United States Office of Air Quality EPA-450/4-82-013m
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards October 1982
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Air
EPA NORTHEAST CORRIDOR
REGIONAL MODELING
PROJECT
ANNUAL EMISSION
INVENTORY COMPILATION
AND
FORMATTING
Volume XIII:
Vermont Emission Inventory
I.
n
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EPA-450/4-82-013m
NORTHEAST CORRIDOR REGIONAL
MODELING PROJECT
ANNUAL EMISSION INVENTORY
COMPILATION AND FORMATTING
Volume XIII:
Vermont Emission Inventory
by
GCA Corporation
Bedford, MA
Contract No. 68-02-3510
EPA Project Officers: James H Southerland
Thomas F. Lahre
Prepared For
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
October 1982
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This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication as received from GCA Corporation, Bedford, MA. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Copies of this report are
available from the Air Management Technology Branch, Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
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CONTENTS
Figures
Tables
1. Introduction ......... ................. 1
Background ........ . ................ 1
Objectives ......................... 1
Report organization .................... 3
2. Project History ......................... 5
Agency contacts .......... . ........... 5
Summary of events ........ ...... ....... 5
3. Point Source Inventory . . ................... 7
Data procurement ...................... 7
Data review and update ................... 8
Results .......................... 16
4. Area Source Inventory Development ................ 20
Objectives ......................... 20
Methodologies ....................... 20
Deviations from the Volume I methodologies ......... 23
Results .......................... 30
5. References ........................... 34
Appendices
A. Point Source Emissions by Category for the Vermont Counties. . . 36
B. Area Source Emissions by Category for the Vermont Counties ... 63
1X1
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Boundaries of regional model grid system 2
TABLES
1 Directory of the NECRMP Annual Regional Emission Inventory
Reports 4
2 Summary of Sources Included in Previous Update Effort by
Pollutant and Size 7
3 Summary of Vermont Sources Listed in the RACT Directory, But
Not in the Vermont Point Source Inventory 8
4 Summary of Vermont Sources Listed in the Organic Chemical
Producers Data Base, But Not in the Vermont Point Source
Inventory 8
5 Updates Made to Vermont Point Source Inventory 10
6 County-Specific Growth Factors (1979 to 1980) for Vermont. Point
Sources 13
7 Vermont Statewide Growth Factors (1979 to 1980) for Point.
Sources 14
8 Vermont Point Source Emissions (1979) by Category—Statewide . . 17
9 Vermont Sources (1979) Emitting More Than 100 Tons/Year of VOC
or NOX 19
10 Area Source Categories Inventoried for Vermont 21
11 Vermont 1980 Area Source Inventory Data Sources 24
12 Annual Emissions (1980) of VOC and NOX from Area Sources in
Vermont 31
IV
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
On a nationwide basis, nonattainraent of the National Ambient Air Quality
Standard (NAAQS) for ozone is one of the most serious and widespread air
pollution problems facing the air quality management community. The Northeast
Corridor, a megalopolis of urban and suburban areas extending from Washington
to Boston, bears a large extent of the ozone problem. The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), in cooperation with the northeastern
states, local agencies and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), has
undertaken the Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project (NECRMP) to
develop regional and urban ozone control strategies through the use of
photochemical air quality simulation models.
To employ a regional model, an inventory of point and area source
emissions covering the entire NECRMP study area had to be assembled and placed
into a common format. Unfortunately, existing data bases were inadequate to
either properly test or validate a regional model. To this end, USEPA1s
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards retained GCA Corporation,
GCA/Technology Division to complete an annual inventory of point and area
source emissions for use in NECRMP. The study area, shown in Figure 1,
includes the entire northeast quadrant of the United States from longitude 69
degrees to 84 degrees West, and latitude 38 degrees to 45 degrees North.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of the effort reported in this volume was to assemble the
most current, comprehensive and accurate emission inventory possible for the
State of Vermont. This was achieved through the cooperation of the Vermont
Agency of Environmental Protection (VAEP) and U.S. EPA/Region I. The intent
was to avoid direct contact between GCA and individual facilities in Vermont.
Rather, GCA worked directly with the VAEP who in turn contacted sources when
necessary. GCA reviewed the State and EPA provided data and submitted a list
of potential errors back to the VAEP, who was responsible for confirming the
data or supplying corrections, as necessary. The major pollutants of interest
were VOC and NOX, although TSP, SOX and CO were also compiled for point
sources. Because of this emphasis, quality assurance checks mainly focused on
sources of VOC and NOX.
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The completed inventories were computerized for further use in the NECRMP
study. Point source data were computerized in the format specified in the
Emission Inventory System/Point Source (EIS/PS) User's Guide^ and area
source data were coded into EIS/AS^ format.
REPORT ORGANIZATION
The results of the NECRMP annual emission inventory are reported in an 18
volume set of documents. Volume I in this series describes the background of
the program and discusses the methods used to compile and verify the annual
emission inventory. Volumes II through XVI present a more detailed discussion
of each state's inventory effort. Volume XVII describes the spatial,
temporal, and species allocation factors developed to allow for the creation
of modeler's tapes from the completed inventory. Volume XVIII presents a
summary of the point and area source inventories for the entire study area.
Also included in Volume XVIII is a detailed analysis of the overall quality of
the data base and an assessment of the data's suitability for use in
photochemical modeling. A directory of the NECRMP annual emission inventory
reports is presented in Table 1.
This volume, which presents a discussion of the annual emission inventory
for Vermont, consists of five sections. Section 2 describes the project
history and includes a summary of the major events that relate to the Vermont
inventory development. Section 3 discusses in greater detail the point source
inventory task while the area source inventory development is covered in
Section 4. All references cited in the volume are identifed in Section 5.
Appendices A and B present county emissions for point and area sources,
respectively.
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TABLE 1. DIRECTORY OF THE NECRMP ANNUAL REGIONAL EMISSION
INVENTORY REPORTS
Volume
Contents
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
Project Approach
Connecticut Emission Inventory
Delaware Emission Inventory
Maine Emission Inventory
Maryland Emission Inventory
Massachusetts Emission Inventory
New Hampshire Emission Inventory
New Jersey Emission Inventory
New York Emission Inventory
Ohio Emission Inventory
Pennsylvania Emission Inventory
Rhode Island Emission Inventory
Vermont Emission Inventory
Virginia Emission Inventory
Washington, DC Emission Inventory
West Virginia Emission Inventory
Development of Allocation Factors
Inventory Review and Evaluation
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SECTION 2
PROJECT HISTORY
AGENCY CONTACTS
The EPA Project Officer provided agency contacts in the Vermont Agency of
Environmental Protection (VAEP) and the Environmental Protection Agency's
Region I Office (EPA/Region I). The VAEP contact was responsible for
confirming data, supplying required corrections or additional data,
interfacing with individual sources as necessary, and concurring on the
comprehensiveness and accuracy of the final data base. The Agency also
provided information, as needed, to assist in a detailed review of the point
source data for errors, inconsistencies and missing data elements.
Since Vermont did not maintain a current area source inventory of the
quality required for the NECRMP, it was necessary to develop this inventory.
The Agency contact played a key role in this process by directly supplying
some input data necessary for the area source calculations, and identifying
other state agencies that could provide the remaining information. The
Vermont AEP contact was Mr. Harold Garabedian, (802) 828-3395.
SUMMARY OF EVENTS
Summaries of the major milestones pertaining to the Vermont portion of
the NECRMP inventory are provided separately for the point source and area
source data, as follows:
Point Sources
Work on the Vermont point source inventory occurred between May and July,
1981; the completed data were provided to EPA in September 1981. Major
milestones are identified below.
• NEDS data (1979) procured from EPA/NADB 5/12/81
• QA audit completed, lists of missing and/or questionable
data sent to Project Officer, Agency contact 6/10/81
• Errors resolved during state agency visit 6/17/81
• Corrections reflected in completed EIS/PS master file 7/30/81
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• 1979 data adjusted to 1980 7/31/81
• Completed inventories (1979, 1980) sent to EPA 9/21/81
Area Sources
The Vermont area source inventory was developed by GCA during the period
between January and June 1981. While most of the effort was concentrated
between January and March, the area source inventory had to be "balanced" with
the point source data, which were not available until May. Major events are
identified below:
• Begin procurement of input data 1/5/81
• Emissions calculated by category 2/27/81
• Balance with point source data (i.e., adjust area 6/1/81
source totals to avoid double accounting of over-
lapping point source totals)
• Provide completed inventory to State Agency for
concurrence 6/17/81
• Completed master file sent to EPA 2/8/82
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SECTION 3
POINT SOURCE INVENTORY
DATA PROCUREMENT
A computer tape containing the National Emission Data System (NEDS) point
source inventory for Vermont was procured from the Environmental Protection
Agency, National Air Data Branch (EPA/NADB) on May 12, 1981. The NEDS tape
contained 1979 data on 331 individual emission points at 162 facilities. In
an earlier step3,data on certain facilities were updated from 1977 to 1979.
The criteria for including individual facilities in that update are presented
in Table 2. As a result of this effort, the data were in relatively good
shape as received, particularly with respect to the major VOC and NOX
emitters. Since Vermont is in attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality
Standard for ozone (03), the State was not required to develop an emission
inventory for State Implementation Plan (SIP) purposes. This update, then,
was undertaken specifically for NECRMP.
TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF SOURCES INCLUDED IN PREVIOUS UPDATE
EFFORT BY POLLUTANT AND SIZE3
Minimum source size
included in update
Pollutant(s) emitted (tons/yr-)
VOC and NO3.
VOCa only
NOX only
RACT Sources
CO
S02 and PART.
Data Gaps and
Inconsistencies
100
500
750
50
500
1000
All
aMay include RACT sources.
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DATA REVIEW AND UPDATE
The 1979 NEDS file was converted into EIS/PS format using the
GCA-modified version of the EIS/PS Conversion Editor1 described previously
in Volume I.* The data were then subjected to the quality assurance (QA)
measures presented in Volume I.
One QA measure involved cross-checking the VOC sources listed in the RACT
Directory^ against those facilities included in the NEDS inventory to
identify possible omissions. Table 3 lists sources identified as being listed
in the RACT Directory, but not in the NEDS inventory, and the VAEP's
resolution of these potential omissions.
TABLE 3. SUMMARY OF VERMONT SOURCES LISTED IN THE RACT DIRECTORY,5
BUT NOT IN THE VERMONT POINT SOURCE INVENTORY
RACT category
County
Facility name
Resolution
Polymer and Resin
Manufacturing
Fabric Surface
Coating
Chittenden Johnson Filaments Insignificant source
Lamoille Pleasant Valley
Printers
Magnet Wire Coating Grand Isle Phoenix Wire
Rutland
Caddel Coil Corp.
VAEP unaware of this
source
Very small (10-19
employees)
Very small (0-9
employees)
Similarly, two sources listed in the Organic Chemical Producers Data
Base" were not included in the Vermont inventory. These sources were
brought to the attention of the VAEP and resolution of their possible
omissions are summarized in Table 4.
TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF VERMONT SOURCES LISTED IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL PRODUCERS
DATA BASE,6 BUT NOT IN THE VERMONT POINT SOURCE INVENTORY
Source
Location Principal product
Resolution
Johnson Filaments Williston Nylon monofilament See Table 3
E.B. & A.C. Whiting Burlington Nylon monofilament No emissions
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A manual review was undertaken of all sources emitting more than 100
tons/yr of VOC or NOX or 500 tons/yr of any other criteria pollutant. In
addition, all "error," "conditional," or "warning" messages resulting from the
conversion of data from NEDS format to EIS/PS format were examined. Since an
extensive update of the inventory had previously been completed,3 relatively
few additional problems were detected. Problems that were encountered were
often with sources that did not meet the Table 2 criteria and, thus, had not
been included in the earlier update. The majority of these problems involved
missing SIC codes, stack exhaust flow rates, and missing or incorrect UTM
coordinates.
A list of questions and/or problems related to the Vermont inventory was
forwarded to the VAEP and a visit to that Agency was made to resolve those
questions on June 17, 1981. All corrections, additions, and deletions
resulting from that visit were entered on NEDS coding forms in compliance with
the instructions given in AEROS, Volume II.
The NEDS update transactions were converted into EIS/PS update
transactions using the NEDS to EIS/PS conversion editor and the EIS/PS Master
File was updated using the EIS/PS Master File maintenance program. A detailed
list of all changes, additions, and deletions performed is provided in Table 5.
Growth Factors
The Vermont point source inventory reflected 1979 data and had to be
adjusted to 1980 for NECRMP. GCA developed growth factors on a 2-digit SIC
basis. County-specific factors were developed for the seven SIC categories
which accounted for 90 percent of the VOC and NOX emissions in the 1979
inventory, and statewide growth factors were developed for the remaining SIC's.
Growth factors were calculated based on employment data from County
Business Patterns, °»^ using the following equation:
GF - 1979
79-80 ~ Employment 1978
As shown in the above equation, employment change from 1978 to 1979 was
assumed to approximate 1979 to 1980 change. This approach was used owing to
the unavailability of 1980 employment information. Table 6 presents the
county-specific growth factors used for the seven most significant SIC's,
while Table 7 presents the statewide growth factors used for the remaining
SIC's in Vermont.
The calculated Vermont growth factors were reviewed and found to be
somewhat suspicious. As shown in Tables 6 and 7, calculated growth factors
ranged from 0.610 to 1.883 for SICs from which emissions occurred. One factor
was as high as 17.50, but no point source emissions were associated with that
SIC in Vermont. Examination of previous years' data revealed similar
fluctuations. It was determined that such fluctuations were not likely to
occur in actual emissions, and the reported 1979 emissions were probably a
more accurate indication of the 1980 emissions than the "adjusted" inventories
were. More accurate adjustment techniques would have required significant
additional resources and were not explored.
9
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TABLE 5. UPDATES HADE TO THE VERMONT POINT SOURCE INVENTORY
Facility
NEDS
Facility
ID Update action taken
Comments
Addison County (0020)
Kraft Food
Middlebury College
Polymers, Inc.
Weyerhauser
Caledonia County (0160)
NE VT Regional Hospital
St. Johnsbury Academy
Chittenden County (0180)
Vermont Morgan
Beld Moran
Elias Lymar
Green Mountain Petroleum
Astroline Petroleum
IBM
Cray Energy
0002 Change UTM-Y coordinate
Add ash content
0004 Add % annual thruput
Add common stack data
0005 Add plume height
Add temperature
0007 Add process description
0006 Add annual operating
rate
Add flow rate
Add source description
0008 Change UTM-Y coordinate
0002 Add plume height
Add temperature
0003 Change UTM-X coordinate
0004 Add temperature
0012 Add temperature
0013 Change UTM-Y coordinate
Add temperature
0016 Add process description
0026 Add plume height
Add temperature
Add process description
(continued)
10
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TABLE 5 (continued)
Facility
NEDS
Facility
ID Update action taken
Comments
Underbill Firing Range
Vermont Furniture Co.
Essex County (0200)
Ethan Allen, Inc.
(Beechers Falls)
Lamoille County (0280)
Pratt, Read
Orange County (0360)
Ethan Allen, Inc.
(Randolph)
Orleans County (0380)
Ethan Allen, Inc.
(Orleans)
Indian Head Plywood
0027 Add SIC
Add plume height
Add year of record
0034 Change estimation method Source closed
Rutland County (0420)
Rutland Plywood
0002 Change process rate
Add stack temperature,
flow rate
Add plume height
0004 Add flow rate
Add stack height, flow,
temperature
0004 Add temperature, flow
rate
0002 Add plume height
0004 Add flow rate
Add SIC
Delete boiler design
capacity
Add all estimation
methods
Change VOC estimation
method
Add year of record
0013 Add flow rate
Point 4
Point 6
Point 1
Point 2
Is a veneer dryer
Point 2
Point 3
(continued)
11
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TABLE 5 (continued)
NEDS
Facility
Facility ID Update action taken Comments
Windham County (0580)
American Optical 0002 Add SIC
Add flow rate
Add estimation methods
Add % space heat
Add plume height
Windsor County (0620)
Goodyear Tire & Rubber 0007 Add SIC
Add estimation methods
Add % space heat
Add plume height
Add VOC emission estimate
Add stack parameters
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TABLE 7. VERMONT STATEWIDE GROWTH FACTORS (1979 TO 1980)
FOR POINT SOURCES
2-digit
SIC
07
08
10
14
15
16
17
20
22
23
27
28
30
31
32
33
34
35
37
39
41
42
44
45
47
48
50
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
Adjustment
factor Comments
0.695
0.769 No emissions in this SIC
1.000 No emissions in this SIC
1.000 No emissions in this SIC
1.045
1.100
1.137
1.067
0.918
0.910
1.140
2.171 No VOC or NOX emissions in this SIC
1.007
0.836
1.147
1.014
1.054
1.139
1.000
1.150
1.207
1.158
1.000 No emissions in this SIC
1.194
1.371
1.027
1.883
1.014
1.016
1.030
1.018
1.054
0.984
1.131
1.097
1.052
1.072
0.978
1.191
(continued)
14
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TABLE 7 (continued)
2-digit
SIC
64
65
66
67
70
72
73
75
76
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
86
89
Adjustment
factor Comments
1.027
1.136
0.938
17.500 No emissions in this SIC
0.956
1.135
1.239
1.162
0.804
0.982
1.097
1.000
1.077
0.980
0.866
0.978
0.939
1.146
Statewide 1.065
default
Source: GCA calculations, 1981.
15
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As a result, only 1979 data are reported here, although both 1979 and
1980 data were supplied to EPA on computer tape.
RESULTS
For reporting purposes, point source emissions for 1979 were aggregated
into 70 categories based on specific SCC-SIC combinations. A complete
description of the codes used to aggregate emissions is presented in
Volume 1.^ For points with multiple SCCs, no attempt was made to split
emissions into more than one category. In these instances, the primary SCC
was used to account for all emissions at that point.
Statewide point source emissions for 1979 are presented, by category, in
Table 8. County-specific point source emissions are presented, by category,
in Appendix A.
A list of "major" facilities was developed by totaling emissions at each
facility using a criteria of 100 tons/yr of VOC or NOX to define a major
source. These facilities, and their reported 1979 emissions for all five
criteria pollutants, are presented in Table 9.
Final Data Tape
The completed Vermont point source inventory was written onto computer
tape for delivery to EPA. Included on the tape, which was forwarded on
September 21, 1981, were the following files:
• Original NEDS file, as received (1979)
• Updated 1979 NEDS file (after manual updates)
• EIS/PS Master file (1979)
• EIS/PS Master file (1980)
• NEDS (1980) translated from EIS/PS 1980 file
• Growth factors
• NEDS update transactions (1979)
• NEDS (1979) translated from final 1979 EIS/PS file
Further evaluation of this inventory and improvements made can be found
in Volume XVIII.
16
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SECTION 4
AREA SOURCE INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVES
The area source emission inventory task entailed reviewing area source
inventories prepared by the states for technical accuracy and consistency with
EPA-prescribed procedures and developing these area source inventories where
state-developed inventories were unavailable. The major objective of this
effort was to ensure that all emissions of VOC and NOX were accounted for
and that the procedures used to develop the inventories were consistent from
state to state. It was also important that the inventories be disaggregated
into sufficient categories to allow for application of temporal and pollutant
allocation factors and the evaluation of control scenarios in subsequent
modeling efforts.
METHODOLOGIES
Since Vermont is in attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality
Standard (NAAQS) for ozone, the VAEP is not required to maintain an area
source inventory of the quality required for the NECRMP. Therefore, GCA
developed a 1980 area source inventory of VOC and NOX emissions using
state-supplied and published activity data, AP-42^ and other EPA-approved
emission factors, and methodologies generally consistent with the Procedures
for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile Organic Compounds—
Volume I, Second Edition.1*
Procedures^ lists multiple methodologies for a number of the area
source categories inventoried. To maintain consistency from state to state,
GCA selected methods, from Procedures, *•*• to be used to compile and verify
all NECRMP area source emission inventories. These recommended methods are
documented in Volume I of this series.
Area source emissions of VOC and NOX were calculated for each county
for 54 individual categories. While the intention was to estimate total VOC,
for maximum compatibility with the regional model to be used in the NECRMP,
this was not always possible. For several area source categories, only
reactive (nonmethane) VOC emission factors were available. Table 10 presents
the 54 area source categories inventoried and designates whether the VOC
emissions inventoried in each category represent total or reactive VOC.
20
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TABLE 10. AREA SOURCE CATEGORIES INVENTORIED FOR VERMONT
EIS/AS
Category No.
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
Oil
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
Category description
Stage I Gasoline Evaporation
Stage II Gasoline Evaporation
Storage Tank Breathing
Gasoline Loading/Transit
Small Indus trial /Commercial Degreasing
Dry Cleaning
Architectural Surface Coating
Auto Body Refinishing
Small Industrial Surface Coating
Graphic Arts
Commercial /Consumer Solvent Use
Cutback Asphalt
Pesticides
On-Highway Light Duty Vehicles
On-Highway Light Duty Trucks — Class I
On-Highway Light Duty Trucks — Class II
On-Highway Heavy Duty Gas Trucks
On-Highway Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks
On-Highway Motorcycles
Residential Anthracite Coal
Residential Bituminous Coal
Residential Residual Oil
Residential Distillate Oil
Residential Natural Gas
Residential LPG
Residential Wood
Commercial /Institutional Anthracite
Commercial /Institutional Bituminous
(continued)
21
Pollutants
inventoried
TVOC
TVOC
TVOC
TVOC
RVOC
RVOC
RVOC
RVOC
TVOC
RVOC
RVOC
RVOC
RVOC
RVOC NO
X
RVOC NO
X
RVOC NO
X
RVOC NO
X
RVOC NO
X
RVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
RVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NOX
'
-------
TABLE 10 (continued)
EIS/AS
Category No.
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
Category description
Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil
Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil
Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas
Commercial/Institutional LPG
Commercial /Institutional Wood /other
Industrial Anthracite
Industrial Bituminous
Industrial Residual Oil
Industrial Distillate Oil
Industrial Natural Gas
Industrial LPG
Industrial Wood/other
Military Aircraft
Civil Aircraft
Commercial Aircraft
Railroad Locomotives
Gasoline Powered Vessels
Distillate Oil Powered Vessels
Residual Oil Powered Vessels
Off-Highway Vehicles — Gas
Off-Highway Vehicles — Diesel
Onsite Incineration
Open Burning
Structural Fires
Field/Slash Burning
Forest Fires
Pollutants
inventoried
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NO
X
TVOC NOX
22
-------
Area source activity data and emission factors used to develop the
Vermont emission inventory originated from a number of sources. Table 11
presents a matrix of:
• The 54 area source categories inventoried
• The source activity or surrogate indicator on which emissions
estimates were based
• The source of these activity rate estimates
• The emission factors used
• The source of these emission factors
DEVIATIONS FROM THE VOLUME I4 METHODOLOGIES
For some area source categories, the methodologies reported in Volume
I4 of this series had to be modified to accommodate the source activity data
available for Vermont. Additionally, the quality of existing activity data
sometimes necessitated making certain assumptions or adjusting older data to
1980. The assumptions, adjustments, and deviations from the Volume I
methodologies are discussed below. The information supplied here is
supplemental to the general methodology description presented in Volume I.4
Gasoline Marketing Operations
Statewide 1979 gasoline sales for Vermont were obtained from Highway
Statistics.5-2 Statewide estimates of 1980 sales were developed based on
actual 1979 sales and the FHwA predicted change for 1980.^-^ County-specific
estimates were derived by apportioning statewide sales to counties on the
basis of the number of gasoline service stations in each county.^
Composite emission factors were calculated for two gasoline marketing
categories, service station loading (Stage I evaporation) and tank truck
loading and transit. These factors were developed based on AP-42-'-^ factors
and the assumption that both service stations and tanker trucks are comprised
of 25 percent splash loading tanks and 75 percent submerged fill tanks.*•!•
Derivations of these composite emission factors are further explained in
Volume I.4
Cutback Asphalt Paving
The Vermont Agency of Transportation^-4 provided data on the quantity
and type of asphalt applied statewide in Vermont during 1980. Statewide usage
was apportioned to counties on the basis of vehicle miles traveled, as
reported in a recent Vermont mobile source emission inventory for lead
(Pb).15
23
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The state-supplied asphalt usage was broken down into rapid cure, medium
cure, and MCRC (a 50/50 mix of medium cure and rapid cure).
Emissions were calculated independently for each asphalt type using the
following equation:
[(gallons of asphalt. )(solvent content %.)
_ . , , , (solvent density #/gal.)(% of solvent evaporated.)]
Emissions, (t/yr) = ° i i__
1 2000
where: gallons of asphalt^ = State supplied usage of asphalt^
solvent content %^ = 35% for medium cure, 45% for rapid cure,
40% for 50/50 mix
solvent density = 6.1 #/gal for rapid cure; 6.8 #/gal for
medium cure, 6.45 #/gal for 50/50 mix
% solvent evaporated = 70% for medium cure, 95% for rapid cure,
82.5% for 50/50 mix.
Pesticide Application
Data on the quantity of pesticide, including biologically inert solvent,
applied statewide in 1979 were available from the Vermont Department of
Agriculture—Plant Industry Department.*" No significant change between
usage in 1979 and 1980 was assumed. Statewide figures were apportioned to
counties assuming pesticide application was inversely proportional to
population.
On-Highway Motor Vehicles
Statewide vehicle miles traveled (VMT) data for 1979 were available from
the Vermont AOT.17>18 At the suggestion of the VAOT,18 no change in VMT
through 1980 was assumed. County-specific VMT estimates were derived by
apportioning statewide 1979 VMT to counties based on county-specific VMT
estimates reported in an earlier mobile source inventory.^
Emission factors were developed using the MOBILE2 emissions model, and
the VMT distribution, speed, temperature and cold/hot start assumptions
presented in Volume 1.^
Residential Fuel Combustion
Fuel used in the residential sector was estimated using the equations
presented in Reference 11. The number of housing units using each individual
fuel type were determined using the following equation:
28
-------
i 80 "i 70 t^ ?()
where H^ gQ = Number of housing units using fuel type i in 1980
Hi 70 = Number of housing units using fuel type i in 1970 (from the
1970 Census of Housing)
HT go = Number of total housing units in 1980 (from the 1980 Census)
HT 70 = Number of total housing units in 1970 (from the 1970 Census)
This method, used in lieu of fuel-specific data for 1980, assumes an
insignificant change in fuel mix from 1970 to 1980. The emission factor for
LPG was derived assuming a 1:1 ratio of propane to butane. Emission factors
for the remaining fuels were obtained directly from AP-42.
Commercial/Institutional and Industrial Fuel Combustion
To determine area source fuel use in the commercial/institutional and
industrial sectors, the following approach was used. Total statewide fuel use
was available for 1978 or 1979 from the sources listed in Table 10.
Historical data back to 1970 were obtained from earlier versions of the same
references. Total 1980 fuel use was estimated through linear regression of
the 1970 to 1978/79 data. For each fuel, area source use in the
commercial/institutional and industrial sectors was calculated using the
following equation:
C/I & '80-x = (T80-x) - (R80-x} - (P80-x)
where C/I & IgQ-x = Commercial/Institutional and Industrial area source
use of fuel x in 1980
= Total use of fuel-x in 1980 (estimated previously
through linear regression)
= Residential use of fuel-x in 1980 (calculated
previously)
- Point source use of fuel-x in 1980 (determined from
point source inventory)
Fuel use calculated using the above equation was split between the
commercial and industrial sectors using the distribution of area source fuel
use for the two sectors reported in NEDS Fuel Use Report.^
Aircraft Operations
Aircraft landing and takeoff (LTO) data were available for 1979 from the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).20»21 Based on historical FAA
29
-------
data, it was determined that changes in the quantity of LTO operations between
1979 and 1980 in Vermont were probably insignificant. Therefore, 1979 data
were used as approximations of 1980 activity. Composite emission factors for
civil, commercial, and military aircraft LTOs were obtained from EPA/NADB.22
Railroad Locomotives
Historical data on sales of fuel oil to railroads from 1970 to 1978 were
available from the sources listed in Table 11. The 1980 statewide use was
determined through linear regression. County-specific use was determined by
apportioning statewide use to counties on the basis of railroad right-of-way,
measured from state rail line maps.
Structural Fires
The Vermont Fire Prevention Division provided the actual number of
structural fires, by county, for 1979. 3 No change was assumed between 1979
and 1980. Emissions were calculated using a composite emission factor
obtained from EPA/NADB.24
DEVELOPMENT OF EIS/AS MASTER FILE
After emissions were calculated for all area source categories on a
countywide basis, the completed inventory was coded and keypunched in EIS/AS
format and subjected to the series of computerized QA checks included in the
EIS/AS System.2 The completed Master File was then manually verified for
accuracy before the finalized data were written onto computer tape for
delivery to EPA.
RESULTS
Statewide totals of 1980 VOC and NOX emissions from area sources in
Vermont are provided in Table 12. County summaries of area source emissions
are provided in Appendix B.
30
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SECTION 5
REFERENCES
1. McMaster, Larry M. Emission Inventory System/Point Source Users Guide.
EPA-450/4-80-010. May 1980.
2. McMaster, Larry M. Emission Inventory System/Area Source Users Guide.
EPA-450/4-80-009. May 1980.
3. Shah, Mahesh C., Sue Ellen Haupt, and John N. McHenry. New Hampshire and
Vermont Point Source Emission Inventory Update for NECRMP.
EPA-450/4-81-017. March 1981.
4. Sellars, F. M., M. J. Geraghty, A. M. Kiddie, B. J. Bosy. Northeast
Corridor Regional Modeling Project—Annual Emission Inventory.
Volume I; Project Approach. GCA/Technology Division, Bedford, MA for
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-450/4-82-013a.
August 1982.
5. Mehta, Dilip H. and John E. Spessard. Directory of Volatile Organic
Compound (VOC) Sources Covered by Reasonably Available Control Technology
Requirements. EPA-450/4-80-007. February 1981.
6. Radian Corp. "Organic Chemical Producers Data Base." Prepared for U.S.
EPA/OAQPS. December 1979.
7. AEROS Manual Series. Volume II: AEROS USERS MANUAL. EPA-450/2-76-029.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Reserch Triangle Park, NC.
December 1976.
8. County Business Patterns for Vermont, 1978. United States Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
9. County Business Patterns for Vermont, 1979. United States Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Census.
10. Compilation of Air Pollultant Emission Factors, AP-42, 3rd Edition and
subsequent supplements, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, August 1977.
34
-------
11. Lamason, William H. II, and Thomas Lahre. Procedures for the Preparation
of Emission Inventories for Volatile Organic Compounds: Volume I, Second
Edition. EPA-450/2-77-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980.
12. U.S. Department of Transportation, FHwA. Highway Statistics, 1979.
13. U.S. Department of Transportation, FHwA. Selected Highway Statistics and
Charts. 1979.
14. Gillmore, Wayne. Vermont Agency of Transportation. Telephone
conversation with Robert Green, GCA/Technology Division. March 22, 1981.
15. Wishinski, Paul. State of Vermont. Pb Emissions into Ambient Air -
Mobile and Area Sources. Prepared for the Vermont Agency of
Environmental Protection, Division of Environmental Engineering.
Montpelier, VT. May 1979.
16. Vermont Department of Agriculture - Plant Industry Department. "Summary
of Commercial Applicators' Annual Pesticide Reports." 1979.
17. MacArthur, Gordon B. Vermont Agency of Transportation. Written
communication to Robert Green, GCA/Technology Division, October 27, 1980.
18. Gillman, Wayne. Vermont Agency of Transportation Telephone communicatiqn
with Frederick Sellars, GCA/Technology Division, February 27, 1981.
19. NEDS Fuel Use Report - 1978. EPA-450/4-80-028. December 1980.
20. FAA Air Traffic Activity, Fiscal Year 1979. U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Information and
Statistics Division, Office of Management Systems. 1980.
21. Military Air Traffic Activity Report, Calendar Year 1977. U.S.
Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration.
22. Mann, Charles 0. EPA/OAQPS—NADB. Personal communication with Frederick
M. Sellars, GCA/Technology Division. March 10, 1981.
23. Vermont Fire Prevention Division. Telephone communication with John
McHenry, GCA/Technology Division. January 12, 1980.
24. Mann, Charles 0. EPA/OAQPS—NADB. Telephone conversation with Frederick
Sellars, GCA/Technology Division. March 3, 1981.
35
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APPENDIX A
POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
FOR THE VERMONT COUNTIES
Table A-l presents point source emissions, by category, for each of the
Vermont counties, which are identified below.
County
Addison
Bennington
Caledonia
Chittenden
Essex
Franklin
Grand Isle
Lamoille
Orange
Orleans
Rutland
Washington
Windham
Windsor
NEDS/EIS County Code
0020
0100
0160
0180
0200
0240
0260
0280
0360
0380
0420
0500
0580
0620
36
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APPENDIX B
AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
FOR THE VERMONT COUNTIES
Table B-l presents area source emissions, by category, for each of the
Vermont counties, which are listed below.
County
Addison
Bennington
Caledonia
Chittenden
Essex
Franklin
Grand Isle
Lamoille
Orange
Orleans
Rutland
Washington
Windham
Windsor
NEDS/EIS County Code
0020
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/4-82-013m
, TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project Annual
Emission Inventory Compilation and Formatting
Volume XIV: Vermont Emission Inventory
S. REPORT DATE
September 1982
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
AUTHOR(S)
Frederick M. Sellars, Michael J. Geraghty, Andrea M.
Kiddie, Barbara J. Bosy, Stephen V. Capane, Lisa A. Bac
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
GCA-TR-82-17-G(13)
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
GCA/Technology Division
213 Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3510, Work
Assignment No. 3
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Management
Technology Branch, Monitoring and Data Analysis
Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officers:
James H. Southerland and Thomas F. Lahre
6. ABSTRACT
This report discusses the development of the Northeast Corridor Regional
Modeling Project (NECRMP) annual regional emission inventory. The inventory
reflects 1979/1980 data and focuses on point, area and mobile source emissions of
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Nitrogen Oxides (NO ), although particulate,
sulfur oxides and carbon monoxide emissions were also compiled for point sources.
The study area includes the entire northeast quadrant of the United States from
longitude 69° to 82° West, and latitude 38° to 45° North. This Volume discusses
the emission inventory for Vermont.
J KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Emission Inventory
Inventory
Source Inventory
Point Sources
Area Sources
Ozone
Nitrogen Oxides
Volatile Organic Compounds
i. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
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Unclassified
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21. NO. OF PAGES
124
22. PRICE
PA Farm 2220-1 (R«y. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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approval, date of preparation, etc.).
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IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
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In he published in. Supersedes, .Supplements, etc.
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17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSSS
(a) DI-SCRIPTORS - Select from the Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms the proper authorized terms that identify the major
concept ol the researili and are sufficiently specific and precise to be used as index entries for cataloging.
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ended terms written in descriptor form for those subjects for which no descriptor exists.
(c) i'OSA TI Ml' 1.0 (.KOUP - Held and group assignments are to be taken from the 1965 COSATI Subject Category Liit. Since the ma-
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