years.   The  states  which  have  the  most  plants  and  production
employees are considered to  have  the  largest  quantities  of total
process  and  potentially  hazardous  wastes  generated within  their
borders.  These appendices, along with Tables 111-24  through 111-29,
show that in SIC 355,  Ohio has the greatest process waste generation
at 26,851 kkg/yr (29,598 tons/yr) on  a  wet basis.  The next largest
process  waste   and   potentially  hazardous  waste  quantities  are
estimated  to  occur   in   Massachusetts,   Pennsylvania,  Illinois,
                               165

-------
California, New  Jersey,  New  York,  North  Carolina, and Wisconsin,
respectively.  These states  are  generally  considered  to be highly
industrialized.  Two states — Alaska and Idaho — were considered to
have  no  SIC 355 manufacturing  operations  based  on  Census  data.
Hawaii, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North  Dakota, South Dakota, and
Utah all have less than 187 kkg/yr  (206  tons/yr)  of  total process
wastes  generated  by  their respective industrial operations in  SIC
355.

     EPA  Region V has the greatest amount of process and potentially
hazardous  waste generated at  78,948  kkg/yr  (87,025  tons/yr)  and
28,175 kkg/yr (31,058 tons/yr).   Region  V  contains Ohio (which has
the  largest  SIC  355  waste  generation  of  any  state),  Indiana,
Illinois,   Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  Michigan.   EPA  Region  IV,
consisting  of the Southeastern states — Kentucky, Tennessee,  North
Carolina, South Carolina,  Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida
— has  the next largest quantities of process wastes and potentially
hazardous wastes at  44,679 kkg/yr (49,250 tons/yr) and 15,945 kkg/yr
(17,576  tons/yr)  on  a   wet  basis,  respectively.   The  smallest
quantities of process wastes and  potentially  hazardous  wastes  are
generated  in  EPA  Region VIII, which  consists  of  Montana,  North
Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Wyoming,  Utah, and Colorado.   This  region
accumulates  1246  kkg/yr  (1373 tons/yr) of process wastes  and  445
kkg/yr (491 tons/yr) of potentially hazardous wastes on a wet basis.

     The  current distribution of SIC 355 wastes among the states and
EPA regions is not expected to change through 1983.

     In SIC 357, California  has  the  most wastes with 16,831 kkg/yr
(18,553 tons/yr) of total process wastes  and  11,609  kkg/yr (12,797
tons/yr)  of total potentially hazardous wastes.  New  York  has  the
next  highest totals with 12,706 kkg/yr (14,006 tons/yr)  of  process
waste and  8764 kkg/yr (9661 tons/yr) of potentially hazardous wastes
on a wet  weight  basis.   A  number of states are thought to have no
plants which manufacture office  computing  and  accounting machinery
based on Census data 15],   These  are  Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine,
Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Rhode  Island,  and  West
Virginia.

     EPA  Region  IX has the greatest quantities of SIC  357  process
waste at  19,517  kkg/yr  (21,514  tons/yr) and potentially hazardous
wastes at 13,461 kkg/yr (14,838 tons/yr), all of which are on  a  wet
basis.  Region  IX  is  made  up  of  California  (which generates 86
percent of the  SIC  357 wastes), Nevada, Arizona and Hawaii.  Region
IX is followed closely  by  EPA  Region  V  which  accumulates 18,525
kkg/yr  (20,420 tons/yr) of total process  waste  and  12,778  kkg/yr
(14,085 tons/yr)  of  potentially  hazardous  wastes.   The  smallest
amounts of potentially hazardous wastes are found  in Regions VII and
X at  934  kkg/yr  (1030 tons/yr) and 1380 kkg/yr (1521 tons/yr) on a
wet basis, respectively.
                               166

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Residues From Pollution Abatement Equipment

     Part of the process wastes generated by  the  special industrial
machinery   and    office,   computing,   and   accounting   machines
manufacturing  industries  are  from  air and water pollution control
devices   as   shown  in  Table  111-31.   In  the  foundry  process,
approximately 1.5  percent of the wastes generated are from collected
dust from  furnaces  stack  gas.   This  amounts to 2600 kkg/yr (2900
tons/yr) of dust in SIC 355, and 400 kkg/yr (400 tons/yr) in SIC 357.
These materials have not been classified as potentially hazardous.

     Much of the electroplating wastes originate from water pollution
abatement  devices  such  as  clarifiers.   About 75 percent  of  the
electroplating wastes  generated  in  1975  were  generated  in  this
manner, and it  is  expected that roughly 90 percent of the wastes  in
1983 will stem from  wastewater  treatment  operations as a result  of
improved imposed effluent guidelines.  During  1975 in SIC 355, about
2800  kkg/yr (3100 tons/yr) of total  process  waste  resulting  from
wastewater   treatment,  all  of  which  is  considered   potentially
hazardous,  was  generated.  By 1983, 7200 kkg/yr (7900  tons/yr)   of
process waste  from  wastewater treatment will accrue.  Approximately
3000  kkg/yr (3300 tons/yr) of this volume are potentially hazardous.
In  SIC  357,  about 16,500 kkg/yr (18,200 tons/yr) of process waste,
classified  as  potentially  hazardous,  is   generated   from  water
pollution  control  equipment.   In  1983,  the  process  waste  will
increase to about 27,000 kkg/yr  (29,800  tons/yr) which will contain
17,300 kkg/yr (19,100 tons/yr) of potentially hazardous waste.

     Part of the coating waste stream is made up of sludge from water
pollution control  equipment  and from discarded air filters from dry
wall paint booths.   In  SIC  355,  these wastes will constitute 1000
kkg/yr (1100 tons/yr) and  1300  kkg/yr  (1400  tons/yr)  in 1975 and
1983, respectively.  The residues from pollution control equipment  in
SIC 357 are estimated at 400  kkg/yr  (400  tons/yr) in 1975 and 1700
kkg/yr (1900 tons/yr) in 1983.

     The  wastes  from  the  other  manufacturing  processes in these
industries  generally  do  not  have air or water pollution abatement
equipment.  This applies  to machine shops, heat treating operations,
assembly, plastics molding operations, and  stamping,   blanking,  and
forming operations.
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                            TABLE 111-31
             PROCESS WASTE GENERATION FROM AIR AND WATER
                      POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES
                               (kkg/yr)
1975

Foundries-Ferrous
  and Nonferrous
Electroplating

Coating (D)

             Total

1977
Foundries-Ferrous
  and Nonferrous

Electroplating^8)
Coating
1983
        (D)
             Total
Foundries-Ferrous' '
  and Nonferrous

Electroplating(C)
Coating
       (E)
                         Total
                        Process
                         Waste
  2600

  2800

  1000

  6400
  2400

  2800

   900

  6100
             Total
  1800

  7200

  1300

10,300
          Potentially
            Hazardous
             Waste
   0

2800

1000

3800
   0

2800

 900

3700
   0

3000

 900

3900
              Total   Potentially
             Process    Hazardous
              Waste      Waste
400
16,500
400
17,300
300
16,500
400
17,200
300
27,000
1,700
29,000
0
16,500
400
16,900
0
16,500
400
16,900
0
17,300
1,700
19,000
Notes: (A) Dry weight = weight weight.  (B) Dry weight - 0.40 x wet weight.
       (C) Dry weight = 0.62 x wet weight. (D) Dry weight = 0.77 x wet weight.
       (E) Dry weight = 0.85 x wet weight.
                                  168

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                             SECTION IV


                  TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY


INTRODUCTION

     This section  describes  the  technologies utilized by plants in
SIC 355 and  357 to treat and dispose of potentially hazardous wastes
generated in the manufacture  of  special  industrial  machinery  and
office,  computing, and accounting machines,  respectively.   Current
treatment and disposal technologies are developed  for the four basic
process  waste  streams deemed potentially hazardous.  The  processes
involved  are:  (1) machine shop operations, including tool  and  die
shops;  stamping,  blanking  and  forming  operations;  and plate and
structural   fabrication;   (2)   heat   treating   operations;   (3)
electroplating operations; and (4) coating  operations,,  Descriptions
of these processes and their waste quantities and characteristics are
presented in Section  III.  This section does not attempt to describe
the  treatment  and  disposal  methods  applied   to  process  wastes
considered to be nonhazardous by the contractor.

     Three  levels  of  technology  are  indicated  for each  of  the
potentially hazardous  waste  streams.   These  are based on the most
prevalent industrywide practice  (Level I); the best method presently
used which is amenable  to  more  widespread  use (Level II); and the
disposal   practice   required  to  provide   adequate   health   and
environmental protection (Level III).

     No  differentiation  is  made  between  treatment  and  disposal
technology  use  by  plants in SIC 355 and 357.   Each  of  the  four
potentially hazardous  waste  streams  identified  above are found in
both SIC  355 and 357 manufacturing establishments.   The plant survey
data showed that  the handling, treatment and disposal practices used
in the  manufacturing  establishments of both SIC 355 and SIC 357 are
identical.  Both industries generally rely on  private contractors to
haul  away and dispose of potentially  hazardous  wastes  in  offsite
sanitary landfills.  A discussion of onsite versus offsite  treatment
and  disposal  practices is provided in this  section  along  with  a
description of  the  operations of private disposal contractors.  The
treatment and disposal practices of typical plants in SIC 355 and 357
are described, as are  the  three  levels  of  treatment and disposal
technology for each potentially hazardous waste.


PRESENT  WASTE HANDLING AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

     Several  types of  potentially  hazardous  wastes  generated  by
manufacturing  plants  in  SIC  355  and 357 are handled and treated,
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either  onsite  or  by  contractors  at  offsite  locations.    Onsite
treatment will  necessarily increase in the foreseeable future as the
Federal limitations discussed  in  Section  III  are  imposed  on the
pollutant  constituents  of  the liquid  wastes  generated by  these
industrieso

     The specific wastes currently receiving some form of  treatment,
in  the  surveyed   plants   include   cooling,  cutting,  quenching,
lubricating, and  hydraulic  oils,  organic  solvents, electroplating
baths,  and  acid   and   alkaline   cleaning  solutions.  Physical,
mechanical,  and  chemical treatment  methods  are  all  employed  as
applicable.  No biological treatment is  practiced in the SIC 355 and
357  plants  or  envisioned  under  EPA's  effluent  limitations  and
standards since no organic wastes other than  oil  and  solvents  are
generated.
MachiningWaste

     In many machine  shops  in  the  SIC  355  and  357  categories,
coolants and cutting  oils are reused until they are too degraded,  as
discussed in Section III, to be  suitable  for  further recirculation
and are then discarded.  However, the  surveys  disclosed that in six
plants  out  of  the  33  visited,  coolants  and  cutting  oils  are
completely or  almost  completely recirculated.   This is accomplished
in most cases  by  filtering  the  oil,  sewering small quantities of
sludge, and disposing of  the  filters in sanitary landfills; in some
instances,  both  the sludge and  filters  are  landfilled.    In  one
surveyed  plant,  cutting  oil is reclaimed  through  the  use  of  a
centrifuge, and small volume residue is incinerated.   The management
of  three  plants  claimed that their cutting fluids  are  completely
recirculated in their machining operations.

     Spent lubricating  and  hydraulic oils are filtered in one plant
prior  to  burning  them  with  fuel  oil  in the plant boiler.  This
practice  is  also  reported  in  use  in  plants  of  a  very  large
corporation with multi-plant operations in  both  SIC  355  and  357.
Only the sludge remains for disposal off-sLte in a sanitary landfill.
Two plant spokesmen reported that their disposal contractors  reclaim
cutting oils and quenching oils prior  to  selling  them  as fuels or
fuel additives.

     The treatment of organic solvents — either onsite or offsite —
for the purpose of reusing  them  was not found to be as prevalent in
the surveyed plants as might have  been  expected based on experience
with  other  types of industrial operations such  as  the  paint  and
coatings industry.  However, two instances of contractor recovery and
three  of  onsite  recovery  of  spent  solvents  from machine  shop,
coating, or heat treating operations were reported.  It is not  known
whether this represents  typical  distribution of solvent recovery in
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SIC  355  and  357 plants.  The large manufacturer referred to  above
indicates use  of  on-site  stills  for solvent reclamation, but this
process would  not  be  economical  for  the  very small plants which
constitute  a large  majority  of  SIC  355  and  357  operations  as
discussed in Section II.   In some cases, the quantities of discarded
solvents are so minimal that  they  are  absorbed  by cleaning cloths
which are laundered so that  the  solvents do not constitute a liquid
or  semi-liquid  waste.   In  others,  the solvents appear  in  trace
quantities  only   in  discarded  oils.   In  such  cases  as  these,
segregation for reclamation even by decantation is not practical.

     No treatment is generally afforded  to  sweepings  and grindings
waste other than separating out large  pieces  of  metal suitable for
offsite  scrap salvage by others.  As noted  in  Section  III,  scrap
metal is not considered a waste.
Electroplating Wastes

     Liquid  waste  equalization  and  metals  recovery   applied  to
electroplating as well as heat  treating  and  other  metal finishing
wastes account for the  bulk of treatment which occurs on-site in SIC
355 and 357 plants.   This  is true for several reasons.  One is that
spent  plating,  etching,  and similar baths and rinses  may  contain
metals which  are  very  costly.  Therefore, even though treatment is
expensive, it is more economical in some cases than discarding metals
such as copper, chrome,  gold,  silver,  and rhodium contained in the
wastes.  Another reason is that  the surface finishing wastes account
for most of the liquid wastes generated in SIC 355 and 357 plants and
they  are  most conveniently disposed of by  discharging  them  to  a
sanitary sewer.  However, if the heavy metal content  is  not removed
or considerably reduced, the metals could damage mechanical equipment
in  sewage  treatment  plants  and  kill  the  microorganisms used in
biological treatment.  Discharge of wastewater effluents to receiving
waters presently requires  heavy  metal removal to meet water quality
criteria  and  standards,  and,  in  the  future,  stricter  effluent
limitations and standards will likely  be  applied.  The third reason
for  on-site  treatment  of  wastewaters  is  that   many   finishing
operations and heat treating involve the  use of cyanide salts which,
because of their high degree of toxicity,  should be destroyed before
disposal.

     The electroplating wastes of  seven  of the nine plants surveyed
which engage in this process  receive some sort of on-site treatment.
In  two  cases, these waste streams  also  included  etchants.   Some
plants practice some degree of segregation according to the nature of
the  waste, although segregation does not appear to  be  a  universal
practice.   Most  treatment of electroplating waste can be considered
batch treatment though some qualified as semi-continuous.
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     The  electroplating  area  in  one  of  the  surveyed plants  is
equipped  with an ammonium hydroxide floor drain system to neutralize
cyanide spills  which  may  occur.   Hypochlorite  salts  are used to
destroy cyanides in  the  treatment system, although chlorine is used
for this purpose  in  some  other  plants,  and  in one, electrolytic
destruction  of  cyanide  is  practiced.   Under  proper  conditions,
chlorine will react with  a  cyanide salt, such as sodium cyanide, to
form  carbon  dioxide,  sodium  chloride, nitrogen, and water.   This
treatment  is  feasible for plants of all  sizes.   An  estimated  25
percent  of  electroplating  operations  in  the  subject  industries
practice cyanide destruction.

     The degree of treatment of  these  wastes  and  the  size of the
equipment is directly related to waste  quantity  and  strength.  The
smaller plants have found it more economical  to  drum the quantities
they  produce and have them hauled, untreated, to  off-site  sanitary
landfillso  In any size plant where the concentrations of  metals are
so dilute as to make recovery of them unecomomic and the waste stream
is acceptable  for  discharge,  this  is  the natural course pursued.
Wastewater  treatment  plants  as   described   above  would  not  be
economically  feasible  for  many   of  the  plants  in  the  subject
industries due to the large proportion of relatively small plants and
their correspondingly due saiall waste volumes.
     Some  less complete  treatments  of  electroplating  or  etching
wastes  were  encountered.  One  involves  reclamation  of  a  ferric
chloride  solution  through  precipitation  to   recover  its  copper
content.  In another, dilute chrome and  cyanide rinses are subjected
to neutralization and pressure filtration with the  filtrate going to
a sanitary sewer and the filter cake hauled to a sanitary landfill.

     In many  instances  acid  and  alkaline  wastes  are neutralized
before discharge  to sewers, constituting the general practice of the
industry.  In one  case,  30  percent  sulfuric  acid bath solutions,
fluoroboric acid, and hydrochloric  acid are diluted with rinse water
before discharge, and in others the solutions were sewered apparently
without treatment.
Heat Treating Wastes

     As noted earlier, cyanide  wastes  from heat treating operations
undergo  chemical  destruction in about  25  percent  of  the  plants
generating this waste.  Where both heat  treating  and electroplating
are utilized in the same plant and  both  employ cyanides (roughly 50
plants in the subject industries) common practice appears  to be that
the liquid cyanide wastes from both are combined and destroyed in the
same treatment  process.   However, based on extremely limited survey
data,  it  appears that where cyanide is used only in heat  treating,
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contractor treatment  or  disposal may occur more frequently (perhaps
in 75-100 plants).  Off-site contractor landfill is typically applied
for untreated  cyanides  in  liquid  form,  but  cyanides in solid or
semisolid   residues   may   be  chemically  destroyed   by   offsite
incineration.

Painting Wastes

     Only one  plant  reported  treatment of waste paint.  The sludge
from the water  cascade  of  a  wet-wall  spray  booth is sent to the
cyanide equalization tank on the premises.  However, this practice is
not considered common.  Waste solvents,  paint  sludge,  air filters,
and  oils,  which  are the main  constituents  of  paint  waste,  are
generally combined in drums or waste contained with no treatment.
New Developments

     The plant surveys revealed  that  the  following hazardous waste
treatment methods  are being considered for future use by one or more
manufacturing establishments:

     1.  Chromium plating waste removal by lime precipitation
     2.  Acid/alkali plating waste neutralization
     3.  Solvent reclaiming by activated carbon adsorption

     A wide range was  found in the degree of sophistication of waste
disposal  practices  in  the  surveyed   plants.    This   degree  of
sophistication is strongly related to plant  size and is increased in
some  cases   by corporate policies toward environmental  protection.
For  example, managers of plants with extensive treatment  facilities
pointed   out   that  they  have  corporate  support  in  substantial
expenditures  for  environmental  controls-support   which   is  made
possible  by  the  large  size  of the company.  This support is  not
available to  the  small  one-plant  company which must cope with the
same types of wastes but in smaller volumes.  Plant location in terms
of highly urbanized areas  as  opposed  to  small  towns  is  another
determinant in waste disposal practices, and  is  probably related to
the  extent  to  which  official  supervision over  such  matters  is
practiced  —  i.e.,  the  more primative practices of  on-site  land
disposal occurring  in  non-urban  locations  are  not  likely  to be
permitted in metropolitan areas.

     The degree of segregation of waste streams is also widely varied
from plant to plant.  This is  also  largely a function of size.  For
example, a small plant is likely to place all waste oils in one drum,
all  waste  solvents in another drum, and all  process  solid  wastes
generated  on  the  site in one trash container regardless  of  which
process  generated  them.   In addition, all oils and solvents to  be
disposed  of  may  find  their  way  ultimately  into  the same drum,
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depending upon  relative  quantities.   Also,  the  amount  of  these
materials  discarded  is  so  small  in  some cases that they may  be
combined with the solid wastes for disposal.

     This would not  be  likely  to  occur  in  a  large  plant where
reclamation  and  recycle  are  more economically feasible.   In  the
larger  plants, the various different elements of  waste  streams  as
they  are defined in this report  —  all  wastes  emanating  from  a
separate manufacturing  process  — are generally segregated as waste
oils, waste solvents,  solid wastes, etc.  This is due to one or more
factors — (1) to  facilitate  recovery  of  each  separate  type  of
material; (2) to avoid dilution  which  would hinder recovery; (3) to
avoid  accidents  in  the case of  more  exotic  wastes;  or  (4)  to
accommodate  separate pick-up by specialized disposal or  reclamation
contractors.

     One  of  the  surveyed  plants used nine waste contractors:  two
different  contractors  purchase  90 and 10 percent of a cupric oxide
stream  for recovery of the copper; precious metal baths are sold for
refining to four  separate  companies on a bid basis; floor sweepings
and  general  scrap  are  collected   by   a   disposal  company  for
landfilling;   spray  booth  paint sludge is  hauled  to  landfill  by
another company; metal sludges from the chemical treatment system are
landfilled by still another.

     The number of  contractors  involved  ranges  down to none where
waste quantities are small  and  unsupervised  on-site  land disposal
occurs.  There are insufficient plant  data  available  to  correlate
number of contractors utilized to any  given  range  of  plant  size,
however.
Machining Waste  Disposal

     Contractor delivery to off-site sanitary landfills appears to be
the most common disposal technology  for  coolants, cutting oils, and
the  small  intermittent  quantities  of  lubricating, hydraulic, and
quenching oils discarded.  About 1000 plants are estimated to utilize
this practice.  Six  surveyed  plants  reported  contractor  landfill
disposal of waste oils generated by machine shops and other machining
operations, and one  reported  this  disposal means for quenching oil
from heat treating.  In  another instance, the contractor's method of
disposal of quenching oil was  not known to the plant as was the case
in  the  disposal  of  three  coolant   and   cutting   oil  disposal
contractors.  These are probably landfill operations as well as small
local  companies.   Only one instance of contractor incineration  was
reported for oils.  Off-site sanitary landfilling of waste oils  from
machine  shops  was  the  reported  technology  for  one-third of the
surveyed plants.
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     Other methods reported for disposing of oils are:

         Completely or almost all recirculated
           (Coolants, Cutting oils)               4 plants
         Nevel discarded (quenchants)             2
         Contractor reclamation                   2   "
         Sent out with metal wastes               3   "
         On-site land disposal                    5
         Sewered                                  4
         Used as fuel on-site                     4
         Contractor road oiling                   2
         Given away to employees                  1

Some plants employ more than one of these technologies.

     Metal  sweepings  and  grindings also are apparently most  often
discarded in sanitary landfills off-site by contractors although only
four plants  reported  this  practice  directly.    However, dusts and
grindings most often go out of the plant in waste oils  or  are added
to the  general  trash  for solid waste disposal.  The most prevalent
disposal  practice  for metal sweepings  and  grindings  is  off-site
sanitary landfill disposal by contractor  whether  the waste is mixed
with other wastes or segregated.

     This also applies to spent organic solvents  from  machining  and
painting  operations.    Six   contractor  landfill  operations  were
reported along with one instance in which the disposal technology was
unknown.   Two  contractor  incineration  operations  were  reported.
On-site land disposal is practiced  at three plants,,  In two of these
cases solvents were mixed with discarded oils.
Electroplating, Waste   Disposal

     Contractor disposal in  sanitary  landfills  also  appears to be
prevalent   practice   for  heavy  metal   sludges   generated   from
electroplating operations with six plants reporting the practice.  In
one specialized  case  in SIC 357, 2300 liters (600 gal.) per year of
an  arsenic/selenium  alloy  sludge is placed  in  sealed  drums  for
contractor  burial  off-site.   In  one  other case,  the  sludge  is
sewered.

     The  primary means  of  treatment  and  disposal  for  acid  and
alkaline cleaners appears to  be  on-site neutralization and sewering
to  municipal  sewage  treatment  plants.    Only  two  instances  of
contractor disposal in sanitary landfills were  reported for cleaners
— one direct and one after treatment.
Heat Treating Waste  Disposal

     Waste oils  and  cyanides from heat treating operations are most
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commonly  deposited  in   off-site   sanitary  landfills  by  private
contractors.  About 150 plants in SIC's 355 and 357 are estimated  to
use this technology.   In  addition, about 50 plants generating solid
cyanide wastes arrange for  private  contractors to burn their wastes
in off-site incinerators.
Painting Waste  Disposal

     Contractor disposal in  sanitary  landfills  is  the predominant
disposal technique for paint  wastes  generated  by  SIC  355 and 357
plants.  This is in accord  with  the  findings  on disposal of paint
wastes in a previous EPA study 155], involving practices in the paint
industry  itself  and  factory-applied coatings operations.   Thirteen
SIC  355  and 357 plants out of 33  surveyed  report  this  practice.
However,   three   plants   indicated   utilization   of   contractor
incinceration operations, and two dump their paint wastes on-site.
QN-SITE  VS. OFF-SITE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

     The principal methods for on-site waste disposal  discovered  in
the plant surveys involve burning  of waste oils as boiler fuel after
filtering, if necessary, which occurs in three plants.    No  on-site,
supervised land  disposal operations were encountered,,   Where on-site
land disposal of oil, waste metals of various sizes, waste paint, and
in one case, solvents,  takes  place,  it  is usually "dumped" on the
soil.  In addition, at one  establishment  paint wastes are placed in
an alley behind the plant to be washed away by rain; in another case,
oils  are  spread  on the driveway to  reduce  dust.   These  on-site
disposal methods are not considered environmentally acceptable.

     There is no indication that any of the plants surveyed  plan  to
change their  disposal  mode  with  regard  to  on-site  or  off-site
location in the foreseeable future.  Thus, no significant increase in
on-site disposal practices, either using incineration  or  landfills,
is expected through 1983.  No  spokesman  discussed  changes  in this
regard  relating  to  increased  wastes  requiring land  disposal  or
incineration  engendered  by  1977 and 1983 effluent limitations  and
standards.

     It is estimated  that 90,800 kkg/yr (100,100 tons/yr) and 63,600
kkg/yr  (70,100  tons/yr) of  potentially  hazardous  wastes  undergo
off-site disposal at the hands  of private contractors in SIC 355 and
SIC 357, respectively.  This represents approximately  90  percent of
the total potentially hazardous waste generated by  the industries as
shown in Table IV-1.
SAFEGUARDS USED IN DISPOSAL

     At each of  the  plants  surveyed  the  question was asked: "Are
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                                  TABLE IV-1
                        ONSITE AND OFFSITE DISPOSAL OF
                         POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTES
                                     1975 WASTE QUANTITIES, kkg/yr.
                                              (Wet Weight)
                                SIC 355                          SIC 357
Machine

Electroplating

Heat Treating

Painting

     TOTALS
Onsite
8,000
400
800
1,000
10,200
Oftsite
71,000
3,300
7,500
9,000
90,800
Onsite
4,000
2,200
600
300
7,100
Offsite
35,000
19,800
5,600
3,200
63,600
     (1) Includes wastes from tool and die shops; stamping; blanking, and
        forming shops; and plate and structural fabrication operations.
     (2) The wet and dry weight factors used in deriving these waste
        quantities are approximate and may vary with given manufacturing
        operations and with any waste dewatering systems used.
Source:  Contractor estimates
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potentially hazardous wastes  handled  or  treated  differently  from
other solid  or  semi-solid  wastes?"  Twenty responded that they are
not,  although  in many of these cases the spokesman did not consider
any of the wastes produced potentially hazardous.

     The  thirteen  affirmative answers were based on  the  following
factors:

     1.  All chemical  wastes  and  plating  sludges are handled by a
specialized contractor.

     2.  The metallic content of solvents,  paint  sludges, and other
chemical  wastes  are  handled by different  contractors  from  those
disposing of innocuous wastes.

     3.  Spent coolants are separately drummed prior to disposal.

     4.  Ferric   chloride   solution   is   reclaimed    by   copper
precipitation; acid solution is then diluted before disposal.

     5.  Use  private  contractor  for disposal of chemical  sludges;
sealed drums and burial for arsenic selenium alloy sludge.

     6.  Cyanide  is  placed  in  labelled  drums  and handled  by  a
separate contractor.

     7.  Machine shop coolant is discarded on-site.

     8.  Oils are drummed separately from other wastes.

     9.  Used  chemicals  are collected and separated by a  hazardous
material   distribution   system    for    disposal;   treatment   of
electroplating  wastes is  practiced;  hazardous  parts  of  scrapped
machines  are  removed  and   handled  separately;  approximately  30
drums/year  of old capacitors  containing  PCB's  are  collected  and
stored; 2 drums/year of mercury are drummed and handled separately.

    10.  Oils  and  solvents  are  sent  to  landfill,   while  other
nonhazardous solid wastes go to a scavenger  service;  some  metallic
wastes  with  oil  residues  are  disposed  of  through.   a  separate
contractor.

    11.  Liquids and solids are  removed  and disposed of by licensed
disposal companies.

    12.  Dilute  plating  chrome  and  cyanide  rinses  are  reduced,
oxidized,  neutralized,  and  pressure  filtered  before discharge to
sewer; concentrated plating and heat treated wastes go to a certified
disposal contractor; paint  and stripping wastes, ink-solvent wastes,
and  other  paint  related  materials also go to a certified disposal
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 contractor.

    13.  Make-up  supply  for  plating  baths  are  provided  by  two
 drag-out catching tanks;  copper solution is sent to a contractor for
 reclamation; gold rinses are countercurrent; heat treating, quenching
 oil and sodium cyanide are drummed and put in a general container for
 pickup.

     It can  be  seen  that  there is a broad interpretation of which
 wastes are hazardous  and  of  what constitutes "different" handling.
 On the basis of this information, it is not possible to establish the
 norm or the average of  safeguards  utilized  by  the  plants in this
 industry in handling potentially hazardous wastes  or  the  number of
 plants in which each of these safeguards are used.
PRIVATE CONTRACTORS AND SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS

     It was specifically reported in only one instance that a plant's
own trucks haul  potentially hazardous wastes to a disposal site.  It
is understood that some of them make occasional and unscheduled trips
to haul nonhazardous trash  to  a municipal disposal area, but it was
not  suggested  that  these  loads  contain  the  wastes  defined  as
hazardous  in  this  report with any frequency.  Thus,  although  the
plant surveys  were  very  limited  in  number,  it is felt that they
establish the fact  that  the majority of the wastes generated by SIC
355 and 357 plants (about 90 percent) are carried away from the plant
by private contractors.

     A list of 52 contractors reported by the plants visited is shown
in  Appendix  K.  Their methods and capabilities vary  quite  widely.
Sanitary landfill disposal is listed for 23 operations although  this
is  not known to be accurate in every case.  Only  one  operation  is
known  to  be  a  secured  landfill.  Six of the disposal contractors
listed in Appendix K  have  incineration  facilities;  three  reclaim
solvents and three reclaim oil; 15 others recover metals.  While some
of the  latter may not handle metal in the forms defined as hazardous
in this report, there is generally insufficient information to draw a
line between the activities of  one type of business and another,,  As
Appendix K indicates, some of the contractor companies engage in more
than one treatment or disposal practice.

     Four contractor organizations which serve SIC 355 and 357 plants
were visited during the study.    All  of  these  are  located  in EPA
Region  V.   Two  operations collect waste  oil.   Depending  on  the
quality of the oil, one either sells  it  to  rerefineries or uses it
for road oiling.  That firm also collects crankcase  oil from service
stations.   The second company of this type uses the  waste  oil  for
road  oiling  exclusively.  This second firm also handles sewage from
septic tanks which is spread over farm lands for fertilizer.
                               179

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     One facility visited handles most of the cyanide waste generated
in a Region  V  metropolitan  area.   This  amounts  to about 264,950
liters (70,000 gal.) per  year  of liquid cyanide and an undetermined
amount in solid form.   The  company has a state permit to incinerate
the  cyanide  collected.   This  material  caused  the  incinerator's
refractory  lining to deteriorate rapidly, however, and the equipment
was not  in  operation  at the time of the visit.  It was reported by
company personnel that combustion temperature was maintained at 900°C
(1700°F).   The  incinerator has  a  cylindrical  primary  combustion
chamber  followed  by  a  secondary   chamber   and   apparently  has
demonstrated that it can comply with  state  air  pollution standards
without   control  equipment.   This  company  also  collects   about
2,649,500 liters (700,000 gal.) per year of waste  oil, most of which
is burned as supplemental fuel in the incinerator.  However,  a small
portion  of  the oil is treated with acid and/or heated  using  steam
coils to effect solids and dirt precipitation.  This reclaimed oil is
then sold as a substitute for No. 3 grade fuel oil.

     The other disposal facility  visited is a large 19 million liter
(5  million  gal.)  per  year  regional  operation  handling  organic
chemical wastes for several hundred customers in  several states.  It
has the capability to transport both bulk liquids in tank trailers of
approximately 19,000  liters  (5000  gal.) each and drummed wastes on
trailers.   The  company   disposes   of   these  wastes  through  an
incineration  process utilizing rotary  kilns,  liquid  burners,  and
sludge  incineration.   It employs extensive  air  pollution  control
including two high-energy venturi scrubbers.

     A  good  deal  of information was obtained on  the  services  of
another more sophisticated disposal and recovery contractor in Region
V  through  the  survey  of  a large plant belonging to  one  of  its
customers.    This facility provides oxidation-reduction, acidulation, .
neutralization,  chemical detoxification, and thermal destruction  of
liquid wastes as well as oil and solvent recovery.  Its fluidized bed
incinerator  is  also  equipped with  a  high  energy  wet  scrubber.
Analytical  services  are  available  to  determine  the  appropriate
methods and cost of disposal.
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL AT TYPICAL
  MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS

Characteristics for Typical Special
  Machines Manufacturing Plants

     A typical plant within SIC 355 was defined in  Section  III as a
machine  shop  with   attendant   plate  and  structural  fabrication
facilities and painting  operation  located  in a predominantly urban
area where land is relatively scarce.  As shown in Table  I!£~4 ,  the
                                    180

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typical plant generates a total of 16.4 kkg/year (18.1 tons/year)  of
process wastes, all  of  which  is  considered potentially hazardous.
These wastes  are  combined in a 15-cubic meter (20-cubic yard) trash
container for collection  by  a  private contractor at a frequency of
once/week to once/month.  The wastes are taken to an off-site sanitary
landfill for disposal.
Characteristics for Typical Office, Computing, and
  Accounting Machines Manufacturing Plants

     A typical plant in SIC  357,  as stated in Section III, consists
of  a machine shop and an  assembly  operation.   Approximately  1404
kkg/year  (15.9  tons/year) of process wastes are  produced,  all  of
which  are  classified  as  potentially  hazardous.   The wastes  are
combined  in  a  trash  container  along with trash and  garbage  for
collection  by  a  private  contractor who picks up the wastes  on  a
prearranged time  schedule.  It is unlikely that the contractor picks
up  full  loads from the plant although he probably charges the plant
for pick-up  and  disposal  at  a fixed monthly rate.  The wastes are
hauled to an off-site sanitary landfill operation for disposal.
LEVELS OF TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY
  FOR POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTES
     The  U.S.  Environmental Protection  Agency  has  defined  three
levels of treatment and disposal  technology  which  are  or  may  be
applicable to potentially hazardous waste streams  generated  by  the
industries which manufacture special industrial machinery and office,
computing,  and  accounting  machines  which  are  destined for  land
disposal.  These technology levels are defined as follows:

         Level I -  The  technology  currently  employed  by  typical
facilities — i.e., broad  average  present  treatment  and  disposal
practice.

         Level   II   -   The  best  technology  currently  employed.
Identified  technology  at  this  level  must represent the  soundest
process from an environmental and health standpoint currently  in use
in at  least  one  location.  Installations must be commercial scale;
pilot and bench scale installations are not suitable.

         Level III - The technology  necessary  to  provide  adequate
health  and environmental protection.  Level III  technology  may  be
more or less sophisticated or may be  identical with Level I or Level
II  technology.   At  this  level, identified technology may  include
pilot  or  bench  scale  processes  providing  the  exact  stage   of
development is identified.
                               181

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     The  wastes from four processes in SIC 355 and 357  plants  were
designated   as   potentially  hazardous   in   Section   III.    The
characteristics of the wastes  from machine shops,(including tool and
die shops; plate and structural  fabrication; and stamping,  blanking,
and forming) as practiced by  these  industries  are  identical,   and
these  wastes  were  combined under the  title  "machine  shop waste
stream."   The  other  potentially  hazardous waste streams  are  heat
treating,   electroplating,   and  painting,  for  a  total   of  four
potentially hazardous waste streams.

     The technologies identified in  this section apply to the wastes
of both SIC 355 and  357  plants.   This  is  because  no discernible
differences were found in the wastes  generated by each process which
were due to or influenced by the characteristics of the SIC  category.
In  addition,  similar wastes generated in either classification   are
subject to the same methods of treatment, if any, and disposal.

     The percentage  of plants using each technology was estimated on
the  basis   of   survey   data  from  33  plants.   This  sample  of
establishments represents less than  one percent of the production of
special industrial machinery and office machines.

     Definitions which apply to the technologies are as follows:

         ganitary Landfill - Land  disposal  facilities characterized
by the spreading of waste in  thin  layers, compacted to the smallest
practical volume  and  covered  with  soil at the end of each working
day.  They do  not  normally have special containment, monitoring, or
provision for treatment of leachate.

         Secured Landfill - Land disposal facilities characterized by
impervious  containment of the waste with provisions  for monitoring
and  treatment  of  leachate  if  required.   Adequate diversion   and
control of surface water are required as well as  registration of the
site for a permanent record of its location once filled.

         Incineration - Combustion of an organic or partially organic
waste stream with adequate  means  for  complying with applicable air
pollution   control   regulations  and  for  disposal  of   collected
particulate and ash (usually of  a potentially hazardous nature)  in a
secured landfill.

         Dump -  a  land  site  where solid waste is disposed without
covering or containment.

     The most prevalent current technology (Level I) for machine  shop
wastes is contractor disposal  in off-site sanitary landfills.  It is
practiced by about 70 percent of the  industry.   Level  II, the  best
technology  currently in use, is recovery of oil  by  contractor   for
reuse  off-site.   Sweepings  and  grindings  are  placed in sanitary
landfills.  While  some plants claim that they completely recirculate
coolants  and  cutting  oils,  this is not established as a Level  II

                                182

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technology  since  it  is  not  achievable  under  all  conditions of
operation.   Level III or  environmentally  adequate  technology  for
machine  shop  wastes  is  the  same  as Level II except that secured
landfill  is  required for sweepings,  grindings,  and  sludge.    The
treatment and disposal technologies and pertinent considerations  for
machine shop wastes are set forth in Table IV-2.

     Tables  IV-3  through  IV-6  show  that  contractor  disposal in
landfill is  also  Level  I  technology  for  the  waste streams from
electroplating, heat treating,  and  painting  operations.   Although
Level II technology for  each waste varies, Level III technology (the
treatment  and  disposal  method required  for  adequate  health  and
environmental protection) is not currently practiced  for any process
waste stream deemed potentially hazardous.  This is  because  secured
landfills  are  not, to the contractor's knowledge, utilized  by  the
industry.

     Electroplating wastes are  separated into heavy metal sludge and
acid/ alkaline wastes.  This  is  because  acid/alkaline  wastes  are
currently   sewered   to   municipal   wastewater  treatment  plants.
Obviously, this does not constitute  disposal  on  land; however, the
inplementation of effluent  guidelines  pertaining  to electroplating
wastes will result in wastewaters and  sludges which will be destined
for  land disposal by 1983.  Level III technology  for  acid/alkaline
wastes have thus been designated as disposal in secured landfills.

     Tables IV-2 through IV-6  generally  provide an overview of each
process  waste stream, its characteristics,  and  the  treatment  and
disposal  technology  generally  applied.  The quantities  of wastes
handled in each technology level are provided  along  with amounts of
residues  from  treatment  stages.   The  numbers and percentages  of
plants implementing  each  technology  level  are  estimated.   Brief
discussions are  provided  of  the  adequacy  of technology, inherent
problems  or comments, non-land environmental  impact,  compatibility
with  existing facilities, monitoring and surveillance  requirements,
installation time, and energy requirements.  The  conclusions reached
regarding these factors reflect the contractor's  assessment  of  the
current situation based primarily on  the  plant  survey  data  and a
literature search.

     The technologies  shown  in  the  tables do not address in-plant
practices or the  potential  for process or raw material change  which
could reduce either the  quantities  of  wastes for disposal or  their
hazardous characteristics or both.  However, the technologies will be
greatly  enhanced if innovative internal waste  control  technologies
are more widely applied.

     While good housekeeping practices were observed in virtually all
surveyed plants,  and  management  was especially sensitive to spills
and leaks of costly materials, continued and expanded monitoring is a
                                183

-------
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waste reduction technique  available universally.   Larger plants also
have the option  to install automatic detection devices, particularly
where solutions of highly toxic metals are employed.

     The substitution of equally efficient nontoxic materials for the
toxic ones of historic use appears to require more development before
it becomes a viable waste control technique.   However,  some beginning
is  evident  in  the use of noncyanide  plating  solutions  and  heat
treating salt  baths  as  well  as  in  the  stated  desire  of plant
management to reduce  the  amounts  of  cyanides  employed.   This is
similarly evident to the trend to nontoxic types of paint.

     A  number  of alternatives for controlling  drag-out  have  been
advanced.  These include reducing the viscosity of  the  plating bath
through the use of chemicals of lower density  and increasing process
temperature [57], slower removal of the workpiece form the  bath  and
longer  drain  times,  and neutralization of  the thin films of  toxic
chemicals  clinging  to  the work piece before it is rinsed in  water
[58].

     Other waste load improvements are  seen   in  closer  control  of
process  solution  concentrations  and in various means  of  reducing
volumes of water used in contact  with toxic  materials [57].  Another
development which is beginning to find use is selective plating.  In
this technique,  areas  where  plating is unnecessary are masked, and
only  the  significant  surface  areas  are  treated,  thus  reducing
quantities of metal solutions  needed.   The   economics  of employing
more   environmentally   acceptable  treatment  and   land   disposal
techniques may serve as the impetus  for  the  development  and wider
application of these and other waste reducing measures.
                                194

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                              SECTION V

                            COST ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION

     Potentially hazardous  waste  treatment  and  disposal costs for
typical  plants  are  supplied  in  this  section.  A  discussion  of
treatment and disposal costs is then provided, organized according to
the three levels  of  technology as described in Section IV.  Level I
technology for the four  potentially  hazardous wastes of the special
industrial machinery and office, computing,  and  accounting machines
industries is discussed first.  This is  followed  by  an analysis of
Level II, and finally Level III.  A  summary  table showing treatment
and  disposal  costs  for  each  major waste at  each  technology  is
provided at the end of the section.

     Approximations of the  effects  of  these treatment and disposal
costs at the various technology levels are supplied.  Annual costs to
the industries  as a whole are given and compared with other economic
indicators such as value of  shipments,  value  added by manufacture,
and cost of materials.   The  data  are  presented  in  terms of 1975
dollars.

     Cost data  on  current waste treatment and disposal practices in
the subject industries  were sparse at most of the plants visited and
much of the information  collected  is  in  the  form of estimates by
plant personnel.  Nonetheless, it was  necessary to use these data as
a  basis  for  the  cost analysis  of  Level  I  and  II  technology.
Supplemental information was provided from a study of hazardous waste
treatment and disposal cost variability [63] and from  a recent study
on  the  potential  for  capacity  creation  in  the hazardous  waste
management  service  industry [64].  Data were also compiled from the
literature and from  contacts  with  four  waste  disposal operations
specifically handling wastes from these industries.

     Level III technology is not  being  implemented  by  the subj ect
industries.  Cost estimates for this  technology as it applies to the
various  waste  streams  were  developed from the literature  sources
referenced in this section.

     A key feature  of  the following cost analyses is that the costs
given for each level  of  technology  are  based  on  off-site  waste
treatment and disposal.  The reasons for this are as follows:

         1.  At least 90 percent of all special industrial and office
machines manufacturers dispose of their process wastes off—site.

         2.  The majority  of  existing  plants  are located in urban
areas where space  availability for treatment and disposal facilities
                                195

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on-site would be a major problem.

         3.  For the vast majority  of  establishments,  most types of
potentially hazardous wastes are generated  in  such relatively small
quantities   that   on-site   treatment  and/or  disposal  would   be
economically unattractive compared with off-site alternatives — even
those comprising Levels II and III technology.
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL COSTS AT TYPICAL
  MANUFACTURING PLANTS

     A typical manufacturing establishment in SIC  355 was defined in
Section  III as a machine shop with  attendant  plate  or  structural
fabrication   areas  and  a  small  painting  operation.    Production
employees  in  these specific areas, but not including receiving  and
shipping and  other  staff  or maintenance areas, totalled seventeen.
As  shown  in  Table  V-l,  process wastes consisting of  coolants and
oils,  sweepings  and  grindings,  solvents,  and  paint   sludge  and
overspray were generated at  a  rate  of  approximately 16.4 kkg/year
(18.1  tons/year) on a  wet  weight  basis.    All  these   wastes  are
considered potentially hazardous based on the  criteria  used  by the
contractor.

     Section IV  stated  that all the process wastes from the typical
plant are picked  up  by a private hauler periodically and taken to a
sanitary landfill operation for  disposal.   This constitutes Level I
technology.  The cost of this  service is roughly $287/year.  Average
treatment  and  disposal costs for Level  I  technology  are  $18/kkg
($16/ton) on a wet basis and $27/kkg  ($25/ton)  on  a  dry basis, as
shown in Table V-l. To achieve environmentally adequate treatment and
disposal (Level III), costs would increase by about 21 percent.

     If Level  II  technology  were practiced by the plant, treatment
and disposal costs  would  run  approximately  $344/year, mainly as a
result  of  sending  waste  solvent   to  a  contractor's  reclaiming
operation instead of to a landfill site.  The average cost is $21/kkg
($19/ton) on a wet basis and $32/kkg ($29/ton) on a dry basis»

     The  implementation  of  Level III technology would  increase the
treatment and  disposal  costs  slightly  for  potentially  hazardous
wastes.  These would  total  about  $347/year.   The cost increase is
mainly due to the  added cost of placing certain wastes,  sludges, and
ashes  in  secured  land  disposal  sites  rather  than  in  sanitary
landfills.  Wet weight and dry weight  treatment  and  disposal costs
are $21/kkg ($19/ton) and $32/kkg ($29/ton), respectively.

     A  summary of the costs for each technology level  is  shown  in
Table V-l.
                               196

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                              TABLE V-l
             Typical Plant Costs for Treatment and Disposal of
                Potentially Hazardous Wastes, 1975 (SIC 355)
Typical Plant Characteristics

     The typical plant has 17 employees and in located in an urban area in
EPA Region V.  The manufacturing processes are:  Machine Shop, Plate fie
Structural Fabrication, and Paint Shop.  The composition of waste derived
from these processes are: dirty oil; waste solvents; sweepings and grindings,
Annual waste generation rates in kkg/product. employee are 1.0 (wet) and 0.6
(dry)for Machine Shop and Plate and Structural Fabrication combined and 1.0
(wet) and 0.8 (dry) for Paint Shop Waste.
Treatment/Disposal Costs       Level I

Total Annual Cost, $             287
Cost/kkg of Waste (1) (wet) $     18
Cost/kkg of Waste (1) (dry) $     27
Cost/yr-Production Emp., $        17
                                Level II

                                   344
                                    21
                                    32
                                    20
Level III

   347
    21
    32
    20
Description of Treatment/Disposal Technology
Level I:
Level II: (2)
Level II: (2)
Off-site sanitary landfilling of all process wastes by
private contractor.

Off-site recovery of waste oils through rerefining with
residues of the rerefining operation going to a sanitary
landfill.  Off-site sanitary landfilling of remaining
machine shop wastes.  Reclamation of solvents off-site
with still bottoms incineration followed by ash disposal
in a sanitary landfill.  Incineration of paint wastes by
a private contractor with ash disposal in sanitary landfills.

Off-site recovery of waste oils through rerefining with
residues of the rerefining operation going to a secured
landfill.  Off-site secured landfilling of remaining ma-
chine shop wastes.  Reclamation of solvents off-site with
still bottoms incineration followed by ash disposal in a
secured landfill.  Incineration of paint wastes by a private
contractor with ash disposal in a secured landfill.
Notes:  (1) Total porcess waste = total potentially hazardous wastes.
        (2) Waste segregation necessary.

Source: Contractor estimates.
                                    197

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Office,. Computing, and Accounting
  Machines Industry

     A  typical manufacturing plant producing office, computing,  and
accounting  machines  (SIC 357) was  defined  in  Section  III  as  a
facility  basically  consisting  of a machine shop  and  an  assembly
operation.  Process wastes are accumulated at a  total  rate  of 14.4
kkg/year (15.9  tons/year) on a wet weight basis and 9.3 kkg/yr (10.3
tons/yr) on a  dry  basis.   These  wastes are considered potentially
hazardous by the contractor based on the criteria proposed in Section
III.  As with the typical  plant  in  SIC  355,  these  materials are
collected by a private contractor according to a set time schedule —
usually between once per week and once  per month.  As shown in Table
V-2, for Level I (most prevalent technology), these wastes are hauled
to a landfill operation.  This costs the typical plant  approximately
$260/year.  The  average  treatment  and  disposal  costs are $18/kkg
($16/ton) on a wet basis and $28/kkg ($25/ton) on a dry basis.

     If Level II technology were  implemented,  the total potentially
hazardous waste treatment and disposal cost would be about $274/year,
or $19/kkg ($17/ton) and $29/kkg  ($26/ton)  on  wet  and  dry bases,
respectively.

     Level III  technology for the plant would cost about the same as
Level II, with  the  disposal  of  residues  taking  place in secured
landfills instead of in sanitary landfills.

     These costs are summarized in Table V-2.
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL COSTS

Level I Technology

     Level I technology  is  defined  by  EPA  as  the most prevalent
technology  currently  employed — i.e., the  broad  average  present
treatment  and disposal practice.  The costs of  handling,  treating,
and  disposing  of each potentially hazardous waste  of  the  subject
industries are discussed below0
                         Machine Shop Wastes

     Level I technology for machine shop  wastes consists of off-site
disposal in a sanitary landfill by a private contractor.  As detailed
in Table V-3, the cost of this practice is $18/kkg ($16/ton) on a wet
basis.  The accuracy of this figure is on the order of +_ 30 percent.
                               198

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                              TABLE V-2
             Typical Plant Costs for Treatment and Disposal of
                Potentially Hazardous Wastes, 1975 (SIC 357)
Typical Plant Characteristics

     The typical plant has 15 employees and is located in an urban area in
EPA Region IX.  The manufacturing process is Machine Shop (with assembly).
The composition of waste derived from this process is dirty oil; waste sol-
vents; sweepings & grindings.  Annual waste generation rates in kkg/product,
employee is are (wet) and 0.6 (dry).
Treatment/Disposal Costs       Level I

Total Annual Cost, $             260
Cost/kkg of waste (1) (wet) $     18
Cost/kkg of waste (1) (dry) $     28
Cost/yr-Production Emp., $        17
                                Level II

                                   274
                                    19
                                    29
                                    18
Level III

   274
    19
    29
    18
Description of Treatment/Disposal Technology

Level I:
Level II:(2)
Level II:(2)
Off-site sanitary landfilling of all process wastes by
private contractor.

Off-site recovery of waste oils through rerefining with
residues of the rerefining operation going to a sanitary
landfill.  Off-site sanitary landfilling of remaining
machine shop wastes.  Reclamation of solvents off-site
with still bottoms incineration followed by ash disposal
in a sanitary landfill.

Off-site recovery of waste oils through rerefining with
residues of the rerefining operation going to a secured
landfill.  Off-site secured landfilling of remaining ma-
chine shop wastes.  Reclamation of solvents off-site with
still bottoms incineration followed by ash disposal in a
secured landfill.
Notes:  (1) Total process waste = total potentially hazardous waste.
        (2) Waste segregation necessary.
Source: Contractor estimates.
                                    199

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                              TABLE V-3
              Treatment and Disposal Costs for Machine
                       Shop Wastes in SIC 355 & 357
Typical Plant Characteristics

     The typical plant has 16 employees and is located in an urban area in
EPA Region V.  The composition of waste derived from this process  are:
coolants; sweepings and grindings; solvents.  Annual waste generation rates
in kkg/product*employee are: coolants - 1.29 (wet) 0.51 (dry), sweepings and
grindings 1/25 (wet) 1.00 (dry), and solvents - 0.81 (wet), 0.50 (dry).
Treatment/Disposal Costs       Level I

Total Annual Cost, $             965
Cost/kkg of Waste (wet) $         18
Cost/kkg of Waste (dry) $         28
Cost/yr-Production Employee $     60
                                Level II

                                  1018
                                    19
                                    30
                                    63
Level III

  1018
    19
    30
    63
Description of Treatment/Disposal Technology

Level I:
Level II:
Level III:
Off-site sanitary landfilling of all process wastes by pri-
vate contractor.

Off-site recovery of waste oils through rerefining with resi-
dues of the rerefining operation going to a sanitary landfill.
Off-site recovery of waste solvents through reclaiming with
incineration of still bottoms and sanitary landfilling of
resultant ash.  Off-site sanitary landfilling of sweepings
and grindings.

Same as Level II, except secured landfills are used in place
of sanitary landfills.
Source:  Contractor estimates.
                                    200

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                        Electroplating Wastes

     Electroplating   wastes   of   the   subject   industries    are
predominantly  hauled  by  private contractors to  off-site  sanitary
landfills for disposal as  shown  in Table V-4.  These wastes consist
of  heavy  metal sludges.  The  cost  of  this  practice  is  $16/kkg
($15/ton) on a wet basis and $40/kkg ($38/ton) on a dry weight basis.

     The principal  process  waste  from electroplating operations is
acid/alkali rinse waters which are not currently disposed of on land.
Although they are presently sewered, pending effluent guidelines will
mean that by 1983, waste  sludges  from  the treatment of acid/alkali
wastes will be generated and will  require  some  form  of soid waste
treatment and disposal.  No Level I or Level II costs for acid/alkali
waste treatment are stated in this report since the materials are not
handled as solid wastes.  It should also be noted that the quantities
of acid/alkaki wastes that are currently generated and which will  be
generated  in  1977  have  not  been  included  in  the process waste
generation tables presented in Section III and in Appendices I and J.
                        Heat Treating Wastes

     These wastes are currently hauled to off-site sanitary landfills
by private  contractors.   This  constitutes Level I technology.  The
costs of this practice is approximately $24/kkg ($22/ton) and $59/kkg
($54/ton) on wet weight  and  dry weight bases, respectively as shown
on Table V-5.  Typical of  the  cost  data  in  this  section,  these
estimates are probably accurate to + 30 percent.
                          Paint Shop Wastes

     Level I  technology for paint shop wastes consists of discarding
the combined paint sludge and solvent in off-site sanitary landfills.
This costs $10/kkg ($9/ton) on a wet basis and $13/kkg ($12/ton) on a
dry basis.  These  costs, along with a description of a typical paint
shop, are shown in Table V-6.
Level II Technology

     Level  II potentially hazardous  waste  treatment  and  disposal
technology is defined as the  best  technology  currently employed as
found  through  site  surveys  or  in   the  literature.   Identified
technology at this level must represent the  soundest process from an
environmental and health standpoint currently in use in  at least one
manufacturing location.
                                201

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                              TABLE V-4
              Treatment and Disposal Costs for Electroplating
                             Wastes in SIC 355 & 357
Typical Plant Characteristics

     The typical plant has 44 employees and is located in an urban area in
EPA Region V.  Annual waste generation rates in kkg/product, employee for
each waste constituent are:  heavy metal sludge 1.88 (wet, 0.44 (dry);
solvents 0.64 (wet) 0.44 (dry); acids/alkalies^ 1.00 (wet), 0.12 (dry).
Treatment/Disposal Costs       Level I         Level II         Level III

Total Annual Cost $               40               40              208
Cost/kkg of Waste (wet) $         16               16               59
Cost/kkg of Waste (dry) $         40               40              148
Cost/yr-Production Employee $      1                1                3


Description of Treatment/Disposal Technology

Level I:       Off-site sanitary landfilling of all process wastes by pri-
               vate contractor.

Level II:      Same as Level I.  Solvents to reclaiming with still bottoms
               to off-site sanitary landfill.

Level III:     Sludge dewatering followed by secured landfilling.  Solvent
               reclaiming with still bottoms to off-site secured landfill.
               Sludge from acid/alkali wastewater treatment to secured
               landfill.
Notes: (1) Acid/alkali residues will be generated by 1983 pending the imple-
           tation of effluent guidelines.

Source:  Contractor estimates.
                                    202

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                              Table V-5
                 Treatment and Disposal Costs for Heat
                    Treating Wastes in SIC 355 & 357
Typical Plant Characteristics

     The typical plant has 26 employees and is located in an urban area in
EPA Region V.  Annual waste generation rates in kkg/product» employee for each
waste constituent are:  quench oils 0.85 (wet), 0.65 (dry); cyanide Salts
0.14 (wet), 0.14 (dry); acids/alkalies 1.00 (wet), 0.12 (dry).


Treatment/Disposal Costs       Level I         Level II         Level III

Total Annual Cost $             1248             1248             3120
Cost/kkg of Waste (wet) $         24               24               60
Cost/kkg of Waste (dry) $         59               59              146
Cost/yr-Production Employee $     48               48              120


Description of Treatment/Disposal Technology

Level I:       Off-site sanitary landfilling of all process wastes by private
               contractor.

Level II:      Same as Level I.

Level III:     Secured landfill for all wastes contaminated with cyanides.
               Reclamation of noncontaminated oils with rerefining residues
               to secured landfill.
Source:  Contractor estimates.
                                   203

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                              Table V-6
                  Treatment and Disposal Costs for
                    Paint Wastes in SIC 355 & 357
Typical Plant Characteristics

     The typical plant has 14 employees and is located in an urban area in
EPA Revion V.  Annual waste generation rates in kkg/product employee for
each waste constituent are:  paint sludge 0.55 (wet), .43 (dry) and
solvents 0.50 (wet), .38 (dry)
Treatment/Disposal Costs      Level I

Total Annual Cost $              147
Cost/kkg of Waste (wet) $         10
Cost/kkg of Waste (dry) $         13
Cost/yr-Production Employee $     10
Level II

   750
    51
    67
    54
Level III

   794
    54
    71
    57
Description of Treatment/Disposal Technology

Level I:       Off-site sanitary landfilling by a private contractor.

Level II:      Off-site incineration of paint sludge with ash to sanitary
               landfill.  Separation and reclamation of solvents with still
               bottoms incineration followed by sanitary landfilling of ash.

Level III:     Same as Level II except secured landfills are used in place
               of sanitary landfills.
Source:  Contractor estimates.
                                    204

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                         Machine Shop Wastes

     Level II  technology  for machine shop wastes, as shown in Table
V-3, involves segregation of  oils  and  solvents  from  other  waste
constituents.  The rerefining of waste  oil  off-site  by  a  private
contractor has been determined to  be  part  of  Level II technology.
Residues  from  the  rerefining  operations  are  placed in  sanitary
landfills.

     Solvents are reclaimed  off-site  with  still  bottoms  from the
reclaiming operation being incinerated  and  residual  ash going to a
sanitary  landfill.   Remaining  machine  shop  wastes  are  sanitary
landfilled by a private contractor off-site.

     This  practice  costs  about $19/kkg ($17/ton) on a  wet  weight
basis  and $30/kkg ($27/ton) on a dry weight basis.   However,  costs
for  Level  II can vary over a wide range.  For  example,  waste  oil
rerefining  costs  will  vary  depending  on  the amount of "Dirt" it
contains.   Prices quoted for small lots of waste oil by a Midwestern
rerefining contractor are as follows:
                                             Price Range
         "Dirt"  Concentration in  Oil       C/ liter
                   > 15%                     0-1          1-5
                    11-14%                    0            0
                   C 10%                    [0-2]        [1-7J

         (Dirt  concentrations  are  determined mainly  by visusal means)

The contractor will  pay  up  to  2£/liter  (7c/gallon) for relatively
clean oil which can  be  more  easily  rerefined.  On the other hand,
some of the dirtier oils obtained may be used for road oiling instead
of  rerefining.   Another  contractor charges $22/kkg  ($20/ton)  for
waste oil, which is sold in turn to rerefining operations.

     In  addition,  a principal factor affecting the cost of  solvent
reclaiming  is  the  size  or  capacity  of  the solvent reprocessing
facility.   Date  from an earlier EPA report [60] showed that solvent
reclaiming  costs are  reduced  rapidly  and  continuously  up  to  a
capacity level of about 1500 kg/hr (3,300 Ibs/hr).  The costs decline
much slower after this.   This  is  illustrated in Figure V-l.  These
costs do not take into  account any savings incurred by manufacturing
plants in using reprocessed solvents for cleaning purposes instead of
buying and using virgin stocks.
                        Electroplating Wastes

     Level  II  technology is the same  as  Level  I,  consisting  of
off-site disposal in a sanitary landfill.  This  service, rendered by
                               205

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 a  private contractor,  costs $16/kkg  ($15/ton) and  $40/kkg   ($38/ton)
 on  wet  and  dry  weight bases, respectively.  Charges  for  sewered
 alkali/acid wastes are  not included in these figures, as indicated in
 Table V-4.
                        Heat Treating Wastes

     Level  II  treatment and disposal technology for this  waste  is
equivalent to Level I at $24/kkg  ($22/ton) on a wet basis and $59/kkg
($54/ton) on a dry basis.
                          Painj^ Shop Wastes

     Painting  operations  wastes from SIC 355  and  357  plants  are
sometimes incinerated at an off-site contractor's facilities with the
ash  transported to a sanitary landfill.  In addition,  solvents  are
reclaimed, with  still  bottoms  incinerated.   Ash  is  deposited in
sanitary landfills.  This  comprises  Level  II  technology for paint
wastes as documented in Table V-6.

     The average wet weight cost is $51/kkg (46/ton).

     Two of the major factors affecting the cost  of  this  treatment
and  disposal technology are (1) size of the incineration  operation,
and  (2)  the  type  of  incinerator used.  Although the first  point
cannot be quantitatively discussed using available data, it was found
that relatively  large  contract incineration installations serving a
number  of  clients   could   afford  to  charge  less  than  smaller
incinerator  installations.   This  is   consistent   with   standard
cost-capacity engineering concepts.
Level III Technology

     Level  III  technology  is defined as the treatment and disposal
technology necessary to provide  adequate  health  and  environmental
protection.  Level III  technology  may be more or less sophisticated
or  may  be  identical  to  Level  I or Level II technology.  At this
level,  identified  technology  may  include  pilot  or  bench  scale
processes,   providing  the  exact  stage  of  development   can   be
identified.
                         Machine Shop Wastes

     Level III technology is the same as Level II except that secured
landfills  are  utilized  for residue disposal  instead  of  sanitary
landfills.  This does not increase the estimated  cost  of  treatment
and disposal for Level II values which are $19/kkg ($17/ton) on a wet
basis.
                               207

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                        Electroplating Wastes

     Sludge dewatering followed by  disposal in a secured landfill is
Level III technology for heavy  metal  sludge.   In  addition, sludge
from  acid/alkaline  wastewater treatment facilities are deposited in
secured  landfills.   This  practice  will cost a  total  of  $59/kkg
($54/ton) on a wet basis.  Of  this,  $ll/kkg  ($10/ton)  is  due  to
acid/alkaline waste disposal.
                         Heat Treating Wastes

     Level III for this waste consists of  secured  landfilling which
costs $60/kkg ($54/ton) on a wet weight basis and $146/kkg ($132/ton)
on a dry weight basis.
                          Paint Shop Wastes

     Incineration  of paint sludge followed  by  ash  disposal  in  a
secured   landfill  constitutes  Level  III  treatment  and  disposal
technology  along  with  solvent   segregation,  reprocessing,  still
bottoms  incineration,  and  subsequent  ash  disposal  in  a secured
landfill.  These practices cost $54/kkg ($49/ton).

     Potentially hazardous waste treatment  and  disposal  costs  are
summarized in Table V-7.
IMPACT  OP POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTE
  MANACTMENT UPON THE INDUSTRIES

     The total  costs  to  treat and dispose of potentially hazardous
wastes in the special industrial machinery and office, computing, and
accounting  machines  industry  for  each  of  the  three  levels  of
technology are shown in Table V-8.

     The  cost of Level I technology for  all  potentially  hazardous
wastes  generated  at  1975 rates (excluding all nonhazardous process
wastes and  nonprocess wastes such as garbage) is roughly $2.8 million
per year.  Nationwide,  implementation  of  Level II technology would
cost approximately $3.5 million.   This  increase is primarily due to
the additional costs involved to  incinerate  paint sludge wastes and
to reclaim spent solvents.  No credit  has  been  allowed for reusing
reprocessed oils and solvents.  It has been  assumed  that  all these
materials can be reprocessed, which in practice is not entirely true.
For  example, solvents used to clean electronic components in  office
machines  are sent to solvent reclaimers after their initial use  and
are not  purchased  back.   Only  virgin  solvent  with  high quality
                               208

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                              Table V-7
         Potentially Hazardous Waste Treatment  and Disposal  Costs
                                      Cost,  $/kkg  ($/ton)(2)
                           Level I           Level  II          Level  III
     Process _        Wet     Dry       Wet      Dry      Wet        Dry
Machine Shop             18       28         19        30        19         30
                         (16)     (25)       (17)      (27)      (17)       (27)

Electroplating:
  Heavy Metal Sludges    16       40         16        40        48        120
                         (15)     (38)       (15)      (38)      (44)      (110)

  Acid/Aklali            NA                 NA                 NA
                         NA                 NA                 NA

Heat Treating            24       59         24        59        60        146
                         (22)     (54)       (22)      (54)      (54)      (132)

Paint Shop               10       13         51        67        54         71
                         (9)     (12)       (46)      (61)      (49)       (64)
Notes (1) Includes wastes from tool and die shops; stamping, blanking,  and
          forming operations; and plate and structural fabrication operations.
      (2) The wet and dry weight factors used in deriving these waste T/D
          costs are approximate and may vary with given manufacturing operations,

Source:    Contractor estimates.
                                    209

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                              Table V-8
       Total National Costs to the SIC 355 and 357 Industries
       for Potentially hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
                               t!975)
                                          Cost, $ thousand/year
     Process                   Level I         Level II         Level III
Machine Shop                    2,124           2,224             2,242

Electroplating
  Heavy Metal Sludges             206             206               617
  Acid/Aklali                      —             —                141

Heat Treating                     348             348               870

Paint Shop                        135             688               729

               Total            2,813           3,484             4,599
                                    210

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specifications  is  used.   As another example, a reprocessed oil may
not be suitable  for  the  same  high-temperature  and h;Lgh-corrosion
service for which the original oil was used.

     Level III technology  use  will  cost  the  SIC  355 and SIC 357
industries  roughly  $4.6 million, a 63  percent  increase  over  the
currently used  practices.   The  utilization  of secured landfilling
operations is an important factor which serves to establish Level III
costs.

     These total national costs have been compared to the value added
by manufacture, the cost of  materials, and the value of shipments in
1972 for SIC 355 and 357  combined.   The  results are shown in Table
V-9.   The  current  cost for implementation of  Level  I  technology
constitutes only 0.02 percent of the total value  of  shipments which
was $14.8 billion according to the 1972 Census of  Manufactures  [5]0
Industry-wide  implementation  of   Level  II  technology  would  not
significantly affect  the  fraction  of  value  of shipments, and the
implementation of Level  III  technology would only increase the cost
ratio to 0.03  percent.   This  shows  that the impact of potentially
hazardous  waste treatment and disposal  costs  are  minimal  on  the
industry as a whole.
                               211

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                            Table V-9
                Comparison of Technology Costs to
             SIC 355 and 357 Industry Characteristics
                                     Technology Costs as a Percent
                              	of the Industry Characteristic	
  Industry Characteristics    Level I         Level II         Level III

Value Added by Manufacture
  ($8.5 billlon/yr)            0.03            0.04              0.05

Cost of Materials
  ($6.3 billion/yr)            0.04            0.06              0.07

Value of Shipments
  ($14.8 billion/yr)           0.02            0.02              0.03
                                   212

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                                SECTION VI

                                REFERENCES
 1.  TRW Systems Group.  Recommended Methods of Reduction, Neutralization,
     Recovery or Disposal ^f Hazardous Waste.  EPA Study Report» 1973.  16
     Volumes.

 2.  Versar,  Inc.   Assessment  of  Industrial Hazardous Waste  Practices
     Inorganic  Chemical  Industry.  EPA  Contract  No. 68-01-2246.  1974.
     (Draft Report).

 3   Battelle Pacific  Northwest Laboratories.  Program for the Management
     of Hazardous Wastes.  EPA Contract No. 68-01-0762.  1973.

 4.  Arthur D. Little, Inc.  Alternatives  to  the Management of Hazardous
     Wastes  at_  National Disposal Sites.  EPA  Contract  No.  68-01-0556.
     1973.

 5.  U. S. Bureau of the Census.  1972 Census of  Manufactures.   SIC  355
     (MC 72(2)35D) and SIC 357 (MC 72C2)35F).  Washington, 1975.

 6.  U.S. Bureau of the Census.  1967 Census of Manufactures.  SIC 355 and
     SIC 357.  Washington, 1970.

 7   Dun & Bradstreet Listing of 6900 Manufacturing Establishments.

 8.  Dun & Bradstreet. 1975 Metal Working Directory.

 9.  U.S.  Department of  Commerce,  Bureau  of  Domestic  Commerce   U.j.
     Industrial  Outlook.  Washington, U.S.  Government  Printing  Office,
     1975.

10.  U.S.  Department  of  Commerce,  Bureau of Domestic  Commerce.   U.S.
     Industrial Outlook.   Washington,  U.S.  Government  Printing Office,
     1976.
11.  PredtcastSo   1975 Annual Cumulative Edition.

12o  U.S. Department of Labor.  Handbook of Labor Statistics.  Washington,
     U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.

13.  U.S.  Environmental  Protection   Agency,   Office   of  Solid  Waste
     Management Programs.   Report  to  Congress;  Disposal  of  Hazardous
     Wastes.   Environmental   Protection   Agency   Publication   SW-115.
     Washington,  U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974.
                                   213

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14.  U.S. Environmental  Protection  Agency.    Quality Criteria for Water.
     Washington, U.S. Government  Printing  Office, 1976.  (Prepublication
     copy.)

15.  Report of the National Technical Advisory  Committee to the Secretary
     of the Interior.  Water Quality Criteria.  1968.

16.  Gleason,  M.N.,  et. al.  Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products,
     Baltimore, Williams and Wilkens Co., Inc., 1969.

17.  Hamilton, A., and  H.  S.  Hardy.  Industrial Toxicology.  Acton, MA,
     Publishing Services Group, Inc., 1974.

18.  Browing,    E.    Toxlclty   jof_   Industrial   Metals,     New   York,
     Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1969.

19.  Faith, W.  L.,  et.  al.  Industrial Chemicals New York, John Wiley &
     Sons, Inc., 1965.

20.  Schroeder, H. A.  Trace Metals  and Chronic Diseases.  In Advances in
     Internal Medicine,  v. 3. Year Book Publishers, Inc., 1956.

21.  Sax, N. I.   Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.  New York,
     Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1975.

22.  Plunkett,  E. R.   Handbook  on_  Industrial  Toxicology.   New  York,
     Chemical Publishing Co., 1966.

23.  Jacobs, M.B.  The Analytical Toxicology of Industrial Organic Poisons
     New York, Interscience Publishers, 1967.

24.  Thienes, C. H., and T. J. Haley.  Clinical Toxicology.   Philadelphia,
     Lea and Febiger, 1964.

25.  National Academy of Sciences.  Principles for Evaluating Chemicals in
     the Environment.  Washington, 1975.

26   "Flash Point of Mixed Solvents."  Journal of  Paint  Technology, Dec.
     1969.

27.  American Society for Metals.  Metals Handbook.  8th ed. v. 5  Forging
     and Casting Metals Park, Ohio, 1970.

28.  Encyclopoedla of Occupational Health and  safety,  v. 1, "Foundries."
     Geneva, International Labour Office, 1972.

29.  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency.   Development  Document  for
     Effluent  Limitations Guidelines and Standards £f_ Performance for the
     Machinery and Mechanical Produces Point Source Category.  Washington,
     1975.
                                    214

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30.  Electroplating Engineering Handbook.   New  York, Reinhold Publishing
     Co., 1962.

31   U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency.   Development  Document  for
     Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Proposed New Source
     Performance  Standards  for  the  Metal  Finishing  Segment  of   the^
     Electroplating    Point    Source    Category.    EPA-440/l-75/040-a.
     Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.

32.  Nemerow, N. L.   Liquid  Waste  of  Industry.   Reading,  MA, Addison
     Wesley Publishing Co., 1971.

33.  Encyclopoedia of Occupational Health and Safety,  v. 1,"Galvanising."
     Geneva, International Labour Office, 1972.

34.  American Society  for  Metals.  Metals Handbook.  8th ed. v. 2.  Heat
     Treating, Cleaning, and Finishing.  Metals Park, Ohio, 1964.

35.  American  Society  for Metals.  Metals  Handbook.    8th  ed.  v.  1.
     Properties and Selection of Metals.  Metals Park, Ohio. 1961.

36.  American  Society  for  Metals.   Metals  Handbook.   8th ed.  v.  3.
     Machining Metals Park, Ohio, 1967.

37.  Encyclopoedia of Occupational Health, and Safety,  v. 1, "Grinding and
     Cutting Fluids."  Geneva, International Labour Office, 1972.

38.  American  Society  for  Metals.  Metals  Handbook.   8th.  ed.  v.  4.
     Forming.
         Metals Park, Ohio, 1969.

39.  Plastics Reference Issue.  Machine Design. 40(29).  Dec. 12, 19680

40.  Woumans, F. P.  Disposal  of  Cold  Mill  Coolant.   Iron  and  Steel
     Engineer.  Feb., 1962.

41.  Lindenbaum, H. J. "An Oil IS ....  What?"   Plant  Engineering.  Oct.
     16, 1975.

42.  Lin,   Y.   H.,    and   J.   R.  Lawson.   "Treatment  of  Oils   and
     Metal-Containing Wastewater."  Pollution Engineering. 1975.

43.  Lund,  H.  F.    Industrial Pollution  Control  Handbook.   New  York,
     McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1971.

44.  Encyclopoedia of Occupational Health  and  Safety,  v.l."Lubricants."
     Geneva, International Labour Office, 1972.

45.  Ranney, M. W.   "Lubricant Additives."  In Specialty Lubricants.  Park
     Ridge,  N. J.,  Noyes Data Corp., 1973.
                                    215

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46.  Rudolfs, W.  (ed.)   Industrial Wastes.   New York, Reinhold Publishing
     Corp., 1953.

47.  Sittig, M.  Pollutant Removal Handbook.  Park  Ridge,  N.  J.,  Noyes
     Data Corp.,  1973.

48.  "Metal  Cleansing  Bends with Social Pressures." Iron Age.  Feb.  17,
     1975.

49.  "Trends in Steel Pickling and Waste Acid Treatment."  The Magazine of
     Metals Producing.  Mar. 1966.

50.  Danielson, J. A. (ed.) Air Pollution Engineering Manual.  2nd ed. Los
     Angeles   County   Air   Pollution   Control   District/Environmental
     Protection Agency, May 1973.

51.  "Design Guide-Assembling with  Adhestves."  Machine Design.  Aug. 18,
     1966.

52.  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency.    Development  Document  for
     Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance  Standards
     for the Iron and Steel Foundry Industry.   July 1975.

53.  Calspan  Corporation.   Assessment  of    Industrial  Hazardous  Waste
     Practices in the Metal Smelting and Refining Industry,  v.3.  Ferrous
     Smelting and Refining.  EPA Contract No.  68-01-2604.  1975.

54.  Technical  Bulletin A-11.  No cy (Cyanide-Free) Carburizing  Process.
     Park Chemical Co.  (Undated).

55.  WAPORA, Inc.  Assessment  of  Industrial  Hazardous  Waste Practices,
     Paint and  Allied  Products  Industry,   Contract  Solvent  Reclaiming
     Operations,   and  Factory  Application   of  Coatings.   Contract  No0
     68-01-2656.   1975.

56.  Modern Plastics Encyclopedia,  v.52, no. lOa.  New York, McGraw-Hill,
     Inc.  1975.

57.  Ward, S.D.  Hazardous Waste Treatment  Technology  Assessment - Metal
     Finishing Industry.  Unpublished OSWMP  report, 1975.


58.  Lancy, L. E.  "Neutralizing Liquid Wastes in Metal Finishing."  Metal
     Progress.  April 1967.

59.  GCA/Technology  Division.   Waste Oil Recovery and  Reuse  Program  -
     Residue   Program  -  Residue  Management.   Prepared  for   Maryland
     Department of Environmental Services, April 1975.
                                   216

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60.  Battelle Columbus Laboratories.   Assessment  of Industrial Hazardous
     Waste Practices — Electroplating and Metal Finishing Industries. EPA
     Contract No. 68-01-2664.  1975 (Draft Report.)

61.  Baum, B. and C. H. Parker. Incineration  and Landfill,  v.i. In Solid
     Waste Disposal.  Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., 1973.

62.  Personal communication.  J. E. Levin, WAPORA, Inc. to Dr. Robert Ham,
     University of Wisconsin.  Jan. 21, 1976.

63.  WAPORA, Inc.  Analysis  of the Variation in the Charges for Treatment
     and   Disposal   of   Hazardous    Wastes    (SIC 355, 357, and 367).
     Unpublished  report to OSWMP.

64.  Foster  D.  Snell,  Inc.   Potential  for  Capacity Creation  in  the
     Hazardous  Waste  Management  Service  Industry.   EPA  Contract  No.
     68-01-3266.  1975. (Draft Report.)

65.  Personal communication.   Dr.  Leonard Guarraia,  Criteria Branch,Office
     of 'Water and Hazardous Materials, EPA,  March 9,  1976.
                                    217

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                               SECTION VII

                                 GLOSSARY
Acute Toxicity

Any poisonous effect produced within a short period of time, usually up to
24-96 hours, resulting in severe biological  harm and often death.

Adsorption

The adhesion of  a  substance  to  the  surface  of  a  solid  or  liquid.
Adsorption is often used to  extract  pollutants  by  causing  them  to be
attached   to  such  adsorbents  as  activated  carbon  or   silica   gel.
Hydrophobic, or  water-repulsing  adsorbents, are used to extract oil from
waterways in oil spills.

Annealing

A  metalworking operation which reduces hardness, improves  machinability,
facilitates   cold   working,   and  produces  a  desired  microstructure.
Annealing  is  accomplished by heating a metal above a  temperature  which
changes its microstructure and then slowly cooling it down.

Aquifer

An underground bed  or  stratum  of  earth,  gravel  or  porous stone that
contains water.

Arc Furnace

A furnace in  which  material is heated either directly by an electric arc
between an electrode and  the material or indirectly by an arc between two
electrodes adjacent to the material.

Arc Welding

Welding with, an electric arc.

Assembly of Product

The process of bringing togethejr and attaching individual pieces and units
to form a completed product.

Baghouse

An air  pollution  abatement device used to trap particulates by filtering
gas streams through large fabric bags, usually made of glass fibers.
                                    219

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Biodegradable

The  process  of  decomposing  quickly  as  a  result  of  the  action  of
microorganisms.

Blanking

A process accomplished with dies in presses in which  desired  shapes  are
cut from flat or performed stock.

Carburizing

A metalworking operation in which carbon is introduced into the surface of
low  carbon  steels by heating  them  in  carbon-rich  media  followed  by
quenching.

Carcinogen

A chemical which produces or incites cancer.

Charge

The  liquid  and solid materials fed into a  furnace  during  one  casting
cycle.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

A class of generally long-lasting,  broad-spectrum  insecticides  of which
the  best known is DDT, first used for insect control during World War II.
Other  similar  compounds include aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane,
lindane,  endrin,  mirex, benzene hexachloride (BHC), and toxaphene.   The
qualities  of  persistence  and  effectiveness against a wide  variety  of
insect pests were long regarded as highly desirable in agriculture, public
health and home  uses.   But  later  research has revealed that these same
qualities may represent a  potential  hazard  through  accumulation in the
food chain and persistence in the environment.

Clarifier

In  waste  water  treatment,  a  settling tank which mechanically  removed
settleable solids from wastes.

Coining

A closed-die squeezing operation, usually  performed  cold,  in  which, all
surfaces  of  the  work  are   confined  or  restrained,  resulting  in  a
well-defined imprint of the die upon the work.

Cover Material

Soil that is used to cover compacted solid waste in a sanitary landfill.
                                    220

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Cupola

 A cylindrical vertical furnace for melting metal, especially gray iron, by
having  the  charge  come  in   contact   with   the  hot  fuels,  usually
metallurgical coke.

Dermal Toxicity

The ability of a chemcial to poison an animal or human by skin absorption.

Drag-out

The amount of  bath  solution from an electroplating operation or a molten
salt heat treating operation carried out of the bath by the material being
treated or the rack holding the material.

Drawing

 Forming recessed parts by  forcing  the  plastic  flow  of  metal in dies;
reducing the cross section of wire or tubing by pulling it through a die.

Dump

A land site where solid waste is disposed of  in  a  manner  that does not
protect the environment.

Dust

Fine-grain particulate matter that is capable of being suspended in air.

Ecology

 The interrelationships  of  living  things  to  one  another  and to their
environment or the study of such relationships.

Electroplating    i

Electrodispositio^^^E  a  metal  or  alloy from  a  suitable  electrolyte
solution: the arl^^^m to be plated is connected  as  the  cathode  in  the
electrolyte soluttf^ direct current is introduced through the anode which
consists of the metal to be deposited.

Electrostatic Precipitator

An  air  pollution  control device  that  removes  particulate  matter  by
imparting  an  electrical charge to  particulates  in  a  gas  stream  for
mechanical collection on an electrode.

Electrostatic Spray Painting

A coating  application technique in which the spray nozzle is charged with
                                   221

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work surface.  Very high voltage at low amperage is used.   Spray particles
are attracted to  the work by the opposite charge, to the  extent that some
of the overspray curves back and coats the reverse side of the work.  Very
largely used for the application of powder coatings.

Environment

An organic coating which has a gloss like glass.

Etching

The sum of  all  external  conditions  and  influences affecting the life,
development and survival of an organism.
Treating the  surface  of a metal to preferential chemical or electrolytic
attack in order to reveal structural details.

Facing

Milling a surface that is perpendicular to the cutter axis.

Ferrous Foundry

A  commercial  establishment   which   produces   castings  in  which  the
predominant metal is iron.

Flash Point

The temperature at which  a  liquid  gives off vapor sufficient to form an
ignitable mixture with the air contained in the vessel used.

Flus

A material used to combine  with and remove undesirable Substances such as
sand or iron oxides from molten  metal or to provide a ^J^tective covering
for certain molten metal baths.

Forming

Plastic  deforming  material,   usually  hot,  into  desired  shapes  with
compressive force, with or without dies.

Forming

An operation which shapes metal by deformation.

Foundry Pattern Shop

An establishment,  often  part of a foundry, whiclv produces forms of wood,
metal, or other  materails  around  which modling material such as sand is
placed to make a mold for the casting of metals.
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Galvanizing

The application of a  zinc  coating  to  steel  to provide protection
against corrosion.

Gates

Scrap metal on  casting  surfaces  created by a channel through which
molten metal enters the mold.

Hardness

Resistance to penetration.

Heat Treating of Metals

Heating and  cooling of metals or alloys to obtain desired properties
or conditions.

Heavy Metals

Metallic elements with high molecular weights, generally toxic in low
concentrations to  plant  and  animal  life.   Such  metals are often
residual in the  environment  and  exhibit  biological  accumulation.
Examples include mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, and lead.

Incineration

The controlled process by which solid, liquid or  gaseous combustible
wastes  are  burned  and  changed  into  gases; the residue  produced
contains little or no combustible material.

Incinerator

An engineered apparatus used  to  burn  waste substances and in which
all   the   combustion   factors  —  temperatures,  retention  time,
turbulence and combustion air — can be controlled.

Inhibition

The action  of  chemicals where the total effect is less than the sum
of two or more effects taken independently.

Inoculant

Material added to a molten metal to aid crystallization.

Induction Furnace

An  electric  furnace  in  which  the primary conductor is coiled and
generates, by electromagnetic induction, a  secondary  current  which
develops heat within the metal charge0
                               223

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Median  lethal  concentration,   a   standard  measure  of  toxicity.
LCSOindicates the  concentration  of  a  substance  that will kill 50
percent of a group of experimental insects or animals.

Leachate

Liquid that has percolated through solid waste  or  other mediums and
has extracted dissolved or suspended materials from it.

Leaching

The  process  by  which  soluble  materials  in  the  soil,  such  as
nutrients, pesticide chemicals or contaminants,  are  washed  into  a
lower layer of soil or are dissolved and carried away by water.

Machine Shop

A workshop  in  which  work,  metal or other material, is machined to
specified size.  Machining  is  the process of removing material from
the item in the  form  of  chips  through  the  use  of a machine and
cutting tools.

Maintenance

The function responsible for the upkeep of facilities and equipment.

Metal

Any  of  a large group of substances (such as steel, iron, or bronze)
that typically show a characteristic  luster,  are good conductors of
electricity  and heat, or opaque,  can  be  fused,  and  are  usually
malleable or ductile.

Milling Machine

A rotary  cutting  tool  provided  with one or more cutting elements,
called teeth, which  intermittently  engage  the workpiece and remove
material by relative movement of the workpiece and cutter.

Moisture Content

The weight loss (expressed in percent) when a  sample  of material is
dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 105°C.

Mold

A shaped cavity for casting.
                                224

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Mutagen

 A chemical  which can cause a permanent change in hereditary materail
involvelng a physical change in chromosome relations or a biochemical
change in  the  codons  (a triplet of nucleotides that is part of the
genetic code and that  specifies a particular amino acid in a protein
or stops or starts protein synthesis) that makes up genes.

N.E.C

Also written as n.e.c. - Not elsewhere classified.

Nonferrous Die Casting

The  forming of castings in dies, as opposed  to  foundry  molds,  of
metals other than iron and its alloys.

Nonferrous Foundry

A commercial establishment which produces  castings  of  metals other
than iron and its alloys.

Normalizing

A term  usually applied to ferrous alloys, involving heating the work
piece to a  suitable  temperature  above the transformation range and
then cooling it in  air  to  a  temperature  substantially  below the
transformation range

Nitriding

Introduction  of  nitrogen to the surface of a steel  to  change  the
surface properties.

N.S.K.
Not specified by kind.

Oil

An organic  substance, or class of substances, usually insoluble with
water.

Open-Hearth Furnace

A reverberatory melting furnace with a shallow hearth and a low roof.
The flame passes over the charge on the hearth, causing the charge to
be heated both by direct flame and by radiation  from  the  roof  and
sidewalls of the furnace.
                               225

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Organic Solvent

A  carbon-based  liquid  or  class  of  liquids,  used in the special
machines manufacturing industry  to remove oil, grease, and dirt from
metal work.

Organism

Any living human, plant, or animal.

Painting,Lacquering, Enameling on Metals

The process of applying an organic coating on metal surfaces.

£H

A  measure  of  the  acidity  or  alkalinity of a  material;   pH  is
represented  on  a  scale of 0 to 14 with 7  representing  a  neutral
state, 0 representing the most acid and 14, the most alkaline.

Pickling

Removing  surface oxides from metals by chemical  or  electrochemical
reaction.

Plastics Molding

The process of forming shapes of plastic materials using dies.

Plate or Structural Fabrication

The  production  of  products made of steel plates  and  other  steel
structural  shapes   such   as   sheet,  angles,  channels,  I-beams.
Processes involved include shearing,  gas-cutting, punching, forming,
welding, riveting.

Pollutant

Any introduced gas, liquid or solid that makes a resource unfit for a
specific purpose.

Pollution

The presence of matter  or  energy whose nature, location or quantity
produces undesirable environmental effects.

Pollution Abatement

The  method  of  reducing  the  degree  or  intensity  of  pollution,
including the use of such a method.
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Potentially Hazardous Waste

Any waste  or  combination of wastes which pose a substantial present
or potential hazard  to human health or living organisms because such
wastes are lethal, nondegradable, or  persistent  in  nature;  may be
biologically  magnified;  or may otherwise cause  or  tend  to  cause
detrimental cumulative effects.

Press Brake

An open-frame single-action press  used  to  bend,  blank, corrugate,
curl, notch, perforate, pierce, or punch sheet metal or plate.

Printed Circuit Board

The  board  in  electronic  equipment  which  provides  a  base   for
point-to-point  wiring  of  components.    A   conductive  substance,
frequently  copper,  is applied to a synthetic base such as epoxy  or
bakelite and  a pattern is then etched or photographically printed on
the surface to provide a wiring grid.

Process

An  integral part  of  special  machinery  manufacturing  operations.
Processes include  casting,  forging,  electroplating, heat treating,
machining, coating, plastics molding and assembly.  In the context of
this report, a process  is  the  basic source of manufacturing wastes
and is used as the common unit for quantifying wastes collectively on
state, regional, and national bases.

Process Waste

Residual  material emanating directly  from  manufacturing  processes
which may  contain  oil,  solvents,  acids  and  alkalies,  metal and
metallic compounds, and paint, among other constituents.

Pro cess Waste Stream

Used synonymously with the terms "waste" and "process waste."

Reverberatory Furnace

A furnace with a  shallow hearth with a roof which deflects the flame
and radiates heat toward the hearth or the surface of the charge.

Riser

Excess metal on a casting created by a reservoir  of  molten metal to
provide additional metal to the casting as required before and during
solidification.
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Sanitary Landfilling

A  method  of  waste  disposal  on land in a manner that protects the
environment;  waste  is  spread in  thin  layers,  compacted  to  the
smallest practical volume and  covered  with  soil at the end of each
working day.

Scrubber

An air pollution control  device  that  uses a liquid spray to remove
pollutants from a gas stream  by  absorption  or  chemical  reaction.
Scrubbers also reduce the temperature of the emission.

Secured Landfill

Land disposal facilities  characterized  by inpervious contaminant of
wastes  with provisions  for  monitoring  and  treating  leachate  if
required.

Shaw Process
A  heat process used to  prepare  two  types  of  ceramic  molds  for
castings.  One is a one-piece  all  ceramic mold; the other is a less
expensive composite  mold  consisting  of a layer of fericlay back up
material with a thin ceramic facing.

Shipping Including Pack and Crate

The process of preparing product for shipment  to  purchaser  through
use  of  various  packing  materials or wood crates,  and  physically
loading product into trucks or railroad cars.

Sludge

A semi-solid and generally viscuous material.

Spot Welding

Welding,  generally  resistance  welding  of  lapped  parts, in which
fusion is confined to a relatively small circular area.

Sprues

Scrap metal on casting surfaces created  in  the  shape  of a channel
through which molten metal is poured.

Stamping, Blanking, and Forming of Metals

Stamping  and blanking involve the use of presses and dies to  remove
                               228

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various shapes from metal sheets or plates; forming involves the  use
of presses and dies to change the shape or contour of  a  metal  part
without intentionally altering the thickness.

Swarf

Metal grindings and floor sweepings.

Synergism

A cooperative action of chemicals so that the total effect is greater
than the sum of two or more effects taken independently.

Teratogen

A  chemical  which can cause malformations, monstrosities, or serious
deviations from the normal type in organisms.

Thermoplastic Resin

A  polymeric  material  that  softens  with  increased   temperature.
Examples are cellulose acetate and polyethylene.

Thermosetting Resin

A polymeric material  which  does  not soften, but rather polymerizes
further with increasing temperature such as phenolic resins.

Toxic Substance

Chemicals considered dangerous to health and the environment, such as
phenols, arsenic, and cyanides.

Turning

 Removing metal from a rotating workpiece by means of a toolo

Vacuum

Condensation of thin metal coatings on  the  cool  surface of a metal
piece in a vacuum.

Waste Constituent
A  component  of a waste such  as  oil,  solvent,  paint,  metal  and
metallic  compounds,  acid and alkalies, among others.   Constituents
may also include heavy metal salts, cyanide salts, etc.
                                229

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Welding

Joining two or more pieces of material by applying heat,  pressures,or
both, with or  without  filler  material to produce a localized union
through fusion or recrystallization across the  interface.

Workpiece

Usually a metal part subjected to machining or  surface treatment.
                                230

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                 APPENDIX A

SIC 355 - SPECIAL INDUSTRY MACHINERY, EXCEPT
	METALWORKING MACHINERY	

              PRODUCTS PRODUCED
                  Industries and Products
SIC Code     	

3551	          FOOD PRODUCTS MACHINERY

35511 —     Dairy and Milk Products Plant Machinery and Equipment,
             Except Bottling and Packaging Machinery	
35511 15          Washing and sterilizing equipment
35511 43          Pasteurizers
35511 51          Homogeriizers
35511 73          Ice cream freezers
35511 83          Butter and cheese processing plant machinery and
                   equipment

35511 91          Dry milk processing plant machinery and equipment
35511 98          Other dairy and milk products processing plant
                   machinery and equipment, excluding packaging
                   machinery, but including cream separators
                   (capacity over 1,500 pounds per hour)

3552	          TEXTILE MACHINERY

35521 —     Textile Machinery
                Fiber-to-fabric textile machinery (except parts,
                 attachments, and accessories):
35521 15          Cleaning and opening machinery, including
                   picker, garnetting, and other
35521 25          Carding and combing machines
35521 36          Drawing and roving frames

                Spinning frames:
35521 42          Frames
35521 46          Spindles
                Twisting frames:
35521 47          Frames
35521 48          Spindles

                Yarn preparing machines:
35521 51          Winding machines (skein, bobbin, quill, cone,
                   etc.)
35521 53          Other yarn preparing machines (beaming, warping,
                   warp typing, warp drawing in, slashing, etc.)
35521 55          Other fiber-to-fabric machinery
                   A-l

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SIC Code
Industries and Products
                  TEXTILE MACHINERY (Continued)

                Fabric machinery (except parts,  attachments,  and
                 accessories)
35521 65          Power looms  (including looms operating without
                   shuttles),  all types including cotton and
                   synthetic broadlooms

                Knitting machines
35521 72          Hosiery (circular and full-fashioned)
35521 73          Double knit  knitting machinery
35521 77          Warp knitting machines
35521 79          Other knitting machines
35521 84        Other fabric machinery, including lace,  embroidery,
                 braiding, and tufting machinery and hand looms

35521 85          Bleaching, dyeing, and finishing machinery
35521 87          Machinery for drying stocks, yarns, cloth,  etc.
35521 98          Other textile industry machinery, n.e.c.
                   (except parts, attachments, and accessories)

35522 —     Parts and Attachments for Textile Machinery
35522 11          Textile machinery turnings and shapes  (bobbins,
                   shuttles, spools, picker sticks, etc.)

             Parts and attachments
                Fiber-to-fabric machinery
35522 22          Card clothing
35522 31          Other fiber-to-fabric machinery, except card
                   cloth
35522 41          Power looms
35522 45          Knitting machines, excluding needles
35522 53          Fabric machinery, except power looms and
                   knitting machines
35522 71          Bleaching, dyeing, and finishing machinery
35522 98          Other textile industries machinery
35522 00        Parts and attachments for textile machinery,  n.s.k.

3553	          WOODWORKING  MACHINERY

35531 —     Woodworking Machinery (Except Home Workshop),
             Including Parts and Attachments	
35531 12          Sawmill equipment
35531 15          Veneer and plywoodmaking, woodbox, and crate-
                   making machinery
35531 62          Sawing machines, except sawmill equipment and
                   chain saws
35531 67          Chain saws
                             A-2

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SIC Code
Industries and Products
                  WOODWORKING MACHINERY—Continued

35531 71          Jointers, matchers, molders, mortisers, shapers,
                   and tenoners, except power-driven hand-held
                   tools
35531 81          Parts, attachments, and accessories for wood-
                   working machinery (sold separately), excluding
                   sawblades
35531 98          Other woodworking machinery (except power-driven
                   hand-held tools), including lathes, planing
                   machines, and surfacing machines, except
                   hand-held
35531 00          Woodworking machinery (except home workshop)
                   including parts and attachments, n.s.k.

35532 —     Woodworking Machinery for Home Workshop (Except Power-
             Driven Handtools), Including Parts and Attachments	
35532 21          Saws, including circular
35532 81          Parts, attachments, and accessories for machine
                   tools and woodworking machines designed pri-
                   marily for home workshops, etc. (sold sepa-
                   rately), except parts for power-driven handtools
                   (excluding sawblades)
35532 98          Other machine tools and woodworking machines de-
                   signed primarily for home workshops, etc.
                   (except power-driven handtools), planers, and
                   shapers

3554	          PAPER INDUSTRIES MACHINERY

             Pulp and Paper Industries Machinery (New)
35540 11          Wood preparation equipment, including barkers,
                   chippers, knotters, splitters, chipscreens, etc.
                Pulp mill machinery
35540 21          Grinders (for groundwood)
35540 25          Deckers, thickeners, wet lap machines, bleaching
                   equipment, pulp screens, washers, and save-alls
35540 29          Other pulpmill machinery, including digesters
                   and recovery room equipment

                Papermill machinery
35540 31          Beaters, jordans, and other stock preparation
                  Paper machines
35540 45            Calenders, including supercalendars
35540 41            Fourdriniers, including yankee machines
35540 43            Cylinder-type machines
35540 49          Other paper machinery, including forming and
                   finishing machinery, but excluding calendars
                            A-3

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SIC Code
Industries and Products
                  PAPER INDUSTRIES MACHINERY (Continued)

                Paper and paperboard converting equipment
35540 51          Bagmaking machines, including shipping  sack
                   machines, and envelope making machines
35540 53          Corrugated boxmaking machines
35540 54          Box, carton, and shipping container making
                   machines, except corrugated box machines
35540 56          Toilet roll and napkin making machines
35540 59          Other paper and paperboard converting equipment,
                   including drum, can and tube making machines

             Rebuilt Pulp and Paper Industries Machinery
35540 71          Rebuilt paper machines, including Fourdriniers,
                   yankees, cylinders, and forming machines
35540 75          Other rebuilt pulp and paper industries machinery

35540 81          Parts and attachments for pulp mill, papermill,
                   and paper converting machinery and equipment,
                   sold separately

3555	          PRINTING TRADES MACHINERY

35551 —     Printing Presses, Offset Lithographic
                Sheet-fed
                  Single color
35551 21             From 22 inches up to and including 36
                      inches maximum sheet size

35551 22          Over 36 inches maximum sheet size
                  Multicolor, including perfecting 2- and 3-color:
35551 24             From 22 inches up to and including 36 inches
                      maximum sheet size
35551 25             Over 36 inches maximum sheet size
                  Multicolor, including perfecting, 4-color and
                   over:
35551 28             From 22 inches up to and including 36 inches
                      maximum sheet size
35551 29             Over 36 inches maximum sheet size

                Web-fed
35551 32          Newspaper
35551 33          Business form presses
35551 35          Commercial (including heat-set)
35551 36          All other

35552 —     Printing Presses, Other Than Lithographic
                Letterpress (typographical, relief)
35552 16          Sheet-fed, including platen, cylinder,  and
                   rotary types
                            A-4

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SIC Code
Industries and Products
                  PRINTING TRADES MACHINERY (Continued)

                Web-fed
35552 18          Commercial
35552 19          Newspaper

35552 37          Gravure, sheet-fed and web-fed
35552 38          Flexographic,  sheet-fed and web-fed 15-100
35552 41        Other printing presses, including metal  decorat-
                 ing, proof, and rebuilt

35553 —     Typesetting Machinery and Equipment
                Typesetting machinery and equipment (excluding
                 justifying typewriters)
35553 43          Photographic typesetting machine, including
                   integral computer
35553 45          Keyboard input devices
35553 51          Hot metal typesetting machines
35553 53          Matrices for hot metal machines
35553 54          Matrices for phototypesetting machines
35553 56        Other typesetting machines (excluding cameras)

35554 —     Bindery Equipment
                Binding machinery and equipment, except  papercut-
                 ting, collating, or gathering machines
35554 63          Saddle binding equipment
35554 64          Perfect and hard case (edition) binding equipment
35554 65        Other binding machinery and equipment, n.e.c.,
                 including folding equipment

35555 —     Other Printing Trades Machinery and Equipment and
             Parts and Attachments for All Printing Trades
             Machinery and Equipment	
35555 62        Electrotyping and sterotyping machinery  and
                 equipment
35555 61        Other printing industry pre-press preparatory
                 equipment, including photocomposing equipment,
                 etching equipment, etc. (excluding typesetting
                 equipment and cameras)
35555 66        Paper cutting machines
35555 67        Collating and/or gathering machines (sold sepa-
                 rately)
35555 69        Engravers' material and equipment, including
                 metalplates, etc.

             Other printing machinery and equipment, including
              parts, attachments, and accessories for printing
              trades machinery and equipment (sold separately)
                             A-5

-------
SIC Code
Industries and Products
                  PRINTING TRADES MACHINERY (Continued)

                Rollers and blankers and printers'  rolls and
                 platens
35555 71          Rubber and plastic
35555 73          Other
35555 74          Platens, excluding typewriter
35555 75        Foundry type, rules, leads, slugs,  borders,
                 and ornaments
35555 83        Parts, attachments,  and accessories for  printing
                 presses (sold separately), including flying
                 pasters, dryers, folders, and reels
35555 85        Parts, attachments,  and accessories for  type-
                 setting machines (sold separately)
35555 87        Parts, attachments,  and accessories for  binder
                 equipment (sold separately)
35555 89        Parts, attachments,  and accessories for  other
                 printing trades machinery and equipment
                 (sold separately)
35555 98        Other printing trades machinery and equipment

3559	          SPECIAL INDUSTRY MACHINERY, N.E.C.

35591 11        Chemical manufacturing industries machinery and
                 equipment, and parts

35592 —     Foundry Machineryand Equipment
35592 21        Foundry pouring equipment, including ladles,
                 crucibles, and pouring machines
                Molding machines
35592 33          Green sand
35592 35          Other

                Blast cleaning machines
35592 53          Airless, hydraulic, and pneumatic
35592 55          Tumbling and finishing machines
35592 41        Foundry flasks
35592 98        Other foundry machinery, including core-making
                 machines and parts for foundry machinery and
                 equipment

35593 —     Plastics-Working Machinery and Equipment, Excluding
             Patterns and Molds	
35593 11        Compression molding machines
35593 33        Extrusion machines
35593 51        Injection molding machines

35593 61        Blow molding machines
35593 98        Other plastics-working machinery and equipment,
                 including parts for plastics-working machinery

                             A-6

-------
SIC Code                   Industries and Products
                  SPECIAL INDUSTRY MACHINERY, N.E.C.  (Continued)

35593 11        Compression molding machines
35593 33        Extrusion machines
35593 51        Injection molding machines

35593 61        Blow molding machines
35593 98        Other plastics-working machinery and  equipment,
                 including parts for plastics-working machinery

35594 —     Rubber-Working Machinery and Equipment,  Excluding
             Tire Molds	
35594 11        High-intensity solids mixers
35594 31        Extruding machines
35594 41        Vulcanizing presses
35594 51        Tire-building equipment, except tire  molds

35594 71        Tire recapping and repairing machinery and
                 equipment, including recapping vulcanizers
35594 98        Other rubber-working machinery, including caleder-
                 ing machines and parts for rubber-working
                 machinery, but excluding tire molds

35595 —     Other Special Industry Machinery and Equipment
35595 11        Petroleum refinery machinery and equipment,
                 including parts
35595 21        Ammunition and explosives loading machinery and
                 equipment, and parts

                Tobacco manufacturing machinery and equipment
35595 31          Cigarette and cigarmaking machines
35595 33          Cigarette, cigar, and tobacco packaging and
                   wrapping machines
35595 39          Other tobacco manufacturing machinery and
                   equipment, and parts
35595 41        Clayworking machinery and equipment,  and parts
                 (brick, tile, and ceramics)
35595 43        Cementmaking machinery and equipment  and parts,
                 other than cement kilns

                Concrete products machinery and equipment
35595 45          Concrete block machines
35595 49          Other concrete products machinery and equipment
                   and parts, including concrete pipemaking
                   machines
                Glassmaking machinery and equipment
35595 51          Bottle-forming machines
35595 55          Other glassmaking machinery and equipment and
                   parts, except lehrs

                             A-7

-------
SIC Code
35595 62

35595 73
35595 81

35595 85

35595 89
           Industries and Products
35595 91

35595 92

35595 93

35595 00
  SPECIAL INDUSTRY MACHINERY, N.E.C.  (Continued)

Shoemaking and repairing machinery and equipment
 and parts, including sole stitching  machines
Cotton ginning machinery and equipment and parts
Metal cleaning, degreasing, finishing, and drying
 machinery and equipment and parts
Electronic tubemaking machinery and equipment
 and parts
Other special industry machinery and  equipment
 and parts, including incandescent lampmaking,
 paintmaking, stoneworking, hatmaking, leather-
 working, jewelers', pharmaceutical,  etc.

Electric nonmetallic processing industrial
 furnaces and ovens, including kilns  and lehrs
Fuel-fired kilns (cement, wood, and chemical
 processing)
Other nonmetallic processing industrial furnaces
 and ovens and parts, including kilns and  lehrs
Other special industry machinery and  equipment,
 n.s.k.
Source:  1972 Census of Manufactures.

n.e.c. - not elsewhere classified.
n.s.k. - not specified by kind.
                             A-8

-------
                          APPENDIX B

      SIC 357 - OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINES

                       PRODUCTS PRODUCED
                           Industries and Products
SIC Code     	
                                            m
3772	          TYPEWRITERS (See SIC 3579)

3573- —          ELECTRONIC COMPUTING EQUIPMENT

35731 00     Electronic Computers

                  Digital
35731 11            General purpose
35731 13            Special purpose
35731 22          Analog
35731 25          Hybrid

35732 00     Peripheral Equipment for Electronic Computers
35732 32
35732 34
35732 36
35732 38
35732 41
35732 51
35732 53
35732 55
35732 61
35732 63
35732 65
35732 71
                Auxiliary storage equipment
                  Direct access storage units  such as  magnetic
                   disk and drum, and magnetic card and  bulk
                   core memory
                  Serial access auxiliary storage  units  such  as
                   magnetic tape units
                Input-output equipment
                  Card key entry devices
                  Magnetic media key entry devices
                  Systems oriented punched card equipment
                  Optical scanning devices
                  Magnetic ink recognition devices
                  Graphic displays
                  Printers
                  Industrial control input-output  equipment in-
                   cluding analog-to-digital converters, digital-
                   to-analog converters, and sensor interfaces
                  All  other input-output devices including plot-
                   ters, paper tape readers, paper tape  punches,
                   etc., and off-line punched  card equipment,
                   such as tabulators,  collators,  sorters, and
                   interpreters

                Computer terminals
                  Alphanumeric display terminals based on CRT
                   displays, typically include keyboard  and
                   sometimes a serial printer  or type  cassette
                   (usually designed to operate with voice grade
                   communication facilities)
                             B-l

-------
SIC Code
Industries and Products
                  ELECTRONIC COMPUTING EQUIPMENT (Continued)

35732 73          Multifunction terminals
35732 75          Special purpose terminals
                Digital communications interface equipment
35732 81          Line interface equipment, such as modems
                   (adapters, data sets)
35732 83          Multiplexors, including frequency division
                   and time division multiplexors
35732 89          Other types of peripheral equipment

35733 —     Parts and Attachments for Electronic Computing
             Equipment	

3574- —          CALCULATING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINES

35741 —     Adding and Calculating Machines, Except Electronic

                Adding machines
35741 21          10 keyboard (hand and electric)
35741 27          Full keyboard, hand and electromechanical
                Calculating machines
35741 31          Printing calculators
35741 35          Rotary and key-driven calculators, hand and
                   electromechanical

35742 —     Electronic Calculating Machines

                General and/or commercial types
35742 36          Display
35742 37          Printing
35742 38          Technical and/or scientific types

35743 —     Accounting Machines and Cash Registers

35743 11          Accounting and bookkeeping machines, including
                   billing machines with accounting registers
                   and electronic accounting machine-type data
                   terminals
35743 51          Cash registers, including adding machines with
                   cash drawers
35743 53          Electronic cash register type point of sale
                   retail devices, including data capturing
                   control registers

35743 61          Coded document sorting machines (excluding
                   punchcard equipment)
                             B-2

-------
SIC Code
Industries and Products
                  CALCULATING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINES (Continued)

35743 95          Rebuilt adding, calculating accounting machines,
                   and cash registers
35743 41          Coin and currency handling machines
35743 98          Other calculating and accounting machines ex-
                   cept electronic computers and peripheral
                   equipment for electronic computing systems,
                   n.e.c.

35745 —     Parts and Attachments for Adding,  Calculating,
             Accounting Machines and Cash Registers	

35745 10          Produced by complete machine  manufacturers
35745 31          Produced by other than complete machine manufac-
                   turers

3576	          SCALES AND BALANCES

35760 13          Motor truck scales
35760 15          Railroad truck scales

             Industrial Scales

35760 21          Bench and portable
35760 23          Floor scales,  including built-in dormant
35760 25          Predetermined  weighing and check weighing
                   scales, all types, except automatic bulk
                   material weighers, fillers,  and batching
                   proportioners

35760 27          Automatic bulk material weighers,  predetermined
                   weight type,  for weighing, filling, batching,
                   and proportioning
35760 29          Miscellaneous  industrial scales, including
                   special purpose, crane, suspension, tank,
                   hopper, force measuring devices,  and conveyor
                   scales (weigh and feed) for  bulk materials

             Retail and Commercial Scales

35760 31          Computing
35760 35          Miscellaneous, including noncomputing counter,
                   cotton beams  and steel yards, egg-grading
                   scales, and hanging scales for retail use

             Household and Person Weighing Scales

35760 41          Bathroom
35760 45          Person weighing scales (coin  operated and free
                   weighing) and miscellaneous  household scales,
                   including kitchen, baby scales, etc.
                                B-3

-------
SIC Code
Industries and Products
                  SCALES AND BALANCES (Continued)

35760 51          Mailing and parcel post scales
35760 82          Accessories and attachments  (sold  separately)
35760 84          Parts for scales and balances sold for assembly
                   elsewhere, repair, service,  etc.)

3572	          TYPEWRITERS
3579	          OFFICE MACHINES, N.E.C.

35793 00     Duplicating machines

             Spirit
35793 11          Hand
35793 12          Electric
35793 16     Offset
              Stencil
35793 13          Hand
35793 14          Electric
35793 19          Other, -including gelatin and  ribbon and ink

35794 00     Dictating, Transcribing, and Recording  Machines

35794 21          Systems
35794 23          Desk units
35794 25          Portable units
35794 28          Transcribing units, excluding systems tapes
35794 29          Other types

35795 00     Mailing,Letter Handling, and Addressing Machines

35795 41          Mailing machines, including mail sorting machines,
                   mail typing (bundling)  machines,  mail cancelling
                   (post office) machinery, postage  meters, postal
                   permit mailing machines, stamp  affixers
35795 43          Letter and envelope handling  machines, including
                   envelope stuffing and sealing machines, letter
                   opening machines, letter inserting machines,
                   letter folding, stuffing, and sealing machines
35795 45          Collating machines
35795 47          Addressing machines, including address labeling
                   machines, addressing plates, addressing plate
                   embossers, and addresser-printer  machines

35796 00     All Other Office Machines, N.E.C.

35796 31          Check handling machines
35796 32          Electric stapling machines (office type)
35796 33          Time recording and time stamp machines
35796 34          Forms handling equipment, including bursters,
                   decollators, imprinters, autographic registers
                              B-4

-------
SIC Code
              Industries and Products
35796 98
35797 —

35797 20
35797 01
35797 03
35797 05
35797 12
35797 40

35798 —



35798 20

35798 40
35798 50
     TYPEWRITERS
     OFFICE MACHINES, N.E.C. (continued)

     All other office machines not elsewhere classi-
      fied, including shorthand writing machines,
      pencil sharpeners, stapling machines (except
      electric), papercutters, rebuilt office, com-
      puting, and accounting machines not elsewhere
      classified

Typewriters

     Typewriters, including coded media, except parts
      and attachments

     Standard (nonportable)
          Electric
          Nonelectric
     Standard portable (including electric)
     Specialized typewriters and typewriter  principal
      machines

Parts and Attachments for Typewriters, Sold  Separately

Parts and Attachments for Addressing, Dictating,
 Duplicating and Other Office and Store Machines,
 N.E.C.	

     Parts and attachments for duplicating machines,
      sold separately
     Parts for dictating equipment
     Parts and attachments for office machines,
      n.e.c., except duplicating machines and dic-
      tating equipment
(1)  Reported jointly in 1972 Census data
     n.e.c. - not elsewhere classified.
     n.s.k. - not specified by kind.

Source:  1972 Census of Manufactures.
                             B-5

-------
















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                                                         Age Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments
                                                   SIC 3551 Food Product! Machinery
     States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California

Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia

Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa

Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland

Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri

Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey

New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio

Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina

South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont

Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

          national
            I
           II
          III
           IV
            V
           VI
          VII
         VHI
           DC
            X
EPA
Region
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
'III
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Age Range (Years)
1-10
2
0
0
3
66
4
6
0
17
7
2
1
44
11
9
10
2
3
0
4
12
5
11
0
a
0
5
0
0
17
0
32
4
1
14
1
7
9
2
1
0
3
7
6
1
6
9
0
18
	 0
370
21
49
19
36
103
14
32
11
68
17
11-20
0
0
0
1
46
0
4
2
6
2
0
3
23
6
8
5
1
3
0
7
7
4
13
0
4
0
2
0
0
12
0
15
0
1
11
0
3
11
0
1
0
2
5
1
1
0
2
0
11
0
223
12
27
20
12
68
9
19
2
46
8
21-50
0
0
0
0
47
2
3
0
2
7
0
1
29
a
6
4
2
4
1
3
7
14
7
0
5
0
1
0
1
11
0
48
5
0
25
4
6
14
0
0
0
1
8
2
1
0
6
1
20
0
306
13
59
18
17
108
16
11
4
47
13
51 and Up
0
0
0
0
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
a
2
i
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
0
0
4
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
_o
41
4
5
5
0
22
0
1
0
4
0
Non-
Avallable
0
0
0
1
27
1
4
0
6
3
I
0
26
4
4
6
2
0
0
3
4
4
5
0
7
0
1
0
0
3
0
14
3
0
16
0
2
6
0
3
0
3
4
1
0
6
3
0
17
0
195
8
17
20
20
72
5
IB
2
28
5
SIC 3551
Total
2
0
0
5
190
7
19
2
31
19
3
5
130
31
28
25
7
10
1
23
31
31
37
0
24
0
9
0
1
44
0
113
12
2
70
5
18
44
2
5
0
9
24
10
4
12
20
I
69
	 0
1,135
58
157
82
85
368
4A
86
19
193
43
                                                                                                                            SIC 3552 Textile Machinery
Age Range (Years)
1-10
2
0
0
1
11
5
4
0
5
26
1
0
9
1
0
0
2
0
1
1
26
3
2
0
0
0
1
1
4
18
0
20
52
0
1
1
1
16
6
26
0
6
1
1
0
3
4
0
1
_o
263
41
38
20
119
17
3
1
6
13
5
11-20
1
0
1
0
2
0
4
0
1
13
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
15
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
14
37
0
0
0
0
a
9
12
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
	 0
141
30
29
9
67
3
0
0
0
3
0
21-50
1
0
0
0
3
0
2
0
1
12
0
0
6
2
0
0
1
1
0
1
32
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
24
0
22
40
0
5
0
0
13
8
12
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
4
	 0
198
46
46
14
68
18
1
1
0
3
1
31 and up
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
4
3
0
1
0
0
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
J>
35
14
7
3
6
2
0
3
0
0
0
Non-
Available
5
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
3
10
0
0
5
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
12
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
0
8
20
0
0
0
0
9
8
27
0
2
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
	 0
126
21
12
11
69
6
1
2
0
4
0
SIC 3552
Total
9
0
2
1
19
5
11
0
10
63
1
0
22
3
1
2
6
1
3
2
95
6
2
0
3
0
1
1
7
64
0
68
152
0
7
1
1
49
34
78
0
11
2
1
2
5
5
1
6
0
763
152
132
57
329
46
5
7
6
23
6
                                                                            E-l

-------
                                                    SIC 3553 Woodworking Machinery
     Stataa
Alabama
Alaaka
Arizona
Arkantaa
Calltornla

Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia

Until
Idaho
Illlnola
Indiana
lo«a

Kanaaa
Kentucky
Loulalana
Malna
Maryland

Maaaachuaatti
Michigan
Mltmaiota
Mlaaiaaippi
Mlaaourl

Montana
Nabraaka
Nevada
Sew Hanpehlra
New Jeraey

New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio

Oklahoma
Dragon
pennaylvania
Shod. lalaad
South Carolina

South Dakota
Tannaaiaa
7axaa
Utah
Vanaont

Virginia
Haahington
Heat Virginia
Wisconain
Wyoming

           national


       EPA Ration
             I
            II
           III
            IV
             V
            VI
           VII
          VIII
            EC
             X
CPA
Ration
IV
X
DC
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
ni
VIII
ni
IX
i
ii
VI
ii
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VII
IV
VI
VIII
I
in
X
III
V
VIII












U10
2
0
2
4
10
1
2
0
3
4
0
1
9

1
1
2
2
a
0
4
11
2
3
2
1
0
0
1
1
0
i
8
0
2
1
18
1
0
0
0
3
9
1
1
3
7
0
11
_°
142
8
6
4
25
38
16
4
3
30
8

11-20
4
0
0
1
a
0
0
0
0
i
0
0
4
2
0
0
3
0
2
0
2
2
1
3
2
0
1
0
2
3
0
2
7
0
I
0
22
5
0
0
0
3
1
a
4
2
11
0
5
_o
104
10
5
7
21
15
2
3
0
8
33

21-50
0
0
0
0
10
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
8
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
7
5
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
3
0
5
5
0
0
0
16
7
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
1
8
0
1
_0.
94
10
8
10
10
ie
i
3
2
10
24

51 and Up
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
-0
i*.
3
2
2
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
Non-
Avallabla
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
3
a
i
0
i
0
0
1
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
4
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
0
1
_°
33
1
I
1
3
12
4
1
0
4
6
SIC 3553
Total
6
0
2
5
32
2
3
0
4
6
0
1
26
11
1
2
5
3
4
2
15
22
5
7
7
2
1
0
3
9
0
13
21
0
9
2
59
16
1
0
0
10
13
1
6
6
29
0
20
_o
392
32
22
24
52
93
30
11
5
34
89
                                                                                                                        SIC 3534 Papar Indmtrlaa Haehlnarr
Afta Range (Yaari
1-10
1
0
1
0
6
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
7
2
0
0
0
0
4
2
17
2
3
1
4
0
0
0
3
5
0
17
1
0
6
0
3
4
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
I
1
0
7
_a
106
26
22
7
7
27
2
4
0
7
4
11-20
4
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
10
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
6
0
15
0
0
10
0
5
6
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
8
-0
84
15
21
8
7
23
2
2
0
1
5
21-50
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
9
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
6
0
16
0
0
3
1
2
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
13
J>
74
13
22
7
2
22
1
I
0
3
3
i)
51 and Up
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
5
_o
19_
9
1
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
1
Ron-
Avallabla
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
1
1
2
11
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
.5
0
7
1
0
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
2
-0
46
14
12
3
3
11
1
0
0
1
1
SIC 3554
Total
5
0
1
1
11
0
3
0
2
7
0
0
17
0
1
0
2
7
5
56
5
3
1
6
0
0
0
7
22
0
56
2
0
25
1
10
17
3
0
0
2
2
0
1
2
4
1
35
_2.
329
77
78
25
19
91
6
7
0
12
14
                                                                             E-2

-------
                                                   SIC  3555  Printing Trade sjtechinery
      States
 Alabama
 Alaska
 Arizona
 Arkansas
 California

 Colorado
 Connecticut
 Delaware
 Florida
 Georgia

 Hawaii
 Idaho
 Illinois
 Indiana
 Iowa

 Kansas
 Kentucky
 Louisiana
 Maine
 Maryland

 Massachusetts
 Michigan
 Minnesota
 Mississippi
 Missouri

 Montana
 Nebraska
 Nevada
 New  Hampshire
 New  Jersey

 New  Mexico
 New  York
 North  Carolina
 North  Dakota
 Ohio

 Oklahoma
 Oregon
 Pennsylvania
 Rhode  Island
 South  Carolina

 South  Dakota
 Tennessee
 Texas
 Utah
Vermont

Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
EPA
Region
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Age Range fYears)
1-10
1
0
1
0
23
1
9
0
5
7
0
0
39
5
1
0
3
5
0
7
25
8
3
0
7
0
1
0
1
23
1
55
3
0
16
1
4
17
2
0
0
1
7
0
0
6
4
0
7
_0
299
37
78
30
20
78
14
9
1
24
8
11-20
3
0
0
1
16
1
0
0
6
1
0
0
35
2
1
1
1
0
0
2
12
6
3
1
13
0
1
0
0
20
0
41
2
0
14
0
2
15
1
2
0
1
3
1
0
2
6
0
3
_°
219
13
61
19
17
63
4
16
2
16
8
21-50
1
0
1
0
18
3
4
0
0
1
0
0
30
1
0
2
3
1
0
4
11
10
3
0
7
0
0
0
0
16
0
44
1
0
18
0
1
13
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
9
_£
206
16
60
19
6
71
2
9
3
19
2
51 and Up
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_0
27
4
6
4
2
10
0
0
0
1
0
Non-
Available.
0
0
0
0
15
0
1
0
3
3
0
0
15
0
4
0
0
1
0
3
8
6
1
0
2
0
0
0
5
25
0
13
2
0
14
1
1
9
1
0
1
3
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
141
15
38
13
11
37
4
7
0
15
1
SIC 3555
Total
5
0
2
1
73
5
15
0
14
12
0
0
125
a
6
3
9
7
0
17
59
33
11
1
29
0
2
0
6
88
1
155
a
0
62
2
8
57
5
2
1
5
13
1
0
10
11
0
20
_°
892
85
243
84
56
259
24
41
6
75
19
                                                                                                                     SIC  3559  Special  Indmtry Machinery,  H.E.C.
Age Range (Years)
1-LO
9
0
6
2
80
4
18
0
20
6
0
1
54
20
6
6
6
4
0
9
47
53
19
0
7
0
0
0
4
45
0
42
8
3
94
4
14
35
10
6
1
10
23
2
1
6
a
4
17
0
714
30
87
54
65
257
33
20
9
36
23
11-20
3
0
4
1
40
3
12
0
4
4
1
0
38
5
a
0
2
1
2
3
29
31
a
i
a
0
i
l
4
47
0
41
5
0
48
5
3
27
5
1
0
0
12
1
1
1
6
3
6
_o
426
53
88
34
20
136
19
17
4
46
9
21-50
2
0
1
2
41
1
17
2
5
1
0
0
44
12
2
1
5
0
1
5
32
45
9
0
4
0
1
0
2
47
0
55
5
2
65
2
1
35
5
1
1
5
7
1
0
6
1
1
14
0
489
57
102
49
24
189
11
9
4
42
2
51 and My
1
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
1
2
0
0
7
3
0
0
1
1
0
0
6
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
7
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
4
_0
56.
13
9
2
6
23
1
0
1
1
0
Non-
Available
1
0
2
0
27
2
9
0
2
1
0
0
15
3
1
3
3
1
3
2
25
24
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
18
0
12
1
0
50
2
1
20
2
0
0
0
9
0
0
2
1
2
10
_0
257
39
30
26
9
103
12
5
2
29
2
SIC 3559
Total
16
0
13
5
189
11
59
2
32
14
1
1
158
43
17
10
17
7
6
19
139
155
37
2
20
0
2
1
U
159
0
157
19
5
264
13
19
119
22
3
2
16
51
4
5
15
16
10
51
	 0
1,942
242
316
165
124
708
76
51
20
204
36
 Mote-   Totals shown are different than those in Table  ,  page 36, because of Che different data source.  Totals are also different
        than shown In Table   ,  page 42, because Appendix E totals include non-reporting companies and Table   totals do not.

 *Source-   Dun & Bradstreet Listing of 6,900 Manufacturing Establishments, April 1975.
                                                                           E-3

-------
                                                                            Appendix F

                                                         Age Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments'
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California

Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia

Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa

Kansas
Kentucky
Loui slana
Maine
Maryland

Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri

Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey

New Mexico
Sew York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio

Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina

South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont

Virginia
Washington
Heat Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
          Rational
            I
           II
          III
           IV
            V
           VI
          VII
         VIII
SIC 3572 Typewriters
EPA
Region
IV
X
DC
VI
DC
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
DC
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
DC
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











AM Range (Years^
1-10
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
11-20
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
9
0
4
1
0
1
0
0
0
5
0
21-50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
5
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
51 and Up
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-
AvalUble
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
9
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
_o.
25
1
11
4
3
5
0
1
0
0
0
SIC 3572
Total
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
0
15
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
_0
45
1
19
6
3
6
2
2
0
6
0
SIC 3573 Electronic Computing Equipment
Axe Ranie (Yei
1-10
1
0
14
1
131
14
13
0
12
8
0
0
16
1
1
3
0
1
0
8
61
12
15
0
2
1
1
0
4
35
2
40
4
0
12
3
2
21
2
0
0
2
20
7
0
4
14
0
5
	 0
494
81
75
33
27
61
27
7
22
145
16
11-20
0
0
2
0
21
0
1
0
4
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
13
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
0
11
0
0
3
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0

77
15
14
3
4
a
6
3
0
23
1
21-50
0
0
0
0
10
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0

34
6
8
2
0
6
1
0
0
10
1
irs)
51 and Up
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
Non-
Available
I
0
4
0
64
5
3
0
7
11
0
0
10
0
0
2
1
0
0
5
22
12
27
0
0
0
1
0
0
12
0
16
5
1
9
1
2
18
1
1
2
1
10
1
2
4
1
0
0

263
28
28
27
27
59
11
5
7
68
3
SIC 3573
Total
2
0
20
1
226
19
19
0
23
19
0
1
31
4
1
6
1
1
0
14
101
28
46
0
4
1
2
0
4
52
2
77
9
1
24
6
4
42
4
1
2
3
35
8
1
9
16
0
5

877
130
129
65
58
138
45
15
30
246
21
                                                                            F-l

-------
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California

Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia

Hawaii
Idaho
IllinoU
Indiana
Iowa

Kansaa
Kentucky
Louisiana
Malna
Maryland

Maeaechuaatts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri

Montana
Sabraika
Nevada
Ne* Hampshire
Hew Jersey

New Mexico
Sew York
Sorth Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio

Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennaylvanla
Rhode Island
South Carolina

South Dakota
Tennessee
Texae
Utah
Vermont

Virginia
Washington
Welt Virginia
Wliconeln
Wyoming

          national


      EPA Region

            I
           II
          III
           IV
            V
           VI
          VII
         VIII
           IX
            X
EPA
Ration
IV
X
TX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
Vll
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Age Range (Yean)
U10
2
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
11-20 21-50 51 and Up
0
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_o
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
Son-
Available.
0
0
0
1
3
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SIC 3574
Total
2
0
0
1
12
1
3
1
1
0
0
0
16
1
0
0
1
1
0
3
5
a
i
0
2
I
1
0
0
3
1
7
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
-0
10
3
4
0
3
7
1
2
2
4
0
2 1
4 1
0 0
0 0
4 6
0 0
0 1
0 0
4 1
0 0
2
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
                                    10
                                     4
                                     7
                                    32
                                     4
                                     3
                                     3
                                    12
                                     0


1-10
1
0
0
0
4
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
6
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
5
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
I
2
0
0
0
3
0
1
_0
38
3
6
1
4
11
3
2
0
5
3


11-20
1
0
0
1
8
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
s
0
3
0
0
2
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
_a
39
4
8
1
3
6
6
1
0
8
2


n.sa
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_0
23
1
5
4
1
7
0
2
1
2
0


51 and Up
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
0
0

Non-
Avallabla
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
I
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
6
0
0
1
0
1
0
a
0
2
2
0
0
0
I
_0
31
2
1
1
5
13
0
1
2
6
0
Cory
SIC 3576
Total
2
0
0
1
19
2
4
0
2
2
0
0
21
1
4
1
3
0
0
2
2
4
1
1
2
0
0
2
1
10
0
10
1
0
10
4
2
6
0
1
0
1
4
2
3
0
3
0
2
	 0
136
10
20
8
13
39
9
7
4
21
5
                                                                             F-2

-------
                                                                             SIC 3579 Office Machines, S.E.C.
      States
 Alabama
 Alaska
 Arizona
 Arkansas
 California

 Colorado
 Connecticut
 Delaware
 Florida
 Georgia

 Hawaii
 Idaho
 Illinois
 Indiana
 Iowa

 Kansas
 Kentucky
 Louisiana
 Maine
 Maryland

 Massachusetts
 Michigan
 Minnesota
 Mississippi
 Missouri

 Montana
 Nebraska
 Nevada
 New Hampshire
 New Jersey

 New Mexico
 New York
 North Carolina
 North Dakota
 Ohio

 Oklahoma
 Oregon
 Pennsylvania
 Rhode Island
 South Carolina

 South Dakota
 Tennessee
 Texas
 Utah
 Vermont

 Virginia
 Washington
 West Virginia
 Wisconsin
 Wyoming
  IV
   X
  IX
  VI
  IX

VIII
   I
 III
  IV
  IV

  IX
   X
   V
   V
 VII

 VII
  IV
  VI
   I
 III

   I
   V
   V
  IV
 VII

VIII
 VII
  IX
   I
  II

  VI
  II
  IV
VIII
   V

  VI
   X
 III
   I
  rv

 VII
  IV
  VI
VIII
   I

 III
   X
 III
   V
VIII

1-10
1
0
1
1
19
0
2
0
5
3
0
0
10
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
5
2
3
0
1
0
1
0
1
9
0
11
3
0
4
0
1
3
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
3
0
1
0
Age Range
11-20
0
0
2
1
4
1
0
1
3
0
0
0
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
11
1
0
1
3
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
(Years)
21-50
0
0
0
0
8
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
12
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
8
3
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
6
0
11
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0

51 and Up
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-
Available
1
0
0
0
9
2
1
0
0
3
0
0
9
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
2
11
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
2
0
SIC 3570
Total
2
0
3
2
40
3
5
1
9
7
0
0
43
2
1
0
3
2
1
2
26
6
6
0
4
0
1
0
2
22
2
48
5
0
8
4
2
12
1
4
0
0
5
0
0
8
3
0
3
0
                                                99
                                                 8
                                                20
                                                 6
                                                14
                                                21
                                                 4
                                                 2
                                                 0
                                                20
                                                 4
                                                               52
                                7
                               12
                                6
                                4
                               11
                                4
                                1
                                1
                                                                              63
 9
17
 5
 2
18
 0
 3
 0
 8
 1
                                                                                               17
                                                                                                                 67
16
 4
 9
12
 7
 0
 2
 9
 0
                                                                                                                                   298
35
70
23
30
68
15
 6
 3
43
 5
 N°":  rh«^hn™ ?of™fnlr Cha" th°?? *£ T*ble  ,  ' p!fe 36' be?ause  °f  the different  data source.   Totals are also different
        than shown in Table    , page 42, because  Appendix F  totals  include non-reporting companies and Table    totals do not.

*Source:   Dun & Bradstreet Listing of 6,900 Manufacturing Establishments, April  1975.
                                                           F-3

-------
                             APPENDIX G

                         PROJECT METHODOLOGY


STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY

    The first major  phase  of  this study was characterizing the SIC
355 and 357 industries statistically in terms of number of plants and
geographic distribution, age and process  distribution,  distribution
by product, and other factors.  The  methodology  utilized  for  this
task  is  integral  to the presentation of  the  description  of  the
industry in Section II and since it is  enunciated  there,  it is not
repreated  here.   The principal source documents used were the  1967
and 1972 Census £f Manufactures.    The  data  provided  therein were
supplemented by the Dun & Bradstreet Inc. Metalworking  Directory for
1974


IDENTIFYING  CANDIDATE PLANTS FOR SURVEY

    The methodology for the random selection of plants within SIC 355
and 357 as candidates for on-site survey was as follows:

    A representative mix of  plants  in  terms  of  size,  geographic
location, and products produced was compiled from a computer printout
of the sections of the Dun  &_  Bradstreet Inc. Metalworking Directory
for   1974  on  these  two  industrial  classifications.    Among  the
pertinent factors provided on each plant by this material were:

        Name and address of plant
        Primary and secondary SIC's
        Number of employees
        Identification of management personnel
        Telephone number
        Sales volume
        Age of business
        Products

    Size distribution was based on plants with less than 20 employees
and plants with more  than 20 employees.  Lists were prepared for all
four-digit SIC classifications within SIC  355 and 357 which provided
product distribution.  Geographic location was distributed  among the
Northeast,  Southern,  North  Central,  and Western sections  of  the
country.   This terminology, which derived from usage in  the  Dun  &
Bradstreed Directory, covered all states and areas of the country.
                          G-l

-------
TEADE ASSOCIATION CONTACTS

    Simultaneous with preparation of  the  above  plant  lists, trade
associations representing plants in  SIC 355 and 357 were identified.
Sources  for  this information were contractor knowledge,  industrial
journals,  and  the  1974  volume  National^^Trade  and  Professional
Associations  of the United States a.nd Labor Unions  (Columbia  Books,
Inc., Washington, B.C.).

    Association representatives were first contacted by telephone for
two  purposes:  (1) To acquaint  them  with  the  objectives  of  the
on-going study, and (2) to solicit  any assistance they might provide
to the project.  Next, visits were made  to  Washington, D.C. offices
of  association  representatives to gain first-hand insight into  the
industries  involved, to discuss project requirements in more detail,
and to convey EPA requests for their participation in review  of  the
draft final  report.   Industry  directories  were obtained both as a
result of early telephone calls and personal visits.
PLANT SURVEYS

    The   next  step  was  arranging  on-site  surveys.   The  random
selection lists  were provided to each survey team which consisted of
one individual knowledgeable  in  the  processes of the metal working
industries and another conversant with wastes produced and techniques
for  their disposal.  Within the  framework  of  built-in  safeguards
against overlap, each team undertook to arrange its own surveys.

    This proved to be a difficult and timeconsuming  effort involving
several  problems.  First of all, telephone contacts with the  plants
selected at random from the Dun & Bradstreet lists indicated from the
outset  very  severe  deficiencies  in  the Dun & Bradstreet data for
purposes  of  this  project.  Many calls were made to plants which do
not make any of the products which would place them in either SIC 355
and 357 —  there  were  a  number  of establishments engaged only in
printing, for example.  Since this fact became apparent in many cases
only  after  a period of  time  had  been  used  in  introducing  and
explaining the scope of the project, considerable  time was lost.  In
other cases,  the  plant  selected no longer existed or had relocated
leaving no change of address.

    The second major problem encountered  in  scheduling plant visits
was the fact that many plant  officials  refused  to participate in a
surveyo  Many reasons were given, most of which fell within two broad
categories:

    1.  A  large  number  of government-sponsored surveys had already
consumed too much time which was considered unproductive by the plant
                       G-2

-------
personnel; and

    2.  The plant  was  too  small  to  afford  the personnel time to
prepare for a survey.

    This development resulted in the fact  that  random selection was
skewed quite early to larger plants0   Although some of those visited
were  quite  small  in  comparison  to  the  largest  ones  in  these
industries, they do not adequately represent the smallest plants.

    Many plant contacts also  advised  that theirs was a machine shop
operation only and produced very  little  waste  of any kind.  It was
pointed out that since a purpose  of  the  study was to determine the
kinds and amounts of waste disposal areas  needed by these industries
establishing  this  fact  was  of  equal value to  documenting  waste
quantities.

    The  first  19  visits  proved their contention to be valid to  a
large  extent  in that  virtually  none  of  the  chemical/heat-using
processes with the greatest waste producing potential were found.  At
that point, a new  criterion  was  established for plant selection —
i.e.,   that  they  engage  in  casting,  forging,   heat   treating,
electroplating,  or  other processes more complex than machining  and
assembly.  The difficulties  encountered  in  identifying such plants
are described  in  Section  III.   In  addition to the phone contacts
discussed there, an  attempt  was  made to canvass nearly all SIC 355
and 357 establishments in  the  Los  Angeles  area,  an  effort which
reached a great many of  them.   Except for one plant selected in the
random process in which scheduling difficulties  precluded  a survey,
none was found in the Los Angeles  area  which  engage  in  the above
processes.

    At  this  juncture,  plants  were  selected  which  were known to
include one or more of the above processes.  This move was  necessary
in order to gather data on the wastes generated by them, but  at  the
same  time  it skewed waste  quantities  toward  the  waste-producing
processes.

    A standard interview format was used  in  each  plant  survey  in
order to maximize uniformity of data gathered and  its  presentation.
The form  is shown at the end of this Appendix.  A total of 20 visits
were made which  resulted  from  the random selection process, and 13
hand-picked plants were surveyed.   In  addition, visits were made to
the corporation headquarters of two  major  manufacturers with plants
in SIC 355 and 357 to discuss overall company policies and procedures
with respect to the treatment and disposal  of  potentially hazardous
wastes.
LABORATORY  ANALYSIS OF WASTES
                            G-3

-------
    A total  of  23  process  waste samples from manufacturing plants
were collected and  analyzed  for  use  in ascertaining the hazardous
nature  of  the  various process wastes.  As noted in the body of the
report, selection of samples was guided by the following criteria:

    1,  The   wastes   should  be  destined  for  land  disposal   or
incineration.

    2.  They should be generated in relatively significant quantities
by the plant.  This  was  usually defined as more than 190 liters (50
gallons) per year.

    3.  The  wastes should be available for sampling  by  the  survey
team.

The methodology of the chemical analyses performed was as follows:
Flash Point

    A setaflash Tester (closed cup, range  50-225°F)  model  OISF was
used  in  all  flash point measurements.  This  instrument  has  been
accepted  by  the  American  Society for Testing and   Materials (ASTM
Method D-3278-73)  as  well as the U.S. Department of Transportation.
All values reported  were  to  the  nearest  degree Fahrenheit except
where no flash was observed (upper limit of detection is 225°F).
Cyanide

    Cyanide determinations were made by first distilling an acidified
sample  into caustic, forming sodium cyanide.  The sodium cyanide was
converted to cyanogen  chloride (CNC1) by reaction with chLoramine-T<>
Pyridine-pyrazolone reagent was then added to react with the cyanogen
chloride    and    form   a   blue    dye    which    was    measured
spectrophotometrically at 620 nanometers (nm).  (The cyanide  present
was  determined by comparison of  this  absorbance  at  620  nm  with
standards  at  known  concentrations,  treated  in the same  manner.)
Results  were reported as mg CN/liter (lower  detection  limit  -  10
mg/1).  Reference,  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
W astewater, 13th Ed., p. 397, Method 207, APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 1971.
Oil  and  Grease (Hexane Extractables)

    The oil and grease content of the sludge  samples  was determined
by first drying a portion (20g) of the sample  with magnesium sulfate
(monohydrate), followed by grinding into a dry powder.  The resulting
powder  was  then  extracted  in a soxhlet apparatus using 150 ml  of
                      G-4

-------
hexane as the extracting solvent (four hours at 20 cycles/hour).  The
solvent, containing the extracted oil and grease, was then evaporated
at  45°C  in a beaker.  After dessicating, the beaker was weighed and
the  oil  and  grease  (hexane  extractable)  content  calculated  and
reported as mg/kg.

    The oil and grease content of  the liquid samples were determined
by first acidifying  a  portion  of the sample with HC1 to a pH of 1.
The solid and/or viscous grease was then separated from the liquid by
filtration (Whatman #40  filter  paper  containing one gram of filter
aid).  The filter paper,  containing  the  oil  and  grease, was then
extracted as described above for  the  sludge  samples  in  a soxhlet
apparatus using 150 ml of hexane.   The  oil  and  grease content was
reported as mg/kg as hexane extractable (lower  detection  limit - 25
mg/1).  Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 13th Ed., Method 209C, p. 412, Method 209A, p. 409, APHA,
AWWA, WPCF, 1971.
Metals (Cd. Cr. Cu. Fe. Pb. and Zn)

    Samples  for metal analyses were prepared for  atomic  absorption
spectroscopy by two procedures.  First, for the water leaching tests,
the samples were weighed into 250  ml Erlenmeyer flasks and twice the
samples' weight of distilled water was added.  The flasks were sealed
and placed on a Burrell Model 75 wrist action shaker and agitated for
8 hours.  The samples were then centrifuged and filtered through 0.45
micron filters to remove particulate  matter.   The  pH  and specific
conductance  of  the  filtrates were measured.   The  filtrates  were
acidified with HN03 and evaporated to dryness  on  a  hot plate.  The
residues were dissolved with H.C1 and diluted to  a  known volume with
distilled   water.    The  metals  were  then  determined  by  atomic
absorption  spectroscopy  as  described  in  Manual  of  Methods  for
Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, U.S. EPA, 1974.

    Second,  to obtain the  total  concentration  of  metals  in  the
samples  themselves,  the ignited solids obtained  from  the  percent
solids at 550°C were treated  with  HNC>3  and  evaporated to dryness.
The residues were leached with  HC1 and diluted to known volumes with
distilled water.  The metals were determined as above.

    The ranges of detection limits in ppm were as follows:
              Cd            0.02 -       0.2
              Cr            0.02 -       0.2
              Cu            0.06 -       0.2
              Fe            0008 -       1.0
              Pb            0.5 -       10.0
              Zn            0.02         0.2
              Ni            0.1
              Mn            0.04
                        G-5

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Fluoride

     The fluoride content was determined  by  leaching  25  grams  of
sample with 50 ml of  distilled water.  After filtering, the filtrate
was analyzed for fluoride by adding  SPADN5 reagent and comparing the
spectrophotometrically  measured   absorbance  with  standards,,   The
results were  reported  as  leachable  fluoride on an mg/kg of sample
basis (lower limit  of  detection - 0.1 mg/kg).  Reference:  Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th Ed., Method
121C p. 174, APHA, AWA, WPCF, 1971.
Specific Conductance

     The  specific  conductance   of  the  leachates,  obtained  from
leaching the  solids  sample  as  described  under the metal analysis
.description, was determined using a YSI Model 31 Conductivity Bridge.
All values were corrected to 25°C and reported in micromhos.
     The pH  of  the liquid sample, as well as the leachates obtained
from leaching the  solid samples (see metal analysis methodology) was
determined using an Analytical  Measurements  digital  pH meter and a
combination  electrode.   All  measurements  were   made  at  ambient
temperature and reported to the nearest  0.1 pH units«  The meter was
standardized against standard buffer solutions at pH 4, 7, and 10.
Drying  Loss of Solids at 103°C

     Samples were weighed into  tared  dishes  previously  ignited at
550°C.  The dishes were placed in a drying oven at 103°C and dried to
a constant weight (lower limit of detection 0.01%).
Ignition Loss of Solids at 550°C
     The weighed dishes  from the drying loss at 103°C were placed in
a muffle furnace at  550°C  and  ignited  to  a constant weight.  The
weight loss from 103°C to  550°C  was  calculated as ignition loss at
550°C (lower limit of detection - 0.01%),
Solids  at 550°C

     The residue  remaining after ignition at 550°C was calculated as
                          G-6

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solids at 550°C  (lower limit of detection - 0.01%).  1970 Annual Book
o_f_ ASTM Standards, Part Q
Water

      Water  concentration  was  determined  on  the  aqueous-organic
mixtures using the Karl Fischer Titration with visual end point.  The
Karl  Fischer  Titration  for  water is represented by the simplified
equation:

(I2 + S02 + CH OH + 3 Pyridine) _ H20 -»


         (Karl Fischer Reagent)               .
                               (2 Pyridine H  l" + Pyridine HOS0


                                     (End Product with H00)
      Samples were weighed into methanol,  which  had  been  titrated
free of water, and standard Karl  Fischer  Reagent  was  added  to  a
visual end point.  Colored iodine is consumed  in  the  reaction with
water allowing end point detection  (lower limit of detection - 0.2%).
Chemical Analysis, H. A. Laitenen,  1960, p. 421 FF.
Trichloroethylene

      The trichloroethylene  (M.W. 131.4, B.P. 87°C)  content of those
samples suspected of containing a significant amount  was  determined
according to the following procedure:

      1.  A mixture  containing  33%  toluene,  33% methanol, and 33%
sample was prepared and distilled.  The distillate boiling over at up
to 105°C was collected and analyzed by gas chromatography.

      2.  One  microliter of distillate was injected  into  a  Varian
series 2800 gas chromatograph, isothermally operated at 70°C, using a
flame  ionization  detector and a 1/4" x 6'  stainless  steel  column
packed  with  15%  Carbowax  -  TPA  on  80/100  Chromosorb  W.   The
chromatograph was operated in conjunction with a strip chart recorder
and an Autolab integrator.

      3.  Calculation  of  the  percent of trichloroethylene  in  the
unknown    samples   were   made   by   comparison   with    standard
trichloroethylene  solutions  and   the  internal  methanol  standard
present in each of the samples distilled.

      Results were  reported  as  % trichloroethylene (lower limit of
detection - 0.1%).   References: Standard Methods for the Examination
o f Water and Wastewater,  13th  Ed.,  Method 113A p. 100, APHA, AWWA,
WPCF,  1971 and H. McNair,  E.  Bonelli,  Basic  Gas  Chromatography,
Consolidated Publishers, California, p. Ill, 1967.
                        G-7

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APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS

      The analytical data plus the  results  of  a  literature search
were compared to criteria, which were developed by the contractor, to
determine which process waste streams were potentially hazardous.
ESTIMATING . WASTE QUANTITIES

      Estimates of national and state totals of potentially hazardous
wastes deriving  from  SIC  355 and 357 plants were determined on the
basis of plant survey  and  Census  of  Manufactures data.  Two basic
factors  were  taken  into  account:  (1) Waste  characteristics  are
dependent upon the processes used within individual  plantsj  and (2)
the  quantities  of  wastes  generated  by  each  process  will  vary
according to  the  size  of  the  process.   The  major indicators of
process size in  a  plant  are  dimensions of process area, number of
production workers assigned to  each  process, the amount of material
input into the process, and  the  amount  of material output from the
process.  Figures on the amount of material entering and leaving each
process are generally not available.  This is  because plants usually
do  not keep records of this information, and,  if  they  do,  it  is
proprietary.   The process area square footage is available from  the
plant survey data, but there is no related information on national or
state totals.

      Thus, the one  indicator upon which both survey and Census data
could be correlated was  the number of production workers employed in
each  process.   The number reported by  surveyed  plants  and  waste
quantities  reported  were  used to develop waste generation  factors
which  were  then  applied  to  national  production employee totals.
Estimates for  state  totals  were  determined  using  Census data on
production worker distribution by states.

      The potentially hazardous wastes and  the potentially hazardous
waste constituents to be quantified were determined by the laboratory
analyses of samples collected on site visits  and  in accord with, the
definition of hazardous wastes used in this report.

      National  and  state waste  totals  were  developed  using  the
following expressions:
         National waste quantity = No. of processes used in
         the industry  X  average  amount  of employees per
         process X  average  amount  of  waste per year for
         each employee.
                          G-8

-------
          State waste quantity =  National  waste quantity X
          percent of production workers in each state in SIC
          355 and 357.
     Waste quantities were projected to 1977 and  1983  using  Census
 and  U.S.  Industrial  Outlook  statistics to estimate the  number  of
 production workers  in the industries through 1983.  The rise or fall
 in the number of production workers was distributed among the various
 unit processes  in existing  ratios.  It was also assumed that process
 technology will not change drastically  between  now  and  1983.  The
 same  waste  generation  factors in terms  of  kkg/yr-dept.  employee
 developed for 1975 were applied through 1983,  and  additional wastes
 for   land  disposal  created   by  achievement  of  "zero   pollution
 discharge"  pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act  were
 taken  into  account.  Based primarily on engineering judgment, it is
 estimated that  the data developed are accurate to jf 30 percent.

     The effects of the effluent limitations guidelines to be applied
 under  the Act  on  1983  waste  quantities  for  land  disposal  were
 calculated as follows:

     Basic data on the quantity and  quality  of  the raw waste loads
 generated by  the  11  basic  metal working processes covered by this
 report were provided  by  EPA's  Development  Document  for  Effluent
 Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance for the Machinery
 and  Mechanical  Products  Point  Source   Category.   Breakdowns  by
 four-digit SIC  classifications  in terms of the processes utilized and
 total  volume  of  wastewater   discharged  annually  were  set  forth
 although  wastewater  data  were  not  developed  for  specific   SIC
 industries.     Instead,  mean   flow   quantities   and   contaminant
 concentrations for representative  raw waste streams were determined.
 These  data  were  used  in  conjunction with other available data to
 quantify the wastes attributable  to  the  11  four-digit  industries
 within  SIC 355 and 357.  In order to allocate the total water volume
 discharged by each industry  to  each  of  the  processes utilized, a
 factor representing the ratio of the flow used per process to the sum
 of the flows for all the  applicable  processes  was  employed.   The
jnethodology used can be explained by using  SIC  3551,  Food Products
Machinery, as an example.

     The  above  Development  Document  showed  that  heat  treating,
 electroplating,  forming,  machining,  coating,  and   assembly   are
 practiced in 40 to 60 percent  of  SIC 3551 establishments.   The flow
 data  indicated  that  these  processes discharge a  mean  wastewater
volume, MGD, of approximately 0.51, 0.50, 0.41, 0.30,  0.51, and 0.46
 respectively.   Using these process wastewater flows, each process was
 allocated  the  amount  of contaminants to be removed based on  known
waste  concentrations  which  were   contained   in  the  Development
Document.
                          G-9

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     The hazardous  wastes  quantified  are  cyanides, cadmium, total
chromium,  lead,  mercury,  chlorinated  hydrocarbons,  and  oil  and
grease.  Total suspended  solids  (TSS)  were  the  only nonhazardous
waste constituent considered, since  most  of the solids attributable
to  BOD   are  already  included  in  the  oil  and  grease  and  TSS
constituents which make up more than 99 percent of the total quantity
of contaminants.

     In  order  to  calculate  the  quantity per year  of  hazardous,
nonhazardous, and total wastes destined for landfill or incineration,
the concentrations of hazardous wastes in mg/1 were added.  Then, the
volume of water utilized  by  process  was  converted from gallons to
pounds,   and   the   total   hazardous   and   nonhazardous   wastes
concentrations were determined.  The pounds per  year, dry weight, or
wastes generated were totaled and converted to tons per year.

     The  summary  information  was developed in this manner for  the
processes noted above.
ESTABLISHING LEVEL I, II, AND III TREATMENT
  AND DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES

     The  treatment  and disposal practices of these industries  were
extrapolated  from the data on waste disposal practices  of  surveyed
plants.  Level  I  technology,  the most prevalent in use for a given
waste, was established  by  tabulating  the  information  provided on
current practices.  This tabulation indicated Level I very clearly in
all cases.  Level II, the  best  technology  in  use,  was  almost as
clear-cut although some allowance had to  be  made  for the fact that
limited  plants  may  achieve  a Level II  technology  which  is  not
possible  in  others  —  complete  recirculation  of  coolants,  for
example.

     Level III technology — technology necessary to provide adequate
health and environmental  protection which may include pilot or bench
scale processes  —  was  influenced  by  the fact that the degree of
toxicity  of  some  of  the   waste  materials,  and  their  ultimate
environmental effects, have not been clearly established.   This  led
to  the  specification  of  secured  landfills for  the  disposal  of
potentially hazardous wastes rather than sanitary landfills.
ESTIMATING COSTS

     Cost data on the treatment and  disposal  of process, wastes from
the  special  machinery  and office machine manufacturing  industries
were derived from information supplied during the 33  survey  visits,
from the special cost variability study, and from the Snell report on
hazardous waste  treatment  and  disposal  costs.  However, less than
                              G-10

-------
half  the plants provided usable data, necessitating the use of  cost
information supplied in  other  EPA  reports  and  various literature
sources.

     Most  of the manufacturing establishments in  the  industry  use
private  contractors  for  the handling, treatment, and  disposal  of
potentially  hazardous  wastes.  Because of this, the cost  estimates
for  each  waste  stream reflect off-site hazardous waste management,
and do not include breakdowns of the costs borne by the manufacturing
establishments.   Level  III   technology   is  not  practiced  to  a
'significant degree for any  of the process waste streams generated by
the  industry.  Because of this,  data  and  information  from  other
literature sources were used to project costs for Level III treatment
and   disposal   to  the  special  machinery  and   office   machines
manufacturing industries.

     Typical manufacturing establishments within SIC 355 and 357 were
defined  in  Section  III  based  on  plant  survey  results and data
supplied by the  Census of Manufactures.  Using this information plus
the cost  data derived for each waste stream, the average annual cost
of potentially hazardous waste treatment  and disposal using Level I,
II, and III technology for typical  plants  were calculated.  Average
treatment  and  disposal costs to the  industries  as  a  whole  were
calculated based on Table II-7 which  shows  the  number of each unit
process in  the  subject  industries.   Data on the average number of
employees per unit  process  and  the  average  potentially hazardous
waste generated per process  were  used  to crudely estimate national
costs  for each level of  technology.   No  allowance  was  made  for
on-site treatment and disposal practices within  the  industry due to
the relatively low percentage of use of such practices.

     Based on the variability of hazardous waste management costs, it
is  anticipated,  based on contractor judgment that the data provided
are accurate to 4^ 30 percent.
                          G-ll

-------
                                                     WAPORA,  Inc.
                                                     A.  T.  Kearney, Inc.
                                                     Contract No.  68-01-3193
                ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE PRACTICES
                   SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
I.  GENERAL INFORMATION

Company Name 	
Plant Address 	

Telephone 	/
Persons Contacted
EPA Representative Present

Plant Age 	
                               Plant Survey Report
                      Date Visited
                           Zip Code
Survey Team
   Number of Employees
Last Major Expansion or Modification
PRODUCTION AT THIS LOCATION
Product Made









SIC Code









Production Rate
Number Made/Yr. Sales/Yr.


















                                   G-12

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Page 2
COMPANY NAME
                       LOCATION
II.  PROCESS WASTE GENERATION
Manufacturing Process
                     (1)
Typical Products
Types of Processes and Equipment Used
Perrous Foundry


Non Ferrous Foundry


Non Ferrous Die Casting


Forging


Electroplating


Galvanizing


Heat Treating


Machine Shop


Tool and Die Shop


Plate or Struct. Fabric.
Stamping, Blanking,
  Forming

Painting and Other
  Coating

Plastics Molding
Assembly
Shipping Department
Other Operations
                                     G-13
Note:  (1) Attach process flow diagram for SIC 355 and 357 products manufactured.

-------
Page 3

II.  PROCESS WASTE GENERATION - Cont'd.
Manufacturing Process(1)
Department
   Area
No. Employees
Description of Process
   Waste Streams  (2)
Ferrous Foundry


Non Ferrous Foundry


Non Ferrous Die Casting


Forging


Electroplating


Galvanizing


Heat Treating


Machine Shop


Tool and Die Shop


Plate or Struct. Fabric,
Stamping, Blanking,
  Forming

Painting and Other
  Coating

Plastics Molding
Assembly
Shipping Department
Other Operations
Note:   (1) Attach process  flow diagram for  SIC  355 and  357  products  manufactured,
        (2) Cite potentially hazardous constituents and  their usage rates.

                                  G-14

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Page A

II.  PROCESS WASTE GENERATION - Cont'd.
Manufacturing Process
                      (1)
Waste Flow Rates
Stream Sampled
Comments
Ferrous Foundry


Non Ferrous Foundry


Non Ferrous Die Casting


Forging


Electroplating


Galvanizing


Heat Treating


Machine Shop


Tool and Die Shop


Plate or Struct. Fabric.
Stamping, Blanking,
  Forming

Painting and Other
  Coating

Plastics Molding
Assembly
Shipping Department
Other Operations
Note:  (1) Attach process flow diagram for SIC 355 and 357 products manufactured,

                                   G-15

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Page  5
COMPANY NAME	  LOCATION 	

III.  PROCESS WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS

A.  Are potentially hazardous wastes handled or treated differently from other
    wastes? 	 If yes, explain 	
B.  Are potentially hazardous solid and semi-solid wastes disposed of on-site

    or off-site? 	 Disposal methods used 	
C.  Disposal method(s) used for water and wastewater treatment sludges
D.  Total quantity of process wastewater generated (excluding cooling water)



E.  Disposal method(s) used for. materials collected by air pollution abatement

    devices	



F.  Disposal methods used for other process waste streams (other than contrac-

    tor disposal 	
G.  Cost of on-site disposal
H.  Does a private contractor dispose of any process wastes?

    Contractor Name
    Address 	Phone No.

    type of Disposal Facility	
    Approximate Cost of Disposal Service
    Types and Quantities of Wastes Handled from Plant
    Method(s) used to store and collect wastes for disposal  (containers used,
    precautions 3  taken both at plant and contractor's site)	
                                      G-16

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Page '6
COMPANY NAME       	  LOCATION
IV.  FUTURE OPERATION CHANGES

A.  Are there any firm plans for changing the use of potentially hazardous

    materials in your plant? 	
B.  Are there any firm plans for changes in process waste disposal methods?
                                     G_
                                       17

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-------
                   APPENDIX I

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING (SIC 355)
PROCESS WASTE GENERATION FOR 1975, 1977, AND 1983
            BY STATE AND EPA REGION

-------
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC 355
 PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — MACHINE SHOP
     1975 State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
WINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
'III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)
746.
0.
210.
199.
4743.
101.
.'246.
349.
1217.
1417.
32.
0.
6299.
234L.
933.
688.
541.
369.
278.
1290.
6382.
2568.
687 ,
372.
516.
31.
83,
32.
600,
4712.
32.
4542.
4497.
55 *
7886,
696.
870.
6342,
1621 .
3294.
55.
1037.
1474.
32.
350.
662.
1397,
176.
3408.
96,
79000,
11977.
9254,
as 19.
131 21-.
23185.
2702.
2224 v
066 .
5005.
2267.
(Dry Wt.)
481.
0.
136.
128.
3056.
65.
1447.
225.
734.
913,
20.
0.
4058.
1508.
601.
443.
348.
238.
179,
831 .
4434.
1655 .
443.
240.
333.
20.
54.
20.
386 .
3036.
20.
2927 .
2898.
35.
5081.
449.
561 .
4086,
1045.
2122.
35.
668,
950.
20.
226.
427.
900.
114.
2196.
62,
50900 .
7717,
5962,
5632,
8454.
14938.
1/92,
1433.
236,
3224.
1460.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
746.
0.
210.
199.
4743.
101.
2246.
349.
1217.
1417.
32.
0.
6299.
2341.
933 .
683.
541.
369.
278.
1290.
6882.
2568.
o87.
372,
516.
31 .
83.
32.
600,
4712 .
32.
4542 .
4497.
55 .
7886.
696.
870.
6342.
1621 ,
3294.
55.
1037.
1474.
32.
350.
662.
1397.
176.
3408.
96.
79000.
119/7,
9254.
8QL9,
13121.
23135.
2732,
2224.
366.
5005.
2267.
(Dry Wt.)
481.
0.
136.
128.
3056.
65.
1447.
225.
784.
913.
20.
0.
4058.
1508.
601.
443,
348.
233.
179.
331.
4434.
1655.
443.
240.
333.
20.
54.
20.
386.
3036.
20.
2927.
2898.
35.
5081.
449.
561.
4086.
1045.
2122 .
35.
668.
950,
20.
226 .
427.
900.
114.
2196.
62,
60900.
7717.
5962.
5602.
8454-.
14933.
1792.
1433.
236.
3224.
1460,
Flammable Heavy
Solvents
174.
0.
49.
46.
1107.
24.
524.
82.
284,
331.
7.
0.
1470.
546.
218.
161.
126.
86.
65.
301.
1606.
599.
160.
37.
121.
7 ,
19.
7.
140.
L100.
7.
1Q60.
1050.
13.
1841.
163.
203.
1480.
378.
769.
13.
242 .
344.
7.
82.
155.
326.
41.
795,
22 ,
10440,
2796.
2160.
2059.
3063.
5412.
649.
519.
85.
1168.
529,
Metals
28.3
0.
8.1
7.7
183.2
3.9
86.8
13. 5
47.0
54.8
1 .2
0.
243,3
90.4
36.1
26.6
20,9
14.3
10.7
49.0
265.9
99.2
26.6
14.4
19.9
1,2
3,2
1.2
23.2
182.0
1.2
175.5
173.7
2.1
304.6
26.9
33.6
245.0
62.6
127 .2
2.1
40.1
57.0
1 .2
13.5
25.6
54.0
6.8
131.7
3.7
3052.0
462,7
357,5
340,7
506.9
095,7
107,5
US. 9
14.1
193.3
87.6
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
11.4
0.
3.2
3.0
72.2
1.5
34.2
5.3
18.5
21.6
* 5
0.
95.8
35.6
14.2
10.5
8.2
5.6
4.2
19.6
104.7
39.1
10.5
5,7
7.9
.5
1.3
.5
9.1
71.7
.5
69.1
68.4
.8
120,0
10.6
13.2
96.5
24.7
50.1
.8
15.8
22 . 4
. 5
5.3
10.1
21.3
2.7
51.9
1.5
1202.0
182 . 2
140.8
134.2
199,6
352.8
42,3
33.0
5.6
76,1
34.5
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Cyanide
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Sweepings &
Grindings
260.
0.
73.
69.
1653.
35.
783.
122 .
424.
494.
11.
0.
2195.
816.
325,
240.
189,
129.
97.
449.
2399.
895.
240.
130.
180.
11.
29.
11.
209.
1642.
11.
1583,
1568,
19.
2749,
243.
303.
2210.
565.
1148.
19,
362.
514.
11 .
122.
231.
487.
61.
1188.
34.
27535.
4175.
3225.
3074,
4573.
8001.
970.
775.
128.
1 744 .
790.
               1-1

-------
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC 355
 PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — HEAT TREATING
     1975 State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

ETA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.
78.
0.
^O
21.
498.
11.
236.
37,
128.
149.
3.
0.
662.
246.
98.
72,
57.
39.
29.
135.
723.
270.
72 .
39.
54.
3 «
9.
3.
63.
495.
3.
477.
472.
6.
829.
73.
91.
666.
170,
346,
6 #
109.
Ib5,
3.
37.
70.
L47,
19.
353,
10,
3300.
1253.
972,
927,
137?.
2436.
292,
234,
38,
526,
238.
)(Dry Wt.)
34.
0.
10.
9.
' 219.
5.
104.
16.
56.
65.
1.
0.
291.
108.
43.
32,
25.
17.
13,
60.
318.
119.
32.
17.
24.
1 .
4.
i ,
28.
218.
i ,
210.
208.
3.
364.
32.
40.
293.
75.
152.
3.
48.
68.
1 .
16.
31.
65.
a.
157,
4.
3650.
553.
428,
407.
606.
1071 .
129.
103.
17.
231.
105,
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
78.
0.
22 .
21.
498.
11.
236.
37.
128.
149,
3.
0.
662,
246,
98.
72.
57.
39,
29.
135,
723.
270,
72.
39.
54.
3.
9.
3.
63.
495.
3.
477,
472,
6.
829.
73.
91 .
666.
170,
346.
6.
109.
155.
3.
37.
70.
147.
19.
358,
10.
8300.
1258.
972.
927.
L379.
2436.
292.
234.
38.
526.
238,
(Dry Wt.)
34.
0.
10.
9.
219.
5.
104.
16.
56.
65.
1,
0.
291.
108.
43.
32.
25.
17.
13.
60.
318.
119.
32.
17.
24.
1.
4.
1.
28,
218.
1.
210.
208.
3.
364.
32.
40.
293.
75.
152.
3.
48.
68.
1.
16.
31.
65.
8.
157.
4.
3650 .
553.
428.
407.
60-6%
1 071 .
129.
103.
17.
231.
105.
Flammable
Solvents
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Heavy
Metals
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
Acids/Alkali
Oils
29.7
0.
8.4
7.9
188.6
4.0
89.3
13.9
48.4
56.4
1.3
0.
250.5
93.1
37,1
27.4
21.5
14.7
11.0
51.3
273.7
102.1
27.3
14.8
20.5
1.2
3.3
1.3
23.8
IS/. 4
1.3
180.7
178.9
2,2
313.6
27.7
34.6
252.2
64.5
131 .0
2.2
41.3
58.6
1.3
13,9
26.3
55.5
7.0
135. 5
3.8
3142.0
476.4
368.1
350.8
521; 9
922 . 1
110.6
88,5
14.6
199.0
90.2
Solution
2.0
0.
.6
.5
12.4
.3
5.9
.9
3.2
3.7
.1
0.
16,5
6,1
2.4
1.8
1.4
1.0
.7
3.4
18.0
6.7
1.8
1.0
1.4
.1
o
. 1
1.6
12.3
.1
11.9
11.8
. 1
20.7
1,8
2.3
16.6
4.2
8.6
.1
2*7
3.9
,1
.9
1.7
3.7
.5
8,9
,3
207.0
31.4
24.2
23.1
34 .-4-
60.8
7.3
5,0
1 .0
13.1
5.9
Cyanide
.8
0.
.2
.2
5.3
,1
2.5
.4
1.4
1.6
.0
0.
7.0
2.6
1.0
.0
.6
.4
.3
1.4
7.7
2.9
.8
.4
.6
.0
.1
.0
.7
5.2
.0
5.1
5.0
. 1
8.8
.8
1.0
7.1
1.8
3.7
.1
1 . 2
1.6
.0
.4
.7
1 .6
^ O
3.S
.1
88.0
13.3
10.3
9,8
14.6
25.8
3.1
2.5
,4
5.6
2.5
Sweepings &
Grlndings
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
                    1-2

-------
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC 355
PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — ELECTROPLATING
     1975 State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)

 Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)
EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)(Dry Wt.)
35.
0.
10.
9.

%J *
105.
16.
57,
66,
1.
0,
295,
110.
44.
32.
25.
17,
13.
60.
O A-.W. +
120,
32 ,
17,
24,
1.
4,
1.
28.
221 .
1 .
213,
211 ,
3,
369,
33,
41 ,
297.
76.
154.
3.
49,
69.
1.
L6,
31,
65.
8,
1 60 ,
5,
3700.
561.
433.
413.
6t5.
1086.
130.
104,
17.
234,
106.
14.
0.
4.
4.
90.

43.
7,
23.
27.
1.
0.
120.
44.
18.
13.
10.
-7 t
5 .
24,
131 ,
49.
13.
7.
10.
1 .
2.
1.
11 .
89.
1.
86.
05.
1 .
150.
13.
17.
120,
31,
63,
1 .
20.
28.
1.
7.
13,
27 .
3,
65.
2,
1500,
227.
176.
167.
249.
440.
53.
42.
7.
95.
43.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
35.
0.
10.
9,

•f
105.
16.
57.
66.
1.
0.
295.
110.
44.
32.
25.
17.
13.
60.

120.
32.
17.
24.
1 .
4.
1.
28.
221 «
1,
213.
211.
3.
369.
33 .
41.
297.
76.
154.
3.
49.
69.
1 .
16,
31.
65.
8.
160.
5.
3700.
Sol.
433.
413.
615,
1086,
130,
104,
17.
234.
106.
(Dry Wt.)
14.
0.
4.
4.
90,

43.
7.
23.
27.
1 .
0.
120.
44.
IS.
13.
10.
7.
5.
24.
131.
49.
13.
7.
10.
1.

1 .
11.
89.
1.
86.
S5,
1.
150.
13.
17.
120.
31.
63.
1 .
20.
28.
1.
7.
13.
27 .
3.
65,
2,
3500.
227 ,
176,
167.
249.
440.
53.
42.
7.
95.
43 ,
Flammable Heavy
Solvents Metals
•6.
0,
2 f
2.
41.
1.
19.
3.
10.
12.
0.
0.
54.
20.
9.
6.
5.
3.
2,
11.
59,

6.
3.
4.
0.
1.
0.
S.
41.
0,
39.
39.
0.
68.
6.
7,
55.
14.
28.
0.
y.
13.
0.
3.
6.
12.

29.
1.
680.
103.
80.
76.
1,13.
200.
24.
19,
3.
43,
20.
.3
0,
.1
.1
1.7
.0
.8
.1
.4
.5
.0
0.
2.3
.9
.3
.3

.1
. 1
. 5
2.5
.9
.3
,1

.0
.0
.0
1 2
1.7
.0
1.7
1.7
.0
2.9
.3
.3
2.3
,6
1.2
.0
.4
.5
.0
. 1

.5
.1
1.3
.0
29,0
4.4
3.4
3.2
4.0
S.5
1.0
.8
. ]
1,8
,8
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
.3
0.
.1

1.7
.0
.8
.1
.4
.5
.0
0,

,3
.3
1 2
,2
.1

.5
2.4
.9
t 2
.1

.0
.0
.0

1.7
.0
1.6
1.6
.0
2.8

.3
•") O
.6
1,2
.0
,4
,5
.0
. 1
t 2
* 5
, 1
1.2
.0
28.0
4,2
3.3
3.1
4.7
8.2
1.0
.8
.1
1 .8
.8
.7
0.
.2

4.3
.1
2.0
.3
1.1
1.3
.0
0.
5.7
2 . 1
.9
.6
.5
.3
.3
1,2
6.3
2.3
.6
,3
.5
.0
.1
,0
.5
4.3
.0
4.1
4.1
.0
7 .2
.6
.3
5.8
J .5
3.0
,0
.9
1.3
.0
.3
.6
1.3

3. I
.1
72.0
10,9
8.4
8.0
12.0
21.1
2.5
2 .0
.3
4.6
2.1
Sweepings &
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.'
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
                1-3

-------
                                        SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                       SIC 355
                                           PROCESS WASTE GENERATION -- COATING
                                            1975 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                     (kkg/year)
                                         Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

State R
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
EPA
egion
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total
Waste
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.HDry Wt.) (Wet Wt.)
94.
0.
27.
25.
600.
13.
294.
44.
154.
179.
4.
0.
797.
296.
118.
87,
68.
47.
35.
163.
871.
325.
87.
47.
65.
4,
11.
4,
76.
596.
4.
575.
569,
7.
998.
08.
110.
803.
205.
417.
7»
131.
187.
4.
44.
84.
177.
22.
431.
12.
73.
0.
21.
19.
462.
10.
219.
34.
119.
138.
3.
0.
614.
228.
91.
67.
S3.
36.
27.
126.
671.
250.
67.
36.
50.
3.
8.
3.
58.
459.
3.
443.
438.
5.
769.
68.
85.
618.
158.
321.
5 *
101.
144.
3.
34,
65,
136,
17,
332,
9,
94.
0.
27.
25.
600.
13.
284.
44.
154.
179.
4.
0.
797.
296.
118.
87,
68.
47,
35.
163.
871 .
325.
87.
47.
65,
4.
11.
4.
76.
596,
4,
575,
569.
7,
998.
88.
1 10.
803.
205.
417.
7.
131.
187.
4.
44,
84.
177.
22 .
431,
12,
(Pry Wt^)
73,
0.
21 .
19.
462.
10.
219.
34.
119.
138.
3.
0.
614.
228.
91.
67.
53.
36.
27.
126.
671.
250.
67.
36.
50.
3.
8.
3.
58.
459.
3.
443.
438.
5.
769.
68.
85.
618.
158.
321.
5.
101.
144.
3.
34.
65.
136.
17.
332.
9,
Flammable
Solvents
55.
0.
15.
15.
348.
7.
165.
26.
89.
104.
*•)
0.
462.
172,
69.
51.
40.
27.
20.
95.
505.
189.
50.
27.
38.
O #
6.
O ^
44.
346.
•o
333.
330.
4.
579.
51.
64.
466.
L19.
040 t
4.
76.
108.
2 *
26.
49.
103.
13.
250.
7.
Heavy-
Metals
7.0
0.
2.0
1.9
44.3
.9
21.0
3.3
11.4
13.2
.3
0.
58.8
21 .9
8.7
6.4
5.1
3.4
2.6
12.0
64.3
24.0
6.4
3.5
4.8
.3
.8
.3
5.6
44.0
.3
42 , 4
42.0
.5
73.7
6.5
3.1
59.2
15.1
30.8
.5
9,7
13.8
.3
3.3
6.2
13.0
1 .6
31.8
,9
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
.1
0.
.0
.0
.8
.0
,4
.1
n
,3
.0
0.
1.1
.4
* 2
. I
. 1
.1
.0
.2
1,2
.5
,1
,1
,1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.8
.0
.3
.8
.0
1.4
. 1
i
1 .1
.3
.6
.0
, 2
.3
.0
.1
.1
» "*
.0
,6
,0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grindlngs
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
    TOTALS

REGION I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
                       ioooo.
                                 7700.
                                         10000.
                                                   7700.
                                                             5300.
                                                                      738.0
                                                                                14,0
                                                                                           0.
1516.
1171.
1116,
1661.
2935.
352.
232.
46.
633,
287.
1167.
902.
860.
1279,
2260.
271.
217.
36.
488,
221.
1516.
1171.
1116.
1661.
2935.
352.
202.
46.
633.
287.
1167.
902,
860.
L279.
2260,
271,
217,
36.
488.
221
879.
679.
647.
963.
1702,
204.
163.
27.
367,
166.
111,9
86.4
82. 4
1 22.6
216.6
26.0
20,8
3.4
46.3
*•) -1 ^ O
2.1
1.6
1.6
2,3
4.1
* 5
,4
.1
,9
.4
0,
0,
0.
-0-,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
                                         0,
                                         0.
                                         0.
                                         0,
                                         0,
                                         0.
                                         0.
                                         0.
                                         0.
                                         0.
                                                       1-4

-------
        SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                        SIC 355
PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — FERROUS AND NONFERROUS FOUNDRY
             1975 State and EPA Region Totals
                      (kkg/year)
         Total Potentially
                                       Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)
EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total
Waste Hazardous Waste Fi
(Wet Wt.HDry Wt.) (Wet Wt.) (Dry Vt.) So
1634,
0.
461 ,
435.
L0386,
220 ,
491?.
7o5.
26c>6.
31 04,
69.
0.
13793.
51 26.
2044.
L507,
1134.
303.
608 .
2824.
ISO"7! .
5624.
1S05.
814,
1 131,
68.
182.
69,
1313.
10313.
69,
9947.
9843.
120.
17269.
1525,
1905.
13803.
3550.
7213.
120.
2271,
3223,
69.
767.
1450.
3059,
306.
7463.
211..
173000,
26228.
20265.
J 9,513.
28734.
50773,
6092 ,
487 1 ,
fiOL .
1091.?',
4964,
1634.
0.
461.
435,
10386,
220 .
4919,
765,
2666.
3104.
69,
0.
13793,
5126.
2044.
1507.
1 134.
80S.
60 0.
2324,
15071.
5624.
1505,
8U.
i 1. 3 1 .
68,
132.
69.
1313.
10318.
69.
9947.
9S4S.
120.
17249.
1525.
1905.
13888.
3550.
7213.
120.
2271,
3228.
69.
767.
1450.
3059.
386 ,
7463.
211,
173000.
26228,
20265.
19313,
28734,
50773.
,".092,
4071.
001.
J 0 ''',/?.
4964,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
A v
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
',).
0,
0,
0.
0,
0 ,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
ammable Heavy
Ivents Metals
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
Acids/Alkali Sweepings &
Oils Solution Pvan-fHo fli--inH-fr*»e
J^^bt^ £-v
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0 .
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0 .
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0. 0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0 .
0 .
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0 ,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0 .
0.
0.
0 .
0 .
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0 .
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0 .
0,
0 .
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
                       1-5

-------
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC 355
 PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — MACHINE SHOP
     1977 State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)(Dry Wt.)
661.
0.
186.
176.
4202.
89.
1990.
309.
1079.
1256.
28.
0.
353 1 .
2074.
327.
610,
47°.
327.
246.
I 143.
60°8.
2276.
60'?,
329.
459.
27 »
74.
23.
531 .
4175,
28.
4025.
5985,
49.
 * 3
47,1
5,9
114,9
3.2
2664,0
403.9
312. I
297,4
442,5
731,8
93,8
75,0
12.3
loS.S
76. J
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
10.2
0.
2.9
2. 7
64.8
1.4
30.7
4.8
16.6
19.4
.4
0.
8n. 1
32.0
12,8
9,4
7.4
5.0
3,8
17.6
94,1
35,1
9,4
5,1
7. 1
.4
1. 1
.4
8.2
64.4
.4
62.1
61.5
,7
107.3
9.5
11.9
86.7
T-> t o
45.0
.7
14.2
20.2
.4
4.8
9.1
19.1
2.4
46.6
1.3
1080.0
163.7
126,5
120,6
179,4
3 1. 7 , 0
33,0
30, 4
5,0
68,4
31 , 0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
-o.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Cyanide
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0 ,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
Sweepings &
Grindings
225.
0.
64,
60.
1433.
30.
679.
105.
368.
428.
10.
0.
1903.
707.
282.
208.
163.
I 12.
84.
390.
2079.
776.
208.
112.
156.
9.
25.
10.
181.
1423,
10.
1372.
1359.
17.
2302.
210.
263,
1916.
490.
995.
17.
313.
445.
10.
106.
200.
•)22.
53.
1029.
29.
23365.
3618.
2796,
2664.
3964.
7004,
040.
672.
Ill,
1512.
605,
                1-6

-------
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC 355
 PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — HEAT TREATING
     1977 State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/yearl

 Total Potentially  	Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry  Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)
78.
0.
22 +
21,
498.
11.
236.
37.
128.
1 49.
3 .
0.
662.
246.
98.
72.
57.
39.
29,-
135,
723.
270.
T~)
39.
54.
3.
9.
3.
63.
4°5,
O *
47'.
472.
c? *
8??.
73.
91 ,
666.
1 70.
346.
•'3 >
I 09.
155,
3.
37,
70,
147.
L9,
358.
10,
8300,
1258,
972,
927,
1377.
2416.
292,
234.
38.
526,
238 ,
(Dry Wt.)
34.
0.
10.
9,
219.
5.
104.
16.
56.
65.
1 .
0.
291.
108,
43,
32,
25.
17.
13.
60.
318.
119.
32.
17.
24.
1.
4.
1 ,
28.
218,
1 ,
210,
208 .
-x
364 ,
32,
40,
293.
75 .
152,
3.
40,
69,
t .
16.
3t .
65.
8.
] 57,
4.
3650 .
L' To 3 *
420.
40 7.
606.
] 0 ; ] .
129 .
103,
L7,
231.
105.
Hazardous Waste Flammable
(Wet Wt.)
78.
0.
22 .
2.1.
498.
11.
236.
37.
128.
149.
3,
0.
662,
246.
98.
72.
57.
39.
29 .
L35.
723.
270.
72.
39.
54.
3.
9 +
3.
63.
495.
3.
477.
472.
6,
829,
73.
91.
666.
170.
346.
6.
109.
155,
3.
37.
70,
147,
19.
358 .
LO,
8300,
1258.
<372 ,
927 *
13"'9.
2436,
Of)'") t
234.
33.
526,
238 ,
(Dry Wt.) Solvents
34.
0.
10.
9.
219.
5.
104.
16.
56.
65.
1 .
0.
291 .
108,
43,
32.
25,
17,
13.
60.
318.
119,
32,
1 7,
24 .
1,
4.
1 .
28,
2:1 f).
1.
210,
208,
3.
364 ,
32,
40.
293,
75.
152,
3.
48,
60,
t ,
1 6.
31 ,
65,
8,
157,
<»,
3650,
553.
420,
407,
606,
1071.
129.
103.
1 '',
231 ,
1017,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
') ,
0.
0.
0.
Heavy
Acids/Alkali Sweepings &
Metals Oils
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0 ,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
o ,
0,
0 ,
0,
0,
0,
0,
29.7
0.
8.4
7.9
188.6
4.0
89.3
13.9
48.4
56.4
1.3
0.
250.5
93.1
3"'.l
27.4
21.5
14.7
11.0
51.3
273.7
102.1
27,3
14.8
20.5
1.2
3,3
1.3
23.8
187,4
1.3
UiO.7
17S.«
") O
313.6
27.7
34 . 6
2 5 ° * 2
64.5
1 3 1. . 0
"> » °
41.3
58,6
L.3
13.9
26,3
5 5 + b
7.0
135,5
3,1)
3142.0
476.4
368. L
350,8
523 .9
922. L
t 1 0 , 6
f)S . 5
14,6
L9",0
90,2
Solution
2.0
0.
.6
.5
12.4
.3
5.9
,9
3.2
3 7
.1
0.
J 6 . 5
6. 1
2,4
1,8
L.4
1.0
.7
3.4
18,0
6,7
J ,8
1 .0
1,4
, I
# o
.1
1,6
12.3
. L
U . 9
J 1 .!j
. 1.
20.7
J .0
2.3
J6.6
4.2
S.6
. 1
2.7
3.9
, 1
.9
1 .7
3.7
fr I.J
S.9
,3
207.0
31.4
24 . 2
23,7
34 . 4
oO.O
7-3
5,3
1 , 0
13, I
5, 9
Cyanide Grindings
.8
0.
t 2
o
5.3
.1
2.5
,4
J .4
1.6
.0
0.
7,0
2,6
1,0
,8
,6
,4
.3
1,4
7.7
2 . 9
.8
.4
.6
.0
.1
.0
.7
5.2
,0
5.1
5.0
.1
8.8
,8
t .0
7 . J
1 ,!.<
3,7
, I
1.2
t .6
,0
.4
^ -j
1 .6
o
3.8
, I
38.0
13.3
10,3
9.8
14,6
25, S3
3, I
2,5
.4
(t t 6
^ t l~j
,0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0 *
0.
0.
o f
               1-7

-------
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC 355
PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — ELECTROPLATING
     1977 State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
miNE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X

IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII












Total Waste
(Wet Wt.MDry wt.)
35 »
0.
10,
9.
TT")
5 *
105.
16.
57.
66.
t .
0.
295.
110.
44.
52 .
25.
17.
13.
60,
322 .
120.
32,
17.
24.
1.
4,
1.
28,
221 ,
1.
213.
21.1.
3.
369.
33.
41 .
297,
76,
154,
3,
49,
69.
1.
16.
31.
65,
S,
160.
5.
3700.
561 .
433.
413.
615.
1086.
130.
104.
17,
234.
106,

14.
0.
4.
4.
90.
") ^
43.
7.
23.
27.
1 ,
0.
120.
44.
IS.
13.
10.
7 (
5 .
24 .
131.
49,
13.
7.
10.
1 .
2.
1.
11 ,
89,
1 .
86.
35.
1 ,
150.
13.
17.
120 .
31 .
63.
1 .
20.
28.
1 .
7.
13.
27,
3.
65,
2 ,
1500.
227 *
176.
167.
249.
440.
53 ,
42.
/,
95.
43.

Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
35.
0.
10.
9.
222 *
5 .
105,
16.
57.
66.
1 .
0.
295.
110,
44.
32.
25.
17.
13.
60.
322.
120.
32.
17.
24.
1 ,
A.
1 .
28.
22 1 *
1 .
213.
211.
3.
369.
33.
41.
297.
76.
154.
3.
49.
69.
1.
16.
31.
65.
8.
160,
5 »
3700,
561.
433.
413,
615,
1086,
130.
104.
L7.
234.
106,

(Dry Wt.)
14.
0.
4.
4.
90.
"* t
43.
7.
23.
O~?
3 .
0,
120.
44.
IS.
13.
10,
7,
5,
24.
131,
49.
13.
7 ,
10.
1 .
2 #
1 .
11 .
89.
1 ,
86,
85.
1 ,
150.
13.
17.
120.
31 .
63.
1 .
20,
20.
L .
7.
13.
27.
3.
65.
o t
1500.
TT7
176!
167.
249 ,
440.
53,
42,
7 *
95.
43.
1-8
Flammable Heavy
Solvents
6.
0.
. *~i ^
•"] +
41.
1 .
19.
3.
10.
12.
0.
0.
54.
20,
8.
6,
5,
3.
2 ,
LI.
59.
2? ,
6,
3.
4.
0.
1,
0.
sJ *
41,
0.
39.
39,
0.
68.
6 .
7.
55 .
14.
22.
0.
9.
13.
0.
3.
6.
12.
o t
29 .
1. .
680,
103.
00.
76.
113,
200.
24 .
19.
3.
43.
20,

Metals
.3
0.
.1
, 1
1. 7
.0
.8
. 1
.4
.5
.0
0.
2.3
,9
.3
.3
t 2
. 1
.1
.5
2.5
, 9
.3
. 1
t '-i
.0
,0
.0
* 2
1. 7
,0
1.7
1. ~>
.0
2.9
.3
.3
2.3
.6
1.2
.0
.4
* 5
.0
.1
* '"'
,5
,1
1 .3
.0
29.0
4.4
3.4
3.2
4.8
8.5
1 ,0
.8
.1
1.0
.0

Acids/Alkali
Oils
.3
0.
.1
.1
1.7
.0
.8
.1
,4
* u
.0
0,
2,2
,8
.3
t 'i
t 2
.1
. 1
.5
2.4
,9
'-i
. 1
t 2
,0
.0
.0
f 2
1,7
,0
1.6
1.6
.0
2.8
t 2
.3
2*2
.6
1.2
.0
.4
.5
.0
.1
t o
+ 5
.1
1 .2
.0
28.0
4 . 2
3.3
3.1
4.7
"I t P
1.0
.8
.1
1.8
,8

Solution
,7
0,
T
, 2
4,3
.1
2,0
.3
1,1
1,3
.0
0.
5.7
2.1
.9
.6
,5
.3
,3
1.2
6.3
2.3
,6
,3
.5
.0
, 1
.0
.5
4.3
.0
4, 1
4.1
.0
7.2
.6
.8
5.8
1 .5
3.0
.0
,9
1.3
.0
.3
.6
1.3
O
3. 1
. 1
72,0
10.9
8.4
8.0
12^.0-
21.1
*-> J3J
2.0
,3
4*o
2 . 1

Sweepings &
Cyanide Grindtnes
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
o. -
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,

0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,


-------
                                          SPECIAL IHDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                         SIC 355
                                             PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — COATING
                                               1977 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                        (kkg/year)
                                           Total Potentially
                                                Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII'
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)
85.
0.
24.
23.
540.
11 .
256.
40,
139.
161.
4.
0.
718.
267.
106.
78.
62.
42.
32.
147.
784.
293,
78,
42.
59.
4,
9,
4,
68.
537.
4.
517,
512.
6.
898.
79.
99.
72'1 4
185.
375.
6.
118.
168.
4.
40.
75.
159.
20.
388.
11.
(Dry Wt.)
63.
0.
18.
17.
402.
9.
190.
30,
103.
120.
3.
0.
534.
199.
79.
58.
46.
31.
24,
109.
534.
218.
58.
32.
44.
3.
7.
3.
51.
400.
3.
385.
381 .
5 ,
669.
59.
74.
538.
138.
279 ,
5.
88.
125.
3.
30.
56.
118.
15,
289.
8.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
85.
0.
24.
23.
540.
11.
256.
40.
139.
161,
4.
0.
713.
267.
106.
78.
62.
42.
32,
147.
784.
293.
78.
42.
59,
4.
Q t
4.
68.
537.
4.
517.
512.
6.
898.
79.
99.
722.
185.
375.
6.
118.
168.
4.
40.
75.
139.
20.
383.
1 ] .
(Dry Wt.)
63.
0.
18.
17.
402,
9,
190.
30.
103.
120.
3.
0,
534.
199.
79.
58.
46,
31,
24.
109.
584.
218.
58.
32,
44.
3.
7.
3.
51.
400.
3,
385.
381.
5 *
669.
59.
74.
533.
138.
279 *
5 ,
88.
125.
3,
30.
56.
118.
15.
289.
8.
Flammable Heavy
Solvents
46.
0.
13.
12.
291 .
6.
138.
21,
75.
37.
-) t
0.
387.
144.
57,
42.
33,
23,
17.
79.
423.
153.
42.
23.
32.
*1
£j *
") ^
37.
289.
2 t
279.
276.
3 *
484.
43,
53 *
390,
100.
202,
3.
64,
91 ,
2 ,
T->
41 .
86.
11 .
209.
6.
Metals
6.9
0.
1.9
1.3
43.8
.9
20.7
3.2
1 1.2
13. I
.3
0,
58.1
21.6
8.6
6.3
5.0
3.4
2,6
11,9
63.5
23.7
6.3
3,4
4.8
.3
.8
.3
5.5
43.5
.3
41 .9
41.5
» -J
72,8
6,4
8.0
58.5
15.0
30.4
4 5
9.6
13.6
,3
3.2
6.1
12.9
1.6
31 .4
.9
Acids/Alkali Sweepings &
Oils _Solution
.1
0,
,0
.0
.8
.0
.4
.1

.3
.0
0,
1.1
.4
t o
. 1
,1
.1
.0
<"%
1.2
.5
.1
. 1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.8
.0
,8
,8
,0
1,4
,1
1 2
1, 1
.3
,6
.0
» ^
,3
,0
. ]
. 1
^ 2
.0
.6
.0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
Cyanide
• -
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
Grind ings
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0 .
0.
0.
0.
0,
    TOTALS

REGION I
       n
       HI
       tv
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
       x
9000.
         6700.
                   9000.
                            6700.
                                      4853,
                                               729,0
                                                          14,0
                                                                    0.
                                                                             0,
1364 .
1054.
1005.
1495.
2641.
317,
253,
42,
570,
258,
1016.
735.
743.
1113.
1966.
236.
189.
31.
424,
192,
1364.
1054.
1005,
1495,
2641.
317.
233.
42 .
570,
253.
1016.
785,
748.
1113.
1966,
236.
189.
31 ,
424 .
192 .
736.
568.
542.
806.
1 424.
171.
1.37,
22,
307,
139.
110
85
31
121
214
25
20
3
46
20
. 5
.4
,4
,1
.0
^ ~f
, 5
.4
,2
f o
2
1
1
2
4





,1
* 6
.6
.3
. J
» 5
.4
.1
.9
.4
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
                                                         1-9

-------
        SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                        SIC 355
PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — FERROUS AND NONFERROUS FOUNDRY
             1977 State and EPA Region Totals
                      (Wcg/year)
         Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

State Re
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
EPA
8 ion
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet _Wt.)
1521.
0.
429.
405,
9665.
205.
4577.
712>
2491.
2009,
64,
0.
12336.
4/71.
1002.
1402.
1 L02,
/52.
366.
2628,
1.4026,
5234.
I40L,
'S8.
1052.
63.
170.
64.
| T1O
9602,
64.
9257.
9165,
112.
16071.
1419,
1.773,
12925,
3304.
6712.
112.
21 14.
3004.
64,
714.
L350.
2046.
359 ,
6945.
196.
161000.
24409,
10859,
17973,
26741,
47251.
5669.
4533,
746 .
J0199,
4620,
(Dry Wt.)
1521.
0.
429.
405.
9665,
205.
4577.
712.
2481,
2039,
64.
0.
12S36.
4771,
1^0? *
1 402 .
1102.
752.
1)66 .
262F5,
1402.6,
5234.
140] ,
758.
1052.
63.
170.
64.
t OO O
9602,
64.
9257,
9165,
112,
16071 ,
1419.
1773,
12925,
3304,
6712,
112,
21 14,
3004 .
64.
7J4.
1350.
28-46,
359,
6945,
196.
161000.
24409.
18859.
17973,
26741 ,
47251.
5669.
4533.
746 .
10199.
4620,
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.) (Dry
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0-
0.
0,
0.
Wt.)
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0 .
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0 ,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0 ,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
Flammable
Solvents
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
Heavy
Metals
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0 *
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
Acids/Alkali
Oils
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
Solution
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
Cyanide
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0 ,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
Sweepings &
Grindings
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0 ,
0 *
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0 ,
                       I-16

-------
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC 355
 PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — MACHINE  SHOP
     1983 State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)
State
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
WINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
EPA
Region
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.]
793.
0.
224.
211.
5043.
107.
23SL
371.
12°4.
L507.
34.
0.
6697.
2489.
992.
732.
575.
393.
295.
1371.
7313.
2731.
731.
395.
549.
33.
89.
34.
638,
13010,
34.
4830.
4732.
58.
8385.
740.
925.
6743.
1724.
3502.
53,
1103.
1567.
34.
373.
704.
L485.
L87.
3623.
102.
04000.
12735.
9840.
9377.
13952.
24653.
2958.
2365.
3!.!9 .
5321 .
2410.
l(Dry Wt.)
604.
0.
170,
161 .
3842.
32.
1S20.
283.
986,
1148.
26.
0.
5103.
1896.
756.
557,
43.8.
299.
225.
1045.
5575.
2081.
557.
301.
413.
25.
67.
26.
486.
3817.
26.
3680.
3643.
44.
6388.
564,
705.
5138.
1313.
2668.
44.
840.
1194.
26.
284.
536.
1131.
J43.
276 t .
78.
64000,
9703,
7497,
7145,
10630.
L8703,
2254.
100?.
296.
4054 ,
1336.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
727.
0.
205.
194.
4622.
98,
2189,
340 ,
1186,
1391.
3L .
0.
6139.
2282 .
910.
671.
527.
360.
271.
1257.
6708.
2503.
670.
362.
503.
30.
81.
31.
584.
4392.
31 ,
4427.
4333.
53.
7686.
679.
348.
6181 .
1580.
3210.
53,
1011,
1437.
31,
342.
645,
1361.
172,
3322,
94,
77000,
1 1674,
9020.
8596,
12789,
22598.
2711 .
2168,
357,
4878.
2209.
(Drvjft.)
538.
0.
152.
143.
3422.
73.
1621.
252.
878.
1023.
23.
0.
4545.
1689.
673.
496.
390.
266.
200.
930.
4966.
1353,
496.
268.
373.
22 ,
60.
23.
433.
3399.
23.
3277.
3245.
40.
5690.
502.
628,
4576.
1170.
2376.
40.
748.
1064.
23.
253.
478.
1003.
127.
2459.
69.
57000.
3642,
66/7,
6363,
9467,
1672'^,
2007,
1605,
264,
36 LI,
1635,
Flammable
Solvents
131.
0.
37,
35.
832.
18.
394.
61.
214.
249.
6.
0,
1 105,
411,
164,
121.
95,
65.
49.
T~>A
1208.
451 .
121.
65.
9L .
5 .
15.
6.
105,
327,
6.
7V/.
739.
10,
1384.
1 22 .
153.
1113.
285.
578 .
10.
182.
259,
6.
62.
116.
245,
31.
598,
17.
13064.
2102.
1624.
1548.
2303.
4069,
408,
3'30 .
64,
870,
398.
s Heavy
Metals
21.8
0.
6.1
5.8
138.4
2.9
65,5
10.2
35 . 5
41 ,4
.9
0.
183.8
68.3
27 , 2
20.1
15.8
10,8
8.1
37.6
200.3
74.9
20,1
10,3
L5.1
.9
2.4
.9
17.5
137.5
.9
132,5
131 .2
1.6
230.1
20.3
25.4
105.0
47.3
96. I
1.6
30.3
43.0
.9
10,2
19,3
40.8
5.1
99,4
2.3
2305,0
349,5
2^0.0
257,3
382,8
676.5
91.2
64,9
10.7
[46,0
66. J
Acids/Alkali
01 Is^ Solution Cyanide
37.5
0.
10.6
10.0
238.3
5.1
112.9
17.5
61.2
71 .2
1,6
0,
316,5
117,6
46.9
34,6
27. 2
13.6
13.9
64.8
345,3
129,1
34.5
18.7
25.9
1.6
4.2
1,6
30.1
236.8
1.6
228.3
226 . 0
2,3
396.3
35.0
43.7
318,7
81,5
165.5
2,3
52.1
74.1
1.6
L7.6
33,3
70,2
3.9
171.3
4.8
3970.0
601.9
465.0
443.2
659.4
1165,1
139,3
11 L ,8
18,4
251.5
113."
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0 *
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
b.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0 *
0,
0.
0.
0 .
0 »
,0
0.
.0
.0
.1
.0
,1
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.
* '">
. L
,0
.0
.0
,0
.0
,0
*•>
.1
.0
,0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.1
,0
'•>
.0
.0
'"1
,0
.1
,0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
,0
.0
.1
.0
2.0
.3
* ^
o
.3
,6
,1
. 1
.0
.1
,1
Sweepings &
Grinding s
191.
0.
54.
51 .
1212.
26.
574.
89.
311.
362.
8.
0.
1610.
598.
239.
176.
138.
94.
71.
330,
1759.
656.
176.
95.
132.
a.
21.
8.
153.
1204.
8.
1161.
1150,
14,
2016.
173.
222 .
1621.
414.
342.
14.
265.
377.
8.
90.
169.
357.
45.
871 ,
25,
20194,
3062,
2366.
2254,
3354.
5927,
711.
569.
94,
12^9,
'579.
          1-11

-------
                                        SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                       SIC 355
                                         PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — HEAT TREATING
                                             1983 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                     (kkg/year)
                                         Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry We.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total Waste
(Wet Wt.HDry Wt.) (
123.
0.
35.
33.
790.
17.
370.
57.
200.
233.
5.
0.
1036.
385.
154.
113.
39.
61,
46.
212.
1132,
423.
113.
61.
85.
5 +
14.
5,
99,
775.
5.
747.
740.
9.
1298.
115.
143.
1044.
267.
542.
9,
171.
243,
5.
58.
109.
230.
29.
561.
16.
90.
0.
25.
24.
570.
12.
270.
42.
146.
170.
4.
0.
757.
282.
112.
93,
65.
44,
33,
155,
828,
309,
83.
45,
62.
4,
10.
4.
72.
567.
4.
546.
541.
7.
948.
84.
105.
763.
195.
396.
7.
125.
177.
4.
42.
30.
168.
2.1.
410.
12.
Hazardous Waste Flammable
[Wet Wt.) (Dry Wt.) Solvents
90.
0.
25.
24.
570.
12.
270.
42.
146.
170.
4.
0.
757.
282.
112.
83.
65.
44.
33.
155.
828.
309.
83.
45.
62,
4.
10.
4.
72.
567.
4.
546.
541.
7.
948.
84.
105.
763.
195.
396.
7 .
125.
177.
4.
42.
80.
168.
21.
410.
12.
57.
0.
16.
15.
360.
8.
171.
27.
92.
108.
o .
0.
478.
178.
71.
52.
41.
28.
21 .
98.
523.
195.
52.
28.
39.
"»
6.
n
46.
358.
o
345.
342.
4.
599.
53.
66.
482.
123.
250.
4,
79,
112,
2 1
27.
50.
106.
13.
259.
7.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Heavy
Metals
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
48.3
0.
13.6
12.9
307.0
6.5
145.4
22.6
78.8
91.8
2,0
0.
407.7
151.5
60.4
44.5
35.0
23.9
18.0
S3. 5
445.5
166,2
44,5
24,1
33.4
2.0
5.4
2.0
38.8
305.0
2.0
294.1
291.1
3.6
510.5
45.1
56.3
410.5
105.0
213.2
3.6
67.1
'95.4
2.0
22.7
42. 9
90.4
11.4
220.6
6.2
1 ,6
0,
,4
.4
9.9
t o
4.7
.7
2.5
3.0
,1
0.
13.2
4,9
1,9
1.4
1,1
.8
.6
2.7
14.4
5.4
1.4
.8
1.1
.1
» 2
.1
1.3
9.8
,1
9.5
9.4
.1
16.5
1.5
l.S
13.2
3.4
6.9
.1
° * *"*
3.1
.1
.7
1.4
2.9
.4
7. 1
4 p
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grlndlngs
3.3
0,
.9
.9
21.0
.4
9.9
1 .5
5,4
6.3
.1
0.
27.8
10.3
4.1
3.0
2.4
1.6
1 . 2
5.7
30.4
11.3
3.0
1.6
2.3
.1
.4
.1
2.6
20.8
.1
20,1
19.9
t °
34.8
3,1
3.8
28.0
7 .2
14,6
^ r>
4.6
6.5
, 1
1.5
2.9
6.2
.8
.15.1
.4
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
    TOTALS

REGION I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
                      13000.
                                 9500.
                                          9500.
                                                   6000.
                                                                              5114.0
                                                                                        165.0
                                                                                                 349.0
                                                                                                              0.
1971.
1523.
1451.
2159.
3815.
458.
366.
60.
824.
373,
1440,
1113,
1061,
1578,
2788,
335,
267.
44,
602,
273.
1440.
1113.
1061.
157ET.
2788.
335.
267.
44.
602.
273.
910.
703.
670.
997.
1761 ,
211.
169,
28.
380.
172.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
775
599
570
849
1.500
180
144
23
324
146
.3
.1
.9
.4
.9
.1
.0
.7
.0
-7
25.0
19.3
18.4
27Y4-
48.4
5.8
4.6
,8
10,5
4.7
52
40
39
58
102
12
9
1
T*>
10
. 9
.9
,0
,0
,4
.3
,0
,6
,1
.0
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
                                                     1-12

-------
                                          SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                          SIC 335
                                          PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — ELECTROPLATING
                                               1983 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                        (kkg/year)
                                           Total Potentially
                                                 Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Ut.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total
(Wet Wt.)
76.
0.
21.
20.
430.
10.
2^7 t
35.
123.
144.
3.
0.
633.
237.
95.
70.
55 *
37.
28.
1.31.
497,
260.
70.
38,
52.
3,
8.
3.
61.
477.
3.
160.
455.
6,
799 t
71.
38.
642,
1 64.
334,
6.
105,
149.
3.
35,
67.
14 L.
10,
345.
10.
Waste
(Dry Wt.)
47.
0.
13.
13.
300.
6.
142.
22 .
77,
90.
O ^
0.
399.
148.
59.
44.
34.
23 .
18.
32.
436.
163.
44.
24.
33.
o ^
5.
'-S
33,
298.
'T
287.
235.
3.
499.
44.
S5.
401.
103,
208.
3.
66.
93.
2 .
-?2 ,
42.
88.
11 .
216.
6.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
38.
0.
11.
10.
240.
5 »
114.
18.
62,
72 .
*•>
0.
319.
119.
47.
35.
27 .
19.
14.
65.
348,
130.
,55.
19.
26 .
2 ,
4,
n ^
30.
239.
T
230.
228 ,
3.
399.
35.
44.
321.
82.
167.
3.
53,
75 ,
n
18.
34.
71.
9 ,
173.
5.
(Dry yt.)
19.
0.
5.
5.
120.
3.
57,
9.
31.
36.
1 .
0.
159,
59.
24.
17.
14,
9.
7.
33.
174.
65,
17.
9,
13,
1.
o
1,
15.
119,
1,
115.
114,
1,
200.
18.
T1
161.
41. ,
83.
1 .
26.
37.
1.
9.
17.
35.
4.
86.
o t
Flammable
Solvents
6.
0.
*"* *
-1 +
41.
1.
19.
3.
10.
12,
0.
0.
54,
20.
8.
6.
5.
3 ,
o
11.
59.
22 .
6.
3.
4.
0.
1.
0.
5.
41.
0.
39.
39.
0.
68,
6.
7.
55.
14.
28,
0.
9.
13.
0.
3.
6.
12.
o
29.
1,
Heavy
Metals
.7
0.
•~>
">
4.7
.1.
•"% •">
.3
1.2
1.4
,0
0,
6.3
2.3
,9
. 7
. b>
,4
.3
L.3
6.9
2.6
,7
.4
.5
.0
,1
.0
.6
4.7
.0
4.5
4.3
.1
7.9
.7
,9
6,3
1 .6
3.3
. 1
1.0
1,5
.0
,4
» 7
1 .4
'T
3.4
. 1
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
3.9
0.
1 .1
1.1
25.1
.5
11,9
1.8
6.4
7.5
* ''*
0.
33.3
J2.4
4."
3.6
2 . 9
2,0
1,5
6.8
36,4
13.6
3,6
2,0
2.7
O
»4
n
3.2
24.9
o
24.0
23,8
.3
41.7
3.7
4.6
33.6
8.6
17. 4
.3
5*5
7.3
")
1.9
3.5
7.4
.9
18.0
. 5
,7
0,
1 2
t 2
4,3
,1
2.0
.3
1 , 1
1.3
.0
0.
5.7
2.1
t 9
.6
* l"j
.3
.3
1 .2
6.3
2.3
.6
,3
.5
.0
, ]
,0
* 5
4,3
.0
4. 1
4. 1
.0
/.2
.6
.3
5,0
1.5
3.0
.0
.9
1.3
.0
.3
.6
1.3
")
3, 1
,1
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grlndings
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
    TOTALS

REGION I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
       X
0000 .
         5000.
                   4000.
                             2000.
                                       680.
                                                 79.0
                                                         41 S . 0
                                                                    72,0
1213,
937.
393,
1329.
2348.
282.
225,
37.
507.
230.
753.
586.
558.
830.
1467.
176.
141,
23.
317.
143.
606.
469,
447.
664.
J 174.
141 .
113,
J9.
253.
115,
303,
234.
223.
332.
587,
70.
56 +
9.
127.
57.
103
SO
76
113
200
24
19
3
43
20
12
9
3
13
'IT
2
'•>

5
't
.0
.3
.8
, I
t o
.3
"1
.4
.0
.3
63
49
46
69
122
14
1 L
1
26
12
.4
,0
,7
.4
.7
.7
.8
,9
. 5
.0
10
3
3
12
21
o
~J

4
o
.9
. 4
•9
.0
. 1
. 5
.0
.,5
.6
. 1
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
                                                         1-13

-------
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                SIC 355
   PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — COATING
     1983 State and EPA Region Totals
              (kkg/year)
 Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIAMA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.]
123.
0.
35.
33.
730.
17.
370.
57.
200.
233.
5.
0.
1036.
395.
154.
113.
89.
61.
46.
212.
1132.
423.
113.
61.
35.
5.
14.
5,
99.
775.
5 *
747.
740,
9.
1298.
115.
143.
1044.
267.
542.
9.
171.
243.
5.
58.
109,
230.
29,
561.
16.
13000.
1971.
1523,
1451,
2159.
3915.
458.
366.
60.
824,
373,
)(Dry Wt.)
104.
0.
29.
28.
660.
14.
313.
49.
169.
197,
4,
0.
877.
326.
130,
96.
75.
51.
•39.
180,
958,
358.
96.
52.
72.
4.
12.
4.
83.
656.
4,
632.
626.
8.
1098.
97.
121 .
883.
226,
459.
8.
144.
205.
4.
49.
92.
194.
25.
475.
13.
11000.
1663.
1289.
1228.
1827.
3228.
387.
310.
51.
697.
316,
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
85.
0.
24,
23,
540.
11,
256,
40,
139.
161.
4.
0.
718.
267,
106.
73.
62.
42.
32.
147.
794.
293 .
78.
42.
59.
4.
9.
4,
68.
537.
4,
517.
512.
6.
898,
79.
99.
722.
185.
375.
6.
118.
168.
4.
40.
75.
159.
20.
388.
11.
9000.
1364.
1054.
1005.
1495,
2641 .
317.
253.
42.
570.
25S.
(Dry Wt ._)
66.
0.
19.
18.
420.
9.
199,
31.
108,
126.
3.
0.
558.
207.
£)3.
61 ,
48.
33.
25.
114.
610.
228 .
61.
33,
46.
3.
7.
3.
53.
417.
3.
402.
398.
5.
699.
62,
77.
562.
144.
292 .
5.
92.
131.
3.
31.
59.
124,
16.
302.
9 t
7000.
1061.
820.
701.
1 L63.
2054.
246.
197.
32.
443.
201.
Flammable
Solvents
37.
0.
10.
10.
233.
5.
110.
17.
60.
70,
~i t
0.
310,
115,
46.
34.
27,
18.
14.
63,
338.
126.
34.
18.
25.
2 .
4.
*"* t
29.
232.
"i (
223.
'-121 .
3.
397,
34.
43.
312.
80.
162.
3.
51.
72.
o t
17.
33.
69.
9 t
167.
5 .
3832.
5S9.
455.
433.
645;
1139.
1 37.
109,
13.
246.
11 L.
Heavy
Metals
6.0
0.
1.7
1.6
38.3
.8
18.1
2.8
9.8
11.4
.3
0.
50.9
18.9
7.5
5.6
4.4
3,0
~3 o
10,4
55.6
20,7
5,6
3.0
4.2
.3
.7
.3
4.8
38.1
.3
36.7
36.3
.4
63.7
5.6
7.0
51 .2
13.1
26.6
.4
S.4
11.9
.3
2.8
5.3
11.3
1.4
27.5
.8
638.0
96.7
74.7
71.2
106.0
1S7.2
22.5
IS.O
3.0
40.4
IB. 3
Acids/Alkali
Oils
19.2
0.
5.4
5. 1
1 22 . 2
2.6
57.9
9.0
31.4
36 , 5
.8
0.
162.3
60.3
24.0
17.7
13.9
9.5
7.1
33.2
177.3
66.2
17.7
9.6
13.3
.8
2.1
.8
15.4
121.4
.8
117.0
115.8
1.4
203.1
17.9
2*"1 * A
163.4
41.3
84,3
1.4
26.7
33,0
,8
9,0
17,1
36.0
4,5
87,3
2.5
2035.0
308.5
238.4
2'77 . i
.538.0
597. 2
71 ,7
57.3
9.4
128.9
5S.4
Solution
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.-
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
Cyanide
.0
0.
.0
,0
o
.0
,1
,0
,1
, I
.0
0.
.3
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,d
.3
.1
.0
.0
,0
.0
.0
.0
,0
o
.0
/-)
•")
,0
.4
,0
,0
.3
.1
o
,0
. i
.1
.0
.0
,0
.1
..0
o
,0
4,0
.6
.5
.4
.7
1 , J
. 1.
, t
,0
.3
. I
Sweepings &
Grind ings
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
o, -
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,

-------
                                         SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                         SIC 355
                                 PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — FERROUS AND NONFERROUS FOUNDRY
                                              1983 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                       (kkg/year)
                                          Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents  (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
t^BRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total
(Wet Wt.)
1162.
0.
328.
310.
7384.
157.
3497.
544.
1895.
2207.
49,
0.
9807,
3645,
1453.
J071 ,
842.
575,
432.
2000,
10715.
3998,
,1070.
579.
804.
48.
130,
49.
934.
7,536 ,
49.
7072.
7002,
35,
I 2278,
1084,
1355,
9874,
2524,
M28.
t->5 ,
! f-, 1 5 ,
2295.
40,
046,
1031,
2175.
274 .
5306.
150,
Waste

1162.
0.
328.
310.
73S4.
157.
3497.
544,
1895.
2207 *
49.
0.
9807.
3645.
1453.
10^1 .
842,
5^5.
432.
2008.
107.15.
3998.
1070.
579,
804.
48.
130.
49.
934.
7336.
49.
7072.
7002,
85,
12278.
1.084.
1355,
9874.
2524,
SI 38.
85,
1615.
2295,
49,
546.
1031 ,
21.75.
274.
5,306.
LT;O.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.) (Dr;
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0 .
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0 .
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
! Wt.)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0 .
0.
0 ,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
Flammable
Solvents
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0 ,
Heavy
Metals
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
Acids/Alkali
Oils
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0 *
0.
0.
0.
Solution
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
Cyanide
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Sweepings &
Grindings
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
    TOTALS

REGION I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
                      123000,  1J3000.
18648.
14408.
13731.
2
-------
                          APPENDIX J

OFFICE, COMPUTING, AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING (SIC 357)
           PROCESS WASTE GENERATION FOR 1975, 1977, AND 1983
                       BY STATE AND EPA REGION

-------
                                  OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                       SIC 357
                                         PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — MACHINE SHOP
                                             1975 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                     (kkg/year)
                                         Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents  (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total Waste
(Wet Wt.HDry Wt.) (
32.
0.
318.
1083.
6733.
1683.
1591.
6 14.
^62.
59.
0.
0,
1626.
303.
42 .
353,
15L5.
16.
0.
241.
3101 .
637.
2918,
0,
81 .
0.
65.
0,
303.
1277.
212 .
5124.
723.
0,
1219.
6?!i.
m .
737,
0.
257,
125.
IS'?,
L944.
232.
71.
11".
307,
0.
21'',
L21 .
21 .
0.
204.
694.
4352.
1079,
1020.
394.
489.
33.
0.
0.
1042,
515.
27.
T~)O
971 ,
10.
0.
154.
2039.
441 ,
1871 ,
0.
52,
0.
42,
0.
195.
819,
136.
3285.
463.
0.
781,
409,
110.
473.
0,
1.65.
80.
121.
1246.
181.
46,
76,
517.
0,
139,
77,
Hazardous Waste Flammable
Wet Wt.) 1
32.
0.
313.
1083,
6788.
1683.
1591.
614.
762.
59.
0.
0.
1626,
803.
42.
358.
1515.
16.
0.
241.
3181 .
687.
2918.
0,
31.
0,
65.
0,
303,
1277.
212.
3124.
723.
0,
1219.
638.
171 .
737.
0.
257.
125.
189,
1944.
232.
71 .
119.
807.
0.
217,
121.
[Dry Wt . ) Solvents
21.
0.
204.
694.
4352.
1079.
1020,
394.
439.
38.
0.
0.
1042,
515.
27.
229 »
971 .
10.
0.
154.
2039.
441,
1871.
0,
52.
0.
42.
0.
195.
819.
136.
3285.
463.
0.
731.
4O9,
110.
473.
0.
1 65 *
SO.
12L .
1246.
181.
46,
76,
517,
0,
1/9.
77,
7.
0.
71,
243.
1520.
377.
356.
138.
171.
13.
0.
0.
364.
180.
9,
80.
339 .
4.
0.
54.
712,
154.
654,
0,
10.
0,
15.
0.
68,
206.
47,
1148,
162,
0,
273.
143,
33,
165,
0.
57 .
28.
42.
435,
63.
16.
27.
181.
0,
49,
°7 *
Heavy
Metals
1.3
0.
12.4
42,2
264.7
65.6
62, 1
24.0
29.7
2.3
0.
0.
63,4
31.3
1 .6
14.0
59.1
.6
0.
9.4
124.1
26.3
113,3
0.
3.2
0.
2,5
0.
11,8
49.8
8.3
199.3
28.2
0.
47,5
24.9
6,7
23, 7
0,
10.0
4,9
7,4
75.8
11,0
2.8
4,6
31,5
0.
3*5
4.7
Acids/Alkali
Sweepings &
Oils Solution Cyanide
.5
0.
4.9
16.7
104.4
25.9
24.5
9.4
11.7
.9
0.
0.
25.0
12.4
.6
5.5
23 , 3
» "*
0.
3,7
48.9
10,6
44.9
0.
1 .2
0.
1.0
0,
4.7
19.6
3,3
73,8
11.1
0.
18.8
9.3
2.6
11,3
0.
3.9
1 .9
2,9
29, 9
4.3
1. I
1.8
12.4
0.
3.3
1.9
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
•0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Grindings
It.
0.
112.
382,
2397.
594.
562.
217.
269.
21.
0.
0.
574.
234,
15.
126.
535,
6,
0.
85.
1123.
243.
1030.
0.
29 .
0.
23.
0,
107,
451,
75.
1309.
255.
0.
430.
225.
60.
260.
0.
9t .
44,
67.
686.
99.
25.
42.
285.
0.
77.
43.
    TOTALS

REGION  I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
       X
                       39000,
                                25000.
                                          39000.
                                                   25000.
                                                                     1521,0
                                                                               600.0
5L63.
6402,
mi.
3536-
7471.
•? L I 2 ,
546.
238 1 ,
7371,
BO ',
3310,
4] 04.
1 097 ,
2?67,
4 789 ,
1995.
350,
152ft.
5046.
517.
3163.
6402,
1711,
3536,
7471 ,
31 L2,
546,
23S1 ,
7H71 ,
907 ,
-5310,
4104.
1097,
2267,
4/D9,
1995,
350.
L5'J6.
5046,
517,
1156.
1434.
383 .
792.
1 673,
697,
122,
573.
1"'6J3.
I8U
201
249
66
1.37
291
121
21
92
30-7
3J
.4
,7
,7
t 9
,4
,4
.3
,9
.0
* 5
/9.4
93.5
26.3
54 . 4
114,9
47,9
3,4
36 , 6
L2L.1
J2.4
                              0.
                              0.
                              0,
                              o-.
                              0.
                              0.
                              0,
                              0,
                              0,
                              0,
13769.

 1823,
 2260.
  604.
 1249,
 2630.
 1099,
  193.
  9-1J ,
 2''79 ,
  235.
                                                      J-l

-------
OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                       SIC 357
        PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — HEAT TREATING
            1975 State and EPA Region Totals
                     (kkg/year)
        Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total
Waste
Hazardous Waste Flammable
(Wet Wt.)(Dry wt.) (Wet Wt.)
wJ *
0.
51,
172.
1079.
268.
253.
98.
121.
9,
0,
0,
259,
128.
7.
57.
241.
3.
0.
38.
506.
109.
464,
0.
13.
0.
10,
0.
48,
203,
34.
815,
115.
0,
194,
101,
27,
117,
0.
4t ,
20.
30.
309.
45.
11,
19.
]28,
0.
34,
19,
6200.
821.
1018.
°7'") .
562.
1188.
495.
87,
379,
1251.
128.
o ^
0.
20.
69.
432.
107.
101.
39.
48.
4.
0.
0.
103,
51,
3.
23,
96,
I.
0.
15,
202,
44,
186.
0,
5 *
0,
4,
0,
19,
81.
13.
3:>6.
46.
0.
78.
41.
11 .
47.
0.
16.
8,
12,
124,
(.3.
5 »
8,
51,
0.
14.
•U,
2480,
328.
407.
109.
225.
475.
19R,
35.
151 .
50.1 .
51,
5.
0.
51.
172,
1079.
268.
253.
98.
121.
9.
0.
0,
259.
128.
7.
57.
241.
3.
0.
38.
506,
109.
464.
0,
13,
0.
10.
0.
48.
203.
34.
815.
115.
0.
194.
101 .
27,
117.
0.
41.
20.
30,
309.
45.
11.
19,
128.
0.
34.
19.
6200.
821.
1018.
ly*
562.
1108.
495 .
87,
379.
1251 .
128.
(Dry Wt.) Solvents
o t
•0.
20.
69.
432.
107.
101.
39.
48.
4.
0.
0.
103.
51.
3.
23.
96.
1.
0.
15.
202.
44.
186.
0.
b »
0.
4,
0.
19,
81.
13.
326.
46.
0.
78.
41.
J 1.
47,
0.
16.
8.
12.
124.
18,
5 »
B.
5.1 .
0,
L4.
8.
2480.
328.
407.
109.
225 ,
4/5,
198,
35.
I'Jl ,
501,
51.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
Heavy
Metala
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0*
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
1,7
0.
17.2
58,7
368.0
91,2
86,3
33.3
41,3
3.2
0.
0,
88,1
43.5
2.3
19.4
32,1
,9
0.
13.0
172.4
37.3
158,2
0.
4.4
0,
3,5
0*
16.5
69.2
11.5
277.8
" 39,2
0,
66.1
34.6
9.3
40.0
0.
13.9
6,8
10.2
105.4
15.3
3.9
6.5
43.7
0.
J 1,8
6.G
2114.0
279.9
347.0
92.7
191,7
405.0
168,7
29.6
129, 1
426.7
43.7
.1
0.
1,3
4.6
28.7
7.1
6.7
2.6
3.2
» *"*
0.
0.
6.9
3.4
,2
1,5
6.4
. 1
0.
1,0
13.5
2,9
12,3
0.
,3
0.
,3
0,
1.3
5.4
,9
21,7
3,1
0.
5,2
2.7
,7
3,1
0.
l.l
» 5
.3
8.2
1.2
.3
.5
3.4
0,
,9
•,5
165.0
21.8
27. L
7,2
15.0
31.6
13,2
2.3
1 0 , 1
33 , 3
3.4
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grindlngs
,0
0.
.5
1.6
10.1
2.5
2.4
.9
1 .1
.1
0.
0.
2. 4
1.2
.1
.5
2.3
.0
0,
,4
4,7
1,0
4,3
0,
,1
0,
, 1.
0,
.5
1,9
,3
7.6
1.1
0,
1.8
.9
.3
1 .1
0.
.4
^
.3
2,9
. 4
. 1
, 2
1 .2
0.
.3
+ "I
58.0
7.7
9,5
2.CJ
5,3
11.1
4,6
,3
3 , 5
11.7
1 , 2
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
,-;, ,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
                       J-2

-------
OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                       SIC 357
        PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — ELECTROPLATING
            1975 State and EPA Region Totals
                     (kkg/year)
        Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO

ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK-
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X

V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)
18.
0.
179.
611.
3829.
949.
898.
346.
430.
33.
0.

0,
937.
453.
24,
202,
(355.
9.
0,
L3o.
1794.
388.
1.646.
0.
46.
0.
37,
0.
171.
720.
120.
2R91.
40S.
0.
688.
360.
96 .
416.
0.
145.
70.
106.
1097.
159,
40.
67.
455.
0.
1 '~''~> »
60.
22000.
2913.
36 Li.
"65.
1"95.
4214.
1 755 .
308.
1343.
4440.
4S5.
(Dry Wt.)
7.
0.
68.
233.
1462.
362.
343.
132.
164.
13.
0.

0.
350.
173.
9.
77.
326.
3.
0,
52.
685.
148.
629.
0.
17.
0.
14.
0.
65.
275.
46.
1104.
156.
0 .
263.
137,
37.
159.
0.
55,
27.
41 .
419.
61 .
15.
26.
174,
0,
47.
26,
8400.
1112.
1379,
368.
762.
1609.
670.
118.
513.
[695.
1/4.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
18.
0.
179.
611.
3829.
949.
898.
346.
430.
33.
0,

0.
917.
'i53.
24.
202 .
855.
9.
0.
136.
1794.
388.
1646.
0.
46.
0,
37.
0.
171.
720,
L20.
2891 ,
408,
0.
688,
360,
96.
416.
0,
145.
70.
106,
1097,
159.
40,
67.
455.
0.
122.
63,
22000.
29 13.
361 1.
965.
1995.
4214.
1 755 .
308 .
1343.
4440.
)o5 ,
(Dry Wt.)
7.
0.
68.
233.
1462.
362.
343.
132.
164,
13.
0.

0 ,
350.
173,
9 ,
77.
326,
3,
0.
52,
685.
148.
629.
0.
17.
0,
14,
0 ,
65 .
275 .
46.
1104.
1 56.
0.
263.
137.
37,
159,
0,
Lj5 *
27.
4L .
419,
61 ,
15.
26.
174.
0,
47.
26.
3400.
1 112.
1379.
3 08 .
762.
J609.
670.
118,
513.
1695.
174.
Flammable Heavy
Solvents
3.
0.
32.
108.
676.
168.
158.
61.
76.
6.
0,

0,
162.
80.
4,
36.
151.
o
0.
24 .
317.
68.
290.
0.
8.
0.
6,
0.
30.
127.
21.
510.
"7O
0.
121.
64.
17.
73.
0.
26.
12.
19.
J 93 .
28.
7.
12.
80.
0.
TT
12 .
3882.
514.
637.
170.
352.
744.
310.
54.
237,
784,
00.
Metals
.1
0.
1.4
4.8
29.9
7.4
7.0
2.7
3.4
.3
0.

0.
7 .2
3.5
t 2
1 ,6
6.7
. 1
0.
1. 1
14,0
3.0
12.9
0.
.4
0.
,3
0.
1.3
5.6
.9
22.6
3.2
0.
5.4
2.3
,8
3,3
0.
1 . 1
.6
.8
8.6
1.2
.3
.5
3.6
0,
1 .0
» 5
172. 0
22.8
28.2
7.5
15.6
32.9
13.7
2. 4
10.5
34,7
3.6
Acids/Alkali
Oils
.1
0,
1.4
4.7
29.6
7.3
6.9
2.7
3.3
.3
0.

0,
7,1
3,5
1 2
1.6
6.6
,1
0,
1 .0
13,9
3.0
12,7
0.
.4
0.
.3
0.
1.3
5.6
.9
22.3
3.2
0.
5 , 3
2,8
,7
3.2
0.
1.1
* 5
.8
8.5
1 . 2
.3
» 5
3.5
0.
,9
. 5
170.0
22,5
27.9
7.5
15.4
32.6
13.6
2.4
10.4
34.3
3.5
Solution
. 2
0.
1.9
6.3
39.7
9.8
9.3
3.6
4.5
* 3
0.

0.
O t '•"
4,7
. 2
2. J
8.9
, 1
0.
1 , 4
18,6
4.0
17,1
0.
.5
0.
. 4
0.
1.8
7,5
1.2
30.0
4.2
0,
7. 1
3,7
1 .0
4.3
0,
1 ,5
.7
1 . 1
11.4
1.6
.4
,7
4,7
0.
1 .3
,7
228.0
30.2
37,4
10.0
20.-?
43.7
J. 3 , 2
3.2
13.9
46.0
4,7
Sweepings &
Cyanide
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,

0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0 ,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
o-.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0 ,
Grind ings
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
                      J-3

-------
OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                       SIC 357
          PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — COATING
            1975 State and EPA Region Totals
                     (kkg/year)
        Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
•II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)
3.
0.
29.
97.
609.
151.
143.
55.
68.
5 *
0.
0.
146.
72 «
4.
32,
136.
1.
0.
22 .
235.
62.
262.
0.
7.
0.
6.
0.
27 .
115.
19.
460.
65 *
0.
109.
57.
15.
66 .
0.
23.
11.
17.
174.
25 .
6.
11.
72.
0.
19.
ii.
3500 .
463,
575.
154.
317,
670.
279.
49.
214,
706.
72.
l(Dry Wt.)
O
0.
21 .
72.
453.
112,
106.
41.
51.
4.
0.
0.
ioa.
54.
3 *
24.
101.
1 ,
0.
16.
^ 1 "* »
46.
195.
0,
5 *
0.
4,
0.
20.
85.
14.
342.
48.
0.
81.
43.
11.
49,
0.
17.
8.
13.
130.
19.
5.
a.
54.
0.
14.
8.
2600,
344.
427.
114.
236.
498,
207,
36.
159,
525.
54.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
3.
0.
29.
97.
609.
151.
143.
55,
68.
5.
0.
0.
146,
72.
4.
32.
136.
1.
0.
22 »
285.
62.
262.
0.
7,
0.
6.
0.
27.
115.
19.
460.
65.
0.
109.
57.
15.
66.
0.
23.
11.
17.
174.
25.
6.
11.
72.
0.
19,
11.
3500.
463.
575.
154.
317.
670.
279.
49.
214.
706 .
~f~)
(Pry Wt.)
2 .
0.
21.
72.
453.
112.
106.
41.
51.
4.
0.
0.
108.
54.
3,
24 ,
101 .
1 .
0.
16.
212 *
46.
195.
0.
5.
0.
4.
0.
20.
85.
14.
342.
48.
0,
81.
43.
11.
49.
0.
17.
S.
13.
130.
19.
5 *
8.
54.
0.
14.
8.
2600.
344.
427.
114.
236.
498.
207.
36.
159.
525.
54.
Flammable
Solvents
9 t
0.
16.
54,
338.
84.
79.
31.
38.
3.
0.
0.
81.
40.
'•) ^
IS.
75.
1.
0.
12.
158.
34.
145.
0.
4.
0.
3.
0.
15.
64.
11.
255.
36.
0.
61.
32.
9.
37.
0,
13.
6.
9.
97,
14.
4.
6.
40.
0.
11.
6.
1941.
257.
319.
85.
176.
372.
155.
27.
119.
392.
40.
Heavy
Metals
* T>
0.^
O •-)
7\1
47.7
11.8
11.2
4.3
5.4
.4
0.
0.
11.4
5.6
,3
2.5
10.6
.1
0.
1.7
22,3
4.8
20.5
0.
,6
0.
.5
0.
2.1
9.0
1,5
36.0
5,1
0.
8.6
4.5
1.2
5.2
0.
1.8
.9
1.3
13.7
2.0
.5
,8
5.7
0.
1.5
.8
274.0
36,3
45,0
12.0
24.8
52.5
21.9
3.8
16,7
55.3
5. 7
Acids/Alkali
Oils
.0
0.
.0
.1
,9
n
* "*
.1
.1
.0
0.
0.
. 2
.1
,0
.0
* "*
.0
0.
.0
.4
.1
.4
0.
.0
0.
.0
0.
.0
1 2
.0
.7
,1
0.
1 2
.1
.0
. ]
0.
.0
.0
.0
* '~*
.0
.0
.0
. 1
0.
.0
.0
5.0
.7
.8
^ 2
. 5
1.0
,4
. I
.3
1.0
,1
Solution
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
Cyanide
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Q.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Sweepings 4
Grindings
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
                        J-4

-------
 OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                        SIC 357
PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — FERROUS AND NONFERROUS  FOUNDRY
             1975 State and EPA Region Totals
                      (kkg/year)

         Total Potentially

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO

ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOW
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X

V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)
20.
0.
196,
667.
4177.
1 036 .
979.
378.
469.
36 *
0,

0.
J001.
494 ,
26 •
220.
932.
10.
0.
148.
1958.
423.
1796.
0.
50.
0.
40.
0.
187.
786,
t30,
U53.
445.
0,
''50.
3<->3.
105,
454,
0.
158.
-f -<
J to,
U96,
173.
44.
73.
496.
'"* *
134.
74 >
24000.
31/7.
3939.
1053.
21/6.
159U.
1913,
336.
1465.
'•1844.
496.
Hazardous
i (Dry Wt . ) (Wet Wt.) (1
20.
0.
196.
667.
4177.
1036,
979.
378.
469.
36 .
0.

0.
1001 .
494.
26 .
220.
932.
10.
0.
148.
195ti.
423,
1796.
0.
50.
0.
40,
0.
107.
786.
J30.
3153.
445.
0.
750.
393.
105.
454.
0.
158.
77.
116.
1196.
173.
44.
73.
496,
0.
134,
74.
24000,
3177,
3939.
1053,
2176.
4098,
1915,
336,
1465.
4844,
496.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0 ,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0 ,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0 ,
0.
Waste Flammable
Dry Wt.) Solvents
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
Heavy
Metals
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.

0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0;
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
6.
0.
0.
0,
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0 *
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
&.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grindines
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0 .
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
o,-
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
                      J-5

-------
OFFICE, COMPUTING AND. ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                       SIC 357
        PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — MACHINE  SHOP
            1977 State and EPA  Region Totals
                     (kkg/year)
        Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.:
32.
0.
318.
1083.
6788.
1683,
J591,
614.
762,
59 •
0,
0
1626.
803.
42.
3t>8.
LSI 5.
16.
0.
241.
3181.
687.
2918,
0.
01 .
0.
65.
0,
303.
1277,
O t O
51.24,
7 2 "5.
0,
1219,
63$,
17! ,
737-
0,
2 5 7 ,
125 -
J89,
J 944,
292 ,
71,
1.1°.
807
0 *
2 1 7 ,
l-H,
39000 ,
5J.ft3,
6402,
171.1,
3536,
74 7i,
3112,
'346,
23-<31 ,
70/1.
0'),',
I (Dry Wt . )
21,
0,
204,
694.
4352.
1079.
1020.
394.
489.
38.
0,
0.
1042,
515,
27.
T">9 t
97 L .
10.
0.
154.
2039,
441 ,
1371,
0.
i= ">
0,
4?,
0.
195,
8 I*.
136,
3285.
463,
0,
781 ,
409,
1.10.
473.
0.
1 .55.
80 .
J?l ,
1246,
181 ,
46,
76.
SI"7.
0.
13°.
77,
25000 .
5310.
4104,
1097,
2267,
4709,
1995,
3roO
1526.
'JO 46.
5 1 -' ,
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt,
32.
0.
318.
1083.
6788.
1683.
1591.
614,
762.
59.
0.
0,
1626.
803.
42,
350.
1515.
16.
0.
241 ,
3181,
637.
2918.
0.
81.
0.
65,
0.
303,
1277,
212.
5124.
723.
0.
1219.
638,
171,
737.
0.
2Lv7,
125.
189-
1944.
282 *
71.
119.
807,
0.
217.
121 .
39000,
G163.
6402,
1.711,
3536 ,
7471 ,
3112,
'516.
2301 ,
7f!7l .
no-7.
.) (Pry Wt.)
21.
0.
204.
694,
4352.
1079.
1020.
394.
489.
38.
0.
0.
1042.
515.
27.
T-)Q ,
971.
10.
0.
154.
2039.
441.
1871,
0.
52.
0,
42,
0.
195.
819.
136,
3285.
463.
0.
78J ,
409,
110.
473.
0.
165.
80.
121 ,
1246,
181.
46.
76.
517.
0.
139,
77.
2GOOO
,5310,
4 I 04,
1097,
°267 ,
47U9,
1V95,
3I"0 .
1 b"26 ,
50 4f. ,
51 7 .
Flammable Heavy
Solvents
7.
0.
71.
243.
1520.
377.
356.
138.
171 .
13.
0.
0,
364,
ISO.
9.
80.
339.
4.
0.
54.
712.
154.
o54 .
0.
1.8.
0.
15.
0,
68.
286 ,
47.
1 148,
162.
0,
273,
143.
30.
16:;.
o ,
57,
28,
42,
435 ,
63,
16,
27.
1SL,
0,
49,
27.
8735,
1 1 56 ,
1434,
383,
792
1673,
697.
122,
533,
176J,
KM ,
Metals
1.3
0.
12.4
42. 2
264.7
65.6
62.1
24,0
29.7
2.3
0.
0.
63.4
31 ,3
1.6
14.0
39.1
.6
0,
9.4
124,1
26. 3
113,8
0.
3,2
0,
2.5
0.
11,8
49.8
8.3
199,8
28.2
0.
47,5
24,9
6.7
28.7
0,
10.0
4,9
7,4
75,3
11.0
2,0
4.6
31.5
0.
8,5
4, 7
1521 ,0
20J , 4
249.7
66,7
137.9
291 ,4
121-4
21,3
^2,9
,30~7-Q
31 ,'j
Acids/Alkali
Oils
* 5
0.
4.9
16,7
104,4
25.9
24,5
9,4
11,7
,9
0,
0,
25.0
12.4
,6
5.5
23.3
D
0.
3.7
48.9
10.6
44.9
0.
1 .2
0,
1.0
0,
4.7
19.6
3.3
78.8
11.1
0.
18.8
9,8
2,6
11,3
0.
3,9
1 ,9
2.9
29.9
4,3
1.1
US
12,4
0,
3,3
J -9
600,0
79,4
98.5
26.3
54,4
114,9
47, <5
0. 4
36 , 6
121-1
12,4
Solution
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-0">
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
Cyanide
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
Sweepings &
Grinding s
11.
0,
112.
382.
2397.
594.
562.
217.
269.
21.
0.
0.
574.
284.
15.
126.
535,
6.
0.
85.
1123.
243.
1030.
0.
29,
0.
23,
0.'
107.
451.
75.
1809.
255.
0.
430.
225,
60.
260,
0.
91.
44,
67.
686.
99.
25.
42.
285,
0,
77 ,
43.
13769.
1823,
2260,
604.
1243,
2630.
1099,
1
-------
                                  OFFICE,  COMPUTIHG AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                        SIC 357
                                          PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — HEAT TREATING
                                              1977 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                      (kkg/year)
                                          Total Potentially
                   Total Hazardous Constituents  (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total
Waste
(Wet Wt.HDry Wt.)
3.
0.
51.
172.
1079.
268.
253.
"8.
121.
9.
0,
0.
259.
L28.
7 ^
57.
241.
3.
0.
38 ,
506,
109,
4o4.
0.
13.
0.
10.
0.
48.
203.
34.
815.
115.
0.
194,
101 .
1-7 ^
117.
0.
41.
20 ,
30.
309 ,
45.
11 .
19,
128,
0,
34,
1.9.
1
0.
20,
69.
432.
107.
101.
39.
43.
4.
0,
0.
103.
51.
3.
23,
96.
1 .
0.
15.
202 .
44.
186.
0.
5,
0.
4.
0,
19.
81.
13,
326.
46.
0.
78.
41,
1 1..
47.
0.
16.
a.
12,
124.
18,
vj *
8.
51.
0.
1.4,
8.
Hazardous Waste Flammable
(Wet Wt.)
a.
0.
51.
172,
1079.
268.
253.
98.
121.
9.
0.
0.
259.
128.
7,
57,
241 ,
3.
0.
38.
506.
109.
464,
0.
13,
0.
10.
0,
48.
203.
34.
815.
115,
0.
194.
101.
27 .
117,
0.
41.
20.
30.
309,
45,
11,
L9.
128,
0.
34,
19.
(Dry Wt.) Solvents
i
0.
20.
69.
432.
107.
101.
39.
48.
4.
0.
0.
103.
51.
3.
23.
96.
1.
0,
15.
202.
44.
186.
0.
5.
0,
4.
0.
19,
81.
13.
526,
46,
0.
78.
41.
LI.
47,
0.
16.
8,
12 ,
124.
18.
5.
8.
51.
0,
14.
8.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
Heavy
Metals
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0-
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
1.7
0.
17.2
58.7
368.0
91.2
86.3
33.3
41.3
3. 2
0,
0.
88.1
43.5
2,3
19.4
82. 1
.9
0.
13.0
172.4
37,3
158.2
0,
4.4
0.
3.5
0.
16.5
69.2
1.1.5
277.3
39.2
0.
66.1
34.6
9,3
40.0
0.
13.9
6.8
10.2
105.4
15,3
3.9
6.5
43.7
0.
11,8
6.5
.1
0.
1,3
4.6
28.7
7.1
6.7
2.6
3.2
">
0.
0.
6.9
3.4
* 2
1,5
6.4
.1
0.
1 .0
13.5
2.9
12.3
0.
+ 3
0.
,3
0.
I .3
5.4
.9
21.7
3. I
0.
5,2
2 . 7
,7
3.1
0.
1,1
tr
* \J
.8
8,2
1.2
.3
cr
* vj
3.4
0.
.9
. 5
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grindings
.0
0.
.5
1.6
10.1
2.5
2.4
.9
1.1
.1
0.
0.
2.4
1.2
.1
* 5
2,3
.0
0. '
.4
4.7
1.0
4.3
0.
.1
0.
.1
0.
. 5
1 .9
,3
7.6
1.1
0.
1.8
,9
.3
1,1
0.
.4
» '^
.3
2,9
.4
.1
1 2
1.2
0,
.3
1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
    TOTALS

REGION  I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
       X
                       6200.
                                2480.
                                          6200,
2480.
                           2114.0
                                     165.0
                                                38.0
                                                           0.
821,
1018.
T71 t
562 .
1138.
495.
87,
37«
1251 .
128.
328.
407,
109.
Tier
i. V- O 9
475,
198.
?U t
1 ! j 1 ,
50 t ,
r'l .
821 ,
10L8.
*"* y* +
562.
1180.
495 ,
8~> ,
379.
1251 .
128.
323.
407.
109,
225 ,
47?,.
190.
35.
15 L,
501.
H] .
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
279,9
347,0
92.7
191.7
405.0
168.7
29,6
129, L
426. 7
43.7
21.0
27. L
7.2
15,0
31,6
13,2
2.3
10,1
33.3
3.4
7,7
9,5
2.5
5.3
13 , t
4,6
,8
3,5
11.7
I .2
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0-
                                                       J-7

-------
OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                       SIC  357
        PROCESS WASTE GENERATION —  ELECTROPLATING
            1977 State and  EPA Region Totals
                     (kkg/year)
        Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.:
18.
0,
179.
611.
382".
94",
898.
344.
430,
33 .
0-
0,
"17,
453.
24.
202,
8rri=T
>J J .
9,
0.
136,
1794,
330.
1,646.
0.
46.
0.
37.
0,
171.
720.
120.
2891.
403.
0,
683,
,560.
94 ,
416,
0.
145.
70,
106.
J097.
159.
40.
67.
4-53.
0,
122,
68.
22000 .
2913.
361 1.
965,
!<•"•> 5,
4214,
J7S~,
308.
[;543.
4440 ,
455.
KDry Wt.:
7.
0.
68.
233.
1462.
362.
343.
132,
164,
13.
0.
0,
350.
173.
9.
77,
326.
3.
0.
52,
685.
148.
62",
0,
17.
0.
14,
0.
65,
275.
46.
1 1 04 .
156.
0,
263,
137,
37.
15".
0.
55.
27.
41 .
4J9,
61.
15.
26.
174.
0.
47.
26.
8400.
J 1 12.
1379.
368.
762.
1609.
670.
118.
513.
Ic^S.
171.
Hazardous Waste
> (Wet Wt.)
18.
0.
179.
611,
3829,
949,
898.
346.
430.
33,
0,
0,
917,
453,
24,
202,
855,
9.
0,
136,
1794,
388.
1646,
0,
46,
0,
37.
0,
171,
720,
120,
2891.
408,
0.
688.
360.
96.
416.
0.
145.
70,
106.
1097.
159,
40.
67.
455.
0.
122 ,
68,
22000,
2913,
3611.
965.
lr/'95.
1214,
•755.
308.
1343,
4440,
455,
1 (Dry Wt.:
7.
0.
68.
233.
1462.
362.
343.
132.
164.
13.
0.
0.
350,
173.
9.
77.
326.
3.
0,
52.
685.
148.
629.
0.
17.
0,
14,
0.
65.
275.
46.
1104.
156.
0.
263.
137.
37.
159.
0.
55 *
27.
41.
419.
61.
15.
26.
174.
0.
47.
26.
8400.
1112.
1379.
368.
762.
1609,
670.
1.13.
513.
1695.
J74.
Flammable Heavy
) Solvents
3.
0.
32.
108.
676.
168.
158.
61.
76.
6.
0.
0.
162.
80.
4.
36.
151.
rt
0.
24,
3f7.
68.
290.
0.
8.
0,
6,
0.
30,
127,
21,
510,
72.
0.
121,
64,
17.
73.
0.
26.
12.
19,
193.
28,
7,
12.
90.
0.
r1'~) ^
12.
3S32.
514.
637.
170,
352.
744.
310.
54.
237,
784,
30.
Metals
.1
0.
1.4
4.8
29.9
7,4
7.0
2,7
3,4
.3
0.
0.
7.2
3.5
.2
1.6
6.7
.1
0,
1.1
14,0
3.0
12 . Q
0,
.4
0,
.3
0,
1.3
5.6
.9
22.6
3.2
0,
5.4
2.3
.8
3.3
0.
1.1
.6
,8
8.6
1.2
,3
.5
3,6
0,
1 .0
.5
172,0
~)o q
28,2
7.5
15.6
32 a 9
13,7
2.4
10.5
'54,7
3,6
Acids /Alkali
Oils
.1
0.
1.4
4.7
29.6
7.3
6.9
2.7
3.3
.3
0.
0.
7.1
3.5
.2
1.6
6.6
,1
0.
1.0
13.9
3.0
12,7
0,
.4
0.
.3
0.
1.3
5*6
.9
22.3
3.2
0.
5.3
2,8
.7
3.2
0.
1 . 1
. 5
.8
8.5
1.2
.3
.5
3.5
0.
,9
. 5
170,0
22.5
27.'?
7.5
15.4-
32.6
J 3 . 6
2 . 4
10.4
34,3
3.5
Solution
1 2
0.
1.9
6.3
39.7
9.8
9.3
3.6
4.5
,3
0.
0.
9.5
4.7
* 2
2. 1
8.9
.1
0.
1 .4
18.6
4 ,0
17. L
0,
.5
0.
,4
0.
1,8
7.5
1,2
30,0
4.2
0,
7.1
3.7
1.0
4,3
0,
1,5
,7
1 , t
11,4
1,6
. 4
, 7
4,7
0,
1 . 3
. 7
228.0
30.2
37.4
10, 0
20-.-7-
43,7
10,2
3,2
13,9
4i.O
4.7
Sweep ins s &
Cyanide
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
.0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0 ,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
Grindings
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
                      J-8

-------
                                 OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                       SIC 357
                                           PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — COATING
                                             1977 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                     (kkg/year)
                                         Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents  (Dry Wt.)

EPA
Total Waste Hazardous Waste Flammable Heavy
State Region (Wet Wt.XDry Wt.) (Wet Wt.) (Dry Wt.) Solvents Metals
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
HI
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
3.
0.
29.
97.
609.
151 .
143.
55.
68,
5,
0.
0,
146.
72.
4,
32,
136.
L ,
0,
22 ,
285,
o2.
262,
0.
7,
0,
6.
0.
27.
L15.
19,
460-
o5.
0,
J 09 .
5 7 *
15.
66.
0.
23,
1 1 .
17.
174,
25.
6.
1.1.
72.
0,
19.
11.
2.
0.
21 .
72.
453.
112.
106.
41 .
51.
4.
0.
0.
10(3.
54.
3.
24,
101.
1 .
0,
16.
212.
46.
195,
0.
5,
0.
4.
0.
20.
85.
14.
342.
48.
0.
81 ,
43,
11 .
49,
0,
17,
8.
13.
130.
19.
5 .
8.
54.
0.
J 4.
8.
3.
0.
29 .
97.
609.
151.
143.
55.
68.
5 *
0.
0.
146.
72 .
4,
32.
136.
L .
0.
22 *
205 .
62.
262.
0.
7.
0.
6.
0.
27.
115.
19.
460.
65.
0.
109.
57 .
15.
66.
0.
23.
11 ,
J7.
174.
25.
6.
11.
72.
0.
19,
1 1 ,
2 ,
0.
21.
72.
453.
112.
106.
41 .
51 .
4,
0.
0.
108.
54,
3.
24,
101,
1 ,
0.
16.
2L2,
46,
195,
0.
5.
0.
4.
0.
20.
85.
14.
342.
48,
0,
81 .
43.
1 t .
4V.
0.
17,
8,
13.
130.
19,
5.
8.
54.
0.
1 4.
8.
2 ,
0.
16.
54.
338.
84.
79.
31.
38.
3,
0.
0,
81 .
40.
2,
13.
75.
t .
0.
1.2.
150.
34.
145.
0.
4.
0.
3.
0,
15.
64.
11 .
255 .
36.
0,
61.
32 .
9,
37.
0.
13.
6.
9.
97.
14.
4.
6.
40.
0.
11.
6.
>2
0.
"> O
7.6
47. 7
11.8
11.2
4.3
5.4
,4
0,
0.
11.4
5. 6
,3
2. . 5
10,6
,1
0.
1,7
22.3
4.8
20,5
0.
.6
0.
.5
0.
2 , i
9.0
1.5
36.0
5.1
0.
8.6
4.5
1 .2
5*2
0.
1 .8
.9
1,3
13,7
2.0
,5
.8
5.7
0.
1 .5
.8
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution £
.0
0,
.0
.1
,9
o
,2
,1
.1
,0
0,
0.
. 2
.1
-.0
.0
.2
.0
0.
.0
.4
.1
.4
0.
.0
0.
.0
0.
.0
. 2
,0
.7
.1
0.
.2
.1
,0
,1
0.
.0
.0
,0
,2
,0
.0
.0
.1
0.
,0
,0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
Sweepings &
yanide Grlndlngs
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
    TOTALS

REGION I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
       X
                         3500.
                                  2600.
                                            3500,
                                                     2600.
                                                              194.1,
                                                                       274.0
                                                                                    .0
463.
575.
154.
317,
670.
27°.
49.
214,
706 .
72 .
J44,
427.
114.
236.
490,
207,
36.
159.
525.
54,
463,
575,
154.
3J7.
6/0,
279,
49.
214,
706.
72 .
344.
427.
114.
236 ,
498.
207.
36.
159.
525,
54,
257.
319.
85.
174 .
372,
15v' ,
27,
119,
392.
40,
36
45
12
24
52
21
3
16
Li5
5
.3
,0
,0
,8
, 5
.9
.8
.7
» -3
.7
.7
.8
* 2
.5
1,0
.4
. 1
• 3
1.0
.1
                      0.
                      0.
                      0,
                      0.
                      0,
                      0.
                      0.
                      0.
                      0,
                      0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
                                                      J-9

-------
 OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                        SIC 357
PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — FERROUS AND NONFERROUS  FOUNDRY
             1977 State and EFA Region Totals
                      (kkg/year)
         Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
WINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.XDry Wt.) (ft
18.
0.
J79.
61. I ,
3829.
949.
098,
346.
4 "50.
33.
0,
0,
917.
453,
24.
CO 2 ,
855.

0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0, 0. 0. 0, 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, o.- 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0, 0, 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, 0, 0. 0, 0. 0, 0, 0. 0. 0, 0, 0, 0. 0. 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. 0, 0. 0, 0. 0. 0, 0, 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. 0 0, 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0, Sweepings & Cyanide Grindings 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0. 0, 0. 0, 0, 0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. 0. 0. 0, 0 , 0, 0, 0, 0. 0. 0, 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0. 0, 0. 0, 0. 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. 0, 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, 0, 0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0, 0, 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0. 0, 0. 0, J-10


-------
OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                       SIC 357
        PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — MACHINE SHOP
            1983 State and EPA Region Totals
                     (kkg/year)
        Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total
Waste
(Wet Wt.XDry Wt.)
72.
0.
709.
2416.
15143,
3754,
3550 .
1370.
1 700 .
131 .
0.
0.
3620,
1 7°2 ,
93.
790.
3380.
35.
0,
537.
7096,
1533,
6510.
0.
10 L.
0,
1 45 ,
0.
677,
2849,
473.
1 1431 .
1612.
0.
2719,
1423.
581.
1644,
0.
573.
2/8,
421.
4336,
623.
159.
266.
1300.
0,
4(34,
270,
87000,
11513,
14200,
3017,
'338 ,
1 6666,
6942,
L2J8,
'",31?,
1 7559,
1.800.
60.
0.
595.
2027.
12706.
3150.
2979.
1150.
1427.
1 10.
0.
0.
3044 ,
1503.
70.
670,
2036.
29.
O.
450.
5954.
1287.
5463.
0.
152.
0.
122.
0.
568.
2391.
397.
9592.
1353.
0,
2282 ,
1194,
320.
1390,
0.
480.
234.
3G3,
3639,
527.
134.
223,
J 5 1 0 ,
0.
406.
226,
.'3000,
9665.
J J982.
3202 ,
6619,
13984,
5825.
L022,
4457 ,
14734.
1510.
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
60.
0.
595.
2027.
12706.
3150.
2979.
1150.
\ 427.
110.
0.
0.
3044.
1503.
78,
670,
2836.
29,
0.
450.
5954,
1287.
5463.
0,
152.
0,
122.
0.
568.
2391.
397.
9592,
1353.
0.
2282 ,
1194.
320.
1300.
0.
480,
234.
353 .
3639,
527.
134.
223.
1510.
0.
406.
226.
73000.
9665,
1 1932,
3202.
6619,
13984,
5825,
1 022.
4457,
14734,
1510.
(Dry Wt.)
49.
0.
481 .
1639.
10270.
2546,
2408.
929.
1153.
89,
0,
0.
2460.
1215.
63,
541.
2292 .
24.
0 .
364.
4312,
1040.
4415,
0.
123.
0.
98.
0,
459.
1932.
321.
7702.
1093.
0.
1844.
965.
258.
1115.
0.
388.
139.
286.
2941.
426.
108.
100.
122.1 ,
0,
328.
103,
59000.
7811 ,
9684,
2538,
5349,
1 1302,
4708.
026,
3602.
J 1908,
1221,
Flammable
Solvents
7.
0.
71.
243.
1520.
377.
356.
138.
171.
13.
0.
0.
364,
ISO.
9.
30,
339.
4.
0.
54,
712,
154.
654.
0.
18.
0.
15.
0.
68.
286.
47.
1148.
162.
0.
273,
143.
38.
165.
0.
57,
28,
42,
435.
63.
16,
27.
181 ,
0.
49.
2^.
8735.
1 156.
1434,
383.
7Q2.
1673.
697.
122,
533,
I "' 6 3 .
181.
Heavy
Metals
1.4
0.
13.5
46.1
289.1
71.7
67.8
26.2
32.5
2.5
0.
0.
69.3
34.2
1 .8
15.2
64.5
.7
0.
10.2
135.5
29.3
124.3
0.
3.5
0.
2.3
0.
12.9
54.4
9.0
2JS.2
30.8
0.
51,9
27 > 2
7.3
31 ,4
0.
10.9
5.3
3.0
82.8
12,0
3.0
5,1
34.4
0.
9,2
5. 1
1661.0
219,9
272.6
72 .9
150.6
318.2
132 ,5
23, 2
101 ,4
335 ,2
34.4
Acids /Alkali
Oils Solution
5,8
0.
57.1
194.5
1218,9
302.2
285.8
110,3
136.9
10.5
0.
0.
292.0
144,2
7.5
64.3
272.0
2.8
0.
43.2
571.2
123.4
524,0
0,
14,6
0 ,
11.7
0.
54.5
229.3
38.1
920.1
129,8
0.
218.9
114.6
30,7
132,4
0.
46. 1
22 . 4
33,9
349,1
50.6
12.8
21.4
144,9
0,
39,0
21,7
7003,0
927, ]
1 149.5
307,2
635.0
1341.5
558,8
98,0
427,6
1413,4
144.9
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0 >
Sweepings &
Cyanide
.0
0.
.0
.1
.7
.2
to
. 1
.1
.0
0.
0.

.1
.0
.0

.0
0 .
• 0
.3
.1
,3
0 ,
, 0
0 .
.0
0.
.0
.1
.0
. 5
. 1
0.
.1
. 1
.0
. 1
0 .
.0
.0
.0
^ 2
,0
,0
,0
, J
0,
.0
.0
4,0
» O
* 7
"T
.4
.0
,3
,1

.0
,1
Grindings
11.
0.
112.
382.
2397.
594.
562.
217.
269.
21 .
0.
0.
574.
284.
15.
126.
535.
6.
0 .
85.
1123.
243,
1030.
0.
29.
0 .
23.
0.
107.
451 ,
75.
1309.
255.
0.
430.
225 .
60.
260.
0.
91 .
44.
67.
686.
99.
25.
42.
285,
0,
77,
43,
13769,
1823.
2260.
604.
12*13,
2638,
1099.
193.
84 L.
2779.
285,
                      J-ll

-------
OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                       SIC 357
        PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — HEAT TREATING
            1983 State and EPA Region Totals
                     (kkg/year)

        Total Potentially

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total
Waste
(Wet Wt.)(Pry Wt.)
16.
0.
155.
528.
3307.
820.
775.
299.
371.
29.
0.
0.
792.
391.
20.
174,
738.
8.
0.
117>
1550.
335.
1422.
0.
40.
0.
32.
0.
148.
622 »
103.
2496.
352.
0.
594.
311.
83.
359,
0,
125,
4,
1122.
0.
31.
0.
25.
0.
117.
491,
92.
1971.
278.
0.
469.
245,
,46.
234,
0.
99.
48.
73,
748,
108.
~*7 .
4c>.
310.
0.
03.
4o .
15000,
1986.
2462.
658.
1360.
2874,
1197,
210.
916,
3027,
310,
Hazardous Waste Flammable
(Wet Wt.) (Dry Wt.) Solvents
10.
0.
98.
333.
2089.
518.
490.
189.
235.
18.
0.
0.
500.
247.
13.
110,
466.
5.
0.
74.
979,
"* 1 '* >
898.
0,
25.
0.
20.
0.
93.
393.
65.
1577,
222 *
0.
375.
196.
53 *
227 ,
0.
79.
38.
53,
598,
87,
OO t
37.
248.
0.
67.
37,
12000.
1589.
1970,
526.
1038-
TOQQ ^
957,
168.
733.
"> i} ")") t
2
1.0
,0
0,
1 2
2,0
,4
1.9
0.
.1
0.
.0
0.
o
.8
.1
3.3
.5
0.
.8
, 4
.1
* 5
0,
o
,1
.1
1 .2
*?
.0
,1
.5
0,
.1
.1
25.0
3.3
4.1
1, 1
2-3
4,8
2.0
,3
1,5
5.0
» 5
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
6.7
0.
66.0
225.0
1410.1
349.6
330.6
127,6
158.3
1 *"* » ***
0.'
0.
337. B
166.8
8.7
74.3
314,7
3.3
0,
50.0
660.8
142.8
606.2
0.
16.9
0.
13.5
0.
63.0
265.3
44.0
1064,4
150.1
0.
253.2
132.5
35 . 5
153.1
0.
53.3
25.9
39.2
403,8
58.5
14.9
24.7
167.6
0.
45.1
25.1
8101.0
1072,5
132". 7
355 . 4
734.5
1551,9
616.4
113.4
494.6
1635,1
167.6
.1
0.
1 .2
4.2
26.1
6.5
6.1
2.4
2.9
+ 2
0.
0.
6.3
3.1
t 2
1 ,4
5.8
.1
0.
.9
12.2
2.6
11 .2
0.
.3
0.
,3
0.
1.2
4,9
,8
19.7
2.8
0.
4.7
2.5
.7
2.8
0.
1 .0
. 5
.7
7.5
1.1
.3
. 5
3.1
0.
.8
.5
150.0
19.9
24,6
6.6
13.6
28.7
12.0
2, 1
o , 2
30,3
3,1
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grindings
.5
0.
5.3
18.1
113.1
28.0
26.5
10,2
12.7
1,0
0,
0,
27,1
13.4
,7
6,0
25,2
.3
0.
4,0
53.0
11.5
48.6
0,
1.4
0.
1 .1
0.
5.1
21.3
3.5
85.4
12,0
0,
20,3
10,6
2.8
12,3
0,
4.3
2.1
3.1
32.4
4.7
1.2
2.0
13. 4
0.
3.6
2.0
650.0
36,1
106.7
23.5
53.9
124,5
51,9
9. 1
39, 7
131,2
13*4
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
                      J-12

-------
                                  OFFICE,  COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                        SIC 357
                                          PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — ELECTROPLATING
                                             1983 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                      (kkg/year)
                                         Total Potentially
                                                Total Hazardous Constituents  (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO

ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW UERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
x

V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total
Waste
(Wet Wt . ) (Dry_ Wt . )
25.
0.
244 *
333.
522? .
1295,
1224.
472.
586.
45.
0.

0.
1251.
618.
32.
275.
i]o5.
12 .
0.
185.
2447.
529.
2245.
0.
62.
0.
50.
0.
233.
"32.
163.
3942.
55o .
0,
938,
491 .
L31 .
567.
0,
1 97.
96.
145.
1495.
2 17.
55.
92.
621 .
0.
L6"7.
93.
14.
0.
139.
472.
2939,
734.
694,
268,
332,
26.
0,

0.
709.
350.
13,
156,
660,
7.
0,
105.
1387.
300,
1272,
0,
35.
0.
28,
0.
132,
557.
92 .
2234 ,
315,
0.
531.
273.
74.
321.
0.
112.
54.
32.
847,
123.
31 .
52.
352.
0.
95.
53 .
Hazardous Waste Flammable
(Wet Wt.)
19.
0.
187,
639.
4003.
993.
939.
362.
449,
35.
0.

0.
959.
474.
25,
211.
893.
9.
0.
142,
1876.
405.
1721,
0.
48.
0.
38.
0.
179,
753.
125.
3022.
426.
0.
719,
376,
101 ,
435.
0.
151.
74,
111.
1146.
166.
42,
70.
476.
0.
128.
71 ,
(Dry We.) Solvents
7.
0.
73.
250.
1567.
388.
367.
142.
176.
14.
0.

0.
375.
185.
10,
33.
350.
4.
0.
56.
734.
159.
673,
0 ,
19,
0.
15,
0,
70.
295 .
49,
1183,
167,
0,
281,
147,
39.
170.
0.
59.
29.
44.
449.
65.
16.
27.
186.
0.
50.
' Q
3.
0,
32,
108.
676.
168.
158,
61,
76.
6.
0.

0,
162.
80.
4.
36.
151,
o
0.
24.
317.
68.
290,
0.
3,
0,
6.
0.
30.
127.
21.
510.
72 *
0.
121.
64.
17.
73.
0,
26.
L2.
19,
193.
28.
7.
12.
80.
0,
'TO
12,
Heavy
Metals
o
0.
2*2
7.6
47.7
11.8
31.2
4.3
5.4
,4
0.

0.
11.4
5,6
.3
2.5
10,6
. 1
0.
1 ,7
22,3
4,3
20.5
0 .
.6
0.
.5
0.
2. 1
9,0
1 ,5
36.0
5. 1
0.
8.6
4.5
1 .2
5.2
0.
1 ,8
. 9
1.3
13.7
2.0
. 5
.8
5.7
0.
I .5
.3
Acids /Alkali
Sweepings &
Oils Solution Cyanide Grindings
.8
0.
8.3
28,2
177.0
43.9
41.5
16,0
19.9
1 .5
0.

0.
42 , 4
20.9
1,1
9.3
39.5
, 4
0.
6.3
83.0
17.9
76.1
0 *
2. 1
0.
1 .7
0.
7.9
33.3
5.5
133,6
18,8
0.
31 ,8
16,6
4.5
19 ,2
0.
o.7
3,3
4,9
50,7
7,3
1 .9
3, 1
21.0
0,
5.7
3,2
t >->
0.
1.9
6.3
39.7
9.8
9.3
3,6
4,5
,3
0.

0.
9,5
4.7
+ 2
2. 1
8.9
, 1
0 .
1 . 4
13.6
4.0
17. 1
0 *
,5
0.
,4
0.
1 ,8
7.5
1 .2
30.0
4 .2
0.
7 » 1
3.7
1 .0
4.3
0 .
1*5
,7
1 . 1
11.4
1 .6
.4
,7
4.7
0.
1 .5
,7
.0
0.
.0
.0
, 2
.0
.0
,0
.0
.0
0.

0 ,
,0
.0
.0
, 0
.0
, 0
0 *
, 0
, 1
. 0
, 1

*
.0
0 .
. 0
0.
.0
. 0
. 0
. 1
.0
0 ,
.0
,0
.0
.0
0 .
.0
.0
,0
,0
. 0
, 0
.0
.0
0.
,0
,0
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.

0 .
0.
0.
0.
0 ,
0.
0 ,
0 ,
0 ,
0 ,
0 ,
0 ,

,
0 ,
0,
0 ,
0.
0,
0.
0 ,
0 ,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
o ,
0 ,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0 ,
0 ,
0 .
0,
0.
0.
-0.
    TOTALS

REGION I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
       X
30000,
         I.7QOO.
                  23000.
                             9000,
                                      38S2
                                               274,0   1017,0
3972,
4924,
L316,
2720 .
5747,
2 3 ° 4 .
•>20,
1032-
6055,
621,
2251.
2790.
746.
1541 .
3257,
1356.
230.
1033.
343! .
352,
3045.
3775,
I 009 ,
2085 ,
4406.
1835.
322.
] 404.
4642.
476,
1 192.
1477.
395 .
016 ,
1 724 .
~ 1. 3 .
I2o,
549.
1U16.
186.
514,
637.
L 70 .
352 .
744.
310,
54,
237 ,
784.
00,
36
45
12
24
52
21
3
L 6
55
5
.3
.0
.0
.8
* 5
,9
.3
, 7
,-J
,7
L34
1


1



n

66
44
92
94
31
14
62
05
21
.6
,9
.6
, 2
.8
.1
, 2
,1
.3
.0
30
37
JO
2"
U
18
2
13
46
4
>2
,4
.0
-t -f
t ~/
,2
.2
,9
.0
, 7
                                                                              1 .0

                                                                               .1

                                                                               ,0
                                                                               .1

                                                                               ,1
                                                                               .0
                                                                               .1
0.

0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
c,
0,
0,
0,
0,
                                                       J-13

-------
                                 OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                                                       SIC 357
                                           PROCESS WASTE GENERATION -- COATING
                                             1983 State and EPA Region Totals
                                                     (kkg/year)
                                         Total  Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

State R«
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLOR'IOA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
EPA
igion
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
Total Waste
(Wet Wt.
14.
0.
139.
472,
2959,
734,
694.
268.
332,
26.
0,
0.
709,
350,
18.
156.
660.
7.
0.
105,
1307.
300,
1272.
0.
35,
0,
28,
0,
132,
557.
92,
2234.
315.
0,
531.
27S,
74.
32J .
0,
1 12.
S 4 .
82,
847,
123.
31.
52 *
352,
0.
95,
53.
)(Dry Wt.)
13.
0.
130.
444.
2785.
690.
653.
252 ,
313.
24 ,
0.
0.
667.
330.
17,
147,
622,
6,
0,
99,
1305,
282,
1197.
0,
33.
0,
27,
0.
125.
524.
37.
2102.
297.
0,
500.
262,
70.
302.
0.
105.
51 .
77.
798.
116.
29.
49.
331.
0.
89,
50,
Hazardous Waste
(Wet Wt.)
7.
0.
73.
250.
1567.
388.
367.
142.
176.
14.
0.
0.
375,
185.
10.
03.
350.
4.
0.
56.
734.
159.
673.
0.
19.
0.
15.
0.
70.
295.
49.
1183,
167.
0.
281.
147.
39.
170.
0.
59,
29,
44.
449,
65,
16,
27.
186.
0.
50,
28.
(Dry Wt . )
7,
0.
65.
9OO
1392.
345,
326.
126,
156,
12.
0.
0.
334.
165.'
9.
73.
311.
3.
0,
49,
653,
14] .
599,
0.
17,
0.
13.
0.
62.
262.
43.
1051.
148.
0,
250,
131 ,
35,
151.
0.
53.
26.
39,
399.
58.
15.
24.
165,
0.
45,
~>5 ,
Flammable
Solvents
<-> t
0.
16,
54,
333.
84.
79.
31.
38.
3.
0.
0.
81.
40.
0 +
18.
75.
t .
0.
12.
158.
34.
145,
0.
4,
0,
3,
0.
15,
64.
LI.
255,
36.
0.
61,
32,
9.
37,
0.
13,
6.
9,
97.
14,
4,
6.
40.
0.
It .
6,
Heavy
Metals
.4
0.
4.0
13.5
84.4
20.9
19.8
7.6
9,5
.7
0.
0.
20.2
10.0
5
4,4
18,8
* ^
0.
3.0
39,6
8,5
36.3
0.
1.0
0.
.8
0,
3.8
15.9
2.6
63.7
9.0
0.
15.2
7.9
2. 1
9.2
0.
3.2
1.6
2,3
'^ 4 * "*
3,5
,9
1,5
10.0
0,
2. 7
1 . G
Acids/Alkali
Oils
4.0
0.
39.4
134.3
841,6
208.6
197.3
76.1
94.5
7.3
0.
0.
203 ,6
99.6
5.2
44,4
187.3
1,9
0.
29,3
394.4
85.2
361 .8
0.
10. 1.
0,
8,1
0,
37,6
158,3
26,3
635.3
89.6
0.
151 . 1
79.1
21.2
91.4
0,
31 ,8
15.5
23.4
241.0
34.9
8.9
14,8
100.0
0.
26.9
J5.0
Solution
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0»
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Cyanide
.0
0.
.1
t *•)
1.6
.4
,4
.1
+ T
.0
0,
0.
.4
f '•>
.0
.1
,3
.0
0.
,1
.7
1 2
.7
0.
.0
0.
.0
0.
.1
.3
.0
1.2
f o
0.
.3
.1
.0
t *-)
0.
.1
.0
.0
.4
.1
,0
,0
t 2
0,
,1
,0
Sweepings &
Grindings
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
    TOTALS

REGION I
       II
       III
       IV
       V
       VI
       VII
       VIII
       IX
       X
                       17000.
                                L6000,
                                          9000.
                                                    8000.
                                                             1941.
                                                                      485,0  4835.0
2251.
2790.
746,
1541 .
3257.
1356,
238,
L038.
343 1 .
352.
2.110.
2626.
702.
1451 .
3065,
1277 ,
224.
977.
3229 ,
33i ,
1192,
1477.
395.
81.6.
1724 .
718.
126.
549.
1816,
106.
1059,
1313,
351.
725.
1533.
638.
112.
480.
1615.
165.
257.
319.
05.
176,
372.
1 55 .
27,
119.
392 ,
40,
64
79
21
44
92
38
a
29
97
10
o
.6
* 3
,0
,9
,7
.8
.6
,9
.0
640.
793.
21°.
433.
926,
385,
67,
295.
975,
100,
1
6
1
4
2
8
7
2
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
                               9.0

                               1.2
                               1.5
                                .4
                                ,8
                               1.7
                                ,7
                                .1
                                t [j
                               1,0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
                                                      J-U

-------
 OFFICE, COMPUTING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINERY MANUFACTURING
                        SIC 357
PROCESS WASTE GENERATION — FERROUS AND NONFERROUS  FOUNDRY
             1983 State and EFA Region Totals
                      (kkg/year)
         Total Potentially
Total Hazardous Constituents (Dry Wt.)

EPA
State Region
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
TOTALS
REGION I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V
V
VII
VII
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V
IV
VII
VIII
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII











Total Waste
(Wet Wt.)
14.
0.
139.
472.
2959.
734.
694,
268.
332.
26.
0.
0,
709.
350.
18.
156.
660.
7.
0.
105.
1387.
300.
1272.
0.
35.
0.
28.
0.
J.32.
557.
92.
2234 .
315.
0.
531.
278.
74.
321.
0.
112.
54.
82.
847.
123.
31.
52.
352.
0.
95.
53.
17000.
2251.
2790.
746.
1541 i
3257.
1356.
238.'
1038.
3431.
352.
Hazardous
Waste Flammable
(Dry Wt.) (Wet Wt.) (Dry Wt.) Solvents
14.
0.
139.
472.
2959.
734.
694.
268.
332.
26.
0.
0.
709.
350.
18.
156.
660.
7.
0.
105.
1387.
300.
1272.
0.
35.
0.
28.
0.
132.
557 *
92 .
2234.
315.
0.
531.
278.
74.
321.
0.
112.
54.
82.
847.
123.
31.
52.
352.
0,
95.
53.
17000.
2251.
2790-.
746.
1541.
3257.
1356.
238.
1038.
3431.
352.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Heavy
Metals
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
Acids/Alkali
Oils Solution
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-0-.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Sweepings &
Cyanide Grindinga
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
a.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
                       J-15

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                           APPENDIX K

          PRIVATE WASTE CONTRACTORS AND SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS

                                                        Type of
                                        EPA Region      Facility *

 Wayne Disposal Inc.
 Yellow Mills Road
 Palmyra, N.Y.                             II             L.F.

 Walter Pulcini
 Route 31
 Palmyra, N.Y.  14522                      II             L.F.

 Chem-Trol Pollution Services, Inc.
 P.O. Box 200
 Model City, N.Y.  14107                   II            L.F., I.

 Falk Metal
 15 McAMdle
 Rochester, N.Y.                           II             M.R.

 Snyder
 Richmond, Va.                            Ill             L.F.

 Smith Metal & Iron
 Richmond, Va.                            Ill             M.R.

 L. Lavetan & Sons
 246 W. King
 York, Pa.  17405                         III             M.R.

 Flash Cleaning Service
 R.D. #1
 Felton, Pa.  17322                       III              ***

 Abrams Metal Co.
 60th & Lindbergit Blvd.
 Philadelphia, Pa. 19142                 III             M.R.
                                                       **
    M.L.F.
      L.F.
        I.
      S.R.
      M.R.
      O.R.
        U.
- Municipal landfill
- Landfill  (type unknown)
- Incineration
- Solvent recovery
- Metal recovery
- Oil recovery
- Unknown
 **  Scientifically controlled landfill
***  Spreads oil on dirt roads
                              K-l

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APPENDIX K   - Cont'd
Dyna-Vac Dyna Kleen Service Co.
2707 Tregaron Ave.
Jeffersontown, Ky.  40299

Factory Services, Inc.
624 Kennedy Road
Lexington, Ky.

Tinsley Bros.
Greenville, S.C.

Lexington Scrap Metal Co., Inc.
461 Angliana Ave.
Lexington, Ky.

Bruce's Iron & Metal, Inc.
46045 York Road
Gastonia, N.C.

Bill Schwartz, Inc.
525 N. Broad St.
Gastouia, N.C.

Golden Strip Septic
W. Bulter Ave.
Mauldin, S.C.

Chem-Met Services, Inc.
18550 Allen Road
Wyandotte, Mieh.

Dial Trucking Co.
14001 Haggerty Rd.
Plymouth, Mieh.   48170

AAA Disposal
Route 51
Rosco, Wise.

Atlas Disposal
Minneapolis,,Minn.
                                                       Type of
                                       EPA Region      Facility
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
 V
L.F.
L.F.
M.R.
M.R.
M.R.
 U.
 U.
               L.F.
               L.F.
               L.F.
 L.F.
                             K-2

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APPENDIX K   - Cont'd
Industrial Waste Disposal
Franklin, Ohio

Ernest McDaniel
Dayton, Ohio Area

A & A Disposal
Prairie Avenue
Beloit, Wise.

Shobel
Minneapolis, Minn.

Browning  Ferris, Inc.
Rockford,  111.

Pollution Controls,  Inc.
R.R. No.  1,  Box 238
Shakopee,  Minn.  55379

Interstate Pollution Control Co,
Div. of  Roto Rooter
Peoples  Ave.
Rockford, 111.

 Sani-Trucking
Rochester, Minn.

Lloyd  Bros.
Wausau,  Wise.

 Clearing Disposal  Inc.
 5245 W.  38th Street
 Cicero,  111.

 Solid Pollution Controls Inc.
 Minneapolis, Minn.

 Armstrong Cesspool  Service
 7100 - 93rd Avenue, N
 Brooklyn Park, Minn.
                                                       Type of
                                       EPA Region      Facility
              L.F.
              L.F.
              L.F.
V
 V
              L.F.
              L.F.
             L.F., I,
              O.R.,
            L.F., I
               U.
               U.
                U.
                U.
                U.
                               K-3

-------
APPENDIX K    - cont'd
Koogler Suburban
Dayton, Ohio

Seymour Manufacturing Co.
Solvents Reclaiming Div.
500 N. Broadway
Seymour, Ind.  47274

Lake Disposal
Clare, Mich.

Systems Technology Corp.
Baxter Rd., at Rt. 73
Franklin, Ohio  45005

Eli Sepec
Dayton, Ohio Area

Union Scrap Iron & Metal
210 - 15th Avenue
Minneapolis, Minn.

Central Oil
14134 Southfield Rd.
Southfield, Mich.

Pollution Controls Inc.
P.O. Box 1350
El Dorado, Ark.

Continental Metals
Texas

Robert Barns
Ft. Worth, Texas

Yellow Barrel Co.
Loveland, Colorado
                                                       Type of
                                        EPA Region     Facility
              I.
V
VI
VI
VI
VII
            S »K.» t I •
             M.L.F.
   O.R.,
I., S.R.
           O » JV • , I/ . j
              M.R.
   L.F.
   M.R.
  M.L.F.
   L.F.
*  Collect used oil; sell to rerefiners
   or used for road oiling.

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APPENDIX K   - Cont'd
Aero Oil Co.
Denver, Colorado

Johnston Sanitation  Co.
Loveland, Colorado

Liss Metal
Ft. Collins, Colo.

United Refined  Corp.
Denver Area

Eisenhaeuer
Denver Area

Sabin
Denver Area

Selrex
Denver Area

Van Waters & Rogers
Denver, Colorado

Southern California  Chemical
Los Angeles Area
                                                        Type of
                                        EPA Region      Facility
VII
VII
VII
VII
VII
VII
VII
VIII
 IX
L.F.
L.F.
M.R.
M.R.
M.R.
M.R.
M.R.
M.R.
L.F.
pal 526
  U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE  1977--240-848/163
                              K-5

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