905R86010
Assessment of W; scon;-,"in
Department of Natural Kt-.ourves
Ambient Water Qualitv hcuritoring
Network
by
Insan Eler, P.E.
Water Monitoring Team
Environmental Services Division
'J.S Environmental Protection Agency
Chicago, Illinois 60605
August, 1936
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are extended to Arthur Lubin, Ph.D. for his statistical analyses of
the data, and to Barry Bolka for computer graphics contained in this report.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Figures
Page
I. Executive Summary 1
II. Introduction 2
III. Description of Monitoring Stations 6
1. Station Locations, Types, Objectives 6
2. Classification of Monitoring Areas 6
3. Station Siting Purposes 7
4. Analyses of Parametric Coverage and Sampling Frequency 7
5. Monitoring Stations Network Deficiences 7
IV. Statistical Analysis 13
1. Methodology 14
2. Seven Year Trend Analyses
V. Results 19
1. Non-Point Source Pollution Trends 22
2. Municipal Pollution Trends 23
3. Municipal and Industrial Pollution Trends 26
4. Salt Pollution Trends 29
VI. Conclusions 33
Bibliography
Appendices
A. Regression Analyses Graphs of Parameters at
Stations Showing Significant Trends
B. Fixed Station Monitoring Analysis Checklists
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. Wisconsin's Monthly Monitoring
Stations Locations 3
Table 2. Wisconsin Fixed Station Monitoring
Analysis Matrix 8
Table 3. Wisconsin Networks Stations Groupings
based on Pollution Backgrounds 11
Table 4. Parameter Coverage National
Network Station 12
Table 5. Parameters Showing Increasing and
Decreasing Trends with corresponding
Station Numbers 16
Table 6. Environmental Parameter and
Associated Pollution Sources.... 18
Table 7. Non-Point Source Pollution Trends
at Stations by County and Stream
Locations 22
Table 8. Municipal Pollution Trends at Stations
by County and Stream Locations 23
Table 9. Combined Municipal and Industrial
Pollution Trends at Stations by
County and Streams Locations 26
Table 10. Salt Pollution Trends at Stations
by County and Stream Locations 29
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LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1. Wisconsin State Ambient Monitoring Network,
USGS Ambient Monitoring Network 4
Figure 2. Map of Wisconsin Counties 5
Figure 3. Wisconsin Monthly Monitoring Stations
Non-Point Source Pollution Trends 1978-1984.. 20
Figure 4. Wisconsin Counties Non-Point Source
Pollution Trends 1978-1984 21
Figure 5. Wisconsin Monthly Monitoring Stations
Municipal Pollution Trends 1978-1984 24
Figure 6. Wisconsin Counties Municipal Pollution
Trends 1978-1984 25
Figure 7. Wisconsin Monthly Monitoring Stations
Combined Municipal and Industrial
Pollution Trends 1978-1984 27
Figure 8. Wisconsin Counties Combined Municipal
and Industrial Pollution Trends 1978-1984 28
Figure 9. Wisconsin Monthly Monitoring Stations
Salt Pollution Trends 1978-1984 30
Figure 10. Wisconsin Counties Salt Pollution
Trends 1978-1984 31
Figure 11-14. Regression Analysis Plot of Conductivity
Figure 15-20. Regression Analysis Plot of Dissolved Oxygen
Figure 21-28. Regression Analysis Plot of Total Non-Filterable Residue..
Figure 29-33. Regression Analysis Plot of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Figure 34-44. Regression Analysis Plot of Dissolved Nitrite and Nitrate..
Figure 45-70. Regression Analysis Plot of Phosphorus
Figure 71-87. Regression Analysis Plot of Total Chloride
Figure 88-97. Regression Analysis Plot of Fecal Coliform
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I. Executive Summary
This report presents an assessment of water quality trends in Wisconsin
as represented by fixed station ambient water monitoring data stored in
USEPA's STORE! databases. The period of study is from January 1978 to
December 1984 and covers 46 fixed ambient monitoring stations. The
over-all objective of this report is to assess fixed ambient monitoring
network station locations, parametric coverage and to determine current
water quality trends of surface waters in Wisconsin and types of pollution
impacting these streams.
Water quality, as determined by the trend analyses for the seven year
period, has shown considerable improvement in Wisconsin. The following
types of pollution showed increasing or decreasing trends as indicated
by the analysis of monitoring data:
0 Municipal Pollution Trend showed 24% decrease.
0 Combined Municipal and Industrial Pollution Trend showed 17% decrease.
0 Non-Point Source Pollution increased by 11%.
0 Salt Pollution increased by 30%. In addition, the following geograph-
ical locations have shown significant changes in pollution trends:
0 Significant increases in overall pollution observed at Fox River at
Berlin, Wisconsin River above Biron Dam and Kickapoo River at Steuben.
There were increases in non-point, munuicipal, municipal and industrial
pollution levels.
0 Significant decreases in overall pollution trends was observed at
Wolf River at highway T, Wisconsin River above Dubay Dam and Montreal
River at HWY 122 where decrease in all four categories of pollution
levels were observed.
The progress achieved in water quality improvement over the past years
can only be maintained through constant efforts to monitor and abate
pollution as detected by continuous monitoring efforts. To this end,
this report points out the areas where pollution abatement and monitoring
could be intensified in future years in Wisconsin.
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II. Introduction
The 1972 Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (PL-92-500) require the
states to monitor water quality and report their finding to Congress
biennually via 305(b) reports. In partial fulfillment of the require-
ments of this Act, states and EPA operate and maintain fixed monitoring
stations as a part of their ambient monitoring efforts.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) operates and main-
tains 46 fixed ambient monitoring stations to monitor state's water quality,
The objectives of these ambient water quality monitoring networks stations
are:
0 to assess long term trends in water quality
0 to assess the effectiveness of pollution control efforts
0 to determine effects of point and non-point sources on stream quality
0 to determine the overall water quality at specifc locations
Thus the over-all objective of this report is to assess Wisconsin's fixed
ambient monitoring network stations locations, parametric coverage, to
determine water quality trends of surface waters and pollution impacts.
To meet this objective, the following aspects of the ambient monitoring
stations were evaluated, analyzed and summarized:
1. Determine station location, type and objective,
2. Classify the monitoring area,
3. Classify station siting purpose,
4. Determine parameter coverage and sampling frequency,
5. Analyze the uses of data collected,
6. Provide statistical analyses of pollution trends.
This report analyzed fixed station monitoring data stored in STORET for
the period beginning in January 1978 and ending December 1984.
In Table 1, the list of Wisconsin's monitoring stations is given with
their respective map locations are shown on Figure 1. On Figure 2,
locations of Wisconsin's counties are given to help the reader in locating
the counties in conjunction with Figures 4, 6, 8 and 10.
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-3-
Table 1. Wisconsin Monthly Monitoring Stations Locations
Number on Map
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Station Location
Fox River at Berlin
Rock River at Indianford
Rock River at Afton
Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Dells.
Fox (111) River at C.T.H. I Bridge.
Kinnickinnic River in Milwaukee....
Root River at Johnson Park
Sheboyan River at Sheboyan
Fox River at Appleton
Fox River at DePere
Fox River at Winnebago Outlet
Kewaunee River near Kewaunee
Oconto River near Gillett
Oconto River at Oconto
Pensaukee River at Bell Bridge
Peshitgo River at Peshtigo
East Twin near Two Rivers..
West Twin near Two Rivers
Menominee River at US 141
Wolf River at New London
Wolf River at CTH T
Wisconsin River at Petenwol Dam....
Wisconsin River above Biron Dam....
Wisconsin River above Dubay Dam....
Wisconsin River below Merrill
Wisconsin River at Nekoosa
Wisconsin River at McNaughton
Wisconsin River at Hat Rapids Dam..
Wisconsin River at Wausau
Black River at STH 93
Black River at Neillsville
Chippewa River at Eau Claire
Chippewa River at Hoi combe
Kickapo River at Steuben
Mississippi River at Alma
Mississippi River at Lake Pepin....
Mississippi River at Hastings, MM..
Mississippi River at Lynxville
Mississippi River at Red Wing, MM.,
Bois Brule River at STH 13
Flambeau River at Park Falls
Flambeau River at Pixley Dam
Lake Superior at Ashland
Montreal River at HWY 122
Namekagon River at Riverside
Nemadji River near Superior
STORET No.
243020
543017
543001
573052
683069
413069
523061
603095
453226
053210
713002
313038
433003
433002
433080
383001
363070
363071
383061
693035
343057
013001
723002
503003
353068
723220
443003
443002
373001
623107
103094
183057
093051
123017
063029
473009
483026
123016
483027
163002
513001
513013
023002
263001
073002
163003
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53 J.
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en
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-6-
III. Description of Monitoring Stations
1. Station Locations, Types and Objectives
The Monitoring Checklist given in Appendix B contains comprehensive
information for each station in Wisconsin's fixed ambient monitoring
network. Specifically for a given station, the following characteris-
tics of each station is included: waterbody, station No, reach No,
purpose, waterbody type, parametric coverage, sampling frequency,
data entry into STORET, siting type, location and site description,
and siting purpose. Based on the informtion extracted from these
checklists, Wisconsin's network includes the following categories of
stations:
0 upstream and downstream of major metropolitan areas
0 large and small streams
0 streams influenced by point and non-point sources
0 near the mouth of major tributaries to the Mississippi, Wisconsin
Rivers and Lake Michigan
0 on pollution free streams for background reference
Also in Table 2, each station's specific characteristics, location,
parameters, basins, and other pertinent information is tabulated.
As given in Table 3, 15 stations are located in rural areas, 12 sta-
tions in urban, whereas 24 stations are placed to detect background
level due to natural consequences. Twenty-eight stations are National
Core Network and 18 are State network stations with a sum total of 46
stations in operation which are shown on Figure 1. Ten stations are
paired as upstream and downstream pairs of municipalities, major dis-
charges or other non-point impact sources. The remaining 36 stations
are on: large streams, small streams, point source and nonpoint
source impact free streams for background reference purposes.
2. Classification of Monitoring Areas
In classifying stations by basins, 25 stations are on Upper Mississip-
pi River basin, 13 are on Western Great Lakes basin, four of each are
on Lakes Superior and Michigan basins respectively. Furthermore, sta-
tions are also classified into four categories based on the types of
pollution/non-pollution types, such as urban, industrial, municipal,
nonpoint and areas which are relatively free from pollution to qualify
as pristine streams. These general groupings are given in Table 2.
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3. Station Siting Purpose(s)
All of the 46 stations are placed to measure water quality conditions
and trends for assessment purposes. In addition, eight stations de-
tect water quality standards attainment/maintenance, ten stations de-
tect point source, impacts such as industrial/municipal discharges,
and nine to detect non-point source impacts.
4. Analysis of Parametric Coverage and Sampling Frequency
The selection of parameter coverage and sampling frequency for fixed
station monitoring follows the recommendations of the Basic Water
Monitoring Program Guidance. The chemical measurements as shown in
Table 2 consist of DO, oxygen demanding substances, nutrients and
solids at all stations; 18 stations are analyzed for metals mostly
lead and two stations for other metals in the water column. The bio-
logical measurements are limited to fish tissue, BOD and chlorophyll
analysis. The WDNR conducts an extensive annual fish tissue monitor-
ing program which cover a wide variety of organic compounds and metals.
A list of all the parameters for biological and chemical analyses are
given in Table 4.
5. Monitoring Stations Network Deficiences
The following deficiences were observed in stations monitoring capa-
bilities:
0 Lack of monitoring on streams near major hazardous waste diposal
and Superfund sites.
0 Lack of monitoring on small streams.
0 Chemical parametric coverage is limited to few metals only.
0 Biological monitoring for macro or micro invertebrates is not done.
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Legend for Table 2 - Wisconsin Fixed Station Monitoring Matrix
Location
Purpose
C - Conditions and Trend Assessment
W - Water Quality Standards Attainment/Maintenance
B - Basin Status
PS - Point Source
NP - Non-Point Source
Type
* - Nation! Core Network Station
S - State Network Station
R - Rural
U - Urban
I - Industrial Dischargers
M - Municipal Dischargers
BG - Background
Parameters
Biological
FT - Fish Tissue
Chemical
D - Dissolved Oxygen
0 - Oxygen Demanding
N - Nutrients
S - Solids
M - Metals
R " Radiochemical
Frequency
Mo - Monthly
Y - Yearly
Configuration
Si - Single
Pa - Paired
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-11-
Table 3. Wisconsin Network Stations Grouping Based on Pollution Impacts
Group I - Non Point Sources/Rural
243020 433080
543017 363071
523061 693035
313038 123017
363070 163003
Group II - Homogenous - Backgorund. Clean Recreation, Fishing and
General Water Quali'
573052
723240
383001
253068
623107
183057
163002
513001
023002
263001
073002
343057
443003
443002
Group III - Point-Source-Urban, Industrial
543001 053210 373001
683096 503003 483027
453226 433002 513013
413069 013001
603095 443002
Group IV - Others - Upstream Pair and Non-classifiable
713002 473009 383061
433003 103094 513001
063029 093051
723002 483026
443002 123016
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12
Table 4. Parameter Coverage National Network Stations
Parameter (Units)
Required by EPA
Water Analysis
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (ng/1)
pH (standard units)
Conductivity (umhos/cs »t 25°C)
Fecal Coliform (count/100 ml)
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/1 )
Organic Nitrogen (mg/1)
Amonia Nitrogen (mg/1 )
NitHte & Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/1)
Total Phosphorus (mg/1)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/1)
(not 1n lakes)
Total Non-FHtraole Residue (mg/1)
How (cfs) (where appropriate)
Fish/Shellfish Tissue Analysis*
Weignt (fisn/shellfisn only) ( pounds )
! Lipid Content ( fish/shellfish)
PCBs (ug/g)
Aldrin (ug/g)
Oieldrin (ug/g)
Total DOT (ug/g)
0,P ODE
P.P DOE
0,P ODD
P.P ODD
0,P ODD
0,P DOT
P,f> DDT
Chlordane
c1s Isomer of Chlordane
trans 1 saner of Chlordane
cis 1soK>er of nonachlor
trans Isomer of nonchlor
Endrln (ug/g) ' •
Hexachlorobeniene (ug/g)
P«ntachlorophenal (ug/g)
Hexachlorocyclohexane (ug/g)
alpha-SHC 1som«r
gairma Isomer
Methoxychlor (ug/g)
Arsenic (ug/g)
Cadmium (ug/g)
Chromium (ug/g)
Copper (ug/g)
Mercury (ua/g)
Lead (ug/g;
Water Analysis at Selected Stations Only
Hardness (mg/1 CaCO,)
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus (mg/1)
Trace Metals, Total
Arsenic (ug/1)
Cadmium (ug/1)
Copper (ug/1)
Chromium (ug/1)
Mercury (ug/1)
Lead (ug/1)
Chlorides (mg/1) - Organic
EOD-; BODg (mg/1)
ChlSrophyTI -* (ug/1)
Fecal strep (count/100 ml)
Radioactivity, Total Alpha (pc/1)
Radioactivity, Total Seta (pc/1)
STORE7
Parameter Code
00010
00300
00400
00095
31613
00625
00605
00508
00631
00665
00340
00530
00060
00023
39105
39515
39334
39387
39329
39322
39325
39312
3931S
39302
346S2
39063
39066
39069
39072
39397
39703
39060
39074
39075
39482
01004
71940
71939
71937
71930
71936
00900
00671
01002
01027
01034
01042
71SOO
01051
00940
00310:00312
32210
31679
01501
03501
Sampling
Freouencv
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly or
Continuous
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Antxjally
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Annually
Annually
*To be collected in the fall
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IV. Statistical Analysis
1. Description of Statistical Methods Used to Analyze for Long Term
Trends for Years 1978 through 1984.
The purpose of this section is to describe quantitative procedures
used to verify and measure trends. The initial consideration was
the issue of required data completeness. A station was analyzed if,
and only if, the data were at least 70 percent complete. Using the
monitoring stations with sufficient data coverage, the first step
was to determine which of the water quality stations had experienced
actual trends in terms of the selected water quality attributes
during the seven year period i.e. 1978-1984. A trend is defined as a
series of observations which exhibit a relatively steady increase or
decrease over time. In order to be a trend, the data must have a
substantial level of change among years relative to the fluctuations
within years. Environmental data tend to be characterized by varia-
tions among seasons within years. Thus, for such data, a trend is
present if the change among years is great enough that it is highly
unlikely to be due to normal seasonal variations.
The statistical analysis used for the initial task was linear regres-
sion analysis. The linear regression coefficients are calculated by
dividing an estimation of the change among years by an approximation
of the fluctuations within years. Thus, a substantial (statistically
significant) trend linear regression coefficient will only be found
when the changes among years (the numerator) are substantial relative
to the within year variations (the denominator). The "best fit"
linear regression lines on the graphs are for those trends found to
be statistically significant (exhibit steady change) with a 10 per-
cent confidence level. There is 90 percent likelihood that the trends
shown on graphs are not merely within year fluctuations i.e.,
probability greater or equal to 90% (P _> 90%).
The linear regression procedure could only be properly used to show
which of the possible trends were statistically significant because
the available environmental information was not normally distributed
and data were incomplete. Thus, a nonparametric approach was needed
to verify the trends suggested by the regression coefficients, Non
parametric statistics are a family of procedures which do not require
the stringent data assumptions needed for parametric approachs such
as a normal distribution of data. Spearman's Rho non-parametric
statistical technique was selected for this purpose. The Spearman's
Correlation Coefficients were only computed for the trends shown to
be statistically significant by the regression analysis. An annual
trend was only retained if the associated Spearman result was statis-
tically significant with a 10 percent confidence level. The double
tiered verification effort results in an extremely low probabilitiy of
incorrectly identifying a trend.
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-14-
In summary, the statistical trend analysis involved the two steps
listed below: 1. The application of linear regression analysis to
show which of the possible trends were statistically significant; and
2. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to verify and estimate
the strength of the water quality characteristic trends shown to have
a 90 percent probability according to the regression results.
2. Seven Year Trend Analyses Summaries
The following parameters and corresponding stations which have shown
trends as indicated by the statistical analysis of the data in STORET
are listed in Table 5.
All of the stations monitor basically the parameters listed below.
The following is a brief summary of these parameters and their associa-
ted trends.
Conductivity (umhos/cm) @25°C 100095
Conductivity is a measurement of the resistance of a solution to elec-
trical flow which is related to the content of ionized salts in water.
This parameter also indicates the degree to which dissolved solids are
part of the water quality. An increasing trend for this parameter may
be due to potential problems associated with solids loading and non-
point source problems. Only four (4) stations exhibited conductivity
trend, of these three (3) showed increase, one showed a decrease and
the remaining were unchanged during the seven period.
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) #00300
Dissolved oxygen concentration is an important indicator of existing
water quality and the ability of a water body to support a well-bal-
anced aquatic fauna. Water should contain sufficient dissolved oxygen
to maintain aerobic conditions in the water column to main good fish
population. Because of seasonal and diurnal fluctuations, dissolved
oxygen values measured at monitoring stations provide at best an ap-
proximate value of actual dissolved oxygen concentration in existence.
In five out of 46 stations dissolved oxygen levels showed positive
trend and only one station exhibited a decreasing trend, the remaining
40 stations were unchanged. Thus DO showed a positive trend in eleven
percent of the stations.
Total Suspended Solids (mg/1 ) 100530
Total suspended solids (TSS) is the measurement of the amount of solid
materials which consists of organic and inorganic particulate matter
in the water. An increase in TSS has been found to adversely affect
fish population, growth rate, fish food source, development of fish
eggs and larvae as well as the esthetics of the waterbody for swim-
ming. Six stations shows an increase and two show a decrease in value
of this parameter.
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Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/1) #00625
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen which measures organic nitrogen and ammonia
amount is indicative of increased loadings from municipal and indus-
trial facilities. The trend for this parameter is positive for one
station (increasing) and decreasing for four stations which show a
favorable improvement of water quality at those sites.
Nitrates and Nitrite (mg/1) #00631
The Nitrite and Nitrate ions are formed from the breakdown of ammonia
which may enter the waterbodies via municipal and industrial waste-
water, septic tanks and feed lot discharges. These ions are also in-
dicative of the stage and degree of nitrification.
These parameters have shown increasing trends in ten stations, 20% of
all stations and decrease in one station. These stations were mostly
classified as urban, industrial and upstream pair. Thus, it is
possible to conclude that non-point sources of pollution may be the
main reason for the observed trend increses.
Phosphorus-Dissolved Ortho (mg/1) #00671
Total Phosphorus (mg/1) #00665
The total and dissolved phosphorus content are indicative of the
nutrient loading received by the stream. It has been determined
that high phosphorus concentrations are associated with accelerated
eutrophication of waters, especially in lakes and reservoirs. The
Wisconsin network stations showed a decreasing trend for this parame-
ter, i.e. ten stations or 22% of all stations and only two stations
showed increasing trends whereas 34 remained unchanged.
Total Chloride (mg/1) #00940
Chloride, in the form of chlorine ion, is present in lakes and rivers.
The chloride concentrations in streams may show increase due to in-
dustrial; sewage treatment plant effluents as well as septic tanks
and other non-point source discharges such as road salting and natural
occurrences. The parameter showed an increasing trend in 16 stations,
almost 33% of all stations. The rest of the stations were unchanged
during the seven year period.
Fecal Coliform Bacteria (m-cagar/100 ml) #31613
Microbiological indicators are used to determine the safety of water
for drinking, swimming and shellfish population growth. The fecal
coliform is the primary indicator of fecal contamination in the
waterbody. An increasing trend for this parameter is a result of
municipal treatment plant effluents, feedlot effluent and leakages
from septic tank fields. For the period of this study only two
stations indicated an increasing trend and four stations showed a
decreasing trend.
In table 5, a list of all the above parameters and their respective
trends are given.
-------
-16-
Table 5. Parameters Showing Increasing and Oecreasing Trends with
corresponding Station Numbers
1. Conductivity #00095
Increasing Trend Stations:
523061, 123016, 473009
Decreasing Trend Stations:
163003
2. Dissolved Oxygen #00300
Increasing Trend Stations:
503003, 523061, 443002, 513013
Decreasing Trend Stations:
363071
3. Total Suspended Solids #00530
Increasing Trend Stations:
503003, 723002, 513001, 513013, 163003, 523061
Decreasing Trend Stations:
353068, 543017
4. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen #00625
Increasing Trend Stations:
123016
Decreasing Trend Stations:
093051, 183057, 483026, 483027
5. Nitrate and Nitrite #00631
Increasing Trend Stations:
063029, 123017, 123015, 473009, 483026,
373001, 053210, 723002, 483027, 513013
Decreasing Trend Stations:
443002
-------
-17-
Table 5 (Cont'd)
6. Total and Dissolved Phosphorus #00671 & 665
Increasing Trend Stations:
343057, 163003
Decreasing Trend Stations:
013001, 353068, 503003, 723002, 053210, 523061,
443002, 263001, 573052, 543017, 183057,
7. Total Chloride #00940
Increasing Trend Stations:
353068, 693035, 363071, 243020, 683096, 373001,
383001, 443002, 433003, 433080, 093051, 123017,
183057, 623107, 123016, 513013
Decreasing Trend Stations:
None
8. Fecal Coliform Bacteria #31613
Increasing Trend Stations:
363071, 723002
Decreasing Trend Stations:
243020, 523061, 063029, 513013
-------
-18-
V. Results
In general, the potential pollutions sources may related to increases
and decreases in the direction of possible trends over time in terms
of environmental parameters. The environmental parameters analyzed,
their potential pollution sources and direction of possible trends
are given in Table 6.
Table6. Environmental Parameter and Associated Pollution Sources
Environmental
Parameter
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Suspended Solids
Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Nitrate-Nitrite
Total Phosphorus
Fecal Coliform
Total Chloride
Potential
Pollution Sources
Direction of
Possible Trends
Municipal, Industrial Decrease
Non-Point Source Increase
Municipal Plants Increase
Municipal, Industrial Increase
and Non-Point Sources
Non-Point Sources Increase
Septic Tanks, Municipal
Highway Salting, Salt Ponds Increase
Natural Brine Deposit and
Sea Water Intrusion
Thus, based on the above Table, if suspended solids showed an increa-
sing trend at a given station, then the station and the county con-
taining the station were considered to be associated with increasing
non-point source pollution. If total suspended solids showed a de-
creasing trend at another station, the station and the county con-
taining the station were considered to be associated with decreasing
non-point source pollution. For purposes of this analysis increased
nitrate-nitrite or phorphorus or total suspended solids were consid-
ered to be associated with increasing non-point source pollution. A
decrease in any of these parameters was associated with decreasing
non-point source pollution. Likewise, increased Kjeldahl nitrogen or
fecal coliform or decreased dissolved oxygen were associated with
increased municipal pollution. Decreases in Kjeldahl nitrogen or
fecal coliform or increased dissolved oxygen correspond to decreasing
municipal pollution. Furthermore, a decrease in dissolved oxygen or
an increase in nitrate-nitrite was associated with increase in com-
bined municipal and industrial pollution. For all practical purposes,
municipal plus combined municipal and industrial pollution levels
equal point-source pollution level. But, in this study these two
components of point source pollution have been determined separately.
Salt pollution levels were directly associated with increases or de-
creases of total chloride levels.
-------
-19-
Thus, based on the breakdown given in Table 6 between parameters and
corresponding potential pollution source impacts, maps were plotted
as shown on Figures 3 through 10. The figures were plotted in terms
of four broad pollution sources which are:
0 Non-Point Sources
0 Municipal
0 Municipal and Industrial Sources
0 Salt Pollution
For each pollution two types of trend maps were plotted. The first
trend map shows the counties where the monitoring stations are lo-
cated. The county map shows the pollution trend in a county as
determined from the statistical analysis of STORET data. A county's
trend status is shown as neutral, decreasing, increasing or no data
where data was non-existent or insufficent for that county. As pre-
viously stated, a positive or negative trend is said to exist if the
Spearman's correlation and regression coefficients are both statisti-
cally significant with a 90 per cent significance level. Trend di-
rection (positive or negative) corresponds to the signs of the
coefficients. A neutral condition is present if either of the coef-
ficents are not statistically significant. Data are insufficient if
the 70 per cent completeness criteria is not met. The second trend
map shows the locations of monitoring stations on Wisconsin streams
as well as the specific pollution trend e.g. non-point. The stream
map shows arrows next to the stations where upward pointing arrow
indicates increasing pollution trend and downward pointing arrow
indicates decreasing trend. If no arrow is shown, then trend was not
found at that station. The above trends are shown on Figures 3
through 10.
-------
-20-
Figure 3-Wisconsin Monthly Monitoring
Stations Non-Point Source
Pollution Trends 1978-1984
- Increasing^
- Decreasinq-
-------
-21-
I
CO
r-
cn
-a
c
o
C
o
M
0)
C
o
C
o
CJ
en
i
-------
-22-
T'ne observed trends for Municipal, Municipal and Industrial combined,
Non-Point Sources and Salt pollutions are as follows for the period
beginning in 1978 and ending 1984.
1. Non-Point Source Pollution Trends
As shown on Figures 3 and 4, eleven stations exhibited increasing and
six station decreasing trends and twenty-nine stations remained un-
changed. The net increase in non-point source pollution based on
monitoring stations is (11%) eleven percent. The stations showing
increasing and decreasing non-point source and their location are
are given in Table 7.
Table 7. Non-Point Source Pollution
and Stream Locations
Trends at Stations by County
Station
Map #
2
1
10
21
22
23
24
27
34
36
36
37
39
41
42
44
46
STORET #
543017
523061
053210
343057
013001
723002
503003
443003
123017
063029
473009
483025
483027
513001
513013
263001
163003
County
Rock
Racine
Brown
Forest
Adams
Wood
Marathon
Oneida
Crawford
Buffalo
Pepin
Pierce
Pierce
Price
Pri ce
Douglas
Iron
Trend
Up
Up
Up
Down
Down
Up
Down
Down
Up
Up
Up
Up
Up
Up
Up
Down
UP
River and Location
Rock River at
Indianford
Root River at
Jonnson Park
Fox River at
DePere
»lol f Ri ver
CTH T
Wisconsin River at
Petenwell Tan
Wisconsin River
above Biron Dam
Wisconsi n Ri ver
above Oubay Dam
Wisconsin River
at McNaughton
\ickapoo Ri ver
at Steuben
Mississippi River
at Mma
Mississippi River
at Pepin
Mississippi River
at Hastings, Minn.
Mississippi River
at Red Wing, Minn.
Flambeau River
at Park Falls
Flambeau River
at ?ix1ey Dam
Montreal River
at HWY 122
Nemadji River
near Superior
-------
-23-
2. Municipal Pollution Trends
As shown on Figure 5 and 6, two stations showed increasing and fifteen
stations show decreasing and thirty-saven were unchanged. Thus, 28%
of stations indicated decreasing municipal pollution levels and 4%
were increasing trends. The over-all improvement for the period of
study was that 24% of the stations indicated a net decrease in munici-
pal pollution. These results are given in Table 8.
Table 8. Municipal Pollution Trends at Stations by County and
Stream Locations
Station
Map #
1
2
4
Storet #
243020
543017
573052
County
'/Jaushara
Rock
Adams
Trend
Up
Down
Down
River and Location
Fox River at Berlin
Rock River at Indianford
Wisconsin Ri ver at
39
683096
603095
483027
Waukestia
Sheboygan
Down
Down
21
22
23
26
33
37
343057
013001
723002
723220
093051
433026
Forest
Adans
Wood
Mood
Chippewa
Pierce
Down
Down
Up
flown
Down
Down
Pi erce
Down
41
42
44
;5
513001
513013
263001
163003
Drice
Price
Douglas
Iron
Down
Down
Down
Down
Wisconsin Del Is
Fox (111 ) Ri ver at
CTH I Bridge
Sheboygan River at
Sheboygan
Wolf River at CTH T
Wisconsin River at
Oam
Wisconsin River above
8i ron Dam
Wisconsin River at
Nekoosa
Chippewa River at Mol combe
Mississippi River at
Hastings
Mississippi River at
Red Uing
Flambeau River at Park Falls
Flanbeau River at Pixley Dam
Montreal River at HWY 122
"•lemahji River near Superior
-------
-24-
Figure 5- Wisconsin Monthly Monitoring
Stations Municipal Pollution
Trends 1978-1984
A
- Becreasing ".
- Increasing
-------
-25-
13)
(S)
—I
-------
-26-
3. Municipal and Industrial Pollution Trends
At stations where parameters reflecting both municipal and industrial
pollution levels exhibit trend, then these stations were reported as
municipal and industrial. In this category, only eight stations
showed a decreasing pollution trend, the remaining 38 stations showed
no change. This corresponds to 17% improvement for the period of
study. These results are displayed on Figures 7 and 8 and in Table 9.
Table 9. Combined Municipal and Industrial Pollution trends at
Stations by County and Stream Locations
Station
Map #
7
10
13
Itf
24
?'5
27
28
STORET #
523061
053210
433003
363071
503003
3S3068
443003
443002
County
Racine
3rown
Ocanto
Manitowoc
Marathon
Lincol n
Oneida
Oneida
Trend
Down
Town
Down
Down
Town
Down
Down
Down
River and Location
Root River at
Johnson Park
Fox River at DePere
Oconto Ri ver near
Gillett
West Twin River near
Two River
Wisconsin River above
Outlay Dam
Wisconsin River below
"•1erri 11
Wisconsin River at
McNaughton
Wisconsin River at
Hot Rapids Oam
-------
-27-
Figure 7- Wisconsin Monthly Monitoring
Stations Combined Municipal
and Industrial Pollution
Trends 1978-1984
A
M- Increasing
Wl- Decreasing.
-------
-28-
-------
-29-
4. Salt Pollution Trend
Chloride which indicates the extent of salt pollution showed the
most significant increase in trend. Salt pollution can be classi-
fied as a non-point source type, since chloride levels primarily
correspond to changes in salt levels; it was decided to display
this pollution as a separated category. Salt had the most signifi-
cant pollution trend increase, out of 46 stations total, 14 showed
increasing (30%), one station showed a decreasing trend, and thirty
stations remained unchanged. The increase in salt trends may be due
to highway salting, salt intrusion from natural deposits and other
domestic and industrial sources. These results are displayed in
Table 10, and on Figure 9 and 10.
Table 10. Salt Pollution Trends at Stations by County and
Stream Locations
River and Location
Fox River at Berlin
Fox (IL) at CTH I Bridge
Oconto River near Gillett
Pensaukee Ri ver at
Bell Ridge
Peshitgo River at Peshtigo
West Twin near Two Rivers
Viol f River at New London
Wisconsin River below
Merri 11
Wisconsin Ri ver at
McNaughton
Wisconsin Ri ver at
Hot Rapids Dam
Wisconsi n Ri ver at
Wausau
Black River at STH 93
Chippewa River at
Eau Clai re
Chippewa Rifer at Holcornbe
'Kickapoo River at Steuben
Station
Map #
1
5
13
15
16
13
20
25
27
23
29
30
32
33
34
STORET #
243020
683096
433003
433080
383001
363071
693035
353068
443003
443002
373001
623107
183057
093051
123017
County
Waushara
Waukesha
Oconto
Oconto
Mari nette
Manitowoc
Waupaca
Lincol n
Onei da
Oneida
Marathon
Tempealeau
Chippewa
Chippewa
Crawford
Trend
Up
Up
Up
Town
'Jp
Up
Up
Up
Up
Up
Up
Up
Up
Up
UP
-------
-30-
Figure 9- Wisconsin Monthly Monitoring
Stations. Salt Pollution
Trends 1978-1984
- Increasing
- Decreasing
-------
-31-
-------
-32-
In summary, water quality as determined by the trend analyses for the seven
year period has shown considerable improvement in Wisconsin. The following
types of pollution showed increasing or decreasing trends as shown by the
analysis of the data in STORET.
0 Municipal Pollution Trend showed 24% decrease
0 Municipal and Industrial Pollution Trend 17% decrease
0 Non-Point Source Pollution showed 11% increase
0 Salt ^ollution showed 30% increase
0 Significant increases of pollution trends were observed at Fox River
at Berlin, Wisconsin River above Biron Dam and Kickapoo River at
Steuben
0 Significant decreases of pollution trends were observed at the follow-
ing locations: Wolf River at CTH T; Wisconsin River above Oubay Oam
and Montreal River at HWY 122.
-------
-33-
VII. Conclusions
0 Since non-point source pollution has shown an increase, expanded
programs for non-point source monitoring and controls are recommen-
ded.
0 Increase monitoring on streams near major hazardous waste dis-
posal and Superfund sites.
0 Monitoring is mostly limited to major large rivers, thus an increase
in monitoring of smaller rivers on a rotating basis would be
helpful in determining water quality changes in smaller water-
sheds.
0 Chemical parametric coverage is barely adequate, expanded monitoring
for other metals such as Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, flercury,
Iron is recommended.
0 Biological monitoring on a routine basis is non-existent. It would
be highly desirable to conduct biomonitoring on impacted areas at
least on a biannual basis.
0 WDNR would benefit from shared monitoring of overlapping streams
with Michigan, Minnesota, and Illinois.
0 For the stations which showed no trend changes, it would be more
beneficial to establish new stations on basins and rotate stations
annually among different basins to expand monitoring coverage.
0 If a station appears not to be representative of water quality,
then investigate possibly of eliminating it or moving it to a more
representative location.
0 Establish stations or add parameters to existing stations to measure
toxics impacts at such locations.
-------
APPENDICES
-------
APPENDIX A
Regression Analysis Graphs of Parameters
at Stations Showing Significant Trends
-------
Appendix A
This appendix contains plots of parameters at monitoring stations which
showed significant trends. The significant trends were determined by the
statistical techniques as described in Section IV. The plots were obtained
by using Water Quality Analysis Branch's Browse interactive program. On each
plot the data is plotted in terms of measured parameter's value vs time at
a given station. The dotted line on the graph indicates regression line for
a period of measurement. An increasing slope for a parameter is generally
considered positive trend whereas decreasing slope is indicative of negative
teend. The slope of regression lines also appears to correlate well with
the statistical trends determined previously.
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