-------
237
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: May we have Raymond C.
Hubley, Jr., Chairman, Upper Mississippi River Conserva-
tion Committee.
RAYMOND C. HUBLEY, JR., COORDINATOR
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER CONSERVATION COMMITTEE
DAVENPORT, IOWA
MR. HUBLEY: Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen.
I am Raymond C. Hubley, Jr., and I serve
as Coordinator of the Upper Mississippi River Conservatior
Committee. I have been asked to present this statement
by our Committee Chairman John Brasch. The Committee is
an interstate organization of conservation agencies which
includes as its members, the Minnesota Conservation
Department, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources,
the Illinois Department of Conservation, the Illinois
Natural History Survey, the Missouri Department of Con-
servation, and the Iowa Conservation Commission.
I am going to give you a specific example
of interstate pollution and a resolution which we had
passed at our meeting in Springfield recently.
It was on December 15, 19^3, in Dubuque,
-------
258
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
Iowa, that 22 fish and wildlife biologists, pollution
specialists and administrators first met to form the
existing Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee.
The member States joined forces with the U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service to provide continuing cooperation betweer
conservation agencies responsible for fish and wildlife
management on 900 miles of Upper Mississippi River.
The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the
Missouri Water Pollution Board, the Minnesota Water
Pollution Control Agency., the Illinois Sanitary Water
Board and the Iowa Department of Health, and others soon
became active cooperators in Committee programs.
The Upper Mississippi River Conservation
Committee has a two-fold objective to guide its activitie
Firstly, to promote the preservation,
development and wise utilization of the natural and
recreational resources of the Upper Mississippi River,
and
Secondly, to formulate policies, plans and
programs for carrying on cooperative studies.
These efforts are intended for the benefit
of fishermen, hunters^ boaters, naturalists and generally
for all outdoorsmen. Through the years the scope of
-------
239
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
Committee interest and activity has expanded to include
most all water and related land use from Hastings,,
Minnesota, to Caruthersville, Missouri.
Committee programs on the Upper Mississipp
Eiver are undertaken jointly by State and cooperating
agency representatives which comprise technical work
groups. The six existing work groups deal with fish,
game, recreation and water use, law enforcement, publi-
cations and pollution. Cooperative projects such as
creel census, waterfowl hunter surveys, fish tagging and
litter control provide a diversity of Committee effort.
Public access development and pollution surveillance
are other important activities.
Along with such studies the Committee
also functions as an advisory body on all technical
aspects of fish, wildlife and recreation. Where the
fish, wildlife and resources of the river are adversely
affected, the Committee must speak up.
The Upper Mississippi River Conservation
Committee, or UMRCC, as it is sometimes called, has
produced several publications which define the character
of the river's sport and commercial fishery. Pishing is
an important recreational use of the river.
-------
260
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
On page 9^ of the Committee's "UMRCC
Fisheries Compendium," sport fishing from Hastings,
Minnesota, to Alton, Illinois, is estimated to be 1.65
million anglers annually. On page 223 of the same docu-
ment it is noted that commercial fishermen harvest about
10 million pounds of fish per year with a value of $1
million.
Mr. Chairman, I submit the Compendium as
a matter of record for the proceedings of this conference
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Do you want it included
in the record? Let me see it.
If you don't mind, we will keep this as an
exhibit, available at Headquarters, PWPCA, and the
regional offices in both Kansas City and Chicago.
MR. HUBLEY: It might be better as an
exhibit than as an actual part of the record.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
(Compendium marked Exhibit No. 2, on file
at Headquarters, PWPCA, and the Regional Offices - Kansas
City, Missouri, and Chicago, Illinois.)
MR. HUBLEY: The Committee sponsored the
publication of Mrs. Harriet Carlander's "History of Pish
and Fishing"--a book which presents a significant
-------
26l
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
contribution to the historical background on the river's
fishery from the time of the mound builders to the presen
day.
Pollution on the Mississippi River and
its subsequent effect on the fishery resources also are
documented in Mrs. Carlander's treatise. For example.,
on page 24:
"The building of towns and cities along
the river has led to considerable pollution of the
Mississippi from sewage and industrial wastes. The
condition of the river between Minneapolis and Lake
Pepin became so serious that a survey was ordered...
The data obtained indicated that the fish generally
shunned grossly polluted waters where the dissolved
oxygen content was low. There also appeared to be a
dearth of game fish in the river from Minneapolis to
Lake Pepin."
In another section:
"Commercial fishing has been greatly
reduced, or completely destroyed in some places because
of pollution. Commercial fishermen in the vicinity of
St. Louis complain about a gassy or oily flavor to fish
caught in that region."
-------
262
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
Mr. Chairman, I submit this publication
as a matter of record.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: It will be made a part
of the record, marked as an exhibit, and be on file at
Headquarters, FWPCA, and. the Regional Offices in Kansas
City and Chicago.
("History of Fish and Fishing in the Upper
Mississippi," marked Exhibit No. 3, is on file at FWPCA
Headquarters and the Regional Offices, Kansas City,
Missouri, and Chicago, Illinois.)
.The effects of pollution on fish and
fishing in Iowa's portion of the Mississippi River is
acknowledged in Mr. Paul Barnickol and Dr. William
Starrett's bulletin of September 1951? "Commercial and
Sport Fishes of the Mississippi River Between Caruthers-
ville, Missouri, and Dubuque, Iowa."
On page 276 it states:
"This river receives a rather heavy load
of pollution from the city of Keokuk, as was evidenced
by the accumulation of sewage and other debris on the
test nets. A large portion of this pollution in the
Des Moines evidently comes from packing plants... It was
obvious from the poor catches of commercial fishes in
-------
263
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
the test nets that the fish population is adversely
affected by the pollution for several miles below Keokuk.
According to local reports, commercial fishermen avoid
setting their nets within the first few miles downstream
from Keokuk on the Iowa side because of the unhealthy
appearance of fishes that have been taken at that loca-
tion. Carp taken in the test nets there appeared to have
a rather milky coloration, and many of them showed a form
of popeye."
Mr. Chairman, I also submit this publica-
tion as a matter of record.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: All right. If we have
three copies, they will be available at the same olaces.
We just need two more copies. Thank you.
(Bulletin marked Exhibit No. 4, on file
at PWPCA Headquarters and Regional Offices, Kansas City,
Missouri, and Chicago, Illinois.)
MR. HUBLEY: The pollution of the Mississippi
River at Keokuk has continued in one form or another for
the last 20 years and it still exists.
For over 15 years the Missouri Department
of Conservation has been receiving complaints from fisher-
men in northeast Missouri concerning the polluted
-------
__ 264
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
conditions of the Mississippi between Keokuk and Canton,
Missouri .
Investigations by that agency in 1954,
1962 and 1968 indicated that starch plant wastes were
responsible for much of the pollution. The most
frequently mentioned problem stems from a slimy
bacterium, Sphaerotilus , which accumulates on fishing
lines, nets and other gear. It thrives in waters
receiving some form of carbohydrate wastes, either
sugars or starches.
A blanket-like growth of Sphaerotilus, suai
as covers much of the Mississippi River bottom below
Keokuk, is highly detrimental to other aquatic life.
By covering the substrate, it chokes off production of
oxygen by benthic algae, as well as eliminating fish food
organisms including insect larvae, mussels and other
invertebrates. This bacterial blanket also will smother
out the spawning grounds and habitat of fish and many
other forms of aquatic life.
In a June 5» 19^8, investigation,
Missouri conservation representatives found extensive
along shore, just downstream from
the Hubinger Company operation. At the time of this
-------
_ 263
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
investigation, Hubinger Company's wastes did not enter
the city's primary treatment system, but were discharged
directly into the Mississippi via three outfalls. Accumu
lation of organic wastes were observed at each outfall.
Another starch plant and a poultry
processor have been connected to the Keokuk treatment
system, while a foundry and an electro-plating company
remain without treatment facilities.
Missouri conservation officials have
stated that:
"Before the S_p_h_ae_roti_l_us_ growths, taste
and odor problems and other pollution symptoms can be
eliminated, all sewage and industrial wastes from Keokuk
will have to receive at least secondary treatment. It
seems unlikely that primary treatment, which is removal
of settleable solids, would significantly remove such
things as are currently a problem."
The major effects of this pollution are
felt in Missouri and Illinois, but the cause is in Iowa.
Pollution of the river at Keokuk is only one specific
example of the interstate nature of river pollution
problems. Similar S_p_hi_ae_ro_t_il_us_ beds exist below other
metropolitan areas, including Dubuque, Clinton, Muscatine
-------
266
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
Burlington and the Quad Cities.
The Upper Mississippi River Conservation
Committee is deeply concerned over the extent of inter-
state pollution which exists on the Upper Mississippi
River today. The Committee's concern was voiced explicitly
by resolution at tis 25th annual meeting in Springfield,,
Illinois, on January 14., 1969. The resolution provides
as follows:
WHEREAS, The Upper Mississippi River
Conservation Committee is deeply concerned over the
degraded biological conditions of the Mississippi River
and the controversy concerning the need for further
treatment of municipal and industrial wastes primarily
from metropolitan areas of Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri,
and
WHEREAS, Primary and secondary treatment
of all sewage wastes and tertiary or advanced treatment
of some wastes are necessary to protect the fish, wild-
life and associated recreational values in the Mississippi
River, and
WHEREAS, Water quality standards adopted
by some States would permit lower water quality than
presently exists, therefore, a nondegradation policy is
-------
267
Raymond Hubley, Jr.
necessary to fully protect the aquatic resources against
further damage, and
WHEREAS, No water quality standards for
major interstate streams should be accepted by the
Department of the Interior unless the standards for
adjoining States are in essential agreement,
NOW BE IT RESOLVED, That the Upper Missis-
sippi River Conservation Committee urges the water pollu-
tion control agencies of the States of Iowa, Minnesota
and Missouri to adopt the above principles in compliance
with recommendations of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration in order to improve and protect
water quality of the Upper Mississippi River.
This concludes the statement of the Upper
Mississippi River Conservation Committee.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Hubley.
I wonder if you would wait there for a minute and let me
go off the record.
(Discussion off the record.)
CHAIRMAN STEIN: In connection with your
testimony, I do have a telegram saying: "The Izaak
Walton League of America with membership exceeding 8,000
in Iowa urges adoption by Iowa of water standards
-------
268
M. A. Dalchow
conforming to or exceeding minimum approved by neighbor-
ing States on the Mississippi River including the no
degradation provision. Our Upper Mississippi River
Survey Committee concurs fully with the water quality
resolution presented by Ray Hubley for the Upper Missis-
sippi River Conservation Committee."
It is signed by Vernon D. Hagelin, Chairmai
of the Board, and Kenneth H. Smith, Chairman, Survey
Committee.
Thank you very much.
May we have Dr. M. A. Dalchow, of the
Izaak Walton League.
DR. M. A. DALCHOW
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE
MAQUOKETA, IOWA
DR. DALCHOW: I am a National Director
and want to endorse our Executive Secretary's statement,
but my statement primarily comes from my local chapter.
If we are to continue the enhancement of
the environmental waters of the Mississippi River, we
must take note of the future as well as past possible
loads of waste which we have dumped for some 40 years.
-------
M. A. Dalchow
¥e have contact with some folks at
Monticello, Minnesota, where there is possibly some
over-emotionalism about a nuclear plant,, but we would
like to alert this conference to the fact that thermal
and radioactive wastes are just another possible pol-
lution if and when the demand for electrical energy
is raised some two to four times, which we are contem-
plating in future consumption.
I have been near, or on, the Mississippi
River for nearly half a century, and 50 years ago I could
take water out of the Mississippi River and cook coffee.
I would like to have the privilege of doing that again
someday. In other words, let's degrade this pollution
thing down slowly, not arguing about dates and so forth.
It is our hope that we can be influential
in upgrading the law to conform to the Federal standards.
We will work very hard to get that done.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Dalchow.
At this point, we will stand in recess
for 15 minutes.
(Whereupon, a recess was taken.)
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Let's reconvene,please.
I think there is no doubt that we will
-------
270
Donald Carlson
be going on into tomorrow. Not only will the rebuttals
take place tomorrow, or the comments, but some of the
presentations will take place tomorrow.
Now, we will continue calling people for
awhile. I would suggest that anyone whose commitments
are such that it would make it impossible for him to
participate in the rebuttals tomorrow, and who wants to
make a statement today, and who is already registered,
should get in touch with Mrs. Piere and make this known,
so that we can make every effort to get you on today.
However, I would suggest that, if at all
possible, you should stay until tomorrow, because if this
bears any relationship to other enforcement conferences
we have had, when we get into the rebuttal and the com-
ments, that is when the fun and games begin.
May I call on Donald J. Carlson, Chief
Production Engineer, Interstate Power Company.
DONALD J. CARLSON,, CHIEF PRODUCTION ENGINEER
INTERSTATE POWER COMPANY, DUBUQUE, IOWA
MR. CARLSON: Mr. Chairman, my name is
Donald J. Carlson. I am Chief Production Engineer for
the Interstate Power Company with general offices
-------
271
Donald Carlson
located in Dubuque, Iowa. I am a registered orofessional
engineer. As Chief Production Engineer of Interstate
Power Company, I have the responsibility for the design,
construction, maintenance and operation of powerplant
facilities for generation of electricity.
Interstate Power Company is an electric
utility serving approximately 130,000 electric customers
in northeastern Iowa, northwestern Illinois and southern
Minnesota. Interstate presently operates seven ma.jor
electric generating plants, four of which are located in
the State of Iowa and are affected by the proceedings of
this conference.
From the time the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Law was passed in 1965, we have worked with the
Iowa Water Pollution Commission through submission of
data to technical committees and presentations at hear-
ings covering the Iowa Water Quality Criteria, in an
effort to arrive at a criteria which would be equitable
to all persons using this natural resource, and a criteri?
that was based on knowledge of the local conditions and
requirements of the States involved.
We feel that the criteria as adopted by
the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission in May 196?
-------
272
Donald Carlson
and submitted to the Department of Interior for approval,
embodies the results of detailed investigation of all
present knowledge available and represents a workable
criteria for the improvement of the natural water
resources of Iowa and adjacent States.
As an electric utility, the area of most
concern to Interstate Power Company is the disposal of
heat and the temperature limitations placed on receiving
waters. Interstate has three major plants located on
the Mississippi River, the largest being located at
Clinton, Iowa. ¥e have recorded temperature data at
this station showing the inlet condenser water from the
o
Mississippi River has reached as high as 90 F. This is
the temperature of the Mississippi River water before any
heat is added. The 90° F- was not for extended lengths
of time, but as shown in data attached to this statement,
occurred for a period of only seven hours in the past
15 years.
The Iowa Water Quality Criteria requires
o
a 93 F. maximum which provides only a three-degree
margin, but it was felt that this is the lowest require-
ment we could continue to operate with. If there is any
reduction below this level, the installation of cooling
-------
273
Donald Carlson
towers would be required which would be used only for a
period of less than one oercent of the year. This would
entail a $2 million expenditure for the one olant.
Investments of this kind would add an
additional burden on the electric customers. This would
certainly be an extreme waste of economic resources
imposing unnecessary costs on customers and a misuse of
a great natural resource.
There has been no evidence of powerplant
operations on the Mississippi detrimentally affecting
the aquatic life in the river. In fact, one of our
greatest problems is, in the interest of public safety,
to keep the fishermen from climbing on our discharge
structures at the powerplants. The fishermen are at
the heated water discharges of the plants during all
periods of the year so the fish must be there. This is
one of the factors in the equation that cannot be deter-
mined in the laboratory but require study at each local
condition.
The state of man's knowledge of the effect
of heated waters on aquatic life and the ecology of a
body of water is clearly lacking and there is disagreemen
among the Nation's biologists regarding this effect even
-------
Donald Carlson
to the point of disagreement in interpretations of the
same scientific data. This point is brought out in the
April 1, 1968, report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee on Water Quality Criteria to the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration and I quote from page 7
in the Introduction, paragraph 5 in its entirety.
"The committee was concerned about several
issues relating to water quality standards for the con-
trol and abatement of water pollution. Foremost among
these is the lack of adequate knowledge concerning many
of the quality characteristics upon which the criteria
and, hence, standards should be based. The unknown
still outweigh the knowns. Complicating factors in
setting standards are varying natural conditions affect-
ing water quality,, such as climate., geography and geology
of a specific location. The committee does not want to
be dogmatic in recommending these criteria. They are
meant as guidelines only, to be used in conjunction with
a thorough knowledge of local conditions. Further, it
is anticipated that future research will provide con-
siderable basis for refinements in the recommendations."
This paragraph from the report points up
the need for added research to determine the requirements
-------
275
Donald Carlson
under local conditions. In Section II of the same
report, covering fish and wildlife, I would like to
quote from page 42, the fourth paragraph under tempera-
ture for fresh-water organisms. This is the paragraph
in its entirety also.
"in arriving at suitable temperature
criteria, the problem is to estimate how far the natural
temperature may be exceeded without adverse effects.
Whatever requirements are suggested, a seasonal cycle
must be retained, the changes in temperature reached
must not be so high or so low as to damage or alter
the composition of the desired population. In view of
the many variables, it seems obvious that no single
temperature requirement can be applied to the United
States as a whole, or even to one State; the requirements
must be closely related to each body of water and its
population. To do this, a temperature increment based
on the natural water temperature is more appropriate
than an unvarying number. Using an increment requires,
however, that we have information on the natural tempera-
ture conditions of the water in question, and the size
of the increment that can be tolerated by the desired
species. "
-------
2?6
Donald Carlson
Again the need for investigation of each
set of local conditions and its needs must be studied.
To summarize, it is Interstate's position
that the resources of the State and the country should "be
to the benefit of all and utilized to their utmost. The
criteria as established by the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission has been developed by competent
personnel, backed by recommendations of other State
bodies such as Departments of Conservation, Health,
Wildlife and Fisheries, Natural Resources, Agriculture
and others, along with interested citizens and groups.
Consultation with neighboring States was
included so the resulting criteria was based on the needs
requirements and conditions prevailing in the Midwest
area. It is hard to see how changes can be made without
the same amount of diligent work being done on proposed
revisions. Specifically in the area of temperature limit
on the Mississippi, any reduction of the temperature
criteria below 93 F. should be done only after complete
study and investigation has been made of the aquatic and
ecology needs of the waters in question.
We wish to thank you for the opportunity
to comment at this conference and we offer our assistance
-------
277
Donald Carlson
in any related study work that may be required for the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission to substantiate
and prove the adequacy of its criteria.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Do you want your charts
and tables put in the record, Mr. Carlson?
MR. CARLSON: Yes.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: I hope yours are better
than these. They won't reproduce.
MR. CARLSON: I will send you a whole
set,, marked a little clearer.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: I would like to have
that. I would hate to have an Interstate chart go in
and have our clerical staff blow their fuse.
MR. CARLSON: I will get a better one for
you for the record.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
(The above-mentioned charts follow.)
-------
INLET WATER TEMPERATURE
BEAVER CHANNEL PLANT (M.L.KAPP STATION)
LQCATION:CLINTQN,IOWA __R!YER MiLEPOSj:5i4
i 1 ! i 1 ' ' •• • ' . , • [ , ------
Missis;sip:plL:Riv4:
278
30
Interstate Power Company
lova Standard Setting Conference
Davenport, Iowa
April 8, 1969
-------
INLET WATER TEMPERATURE 279
BEAVER CHANNEL PLANT (ML KAPP STATION)
LOCATIONICLINTON, IOWA
i - - , - - -r -, -* ,
RIVER MILEPOST: 514
Mississippi 'Elver• tempe
30 -
Interstate Power Company
Iowa Standard Setting Conference
Davenpo rt, Iowa
April 8, 1969
-------
100
90
INLET WATER TEMPERATURE 28°
BEAVER CHANNEL PLANT (M.L KAPP STATION)
LOCATION. CLINTON, IOWA RIVER MILEPOST'.5I4
! ! '
Bar graph of monthly maximum and minimum
Mississippi River temperatures taken at
intake to condenser. !
Interstate Power Company
Iowa Standard Setting Conference
Davenport, Iowa
April 8, 1969
-------
281
Karl Schafer
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Miss Joan Sulser, private
secretary and clerical worker.
Miss Sulser?
(No response.)
Karl H. Schafer, Administrative Engineer,
Iowa-Illinois Gas and Electric Company.
KARL H. SCHAFER, ADMINISTRATIVE ENGINEER
IOWA-ILLINOIS GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
DAVENPORT, IOWA
.MR. SCHAFER: Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen — can you hear me out there?
I am Karl Schafer, Administrative Engineer
for, and this statement is made in behalf of, lowa-Illinoi
Gas and Electric Company of Davenport, Iowa.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Do you have a full state-
ment that you wish to submit?
MR. SCHAFER: The whole statement.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: You will read the whole
statement?
MR. SCHAFER: Yes.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Go ahead.
MR. SCHAFER: One of the purposes of this
-------
282
Karl Schafer
conference is to consider the data and information
available on the status of pollution of the rivers of
Iowa and relate this in reasonable perspective to the
requirements of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
for the protection of public health and welfare and the
enhancement of the quality of the water. Since the major
service area of our company is in the Quad Cities, the
application of water quality standards to the Mississippi
River is the area of primary interest to our company.
This statement relates primarily to the
possible warm water effects on the Mississippi River, and
I do not use the word "pollution," but in addition com-
ments on other factors related thereto. Specifically,
we will comment on the following points:
1. The maximum river temperature of 90°
from Dubuque, Iowa, to the south border of the State
appears unnecessarily restrictive without additional
qualifications.
2. The equal and literal application of
an unqualified nondegradation clause to all waters in the
United States appears unattainable and unenforceable,
and results in unnecessary and inequitable discrimination
against certain classes of beneficial users.
-------
283
Karl Schafer
3. Crash programs of pollution abatement
on the Mississippi River are not warranted because the
water quality is already very good compared to comparable
streams and exceptionally superior to those rivers that
are usually publicized as being polluted.
4. The emphasis in water quality manage-
ment should be directed toward the development of a pol-
lution control and abatement plan that is based on the
establishment of priorities that, in turn, are based on
the need for the elimination of the most harmful pollutan
and the greatest sources of pollution within the ability
of the local population to fund such projects.
Now, in turn, as I list them, I would like
to comment on these four points .
First, the maximum Mississippi River
temperature.
When considering the high volume of flow,
the low population density, and the comparatively few
industries utilizing the waters for cooling and other
uses and relating this to the known natural physical
cooling phenomena of evaporation, radiation and convec-
tion, it appears valid to conclude that the present
Mississippi River temperature is its natural temperature.
-------
284
Karl Schafer
Based on the data available in our com-
pany ,,it is to "be recognized that there have been at
least a few occasions when the natural river temperature
has reached 89° and 90° F. It follows that "enhancement"
relative to this temperature, its natural temperature,
is an impossibility and that under such conditions, a
maximum limit of 90° restricts the use of the river to
its present limited uses and does not in even a limited
sense, make it available for cooling purposes under
certain ambient conditions.
Since the available data and information
relative to possible harmful biological and ecological
effects at 3 to 5 degrees above natural temperatures
does not appear to support severe restrictions, it is
recommended that instead of a 5 maximum rise and a
o
maximum 90 temperature, that in addition, a maximum of
3 or 4 rise above natural temperature be permitted when
the natural temperature is 87 F. or higher.
This addition cannot be considered as
pollution and appears entirely consistent with the
requirements of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
recognizes the conditions that exist and makes a vast
resource more dependably and equitably available to the
-------
283
Karl Schafer
several beneficial user groups.
Further, if and when evaluations of heat
additions to a river are made, it is additionally
recommended that a weighted average of the river's cross-
section upstream from the point of use be used for
reference and compared with a similar cross-section down-
stream at a sufficient distance to allow reasonable
dissipation and/or mixing taking into account the require
ments of the beneficial users and the aquatic life below
the point of discharge.
The second point: The literal application
of the nondegradation clause to all waters in the United
States appears unattainable and results in unnecessary
discrimination against certain classes of beneficial user!
The present level of oollution, the physical
characteristics of the body of water, the concentrations
of population, of agriculture, and of industry in the
drainage basin and other variable factors have an
important bearing on the present and future requirements
of that body of water to adequately protect the public
interest.
On a body of water like the Mississippi,
there is a substantial natural assimilative capacity for
-------
286
Karl Schafer
such uses as cooling that may have a localized and
temporary effect of a magnitude that could not be con-
sidered as deleterious to the ecological life of the
river except perhaps, to an incrementally insignificant
degree. With such abundant availability, it would be
wasteful to prohibit the use of such a readily available
resource to the public. Through adequate, but not
excessive restrictions that will adequately preserve the
waters and protect the public interest, this resource
could be kept equitably available to the several user
groups.
True nondegradation in its literal sense
would preclude using the river for such purposes, for
instance^ as increased pleasure motor boating, increased
barge traffic to move materials and supplies or to permit
additional population even when utilizing tertiary treat-
ment of sewage because it cannot be avoided that any and
all such activities degrade the water quality by a small
increment.
The real approach, then, to a realistic
and enforceable objective lies in a balanced evaluation
of any additional use by the appropriate State agency
who is aware of the total situation and requirements and
-------
28?
Karl Schafer
with the value of the additional use to the public, giving
due weight to uses other than recreation. In this way,
the water quality objective can be attained without the
restriction of an ambiguous restraint that, in fact, can
be neither measured or enforced.
The third point: Crash programs of pol-
lution abatement on the Mississippi River are not
warranted because the water quality is already high
compared to those waters that have been publicized as
polluted waters.
There is no known data that would support
the point of view that the Mississippi River is a pollute
river where it borders the State of Iowa with the excep-
tion of certain local problems that are already largely
scheduled for improvement and correction, and those prob-
lems for which there is no present solution.
The effect of the present discharges in
this reach that originate from industrial plants and
population centers are minimal and can be considered as
completely insignificant when the already planned changes
to treatment plants and other processes have been imple-
mented. This then provides ample time during which a
monitoring system could be installed that would pinpoint
-------
288
Karl Schafer
any future temporary or permanently harmful effluent
additions to the river.
It follows that with the good job that
has already been done and the further improvements plannec
that no irretrievable harm could result if we take the
time to study the problem in greater depth, be alert to
any changes in the situation and then develop a long-
range monitoring and control plan through the Iowa State
Water Pollution Control Commission that would safeguard
and retain the quality of the rivers, lakes and streams
of Iowa.
We do not believe that it is the intent
of the law, as it applies to the Mississippi River
situation, to proceed with unnecessary haste that does
not fully take into account the ability of the population
to financially support programs and projects that have
an inherently low potential for benefit when so many
projects need funding that have a substantial benefit
to the public.
The presently proposed overly detailed
regulation neither provides the favorable climate under
which good abatement, control and enforcement can occur
in the future nor are the public interests best served
-------
289
Karl Schafer
through this procedure in the short or long run.
The fourth point: A pollution control and
abatement plan should be developed based on the estab-
lishment of priorities that, in turn, are based on the
need, the elimination of the most harmful pollutants and
the greatest sources of pollution.
Much valuable time has already been con-
sumed in trying to define all facets of the water oollu-
tion abatement, control and enforcement problems. This
effort, although a worthy objective, is unattainable as
presently pursued because the basic information required
for complete definition and evaluation is not available;
and the research and development effort that will be
required to attain the required level of definition will
take a very considerable amount of time to accomplish.
Even at the risk, therefore, of having to
change and perhaps make some standards more restrictive
at some future date, if subsequent information reveals
that this must be done, it appears prudent and more
practical to select the greatest pollutants and pollution
sources and proceed to work out a pollution abatement
plan for these and thus attain more limited but perhaps
more important near term objectives.
-------
290
Karl Schafer
The solutions to the overall problems and
the attainment of completely implemented programs on an
immediate basis are beyond the financial abilities of
the industries and communities involved, in any event,
so the development of an overall plan that includes
specific intermediate objectives with priority designa-
tions and timetables commensurate with the importance of
the problem and the financial capabilities of the communi
ties and industries represents the approach that has the
greatest shori> and long-range benefits and the greatest
likelihood of long-run success.
The application of this general approach
to the Mississippi River would improve the already ade-
quate quality of the waters further in a comparatively
short time and would permit the installation of a perma-
nent monitoring and surveillance system that would pro-
vide the data and information that is presently not
available and that would provide the basis for further
abatement and enforcement plans as the need would indi-
cate. This would provide the improvement sought in an
environment of higher quality water, protect the public
interest, relate the problems to specific needs, and
more nearly recognize the difficulties of the specific
-------
291
Karl Schafer
situation.
In this context, as it would apply to the
Mississippi River, the effort of concentration would be
on such targets as high turbidity from inadequate con-
servation practices, high phosphates and organics from
farm lot runoff, the pinpointing of intermittent pollu-
tion sources of all kinds, control of herbicides and
pesticides that end up in streams and the control of
river loadings resulting from the application of a high
level of commercial fertilizers to agricultural lands.
These are the areas that appear to require attention and
a concentration of effort.
In summary, it is recommended that the
emphasis of all the regulatory bodies be focused on the
areas that are the most important sources of pollution,
where the benefits will be the greatest, and where help
is urgently needed for the immediate future rather than
to keep stressing the areas where considerably more
information is required before intelligent decisions
can be made that more nearly balance the interest of all
the beneficial users.
Mr. Chairman, this concludes my statement.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you very much, Mr.
-------
292
August Rinell
Schafer, for a comprehensive statement.
I will say this on the record. Whether
you agree with Mr. Schafer or not, I think this is the
kind of statement — and I am talking about the form, and
the way it was presented — it is most helpful. He is
specific, he lays out a philosophy. I hope I can, and
I think everyone who is a professional in the field can,
understand exactly what he has said and what he means.
I would like to commend the industry,
without endorsing or detracting from the substance of
your statement--! think the format and the point of view
and the information you have given have been most helpful
MR. SCHAFER: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: May we have August P.
Rinell of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
Mr. Rinell?
Mr. Rinell has the fascinating address,
Clock Tower, Rock Island, Illinois.
AUGUST P. RINELL
U. S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
ROCK ISLAND, ILLINOIS
MR. RINELL: I have a prepared statement
-------
293
August Rinell
by the North Central Division of the U. S. Corps of
Engineers, Chicago, which I will submit to you, Mr.
Stein.
In your introductory statement, you
suggested a summary. For that purpose--
FROM THE FLOOR: ¥e can't hear you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Would you speak a little
closer to the microphone? I think we are really having
trouble here, and may I suggest that you get within just
a few inches of the mike.
MR. RINELL: Is this audible?
Mr. Stein suggested in his introductory
remarks a brief statement of the paper. For this, I will
edit the closing paragraph of the statement.
Our statement does not provide any
quantitative basis for pollution standards. That is not
our purpose. ¥e do make it clear, however, that the Corps
of Engineers supports wholeheartedly those controls which
are conducive to true multipurpose uses of the Mississippi
River, not only for flood control and navigation but also
for recreation and other uses.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Do you have the full
statement? That will appear as if read.
(The above-mentioned statement follows:)
-------
294
U. S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
NORTH CENTRAL DIVISION
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
8 April 1969
Statement on Water Quality Standards
The Corps of Engineers is interested in ail uses of the upper
Mississippi and its tributaries. Our basic functions are
flood control and navigation. Flood control at this time is
accomplished by use of the reservoirs and by municipal and
rural levee systems. Navigation on the upper Mississippi
River has been made possible by the formation of pools
created by darns that provide a minimum 9-foot channel depth.
Flood control, navigation, and water quality have inter-related
effects. The greatly enlarged water surface area formed by
each Mississippi River navigation pool provides for an increased
rate of oxygen regeneration. In addition, reaeration of the
water as it cascades through the dans is an important oxygen
regenerating factor. The flood control levees reduce the rate
of flood waters invading the developed flood plain thereby
reducing the rate of polluting the river water, as well as
providing a more intensive use of the river banks for agricul-
tural, residential, commercial and industrial purposes.
Silt retained in the reservoirs located, and to be
located in the basin certainly will have beneficial
-------
295
effects upon water quality of the river, and consequently upon
the water supply and sewage dilution functions of the river.
Pre-impoundment and post-impoundment studies involving a. number
of parameters affecting or affected by the quality of wa.ter
have been underway at two reservoirs located on tributaries of
the upper Mississippi River, as well a.s other locations. These
studies are an effort to determine possible procedures of reser-
voir operation that will maintain or improve the quality of the
reservoir waters. In connection with the maintenance dredging
of the Mississippi River navigation project, it is our good
fortune that the dredged material is almost entirely sand with
some silt and apparently not a pollution hazard. However, the
disposition of the dredge spoil is carried out with the concur-
rence of interested State and Federal agencies. The U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service is particularly interested in the places
where the material is deposited so that feeding and spawning
areas are not affected. Also, we have certain regulatory
functions regarding the discharge of pollutants from floating
or fixed installations when such discharges a.re detrimental to
navigation. Such occurrences are rare in our area.
The past twenty years has seen a tremendous increase in water
based recreation - boating, swimming, fishing, and general
shoreline recreation. We need not go into the reasons for this
-------
296
development - it is here, it is increasing in momentum, a.nd it
apparently reflects a permanent change in our way of life. The
Corps has for many years been authorized to provide facilities
for recreation at reservoirs, and more recently a.t Corps-owned
lands of the upper Mississippi River navigation project, in
cooperation with local and state park agencies. Utilization
of these facilities has been phenomena.! and continues to
increase. In response to this trend, and in the interest of
public safety and convenience, the Corps was authorized by the
Flood Control Act of 1962 to extend its recreational development
to all water resource projects. The present policy is to coop-
erate with local interests and with state agencies in the
development of boat ramps, parking and picnic areas, and similar
facilities along the upper Mississippi River and its tributaries
Some of these facilities have been built, others are under con-
struction or scheduled for early construction, a.nd many more
are planned for the future as the need develops and as the
necessary participation by local interests is negotiated and
funds become available.
It does not require a sanitary specialist to see that water
pollution is inimical to recreational use of a river. We shall
leave to those specialists the problems of determining what
levels of pollution are tolerable and consistent with intensive
-------
297
recreational use. Even boatJng involves some direct contact
with river waters and,, if we consider fishing,, swimming, and
water-skiing, the contact is greater. Esthetic enjoyment of
a river environment is adversely affected, by obnoxious odors,
by floating matter, and by suspended or dissolved materials
related to water clarity. Fishing success, and the edibility
of fish caught ere definitely related to water quality.
As an agency of the Federal Government, the Corps of Engineers
is charged with providing certain recreation facilities and is
interested in and support the adoption and maintenance of
reasonable standards which are conducive to and consistent
with intensive and increasing public use of the Mississippi
River. The Corps of Engineers would certainly dislike to see
a reduction in the recreational utilization of the river and
a resulting loss of recreation development due to pollution.
It appears that such a reduction might come about as a result
of public disinclination, for either aesthetic or sanitary
reasons, to use a polluted river, or by regulation which would
prohibit or limit certain public uses in the interest of health
and safety. In either event, non-use of the river for recrea-
tional purposes would ha.ve an adverse effect upon our plans
for the construction of facilities intended for increased
recreational use.
-------
298
It is real} zed that our statement does not provide any
quan.tita.tive basis for pollution standards - that is not
our purpose. It is hoped that we have made it clear that
the Corps of Engineers supports whole-heartedly those anti-
pollution programs a.nd controls which are conducive to true
multi-purpose use of 'the Mississippi River, not only for
flood control and navigation, but also for water quality and
for general recreational use by the nature-loving people of
our country.
-------
299
Murray Stein
CHAIRMAN STEIN: May we have James Raring,
Izaak Walton League, Clinton, Iowa? Mr. Haring?
How about Prank P. Scharff, retired,
Izaak Walton League, LeClaire, Iowa?
If he is not here, we have two extensive
presentations, one which was requested for tomorrow, by
the president of the Davenport Chapter of the Izaak
Walton League, and then Iowa's presentation which will
come last and probably will take some time.
Is there anyone other than that who wishes
to make a statement today?
If not, we are going to recess until 9
o'clock tomorrow to take this up. The statements I have
are Schneckloth, President of the Davenport Chapter of
the Izaak Walton League, and then Iowa, and then rebuttal
If anyone wishes to make a statement today
let's hear from him. If not, we stand recessed until
9:30 tomorrow morning.
(Whereupon, at 4 o'clock p.m. the meeting
recessed, to reconvene at 9'30 a.m. on the following day,
Wednesday, April 9, 1969.)
-------
300
WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION
April 9, 1969
Conference to consider the Iowa Water
Quality Standards for the Mississippi River Basin Inter-
state Waters - State of Iowa, reconvened, pursuant to
recess, at 9:30 a.m., in the Beaux Arts Room of the
Blackhawk Hotela Davenport, Iowa, Murray Stein, Chairman,
presiding.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Let's reconvene, please.
We have Leo D. Schneckloth, President of
the Davenport Chapter of the Izaak Walton League. Is he
here?
LEO D. SCHNECKLOTH, PRESIDENT
DAVENPORT CHAPTER, IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE
DAVENPORT, IOWA
MR. SCHNECKLOTH: Mr. Chairman, as
Chairman of this conference, we thank you for allowing
us to present the following.
My name is Leo Schneckloth. I am the
President of the Davenport Chapter of the Izaak Walton
League of America (IWLA). As such, and having received
a copy of the March 5, 1969? notice by Secretary of the
-------
301
Leo Schneckloth
Interior Walter J. Hickel setting this conference, I
brought it to the attention of the Davenport Chapter
Board of Directors at our meeting of March 25, 1969.
After discussing the content of the
notice and how it related to our interest in water pol-
lution abatement, I was delegated to prepare and present
a statement that would contain the sentiments of the
Board's discussion and other pertinent commentary. The
following is that statement.
It has been the policy and, indeed, the
history of the Davenport Chapter of the IWLA to have a
strong interest in and to support a water pollution
abatement program. Our effort and support in the estab-
lishment of the present Iowa Water Pollution Control Law,
our statements presented at the November-December 1966
hearings on water quality criteria for all Iowa waters
all bear this out.
At the present the members of the Daven-
port Chapter all consider we are some of the minority
users of the waters of the State of Iowa, but why should
this come into consideration when standards are being set
up for the benefit of the population of the Nation? It
is true that the waters of the Mississippi Valley Basin
-------
302
Leo Schneckloth
are not of high quality, but, at the same time, why
should some of the representatives of some of the
so-called beneficial users have the control of State
officials and other responsible committees for setting
standards?
Why is the State of Iowa so lax in estab-
lishing water standards? Why can a group of people,
such as several representatives of organizations here
at this meeting, dictate and control our State officials
and thus control the type of water standards we have
throughout the State? Unless we, the people, at once
wake up to the fact, there is little chance but what
our streams will become cesspools and detrimental to
public consumption.
Let us act now.
Under the Clean Waters Restoration Act
of 1966, if it is a question of finances that is bother-
ing the State, it should be noted that the State approves
a companion grant program, that the Federal share will
be 50 percent in States and pay 25 percent of the cost
of local projects. Why are all these other States
getting the benefit and Iowa is still dragging their
feet? There is still time to get a glass of clean water,
-------
303
Leo Schneckloth
but that time is also coming to an end--and, oh, so
quickly.
Let's act now, set high standards, and
then put teeth into these laws enforcing them. This is
our only solution.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Schnecklot
Are there any other people here? We had
some here yesterday who didn't answer when called. I
will go through their names again.
James Haring?
Prank P. Schraff?
If not, may we have Mr. C. D. Mullinex,
Sanitary Engineer, State Board of Health, Iowa?
C. D. MULLINEX
SANITARY ENGINEER
IOWA STATE BOARD OP HEALTH
MR. MULLINEX: Mr. Chairman, conferees,
ladies and gentlemen.
My name is Charley Mullinex. My back-
ground is academic training in the field of public health
and environmental sanitation, followed by 35 years of
-------
304
C. D. Mullinex
practice as a sanitary engineer.
During these 35 years I have been directly
associated with the Iowa Water Pollution Control program,
both as a public health engineer with the Iowa State
Department of Health in the 1930's and as a consulting
sanitary engineer since World War II.
I appear here today as the engineer member
of the Iowa State Board of Health and as a representative
for the city of Cedar Rapids, but more particularly to
challenge public utterances carried by the news media to
the effect that "lowa has made less progress in water
pollution control than any other State."
It would be disrepectful to the memory
of Iowa's nationally recognized pioneers in stream pol-
lution and sewage treatment to permit such derogatory
utterances to go unchallenged.
At this point I want it clearly understood
that this is not a challenge against an effective water
pollution control program. On the contrary, I am about
to unfold 83 years in Iowa's history that will prove
those disparaging reports are without foundation of fact.
Let's look at the record. That sounds
strangely familiar, and I am not running for office, but
-------
305
C. D. Mulllnex
let's look at the record.
Publications by the then Iowa State
College at Ames and the Iowa State Board of Health
indicate 15 municipal and State institutional sewage
treatment plants were constructed in Iowa between 1886
and 1900. In 1886 you could count on one hand all of
the municipal sewage treatment plants in the United
States.
Anson Martson, Dean of Engineering at
Iowa State University, designed one of the first complete
sewage treatment plants in the United States for the
Iowa Sta'te College at Ames in 1895 incorporating sand
filters. In 1899 a second sand filter plant was designed
for Marion, being among the first municipal plants con-
structed in the United States.
I might add that that Marion plant,
although it included a sand filter, was not constructed
because it cost $2,800 and they didn't have the $2,800.
They apparently didn't have enough money to buy pipe to
convey it to the creek, but they had a low-lying area,
and they dumped it into that pond, as they called it.
It was approximately two acres. That served as a
secondary treatment then.
-------
306
C. D. Mullinex
Dean Martson reports about it in one of
his publications, that there appeared to be some degree
of treatment in that pond.
However, four or five years later when
the population increased and the wastes increased, it
did create some odors. If that pond had been another
eight or ten acres, there would have been the breakthroug
that we learned here ten years ago about these oxidation
ponds. It lasted for awhile.
No other State approached Iowa's leadershi
in the construction of municipal sewage treatment plants
until after the 1930's. Records show 58 by 191^; 113 by
1918; and 200 by 1925.
Here it should be noted that 144 of the
200 plants, constructed by 1925, incorporated secondary
treatment for the reason that they were located on small
interior streams requiring a high degree of treatment.
Mr. Chairman, at this point in the State's
history we had more secondary treatment plants than any
other State in the country. Further, the amazing part of
this record is the fact Iowa did not have a State stream
pollution law until 1923.
There are other historical accomplishments
-------
307
C. D. Mullinex
and innovations started here in Iowa, so let's itemize
some of these just to put the record straight.
(1) Stream pollution surveys were
initiated by the Iowa State Board of Health in 1913.
(2) The first municipal sewage treatment
operators' conference was held at Iowa State College in
Ames in 1915- This inception of operators' conferences,
followed by other States, was the force that created the
Water Pollution Control Federation, with which you are
all acquainted.
(3) Housed rock filter in 1917.
(4) Activated sludge treatment plant,
1921. Unfortunately, it was applied to packinghouse
waste, and I don't think we need to go into that any
more.
(5) State Department of Health issued
pollution abatement orders, 1926.
(6) Seasonal ponding of sugar beet
wastes and controlled discharge to receiving stream,
1928. These wastes were ponded out of desperation.
That appeared to be the next best thing to do. Other-
wise, it had to close down by court order. But they
ponded those wastes, and they had controlled discharge
-------
308
C. D. Mullinex
to the receiving stream.
(7) Two-stage rock filter for first
successful treatment of packinghouse wastes, 1929. That
was developed by Dr. Max Levine. Many of you here know
him personally.
(8) Use of holding tank to equalize flow
for treatment, 1929.
(9) Washable roughing rock filter, 1929.
(10) Recirculating plant effluent to
improve treatment, 1930's.
(11) Multiple-arm rotary distributor for
automatic flow range control, 1930's.
(12) Recirculation of digester sludge to
accelerate digestion, 1930's.
(13) In the 19301s, which many of us here
in Iowa, and particularly Mr. Wieters, our former Directo
of Engineering, that period was a golden era. One hundre
twenty-five municipal sewage treatment plants were con-
structed during the 1930's.
(14) Pollution abatement hearings for all
cities in the State, 1931.
(15) Sewage gas engine-driven electric
generator, 1933.
-------
309
C. D. Mullinex
(l6) Largest rock filters and rotary
distributors, l6?-foot diameter,, 1933.
(17) Utilization of sewage gas engine
exhaust gases to heat digesters and buildings, 1933-
In this case it was a rotary distributor.
(18) Automatic multiple pump control for
predetermined program, 1933-
(19) Aluminum rotary distributor, 1933'
(20) Sale of surplus sewage gas generated
electricity for utility company, 1933.
(21) Conical upflow clarifiers, 1934.
(22) Flocculation of sewage without
chemicals, 193^. Prior to that time they didn't think
it was possible to do it.
(23) Combined flocculator and clarifier,
1936.
(24) Utilization of volatile non-condens-
able vapors from rendering cookers as fuel and resulting
odor control, 19^7. It reduced the odors that came from
the rendering plant.
(25) Vacuum pumps for rendering cookers
to reduce hydraulic wastes, 19*4-7.
(26) Thin-shell concrete dome to house
-------
310
C. D. Mullinex
rock filters, 1958.
(27) Combining industrial waste with water
softening lime sludge for neutralization, 1965.
(28) Plastic filter media to treat
domestic and multiple industrial wastes, 1966.
(29) Utilization of fly ash to dewater
sludge, 1967.
(30) Oxidation of digester supernatant,
1967.
(31) Pressure filtration for dewatering
industrial and domestic sludge, 1968.
(32) Styrofoam domes for housing treatment
units, 1968, for odor control, as well as to protect the
units insofar as freezing.
(33) Ozone for treatment plant air oollu-
tion control, 1968.
(34) In 1969, 99.3 percent of Iowa's
population served by sewers were also served by sewage
treatment plants.
Mr. Chairman, this is the record that
shows 83 years (1886-1969) of stream pollution abatement
activity in Iowa.
This is the record that shows Iowa's
-------
311
C. D. Mullinex
municipalities constructing sewage treatment olants 70
years ago—among the first in the United States.
This is the record that shows Iowa
initiated stream pollution surveys in 1913-
This is the record that shows that Iowa
established stream standards—now referred to as "water
quality standards." Those standards were initiated at
the time of the first court orders against industry.
I want to say now that those same stan-
dards are equally defensible now as they were then for
the reason that they were based on low stream flow and
stream use.
This is the record that shows Iowa had
more complete treatment plants than any State in the
country.
This is the record that shows in 1969 Iowa
had sewage plants treating wastes of 99-3 percent of the
population served by sewers.
This is the record pioneered by eminent
lowans such as Martson, Higgins, Levine, Jenks, Bartow,
Hinman, Waterman, Wieters, and others, to whom we in
Iowa are grateful for their leadership and proud of their
accomplishments.
-------
312
G. D. Mullinex
This is the record, Mr. Chairman, that is
Iowa's heritage, and no emotional outbursts to the con-
trary will erase that heritage.
I respectfully suggest that if all States
had a similar record, we would not find ourselves in a
crash program to reestablish clean streams in our country
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Mullinex.
To add to that record, I really learned
this business from Al Wieters, and I want to see how
well it took.
May we have Mr. Schliekelman of the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission?
R. J. SCHLIEKELMAN
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
MR. SCHLIEKELMAN: Thank you, Mr. Chair-
man. We do have a statement, which I have given to the
reporter to place in the record. We actually will be
departing somewhat from the record. I will delete part
of it for the sake of trying to speed up some of the
procedure, but I will also, at the same time, add a few
points where it might be desirable to do so.
(The above-mentioned document follows.)
-------
313
STATEMENT
IN SUPPORT OF THE IOWA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
AND FLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
APRIL 1969
-------
s
'•SryN-W-^y
i c"
6*S i~^5 35
r*Vi^A
IXr-^s jV
-------
315
A. INTRODUCTION
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Law, enacted in 1965, created the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission and charged the Commission, through
the administrative and technical staff of the State Health Department,
with the general supervision, administration, and enforcement of all laws
relating to pollution of the waters of the state. Among the power and
duties of the Commission aee those of prescribing rules and regulations,
adopting reasonable water quality standards, and developing comprehensive
plans and programs for the prevention, control, and abatement of pollution.
The Water Quality Act of 1965, amending the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, provided for establishment of water quality standards for interstate
waters. The Act requires the states to adopt such standards which ultimately
become Federal standards, after approval by the Secretary of the Interior.
With that authority, the State of Iowa ahead of the schedule specified by
the Federal Act, filed a letter of intent to adopt standards, held public
hearings on the proposed criteria, and adopted the standards which include
the water quality criteria and a plan for implementation. The standards
were submitted to the Secretary, and after close liason between state and
Federal representatives and after numerous conferences and correspondence
attempting to agree on a mutually acceptable document, the Secretary
determined that certain of the provisions were not approvable as Federal
standards, and called a standards setting conference.
The purpose of this statement is to set out the State of Iowa's position
on the matters of disagreement. The Federal position is outlined in a
report prepared by the Great Lakes Region of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, for the water quality standards conference to
convene April 8, 1969. The report is comprehensive and contains a wealth
of detailed background information and technical discussion, so no attempt
will be made to duplicate or enlarge on that aspect. However, it does
contain inaccuracies, factual statements which appear to discredit the
state standards and program, although being outside the context of issues
of disagreement or not within the scope of matters which can actually be
controlled, and does little to present the state's true position and
positive actions and accomplishments. This discussion therefore, is an
attempt to clarify the Iowa position on the issues actually in controversy
and present the positive aspects of the Iowa program.
Part B will outline the Iowa policy and review past and present pollution
control in the state. Parts C and D will comment on the background inform-
ation, and summary, and conclusions, and recommendations presented tn the
Federal report. Finally, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has
during past months of negotiation agreed on certain revisions of the standards
and implementation plan and these are summarized in Section E.
-1-
-------
316
B. STATEMENT OF POLICY AND THE PAST AND PRESENT IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
PROGRAM
The present authority for stream pollution control in the State of Iowa is
embodied in Chapter 455B of the state code, the "Iowa Water Pollution Control
Law". Enacted in 1965, it created the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
The conduct of the program, as intended by the legislature and as actually
being implemented by the Commission and the State Health Department, can
best be expressed by the statement of policy as written into the law:
"455B.1 Statement of Policy. Whereas the pollution of the waters of
this state constitutes a menace to public health and welfare, creates
public nuisances, is harmful to wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and
impairs domestic, agricultural, industrial, recreational and other
legitimate beneficial uses of water, and whereas the problem of water
pollution in this etate is closely related to the problem of water
pollution in adjoining states, it is hereby declared to be the public
policy of this state to conserve the waters of the state and to protect,
maintain and improve the quality thereof for public water supplies,
for the propogation of wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for domestic
agricultural, industrial, recreational and other legitimate (beneficial)
uses; to provide that no wacte be discharged into any waters of the
state without first being given the degree of treatment necessary to
protect the legitimate (beneficial) uses of such waters; to provide for
the prevention, abatement and control of new, increasing, potential,
or existing water pollution; and to co-operate with other agencies of
the state, agencies of other states and the federal government in
carrying out these objectives. (61GA, ch 375, §1)"
This policy, not in the least inconsistent with the present Federal Act, was
enacted prior to approval of the amendments in the Water Quality Act of 1965.
As present policy, it evolves from and reflects long and continued progress
of stream pollution control in Iowa. The progress can be seen in a brief
history of stream pollution control accomplishments.
The first law, passed in 1923, gave the State Department of Health regulatory
and enforcement authority. Even before that, Iowa was "ahead of the program".
The Department of Health working under legislative authority for supervision
over the installation and operation of sewerage works and control of nuisances,
and towns recognizing the public health and clean streams need for sex^age
treatment, had already begun stream pollution control. At the time the 1923
law was passed, nearly 200 municipal sewage treatment plants were already
in operation. These being in the smaller towns, only 350,000 some persons
were being served by the plants, and this represented only 30% of the popula-
tion being served by municipal sewer systems. However, this was a good start.
The program operated under the same authority for many years. Then in 1949,
the law was changed, among other things, adding a sewage disposal permit
feature. By reviewing treatment plant construction plans and specifications
required to obtain a permit, the State Health Department could insure that
any proposed plant was capable of-producing an effluent of sufficiently high
quality to protect the receiving stream. Essentially no sanitary sewer
-2-
-------
317
permits have been granted unless served by a treatment plant, and in
particular, a treatment plant operating satisfactorily. Although this
philosophy had been in effect as a matter of policy for many years, the
permit feature formalized the policy.
No combined sewers have been approved in Iowa for the last 40 years.
At the time of the 1949 legislation, some 280 municipal treatment plants
were in operation. Some of the new plants were constructed by the larger
municipalities, so the capacity of the 280 plants was almost three times that
of 1923, and the plants were serving approximately 70% of the sewered popula-
tion.
In recognition of the fact that treatment plant construction is effective
only if operation is efficient and competent, an operator training and
voluntary certification program was implemented in 1952. In 1965, legis-
lation was passed and implemented, and Iowa is now one of only 17 states
xtfith a mandatory operator certification law. The operator training program
has expanded and thrived. Under the cooperative effort of the State Health
Department, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Association, and the State
Universities, laboratory courses are conducted at the Universities and
regional basic and advanced operation courses are conducted throughout the
state.
From 1949, plant construction steadily and dramatically progressed, and in
1965 some 400 plants were in operation. This represented an increase in
population served by treatment to approximately 97.5% of the sewered popula-
tion.
The 1949 lav; lifted a previous restriction, so that effective in 1951,
Mississippi and Missouri River cities and towns were subject to all provisions
of the stream pollution control law. In recognition of common interests in
Mississippi Water Quality, Iowa entered into a tri-state agreement with
Illinois and Wisconsin. In a joint resolution passed in 1952, each state
agreed to require correction of pollution conditions to the extent that
the waters be rendered suitable for all purposes, and that in attaining these
objectives the guiding policies shall be requirement for effective sedimenta-
tion, complete removal of floating solids or liquids, and reduction of toxic
materials to less than lethal limits for aquatic life.
1965 was the year of enactment of the present pollution control lax? and
formation of the Commission. In addition to retention of the permit feature,
the new law provided improved enforcement provisions, and authorization for
rules and regulations and water quality standards. It should be noted that
this Iowa requirement for water quality standards, proven to be consistent
with the Federal act, was imposed prior to the water quality amendments of
the Federal act.
-3-
-------
318
Since the current law was passed, the Commission has adopted three regulations
to aid in surveillance and enforcement. The first is a regulation applying
to all waters of the state and requiring effective removal of settleable
and floatable solids as a minimum degree of treatment. Using this criteria
in evaluation of untreated discharges or effluents from overloaded or deter-
iorated sewage treatment plants, it has been possible to make findings of
pollution without the extensive investigative and sampling procedures neces-
sary to prove violation of the water quality standards, thereby providing
a basis for ordering plant construction or improvements. Although effective
removal of aettleable and floatable solids has been specified as the minimum
degree of treatment, the stream water quality standards have in practice
necessitated secondary treatment on virtually all interior streams.
Iowa also utiliEes a "Mail Order BOD" program which has proven effective
in surveillance of treatment plants. This program, which utilizes a technique
for fixing samples in the field in preparation for BOD determination in the
State Laboratory, eliminates the need for refrigeration and enables transport-
ation to the laboratory by ordinary mail. It is a unique procedure and was
developed in the State Hygienic Laboratory.
Although not yet having legislative approval, the third regulation has been
adopted by the Commission requiring control of feedlot runoff. Feedlot
pollution is being effectively controlled through the present enforcement
provisions of the Law, utilizing the water quality standards and definition
of stream pollution, but approval of the regulation will hopefully reduce
staff time required and prove to be a more efficient and effective means of
control.
Using the various regulations and enforcement provisions, the Commission
since it's inception in 1965 has issued 114 orders for correction of pollution
conditions. The point is that the orders, along with more informal education
and persuasion efforts during routine plant inspections and contacts with
municipal and industrial officials, and more importantly with the understand-
ing and cooperation of local officials, are getting waste treatment facilities
built and efficiently operated. As of January 1, 1969 there were 510 munici-
pal plants in operation or under construction, and the population served by
treatment has increased to 99.3% of the sewered population. The 13,000
population in municipalities not yet treating, represent plants in the engine-
ering planning stage or actually under orders to be under construction in
1970 or before. Municipalities not presently treating are smaller communities
and 100% of the medium size and larger communities do have sewage treatment.
This record ranks with the highest in the nation.
Of the industries, the Iowa Meat Packing Plants are the largest potential
sources of pollution. Every meat packing plant in the state has a treatment
plant in operation or under construction, and this represents some 3.5 million
population equivalent being treated. Some of the plants are realizing as
much as 98 or 997,, BOD removal, due in significant part to pioneering and
development of anaerobic/aerobic lagoon treatment in Iowa. With the except-
ion of those on border streams, all packing plant wastes receive at least
secondary treatment.
-4-
-------
319
Other wet process industries, though not producing the magnitude of waste
produced in meat packing, are subject to and complying with treatment re-
quirements (or if more appropriate, some type of inplant control), to meet
Iowa water quality standards. Iowa has no provision for untreated waste
discharge permits.
It is significant that Iowa does not have stream classification. Although
the standards do specify recreation, fishing, and public water supply uses,
and areas of applicability have been defined, minimum defined standards of
high quality apply to all waters of the state.
In summary, Iowa has through the years recognized the need for clean streams
and continued and expanded its programs to meet the need. The regulatory
agency has exercised it's authority to abate pollution and maintain and
improve water quality, and municipalities and industries have complied with
the requirements. The accomplishments shown by the record can be compared
with the best in the nation. Despite the adverse impression created by the
Federal report and the Secretary's decision to except certain provisions of
the Standards, Iowa has in the past and will in the future exercise it's
regulatory authority to the fullest legal extent.
-5-
-------
320
IOWA LEADS NATION IN,SEWAGE TREATMENT
No Urban Population Without Treatment
TABLE 3. URBAN POPULATION SERVED BY ADEQUATE AND LESS THAN ADEQUATE
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES AND URBAN POPULATION
NOT SERVED, BY STATEi FY 1968
(In thousand:, except percent)
State
Total Population Served By (Facilitiei)i * of Pop. with lea than
Urban Population Adequate Leu than Adequate None Adequate or None
U.S I/ ;. US, 602
Ala...,. 2,140
Alaska-. - 121
Aril 1,411
Ark.... 937
Calif-. 17,651
Colo 1,602
Conn 2, 342
Del 356
D.C.. 832
FU-. 4,860
Ga 2, 727
Hawaii^ 591
Idaho 349
111 8, 923
Ind 3,182
Iov,aL/?_/ j.5261-7
Kant?-' 1,475
Ky 1, S39
La 2, 479
Maine 509
Md.... 2,785
Mass*/. 4,563
Mich 6, 377
Minn 2, 370
Miss 988
Mo^, 3,141
Monti'. 379i/
Nebrl/ ?/ 846
Nev 376
N.H 414
N. ) 6, 444
N. Mex 764
N. Y 16,003
N.C 2'138i/
N. Dak y 254-'
Ohio 7, 870
Okla 1, 694
Oreg 1,320
Pa 8,428
R.1 793
S.C 1,134
S. DakL/ 287iX
Tenn 2, 214
Tex 8, 874
Utah 825
Vt 162
Va 2, 756
Wash^/ 2,139
W. Va 710
Wis 2, 804
WyoL/L/ 1981-'
81, 703
819
19
711
684
12, 766
854
312
9
832
1,741
1,081
162
160
7,410
2,286
1,590
1,267
536
818
37
2, 119
1,729
1,340
769
460
2,522
123
833
366
43
1,629
671
8,017
1,447
278
4,591
1, 332
552
5,325
395
540
290
750
6,819
500
9
1,092
681
149
2,049
189
31, 865
678
34
156
36
593
1,286
267
864
1,003
134
586
529
192
792
515
60
162
1,173
4,223
1,324
23
183
263
100
6
102
3,179
5
3,733
125
15
2,071
199
S04
2,916
190
178
39
319
130
19
121
1,328
444
348
689
29
32, 293
643
102
666
97
4,849
155
744
80
2,255
643
429
55
927
367
I/
Iff
211
1, 146
412
504
1,661
814
277
SOS
436
V
y
4
269
1,636
88
4,253
566
V
1,208
163
264
187
208
416
V
1, 145
1,925
306
32
336
1,014
213
66
\J
44.1
61.7
84.2
49.6
27.0
27.7
46.7
86.7
97.5
64.2
60.4
72.6
54.2
17.0
28.2
14.1
65.2
67.0
92.7
23.9
62.1
79.0
67.6
53.4
19.7
69.4
11.8
2.7
89.6
74.7
12.2
49.9
32.3
5.9
41.7
21.4
58.2
36.8
50.2
52.4
13.6
66.1
23.2
39.4
94.4
60.4
68.2
79.0
26.9
14.6
_ No population
without treatment
!_/ Population served by treatment facilities exceeds total urban population of these States by 259,000 persons.
Thus the detail adds to 259, 000 more than the total U. S. urban population.
21 Water quality standards adopted call for primary waste treatment In some urban areas of this State.
Standards adopted for other States call for at lean secondary waste treatment.
Source: 1962 Inventory, Municipal Waste Facilities in the United States, updated by FWPCA Construction Grants
Awards; urban population estimates based on U. S. Census of Population, 1960; Bureau of Census
Population Estimates, Series P-25.
Froa: THE COST OF CLIAR HATBt - Volume I Smary Report,
U S Dapartnent ot Interior, Federal Watar Pollution Control Afeinittration
January 10, 1969
-------
321
LkJ
CO
O
w
II j
| t I C_3
• o 5
I DH 2
O
•
I
D
O)
.CO
0>
LO
o>
O
CO
0>
CM
O>
SNOmiH - NOIiVindOd
-------
CQ
a
w
CO
CO
w
U
1
Is
w
CO
f-3
•H SH
£ ro
-P
•H
C
ro
CO
CO
cu
-H
4J
•H
r-H
ro
O -H
U
•H
c
3
S
Population Percent
t
0
a
c
0
-rH
-P
(0
rH
3
DH
o
fXi
•
o
a
a
o
-rH
-P
ro
rH
3
ft
o
Oj
•
o
a
c
0
•H
4J
ro
rH
3
ft
O
cu
0
o
CD
O
rH
CO
co
co
CD
o
rH
CN
CS
00
en
CO
co
00
o
«,
rH
CN
CN
00
en
CO
«
co
CO
0
*
rH
CN
CN
O
O
0
•»
in
rH
^1
Q)
^
o
in
en
en
m
CN
CO
CN
in
0~i
00
00
CO
<3'
co
rH
0
rH
[•N.
VO
co
«
o
CN
rH
in
en
^Jt
o
o
in
M
tJ
a
t>
322
co
*
en
en
CN
•»
VO
O
en
o
rH
m
o
o
cr>
«*,
rH
CM
vo
o
o
%,
VO
CM
O
•*
CN
O
in
^1
X!
t3
CO
rH
•H
ft
e
0
U
CO
O
-H
^
O
co
en
c
-H
^_l
o
CO
c
-H
t^
c
w
rH
ra
-P
C
Q)
E
c
O
Vi
-H
a
w
c
o
-H
CQ
•H
^
•H
Q
C
0
•H
-P
3
rH
rH
O
04
VI
cu
-p
ro
J2
X!
-P
rH
ro
-------
323
C. COMMENTS ON SUMMARY & CON^LU^n^? c? '<"~ ^'""Al P7PORT
The extensive text is summarized beginning on page 3 of the Federal Water
Quality Standards Conference Report. Several of the items deserve comment,
and the following discussion is arranged and the items numbered to correspond
with those in the Federal report:
7. "Dissolved oxygen in the Mississippi River measured at Dubuque has fallen
below the 8 hour minimum approved Iowa standard of 4 milligrams per liter
every year for significant periods since 1964." It should be pointed
out that this sampling station is above the City of Dubuque. There are only
4 small Iowa communities and an industrial plant served by a domestic sewage
treatment plant located above this station on the Iowa side of the River, and
it is inconceivable that these low quantity waste sources are responsible
for the dissolved oxygen deficit. It appears obvious that the results of
sampling at the station are not representative of Mississippi River water
quality. Furthermore, there is no reason to believe that secondary treat-
ment of the waste discharge above the station will improve the sampling
results,
8. "Mississippi River water increases 21% in hardness from the time it passes
Dubuque until it reaches Burlington." There is no particular argument
with this statement, except that it has nothing to do with waste treatment
effectiveness or needs, and is of little value in discussion of water quality
standards. Hardness is not a parameter for which waste treatment plants are
designed and is not normally considered in evaluation of treatment effective-
ness. The natural hardness of the Iowa tributary streams is generally much
higher than that of the Mississippi, and the increase in the hardness of
the Mississippi can most probably be attributed to the types of geological
formations through which the rivers flow. Iowa has set no standards for
hardness nor has the Department of Interior recommended such a standard.
There is no reason to believe that any treatment requirement will decrease
the hardness.
9. "High bacterial counts and low dissolved oxygen levels presently occur
along the Des Moines River. Adequate treatment and disinfection of waste
reduces these problems." These conditions have occurred at times below
Des Moines and Ottumwa. However, current treatment plant construction and
planning for other improvements at these cities will correct these problems.
Every city and town along the Des Moines River either has adequate treatment
facilities or is in some stage of planning or construction toward that goal.
A brief description of the work being carried on in the major urban areas
along the Des Moines, is outlined below.
Estherville
The Estherville sewage treatment plant is presently loaded beyond
designed capacity and plans are presently being made to remove a portion
of the industrial load on the plant, to be treated separately. There
have been no low dissolved oxygen concentrations recorded below this
plant.
-6-
-------
324
Etnmetsburg
The City of Enraietsburg is under orders to make the corrections
necessary to improve the sewage treatment plant effluent. Con-
siderable improvement has been made in the plant in the last two
years, and planning is under way for reducing infiltration in the
city sewer system to reduce the hydraulic load on the plant.
Ft. Dodge
The City of Ft. Dodge completed expansion of its waste treatment
facilities approximately two years ago, but the expanded plant x?as
soon overloaded by a rapid increase in meat packing industrial waste.
The packing plant, under orders to abate an untreated discharge to
the Des Moines River, has elected to treat all it's waste in a separate
lagoon system to be placed in operation this year. This will correct
the overload of the municipal plant and provide a more satisfactory
degree of treatment for both the municipal domestic waste and the
industrial waste. A rendering plant located in Ft. Dodge has, under
orders from the Water Pollution Control Commission, recently placed
new waste treatment facilities in operation.
Des Koines
The City of Des Moines is in the final stages of construction of
a major expansion of its treatment facilities. Additional improve-
ments are under way, including engineering for effluent disinfection,
cold weather protection of trickling filters, development of a city
ordinance to control industrial x/aste load, additional technical
staffing, and improvement of operation and maintenance procedures.
The City is also conducting a federal grant funded study to correct
effects of storm water runoff.
Ottumwa
The City of Ottumwa is under orders to construct a secondary treat-
ment addition for which engineering planning is now under way. A
large packing plant in Ottumwa currently has facilities under con-
struction for secondary treatment of all industrial waste.
10. The report points out that high concentrations of bacteria, nitrogen,
and phosphate have been measured in interstate streams, and much of this is
attributable to intense agricultural and livestock wastes, and that high
nutrient levels promote algal growth and consequent taste and odor problems.
In actuality, there are no public water supplies to be affected by
taste and odor on the interstate streams mentioned in item 10, so algal
blooms have little significance on those streams. Taste and odor problems
which do occur in Iowa surface water supplies, in a majority of cases occur
with surface runoff in the spring and are not attributable to algal growth.
It is true that the agricultrual land use does cause relatively high bacteria,
nitrogen, and phosphate levels during periods of runoff. However, in terms
of waste treatment, this is an uncontrollable phenomenon and has no bearing
on the questions of disinfection of controllable waste discharges and the
need for secondary treatment on the Mississippi River. On the other hand,
-7-
-------
325
confinement faedlot runoff can L;-. coutre, i^d ^/.< Icwa xs doo.:^ so by
implementation of the Water Quality Standards, whan violations are found
to exist.
Along this same vein, the statement is made on page 25 of the report that
"One of the most aesthically displeasing conditions of the Mississippi River
occurring seasonally is the high turbidity caused by the sediment load carried
by the River. The turbidity, attributed to suspended and colloidal matter,
is a result of erosion of soil cover and the result of the addition of
domestic sewage or wastes from industries." It should be pointed out that
turbidity increase resulting from domestic or industrial waste is generally
insignificant even in low stream flows, and is not even detectable in the
high flow of the Mississippi. The mean turbidity of 54 at Dubuque is due
to sediment load, color and algae content, since the sampling point is above
the city and not subject to domestic or industrial waste discharges.
11. There are no designated swimming areas on Iowa Rivers and the policy
of the loxtfa State Department of Health has been to discourage the use of
rivers for swimming, even when not subject to wastewater discharges.
Swimming in Iowa rivers is not recommended because of the drowning hazard
resulting from unclear waters, hidden obstructions, and strong currents.
However, the Water Pollution Control Commission has recognized that there
will be water skiing and even swimming along some stretches of rivers,
usually in areas where the waters have been impounded, and has required
disinfection of waste discharges to protect such waters.
12. The report states that "The unsatisfied demand for water related
activities was 29,600,000 recreation days in Eastern Iowa in 1964." There
is no reason to believe that the unsatisfied demand was due to unsatisfactory
water quality. It is more likely that other factors were responsible. The
Iowa standards do indeed provide protection for water related recreation
activities.
Items 13, 14, and 15 of the federal report point out the differences between
the Iowa standards and those of neighboring States. These matters will be
discussed in Section D of this statement.
Item 18 points out that livestock numbers are expected to increase signifi-
cantly in the next decade, with resultant increases in bacteria and nutrient
levels in streams unless animal wastes are controlled. The statement
infers that animal wastes will not be controlled. While it is true that
control of runoff from extensive areas of agricultural land is not now
entirely feasible, wastes from confinement feeding is controllable. The
standards now provide for such control, the control is now being exercised
and will be in the future.
20. "Secondary treatment is a widely recognized and practical method of
treatment of municipal wastes, secondary treatment has been in existence since
1914, and current operating procedures enable high plant efficiencies."
Iowa recognizes and practices secondary treatment as evidenced by the
fact that secondary treatment will be provided by all but 4 or 5 of 490
municipal sewage treatment plants located on interior streams. Iowa also
recognizes a need for high plant efficiencies, since at least 14 municipal
biological treatment systems remove in excess of 95% of the applied. BOD load,
and 11 industrial systems are attaining BOD removals as high as 98 and 99%,
consistently. However, construction and operation of secondary plants is
-------
326
extremely expensive, when not neeJed to piolL.,:L i & ai ':'.ng waters. Further-
more, secondary treatment of industrial wastes is not always the most
effective means of protecting receiving streams. Often, in-plant control
of waste can be a much more practical and effective means of maintaining
higher water quality. This has proven to be a satisfactory solution on Iowa
streams, particularly on the Mississippi River.
Items 21 and 22 of the federal report point out the advantages of waste
discharge disinfection and control of stream water temperatures. These
matters will be discussed in Section D of this statement.
-9—
-------
327
D. COMMENTS ON FEDERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
The recommendations of the Department of the Interior are set out, starting
on Page 53 of the Mississippi Report. The Iowa position on each of the
recommendations is outlined below, in the same order as it appears in the
Federal Report.
Treatment
The Department of Interior blanket, .requirement for secondary treatment -j$£
all municipal and biodegradable wastes cannot be justified on the basis
of Congressional intent nor can such a requirement be adopted by the
Commission under present Iowa statutory authority. An effluent standards
provision, such as this secondary treatment requirement, was rejected during
early Congressional hearings, and the standards provision reported out of
Committee contemplated the setting of water quality standards for receiving
waters only. However, on the basis of Guideline 8, the Department of
Interior has attempted to impose a uniform requirement of secondary treat-
ment, or the equivalent, in all State water quality standards.
The Commission, under Iowa law, has no direct statutory authority to establish
or enforce effluent standards. The direct statutory authority to establish
and enforce quality standards in the receiving water of the State cannot
reasonably be construed to include implied authority to establish effluent
standards.
Secondary treatment has been or will be required on the basis of stream
water quality need, for all but 4 or 5 of the 490 municipal sewage treatment
plants located on interior streams. However, the Mississippi and Missouri
rivers have very high stream flows furnishing very high assimilative capacity,
and the need for a degree of treatment higher than primary is difficult and
in most cases impossible to demonstrate. Extensive water quality studies
during the middle 1950!s demonstrated relatively little effect of even un-
treated wastes on these border streams, but as the result of water pollution
hearings and voluntary compliance, all cities and towns, with the exception
of the small Mississippi River towns of Marquette and Lansing, completed
primary or secondary treatment during the 1958 to 1966 period.
Industrial waste and water quality studies were again initiated on the
Mississippi River during the summer of 1968. The studies indicated little
or no effect of the present primary treatment effluents, except for very
localized areas below the major discharges. See Table I, which shows a
comparison of water quality data obtained in October 1968 at 4 municipalities.
There was only slight change in the parameters, in nearly the entire Iowa
length of the river.
Water quality studies have shown no significant reduction in dissolved
oxygen levels below sources of oxygen demanding wastes, even prior to
primary treatment on the Mississippi. This is a fortunate condition, and
fares well compared to others of the nation's major streams where secondary
treatment is_ needed. For instance, the 1968 report of the Ohio River Valley
Water Sanitation Commission showed that dissolved oxygen levels of below
4 ppm occurred 33% of the time in the lower reaches of the Ohio River.
Likewise, the lower reaches of the Delaware River now have very low oxygen
levels, and hundreds of millions of dollars must be expended for secondary
treatment, simply to maintain 3.5 ppm dissolved oxygen.
-10-
-------
328
TABLE
Comparison, of water quality data at Lansing, Dubuque,
Clinton and Keokuk during the month of October.
Fecal Coliform
PH
Dissolved Oxygen
BOD -5 day 20°C
COD
Alkalinity
Turbidity
Total Solids:
Suspended
Dissolved
Organic N
Ammonia N
Nitrate N
Nitrate N
Soluble P04
Total P04
Hardness
Phenols
Lansing
Mile 663
400
7.5
9.2
1
16.7
122
71
288
46
242
.81
.05
.031
1.10
0.2
0.4
172
.001
Dubuque
Mile 575.6
350
7.7
8.9
2
25
114
77
258
50
208
.88
.11
.027
.90
.2
.2
152
_ ..
Clinton Keokuk
Mile 509 Mile 361.8
100 500
7.6 7.7
10.5 8.0
< 1 1
29.3 20.3
120 126
94 100
368 238
82 30
286 208
.89 .81
.03 .08
.02 .006
1.20 0.70
.2 .4
.5 .4
164 160
.001
Date of
Collection
10/24/68
10/23/68
10/29/68
10/9/68
NOTE: These sampling stations are 2-4 miles below these municipalities.
-------
329
It also deserves comment that most of the larger border cities proceeded
with primary treatment in the early years of the Federal construction grant
program, and did not enjoy the degree of financial assistance that will be
available to cities in other States that have delayed any plant construction
to this point.
The recent industrial waste and water quality studies did show two areas
of pollution being caused by large volumes of industrial waste and ineffective
removal of settleable solids. In those cases, orders have since been issued,
requiring additional in-plant control and also primary settling, with second-
ary treatment to be provided if the corrections are not effective in elimina-
tion of undesirable slime growths in the river.
Using cost figures compiled by Smith and published in the JWPCF, it has been
estimated that construction of secondary treatment facilities for all waste
discharges to the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers would cost over $25 million.
Furthermore, according to figures published in a 1969 FWPCA report, the cost
of operation and maintenance of these secondary plants would be approximately
$1.7 million per year more than for primary treatment.
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has no hesitancy to require
secondary treatment of any waste discharges to the Mississippi River, when
the need to satisfy xjater quality requirements is shown. However, it is
the Iowa position that a need for uniform secondary treatment of all waste
discharges has not been shoxm, and there is no scientific reason to believe
that secondary treatment of every waste discharge on the Mississippi will
enhance the water quality.
-11-
-------
330
Disinfection
At a meeting on February 9, 1968 with Robert S. Burd, Director of the FWPCA
Water Quality Standards Staff, Iowa agreed to adopt definite numerical
bacteriological limits compatible with National Technical Advisory Committee
recommendations for waters used for public water supplies and primary contact
recreation (swimming and water skiing). Interior further agreed that the
standards would recognize these values as applying during dry weather, but
will state that all reasonable efforts will be made to reduce bacteria
concentration increases during periods of storm water runoff.
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission at its April 4, 1968 meeting
approved a motion accepting these provisions, and the Iowa water quality
standards have been revised to include the following numerical bacteriological
limits:
Pub 1 i c wa t er sup p 1 y
Numerical bacteriological limits of 2000 fecal colifortns per
100 ml for public water supply raw water sources will be
applicable during low flow periods when such bacteria can be
demonstrated to be attributed to pollution by sewage.
Recreation
Numerical bacteriological limits of 200 fecal coliforms per
100 ml for primary contact recreational waters will be
applicable during low flow periods when such bacteria can be
demonstrated to be attributable to pollution by sewage.
The water quality criteria and plan for implementation and enforcement for
the surface waters of Iowa, adopted by the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission in May 1967, designated the surface waters to be protected for
public water supply use as well as the recreation use areas on lakes, im-
poundments and rivers. In the plan, the entire reach of the Mississippi
river has been designated as a recreational area. The treatment needs
in the plan have specified coliform reduction or effluent disinfection by
the municipalities to protect this use during the recreational season.
Information provided by other state agencies and presentations at the public
water quality hearings were used to designate interior stream recreation
areas, and coliform reduction has been specified for interior municipalities
where necessary to protect recreational uses.
The State of Iowa therefore feels that acceptable bacterial criteria have
been established for interstate streams in Iowa. These criteria are
compatible with criteria of adjoining states established for public water
supply and for recreation. Other state bacterial criteria generally take
into consideration the effect of land runoff, and are applied when necessary
to protect specified uses. Disinfection of treatment plant effluents is
required by states adjoining Iowa, generally where public xvater supplies are
involved and where necessary to protect public health for recreational waters
during the recreational season. The State of Iowa had previously gone on
record in its implementation plan as requiring effluent disinfection where
necessary to protect downstream water uses.
-12-
-------
331
Bacterial studies in the State of Iowa and elsewhere have shown that commonly
acceptable coliform levels have been greatly exceeded in the absence of wastes
attributable to human sources. The following is quoted from a long term
study (1) of total coliforms in the Iowa River at Iowa City.
"If a stream contains coliform organisms that are of domestic
sewage origin, one might expect the MPN to vary inversely with the dilution
capacity of the stream. High MPN values would be expected during the dry
seasons. On the other hand, high turbidities would be expected with high
water conditions due to increased erosion and scour.
"In the Iowa River, increases in stream flow are accompanied by
increases in both turbidity and coliform organisms. This pattern has
been apparent over the entire 1950-64 period and is true whether one examines
daily or monthly average data.
"Apparently, large numbers of coliform organisms are carried into
the river after each rainfall and snow melt. The increase in turbidity also
indicates the agricultural land adjacent to the river as the source of many
of these coliform organisms. Storm sewer overflow is not considered a
significant factor because the nearest upstream city is 30 mi. above Iowa
City, and above the impoundment.
"In view of the apparently high numbers of nonfecal coliform organ-
isms, and the correlation of high coliform densities with high flow, one
might question the significance of such MPN data as related to the bacterial
safety of the Iowa River Water. Does a high MPN, especially a high monthly
average, which may be caused by runoff from a single rainfall, mean that
this water is an undesirable source? Probably not."
Among his conclusions Professor Powell states: "There are considerable
seasonal differences in water quality. The impoundment has tended to reduce
this variation, for example, by distributing the poor water from spring run-
off over a longer period of time.
"Stream flow, turbidity, and bacterial density follow the same
seasonal pattern. Increases in flow are accompanied by increases in the
other two. During high flows the extremely high coliform densities are
due to agricultural land drainage.
"Improved methods of evaluating bacterial quality and recommending
treatment are greatly needed. In view of present day treatment capabilities,
the worst rivers in the country can probably be purified with relative ease."
(1) Water Quality Changes Due to Impoundment, Marcus P. Powell &
P. M. Berthouex, JAWWA July 1967
-13-
-------
332
Figure 1 illustrates the pattern, on a monthly average basis, of the direct
relationship of increasing stream flows accompanied by increases in both
turbidity and total coliform density. Figure 2 indicates that the monthly
coliform MPN average ia less than 5000 per IOC m/1 about 46% of the
months samples, both before and after impoundment above the supply in
1958. Figure 3 illustrates coliform variations x^ith flow and turbidity
on the Raccoon River at Des Moines.
Tables 2 and 3 contain total coliform data for the years 1964 & 1965
raw water at the University of Iowa water treatment plant intake at Iowa
City, Iowa. This data indicates that commonly accepted total coliform
criteria both for public water supply and recreation uses are exceeded due
to land runoff a high percentage of the time.
The following are estimates of the costs for continuous disinfection
(chlorination) of municipal waste treatment plant effluents, including efflu-
ents from industrial wastes which may contain pathogenic agents as recommended
on page 53 of the Mississippi River report.
Estimated Chlorination Costs
loxja Cities and Towns on Interstate Streams
Construct, Annual
Raw Eff. & Equip. Chlorine
PE PE costs cost
Major Mississippi River cities l.,029,000 700,000 $642,000 $390,000
Major Missouri River cities 447,000 295,000 307,000 176,000
Interior Interstate Streams 1,400.000 291,000
Total Chlorination Costs $2,394.000 $857,000
The expenditure annually of the large sums of money required for year-
round disinfection of municipal and industrial wastes as recommended by
FWPCA, will not improve the bacterial quality of interstate waters during
periods of run-off, and these are the periods when high bacterial levels
have been found. The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has agreed
to disinfection of waste discharges where these discharges can be expected
to affect recreational or public water supply uses. Primary body contact
(swimming and water skiing) recreational uses of Iowa streams is limited by
nature to summer months. It has not been demonstrated to the Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission that year round chlorination is required to
protect secondary contact (boating and fishing) recreational uses.
-14-
-------
333
^
w
o
H
Cn
-------
334
0001 X NdW
aiqoqojd
-------
335
o
o
o
rr
o
o
in
O
O
O
••
n
o
o
in
CM
o
o
o
o
o
in
o
o
o
o
o
in
a c
Gj O
-P
U 3
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
1
o
o
o
o
ro
O
O
O
o
o
o
T^OOT/NdW
-------
336
TABLE 2_
IOWA RIVER
WATER PLANT INTAKE
UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
TOTAL COLIFORM M.P.N. DATA
1964
Public Water Supply Recreation
Month Number Ave. _%> MPN % > MPN % > MPN % > MPN
of MPN per
Samples 100 ml
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
17
19
20
22
19
22
22
21
21
21
20
21
2,780
1,335
5,890
478
10,240
22,980
2,240
1,450
3,700
4,970
206
51
5,000
per
100 ml
11
05
20
0
31
50
18
04
14
14
0
0
20,000
per
100 ml
05
0
10
0
05
22
0
0
04
09
0
0
1,000
per
100 ml
41
31
55
09
78
81
63
14
61
38
0
0
2,000
per
ICO ml
41
21
45
09
78
77
45
14
52
38
05
0
2,400
per
100 ml
23
15
45
09
78
77
36
14
52
33
0
0
5,000 Mean
per Flow
100 ml cfs
11
05
20
0
31
50
18
04
14
14
0
0
187
655
467
803
1,391
1,040
1,355
452
637
213
294
419
*When averaging MPN values all values less than 30 were considered 30.
-------
337
TABLE _3
IOWA RIVER
UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
WATER PLANT INTAKE
TOTAL COLIFORM MPN DATA
1965
Public Water Supply
Month Number Ave. % > MPN % > MPN
%
Recreation
MPN % > MPN
of MPN per
Samples 100 ml
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
20
20
23
27
20
22
21
22
21
20
21
20
37
46,000
15,000
32,000
17,000
5,100
6,100
27,000
38,000
2,100
670
12,000
5,000
per
100 ml
0
30
48
52
65
18
29
41
77
5
0
15
20,000
per
100 ml
0
30
13
33
20
9
14
27
53
0
0
10
1,000
per
100 ml
0
35
96
78
85
46
62
77
90
40
14
30
2,000
per
100 ml
0
35
87
74
85
41
57
77
90
30
5
25
2,400
per
100 ml
0
30
70
59
80
32
48
59
86
15
0
20
5 , 000 Mean
per Flow
100 ml cfs
0
30
48
52
65
18
29
41
77
5
0
15
1,282
2,039
3,388
6,257
4,989
5,633
2,661
513
2,651
3,593
4,025
3,807
*When averaging MPN values all values less than 30 were considered
30 and all values greater than 110,000 were considered 110,000
-------
338
Temperature
The temperature criteria for interior streams was excepted from approval by
Secretary of Interior. During the lengthy negotiations, the temperature
criteria has been the subject of wide variation and inconsistency in the
Department of Interior's position. In five separate expressions, for instance,
Interior has requested different maximum temperature requirements, ranging from
86°F to 93°F.
Agreement was reached on 93°F maximum on interior streams but not on permitting
a differential of 10°F above natural background. Interior has insisted that
this follow the pattern of the larger streams, like the Mississippi and the
Missouri, dictating a differential of 5°F above natural background from May 1
through October 1, and then 10°F October 1 through May 1. This issue is un-
warranted and would seriously add to the expense of power plant operations
where applicable.
The thermal loading in Iowa is primarily from electrical power generation.
Other industries using river water for heat exhange work are not believed to
be of such magnitude as to exceed the lower limit proposed when operating plants
on respective streams at low flow conditions. This leaves then, only those
power plants which can properly and economically use this resource when able
to stay below the maximum stream temperature set forth by the criteria.
The trend in this area should be noted. Older power plants are being closed
rather than to expend the funds for modernization of air and water pollution
control facilities and for other operational reasons. These services are being
replaced by transmission of electrical currents from other larger and more
modern plants. With the forthcoming of the atomic power plants in this region,
increases in the thermal loading at these smaller local points on the interior
streams, does not appear to be a problem for the near future.
Justification
The several guidelines issued by the National Technical Advisory Committee,
describing considerations for setting temperature limits, frequently refer to
the need for local study and for specific analysis of each habitat at the zone
in question. Iowa believes this to be a most valid consideration and submits
the expert opinions of those professional authorities who have conducted inves-
tigations and have knowledge of the aquatic life on the streams where such con-
cern may exist.
Item 1 - Nov. 22, 1966, Roger W. Bachmann, Ph.D., Fishery Biologist gave
approval to 95°F with 10°F above background - assuring no problem.
Item ? - Dec. 6, 1966, Statement by the Iowa Fisheries and Wildlife Biological
Staff - Roger Bachmann, Ross Bulkley, Kenneth Carlander, Arnold
Haugen, Robert Moorman, Robert Muncy, Paul A. Vohs, Milton W. Weller.
These gentlemen assured that rapid temperature change was of greater
concern than actual temperature range. They agreed that 10°F above
background or 95°F would be satisfactory if not discharged as a
thermal block.
-15-
-------
339
Item 3 - Iowa State Conservation Commission letter April 3, 19"9 - Harry
Harrison-Biology section. Both this document and previous interviews
with their valuable knowledge of the streams does not reveal a serious
concern attributable to thermal pollution on the interior streams.
Item 4 - State Hygienic Laboratory - Letter April 2, Jack H. Gakstatter, Ph.D.,
Principal Limnologist. This document states clearly that his expert
analysis and judgment rendered on the local situations where thermal
pollution may reach 10°F above background temperatures at low flow
will not cause a loss of aquatic life in these zones. In fact he
states that there can be useful values by permitting open water and
re-oxygenation to take place in winter conditions.
Iowa believes these testimonies and their consideration of first-hand knowledge
of the specific problems involved, to be logical and valid reasons to plead for
a tolerance of 10°F above background temperature. This in relationship to the
approved maximum of 93°F at all times for the interior streams in Iowa.
Further, it should be recorded that all industry sharing this thermal pollution
problem has cooperated with the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission and
adjusted its agreements to assure compliance within the parameters desired by
the Commission. Industry is seriously concerned when reviewing the various
thinking, and changes in position expressed in letters coming from the FWPCA,
each adding to and further restricting their right for using this resource.
Iowa believes the balance it has recommended to be both reasonable and valid
for water quality temperature criteria in Iowa.
-16-
-------
Phenols
Phenol concentrations in Iowa streams are highly variable ranging from less
than one part per billion to a maximum of 20 ppb. This variation occurs at
given sampling points at different tines of the year being a function of
hydrologic flow, climatic conditions and other factors.
Experience indicates that the highest phenolic compound concentrations occur
at the early stages of high flow conditions rather than at low flows. This
phenomenon causes us to discount the significance of industrial or municipal
input as this type source would tend to produce the highest phenol levels
during low flow-low dilution conditions.
Aromatic ring compounds abound in nature and bacterial and fungal organisms
are well known producers of hydroxylated ring metabolites. The probability
is high that phenolic type compounds reactive to 4-aminoantipyrine could
have a potential metabolic pathway resulting from such natural materials as
wood tars, plant proteins, tannins, etc. Since Iowa waters at times are
loaded with natural soluble organics due to soil surface leaching, the correla-
tion with early stage run-off and elevated phenol concentrations is logical.
Our data bears this postulation out and some typical data illustrating phenol
levels are delineated in tabular form attached.
Iowa river cities using surface water showing phenol levels
in the 10-20 range have not experienced taste and odor episodes
attributable to phenol concentrations subsequent to normal
chlorination for disinfection purposes.
In view of the high and variable levels of phenolic compounds
found in Iowa surface waters not traceable to industrial or
municipal sources, it is the recommendation of the Iowa Water
Pollution Commission that the maximum permissible concentration
of phenolic type compounds be retained at 0.020 parts per
million in all waters.
There is no evidence or logic to suggest the pertinency of an
individual standard for aquatic use specifically as most of our
streams are multiple use including public water supply. While
aquatic life is far less affected by phenols, it is realistic
to provide the single standard at 0.020 parts per million
on the basis of the most critical potential use.
-17-
-------
3*1
10/9/68
10/24/68
2/12/69
n
2/13/69
2/8/69
n
TABLE 4
PHENOL CONCENTRATION IN
IOWA STREAMS
DATE
1-24/25-67
ii
n
n
ii
n
ti
n
n
n
RIVER
Des Moines-Euclid
" Ipalco
" Ottumwa
Raccoon
Missouri-Co Bluffs
Cedar- Cedar Rapids
Iowa River-Iowa City
Mississippi-Davenport
" Burlington
" Keokuk
PHENOL ppb
2
18
3
2
< 1
5
5
11
11
11
Mississippi-Upstreatn from
Des Moines River
" Reokuk
ii n
Des Moines-Keokuk
Mississippi-Lansing
Davenport
n
Burlington
n
it
Keokuk
l(Iowa Side)
2(Channel)
2(Illinois Side)
2
1
9(481.3 channel)
8(480.1 channel)
8(404.1 channel)
12(400.3 channel)
10(363.6 channel)
9(359.1 channel)
Des Moines-Keokuk
-------
34-2
Radioactivity
The original brief criteria on radioactive substances had been acceptable to
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration during earlier discussions.
The State of Iowa has an adequate radioactivity sampling program and will
accept the more detailed radiological limits now suggested by the FWPCA. The
following limits on radioactive substances have now been adopted by the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission:
Gross beta activity (in the known absence of 90 strontium and
alpha emitters) shall not exceed 1000 picocuries per liter.
The concentration of 226 radium and 90 strontium shall not
exceed 3 and 10 picocuries per liter respectively.
The annual average concentration of specific radionuclides,
other than 226 radium and 90 strontium, should not exceed
1/30 of the appropriate maximum permissible concentration for
the 168 hour week as set forth by the International Commission
on Radiological Protection and the National Committee on
Radiation Protection.
Because any human exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation is
undesirable, the concentrations of radioisotopes in natural
waters should be maintained at the lowest practicable level.
Protection of High Quality Waters
The October 2, 1968 minutes of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
state that the language of the non-degradation clause which was accepted by
the state of Colorado and adjacent states is acceptable to the Water Pollution
Control Commission. This action is considered firm, and the following non-
degradation statement is incorporated as a part of the water quality standards:
Waters whose existing quality is better than the established standards
as of the date on which such standards become effective will be
maintained at high quality unless it has been affirmatively demon-
strated to the State that a change is justifiable as a result of
necessary economic or social development and will not preclude
present and anticipated use of such waters. Any industrial, public
or private project or development which would constitute a new
source of pollution or an increased source of pollution to high
quality waters will be required to provide the necessary degree of
waste treatment to maintain high water quality. In implementing
this policy, the Secretary of the Interior will be kept advised
and will be provided with such information as he will need to
discharge his responsibilities under the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended.
-18-
-------
3^3
E. SUMMARY OF ACCEPTABLE WATER QUALITY CI^^ASDC KBYISICNS. Aim ADDITIONS*
The following are the various revisions or additions to the surface water
quality criteria and plan of implementation which have been adopted by the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission:
Section 1.2(455B) Surface water quality criteria
1.2(3)
a. Public Water Supply
(1) Bacteria: Numerical bacteriological limits of 2000 fecal coli-
forms per 100 ml for public water supply raw water sources will
be applicable during low flow periods when such bacteria can be
demonstrated to be attributed to pollution by sewage.
(2) Radioactive Substances:
Gross beta activity (in the known absence of 90 strontium and
alpha emitters) shall not exceed 1000 picocuries per liter.
The concentration of 226 radium and 90 strontium shall not
exceed 3 and 10 picocuries per liter respectively.
The annual average concentration of specific radionuclides,
other than 226 radium and 90 strontium, should not exceed 1/30
of the appropriate maxieum permissible concentration for the
168 hour week as set forth by the International Commission on
Radiological Protection and the National Committee on Radiation
Protection.
Because any human exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation is
undesirable, the concentrations of radioisotopes in natural
waters should be maintained at the lowest practicable level.
b. Aquatic life
(1) Warm water areas.
Temperature:
Mississippi River - Not to exceed an 69°F maximum tempera-
ture from the Minnesota border to the Wisconsin border and a
90°F maximum temperature from the Wisconsin border to the Missouri
border nor a 5°F change from background or natural temperature
in the Mississippi River.
Missouri River - Not to exceed a 90°F maximum average daily
temperature nor a 5°F change from background or natural tempera-
ture during the months of May through October and a 10°F change
during the months of November through April.
Interior streams - Not to exceed a 93°F maximum temperature
nor a maximum 10°F increase over background or natural tempera-
ture.
Heat should not be added to any water in such a manner that
the rate of change exceeds 2°F per hour.
-19-
-------
(2) Cold water areas.
Temperature:
Not to exceed a 70°F maximum temperature. The rate of change
due to added heat shall not exceed 2°F per hour with a 5°F
maximum increase from background temperature.
c. Recreation
(1) Bacteria:
Numerical bacteriological limits of 200 fecal coliforms per
100 ml for primary contact recreational waters will be applic-
able during low flow periods when such bacteria can be demon-
strated to be attributable to pollution by sewage.
Non-degradation statement
Waters whose existing quality is better than the established standards
as of the date on which such standards become effective will be main-
tained at high quality unless it has been affirmatively demonstrated
to the State that a change is justifiable as a result of necessary
economic or social development and will not preclude present and antici-
pated use of such waters. Any industrial, public ot private project
or development which would constitute a new source of pollution or an
increased source of pollution to high quality waters will be required
to provide the necessary degree of waste treatment to maintain high
water quality. In implementing this policy, the Secretary of the Interior
will be kept advised and will be provided with such information as he
will need to discharge his responsibilities under the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended.
-20-
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
AND
PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
FOR THE
SURFACE WATERS OF IOWA
ADOPTED BY
THE
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
DES MOINES
MAY 1967
(Revised June 1, 1968)
-------
FOREWORD
The Water Quality Criteria and Plan for Implemen-
tation and Enforcement for the Surface Waters of
Iowa was originally prepared for and submitted to
the Department of the Interior in May, 1967.
Since that time, the numerous requests received
from consulting engineers, educators and the
general public have necessitated the publication
of this revised edition.
The Criteria and Plan have been left unchanged.
However, Table 11 has been updated to June 1, 1968,
-------
347
INTRODUCTION
The Federal Water Quality Act of 1965, signed into
law on October 2, 1965, required all states to de«*
velop water quality standards for the interstate
streams within their state boundaries.
Revisions to the Iowa Water Pollution Control Law
effective July 1965 established the Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission and the authority for
adoption of water quality standards. The law pro-
vided the Commission with the authority to adopt,
"such reasonable quality standards for any waters
of the state ," and to "develop comprehensive
plans and programs for the prevention, control and
abatement of new, increasing, potential or existing
pollution of the waters of the state."
After conducting seven public hearings throughout
the state, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
adopted the Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria Rules
and Regulations on February 28, 1967. The Rules and
Regulations were approved by the Attorney General
of the State of Iowa on March 6, 1967 and by the
Legislative Departmental Rules Review Committee on
March 17, 1967. They were filed with the Secretary
of State on March 20, 1967, and as provided by law,
became effective 30 days thereafter.
The Implementation and Enforcement Plan for the
Surface Water Quality Criteria was adopted by the
Commission on May 26, 1967. The Surface Water
Quality Criteria and the Implementation and
Enforcement Plan have been combined and are called
the Iowa Surface Water Quality Standards. The
Standards as presented are the result of a joint
effort of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
and the Iowa State Department of Health to abate
pollution of the waters of the State of Iowa
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Section I-General 1
A. Topography 1
B. Hydrology 1
C. Flow Regulation & Augmentation 2
D. Present & Future Uses - Iowa Waters 4
E. Population 5
Section II - Surface Water Criteria 7
A. Discussion of Criteria 7
1. General Policy Considerations 7
2. General Criteria 8
3. Specific Criteria 9
a. Public Water Supply 9
b. Aquatic Life 11
c. Recreation 11
B. Surface Water Quality Criteria 13
C. Compatability with adjoining states 17
Section III Implementation & Enforcement Plans .... 19
A. Statutory Autority 19
1. Statutes 19
2. Rules & Regulations 21
B. Enforcement Procedures 22
C. Surveillance Program 23
1. Operation reports 23
2. Plant & operation surviellance 25
3. Stream Surviellance 27
a. Existing program 27
b. Proposed program 28
4. Existing water quality 29
D. Pollution Control Programs 30
1. Municipal & Industrial Waste Treatment ... 30
a. Significant pollution sources 30
b. Compliance with water quality 30
c. Construction schedules 32
2. Combined Sewer Overflow 33
3. Agricultural waste waters 33
4. Waste from boats and marinas 36
Section IV Public Hearings 37
Tables
1. Low-Flow-10 year Recurrence 39
2. Public Water Supplies 41
3. Streams-Aquatic Life..Warm Water Areas 43
4. Natural Lakes-Aquatic Life Warm Water Area ... 45
5. Artifical Lakes-Aquatic Life Warm Water Area . . 47
6. Aquatic Life - Cold Water Areas 49
-------
3^9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
Tables...continued..
7. Recreation Areas-Streams Impoundments & Lakes ..51
8. Surface Water Sampling Stations-ABS-Pesticides-
Radioactivity 53
9. Surface Water Sampling Stations-Public Water
Supplies-Major Cities 55
10. Chemical Quality - Iowa Streams 57
11. Status Waste Treatment Facilities 59
Mississippi River Basin
Missouri River Basin
12. Municipal Sewerage Systems 83
Figures
1. Monthly Coliform Average - Iowa River 85
2. MPN Frequency Distribution - Iowa River 87
3. Raccoon River Coliform Study 89
-------
350
SECTION I
GENERAL
A. TOPOGRAPHY OF IOWA
Iowa is situated in the Upper Mississippi River drainage
basin, bounded on the east by the Mississippi River and on
the west by the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers. In general
the surface shows but slight relief with the highest point
in the northwest corner (1,675 feet) and the lowest point
in the southeast corner (480 feet).
The entire state is drained by either the Mississippi
River or its tributary, the Missouri River. The drainage
areas are 38,860 and 17,379 square miles respectively.
Iowa streams entering the Mississippi River flow in a
general course from northwest to southeast. The major
drainage basins are long and narrow and have fairly regular
outlines with the lateral boundaries tending to be parallel.
The stream drainage basins which drain into the Missouri
River are also relatively long and narrow and extend from
the northeast to the southwest. They lie nearly perpendicular
to those streams tributary to the Mississippi River.
B. HYDROLOGY
A seven-day, ten-year low flow has been selected to
recognize the variability of Iowa stream flows in the
application of water quality criteria and in the economic
analysis and evaluation of treatment requirements. There
also exists a tremendous variability in Iowa streams with
reasonably well sustained low flows, from ground water,
in northeast Iowa and decreasing progressively to the
south and west portions of Iowa. A review of Table 1,
taken from Low Flow Characteristics of Iowa Streams,
Bulletin No. 9, Iowa Natural Resources Council 1958, shows
this variation quite clearly.
-------
351
-2-
HYDROLOGY. continued
With the exception of upland portions and minor trib-
utaries the northeast Iowa basins including the Iowa-
Cedar basins have seven-day, ten-year low flow values
in the range of 0.04 to 0.08 cubic feet per second (cfs)
per square mile. The remainder of the streams in the
state, south and west of the Iowa-Cedar basins, have
very poor low flow characteristics. No stream in this
area of the state has a flow above 0.01 cfs per square
mile, for the seven-day, ten-year low flow magnitude.
Many streams have less than one-half this value.
For a specific example, the seven-day, ten-year low
flow for the Cedar River at Cedar Rapids is compared
in the following table, to the Des Moines River at
Boone which has a comparable drainage area.
Drainage
Area
Sq. Miles
Yield
cf s/sq.
mile
10 year-
7-day
Flow-cfs
Cedar River at Cedar Rapids 6510 0.047 306
Des Moines River at Boone 5511 0.0065 36
For an equivalent drainage of 6510 square miles, the
Des Moines River basin would yield 42 cfs as compared
to 306 cfs for the Cedar River or only one-seventh of
the comparable flow of the Cedar River. A similar
comparison indicates that the Upper Iowa River has a
seven-day ten-year low flow approximately 200 times
that of the Skunk River at Ames, with somewhat compar-
able drainage areas.
C. FLOW REGULATION AND AUGMENTATION
The Surface Water Quality Criteria for the waters of
the State of Iowa are related to and affected by the
existing flows in the streams. It is, therefore,
important that governmental controls be exercised
where applicable to maintain adequate flows in these
streams.
The Iowa Natural Resources Council, the state agency
responsible for administering the water use permit
system, has adopted a policy that water use permits
-------
352
FLOW REGULATION AMD AUGMENTATION...continued
will not be granted for the withdrawal of water for
consumptive use which will reduce the flow in the stream
below a given amount. The cut-off point below which no
consumptive withdrawals can be made is generally much
higher than the seven-day, ten-year low flow used as a
basis for the Water Quality Criteria application.
The principal consumptive uses from streams that are
being regulated are withdrawals for supplemental irri-
gation and for filling of off-stream reservoirs.
When deemed necessary to protect downstream uses, storage
permits require the release of that portion of the natural
flow into the reservoir that is required to prevent material
damage to downstream uses. In special circumstances,
installation of facilitie?s for the release of certain
minimum flow is included in the storage permit.
Soil conservation and soil, management programs controlling
farmland runoff tend to increase ground water reserves,
thereby augmenting low flow when the main source of flow
is ground water. With increasing soil management programs
this effect might be further realized in the future.
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission endorses the
flow regulation policies of the Natural Resources Council
and all other programs designed to prevent soil erosion
and retain farmland runoff and therefore maintain a greater
flow in the state streams. Maintenance of higher flows
in streams will provide for additional beneficial uses
to be supplied by these streams,
A number of multiple purpose reservoirs have been construct-
ed or authorized in Iowa. These will generally provide
benefits for flood control, water quality control, water
supply, recreation, and fish and wild life. Reservoirs
presently constructed or planned with storage for water
quality control will benefit only four major cities.
-------
DATE DUE
Protectlon
230 South Dearborn Street
Cntcago, Illinois 60604
-------
Fort Madison Effluent Report August 19 66
' '-'A'
Total pounds NH3N
Inlet "
X- 73.?
Total pounds ITIJ3N Outlet
Total Contribution (Lbs. NH3N to River)
Average Lbs.
,3.253
8,278
5,025
bate
oigust
1966
1
2
3
4
5
- 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Analysis Inlet
Cooling Water
Ten?.
Op
f78)
76
74
76
78
78
77
75
75
73
fa
74
75
75
76
77
76
77
74
70
74
72
70
69
68
70
70
72
75
75
76
pH
7.9
7.9
8.0
7.8
7.5
8.0
7.5
M
7.9
NH3-N
ppn
0.3
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.6
8.0 1 0.0 ,
8.1
8.2
7.8
7.9
8.3
0.4 '
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.1
DO
ppa
5.1
•6.1
6.3
5.7
5.4
6.4
5.8
5.3 f
5.3
5.8
6^
5.4
4.2
JL.3
f3.&r~
8.2 f 0.3 ! 673
8.0
8.2
J*L_
(7.2
778
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.1
0.4
0.3
0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2 •
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.4 _,
4,8
5.8
5.2
—1-4
7£. iT
~— ' ••" i
6.2 I
4.8
5.9
..
5.2
6.0
6.4
7.4
Analysis of Outlet To River
Temp.
°?
86
86
88
89
89
91
90
88
87
1 84
82
87
83
38
93
94
90
87
I 84
1 34
82
80
77
79
78
84
pH
7.9
8.0
8.2
7.9
7.6
7.7
7.6
8.1
8.0 j
8.1
8.0
7.9
7.6
8.0
7.7
7.8
8.1
KH3-N
ppa
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.3
0.7
0.5
0.5
o.s
0.4
DO
ppta
6.3
5.4
5.7
6.4
L_6-2
5.8
5.0
r~~5.7
5.7
0.8 ! 5.3
, 1.-9 -
6.0
0.8 6.1
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.5
1.5
8.0 0.7
7.9
• 7.7
7.8
7.8
7.9
8.0
7.9
8.1
84 8.0
89 8.0
90
6.8 Tl 89
4.8 j) 87
7.9
7.9
8.3
0.7
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.1
4.3
5.5
6.8
Million
Lbs. Day
H20
^21Z*i— :
273.5 !
273.5
269.9
273.5
273.5
272.5
273.5
273.5
273.5
7*a.9 . .
269.9
269.9 !
269.9 j
269.9 j
4.6 I 269.9 '
4.7_
4.9
6.4
5.2
6.3
_2£i*2— :
273.5 .:
273.5
269.9
269.9 _,.
5.8 1 269.9
4.4
269.9
7.2 ?o9,9 __j
1.2 5.4 . 269.9 .!
0.5
0.5
0.6
5.2 269.9 J
5.9
5.6
269.9 j
269.9
1.2 6.6 1 255.5
1.1 7.7 2"^7
1.2
5.9 | 2^4.7
167.5
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE . 1969 O - 364-342
-------
Fort Madison Effluent Report JULY 1966_
Oate
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
fio
11
12
13
14
15
1 16
17
1 13
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Analysis Inlet
Cooling Water
Temp.
Op
pH
;r
85 (TTii 1 0
85
86
(ST)
86
7.7
7.6
7.7
7.5
84 7.7
80 '7.7
81
84
83
7.7
0
0.2
0
0
0.4
0
0,6
7.8 0.3
7.6
84 7.7
85
7.8
84 7.5
83 7.5
82 7.6
81
78
80
82
8.1
7.6
7.8
7.7
75 jf8.2)
(72)
78
74
76
77
76
73
80
0.3 *
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.4
DO
ppm
Analysis of Outlet To River ',
Temp.
OF
PH
5.7 95 1 7.5
5.1
6~-D
4.6
4.0
4.5
5.8
95
96
96
95
92
7.8
7.9
7.8
7,6
7.9
90 7.9
91 7,7
ppn
0.8
1.3
0.9
1.1
0.5
i ,7
DO
ppn
5-8
6.8
6.0
4.1
4.]
6.9
1.2 4.5
1.0
5.5
4.0 1 92 7.7 1,5 5.0
3.7
-
4.9
3.8
0.3 4.4
0.7
0.6
4.8 1
A. 2 i
0.3 3.8
0.0 5.0
0.5
8.0 0.3
7.8
8.0
7.7
8.0
0.0
0.2
0.5
0.3
5.9
6.3
6.1 j
6.8 j
4.4 1
5.6
7.8 0.4 4,4
7.7 0.4
7,6 ' 0.8 "7
78 1 8.0 0,2
30 | 76
31 i 77
.iyfj-/?/ •
Total pout
Total pour
local Coat
S.O
0.0
5.0
... 4.8
5.6
•£7
8,0 j 0.4 _J (lO.S.)
100 8.0 1.0 i 6.5 .
100
100
7,8 0.9
5.4.. .
7.6 1.0 i <'..4
98 7,6 0.9 6.0
99
98
7.7 C,8 _, -
7,7
98 7.8
98 7.7
97 7,6
95
92
81
87
85
86
84
83
90
8J J
88
7.4
8.1
7,9
7.4
7.8
7.7
7.7
8.0
7.9
7.6
7.9
7.9
88 1 8,0
ida NH3N Inlet "^ _
A -7.1 *=•£•.'
ida KH3N Outlet
:ributioa (Lbs. NH3N to River)
Average Lbg./Day
__\J t Q
r l.l
1.0
1.0
0,0
0.7
0,8
1.1
0.8
1.1
,0-9, ___
_2.8 _._
1.6
1.2
0.8 _
0.6
0 8
4.6
4.0
6.2 .
"\7
5.3
5.0
8.1
.7.3
5,9
4.8
L .6..0 _
4.5
f 5.8
5.7
Million, ;
Lba. Day i
H2° i
259.1 :
28A.3 :
?87r9 •
284.?
,287. 9 ,.•
.2.3.4.? . .'
284.3
284.3
287,9
287.9
287,9
?SA.3 j
_2S£.J J
234.3
284.3
284_,3
2S4.3
277.1
277.1
277.1
277.1
277.1 !
277.1 j
277.1
277.1 __ •
5.1 1.277.1
6.6 277.1 '
6 •> 1284,3
2658
8903
6245
201.4
-------
Port Madison Effluent Report June __ 19 66
Date
• , .
1
/Analysis Inlet
Cooling Water
Temp.
°?
pH
j i^^-s-^—
66 10-8)
2 I £o)
3 1 66
4
5
-6
1
8
9
10
11
12
13
65
72
72
12
72
1?.
66
66
67
67
14 1 67
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26 _j
27
f-28
29
30
31
7.4
7.8
7.6
7.8
7.7
"7.8
7J
NH3-N
ppra
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.6
DO
PP»
<
0.5 i
Mj) 0.8 I
/ • *—
0.9 f
7.4 1 0.8
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.6
0.3
0.4
0.5
3.:\
4.9
3.')
4.:;
0.6 | 3. .1
7.6 0.5 1 4.5 I
69 7.7
T7.3
7.3
7.1
7.2
7.0
7.3
7;:l
~l£h
7.7
7.4
7.7
7.2
7.4
,7-7
7.4
0.3 1 4.7 j
0.6
O.i
0.7
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.5
1.1
0.3
Nil
1.1
Nil
1 '
3. >
4.3
3.4
3.5
3.5
2.8
2.2 ;
3.4 I
4,0
1ST
4.1
Analysis of Outlet To River i
Tenp.
°2
78
78
pR
7.8
7.7
3.0
8.4
872
1 7.9
83
82
75
79
78
7.8
7.8
7.3
7.4
_
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.3
7.6
NH3-N
ppm
1.2
2.0
1.2
3.5
4.1
DO
ppa
2.3
Kill ion ;
Lb.7. Day •
H20 j
244.7 ;
237.5 !
.2jfiOJL !
2^4.7 '
251. 9 I
251.9
1.5 ! 1 251,9 .._.-
2.0 I 1 251.9 .
2.6 2^8.3 •
2.5 -
2.4
1.4
1.0
3.0
3.6
0.8
7.2 0.9
i 7.3 1.3
3^J 1 92
-J2)LJ
- - •• Vs^*-— -p
i
93
5.7
4.0
5.5
5.0
5.5
4.6
4.3
^.2
241.1
237.5 !
237. S 1
r^?37.5 !
f 255.5 ;
269.9 J
265.3 -
280.7
284.3
7.3 1.3 i 3.8 ! 280.7
7.2 1.0
7.2 7.0
3.7 259.1
4.0 255.5
7.1 2.0 | 4.2 252.7
7.3
7.5
7.5
8.0
8.4
2.2 - 269.9
4.3
3.3
5.4
9.6
8.4 6.7
7.8 1..6
4.2 269.9
4.6
. 269.9 !
5.5 7.73.2
2.2 273.2
3.7 273.2
2.1 269.9
7.6 2.3 i 5.3 273.2 •
1 i
//e V/7 aat.%* -}(&/t i
Total pounds "SH^ll Inlet •'•*•
x-^-U x=7.y . 7- j.*
Total pounds J1H3S Cutlet
Total Contribution (Lbfl- NHjN Co River)
Average Lbu./Day
3.577
16T780
13,203
4/,0.1
-------
CHEVRON CHEMICAL COMPANY
ORTHO DIVISION
P. O. BOX 282 ORTHO WAY FORT MADISON IOWA 52627
April 16, 1968
Mr. William Gale
Department of Zoology
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Dear Mr. Gale:
Enclosed find the data you requested during your con-
versation with Mr. John Maier. Data covers the period
of January 1966 through March, 1968.
Our inlet cooling water channel is 0.4 miles from the
mouth to the pump house. Fish nets are positioned across
the mouth of the inlet and at 0.3 mile from the mouth.
Tempering water, used during the winter months to maintain
the fore bay free of ice, enters at a point approximately
150 feet upstream of the pump house. Our sample point
for dissolved oxygen is located approximately 200 feet
upstream of the pump house.
We hope this information will be useful in the prepara-
tion of your Master's thesis.
Very truly yours,
C
C. C. Doroug
Plant Manager
JLMrpb
Attach.
-------
Table 6 cont.
-50-
COUNTY
JACKSON
MITCHELL
STREAM
Big Mill Creek
Brush Creek
Dalton Lake
Little Mill Creek
Spring Creek
Turtle Creek
Wapsie River
MILES
WINKESHIBK
Bohemian Creek
Coldwater Creek
North Bear Creek
South Bear Creek
Trout River
Trout Run
Twin Springs
West Canoe Creek
1.5 acres
5
2
2
2.5
3
2.5
5
5
2.5
2
0.5
ft'
-------
-49-
TABLE 6
AQUATIC LIFE USE - COLD WATER AREAS
COUNTY
ALLAMAKEB
STREAM MILSS
CLAYTON
DELAWARE
DUBUQUE
FAYBTTE
HOWARD
Bear Creek 1
Clear Creek 1
French Creek 4
Hickory Creek U
Little Paint Creek 2.5
Livingood Springs and
Yellow River Confluence area 1
Paint Creek 7
Teeple Creek 2.5
Village Creek 6
Waterloo Creek 6.5
Wexford Creek 1.5
Bloody Run Creek 9
Buck Creek 6
Ensign Hollow 2
Joy Springs & Maquoketa Riv. 2
Klienlein Creek 3
North Cedar Creek 2
Plum Creek 1.5
South Cedar Creek 3
Turkey River Adjacent to Big
Springs Hatchery .75
Elk Creek 1
Maquoketa River 2
Richmond Springs 1
Spring Branch 2
Turkey Creek 1
Plum Creek .5
Swiss Valley Creek 1.5
Glovers Creek 1
Grannie Creek 1
Mink Creek 2
Otter Creek 4
Bigalk Creek 1.5
-------
TABLE 3 CONTINUED
-44-
*Mississippl River
Iowa River
*Cedar River
W. Fk. Cedar River
*Shell Rock River
*Winnebago River
*Little Cedar
English River
*Wapsinicon River
Buffalo Creek
Little Wapsipinicon River
Maquoketa River
N. Fk. Maquoketa River
Turkey River
Little Turkey River
Crane Creek
Volga River
Yellow River
*Upper Iowa River
Eastern Iowa border from Missouri
State Line to Minnesota State Line
Mississippi River to Belmond
Iowa River to Minnesota State Line
Cedar River to Cerro Gordo County Line
Cedar River to Minnesota State Line
Shell Rock River to Minnesota State Line
Cedar River to Minnesota State Line
Iowa River to Kinross
Mississippi River to Minnesota State Line
Wapsipinicon River to Stanley
Wapsipinicon River to Suraner
Mississippi River to Backbone State Park
Maquoketa River to Dyersville
Mississippi River to Vernon Springs
Turkey River to Highway #24
Little Turkey River to Saratoga
Turkey River to Maynard
Mississippi River to Highway
Mississippi River to Chester
* Denotes Interstate Stream
-------
TABLE 3
AQUATIC LIFE - WARM WATER AREAS
-43-
Streams
Missouri River Basin
* Chariton River
*
* Thompson River
* Nodaway River
E. Nodaway River
W. Nodaway River
Mid. Nodaway River
* Nishnabotna River
E. Nishnabotna River
W. Nishnabotna River
* Missouri River
Boyer River
* Little Sioux River
*0cheyedan River
W. Fk. Little Sioux
Maple River
* Big Sioux River
*Rock River
Mississippi River Basin
* Des Moines River
*E. Fk. Des Moines River
*W. Fk. Des Moines River
Middle River
Raccoon River
S. Raccoon River
N. Raccoon River
M. Raccoon River
Boone River
Skunk River
N. Skunk River
S. Skunk River
Reach of Stream
Missouri State Line to Bridge on Highway
#65
Missouri State Line to Union County Line
Missouri State Line to confluence of East
and West Nodaway
Nodaway to Highway #148
Nodaway to Morton Hills
Nodaway to Adair County Line
Missouri State Line to confluence of East
and West Nishnabotna
Nishnabotna to Atlantic
Nishnabotna to Avoca
Western Iowa border from Missouri State
Line to Sioux City
Missouri River to Denison
Missouri River to Milford
Little Sioux River to Highway #9
Little Sioux River to Climbing Hill
Little Sioux River to Ida Grove
Missouri River to Minnesota State Line
Big Sioux River to Minnesota State Line
Mississippi River to confluence of East
and West Forks of Des Moines River
Des Moines River to Burt
Des Moines River to Minnesota State Line
Des Moines River to Town of Middle River
Des Moines River to confluence of North
and South Raccoon
Raccoon River to Guthrie Center
Raccoon River to Buena Vista County
Line
Raccoon River to Coon Rapids
Des Moines River to Goldfield
Mississippi River to confluence of North
and South Skunk
Skunk River to Highway #92
Skunk River to Col fax
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
AND
PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
FOR THE
SURFACE WATERS OF IOWA
ADOPTED BY
THE
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
DBS MOINES
MAY 1967
(Revised June 1, 1968)
-------
196
WATER QUALITT RECORDS, 196?
S1
I
s
«•-,
£
f S
.? s
§ s
o
ts "
Cu b,
& I
\
ow affected by
M ^1 C
f ** O
^ «) -I
s ^^
" «z
fc £«
« &
§S
*J V
c t.
o at
J *
D *NO flJ rH
V ** rH OS (L>
C OJ rH f 1-4
X O • * O> *-
(Q O. *-> i—I J3 O.
•W O CJ •<
t*>x£> C • O C
C rH -« B ** rH 5
f[J N; O, (J
t) B t-» NO NO C NO 53
B CH • r-l "a rH "(5
• -HeflO^^ ^fc,
NO —' *CONO r^ON o,
ON e B >» (wo a
rH p <-H >, ON O 0)
^ S a r4
> :3O Q,*^ ftrH
•• e tN. o, ft> A
g
%>!•?!•£}• v> <\t bo n
§jo o> a * yi o> BNO c -a
D ^ vH (*~) ff t* p v4
tH*>BH OPB •*- »
o 2
OC
-r«Cd
-
8
CO
ATION.-
statlo
t. ID W -O * S -r<
i U *J u BNO *J « 3 «J
k.3 =>3 C S *- O
•»-> (\J •*-> B * t, O —«*->*>
tflNO rJ*H >» a) -^ K C
. _ ' O O
r^ o -S tf S
I co o I c ri I ft? to B
•^ ONO O OfNJCItO"-' O
§5 ?} V* ' ' £^.
P5^J*Jr^**4JfH • B3CO
< >• e cc tN.tN.tr^
^ ij * D a) »so NO t
to
fGLjf
«
H
i
t,
ft)
ft
8
(X
O
I
fe
O
IH
03
ft)
«
*>
S
k,
V
S
0
o
V
a
S.
V
i
I
&
J
•
a
0
M
«
g
CM
CO
CM
CM
S
8
S
CM
S3
rH
CM
S
S
00
r-l
r-
1-1
r-l
in
r-l
i-l
2
a
rH
O
0>
00
^
to
tn
rr
n
CM
t-(
a
j
3
•
**W
S IW
3WW
SWW
&WW
SUJW
3SW
K3W
S3W
33W
3*W
sww
RXW
SWW
3*W
3*W
RWW
**W
*WW
!XXW
sww
S3W
fc*W
ssw
S3W
23W
3*W
**W
S*W
*WW
*ww
SteK
*. o o
e> ja A
Zee
o QI g>
*» > u
oziS
WWR I I 1 3^ P£
W IS, 1 1 I N?fc | !
rS 1 £*i 1 u->^v NO v/\ eo £.
cy i cv i CN.NO •«• co ON ON
c*\it*S i VAV?\ SQ w» c--so
WWW 1 30s. *« M
*V ^ *^ 1 ON ON ^o ON CO ^O
CS (*>,<*% 1 V\.O- tv.NO NO SO
£i£i£i \ Q0^ •"•* r- *-*•*
fififN, | "A^- CD sO (N-NO
OJ ^ CN.NO NO NO
(vww i cp^a- j» o r^ON
f^r^cr^ I •& ~& r^-so CN.NO
r'^f^P'S I ^o^1 NO *^ CS.NO
WWW i SS ^^ Pig
f^ fV fV 1 rH O CKSO **^ *A
OClC*^ J i/^XO NO "^ tN-NO
CiDiCi ! ^fi1^ «o --1 o f^-
fl (*!**! 1 *A^ NO NO f^NO
fs» <\J f\J I Jf IN. r^O <\)NO
r>c^rS i *A-a" CNNO C*-NO
OJ C\J (\J 1 ^* ON ON CO CM ON
M CM (M 1 CN)NO so •ft ^ O
t*> f*it^\ t NO **% i -9 ^f NO *^ f^-NO
WWW 3 1 J S^R RS
^ I ( %^ vTv r^-so
^ Ci Gi O 1 1 **>Q CJ CN.
^<*\r% w^ if NO vS {N.NO
WWW 3 \ 1 ^R S58
JVCJJt, O II NOi-H OfN.
C*i t*\P^f vr\ I 1 \?\ v^ (N.NO
t\J Q W -^ 1 1 ON ON (V CO
fN-CN.^ U"\ 11 «J~\^ t^NO
WWW » 1 ! ^RSX, SIS
C'Sc^C^ SO i i wS^ tvso
f^f'Nr^S u^ i i v\.^ CN.NO
WWW K ! ! KS ««
i i : : : : : :
S|S 3 !9 99 99
5a!
ON r-l
CN-CN.
£??
S8
^S
K8
CNxNO
IN. so
^-3
NO^
eo
^^S
RS
RS
«58
P<2
RS
.« Jt
CN.NO
ONg
fc^
O
-------
OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
MAY IM2 EDITION
GSA FPMR (41 CPU) IOI-II.I
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
DATE: April 18, 1969
TO : Mr. Murray Stein, Assistant Commissioner
Office for Enforcement, FWPCA
FROM : Director
National Marine Water Quality Laboratory
SUBJECT: Additions to the Record of the Water Quality Standards Conference Held
in Davenport, Iowa, on April 8-9, 1969
Immediately after the conference ended on April 9, some additional data
came to hand. I would like to present this data, also to correct an error
on my part, and point out some errors on the part of Mr. Buckmaster.
In my presentation, I erred in referring to the stream at Decorah, Iowa,
as the Iowa River. It is the Upper Iowa River. Of course, those acquainted
with the state should know that when I was speaking of the stream at Decorah
it had to be the Upper Iowa River. Mr. Buckmaster stated that the Upper
Iowa River was a coldwater stream with a 70°F maximum temperature. I
would like to point out that in the official designation of Iowa streams
in the publication classifying streams, entitled "Water Quality Criteria
and Plan for Implementation and Enforcement for the Surface Waters of Iowa"
the Upper Iowa. River is designated as a warmwater stream (pertinent pages
are attached) . I am also submitting herewith Page 196 from Water Quality
Records 1967, listing temperatures on the Upper Iowa River at Decorah,
Iowa. You will note that in June, the peak temperature was 83°F, with an
average maximum temperature of 73°F and an average minimum temperature of
67°F. In July, there were 29 days during which temperatures were above
70°F, and on sixteen of these days temperatures were above 80°F with a
peak of 87°F occurring on two days. The average maximum daily temperature
was 79°F and the average minimum temperature was 70°F.
In conversations with some of the biological staff of the University of
Iowa at Ames, I learned that there are bass in the Upper Iowa River, that
the upper portions of the river are fished some for trout, but that it is
a put and take stream. Mr. Buckmaster asserted that the temperatures
taken at Decorah were taken in a pool or impoundment of the river. This
does not nullify the figures I gave on temperature variations which would
be harmful to bass spawning, because normally in small rivers, temperatures
vary more rapidly and widely than they do in lakes and impoundments. There
is the possibility that the stream temperatures would fluctuate more widely
than those temperatures taken at. Decorah, Iowa.
For the record, I am enclosing herewith a copy of the classification of
oxygen concentration in the intake of the Chevron Chemical Company at Fort
Madison, Iowa.
Clarence M. Tarzwe
well
Encls
Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
-------
646
Mrs. George G. Koerber
ADDITION TO THE STATEMENT OF
MRS. GEORGE G. KOERBER
STATE CHAIRMAN,WATER RESOURCES
LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OF IOWA
MR. KOERBER: In reply to the speaker xvho
immediately followed the presentation by the League of
Women Voters of Iowa, we would like to add the following
comments to the record.
The League of Women Voters has been active
to support public referenda to construct sewage treatment
facilities. For example, the League in Illinois supporte
the Natural Resources Development Bond Act of 1968 and is
presently working for submission of a similar proposal to
the voters of Illinois. The Leagues in the North Shore
Sanitary District were particularly in their recent effor
for a $35 million bond issue to provide advanced treatmen
This bond issue carried only in League communities and
fortunately by a sufficient majority so that it carried
within the district as a whole. These examples in the
speaker's own State should suffice to show that the Leagu
takes action to pass public referenda for funds to provid
the degree of treatment the organization believes is nece
sary.
-------
643
Murray Stein
Is there anybody else?
I think we have cleared away a lot. I
think we have gotten the issues resolved. I don't know
that we are any closer to a solution, but I think we have
clone what a conference of this type can do, and that is
to get everything out on the table and attempt to narrow
the issues, not that the issues weren't narrowed before.
But I think it is here for everyone to see new, and I
hope we can apply ourselves to try to work our way throug
this and come up with a uniform solution acceptable to
Iowa and the Department of the Interior, and in any event
whatever course we take, I hope that for the sake of the
clean waters in the State our relations will be amicable,
as I am sure they will be, because any difference seems
to me just a slight difference.
Are there any other comments or questions?
If not, we stand recessed, to reconvene at
Council Bluffs next week.
(Whereupon, at 4:45 p.m. the conference
recessed, to reconvene in Council Bluffs, Iowa.)
-------
Murray Stein
The reason I say this is that the essential.
problem that has been outlined, I think, between Iowa, or
as presented by Iowa and as presented by the Federal pro-
posal, is so difficult that we are -going to have a very
difficult time resolving that, if we do resolve it, with-
out getting into tangential squabbles on technical problems
which really, while very interesting, are, you know, they
are of big interest to another hippopotamus or elephant.
They are very interesting, and I know they
have to be resolved.
Fellows, I really believe that if we can
resolve the main issue, these other problems are going to
solve themselves, and you are certainly not going to get
any argument from me on the technical discussions or your
niceties.
My experience has been when you get pro-
fessionals at the grade we have here, they talk with this
vehemence, but if we get them in the room long enough,
we come up with an answer that the administrators can go
along with. But please try not to complicate our lives
at this time, unless you feel it is going to have a
material effect on the essential problems we are dealing
with .
-------
643
Murray Stein
that the qualiti.es are such that whoseever criteria are
taken, they are going to be well within them, and If
this is the case, what we are doing with all these things
is, really, getting into refinements.
As a matter of fact, if this is the case,
we should be able to resolve this. What I want to point
out is that this doesn't relate just to temperature, but
to the whole scope of water quality in the State and your
two major streams, the Mississippi and Missouri.
Are there any further comments or question
from anyone in the room? If not, I think we have develop
the record here that is a very good one. ¥e have heard
a lot of the experts speak.
I hope between now and the time we meet
in Council Bluffs, or thereafter, we can set up a mini-
dialogue, if that is the current word you use, between
the technical staffs, because as I look at this, I really
think that all the technical people we have here are
certainly well motivated, and any differences are not
the kind that are going to cause the difficulty in
resolving the problem, and I really think that the
technical staff, whether they be from Federal Government,
State or university, I hope could get close together.
-------
642
Clarence Tarzwell
MR. BUCKMASTER: He distroted it again.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: You can come up.
Certainly the Federal Government, the way we run this,
does not have the last word.
MR. BUCKMASTER: The oeoole here from Iowa
hear this kind of crap again, and they ought to know what
the facts are. I fished the Upper Iowa River for 35 yean
I won't bow to Dr. Tarzwell on it.
It is a cold water sbream, with a 70 degre
maximum, with a 5 degree change. He is fighting strawmen
with a 10 degree change. There was no argument with the
Federal Government about the temperature controls.
Decorah is the only pool in the river. The temperatures
were taken in the pool, and the 30 years I ran up and
down it, and I think I know as much about smallmouth
bass, I never saw any of them spawn in that pool. It is
a small area of the total river. They are out in the
current»
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Anyone else can go on,
but I think Mr. Buckmaster points one thing out that I
think overlays this whole situation. What he says is
true, and I don't doubt this. I think we ought to
realize it. If Iowa has the nondegradation statement,
-------
641
The committee includes the following members:
Lloyd L. Smith, Jr., Department of Entomology,
Fisheries, and Wildlife, University of Minne-
sota, Chairman
Bertil G. Anderson, Department of Zoology, Penn-
sylvania State University
William M. Clay, Biology Department, University of
Louisville
Howard Dean, New York State Fish Hatchery and
Laboratory
Raymond E. Johnson, Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Adolph T. Krebs, Division of Nuclear Medicine,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
James B. Lackey, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Florida (retired)
Theodore Olson, School of Public Health, Univer-
sity of Minnesota
Edward Schneberger, Wisconsin Conservation
Commission
William A. Spoor, Department of Biological Sci-
ences, University of Cincinnati
Clarence M. Tarzwell, National Marine Water Qual-
ity Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration
Serving as secretary to the committee is William L.
Klein, chemist-biologist on the commission staff.
In making this report (submitted to ORSANCO, Sept.
14, 1967) available for publication the commission
wishes to acknowledge its appreciation of the valued
contributions made by its Aquatic Life Advisory Com-
mittee.
ROBERT K. HORTON
Executive Director and
Chief Engineer, ORSANCO
Literature Cited
Alexander, W. B., B. A. Southgate, and R. Bassindale,
"Survey of the River Tees Pt. II, The estuary—
chemical and biological," Tech. pap. Water Poll.
Res. No. 5, London, 1935.
Aquatic Life Advisory Committee of ORSANCO,
"Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria—First Prog-
ress Report," Sewage and Industrial Wastes J. 27
(3), 321-331 (1955).
Aquatic Life Advisory Committee of ORSANCO,
"Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria—Second
Progress Report," Sewage and Industrial Wastes J.
28 (5), 678-690 (1956).
Aquatic Life Advisory Committee of ORSANCO,
"Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria—Third Prog-
ress Report," /. Water Pollution Control Federation
32(1), 65-82 (1960).
Bailey, R., "Differential Mortality from High Tem-
perature in a Mixed Population of Fishes in South-
ern Michigan." Ecol. 36, 526-528 (1955).
Doudoroff, P., et al., "Bioassay Methods for the Eval-
uation of Acute Toxicity of Industrial Wastes to
Fish," Sewage and Industrial Wastes J. 23, 1380-
1397(1951).
Downing, K. M., "The Influence of Dissolved Oxygen
Concentration on the Toxicity of Potassium Cyan-
ide to Trout." /. Exptl. Biol. 31, 161-164 (1954).
Jones, J. R. E., "The Reactions and Resistance of
Pygosteus Pungitius L to Toxic Solutions," ).
Exptl. Biol. 24, 110-122 (1947).
Markowski, S., "The Cooling Water of Power Sta-
tions: A New Factor in the Environment of Ma-
rine and Fresh-water Invertebrates," /. Animal
Ecol. 28, 243-258 (1959).
"Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum
Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air
and in Water for Occupational Exposure," National
Bureau of Standards Handbook 69, U. S. Govt.
Printing Office, Washington, D. C. (1959).
Mihursky, J. A., and V. S. Kennedy, "Water Temper-
ature Criteria to Protect Aquatic Life." American
Fisheries Society, Spec. Pub. 4, 20-32 (1966).
Patrick, R., "Water Temperature Criteria and Aquatic
Life," ORSANCO Power Industry Advisory Com-
mittee, July 7, 1966.
Polikarpov, G. G., "Radioecology of Aquatic Or-
ganisms," Reinhold, New York, pp. 224-225,1966.
Trembley, F. J., "Research Project on Effects of Con-
denser Discharge Water on Aquatic Life—Progress
Report 1956-59," Institute of Research, Lehigh
Univ., Bethlehem, Pa., 1960.
"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater," American Public Health Assoc.,
Eleventh Ed., 457-473,1960.
"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater," American Public Health Assoc.,
Twelfth Ed., 545-563,1965.
Wurtz, C. B., and C. E. Renn, "Water Temperatures
and Aquatic Life," Edison Electric Institute Pub.,
65-901, June 1965.
Volume 1, Number 11, November 1967 897
-------
640
Radioactivity
Radioactivity as related to conditions for aquatic
life is documented in ALAC's third progress report
(1960). The rapid expansion and use of nuclear
energy by government agencies and private companies
has placed added emphasis on the need for instituting
safeguards for the protection of aquatic life. In this
connection it should be noted that aquatic organisms
are subjected to continuous exposure to radiation from
waste discharges, as contrasted to occasional or peri-
odic exposure of terrestrial forms.
Although existing types of radionuclides are known,
new advances in technology may require additional
information on the following:
• The types and concentrations of radionuclides in
effluents and receiving streams adjacent to nuclear
plants.
• Possible influence of temperature on biological
survival where radionuclides are present.
• The rate and uniformity of admixture of effluents
with the receiving water.
•The distance between nuclear plants needed to
minimize downstream radioactivity.
With respect to accumulated radionuclides in
aquatic species, it may be stated that adult systems are
in no immediate danger. Little information is availa-
ble concerning the sensitivity of different developmen-
tal stages of aquatic species, but in general, younger
animals are known to be very radiosensitive at certain
times in their life cycle (Polikarpov, 1966).
Polikarpov (1966) found that some aquatic species
undergo physiological changes when radioactivity
levels in water approach or exceed 100 pCi./l. It
might also be noted that the National Committee on
Radiation Protection has recommended 100 pCi./l.
as a maximum permissible concentration for contin-
uous exposure (of human beings) to unidentified
radionuclides (Handbook 69, 1959).
In view of these findings, and until more is known
about the radiosensitivity of aquatic species, ALAC is
of the opinion that adequate protection to all forms of
aquatic life will be provided if radioactivity levels in
waste discharges are not allowed to exceed 100
pCi./l.
In suggesting the use of effluent criteria, ALAC is
aware that the establishment of such criteria is a
departure from the normal practice of setting stream
criteria. However, because of the unique problems
associated with the quantitative analysis of radioac-
tive substances in streams, ALAC believes that the
use of effluent criteria, which provide more positive
control and are more easily applied, is justified.
ALAC further recommends that a suitable stream
monitoring program should be carried out in the
vicinity of radioactive discharges. Such a program
should include the periodic measurement of radioac-
tivity in the river water, silt, and biota upstream and
downstream from the point of discharge.
Recommendation-Radioactivity
On the basis of the foregoing considerations the
committee recommends:
The concentration of radionuclides in an efflu-
ent shall have a gross activity (alpha, beta,
and gamma radiation) not exceeding
100 pCi./l.
Since 1952 an eminent group of biologists and fish-
eries scientists has been serving as an Aquatic Life
Advisory Committee (ALAC) to the Ohio River Valley
Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO). Their task
has been to assist ORSANCO in the formulation of cri-
teria for water quality with reference to the protection
of fish and other aquatic life.
This report is the fourth to be made by the com-
mittee. The first (1955) dealt with dissolved oxygen
requirements, hydrogen-ion concentration, and criteria
for judging toxicity of wastes by bioassay. The second
report (1956) set forth findings with regard to tempera-
ture, dissolved solids, settleable solids, chloride ion,
fluoride ion, and color; also included were supplemen-
tary data on the validity of dissolved oxygen require-
ments. The third report (1960) discussed radioactivity
and aquatic life, detergents, cyanides, phenolic com-
pounds, iron, and manganese.
In the current report, the committee has updated
earlier recommendations regarding criteria for dissolved
oxygen, temperature, pH, toxicity, and radioactivity.
The committee has re-evaluated previous findings and
has made an assessment of findings and conclusions
from recent research. Some of the earlier recommenda-
tions on criteria have been re-interpreted to provide
more workable guidelines for judging the suitability of
stream conditions for aquatic life. For the first time in
this series of reports, the committee has developed
recommendations regarding the protection of aquatic
life in mixing zones immediately below points of waste
discharge.
896 Environmental Science and Technology
-------
639
Mixing zones
There is little published information on how pollu-
tants may be introduced into streams to minimize
adverse biological effects. General recommendations
concerning mixing zones may be drawn infereritially
from the considerable body of knowledge now at hand
on the biological effects of most types of pollutants.
Hydrological factors must be taken into account in
applying a regulation, but they need not become a part
of the regulation.
The primary aim of any requirement pertaining to
mixing zones is to protect the biota of the stream to an
extent that it will support a fishery. This aim will be
fulfilled only if the stream retains conditions suitable
for normal growth and reproduction of a varied fauna
and flora, including a variety of invertebrates, and
provides for the normal migration of fishes and
invertebrates.
A stream either does or does not meet the minimum
requirements for supporting a harvestable crop of
warm-water fishes. Barriers to movement of fish and
other organisms, whether physical, thermal, or chemi-
cal (these types of factors are not separable in their
effects), are detrimental to the welfare of many spe-
cies and are not compatible with the fullest use of the
stream for production of fish and other aquatic
organisms. ALAC is of the opinion that zones in
which the existing recommended criteria are exceeded
will act as barriers and will proportionally reduce the
production of aquatic life in the stream as a whole.
The committee concludes, therefore, that it \vould
be inadvisable to establish a separate set of criteria
for mixing and dissipation zones.
Any permanent blockage of a stream, such as a
waterfall, is normally followed by a reduction of
fauna. But a mixing zone which extends entirely
across a stream may have deleterious effects other
than those of simple blockage. Conditions that inter-
fere with normal activity, for example, although not
directly lethal may ultimately result in ecological
disadvantage or mortality. In addition, natural condi-
tions are often more demanding than those of the
experimental tank. Therefore, the incipient lethal
level as determined in the laboratory may be grossly
inadequate as a criterion for stream application.
Rapid change of temperature may also be danger-
ous. Fish acclimated to a warm zone in winter may be
endangered if they move into colder water, if the
input of heated water is interrupted, or if the volume
of streamflow increases greatly. For these reasons it
is desirable to maintain a relatively uniform tempera-
ture immediately below a mixing zone or within that
portion of the zone which is attractive to fish. It is
also essential that such areas do not undergo rapid
changes in temperature.
Trembley (1956-59) has reported that the fish
population of the Delaware River has not suffered
Recommendations-Mixing zones
On the basis of the considerations discussed above
the committee recommends that:
1. No separate criteria be established for
those sections of streams into which pollu-
tants are being discharged.
2. Zones of admixture shall not extend en-
tirely across a stream, but shall leave at all
times and throughout the entire length of the
zone a passageway adequate for migration,
but consisting of not less than one fourth of
the width and one fourth of the cross section
of the stream.
3. Toxic wastes shall be mixed thoroughly
and rapidly with the receiving water in the
mixing zone.
notable effects from the heated condenser discharge
from the Martins Creek steam electric station.
Although practically all species disappear from the
heated zone during the warmer months (when the
temperature approaches or exceeds 90° F.) there is
in the cooler months a strong tendency for various
species to congregate in the heated zone and thereby
to prolong their period of feeding. Four anadromous
species were found to migrate through the area. It
is probably significant that the heated zone did not
extend all the way across the river and that a fairly
broad passage of unaffected water remained.
The capacity of fish to avoid toxic substances
varies with different species of fish and with different
substances. Jones (1947) found that sticklebacks are
apparently unable to detect copper sulfate over the
relatively wide range of 0.1N to 0.0017V. His experi-
mental fish swam unhesitatingly into and out of the
solution until, finally, in a stupor, they remained in
the solution to perish. It is essential, therefore, that
fish and other organisms have the opportunity to
by-pass mixing zones without having to enter regions
with lethal or sublethal effects.
Volume 1, Number 11, November 1967 895
-------
638
Hydrogen-ion concentration
The pH of most streams in the continental U.S.
varies between 6.4 and 8.5, although various excep-
tions have been reported, particularly in streams
affected by coal mine wastes. Acid lakes in Florida
may be lower, pH 5.2, while some acid mine streams
may be as low as pH 1.2. On the other hand some
western streams may be higher than pH 9.0.
These data have little reference to stream biota.
For example, speckled trout occurring naturally in
waters with a pH varying from 4.1 to 8.5 showed no
apparent harm when subjected to waters having a pH
of 3.3 to 10.7. Varied wide tolerance ranges could be
cited for other species ailso, but the concern is with
all the stream animals and plants among the many
food-chain organisms and aquatic plants which make
up the ecosystem of the stream.
Naturally occurring values of pH in the Ohio Basin
may vary between 6.4 and 8.5,* but many productive
natural waters are either below pH 6.4 or above 8.5.
Therefore, a range of pH 6.0 to 8.5 would appear to
be suitable for aquatic life in the basin. How long
these values may be exceeded without damage to the
biota requires careful examination. It is almost cer-
tain that levels as high as pH 9.0 may occur in the
stilled surface waters behind dams when summer
phytoplankton blooms occur. Abundant and varied
biotas for many situations whose pH is below 6.0 and
above 8.5 have been demonstrated in areas outside the
Ohio Basin and may occur within it, so that pH values
between 6.0 and 8.5 are not extreme.
The minimum and maximum values of pH 5.0 and
9.0, as given for aquatic life in the ORSANCO
Stream-Quality Criteria (RESOLUTION No. 16-66),
rarely occur in the Ohio Basin except for the low val-
ues found in acid impregnated streams. Unless definite
information to the contrary becomes available, these
values must be considered restrictive to aquatic life,
especially when maintained for periods longer than
24 hours.
Recommendations-Hydrogen-ion concentration
The committee recommends that in commercial,
nongame, forage, and warm-water fish habits in the
Ohio Basin streams:
1. pH values should be maintained be-
tween 6.0 and 8.5.
2. Daily fluctuations which exceed pH 8.5
and are correlated with photosynthetic activ-
ity, may be tolerated. However, any sudden
drop below pH 6.0 or sudden rise above 8.5,
not related to photosynthesis, indicates ab-
normal conditions which should be investi-
gated immediately.
9 ^f> / /
894 Environmental Science and Technology
-------
637
shortcut methods may be developed that will give
long term effects through short term studies. The most
promising fields for the development of such short
term methods lie in physiological, histological, toxico-
logical, pathological, enzymatic, and metabolic stud-
ies.
Since long term studies are now under develop-
ment, it is premature to suggest standard methods.
Within the near future there will be methods which
have been widely tested and these can be suggested for
consideration.
Recommendations contained in "Standard Meth-
ods" for the keeping and preparation of test organisms
are suitable for the sensitivity tests. In long term flow-
through tests, it will be essential to feed test organ-
isms. They should be acclimated and taught to feed
on the diet supplied before the long term tests are
initiated.
In long-term studies, samples of the test organisms
should be taken periodically to determine their condi-
tion and their growth. Physiological, histological,
enzymatic, hormonal, and metabolic studies should be
carried on in conjunction with bioassay tests where
possible to determine sub-lethal effects and the concen-
trations at which there are no harmful effects.
Recommendations-Toxicity
For the purpose of determining acceptable levels of
toxic wastes in Ohio Basin streams, ALAC recommends
bioassay tests with the following criteria:
1. The final concentration of any waste in
the receiving water should not exceed one
tenth of the 96-hour median tolerance limit
(TLm), except that other limiting concentra-
tions (for example, application factor) may be
used in specific cases when justified on the
basis of available evidence and approved by
the appropriate regulatory agency.
2. For water containing wastes composed
chiefly of stable components of moderate
toxicity without measurable oxygen demand,
the static bioassay may be used to determine
TLm value. For water containing unstable or
volatile components with a measurable oxy-
gen demand, the flow-through bioassay shall
be used.
Volume 1, Number 11, November 1967 893
-------
636
Toxicity
Although bioassays have been in active use for more
than 25 years, only recently has there been an
increased recognition of their importance and use in
evaluating toxicity problems related to the mainte-
nance of aquatic life in streams. As the use of bioas-
says has become more widespread and the number of
workers in the field has increased, a variety of pro-
cedures and methods of reporting results has been
developed. This wider use has also lead to some confu-
sion and lack of coordination, and the need for some
uniformity in test methods, test organisms, and the
reporting of the results. In many instances it has been
almost impossible to compare the results of different
investigators.
The first attempt to establish more uniform proce-
dures was made by a committee of the Federation of
Sewage and Industrial Wastes Association (now the
Water Pollution Control Federation) in 1949 and
1950. Recommendations of this committee were pub-
lished in 1951 in the Sewage and Industrial Wastes
Journal (now Journal, Water Pollution Control Feder-
ation). A few years later a toxicity subcommittee was
established in the Standard Methods Committee of the
Federation to prepare recommended bioassay proce-
dures for the eleventh edition of "Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Waste Waters"
(Standard Methods, 1960). With publication of the
methods, bioassays were recognized as having authori-
tative and legal standing.
Procedures and equipment vary with the objective
and purpose of the bioassay. The tests, for example,
may be used to determine the relative toxicity of vari-
ous materials to the same organism or group of organ-
isms or they may be carried out to determine the most
sensitive species in the aquatic biota to a particular
toxicant or potential toxicant. Most bioassays have
been used to determine the acute toxicity of specific
materials or wastes to selected organisms. In these
studies the dilution water is either natural water with
specific qualities or a prepared water having prede-
termined hardness and pH or water from a receiving
stream. Local species are usually employed as test
organisms in order to relate studies directly to the
local problem.
In preparing for a series of short-term static bioas-
says to determine acute toxicity, it is desirable to make
exploratory studies to gain some idea of the range in
concentration of waste to be tested in the five repli-
cations normally used in bioassay investigations. It is
desirable to set up the five concentrations so that the
one lethal to 50% of the test organisms within each
prescribed test period can be found or estimated by
interpolation. The exploratory bioassays of 24-hour
duration are usually made with two to five fish in each
container.
The amount of the waste or toxicant added to a test
chamber may bear little relation to the actual concen-
tration to which the fish are exposed. The concentra-
tion may be reduced through volatilization, collection
on the walls of the jars, or precipitation. Further
reduction may occur through adsorption by the silt
and organic materials in the test water, or the test
organisms themselves may remove a portion. It is
recommended, therefore, that analysis be made to
determine the concentration of the toxicant to which
the test organisms are actually exposed.
In studies to determine the safe levels of potential
toxicants under conditions of continuous exposure, it
is necessary to use a flow-through type of bioassay
where the dilution water and the toxicant are contin-
ually renewed. With continual renewal of the toxicant
actual exposures will more nearly approach the
amounts being added. However, there may be some
decrease in concentrations in continually renewed
solutions. Therefore, daily analysis of the waste con-
centration during the entire period of exposure is
desirable. Flow-through type studies are also desirable
because metabolites are continuously removed, more
test organisms can be accommodated, and tests more
nearly resemble stream conditions where waste mate-
rial is continuously added.
With certain exceptions, it is recommended that
the comparative toxicity and sensitivity tests be car-
ried out in accordance with the recommendation in
the twelfth edition of "Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Waste Waters," Part VI,
entitled "Bioassay Methods for the Evaluation of
Acute Toxicity of Industrial Wastes and Other Sub-
stances to Fishes" (Standard Methods, 1965).
In studies to determine the most sensitive species or
life history stage to a particular waste or toxicant, it is
essential that all important organisms in the aquatic
biota be considered. In these studies the prime requi-
site is comparability which requires standard methods
and standard water. A standard water for fishes can be
quite simple. However, since the entire biota including
invertebrates and plankton organisms must be con-
sidered, the development of a standard water becomes
more complex. It is apparent that the prime considera-
tion in the development of such a water is to insure
that it is suitable for the various plankton organisms,
especially the phytoplankton, to avoid losses in the
controls during the test. Naturally occurring salts and
nutrients should be present in sufficient quantities to
maintain the organisms during the period of the test,
but not necessarily adequate for rearing. With the
phytoplankton this period may be only a few days.
For the long-term studies to determine safe levels of
potential toxicants under conditions of continuous
exposure, it will probably be necessary to carry them
through one or two generations of the test organism.
In the future, when more data becomes available,
892 Environmental Science and Technology
-------
635
mortality was higher among the catostomids, cypri-
nids, ictalurids, and percids than among cyprinodon-
tids, poeciliids, and centrarchids.
Still another effect of high temperature is to increase
the toxicity of certain substances. The toxicity of
cyanide has been shown by Alexander, Southgate,
and Bassindale (1935) to increase rapidly with a
rise in temperature, and by Downing (1954) to
increase also with a decline in the dissolved oxygen
content of the water.
Markowski (1959) found no difference in the com-
position, either qualitatively or quantitatively, of the
invertebrate fauna of the influent and effluent water
from three power stations in England which were
studied in some detail. The fresh water used by two
stations had 35 species and the brackish water of the
third had 62 species. The temperature of the discharge,
which averaged 72° to 88° F., was usually 14° F.
greater than that of the intake and sometimes con-
siderably higher. Markowski (1959) found no detri-
mental effect upon the organisms from their passage
through the condensers.
Where heated water is discharged to a stream, a
zone of admixture usually will be distinguished, but
the conditions within this zone and its extent must be
carefully controlled to prevent undue damage to the
stream. (These conditions are discussed in a subse-
quent section.)
Trout fisheries are limited in size, extent, and gen-
eral distribution in the Ohio River Basin. Conse-
quently, they are of high economic value and occupy
a favored position as a recreation asset. Trout require
lower temperatures than warm-water fish. Mihursky
and Kennedy (1966) concluded there was ample jus-
tification for the Pennsylvania standard of a 58° F.
maximum temperature during the winter and a sum-
mer maximum not to exceed natural conditions to
insure best fish production. The recommendation for
Pennsylvania trout streams is acceptable under certain
conditions. It provides "that no wastes or waters shall
be added from any source having temperatures in
excess of those of the receiving waters except that
during the period October through May, when stream
temperatures are below 58° F., the temperature of
wastes discharged to the stream shall not exceed
58° F."
Recommendations-Temperature
On the basis of the foregoing considerations and in
the light of available data on temperature requirements
for fish production in streams the committee recom-
mends:
1. To maintain well-rounded warm-water
and commercial nongame and forage fish
habitats:
a. Stream temperatures shall not exceed
93° F. at any time or any place, and a
daily mean of 90° F should not be ex-
ceeded.
b. The temperature shall be below 55°
F. during December, January, and Feb-
ruary.
c. The months of March, April, October,
and November shall be transition pe-
riods during which the temperature can
be changed gradually by not more than
7° F. per day.
2. To maintain trout habitats:
Stream temperature shall not exceed 55° F.
during the months of October through May,
nor exceed 68° F. during the months of June
through September, and insofar as possible,
the temperature should not be raised in
streams used for natural propagation of trout.
Volume 1, Number 11, November 1967 891
-------
Temperature
A re-evaluation of the earlier literature on tempera-
ture requirements of fish and consideration of recent
literature (Wurtz and Renn, 1965; Patrick, 1966; and
Mihursky and Kennedy, 1966) have shown that cur-
rent research either confirms earlier findings or makes
slight refinements on knowledge of temperature re-
lationship of a wider range of animals.
Temperature is a major factor affecting suitability
of an aquatic environment for fish and fish-food organ-
isms. It has long been known that aquatic organisms
are very sensitive to temperature and that each species
has a specific temperature range.
The effect of physical and chemical properties of
water on fish and other organisms is greatly influenced
by temperature. As cold water warms, it holds less
dissolved oxygen. As a consequence of warming,
most aquatic organisms become more active and use
more dissolved oxygen. This oxygen change and
increased utilization brings about changes in carbon
dioxide and other elements in solution or suspension.
Hence, temperature affects the suitability of the
environment in more ways than its direct physiological
effect on the biota.
During the past two decades much research has
been devoted to determination of the lethal tempera-
ture limits for fish, and a long list of mean heat toler-
ance limits of fish has been compiled. These studies
have shown that the temperature to which a fish has
become acclimatized determines its heat tolerance
limits. Hence, the range of the tolerance limits may
be altered by different acclimatization conditions.
The results, while showing fish adaptability, cannot
be applied directly to fish-producing waters because
they do not take temperature preferences of different
species into account. Some studies have shown that
temperatures at which fish will survive for relatively
long periods may ultimately kill them, prevent growth
or reproduction, or make them susceptible to other
stressing factors to such an extent that sustained fish
production is eliminated. Usually the acclimatization
process is gradual. Therefore, sudden and abrupt
changes may cause mortality within the apparent tol-
erance range.
In developing the temperature recommendations of
the second progress report (ALAC, 1956), the com-
mittee was concerned with streams of the Ohio River
watershed rather than establishment of a nationwide
formula. The recommendations in that report were
made to insure that stream conditions would be main-
tained which would permit production of an annual
harvestable fish crop comparable to that in natural
waters of the area. The temperature limits specified
for Ohio Valley streams were that water:
1. Should not be raised above 34° C. (93° F.) at
any place or at any time;
2. Should not be raised above 23° C. (73° F.) at
any place or at any time during the months of Decem-
ber through April; and
3. Should not be raised in streams suitable for trout
propagation.
Industry advisory committees of ORSANCO in
requesting a review and re-evaluation of the ALAC
recommendations, in effect have said the following:
• Present criteria are severe and restrictive and may
force the use of cooling towers.
• Present criteria do not recognize admixture or
thermal dissipation zones.
• There does not appear to be any basis for revising
the 93° F. temperature limitation.
• The 73° F. temperature limitation during Decem-
ber through April should be removed, but spawning
areas should be protected through control of admix-
ture and thermal dissipation zones.
• Thermal barriers should be avoided.
In consideration of maximum temperature levels
for warm-water streams, there is no available evidence
which indicates that higher temperatures than those
specified in the original recommendations can be tol-
erated without reduction in the suitability of aquatic
environments for normal fish production capacity.
There are indications that the 93° F. level now speci-
fied may be too high. Mihursky and Kennedy (1966)
point out that frequent or prolonged occurrence of
this temperature in streams will cause a reduction in
the number of species. They state further that opti-
mum feeding and growth of any warm-water game
species requires that water temperature not exceed
85° F. even for brief periods.
The 73° F. limitation specified for the months of
December through April is related to spawning
requirements of fish and the development of fish-food
organisms. Winter temperatures must remain low in
order that gradual warming will stimulate and permit
normal spawning of game fishes. The growth and
reproduction of fish-food organisms which occur
during this warming period are also important because
successful survival of newly hatched and juvenile fish
depends on availability of proper food at various
stages of growth. The winter temperature originally
recommended was too high to insure the proper
sequencing of spawning and food development.
Organisms that rely on temperature variation to
initiate physiological changes which lead to reproduc-
tion may be induced by artificially heated water to
spawn while unfavorable conditions for newly hatched
fish generally prevail.
Species vary in their ability to tolerate heat as
shown by Bailey (1955), who found that in a mixed
population of warm-water fish in a Michigan pond
where temperature rose to approximately 100° F. the
890 Environmental Science and Technology
-------
633
aquatic life, the criteria previously recommended and
widely accepted are still valid. These values are inter-
mediate between the highest and lowest levels that can
reasonably be accepted for practicable applications.
In the first progress report of ALAC (1955), dis-
solved oxygen requirements were enunciated for the
maintenance of fresh-water fish populations in the
Ohio Valley. The recommendations in the report are:
The dissolved oxygen content of warm-
water fish habitats shall be not less than 5
p.p.m. during at least 16 hours of any 24-
hour period. It may be less than 5 p.p.m. for
a period not to exceed 8 hours within any
24-hour period, but at no time shall the oxy-
gen content be less than 3 p.p.m. To sustain
a coarse fish population the dissolved oxy-
gen concentration may be less than 5 p.p.m.
for a period of not more than 8 hours out of
any 24-hour period, but at no time shall the
concentration be below 2 p.p.m.
Based on this recommendation, ORSANCO
adopted the following dissolved oxygen requirements
for aquatic life in the ORSANCO Stream-Quality
Criteria and Minimum Conditions (RESOLUTION
No. 16-66, Adopted May 12, 1966, Amended Septem-
ber 8, 1966):
Dissolved oxygen. Not less than 5.0 mg./l.
during at least 16 hours of any 24-hour
period, nor less than 3.0 mg./l. at any time.
Determining compliance with this specification
poses practical difficulties in some cases because it
requires measurement of 24 hourly values during each
24-hour period. Although equipment is available for
such monitoring, with the exception of the ORSANCO
robot-monitor network, such facilities are not in gen-
eral use. There is a need, therefore, for a substitute or
surrogate measure to determine compliance with the
criteria.
Statistical evaluation of long term dissolved oxygen
data for the Ohio River by the staff of ORSANCO has
revealed the following: When the daily average con-
centration is 4 mg./l. or more, the minimum value
will exceed 3 mg./1., but the maximum value usually
will not exceed 5 mg./1. Such levels of dissolved oxy-
gen appear adequate to support a well-rounded warm-
water fish population in the Ohio Valley, but do not
precisely meet the criteria adopted by ORSANCO.
More recently the commission has requested rec-
ommendations on dissolved oxygen requirements for
the maintenance of cold-water fish habitats. In the
Ohio Valley this type of stream falls into two cate-
gories: streams dependent on natural propagation to
maintain trout; and streams in which hatchery-reared
trout are stocked on a put-and-take basis.
FEATURE
Recommendations-Dissolved Oxygen
On the basis of the foregoing considerations, ALAC
recommends that the dissolved oxygen requirements
for fresh-water fish outlined in its first progress report
be interpreted in the following manner:
1. Habitats for welt-rounded warm-water
fish populations: DO concentration shall not
be less than 4.0 mg./l. at any time or any
place.
2. Habitats for commercial, nongame, and
forage fish species: DO concentration shall not
be less than 3.0 mg./l. at any time or any
place.
3. Habitats for cold-water fish: DO concen-
tration shall not be less than 5.0 mg./l. at
any time or at any place.
4. Oxygen demand of the stream shall be
maintained at a level which permits normal
diurnal and seasonal variation above the mini-
mum levels specified.
Volume 1, Number 11, November 1967 889
-------
632
Aquatic Life
Water Quality
Criteria
ORSANCO—HOW IT BEGAN
On June 30, 1948, the states of Illinois, Indiana,
Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
and West Virginia signed a compact. It was an agree-
ment written by them, supported by their respective
legislatures, and approved by the Congress of the
United States. Under the terms of the compact the
eight states pledged a pooling of their resources and
their police powers for the control of interstate water
pollution.
To carry out this purpose the states created the
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission
(ORSANCO). The membership includes three repre-
sentatives from each state appointed by the governor
of the state, and three from the Federal Government
appointed by the President of the United States. The
role of the commissioners is to execute the compact
provisions and to assert such powers as may be
necessary for the enforcement of obligations. For
administration of commission functions the states
maintain a staff and headquarters at Cincinnati, the
cost of which is assessed on a proportionate basis
among them.
Signing of the compact gave substance to a
dream. That dream envisioned the potentialities of
joint action among the states in the Ohio Valley in
tackling a job that none could do alone. Guided by
the broad principle that no sewage or industrial-
waste discharge originating within a signatory state
shall injuriously affect the uses of interstate waters,
the commission is empowered to make determina-
tions regarding control measures. Securing compli-
ance with these measures then becomes an obliga-
tion of each state. To supplement state efforts the
commission is clothed with residual enforcement
powers.
/\ n assessment of findings from recent research
makes it desirable for the Aquatic Life Advisory Com-
mittee (ALAC) to reconsider the various criteria for
water quality discussed in its first three progress re-
ports to the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Com-
mission (ORSANCO). Since data are not available for
many contaminants and since bioassay must continue
to be the major basis for evaluating water quality,
only criteria of wide application have been consid-
ered in this progress report.
Efforts now in progress to develop water quality
standards for interstate waters have highlighted the
difficulty of many regulatory bodies and advisory
groups to make a distinction between criteria and
standards as related to water quality. Therefore,
ALAC has adopted the following definitions for use in
its deliberations and reports:
• Criteria: Water quality requirements of aquatic
life which will permit a sustained yield of desired
game and commercial fish and maintenance of a well-
rounded fish population.
• Standards: Water quality levels which are pro-
mulgated by administrative or legislative bodies in
accordance with technologic, economic, and sociologic
factors associated with the use requirements of par-
ticular waters and which are legally enforceable.
It is important to recognize that critieria are rela-
tively inflexible since they are based on professional
conclusions relating to the biological needs of the
organisms. On the other hand, standards reflect judg-
ments of the relative importance of desired uses in
each body of water or section of stream. The function
of ALAC is the establishment of aquatic life water
quality criteria. It is not the prerogative of ALAC to
recommend standards for any stream in the Ohio
River Basin.
In situations where sustained fish production from
a well-rounded species complex is the primary objec-
tive of stream standards, the established criteria and
standards should be the same. Where other uses are
more important, the choice of standards may show
departures from the criteria. However, it should be
clearly understood that any significant divergence from
the recommended criteria will result in a lower sus-
tained fish production than can be expected from a
well-rounded species complex.
Dissolved oxygen
Many studies of the influence of dissolved oxygen
on fresh-water fishes have been reported since the
appraisal and recommendations of ALAC were first
issued in 1955. However, because these studies have
provided few new insights into the problems of deline-
ating dissolved oxygen criteria for the protection of
888 Environmental Science and Technology
-------
631
Aquatic Life Advisory Committee
Ohio River Valley Water
Sanitation Division
AQUATIC LIFE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
Reprinted from
ENVIRONMENTAL
Science & Technology
November 1967, Pages 888-897
COPYRIGHT BY
THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
PRINTED IN U. S. A.
-------
630
AQUATIC LIFE
WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA
Fourth Progress Report
Aquatic Life Advisory Committee of the
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, Cincinnati, Ohio
Foreword and acknowledgment
Since 1952 an eminent group'of biologists and fish-
eries scientists has been serving as an Aquatic Life
Advisory Committee (ALAC) to the Ohio River Valley
Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO). Their task
has been to assist ORSANCO in the formulation of cri-
teria for water quality with reference to the protection
of fish and other aquatic life.
This report is the fourth to be made by the com-
mittee. The first (1955) dealt with dissolved oxygen
requirements, hydrogen-ion concentration, and criteria
for judging toxicity of wastes by bioassay. The second
report (1956) set forth findings with regard to tempera-
ture, dissolved solids, settleable solids, chloride ion,
fluoride ion, and color; also included were supplemen-
tary data on the validity of dissolved oxygen require-
ments. The third report (1960) discussed radioactivity
and aquatic life, detergents, cyanides, phenolic com-
pounds, iron, and manganese.
In the current report, the committee has updated
earlier recommendations regarding criteria for dissolved
oxygen, temperature, pH, toxicity, and radioactivity.
The committee has re-evaluated previous findings and
has made an assessment of findings and conclusions
from recent research. Some of the earlier recommenda-
tions on criteria have been re-interpreted to provide
more workable guidelines for judging the suitability of
stream conditions for aquatic life. For the first time in
this series of reports, the committee has developed
recommendations regarding the protection of aquatic
life in mixing zones immediately below points of waste
discharge.
The committee includes the following members:
Lloyd L. Smith, Jr., Department of Entomology,
Fisheries, and Wildlife, University of Minne-
sota, Chairman
Bertil G. Anderson, Department of Zoology, Penn-
sylvania State University
William M. Clay, Biology Department, University of
Louisville
Howard Dean, New York State Fish Hatchery and
Laboratory
Raymond E. Johnson, Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Adolph T. Krebs, Division of Nuclear Medicine,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
James B. Lackey, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Florida (retired)
Theodore Olson, School of Public Health, Univer-
sity of Minnesota
Edward Schneberger, Wisconsin Conservation
Commission
William A. Spoor, Department of Biological Sci-
ences, University of Cincinnati
Clarence M. Tarzwell, National Marine Water Qual-
ity Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration
Serving as secretary to the committee is William L.
Klein, chemist-biologist on the commission staff.
In making this report (submitted to ORSANCO, Sept.
14, 1967) available for publication the commission
wishes to acknowledge its appreciation of the valued
contributions made by its Aquatic Life Advisory Com-
mittee.
ROBERT K. MORTON
Executive Director and
Chief Engineer, ORSANCO
-------
629
Clarence Tarzwell
the temperature, I considered the stream to probably be
a smallmouth stream or at least a warm water gamefish
stream. I was using this stream merely as an illustratiojn
to point out that if the temperature in this stream was
raised 10° that bass spawning would be early during that
period of rapid changes in weather and that the tempera-
ture would become unfavorable for the bass soawn and it
would be killed during cold spells. Such changes in
temperature as indicated by temperatures on the stream
would also result in the lowering of the stream tempera-
tures into the 50's after warm spells and would have
resulted in kills of any bass spawn present in the Turkey
River in 1958 and 1959- It is not in this stream alone.
There are other Iowa streams where the same conditions
would prevail if bass were spawning in these areas. In
short, during periods of changeable temperatures, changing
the temperatures from the 40's and 50's to the 50's and
60's can result in harmful effects to bass spawning since
o
60 F is the critical temperature.
(The following is the previously mentioned
report:)
-------
628
Clarence Tarzwell
to that he talked about the fish caught on the inland
streams.
You cite the catch on the Mississippi
River as rebuttal for his figures on the catch in the
inland streams.
DR. TARZWELL: Mr. Harrison made the
statement that Iowa, was a carp and catfish State. He
wasn't talking about temperature, he was talking about
catch and the relative rank and imoortance of the dif-
ferent species in the catch. All I did was to point out
that in the Mississippi River which adjoins the State of
Iowa and which I am sure is considered part of the waters
of Iowa that there are other species that were more
important in the catch and ranked much higher In total
take in the sport fish catch. It is my feeling that the
sportsmen of Iowa would want more than just carp and cat-
fish for their sport fishing pleasure. I do not believe
that the sportsmen of Iowa would agree that the State is
a carp and catfish State.
Now as to the stream at Decorah. If it
is a trout stream as you say, it must be marginal. I
have looked at the temperatures in this stream and they
indicate it to be a marginal trout stream. Judging from
-------
62?
Clarence Tarzwell
MR. BUGKMASTER: You speak about the
pools, and you were talking about the temoeratures at
the time.
DR. TARZWELL: I was speaking of the
importance or relative abundance of each species in the
catch and I gave their rating in the total catch as
listed in the Compendium of Fishery Information in the
Upper Mississippi River. You may recall, I read off the
relative abundance of the different soecies in the total
catch in Pool 9 and I believe in Pool 11. If I remember
correctly, channel cat was No. 11 and caro was No. 12 in
the total catch. These two specjes ranked low in the
catch for most of the oools and they never ranked first.
I believe the Mississippi River is considered as nart of
the waters of Iowa, is it not?
MR. BUCKMASTER: You asked me the ques-
tion. May T answer?
Mr. Harrison, because it has never been in
contention here, the question of temperatures on the
Mississippi River, he didn't speak to temperatures on the
Mississippi River having an effect on the fish life,
because they were not in controversy here. He was talking
about temperatures on the inland streams, and in referenc
-------
Clarence Tarzwell
Issue, or the amount of change.
He then cites that you catch a fish in
the oools on the Mississippi River as a challenge to
what Mr. Harrison said was a catch in the inland streams.
He is talking about something he doesn't know anything
about, but aoparently that doesn't stop him from getting
up and making judgments.
He talked about Oecorah on the Iowa River.
It is on the Upper Iowa River, he would know that that js
in the cold water area about which there is no discussio
here .
Just without knowing about it, I picked
those up, so if his scientific data that he is giving at
the national level is coming out from a few minutes on
hearsay, picking out reports in towns he doesn't under-
stand, I have got serious reservations about what he is
doing at the national level.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Are there any other com-
ments or questions?
All right, Dr. Tarzwell, go ahead.
DR. TARZWELL: I did not discuss tempera-
ture on the Mississippi, did 12 I was talking about the
relative abundance of different species in the total catc
-------
Clarence Tarzwell
determine what is best Tor this aquatic resource; what
is best for the people of Iowa and the people of the
United States; and, gentlemen, that is what I am doing
to the best of my ability.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Tarzwell.
MR. BUCKMASTER: I would like 30 seconds
to reo1y.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Yes. While you are
coming up, Dr. Tarzwell mentioned about the philosophy
studied. I used to take the history of science, and in
the l8th and 19 Centuries, they used to believe that as
we got more knowledge., we would have less differences.
Dr. Tarzwell, I admit you have as much
knowledge as anyone in the country, but I don't Know that
we go along with that precept any more.
MR. BUCKMASTER: I am sorry the gentlemen
are not here. I am not a technician , but I do understand
the English language and facts. I came here to the con-
ference convinced of the integrity of the board. I lost
it in the last 30 minutes.
He spent the first 15 minutes talking
about what was going to happen on the Mississippi River.
The temperatures on the Mississippi River was not an
-------
624
Clarence Tarzwell
Chemical Company with regard to oxygen concentrations
in their intake water. I will read just a few of the
oxygen concentrations expressed in ppm for the month of
June. These studies were reported by the Chevron Chemi-
cal Company located at Fort Madison, Iowa. I will read
the dissolved oxygen concentrations recorded for each
day beginning on June 11 and extending through June 29,
1966. Concentrations expressed in ppm are as follows:
3.2, >4.9, 3.9, 4.2, 3-8, 4.5, 4.7, 3-5, 4.3, 3-4, 3.5,
3.5, 2.8, 2.2, 3-4, 4.0, 2.1, 4.1 and 3-3. All of these
levels are below the recommended minimum level of 5 npm.
They indicate oxygen depletion because of excess organic
material. I also have before me records for July and
August. There were low oxygen levels during these months
In view of these data, I believe that
further and more extensive studies of oxygen levels in
the Mississippi River are needed. We have a oroblem
here which we must face up to. We are a.ll interested
in preserving this natural resource. I believe we are
all sincere but I think we must keeo our objectives
clearly in mind. We must look at this thing squarely
in the face; we must be objective and not just try to
defend an established nosition. It is our duty to
-------
623
Clarence Tarzwe11
My statement,, that in considering the
Water Quality Requirements for Aquatic L:i fe we must con-
sider oxygen and temperature together has been questjoned
Fish and other aquatic organisms are cold-blooded organ?'s
and their metabolism is governed by the water tempera-
ture. As temperatures increase, their metabolism soeeds
up and their need for oxygen increases. Therefore,
because temperature largely determines metabolic
activity in the amount of oxygen required, they must be
considered together when we are talking of the well-being
of aquatic organisms. During the course of these hear-
ings, it has been repeatedly asserted that oxygen con-
centrations were no problem in the Mississippi River and
that oxygen was present in abundance throughout the
stream. Based on my past experience and the examination
of some of the oxygen records, I think that some good
thorough investigations of oxygen concentrations should
be made in selected areas of the Mississippi River.
Samples should be taken some distance below outfalls
of major towns and cities where organic wastes are dis-
charged. Special attention should be paid to those areas
in which there are sphae^rot^y^s^ growths.
I have before me a report from the Chevron
71S
-------
Clarence Tarzwe11
temperatures. (2) If 5° above ambient is allowed the
committee was concerned about what temperature would be
considered as ambient. Would it be the natural original
temperature, or would it be the temperature above the
intake after the addition of heat further upstream. The
committee stated emphatically that this increase should
be above the natural stream temperature before the
addition of any heat. Further, it was the judgment of
the committee that a 5 increase was not allowable at all
times and they recommended that the addition of artificial
heat should be limited to that amount which would raise
the minimum daily flow for each month 5° F. This means
that there would be a 5 F Increase only on the day of
minimum flow or on the days on which this minimum flow
was reached. For lakes and reservoirs^ our recommenda-
tion was an increase in the surface waters of 3° above
the monthly average of the daily maximum temperature.
I want to firmly state that the integrity, the ability
and the knowledge of this committee are of the highest
order. The recommendations and conclusions that I quoted
from the Report of the Committee on Water Quality Criteri
are not misleading or untrue and the facts have not been
misrepresented.
-------
621
Clarence Tarzwell
am submitting herewith the 4th Progress Report of the
Aquatic Life Advisory Committee.
The recommendations and conclusions of
the National Technical Advisory Committee on Water
Quality Requirements for Aquatic Life which I have
quoted have been seriously questioned. If you will look
into the Report of the Committee on Water Quality Criteri
for Aquatic Life, you will find that the members of this
Subcommittee numbered 27- They were all prominent, well-
respected people and most of them were leaders in researc
and investigations on water quality requirements. Many
of them had been in this field for many years. Many have
been actively engaged in research on environmental require-
ments of aquatic life and have also had years of experien
as directors of research programs. The recommendations
of this committee were based on our present knowledge,
their experience and their .judgment. In considering
allowable temperature increases above the normal or
natural temperature, 5° was suggested as an increase
which could be withstood by a number of species. How-
ever, it was the judgment of the committee that a straigh
5° increase above ambient would be unsatisfactory for
two reasons: (l) This means a 5° increase in the oeak
-------
620
Clarence Tarzwell
I shall have to take the responsibility for originally
suggesting a peak temperature of 93 F for a well-rounded
warm water fish population. I have served on the Aquatic
Life Advisory Committee of ORSANCO since 1952. ¥e recom-
mended a peak temperature of 93° F which was to be the
highest temperature at any time or any place. Thus, it
represented a peak temperature which was to occur only a
few times in any year and then it was to be of very short
duration. This means that on the hottest day of the year
following several hot days and nights the temperature
must not exceed 93° F at any time. If this is not
exceeded, it means that most of the peak temperatures
during the summer period will be in the 80's. This is
why we suggested that it should not exceed 93° F at any
time or place. Our recommendations on minimum temperatur
during the winter season were also misquoted. They did
not extend from November. Maximum allowable winter tem-
peratures were suggested for December, January and
February, with a transition period in the spring for
March and April, and a transition period in the fall for
October and November. Later the peak summer temperature
was lowered to 90 F. In order to correct the record
and present the facts of the ORSANCO recommendation, I
-------
6l9
Clarence Tarzwell
paper giving in some detail the reasons why he reached
this conclusion. In support of the oeak temperature and
the 10° increase, the statement of the Iowa Fisheries
and Wildlife Biological Staff was quoted as supporting
this recommendation. However, as you know in the state-
ment made by a representative of this group, they pointed
out that they had not indicated a temperature of 9t;O F
as being satisfactory and that they had never suggested
95 F as a peak stream temperature. Further, when they
were talking about a 10° increase, they were talking
about the temperature of an effluent and not a stream
temperature. They were saying that the effluent should
not be more than 10 above the stream temperatures. They
were, as I understand from conversations with members of
this group, stating that in zones of mixing the rise in
temperature should be no more than 10° with a ceiling of
95° F and that the discharge should be such that there
was not a thermal block. It is clear that the intent of
these people was not clearly stated. I believe that we
should clearly understand what people mean before we use
their data.
I would now like to briefly discuss the
ORSANCO statement in regard to the 93° F peak temperature
-------
618
Clarence Tarzwell
be harmful. If so, they are definitely oollution
according to definition.
Dr. Morris also spoke about the ground
waters in Iowa and stated that ground waters were often
without oxygen. I have heard of springs that were
devoid of oxygen, but they often had hydrogen sulfide
indicating anaerobic decomposition of organic materials.
I do not know to what extent the ground waters of Iowa
are devoid of oxygen, but if this condition is general,
it should be regarded as a very serious situation. If
the organic materials in the soil are so great that
water percolating through is robbed of its oxygen due
to bacterial activity and the production of anaerobic
conditions, I feel that the situation can be very serious
in the wintertime during periods of ice cover when the
streams are often fed entirely by ground water. Such
situations can result in extensive fish kills which Mr.
Harrison has stated occur in winter.
Mr. Robert W. Bachmann was quoted as
supporting and giving approval to a peak temperature of
95 F with a 10° increase above background temperatures.
I am sure that Mr. Bachmann is sincere in his beliefs.
It would be very desirable, however, to have heard his
-------
617
Clarence Tarzwell
more stable and the fluctuations due to cyclonic storms
are not so evident.
I would like to comment briefly on state-
ments made by Dr. Morris and Mr. Harrison. The former
stated that he would net accept wide changes in dissolve-d
oxygen due to algal growth as a mark of water quality.
In our studies on Lytle Creek which receives the sewage
effluent from the treatment plant of Wilmington, Ohio,
we have found that excess algal growths were a mark of
pollution. These algal growths oroduce during the day
large amounts of oxygen and release it to the surround-
ing waters with the result that the streams are saturated
and supersaturated with oxygen during the daylight hours.
However, during the darkness and .just before daylight,
oxygen reaches very low levels. Thus, these wide fluc-
tuations in oxygen levels a^re a mark of excessive organic
enrichment and pollution. At one station, we found an
oxygen level of 19-^ ppm in the afternoon, while just
before sunrise at the same station the oxygen level was
.7 ppm. If you have great algal growths w.i th wide fluc-
tuations in oxygen concentrations, you know that .It is a
mark of organic enrichment. The question is as to whethe
or not these fluctuations are going to be so low as to
r
-------
6l6
Clarence Tarzwell
In the period from March 24-31, if stream temperatures
were Increased 10° the dally temperatures would be as
follows: 62°, 66°, 64°, 67°, 69°, 70° and 68° F. These
are the temperatures which induce and bring about bass
spawrijng. However,, right after this period of warm
weather, there was a decrease in temperature and the
temperatures would have dropped into the 50's. Thus, in
this instance, an increase of stream temperatures of 10°
in the river at Decorah in 1968 would have resulted in
the destruction of the bass spawn. On April 11, 12 and 1
there was again a high temperature period with water tem-
peratures with a 10° increase being 72°, 74° and 70° P.
Then there was a cold spell after that which would have
been destructive to the bass spawn. The same situation
would have developed at White Brest Creek, near Dallas,
Iowa, and on the Turkey "River in 1958-1959, with soavming
occurring in April. Normal spawning would occur under
natural conditions late in May. I believe that it is
evident that the addition of heat to raise a stream 10
in the spring months, changing one normally in the 40's
and 50's to in the 50's and 60's, can result in harmful
effects to the bass spawn. It is desirable for the bass
to spawn later in the season when weather conditions are
-------
615
Clarence Tarzwell
bass leaves the nest, and since he is not there to fan
the eggs and keep them clean and provide them with oxygen
they die or some other fish eats them. In the midwestern
areas, temperatures are very variable during March and
April. We have warm weather and then a storm front will
come through followed by a high pressure area and a
drastic drop in temoeratures. Temperatures in Iowa stream
during March and April are usually in the 40' s and 50's
and they do fluctuate considerably with weather condition
It is not until May that temperature conditions become
more stabilized. Usually in late May and early June the
temperatures are stable at higher levels and the water
temperatures are more permanent and do not fall to the
low levels experienced in March and April.
If the streams are warmed 10 , then during
March and April the temperatures WD11 be in the 50's and
60's instead of in the ^O's and 50's. With this increase
in temperature, you can get bass spawning during a warm
spell. Then with the changeable cyclonic storm condition,
you can get a decrease in temperature which will cause
destruction of the bass spawn. I would like to illustrat
this point by dealing with the temperatures which were re
ed in the Upper Iowa River at Decorah, Iowa, in 1968.
:ord-
-------
6l4
Clarence Tarzwell
carp twelfth. These records indicate that Iowa fisher-
men are catching more than carp and catfish from Iowa
waters. If the people of Iowa are interested only in
carp and catfish, peak temperatures of 93 F are allow-
able as pointed out in the report of the National Techni-
cal Advisory Committee. This committee stated that a
peak temperature of 93°F was allowable for the growth of
catfish, gar, white or yellow bass, buffalo, carp suckers
threadfin shad and gizzard shad. It would also be favor-
able for dogfish. However, this represents about the end
of the line as far as sport fishermen are concerned. I
would like to reemphasize that these peak allowable tem-
peratures suggested by the committee are to prevail for
only short periods and then only on a few critical days
during the year. Fish cannot withstand and reproduce
successfully where these high temperatures are maintained
for long periods. These peak temperatures are fairly
close to lethal temperatures. Another important consider
tion is the raising of temperatures in the spring season.
We find that in nature sometimes the bass spawn is lost
because there is an early warm-up in the spring and then
a cyclonic storm comes through drastically lowering the
temperatures below 6o°F. Under such conditions, daddy
a-
-------
613
Clarence Tarzwell
higher temperatures? In work done at the Newtown
Laboratory in Ohio, it was found that fathead minnows
withstood high temperatures for three months, but after
that they showed detrimental effects.
It has been stated that Iowa is a carp
and catfish State. After hearing the testimony of the
Izaak Walton League, I believe that there are quite a
number of people In Iowa who desire species other than
carp and catfish. It has been stated that earn and cat-
fish are the principal species and that the others are
unimportant. This does not agree with the data presented
in the Compendium of Fisheries Information on the Upper
Mississippi River compiled by Robert C. Nord. Catch
records from this section cf the river, Pool 9, from
December 1956 through November 1957 lists the relative
abundance of the different species in the catch as follow
Crap pie, 1; Sun fish, 2; S auger, 3; Drum, 4-; Walleye, 5;
Rock Bass, 6; Yellow Perch, 7; Northern Pike, 8, etc.
Channel catfish and earn were at or near the end of the •
list. In Pool 11, during the oerjod from December 1956
to November 1957 and April through October 1962, catfish
ranked sixth and carp tenth in the catch. Prom Pool 12,
during 1956-57, 1962-63, channel catfish were fourth and
-------
612
Clarence Tarzwell
together indicate that temperatures in Iowa streams durin
the summer season are in the 80's or uooer 80's and some-
times up to 90°F. If the prooosed 10° increase in tem-
peratures takes place, temperatures will then be in the
90's for considerable periods and without control will
range to 93° and above during critical summer periods.
If the water temperature is to be kept at a maximum of
93°F, it will be necessary to install cooling towers or
some other cooling facility in order to hold it to this
level. If this is done, the summer temperatures will
resemble a plateau or butte. (Drawing on the board.1)
In other words, during the critical summer period tem-
peratures will be at 93°F around the clock and high tem-
peratures will prevail for longer periods than they
normally occur under natural conditions. High tempera-
tures constantly at this level are unsuitable for most
species of fishes as indicated by the figures given by
Dr. Mount. In fact, they could be too warm even for
catfish and carp if they continued over a long period.
The lengthening of the period of high summer temperatures
may be detrimental, since this does not renresent the
natural condition to which fish have become established.
How long can the various species withstand these continue
d
-------
6n
Clarence Tarzwell
these can be very important. I believe their suggested
approach is not practical. I do not believe you could
make such studies for every plant in the country. It is
more practical to set up standards based on water quality
requirements and then check to see if these standards are
being met. This is a simpler and less expensive approach
I would now like to discuss the 10° rise
over ambient versus the 5° rise in temperature at the
minimum daily monthly flow as recommended by the National
Technical Advisory Committee. This seems to be the point
in question. I should like to point out several conse-
quences of such a great temperature rise. If the tempera
ture is raised 10°, it is similar to movJng the stream
further south. It is to be expected that .In time there
would be a shift in species to the more tolerant southern
forms. I have heard it said that the interior streams of
Iowa are small and that large companies having heated
effluents would not locate on them. However, there must
be some reason for desiring this 10° increase. If a 10
increase 3s allowable and if there are those discharging
heated wastes, I am sure that this allowable increase
wall be used.
Such data, as I have been able to collect
-------
6io
Clarence Tarzwell
the stream temperature is increased 10 , we would have
temperatures around the clock that are 93 and above. As
pointed out by Dr. Mount's data., this is entirely unsatis
factory. I don't believe that such temperatures would be
in the interest of the fisheries of Iowa.
It is not necessary to have a direct fish
kill in order to eliminate a species from a given area.
You can drive a species out of an area without ever kill-
ing them simply by raising the temperature so that you
make environmental conditions more suitable for some
species and less suitable for others. Usually it is a
coarse species which finds the higher temoeratures more
desirable and you can eliminate the more desirable specie
through competition due to the increase in the less
desirable species. I am wondering if all the subtle
effects are being considered by Mr. Frink's company when
it is suggested that they would regulate their operations
according as to whether or not there was harm to the
aquatic biota. Will consideration be given to a shift
in species due to change in environmental conditions?
Will consideration be given to physiological and enzymati
effects of temperature? Have those at the powerplant bee
thinking of studying the subtle changes? Over the years
-------
60Q
Clarence Tarzwell
and from the stream all the way to the condenser. I ran
into an interesting case in Pennsylvania at the Martin's
Creek Plant on the Delaware River. They reoorted stream
temperatures as those which they took at their intake
structure. It would appear from their temperatures that
they raised stream temperatures very little as indicated
by those temperatures taken downstream. However, In
reading another report I noticed that they Dumped hot
water back into the intake structure to prevent Ice
formation. I looked at the data a little more closely
and looked at some stream studies. I found that tempera-
tures taken at the intake structure and on the oooosite
side of the river at the same day and the same time were
not the same and temperatures were !4 lower in the stream
than they were reoorting at the intake as stream temoera-
tures. In other words, it is aooarent that the water in
the intake structure was being heated by continuous
recirculation of the warm water used for the orevention
of ice formation in winter. I believe we should have
some knowledge as to whether or not there is heat coming
back into the intake structure and if these intake
structure temperatures really reoresent stream tempera-
tures. However, if these temperatures are correct and
-------
608
Clarence Tarzwell
temperature or river flow limits as long as damage to
aquatic resources did not occur. I should like to point
out that high temperatures can and do damage aquatic
life resources and after the fact studies do not meet
the problem. He himself stated that the true cause of
damage is long gone before damage to aquatic life is
observed. Mr. Frink feels that the approach of his com-
pany whereby they do not govern their discharge of heated
water to the stream based on temperature or flow but
rather on the.ir determination of whether or not there is
harm to the aquatic resource is most desirable. The
question is who should determine whether or not harm
exists, how it wi 11 be determined,, and what will be the
measure of harm to the aquatic biota. Such an approach
is after the fact and does not prevent harmful effects to
the aquatic biota. Mr. Frink quoted some very high
temperatures at their intake structure and quoted some
temperatures taken at the intake structure and at the
condenser. Last evening, T went over very rapidly all
the temperature data, on Iowa streams that I could get
and I did not find temperatures as high as those quoted
by Mr. Frink. I do not know for sure how much the tem-
perature increased from the stream to his intake structur
-------
607
Clarence Tarzwell
to such an extent that you interfere with any use or with
the production of aquatic resources, you are causing ool-
lution.
Mr. Schafer also has some different recom-
mendations for zones of mixing which I feel are rather
unreasonable. He recommended that when evaluating heat
additions to a stream that you should take the weighted
average of the cross section upstream from the point of
discharge and compare it with the same similar cross
section downstream at a sufficient distance to allow
dissipation of the heat before measuring to determine if
the 3~^° allowable increases are being met. In other
words, this unspecified length of stream is being used
for the cooling of the heated effluents and not just for
mixing. The National Technical Advisory Committee clearl
stated that zones of mixing were just for mixing and not
for the treatment of wastes. If long zones of mixing or
waste treatment are to be allowed, before too long they
will coalesce and the whole program will be defeated.
Mr. Prink outlined some of the problems
of the Iowa Light and Power Company at their plant on
the Cedar River at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He indicated that
they wished their plant operation to be based not on
V
-------
6o6
Clarence Tarzwell
Although the temperature requirements for
the Mississippi River have been agreed upon, Mr. Schafer
raises several questions in regard to temperatures in
the stream. He feels that when the stream reaches 87°F
or higher that there should be an allowable addition of
3-^-° above the ambient temperature. He states further
that such additions cannot be considered as pollutants
and that they appear to be consistent with the require-
ments of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. From
what he has said, I gather that he feels that if a stream
reaches 90 or 93°^ you can still add 3~^°. After hearing
the data presented by Dr. Mount as to favorable temperature
ranges and maximum allowable temperatures, I believe that
you will agree that this is unacceptable and that such
heat additions will definitely cause harmful effects and
constitute pollution.
It is apparent that there is not agreement
as to what constitutes pollution. Some years ago, I form
ulated a definition for pollution due to man's activities
It is as follows: "Pollution is the addition of any
material or any change in the quality or character of a
water which interferes with, lessens or destroys a
desired use." Thus, if you raise the water temperatures
-------
605
Clarence Tarzwell
temperatures which should not be exceeded at any time or
any place. Temperatures at this high level are to occur
for only a short period and then on only those few days
in the year when the temperatures are unusually high. If
the temperature does not exceed this maximum at the most
critical day of the year, it will be well below this
maximum during ordinary days of summer and, of course,
will be much cooler during the fall, winter and spring
periods. If this requirement for normal daily and
seasonal variations above the minimum and below the
maximum is understood, I believe you will have a clearer
picture of the intent of the committee.
As I understand the nondegradation policy,
this was a specific approach for those high quality
streams which are unpolluted or relatively unpolluted.
The desire here was to maintain them in this clean water
condition and not bring them down to the minimum levels
suggested by the committee for those streams which were
already severely polluted and which it was desired to
bring up to the minimum levels suggested by the committee
To the best of my knowledge, no one has indicated that th
degradation policy was to be aoplied to all streams in
the country.
-------
Clarence Tarzwell
allowable dissolved oxygen level and the maximum allow-
able temperatures. These were considered to be the minim
conditions which should be met in order to bring the
waters up to acceptable levels. However, these stated
minimum and maximum allowable levels were not those that
were considered favorable for aquatic life. Further the
committee stated that the daily and seasonal variations
should be above the minimum allowable levels and below
the maximum allowable levels. For example, it was stated
that oxygen should not fall below f> ppm except that durin
certain critical times which occur on only one, two or
three days a year, it might range between 5 and 4 ppm for
short periods. This means only a few hours. If during
critical times the oxygen level does not fall below 5
ppm with normal daily and seasonal variations, it will be
in the neighborhood of 7 to 8 ppm at some time during the
day during most of the time and in the cold months it
will be at or near saturation. This is based on the
assumption,, of course,, that the amount of organic waste
and oxygen demanding waste discharged to the stream will
not be increased during those periods of cool weather whe
the oxygen is normally higher. In a similar manner, the
maximum temperatures given are the maximum allowable
-------
603
Clarence Tarzwell
of which is not significantly affected by the quality of
the receiving water. However, for those materials,such
as the heavy metals, the toxicity of which are greatly
influenced by the quality of the receiving water, it is
impossible to establish numerical criteria which are
applied nationwide. In this instance, we suggested bio-
assays using for dilution, water from the receiving strean
taken outside the zone of influence of the effluent. In
these bioassays, the most sensitive species in the local
biota are to be used and an application factor is to be
applied to the tolerance limits results in order to indi-
cate safe levels of the potential toxicant in that partict
lar water. The committee agreed on these approaches, and
there was no disagreement in this regard.
Mr. Schafer discussed water quality cri-
teria, the enhancement of water quality and the nondegrad
tion clause. When the National Technical Advisory Commit
on Water Quality Requirements for Fish, Other Aquatic Lif
and Wildlife recommended water quality requirements, they
were thinking of those waters which must be enhanced if
they are to be suitable for aquatic life. In general,
the committee listed minimal allowable and maximum allow-
able levels of water quality. For instance, the minimum
;ee
-------
602
Clarence Tarzwell
for Fish, Other Aquatic Life and Wildlife. The items to
which he referred are really not a disagreement among the
committee members., but a misunderstanding on his part of
the statements of the committee. The committee clearly
stated that local conditions must be taken into considera
tion and that for some environmental factors and for some
potential toxicants numerical values could not be stated
which would apply nationwide. Recognizing this basic
principle the committee,, in dealing with temperature for
example, recommended that the added heat should be the
amount that raised the monthly average of the daily
maximum temperature a certain specific number of degrees.
By approaching the problem this way, all local conditions
were taken into consideration because the heat that was
added was over and above the naturally occurring local
temperatures. By approaching the problem in this way, it
was possible to suggest one requirement which could be
applied nationwide and which would take into consideration
local conditions and automatically leave the normal daily
and seasonal fluctuations unchanged. In regard to toxi-
cants, it was recognized that the quality of the recelvin
water was of great importance. Numerical standards or
requirements can be set for those materials the toxicity
-------
6oi
Clarence Tarzwell
waited until we had all of the answers, there would
probably be few aquatic life resources left to protect.
I feel that we must use the knowledge that we now have
to protect to the best of our ability our aquatic
resources. If. we will use our present knowledge to best
advantage, we can go a long way toward orotecting our
various water uses. It is true that much more data is
needed in order to fully protect the resource. However,
it should be a continuing operation where we immediately
apply available data for the protection and enhancement
of the resource, while at the same time we carry on
additional research in order that we may be better able
to define water quality requirements and protect the
water resources.
It is true that at present there are dis-
agreements among scientists who are working in the
aquatic field. I believe this is largely due to lack of
knowledge of the requirements of the various aquatic
organisms. It is probable that as our knowledge becomes
more adequate, many of these disagreements will disapoear
Mr. Carlson referred to alleged disagree-
ments among the committee members of the National Tech-
nical Advisory Committee on Water Quality Requirements
-------
6oo
Clarence Tarzwell
allows a slow deterioration of a stream or water without
anyone becoming aware of what is happening.
Many in industry seem to think only in
terms of lethality. If there is not a kill, it is assumed
that conditions are satisfactory. However, it is possibl^
through slow attrition to change or eliminate a fish
population. I have known instances where it has been
asserted that a certain effluent was not causing serious
pollution. In many instances, the population has been so
altered over time that the effects are not noticeable.
In addressing a group of peoole some years ago, I stated,
"Blessed is the industry which through slow attrition has
eliminated the fish population for they shall have no
fish kills." This was illustrated by conditions in the
Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It was
felt that this particular nlant was not causing damage.
However, after the steel strike some years ago, when they
began operations again, they had a very significant fish
ki 11 .
Mr. Carlson has pointed out that we need
more knowledge. T agree, we certainly do; but we cannot
sit back and wait until we have data on all the wastes
and can establish all water quality requirements. If we
-------
399
Clarence Tarzwell
brought out that they are not adversely affecting it.
We really do not know for sure at the present time.
However, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries representa-
tives have indicated that there has been a drastic
decrease in the catch. The harmful effects are not .just
lethal effects and they are not always readily discerned.
Harmful effects may be a decrease in growth rates, a
shift in species from more desirable to less desirable
species,, or a decrease in the general condition of the
fisheries. Any decrease in production is looked upon as
a definite indication of some harmful effect to the biota
There is a tendency to overlook the slow-
acting, long-term effects on the aquatic biota. These
scarcely notable effects can, over a period of quite a
few years, cause great deterioration in the aquatic life
resource. I have visited streams in the past that have
appeared to be quite good. In the intervening years, no
one has noted any fish kills or any great detrimental
effects. However, after returning to the streams some
30 years later, I have found that there has been a great
change in the aquatic biota. As children grow up, they
accept the conditions which prevailed during their youth
as normal or natural and good. However, this attitude
-------
398
Clarence Tarzwell
suggested such an approach. I illustrated my position
to him in this way. I said, suppose you were making
ballbearings and it was required that their diameter
should have a tolerance of not more than .002 of an inch.
However, you decided that it cost too much to meet these
exacting requirements and you therefore said that the
ballbearings could vary .1 of an inch. Tf you did this,
the ballbearings would not serve their purpose and you
would be wasting your time and money. The same is true
with the research scientist. When his task is to deter-
mine the water quality requirements for aquatic life, he
must determine exactly what these requirements are with-
out regard to political, economic or sociological con-
siderations. If it is decided that you do not wish to
pay the cost for obtaining these requirements, then the
course is to select some other use or uses for this water
which is less expensive to attain and maintain. The
economic, political and sociological questions apply
when the use or uses to be given preference are selected.
It has been stated that there has been no
evidence of powerplant operations in the Mississippi
River detrimentally affecting aquatic life in the river.
Conversely, I think that there has been no evidence
-------
397
Clarence Tarzwell
life resources and the best sport and commercial fishing
that it is possible for them to have.
It seems that there has been some mis-
understanding as to the methods of determining water
quality requirements or criteria as brought out in Mr.
Carlson's talk. If I understood him correctly, he sug-
gested that in arriving at water quality criteria
attention should be given to making these criteria
equitable to all persons using the natural resource,
that it should be based on a knowledge of local con-
ditions and the requirements that could be met. In the
determination of water quality requirements for specific
uses, we must determine the quality of water needed for
that use. These requirements must not be shaded to
accommodate some other use which may be Judged to be more
desirable for a certain group. Especially, the water
quality requirements must riot be relaxed as has been
suggested by some who state that this other use is much
more desirable^ therefore, the requirements for aquatic
life should be relaxed so that more waste can be added.
Such action nullifies the use and value of water quality
requirements or criteria for the nrotection of aquatic
life. Some time ago, I met an English industrialist who
-------
396
Clarence Tarzwell
of Dr. Tarzwell1s presentation, that will conclude our
presentation.
DR. CLARENCE TARZWELL, DIRECTOR
NATIONAL MARINE WATER QUALITY LABORATORY
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
WEST KINGSTON, RHODE ISLAND
DR. TARZWELL: Mr. Chairman, I am Clarence
M. Tarzwell, Director of the National Marine Water Qualit
Laboratory. At this time, I wish to attempt to clear up
some misunderstandings, correct some erroneous impression
and present a few definitions. I have a broad interest
in water quality especially water quality requirements
for aquatic life both in the marine and freshwater enviro
ment. Although I am now largely confining my interests
to the marine environment, I have had broad experience
in the freshwater work. I have carried out and directed
research on water quality requirements directed toward
the betterment of conditions for aquatic life in all
parts of the United States including Iowa. It is my
wish that every section of the country shall be given the
benefit of the knowledge of the water quality requirement;
for aquatic life so that they may have the best aquatic
-------
595
Donald Mount
Seven, If limits such as those above are
adopted, a provision must be made in the standard for
daily periods of cooler water temperatures where the
fish are living.
When streams reach high temperatures from
natural causes, these periods are short and cannot be
compared to sustained high temperatures from artificially
heated discharges.
Finally, existing information establishes
that for some species, white suckers, largemouth bass and
bluegills, as an example, optimum temperatures for best
growth are lower than a clearly adverse temperature by
only a few degrees.
That is to say that the optimum tempera-
tures and lethal temperatures are very close to each othe
For other species such as smallmouth bass
and others, the lethal temperatures are much higher than
those required for growth and well-being.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Mount.
Mr. Hall, do you have anyone else?
DR. MOUNT: Mr. Hall asked me to introduce
Dr. Clarence Tarzwell.
MR. HALL: Mr. Stein, at the conclusion
-------
Donald Mount
game and sport fish, maximum daily temperatures should
not exceed 88° to 90 F., and daily mean temperatures
should not be over 75° to 80° F.
Again, as measured where the fish are.
It is not necessarily at the surface.
Three, for largemouth bass, bluegills,
channel catfish and bullheads, maximum daily temperatures
should not exceed 90° to 93° F., and daily mean tempera-
tures should not exceed 80° to 85°, measured where the
fish are.
Spring spawning temperatures are especiall
critical, and maximums should not exceed 70° F. for most
of the s pecies.
Five, during much of the year, except
spawning periods, temperatures above the recommended
maximums I .just read for a few hours on some days will
not cause significant harm if dally mean temperatures
are met. A cooler period for recovery is necessary on
a frequent basis.
Six, these suggested temperatures are
limits and provide no significant safety margin and will
be excessive if other stresses are present, such as we
have discussed previously during the last two days.
-------
393
Donald Mount
in reproduction at 79°? arid a 60 percent reduction at
8?° F. in reproduction.
Worth has published information that in
Pennsylvania streams those streams which have maximum
temperatures reaching or exceeding 85° to 86° F. had few
or no smallmouth or walleye in them.
Alabaster and Kearnes in separate papers
in England and the United States have provided field
evidence that when temperatures exceed 85° F. in the
streams,, coarse fish appear. I think they mean suckers,
carp, catfish and probably a number of others, buffalo.
I would like to make--! think it is seven
short summary sentences--which I believe to be objective
evaluations of the data I have .just given you in the
tables, and evaluations which I believe most biologists
would agree with.
One, for walleye perch, sauger and northerfi
pike and white sucker, maximum daily temperatures should
not be over 86° to 88 F., and mean daily temperatures
should be in the range of 70° to 80°, and this is measure
where the fish are living, not necessarily at the surface
For the minnows, fatheads, emerald shiners
common shiners, which are forage fish to the important
-------
592
Donald Mount
Carp, T did not have a published value,
but T am sure it is over 100°, with a preferred tempera-
ture of 90°.
Recent Information that we have compiled
at the National Water Quality Laboratory on the hatch-
ability of several species of fish, these are the
expression of percent normal fry, and the eggs incubated
at that temperature and the eggs hatched afc that temoera-
ture .
Northern pike, 82 percent.
White sucker, 62 oercent hatched at 70° F.
and no hatch at 75° F. I might also point out that we
have learned that, and maybe some of you people know this
the white suckers are surface feeders for the first two
to four weeks of their existence, and therefore surface
temperatures would have to be looked at carefully during
the season of fry emergence.
Yellow perch, 70 percent hatched at 6k
and 39 oercent at 70°. I am ,just giving you the brackets
here .
The work done at our Cincinnati Laboratory
we kept fathead minnows throughout their life cycle at
constant temperatures, and we had a 25 percent reduction
-------
591
Donald Mount
DR. MOUNT: Now, T was not aware that, by
aquatic life, Iowa was referring only to earn and channel
catfish, so I have included a much longer list than that,
although it does include these.
There are two temperatures which T can
give. The first is a smal"mouth bass, in which we have
no actual records of lethal temperatures for fish pro-
perly acclimated, but I know that it is in the 90's,
from some of our unpublished work.
The preferred temperatures are 70°to 82°.
The yellow perch, lethal ranges from 84
to 88°, and preferred 68° to 74°.
The walleye pike, only one lethal tempera-
ture I found, at 84°, and I think it is slightly higher
if acclimated at 87 . The preferred temperature is 70
to 74°.
Sauger, T found no lethal temperature.
Northern pike, 90°, preferred 82°.
White sucker, 84° to 85°, preferred 55°
to 70°.
found.
Green sunfish, 93°, no preferred temperatu
Shad, lethal 93°, preferred 72° to 73°.
-------
590
MOUNT
Species
Smallmouth bass
Yellow perch
Walleye
Sauger
N. Pike
White sucker
Creek chub
Fathead minnow
Emerald shiner
Common shiner
Golden shiner
Black bullhead
Brown bullhead
White catfish
Largemouth bass
Bluegill
Green sunfish
Shad
Carp
Channel cats
Lethal Temperature for Adults or Fingerlings
Preferred
op
70-80
68-74
70-74
65-67
82
55-70
72-74
OF
84-88
86
90
84-85
87
89-91
89
83-93
91-93
95
92
92-93
90-91
91-93
93
93
>100
95
72-84
90
72-73
90
-------
389
Donald Mount
By this, I refer principally to the tem-
perature at which the organism is acclimated before the
lethal temperature is determined. So the list I have
prepared here is for fish acclimated to the range of
75° to 80° Fahrenheit, and, therefore, I took this to
be the temperature at which they were acclimated.
(Table follows:)
-------
388
Donald Mount
prevailed beforehand. I don't think I am in a position,
and perhaps many others are not in a position to know
what the regimen of temperatures is in the streams we are
concerned with.
There is new information, as I am sure
most of you know,, on aspects of the Life history of these
fishes, but as Mr. Stein indicated, T think we do have
to use what is available to arrive at a decision.
This falls Into two categories, and this
is the lethal temperatures of adults or fingerlings, and
these, by and large, are based on a laboratory study, I
think almost without exception.
Other kinds of information that are avail-
able in the laboratory concern the preferred temperatures
Most of these are field observations in which they have
simply measured the temperatures in locations that the
fish have frequented, and have recorded these.
In regard to the lethal temperatures,
there was information submitted yesterday by the Fish
and Wildlife Service regarding actual numbers, but they
did not have a chance, I don't think, to select the
temperatures which would be appropriate to the Iowa
conditions.
-------
58?
Donald Mount
In summary, there are methods available
today that can determine specific nhenolics in the parts
per million range.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
MR. HALL: I introduce Dr. Donald Mount
to give a statement for the record.
DR. DONALD MOUNT, DIRECTOR
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY LABORATORY
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
DULUTH, MINNESOTA
DR. MOUNT: My name is Donald Mount,
Director of the National Water Quality Laboratory.
I had an opportunity in the la.st two days,
because I brought with me quite a pile of technical and
.published information with regard to temperature to put
together a table and a couple of summary statements,
very short ones, which I think may help in wrestling
with the problem of the amount of rise that would be
acceptable for aquatic life.
I think we all recognJze that the amount
of rise that is permissible depends on what temperatures
-------
Irwin Dickstei-n
in nature and are not of industrial origin. I do want
to say at this time, however, that there are methods
available to determine these specific phenolics.
The Ohio Basin Region in cooperation
with ORSANCO has been studying phenolics in the Ohio
River. Dr. Rosen and his staff at the Sanitary Engineer-
ing Center and Mr. James J. Lichtenberg, with our
Analytical Quality Control Labs in Cincinnati, have been
able to identify specific ohenolics in the microgram
range.
They are doing this by gas chromatography,
Dr. Samples* and Dr. McMichael** of the Mellon Institute
in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, under contract to ORSANCO
have also been able to determine specific phenolics in
parts per million concentrations utilizing gas chroma-
tography.
It seems to me that by utilizing gas
chromatography., one should be able to determine the
natural phenolics and those which are present due to
pollution sources.
* Dr. William R. Samples
** Dr. P. C. McMichael
-------
'383
Irwin Dickstein
MR. HALL: Mr. Stein, there are exactly
three other people that we would like to put on, and
first, very briefly, with reference to discussions of
phenol and phenol.ics, I wish the record to show some
additional technical information.
Mr. Irwir Dickstein, Acting Director of
Regulatory Programs in the Ohio Basin Region, is here
and will speak as a sanitary chemist, and he has had 17
years of experience in this field.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: At the request of the
stenographer, let's take a ten-minute break.
(Whereupon, a brief recess was taken.)
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Mr. Dickstein.
IRWIN DICKSTEIN
ACTING DIRECTOR OF REGULATORY PROGRAMS
OHIO BASIN REGION, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, CINCINNATI, OHIO
MR. DICKSTEIN: My name is Irwin Dickstein
I am with the Ohio Region of the FWPCA. I am briefly
going to discuss phenolics.
It is recognized that some phenolics are
materials that test like phenolics as determined do exist
-------
584
Edwin Geldreieh
In the case of leptospirosis epidemics, I
am not sure whether Dr. Geldreich referred to this
specifically, but we had one in the vicinity of Cedar
Rapids a number of years ago in which people were bath-
ing in a small stream below a pasture where there were
quite a number of cattle, and this epidemic was studied
by the State Department of Health and the epidemic was
traced to the urine, of course, from the cattle.
I don't think there is going to be much
done in control of this type of contamination. At least
not in our time.
This, again, I think, is another reason
why the Health Department still recommends that bathing
actually be in supervised swimming pools rather than natural
bathing beaches, and we do not have any natural bathing
beaches on very many of our streams, except the impoundments.
As far as chlorination or disinfection
of sewage treatment plants, you are not going to have
the least bit of control over what happens out in the
pastureland.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
Mr. Hall, did you want to continue?
-------
583
Edwin Geldreich
one occasion in Iowa, the Winnebago River on one
occasion, the Mississippi River on another occasion,
the Ohio River on seven occasions and the Cedar River
on nine occasions. They have also been isolated from
streams in Washington and Pennsylvania which were fre-
quented by infected cattle.
What I am trying to say is that I believe
we must be concerned with all fecal contamination, not
just from man alone.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any comments?
MR. SCHLIEKELMAN: I would like to make a
few additional remarks regarding Mr. Geldreich's state-
ment. He has been working on this a good many years.
It has been quite a few years since I have really gotten
into some of the bacteriology in water. I have been more
or less involved in the water pollution end of it, not
really dealing with water quality in the water treatment
plants.
We will certainly admit that there very
definitely is a possibility of organisms of animal types
in our streams, but I don't think we are going to have
very much control over this.
-------
382
Edwin Geldreich
from the direct urination of infected cattle, swine and
wild animals that had access to the stream or from
drainage of adjacent livestock pastureland, and I am
paraphrasing work that has been reported on isolation
of pathogenic organisms,, a Public Health Report of 1966.
Although transmission of leptospires from
infected reservoir hosts does occur throughout the year,
epidemics in the United States have occurred almost
exclusively during the summer months.
Another possibility I would like to cite
from the literature. Waterborne epidemics due to patho-
genic leptospires do occur. One outbreak of leptospirosi
was reported from Philadelphia in 19^-1 in which seven per
contracted the disease by bathing in polluted streams.
Leptospires were isolated in the urine of two persons
and five cattle who had access to the same stream and
had been used for swimming by the two individuals. This
was a paper by Brown on Epidemiology in Iowa--a study of
sporadic and epidemic cases, Journal, Veterinary Medical
Association, 1961.
More recently, Brown and others reported
in the Canadian Journal of Microbiology in 1968 to have
found pathogenic leptospires in the Shellrock River on
s
sons
-------
581
Edwin Geldreich
In man, typhoid salmonellosis is specific.
That is, it does not occur in farm animals. This disease
is produced by S. typhi and the paratype, strains A, B
and C. However, salmonella species frequently found in
farm animals do cause gastroenteritis disturbances in
man, and have been observed to be the infective organism
in a number of epidemics. Of the 13 salmonelle serotypes
frequently found in farm animals, 4 of these serotypes
were among the 10 most common salmonella listed in
by the National Communicable Disease Center to be isolatejd
from humans in the United States.
The number of epidemics observed in the
human population which were caused by six of these thir-
teen salmonella strains are frequently found in farm
animals.
One other point I would like to make,
going beyond salmonella, we have a problem with lepto-
spirosis. Recreational waters in Iowa have been reported
on occasion to be contaminated with leptospires, which
gain access to the blood stream through skin abrasions
or mucus membranes to produce severe infections involv-
ing the kidneys, liver-and central nervous system.
The organism enters the bathing water
-------
_ 380
Edwin Geldreich
symptomless carriers has been reported to range from 15
to 20 percent in the Netherlands, 7 percent in France,
12 percent in England, 13-4 in Norway, and 22 percent in
Belgium.
The Salmonella strains most frequently
isolated from both diseased and healthy farm animals
include the following 13 serotypes: S. typhimurium, S.
derby, S. dublin, S. oranienburg, S. Java, S. Choleraesui
S. anatum, S. newington, S. infantis, S. Stanley, S.
abony, S. Chester, and S. meleagridis.
Nottingham, P.M. and Wiselmann, A. M. ,
Salmonella infection in calves and other animals. New
Zealand J. Agri . Res. 4:_ 44-9-460 (1961).
Pollach, ¥., Investigations on Salmonella
in Slaughterhouse Wastewaters in Vienna. ¥ien. Tieraztl.
Mschr. (Germany) 5_^:_ l6l-l64 (1964).
Miner, J. R., Pina, L. R., and Piatt, C.,
Salmonella infantis in cattle feedlot runoff. Appl
Microbiol. 15 j_ 3^-350 (1967).
Petersen, K. J. and Coon, R. E., Salmonell
typhimurium Infection in Dairy Cows. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med
Assoc. 151: 3^-350 (1967).
-------
579
Edwin Geldreich
contact recreational waters when such bacteria can be
demonstrated to be attributable to pollution by sewage."
I assume that this specifically concerns
only fecal pollution by humans, excluding other warm-
blooded animals,, particularly farm animals, and the
technical advisory report did not specify human pollu-
tion only.
In this respect, I would like to make the
following comments, because I believe they are germane to
the particular point.
Our concern about fecal contamination
should not be limited to that portion associated with
human pollution alone.
Microorganisms pathogenic to man may also
be found in the excreta of farm animals, or wild animals
and animal pets. Apparent salmonella are found in
clinically healthy farm animals. Studies on large
groups of cattle show that there are latent infections
of about 13 percent in the United States and 14 percent
in the Netherlands.
Between 3-7 and 15 percent of clinically
healthy sheep have also been reported to be carriers.
With respect to pigs, the percentage of
-------
378
Edwin Geldreich
The second comment I would like to make
refers to--
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Are you through with that
MR. GELDREICH: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Is Dr. Walton still with
you?
MR. GELDREICH: Yes.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Why don't you ask him
if he can come out to Council Bluffs next week, and let's
let him talk for himself. He will tell you what kind of
treatment he wants. I haven't seen Walton in three or
four years.
MR. GELDREICH: My second comment relates
to page 12 of the Iowa statement. It says that the Iowa
report on numerical bacteriological limits are stated to
be compatible with the National Technical Advisory Com-
mittee's recommendations, and under "Public Water Suoply
I quote part of it, saying, "...limits of 2,000 fecal
coliforms per 100 ml for public water supply raw water
sources will be applicable during low flow periods when
such bacteria can be demonstrated to be attributed to
pollution by sewage," and the second part and I quote,
"...limits of 200 fecal coliforms per 100 ml for primary
t
5
-------
577
Edwin Geldreich
holding time, chemical treatment and chlorination, we
were concerned that our hazard would be increased "by
trying to process such water.
Particularly, true when we are concerned
about viruses, whJch we don't use as a measure of
drinking water quality, because techniques aren't that
well developed as yet, and also in relation to the proto-
zoa. If we give them the maximum holding time and the
maximum chlorination and chemical treatment, under these
conditions it is conceivable that we could treat ooor
quality water, but we don't want to increase our risk her
of hazard.
So I wanted to make this comment for the
record, and there may be some question of why is it that
the number now is 10,000 coliforms in the recommended
standards when years ago it was 5,000?
This, Dr. Walton tells me, was a result
of a changeover from the use of a Phelos index to another
method, and the statisticians felt that to convert the
old work of Streeter, which was done in the early 1920's,
to our current multiple tube method, that this was the
equivalent of the old standards that Streeter had estab-
lished .
-------
576
Edwin Geldreich
does work for us in the Bureau of Water Hygiene, and I
have talked to him at great lengths about his work, which
was discussed briefly in the report, through the years.
I believe this was a paper you say he
delivered in the engineering meeting in Kansas City--I
beg your pardon, it was in Lawrence. As I understand the
comment,, it was that in his paper he referred to permitte
total coliform loadings, that they could be increased
much higher than the limits established under the work
of Streeter.
These comments of his were based on a
summary of a study of water plants, water plant records,
from numerous locations throughout the country in about,
roughly, 1957, as I recall. He did observe that there
was successful treatment of raw water of poor quality
that could be done, of quality so poor that it was well
above the 5*000 total coliforms per 100 ML, but he did
state, I believe, fairly clearly in his writings on this
subject that, yes, it could be processed if the plant was
properly designed with sufficient holding times necessary
for the chemical treatment, and disinfection.
However, if the plants were forced to
process water at a high rate and to cut corners in
-------
575
Edwin Geldreich
technical question. But the question to my mind on any
single sampling point at this time, what one person
found or another person found may, I hope, get us around
our essential problem, but if it does, I wish you could
relate it.
MR. HALL: I hoped my remarks were "being
taken as being addressed to the reliability of the data.
I wish to call on someone to add additional!.
facts that should be recognized.
EDWIN GELDREICH
RESEARCH MICROBIOLOGIST
BUREAU OP WATER HYGIENE
U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
CINCINNATI, OHIO
MR. GELDREICH: My name is Edwin E.
Geldreich, Research Microbiologist, Bureau of Water
Hygiene, the old Public Health Service, and now called
the Environmental Control Administration.
I would like as a member of the Public
Health Service to make two comments here in relation to
the Iowa report. One of them is in reference to the
comment of a paper by Dr. Graham Walton, who, by the way,
-------
57*1
Frank Hall
there is no problem of dissolved oxygen.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Mr. Buckmaster, I think
you and I had a colloquy which we thought was zeroing in,
at least between the two of us, on the issues we had to
resolve in the case if we were going to come up with an
agreed-upon approach to this between Iowa and the
Federal Government, and hopefully all the other people.
I recognize, just by the lawyers or
administrators coming in with this, we are not going
to deter technical people from really perfecting the
record with all the little points that they think are
essential, and that is why we are here.
(Laughter.)
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Really, I have to say I
think—and if you disagree with me, Mr. Buckmaster, you
may say so--but I think the issue we have here is the
issue raised of secondary treatment and whether we are
going to consider that part of the enforcement, and
whether we can do it and the State can do it.
I think it is important that we have the
record correct, because we don't know where it is going
to go, but I do think that questions--the whole question
of dissolved oxygen can be resolved, I think, as a
-------
. 573
Frank Hall
and whether or not the water being sampled was, in fact,
from the main channel or possibly from a backwater or
still water area.
Wow, I bhink it is self-evident that the
main flow of a river goes down the deepest part of the
channel, the dredged channel.
Now,, the dredged channel in every river
leads directly into the lock. The main channel of the
Mississippi River, regardless of where it is upstream,
would lead into the lock, in this area here.
As was pointed out, this wing wall here
does not impede or impair the flow. It may skim off ice
from the surface, but it does not impede flow.
The picture doesn't show it, but there was
a gate out of the picture, and at the time this was taken
this gate was open. So you have main flow from the river
coming down the river, under this wall, out of the gate,
and right past this sampling station.
MR. BUCKMASTER: I would like to make a
comment with respect to that.
Does the Federal Government want to stand
its whole case on the oxygen in the Mississippi River?
If so, we will go measure it. I think everyone knows
-------
572
Frank Hall
Vie have no reason to dou"bt the reliability of the data
he has obtained. Mr. Kroner has attempted to contact Mr.
Roth to discuss the low readings obtained since mid-1964.
He has been unable to reach him, but will try again."
Incidentally, Mr. Jacob Dumelle of the
Chicago Office, the Great Lakes Regional Office, did
visit with Mr. Arthur Roth, Jr., who is the City Chemist
at Dubuque, on—well, I am not sure of the date, but it
is mid-March--for the purpose of discussing dissolved
oxygen readings since 19&4 at that station.
I have a slide here, and I would like to
discuss the station, because there has been some comment
about the flow in the vicinity of that station and the
hydraulics of the situation, and the type of water this
station is sampling.
Mr. Stein, as you know, I am a hydrologist
and I wanted to comment on this. It is comment in the
light of having spent two years having measured flow--
CHAIRMAN STEIN: You mean that is the
stream flow, not the ice floes?
MR. HALL: That is the point exactly. The
ice is not an indication of the flow of the river. There
was also some discussion about where the main channel is,
-------
571
Frank Hall
In the case of Iowa, these primary treat-
ment requirements were accepted as the baseline, as pre-
viously stated.
This provides the explanations on those
tables.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: All right. Does anyone
else want to comment or raise a question on any of the
material adduced here?
MR. HALL: There has also been discussion
about this DO, or dissolved oxygen figure and the results
at Dubuque, and some comment has been made about that,
and for purposes of the record I would like to read from
a memorandum, dated February 13, 19&9* from Joseph B.
Anderson, Chief—or Deputy Director, Analytical Quality
Control Laboratory. It was sent to the Chief, Pollution
Surveillance Branch, Great Lakes Region.
Incidentally, we asked about this data,
and asked that it be carefully investigated, and this
was the response: "We discussed the dissolved oxygen and
other data which you forwarded to us for the stations at
Dubuque and Burlington. ¥e are not aware of any unusual
conditions at Dubuque which may cause the low DO readings
For many years Mr. Roth has forwarded DO and other data.
-------
570
]'nrank Hall
that Iowa's water quality standards as adopted by the
State permit primary waste treatment in some urban areas.
The figures for these tables were preoared on the assumn-
tion that primary treatment was adequate. Therefore, no
treatment means were identified.
In Table 3, and that is the one which we
are talking about here that i.s in the Iowa report, in
Table 3 the total urban population as given in the 1960
population census was matched against the populations
served by adequate waste treatment facilities, as reporte
in the 1962 Municipal Waste Facilities Inventory.
These figures, the latter figures, there-
fore, include some rural population. Thus, population
served was greater than the total urban population, and
Table 3 reported all of the urban population as having
adequate treatment.
It should be noted that the sub.ject report
was prepared at a time when only the first ten State
standards, that is, the standards of ten States., had been
approved, and at a point in time when the present posi-
tion on treatment was in its infancy. Accordingly, a
decision was made to base the subject report on the waste
treatment set forth, except in the ten.
1
-------
569
Frank Hall
"lowa leads nation in sewage treatment," and "No urban
population without treatment," are additions of the
authors, and do not appear in "The Cost of Clean Water."
(Laughter.)
CHAIRMAN STEIN: I think that was pretty
clear. That is why they put it in another color.
MR. HALL: I don't know if the transcript
prints in red, but it is pretty clear.
Reference should be made to Table 2 and
Table 3 of the subject report, "The Cost of Clean Water,"
the summary.
In Table 2 there are no expenditures
listed as needed in Iowa for upgrading treatment facili-
ties or for constructing new facilities for untreated
wastes.
In Table 3, all of the urban population,
all of the urban population is identified as having ade-
quate treatment. From these two tables, Iowa has drawn
the conclusion that the FWPCA recognized that Iowa had
adequate treatment.
Now, I would like to make two or three
comments here for clarification.
The footnote on Iowa in both tables notes
-------
568
Frank Hall
FRANK E. HALL, DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT AND COOPERATIVE
PROGRAMS, GREAT LAKES REGION
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
MR. HALL: Mr. Chairman, since we appeared
last, there have been a number of statements throughout
yesterday afternoon and this morning which give rise to
some additional information that I think would help the
record.
I would like to refer, first, to the Iowa
report, and I would like to point out that these remarks
are not intended as a criticism, but I think they will
provide a clarification for the record which will be of
help.
The table following page 3 of the Iowa
report, which is referenced from his excerpt of the "Cost
of Clean Water," Volume 1, Summary Report, I would like
to provide some explanation of the way in which those
tables were put together, and I hope it is clear to
everyone, and the record, that the lines inserted in red,
-------
36?
Robert Muncy
Involve dilutjon of the heated water before discharge
into the stream."
This is the end of our statement concern-
ing temperature.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
Does anyone from the Iowa group want to
say anything on that? Thank you very much.
Anyone else? Mr. Hall.
While Mr. Hall is coming up, I have a note
that was given to me recently. I would like to read it
for the record, and we are not keeping any of these state
ments out.
This is from David Milligan, Fort
Madison, Iowa, and it says that the city of Fort Madison
in 1968 converted its water source from Mississippi
River water to well water because of consumer complaints
of taste and odor and the high chlorine treatment costs.
Mr. Hall?
-------
566
Robert Muncy
The temperature listed Is not to exceed
95 Fahrenheit at any time. This is the only temperature
criteria given here. The statement presented by the
staff members as their personal opinion,, as characterized
under item 4, the temperature criteria for aquatic life
also needs clarification.
Many species of native aquatic life need
periods of cold and seasonal changes to maintain their
life cycles. We therefore recommend that the following
additional criterion be added:
"From November through March, water
o
temperature not to exceed 60 Fahrenheit at any time."
In the cold water areas, this maximum
o
winter temperature should be 50 Fahrenheit. ¥e further
recommend that the temperature requirements need further
study and should be subject to modification (as should
also be true of all criteria) as further information
becomes available."
The rapidity of temperature change is
often a more important mortality factor than actual
temperature range. For the present, we recommend that
the "Water temperature at discharge shall not be more
than 10 Fahrenheit higher than the intake. This may
-------
565
Robert Muncy
marshes for recreational and wildlife conservation
purposes be continued. Within the watershed covered by
this hearing, studies on the fish,, bottom organisms and
limnology of the Mississippi River, especially in Pool
19, have been conducted by the Iowa Cooperatjve Fishery
Unit since 1957- These investigations have shown the
bottom organisms and fishes to consist of soecies found
in high quality waters. Data from these are available
for use in management of the fisheries or in evaluating
water quality.
MR. MUNCY: I would like to refer to the
water quality criteria for Iowa waters, the item on
tempe rature.
In the general criteria which we referred
to as being good, surface waters are to be evaluated
according to their ability to supoort the legitimate
(beneficial) uses to which they can feasibly be adapted.
This shall be done by the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission.
I ivould like to skip over minimum con-
ditions, and the next item is public water safety. I
would like to go to aquatic life.
-------
564
Robert Muncy
(4) The temperature criteria for aquatic
life also need clarification. Many species of native
aquatic life need periods of cold and seasonal changes
to maintain their life cycles. We, therefore, recommend
that the following additional criterion be added. "From
November through March, water temperature not to exceed
60°F at any time." In the cold water areas this maximum
winter temperature should be 50 F. We further recommend
that the temperature requirements need further study and
should be subject to modification (as should also be true
of all criteria) as further information becomes available
The rapidity of temperature change is often a more
important mortality factor than actual temperature range.
For the present, we recommend that "Water temperature at
discharge shall not b.e more than 10 F higher than at
intake. This may involve dilution of the heated water
before discharge into the stream.
(5) We have a feeling that agricultural
pollution, through pesticides, feeding lots, etc., is not
given adequate attention. These pollutants are becoming
increasingly critical.
(6) We recommend that the present policy
of reserving the natural and State-owned lakes and
-------
563
Robert Muncy
at sufficient distances downstream from waste discharge
points to permit adequate mixing of waste effluents with
the surface waters." "Adequate mixing" might be inter-
preted as diluted to the extent that there is no longer
danger to aquatic life and recreation. Furthermore,
discharge systems may be designed to speed up or to delay
mixing with the stream-flow. If toxic effluent is per-
mitted to go some distance before it is mixed and thus
diluted to nontoxic levels, these sections of the environ
ment will not be suitable. We, therefore, recommend that
the distances permitted before sampling for conformance
tests be more specifically designated and that such
designation give maximum protection to aquatic life and
recreation values. Wherever feasible, monitoring of the
effluent at its entrance to the stream should be main-
tained. Only in this way can evidence of excess pollu-
tion be proven in many cases. Such evidence will also
protect the discharging company or agency in cases that
might otherwise be brought against them.
(3) With respect to public water supply
and probably also on the aquatic life and recreation
criteria, specific limits on nitrates and nitrites shoul
be provided.
-------
362
Robert Muncy
at this time but will be added as data become available.
Much discretion is left to the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission, which is as it should be, but the
Commission must be supported in its goal of water quality
enhancement for all Iowa waters. The following seem to be
areas which need clarification or strengthening in
developing criteria:
(1) With respect to paragraph 2 of
General Considerations: "These criteria will be appli-
cable at flows greater than the lowest flow for seven
consecutive days which can be expected to occur at a
frequency of once every ten years." What criteria will
apply then? There should be some regulation at least to
prevent increased discharges at this time, and orobably
the discharges and modifications should be held up during
these periods where possible. These periods, under natura
conditions without pollution, are the most critical
periods for aquatic life. Losses of aquatic life once
in ten years may seriously threaten and damage fishing
and recreation quality for one or more years.
(2) The next paragraph of General Con-
siderations also needs clarification: "Sampling to
determine conformance to these criteria shall be done
-------
56l
Robert Muncy
MRS. PIERE: Yes.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: All right, we will put
them in the record.
(The above-mentioned statement follows:)
Statement for Public Hearings
on Water Quality Criteria
Muscatine, Iowa - December 6, 1966
From: The following members of the
Fisheries and Wildlife Biology Staff of the Department
of Zoology and Entomology at Iowa State University, Ames
Roger Bachmann, Ross Bulkley, Kenneth Carlander, Arnold
Haugen3 Robert Moorman, Robert J. Muncy, Paul A. Vohs,
Milton W. Weller.
(These being our composite personal
opinions and not an official statement from the Universit
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commissio
is to be commended for its dedicated efforts to formulate
proposed water quality criteria for Iowa surface waters
and for the excellent public hearings to secure additiona
evidence on these criteria. We believe that the general
criteria proposed are good as far as they go and we
recognize that more specific specification is impossible
-------
Robert Muncy
I presented these statements at this
meeting, and would like to cover points that are raised.
We said:
"The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commissi
is to be commended for its dedicated efforts to formulate
proposed water quality criteria for Iowa surface waters
and for the excellent public hearings to secure additiona
evidence on these criteria.
"We believe that the general criteria
proposed are good as far as they go and we recognize
that more specific specification is impossible at this
time, but will be added as data become available.
"Much discretion is left to the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission, which is as it
should be, but the Commission must be supported in its
goal of water quality enhancement for all Iowa waters.
The following seem to be areas which need clarification
of strengthening in developing criteria."
I would like to go directly to the item
on temperature, and I have given copies to the secretary
to go into the record.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Mrs. Piere, do you have
those?
-------
539
Robert Muncy
Pollution Control Commission, at their hearing held at
Muscatine, Council Chamber, Iowa.
This statement, which is paraphrased here,
was submitted at the public hearings held on water qualit
standards in the State of Iowa. I would like to read
portions of it, and portions of it have already been
read by Mr. Morris and Mr. Schliekelman.
The portions I would like to read deal wit
the items covered on page 15j temperature, justification
of item 2. I will read the first portion of the state-
ment. This was made to Mr. Morris, who was moderator at
that time.
"Statement for Public Hearings on Water
Quality Criteria, Muscatine, Iowa, December 6, 1966.
"From the following members of the
Fisheries and Wildlife Biology staff of the Department
of Zoology and Entomology at Iowa State University, Ames:
"Roger Bachmann, Ross Buckley, Kenneth
Carlander, Arnold Haugon, Robert Morrman, Robert J.
Muncy, Paul A. Vohs, Milton W. Weller."
We made the following statement:
"These are our composite personal opinions
and not an official statement from the university.
-------
338
Robert Muncy
every place to meet the water quality standard, the
removal of solids. That Is the basis we did it on.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Yes.
Does anyone else want to comment In
rebuttal in the room?
If they do, would you raise your hand?
Mr. Hall, would you come to the rostrum?
Or would you want to come first, Mr. Muncy?
ROBERT J. MUNCY
PRIVATE CITIZEN
AMES, IOWA
MR. MUNCY: Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen, I would like to refer to Item 2, page 15, of
the Iowa statement in support of Iowa water quality
standards and a plan for implementation and enforcement
in the Mississippi River Basin.
My name is Robert J. Muncy. I am appear-
ing as a private citizen. The statement to which I
refer is on page 15 of the water quality standards,
dated December 6, 1966, and contains my name in the list
of people that presented this statement, a signed state-
ment presented on December 6, 1966, for the Iowa ¥ater
-------
, 537
Murray Stein
Mississippi and Missouri Rivers—you may take a little
town up there of several hundred people, and you can put
the raw wastes in the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers,
and you may be able to find them, and maybe you can't.
As I understood you, you have to do this
in relation to water quality standards, but your first
regulation says no little town can do this. What they
have to do is at least have primary treatment, regardless
of what happens in that stream, and in the back of my
mind, I find it hard to draw the distinction.
MR. BUCKMASTER: You raise a good point,
and I understand your reason for raising it. I tell you
very frankly if we were questioned on it by a small town,
I am not sure we could sustain it.
The reason we think we can is this: We
think under our definition of pollution that putting
solids into a stream causes unsightly conditions, and I
could go on, and therefore violates the water quality
standards, and, therefore, when we say, "You have to have
primary treatment that substantially is removing the
solids," that we are meeting the water quality standards.
That was the legal thrust on which we
passed it. In that particular one, it was required
-------
556
Murray Stein
that would result in pollution. Tt is the same thing
we are saying on secondary treatment. If you or we can
produce scientific data which show that in order to pro-
tect the water quality standards secondary treatment, or
whatever form of treatment we are talking about is
required, we have the power to do it.
We do not have the power to say just as a
blanket thing, "You treat it a certain way," unless we
tie it to the quality of water.
Our utlimate authority goes to the water
quality standards.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: I understand that. I
don't think this is a key point, and I don't want to
belabor it. For example, during the 1950's we partici-
pated in a grant to Key West, Florida, where they had
just a pipe going out to the Gulf Stream. As far as I
know, Key West still has the same thing, and I don't
think anyone can determine where those raw wastes go
into the Gulf Stream. Maybe they should clean up, or
put in some treatment. I am not arguing that one way or
the other, but they have done that.
Now, the question I have had — and we have
had this before when we have been up and down the
-------
555
Murray Stein
I think it is remarkable they got it out at all. I didn1
see it until I got down there. I am not critical of them.
I think it was remarkable they were able to do it, with
the small staff they had.
I don't agree with that language. But
this is important to the record, and let me go back.
I think I do speak with some knowledge on
this, being a lawyer in the State for 30 years.
Our law, as far as I can tell from quite
a lot of research in other States prior to adopting our
statute, is based on the common law concept of riparian
rights. The thrust of that is that under the common law
any riparian owner has a right to water use as long as he
does not adversely affect other users.
That is the basis of our pollution law.
¥e have the right under our law to do whatever is
required to prevent a waste treatment plant from adversel
affecting all other legitimate and beneficial users, but
no more than that.
That is the test we have to apply and
design.
Now, we can use, in my judgment, an
effluent standard, if we could show that failing to use
-------
554
Murray Stein
definition of pollution, that it is exceeding the stan-
dard.
Now, we can require secondary treatment if
we can show that it is necessary to prevent pollution, or
saying it another way, we will meet the water quality
s tandards.
One of the water quality standards we have
is that you can't have floating solids in a stream. This
is a quality standard. Therefore, whether you call it
effluent or anything else, we say you have to have a
plant that takes those out, because that meets the
quality standards.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: I really don't want to
argue on this, sir. As far as I see, once you have
defined primary treatment, I think by the same definition
primary treatment becomes a standard, and if you prescrib
primary treatment in all cases--
MR. BUCKMASTER: It has to be tied to
that part of the statute. Let me go back.
I think that is a poor statement. I
didn't draw the statement. Three weeks ago, we got your
bundle of hay that set out the charges. Our people put
that thing together night and day in the last three weeks
-------
553.
Murray Stein
Now, if you can't apply that, and by the
way, I mean, if you can't apply an effluent standard for
secondary treatment, how could this be applied as your
first regulation which, to my mind, is in the same
character as a primary treatment requirement?
May I say, I am not asking this except in
the terms of information.
MR. BUCKMASTER: You asked a fair ques-
tion, Mr. Chairman.
In the first case, I don't think using
the terms "effluent standards" was a very good choice.
I will go back and give you background.
We consider solids going into the stream
to be pollution under our definition of pollution,
which provides for that. So we have the right to estab-
lish anything that prevents pollution.
Now, as an example, let's talk about the
matter theoretically.
We have the right and are required to pass
on the design plans for sewage treatment plants. Now, it
is inherent in that design that the standard that we hold
it to is that on 10-year flows, that will meet the water
quality standard. Again, this all comes back to Iowa's
-------
Murray Stein
this is meant in the sense of trying to elicit informa-
tion, because this goes in the next sentence of that
report of yours, and I have a little difficulty. I am
not sure I quite understand it.
You say that the Commission under Towa
law—and I understand what you are saying here—had no
direct statutory authority to direct or enforce effluent
standards. And you say that quality standards cannot
reasonably be construed as implied authority to establish
effluent standards.
I will stand with anyone in saying that
it is Iowa's initial right to interpret its own law.
That is not the Federal right, although you might say
the other side of the coin is that the Federal Government
interprets this law, and it thinks that effluent standard
on secondary treatment may be part of that.
But let me get back to the point.
Then I go back to page 4 of your statement
where it says, "The Commission has adopted three regula-
tions to aid in surveillance and enforcement. The first
is a regulation applying to all waters of the State, and
requiring effective removal of settleable and floating
solids as a minimum degree of treatment."
-------
, 551
Murray Stein
the implementation and enforcement of the water quality
criteria adopted..."
I don't think I prejudice the case in any
way either way. But the question 3s whether the require-
ment of secondary treatment is, in fact, the imposition
of an effluent standard, or if it in fact is a legitimate
part of the enforcement or implementation plan.
What I want to make clear, so I can set
this problem before you as clearly as I can, because as
I point out, this is not an adversary proceeding, when
the Congress did not adopt the effluent standards, they
went to what, in effect, was compromise language, as is
every other sentence of this Act, and the Act did not
say "criteria" alone, but it had this other phrase "an
enforcement or implementation plan."
I think on the record it is fair to say,
and again, I don't work at this myself, but a great
number of the States have considered something like
secondary treatment to be a legitimate part of an
enforcement or an implementation plan.
If Iowa doesn't consider that,this very
well may be the issue, but I would like to put that out
as clearly as I can. I really have one question, and
-------
550
Murray Stein
treatment of all municipal and biodegradable waste cannot
be Justified on the basis of congressional intent, nor
can such a requirement be adopted by the Commission under
present Iowa statutory authority. An effluent standards
provisions, such as this secondary treatment requirement,
was rejected during early congressional hearings, and the
standards provision reported out of committee contemplate
the setting of water quality standards for receiving
waters only. However, on the basis of Guideline 8, the
Department of Interior has attempted to imoose a uniform
requirement of secondary treatment, or the equivalent,
in all State water quality standards."
Again, without attempting to argue the
case, this talks in terms of congressional intent. When
I went to the big city law school, we never got to con-
gressional intent until we looked at the statute. I thin
if you look at Sutherland, you have this.
The congressional intent comes into play
when the statute is ambiguous.
Now, you think there is a question here,
but let me indicate what the statute says: ..."A water
quality criteria applicable to interstate waters or
portions thereof within such State, and, B, a plan for
-------
549
Murray Stein
most of the issues raised here are capable of reasonable
accommodation, except for that notion of what we have to
do on secondary treatment if this is the key issue.
In other words., I think we have a long way
to go, whatever your issue may be, phenols, phosphates,
radioactivity—you name all these special features.
We can arrive, I hope, after negotiation
with the State, at a reasonable judgment.
Let me quote you from the regulations on
this: "The Chairman shall convene the conference and
schedule such other meetings as may be necessary,
including the meetings for the settlement or simplifica-
tion of issues."
What I am saying is that all these issues,
as I see it up to now, are not very far from settlement.
We do have one major one, and I don't want to push that
under the rug.
Iowa made a fair statement, but I would
like to amplify it just slightly, not to come to a judg-
ment, but to create the issue or the problem as I see it,
because I think this is the function of the Chairman.
Iowa in its statement says: "The Depart-
ment of Interior blanket requirement for secondary
-------
548
Murray Stein
open democratic society like ours, we are going to have
moderate differences of opinion. If you are dealing with
any researcher or professor, after they tell you what the
think » they are going to wind up with the last phrase,
"Further research is needed."
¥e know that. By the way, that is a good
thing, because otherwise we would stop.
However, whether you are in the water
pollution control business or producing automobiles,
vacuum cleaners or pencils, the thing that every man in
administration or production has to decide is when the
time comes, when you have to stop sharpening your cri-
teria and get into production.
On a good many of these issues the
administrators, both on the State and Federal level,
taking into account all the legitimate differences among
the various scientists, can determine whether we can
strike out at an operating program for now.
I am not saying that operating program is
going to provide the last answer, because it never does.
Neither am I saying that the fish, unless we are right,
are going to respond. But we can do the best we can now.
I would agree with Mr. Buckmaster that
-------
Murray Stein
are engaged with another governmental agency that wants
to clean up pollution, and I think this is a very, very
different method.
I have several other points before I throw
this open for rebuttal. Dr. Morris and Mr. Harrison
indicated about temperature, for example--! am para-
phrasing Dr. Morris.
He says that he doesn't want to be unduly
influenced from the outside on temperature—that he
should take the advice of his local people, that they are
as good as the people outside.
Maybe they are. I don't doubt it. But
you have a national committee, and with local people we
have a great many problems, really technical differences
It seems to me that here we are faced with
dealing with physical facts and physical measures. It
doesn't make a darn bit of difference whether the local
people are right and you take them, or the national peopl
are right and you take them. The fish don't know it. If
we make a wrong judgment, they are going to die. You can
fudge this kind of operation. In other words, as long
as we are going to be here, and as long as we get the
technical people speaking, if they are operating in an
-------
346
Murray Stein
There is one other point I should like
to make. We are at the conference stage, and I do not
think that we should try to think in terms of an adversar
proceeding. When we go to a hearing or a court action,
and we are dealing with polluters, people who don't want
to clean up—maybe sometimes there are public officials
who don't want to clean up — then we have a little dif-
ferent situation.
The fact should be borne clearly in mind
in this situation and this is the point: Iowa is not
polluting any water themselves. They are not a polluter.
Iowa, I am sure, and the officials of Iowa, whom I have
known in my official capacity and personally, want as
clean water as anyone in the Federal Government. There
is no question about that.
The question here is how we proceed with
the State law and the Federal law and the State and the
Federal policy with the independence and initiative that
we have shown in Iowa, and try to dovetail that with the
Federal program so that we can move together in concert.
The notion that we are not both working toward the same
goal or in the same manner is losing sight of this.
We are not engaged with a polluter. We
-------
Murray Stein
I think, again, as we look at this, and
as you look back on the Sioux City days which is a
landmark case, it is paradoxical, but true that the
State, when you have one of the best programs, is the
State which is apt to be in the forefront of the forging
of the Federal-State relationship.
A lot of people don't have this attribute,
which I don't doubt that the people in Iowa have — push
or something of that kind. But the knowledge that we at
this stage are having a "first" in the Federal standards-
setting operation is no more out of the way than our
being the first or one of the first in the Sioux City
case in the old enforcement operation.
The way the law is and the way the
procedure unfolds, particularly in Federal-State rela-
tions, is that the States take full responsibility and
get in the forefront of the action and is very sophisti-
cated .
This is something that people who have not
been students of Federal-State relations often miss. The
fact we are having a meeting like this speaks for itself
in showing where Iowa has been and what it is doing in
pollution abatement and treatment.
-------
Murray Stein
Now, I would like to refer to something
else that Mr. Buckmaster said, and I want this, at least
from my point of view, to be abundantly clear. There
should be no implication by whatever has been said or
done or put out--and I see nothing in the record that
indicates otherwise—that Iowa does not have an aggressiv
forward-looking water pollution control program.
I think if you will just look at the mapin
the back of the room here and see the amount of secondary
treatment plants that they have in Iowa, that speaks for
itself.
I think, as I have alluded to before, I
have worked with people from Iowa for many years. Mr.
Harrison mentioned Jim Harlan. He has been one of my
closest associates for many years and is originally from
Iowa. I started to work on this program at the Federal
level in 19^8 and I would say about 50 percent of the
people who came in originally were people who were born
in Iowa, grew up here and worked here. There was a good
reason for this, and that was because Iowa had the pro-
gram.
Our Regional Director from Chicago is an
Iowa boy, too.
-------
Murray Stein
able to bridge the gap and communicate on this issue.
Mr. Buckmaster indicated that he was a
country lawyer, and you know, I am a big city lawyer,
but I don't think I have any trouble communicating with
him. I have been out in Iowa before, as many of you know-
Sioux City, Council Bluffs, Clinton—and have seen these
country lawyers before.
Keep your hand on your wallet.
(Laughter.)
I might say that in oresenting our case
to them, whether it was a hearing or a conference, when
we got through—and we have been in at least three major
cases, and I think more, where Iowa has been on the
receiving end—I am just pointing out three where they
had major pollution sources within their State, i.e.,
Sioux City (one of the landmark cases in the enforcement
procedure, Federal and State), Council Bluffs, and Clintor
we arrived at completely unanimous agreements with the
State of Iowa. There was no difference.
Now, I am firm in the belief that whatever
the philosophy is, when we deal with specific cases, we
have never, never failed to arrive at an agreement with
the State of Iowa.
-------
U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
It is clear then that national goals as
well as local and State interests in outdoor recreation
and environmental quality are effected by the availabilit
of clean water.
In regard to the water quality standards
in the State of Iowa, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
recommends that all interstate waters be designated for
outdoor recreation use and be maintained at a quality
which will support primary or secondary contact recrea-
tion use. Specific water quality criteria for these uses
are set forth in the Aoril 1, 1968, Report of the Nationa1
Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the
Interi or.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: I assume that completes
the statements.
Before we go on, I would like to thank Mr
Buckmaster and his staff for their unfailing courtesy
and cooperation. I had not dealt with this case until
I came out here,, nor had I dealt with Mr. Buckmaster
before. But in spite of what, presumably, the Iowa
people thought was a little touchy situation, we were
greeted with unfailing professional courtesy and were
-------
U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
were developed by the Recreation Advisory Council (now
the President's Councj1 on Recreation and Natural Beauty)
Selection guidelines specify that such areas should have
natural endowments well above the ordinary in quality
and recreation appeal.
The Upper Iowa River is designated in the
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (Public Law 90-5^2) for poten-
tial addition to the national wild and scenic rivers
system. With the enactment of this program, the Congress
declared "...that the established national policy of dam
and other construction at appropriate sections of the
rivers of the United States needs to be comolemented by
a policy that would preserve other selected rivers or
sections thereof in their free-flowing condition to pro-
tect the water quality of such rivers and to fulfill
other vital national conservation purposes."
Not only is the Upper Iowa included as
one of the 2? rivers to be studied, but it is also one
of the two rivers singled out by Congress for priority
study to be completed with a report to Congress by
October 1970. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, in
cooperation with other Federal agencies and the State of
Iowa, has initiated this study.
-------
U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
stretch of the Upper Mississipoi River and adjoining
bluff areas in the States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa,
Illinois, and Missouri. Within this area are 28 Corns
of Engineers navigation pools with a water surface of
390j750 acres, and the Upper Mississippi River Wildlife
and Fish Refuge and the Mark Twain National Wildlife
Refuge with a combined area of 224,693 acres. Approxi-
mately 33 million people live within 250 miles of the
study area. A preliminary survey has revealed that the
area is endowed with a wide variety of recreation, scenic
historic and natural values.
Because of the widespread interest, the
Department of the Interior and Department of the Army
initiated a joint study of this area in February. This
study is scheduled for completion in late 1970. A con-
current Federal-State study is under way along the Missis-
sippi River and adjacent lands in northwest Illinois and
eastern Iowa. Completion of this study is scheduled for
late 1969. Either of these studies could lead to the
designation of a national recreation area in the Upper
Mississippi River region.
National recreation areas are established
by acts of Congress. Guidelines for selecting such areas
-------
339
U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
fishing, and boating; and for aesthetic enjoyment. Water
areas also are vital to the preservation of fish and wild
life, unique biotic communities and, in combination with
adjacent lands, the highly valued scenic natural characte
of certain areas.
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation is
interested in seeing quality recreational opportunities
provided. Polluted water is not compatible with this goal
It is not only unattractive for boating, water skiing,
swimming and picnicking, but it may be a health hazard in
connection with these and other water contact uses. The
polluting of recreational waters results in decreased use
and can render areas totally unsuitable for such use.
Although progress in the abatement of pollution is con-
siderable, large amounts of pollutants still are being
discharged into our watercourses.
We are vitally concerned about the main-
tenance of good water quality in all streams in the State
of Iowa, and we have specific concerns about the water
quality of the Mississippi 'River Basin and especially in
the Mississippi River and the Upper Iowa River.
Considerable interest has been shown in
establishing a national recreation area in the 660-mile
-------
538
U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
of outdoor recreation opportunities.
Recent trends indicate a rapidly increas-
ing interest and participation in water-based recreation
activities,, especially in swimming, boating, water skiing
and skin diving. There is also a growing interest in natu
photography and study, often involving the aquatic enviro
ment.
¥e estimate that the number of occasions
in which people will engage in water-oriented recreation
activities will increase about 160 percent during the
next 40 years. In the Upper Mississippi River Basin, a
portion of which is the subject of this conference, our
studies indicate that there is a large demand for outdoor
recreation opportunities which remains unsatisfied.
Obviously, any factor which tends to endanger or reduce
the amount or number of clean water areas, and aestheti-
cally attractive streams, lakes or shore areas suitable
for recreation purposes should be of great concern to
everyone involved in managing our natural resources for
public benefit.
Water serves three basic needs of recrea-
tionists: consumptive, i.e., drinking and cooking
supplies, surface and volume for water contact activities
-------
337
Robert Buckmaster
going to contribute to the protection of the Mississippi
River.
I would hope that we could work out a
program that fits our powers and responsibilities and
assures the Federal Government and assures the State
of Iowa that the Mississippi River will be forever what
we want it to be.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: I have one more statement
and I think this may complete it. It is the Bureau of
Outdoor Recreation, Department of the Interior,, and I
will put it in the record.
(The above-mentioned statement follows:)
U. S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Lake Central Region
Ann Arbor, Michigan
During the last decade, the people of this
country have become increasingly conscious of the current
and potential values of outdoor recreation, and much of
this interest has been centered around the use and enjoy-
ment of our water resources. All indications point towarji
a future need to provide not only more but a wider variet
-------
536
Robert Buckmaster
can get a pretty good estimate of the additional load
that it will put on the river.
If we had any basis for these other
things, I am sure we could make and you could make a
judgment of when these lines crossed down in infinity
the required treatment as against the expected load.
This has not been done, as you recognize
by everything you oresent.
I say today, and we have said it repeated-
ly, "¥e will join with you in any joint effort to obtain
this material. Whenever these studies are completed,
whether it is six months, one year, five years or ten
years, whatever this information shows that additional
treatment is required to protect the values of the
Mississippi River, you will have no problems with us in
requiring that treatment."
I feel just as strongly about it as any
of the people who presented it for you, and I suggest thaft
we can continue on this collision course, and we can have
public relations releases and we can continue what appear
to the public to be advocates in a battle that have dif-
ferent goals, and I don't believe this is going to con-
tribute to the public interest, nor do I think it is
-------
535_
Robert Buckmaster
in the mid-1950's, as has been indicated. ¥e are start-
ing a study, but this is going to be done primarily by
one limnologist, and we started last August.
You do not have a study. No one has one.
I think you have to recognize that here is one of the
major streams in the United States, and there is very,
very little knowledge about it scientifically in the
upper regions.
I would think it would be a mistake for
the Federal Government or for Iowa, not having this
information, to embark on a program which is going to
require capital investment of millions of dollars, and
millions of dollars in annual ooerating costs with no
more scientific criteria or basis than we now have.
The position of Iowa has been, and is
today, whenever any sclentifically accepted data is
accepted on the Mississippi River which justifies
additional treatment, whatever you call it, we will
require—and this can be done scientifically. If you
have given some general projections which you get from
general manuals about the rate of growth and the number
of industries that will come in the next 25 years, we
all know this can be projected scientifically, and we
-------
Robert Buckmaster
teach us the value of this river. We are as much or more
concerned that it be kept for our sons and daughters and
their grandchildren, and as far as we can see in the
future.
The difference is not on the question of
what we want to do, but we are talking about mechanics.
Now, unfortunately, we are caught between
a rock and something hard. Under the Iowa law, we cannot
require secondary treatment. As a matter of merit, we
do not have sufficient information, nor has it been pre-
sented here, that in my opinion .justifies the requirement
for secondary treatment on the river.
I would propose that when we first
started to talk with the Federal peoole concerning this
problem that resulted in this conference yesterday and
today, that because of manpower shortages, and because
what we thought was an apoortionment of interest, as had
been indicated here before, the problems we have are not
primarily on the Mississippi and the Missouri, but on
interior streams that we, with the small manpower we have
should be devoted to those problems, and as a result we
do not have current information on the Mississippi River.
The last definitive study was done
-------
333
Robert Buckmaster
Water Pollution Control people. I think it is unfortu-
nate because of publicity releases and a misunderstanding
that it looks like somebody is wearing white hats and
somebody is wearing black hats, and it is good guys
against the bad guys.
We have a long history of cooperating with
the Federal Government in solving our problems, and I
think you recognize,, Mr. Stein, that we have no differ-
ences in our goals, and that is to protect the quality
of the water in the Mississippi watershed.
We are fully cognizant of the great value
that the Mississippi River has to the State of Iowa. It
is one of our great resources. Here is one of the great
streams in the world on our boundary that furnishes
recreation to our people every day, in every form of out-
door water recreational use.
It is commonly recognized that the upper
reaches of the river in our State is one of the great
walleye resources in the country. Because we have dams,
there isn't a day in the year that they aren't catching
walleye and other game fish on the Mississippi River, and
during the summer the use of it is increasing geometrically,
So no one has to give us any lessons or
-------
532
Robert Buckmaster
I assume it is because we do not have that
data, and you do not have that data, or it would have
been presented.
Now, there was no evidence presented
whatsoever that secondary treatment was needed. I am
talking about an analysis of the Mississippi River,
or that it would enhance the water quality in any sub-
stantial degree.
There was absolutely no evidence under any
circumstances that it was practical or economically
feasible. It seems to me this is a part of the Federal
Government's burden of proof,, because that is what is
ultimately going to be the standard.
Now, this is in general Iowa's position
in connection with the thrust of the Federal water pol-
lution charge.
Now let me just speak extemporaneously a
minute on my suggestion or idea of where we might go. I
understand the purpose, or one of the purposes, at least,
of this conference is to amicably resolve these dif-
ferences. As Chairman of the Iowa Water Pollution Contro
Commission, I want to state loud and clear that our
interests are no different than those of the Federal
-------
331
Robert Buckmaster
alleged violation of the standards, as it deems necessary
to a complete review of the standards and to a determina-
tion of all other issues relating to the alleged violation
Now, I am still quoting: "The court,
giving due consideration to the practicability and to
the physical and economic feasibility of complying with
such standards, shall have jurisdiction to enter such
judgment and orders enforcing such judgments as the
public interest and the equities of the case may require.
So it seems to me that the duty of the
Federal Government in presenting the case here was to
substantiate on the basis of proof required by the
enforcement section of the statute evidence to support
it.
The facts are here that the only factual
evidence that I heard given on the Mississippi River was
a chart of the DO above Dubuque. I am talking about a
scientific analysis of the Mississippi River itself. I
don't have to say about the authenticity or accuracy of
that, because that has been covered, but we have a lot
of general statements by many people covering a lot of
fields, but there was no scientific data whatsoever
gathered on the Mississippi River presented.
-------
530
Robert Buckmaster
finally get back to the section that you are familiar
with, but maybe some people here are not, and that Is
the enforcement end of it, because when we finally get
through it all, and we talk about standards and every-
thing else, as most anything else in human affairs, it
ultimately has to stand the court review, and in the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act it specifically
states what has to be shown when the Federal Government
goes to enforce a standard.
I .just want to refer to that section. I
know you are familiar with it, but perhaps some of the
people here aren't.
This is after there has been a determina-
tion of it, and suit is brought by the Federal Government
to enforce it. This is what it says:
"in any suit brought under the provisions
of this subsection, the court shall receive in evidence
a transcript of the proceedings of the conference and
hearing provided for in this subsection," which refers to
what we are on here, "together with the recommendations
of the conference and Hearing Board and the recommenda-
tions and standards promulgated by the Secretary, and
such additional evidence, including that relating to the
-------
, 52Q
Robert Buckmaster
the Iowa Pollution Act, so I think I speak with some
background of knowledge what our powers are under it, and
in my opinion, and I don't know anyone in Iowa informed
about it with a contrary opinion, the Iowa Commission
does not have the power or authority to require secondary
treatment in the absence of our being able to demonstrate
scientifically that such treatment is necessary to main-
tain the water quality standards.
The whole thrust of our attitude is, and
I understand in most States, we have the oower to do what
ever is necessary to maintain water quality standards.
That is another definition of our having the power to
prevent pollution, but we do not have the power to say
to any municipality or industry or anyone else, "You have
to use a certain type or method of treatment."
I won't belabor that any further. I also
have, and I don't think it is necessary to make it part
of the record, but I have an opinion from the Attorney
General of this State stating the same opinion that in
their judgment we do not have the power.
Now, I want to now talk about the Federal
case presented here. I have to look at the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act that we are talking about, and I
-------
528
Robert Buckmaster
means all your water is polluted.
You know and I know it isn't true, and
anything you can do on that I would personally appreciate
it.
Now, I want to talk about secondary treat-
ment. I don't think this conference should have been
called at all. I don't think the other things we talked
about justified the manpower that has been expended, and
this has been indicated time and time again.
I don't want to go into this at length,
but I do want to state our oosition.
In the first place, we do question the
Federal power to request or demand secondary treatment.
The whole history of the Federal legislation indicates
it was the intent of Congress not to have national stan-
dards, and not to have effluent standards. I am not goinjg
to belabor that, but that is our position.
I am on pretty sound ground when I give
you our judgment of what our cowers in Iowa are. I have
been a country lawyer up until recently for close to 30
years in this State. I have had an active interest in
pollution.
The committee of which I was chairman drew
-------
527
Robert Buckmaster
famous statement of Secretary Udall in January of this
year has led people in Iowa to believe that we are one
of the worst States of the Union in present water quality
Now, you know and I know that that isn't
true, and the Federal Water Pollution people know this
isn't true. The people who actually know what the facts
are know it.
You would be doing a great service to us
and the people of this State if someplace along the line
you would indicate how narrow our differences of opinion
are on standards, and we are now talking about the future
and what our water quality is in the State.
I do not believe, even if we accept the
standards you are proposing, with the exception of ohenol
which we can't change, that there is a single mile of
water presently in the State of Iowa that doesn't meet
these standards--these standards that you have accepted
and even putting your values on the ones we are talking
about.
This isn't generally understood in the
State, and this isn't entirely your fault, when techni-
cians and scientific people that deal in this talk in the
terms, the public tends to misunderstand and thinks this
se
-------
326
Robert Buckmaster
east of that.
We have already indicated records up to
97°, I believe, on the Cedar River, and, again, it
o
seemed to us to be unrealistic to set a 90 temperature
when we regularly have temperatures way in excess of
this, and in excess of 93°. Therefore, we are going to
stand on that, because our records show that we regularly
in all these streams have temperatures in excess of that
in the summer months.
I am not going to get in the 5° and 10 .
We would be arguing about how many angels can dance on
the head of a pin. You have heard all you want to on
that. I am sure I have.
Degradation. We thought that was accepted
by the Federal Government as we stated it. I don't think
it was mentioned in Secretary Udall's letter as one area
of disagreement.
Now we get down to really what is a dis-
agreement. Incidentally, Mr. Stein, I do want to thank
you at this time for the courtesy you extended to us and
our people in handling this hearing, and we have had a
lot of bad publicity in Iowa through no fault of yours,
but your Department has an active PR Department, and the
-------
525
Robert Buckmaster
Yet we spent I don't know how many hours
of your time and ours since September 23rd, and yesterday
and today, talking about this problem, which we thought
was settled on September 23, 1968.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Mr. Buckmaster, do you
have any definite dates that you think are the recrea-
tional months in which you chlorinate?
MR. BUCKMASTER: Yes. We have said we
would chlorinate during the months of May to October,
inclusive, and those were the dates, I believe, that we
suggested at that time.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: From the beginning of
May to the end of October?
MR. BUCKMASTER: Yes.
Temperature. That has been discussed up
and down. Just let me say this. We, in the first olace,
the 93° versus 90°> we have all kinds of data, and it
shows that we have temperatures up to and above 95°,
starting with the Cedar River and everything west of it.
The Cedar River in the upper portion even has some
springs, anybody that knows the terrain and climatology
of Iowa knows that everything from the Cedar west, you
are going to have higher temperatures than in the waters
-------
524
Robert Buckmaster
records for years.
We had a normal winter—very little swim-
ming. We are talking about $700,000 for the cities and
towns to chlorinate water in the recreation area, and the
only thing that will be done is that they will ice skate
18 inches above it. We don't use that any more for our
highballs. We are getting "uptown" in Iowa. We have
ice-making machines. We are not taking it out of the
river.
I don't want to belabor the State-Federal
relationship, but I have a letter signed by Robert Burd,
who has been here at the conference. The time he wrote
the letter, which was September 23, 1968, and he inci-
dentally was Director of the Water Quality Standards staf
of the Office of Program Plans and Development of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Commission,, and I want
to quote from his letter. This is after we had offered
the same thing which I now state today.
The No. k point in his letter is, "Disin-
fection Requirements. The present Iowa requirement for
seasonal disinfecting of waste discharge is acceptable,
but we feel year-round disinfection would be more
effective in protecting your State's waters."
-------
523
Robert Buckmaster
position is simply this: As shown by the tables in the
report which we filed here, we have natural phenol levels
that range over a period of years in different portions
of the State at different times of the year from zero to
eighteen. Therefore, we are going to stand on twenty.
Now., we are just country boys out here, an
if the Federal Government knows some way that the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission can control and keep
natural phenols lower, we will entertain their suggestion
On disinfecting, we agree that we would
disinfect all effluent waste above public water intakes
the year-round. We agree that above all recreational
areas and impoundments we would chlorinate during the
recreational season.
This seemed to us to make good sense. It
may come as a surprise to some people in the Federal
Government, but we are not competing with Florida for
water -skiing or swimming during the months of January
and February.
In fact, you might say there is very
little water skiing during that period in Iowa, and our
reference material could quickly be checked with the
Department of Meteorology, which has kept temperature
-------
522
Robert Buckmaster
ROBERT BUCKMASTER, CHAIRMAN
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
WATERLOO, IOWA
MR. BUCKMASTER: Mr. Stein, and conferees
I don't think I will be very long, but I
wanted in summary to give you our position.
By the nature of these conferences, the
things come in piecemeal, and we tend to get away from
what the indictment is and what the answer is.
There were three things that were con-
tained in the Secretary's letter of January l6th to
Governor Ray, in the areas in which there was not agree-
ment, and which you read at the start of the conference.
However, I don't want to belabor relations with the
Federal Government, because we act irrationally at times
ourselves, so the fact is that after they are approved,
for the first time we hear about radioactivity. It was
never raised before. We have no quarrel with that.
If they had said so in the beginning, we
would have adopted it, because we have had that as our
standard for some years.
On phenols, Dr. Morris covered that. Our
-------
521
Jack Gakstatter
River.
In the northwestern United States the
paper pump industry has only been able to control slime
growths on the Columbia River by intermittently dis-
charging their wastes. The S^^aejrot^il-iis^ cell requires a
continuous nutrient supply and intermittent discharges
effectively starve out these growths.
In summary, the Iowa Water Pollution
Commission recognizes that there is a S_phaerotilus
problem on the Mississippi and currently has two indus-
tries under orders in an attempt to control the slime
problem. Further studies are being made to delineate the
problem and when the conclusions from these studies are
reached, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission will
specify the degree of treatment necessary to alleviate
the problem.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
Mr. Buckmaster.
-------
Jack Gakstatter
continue as soon as spring flooding subsides.
In certain instances, the proximity of
industrial and municipal waste discharges makes it dif-
ficult to determine which waste source is primarily
responsible for the slime growths. Two of the indus-
tries which discharge wastes known to stimulate
^RllSif-L^tiLyjL growths are currently under orders from the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission to provide pri-
mary treatment for their wastes. These orders are open-
ended so as to permit the requirement of additional
treatment processes if needed to control downstream slime
growths.
There is a question as to whether or not
even secondary treatment of municipal or industrial waste
in the problem areas will prevent Sphaerotilus growths
from occurring in the Mississippi River. This organism
is notorious for being very efficient in extracting
nutrients from water when they are present in low concen-
trations. Sphaerotilus thrives particularly well in
rivers where there is a relatively fast current which
continually replenishes the nutrient supply to the
organism. It also thrives in cooler water temperatures.
These are conditions which are present in the Mississippi
-------
_____ _519_
Jack Gakstatter
DR. JACK GAKSTATTER
PRINCIPAL LIMNOLOGIST
IOWA STATE HYGIENIC LABORATORY
DR. GAKSTATTER: Mr. Chairman,, ladies and
gentlemen.
Yesterday during the statement given by
Dr. Clarence Tarzwell, you heard some generalized comment|s
directed toward the effect of the bacterial slime
organism, S_£h_ae_rp_t^i^l_u_s_ Njatanj;, on the biological quality
of streams. It is recognized that this organism, when
present in abundance, can have detrimental effects on
the stream biota and can interfere with commercial and
sport fishing by clogging nets and lines.
On the basis of preliminary biological
studies conducted on the Mississippi River last fall and
interviews with commercial fishermen, the Iowa Water Pol-
lution Control Commission is aware that there are some
localized problems with S_ph_ae_ro_ti_lu_s_ growth in the Missi
sippi downstream from some of the major Iowa municipal-
industrial complex. The areas of river affected by these
slime growths have not been fully defined yet, but will
be during the biological studies which are scheduled to
-------
________________^ 518
R. L. Morris.
As far as I am concerned, this is a quick
treatment of some of the things we have covered in our
conference, and I am sorry I am not going to be around
here to answer any rebuttals. It doesn't mean I am
cowardly and am running away. I have another appointment
Thank you, gentlemen.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Morris.
Where I come from in Brooklyn, we always
said that Iowa was the West, and we always admired the
strong, silent men of the West.
I am glad that was a quick statement.
(Laughter.)
DR. MORRIS: I am sure you didn't gather
the opinion that I am a silent man.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: There is another thing I
got from your paper, and that is that all these tastes
come from trees and stuff, and I guess the way you might
put it is out in Iowa, "The bite is worse than the bark."
(Laughter.)
DR. MORRIS: That's the highest compliment
you can given a scientist, counselor.
(Laughter.)
-------
517
R. L. Morris
laboratory and the Health Department is not adequately
staffed to completely and adequately study the Missis-
sippi River, and I think there should be, and there
already has been, through Mr. Risley, an attempt to
coordinate monitoring programs. I am all in favor of this
We need assistance. You are going to find a fertile
field out of my laboratory and out of the Water Pollution
Control Commission and out of the Health Department to
measure it.
¥e have a lot of equipment and knowhow on
the river, but we are not going to get the /job done alone
We would welcome Federal assistance.
We would like to see it coordinated. I
have no stomach for trying to go up against the competent
people in the Federal agencies. I would like to cooperat
with them. We hope you will take the same opinion toward
us. We are the same breed of cat, and while we may have
some differences of opinion., let's work them out in con-
ference. I think Mr. Buckmaster will speak to this.
We do know there is a biological problem.
I would like to cease here, and turn this over to Dr.
Gakstatter who has a short statement to read and maybe
some comments upon it.
-------
516
R. L. Morris
problems there. Why we didn't start this until last
August was because we couldn't find a limnologist that
we felt had the capability to progress this program.
The Health Department has had aquatic
biologists, or limnologists, if you want to sophisticate
the term, on their staff recently, and in the 1950's a
lot of good biological work was done in that period.
I recalled to Mr. Stein the reason why we
are studying this river and have asked repeatedly for the
Federal Water Pollution Control people to give us a year
to study it is that we recognize some problems, especiall
biological ones, do exist, especially below our seven
major municipal, industrial complexes. We wanted to
study this.
Scientists like myself and Dr. Gakstatter
who will talk to you in a minute, for just a minute,
realize this.
We want to study it. I would like to stat
this: We have met Mr. Risley--! thought I saw him here
today, but I haven't seen him since I thought I saw him
this morning--we have had some excellent discussions with
him.
I would like to offer the fact that our
-------
315
R . L. Mo r r i s
disadvantages, simply because the chemist is better than
I think he should be in this case.
We have a great deal more information on
phenols, and Mr. Buckmaster is going like this (indicating),
and I have been in a television station, and I know he
means "hurry up."
Radiation, we have had some controversy
about radiation. Our laboratory has done this for 15
years in this State, and we measured everything that is
in the Public Health Service standard. We have covered
the gamut of food supplies, soil, water, air, aquatic
life, and the wildlife that exists along the streams. We
have a comprehensive program.
We have no bones to pick whatever. We
have revised our radiation standards. We have agreed to
go along with the actual statement of the 1,000 microcurijes
We accept this. T do not agree this should be above back-
ground, and I think this is defensible if anybody wants
to argue with it. I think the 1,000 microcuries should
stand alone.
On the 226-radium and 90-strontium, we
have accepted it. We have an extensive program going
on the Mississippi River because we think there are some
-------
31*1
R. L. Morris
be honest scientifically and say that it is perfectly
possible that people have acclimated in Iowa to some of
these tastes, and I don't think any competent scientist
will disagree with that seriously.
I am not at all certain that we don't get
used to the way certain of our fish taste, so that it
tastes perfect. I think Iowa City water is perfect. I
am used to it. It is chewey and I am used to it. If you
come to visit us, you may not be able to get it down.
Let's all be careful, whether we are in
Iowa or in some Federal agency, about a simplified
approach to what odor and taste problems are.
I think there is much more to be learned
about the phenol problem. I am certain we have a method
which is not loaded with specificity. I don't think it i
sufficient to the problem that we face, and I think it is
too damn sensitive and gives us values that tend to con-
fuse the total picture.
In the pesticide field, a perfect example
of this is, in the last, about eight years, we have been
able to get a billion times better analytically, and
because the chemists have done this, we have caused legal
problems, jurisdictional problems, and a whole host of
-------
513
R . L . Mo r r i s
some of mine, so that I can look inward, with this accusa-
tion .
We know now that about the only way you
can tie down the taste and odor problem is to actually
isolate the chemical itself., identify it, and prove that
this was the material that caused that taste or odor
problem.
Now, if any of you think this is a week-
end job, I might tell you that we did this on the Cedar
River. It took us better than five years to isolate the
compound, identify the chemicals, and we do have the
organism that we think caused it.
This cost the people of this country
$66,000, and I am not here to defend whether it was
academically and practically justified or not, but when
you start talking about taste and odor and the reasons
for it, you are talking about something of great scien-
tific complexity, and I would hate to investigate a
dozen of these cases a month. I don't know anybody else
who has that amount of the capability either.
The point I am making is this: When we
say that phenols have not been involved in any taste
and odor problems that come to our attention, I want to
-------
'
R . L. Mo r r i s
*
this along rapidly, without reading it, the fact that no
effluent is to be permitted which will raise the concen-
tration of phenols in the receiving stream more than one
part per billion.
While this seems to be a better approach
to this, and I am inclined to accept it over the flat one
part per billion, who is going to measure what the natura
background is?
If you are going to do this, why not hold
to a standard of 20 parts per billion such as we have,
because we have no records showing that the taste problem
from chlorinated phenolics has been a significant one in
Iowa.
To make the last point clear, I want to
say here that I agree with almost total essence with the
scientific conceptual statements made earlier by Dr.
Rosen and Dr. Tarzwell and Dr. Mount and so forth. I
would like to discuss a little bit about this in taste
and odor quickly.
I think Dr. Rosen, if he were here, would
agree with me that many, many causative agents in a taste
and odor problem have been published in the literature, and
about 90 percent of them are incorrect. That includes
*See Table 4 page 341.
-------
511
R. L. Morris
public water supply, we can separate the dogs from the
cats, so we decided recently to hold to only the public
drinking water standard of 20 parts per billion. In this
respect we pulled the rug on someone who is adjacent to
us .
I think we have a good reason for this,
and I don't know much about the State of Illinois. Maybe
they don't have the same problem, but we can't separate
drinking water usage to any significant amount as we look
at all our streams.
You heard Mr. Schliekelman say this
morning that we tried to apply standards which would
protect a high quality of water to all our streams. ¥e
have not classified in this respect, and our Commission
decided we really couldn't classify the phenol concen-
tration for drinking water and for aquatic uses.
This is the reason you may notice, if you
looked at some of our earlier proposals, a change in our
standards. ¥e think we must hold to the 20 parts per
billion.
I will call to your attention that the
Missouri report which many of you will see next week
makes the statement, if I may quote it in order to move
-------
u 510
R . L. Mo r r I s
weeks ago that he couldn't see that Illinois could
possibly live with a standard any less than that.
I agree with this. I don't think Iowa can
live with a numerical standard any less than this because
of the natural contribution of these compounds from our
particular environment.
I mean by that that it is not necessarily
unique to Iowa, but I think it is unique to this central
agricultural area. We have torpedoed to some extent our
Illinois friends, in that originally we were talking abou
200 parts per billion,, or if it goes down your gullet a
little easier, 0.2 of a part per million of phenolic com-
pounds for aquatic life.
The California Water Standards demonstrate
quite conclusively that the effect with respect to lethal
ity of phenolic compounds to fish and other aquatic forms
of life is not as severe as it is to the taste problems
for drinking water standards, so that we originally
decided to take 200 parts per billion as our standard
for aquatic life.
This gets to be silly in the State of
Iowa, because we are a high multiple-use water State,
and if we try to set a standard for aquatic life and
-------
509
R. L. Morris
if these compounds come from natural metabolic products,
usually coming from the metabolism from fungi and the
molds.
¥e know that these are produced from
barks, tannins, various types of organic plant proteins,
and so forth, and Iowa abounds with these kinds of com-
pounds, and to not expect an extensive amount of these
phenolic reactant compounds to come from our high agri-
cultural State would be unrealistic.
It is my opinion that our researches that
we are now embarked upon are going to show that some of
the substituted compounds in nature have entirely dif-
ferent taste characteristics than those on which the
laboratory work was done many years ago.
I would like to make one other statement.
When the statement comes out that Iowa is the only one
that has not agreed with the Federal Government on this,
this doesn't appear to be the case with respect to phenol
You heard the Missouri statement. They certainly don't
prescribe to the one part per billion. Illinois didn't
say anything about it, but I have behind me the Illinois
statement, where we talk about 20 parts per billion, and
Mr. Klassen told me personally in Chicago about three
-------
308
R. L. Morris
remember what happened 20 years ago, but not yesterday.
(Laughter.)
DR. MORRIS: Hydrocarbons are not only
found in discharges from coke plants, but also in
mountain streams from decaying vegetation. I didn't say
this, someone else did.
The odors and tastes in drinking water hav
been alleged and very carefully demonstrated by people
working in the Public Health Service programs a number of
years ago, primarily by laboratory studies that were done
very competently, and I don't have any quarrel with the
value of one part per billion under these circumstances.
I do challenge you with the idea that
because of the developments analytically, where we are
using the 4 amino-antipyrine method, we are getting
positive reactions and sensitivity to many compounds that
are not what we would call pure unsubstituted phenols or
creosols ortho. They can be substituted compounds coming
from nature, and I will say one or two minor things about
that, but I challenge you with the idea that some of the
concentration levels where taste-producing compounds
have been shown to pertain in the laboratory may have
entirely different taste and odor levels when chlorinated
-------
307
R. L. Morris
Go ahead.
DR. MORRIS: I would like to discuss
phenols very briefly,, because it is our position, as
essentially covered in the Iowa report, but I would like
to say a few things about it if I may turn around here.
Why is our position different than that
which was originally set forth in Iowa? Why are we at
the 20 parts per billion level instead of one?
I would like to read you a few short
sentences from the California Water Quality Standards,
which have been prepared by two competent people in a
long-time, carefully done literature search. One of them
happens to have been one of the first graduate students
I ever had, and he was a good one then and I think he is
still a good one. I think he is attached to the Public
Health Service now, Dr. Wolf, and Jack McKee from Cali-
fornia.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: What is Wolf's first
name?
DR. MORRIS: Harold Wolf.
How can I remember that in 20 years, Mr.
Stein?
CHAIRMAN STEIN: You are like me, you can
-------
506
R. L. Morris
frequently with the recreational months, is when we
find our highest coliform levels.
The point I am making is, we have demon-
strated already that the fecal coliform follows this same
general conformation of highest at the runoff, lowest at
the dry periods.
So don't feel that we have an advantage
numerically in talking about the fecal coliforms because
they are being accepted at a 20 percent level. First of
all, I don't think that is right in Iowa. We can prove
it isn't right, and it also follows the same general
pattern.
We have no real quarrel with the 2,000 and
the 200. I think under circumstances of evaluating this
at the dry, non-runoff periods in Iowa, we can essentiall
meet it, maybe not all the time, but averages are wonder-
ful things, gentlemen, especially if they happen to be
geometric. I think we can live with it.
If we find any other source of bacteria,
we certainly will go after it tooth and toenail to try
to delineate its source. I can assure you this.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Just a moment. Is a Mr.
Pete Cramer in the room?
-------
505
R. L. Morris
primarily of total coliforms.
The standards which FWPCA is repeating
and using are primarily the fecal coliforms, which is
determined by a different analytical technique, and the
tendency over the country is to use a 20 percent figure
or fecal coliforms being 20 percent of the total coli-
form level.
This does not pertain all the way in
Iowa. Especially at runoff periods, we have recorded in
our laboratory as much as 90 percent of the total coli-
forms being demonstrated as fecal in origin. We obviousl
do not separate man and other warm-blooded animals such
as cattle, but nevertheless in our environment that 20
percent figure can be right, and it can be extremely
wrong.
So that I again say the coliform problem
is a complicated one, and wear our moccasins, gentlemen.
I will make one other comment in concurren
with Mr. Schliekelman. We do not recommend any of Iowa's
surface waters for swimming, for reasons which he dis-
cussed. I would like to say that all of our waters are
contaminated with fecal coliforms, and at the high runoff
periods of the year, which unfortunately coincide very
ce
-------
504
R. L. Morris
tributary streams.
The term "detergent" was mentioned. I
would like to tell you that our records on detergents in
Iowa, especially since the biodegradables are involved
almost 100 percent in our economic environment, we are
recording extremely low, almost to the bottom limits of
the sensitivity of detergency levels in our streams.
I also will challenge you with the thought
that some of the foam you see below some of the cascades
and dams and so forth is not necessarily man-made deter-
gents, but the natural organics that abound in our soil.
Nobody has mentioned pesticides. We have
had a pesticide program in the State Hygienic Laboratory
for and with the Conservation Commission, and more recently
the State Department of Health, and the Water Pollution
Commission, for approximately 15 years. Maybe the reason
nobody has mentioned it is that they think like I do.
Currently, as I appraise the situation, it is not a
significant problem.
I would like to make a comment about coli-
forms. Mr. Schliekelman referred to some of the data
which we have gathered at the University of Iowa and else
where, especially on the Iowa River, and he was talking
-------
503
R. L. Morris
answer. I just pose a problem. Be careful that you don't
expect too much from some of these simple answers to
complex problems.
At this point I would like to discuss
turbidity for a minute.
Our studies on the Mississippi River,
sketchy though they may be, indicate that we are
essentially not able to show significant rises in
turbidity above and below sewage plants, especially at
Davenport.
We have some records on this where in a
matter of a few hundred yards below the Davenport sewage
plant we are recording the same turbidities, essentially,
as we are above it. So I think we must be careful about
saying that one of the causes of pollution,, if you want
to put it that way, or the effects of this sort of thing,
is an increase in turbidity.
We have some records along the river that
indicate that the turbidity does increase as you come
down river. I challenge you with the idea that this is
not necessarily what the sewage plants are doing with
primary treatment, but it can be the changing effect of
the turbidity loads that come in from the smaller
-------
302
R. L . Mo r r i s
starches, many of them that can be solubilized by various
enzymatic actions, and we are going to get higher and
higher carbohydrate activities and levels in our surface
waters.
I point this out and illustrate it by the
fact that we have records in our laboratory that one
stream, a small stream draining an agricultural area like
this, had a sudden sharp BOD at the early stage of runoff
of the 350 parts per million.
Now, this has a lot of food value, and
while it may not be there very long, we do dump these
small streams into bigger ones, and even though this is
diluted out, the organic loading effect from agricultural
leaching of our soils is getting to be more and more
extensive all the time.
I point this out because there is a very
good question in my mind as to whether establishing
secondary treatment on municipal sewage olants is going
to have any significant effect on the levels of nutrients
in our streams.
We may be trying to correct something by
closing down real tight on one source of organic nutritio
and not doing very much about the other. T don't know the
-------
301
R. L. Morris
examples of this.
I have "been here for about 20 years.
During this period,, the ammonia nitrogen content of
our streams has risen dramatically. In the early sojourn
here in my career, it was unusual to find more than one
part per million of ammonia nitrogen in our streams. I
have recently found some serious problems where we are
recording^ four, five and six parts per million of ammoni|a
nitrogen in our streams. ¥e think this is coming from
the agricultural nitrogenous materials.
We are also recording increasing amounts
of nitrate ion in our streams. We have one surface water
supply that is a sand and gravel filtration gallery from
one of our internal rivers, and we are recording now in
the neighborhood of 40 to !42 or 43 parts per million of
nitrate ion.
To those of you who are oriented, this
begins to approach the drinking water standard of the
U. S. Public Health Service. I haven't figured out the
answer yet, but we are getting closer and closer as we
change our agricultural processes.
These things do affect the available
nitrogen, I am certain, because plants contain many
-------
300
AFTERNOON SESSION
(The Iowa Water Quality Conference
reconvened at 1:30 p.m., Murray Stein, presiding.)
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Let's reconvene.
Dr. Morris.
DR. MORRIS: We are essentially done with
the temperature, gentlemen. I would like to make a few
comments about the nutrient situation in Iowa and
especially with respect to its effect on the Mississipoi
River, especially as it refers to the "biological aspects
of the problem.
We know that there are many things carried
into our streams from the peculiar, typical tyoe of
agricultural situation that we have in Iowa.
If you have flown over our terrain, you
know that we farm extensively, darn near every square foo
of this State, with the exception of the south central
area and some of the northeastern area, so that we are
constantly growing plants under forced conditions, lettinjg
them decay, tearing them up, working them back into the
top level of the soil and then they are available for
leaching.
We have some unusual things with respect
to nutrients, and I would like to give you two or three
-------
, ^99
R. L. Mo r r i s
should expect. In fact, their data defends it, when you
consider the type of streams we have in Towa.
I think this concludes the discussion on
temperature which I had planned to bring. I want to move
on eventually into a very brief discussion of nutrionts,
and turbidity, with a comment on fecal col iform ratio
in Iowa, and discuss a little bit about detergents arid
pesticides.
I want to present our phenol position and
the reasons for it, and I want to have a brief discussion
of radiation, and we will discuss a little bit of the
biological problem.
This obviously can't be done before 12
o'clock, which is in about five seconds.
I turn it back to the Chairman.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Morris.
We stand recessed until 1:30.
(Whereupon, at 12 o'clock noon, a recess
was taken until 1:30 p.m. the same day.)
-------
498
R. L. Morris
stretches of 96 and one stretch of 97°.
This is something which I have recognized
in my receipt of records from people like this, and from
our own engineers, and our own field people out of the
laboratory.
In view of our recommendation of 93
maximum Fahrenheit temperature, this appears to give us
defense on the Cedar River for this situation.
I talked with a Mr. Sulo Witaala,who is a
Director of the USGS surface water group for Iowa, locate
in Iowa City, and Mr. Witaala told me he was not excited,
that this was commonplace in the shallow, slow moving
streams of Iowa, and he said that his agency has records
indicating that during practically every month of the
year the temperature of the water approaches the ambient
air temperature when you conduct averages of the maximum
daily temperatures.
Without going into a long, lengthy defense
of picking out the actual recorded values on the streams
that were published in the Federal report, I submit to
you this concept from Mr.Witaala, who is a highly informed
individual in this field, who accepts this statement of
95 and 96 and 97 degrees as a commonplace one that we
-------
4-97
Harry Harrison
It is four years old. They haven't had
a great deal of time to accomplish a whole lot, but they
have. They have made tremendous strides with the funds
and the limited help that they have.
They are staffed with competent people,
people who are dedicated, and they have got guts. Other-
wise^ this conference wouldn't have been necessary.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Dr. Morris.
DR. MORRIS: Thank you, Mr. Harrison.
I would like to read one short sentence
and make a comment.
¥e have talked about the 93-degree
temperature, and I didn't read this prior to Mr.
Harrison's discussion. I probably should have.
I would like to read it and refresh your
memory again, on the statement made by Mr. Frink, repre-
senting the Iowa Electric Light & Power Company, wherein
on page 2 of his report he stated that, "From July 27
through August 1, 1955> instantaneous temperatures of the
Cedar River water equalled or exceeded 95° Fahrenheit
over a period of six consecutive days."
Then he goes on to say that there were
-------
496
Harry Harrison
offering some very, very simple answers to some very
complex problems.
Anybody that is in our field knows that
we can draw one conclusion from simple answers to com-
plex problems--they are all wrong.
Complex problems require complex answers,
and if anybody wants to suggest the parameters under
dispute here today are going to change the fish popu-
lation in the Mississippi River, they are either naive,
uninformed, irresponsible, or they are plain and simply
ignorant. It just won't happen.
Now, I would like to finish with a few
remarks on the pollution problem here in Iowa.
It might surprise some of you to know
that Iowa Water Pollution Control Board is aware that
pollution exists. They didn't have to come over here
to find it out.
I want to point out that I am not a member
of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission, but I am
with them, and I am going to be with them all the way.
This Board was conceived and hatched,
I think, in 1965. Maybe it was 1966--which was it?
1965, I am told.
-------
495
Harry Harrison
I know that it occurs from time to time.
Now, somebody else mentioned along the
way, and I don't recall just who it was,, that the shell-
fish industry was currently showing some resurgence.
This points up a consistency, and some logic, I think.
Shellfish, mussels and clams are very, very sensitive
to pollution. If you add any pollution, most certainly
you won't have much of a shellfish fishery.
Iowa State University has a graduate
student directed by staff members working in the Keokuk
pool, Pool 19, in the Mississippi River.
¥e have a situation down there where we
have about half a million bluebills. These are ducks that
fly in every fall and spend a month or so in this area.
This particular species of duck is a diving
duck. Its favorite food is fingernail clams.
Now, Gale--and I don't know if this has
been published — surveyed the fingernail clam population
in the Keokuk pool, and he got figures of 40,000 finger-
nail clams per square meter of the bottom down there.
If we had a bad situation we certainly
wouldn't have that.
Now, Mr. Roberts I think is guilty of
-------
494
Harry Harrison
expensive equipment, and it doesn't pay very much.
The commercial fishermen are going to the
factories and they are working 8 to 4:30 and their only
capital outlay is $1.25 for a dinner "bucket.
That is what is happening to commercial
fisheries in the Mississippi River.
He went on to point out that—and it is
also mentioned in this little publication,, and I will
quote a sentence from page 46--that, "Enhanced water
quality would increase production and assure an untainted
product."
He also mentioned that there was a taste
problem in commercial fisheries in the Mississippi River.
I will not deny this, but I would like to make it clear
that that is an insiginificant--it involves insignificant
numbers of fish.
In my particular position with the State
Conservation Commission as head of the Biology Section,
I am also head of the gripe, complaint and crank letter
department, and if taste and odor was a great problem in
the Mississippi River fisheries, I think I would be aware
of it in that office.
I am not aware that it is a great problem.
-------
Harry Harrison
of the fish kills that comes in our department.
Another thing about our reports is that
of the 7,500 miles of streams we have in the State of
Iowa, I don't believe there has been a year when kills
occurred outside of perhaps a maximum number of 200 miles
In other words, we have fish losses perhap
in 200 miles. Some places are chronic losses that happen
almost every year. The remainder of them will crop up.
It may be due to a dump of pesticides or fertilizer or
something like that.
But that report can be misleading unless
you know some of the facts that are involved in putting
it together.
Now I would like to go on and discuss Mr.
Ken Robert s' commercial fishermen's report. He made
the statement that commercial fishing in the Mississippi
River was dropping off, and his conclusion was that it
was due to pollution. Mr. Roberts simply does not know
the facts.
True, commercial fishing is dropping off
in the Mississippi River, but the reason for this is that
commercial fishing is hard work. It starts at 5 o'clock
in the morning, it lasts until dark, it requires a lot of
-------
J192
Harry Harrison
percent of the fish. This was based on a population
estimate made in the spring of the year, and by this
last fall, the population had returned to the figures
that we have had in the past, with one little exception,
and it is another problem.
The fish we have there are about twice
as big as they were two years ago-~the individual fish.
Now, if the FWPCA puts out a report every
year I may not be able to cite correct title of this
report, but I think it is "Fish Killed by Pollution in
the United States."
Is that right?
CHAIRMAN STEIN; That is substantially
correct. We will get to the correct title later.
MR. HARRISON: Iowa has the dubious
distinction of being listed pretty close to the top in
numbers of fish killed every year. How do you like that?
To get near the top there are two things
that are essential. Number one, you have to have fish
to kill. Number two, you have to report them.
Now, Jim Harlan is a personal friend of
mine, and he heads this Department of the Government up,
and so I am making a point to see that he gets every one
-------
Ugi
Harry Harrison
streams. How would you like to have a nroblem where
there is that many miles of stream that has catfish
populations that run from 1,000 to 10,000 ner linear
mile of stream? Tt is a real problem.
We have also run creel censuses in these
areas, and based on these creel censuses in the Des Moine
River area, we could have 150 times as many fishermen
fishing that area as fish there today, catching, each one
of them, as many fish as are caught there today, and we
could not change the population.
A. part of our study was an exploitation
study. ¥e went in and took out 20,000 fish and moved
them out to another place, and we could not measure one
parameter that showed there was any difference in the
fish population in this area.
Recruitment and growth and so forth made
it up.
Now a couple of years ago we had a real
serious pollution kill through this area due to the fact
that the city of Des Moines was in process of building
plant. They could not handle their sewage. We had low
flows, and it was necessary. It had to be done.
Our studies revealed that we lost 53
a
-------
Harry Harrison
We ran population estimates in this area,
and my first population estimate was 100,000 channel
catfish in a mile and a quarter stream. I would like to
point out that this was based on a sample of fish.
¥e set a goal of 25,000 fish. I caught
25,000 fish in conventional gear used by biologists in
about a month's time in that area. I clipped the fin so
I could recognize that fish the next time if we caught
it.
These 25,000 fish were released into the
river, they were permitted to mingle during the winter
and early spring,, and then we went back and resampled and
set up our proportions and that is how we arrived at the
figure.
Now, these areas that I have cited here
are not unique in the State of Iowa.
¥e happen to study them for one special
reason. The one below Des Moines was because this was an
area that is now impounded. We wanted pre-impoundment
studies on it. The one at Humboldt offered a place where
we could get the fish into an area where we wouldn't be
bothered with fish moving in and out.
In Iowa we have 7,500 miles of catfish
-------
Harry Harrison
figure will protect.
Now, T xvould IJke to refer to an illusion.
Tt seems to be the general opjnion that Towa has polluted
waters, and has poor quality. T would like to tell you
just how bad it is.
We have research projects on some of our
streams: one of them that is currently going is in the
T3es Moines River. You may not be able to see it. It is
below the city of Des Moines near the Red Rock Dam.
¥e have had population estimates on the
channel catfish, arid for a 10-mile stretch of this stream
the population estimates have for three years been on
the order of 100,000 fish.
In some of my work in the Des Moines River
near Humboldt, and again back near the town of Dakota
City, as you see it on the man to my left, I had a projec
that I pursued for about 10 years. This area of stream
was enclosed between two low-head dams that formed
barriers to fish movement. Tt was a place where we could
have a control over the fish getting in and out.
Our preliminary surveys proved to us that
there were good fish populations in there, and we were
interested in finding out how many.
-------
488
Harry Harrison
was 80 degrees. The electric light plant that we were
looking at had an effluent that was heated some 17 or
18 degrees, and in the area where the water had mixed to
the point that the water was 90 degrees, this was the
area where they found their fish, so when we are having--
this was a particular date, and I don't say this happens
every day—but on this particular date when the water
temperature was 80 degrees, the fish in this vicinity
sought out the 90-degree water and chose to live there.
Now, it has been mentioned before that
the dispute here today is whether or not we will have a
5-degree Fahrenheit increase or a 10-degree Fahrenheit
increase in Iowa's interior streams.
Based on my experience in the field and
with the fisheries in Iowa streams, it is my considered
judgment that aquatic life in Iowa streams will be pro-
tected with the 10-degree figure.
As Dr. Morris pointed out, perhaps this
can be a tug of war. I will have to admit that this is
opinion, and I respect the opinion of the other people.
If they happen to be of the opinion that it is 5, I don't
know that they are right, and I won't say that I am, but
nonetheless, it is my considered Judgment that the 10-deg
•ee
-------
48?
Harry Harrison
near Humboldt, near the town of Dakota City, where an
electric plant that uses water from the river for cool-
ing purposes returns that water to the river and as a
result of this the river is open for two or three miles
below the effluents of that plant.
Channel catfish, our fish, do not feed
under ice or in the winter. However, this plant has
opened up the river, and warmed the water to the point
that for the past 20 years in this one area, we have
really good wintertime channel catfishing.
I am sure that fishery biologists here
that have had experience on streams know that all species
of fish seek out warmer waters and are apt to school up
in warmer water areas in the wintertime.
I would like to cite another statistic in
my work. ¥e were called upon by a section to appraise a
situation whereby they were proposing another steam
generating plant, and we wanted to get a little backgroun
information, again, to see what this might do to the fish
population, and we sent our crews over there to go to
work, and I reviewed the data .just the other day in
preparation for this meeting, and on the days that our
crews were in there, the ambient temperature of the river
-------
486
Harry Harrison
in to take its place, and I mentioned that we are channel
catfish people and carp people here in the State of Iowa,
and they do not have any oreferences, a stone fly to a
mayfly or some other insect. They feed on anything that
is convenient for them.
In those discussions, there was no mention
of the possible "beneficial effects of thermal loading,
and I would like to call your attention to the fact that
I use the term "thermal loading" for two reasons.
Number one, I know there are members of
the American Fisheries Society in this audience, and if
they were at the annual meeting of the American Fisheries
Society last year in Tuscon, Arizona, they will recall
that Dr. Gottschalk, whom you know, Mr. Chairman, headed
the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and he
cautioned the members of the American Fisheries Society
at that meeting not to refer to temperature rises as
pollution, but as thermal loading, because he had some
suspicion or notions that this could be beneficial.
I have personally had experience in the
field in Iowa which proves to me that thermal loading
has played a beneficial part to aquatic life.
We have one area in the Des Moines River
-------
485
Harry Harrison
my interpretation Is that it is very, very weak.
We read this thing very carefully, and if
you will do the same you will find that almost every item
in there is qualified by words like "may," "can," "might,
etc .
T brought, this up to Dr. Morris a few days
ago,, and he said, "l know why that is. You know, there
is a stigma about using four-letter words in this day,
and they are afraid to use the word "will."
In our section of the country we don't
object to the four-letter word "will," and in my opinion
this would have been a much stronger statement had you
used the word "will."
Dr. Mount and Dr. Tarzwell, with reference
to this same section, mentioned the fact that there is
the possibility that if certain organisms, not fisheries,
do not meet the certain standards or termperature require
merits that that population could fail and there would be
a missing link in the food chain that might be disastrous
I am sure that Dr. Tarzwell and Dr. Mount
and other biologists here understand the simple orinciple
of biology, that being that "nature abhors a vacuum." If
we lose a species of stone fly, something else will come
-------
484
Harry Harrison
pike exist in small numbers in the Missouri River and
the Mississippi River. They are not an important species
to the fishermen in the State of Iowa.
Walleye pike and northern pike do exist
in large numbers in the Mississippi River, and also in
some of our inland streams.
However, if we look at the total picture,
they, too, are rather Insignificant.
Iowa is a channel catfish and carp State.
If you are going to use the waters of the State of Iowa
and catch fish, you are going to have to fish for those
two.
The channel catfish is a quality fish.
It commands a high price In the commercial markets. It
is sought by many fishermen, and does not stand second
to any game species that you would wish to consider.
I will have something else to say about
that just a little later on.
Now, I would like to refer you to page 4-9
of this publication, FWPCA's Water Quality Standards
Conference, State of Iowa, and discuss with you the
section on temperature requirements.
I can't help but be perfectly blunt, and
-------
483
Harry Harrison
where we have had a fish kill during open-water oeriods
that we could assign the reason to low dissolved oxygen.
I would say that if anybody in this room
received an assignment to go out and pick up a dissolved
oxygen sample, or water sample that would have a dissolve^
oxygen content of the four that have been referred to
here before, he might have a real tough time doing it in
the coming summer.
My experience has been that dissolved
oxygen in Iowa's flowing waters is always at or very
close to saturation, on the order of 7 to 8 parts per
million in the open-water period.
Now, we do have serious problems of fish
kills due to low oxygen, but these kills always occur in
the wintertime under ice and snow.
Dr. Tarzwell cited some temperature
statistics. He referred to walleyes and pike, with a
mention of channel catfish.
In the streams pictured in the chart to
my left, there is not a stream there that has a single
trout in it.
As I recall my textbook from 25 years
ago, we are outside the range of the salmon. Sauger
-------
482
Harry Harrison
populations in the State of Iowa. I would be foolish if
I did.
Now, yesterday I listened with a great
deal of interest to fishery biologists and scientists,
and I must say that I was somewhat dismayed because I
reach an opinion that these gentlemen were practicing
legerdemain with biological principles, and statistics
that create an illusion that is confusing.
These illusions are not germane to this
conference, in some cases they are totally not true and
completely misunderstood.
I would like to refer now to my notes,
and take up some of these things with you.
The discussions on the temperature of the
Mississippi River, that was not germane. ¥e are in agree-
ment with the FWPCA on those.
I would like to remark on some of these
presented to this conference by Dr. Tarzwell. He made
an earlier reference in his presentation that we must
consider DO and high temperatures together.
Academically this is true, but in my
long experience in the State of Iowa, I cannot recall one
case, and I have investigated more than 100 fish kills,
-------
481
Harry Harrison
HARRY M. HARRISON
SUPERINTENDENT OF BIOLOGY
IOWA STATE CONSERVATION COMMISSION
MR. HARRISON: My name is Harry M.
Harrison. I am the Superintendent of Biology for the
State Conservation Commission, State of Iowa.
I have had continuous service with the
State of Iowa for nearly 23 years now,, 17 years of that
time as a fisheries biologist in the field, and the
last 5-1/2 years as the Administrator of our Biology
Section at the State Conservation Commission.
If there is anybody in this room who has
a vested interest in the fisheries in Iowa, I think that
I would qualify as the top man. My whole livelihood
depends upon the fishermen.. The sportsmen in Iowa pay
our way. We do not receive any tax money out of the
general fund. We operate wholly and solely on license
fees .
I would like to tell you that my mother,
I think, did not raise any foolish children. I am not
going to say anything here, or get on the side of any-
body that wants to deplete our diminishing fisheries
-------
480
R . I,. Mor ri a
T think vie civ serve cons i dera ti on by every-
body, not .lust saying, "it has got to be r)°, " without
listening to some of those people.
Now,, T am a chemist, and T have been
repeating what other oeople have said. T have indicated
that we have reli ed extensively on our1 own Conservation
Commission. T would like to have you hear directly from
one of the individuals who has been extremely he]pful to
us because of his exoerience and his forthright state-
ments about what he has seen, heard, and learned.
T would like to introduce here Mr. Harry
Harrison, .Superintendent of Biology for the Iowa State
Conservation Commission, who will tell you what he thinks
about the aquatic life situation with respect to temnera-
ture and a few other items.
Then, unfortunately, you are going to have
to put up with me again. 1 have a few other things to
di scuss.
Mr. Harris on.
-------
479
R . L . Mo r r i 3
Tf T read this 1968 oublication correctly,
they have decided to become more conservative, which is
every scientist's prerogative. If he ever gets absolutel
firm-minded, he had better retire.
The ORSANCO committee has recommended that
the criteria for aquatic life be revised by soecifying a
o
maximum daily average temperature of 90 Fahrenheit, to
which we have acceded in the Mississippi River, and in
the Missouri River,, and this is for months of May through
November in the report.
Tn addition, the maximum temperature
should he limited at all times during any of these months
to 93° Fahrenheit.
Item B specified a maximum temperature at
any time of 55 Fahrenehit for the months of December
through February.
I am not saying we should adopt this.
I am only saying that people who are biologists are not
all thinking in exactly the same figures, and I would be
rather unhappy if they were, I think.
Our standards have been the sub.ject of a
great deal of thought, a great deal of discussion with
people who are within their own professional bailiwick.
y
-------
R . L . Mo r r 1 n
at all certain that these men In their first .judgment of
this are not as defensible where) they have made these
.judgments in our oxvn environment as oeonle who have done
th:i s kj nd of research, good as it nrobably .is. In other
areas of the country.
I think we must recognize the advj ce and
counsel of our own oeople. If we don't T th^nk we are
being unduly conditioned from the outside.
So our statement that T read you in
temperature is fundamentally as--our stand is fundamental;
as we have given it, and these a.re some of the reasons wh;
we came to this conclusion.
I would like to present you one mo^e
thing. This is from a 1968 publication of ORSANCO, and
I am tearing down my defense about staying home for
advice, because this is not in the State of Iowa.
They have had a well structured advisory
committee on aquatic life, one of the early ones, and a
number of different temperature values have come out of
this, such as not to exceed 93° Fahrenheit at any time,
nor to exceed 73° Fahrenheit at any time during the
months of December through April, which is a wintertime
temperature, such as we have been discussing.
-------
R . L . Mo r r ' s
Fisheries Department up here. T am not sure I am
identifying that right. I have a statement here from
the Department of Zoology and Entomology, the same
people Mr. Schliekelman quoted. They say that they
would like to recommend, and this Is in rebuttal to
our original temperature standards:
"From November through March, water
temperatures not to exceed 60 F. at any time. In the
cold water areas, this maximum winter temperature should
be 50° F.," and if we hold this to a 5 F. over ambient,
we are never going to reach 50° F. in our cold water
streams.
"We further recommend that the temperature
requirements need further study and should be subject to
modification..." And any good professor and his staff
always includes that kind of statement in every written
recommendation, or he doesn't last long.
¥e have also had many discussions with
other biologists, and in this oart of the country,
without any conditioning of these people, based solely
on their experience and what they think they know about
our environment,, we came up with a 10 figure, and in
my opinion it is a technical tug of war, and I am not
-------
'476
R . T,. Morri s
of these people have been.
We have searched for these among our
universities, which we consider to be at least one of
our best sources of information.
F:irst of all, our temperature recommenda-
tions, which T have read to you, are more strjngent than
those given to us as nrel.iminary but firm recommendations
by our professionals In our Conservation Department.
These people—and one of them will follow me, or be a
part of this session on the program — have been in this
field for many, many years, and their moccasins are well
worn.
For more adequate protection of aquati c
life, one of our professors, a Ph.D. in limnology, and no
still wet behind the ears .just out of the university, but
a man with experience, states that for more adequate pro-
tection of aquatic life, sneaking about our first tem-
perature proposals, "l would recommend that water tem-
peratures not be more than 10 Fahrenheit above the norma
or upstream temperatures and in no case exceed 95 • "
Dr. Roger W. Bachmann from the Iowa State
University at Ames is who that was.
There are a number of people in the
-------
473
H. I . Mo r r 1 s
It gets cold in Iowa in the wintertime.
And while it doesn't give a winter temperature, the
5-degree over ambient actually states this, so we are
providing this cold water relapse, or period of dormancy,
or whatever you biologists want to call .It, so that the
fish can do whatever they want to do in cold water.
This is tighter than we find in many
other States, because we have not actually stated a
wintertime temperature.
Now, if I may turn around and get some
other information, I would like to continue thi.s dis-
cussion on temperature.
I am not a fisheries biologist, but we
have some. We have them in our universities. They
train people who go out and go to work for industry and
Federal agencies. We have peoole in our univerisities
who publish, and being a teacher on the university level,
I can't help but say within the limits of the areas that
our people are working--our Ph.D.'s are probably .just as
good as anybody else's. T don't mean that we have the
broad training in specific areas that some of the other
people who are involved in this field have, but I think
it is of interest to you people to know what the opinions
-------
R. L . Mo r r 1 s
the 5° Fahrenheit increment.
"interior streams - Not to exceed a 93°F.
maximum temperature nor a maximum 10 P. increase over
background or natural temperature."
I am going to go on a minute and then
come back to some other statements.
"Heat should not be added to any water in
such a manner that the rate of change exceeds 2 F. per
hour."
We have in this State some highly valuable
to us, at least, what we call cold water sorjng-fed
streams. It is roughly the northeast one-fifth or one-
sixth of our State. I have never been able to catch any
trout out there, but they say they are valuable trout
streams.
¥e have a temperature which has been
recommended to us by our biological people, and people
from the universities, and the cold water areas goes thus!
Temperature:
Not to exceed a 70 F. maximum temperature
The rate of change due to added heat shall not exceed 2
per hour with a 5 P- maximum increase in the background
temperature.
y
-------
473
R . L . Mo r r i s
I have lost my glasses. Oh, here they
are .
Temperature. This is, to the best of our
ability, the final opinion of the Water Pollution Control
Commission in the State of Iowa, and I will not read all
of the things that occur in this report, because obviousl
the second paragraph refers to the Missouri River, and
this is not a point in discussion here, and I won't worry
you with it.
In the Mississippi River, we say this:
"Temperature: Mississippi River - not to exceed 89 F.
maximum temperature from the Minnesota border to the
Wisconsin border and a 90° F, maximum temperature from
o
the Wisconsin border to the Missouri border nor a 5 F.
change from background or natural temperature in the
Mississippi River."
This, to our best knowledge, is a state-
ment compatible to the Federal people.
In fact, if you look at the Federal report
if you read it at least to the level that I did, which
may not have been complete—my impression is that it
doesn't say anything, actually, in the recommendations
about a maximum temperature. They talk exclusively of
-------
R. L. Morris
known of some of the things that Dr. Aaron Rosen was
going to talk about, the sex hormones in our surface
waters, he would certainly not have let her come. At
54, in Iowa City, she is safe.
I might say as an aside I don't know
about the concentrations of these things in our Missis-
sippi River, but it can't possibly be as high as it is
on the Iowa River, because Monday afternoon when I left,
the river banking was going full blast around the
University. (Laughter.)
Temperature. On page 19 of the Iowa
report, we have discussed the temperature situation, and
I would like to read this to you, prefacing these
remarks. Possibly it is repetitious, but I am going to
discuss them anyway.
As a chemist who has certain areas of
involvement where we do have data, which is quite
defensible and provable by anyone who wants to follow
the published data, I have a rather uneasy feeling
about the fact that we may be coming to very concrete
conclusions on inconclusive data. I have a number of
biological friends who I am sure won't accept that.
Nevertheless, I can't help but state it.
-------
R . L . Mo r r i s
streams. T have been informed by USGS and our State
people that the majority of the water running down the
streams in the wintertime in many of our streams is
charged from ground water. This is why we have some
low dissolved oxygens, and. every time you see a f j sh
kill it does not mean organic pollutants have been in
there. The oxygen in ground water is zero or extremely
low by actual measurements.
Many of our low dissolved oxygen con-
ditions, to a person outside our State not understanding
our geological conditions, are attributed to organic
waste. This is not so.
Again, I apologize. We are a small
organization, and the man on our staff who was supposed
to discuss temperature was called back to make a dollar
to pay our taxes, and he is not here, over some oppo-
sition on my part. I have been designated to discuss
the temperature situation in part. I will do so to the
best of my ability, and here I would like to apologize
to the conference moderator. I do not have many of these
things written down. I tried to talk my secretary, who
is a very handsome blond woman, into coming with me,
and her husband wouldn't permit it. I am sure, had he
-------
470
R. L. Morris
and even to a greater extent deficient data on the
Missouri.
Mr. Paul J. Houser, the Engineering
Director, and I, have discussed this many times, not
always with complete agreement. But at least I under-
stand the position of the Health Department in the past
in doing the majority of their studies on these internal
rivers where we have to answer why fish have died.
I don't think this is a very good index
of water pollution, and I am sure there are many of you
who will agree with this.
But this is why we do not have this kind
of data in sufficiency on the Mississippi.
Secondly, we have not in our .judgment felt
that this area up in here was the place to study the
Mississippi, from our standpoint, anyway. I am not
saying where the Federal Government should have studied
it on the evaluation of the total river.
Why are the dissolved oxygens low in the
internal streams? 1 would like to bring up one other
point on this: the peculiar hydrology and geology in
Iowa sets up the condition that during the wintertime
very little runoff comes from the surface into our
-------
469
R . T,. Mo r r I s
Minnesota of producing this, nor would I like to
attribute it as an honest value. It is my experience on
the Mississippi that you can go into some of these back-
water areas, with proper timing, not only of the day but
the time of the year, and find algal conditions there tha
reduce oxygen. To cite it as a quality of the Mississipp
River water, I would not do so in a report coming out of
my offi ce.
All I a:m saying is I think the Fed people,
as well as the limnology people, and the engineers in
Iowa should take an additional look at this.
You can take the slides off.
Secondly, I want to make one more comment
on dissolved oxygen. It has been our experience, mine
over the last ?0 years, that dissolved oxygen conditions,
the reduced ones that cause fish kills and some other
adverse conditions in Iowa, is not something that is
involved in our two large boundary streams. It is an
internal stream problem, an intrastate or an interstate
stream in some of the tributary waters feeding to bigger
rivers, and this is one reason, gentlemen, why you will
find a great deal more data in the State of Iowa on the
internal streams than you will find on the Mississippi
-------
468
R . L. Morris
Now, I am not saying we don't sample for
oxygens and other parameters in the quiescent areas,
because T know almost as well as most of you, that these
are important areas with respect to aquatic life.
May T have the next slide, please?
This is an area taken from the bank, and
this right along this fence line here is the dam that
can be opened and closed that T was talking about that
closes off this area.
At the very least, gentlemen, T can't quit
accept lovj dissolved oxygens like that as being evidence
of the quality of that river in Iowa above major sources
of contamination, which all exist (with resoect to sig-
nificant influence) below this point.
Our information doesn't indicate that.
It doesn't fit, in my .judgment. T think it is the
province of the scientist and the engineer to question
data and to determine why. I am not trying to tell you
exactly why. I am only trying to show you that I think
some question should be made of that data and not try
to say that this is the quality of water coming into
the State of Iowa.
I would not want to accuse the State of
-------
R. L. Morris
through it. It is not that bad. This is on pillars
(indicating) so there is flow through there. At differen
river stages it can have a different hydraulic effect as
it comes down past this station.
Obviously, if you look at the flow of
the ice, even at this period, the river was only
partially iced up, and it was feeding clear out around
here, so it indicates at least at this time, at this
flow, which was, according to the people at Dubuque, abou
50,000 cfs., there is a tendency for water coming from
upstream to come out beyond this. I am not a hydraulics
engineer, and I admit it, but I would strongly suspect
that one reason for this low dissolved oxygen is what
is happening right in this relatively quiescent area.
This is not a sampling station for our
laboratory, but I would like to tell you one thing. We
have a great suspicion about the validity and usefulness
of on-shore sampling stations with respect to evaluating
the quality of a river the size of the Mississippi.
This Is why we bought a 20-foot boat, and
I have been chided about the fact that it has a 75-horse-
power motor. But we do our sampling trying to find out
the moving areas of the river.
-------
466
R. L. Morris
demand.
I haven't completely gone into this data,
because it doesn't exist in my office. But T would
challenge you with the possibility that one possible
explanation, at least in part, for some of these low
dissolved oxygens, which do not .jell with what we find
in the main course of the stream below the dam, might
be the result of this low-flow type water being held
not only in this area but in this general bay here.
MR. BUCKMASTER: You haven't said where
the sampling station is here.
DR. MORRIS: T am going to get to it.
It is held in here, and imoresses itself
on the point of sampling.
This little white house is a samoling
station set UD by the Public Health Service a number of
years ago, and there is a small Dumping devi ce and a
hose that extends down into the river right off the
bank. This is fed by the water flowing by this station,
obviously. Where does it come from?
Please don't make the mistake I made when
I looked at the installation. I thought this was an
abutment that came out here and that there was no passage
-------
465
R . L. Morris
information from a man by the name of Stan Nelson, who
is one of the pollution control officers of John Deer
at Moline.
I am not stating this as exactly evidence,
but it does relate to the type of plant that is above
here.
Mr. Schliekelman mentioned the small
communities that exist, at least on the Iowa side, far
above.
In talking this over with the people in
the area., they tell me that in the certain times of the
year when algal growths are large, what they have
identified in lay language as duckweed congregates in
this area and moves itself down into this dead area as
well as a relatively quiescent area in this whole bend.
I am sure the more biologically-oriented
individuals in the audience will know that when these
kinds of organisms are growing actively at periods of
the day, the oxygen can be elevated due to the release
of this molecular chemical from the growth of the bio-
logical organism.
During the nighttime and at periods when
these organisms are dying off, they can exert an oxygen
-------
464
R. L. Morris
DR. MORRIS: The quality may not be
perfect, but this is a shot taken from the dam about,
oh, I would say 150 feet out into the river. Over here
(indicating), you have a locking situation through which
the barges go up and down the river. This is apparently
an area in which docking facilities when they have a two-
stage local facility eventually will be constructed.
Right down in here is a gate that closes
this off,and according to the lockmaster this is closed
off all the time.
In other words, this area in here is
completely quiescent with respect to any normal down-
stream flow.
Up in here (indicating) with a rather poor
distance perspective, exists a large bend in the river,
and clear over here on the left side you can see some
smoke coming from a John Deere plant which does some
metal processing, but is not, in my opinion at least,
a major source of waste in any significant degree.
They have roughly 35000 employees. They
have primary sewage treatment for the sanitary facilities
They do use some nitrogenous and phosphate-containing
material as pre-painting cleaners, and I get this
-------
-------
-------
463
R . L. Mo r r i s
that up to whoever doesn't agree with me. If they want
it in the record, fine.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: I mean the slides.
DR. MORRIS: I have duplicates, so it is
all right.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you very much.
(The above-mentioned slides follow.)
-------
462
R . L. Mo r r i s
I am not here to tear down that Informa-
tion. I am only here to say that this doesn't seem right
to me. I have a built-in apprehension to its validity.
The apprehension was great enough to cause me to make a
trip to Dubuque to look at the station, its location, and
to do some thinking upon it.
I would like to share with you some of
my thoughts. I would also like to tell you that I have
no data which I can present which adequately either
defends or tears it down.
We do have some oxygen information right
below that dam which shows that the situation above the
influent of waste discharges in the Dubuque area has,
according to our data, an entirely different oxygen
character than has been shown.
If we can put out the lights and show two
slides I have, I would like to discuss this with you a
minute with respect to the authenticity of the sampling
station involved.
If I may come around, I will shout.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Do you want these in the
record, Dr. Morris?
DR. MORRIS: I don't know. I will leave
-------
R. L, Morris
Zoological Survey, and I am not going to bore you with
some of the others that we are legally coded to serve
that have, in my opinion, no relationship to this prob-
lem, but those that I have named most assuredly do.
I should not name the Iowa Air Pollution
Commission, because if we take something out of the
water environment, it is not an uncommon policy to kick
it over into the atmosphere and let the Air Pollution
Commission take care of it, and this is no answer to our
problem. Being a laboratory for both agencies, I am not
inclined to accept this shifting.
Mr. Schliekelman mentioned the dissolved
oxygen problem with respect to some data included in the
Federal report. He referred you to page 25, and I also
do so, where the statement is made that the dissolved
oxygen at the Dubuque FWPCA, originally Public Health
Service, sampling station shows dissolved oxygen prior
to 1968 in the ranges of 17 milligrams per liter down
to as low as 7/10ths of a milligram per liter, or part
per million, or whatever you choose to call it.
This is an extremely low value, this
7/10th of a part per million, and I would like to
challenge you with some thoughts on this.
-------
R . L. Mo r r i s
work in other parts of the country, I would like to
present this as a suggestion to many people that come
from other parts of the country, walking a mile in our
moccasins sometimes give you a little different concept
of the problem than you may have had when you left home
in that airplane.
I think we can point some of these things
out to you, and Mr. Schliekelman has already done a com-
prehensive job of summary.
¥e are a small group at the Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission, and the agencies support-
ing it, technically, are also not enormously staffed.
The State Department of Health has excellent engineers
but not enough of them.
We are a unique State. There is only
one other like us, the State of Wisconsin, with respect
to the laboratory and measurement work which is done.
The State Hygienic Laboratory, where I
receive my pay, is a part of the University of Iowa.
The Code of Iowa gives us the responsibility of serving
a number of State agencies, among whom are the Iowa
Water Pollution Commission, the State Department of
Health, the State Conservation Commission, the Iowa
-------
R. L. Morris
DR. R. L. MORRIS
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR AND PRINCIPAL CHEMIST
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
UNIVERSITY OF IOWA. STATE HYGIENIC LABORATORY
DR. MORRIS: Thank you, Mr. Stein. I
have already been slandered by a member of the Commission
for taking an hour to say hello. I will try to belie tha
charge.
I have a number of areas that I think
merit comment, not specifically out of the Federal report
but I think they are germane, and I learned a new word
in the subject under discussion here.
First of all, because I am going to
philosophize a bit in the first six areas we are going
to cover, I would like to call to your attention a little
piece of philosophy in the local elevator. Some of you
probably have noticed it. I think it is important here.
It supposedly comes from the Great Spirit and it says,
"Grant that I may not criticize my neighbors without
having walked at least a mile in their moccasins."
Being a local, a native, so to speak,
but having done a considerable amount of consulting
-------
458
R. J. Schliekelman
standards.
I won't repeat this, since it is in the
record and does follow what has been acceptable by the
Secretary of the Interior for the other States.
This concludes my portion of the presen-
tation .
At this time I would like to call on Dr.
Morris of the State Hygienic Laboratory.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Before we do that, let's
take a ten minute recess.
(Recess was taken.)
CHAIRMAN STEIN: If we all cooperate, I
believe we can finish today. I don't really know how
long the statements are, but if it is at all possible,
we can complete this today and not wait until tomorrow.
But, again, I want to make this certain: We are not
cutting anyone off. If you feel you have something to
say that is germane, we are here to sit right through.
May we reconvene now, and we have Dr.
R. L. Morris, Associate Director and Principal Chemist,
State Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa.
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
the periods when high bacteria levels have been found.
Iowa has agreed to disinfection of waste
discharges when they might affect public water supply
uses .
Primary body contact, as in water skiing
and swimming, is limited by nature to the summer months.
It has not been demonstrated to the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission that year-round chlorination is
required to protect secondary contact — boating, fishing,
and other recreational uses.
Temperature requirements and phenolic
requirements will be discussed by other speakers as well
as the radioactive section of the recommendations. But
in my portion of the program right now, I will comment
only on the last recommendation regarding protection of
high quality waters.
The October 2, 1968, minutes of the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission states that the
language of the nondegradation clause which was accepted
by the State of Colorado and adjacent States is accept-
able to the Water Pollution Control Commission. This
action is considered firm, and the following nondegrada-
tion statement is included as part of the water quality
-------
456
R. J. Schliekelman
Public Health Service.
This was referred to yesterday.
If new objectives are to be based on the
capacity of water supply treatment processes to remove
coliform bacteria, the presently recommended permissible
loadings may be increased manyfold.
This report goes on to say that there mighlt
be an objectionable psychological reaction to using dirty
water, but that it certainly could be made safe.
We have made some estimates regarding
the cost for continuous disinfection for the 77 munici-
palities which would be involved on interstate streams in
the State of Iowa. This is both on the border streams
and also on the interior streams. This would be in com-
pliance with recommendations for continuous disinfection
the year-round on these particular interstate streams.
The total cost of construction and equip-
ment for these 77 communities would be approximately
$2-1/2 million, but the annual cost of operation alone
would be $857,000. These expenditures annually of large
amounts of money required for year-round disinfection as
recommended by the Federal Government will not improve
bacterial quality during stream runoffs, and these are
-------
455
R. J. Schliekelman
"Stream flow, turbidity and bacterial
density follow the same seasonal pattern. Increases
in flow are accompanied by increases in the other two.
During high flows, the extremely high coliform densities
are due to agricultural land drainage.
"improved methods of evaluting bacterial
quality and recommended treatment are greatly needed.
In view of present day treatment capabilities, the worst
rivers in the country can probably be purified with
relative ease."
I would also like to refer to part of the
conclusions in a paper given in January 1958 before the
Conference of Sanitary Engineering at the University of
Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, toy Mr. Walton, at that time
Sanitary Engineer in charge, Water Treatment Evaluation
Studies, Water Supply arid Pollution Program, United State
Public Health Service.
It says that there has been considerable
progress in water treatment since the period of studies
in 1915 or 1916. Chlorination, together with improve-
ments in other processes, has made it possible to treat
raw waters containing coliform bacteria loadings far in
excess of the permissible loadings recommended by the
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
the entire 1950-1964- period of the study and it is true
whether one examines daily or monthly average data.
"Apparently, large numbers of coliform
organisms are carried into the river after each rainfall
and snowmelt."
It goes on to consider storm sewer over-
flow, which it says "is not a significant factor because
the nearest upstream city is 30 miles above Iowa City,
and above the impoundment."
It says that in view of the apparently
high numbers of nonfecal coliform organisms, and the
correlation of high coliform densities with high flows,
one might question the significance of such MPN data as
related to the bacterial safety of the Iowa River water.
However, "Does a high MPN, especially a
high monthly average, which may be caused by runoff from
a single rainfall, mean that this water is an undesirable
source?" Probably not, the report says.
Among his conclusions, Professor Powell
states: "There are considerable seasonal differences
in water quality. The impoundment has tended to reduce
this variation, for example, by distributing the poor
water from spring runoff over a longer period of time.
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
with criteria of adjoining States established for public
water supply and for recreation. Other State bacterial
criteria generally take into consideration the effect of
land runoff, and are applied when necessary to protect
specified uses. Disinfection of treatment plant effluent
is required by States adjoining Iowa, generally where
public water supplies are involved and where necessary
to protect public health or recreational waters during
the recreational season. The State of Iowa had pre-
viously gone on record in its implementation plan as
requiring effluent disinfection where necessary to pro-
tect downstream water uses. Land runoff in the State of
Iowa is important because of its influents, and bacterial
studies in the State and elsewhere have shown that
commonly acceptable coliform levels have been greatly
exceeded in the absence of wastes attributable to human
sources. The following is quoted from a long-term study
of total coliforms done by Professor Powell at the
University of Iowa. This study was conducted in the
Iowa River at Iowa City, This is quoted from his report:
"in the Iowa River, increases in stream
flow are accompanied by increases in both turbidity and
coliform organisms. This pattern has been apparent over
-------
452
R. J. Schliekelman
fecal coliforms per 100 ml for primary contact recrea-
tional waters will be applicable during low flow periods
when such bacteria can be demonstrated to be attributed
to pollution by sewage.
The water quality criteria adopted by the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission in May 1967
designated the surface waters to be protected for public
water supply use as well as recreation use areas on
lakes, impoundments and rivers. In the plan, the entire
reach of the Mississippi River has been designated as a
recreational area. The treatment needs in the plan have
specified coliform reduction or effluent disinfection by
the municipalities to protect this use during the recrea-
tional season.
Information provided by other State agenci
and presentations at the public Water Quality hearings
were used to designate interior stream recreation areas,
and coliform reduction has been specified for interior
municipalities where necessary to protect recreational
uses .
The State of Iowa therefore feels that
acceptable bacterial criteria have been established for
interstate streams in Iowa. These criteria are compatibl
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
Advisory Committee recommendations for water uses for
public water supplies and primary contact for recreation,
swimming and water skiing.
Interior further agreed that the standards
would recognize these values as applying .during dry
weather, and stated that all reasonable efforts should
be made to reduce bacteria concentration increases during
periods of stormwater runoff.
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commissioh
at its April 4, 1968, meeting approved a motion accepting
these provisions, and the Iowa Water Quality Standards
have been revised to include the following numerical
bacteriological limits.
This was furnished to the Commission
shortly after the April meeting.
Public Water Supply
Numerical bacteriological limits of 2,000
fecal coliforms per 100 ml for public water supply raw
water sources will be applicable during low flow periods
when such bacteria can be demonstrated to be attributed
to pollution by sewage.
Re-creation
Numerical bacteriological limits of 200
-------
430
R. J. Schliekelman
$25 million.
Furthermore, according to figures pub-
lished in the 1969 Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration report, the cost of operation and mainte-
nance of these secondary treatment plants will be approxi-
mately $1.7 million per year more than for primary treat-
ment. These costs would be above those for primary
treatment.
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commissior
has no hesitancy to require secondary treatment of any
waste discharges to the Mississippi River, when the need
to satisfy water quality requirements is shown. However,
it is the Iowa position that a need for uniform secondary
treatment of all waste discharges has not been shown, and
that there is no scientific reason to believe that secondly
treatment of every waste discharge on the Mississippi
River will enhance the water quality.
Next, we will consider the item on dis-
infection as recommended in the Federal renort.
At a meeting on February 9> 19°*8, with
Robert S. Burd, Director, FWPCA Water Quality Standards
staff, Iowa agreed to adopt definite numerical bacterio-
logical limits compatible with the National Technical
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
fishes to consist of species found in high quality waters
Data from these are available for use in management of
the fisheries or in evaluating water quality."
And that is all I want to quote.
I think this will be enlarged upon a littl
later by one of the other speakers.
It should be pointed out that the recent
industrial wastes and water quality studies did show two
areas of pollution being caused by large volumes of
industrial wastes and ineffectual removal of settleable
solids. Additional in-plant control has been required,
and primary settling with secondary treatment to be pro-
vided if corrections are not effective in eliminating
undesirable slime growths in the river.
These conditions are being investigated
more completely at the present time. The industries are
conducting investigations of their plants, and there
will be additonal work conducted.
Using cost figures compiled by Smith and
published in the Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, it has been estimated that construction of
secondary treatment facilities for all waste discharges
to the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers would cost over
-------
448
R. J. Schliekelman
River Valley Water Sanitation Commission showed dissolved
oxygen levels of "below 4 parts per million occurred 33
percent of the time in the lower reaches of the Ohio
River. Likewise, the lower reaches of the Delaware
River now have very low oxygen levels, and hundreds of
millions of dollars must be expended for secondary treat-
ment simply to maintain 3-5 parts per million of dis-
solved oxygen.
I wish to quote from a report which was,
or rather a statement, which was given at public hearings
at Muscatine, Iowa, on December 6, 1966. This is a report
filed by the following members of the Fisheries and Wild-
life Biology Staff of the Department of Zoology and
Entomalogy, Iowa State University. These Individuals
are Roger Bachmann, Ross Buckley, Kenneth Carlander,
Arnold Haugen, Robert Moorman, Robert J. Muncy, Paul
H. Vohs and Milton W. Waller.
"Within the watershed covered by this
hearing"--which is actually Pool No. 19 above Keokuk--
"studies on the fish, bottom organisms and limnology on
the Mississippi River, especially in Pool 19,have been
conducted by the Iowa Cooperative Fishery Unit since 1957
These investigations have shown the bottom organisms and
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
higher than primary is difficult and in most cases
impossible to demonstrate..
Extensive water quality studies conducted
during the mid-1950's demonstrated relatively little
effect of even untreated wastes on these border streams,
but as a result of water pollution hearings in the 1950's
and voluntary compliance, all cities and towns with few
exceptions completed primary or secondary treatment during
the 1958 to 1968 period.
Correction. That is the 1966 period.
During all of these studies during the
1950's, we had certainly no low DO conditions found.
Industrial wastes and water quality
studies were again initiated on the Mississippi River
during the summer of 1968. The studies as yet have
indicated little or no effect of the present primary
treatment of effluent except in a few areas.
Water quality studies have shown no
significant reduction in the dissolved oxygen levels.
This is a fortunate condition, and com-
pares well to others of the Nation's streams, where
secondary treatment i_s_ needed.
For instance, the 1968 report of the Ohio
-------
446
R. J. Schliekelman
under present Iowa statutory authority.
An effluent standard provision such as
this secondary treatment requirement was rejected during
early congressional hearings and the standards provisions
reported out of committee contemplated the setting of
water quality standards for receiving waters only.
However, on the basis of the guideline,
No. 8, the Department of Interior has attempted to impose
a uniform requirement of secondary treatment or the
equivalent in all State water quality standards.
The Commission under Iowa law has no
direct statutory authority to establish or enforce
effluent standards. The direct statutory authority to
establish and enforce quality standards in the receiving
waters of the State cannot reasonably be construed to
include implied authority to establish effluent standards
As I have said before, the secondary treat
ment has been or will be required on the basis of stream
water quality need, for all but four or five of the four
hundred ninety municipal sewage treatment plants located
on interior streams. However, the Mississippi and Missou:
Rivers have bery high stream flows, furnishing very high
assimilative capacity. The need for requiring treatment
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
plant efficiency, since at least 1^ municipal biological
treatment systems remove in excess of 95 percent of the
BOD load, and the 11 industrial systems are obtaining
BOD removals of as high as 98 and 99 percent consistently
However, construction and operation of
secondary treatment plants is extremely expensive when
not needed to protect receiving waters.
Furthermore, secondary treatment of
industrial wastes is not always the most effective method
of protecting the receiving streams. Often, in-plant
control of waste can be a much more practical and
effective means of maintaining higher water quality.
¥e wish to comment next on the Federal
recommendations which are set out starting on page 53
of the Federal report.
The Iowa position on each of the recommen-
dations is outlined in the same order as they appear in
the Federal report.
Treatment: The Department of Interior has
a blanket requirement o t secondary treatment for all
municipal and biodegradable wastes. That cannot be
justified on the basis of congressional intent, nor can
such a requirement be adopted by the Iowa Commission
-------
444
R. J. Schliekelman
significantly in the next decade, with an increase in
bacterial and nutrient levels of streams if animal
wastes are not controlled.
The statement implies that animal wastes
will not be controlled.
While it is true that control of runoff
from agricultural land is not feasible, feedlot standard:
now provide for such control. The control is now being
exercised and will be in the future.
Item No. 20:
"Secondary treatment is a widely recog-
nized and practical method of treatment of municipal
wastes, secondary treatment having been in existence
since 1914, and current operating procedures enable
high plant efficiencies."
I think you will recognize that Iowa has
recognized and practices secondary treatment, as evidenced
by the fact that secondary treatment will be provided for
all but four or five of four hundred ninety municipal
treatment plants located on Iowa interior streams.
In other words, we soon will have 485
secondary treatment plants on the interior Iowa streams.
Iowa also recognizes the need for high
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
discharges. Swimming in Iowa waters is not recommended
because of the drowning hazard resulting from unclear
waters, hidden obstructions and strong currents. The
records of the State Department of Health indicate that
a majority of the drownings occur in rivers and maybe
only one or two cases a year actually occur in supervise
swimming pools where there is filtration and adequate
supervision by lifeguards.
The Water Pollution Control Commission ha;
recognized that there will be water skiing and swimming
along some stretches of the river, usually in the areas
where the water has been impounded, and has required
disinfection of waste discharges to protect such waters.
Item 12. The report states:
"The unsatisfied demand for water-related
activities was 295600,000 recreation days in eastern
Iowa in 1964."
There is no reason to believe that the
unsatisfied demand was due to unsatisfactory water
quality. I think we are going into this in a little bit
more detail with some of the other Iowa speakers.
Item No. 18 of the Federal report points
out that livestock numbers are expected to increase
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
phenomenon, and has no bearing on the question of
disinfection of controllable waste discharges and the
need for secondary treatment on the Mississippi River.
On the other hand, confinement feedlot
runoff can be controlled and Iowa is doing so with
standards.
Along this vein, a statement is made on
page 25 of the reoort that "One of the most esthetically
displeasing conditions of the Mississippi River occurring
seasonally is the high turbidity caused by the sediment
load carried by the river."
It should be pointed out that turbidity
increase resulting from domestic or industrial waste is
insiginficant, even in low stream flows, and is not even
detectable in the high flow of the Mississippi River.
The mean turbidity of 5^- at Dubuque is
due to sediment load, color and algae content since that
sampling point is above the city and not subject to
domestic or industrial waste discharges.
Item No. 11. There are no designated
swimming areas on Iowa rivers, and the policy of the
Iowa State Department of Health has been to discourage
the use of rivers even when not subject to wastewater
-------
441
R. J. Schliekelman
The city of Ottumwa, which now has
primary treatment, is under orders to construct a
secondary treatment addition for which engineering
planning is now under way.
There are also facilities under con-
struction for secondary treatment of all industrial
waste.
Item 10 of the Federal report: The
report points out that high concentrations of bacteria,
nitrogen and phosphate have been measured in interstate
streams, and much of this is attributable to intense
agricultural and livestock wastes, and that high
nutrient levels promote algal growth and consequent
taste and odor problems.
In actuality there are no water supplies
affected by taste and odor on the interstate streams.
Problems which do occur in Iowa, in a
majority of cases they occur with surface runoff in the
spring, are not attributable to algal growth.
It is true that agricultural land use
does cause relatively high bacterial, nitrogen and phos-
phate levels during periods of runoff. However, in
terms of waste treatment, this is an uncontrollable
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
extremely small. The Estherville treatment plant is
loaded beyond its capacity, and plans are presently
being made to remove a portion of the industrial load
on the plant to be treated separately.
The city of Fort Dodge completed expan-
sion of its waste treatment facilities approximately two
years ago., but the expanded facilities became overloaded
by a rapid increase in meat packing and industrial waste.
The packing plant, under orders, has elected to treat
all their waste in a separate lagoon system to be placed
in operation this year. This will correct the overload
of the municipal plant, and it will give better treatmenl
of industrial and domestic waste.
The city of Des Moines is in the final
stages of construction of a major expansion of its
treatment facilities. There are also additional improve-
ments planned, including engineering planning for
effluent disinfection, cold-weather protection of trick-
ling filters, development of a city ordinance to control
industrial waste, and so on.
The city is at the present time conducting
a federally funded grant study to study the effects of
stormwater runoff.
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
in the discussion of water quality standards. Hardness
is not a parameter for which waste treatment plants are
designed. The natural hardness of the Iowa tributary
streams is higher than that of the Mississippi River.
An increase in the hardness in the Mississippi River
can most probably be attributed to the geological forma-
tion through which the rivers flow.
Item No. 9*
"High bacterial counts and low dissolved
oxygen levels presently occur along the Des Moines River
Adequate treatment and disinfection of waste will reduce
these problems."
These conditions have occurred at times
below Des Moines and Ottumwa. Treatment plant construc-
tion and planning for other improvements at these cities
will correct these problems. Every city and town along
the Des Moines River either has adequate treatment
facilities or is in some stage of planning or construc-
tion toward that goal.
A brief description of the work being
carried on in the major urban areas is outlined below.
Estherville. This is on the upper
reaches of the Des Moines River where the stream is
-------
438
R. J. Schliekelman
every year for significant periods since 1964."
It should be pointed out that this
sampling station is above the city of Dubuque. There
are only four small Iowa communities and an industrial
plant served by a domestic sewage treatment plant locatec
above this station on the Iowa side of the river, and it
is inconceivable that these low quantity waste sources
are responsible for the dissolved oxygen deficit.
It appears obvious that the results of
the sampling at the station are not representative of
the Mississippi River quality, and, furthermore, there
is no reason to believe that secondary treatment of the
waste discharge above this station will improve the
sampling station results.
Dr. Morris from the State Hygienic
Laboratory will go into this a little bit more thoroughly
Item 8 is quoted as follows:
"Mississippi River water increases 21
percent in hardness from the time it passes Dubuque
until it reaches Burlington."
There is no particular argument with this
statement except that it has nothing to do with waste
treatment effectiveness or needs. It has little value
-------
4-37
R. J. Schliekelman
in the State with sewers of 4.8 million.
The State of Louisiana has 1.1 million
population without treatment, as compared to a total
of about 2.5 million.
The State of Maine has 412,000 population
as compared with 509,000 total population in the State.
In other words, in the State of Maine, only 7«3 percent
of the total population has treatment. That is compared
with 99-3 percent in the State of Iowa.
I could point out other points in this
statement, but I believe this is sufficient.
At this time, we wish to comment on some
of the conclusions and summary given in the Federal repoi
as presented yesterday.
The extensive text of this report is
summarized, beginning on page 3, and we desire to com-
ment on some of these items.
The items are numbered to correspond with
those in the Federal report.
Item No. 7 has the following statement:
"Dissolved oxygen in the Mississippi Rive
measured at Dubuque has fallen below the eight-hour mini
mum approved Iowa standard fo 4 milligrams per liter
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
have 100 percent treatment. I think it does indicate
that over the years we have improved the percent of the
total population over a period of years.
I might comment briefly on another report
given in our statement. It does refer to a report
entitled "The Cost of Clean Water," and it is a summary
report, U. S. Department of Interior. The date on here
should be January 19, 1968, rather than 1969 as given in
our statement.
We might make some comparison with the
State of Iowa. In this particular tabulation, the State
of Iowa is listed as having no population with inade-
quate or no treatment. This is an urban population of
1.9j or rather 1.5 million at the present time. This
is not the total population of the State, since we do
have a lot of small municipalities which are not included
in this urban population list.
This may compare with, say, the State of
California, as listed in this tabulation, which gives a
5 million population with no treatment compared to a
total State population of 17 million.
The State of Florida has 2.2 million popu-
lation without treatment, as compared to a total populati
on
-------
435
R. J. Schliekelman
applicability have been defined. A minimum defined
standard of high quality applies to all waters of the
State of Iowa.
In summary, Iowa through the years has
recognized the need for clean streams and continued and
expanded its programs to meet the need. The regulatory
agency has exercised its authority to abate pollution
and has maintained an improved water quality, and
municipalities and industries have complied with require-
ments .
The accomplishment seen by the record can
be compared with the best in the Nation, despite the
adverse impression created by the Federal report and the
Secretary's decision to except certain provisions of the
standards. Iowa has in the past and will continue in
the future to exercise its regulatory authority to the
fullest legal extent.
I might point out on this map here, or
chart, which shows the progress over the years—this is
given in our own statement—but it does point out the
fact that we are right now approaching 100 percent treat-
ment.
When those lines come together, we will
-------
434
R. J. Schliekelraan
in the municipalities which are not yet treating, and
these represent municipalities which are in the planning
stage, and are actually under orders for construction "by
1970 or before.
Coming down to industries, I think we
have quite a good record, particularly as far as the
meat packing plants are concerned. As you may know,
the Iowa meat packing industry is the largest potential
source of pollution in the State. Every meat packing
plant in the State at the present time has a treatment
plant in operation or under construction, and this
represents some 3-1/2 million population equivalent
being treated.
Some of these plants realize as much as
98 to 99 percent BOD removal.
It is significant that Iowa does not have
stream classification. What we have tried to do is
maintain high quality waters everywhere. We have no
industrial water supply classification or any other type
of classification that might permit lowered water quali-
ties in any water use.
Standards do specify recreation, fishing
and public water supply uses, and areas of that
-------
433
R. J. Schliekelman
a mail order BOD program, which has proven very effectiv<
in surveillance of treatment plants. This enables col-
lection of BOD's in the field and their shipping into
the State Hygienic Laboratory at Iowa City without
refrigeration. This is being done on a quarterly basis,
and actually, as far as we know, is the only procedure
of this type that is being used any place in the country
Though not yet having legislative approva
a third policy has been put into effect by the Commissio
concerning feedlot runoff. This is being controlled at
the present time through enforcement of existing pro-
visions of the law which utilize water quality standards
and definition of stream pollution. Approval of the
regulation will reduce staff time required, and will
prove to be a more effective means of control.
Since the inception of the 1965 law, the
Water Pollution Control Commission has issued 114 orders
for correction of pollution conditions. As of January 1
1969, there were 510 municipal plants in operation or
under construction, and the population served by treat-
ment had increased to 99-3 percent of the sewered popu-
lation of the State.
Actually, there are only 13,000 people
iier
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
the Mississippi River quality,, Iowa did enter into a
Tri-State agreement with Illinois and Wisconsin. In the
Joint resolution passed in 1963, these three States
agreed to require correction of pollution conditions to
the extent that the water was to be rendered suitable
for all purposes and that in attaining these objectives,
there should be complete removal of floatable solids and
many other requirements.
In 1965* we enacted the water pollution
control law, and there was the formation of the Water
Pollution Control Commission. Since the current law
was passed, the Commission has adopted three regulations
which have assisted in surveillance and enforcement of
our program.
First is the regulation applying to all
waters of the State and requiring effective removal of
floatable and settleable solids as a minimum degree of
treatment.
A second regulation has been the require-
ment for the submission of monthly operation reports.
This is being implemented and computerized to simplify
procedures.
In connection with this, we also adopted
-------
431
R. J. Schliekelman
Actually, back in 19^9, when we did have
some changes, we also did have at that time approximately
280 plants. Some of these plants were constructed by
larger municipalities, actually, during the 1930's, and
there was very little construction work carried on during
the war years.
The capacity served about 70 percent of
the sewered population of the State.
In recognition of the fact that plant
construction is effective only if operation is efficient
and competent, an operator training and voluntary certi-
fication program was implemented in 1952. In 196~5 manda-
tory legislation was passed and implemented, and now Iowa
is only one of 17 States which has a mandatory operation
certification program.
The operation of the training program has
been expanded very materially since the early 1950's.
In 1949 the law did lift a previous
restriction. Becoming effective in 1951, it lifted the
restriction on the Mississippi-Missouri River towns, and
required them to be subject to all provisions of the Iowa
stream and lake pollution law.
In recognition of the common interests in
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
I think a little discussion, again, on
the history showing some of the progress of stream
pollution control in Iowa would again be in order. I
don't think I will add too much additional to what Mr.
Mullinex said previously,, or duplicate what he said.
The first law was passed in 1923. This
gave the State Department of Health regulatory and
enforcement authority. Even before that, Iowa was
"ahead of the program," since the statutes at that time
did permit the Department of Health to supervise the
installation and operation of sewage disposal plants.
In 1923 when the law was passed, we did
have about 200 municipal sewage treatment olants already
in operation. These served about 350,000 people at that
time.
These were mostly in small towns, so it
did represent only about 30 percent of the entire copu-
lation that was sewered in the State. However, I think
that this was still a good start in those days.
The program has operated under more or
less the same authority for a good number of years until
195?j or, rather, 1965, when the law was changed very
radically.
-------
R. J. Schliekelman
MR. SCHLIEKELMAN: The purpose of the
statement which we have entered into the record is to
set out the State of Iowa's position on matters of dis-
agreement with the Department of the Interior. The
Federal position is outlined in a report which was pre-
pared, which you gave here yesterday. This report is
quite comprehensive and contains a wealth of detailed
information.
Incidentally, the State Department of
Health did furnish quite a lot of this information for
this report.
However, we wish to point out the Federal
report does contain inaccuracies. Factual statements
appear to discredit the State's standards and program,
even though these statements appear to be outside the
context of issues of disagreement, and are not within
the scope of matters which can actually be controlled,
and does little to present the State's true position and
positive actions and accomplishments.
The Discussion, therefore, is an attempt
to clarify the Iowa position on the issues actually in
controversy and present the positive aspects of the Iowa
program.
-------
-89-
428
SJD-MOTI
o
o
o
I I
o o
o o
IT) O
o
o
m
o
o
Ci
CNl
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
m
H)
O
H
CO rn
fr] U",
CO £3 (T> —*
5 rH r—I c/j
CO O 53
H 5J - O
53 rH H
<; CO ro EH
O W <;
O! Q OC 53
O W H
2 S 2
CJ ttl W W
O W U EH
Cn "> W W
w ''H Q Q
53 C
di O
0) «
di •
a- '
I O
O
o -u
O --H T3
- E
§
EH
U
O
W
CO
-------
427
-87-
CJ
o»
0001 X NdlN
-------
-85-
426
w
g
o
-------
425
PQ
RAGE SYSTEMS
M
s
w
CO
jj
I^J
cu
M
o
H
1
CO
3
at
rtl
w
u
H
re
•rl
u
Q)
CO !»-
vO
tJ en
C -H
re
C H
O co
•H
•P Vl
re CD
•3-i
CX 0)
o u
(X 1
^
re
•4J
'c
CO
to
Q)
'*>
•H
H
re
(X
o
•H
c
i
•P
c
(D
U
(U
o
•H
•P
At
•U
H
3
1
d
53
C
O
•H
-P
to
iH
3
CX
0
t
C
o
•H
H
3
CX
0
1
§
c
0
•H
•P
re
H
3
CX
o
cu
0
0
o
r»
CO
VO
o
CM
CM
i^
f^
*3*
CO
vD
O
«
i— i
CM
r-
fx
<*
ro
vO
O
M
H
CM
CM
O
O
o
%
in
14
4)
s
o
-s:
00
0>
00
vO
r-
o
iH
^*
m
(•»
^r
o
in
o
rH
r»
CM
in
H
rH
in
O
H
H
O
O
O
in"
H
o
o
o
%
CM
J-
•-I
O
ro
in
ro
rH
O
O
H
CT>
ro
H
CD
^ji
iH
O
!H
in
PO
'*
(N
in
rH
ro
H
o
o
o
•
CM
1
o
o
o
m.
.•H
o
in
CM
VO
in
H
rH
CM
VO
in
00
_;
CM
iH
rH
rH
f*.
CM
CM
m
^l*
H
00
O
CM
O
O
o
*
H
1
o
o
m
r-
CM
en
CM
CM
tH
00
CM
H
.
CM
in
ro
O
ro
S
CM
00
00
o\
H
^
%
O
o
in
^
0)
"0
a
D
00*
VO
in
O
CO
00
rH
*
$
(N.
o
in
00*
vo
00
rH
I
CO
in
CM*
en
en
tH
!>.
en
3
E^
g
CD
U
•H
tj ff
0) C -P
CO O H
•ri ffj
cn co CD
fi -H W flj
•H > 3
I rl -H «W O
(DOOM
B
O
fl
C -P »
O C
Q
+j
c
V rl
€ Q) (U
C -P -P
O re re
rl IS 4J
•rl CO
I
to
a
-------
w w
H CO
W
424
-82-
o co
u
3 P
II ^ J
c c
c
o o 4-> jd
T3
O
O
a> o ,c
o 4-> o o
3 o a)
33 Q O ^
en
>
« ,J
0)
O)
U
tJ
a>
a)
a)
T)
o
4J
Q a)
a)
N O
C
U 3
co erf
c
cfl T3
M O
* O
i—i
CQ
-------
OS
W H
H OT
-81-
423
CJ
Z
W
oo oo
^o ^c
ON o\
i-l 33
PJ CJ
§ CO
o
o
r-l i—I
3 D
3
1-1
>>
I—I
3
>>
i—i
D
CO
P
-P -P
d d
CO cd
0) (U
z z
co
c
o
•,-1
4-1
•r-l
TD
cu
0)
c
a)
6
fl)
o
CO
of
O
M
H
3
H
CJ
PL|
H
H
ex) r-.
CN i—I
ro
0>
d
o
1—1
d i
0 CJ CJ
Z PU 13 rJ
in r^ oo
iO 00 O
l-v rH
fa
H
CJ
PU fj
px 0
0 0
CN
H
CJ
PJ c
r-l
in
CN
1
H CJ
J M rJ ,J P*
t-^ CN oo in
CO ^£3 CN r^
CN m rH CN
CN
H
H
rJ M
d- oo
•-i ro
i — 1 PO
1— 1
fa
CO
H
1— 1
r-i
00
H
CJ
CN
i— 1
W
<
1—1
in
i— i
d)
d
o
in
CN
fa
H
M
O
1—1
m
CO
H
CO
ro
r— 1
H
CJ
O
00
CN
O
O-i
g
Q
H
CO
a)
o
o
d
a)
rH
PQ
XI
CJ
4-1
d xl
O o
CO 4J
•r-l .,-1
rJ P
CO i—i
33 -H-
i a)
CO Z
d cj
O S
o
S
bo
•r4
CO
O
o
xl
CJ
d
u
o
X!
bo
a)
i—i
0
O)
•1-1
as
d 4-1
c; >-. -r-i co
O 4-1 CO 0)
•r-l CO C a)
OS a) rJ O O
C bO CJ TD 'r-l
Qy O d CX 1 ' r-l
3 4-i co co a) 3
1 — r— 1 r-l O XI Jtf
ffii
O
i—t
fa
$_j
pq
^2
a)
i — i
•r4
d >
a) co
•a d
>> 3
O (-1
PQ PQ
J4
(!)
0)
rJ
CJ
^
d
S
enter
u
^
3
O
•r4
CO
d
3
Pd
^>
J_|
Q
d
co a)
d co
a) S
>> 0!
0 Bj
^j
a)
a)
CJ
ex
a)
a)
P
a)
1—1
i — i
• i-i
j>
d
CO
S-j
O
a)
Q)
S-i
CJ
[j
0
) — 1
1—1
•r-l
£5
d
^
o
jQ
d
CO
CO
1-J
a)
•r-l
S
O
1— 1
fa
01
1—1
4-1
4-1
•r4
rJ
d
a)
T3
d (-1
O CO
M co
<: w
J_i
Q)
^
• r-l
Pd
X
3
0
• r4
CO
bo
d
0
4-1
a)
^
M
k^
a)
D
rJ
CJ
d
cfl
• r4
T3
r^
M
>>
0)
T— 1
rH
CO
>
/^
O
o
(-1
a)
>
•r-l
PC!
^
o
o
PC!
-X
CO
n3
•r-l
ex
CO
pel
*4
CJ
o
BJ
-------
-80-
CNCNCNCNCNCNCNCM
ON
^o
o>
CN
r^
o\
>>
I-H
P
>>
r-H
3
C
CO
c
I
a)
o
cd
i—i
ex
a)
oi
C
o
•rH
4-1
•r-l
T3
T3
a)
o
CB
rH
ex
0)
erf
fc,
I) EH
c i
o o
fa
H
I
u
fa fa fa
H CO CO
I I I
O H EH
P* CO M
fe
H
fa
CO EH
I I I
H OHO
H I-J Pi r-H Pj
U M
4-1 a)
3 O rH
43 X2 CO
j-> a) xi
(J 13 O
< O CO
O
< 33
rnick
ville
inglsey
wton
K
La
C
bO C In
coo
•ri en x:
X! IH toO
cn a> a)
3 'rH rH
U CL|
CO IH
.5JS
U
aull
TJ
cO
r-H
bb a)
ca
T3
> a)
P
CO
S xi x;
•r-l 4-) 4-1
(H 3 3
Oi PH CO «
>>rH
a) 4-1
Xi !H
U CO
O W
CO
a)
co o
rH CO
tH 3
rlrS
•H Jd
•r-1 |_,
O CO
•g*
13 ,M CO
tH O
13 -r-
4-1 O Xl
go
in J4
<: o
CO
C h4
O
4-> 4->
0) ---I
ex u
cfl ft fci
S co O
(0
4-> C ,M
•rl CB U
IH o> CO
•rl rH |K
a)
A!
cd
r-4
a)
a>
0
rH
O
Xl
a)
o
a) a)
a) I-H
(H O-,
o co
co a)
U rH
f[ | 4_j
i — 1 4-^
CO -rl
|TJ ^J
3
O
•rl
CO
a)
i-H
4-J
4_)
•r-l
t 1
J^
fa
0)
a)
IH
o
4-1
4-1
o
• rH
rH
r-H
W
a)
a)
tH
a)
at a)
r— 4 J_j
•o o
T3
•rl C
fa 0
O
cfl
ca
a)
0)
IH
o
c
o
w
IH
a)
•rl
CL,
a)
a)
IH
o
Jy
O
rH
i— 1
•rl
S
(1)
a)
IH
rH
i-H
• rl
S
Creek
c
Q
l-l
a)
4-1
cO
IH
•g si
ad
c
0) CO
bo -a
cd a>
c >>
•r-l Cl)
CO r£3
IH CJ
Q 0
XI
o
4->
•r-l
Q
0)
cd
c
•r-l
cd
IH
Q
a)
rH
4-1
C 3
3 O
erf
•rl
r>> Ir-3
l-i O
p J2
0
o
o
• iH
co
a)
rH
4-1
4-1
•rl
-------
-79-
421
w
w
H
[I
H
O W
2 J
, . X
r-H 4-1 r-l
3 U 3
>-> o t->
4_J 4 J
c d
Q) O CO
esc
QJ CJ O
a a *r-t
ctf cfl -P
i—I I—I -r-J
CX D-i T3
QJ Q) T3
ol r^l *^
Pu fa
OT CO
I I
H H
TO K)
CXI
1 — 1
1 — 1
r— 1
3
4-1
O>
a
01
y
CO
r-l
a<
0)
fa
CO
E-i
o
r— 1
•\
1— 1
r-l
3
CO
C
0
•r-l
-P
• r-4
T)
T3
<
H
t— i
CO
4-1
C
Q
01
u
cO
r-l
A
a)
H
4-1
d
a)
a
a)
y
P— i
&
0)
«
fa fa
H H
I i
H U U ,_
CN
o\
i — i
r-l
I— 1
1^
d
a)
S
01
y
to
r-l
C^
0)
fa fa
1 1
3 H EH
CO
r-i
•\
r-l
i— I
1-3
d
o
to
d
cfl
ex
^
w
&
i
o
oo
o\
r-l
, — 1
r-l
3
4-1
d
£3
a)
y
r-l
ex
01
oi
fa
i
EH
00
r- 1
r— i
r— I
3
^J
d
cfl
r—l
p ,
^
01
z
d
o
o\
i— i
r-l
r— 1
3
4-1
d
CO
r— 1
fly
*J
0)
2;
d
o
o\
i — i
i — i
i — i
3
tn
d
0
•r-l
4J
•r-l
T3
T3
£h
1 1
O H
fa
1
H
vo
in
VO
\o
CO
r-l CN O ON ^f
CO r-l r-l VO CN
00 r-l
a)
•o
•r-l
to d
1—I4-1O
•rJ OJ !j
to al T-I
E
ca
T3
O
CO
O
I-i
a)
4-1
i_j
01 CO
4-1 Si
n u
bO
en --I
4-1 f
4-1 tn
O) 01
^ i — i
y A
•r4 y
cd to
d
o
r*.
4-1
d
-<
ionville
4-1
y to
0) 4J
u xi
^ tn
O co
U »
a)
01
r^ O
B U
•r-l 0)
3 XJ
O U
Institute
trial Plan
• tn
W 3
• d
S M
0)
d o
o u
tn rj
j_j
a) d
•P d
al T-)
AJ iJ
tn
T3
ex
CO
fV*t Jj
a)
x y
3 d
o 01
•r4 CX
CO CO
d
o >>
4-1 (-1
01 3
i — i J^
ex d
CO co
rS Q
Creek
ai
-p
4-1
cfl
M
a)
o
o to
CO r-4
-d co
M O
d
CO T-l
•H 0)
r-l 4J
a) to
U, r-l
3 0
< PC
r3
CQ
M
C^
H
Q
2
S
(3
H
CO
!>>
0
03
^i
U
O
fa
4.}
tn
cO
W
w^
a)
a)
i-<
O
r_J
a)
4-1
4-)
o
i!
0)
a)
0
r-l
Ol
•r-l
T3
0
CO
JS
y
4->
.r-|
Q
t-j
a)
d
o
o
ex
CO
(_,
01
^
•r-l
o4
!J
•r4
"O
O
CO
(-1
0)
•r-l
13
rH
O
CO
4J
tn
to
w
^
a)
• r-l
•o
I— 1
o
CO
.
•o
•r-l
s
d
3
j>^
r-l
Q
X
3
0
• r4
CO
ai
i — i
4J
.tj
1-1
-K
01
1—I
ex
01
0)
(-1
o
4-1
CO
m
-------
-78-
420
ON CN
\O f^-
ON ON
ON
MD
ON
00
ON
00
vo
00 00 ON
ON ON ON
rH r-l
3 3
^ 1-1
>»
rH
3
3
4-1
C
•P CO
c a
cfl a)
i-l O
to nJ
CO CN in ON
CN J- ^
i—I CN VO
oo oo in
co
H OS
M H
rH W
•^ P
p.. ^J)
M a
U H
M
z, at
& o
ft
4-1 4J
co 3
a) o
S co
i
(^
>> 0
a) a)
CO H
c
o
CO
IH
a)
g
cd
rH
cd 1-1
Be
co c
•r(
g
-o
O
O
M cd
Ci) rH
^ o
n a)
YjO
C
1-H
cd
a)
•rH
Ct &
5 3
>.
4J
ft *H
cd CJ
"c 3
tB
rH
cd
a)
cd M
rH 3
>. 0
rH "p CO
is ta g
§
H
H
Q
r Creek
. Silver Creei
a) *u
> -rl
r-l g
• r-f
CO
n Creek
W Nishnabotna
Nishnabotna
cB 3
•H IH
T3 PQ to
C
o*
a)
a)
f 1
cj
g
r-l
^
0)
o
IH
O
ho
CD
0)
0)
•rl
3
cr
CO
o
a)
a)
•rH
ftj
O
m
-------
a!
W H
H CO
-77-
CJ BJ
•^ [1
M Q
CN CO
r>. vo
ON ON
OO 00 ON
VO vo vo
ON ON ON
ON
ON
333
E-l
XI
g §
fa O
n
o
c
cB
00
M
(^
3
x>
S
i
X!
4-> O
3 13
bO C
c8 cB «
i-i CJ a)
M a) co
cB x! CQ
fa CO H
M 4-1
'ca 4->
0 0
rO '*"''
0) rH
erf w
T3 CJ
rH -r4
O 4-)
5 C
cn cB
•r4 rH
r4 | '
O <
c
(-1
0
cB tti
*r^ J^
^1 i — 1
(a ca
c
0
ca xi
4-> 3
•r4 -0
^ ^
cB
•r-l
C
0
a)
o
cB
S
73
C C
O cB
CO rH
r-l ,M
cB cB
0 O
t^>
0 C
O cB
CJ i — 1
C r-l
CB cB
rti ffi
O
CM
cB
g
l-l
)-i
0)
co C
a) -^
j_,
M
bO
n >> -M
•r-l 0) 3
c c C
C 73 rH
cB *f-l cB
S co s
s
I
l-l
erf
Q
H
Crf
CO
No da way
Q)
i— i
73
73
•r4
s
.M
a)
§
a)
rH
•r-l
S
c
a)
0)
CO
o
•r-l
^
M
cB
H
4J
CO
a)
DB
M
a)
•r-l
erf
o
•r-l
^
M
cB
H
cB
C
O
r*N
cB
C
X2
en
•r4
2
nabotna
r~{
CO
• r-l
|^j
4-J
CO
cB
pa
a)
^J 4,
cB 0)
•-I A!
C 3
M H CQ
CO
-H
4J
co
a)
a)
erf
-------
O OT
O
-76-
418
H W
•=!• •*•=!•
•3- -d" :* .*
Ct Cf -3- CN CN r-i CN
CO
C
O
•rH
4-1
•r-l
g
•r-l
03
C
cO
O.
fa
*r
H
fa
o
PH
fa
fa
H
H
fa
O
PH
fa
H
U
CM rJ
fa fa fa
H H H
I I I
0 U U
CM PH CM
CN
c^
*£>
O
CN
CN rv
CN
CO
r*-.
r-l
O r-l
H IS
O M
O
0)
1—I
1—I
<
g
T3
r-H
a)
•r-l
U-J
n c
Q) O
0) +J
•r-4
C
O
I
+J
C
I
O
4-J
CO
13
Ij
O X
U-l O
T3 C
CO cd
bO T3 O
C C m
•r-J .rH -r4
C M <-<
tj Cfl t-<
O I—I •!-!
O O >
s
H
g
H
OS
H
H
Pi
H
CO
a)
4)
0)
C
O
• rH
T3
•o
t-l
Q)
£>
•rH
Qi
C
O
'O
i— i
co
•X
^J
CO
^
•r-l
US
CO
r-l
4-1
4-1
• H
r -"]
*
AS
CO
CO
O
l-i CO
CO r-l
> 'H
•n S
CO
C >
O r-l
CO CO
Cu 3
_g
p_4
1<
CO
co
rJ
u
bO
•rl
CQ
w^
U
O
fa
4-1
CO
cfl
ta
•K
•rl
C
CO
O
k^
^
0
fa
4.)
CO
CO
W
IH
C
CO
O
I**
rH
O
fa
T3
• rH
s
rH
CD
•rH
a
rr-J
C
CO
rH
O
*
^4
a)
^
• rH
Qi
Q)
4_)
cO
r-l
PM
U
CN
O
r-H
^J
(^
O
fa
4J
CQ
CO
W
?
•rH
PH
CN
O
rH
rM
rH
O
fa
CD
rH
rQ
T3
•rt
^P
•X
rH
CO
•rH
CN
O
i— 1
^J
p
O
fa
4J
CO
a)
u
CO
>
'(d
>-.
(0
3
CO
•8
]T;
•x
rH rH
a) a)
•r-l -r-l
ffi a!
rd CO
3 3
n) co
13 T3
0 0
a a
4-1 4J
co co
co a)
W S
-------
-75-
417
co
p
CN i—I CN CN CN CN
a)
C
•r-l
4J
C
O
CO
H
to
p
I
O
w
s
§
I—I /-s
CO 00
W iO
Q o>
Q """'
co a)
H 3
2
TD
hJ a)
O co
Crf -i-l
H >
Z a)
85
o
PM
Crf
H
H
g
erf
H
a
H
3
O
PM
O
PM
S£
^B
CM Q
O I-l
H
2 erf
B o
oo
CN
CN
m
0
CM
i— !
jj-
vO
in
00
v£>
O\
.-1
r-1
>,
i-<
3
T>
C
O
•r-l
CO
n
cd
A,
X
w
i
/*N
a)
CO
cd
CQ
fa
U < CJ
s ,j v_/ CM
CO ON
I-H m
00 r-l
CN CN
r^ i^
(^ O>
i— * i—i
i— i i— i
>. >>
i-H i-l
3 3
1-5 hi
4-1 4J
C C
a] a) co
0) 0) o
0 0 .,-1
cd cd .p
r-i r-i ,,_|
a. a, ,,-,
a> a) rg
erf erf ^
PLJ fT-i &-t ELI I"TJ
H co co H H
ii i Yi
O H H H H
PM M M I-l M
CN cr\
J- CN
O vo
in \o
H
H
I
i
CO
0)
4-1
cd
4-1
CO
^
a)
4-1
n
H
00 Is-*
CO GO
00
a)
cd
,_3
i-i
Q)
-P
s
.
4J
•r-l
O
^
0
• r-l
CO
U-l
3
CQ
4J
C
cd
a)
bo
0)
CO
^
.p
.p-l
u
X
o
•I-l
CO
n
o
4-1
t-i
cd
CJ
4-1 4-1
3 co
o cs
co w
i
t_i
3
O
H
a)
CO
4-1
cn
ta a)
a &
a)
r-i
r-l
•i-4
$r
I-l
a)
4-1
c
c
o
4->
CO
a)
1
x:
4-1
(_i
0
1
c
o
TJ
I-l
o
u
4-1
3
W 0 3:
CO CO CO
P CO
CJ
4-1 13
0)
C
Q) O
W) -r-l
3 cd
I-l
•-i 4-1 a)
fa cd 13
> n
o c:
cu P O
< 4-1 -r4
n 4-1
•o o cd
a> u
0) 4-1 O
CO C 4-1 4-1 CO --I
w cd a x cd x!
M co > « O
H H
CJ
U-l
CM
O -M
O- -rJ
a) P
co ew
>>
P C
o
o
bO
n
bO-
cd
-------
-73-
oo
<&
ON
CN
r^.
o\
>>
rH
3
>>
r-4
3
>,
r-1
3
>>
r—I
3
C
O
•r-l
to
c
w
c
o
• r-l
CO
C
ct)
CO
C
.3
CO
c;
o
4J
•r-l
73
•o
CO
C
o
• r-l
T3
fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
E-< H H EH H H H
2*a
I
H
pu fa
H H
I I I I
UHUH
P< H PJ CO
pL) [Xj ftl r-ri ptj
CO H H H H
I I i I
CJ CJ CJ CJ
r-r. pjj
00 CO
I I
H H
00 00 rJ
fa
H
O
fa b
fr
o o
PH CU
O CN rv r-.
it
co
CN
00
in
o\
in
m
CN
00
o\
co
CO
in <-H oo
ro oo r-v
d- in co
*& CO
04
H
CO
a
§
M
«
O
4-1 4-1
rJ 3
O O
23 CO
O
4-1 r— 1 T3 O
C -.-1 CO O 4-1 CO
O > 4-i o bO >>
C S ca 4-> 3 C CU
•r-i rj c; co co -^ x
bo CO u >, bO r-i S
r-l r-l OS C8 T3 tJ CO
W CJ O fa IB << fd
(0
c
o
^
c
o
•r-J
c
4-1
w
a»
CO
c;
ca
• r-l
CO
CO
O
pq f£j
CO co
i
r^j
g
r— 1
CJ
3 a)
CO r-(
1 r— 1
&•< 'r-l
1^
r-l CO
CO O
O P-i
z
1
c
n)
•r-l
CO
CO
O
od Products
o
S fa
CO
•a
10
bO
C
O
3
X!
cd
o
CJ
a)
a
CO
bO
C
r-l
a.
CO O
0
CO in
S CO
•^ u
»J CJ
CO
CJ
CO
•a
CO
CJ
X!
4-1
O
CO
CO
>
•r-l
04
CO
bO
O
CO
co
f^j
CJ
I^J
cfl
a)
PQ
CO
a)
CJ
r4,
01
3
n
X!
CJ
CO CO
tn CO
m u
0
X!
4-> CO
r-l 4-1
O l-i
2_CO
o
cd
Creek
i-i
CO
>
r— 1
•,-4
CO
X
co
a)
M
CJ
i-i
co
4-1
4_)
O
CO
co
**j
CJ
bO
C
•r-l
4-1
3
Z
CO
a)
CJ
CO
CO
u
CJ
co
S
cd
•rH
(j
a)
OJ
o
r—I
r—I
a>
a)
a)
CJ
co co
z §
CJ M
•P U
.5 8.
co a,
P4 D
j
-------
415
-72-
cd
W w
H CO
g*
W
O W
CNCNCNCNCNCNCfd-CNCNCN
n ro
CN CN
vo
ON
00
iO
ON
3 §
§ CJ
o co
o
33
3 3
co
d
O
•rl
4->
T3
T)
d d
o o
•rl T-l
CO tO
d d
CO CO
("N, f"\
W W
d co
o d
•rl O
CO -rl
d -M
CO -rl
P-i T3
£5
B
0)
o
0)
tt!
o
ft
fa fa
i "i 'i *\ *i
HH
WUWOH WOOH OfaW
^Cli^fliMiJ-aJf^P-iMiJCXlE-l^
tu
H
1
H K
fa
H
rJ rJ
fa
H
H
O
ft
O O
CN
ro
O I-H O O CN 00 r-v
vD O vo r^ 00 ON ON
ON VO CO CN CN N^ (•-%
rH OO
r*% oo -rf co
-3" vo m o
co \o m co
o
CN
ON
CN
ITl
H Cd
H H
d a
^C |_}
ft Q
M Z
O M
r-l
a a!
J«J O
d 4J
CO IH P
X> 01 0)
CO 3
fa CO
Ul
X>
CO
M
O
rHQ)
d
o co
4-> 4J
CX, 01
CO >
O
CO rH C
4-> rH O
0) 0) 4J
O,
O
O
CJ
CO 0!
> rH
(H rH
0) CO 'rH
4-1 4-> >
CO 0) 0)
a) A!
d
o a)
bOrH
. d 0) d -rl
3 O TD -rl >
bo 4-* co .<~i OT
^ Q) M JH O
CX p CO O ^>
7) ft CJ S O
CO
CO
o
(H x!
CJ 4-1
IH
- §
O CX
PC fTi
r-l
a d
O CO
4-i
•rl
O
ft
IH
IH
4-> 43
d S
Q CO
0 P
CO 4J
,J co
4J
•rl
T3
IH
g
•rl
0)
cd
a> cu
CO I—I rH
fa W W
^1
cd
•^3
B
CQ
H
Cd
H
P
"^
J£J
<
•rl
Cd
d
Q
CJ
•rl
d
• rl
CX
to
CO
0)
rH
4->
• rl
,J
^
0)
J_l
CJ
0)
CO
IH
O
r"{
0
cO
^i
PQ
CO
CO
W
• rl
d
o
a
• rl
d
•r-l
•S*
CO
CX
cO
pe
<1)
rH
4-1
• rl
rJ
rl
O
d
cO
PQ
bO
rj
• rl
u
CX
CO
M
0)
a)
u
J<5
rH
e
CO
a)
.5
0) P CO
C_) -r(
CJ .^
O rH
ed w
r«
a)
a>
O
a) a) o
IH CX fa
CJ CX
(1)
Q
O
S
a)
0)
O
tj
a)
a) a)
ai a)
4-1 IH (H
•-i o o o
a) P
a) o
P fa
P
cO
0>
PQ
B 4-> 0)
3 3 a)
rH O P
ft CO CJ
P
a)
Pd
cO
a)
o
3
cr
a)
I-H
4J
•rl
cd
-------
co
ta
-71-
CM
1^
ON
O CO
u
>>
r—*
3
>>
,—i
3
d
o
en
cd
ex
:*:
tn
d
cd
ex
X
d
o
• H
CO
c
Cd
CX
«
w
PH
[•-I-, pLt
I I
H CJ
M PU ,J
I
H
H
CL,
II
H O U
H
I
U
I
H
H
I
H
fa fa Cn
H H H
I I i
HUH
[LI
H
r4 M
O CO CO J-
CO CX) IA T-H
ON m rv o
oo
in co
CN o
co ro
O CN
00
oo ^f in co
ON CN vo oo
oo CN in 1/1
ro
oo
H Pi
H H
hJ CO
CJ M
S £>
> 0
d cd
O co
M
cd
b£>
co
a) <
bO
cd •
en 4-J
O CO
co
co
cd
[-.
O
a)
3
1—1
CQ
c
O
o
•a c.
d 3
3(-i
u
a)
4->
a) 3
O 4-1
d -r4
a) 4->
•o co
c
3
aj a)
bO bO
d
cs
QUO)
CX
O > 4-1 T3 'i-l T-l d 4J
CO
s i
cd O
0) O
ex d
o o d
d
3
d -H
o ctf
o cd a) a)
a) "O a) a)
co a) 1-1 ij
cj o cj
a) a) bo a)
4-1 i—i d i—i
Cd 4-1 tj tJ
3 '--I CX 3
O hJ CO H
a)
.M a)
a) u
a) cj
xi
CJ
d
o
o
CO
CX
£
o
CO
i-i a)
cd a)
0) tj
r-< O
13
CJ
4-1
3
.-H d
cd cd
a)
a)
a>
a)
cj
a)
a>
Q) CJ
u o
CO
E x! ~ cd
cd o 1-1 «-i
rH 4-1 r-l U-l
cd '^1 ---I 3
cj p S «
a)
a)
CJ
4-1
O
-------
§
-70-
413
OS
w w
H CO
oo
CM CN CM CM CM
CN CM CN CM CM
H
CJ W
S J
< 5
M Q
^ w
S CJ
O CO
CJ
a.
vo
a>
>>
r-l
3
OS
*0
ON
>>
r-H
3
CN CO
>>
rH
3
3 3
s
w
w
c
I
Q)
a
a,
Q)
OS
c
i
a)
o
cfl
a)
Bi
to
C
O
d c
o o
•r-l -M
CO tO
C C
c« a)
&. ex
X X
EH EH H H
I I I I
H EH EH U
M h-l M Oi
H
M
fa fa fa
H H H
I I I
O EH H
fit CO
fa
M fX M
I I I
O H O O
CM CO Pw di
fa fa fa
H H H
lit
O O O U
PH O, Js (X, ,J
I
H
PJ
O
eu
O CO
CO \O
CM
oo
CM 00 IV. U1 CO
i—I CM CM f-» vO
i—i n d- CM r-~
CM O^ t-H vo CM
m ,-< o LTI i^
O CS
I-H &
tn 10
O'
o cy, oo m
co o m CM
ON CM r^ ^
CM I—I r-l
(j to
PALITY
DUSTRY
M
01
rH tj
a) co
43 rH
CO CJ
prings
a) co
c
a) co
a) in
!-4 O
0 Z
•o
0
O
4->
S-i
O
z
c
O 4-J
to C
•r4 O
r-l g
i— i 3
<: P
r-H r-H
C a) rH
o •-< a)
4-1 Ct-l 5
CX 4-1 A
S a) o
cfl 43 O
P3 co oS
O
co a)
a) to
cd
cd
M 0>
SrH
CJ
rH
CJ
CJ
0)
P
CO 4-1 H
IH -r4
3 U 42
4-> O
CCo
Q) 0 CO
>• to )->
crt
S
to
U
rj 4-1 CO
CO 'r4 r— 1
CJ CJ r-H
•r-l T-l
^4 4-1 13 S
a) w c
B a) co a)
•< tJ r-H ^J
o a) to
fa rH- rJ
CQ
S
H
Q
a)
a)
^! a)
u u
cd O
en
cd
a)
a>
a)
In
o
fa
3
O
CO
rJ
a)
CJJ
o
o
OS
CO
*
to a) a)
T3 a) a)
a) ij (-4
O O O
,M a) bo
O T3
fa T3
a)
P
cx
4-1 fa CO
co
o>
a)
a)
cj
e
. co
CJ Q
>> t-i
o) a)
rH >
•r-l CO
co a)
eg eq
o
bO
CO
X3
a)
c
•r-l
0)
a)
u
CJ 4-1
-P 3
•r-4 O
CO
-------
erf
W H
H CO
4-12
-69-
CN
r^
a\
ON
vo
ON
S O
O CO
U
>>
I—I
3
>>
j—t
3
>,
r-l
3
>>
rH
3
O
• r-l
W
d
cS
Cb
X
pq
[14 fu
H H
fa
H
i
CO CO
fO "3
•r4 T-I
ft ft
CO CO
Oj prj
U S-l
fa co CO
H T3 T3
a) a)
i
c
o
•r-l
CO
c
CB
Cu
X
Kl
fa fa fa
H H H
I I I
H H H
M r-l M
i
U
O
•r-l
CO
C
cB
a.
x
w
fa fe
H H
C
O
• H
CO
c
cfl
O4
H H
O
[i, PL, PL, CL,
H H H H
I I I I
U U H O
OrOCNCNOOr-HCN^-ONCNCNO
yacN^-^J-t—ivoCTNr^.^fct)>>co
-r-l CO
4J
T-I
o
en c
•-i O C
rH SH CO O
co a) >»
& T3
d d
a) rl
a! o
a)
u
-o
a)
o
^ a)
J cj
a)
M d
U co
faOT3
•ri d
CQ hH
rM CU
a) a)
a) P
O
Q
O
a)
•r4
•rl
cO
CM
M
a)
a)
^
a)
a)
SH
SH
Q
Opossum Creek
Little Bear Cree
a)
0)
SH
a>
3
rH
PQ
Hinkle Creek
Lime Creek
Spring Creek
a)
a)
SH
CJ
CM
O
&
0)
a)
O
O
ca
r— I
PQ
-------
-68-
of
W W
EH CO
Sj D
^*
CJ H
H b-l
rH C^
H H
fj CO
, iX
rH rH
3 3
1-1 >->
P
C
Q) CO
e c
CO O
O -P
CO P
rH 'P
O. 13
0) TD
oi <
^N
CM
fa fa fa fa fa
to H H H EH
1 1 III
H CJ EH CJ CJ
CO rJ rJPM,JrJrJl— IPM PM
ui
cf
1/1
VOin rHCNONinvOinr-H CO
d~vo c3i d~ go i— i o i— i in o
md" d">-Hinvooovor— i r-i
rH CN
£4
CJ
d
rt
•--1
d
M
i
U CO
<]) T3
P >P
do) o.
a) ^i i dj
T3 CJ tp T3 Ci.
dd d d •'-• (-1 CD (J
•P cd cd CD o ' — ' cd E a) t-4
SP BP-,-io,a6d cd
I-iCJ ' — "cd^'OrOCOt-J T3
COa) -PPrHcOSr-HCO CO
OrJ oco<;aj(5b£jc5 o
0)
•P
Pri
CC
C'
v^
a) a;
CD rJ >
ii (H 0) C
CO CJ i! > ,O
i! a) co 'P <
CO(-jpCOJ
(H 3 H CO M 'P
4«; a) rj j<; >, >, oj
cojawzacocDSH
a) S -P d d PQ P
S-l 'P .d O O CO
CJ H CJ 133 K W T3
a)
CJ
•>:
CN CO
•* «x
t— I OI CN CN
00
VO
CT.
r-l
, — 1
>>
r-l
P
i-:i
! — i
c
i-i
-p
d
o
CJ
4_)
C
cd
r-H
D.
d
l-l
^^
CN
fa fa fr
H H H
i i i
CJ CJ H CJ
PM !3 t-l PM
r^. r— i
00 00
co r^
cj-
d
!si
)>i
1 T3
J_j
O
fa
cSi
rM d
0 0
•POP
d I-H d
CO CO 'P
PL, PM >
CO CO CO CO
rs »\ r* ri
CNCNCNCNCNCNCNCN
C3> O O CN
vo vo r^— f-^
o^ c^ ON o\
rH rH rH rH
r-H t— 1 rH rH
>> >> >> >,
I— 1 rH rH rH
333 3
i-> i-> ID h)
•
T3
CO P
-J C
co CD a;
d d S S
OOP a)
•P >P O O
P P cp cd
•P -P 'P rH
13 T3 rP O<
13 T3 O CO
< < CJ QJ
^-^ /^N
CN CN 0
.. \^/ lj
{£, fa fa, fa* CD fa
. 1 1 1 1 1
CJCJCJCJEHCJHEH
m CN co CN in iv-
m vo cf CN d~ co
i — . t — i vo oo d" | —
rH VO VO rH
P-- CN
O
CJ
o d
CJ CO
g
a) o.
P CO 'P
CO r- 1 3 CO 'O
CO rH CJ1 rH rH
O Q CO W r-H CO
O fa 'P >-. T-l
r-H d >-. > r-H 4-1 Cd
t-jrd^cdcni-id 3
co o cd (~H CD a) 'r-i *~j
P i—} ro cj d ^ cd co
CO CD cd cO i— i cd
CO
*x
cNd'd'd'd'j.H^j-
fa fa fa fa fa
H H H H H
III II
CJ CJ H CJ O
o\ CM co o vo d' d'
i — i d* in in vo vo r^-
d" o o rv. CN vo co
O CN rH r-H rH
rH
>> >>
P P J2
•P p O
CJ CD d
^ cd
CO -P tj P P
a) rJ « C P P P
rH O d O CO
LJ P P P cd o d
.d a) co -P 3 co co
CJ & D£ 15 Q [5 CQ
o
o
d — &
O CO
d co
•P P
co 4.5 CJ
A rW CO
O CO CD CO P
O IS
-------
410
-67-
o
1^
ON
1-1
3
1-1
O
• r-l
co
C
n)
a,
X
w
c
o
•1-1
w
C
o)
c
o
•o
c
cd
cl
o
•r-(
CO
C
CO
O-
X
o
fa fa fa fa
EH H EH EH
O H H
I
O
O
fa fa fa n] fa
H H EH 3 EH
I I I O I
W H O O
<• M PL, PM
PM < H
H H
fa
< CM
fa fa fa
EH EH EH
I I I
0 H H
PL, M M
u~l ^OCNOOCN^OI^vDLnj-CMO i-nro
CM cNcNroooo^HLnoood-ON i—in
CN ^tcOOOCOLnr^^OOOrOOO COvO
CO ^£) CM i—I r—I rH n
O in vo ro t^ O
1^ 1—I r-l CM ON IT!
oo 3- 3- a\ <-< ao
i—I CN i—' CN
0
f3
O
o
jd M
cj cj
CO O
bO
C 4-1
•r4 CO
c o
CO -r-l X3
C rJ CO 6
O O l-i co
.r4 T3 f_| Q)
C rH 4J
3 W CO
a) a)
a) id d
d H CO CO
o f-i B
u
P
e
tfl
d
CO
o o
2; co
Q 0)
co c
.r-l
T3 cfl
CO d rH
a) >, B PM
4-1 (J i-H i-H
w o ^i o a)
a) 4J O O rH
>> 6 CJ O rH rH
rH O '(H U Cfl CO
4J O
J-l T3
CO 3)
CO rH
>, O
Q H
PQ
M
Qj
EH
OS
H
co
.Y fci a) ..
a) a) a) c:
a) >
•r-l CO -iH" 13
tj -iH g -r4
•H rH CO S
CO bO
tj d
CM fT1
a)
a) 4
-------
-66-
CNCNCNCN CNCNCNCN
409
CN
r--
oo
>o
00 CM
vo r-~
o\ cri
>>
r—t
3
3
1-1
a)
a
co
r-i
ft
>
4-1
•r-l
u
cO
s
0
M
ity Heights
CO
u
a)
>
•r-l
C
o
bO
C
a) co
t-i 3
cO cO
S H
ft
l-i
O
O
bO
•3
bO
CO
^
O
cfl
PM
O
4-1
1— 1
1— 1
CO
CO
tj
cO
S
Oi
§
Oi
EH
P
Z
a
I
A! 0)
O) O)
CD i-i
u u
l-J S-J
Ol l-J
S a)
0) XI
co o
airie Creek
dian Creek
EB Indian Creek
tj C
CM M
X
0)
0)
(-1
U
c xi
cO O
•r-l 4-1
tJ J«! T4
C (U ,i
t-i CJ M bO p
CQ u co a)
S a) a CB i-j -.-I T-I
01 4-J 3 i-o CO oi
(j -rt cr n) ij
u Q co m a -M
c
•3
r-l
fa
Creek
bO
C
• rl
C-l
ft
CO
i-l
a)
-------
408
-65-
erf
w w
EH CO
J- -=}•
CN CN CN
CM
l-v
CN CN
r^ r-v
r-H rH
O 00 P P P
CJ *~) i"i ^
X
rH
3
H
S3
W CO
S Q
H H
< H
W S3
ft!
EH
H
H S3
IS H
W §
CO H
3 t^J
P-i fX
4-1
d
0)
e
0)
CJ
cd
i — i
ex
CD
erf
fa
H
1
H
4J
d
(U
6
Q)
O
cd
! 1
ex
cu
erf
fa fa
CO H
1 1
EH H
cn
d
o
•r-J
4-1
•r-l
T3
<
C
o
&
S_i
CO
cn
d
o
•r-l
4-1
•rl
rrj
T3
**
fa fa fa
H H H
i i i
H 0 CJ
fa
H
O
PL,
fa
CO
I
H
OT
d
O
•r-l
T3
13
ttj fa fa
H H H
I I i
H O
CO Pn
M ,J
4-)
1
Q)
O
cd
i—i
ex
a)
a!
fa fa fa fa fa
H H H EH H
I I I I I
EH H EH H CJ
M M M M PH
fa
EH
d a)
o e
••-I a)
co o
d nj
CTJ rH
a. ex
X a)
fa fa fa fa fa
H EH H EH EH
II III
H U H O H EH
O
ao
"">
CNOO
vooi
CN
a\oj-r-)L^,j.Lr)QLr)O
H erf
M H
rJ CO
fi 1 Q
M S3
CJ M
1— 1
z erf
5 °
>.
4-1 ,i~1
•r-l 4J
O r-l
O
>> 5
£-1 CO
O rH
4-1 rH
CO W
0
4-1
bO
d
CO i — 1
£5 J-/
cfl p
•rl CQ
r-H 1
rH P*
•rl O
rS rH
rH
CO
4-1 d
cn o
3 Q) T3
T3 rH d
d rH O
M -rl ,J
1 >
tti d S
o co cu
i — 1 Q Z
4-1
d
CO
cn
cd
a)
rH
P-l
p e
d cu
P rH
O CO
S CO
4-1 4-1 lH
co cn co
cfl CU W PL,
W & S3
T3
rH
Q) 4-1
•rl d
CM O
tj E
•rl 0)
CO IH
fa fa
d
o •o
4-1 d
•d co
bO rH
•iH" r*^
rJ CO
PQ 13
T3
rH
0)
•r-l
U-l
C
•rl
5
C
o
4-1
bO X
d a
•rl CO -rl
.d 4-1 IH
CO O t3
Cfl Q) CU
12 W 3J
1
CU >.
rH Q)
rH bO d
•rH- bO iH
> 0 3
d rH O
d rH bO
>, CU -rl
,J bli CO
i >H d i >> d
CU O CO CU CO 4-1 'r-l
CUS-lBrH dCO-1-ICflS
X!cfl3rH rJOCO^S3
CJxiNcU d3O(nl 1
COcUd>>COOrHCUCO
4-1 4-ldrH6rQCfl>rH
CO ^ d *rl rH i — 1 i — 1 ,M 'iH rH
,CCUOrjp''-ICUCOdCU
5r3SOCOOSOPrl|
CU
o
c
s
H
§
EH
Q
erf
H
CO
CU CU
cu CU
CJ CJ
a)
Q)
IH
CJ
X!
cn
3
L_|
PQ
CD .^
CU CU
(H CU
CJ tj
CJ
bO
d T)
0 3
rJ S
CU
a)
CU CJ
4«J CU
CU !H S
CU CJ O
in (H
CJ iH CJ
rd CO
bO CO T3
•P -i-l CU
PQ fa O
CU
CU
O
CU CO
CU O
rd rJ
O CJ rJ
-P U
•rl 4-1 P
Q 3 PQ
d
rH
cO
|3
0)
a)
CJ
T3
CU
cfl O
bO 0
3 r4
CO O
Crooked
Crooked
ek
A! rW CU
fa fa (J
CJ
W 13 rd
O
4-1
3
Q
IH
CU
• rl
Oi
d
3
*/
CO
rl rH
O 4-1
•P lH
•rl O
P S3
e Creek
bO
•a
•rl
I-l
PQ
Creek
Creek
-^ 1 — (
CJ Cfl
O O
ft! CJ
AJ CU
cu a)
CU rJ
rJ CJ
CJ
d
>> 0
IH O
Q 2
Creek
(_) ^
CO CU
bO CU
p IH
CO CJ
,Y
CU
cu
Vt tn
Ai CU CJ
O CU
O lj bO
erf o d
(_!
ex
CO
CU
CO
(-1
CJ
O
P
PQ
-------
-64-
OS
w
H
407
<]• CM Csl
CJ W
£5 KH-
< S3
CM CM
r^ r--
CM
f-
CM
r^
Ov
CM
r-~
cr.
CM ffi
a o
O CO
>,
I—I
3
3 3
,—1
3
>,
i-(
3
>>
r—I
3
3 3
>,
r-H
3
C
O
••-I
CO
G
to
CL,
X
W
tu C
6 O
0) -H
O CO
ffl C
i—) to
CX d,
cu X
Pi W
c
O
•H
CO
a
cd
a.
X
w
4-1
C
0)
E
0)
y
a,
cu
G
O
C
cfl
a,
X
W
G 0)
o B
•^ cu
co o
C nj
C8 rH
a, a,
X 0)
W 04
c
o
•1-1
CD
G
ffi
a,
X
W
I I I I
W CJ O H O
§3
H O
C/l
I
H
I
H
O H
CM M
I I
H O
M CM
LO
U~ICMCOCM
r-~cMcoco
CM Sj"
H >i
M Pi
t-3 H
< W
CM fD
1— 1 Q
CJ §
M H
%5
*~i p^
S 0
^s-t
prf
<
H
P
pq
M
03
H
O
*p*i
•
0
Jj
o
cu
i-H
M
CO
U
r;
CJ
4-J
•H
o
CO
XI
S
CO
C
CO
t^
^
CU
cu
^4
o
}-f
cu
4J
4-1
O
4-1
4-1
•H
M
W
J2
CJ
C
CO
t-t
m
01
i— i
•u
TD
•iH
S
CU
XI
E
o
o
c
3
0
^
0)
cu
^4
o
J>,
»i-
co
3
PQ
CO
cfl
4-1
c
O
CO
O
O
CM
v;
CU
CU
^_t
CJ
TD
CO
N
•M
H^
4_)
• i-f
O
0)
}-t
o
G
•— i
•H
O
,ij
CU
0)
!-<
U
T3
S-l
CO
N
• H
i_3
V4
PQ
j2;
1-1
cu
M
T3
CO
pq
y
0)
cu
^1
C_J
}_l
cu
W)
TD
CO
pq
J>^
4-1
•1-1
0
CO CO
4-1 C
o o
v; W)
CO i-l
Q *£
i-l
cu
>
•1-1
03
CO
cu
c
•H
0
s
CO
0)
Q
s^
PH
W
0)
60 (U H X
C S-l O 4-> 4-1 4J
o o E co m -H 13
!-< E CU ^i O CJ <-l
4-1 1-4 4-J C ^ O
COCU4-lCU4-*OC_>COr£3
E ^ '^ ""O M 4-i G cu S
l-i 'r~* XI O 3 *^ cO 13 3
<^ t--l ^ cq pq EH pq co £E
l-i
CU
•i! >
CU -r-l
cu ed
CJ CU CO
.M cu cu
cu 1-1 u G
0) CU CJ Jsi -i-l
l-i C CU O
CJ >— i o cu S
3 *-< H
CO 5-1 J2 CO CJ CO
4-' EH O 14H 0)
4-1 4J M-( TJ Q
O -.H 3 3
h-i Q pq s vf
PM
s
t-i CU
60 Ol i-l
l-i 00 r-1 T3
3 C -i-l C
J3 -iH > CU
co 4-i j-i pq
4-1 4-1 CU CU
cu cu (~! m 4->
JCO 4-1 i — 1 CO
M CO O CU
0 w Pi ES
V
cu
X cu
CU l-l
01 CJ
CJ CU
•iH
1 1 ^
0 -i-l
,-( CO
CM CM
4_j
c
0
CM
4-1
CO
cu
^
cu
cu
C_J
CO
1— 1
•iH
cu
Q
M
o
c
CO
Cfl
cu
«
nl
§^
^
(5
^
c
3
m
X
CO
! 1
o
CJ
1-1
cu
>
•iH
cm
^
c
^
CO
CO
cu
a
<
-------
w w
H CO
406
-63-
w
00
vD
0\
o cr> 00
f^« vO **Q
CM
r—
O>
CM
W
>,
i-H
d
>>
r-l
D
C
o
•1-f
CO
d
to
Q,
X
w
G
CO
CM
T)
QJ
O
4-1
•H
,-1
O
O
G
O
•H
cn
G
CO
cx
M
C
O
•H
co
G
CO
CX
W
C
cu
o
W
r-H
a,
PR En PM fc fu En
H H CO H H H
I l l l l l
O H H H H H
QJ H H t-
G I tJ I I
O CJ I H CJ CJ
& £
O
U
OOOHrj
P*H
CO
o
l-l
H
3
o
P-l
CM
CM
LO t^^ ^o
CXI *£> OO
u-i LT\ CM
•-^1 CM
OO O O CM (^
^D CM CM 00 r--
~cf oo m vo
o
4J QJ
4_1 v^
>, CO
CO co
TD T3
QJ C
M O
CQ fTi
OJ
CO T3
G i-l -H
(0 <-4 O)
S-l QJ QJ
p g ^
CO QJ CO
hJ 2 t-1
•a
O
O
fa >.
QJ 4-1
^ QJ 'i-l
eg -a cj
hJ CO
l-l 4-1
6 60 M
l-l >. QJ
O ffi JO
4-> rH
CO
CO
QJ
4-i qq
cn i
QJ QJ
|3 r-J
1 CO
^TD
C C
QJ CO
^ ,0
< £
M
QJ cn
60 QJ
c e
CO -H
o o
Valley Cannery
d
l-l 1-1
QJ CO
> £
CO TD
QJ O
PQ O
13
!>*>
-U
•H
U
C
QJ ^
*U T~~'
00 O
O CM
State Hospital
i-i
T3 CO
•H ^ C
l-l T3 C
T3 O C
CO O C
a ^ B
4-1
CJ
r- H
S i*
I) ° 4-1
2 tl CO
D 1°
3 Q3 QJ
ID
r-f
Q) ^J Ji
•l-l CJ 4J
M-l -1-4 T-l
T3 3 ?
-1 G !-i
0 QJ O
CJ PS CJ
QJ
Q)
CJ QJ
QJ
CX H
6 a
o c
to
PR TJ
G
S M
O
CO
TJ
QJ
O
QJ
QJ
o
O
PQ
Q) QJ
QJ QJ
CJ O CJ
4J
•r-l l-l l-l
P O QJ
>* CO
CO QJ
CO CQ
aver Cree
QJ
PQ
CU
r-l
4J
4J
•l-l
i_3
^£
QJ
QJ
i-l
CJ
QJ
>
CO
QJ
PQ
4-1
cn
co
W
^
CU
QJ
}_l
CJ
00
•H
CQ A^
Q)
QJ
l-l
^
QJ
QJ
S-l
a
^ >,
OJ CO
CU G
M O
^
CJ
Q)
£_l
O
4J
C1J
,1-1
i-l
•r-l
.M
^|
01
l>
>r4
Pi
QJ
C
O
O
O O MOT PQ
-------
(Sj
405
-62-
W
O W
SI
tig
o w
o
00
vo
3 3
00
vo
OS
3 3
ID
03
Q
w
w
z
c
o
TJ
C
CB
«!
d c
o o
•r-l -^
CO CO
C C
cO cO
ft ft
ta w
d
r— 1
(X
^
0)
z
4-1
a;
a)
y
CO
i— i
ft
a)
05
4-1
C
g
a)
y
£0
r~4
ft
D
OS
4-1 C
C O
rH CO
Oj C
cO
w
d
O
•r-l
co
C
cfl
§
CO
a)
c
•r-l
O
H co
I a)
EH Q
M *-s
£
1
H
1— 1 fj
a)
c
o
i— 1 Z
fa fa fa
EH H EH
1 1 1
0 0 H
(ll PL, M
CN
jj_j rVj
H H
1 1
U EH
OH H
H
|
H H
W M
H H
1 I
U 0 r
CM CM i-
0-j &j
EH EH
1 I
q O O
«>&
C I
0 H
3 & M
fa
H
1
H
M v-
pfj Pt<
H H
1 1
H EH
fa fo Cn
1 1 1
OHO
a<
o
IT! 1—I I—I r-l
co
cs
00
O
4->
C
a)
oo
a;
+->
c
d)
O
T3
co
""O OT Qj Q)
c a) co a) -ri
D o
ft
CO !
C
a)
G (U
a)cflOcOcB3+->
ceJPHCJOWOOT
ctfr-iT3cl)
«O n)
(-i OS
I-l rH
cfl T3
bo -a
3 -i-l
c
o
o
i! y
a> u
2 S
a)
0) .M
(-1 a)
C O a) c;
3 u o
oS o o o
4-1 y
>>'r4 S y
53
.d P 3
4-> Q O*
3 co
o o
OT S
t-l
o
Z
a) a)
a) a)
O O
0>
(D
C O
. cO
d
co
y y j 4-1 O
33 C
CQ eg d D
•-I OS
4-1 4-J T3
CO CO
co a)
ta S
0)
CU
u
u a)
Q O
CU
a>
o
-------
w w
H 00
-61-
404
M Q
| i pri
O CO
U
OS
OS
CO
Os
4-1
d
P-I
a)
a)
d
o
z
fa fa fa
EH EH H
t I I
H EH O
a)
a
ft
a)
«
fa fa fa
H H 00
I I I
U O EH
I
EH
r-H < rJ
fa
H
H
M i-
OS
OS
r— 1
r-H
r-H
d
o
w
d
cd
ft
X
fa
H
1
O
CO
Os
i — i
r-H
>,
i — I
3
d
o
•r-l
Cfl
CO
ft
X
H
fa
H
1
*%
fa
H
i
H
fa
H
1
0
3 rH CM
CN
OS
r-H
r-H
3
4-1
d
a>
o
cd
r— 1
ft
a)
oi
fa
CO
i
H
CO
CM
O\
r-H
•\
r-H
3
d
0
•rH
CO
C
CO
ft
X
w
fa
1
o
- 1 p_j
CO
i — l
rH
r-H
d rO
co a)
0 E
CO O
d CH
CO -r-l
ft I-H
X 0
w o
fa
rJ H
1 1
fa EH
EH M
/-— \
CO
a)
d
o
S
CO
a)
Q
^-^
^^
03
a)
d
o
s
CO
a)
Q
rJ ^
CU
O
co
OS
00
O CO O OS ^
r~. co t-H r^ CN
\O 1^ O\ CT> HJ.
LT) CN
O
CN
os
O
4-1
r-H
Q
CO
.3
cd co co
a)
r-H
Cl) r-H
CO 'r-l
CO >
3 O
CQ rJ
Cd r-H
S "-I -r-l
CO O >
4-1
cd
d o
i—i a)
<; OH
a) a)
o
X o a) X o
o u a o r-H
cd co d a)
a) d
CO
cd
d cd a)
O IH r-H
S PH Fn
CO
C
•r-l CO
•00 r-H
(H O
> cd
> 4-1
r-H Cd
a)
r-H
4-J CO
CO CO
s
p
CO
44 d
rH CO IH
O O T3 4-1 4J 'r-l
0)
Z
CO
CO
Cfl>^tl
rd 4-> rH 0) 4-1
CO
d
o
o
4-1
r-H
ra
0)
d
•rH
O
s
CO
a)
Q
4-1
en
a)
(_j
a)
4-1
a)
2U
£
CO
CO
4J
(-1
bO
•i— (
a)
PC
tj
o
CO
T3
rJ
•r-l
DfJ
§
r-l
Q
Z
erf
EH
co
44
a>
a)
S-i
O
^j
cd
T3
cu
0
44
Q)
4)
(_i
O
-P
CO
cO
0)
IH
CQ
44 a)
a) 4-1
0) -r)
M rd
O C2
44
a)
0)
^_i
c_>
44
a) a)
d a)
+J L?
CU
Q-i 1k^
6 I_i
O 'r-l
CJ {^
w^
^J Q)
OJ C)
J^ Q) U J-l
d) I-i Q) O
fl) U ^
U -^ ^ &
O C C Di cd O
^ ^ p 4J
,C{ O C^ -^ CT1 'r-<
en x! -P co Q
D r-H >> p
t-i a] M O
PQ O Q 00
rM
(U
Q)
j_i
U ^
U Q) a)
cu t-i d)
4-1 QJ J_l
4-1 U
O ft
e ^
cd 3
0 2
IH
a)
• rH"
C4
a)
r-H
T3
T3
•r-l
2
44
a)
a)
IH
l-l
a)
Q
M
a)
>
•rl
cd
a)
r-H
T3
T3
•r-l
s
44
fa
CO
IH
a)
•rl
pj
fi
4-1
(H
0
z
44
a)
a)
i-i
CJ
a)
t-H
T3
T3
•rl
s
IH
a)
>
•r-l
ei
.d
4-1
(-1
o
i-i
DQ
Z
44
a)
a)
IH
O
a)
i — i
• H
*rj
l-i
3
O
fa
44
a)
a)
IH
o
a)
r-H
•rH
2
IH
3
O
fa
[VI
CO
a)
d
•r-l
O
2
CO
a)
Q
IH
ai
.,-1
os
c
o
o
o
o
-------
-60-
403
O!
a w
H CO
•3°
H
OCfl
Z J
<;5
MQ
rJW
o co
o
cocococococococococo
co
t*
CM
H
z
S.
<&
H
!S
H
H
z
ng
sr
col
MH
rJCO
ft(_
M Z
OM
M
Z«
,30
CN
O
r«v
i-H
rH
X
§
^
0)
M
e
M
0
CM
rH
O
cj
2
00
in
co
CO
d
4->
£
•r-l
rH
CN CN
CN
^^
ON
rH
rH
X
3
CO
d
o
• H
4->
T3
TJ
<
O
i
O H
SE H
-t
ON
00
CJ
0
w
ft
d
t_j
o
cj
d
4-> rH
d 3
•H ,0
rH CO
CN CN
0 O
rv r*^
rH i— 1
X X
3 3
T3 rO
0) 0)
IH IH
e e
IH (H
0 0
O
3 cj
CN
ON
CO
i — I
X
3
4->
C
cd
I-H
ft
u
0)
0)
d
o
01
r^s
m
0)
4->
3
M
d
0)
6
a)
a
CO
r-H
ex
0)
«
fij Cb
H H
i i
H 0
M ft
CO rH
r-N p^
r*^ r^
CN
TJ
rH
a)
d -r<
O CM
rH O
3 0
O rH
CN 01
00
•O
rH
rH
X
rH
3
4-1
C
CO
rH
ft
u
CU
z
a)
d
o
CO CO
CN 00
O CO
i-H i— 1
CD
3
cr
co O
Q) rH
rH
CN 00
r>. \o
rH rH
rH rH
X X
rH rH
3 3
CO 4->
d d
O co
•rj rH
4-1 &
•a s
T3 Q)
< 2
0)
d
o o
ft Z, rJ
rH Jt
t*^ r-H
00 O
CO i— 1
CO
o
0
o3 CU
i-H
CB rH rH
3 IH >.
4J O T3
CNCN'CN
00
^O
ON
rH
i-H
X
3
4-1
d
0)
S
Q) T3
CJ CU
cO *O
a, co
cu S
a! <
CN
CM
H
|
rH CH rH
l/^ f^ \^
CN 00 ^
O ON 00
rH 00
0
CN
rH
•r-l
rC CO
a)
4-> d
C -i-l
Cfl -r4
i— i cU d)
•*
CN
pp^
rH
r-H
X
rH
3
d
o
•r-l
CO
cfl
ft
w
01
PQ fc CM CM
£•** H £-1 (-4
II 1 1
OH O CJ
CO H^ rj\ rH CN 00 CO
ON in o ^t oo I-H in
in vo rv. H/ i/^ fv. o
ON C}- ,_j
CN rH
H
CO CO
CU C S II
bO O CO CO
t3 co .ti co
0 rH bOZ 0
(3 rH d 1 d 0
O -M C S *r^ O cd
Xl (-t C JH *Q cO J2
•4-* O O '""I t~* 0) W
Q
S
CO
CO
3
•r-l
M
O
IH
a)
•r-l
SI
CO
Q) _^J
a) j«i a) cj
a) a) u o
M cU CJ C<
CJ M 'r-l
O M *M
u a) cd
Cfl *M rH Xl
bO O rH CJ
3 .r) .r( 3
CO rH S S
-------
rt
w w
H CO
co co co
CMCOCOCOCOCMCOCMCOCOCO
r-ICMCMCMCMr-ICMrHCMCMCM
CO
rHCMCMCMCMCMCNCMCM
402
-59-
w
o
ox
CM O
CT\ O"*
o
o>
CM
ON
O CM
t-3 W CM
CM p- ^s
O
-> •-!
1
T3
0)
rl
E
H
o
IJH
•rl
i — 1
O
o
T3
CU
^1
O
4-1
•H
r-l
O
CJ
CO
C
O
•rl
4-1
•H
TD
<£
03
H
(S
O
O
/-N
CM
N»X
CO
CO
CU
4-1
CO
CU
4-1
CO
0)
4->
a
O O H O
CM |3 CO ^
o
I
CJ CJ CJ CJ O H CJ
CM 12 PM IS P-i H CM
O CJ co
d, I O
3 fa "'H
cu EH E
> I §
CO CJ J3 H
P CM O M
CJ EH
W
PQ
vO CM
rH CO
CO \O
vD
t— 1
^
£2
CO
a.
g
o
o
rl 0>
CU CO
M 60 O
3 C rl
0 fi C
CU 3 O
* PS a
E
4J
CO
z
M
CO
p§
rt
w
^
rt
M
P-i
PL(
r-l
CO
CO
r-l
CO
CO
r-l
S
C
•rl
ns
rl
01
•rl
«
•rl
Cu
a
•rl
CO
CO
•H
CO
CO
•rl
S
r-~ m r~- oo «— i
•* CO C^v CO 00
CM CM ON O CT>
vn co o r-i oo
rH CO CM 00
V4
cu
N rH
r-l -H Cti
qj rH o
CJ -H -iH
•H 4-1 E
E rH C >-l CU
CU r-l O 0) .C
.C 'rl CO fe C CJ
CJ S -rl O 0) 4J
TD rl 4-1 O C rl
CCCd-rl604-l-rlOO
OOScaCC4-lrHO,
S-IT3 i-H-rlcaCOCOC
>C4JCJrHcnCJ'4HCU
CUCUrlCrlCiCOMH>
_CriO-rl3O33(ti
CJCJPuCOtflgSCQP
, r-l C
C CO CO
CO iH CJ J3
cu cs -Ha,
§-rl E 0
rl 0) I-H
m cj 4-i ,c <-<
s-i co c; cj cu
o E 3 cu o a) o
T3 3 tJ rl 4-1 CU J2
CCC-r-ICU>,04-l
CU-rlr-ICOOCUCC
4-1 E i rH e j«j co o
4J 3 O -H g E CL,
cu i — 1 CU ri CO CO 3
m H
y,
W
S
H
M
rJ
H-l
CJ
<
fa
1
P
i
EH
^*^\
r- 1
v_^
p-r|
CO
V4
CU
4-1
r-l
•rl
pt^
T3
C
CO
H
M
CU
a.
^
EH
(4-1
m
o
r;
g
1-1
CO
<
CU
00
T)
3
rH
CO
TO
CU
4-1
CO
>
•H
4-1
O
^
rl
cO
E
•rl
rl
O-i
o
&
rH
O
rl
4-1
C
o
CJ
cu
4-1
W
1
KH-
C
o
0
60
CO
h-1
CJ
e
o
•r-l
4-1
CO
C
•rl
rl
O
rH
O
P
rl
CU
rH
•rl
fa
60
c:
•iH
r-l
^
0
•rl
rl
-------
-57-
4-01
Q X
8 i'
\^ E3
rH rH
CO -=fX
-POM
£ * fl
CO
rH • r-1
cfl O.X
•M 01 bt
£50
CH \fj
<0
4-i
CO CO-H
fci O X
•", Z 2
S fl
CO
•rl
CO C COrH
S O S X
1 1 z a
CA <
£
1 -MX
O <-H X
£H O bfl
rn *— ' *y
o a
rH {±4
0
St-
ag
< H
H3
^«
g, -
o a:
(X
r3
g
U
1 1
M 10
53 rH TJ rH
G co VH x
*J rH «)0
O O 0
H CO
c
3
•rl
.p
CO
CJ
o
nJ
^1
0)
>
•3
rf
o
Ps
1
o
t*\
~t
00
•
d-
1
rs.
•
o
o
CO
d-
o
rHI
rH
i-H
t
rH
•
o
CA
•
d-
1
o
•
o
o
°?
00
d-
°?
VO
ps
o
CA
CA
o
vO
d'
x
4J
•rl
o
^
3
o
fl
co
X
3
o
•rl
co
bO
•rl
n
o o o o o o o
o oo o CM oo oooooo mo <*\ ,-« c-4 \o oc
VO rHVOrH VO Ps d1 VO d1 m d- "I rH-3- rH ,-iCM CO COir,
1 III It 1 1 1 t t 1 11 1 II 1 II
o ooo oo oooooo oo o oo o oo
CM C*>4 ^H r^ r H ^H CN CO CN CN ^J CN CN rH ^1 rH rH rH rH r*H
O VOOOCO OCM d-ifCMd-OrH O-d" in rHrH VO ^ *
CM d-rHCO (NCM r-H CM r-H rH rH rH OOd1 VO CMCO VO rHr
1 III II 1 1 1 1 1 1 (I t 11 1 |
rH OOOOin rHVO COCOd'COCOCO rHCO CM CO^ m \Ov
rH OOO OO OOOOOO OO O OO O OC.
o o o o o o
O OOO OO OOOOOO OO O vnO O OO
CM in-d'CA coov cMincoooo vovo ao r-id- o com
d" CMinfs. COd" CNVOl-HCMrHrH CMin CO r-ICN VO d'CO
i lit it i t i i i i ii i ii i it
O OOO OO OOOOOO OO O OO O OO
CM! CM rH rH r "H rH ^Hj rH CM rH rH i— 4 CO CM rH rH CN rH CM rH
a> o CD O cAf oorHd'inovo rHvo rH md" CA mm
co d'd'd" CMO rHCNrHi-Hi-HO i-io CN mm d^ d'oo
i r i i ii i 1 i I I I II I ii i ii
CM CMCNCM CMrH incOCMCMCMCO COrH CM OOd" d" CMCA
O OrHrH OO OOOOOO OO O OO O Oi-(
rH mpsCA ^tCO PsrHVOCTiVOVO QvO CO CMlrt 00 PsCO
i-H CAOO rHO OrHOOOO rHO O OO O OrH
1 III 11 I 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 II 1 II
O OOO OO CMrHOOOO OO O OO O OO
O OOO OO OOOOOO OO O OO O OO
O OOO OO OOOOOO OO O OO O OO
7 111 °? 7 "TTTTTl1 ^7 1 7°? 7 71
oo voinin covo d'cocoincMd' COCA CM voco rH cots.
in d'CMrH C^CM i-HrHCMCMCNO CMCO rH COd1 CO d^f-H
oo co oo co P-QO cocoaoaooooo oo co ao ao oo oo coco
i iii ii i i i i i i ii i it i ii
O oooo^o vors. rs.psvommvo CACA d1 coin co PSCO
00 Pspsps P^Ps PS.PsPspsPsP^ Psp^ Ps Pspv Ps PsPs
OO OOOOOO
o ooo oo oooooo oo o oo in oo
co ovorH co ps ocopspsOO OO O invo co d'vn
ps rooOrH moo d-oococococo COCN d; I-ICM vo vops
1 ill II IIII1I tl 1 II ! ii
O OOO OO OOOOOO OO O OO O OO
O vod'in psC\ covococMOm oco d1 rs.m o voo
co d'ind' c»ico CMCMCNCNCNCM vorn CM coco d- coin
m
<4->
% § C ^
•rl CO 4) O O C rH>> CO
&, (UtoOt^-P CO O 4-1 CQ 4-> Q) cO
CO C -O 4-J rH .r) ^1 lj -rlCOB 9)
Oi Cfl-rlO -HrH -abODCd) rHO T3 -rl Q
?OQ Oco ^COCO.03 -rl C o co o
!H BE •& 333-rlC-Ptr U X *rl S (j rH
CO 34-1 CO(0^rHa>d3 C S U rH O COCO
•a 4Jto(H ;rin o»^>-i-1* 30 co coo) c j* cl)O OCO CU4->3COrH3 O'rl rH 0) T3 CO > C!
-------
TABLE 9 CONTINUED
-56-
Stream
Shell Rock River
Upper Iowa River
Wapsipinicon River
West Fork Des Moines River
Winnebago River
Location
Northwood A
Decorah A, B
New Albin B
Independence A, B
Anamosa A, B
Jet. with Mississippi A
Estherville A, B
Enmetsburg A, B
Hutnboldt A
Lake Mills A
Mason City A, B
A - Location above water supply inlet or waste outlet
B - Location below waste outlet after adequate mixing
* - Locations presently sampled
-------
-55-
TABLE 9
SURFACE WATER SAMPLING STATIONS
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES AND MAJOR CITIES
399
Stream
Big Sioux River
Cedar River
Chariton River
Des Moines River
East Fork Des Moines River
Fox River
Little Sioux
Mid, Fork Medicine Creek
Mississippi River
Missouri River
Nishnabotna River
Nodaway River
102 River
Rock River
Location
Hawarden
Sioux City
St. Ansgar
Charles City
Waterloo
Cedar Rapids
Columbus Jeta
Chariton
Centerville
Fort Dodge
Des Moines
Ottumwa
Keokuk
Dolliver
Dakota City
Bloomfield
Spencer
Cherokee
Jet. with Mo.
Allerton
Dubuque
Clinton
Davenport
Burlington
Fort Madison
Keokuk
Sioux City
Council Bluffs
Hamburg
Clarinda
Bedford
Rock Rapids
Jet. with Big Sioux
A, B
A*
A
A, B
A, B
A*, B
A, B
B
A, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A
A
A
A, B
A, B
A, B
A
B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A, B
A*, B
A*, B
A, B
A
-------
-53-
398
TABLE 8
SURFACE WATER SAMPLING STATIONS
ABS, PESTICIDES AND RADIOACTIVITY
ABS
PESTICIDES
RADIOACTIVITY
STREAMS
Cedar River
Des Moines River
Des Moines River
Iowa River
Raccoon River
Cedar River
Iowa River
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Missouri River
Raccoon River
Big Sioux River
Cedar River
Des Moines River
Iowa River
Mississippi River
Missouri River
Raccoon River
Skunk River
Lakes
Clear Lake
Okoboji
Impoundments
Corning
Fairfield
Greenfield
LOCATION
Cedar Rapids
Des Moines upstream
Des Moines downstream
Iowa City
Des Moines (IPALCO)
Cedar Rapids
Iowa City
Dubuque
Davenport
Council Bluffs
Des Moines
Hawarden
Osage
Cedar Rapids
Des Moines upstream
Des Moines downstream
Estherville
Ottumwa
Iowa City
Lansing
Dubuque
Davenport
Ft. Madison
Sioux City
Council Bluffs
Des Moines
Ames
-------
397
-52-
Table 7 cont.
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LAKES
All natural and artificial lakes listed in TABLES 4 and 5 Aquatic Life
Warm Water Areas shall be also classified for Recreational Use.
FUTURE POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS FOR RECREATIONAL USE:
When the following reservoirs are built their impounded waters will be
classified for Recreational Use.
NAME
Ames Reservoir
Central City Reservoir
Davids Creek Reservoir
Jefferson Reservoir
Rathbun Reservoir
Rochester Reservoir
Squaw Creek Reservoir
STREAM
Skunk River
Wapsipinicon
Davids Creek
Raccoon River
Chariton River
Cedar River
Squaw Creek
STATUS
Authorized
Authorized
Needs Authorization
Study Conducted
Authorized
Authorized
Planning Stage
-------
396
-51-
TABLE 7
DESIGNATED RECREATION AREAS ON IOWA STREAMS
River or Stream Areas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
NEAREST TOWN
Minnesota-Missouri
A Id en
Anamosa
Bonaparte
Cedar Falls
Cedar Rapids
Central City
Charles City
Clarksville
Coralville Reservoir
Decorah
Delhi
Des Moines
Elkader
Fort Dodge
Greene
Hopkinton
Humbo Id t
Independence
Iowa City
Iowa Falls
Lime Springs
Manches ter
Maquoketa
Mitchell
Monticello
Nashua
Oakland Mills
Ottumwa
Palisade State Park
Quasqueton
Red Rock Reservoir
Saylorville Reservoir
Steamboat Rock
Waterloo
Waverly
STREAM
Mississippi River
Iowa River
Wapsipinicon River
Des Moines River
Cedar River
Cedar River
Wapsipinicon River
Cedar River
Shell Rock River
Iowa River
Upper Iowa River
Maquoketa River
Des Moines River
Turkey River
Des Moines River
Shell Rock River
Maquoketa River
Des Moines River
Wapsipinicon River
Iowa River
Iowa River
Upper Iowa River
Maquoketa River
Maquoketa River
Cedar River
Maquoketa River
Cedar River
Skunk River
Des Moines River
Cedar River
Wapsipinicon River
Des Moines River
Des Moines River
Iowa River
Cedar River
Cedar River
RECREATION ZONE
Iowa Border
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Recreation Pool
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Recreation Pool
(Under construction)
Recreation Pool
(Under construction)
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
-------
395
Table 6 cont.
-50-
COUNTY
STREAM
MILES
JACKSON
Big Mill Creek
Brush Creek
Dalton Lake
Little Mill Creek
1.5 acres
5
MITCHELL
Spring Creek
Turtle Creek
Wapsie River
WINNESHIEK
Bohemian Creek
Coldwater Creek
North Bear Creek
South Bear Creek
Trout River
Trout Run
Twin Springs
West Canoe Creek
2
2
2.5
3
2.5
5
5
2.5
2
0.5
-------
-49-
TABLE 6
AQUATIC LIFE USE - COLD WATER AREAS
COUNTY
ALLAMAKEE
STREAM MILKS
CLAYTON
DELAWARE
DUBUQUE
FAYETTE
HOWARD
Bear Creek 1
Clear Creek 1
French Creek k
Hickory Creek ^
Little Paint Creek 2.5
Livingood Springs and
Yellow River Confluence area 1
Paint Creek 7
Teeple Creek 2.5
Village Creek 6
Waterloo Creek 6.5
Wexford Creek 1.5
Bloody Run Creek 9
Buck Creek 6
Ensign Hollow 2
Joy Springs & Maquoketa Riv. 2
Klienlein Creek 3
North Cedar Creek 2
Plum Creek 1.5
South Cedar Creek 3
Turkey River Adjacent to Big
Springs Hatchery .75
Elk Creek 1
Maquoketa River 2
Richmond Springs 1
Spring Branch 2
Turkey Creek 1
Plum Creek .5
Swiss Valley Creek 1.5
Glovers Creek 1
Grannis Creek 1
Mink Creek 2
Otter Creek 4
Bigalk Creek 1.5
-------
-47-
TABLE 5
Artificial Lakes
393
County
Adair
Carroll
Cass
Davis
Decatur
Des Moines and Henry
Franklin
Greene
Guthrie
Hancock
Hardin
Hardin
Jasper
Johnson
Lucas
Mahaska
Monroe
Montgomery
O'Brien
Shelby
Tama
*Taylor
Union
Van Buren
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Lake
Meadow Lake
Swan Lake
Cold Springs
Lake Wapello
Nine Eagles
Geode
Beeds Lake
Spring Lake
Springbrook
Pilot Knob
Pine Lake
Upper Pine Lake
Rock Creek Lake
Lake MacBride
Red Haw Hill
Lake Keomah
Miami
Viking Lake
Mill Creek
Prairie Rose
Union Grove
Lake of Three Fires
Green Valley Lake
Lacey-Keosauqua
Lake Ahquabi
Lake Darling
Allerton
Acres
12
130
16
287
56
205
130
19
27
15
63
101
640
950
72
82
150
25
218
110
125
390
30
130
302
115
On lakes of over 100 acres no motor in excess of 6 H.P. allowed.
-------
-45-
TABLE 4
NATURAL LAKES
392
County
Allamakee
Buena Vista
Calhoun
Cerro Gordo
Clay
Delaware
Dickinson
Emmet
Hamilton
Hancock
Harrison
Johnson
Kossuth
Lee
Louisa
Monona
Muscatine
Osceola
Palo Alto
Pocahontas
Pottawattamie
Sac
Winnebago
Woodbury
Worth
Wright
Lakes
Kains Lake
Lansing Big
Storm Lake
North Twin
Clear
Dan Greene Slough
Elk
Silver
Center
Diamond
East Okoboji
Lower Gar
Upper Gar
Minnewashta
Hottes
Jemtnerson Slough
Little Spirit
Cheevers
Four Mile
High
Iowa
Little Wall
Crystal
Eagle
Nobles (Pott. Co.)
Babcocks
Goose
Green Bay
Wapello (Klum)
Blue
Keokuk
Rush
Five Island (Medium)
Lost Island
Rush
Clear
Manawa
Black Hawk (Wall)
Duck (Harmon)
Browns
Brights
Cornelia
Acres
200
679
3,060
569
3,643
285
261
45
264
166
1,875
-.-
...
312
100
214
341
219
467
308
273
283
906
160
58
103
272
212
918
511
359
945
1,260
460
187
660
957
72
840
122
385
Lakes
Mud
New Albin Big
Pickeral (Clay Co.)
South Twin
Round
Trumbull
Marble
Pleasant
Prairie
Silver
Spirit
Swan
Welch
West Okoboji
Ingham
Tuttle
Twelve Mile
West Swan
East Twin
West Twin
Swan
Swag
Muscatine Slough
Iowa
Silver
Virgin
Lizzard
Rice (Worth Co.)
Silver
Elm
Acres
164
200
176
600
450
1,190
175
82
136
1,068
5,684
371
75
3,939
421
981
290
1,038
193
109
44
46
237
116
638
200
268
612
318
463
-------
TABLE 3 CONTINUED
391
-44-
*Mississippi River
Iowa River
*Cedar River
W. Fk. Cedar River
*Shell Rock River
*Winnebago River
*Little Cedar
English River
*Wapsinicon River
Buffalo Creek
Little Wapsipinicon River
Maquoketa River
N. Fk. Maquoketa River
Turkey River
Little Turkey River
Crane Creek
Volga River
Yellow River
*Upper Iowa River
Eastern Iowa border from Missouri
State Line to Minnesota State Line
•
Mississippi River to Belmond
Iowa River to Minnesota State Line
Cedar River to Cerro Gordo County Line
Cedar River to Minnesota State Line
Shell Rock River to Minnesota State Line
Cedar River to Minnesota State Line
Iowa River to Kinross
Mississippi River to Minnesota State Line
Wapsipinicon River to Stanley
Wapsipinicon River to Sumner
Mississippi River to Backbone State Park
Maquoketa River to Dyersville
Mississippi River to Vernon Springs
Turkey River to Highway #24
Little Turkey River to Saratoga
Turkey River to Maynard
Mississippi River to Highway #51
Mississippi River to Chester
* Denotes Interstate Stream
-------
390
TABLE 3
AQUATIC LIFE - WARM WATER AREAS
-43-
Streams
Missouri River Basin
* Chariton River
* Thompson River
* Nodaway River
E. Nodaway River
W. Nodaway River
Mid. Nodaway River
* Nishnabotna River
E. Nishnabotna River
W. Nishnabotna River
* Missouri River
Boyer River
* Little Sioux River
*0cheyedan River
W. Fk. Little Sioux
Maple River
* Big Sioux River
*Rock River
Mississippi River Basin
* Des Moines River
*E. Fk. Des Moines River
"W. Fk. Des Moines River
Middle River
Raccoon River
S. Raccoon River
N. Raccoon River
M. Raccoon River
Boone River
Skunk River
N. Skunk River
S. Skunk River
Reach of Stream
Missouri State Line to Bridge on Highway
#65
Missouri State Line to Union County Line
Missouri State Line to confluence of East
and West Nodaway
Nodaway to Highway #148
Nodaway to Morton Hills
Nodaway to Adair County Line
Missouri State Line to confluence of East
and West Nishnabotna
Nishnabotna to Atlantic
Nishnabotna to Avoca
Western Iowa border from Missouri State
Line to Sioux City
Missouri River to Denison
Missouri River to Milford
Little Sioux River to Highway #9
Little Sioux River to Climbing Hill
Little Sioux River to Ida Grove
Missouri River to Minnesota State Line
Big Sioux River to Minnesota State Line
Mississippi River to confluence of East
and West Forks of Des Moines River
Des Moines River to Burt
Des Moines River to Minnesota State Line
Des Moines River to Town of Middle River
Des Moines River to confluence of North
and South Raccoon
Raccoon River to Guthrie Center
Raccoon River to Buena Vista County
Line
Raccoon River to Coon Rapids
Des Moines River to Goldfield
Mississippi River to confluence of North
and South Skunk
Skunk River to Highway #92
Skunk River to Colfax
-------
389
-41-
TABLE 2
Public Surface Water Supplies
Lake or Stream Supply
Municipality
Adel
Arnolds Park
Bedford
Burlington
Cedar Rapids
Clarinda
Clear Lake
Council Bluffs
Davenport
Des Moinea
Fort Madison
Glenwood
Iowa City
Keokuk
Lake Park
Milford
Okoboji
Ottumwa
Panora
Spirit Lake
Source
Raccoon River
W. Okoboji Lake
*102 River
*Mississippi River
*Cedar River
*Nodaway River
Clear Lake
*Missouri River
*Mississippi River
Raccoon River
*Mississippi River
Keg Creek
Iowa River
*Mississippi River
Silver Lake
W. Okoboji Lake
W. Okoboji Lake
*Des Moines River
Raccoon River
Spirit Lake
Consumption
MGD
0.2 mgd
0.2
0.15
5.0
Standby
0.5
0.5
6.0
14.0
30.0
1.2
0.1
4.0
3.0
Oel
0.15
0.1
5.0
0.1
0.5
Treatment
Provided
F S D
ii
" "
ii H ii
n H ii
ti it
tt tt it
ii n
it «t tt
tt it
n it a
it n tt
tt ti tt
n ii ft
ft
n
tt tt ti
tt it tt
ii ii n
* Denotes Interstate Stream
F - Filtration S - Softening
D - Disinfection
Impoundments
Afton
Albia
Allerton
Bloomfield
Centerville
Chariton
Corning
Corydon
Creston
Fairfield
Greenfield
Humeston
Lamoni
Lenox
Montezuma
Mount Ayr
Osceola
Seymour
Tabor
-------
388
-40-
0>
% C
t-i rv cfl c
•H t> C
o4
CO
a)
a
• rH CO
m
>
* co
> CO vo
) vo O
> o o
> o o
ON
O co
m o
O 0
o o
rv in
CO vO
O o
0 0
rv rv
CM •*
0 O
0 0
s
Cfl C IH 4->
CO 'rl 0>
IH U rH O C
U
CO
en
o
o
I
||>Z M
•rl »rl 4J U Cfl
OS Oi CO CO 0)
a) C
G G I* C
r
u a)
bo.
o o .5
03 OS C o{
o a)
J3 J3 O JS r-l
O 0 « O -rl
z w as z S
^
CJ 0> -M -rl
•< C CO U 4J
co
a>
8£
. « - ffl ^
IH co «
Q) m w
> « 92 IH X
•* g 5 a> 3
05 "rl >rl > O
O O "H -rl
JC3 S SJ « CO
4J
3 co 03 X bO
O a) a) o -H
CO a Q fa PH
U 0)
•P OJ -P O
cfl cfl 4J |H
s i ss !
> -rl > J^ OS
•r| t» -r) U
aS pt; o t.
o) cu Q)
•O rH 0) "H
SS 4J IH *J TJ
O *J a W rH
rH «-l C(J 0) O
Cu .j S S to
•rl
§
•P
I
(H
CO
g
U
a)
as
e
o
U
CO
J3
O
-------
-39-
38?
CO
•-« in o\ O O
O rH it rH rH r-l O CM
rHOOOO OOO
VO
.
CO
m ao m
in vo co
OOO
O 01
in in
0 O
VO
o
l
1 O CO
t ix vo in
f CM O O
| 0 0 0
I
l
3
0
1 1
[ 1
Is !
1 0 1
t
1 in
1 rH
1 O
! O
00
CO
0
0 it
rH rH
0 0
vO
cd cd IH CO
c2 a) to a)
•ri h g ,H
C0 ^ IT* 'ft
A w B
Q \~>
00 rH m
VO CN .*
in CM m
i-H
o in
co o
r-l CO
00 00 O
in it co
in O co
rH rH CM
OX CN
CM CO
it m
rH
in
in
it
CM
VO O
• •
J" rH CO
CM rx
CN
CO
CO
IX
in
rH VO
VO CM
vo in
rH
GO
IH
0)
CO
0) - ,-
c: o cd oi
M O
u cd
flj 4J 4-> 4->
^ CO CO ^
* u S §3
> cr
„ .„ .,-1 co co
o oi at S 4J
M 0)
& >> 0) Ji
IH O 0) rH O
0) rH Jf 4J 3
P.I-H h 4J cr
Pi 0) 3 -rl Cfl
O S* H ,J S
co
s
•rH 5>S
CO 4J
r-l -rH
&l CJ >,
4J
0) Cd *rl
rH & CJ
rH O
£" §
IH O
IH CO M
CO a)
a) c 4J
c a
it
U 0) U
CO o) 0)
3sd^s
oi ca
O
M
u g
§r^
O cQ
M !ai
4J 4J
CO CO
X IH
a) a)
a> >
«H -rH
o oi
C 43
O 0)
4J .rH
CO rH
rH bO
CO C
DA a
o
o
03
a)
0) rH
rH 4J
n
3
a
P o co
co o M
32 rH
U IH
c 4-1 a) co
Cfl 4J T3
ca a)
> cj
0)
c o
co n
h> co ti
u >
CO 4J .rl
cfl erf
cfl CO
IH IH
a) a)
a) jn ji
> a) o
•rl 0) O -H -rl
03 IH Of OS Ct!
>H r-H (4 fc,
Cfl 4) rH CO Cfl
T) a a) *o T3
0) !>.
•rl > .rl
^S*
CO cfl "cl
tJ 3 3
o>o^i
o M co
M «
U 4->
O W
O, 0
o
CJ
cd CO
SH U
a) a)
> >
•H *rl
05 Oi
3 3
it
CO
,SrJ
CO
-------
386
TABLES
FIGURES
-------
385
-38-
3. Hearing Proceedings ... continued...
All seven public hearings were well attended by a
broad representation of the public interested and affect-
ed by the proposed criteria. A listing of all those
attending and those who presented oral or written state-
ments is shown in Appendix A-6. Attendance averaged
over 100 persons per hearing.
4. Statements
Oral and written statements presented at each hearing
expressed the interests of all major groups, organizations
and individuals. Tape recordings were made at all hear-
ing locations and a summary of statements presented was
compiled and is presented in Appendix A-7.
Upon completion of the seven hearings the Commission re-
viewed the opinions expressed towards all aspects of the
proposed criteria. It was felt that much was gained
towards knowledge of public opinion concerning the criteria
and changes that were proposed.
A majority of statements presented were in total agree-
ment with the proposed criteria. The remaining state-
ments were again in agreement with the criteria with some
exceptions regarding parameters, water uses or classi-
fications .
Upon review of the hearing record and data available
the Commission revised the proposed criteria and adopted
them as the Iowa Surface Water Criteria on February 28,
1967.
*Appendices A-l through A-7 referred to in Section IV
have been omitted from this copy.
-------
384
-37-
SECTION IV
PUBLIC HEARINGS
The Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria are designed
to protect the waters of the state for those present
and future uses which are most beneficial to the people.
To accomplish this goal, the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission developed tentative standards and presented
these to the public at seven public hearings throughout
the state.
The procedures which the Commission followed to conduct
the public hearings are outlined and discussed below:
1. Hearing Notice
The Commission distributed 6500 hearing notices
to all parties interested and affected by the criteria.
Those maim groups which received hearing notices were:
Agriculture, Conservation, Government, Industry, and
Municipalities. The distribution list is shown in
Appendix A-l. The hearing notice contained the follow-
ing information:
a. Hearing locations, times, etc.
b. Explanation of hearing
c. Streams and water sheds pertaining to each
hearing location(map)
d. Tentative criteria
A copy of the hearing notice is presented in Appendix A-2.
2. Hearing Advertisement
The Commission advertised the hearing times and
locations in the newspapers of the seven municipalities
where the hearings were scheduled in three publications
at weekly intervals. The newspapers and publication
dates and copies of the advertisement of the hearings
are shown in Appendix A-3 and 4 respectively.
3. Hearing Proceedings
At the opening of each hearing a Commission member
acting as chairman read the opening statement which is
presented in Appendix A-5. The statement presented the
history of the proposed criteria, application of the
criteria, purpose of the public hearing and the means by
which the criteria will be enforced.
-------
383
-36-
Feedlot Wastes...continued*.*.
As additional information and experience becomes
available providing an effective means of control-
ling feedlot wastes, the Commission will consider and
adopt those measures which are best suited to control
the pollution problem.
4. WASTE FROM BOATS AND MARINAS
Wastes from marinas and boats in the opinion of the
Water Pollution Control Commission and the State Con-
servation Commission do not currently present a serious
pollutional problem to the state waters. Representatives
of the State Conservation Commission and State Depart-
ment of Health attended a joint meeting with western
bordering states, concerning marina and boat wastes, to
discuss methods for the prevention of pollution from
these sources.
It is the plan of the Water Pollution Control Commission
and the State Conservation Commission to initiate legis-
lation in the next General Assembly that would control
marina and boat wastes. It is anticipated that the
legislation will require holding tanks which store wastes
from marine toilets for subsequent shore disposal. Suf-
ficient time will be incorporated in the legislation to
allow existing facilities to comply with the requirements.
-------
382
-35-
Aqricultural Chemicals
With the increasing demand for higher yields, farmers
are increasing the amount of herbicides, pesticides and
fertilizer applications to their lands. Invariably,
considerable amounts of these chemicals find their way
to the waters of the state. In sufficient concentration
many of these chemicals can exert a toxic effect upon
the aquatic life present in the receiving water.
Fertilizers of nitrate and phosphate base supply nutrients
which can support, undesirable algal populations capable
of producing taste and odors or possible toxic wastes.
The control of these wastes must be in the application
methods and the prevention of farmland runoff.
The state has been monitoring the surface waters since
1965 for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide levels. Plans
are being made for the expansion of the monitoring
program.
Feedlot Wastes
An increasing potential source of stream pollution is the
waste from sizeable farm feedlots. Currently there are
100 farms feeding over 1,000 head of cattle, 10 farms
feeding over 2,500 hogs and 2 farms raising over 50,000
chickens. Although there are few records available re-
garding feedlot waste problems in the state, a few
individual cases indicate that some problems of pollution
do exist. The increasing concentration of livestock on
fewer farms and the resulting larger operations will
present additional waste disposal problems.
A study committee comprised of three Commission members,
two agricultural engineers and a veterinarian from Iowa
State University was formed in November of 1966 to study
the feedlot waste problem and recommend corrective measures
toward waste control. The committee advised the Commission
that:
1. Feedlots can be a source of considerable stream
pollution when improperly designed.
2. A permit system for large operations may be a
control measure.
3. Education of the feedlot owners may produce
effective results to control feedlot runoff.
4. The control of feedlot wastes could be insti-
gated through Rules and Regulations of the
Commission.
-------
381
-34-
Soil Erosion..,continued...
erosion and consequent turbidity in the receiving streams
is an increasing problem throughout the State of Iowa.
Several factors contribute to the problem of erosion.
Agriculturalists expect at least 18 million acres of
corn and soybeans will be grown in Iowa by 1970, an
increase of 4 million acres over 1964. To get this
increased acreage, farmers on rolling farm land are
farming their steeper land much more instensively to row
crops than in the past and erosion is accelerated great-
ly. Less pasture and hay land is needed as dairying
decreases in Iowa, therefore, much of the land formerly
in rotation meadow and pasture is now in row crops.
This reduces the use of strip cropping tremendously. As
farms get larger, farmers are reluctant to use any con-
servation practices that slow down planting and caring
for row crops. Thus the use of contouring, older style
terracing and waterways have been difficult to maintain
and expand.
The State Soil Conservation Committee is carrying on an
active program through its Soil Conservation Districts
to assist landowners and operators in developing soil
conservation plans. Currently over 60,000 farmers have
developed soil conservation plans for over 12,500,000
farmland acres using the advice and aid of the Soil
Conservation District offices.
The Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture is active in planning and financing water-
shed programs under Public Law 566 to reduce soil erosion.
Currently 635,000 acres of watershed have been developed
or are under construction and an additional 800,000 acres
are in the planning stages.
Marked results in soil loss reduction have been effected
on lands under soil management programs; however, these
programs cover less than half the farmland acreage. In
addition, changing farming practices and the trend to-
ward larger farms and machinery as described previously
tend to increase the erosion problem.
The Water Pollution Control Commission endorses the action
of the State Soil Conservation Committee, the Soil Conser-
vation Service and others, and plans to continue to work
with them to further reduce agricultural wastes resulting
from erosion.
-------
38o
-33-
c. Construction Schedules..continued...
Ample Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
construction grant funds will be available for all
projects on a "first come-first served" basis if
Congressional appropriations are made at authorized
levels.
2. COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
It has been the policy of the State Department of Health
since 1930 not to approve combined sewer systems and
has recommended a program of complete separation of
sanitary and storm sewers. Under the Iowa Water Pollution
Law, the overflow from the combined sewers is pollution
and the Water Pollution Control Commission has taken
the position of recommending the separation of the systems.
It is recognized that separation is a long and costly
project since the combined systems are located in the older
and larger cities where development has increased their
replacement costs. A majority of the cities have accepted
recommendations to initiate a sewer separation program on
a schedule spaced over a period of time.
3. AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERS
Agricultural pollution in the State of Iowa occurs basically
in three forms:
1. Turbidity from soil erosion
2. Toxicity from agricultural chemicals
3. Wastes from feedlots
The Commission has appointed an Agricultural Advisory
Committee comprised of faculty members from two of the
State Universities to assist the Commission in matters
relating to agricultural wastes. This committee is
subject to call by the Commission to study specific
agricultural problems and to make recommendations for
corrective action. The lack of practicable methods for
corrective action precludes the setting of a timetable
without further research and technology.
Soil Erosion
Currently there is no legislation requiring farmland
owners and operators to practice soil and water conser-
vation measures which control farmland runoff. Soil
-------
379
-32-
b. Compliance with Water Quality Criteria..continued,.
Thermal pollution has not constituted a problem but may
grow important with growing power production and a trend
to very large plants.
Supplemental irrigation is very limited and return flows
create no solids buildup problem.
c. Construction Schedules
Table 11 indicates the time schedule for the municipality
or industry that has been established by the Water Pollu-
tion Control Commission to bring about compliance with
the standards. Contract award dates have been given for
projects where the Commission has given an order to pro-
ceed with pollution abatement. Project completion dates
have not been set by the Commission due to the great
variability and uncertainty of construction projects.
Projects listed with the July 1, 1972 date will be ex-
pected to have construction underway by that date. More
specific and earlier time schedules will be established
by the Commission in most instances. If it appears that
there will not be compliance with the construction time
schedules, the Commission will hold a hearing and issue
orders setting up the construction schedule.
As time progresses, additional schedules will be set
according to the available data on stream quality surveys
and monitoring which will be expanded to cover all the
streams of the state where pollution can occur.
A project completion schedule typical of those which have
been negotiated or ordered by the Water Pollution Control
Commission is as follows:
Orders for pollution abatement
Preliminary report due in 6 months
Final design due in 6 months
Contract award due in 4 months
Construction completed in 6-24 months
Since nearly all present and future municipal treatment
plant construction will be partially financed by Federal
grant funds, certain time allowances have been incorpor-
ated to allow for Federal processing of grant applications
and a review of design plans and specifications.
-------
378
-31-
b. Compliance with Water Quality Criteria ... continued...
At the present time the Missouri River is in compliance
with the criteria since the water quality is not degraded
by the discharge of wastes receiving primary treatment
due to dilution presently afforded, A greater variety
of beneficial water uses on the Mississippi river neces-
sitates coliform reduction in addition to primary treatment.
Generally a lesser degree of treatment than secondary on
these two large streams will not effect the water quality
criteria due to the great dilution available.
The characteristics of a receiving stream, including its
seven-day ten-year probable low flow, will continue to
be used in determining the type of treatment needed.
Treatment less than secondary will not be accepted on
low flow streams unless it can be shown that legitimate
uses can be protected with a lesser degree of treatment.
All industries will be required to provide the same
degree of treatment or control that is required of
municipalities on the same reach of the stream. This
degree of treatment will generally be the equivalent
of secondary treatment. A more complete inventory of
industrial plants and their pollution producing potential
is underway.
Table 12, showing the Municipal Sewerage Systems in Iowa
as of December 31, 1966 presents some of the treatment
needs. 97.6% of the sewered population is provided with
treatment facilities and the majority of the remaining
39 communities with a combined population of 42,427 are
under orders to provide treatment. It will be noted 466
communities out of the total of 944 do not have community
sewer systems. The majority of these communities are
under 500 population (average 280 pop.) and do not
present serious pollution problems. Federal financing
programs have stimulated great interest in sewer systems
and treatment facilities among these small communities.
Knowledge regarding the extent of pollution caused by
nutrients from sewage treatment plants is limited and
may be relatively insignificant compared with nutrients
from land wash. Further research in both areas is
necessary before considering a time schedule for nutrient
removal.
-------
-30- 377
4. Existing Water Quality....continued
In addition to the regular sampling stations, there has
been extensive miscellaneous sampling in routine pollution
investigations below municipalities and also entire
stream reaches. These samplings have generally included
pH, DO, BOD and Coliform MPN. These data are not pre-
sented since they are not easily retrievable and because the
pollutional conditions have since been or are in the process
of being corrected.
D. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
The following is a summary of the Water Pollution Control
Commission policies and programs to control and abate
pollution:
1. Municipal and Industrial Waste Treatment
a• Significant Pollution Sources
A listing of the significant pollution sources to surface
waters is shown in Table 11. This table divided into
the Mississippi and Missouri River Basins lists the
municipalities and major industries, the type of treatment
provided, the treatment needs and a time schedule for
construction of needed facilities. These listings will
change as new facilities are provided and existing facili-
ties depreciate or become overloaded.
This table also lists the downstream water uses which have
been categorized in the water quality criteria. Any
reach of stream not designated for a specific water use
will have its water quality governed by the general
criteria. The numerical listings represent the follow-
ing specific water use criteria:
1. Public water supply (point of withdrawal)
2. Aquatic life - Warm water area
2a. Aquatic life - Cold water area
3. Recreation
4. General Criteria
b. Compliance with Water Quality Criteria
Table 11 also presents the best estimate of treatment needs.
All municipalities on interior streams will generally need
secondary treatment and some already have two stage filt-
ration or other tertiary treatment furnishing up to
96% BOD removal.
-------
376
-29-
b. Proposed program....continued
Coordination of the Stream Surveillance Program will be
accomplished with other agencies also concerned with
stream quality. Those agencies are:
1. U. S. Geological Survey
2. Corps of Engineers
3. State Conservation Commission
4. State Universities
5. Bordering states
6. Public water supplies
By law the State Hygienic Laboratory provides laboratory
services for the Commission and the Health Department.
The Laboratory has the facilities and qualified personnel
to perform the necessary analyses required by the state
in its current surface water surveillance program. How-
ever, expansion of the Laboratory staff and facilities
will most likely be necessary when the proposed surveill-
ance program is initiated.
The locations of the existing and proposed sampling
stations for the various parameters involved in the
surveillance of waters of the state are tabulated in
Tables 8 and 9.
4. Existing Water Quality
The existing quality of a major portionof Iowa surface
waters is considered satisfactory for the present and
future water uses. It is the opinion of the Water
Pollution Control Commission that as a minimum effect
the Surface Water Quality Criteria will maintain the
quality of those waters currently in satisfactory condi-
tion and upgrade those waters of lower quality to support
the designated legitimate beneficial uses.
Table 10 is a tabulation of the data from one of the exist-
ing water quality surveillance programs collected over
the past five (5) years.
-------
375
-28-
W.P.C. Surveillance Network River stations are being
sampled generally on a monthly basis for the Water
Quality Surveillance System at Dubuque, Burlington
and Omaha. Sample Analyses include: plankton, radio-
activity, delayed incubation membrane coliform tests,
and extensive elemental and compound determinations.
Taste and Odor The Missouri River Public Water Supply
Association has furnished data on extensive taste and
odor studies relative to the Missouri River. Studies
were conducted on the Boyer, Soldier, Maple and Missouri
Rivers.
Cedar River research studies on biological precursors of
oderiferous compounds have been in progress since 1961.
The Des Moines River is also receiving similar surveill-
ance because of "fish taints". The State-Hygienic
Laboratory is conducting the research in conjunction with
the State Conservation Commission, the Iowa State Depart-
ment of Health and the Water Pollution Control Commission.
b. Proposed program
In addition to the current surveillance programs, the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission plans the addition
of 66 new surface water sampling stations. The initiation
of these new stations and the frequency of sampling de-
pends upon financing and facilities being made available.
These proposed stations will survey additional reaches
of streams and the downstream conditions below waste water
treatment plant outlets. Initially it is proposed that
samples be collected semi-annually with the following
analyses being made:
BOD Turbidity Heavy metals* *Analysis at
COD Temp F* less frequent
NH-jcycle pH Phenols* intervals
D. 0. PO (Total) Cyanide*
Solids P04(Soluble)
The designated recreational and water supply areas which
are downstream from a significant bacterial waste discharge
will be sampled with the Belp of local participation.
-------
374
-27-
Laboratory Course..continued
It is felt that through the mandatory certification
program and the operator training couses, the overall
competence of the operators throughout the state will
be greatly increased. Increased operational efficiency,
accomplished by operator training will greatly benefit
the State surface waters.
3. STREAM jKjgVEIlJANCE
a- Existing program
• • mat UPIU i*WP*-"~r.-**ri-*r™i-Tr*Lc™rJa~-n-&s*. •matam'
The State of Iowa is currently carrying on the following
surface water surveillance programs:
Municj.joaj_ .Water•_ Supjglies - Currently. 29 surface water
sources of municipal water supplies are being surveyed
of which 15 are located on interstate streams. Samples
are being collected semi-annually by local officials
and the following analyses are made by the State Hygienic
Laboratory,
COD NA Cl
Nitrogen cycle K SO^
Solids CA HCO--CO
pH Mg Silica
Hardness Fe Specific conduct-
PC^ (Soluble) Mn ance
P04(Total) F
ABS Six stream locations are under surveillance for ABS.
Pesticides Pesticide surveillance began in 1965 and is
presently being expanded to include smaller streams in
the state. Currently chlorinated hydrocarbons are being
analyzed at six stream locations.
Radioactivity Alpha and beta-gamma activity are being
determined on the total, dissolved and suspended solids
of the surface waters at 15 stream locations, 2 lake
locations and 3 impoundments. These samples are collected
on a monthly schedule.
-------
373
-26-
BOD Mailing Program if additional personnel and equip-
ment are available, might be to permit treatment plants
to submit BOD samples for analysis on a fee basis.
The laboratory BOD results will be tabulated on a computer
coded card and then stored in the data storage record for
each plant. The results will be analyzed by the computer
and results compared to previous samples and any limits
placed on the effluent. The BOD results will be included
in the monthly operation report analysis sent to the
plant operator. The BOD Mailing program will thus facil-
tate the continual monitoring of the waste treatment
plant effluents and check the operational report data
submitted.
c. Operator Competence
Mandatory Certification. - To support the plant operation
surveillance the General Assembly enacted a Mandatory
Certification Law, effective in July 1965. Operators
in direct responsibility of public waste water treat-
ment plants must be certified. Education and operation-
al experience and a comprehensive examination are graded
according to the classifiication of the certificate.
Certificates are classified as to complexity, type and
size of plant. All municipalities have complied.
Operator Basic Training Courses - Basic training courses
have been conducted since 1952 when a Voluntary Certifi-
cation Program was initiated. With the enactment of
the Mandatory Certification Law six courses for approxi-
mately 30 persons each, (3 hours per week for 9 weeks)
have been held annually with instruction furnished prim-
arily by the two Universities. Plans are being developed
for an advanced course for the larger and more complex
plants.
Laboratory Course - Currently a laboratory course for
treatment plant operators is being conducted yearly at
Iowa State University in Ames. This program will need
expansion and plans are being made to arrange funds
and facilities to meet this need. Advanced laboratory
control courses and seminar are being planned at the
University of Iowa and the State Hygienic Laboratory.
-------
372
-25-
The base files in the storage system will be continually
updated to provide more adequate information on which
to judge operation and facility adequacy.
2. Plant and Operation Surveillance;
The plant and operator surveillance programs of the
state are aimed to check the operation, maintenance and
efficiency of the treatment plants and to increase the
competency of the operators in charge of these plants.
To achieve these goals the State Department of Health
has in effect the following programs:
a. Treatment Plant Inspection
The State Health Department field engineers located in
seven regional offices situated throughout the state
periodically inspect all the waste treatment plants in
the state. Reports stating the condition of the receiving
stream, plant operation, performance and recommendations
for improvements are transmitted to the responsible muni-
cipal or industry officials. Pertinent data from this
report will also be used to update the computer records
on each treatment plant. The regional engineers also
offer advice and assistance to the treatment plant operators
on plant operation procedures, report completion, laboratory
procedures or other problems concerning their plant.
b. BOD Mailing Program
In May of 1967 the State Hygienic Laboratory, in conjunction
with the State Department of Health, began the BOD Mailing
Program. This program enables BOD samples to be collected
in the field and mailed to the State Hygienic Laboratory
without refrigeration. To facilitate this procedure
samples are acid fixed directly upon collection and then
neutralized and seeded following return shipment to the
laboratory. Laboratory studies showed that results were
reproducible with sufficient accuracy to use the field
BOD samples as a check on the plant effluent strength.
Initally, the BOD samples will be collected by the treat-
ment plant operators upon receipt of request from the
State Hygienic Laboratory. Each plant effluent will be
sampled at least four times yearly. As the program
develops, the regional engineers will also be equipped to
collect additional samples during their plant surveys to
gain additional data concerning the treatment facilities
and final plant effluent. A future possibility of the
-------
371
-24-
1. Operation Reports... continued
The discharge of the waste is further classified as to:
1. Treated to City Sewer 5. Raw to Another
2. Untreated to City Sewer Municipality
3. Treated to State Waters 6. Raw to a Sanitary
4. Untreated to State Waters District
7. No recognized
Sewer System
Explanation of Card Information:
Card 1. Plant location information and design data.
Card 2. Operator in direct responsibility number,
type of treatment and construction and
improvement data.
Card 3. Status of the plant according to Commission
actions with orders and time schedule for
pollution abatement.
Card 4. Permits for sewer extensions with sizes and
lengths.
Card 5. Operational data required and limits set
on parameters.
The computer will check on each plant according to:-
1. Receipt of operation report.
2. Compliance of submitting required data.
3. Data complying with loading or effluent limits
established.
Eeery treatment plant requiring operation reports will
receive a monthly statement acknowledging receipt of
the report and compliance or ommission of required data.
It is felt that monthly communication with the operator
is of prime importance to insure adequate report sub-
mittal. The statement will also indicate if any of the
parameters have exceeded the limits established.
Periodically, the computer will check on the plants to
determine if the design parameters are being exceeded.
Action will be initiated to update the waste treatment
plant with overloaded facilities. The computer system
will, therefore, be able to determine current pollution
conditions and future pollution due to overloading of
the plant facilities. The waste treatment plant owners
will be notified that plant improvements are needed and
encouraged to take appropriate corrective action.
-------
370
-21-
C. SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
Routine monitoring of waste discharges will be accomp-
lished in three ways: (1) operation reports, (2) plant
and operation surveillance, (3) stream surveillance.
1. Opera t i on Report s t Rules and Regulations have been
adopted which require monthly submittal of operation
reports by all owners of waste disposal systems which
discharge sewage or wastes into any waters of the state.
Where practicable the Commission will require the larger
treatment facilities to initiate a downstream sampling
program.
Five different operation report forms are now being used.
These are differentiated according to the type of waste
disposal system:
WWTR I Waste Stabilization Lagoon
WWTR II Irohoff and Trickling Filter
WWTR III Trickling Filter..Separate
Sludge Digestion
WWTR IV Extended Aeration
WWTR V Industrial Lagoon
Checking the data and actual monitoring of the waste
disposal plant will be done by data processing equip-
ment. The equipment to be used is the state's IBM 360-40
computer, which is to be replaced by a 360-65 in the
future. On order, but not yet received, is an IBM 360-20
computer which will be used more directly by the Health
Department.
A description of the computer monitoring process follows:
Each incorporated city or town has been given a code
number according to alphabetical listing. All waste
producers in the locale of a municipality have been
given the town number. The waste producers are further
classified as to type:
1. Municipality 5. Recreational
2. Industry 6. Commercial
3. Mobile Home 7. Sanitary District
4. School
-------
369
-22-
B. ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
To accomplish pollution abatement four different methods
of action can be instigated by the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission to abate pollutional conditions:
1. The Commission may direct the State Department of
Health to conduct an investigation of alleged pollution.
If the Commission finds that pollution exists, a
negotiation meeting is arranged between the Commission
and the alleged polluter. If agreeable to both parties,
a time schedule of pollution abatement is arranged and
a consent order is drawn by the Commission and signed
by both parties.
If a satisfactory agreement as to a construction time
schedule cannot be reached between the Commission and
the alleged pollutor, a hearing is ordered by the
Commission as provided by law. If the evidence presented
indicates that pollution does exist, the Commission
issues an order to abate the pollution within a reason-
able period of time.
2. If a municipality is discharging raw or inadequately
treated wastes to a state water,, the Commission notifies
the municipality that they are in violation of the state
effluent standard requiring a minimum removal of settle-
able and floatable solids. A negotiation proceeding or
hearing follows as in the first method except that an
investigation is not required.
3. if a municipality or industry is operating a waste
treatment plant which is in violation of a permit issued
by the Health Department for its installation, the State
Department of Health initiates legal action through the
Attorney General's Office. The Attorney General notifies
the municipality or industry to take appropriate action
to comply with the stipulations of the permit.
4. The permit provision of the law provides that permits
for extensions to existing sewer systems can also be
denied where a condition of pollution already exists
below the outlet, unless active planning is underway
for the installation of treatment facilities.
-------
-21-
Mandatory Certification
Chapter 136A, Code of Iowa, 1966, is an act to certify all
public Water Supply Systems and Waste Water Treatment
Systems and require the examination of operators and cert-
ification of their competency to supervise the operation
of these facilities.
Miscellaneous Statutory Provisions
Section 732.3 declares that it is unlawful to throw any
dead animal, night soil, or garbage into any river, well,
spring, cistern, reservoir, stream or pond or in or upon
any land adjoining which is subject to overflow.
Section 657.2(4) declares it is a nuisance to corrupt or
render unwholesome or impure the water of any stream,
river or pond.
2. RULES AND REGULATIONS
Rules and Regulations have been approved as authorized by
the statutes and have the full effect of law.
Municipal Effluent Standard
This rule requires that no municipality shall discharge
any sewage to the waters of the state without effective
removal of floatable and settleable solids as the minimum
degree of treatment.
Surface Water Quality Criteria
This rule and regulation is discussed and given in
Section II, Paragraphs A and B.
Records of Operation of Waste Disposal Systems
This joint rule of the Water Pollution Control Commission
and State Department of Health requires all owners of
waste disposal systems to submit monthly operation reports
to the State Department of Health.
Certification of jtfater Supply System and Waste Water
Treatment Plant Operators
This rule of the State Department of Health classifies waste
water treatment plants and establishes operator education and
experience qualifications.
-------
367
1 . Statutes . . . continued
2. To develop a comprehensive plan and program
for the prevention, control and abatement of new,
increasing, potential or existing pollution of the
waters of the state.
3. The Commission may cause the State Department
of Health to conduct investigations....
4. To adopt, modify, or repeal such reasonable
quality standards for any waters of the state in re-
lation to the public uee to which they are or may be
put as it shall deem necessary for the purposes of
this Act.
6. To direct the State Department of Health to
issue, revoke or modify permits. .... .for the discharge
of sewage, .... or for the installation or operation
of disposal systems....
8. To prescribe rules and regulations....
9. The Commission shall cooperate with other
state or interstate water pollution control agencies
in establishing standards, objectives, or criteria
for quality of interstate waters. ...
455B.10. The State Department of Health shall conduct
such investigations as may be; necessary to carry out
the provisions of the Act.
455B.11 The State Department of Health in accordance
with the direction and policies of the Commission may
issue, modify, or revoke such orders as may be required
for the prevention or discontinuance of the discharge
of sewage, industrial waste or other waste in any waters
of the state resulting in pollution in excess of the
applicable quality standard....
Iowa State Department of Health
Section 135.11, paragraph 7, Code of Iowa, requires that
the State Department of Health shall "make inspections
of ...., sewer systems, sewage treatment plants,....
and direct the method of installation and operation
of the same."
-------
366
-19-
SECTION III
IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT PLAN
Objective
The purpose of the plan is to provide a means by which
the water quality criteria can be enforced and the quality
of surface waters protected and enhanced for beneficial
uses. The plan has been developed to protect all surface
waters and not only interstate waters as required by the
Federal Water Quality Act of 1965.
A. STATUTORY AUTHORITY
The Water Pollution Control Commission and the State
Department of Health make use of the following authority
to control or abate pollution of the surface waters of
the state.
1. STATUTES
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
Specific statutory authority for the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission for adoption and enforcement of water
quality criteria is found in Chapter 455B, Code of Iowa,
1966. Exerpts of the law pertaining to the authority
follow:
455.B.3 There is hereby created and established the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission. The Commission is
established as an agency of the state government to
prevent, abate, or control the pollution of the waters
of the state.
455B.9 The Commission is hereby given and charged with
the following powers and duties:
1. The Commission through the State Department of
Health shall have general supervision over administration
and enforcement of all laws relating to the pollution of
any water of the state, except as provided in Section 135.11
of the Code.
-------
365
-13-
C. COMPATABILITY WITH ADJOINING STATES
Notices of public hearings and proposed water quality
data for Iowa streams were submitted to the adjoining
states of Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Illinois arid Missouri. Representatives from Minnesota
attended one hearing, Illinois - two hearings, and
Missouri - two hearings. Oral and written statements
were presented at the hearings.
The content and general requirements of the standards
were discussed at specific meetings with the states
of Illinois and Missouri as early as December 1965.
Correspondence and discussion have been carried on with
all adjoining states.
Iowa representatives attended one hearing in Wisconsin,
two in Illinois and two in Missouri and oral and written
statements regarding general consistency and compatability
of the criteria were submitted. The water quality criteria
and uses for the common waters between Illinois and Iowa
are identical. The entire Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission attended one hearing in Illinois.
Reasonable agreement has also been reached with all
states as to the water uses to be made of common inter-
state waters.
Following study of the testimony submitted at the public
hearing the Commission ammended a number of the water
quality criteria parameters. The phenol concentration
was increased to a more attainable and realistic figure
and the cyanide concentration for the public water
supply used was reduced to correspond to the aquatic
life concentration. The temperature limit for the
warm water areas was reduced slightly to 93° as a more
generally accepted figure and provision was made to
prevent extreme temperature changes.
-------
364
-16-
c. Recreation. The following criteria are appli-
cable to any waters used for recreational activities
involving whole body contact such as swimming and water
skiing:
(1) Bacteria: Waters shall be considered to be
of unsatisfactory bacteriological quality for the above
recreational use when:
A sanitary survey indicates the presence or
probability of the presence of sewage or other objection-
able bacteria-bearing wastes or
A bacteriological survey using coliform or other
appropriate indices indicates bacteriological concentra-
tions significantly higher than those normally found or
expected in these waters when free from pollution by
sewage.
These rules are intended to implement sections 455B.9 and
455B.13, Code of Iowa, 1966.
These rules shall become effective as provided in Chapter
17A of the Code after filing in the office of the Secretary
of State after review by the Departmental Rules Review
Committee.
EXAMINED AND APPROVED
DATE
/s/ "
March 6. 1967
Fred Henderickson
ATTORNEY GENERAL
DATE ADOPTED Febrtaarv 28. 1967
/s/ Robert Buckmaster
DEPARTMENT HEAD
REVIEWED AND(APPRCVED
DATE
March 17.1967
/s/ Adolph W«Elvers
CHAIRMAN, DEPARTMENTAL RULES
REVIEW COMMITTEE
-------
363
-15-
b. Aquatic life. The following criteria are
designed for the maintenance an&'propagation of a well-
balanced fish population. They are applicable to any
place in surface waters but cognizance will be given to
opportunities for admixture of waste effluents with
such waters.
(1) Warm water areas. Dissolved oxygen: Not
less than 5.0 mg/1 during at least 16 hours of any 24-
hour period and not less than 4.0 mg/1 at any time during
the 24-hour period.
pH: Not less than 6.8 nor above 9.0.
Temperature: Not to exceed 93°F during the months
of May through November, and not to exceed 73°F during the
months of December through April.
Chemical constituents: Not to exceed the follow-
ing concentrations:
Specific constituents (mg/1)
Ammonia Nitrogen (N) 2.0 *Copper 0.02
*Arsenic 1.0 Cyanide 0.025
*Barium 5.0 *Lead 0.10
*Cadium 0.05 Phenols 0.20
*Chromium(hexavalent) 0.05 *Zinc 1.0
*Chromium(trivalent) 1.00
*A maximum of 5.0 mg/1 for the entire heavy metal
group shall not be exceeded.
All substances toxic or detrimental to aquatic life
shall be limited to nontoxic or non-detrimental concen-
trations in the surface water.
(2) Cold water areas. All criteria stated for
warm water areas apply to cold water areas except as
follows:
Dissolved oxygen: Not less than 7.0 mg/1 during
at least 16 hours of any 24-hour period nor less than 5.0
mg/1 at any time during the 24-hour period.
Temperature: No greater than 70°F.
-------
362
-14-
B. Surface Water Quality Criteria....continued
industrial, agricultural, recreational, aquatic or other
legitimate uses of the water.
1.2(3) Specifie Criter i a for designated wa ter uses.
The following criteria are applicable at flows greater
than the lowest flow for seven consecutive days which
can be expected to occur at a frequency of once every
ten years.
a. Public water supply. The following criteria
for surface water quality apply to the point at which
water is withdrawn for treatment and distribution as
a potable supply:
(1) Bacteria: Waters shall be considered to
be of unsatisfactory bacteriological quality as a source
when:
A sanitary survey indicates the presence or
probability of the presence of sewage or other object-
ionable bacteria-bearing wastes or
A bacteriological survey using coliform or other
appropriate indices indicates bacteriological concentra-
tions significantly higher than those normally found or
expected in these waters when free from pollution
by, sewage,
(2) Radioactive substances: Gross beta activity
(in the known absence of strontium - 90 and alpha emitters)
not to exceed 1000 raicro-micro-curies per liter.
(3) Chemical constituents: Not to exceed the
following concentrations:
Specific Constituents (rng/1)
Arsenic 0.05 Cyanide 0.025
Barium 1.0 Fluoride 1.5
Cadmium 0.01 Lead 0.05
Chromium(hexavalent) 0.05 Phenols 0.02
All substances toxic or detrimental to humans or
detrimental to treatment processes shall be limited to
nontoxic or nondetrimental concentrations in the surface
water.
-------
361
-13-
B. SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
The following rule and regulation was adopted by the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission on February 28, 1967.
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
RULES AND REGULATIONS
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Pursuant to the authority of sections 455B.9 and 4558,13,
Code of Iowa, 1966, the water quality standards found in
the July, 1966, Supplement, Iowa Departmental Rules, page
70, are hereby amended by adding the following to Chapter 1.
Section 1.2. (455B) Surface water quality criteria.
1.2(1) General policy considerationa. Surface waters
are to be evaluated according to their ability to support
the legitimate (beneficial) uses to which they can feasibly
be adapted, and this specific designation of quality areas
shall be done by the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
Sampling to determine conformance to these criteria
shall be done at sufficient distances downstream from waste
discharge points to permit adequate mixing of waste effluents
with the surface waters.
1.2(2) General criteicia. The following criteria are
applicable to all surface waters at all places and at all
times:
a. Free from substances attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges that will settle to form
putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge deposits;
b. Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other
floating materials attributable to municipal, industrial
or other discharges in amounts sufficient to be unsightly
or deleterious;
c. Free from materials attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges producing color, odor or
other conditions in such degree as to be detrimental to
legitimate uses of water;
d. Free from substances attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges in concentrations or
combinations which are detrimental to human, animal,
-------
360
-12-
c. Recreation...continued
Use of lakes and streams constitute a much greater
drowning hazard to the swimmer than the supervised
swimming pool due to the lack of water clarity,
presence of hidden obstructions or strong currents,
but it is the intent to provide a reasonable bacterial
water quality for the natural bathing areas.
Information provided from other state agencies, present-
ations at the public hearings, etc., was used by the
Commission to designate the Recreation Use areas on
lakes and Federal impoundments. These areas are listed
in Table 7. The Recreational Use areas have also been
classified for Aquatic Life Use since these two uses
are closely related to each other and require a high
quality of water.
No numerical values have been specified for bacterial
limits since studies have shown high bacterial concentra-
tions associated with land runoff, and public health
studies to date have shown little direct correlation
between coliform concentrations and water-borne diseases.
Supportive data collected from Iowa streams showing high
background coliform counts are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Where a controllable waste discharge is the proven source
of increased bacterial concentrations, the Commission may
use the following as a guide: The arithmetical mean
coliform density is not to exceed 1,000 per 100 ml as
a monthly average nor exceed this value in more than 20%
of the samples in any one month nor exceed 2,400/100 ml
in any one sample. This value will be used as a guide
until suitable indices can be developed.
Where a significant coliforrn or other bacterial increase
in a designated Recreation Use Area can be identified
with a controllable waste discharge, chlorination or
other control procedures to reduce the bacterial concen-
tration below the guide limits may be required.
-------
359
-11-
a. Public Water Supply...continued
When a source of coliform bearing waste which can be
feasibly controlled is affecting the suitability of a
water supply the Commission may use the following values
as a guide: Coliform organisms are not to exceed a MPN
or MF of 5000/100 ml as a monthly average value, nor to
exceed this value in more than 20% of the samples examined
during any one month nor to exceed 20,000/100 ml in more
than 5% of the samples examined in any one month. This
value may be ueed as a guide until suitable indices can
be developed.
b. Aquatic Life
In the classification of surface waters, all lakes and
perennial streams capable of supporting a permanent fish
population have Been designated for Aquatic Life Use.
These areas have been designated by the Water Pollution
Control Commission with the advice and assistance of the
Iowa State Conservation Commission and others. The warm
water areas are those streams and stream reaches delineated
in Table 3 and the natural and artificial lakes listed
in Tables 4 and 5.
The cold water areas are those waters designated by the
Commission as trout streams and are those which are annual-
ly stocked with trout on a "put and take" basis, by the
State Conservation Commission. These areas are listed in
Table 6 which is a summary of the current "Guide to Iowa
Trout Waters" published by the State Conservation Commission.
The criteria list only those factors which appear to be of
utmost importance to the preservation of a well-balanced
fish population. However, all other waste constituents
that are determined harmful to the stream aquatic life
will also be subject to control by the Commission.
c. Recreation
The recreational use criteria are designed to reasonably
protect surface waters where the whole body contact sports
of swimming and water skiing are concentrated during the
recreational season.
-------
358
-1.0-
a. Public Water Supply.,.continued....
Numerical bacterial limits have not been specified
because of the following reasons:
1. The Standard Coliform organisms found in streams
are not specific for human sources but members of this
group are found in enteric discharges of warm-blooded
animals, and in the guts of cold-blooded animals, in
soils and in many plants.
2. Bacterial studies have shown that commonly accept-
able coliform levels have been greatly exceeded in
the absence of wastes attributable to human sources.
If e stream contains coliforms that are of a domestic
sewage origin one might expect the most probable number
(MPN) to vary inversely with the dilution capacity of
the stream and that high MPN valises would be expected
during the dry seasons. & long term coliform study on
the Iowa River at Iowa City, beginning in 1950, indi-
cates high bacterial densities are associated with
high stream flows and turbidity. Due to intense farm-
ing in the drainage basin, each snow melt or rainfall
carries into the river large quantiti.es of silt and
apparently large number of coliform organisms from the
agricultural land. Sanitary sewage is not considered
a significant factor since the nearest town is approx-
imately 30 miles upstream.
Figure 1 illustrates the pattern, on a monthly average
basis, of the direct relationship of increasing stream
flows accompanied by increases in both turbidity and
coliform density. Figure 2 indicates that the monthly
coliform MPN average is less than 5000 per 100 m/1 about
46% of the months samples, both before and after impound-
ment above the supply in 1958.
Much data are available from other studies and sources
to substantiate the influence of land runoff on coliform
densities. Figure 3 includes additional data.
For the above reasons, the Commission has specified that
a sanitary survey be conducted with the results being
evaluated according to the particular situation investi-
gated.
-------
357
3 . Sec. 2.3 Secif ic Criteria for Desinated Water Uses
The criteria in this subsection apply to the water use
areas designated by the Water Pollution Control Commission.
The designation has been made by the Commission with the
advice and assistance of the Iowa Natural Resources Council,
State Conservation Commission, State Department of Health,
public hearing testimony, the faculties of the three state
universities and other interested parties. The designation
does not limit beneficial uses or prohibit beneficial uses
other than those listed.
The minimum weekly flow which occurs once in ten years
shall be used as the design parameter to determine the
degree of treatment necessary to protect the specific
water use. Flow will be based on a statistical analysis
of existing flow data, if such data are available. This
specific surface water criteria shall be met at all times
when the flow exceeds the ten year low flow. When the
flow is less, the municipality or industry shall not be
held responsible for lower stream quality when their
waste effluent is receiving the necessary degree of treat-
ment or control to comply with criteria at the ten-year
low flow.
The extreme variability of low flow at the seven-day
ten-year magnitudes in Iowa streams has been given
consideration in the application of the criteria to
designated water areas. The natural water quality may
be degraded naturally by the aquatic environment at these
low flows. It must be recognized that at the selected
low flow probability, many municipalities in central,
southern and western Iowa will be discharging treated
municipal waste water into essentially dry streams.
a. Public Water-supply
This criteria has been developed to protect the quality of
the influent raw water for the 39 existing surface water
supplies and will be applied to any future supplies. The
designated surface waters where the Public Water Supply
Criteria apply are listed in Table 2.
-------
356
l-Sec.2.1 General Policy Considerations. .continued
The collection, preservation, and testing of samples
will be made in eonformance with the methods given in
the latest edition of "Standard Methods of the Examin-
ation of Water and Sewage." Where more than one method
is prescribed, that method designated by the Commission
shall be used. Any methods deviating from those pre-
scribed must be approved by the Commission.
2 v Sec. 2^2
Tha General Criteria shall apply to all water courses
and lakes at all times. For designated water use areas,
the General Criteria will be supportive to the specific
criteria applicable to these areas. Where a surface
water has not been designated for a specific water use,
these criteria will govern. The General Criteria shall
be interpreted to mean that no raw or treated wastes,
attributable to municipal, industrial or other sources,
shall be discharged into any waters of the state which
will produce putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge
deposits, floating debris, oil slicks, scum, odors, color,
chemical concentrations or combinations to such a degree
as to be detrimental or harmful to legitimate downstream
water uses.
In general, those small intermittent streams experienc-
ing low or zero flows or which cannot under natural
conditions support a permanent fish population, will
have their quality governed by the General Criteria.
It is the intent of the General Criteria to protect the
water quality in these areas for the letitimate uses
to which they are presently be ing used. Legitimate uses
in this category are those such ass irrigation, live-
stock watering, wildlife propogation, etc. To protect
these uses on low flow streams, the wastes will be
given the highest practicable degree of treatment with~
out respect to dilution in order to prevent the develop-
ment of nuisance or health problems below the discharge,
The requirements are such that the effluent will be
suitable for limited downstream use. Treatment lees
than secondary will not be accepted unless it can be
shown that the legitimate uses can be protected with
a lesser degree of treatment.
-------
-7- 355
SECTiON II
IOWA SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
A. DISCUSSION OF CRITERIA
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission, pursuant
to authority granted in Section 455B.9 and 455B.13, Code
of Iowa 1966, has adopted Rules and Regulations govern-
ing Surface Water Quality Criteria for the State of Iowa.
These criteria of water quality are intended as guides
for determining the suitability of surface waters in
the State of Iowa for various uses, and to aid decision
making in the establishment of waste control measures.
Following is a discussion of the Water Quality Criteria
which is presented in paragraph B of this Section. The
discussion is divided into sections corresponding to
those of the Rules and Regulations.
1-Sec. 2.1 General Policy Considerations
The surface waters of Iowa have been classified as to
designated legitimate uses by the Water Pollution Control
Commission. The classifications of Iowa Waters are found
in tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 listing the public surface
water supplies, streams and lakes, designated as fishing
areas, and lakes and impoundments designated as recreation
areas. Table 11 in Section III enumerates the water use
criteria at the municipal and industrial waste discharge
points.
The water quality for the designated uses will comply with
the criteria at:
1. The raw water intake for Public Water Supply Use.
2. All points in the stream from the mouth up to
the designated cutoff point as well as all
artificial and natural lakes for Aquatic Life Use.
3. All points in the recreation pool for Recreation
Use.
Sampling to determine conformance to these criteria shall
be done at sufficient distances downstream from waste dis-
charge points to permit adequate mixing of waste effluents
with the surface waters. In the performance of tests or
analytical determinations to determine compliance with the
established surface water criteria, samples will be collected
at such locations, times, frequencies, and in such a manner
as approved by the Commission.
-------
354
-5-
E. POPULATION
Iowa's population has been increasing at a substantially
slower tate than the national population since 1900.
Because of farm consolidation and mechanization, many
rural trade centers have lost population and trade
volume, and the larger urban centers have experienced
growth in population and in service and manufacturing
employment. Population and employment projections
indicate eastern Iowa will experience the greatest
growth in these areas.
-------
353
-4-
D. PRESENT AND FUTURE US OF IOWA WATERS
The surface waters of the state are currently being used
in the following ways: municipal water supply, indust-
rial water supply, livestock watering, fish propagation,
recreation, wildlife habitat and. .irrigation.
These uses are relatively uniform throughout the state.
The use of these stream resources for their full poten-
tial is hampered mainly because of the great variability
of flow and high turbidities occuring in these streams
during certain times of the year.
Currently there are 39 municipalities using surface
water sources for public water supply use. It is not
anticipated that new surface water supplies will be
developed in the near future although it is expected
that eventually some municipalities may need to change
from underground sources to more adequate surface
supplies .
The demand for increasing the fishery resources through-
out the state will be constantly enlarged due to the
emphasis put on outdoor recreation and also the increas-
ing amount of leisure time available. Fisheries in Iowa
have been considerably restricted due to heavy siltation
and variable flowa in the majority of Iowa streams.
Enhancement of the fishery resources by stream and land
management will, in itself, increase the demand for this
resource.
Activities enhanced by water are camping, hiking and
picnicking. The principal water based recreational
activities are fishing and boating. Water skiing and
swimming is generally limited to natural lakes and
impoundments created by dams, including the Mississippi
River and swimming is generally limited to the artificial
lakes. The demand for recreational use of surface
water is increasing and it is anticipated that the
demand will be met by construction of artificial impound-
ments.
All surface waters of the state are used at least to a
limited extent for livestock watering and wildlife pro-
pogation. Presently agricultural use is basically live-
stock watering with limited supplemental irrigation
practiced.
-------