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-------
217-B
                                   APPENDIX  E
                    U.  S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TEMPERATURE STATIONS
                                       on
                           INTERSTATE STREAMS OF IOWA
-------
                                                                    218
APPENDIX E
          U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TEMPERATURE STATIONS
                              on
                   INTERSTATE STREAMS OF IOWA
                                                Haxinua Recorded
       Streaa  and  Station                         Te«per«ture °F

       Rock River
            at Rock Rapidi, Iowa                       79
            near  Rock Valley, Iowa                     92

       Little  Sioux River
            at Gillett  Grove, Iowa                    88
            at Correctionville, Iowa                   90
            near  Kennebec, Iowa                        89
            near  Turin, Iowa                           90

       West Niahnabotna River*
            at Hancock, Iowa                           82
            at Randolph,  Iowa                          91

       East Nishnabotna River*
            near  Atlantic, Iowa                        82
            at Red Oak, Iowa                           95

       Nishnabotna River
            above Hamburg, Iowa                        90

       Tarkio  River
            at Stanton, Iowa                           91

       Nodaway River
            at Clarinda,  Iowa                          94

       East Fork of 102 River
            at Bedford, Iowa                           88

       Thompson River
            at Davis  City, Iowa                        88

       Weldon  River
            near  Leon, Iowa                            94

       Chariton River
            near  Chariton, Iowa                        87
            near  Rathbun, Iowa                         87
  *Intrastate
-------
219-A
                                      APPENDIX  F







          GRAPHS OF SURVEILLANCE DATA FROM ST.  JOSEPH,  MISSOURI,  OMAHA,




          NEBRASKA, AND YANKTON, SOUTH DAKOTA







                         TEMPERATURE, MAXIMUM °C             F-l




                         MEAN FLOW,  CUBIC FEET PER SECOND    F-2




                         DISSOLVED OXYGEN,                   1




                                   MINIMUM, MG/L             F-3




                                   MEAN,  MG/L                F-4




                         B.O.D.




                                   MAXIMUM, MG/L             F-5




                                   MEAN,  MG/L                F-6




                         COLIFORM,




                                   MAXIMUM, MP/100 ML        F-7




                                   MEAN,  MF/100 ML           F-8







          NOTE:   GRAPH WITH S,0,Y AFTER PAGE NUMBERS REFER TO ST.  JOSEPH,




                 OMAHA OR YANKTON DATA.  STATIONS ARE ALSO NUMBERED




                 30-31-32 AS PART OF THE WATER QUALITY  SURVEILLANCE NETWORK




                 IDENTIFICATION.
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-------
        APPENDIX  G
WATER USES - RECOGNIZED BY
     THE STATE OF IOWA
-------
244
                         G.   Water Uses - Recognized By
                                  The State of Iowa
                        (Missouri River--bordering Iowa)

 Uses

 1.  Public Water Supply (Council Bluffs only)

 2.  Aquatic Life--warm water area (full length of River)


 Criteria

     General Criteria.  The following criteria are applicable to ail surface
     waters at all places and at all times:

     a.  Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial or other
         discharges that will settle to form putrescent or otherwise objection-
         able sludge deposits;

     b.  Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other floating materials
         attributable to municipal, industrial or other discharges in amounts
         sufficient to be unsightly or deleterious;

     c.  Free from materials attributable to municipal, industrial or other
         discharges producing color, odor or other conditions in such degree
         as to be detrimental to legitimate uses of water;

     d.  Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial or other
         discharges in concentrations or combinations which are detrimental to
         human, animal, industrial, agricultural, recreational, aquatic or
         other legitimate uses of the water.

     Public Water Supply--Specific Criteria.  The following criteria for
     surface water quality apply to the point at which water is withdrawn
     for treatment and distribution as a potable supply (Council Bluffs
     water intake):

     1.  Bacteria;  Waters shall be considered to be of unsatisfactory
         bacteriological quality as a source when:

         A sanitary survey indicates the presence or probability of the
         presence of sewage or other objectionable bacteria-bearing wastes or

         A bacteriological survey using coliform or other appropriate indices
         indicates bacteriological concentrations significantly higher than
         those normally found or expected in these waters when free from
         pollution by sewage.

     2.  Radioactive substances:  Gross beta activity (in the known absence of
         strontium - 90 and alpha emitters) not to exceed 1000 micro-micro-
         curies per liter.
                                    G-l
-------
                                                                     245-A
3.  Chemical constituents:  Not to exceed the following concentrations:

                    Specific Constituents (rag/1)

    Arsenic                0.05        Cyanide           0.025
    Barium                 1.0         Fluoride          1.5
    Cadmium                0.01        Lead              0.05
    Chromium (hexavalent)  0.05        Phenols           0.02

    All substances toxic or detrimental to humans or detrimental to
    treatment processes shall be limited to nontoxic or nondetrimental
    concentrations in the surface water.

Aquatic Life--Sgecific Criteria.  The following criteria are designed
for the maintenance and propagation of a well-balanced fish population.
They are applicable to any place in surface waters but cognizance will
be given to opportunities for admixture of waste effluents with such
waters.

1.  Warm water areas.  Dissolved oxygen:  Not less than 5.0 mg/1
    during at least 16 hours of any 24-hour period and not less than
    4.0 mg/1 at any time during the 24-hour period.

        pH:  Not less than 6.8 nor above 9.0.

        Temperature:  Not to exceed 93° F during the months of May
        through November, and not to exceed 73° F during the months
        of December through April.

    Chemical constituents:  Not to exceed the following concentrations:

                    Specific constituents (mg/1)

    Ammonia Nitrogen (N)  2.0         *Copper            0.02
   *Arsenic               1.0          Cyanide           0.025
   *Barium                5.0         *Lead              0.10
   *Cadium                0.05         Phenols           0.20
   *Chromium (hexavalent) 0.05        *Zinc              1.0
   *Chromium (trivalent)  1«00

   *A maximum of 5.0 mg/1 for the entire heavy metal group shall not be
    exceeded.

    All substances toxic or detrimental to aquatic life shall be limited
    to nontoxic or nondetrimental concentrations in the surface water.
                              G-2
-------
245-B
                               APPENDIX  H






              INVESTIGATION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY




                  OF THE MISSOURI RIVER IN OCTOBER 1968
-------
                                                                                246
 I.   INTRODUCTION




          The following analysis was made on the 8-day, dry weather, navigation




     flow, data presented in Table A-I and Table A-4 of this report.  The effort




     was directed at determining the sources of bacteriological contamination




     to the Missouri River and at predicting the effect of treatment on these




     sources.  Figure H-l shows the coliform concentrations.



II.   METHOD OF ANALYSIS




          The coliform data on the Missouri River from Gavins Point to St.




     Jospeh were evaluated in terms of a coliform mass (i.e., the data were




     evaluated from a total number per day approach rather than a concentration




     approach).  The coliform masses were calculated for the various sources




     along the reach of the Missouri River from Gavins Point to St. Joseph.




     These coliform source data included measurements of the waste effluents at




     the Sioux City Sewage Treatment Plant, the Council Bluffs Sewage Treatment




     Plant, the Monroe Street Sewer at Omaha, Nebraska, and estimates of the




     densities in the remaining outfalls from Omaha and Papillion Creek.  Also



     included were the measurements of coliform densities from the major tributaries,




          A mass diagram of the data is shown in Figure H-2.  The mass diagram




     indicated that the major sources of coliforms in the Missouri during the




     dry weather  period of the October survey were contributed by major cities.



     The coliform contribution to the Missouri River from the Big Sioux River,




     the Soldier River, and the Boyer River was negligible during the normal




     flow period of the October survey.  These observations led to the next




     portion of the analysis.




          Based on the field observations, the major source of coliforms are




     from the wastewater effluents.  Consequently, an analysis was made to





                                         H-l
-------
24?
      determine the effect of treatment on reducing the quantity of coliforus in




      the Missouri River.  This analysis was based on the work of Imhoff and




      Fair (1) and Kittrell and Furfari (2).  A 93 per cent reduction of coliform




      was assumed with secondary treatment and a 98.5 per cent reduction of coliform




      was assumed with secondary treatment and chlorinatlon.  The predicted effects




      of these types of treatment on river coliform concentrations are shown in




      Figure H-3 and are tabulated in Table H-I.




III.  OTHER ANALYSES MADE




           A mass balance was also made on the fecal coliform organisms.  The




      results showed that approximately 50 per cent of the fecal coliforms in the




      river could be accounted for in the reach from Sioux City to Omaha.  This




      includes only those fecal coliforms measured at the Sioux City Sewage Treat-




      ment Plant.  It does not include coliform organisms that may have been con-




      tributed from the other waste sources in the Sioux City area.  Greater than




      75 per cent of the fecal coliform organisms could be accounted for in the




      reach of the river from Omaha to St. Joseph.




           The effect of two stage chlorination with primary treatment on coliform




      densities was also calculated.  Pierce  (3) concluded that with two stage




      chlorination, coliform densities in a plant effluent could be reduced con-




      sistently  to a concentration of 500 MPN/100 ml or lower.  This reduction is




      far  in excess of the 98.5 per cent reduction assumed for secondary treatment




      with chlorination.  This effluent concentration would virtually eliminate




      the effect of the major cities on the river coliform concentration.  If this




      reduction were realized, the major sources of bacterial contamination would




      have been  the Boyer River and the Platte River.  This conclusion is baaed on




      conditions existing in the river that were similiar to those in the October
                                          H-2
-------
    1968 survey.  The maximum value of coliform concentration in the river




    assuming two stage chlorination and primary treatment was estimated to be




    4250 MPN/100 ml.




IV. CONCLUSIONS




         The following conclusions are based on the above analyses and apply




    to the Missouri River conditions that existed during the dry weather




    period of the October 1968 survey.




         1.  Greater than 85 per cent of the total coliforms measured in the




             Missouri River were contributed by the major waste sources along




             the stream.




         2.  Approximately 50 per cent of the fecal coliforms measured in the




             Missouri River were contributed by the major waste sources that




             were measured during the October 1968 survey.




         3.  The total and fecal coliform contribution to the Missouri River



             from the Big Sioux River, the Soldier River and the Boyer River




             wer« negligible during the dry weather period of the October




             survey.




         4.  Secondary treatment alone would not be adequate to provide reduction



             of coliforms to meet the National Technical Advisory Committee's



             standard for public water supplies based on the analysis outlined




             above.



         5.  Chlorination following secondary treatment would be adequate to




             provide reduction of coliforms to meet the National Technical




             Advisory Committee's standard for public water supplies based on




             the analysis outlined above.






                                       H-3
-------
6.  Primary treatment with two stage chlorination would be adequate



    to provide reduction of coliforms to meet the National Technical



    Advisory Committee's standard for public water supplies based on



    the analysis outlined above.
                               H-4
-------
                             BIBLIOGRAPHY








1.  Irahoff, K. and G.M. Fair, Sewage Treatment.  John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,




New York (1956).






2.  Kittrell, F.W. and S.A. Furfari, "Observations of Coliform Bacteria




in Streams."  Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,  pp. 1361-1385,




(November 1963).






3.  Pierce, D.M.  "Two-Stage Chlorination - An Effective and Practical




Method of Sewage Disinfection."  Sewage and Industrial Wastes.  Vol.  24, No.  8,




pp. 929-961, (August 1952).
                                   H-5
-------
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-------
	 	254





                      G.  V.  Blomgren






                MR.  BLOMGREN:   This  conference  was  called




 by  notice  of  March  5j  19&9, by the  Secretary of  the




 Interior.   The  purpose  of  the  conference  is to resolve




 those  excepted  portions  of  the Iowa  Water Quality  Stan-




 dards.  The main exceptions  are as follows:  (1)  The




 establishment of treatment  requirements and an implemen-




 tation  plan for waste  discharges to  the Missouri and




 Mississippi Rivers;  (2)  The specification of requirements




 for disinfection of  controllable discharges which  may  be




 sources  of bacteriological  pollution;  and (3)  The  develop




 ment of  water temperature  criteria  for the interstate




 waters  of  the State  other  than the  Missouri and  Mississippi




 Rivers.  The  questions  on  phenols,  radioactivity and non-




 degradation were adequately discussed  in  the Davenport




 session  on April 8  and  9?  19&9.




                This  session of the  conference  is specif-



 ically  aimed  at those  interstate waters draining into  the




 Missouri River  and  the  main stem of  the Missouri itself.




 We  have  demonstrated in  our report  .lust reasons  for the




 exceptions taken by  the  Secretary of the  Interior.  Clean




 water is no longer  a free  resource  in  unlimited  quantitie




 that is  readily available  at our doorstep.  The  Water
-------
	255





                      C. V.  Blomgren






 Quality  Act  of  1965  was based  on  public  recognition  of




 this  fact  and  clean  water  is the  primary reason  we are




 here  today.




                The Federal  Water  Pollution  Control




 Administration  is dedicated to the cooperation with  the




 States in  protecting and enhancing the water  quality for




 the present  and future generations.




                In summarizing  our report, I want to  dwell




 on three major  topics.  These  are:   (1)  The recognized




 water uses;  (2)  The  present water quality and waste




 disposal practices;  and (3) The damages  to  or impairment




 of both  present and  future  uses due  to the  water quality




 degradation.




                The State of Iowa  has  identified  in its




 water quality  standards only two  beneficial uses for the



 Missouri River.  These uses are public water  supply  sourc(s



 for Council  Bluffs and support of aquatic life for the




 full  length  of  the river.   The Department of  the Interior




 believes that from Sioux City  to  the  Iowa-Missouri border




 there are  at least six principal  categories of water use.




 Our personnel have made water  c[uality studies and on-site




 surveys.
-------
	256





                      G. V.  Blomgren






                The  primary  use  is  public  water  supply.




 The  Missouri  River  is  the water supply  source for  over




 3,000,000  people  in 11  separate communities  in  the reach




 between  Sioux City  and  St.  Louis.  Council Bluffs,  Omaha




 and  St.  Joseph  alone use over 62 million  gallons of water




 per  day  for municipal  water supply.




                Recreation on the Missouri is a  reality.




 Figures  compiled  from  Iowa's outdoor  recreation  plan




 indicate that 52  million days of recreation  use  occurred




 in the western  region  of Iowa in 1965.  In Iowa  alone,




 our  survey personnel identified 27 public access sites




 for  the  Missouri  River.  Iowa has  over  75,000 power boats




 registered, many  of which are used on the Missouri. There




 are  numerous  private recreational  developments  on  the



 river bank.   The  potential  for  further  water-based




 recreation is emphasized by the statement presented by




 Mr.  Glen Powers,  Planning Director of the Iowa  State




 Conservation  Commission, in which  he  stated, and I quote:




 "The Missouri,  on our  western boundary, probably has the




 greatest potential  for  recreational development  of any




 one  area that we  could  mention."




                Perhaps  the  best way to  depict the  recreation
-------
	257





                      C.  V.  Blomgren






 potential  of  the  Missouri  River  is  to  outline  the  more




 significant actions  proposed and express  some  of the




 pertinent  extracts from  the reference  material.  Foremost




 is  the  establishment of  the Lewis  and  Clark  Trail  along




 the full route  of the Missouri River.   Since Congress




 established the Lewis and  Clark  Trail  Commission in 1964




 the Missouri  River has been recognized as a  national




 resource worthy of development to  a far greater  degree




 than heretofore.   The purpose of this  act was  to create




 an  appreciation of the resources,  encourage  their  con-




 servation, and  to promote  the protection  and development




 of  outdoor recreation resources  along  the route  for publi




 use and enjoyment.   The  development plan  prepared  by  the




 Bureau  of  Outdoor Recreation provides  for many and varied




 resources  linked  along the  entire  route to satisfy the



 full spectrum of  recreation activities from  the  most




 active  to  the most passive.   Some  35 recreation  sites




 were identified for  construction by the Corps  of Engineer




 between Sioux City and Rulo,  Nebraska.




                The National  Commission, in association




 with all of the affected States  including the  Iowa State




 Lewis and  Clark Trail Committee,  is now implementing
-------
	 ___	25 8





                      C.  V.  Blomgren






 those  actions  necessary  to  achieve the national objectives




 To  date,  one  of  the  principal  tasks has been accomplished




 that is,  the  marking and historical interpretation of the




 route  on  the  roads which parallel, adjoin,  and otherwise




 provide access to the river.   Among the problems  mentioned




 as  confronting full  attainment of  the  recognized  goals is




 water  pollution.   The Commission specifically recommended




 that the  FWPCA give  continuing attention to the abatement




 and control of water pollution and that States also take




 steps  to  strengthen  measures to reduce water pollution




 along  the Trail  route.




               Commercial fishing  is another category of




 use which we  recognize on the  river.   In the State of




 Iowa alone 17  commercial  fishing activities were  identi-



 fied by interview.




               The Missouri River  is an integral  part of




 the Mississippi  flyway for migrating waterfowl.   As such,




 it  affords an intermediate resting a.nd feeding area for




 the waterfowl.   It is important to protect  the water




 quality to sustain the food supply and resting areas.   In




 addition,  the area caters to thousands of duck and goose




 hunters each year with the associated  esthetic and economic
-------
	,	259





                      G. V.  Blomgren






 benefits.   Eleven  refuge or hunting  sites were  identified




 ¥e  believe  that many  more  exist.




               The  river is used  as  a  source of  industrial.




 water  supply,  primarily cooling water,  by two separate




 power  generation facilities in Iowa.




               The  navigation activities carry  considerable




 tonnage  of  agricultural and industrial  materials.   These



 materials are  transhipped  each year  from the five  commer-




 cial docking and loading facilities  located in  Iowa.  Per-
 sonnel  on these  craft are  subject to  contact with  potenti




 disease producing agents found in the river.




               We have  shown in our report  specific docu-




 mentation to support the six categories of  use that must




 be  recognized.   This expanded scope of uses^when compared




 to  the  two recognized in Iowa's water quality standards,




 serves  to emphasize the necessity for resolving the




 exceptions taken by the Secretary of  the Interior.  The




 purpose and intent of these standards are to protect and




 enhance quality  for all beneficial uses.




               Having documented the uses,  I now want to




 summarize the cause-effect aspects of existing water




 quality and waste disposal practices.  The  data contained
il
-------
		260





                      G.  V. Blomgren






 in  the  report to  support this analysis are from baseline




 surveys  of  the Missouri  River conducted in October 1968



 and January 19^9;  the  Construction Grants Program; and



 from  our three surveillance  stations located at Yankton,



 South Dakota, Omaha, Nebraska, and St. Joseph, Missouri.



               In the  Iowa portion of the Missouri drain-



 age basin,  there  are  a total of  146 municipal waste treat



 ment  facilities.   One  hundred eighteen of these plants



 are located on intrastate waters, twenty-six are  on inter



 state waters, and two  discharge  directly into the Missour



 River.   In  addition,  there are 12 industrial or other



 separate waste sources in the Iowa drainage area.  To com



 plete the waste source inventory, the 12 municipal waste



 discharges  and 1  industrial  source located on the main st^m



 of  the  Missouri River  in Nebraska and South Dakota are ciped



 in  our  report.  These  States are committed to secondary



 treatment.



               A  further breakdown of the municipal waste



 inventory shows that  of  the  146  plants discharging to




 interstate  and intrastate streams in Iowa,112 provide



 secondary treatment,  23  primary  treatment, and 11 have no



 treatment.   The results  of our survey shows the primary
-------
	261





                      C. V.  Blomgren






 plant  at  Sioux  City  discharges wastes  equivalent  to  a




 population  of 250,000,while  there  are  only  120,000 resi-




 dents.  Council  Bluffs  shows  the same  picture.  The




 population  equivalent of  their waste discharges after




 primary treatment is  134,000, while the  population is




 only 60,000. The load from  Council Bluffs will increase




 significantly with the  addition of the new  packing plant.




                The impact of  these waste sources  on  the




 quality of  the  Missouri is  clearly demonstrated by the




 data contained  in Appendix  A, B, and F of our report.




 The majority of  these data  were collected during  our




 baseline  survey  of the  Missouri River  between Gavins




 Point  Dam and St. Joseph, Missouri.



                Three  different hydrologic conditions




 were encountered during this  survey.   The first was  the



 dry weather normal autumn navigation flows, the second




 was wet weather  autumn  flows  as influenced  by rainfall




 runoff, and the  third the winter flow  conditions  with




 extensive ice coverage.   In  general, the results  of  the




 surveys demonstrated  increasing water  quality degradation




 progressing in  the downstream direction.




                Starting at  Gavins  Point  Dam, the  data
-------
	_	262





                      C. V.  Blomgren






 demonstrate  a  relatively high  quality water  suitable  for




 all beneficial uses.   Indices  of  pollution such  as  sus-




 pended  solids, nutrients,  dissolved  organics  and bacteria!.




 indicator  organisms are present in extremely  low concen-




 trations.  The biological  habitat reflects essentially




 nonpolluted  conditions.




               Downstream  from the Sioux  City area, the




 effects  of waste  discharges  are immediately  reflected by




 the water  quality changes.   Densities of  bacterial  indi-




 cator organisms increase significantly.   Increased  con-




 centrations  of quality parameters indicative  of  recent




 pollution  such as nutrients  (nitrogen and phosphorus)



 and dissolved  organics are  found.  There  is  also serious




 destruction  of the aquatic  habitat in the Sioux  City  area



 We know  of no  other factor  affecting water quality  that




 is not  man instigated.




               Below  the Omaha-Council  Bluffs metropolitai}i




 area, the  river quality again  reflects  the impact of  wast




 discharges.  The  aquatic habitat  for a  distance  of  54




 miles downstream  indicated  a zone of water quality  degrad^i




 tion.   Large numbers  of the  same  pollution tolerant




 organisms  were observed in  contrast  to  the clean water
-------
	263





                      C. V.  Blomgren






 forms.   Densities  of  "bacterial  indicator  organisms




 increase sharply.   The  concentrations  of  dissolved




 organics as  measured  by BOD and the nutrient  concen-




 trations are significantly  higher.




                During the periods of high  rainfall  run-




 off,  the quality problems are heightened.   The  suspended




 load  carried by the river is increased  by  a factor  of  20.




 The bacterial indicator organisms and  nutrient  concen-




 trations are more  than  doubled..  This  indicates  a need




 for extending pollution control practices  beyond the




 sewer and treatment plant systems.




                I have briefly summarized  the  waste




 sources  and  the resulting water quality.   Now consider




 the impact of quality degradation on water uses.



                First, let us examine the  public  water




 supply use.   Large metropolitan areas  are  using  millions



 of gallons per  day for human consumption.   In sport or




 industrial contact with raw water, effort  must  be made




 to eliminate the possibilities  of contact  or  ingestion




 of pathogenic organisms.  The Missouri  River  carries as




 many  as  1,100 fecal coliform organisms  per droo, as shown




 by our data.  During the normal  fall navigation flows,
-------
	264





                      C. V.  Blomgren






which  are  similar  to  summer flows, we have  demonstrated



that municipal waste  effluents  are responsible  for  over



85  percent of the  total coliform bacteria contained in



the river.   These  can be  controlled  at  the  source.




               The  presence of  grease balls  and other  noxlLous



materials  cause  problems  with physical  operation of water



treatment  facilities.



               High ammonia concentrations  in the water



prior  to treatment  add considerably  to  the  cost of  water



treatment  by increasing the chlorine demand.  Effluents



from agricultural  products  companies, if untreated,  can



greatly increase the  amount of  ammonia  in the water, the



need for higher  amounts of  chlorine  and an  increase in



the cost of water.



               Another consideration is the  nitrogen and



phosphorus in the  river.  These materials are necessary



to  support the aquatic biota.   If they  are  present  in



excess and other conditions are proper, they can stimu-



late growths of  aquatic organisms which may  be  toxic,



cause  taste and  odor  problems and greatly increase  the



operational costs  of  water  treatment facilities.



               The  impact of quality on recreational uses
-------
	__	265





                      C.  V.  Blomgren






 involves  three  separate  considerations,  one  for esthetics




 and one  for water  contact  situations,  and one  for physi-




 cal damage.   Recreational  use  involves esthetic apprecia-




 tion of  the environment,  possible  contact with the water




 through  wading,  swimming or skiing,  and  hunting or fish-




 ing.  Poor  water quality in the  Missouri has resulted  in




 such things as  slime  and grease  on the lines of sports




 fishermen,  the  hazard of contact with  disease  producing




 agents by boat  operators,  fishermen, water skiers,  and




 swimmers.   The  fouling of  the  river  bottom with sludge




 deposits  and the grease  and oil.  rings  on the boat hulls




 and shore appurtenances  are evidence of  inadequate treat-



 ment .




                Primary treatment will  remove only the




 larger lumps.   Floating  grease can be  removed  by skimming




 but the  emulsified  forms, which  are  too  often  the case,




 pass through the plant readily.  The dissolved fractions,




 the finely  suspended  materials,  and  organics of an  ever-




 increasing  variation  and sophistication  are  still present




 and still persist in  the effluent  from the primary plants




 Sioux City  and  Council Bluffs are  prime  examples.




                But  even  more important,  billions  of fecal
-------
	__	266





                      C. V.  Blomgren






 bacteria  are  discharged in  every  gallon  of  waste  processe




 These  residuals,  the  bacteria,  the suspended  solids  and




 dissolved fractions,  singly and in combination, impair




 the  full  and  safe use of  the water for recreation today  a




 will restrict optimum development for the future.  The




 Lewis  and Clark Trail Development for the Missouri River




 could  ill afford  to advertise the wonders of  that stream




 having the knowledge  of its quality hazards to the mil-




 lions  of  people expected  to en.loy it.




               Recreation usage is here  today and expecte




 to increase tomorrow.  Sioux City is proud  of its  annual




 aquacade.  The numerous marinas,  park developments,  and



 recreation sites  give promise of more extensive use^pro-




 viding the water  quality  can support such activity.




               If you were  to make a boat trip on  the




 Missouri  River, you would have  the same  experience as  our




 investigators.  Putting in  at Sioux City, they waded in




 the  water to  get  into the boat  and received splashes in




 their  faces,  each drop containing 14 bacteria of  fecal




 origin.   As they  progressed downstream,  the fecal  bacterial




 become more numeroussreaching as high as 1100 per  drop.




 Grease balls  the  size of  oranges bounced off  their craft.
-------
	26?





                      C.  V.  Bloragren





                Animal parts were  seen  in  the  stream.



 Human  refuse  of all  types were  apparent.   Pleasure  boat-



 ing  certainly is affected by  these conditions.



                The quality  degradation has  impact on  the



 other  recognized uses,  too.   Commercial fishermen,  Phil



 Randall  and Roy Auckenback, have  found nets clogged with



 grease and sewage solids along  with  a  declining  catch.



 Customers  who find  the  fish  flesh tainted  and unpala-



 table  want their money  back.   For fishermen  and others



 who  work on the River  the  potential contact  with disease



 producing agents is  ever present.  This water use needs



 protecting, too.



                Severe degradation of stretches of the



 river  was indicated  by the  changes in  populations of  the



 river  bottom  dwelling organisms.  This affects the  food



 chain  for some types  of  fish  and  further  reflects the



 need to  protect the  aquatic habitat.



                We have  detailed in our report the  impact



 of quality on  the other  uses  and  shown quality criteria



 necessary to  support  these  uses.  These all lead us to



 the  conclusion that  we must begin now  to  protect and



 enhance  the quality  to  support  these uses.
-------
	268





                     C. V. Blomgren





               The State of  Iowa has exhibited  concern



for the  protection of the quality of the interior  inter-



state  streams  through waste  treatment  requirements.   In



the approved sections of the Water Quality Standards, the



State  has  shown an implementation plan to achieve  secon-



dary treatment by July 1, 1972.  However, this  does not



apply  to the Missouri River.  Pollution from  the primary



plants is  not  masked by dilution.  The preservation of



the river  front environment  for the citizens  of Iowa  and



for the Lewis  and Clark Trail will result in  benefits tha



extend well beyond the boundaries of the State.



               Mr. Chairman, at this time I would  like to



introduce  some of the technical people who will elabora.t'e



on our summary statement and bring out necessary points



concerning the establishment of water  quality standards.



               The first of  these that I would  like to



introduce  is Mr. Ed Geldreich, microbiologist,  Public



Health Service, Bureau of Water Hygiene, Cincinnati,  Ohio



who will discuss the bacteriological criteria and  the



need for protection of uses  through the control of



bacterial  discharges.



               MR. STEIN:  While Mr. Geldreich  comes  up,
-------
	269





                      E. E.  Geldreich






 let's go  off the  record a minute.




                (Off  the record.)




                MR. STEIN:   Mr.  Geldreich.








               STATEMENT BY  E.  E.  GELDREICH




                RESEARCH MICROBIOLOGIST




           BUREAU  OF  WATER HYGIENE,  U.  S.  PUBLIC




             HEALTH  SERVICE,  CINCINNATI,  OHIO








                MR. GELDREICH:   Mr.  Chairman, ladies and




 gentlemen.



                My name is Edwin  E.  Geldreich,  Research




 Microbiologist, Bureau of Water  Hygiene,  Public  Health




 Service,  located  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.



                At this time  I  would like  to  discuss some




 of  the  magnitude  of  our concern  with  pathogens in




 recreational waters.



                Our concern  about fecal contamination




 should  not be  limited to that  portion associated with




 human pollution alone.  Microorganisms pathogenic  to man




 may also  be found in  the excreta of farm  animals,  wild




 animals and animal pets.  Apparently  Salmonella  are
-------
__ 270





                     E. E. Geldreich






frequently found in clinically healthy farm animals.




Studies on large groups of cattle indicate the percentage




of such latent infections is about 13 percent in the




United States and about 14 percent in the Netherlands.




(Rothenbacker, J. H., Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1_47: 1211-1214,




1965.)  Between 3-7 to 15 percent of clinically healthy




sheep have been reported to also be carriers.  With




respect to pigs, the percentage of symptomless carriers




has been reported to range from 15 to 20 percent in the




Netherlands; 7 percent in France; 12 percent in England;




13-4 percent in Norway and 22 percent in Belgium. (Prost,




E. and Riemann, H. Food-Borne Salmonellosis •, Ann. Rev.




Microbiol. 21; 495-528, 1967.)




               The Salmonella strains most frequently



isolated from both diseased and healthy farm animals




include the follox^ing 13 serotypes:  S. typhimurium, S.



derby, S. dublin, S. oranienburg, S. .lava, S. choleraesuii ,




S. anatum, S. newington, S. infantis, S. Stanley, S. abon;




S. Chester, and S. meleagridis.
               Nottingham, P.M. and Wiselmann, A. J.,




Salmonella infection in calves and other animals. New
-------
                         	271





                     E. E. Geldreich






Zealand J. Agri. Res. 4: 449-460  (1961).




                Pollach, W. , Investigations on Salmonella




in Slaughterhouse Waste Waters in Vienna.  Wien. Tierarztif.,




Mschr. (Germany) 51_: 161-164 (1964).




                Miner, J. R., Fina, L. R., and Piatt,  C.,




Salmonella infantis in cattle feedlot runoff.  Appl.




Microbiol. 15:  627-628 (1967).




                Peterson, K. J. and Coon, R. E., Salmonella,




typhimurium Infection in Dairy Cows, Jour. Amer. Vet.  Med




Assoc. 151_: 344-350 (1967).




                In man, typhoid salmonellosis is specific,




that is,  it does not occur in farm animals.  This disease




is produced by  S_. typhi and the paratyphi strains A,  B




and C.  However, Salmonella species frequently found  in




farm animals do cause gastrointestinal disturbances in mar




and have  been observed to be the infective organism in a




number of epidemics.  Of the 13 Salmonellae serotypes




reported  above  to be frequently found in farm animals, 4




of these  serotypes were among the 10 most common Salmonel3ls




listed in 196"5 by the National Communicable Disease Centei




to be isolated from humans in the United States (Figure 1)




In recent years, a number of epidemics have been observed
-------
		2J72





                     E.  E.  Geldrelch






in  the human  population  which  were  caused  by 6  of  these



13  Salmonella strains  frequently  found  in  farm  animals.
-------
                                                                273
     ISOLATIONS OF SALMONELLAE SEROTYPES  FROM HUMANS

                  IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1965
Reference:
Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
National Ccronunicaole Disease Center
Atlanta, Georgia  30333
-------
ISOLATIONS OF SALMONELLAE SEROTYPES FROM NOW-HUMAN SOURCES

                  IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1965
 Reference;
 Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
 National Ccranunicable Disease Center
 Atlanta, Georgia  30333
-------
                                                             275
NUMBER AMD PERCENT OF NON-HUMAN SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS

     FROM THE INDICATED SOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES
                          1965

     Reference:
     Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
     National Communicable Disease Center
     Atlanta, GeorSia  30333
-------
                     E. E. Geldreich






               Recreational waters in Iowa have been reports




on occasion to be contaminated with pathogenic leptospires




which gain access to the blood stream through skin




abrasions or mucus membranes to produce severe infections




involving the kidneys, liver, and the central nervous




system.  The organism enters the bathing waters from the




direct urination of infected cattle, swine, and wild




animals that had access to the stream or from drainage of




adjacent livestock pastureland.  Although transmission




of leptospires from infected reservoir hosts does  occur




throughout the year, epidemics in the United States have




occurred almost exclusively during the summer months.




     Pathogenic leptospires have been isolated on




occasions in the following Iowa streams:  Shellbrock




River, Winnebago River, Mississippi River, Iowa River,




and the Cedar River.  They have also been isolated from




streams in the States of Washington and Pennsylvania,




which were frequented by infected cattle.




               Waterborne epidemics due to pathogenic




leptospires do occur.  One outbreak of leptospirosis was




reported from Philadelphia in 19^-1 in which seven  persons




contracted the disease by bathing in polluted water.
-------
	_	277





                      E.  E.  Geldreich






Leptospires  were  Isolated  in  the  urine  of  two persons




and  five  cattle who  had  access  to the same stream  and




had  been  used  for swimming by these two individuals.




               In another  study,  50 cases  of leotospiro-




sis  were  reported from persons  who had  become ill  after




swimming  in  a  slow-moving  stream  alongside a field where




cattle  and swine  were pastured.   This pathogen has also




been the  cause of various  epidemics involving groups of




persons who  swam  in  farm ponds  and streams in California,




from polluted  canals  in  Europe, especially in Holland




where the pathogenic  leptospires  were the  source of water




borne outbreaks chiefly  among the bathers  i.n these canals




               Survival  of leptospires  in  the water environ




ment depend  upon  the  same  numerous factors that have been




established  for bacterial  indicator systems and for Sal-



monella.  However, because of the more  difficult culturin




procedures now available for  leptospires,  many of  the  intfcr-




related influences in the  water environment are only




partially evaluated.  Survival  in natural  waters at five




to six  degrees Centigrade  has been reported to be  eight t




nine days and  five to six  days  at twenty-five to twenty-




seven degrees  Centigrade.   Leptospires  were reported in
-------
                                                      278



                     E.  E.  Geldreich






another study on the survival which indicated that in



lake water with low salinity survival time was more than



ten days.  In lake and river water with a salinity of



from 70 to 6,350 parts per million as chloride, leptospires



survived for less than a week.  During the summer months



in the East Indies pathogenic leptospires were noted to



survive in water for at least 22 days without apparent



loss of virulence.  Finally, in culture infected soil,



leptospires survived for 43 days and in urine infected



soils for 15 days.  Simulated studies using stormwater



runoff with the addition of rain water to dosed soil



indicated the recovery in the water at intervals ranged



up to 24 days after that soil had been flooded.



               Other pathogens have been found in fecal



pollution from farm animals, including Shigella, bovine



tubercle bacillus and the round worm ascuris  lumbricoides



which is pathogenic to man  and hog.  These studies on



pathogenic organisms illustrate and add  support to our



concern  about fecal pollution from all warm-blooded




animals, not just from man  alone.



               Let  me now briefly talk to you a little




bit  about  pathogen  occurrence in  raw sewage  and sewage
-------
                        	279
                      E. E.  Geldreich

treatment effluents.
               Pathogenic  organisms occur in polluted
streams and lakes  as  a  result of contamination by fecal
discharges from warm-blooded animals.   The access of
fecal pollution to water may add a variety of intestinal
pathogens at any time,  and  at one time or another enteric
pathogenic bacteria will be present.  The most common
genera of pathogenic  bacteria found in water are:  §_aJL.~
E^BJLiL-L?!' §L!liJL®ii.a-9- enteropathogenic Es_c_h_e_ri_c_h_i_a coli,
te_PJL2.:lP_i.!.a_ anc* Myc^obacterium.
               There  is sufficient evidence from the
literature to indicate  pathogenic organisms can be
present in the excreta  of  poultry, livestock, cats,  dogs
wild animals.  Such microorganisms, which are equally
pathogenic to man  and other animals, may be acquired from
contaminated food  or  water.   Even fresh water fish may
become actively infected with human pathogens after
exposure to contaminated water and carry these organisms
to clean stream recreational areas somewhat removed in
time and distance.
Pathogenic Conveyance to the S^tream
     Raw Sewage
-------
	280





                      E. E. Geldreich






                Municipal sewage contaj ns  the  ma.lor  domes-




 tic  input of human fecal discharges plus  other  domestic




 additions of laundry wastes and food refuse.  In  some




 cities,  wastes from meat packing and dairy  plant  opera-




 tions  may also be mixed in the domestic sewage  collection




                §.5.i.5.°.0.5.1.;La_ and §JlL&§.!_!.§: have frequently



 been detected in sewage.  Haw wastes frum institutions




 treating  tuberculosis patients will almost always  con-




 tain large numbers of tubercle baclll.i.   Sewage from four




 sanJtoria showed from 425 to 10,000 tubercle  bacilli per




 m].   Municioal sewage containing wastes from  dairies and




 slaughterhouses may also be expected to discharge M.




 ^.H.^L^.El.^.^.L^ ^n "fc'ner'-r wastes.



                Enteric viruses which are  capable  of



 producing diseases in humans are excreted by  infected




 individuals into domestic sewage in large quantities.




 These  viruses include those of the enterovirus  group




 (polioviruses, coxsackieviruses A and B,  and  echoviruses)




 the  adenoviruses,  reoviruses, and the infectious  hepa-




 titis  virus.   The peak incidence of isolation of  enteric




 viruses  in sewage occurs duVing the warmer months of the




 year and during periods of epidemic with fluctuations  in
-------
_ ___________ ___ _ __       281





                       E.  E.  Geldreich






 the  predominant type  being  related to what  Is  prevalent




 in  the community at a given time.  Kelly  and  Sanderson




 found 115 strains of Coxsaoliie,  ECHO and oolloviruses




 present in raw sewage.   Of  150  viruses  Isolated bv Bloom




 et  al . ,  from sewage samples,  31  were identified as ECHO




 viruses, '<- as poliovlruses  and  76 as coxsackie.  Many




 septic tank effluents  have  been found to  contain entero-




 vi ruses.  In one instance,  septic tank  effluent still-




 contained viable poliovirus six months  after  a  child from




 that home had contracted  pel iomyeli ties .
                Sewage  treatment by the trickling filter




 process  has been found to  reduce 3_al_mo_n_e_l_l_a  s_c_h_o_t_tmu_]_l_er_i._




 densities from 84 to 99  percent, tubercle  bacill"'




 ( H-Z. _L™?._L*L_LI.LH.:!1 ~ll?.£_L_li.2.£i.§. ^Populations by -36  o e r c e n t ,



 enteric  viruses in a range  from Ho to 60 percent,  taoewoi-




 ova by values ranging  from  18 to 70 oercent, arid cysts




 °^  HO.^:!!0-®.^.?: ll-L^^.LX.ti.^.iiL ^y ^^ ^° ^9 oercent.   Total



 coliform reductions v/ere reported in various investiga-




 tions  to range from 8?  to 97 percent.




     Ac t i vat e d S 1 u d g e  S y s t e m s




                In activated sludge systems,  coliform
-------
_ _ _ _ 282




                      E.  E.  Geldreich





 organisms,  S_al_mon_e_l_l_ae_,  S_h_i_ge_l_l_ae_, and M.  tu_ b e r cu_loj5i _s_ ,



 were  reduced in amounts  ranging from 88 to  99  percent,



 poliovirus, type I, by 90  percent, and coxsackie A9



 virus  by 98 percent.
                Removal  or  S_.  ^yj^h.°_s_a in anaerobic




 digestion was reported  to  range from 2$ to  9'^ • '•*• percent




 depending upon retention  time.   M. t_u_;b_e_r_c_u_l_o_s_i_s_ reduction




 after anaerobic digestion  was reported to  be  69 or 90




 percent,  depending upon whose work you are  citing.




 Although  this sewage treatment method was  quite effective




 in  reducing cysts of E_. h_ij>_t_oj^yt_i_c_a_5 Cram  found anaerobic




 digestion comparatively ineffective in the  inactivation of




 parasitic ova.



      Was it e 5ta b il ia 1 3o nP o n d s
                The  treatment of sev;age  in  v/aste stabili-




 zation ponds will generally produce total  colaform reduc




 tions  ranging from  ^0  to 99-9 percent.   Studies on the




 fate of S_almon_e_l_]^a  in  stabilization ponds  indicate a




 similar high order  of  destruction.




      ChJ^o ; r i ^n a t_i_o n o f E f f 1 u e n t s




                In a review of the literature on removal
-------
	28 3





                      E.  S,  Geldreich






 of  pathogenic  microorganisms  by trickling filters,




 activated  sludge,  anaerobic digestion  and stabilization




 ponds,  Kabler  concluded  that  these  treatment orocesses




 will  markedly  reduce  the number of  pathogenic organisms




 present.   However,  the  resulting effluents will  contain




 a  portion  of each  kind  of microorganism originally




 present in the raw sewage.   Those pathogenic bacteria,




 V-1 rus  and  paras:! tes  that do remain  in  the treated efflu-




 ents  constitute  potential health hazards to persons  using




 the receiving  waters  for recreational  purposes.   Where




 these  waters are used as a source of -raw water supply,




 any accidental break  In  treatment could qir.1 ckl v br'ng




 pathogens  to our nubile  water supply systems.   Apolica-




 tion  of appropriate  chlorination procedures to effluents




 from  secondary treatment of sewage  w:i 11 further reduce th




 pathogenic bacterial  populations to below demonstrable




 densities.




                Many  factors are involved in sewage




 chlorination,  including  organic residuals,  effluent  pH




 and temperature, chlorine contact time,  uniformity of




 effluent-disinfectant mixing,  among others.   Primary




 sewage  effluents are  more difficult to chlorinate to a
-------
	284





                      E.  E.  Geldreich






 specific coliform content  than are  secondary effluents.




 Chlorination of primary  effluents  should not,  under  any




 circumstances,  be considered a substitute for  secondary




 treatment.   The primary  measurement for  the  adequacy of




 chlorine disinfection of treated sewage  must be  based




 on the  coliform count since  methods for  pathogens  remain




 too complicated for  routine  monitoring.   Finally,  addi-




 tional  advanced waste treatment by  chemical  flocculation




 with sedimentation may be necessary in special problems




 involving re-use water for  complete removal  of parasitic



 ova and virus.




                Finally a brief statement here  about  the



 bacterial survivals  in streams.




                Survival  of bacterial indicators  and  any



 pathogens present in  a pollutional  discharge to  the



 receiving stream are  going  to  be influenced  by many




 interrelated environmental factors.  These factors includ




 available nutrients,  water  temperature,  water  pH,  turbidi




 and sedimentation, chemical  constituents  of  the  receiving




 stream,  chemical pollutants  discharged,  antagonistic  actj<




 of  associated bacterial  species and phage  types  and



 exposure  to  the  ultraviolet  action  of sunlight.
 y
>n
-------
                         ^	285





                     E. E. Geldreich






               Research studies on bacterial survival




in streams indicate that bacterial nutrients in terms of




a nitrogen source and a carbon source and winter stream




temperature plus a source of fecal pollution can extend




the survival of this hazardous pollution many miles down-




stream.  With summer stream temperatures and bacterial




nutrients, some multiplication of pathogens is oossible.




In either case, the public health hazard has increased.




This deterioration in water quality should not be tolerat




from a public health viewpoint, either for recreation wat




quality or for a raw water source to be processed into a




public water supply.




               Bacterial nutrients are derived from raw




sewage, food processing wastes, and poor quality sewage




treatment involving low BOD removal.  Practical removal




figures for primary treatment range from 40-60 percent




BOD removals;  secondary treatment 80-90 percent BOD




removal;  and tertiary treatment 95-98$ BOD removal.   Thus



the natural stream purification rate can be greatly




modified  by this type of discharge.




               Frequently,  chlorination of primary




effluent  is attempted to further reduce the bacterial
-------
     .	286





                     E. E. Geldreich






discharge.  This creates another bacterial problem down-




stream known as aftergrowth.  Aftergrowth is a product




of many interrelated factors associated with bacteria




and their environment.  Because disinfection by chlorina-




tion rarely is comolete, some organisms survive to become




the inoculum that utilizes the available nutrients. These




organisms include strains which are protected from contac'




with chlorination by aggregates of suspended matter.  As




the aggregates disintegrate, viable cells are released




into the partially treated primary effluent.  Proper




environmental conditions for this specialized type of




bacterial regrowth occur with water temperature above 15




degrees Centigrade,  a source of bacterial nutrients above




a critical level, adequate flow time between entry of




chlorinated effluent into the receiving stream and some




location downstream, plus other interrelated factors




associated with the  bacterial flora and its water environ-




ment.  With reference to required flow time downstream,,




most regrowth problems occur between a one- to  two-day




flow from the entry of chlorinated effluent.  This time is




needed to permit organism  recovery from chlorination




damage and subsequent multiplication of the bacterial
-------
	28?





                      E.  E.  Geldreich






 population.




                With  respect to  chlorinate on  of  effluent




 from  sewage  that  has received secondary treatment,  avail-




 able  research  data  demonstrates  no  evidence  of  after-




 growth  even  though  stream temperature  was  22 degrees




 Centigrade,  during  a study on a  small  stream in Californi




 This  result  reflects the excellent  nutrient  reduction  in




 the secondary  treatment  of  sewage by this  activated sludg




 process  and  the effect of blocking  a key requirement




 essential  to aftergrowth development.




                It has been  my observation  that  most




 aftergrowth  problems occur  as a  result of  either ooor




 sewage  treatment  for BOD removal or as a result of




 nutrient waste  additions downstream from the chlorinated




 effluent discharge.



                Thank you.




                MR.  STEIN:   Thank you,,  Mr.  Geldreich.




                We will now  call  on  General C. Craig




 Cannon,  Missouri  River DivJsion  Engineer,  Corps of




 Engineers, Omaha.




                Gen.  Cannon.
-------
	288





                     Gen.  C.  C.  Cannon








            STATEMENT BY  GENERAL C.  CRAIG  CANNON




             MISSOURI RIVER  DIVISION ENGINEER




             CORPS  OF ENGINEERS,  OMAHA,  NEBRASKA








                GEN.  CANNON:   Thank  you, Mr,  Chairman.




                I don't know  whether any of  you are  from




 Sioux  City,  "but the  Sioux City  Chamber  of Commerce  has a




 tradition  of each  summer having a steak fry on a sand




 bar  in the  upper Missouri.   Part of that  tradition  is  to




 invite the  Army Division Engineer up there  and forcefully




 throw  him  into  the river.  Of course he is  expected to




 put  up a fight  and take  as many with him  as possible.




 After  hearing the  previous speaker, I  can assure Sioux



 City that  I am  going to  put  up  more of  a  fight this year




 than last  year.




                (Laughter.)



                Ladies and gentlemen, while  my  division




 of the Corps of Army Engineers  is interested in  all the




 uses of the Missouri River and  its  tributaries,  this




 morning I  will  comment primarily on our work below  Sioux




 City.   However, we must  continue to recognize  that  the
-------
	__	289





                     Gen,  C,  C.  Cannon






 chain  of  reservoirs  extending  from Montana  across  the




 Dakotas exerts  a  profound influence upon  the  flow  of




 the  Missouri.   In contrast to  flood and drought  periods




 of the past, we now  have  a pattern of  discharge  much




 better suited for utilization  of  the river.   In  years




 of normal runoff  we  are able to control the Missouri  to




 about  35,000 cubic feet per  second at  Sioux City through




 the  navigation  season,  and to  about 15 to 20  thousand




 cubic  feet per  second  during the  remainder  of the  year.




                Of course  in  abnormally wet  years,  such




 as the present  one,  or  in the  unhaopy  event of a drought




 year,  these manifestations will affect the  degree  of  our




 control:  for example,  on  recent days we have  been  limit-




 ing  the releases  from  Gavins Point to  6,000 second feet.




                Increased  upstream uses of water  for irri-



 gation, municipal and  industrial  water supply, agricul-




 tural  and other purposes  will  eventually  deplete the




 available water supply  so much  that minimum releases  at




 Gavins Point Dam  may be as low  as 3,000 cubic feet per




 second during the non-navigation  season for  extended




 drought periods.




                In a  1951  report of the Missouri  Basin
-------
	290





                     Gen.  C.  C.  Cannon






 Interagency  Committee  on "Adequacy  of Flows  in  the  Missour




 River"  a  minimum  release  of  35000  cubic  feet per second




 was  stated to  be  necessary to maintain a dissolved oxygen




 level of  5 parts  per million in the stream.  And remember




 that that was  speaking of conditions as  they existed  in




 the  early 1950's.




                Below Sioux City our basic  functions are




 flood control,  bank  stabilization  and navigation.   The




 reservoirs play a ma.lor part in these functions, but  in




 addition  we  have  municipal and  agricultural levee systems




 and  numerous dikes and revetments.  Our  work on  the river




 has  resulted in more intensive  use of the  banks  for




 agricultural,  residential, commercial and  industrial




 purposes.  The Corps has  recognized the   beneficial effecfts




 of reduction in the  silt  load and  in uniformity  of flow




 on water  supply and  sewage dilution functions  of the




 river.  However,  the Congress originally considered these




 effects of the reservoirs as bonus benefits and  no mone-




 tary value,  therefore,  was credited to the  projects.




                Subsequent to 19&1  and the  amending legis-
 lation  of  Public  Law  87-88,  the  Corps  has  had  the  authori




 to  assume  a  more  specific  role  in  water  quality control
ty
-------
		291





                     Gen.  C. C. Cannon






 and to utilize resulting benefits as orolect ourposes.




 In general the Corps' function in regulatory control of




 water pollution is limited.  However, we do have certain




 responsibilities regarding the discharge of oollutants




 from floating or fixed .installations when the discharges




 are detrimental :,o the operation of the project.




                The past 20 years have seen a tremendous




 increase in water-based recreation, boating, swimming




 fishing, and general shoreline recreation.  The Corns has




 for many years been authorized to provide facilities for




 recreation at reservoirs in cooperation with local and




 State agencies.  Utilization of  these facilities has been




 phenomenol and continues to increase.




                The general improvement of water condition




 on the lower Missouri has also resulted in increasing




 public use of the river.  In response to this trend, and




 in the interest of public safety and convenience,  the




 Corps was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1962




 to extend its recreational development to all water
1



 resource oroiects.  The present  oolicy is to cooperate




 with local interests and the State agencies in the


!

 development of boat ramos. parking and picnic areas and
-------
	292





                     Gen.  C.  G.  Cannon






 similar facilities  along  the  Missouri  from Sioux  City




 to  the  mouth  of  the r.iver near  St.  Louis.




               Some of  these  facilities  have  been built.




 Others  are  under construction or  scheduled for  early




 construction  and many more are  planned for the  future  as




 the need develops and as  the  necessary participation by




 local interests  is  negotiated and funds  become  available.




               It does  not require  a  sanitary specialist




 to  see  that water pollution  is  inimical   to recreational




 use of  a river.   I shall leave to  those specialists the




 problem of  determining  what  levels  of  pollution are tol-




 erable  and  consistent with intensive  recreational use.




 Esthetic enjoyment  of a river environment  is  adversely




 affected by obnoxious odors,  by floating matter and by




 suspended or  dissolved  materials  affecting water  clarity.




 Fishing success  and the edibility of  fish  caught  are




 definitely  related  to water quality.




               Again, emphasizing that water  quality




 standards are  not a malor function  of  the  Corps of Engi-




 neers,  I can  and do state that  we as  an  agency  of the




 Federal Government  charged with providing  certain recre-




 ation factilities are interested  in and  support the
-------
	293





                    Gen. G. C. Cannon






adoption and maintenance of standards which are conducive




to and consistent with intensive and jncreasing public




use of the Missouri River.  The Corps would certainly




dislike seeing a reduction in the recreational utiliza-




tion of the river and a resulting loss of recreation




development due to pollution.  It appears that such a




reduction might come about as a, result of public dis-




inclination to use a polluted river for either esthetic




or sanitary reasons or by regulation which would prohibit




or limit certain public uses in the interest of health




and safety.  In either event, non-use of the river for




recreational purposes would have an adverse effect upon




plans for the construction of facilities intended for




increased recreational use.




               I realize that my statement does



not provide any quantitative basis for pollution stan-




dards.  That is not my intent or purpose.  I hope I




have made it clear that the Corps of Engineers supports




wholeheartedly those antipollution programs and controls




which are conducive to true multi-purpose use of the




Missouri River, not only for flood control and navigation




but also for general recreational use by the people of
-------
	__	294





                    Gen.  C.  C.  Cannon






 our Nation.




                Thank you  very  much.




                MR.  STEIN:   Thank  you,  Gen.  Cannon.




                At this  point we will take  our  morning




 recess  for  10 minutes.  Please  come back.




                        (RECESS)




                MR.  STEIN:   May  we reconvene.




                We will  continue with the Federal  presen-




 tation.  To  give you a  notion  of  what  we are going  to  try




 to do,  we will  recess for  lunch at 12  o'clock  for about




 an hour and  a half, and then we will have,  presumably,




 an afternoon session with,  hopefully,  one  recess,and we




 will  conclude the day's session at 5 o'clock.   The  way




 it looks, this  will go  into tomorrow.



                Mr.  Blomgren.




                MR.  BLOMGREN:   Mr.  Chairman, we have with




 us Mr.  Ted  Ferris,  Water  Hygiene  Representative,  Environ-




 mental  Control  Administration,  Department  of Health,




 Education,  and  Welfare, Kansas  City, Region VI, who will




 discuss the  public  health  aspects.
-------
                      	29 5





                      T. G. Ferris
                STATEMENT OF T. G. FERRIS




               WATER HYGIENE REPRESENTATIVE




           ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ADMINISTRATION




             DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,




       AND WELFARE, REGION VI, KANSAS  CITY,  MISSOURI









               MR. FERRIS:  Mr,. Chairman,  ladies  and




gentlemen.




               My name is T. C. Ferris.  I am  the Water




Hygiene Representative of the Environmental  Control




Administration of the Deoartment of Health,  Educat-'on,




and Welfare, the Region VI office in Kansas  City, Missour




               The Department of Health. Education, and




Welfare, acting under the Public Health Service Act has




primary Federal responsibility for protecting  the health




of the people.  The Public Health Service  has  strong




interest in the protection and enhancement of  community




water supplies, both as to adequacy and ourjty for water




reaching the ultimate consumer.  Water as  it is delivered




at the tap should be potable and should meet the  recom-




mended Public Health Service drinking water  standards.
-------
	296





                      T.  C. Ferris






 The  discharge of  pollutants and wastewaters to  rivers




 constitutes a threat to the health of  people living in




 these watersheds  and utilizing these waters for  domestic




 supply,  commercial and sports fishing,  recreation, and




 other purposes.   The health threat associated with water




 is of three types: chemical, biological and radiological.




               The Public Health Service has long been




 concerned about the quality of water.   The discharge of




 inadequately treated municipal and industrial wastes can




 cause impairment  of water quality in the interstate river




 covered  by this conference.  The findings of the conferen




 report indicate that untreated and/or  inadequately treate




 municipal and industrial  wastes are being discharged to



 these waters and  that they could endanger the health and




 welfare  of persons, not only in the State of Iowa, but in




 some of  the adjoining States.  While the conventional




 water supply treatment processes are capable of  removing




 or destroying pathogenic  organisms, the presence of patho




 gens in  raw water supplies constitutes  a hazard  potential




 which is dependent upon human or mechanical failure. Also




 polluted discharges constitute a direct hazard  to those




 using the waters  for contact recreational purposes.
J

-------
	297





                       T.  C,  Ferris






                In 1914,  the  Public Health Service




 established and,  with periodic revisions, the last in




 1962,  has maintained and published drinking water stan-




 dards  for water supplies  used on interstate carriers  and




 has  responsibility for the certification of such  water




 supplies.  These  standards have been adopted or are used




 as  the guidelines for drinking water quality in nearly




 all of the States.  The Publjc Health Service has  also




 served as consultant and  technical assistant to State




 and  local health  departments  in their orograms  for safe-




 guarding  the quality of  community water suoplies.




                There are  several surface water  supplies




 in Iowa as well as a considerable number of surface water




 supplies  in other States  which have their intakes  below




 the  waste discharges from municipalities and industries



 in Iowa.   It is also interesting to note that there are




 more cattle and hogs in  the  State of Iowa than  there  are




 people, and thi.s  source  of pollution must also  be  recog-




 nized  in  control  measures.   The bacterial pollution from




 cattle and hogs cannot be ignored.




                The Iowa  surface water quality criteria




 were submitted  to our agency  for comments,  and  on
-------
__ 298





                      T.  C. Ferris






September 27,  19&8,,  the following letter was transmitted




to  the Federal Water Pollution  Control Administration:




               "Under the  provisions of the Interdepart-




mental Agreement of  September 2, 19^6, we offer for your




consideration  the following comments on the oublic health




aspects  of  the Iowa  Surface Water Quality Criteria.




               "These comments  are  limited to  those




criteria considered  important to protection of the public




health and  are primarily  concerned  with the following




subjects:   Discussion of  Criteria and Surface  Water




Quality  Criteria, relating to Public Water Supply and




Recreation.




             o f C r i t e r i a
                "The  discussion  of  the  General  Criteria




 Section  notes,  'Treatment  less  than  secondary  will not



 be  accepted unless it  can  be  shown that  the  legitimate




 uses  can be protected  with a  lesser  degree of  treatment.1




 Where  legitimate  uses  of affected  waters  include  public




 water  supply  or whole  body contact recreation,  the Public




 Health Service  does  not consider as  satisfactory  any




 degree of treatment  less than secondary.



                "Although no bacteriological  criteria  have
-------
 	299


                       T. C. Ferris



 been adopted in the Specific Criteria for the Designated

 Water Uses Section, the discussion includes definition of

 bacteriological guidelines for optional application to

 situations where known  controllable sources of coliform

 bearing wastes are affecting the suitability  of a water

 source for public water supply or recreational use.

 While the variability of total coliform levels with

 runoff is recognized, the specification of a sanitary

 survey backed by a guideline to be used optionally is not

 considered an adequate  criterion.  The fact that zoonoses


 as well as human carried diseases are transmittable to

 man through fecal matter should be recognized.  Adoption

 of fecal coliform criteria as an acceptable indicator of

 fecal pollution :' s appropriate where total coliform con-

 centrations are known to be greatly affected by soil and

 plant coliform.  The Iowa criteria should provide for

 such criteria as are recommended in Section I of the

 Public Health Service 'Health Guidelines for Raw Water

! Quality,' previously submitted to your office for review.
I
j                The next section of the letter:

!
I "Surface _Water Quality  Criteria

                "The water quality criteria in the section
-------
	300





                      T. C. Ferris






on Public Water Supoly should also be made applicable to




waters used in the processing of food.




               "Limiting concentrations for the specific




constituents arsenic, barium, cadmium, hexavalent chromiuifi,




cyanide, fluoride, lead, and phenols are included in the




section on Public Water Supply.  The concentrations speci




fied for arsenic, cyanide, and phenols exceed those speci




fled by the Public Health Service 'Health Guidelines for




Raw Water Quality1 and should be changed to conform to




the health guidelines.  In addition, a number of the




chemical constituents specified by the Public Health




Service 'Health Guidelines for Raw Water Quality' have




been omitted in the specific constituents limited by the



Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria.  These constituent



limits including those for Radium 226 and Strontium 90




should be included in the Iowa Criteria.



               "As has been stated under Discussion of




Criteria, fecal coliform criteria for public water supply




and recreational uses should be added to the Iowa Criteri




The minimum degree of public water supply treatment




necessary to produce potable water from water meeting such




criteria should also be stated.
-------
 	301

                       T. C. Ferris

                "The opportunity to present this review
 is aporeclated."
                That is the end of the letter, quoting.
                You will note in this letter that we do
 not consider any degree of waste treatment less than
 secondary including disinfection to be adequate where the
 downstream waters are to be used for public water supply
 or whole body contact recreation.  In our opinion,  fecal
 coliform criteria are appropriate; these criteria should
 not be modified  even on the basis of findings from a
 sanitary survey.  The criteria to be used in Iowa should
 be no less stringent than the limits olaced in our oubli-
 cation,  "Health  Guidelines for Raw Water Quality."   These
 guidelines provide standards for water to be used for
 domestic and food processing uses, recreation, shellfish,
 agriculture, as  well as for control measures when conside
 ing vectors or the disposal of solid wastes.  To cite a
 few of the standards, we would like to emphasize that the
 total coliform density shall not exceed 20,000 oer  100
 milliliters as measured by monthly geometric mean or that
 the fecal coliform density shall not exceed 4.000 per 100
i
 milliliters as measured by monthly geometric mean for
-------
	302





                       T.  C. Ferris






 intake water  to  a water  treatment  olant  providing




 coagulation,  sedimentation, filtration.,  and  disinfection.




 For water  contact recreational  uses,  the fecal  coliform




 density  should not  exceed the geometric  mean of 200  per




 100 milliliters  with  a sampling frequency of 5  samples




 per 30-day period taken  during  peak  recreational use.




 Not more than 10 percent  of the samples'  fecal  coliform




 densities  during any  30-day period should exceed 400 per




 100 milliliters.




               I am pleased to  represent the Department




 of Health,  Education,  and Welfare  at  this meeting.   We in




 the Public Health Service are ready  to do whatever we  can




 to cooperate  and assist  in the  lob of safeguarding and




 improving  the quality of  these  waters.



               Thank  you.




               MR.  STEIN:  Thank you.




               MR.  BLOMGREN:  Mr.  Chairman,  at  this  time




 I would  like  to  introduce Dr. Graham  Walton,  Chief of




 Technical  Services, Bureau of Water  Hygiene,  Public  Healt




 Service, Cincinnati.,  Ohio.




               MR.  STEIN:  There is  one  thing these




 conferences accomplish:   I get  to  see people I  haven't
-------
 	,	,	303





                       Dr. G. Walton






 seen for a long time.









               STATEMENT BY DR. GRAHAM WALTON




            CHIEF, TECHNICAL SERVICES, BUREAU OF




         WATER HYGIENE, U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE




                     CINCINNATI, OHIO









                DR. WALTON:  Thank you, Carl.




                I am Graham Walton, Chief, Technical




 Services, Bureau of Water Hygjene, U. S. Public Health




 Service, Cincinnati., Ohio.




                In the manual "Public Drinking Water




 Supply Evaluation" now in press, which will renlace  the




 1946 "Manual of Water Sanitation Practice," the Public




 Health Service recommends permissible bacteriological




 quality for surface waters receiving "Complete Conven-




 tional Treatment" to produce a oublic wacer supply.




 This publication defines "Complete Conventional Treatment




i as consisting of chemical coagulation, sedimentation,




• rapid granular bed filtration, and pre- and post-chlori-




 nation.  It specifies that the total collform density




 of the intake water, as measured by the monthly Geometric
-------
                      Dr. G, Walton






Mean, shall not exceed 20,000 per 100 millillters unless




fecal coliform examinations are made and their density




as measured by the monthly Geometric Mean does not exceed




4,000 per 100 milliliters.




               The Subcommittee for Public Water Supplies




National Technical Advisory Committee on Water Quality




Criteria, in their 1968 report, proposed permissible




criteria for intake waters  receiving treatment by "the




most common processes in use in this country in their




simplest form" for production of waters for public use,




The defined conventional treatment included chemical




coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and




chlorination.  This subcommittee recognized that many




small surface water treatment plants were operated




without sophisticated technical control.  Starting with




these assumptions, this committee recommended that the



coliform density, as determined by the monthly arithmetic




average of an adequate number of samples, should not




exceed 10,000 per 100 milliliters.  This limitation,




however, may be relaxed provided fecal coliform exami-




nations are made and their monthly average does not exceep.




2,000 per 100 milliliters.
-------
 	__	30 5





                       Dr. G. Walton






                Many State water pollution control agenciejs




 have adopted bacteriological standards for surface waters




 for use in the production of public supplies.  Such stan-




 dards may specify the following:




                The monthly average coliform density shall




 not exceed 5,000 per 100 milliliters nor shall the coli-




 form density exceed 5,000 per 100 milliliters in more  thaji




 20 percent, nor shall it exceed 20,000 in more than 5




 percent, of all samples examined during each month.




                Although we have the technical knowledge,




 as demonstrated by equipment developed by the"Space




 Program,"to produce drinking water from sewage,  it is




 neither desirable nor economically feasible.   Those con-




 cerned with the production of "Biologically Safe"oublic




 water supplies generally accent the desirability of




 erecting multiple barriers against waterborne disease-




 producing organisms.   Such barriers include:




                1.   Effective treatment of sewage and
i



1 other wastewaters.




                2.   Natural purification processes which




 are active in the surface waters receiving the wastes.




                3.   Water treatment processes,  such  as
-------
	306





                      Dr.  G. Walton






 clarification  and  disinfection.



                The Public  Health  Service  recommends  that



 every  practical effort  should  be  made  to  secure  intake



 water  from  the  best  available  source and  to  reduce



 existing  and control future  pollution  of  those waters.



                The recommended maximum acceptable coliforfn



 density,  a  monthly geometric mean of 20,000  total coliforn



 bacteria  per 100 milliliters,  or  of 4,000  fecal  coliform



 bacteria  per 100 milliliters,  should not  be  taken as



 poetic license  to unnecessarily permit maximum acceptable



 bacterial levels in  intake waters to water treatment  olan|b



                In  summary, intake water bacteriological



 standards have  been  established to permit  water  treatment



 plants with rather mediocre  facilities  and unsophisti-



 cated  technical control to produce biologically  safe



 water. Moreover,  improvement  in  the bacteriological



 quality of  the  intake water  frequently results in



 improvement of  other intake  water characteristics that



 may  enhance the overall quality of the public water



 supply.



                Thank you.




                MR. STEIN:  Thank  you,  Dr.  Walton.
-------
                                                      307





                     Dr. A. A. Rosen






               May we go on?




               ¥e don't often get Dr. Walton, and I say




this to the Interior people and anyone else, if you have




some questions on water supply, you may find It convenien




to take it up with him while he is here.




               MR. BLOMGREN: Mr. Chairman, at this time




I would like to Introduce Dr. Aaron Rosen, Chief, Waste




Identification and Analysis Activities, Advanced Waste




Treatment Research Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution




Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio.









              STATEMENT BY DR. A. A. ROSEN




        CHIEF, WASTE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS




          ACTIVITIES, ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT




      RESEARCH LABORATORY, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION




        CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, CINCINNATI, OHIO








               DR. ROSEN:  It was suggested I tip this




microphone up so I will be talking into it, but I pointed




out that for me the microphone doesn't need to be tipped




up.




               At the meeting last week I made some "
-------
	_	308





                     Dr. A. A. Rosen






comments on the subject of specific trace organics in




water and the relationship to municipal waste treatment.




I have now prepared this in the form of a written state-




ment, which I have presented to the recorder, with your




permission, Mr. Chairman, and, therefore, at this time




I would like to only very briefly summarize the contents




of that statement in order to save time, but at the same




time to put on record the gist of this point so that




subsequent people who may wish to will have the oppor-




tunity to refer to it.



               MR. STEIN:  Without objection, your full




statement will appear as if read.  There are no substan-




tial departures in that  from what you said last week?




               DR. ROSEN:  No, there are not.  It is




essentially what I said  last week.




               MR. STEIN:  Right.



               DR. ROSEN:  The essential point of that




statement is that municipal wastes include substances not




ordinarily considered as sewage materials.  They are




chemicals that find their way into the wastes from house-




hold uses, such as detergents and disinfectants, from




industries and from commercial enterprises.  An example
-------
 		3£9





                      Dr. A.  A.  Rosen






 of the  commercial  enterprise would  be  automobile  servi ce




 stations that dump  large quantities of used  oil into  city]




 sewers.




                The  question  then  that  comes  at issue  is




 what does secondary treatment or  its equivalent accomolis




 in removing these  materials  and what effect  does  that




 have on streams?   It is pointed out that  many of  these




 chemicals have specific adverse effects.   The grouo at




 Washington University in St.  Louis  making studies  with




 speci.fic reference  to the Mi.ssouri  River  have oointed out




 that such trace organics can have effects on humans eithe




 consuming or making recreational  use of water, on  the




 aquatic organisms  in the river, and on industries  making




 use of  this water.




                Many of these chemicals  are readily




 removed in secondary treatment.   Examples would be



 certain phenols that affect  drinking water,  certain




 industrial chemicals that are  picked UD and  accumulated



I in the  tissues of fish and,  therefore, make  them  inedible




 among these being things like  waste oil material  that




 gives an oily taste  to fish.   Many  of  these  are removable




 because they are readily oxidized,  others because  they
-------
	310




                     Dr. A. A. Rosen






 combine with  the  activated  sludge  flock  and  are  physi-




 cally  removed.




                Certain others  are  not  readily  oxidized




 but  are reduced markedly.   When  they are reduced by  this




 kind of treatment,  the stretch of  river  that they would




 pollute is  also then proportionately markedly  reduced.




 Instead of  50 miles downstream affected,  perhaps 25  miles




 is affected and,  therefore, there  is a gain  of 25 miles




 of river  that is  improved.




                Now, not all harmful chemicals  in sewage




 are  removed by  secondary biological treatment.   Many such




 compounds are discharged directly  to the streams and thes




 primarily arise in  industrial  operations.  The problems




 that they cause are combatted by  applying appropriate



 industrial  waste  treatment  methods that  are  equivalent in




 effectiveness to  secondary  treatment of  municipal wastes



 but  are not necessarily based  on biological  process.   The




 combination,  then,  of secondary  treatment  of municipal




 wastes and  the  equivalent of industrial  will remove  a




 large  part  of the organic material which constitutes the




 trace  organic content of surface waters,  that  these




 materials have  adverse effects on  many uses  and  are
-------
	311




                     Dr. A. A. Rosen






harmful in a number of ways, even including potential




effect on the health of users, and for this reason




secondary treatment is advantageous to the uses of




surface waters apart and completely separate from the




question of the amount of bacteria, the amount of BOD




which may, as we heard earlier, support further growth




of bacteria, and apart from the actual discharge of




pathogenic organisms themselves.




               That is all I have to say now.




               (Dr. Rosen's written statement is as




follows:)




       SUMMARY OF STATEMENT BY DR. A. A. ROSEN AT




         CONFERENCE ON WATER QUALITY STANDARDS,




  IOWA - MISSOURI BASIN, COUNCIL BLUFFS, APRIL 15, 1969



               I am Aaron A. Rosen.  My position 5s:




Chief, Waste Identification and Analysis Activities,




Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory, Federal




Water Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio.




My principal research activity at this time deals with




the identification of the many organic chemical substance




in municipal waste and with how they affect and are




affected by various waste treatment processes.
-------
	312





                     Dr. A. A. Rosen






               At the outset, let us underline the




fallacy of considering municipal wastes as simply a




water dispersion of human wastes.  Most sewer systems




also collect the wastes of many of the city's industries




and businesses.  Auto service stations dump large quan-




tities of used oil into city sewers.  Even households




discharge many chemicals of industrial origin — detergents




disinfectants, dyes, bleaches, paint solvents, etc.




               These industrial or commercial chemicals




can damage the quality of a receiving stream in soecific




ways not related to their aggregate BOD values or their




effect on dissolved oxygen.  These effects can be serious




at concentrations so slight that they do not appear in




the figures fpr overall dissolved matter.  Some of the




adverse effects that can arise or may be suspected are:




foaming, taste in drinking water (alone or with chlorine1)




tainting the flesh of fish, toxicity to aquatic life,




and even possibly toxic or mutagenic effects on humans




engaged in water sports or drinking water drawn from the




affected stream.  These effects are completely apart from




BOD and similar effects of waste.



               One of the desirable results of secondary
-------
	,	313




                     Dr. A. A. Rosen






 treatment  of municipal wastes, as by the  activated  sludge




 process or equivalent, 1s to destroy by oxidation many of




 the  chemical compounds responsible for the kinds of harm




 mentioned.  The  compounds destroyed are biodegradable and




 therefore would  ultimately be destroyed In the stream




 also, if discharged in primary effluents.  But meanwhile,




 there will be stretches of stream damaged for some valu-




 able uses, that  would not be damaged in this way if




 secondary treatment had been carried out.  Many factors,




 both chemical and hydrologic, act to determine how long




 the  affected stretch may be.




               Not all harmful chemicals  in sewage are




 removed by secondary biological treatment, and many such




 compounds are discharged directly to streams.  These




 primarily arise  in industrial operations.  Therefore the




 problems they cause must be combatted by applying aporo-




 priate industrial waste treatment methods, equivalent in




 effectiveness to secondary treatment of municipal  wastes,




 but not necessarily based on a biological process.




               Some of the specific chemicals that are




 known to or can  reasonably be suspected of adversely




 affecting the receiving stream and that are effectively
-------
                     Dr. A. A. Rosen






removed by secondary biological treatment are listed belov




                              s^that . May Caus^e Tas te^
               Phenols:  phenol, cresols, o -chlorophenol,



1-naphthol, p-chlorophenol



               Alcohols:  amyl ,  butyl, most aliphatic



               Aldehydes:  formaldehyde, furfural



               Acids:  formic, valeric



               Ketones:  most aliphatic (used in paint



solvents), acetophenone



               N-compounds :   pyridine, picolines



               Petroleum and hydrocarbons (trapped in



sludge, not oxidized).
               Detergents:  Especially LAS, causes pro-




nounced foam, affects fish




               Cyanides:  NaCN, acetonitrile ,  benzonitrile ,




adiponitrile, lactonitrile




               N-compounds:  acrylamide, diethanolamine




               Natural hormones:  progesterone, estrone,




17-B-estradiol, androsterone, 17- 
-------
	315





                      Dr.  A.  A.  Rosen






                Synthetic  (contraceptive) hormones:




 ethynyl  estradiol,  mestranol (ethynyl estradiol-3-methyl




 ether),  ethynodiol  diacetate,  chlormad:i none,  etc.




                Detergent  builders:   nitrilotriacetic acid




 (NTA)  (this  substance chelates  heavy metals and can cause




 their  carry  over  in primary  effluents)




                Carcinogens:   Polynuclear hydrocarbons,




 aromatic amines,  dioxane.




                £°Jl£:L!i§_:L°!l:   The above lists show that



 there  are many  specific  chemical substances,  occurring mofe




 than rarely  in  municipal  wastes, that have serious observec




 or  potential  effects,  too  serious to be  tolerated,  when




 discharged into receiving  waters in the  form of primary




 effluent.  These  substances  are very greatly reduced In




 abundance during  secondary biological treatment.   The



 removal  of such substances  -justifies secondary  treatment



 apart  from the  basic  objectives of  removing BOD and




 eliminating  microbiological  pathogens.
-------
	316






                       R. W. Sharp






               MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Dr. Rosen.




               MR. BLOMGREN:  Our next statement,  Mr.




Chairman, will be given by Robert ¥. Sharp, Regional




Supervisor for the Division of Fishery Services, Bureau




of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Minneapolis, Minnesota.








              STATEMENT BY ROBERT W. SHARP




      REGIONAL SUPERVISOR, DIVISION OF FISHERY SERVICES




            BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE




                    MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA








               MR. SHARP:  Mr. Chairman, ladies and




gentlemen.




               My name is Robert W. Sharp, representing



the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the  Depart-




ment of the Interior.  To those of you unfamiliar  with




our activities, we are the Federal fish and wildlife




agency, in close cooperation with the Iowa Conservation




Commission.




               The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife




has a ma.jor interest in *the fish and wildlife resources of
Iowa
and the water quality necessary for the well being of  these
-------
                       R. W. Sharp






resources. The Bureau operates four national wildlife




refuges and three national fish hatcheries within the




State.  For many years, the Bureau has worked closely




with the Iowa Conservation Commission in cooperative




ventures in fish and wildlife management.  As the Federal




fish and wildlife agency, our interest in these proceed-




ings is to see that the waters of Iowa are maintained at




such quality to provide maximum fishing and hunting




opportunities for the people of the State.




               To further clarify our stand on the matters




before this hearing, it is the position of the Bureau of




Sport Fisheries and Wildlife that the ultimate goal of the




clean waters program of this Nation should be to maintain




or achieve such quality In every stream, lake, estuary,




bay or other water as will support the full potential of



that water for production and human use of aquatic life



and water-dependent wildlife resources.  To the extent




that a State standard or classification of waters as to




use falls short of this goal, this Bureau disapproves of




that standard and that classification.




               The 1,600 miles of meandered Iowa rivers




represent a ma.lor aquatic resource, the basis for much of
-------
	318


                       R. W.  Sharp


 the water-based  recreation  of the State,  fishing, hunting

 boating,  water skiing, swimming, as well  as  an  important

 source of domestic  and industrial water.

               Iowa lists 52,353 acres  of  surface waters

 in its interior  streams  (National Survey  of  Hatchery Fish

 Needs, 1969), plus  an additional 190,000  acres  in Missis-

 sippi River  boundary waters and 13,500  acres  in  Missouri

 River boundary waters.   The 414,921 fishermen listed for

 the State (1967)  exerted 3,456,000 man-days  of  angling

 pressure,  53 percent of  this  on the rivers of the State.

 Total man-days of angling are expected  to  increase  to

 3-1/2 million in 1973 and 3-3/4 million in 1980.

               Due  to markedly different  physical

 characteristics,  the Missouri River provides  a  less

 varied aquatic habitat than the Mississippi  River,  and

 it lacks  the wide range  of  species found  in  the  Uoper

 Mississippi  River.  Nevertheless, it  supports a rather

 varied fish  population of interest to sport  and  commercia

 fishermen.   The  principal species are:

               White crappie
               Black crappie
               Channel catfish
               Flathead  catfish
               Paddlefish
-------
	319


                        R.  W.  Sharp


                White  bass
                Walleye
                Sauger
                Largemouth  bass
                Bluegill
                Bullhead, several  species
                Yellow perch
                Northern pike
                Green  sunfish
                Freshwater  drum, or  sheepshead  as  they
                    are  known
                Gar
                Carp
                Buffalofish, two species
                Goldeye
                Redhorse
                And  many small species  of  forage minnows
                    that the fishermen  people call  the
                    Cyprinids.

                Many of  these  species are  found in  the

 interstate  streams  of western Iowa, tributary  to  the

 Missouri  River.   The  Rock  River is  a unique stream, some-

 what  atypical  of  western Iowa, its  good quality water

 supporting  smallmouth bass, channel catfish, sauger, and

 walleye.  The  Little  Sioux and the  Big Sioux Rivers suppo

 a  sport fishery for channel catfish, smallmouth bass,

 sauger, northern  pike,  walleye, and secondary  species.

 Stream channelization in the  lower  reaches of  some of

 these streams  has reduced  the quality  of  the habitat.

 Pollution is a limiting factor in others, particularly

 in the Big  Sioux  and  originating, I might say, in  the
rt
-------
                                                      320





                       R. W. Sharp






State of South Dakota. In the better quality reaches of




these streams, the catch rate compares favorably with




that of similar warm-water fish habitats elsewhere, 0.4




to 1.8 fish per hour.  The smaller streams crossing the




Iowa line, such as the Tarkio and the Nodaway, are mainly




bullhead-channel catfish waters.




               Mr. Chairman, at the Davenport hearing the




Bureau presented a considerable volume of material on the




temperature requirements of fishes.  In the interest of




saving time, I will attempt to paraphrase and condense




this material.




               MR. STEIN:  But your statement will appear




in full as if read.




               MR. SHARP:  Very well, sir.




               In summary, temperature is the most




important but least discussed parameter in determining



water quality.  A stream or lake may thrive or die because




of water temperature factors.




               The rapidly expanding use of streams for




industrial and domestic purposes is artificially warming




the surface waters of the United States.  As an example,




the mean annual temperature of the Mississippi River at
-------
		321





                       R. W. Sharp






St. Paul, Minnesota,  rose three  degrees  from  1923  to  1962




from 51 degrees in that year to  5^-  degrees  in  1962.   This




rise in water temperature occurred  in  the face  of  a four




degree drop in the mean air temperature  over  the same




p e r i o d .




               The water temperature is  a critical factor




in the life of fish and other water organisms  and  conse-




quently in fish production.  It  affects  to  a  considerable




degree respiration,, growth, and  reproduction  of fish.




               Each species of fish has  a thermal  tolerancje




zone in which it behaves in a normal manner;  also  there




is a zone of higher temperature  and one  of  lower tempera-




ture in which the species can survive  for a certain length




of time.  A gradual and regular  acclimation allows certair




species to survive in temoeratures  that  would  be fatal if




they occurred suddenly.  Fish adapt themselves quickly to




a rise in temperature, but less  easily to a drop in tem-




perature .



               A distinction must be made between  tolerabl




environmental conditions determined experimentally in the




laboratory and those conditions  under which fish can be




expected to occur and thrive in  nature.  Their ability
-------
	322





                       R. W. Sharp






merely to survive under unnatural experimental conditions




requiring no sustained activity obviously is not a reli-




able indication that the quality of the medium is satis-




factory.  The optimum temperature for activity of a




species does not necessarily bear any relationship to




its lethal temperature.  Temperature extremes or sudden




changes are often lethal.  Elevated sub-lethal tempera-




tures may induce estivation and a depressed one - hiber-




nation.




               In general, the upper limits are more




quickly critical than the lower limits, despite the fact




that many organisms appear to function more efficiently




toward the upper limits of their tolerance ranges.




               The preferred temperature range of some of



the common fishes of Iowa may be of interest.  Preferred




temperatures, again, I repeat, of the blue gill, 90.2




degrees--all of these in Fahrenheit—the largemouth bass




86 to 89.6, the carp 89.6, the pumpkinseed sunfish 88.7,




smallmouth bass, 82.M-, yellow perch, 75-6, the green




sunfish 8l.2.




               The preferred temperature and temperature




for optimum activity and growth in warm-water species of
-------
	323





                        R.  W.  Sharp






 interest are,  for the  most part,  considerably below the




 maximum allowable limit of 93°P.  (33.9 C.)  which  is




 recommended in many water  quality standards.   Although




 probably not lethal to most warm-water species,  a tem-




 perature of 93 F.,  if  maintained  for  a long period.,




 would probably reduce  activity and growth  and ultimately




 be  detrimental to many of  the warm-water  soecies.




                A  93° upper temperature limit  is  con-



 sidered unacceptably high  for most of the  year.   This




 upper limit,  being  above the  median tolerance limit for




 many  aquatic  organisms,  does  not  begin to  consider the




 synergistic effects of temperature and other  pollutant




 conditions  which  might be  present in  given  situations.




 The fact that  90°F.  may be approached and/or  exceeded




 under natural  conditions does not justify  allowing




 thermal wastes to duplicate  or aggravate  an unhealthy



 aquatic condition.




                Equally important,  from the  aquatic life




 standpoint,  is the  fact that  any  single upper temperature




 limit (even one lower  than 90 ) represents  a  very  unsatis




 factory solution  to the  problem of establishing tempera-




 ture  standards.   Such  a  single  upper  limit  does not'take
-------
 	324





                       R. W. Sharp






into consideration normal, subtle aquatic life patterns,




which involve gradual warming periods, and temperature




plateaus.  In other words, an upper limit that would be




perfectly satisfactory in July or August would reoresent




a wide-open license for thermal pollution during the rest



of the year.




               The effects of temperature on reproduction



of fishes is of interest here.




               Many  temperate  zone fishes take  their




seasonal cues for specific behavioral sequences from the




length of the dally photo period acting jn conlunction




with the temperature.   In addition to maximum temperature




in summer,  many water quality standards also state a




limit on winter maximum or a maximum rise above ambient.




While the evidence is limited, low temperatures do appear




necessary,  in some species at least,  for normal developmen




of the germ cells.  Available evidence suggests that winte




temperatures should not rise above 60°,  while 50° is more




preferable  in northern latitudes.




               The winter maximum is  apparently the most




 ritical temperature and must be sufficiently low to permi




ronad maturation.   While-specific data are lacking, winter
                                                          .
-------
	323




                       R. W. Sharp






tolerance limits for game fish species apparently do exist




               The egg temperature tolerance of some warm-




water fishes in Iowa may be of interest.




               For the wall  eye, the optimum range




62 degrees to 67 degrees Fahrenheit.  Larvae die at 75




degrees.




               The northern pike, optimum hatching tem-




perature, 54 degrees to 56 degrees Fahrenheit.




               The smallmouth bass, no hatch at all above




80 degrees Fahrenheit.




               The largemouth bass, complete egg mortality




at 90 degrees.



               For northern pike--excuse me, this is




repetition.




               For white bass,  normal hatch at 60 degrees



to 70 degrees Fahrenheit.




               Channel catfish, optimum spawning tempera-




ture 80 degrees Fahrenheit.   Temperatures above 85 degrees



lethal to eggs.




               It is notable that in the rivers of England




fish populations, including rough fish,  were reduced when




temperatures reached 86 degrees Fahrenheit, supporting
-------
	326





                       R. W. Sharp






 observations  in  this  country that this temperature  is




 close  to  the  incipient lethal  level for many warm-water




 fish and  their associated biota.




               Direct thermal  death of fish is not




 believed  to be significant  ecologically.  Except  in




 unusual cases of  rapid temperature rise, gradual  increase




 apparently result  in  avoidance  of lethal temperatures




 by fish.  The effect  of  temperature on growth, develop-




 ment and  activity  is  usually more significant because if




 the sub-lethal temperature  is  too high for the fish to




 successfully  reproduce,  be  active and grow, the ultimate




 failure of the population is as decisive as a lethal




 temperature.




               The  effects  of  temperature on fish food




 organisms should  be considered  in these circumstances.




 There  is  some evidence that plankton production,  the



 basis  for most fish food, may  be disrupted or altered




 in normal cycle  "by higher than  normal late winter,  spring




 or early  summer  water temperatures.  Low winter tempera-




 tures  are apparently  necessary to complete the resting




 stage  of  autumn  Daphnia  eggs;  thus species composition




 of zoo plankton  may change  under conditions of higher
-------
	327





                        R. W.  Sharp






 winter  temperature.




                Bottom  fauna  organisms,  another  maior




 component  of  fish  food,  may  suffer  from unusually  high




 temperatures.   Tremblyfs I960 work  in Pennsylvania




 indicated  that  90  degrees Fahrenheit was a  maximum




 tolerance  limit at which a normal  population structure of rijffle




 macroinvertebrates could be  maintained.   An extensive




 loss  in numbers, diversity   and  biomass  occurred at a




 temperature greater  than 90  degrees F.




                Insects in deeper waters  cannot  emerge




 through heated  surface waters in most cases, and snails




 and other  animals  that must  come to the  surface to




 breathe are either eliminated or have their life history




 interrupted.




                Research  results  to  date  suggest that



 species of fish food organisms in  general are less



 tolerant of high temperatures than  most  species of fish.




                A brief comment on  the need  for  secondary




 treatment.




                Increasing pollution loads resulting from




 burgeoning human populations  and expanding  industrial




 development will impose mounting pollution  loads on Iowa
-------
                                                      328





                       R. W. Sharp






rivers.  If these waters are to make their expected




contribution to the future recreational needs of the




State they should be maintained in the best possible




condition.  Since there will continue to be uncontrolled




pollution sources, principally from agriculture, it is




important that full control be exercised over pollution




loadings originating from population centers.  Where




secondary treatment is not provided in plants, it will




take place within the stream, with the resultant accumu-




lation of sludge beds, production of hydrogen sulfide,




and a general habitat degradation.




               In summary, then, Mr. Chairman, the Bureau




of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife endorses the requirement



for secondary treatment or the equivalent for all domes-




tic and industrial wastes discharged into the interstate




waters of Iowa.



               The Bureau endorses the standards for the




control of added heat as set forth by the Federal Water




IPollution Control Administration.




               Third, many chemical compounds cause




objectionable tastes and odors in fish flesh, resulting




in their reiection by the fishermen.  Standards should be
-------
_ _____ __ 329




                       R. ¥.  Sharo






adopted  for  Iowa  interstate  waters  which  will  limit the




concentration  of  these compounds  to levels  which  will




not  impart unpalatable flavors  or undesirable  odors to




fish.




                And  fourth and last,  the  Bureau endorses




the  principle  of  nondegradation of  streams;  that  is,  thos




waters higher  in  quality  than established by the  stan-




dards  should not  be permitted to  decline  in quality to




the  level of the  standards.




                Mr.  Chairman,  that concludes our statement









                (The following is  the report submitted by




Mr.  Sharp:)




                     PRESENTATION BY




         BUREAU OF  SPORT  FISHERIES  AND WILDLIFE




   DEPARTMENT  OF  THE INTERIOR,  MINNEAPOLIS,  MINNESOTA
           Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  April 1.5,  19^9
                The  Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife




 has  a maior interest in the fish and wildlife resources
-------
	330




                       R. W. Sharp






of Towa and the water quality necessary for the well



be:ng of these resources.  The Bureau operates four



national wildlife refuges and three national fish



hatcheries within the State.  For many years, the Bureau



has worked closely with the Iowa Conservation Commission



in cooperative ventures in fish and wildlife management.



As the Federal fish and wildlife agency, our interest in



these proceedings is to see that the waters of Iowa are



maintained at such quality to provide maximum fishing and



hunting opportunities for the people of the State.



               To further clarify our stand on the matters



before this hearing:  It is the position of the Bureau of



Sport Fisheries and Wildlife that the ultimate goal of the



clean waters program of this Nation should be to maintain



or achieve such quality in every stream, lake, estuary,



bay or other water as will support the full potential of



that water for production and human use of aquatic life



and water-dependent wildlife resources.  To the extent




that a State standard or classification of waters as to



use falls short of this goal,this Bureau disapproves of




that standard and that classification.



               The 1,600 miles of meandered Iowa rivers
-------
                         	,	331





                       R. W. Sharp






represent a major aquatic resource, the basis for much




of the water-based recreation of the State, fishing,




hunting, boating, water skiing, swimming, as well as an




important source of domestic and industrial water.




               Iowa lists 52,353 acres of surface waters




in its interior streams (National Survey of Hatchery




Fish Needs, 1969), plus an additional 190,000 acres in




Mississippi River boundary waters and 13,500 acres in




Missouri River boundary waters.  The 414,921 fishermen




listed for the State (1967) exerted 3,456,000 man-days




of angling pressure, 53 percent of this on the rivers of




the State.  A seven-mile reach of the Des Moines River,




west of Ames, has supported 10,000 to 13,000 fishermen




hours per mile per year.  Total man-days of angling are




expected to increase to 3-1/2 million in 1973 and 3-3/4




million in 1980.




               Due to markedly different physical




characteristics, the Missouri River provides a less




varied aquatic habitat than the Mississippi River, and




it lacks the wide range of species found in the Upper




Mississippi River.  Nevertheless, it supports a rather




varied fish population of interest to sport and commerciajl
-------
	__	332


                       R. W. Sharp


fishermen.  The  principal species are:

               White crappie
               Black crappie
               Channel catfish
               Flathead catfish
               Paddlefish
               White bass
               Walleye
               Sauger
               Largemouth bass
               Bluegill
               Bullhead
               Yellow perch
               Northern pike
               Green sunfish
               Freshwater drum
               Gar
               Carp
               Buffalofish  - two  species
               Goldeye
               Redhorse
               Small Cyprinids  -  Minnows  -  Several
                                            species
               Many of these species  are  found  in the

interstate  streams of western Iowa, tributary to the

Missouri  River.   The Rock River  is  a  unique stream,

somewhat  atypical of western Iowa,  its  good quality

water  supporting smallmouth bass,  channel catfish,

sauger and  walleye.  The  Little  Sioux and the Big Sioux

Rivers support a sport fishery  for  channel  catfish,  small

mouth  bass,  sauger, northern pike,  walleye, and secondary

species.  Stream channelization  in  the  lower reaches  of

some  of these  streams has reduced the quality of the
-------
	_	333





                        R.  ¥.  Sharp






 habitat.   Pollution is a limiting factor in others,




 particularly in the Big Sioux.  In the better quality




 reaches of these streams,  the catch rate compares




 favorably with that of similar  warm-water fish habitats




 elsewhere, 0.4 to 1.8 fish per  hour.  The smaller streams




 crossing the Iowa line, such  as the Tarkio and the Noda-




 way,  are  mainly bullhead-channel catfish waters.






 Tejm p_e^ra tu r e Factors^




                Since temperature criteria are at issue,




 several factors should be  considered  in  this connection.




                Temperature is probably the most important




 but least discussed parameter in determining water quaint




 a  stream  or lake may thrive or  die because of water  tem-




 perature  factors.




                The  rapidly expanding  use of streams  for



 domestic  and industrial purposes is artificially warming




 the surface water of the United States.   The mean annual




 temperature of  the  Mississippi  River  at  St.  Paul  rose




 3°  from 1923 to 1962 (51°  in  1923  to  54° in 1962).   This




 occurred  in the face of a  4°  drop  in  mean air temoerature




 over  this  period.
-------
	334





                        R.  W. Sharp






                The water temperature is a critical




 factor in the life of fish and other water organ:! sms and




 consequently in fish production.   It affects to a con-




 siderable degree respiration,  growth and reproduction of



 fish.




                Each species of fish has a thermal




 tolerance zone in which  it behaves in a normal  manner;




 also there is a zone of  higher temperature and  one of




 lower  temperature in which the species can survive for




 a certain length of time.   A gradual and regular acclima-




 tion allows  certain species to survive in temperatures




 that would be fatal if they occurred suddenly.   Pish




 adapt  themselves quickly to a  rise in temperature,  but



 less easily  to a drop in temperature.




                A distinction must  be made between  tolerab




 environmental conditions determined experimentally in the



 laboratory and those conditions under which  fish  can be




 expected  to  occur and thrive in nature.   Their  ability




 merely to survive under  unnatural  experimental  conditions




 requiring no  sustained activity  obviously is not  a reli-




 able indication  that the quality of the  medium  is  satis-




 factory.   The optimum temperature  for  activity  of  a speci
Le
-------
_ _____ ___ 335



                        R. W.  Sharp



does not necessarily bear any relation  to  its  lethal


temperature.  Temperature extremes  or sudden  changes  are


often  lethal.  Elevated sub-lethal  temperatures  may


induce estivation and  a depressed one - hibernation.


               The  growth rate normally increases  with


temperature  to a maximum and  then decreases,  perhaps


becoming negative at temperatures approaching  the  lethal


level.


               In general, the upper limits are  more


quickly critical than  the lower  limits, despite  the fact


that many organisms appear to function  more efficiently


toward the upper limits  of their tolerance ranges.
                  ....-....™--..-.
            (Optimum temperature for activity^


                             ____ F ._ ____      ____ C_. _____


     Bluegill                   90.2            32.3


     LM bass                  86-89.6        30,0-32.0


     Carp                       89.6            32.0


     Pumpkinseed                88.7            31. "5
     * Median tolerance limit  for 50  percent  of  the


population.
-------
 		336





                        R.  W.  Share






                              	F_.	     	C.	




      Goldfish                   82.6           28.1




      Smallmouth bass            82.4           28.0




      Yellow oerch               75.b           24.2




      Muskellunge                75-3           24.0




      Green sunfish              8l.2           27-3




      Fathead minnow             74.0           23-4




                It is generally accepted that fish are




 sensitive to temperature;  can recognize a change as




 little as 0.05 C. and readily select preferred tempera-




 tures .



                The preferred temperature and temperature




 for optimum activity and growth in warm-water species of




 interest are, for the most part, considerably below the




 maximum allowable limit of 93°F. (33-9 C.) which is




 recommended in many water quality standards.  Although




 probably not lethal to most warm-water species, a tempera




 ture of 93°F., if maintained for a long period, would




 orobably reduce activity and growth and ultimately be




[ detrimental to many of the warm-water species.



                A 93° upper temperature limit is considerefi




 unacceptably high for most of the year.  This upper limit
-------
	337


                       R. ¥. Sharp


being above the ^PLM for many aquatic organisms, does not

begin to consider the synergistic effects of temoerature

and other pollutant conditions which might be present in

given situations.  The fact that 90°F- niay be approached

and/or exceeded under natural conditions does not .justify

allowing thermal wastes to duplicate or aggravate an

unhealthy aquatic condition.

               Equally important, from the aquatic life

standpoint, is the fact that any single upper temperature

limit (even one lower than 90°) represents a very unsatisj

factory solution to the problem of establishing tempera-

ture standards.  Such a single upper limit does not take

into consideration normal, subtle aquatic life patterns.

which involve gradual warming periods, temperature plateai

etc.  In other words, an upper limit that would be per-

fectly satisfactory in July or August would represent a

wide-open license for thermal pollution during the rest

of the year.


Ejects of JTej^

               Many temoerate zone fishes take their

seasonal cues for specific behavioral sequences from the
    *  Median tolerance limit for 50 percent of the
       population.
s ,
-------
_ _ __ 138


                        R.  W.  Sharp


 length  of  the  daily  photo  period  acting  in  conjunction

 with  the  temperature.   In  addition  to  maximum temperature

 in  summer,  many  water  quality standards  also  state a limi

 on  winter  maximum  or a maximum rise above  ambient. While

 the evidence is  limited, low  temperatures  do  appear neces

 sary, in  some  species  at least, for normal  development of

 the germ  cells.  Available evidence suggests  that winter

 temperatures should  not rise  above  60°,  with  50° being

 more  preferable  in northern latitudes.

               The winter  maximum is apparently the most

 critical  temperature and must be  sufficiently low to

 permit  goriad maturation.   While specific data are lacking

 winter  tolerance limits for game  fish  species apparently

 do  exist.
                        rat u r e  T o 1 e_r an c e __g_f_
               S  m e  G o mm o n  W a r m - W a ter
      Walleye                 Optimum 62° - 67°F.   Larvae
                             die at 75°.

      Northern pike           Optimum hatching temperature
                                 to 56°F.
      Smallmouth bass        No hatch above 8o°F .
-------
                                                       339
                       R. W. Sharp
     Largemouth bass
     White h
     Channel o a t f1sh
        Complete mortality at 90°F.
        Survival best at 60.5°F.

        Normal hatch at 60° to 70°F

        Optimum s pawning temoerature
        80°F.  Temperatures above
        85°F. apparently lethal to
        eggs .
Lethal Temperature Data
S D e c .L e s
*Upper Incipient
 Lethal Tempera-
 ture
**Lethal
  Temperature
                     F.      C.
Channel catfish      90.0    32.5
LM bass
Bluegill
Fathead minnow
Brovm bullhead
R o c k b a s s
Common white sucker  84.7    29-3
Western blacknose
dace                 84.7    29.3
                     F.
                     92.3
                     97.5
                     92.8
                     91.8
                     97.7
                     98.0
          C.
          33.5
          36.4
          33.8
          33.2
          36.5
          36.7
     *  Where a lethal effect is first noticed.

    **  Some of these appear high and are apparently based
on short exposure times.
-------
                       	3^0

                       R. ¥. Sharp
                    *Upper Incipient
                     Lethal Tempera-   **Lethal
Species              ture                Temperature
                     F.      C.          F.      C.

Northern creek chub  86.5    30.3

Bluntnose minnow     91.9    33-3

Common shiner        87.8    31.0

Lake Emerald shiner  87.3    30.7

Yellow perch         85.5    29.7

Pumpkinseed sunfish   --      --        102.0    38.9

               The tolerance of Centrarchid fishes

(sunfish group) is apparent; the Cyprinids (minnows)

less tolerant, with the catfish group between these two.

               It is notable that in the rivers of England

fish populations including rough fish were reduced when

temperature reached 86 F., supporting observations in thi

country that this temperature is close to the incipient

lethal level for many warm-water fish and their associated

biota .

               There are four indices that determine the

tolerance of a fish species to raised temperatures:

               1.  The upper lethal temperature

     for adults.
-------
                       R. ¥. Sharp






               2.  Temperatures (the range) that




     will allow satisfactory growth to maturity




     and spawning.




               3.  Temperature (range) for satis-




     factory development of eggs and fry.




               4.  Temperatures that permit normal




     development of fish food organisms.




Ef f e_c_t_of__He_at_Barri^e_rs_ - Migratory species may be halted




by an unfavorable "barrier in a stream, a possible factor




in walleye and sauger management.




               Thermal death of fish is not believed to




be significant ecologically.  Except in unusual cases of




rapid temperature rise, gradual increases apparently




result in avoidance of lethal temperatures by fish.  The




effect of temperature on growth,  development, and activit




is usually more significant because if the sub-lethal




temperature is too high for the fish to successfully




reproduce, be active and grow,  the ultimate failure of th




population is as decisive as a lethal temperature.
               There is some evidence that olankton
-------
                       R.  W.  Sharp






production, the basis for  most fish food,  may be dis-




rupted or altered in normal cycle by higher than normal




late winter, spring, or early summer water temperatures.




Low winter temperatures are apparently necessary to com-




plete the resting stage of autumn Daphnia eggs,  thus




species composition of zoo plankton may change under con-




ditions of higher winter temperature.



               Bottom fauna organisms, another major com-




ponent of fish food, may suffer from unusually high




temperatures.  Trembly's 1960 work in Pennsylvania indi-




cated that 90 F. was a maximum tolerance limit at which




a normal population structure of riffle macroinvertebrate




could be maintained.  An extensive loss in numbers, diver




sity, and biomass occurred at temperatures greater than




QO°P. (32.2 C.)



               Insects in deeper water cannot emerge




through heated surface waters in most cases, and snails




and other animals that must come to the surface to




breathe are either  eliminated or have their life history




interrupted.



               Research results to date suggest that




species of  fish-food organisms, in general, are less
-------
                       R. W. Sharp



tolerant of high temperatures than most  species  of  fish
D i s_e_a s_e__a n_d__P a_£& s_i^t i_s_m _a t^


               Evidence would suggest  that  disease  and


parasitism of fish may be a greater factor  at  higher


temperatures, but data on the sub.lect  remains  scattered


and inconclusive at the oresent time.



Ne_e_d_f or^ec_ondar_y_Tre_atment


               Increasing pollution loads resulting from


burgeoning human populations and expanding  industrial-


development will impose mounting pollution  loads  in Iowa


rivers.  If these waters are to make their  expected con-


tribution to the future recreational needs  of  the State.


they should be maintained in the best  possible condition


Since there will continue to be uncontrolled pollution


sources, principally from agriculture, it is important


that full control be exercised over pollution  loadings


originating from population centers.   Where secondary


treatment is not provided, it will take  place  within the


stream, with the resultant accumulation  of  sludge beds,


production of H S, and habitat degradation.
               2

               The effectiveness of the  three  phases of
-------
                       R.  W.  Sharp





sewage treatment are listed below:



     Primary:




               BOD - 20*



               Suspended Solids - 60




               Nitrogen - 15




               Phosphorus - 15
               BOD - 95




               Suspended Solids - 95




               Nitrogen -




               Phosphorus -




     Tertiary:



               BOD - 99




               Suspended Solids - 99



               Nitrogen - 99




               Phosphorus - 99-



               In summary,  the Bureau of Sport Fisheries




and Wildlife endorses the requirement for secondary
     * Percent of waste removed.  Source - Walter K.




Johnson, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Uni




versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
-------
                       R. W. Sharp






treatment or the equivalent of all domestic and indus-




trial wastes discharged into the Interstate waters of




Iowa.




               The Bureau endorses the standards for the




control of added heat as set forth by the Federal Water




Pollution Control Administration.




               Many chemical compounds cause objection-




able tastes and odors in fish flesh, phenolic compounds,




hydrocarbons, gas wastes, alcohols, and petroleum




refinery wastes are the worst offenders, sometimes to




the point of causing rejection of the fish by the angler,




Standards should be adopted for Iowa interstate waters




which will limit the concentration of these compounds to




levels which will not impart unpalatable flavors or




undesirable odors to fish.




               The Bureau endorses the principle of non-




degradation of streams—that Is,  those waters higher in




quality than established by the standards should not be




permitted to decline in quality to the level of the stan-




dards .
-------
                       R. W. Sharp






            Re fere nc e s - Temp e r a t ur e Ma t e r I al_




               Brown.  1957.  Physiology of Fishes.




Volumes 1 and 2.



               Lagler,"-Bardach and Miller.  19&3 '




Icthyology.



               Odum.  1964.  Fundamentals of Ecology.




               Storer.  1951.  General Zoology.




               Tarzwell, C. M.  1962.  Biological Problem;




in Water Pollution.  3rd Seminar.  1962.  Department of




Health, Education, and Welfare.  U. S. Public Health




Service .



               Calhoun,  Alex.  1966.  Inland Fisheries




Management.   California Department of Fish and Game.



               UMRCC.  1967.  Fisheries Compendium -




Upper Mississippi River.



               Welch, E. B. and T. A. Wojtalik.  1968.




Some Effects of Increased Water Temperature on Aquatic




Life T.V.A.   Division of Health and Safety - Water Qualit




Branch.  Chattanooga, Tenn.



               Blakely, J. F.  1966.  Temperature  of




Surface Waters in  Conterminous U. S.  U.  S. Geological




Survey.
-------
                       R. W. Sharp






               Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.




1969.   National Survey of Hatchery Fish Needs.




               F.W.P.C.A.  1968.  Industrial Waste Guide




on Thermal Pollution.
               MR. STEIN:   Thank you, Mr. Sharp.  At




this point we will recess  for lunch and reconvene promptl




at 1:30.




                      (NOON RECESS)
-------
	348






                    AFTERNOON  SESSION






               MR. STEIN:  Let's  reconvene.




               Mr. Blomgren.




               MR. BLOMGREN:   Mr.  Chairman,  at  this  time




 I will  introduce  our  next  person  presenting  a  statement.




               Mr. Kenneth Roberts,  Fishery  Biologist,




 Bureau  of  Commercial  Fisheries, Ann  Arbor, Michigan.




               Kenneth.









               STATEMENT  BY KENNETH ROBERTS




         FISHERY  BIOLOGIST,  BUREAU OF  COMMERCIAL




        FISHERIES,  U.  S.  DEPARTMENT OF  THE INTERIOR




                   ANN ARBOR,  MICHIGAN









               MR. ROBERTS:   Mr.  Chairman,  ladies and




 gentlemen.




               I  am Kenneth  R. Roberts,  representing the




 U.  S.  Bureau  of  Commercial Fisheries.   I have  a prepared




 statement  for the record,  from which I am going to read




 excerpts.   However, Mr.  Chairman, I  would like the entire




 statement  in  the  record.




               MR. STEIN:   Without objection,  that will




 be  done as if read.
-------
	3^9





                      K. R. Roberts






               MR. ROBERTS:  Iowa lies In the center of




the traditional Mississippi-Missouri River commercial




fishery.  During the late 1890's Iowa was one of the




foremost States of the interior United States in commercial




fish production.  Both the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers;




and certain tributaries were fished extensively.  Records




indicate the waters in 1901 were well supplied with fish




in great variety and abundance.




               On the Missouri River as it flows through




or by Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri, the outstanding




trend has been a progressive decline in annual production




from 1908 to the present.  This trend is readily observablji




in Table 1, whjch summarizes commercial catch for these




States.  In 1963 total production was 12 percent that




of the 1908 catch, although showing roughly constant per-




centages of the three primary groups--carp, catfish and




buffalofish. Over the period 195^W63, Iowa landings from




the Missouri River, although somewhat fluctuating, have




averaged only 66,000 pounds, valued at roughly $9,000.




               There has been extensive reduction of rivei




surface area as a result of channel development as well as




a progressive degradation of Missouri water quality.
-------
	350





                      K. R. Roberts






 Primary  pollutants include:   sewage  discharges,  rendering




 plant wastes,  animal wastes,  accidental  spalls  and  dis-




 charges  of  oil,  gasoline, grease and other  chemicals  and




 compounds and  fertilizer runoff.  Although  economic and




 institutional  factors have played an important  role in




 the  generally  downward trend  of commercial  fishery  pro-




 duction, water quality problems have further aggravated




 an already  difficult situation.  At  various places  and




 times the introduction of waste materials which  directly




 or indirectly  impart undesirable taste and  odor  character




 istics to fish has seriously  limited the marketability of




 the  catch.  Under such circumstances, one more  element of




 risk is  added  to the commercial fishing  operation as




 markets  are lost and fishing  is temporarily halted  in  the




 affected stream  stretch.  This is a  serious problem for




 an industry whose products are sold  for  human consumption




               Iowa's Missouri River commercial  fishing




 industry has clearly been vulnerable to  a progressive




 trend of river habitat degradation and will continue  to




 be sensitive to  fluctuations  in water quality.   The effec




 of increased water temperature, overenrichment,  and indus




 trial wastes which are lethal to aquatic organisms  or  whi
ts
-------
	___	351





                       K.  R.  Roberts






 cause  undesirable  taste and  odor in food fishes are of




 particular significance.  Thus,  it is important that ade-




 quate  standards  be  defined and  adopted for application




 to  .interstate  waters  of Towa.




               With respect  to  temperature:   Perhaps more




 than  any other environmental factor, temperature has




 multiple and diverse  effects on aquatic organisms.   It




 limits the distribution of aquatic organisms  and at the




 same  time determines  their level of activity.   Sharp or




 long-lasting temperature  changes cause new biological




 systems  to appear,  and old ones to vanish.




               ¥e need not ordinarily be concerned  so




 much  about high  (or low)  temperatures that are immediate!;




 lethal as about  the effects  of  chronically sublethal




 temperatures whose  effects are  delayed but ultimately




 Just  as  dramatic.   In the long  run,  temperature levels




 that  adversely affect the animals'  metabolism,  feeding,




 growth,  reproduction,  and other vital functions are just




 as  harmful as  rapid heat  death.




               Occasionally  the question of potential




 beneficial side  effects  on fishery resources  from heated




 water  effluents  is  raised.   For example,  it is  often
-------
	352




                      K. R. Roberts






pointed out that heated effluents do at certain times




attract fish, and they may become more available for




angler harvest.  But looking beyond this seeming benefit,




what harmful effects are at the same time imparted to the




river?  The same heated water may disrupt important life




history patterns and create a net negative ecological




effect upon the river.  What good is fish attraction




under these circumstances?  With all due respect to the




eventual beneficial uses of heated effluents, one is hard




pressed to find one such use which is sufficiently well




developed or defined to be useful in making a midwestern




water area ecologically more desirable within the next




20 years.  In other words, harnessing of benefits is year




off, while the potential damages of these effluents are




here now.  As with badly needed studies of potential




dangers, constructive use of potential benefits will




require research and investigation.  Thus, it is necessar




that realistic temperature standards be set at this time




which will protect aquatic life.




               With respect to nutrients:  The more




abundant the nutrient supply, the more dense the aquatic




vegetative growth, provided other environmental factors
-------
	353





                       K.  R.  Roberts






 are  favorable.   Substances  involved  are  nitrogen,  phos-




 phorus,  carbon,  vitamins  and other  compounds  and  elements




 In aquatic  habitat,  such  substances  stimulate growth  of




 bacteria, fungi,  phytoplankton,  filamentous  algae,  and




 submerged,  submersed,  floating,  and  marginal  water  plants




 Excess  nutrients  readily  create  conditions undesirable




 from the fishery  standpoint.   Resulting  growths can




 interfere with  commercial fishing by fouling  lines  and




 clogging nets.   Excess  metabolic demands  of  such  plants




 while they  are  living  and their  decomposition after death




 impose  a high BOD load  on the  streams  and are capable  of




 severely reducing and  even  depleting dissolved oxygen.




 Dense growths of  filamentous  algae and other  plants can




 seriously reduce  total  fish  production,  as well as  inter-




 fere with harvest of fish.




                Available  information shows that excess




 amounts of  nutrients and  other wastes  a-re entering  the




 Missouri River  and its  tributaries and causing substantia




 degradation of  water quality.  The FWPCA's 1967 biologi-




 cal  survey  of the Missouri  River from  Sioux City, Iowa,




 to Herman,  Missouri, showed  that at  least 54  of the 286




 river miles  were  severely degraded by  pollution.  Severel
-------
	354





                      K. R. Roberts






 degraded  waters were  also found  in the Missouri River




 tributaries  of the  Big Sioux, Floyd, Soldier and Boyer




 Rivers.




               Reduction of nutrient levels in the




 affected  stretches  and tributaries of the Missouri River




 can provide  considerable benefits to the commercial




 fishery.  Quantitatively, fish production may increase.




 Qualitatively, a  large measure of stability would be




 added  to  the  commercial fishery  as periodic fish kills




 and cases of  tainting are reduced or limited.  The




 capability exists within reach of present technology to




 greatly eliminate inputs of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic




 residues  and  suspended solids from sewage and industrial




 effluents.  From  the  standpoint  of the fishery resource




 it is  desirable and necessary that such elimination be




 effected.




               With respect to taste-and odor-inducing




 substances:   A large  number of compounds can impart ob-




 jectionable  tastes  and odors to  fish flesh.  These com-




 pounds include:   hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, coal




 tar wastes,  gas wastes, sewage containing phenols, and




 petroleum refinery  wastes.  It has been found that
-------
                      K. R. Roberts






chlorophenol could produce unpleasant flavor in fish at




a water concentration of one part per billion.  Apparentl




certain algaes are also capable of imparting taste and




odor to fish flesh.




               Occasional spills of chemicals and other




substances on the Missouri River and its tributaries




have rendered commercial catches unsaleable due to taste




and odor problems.  Certain reaches of the Missouri River




and its tributaries are from time to time unsuitable for




commercial production because fish present have been




rendered unmarketable.  Taste and odor problems are




serious problems to the commercial fisherman.  Since




phenols, oil and other taste-inducing compounds are




potential destructive contributors, it is desirable that




standards be adopted for Iowa interstate waters which




will limit the concentrations of these substances to




levels which will not impart unpalatable flavors or




undesirable odors to fish.




               In conclusion j on August 7, 19^7., a memo-




randum summarizing the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries'




comments on Iowa's proposed criteria were forwarded to




the Regional Director of the Missouri Basin Region,
-------
	356





                      K. R. Roberts






Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.  The




subjects of criteria for temperature and undesirable




tastes in edible aquatic organisms are covered in the




memorandum.  Since these aspects are of prime importance




at this hearing, we wish to emphasize that our present




views are basically the same as those advanced on




August 7, 1967.  We wish to emphasize further that our




views past and present are essentially identical to those




being advanced for secondary treatment, temperature, phenc




and protection of high quality waters by the FWPCA at this




hearing.  Therefore, we firmly endorse and support the




FWPCA recommendations as they will soon be presented by




Mr. Blomgren.




               A great deal has yet to be learned about




adequate aquatic life criteria, and additional research




may demonstrate the need for redefinition and refinement




of the standards to meet fishery requirements.  Until




careful research demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt




that degradation of existing water quality to the level




of the finally approved standards will not result in




harmful effects upon fish and aquatic life resources, it




is the position of the BCF that the goal of pollution
Is
-------
                                                       357
                      K. R. Roberts
abatement should be maintenance or improvement  of  water




quality in the waters under consideration a,t  this  hearing




Therefore, BCF also endorses the Federal Water  Pollution CJontrol




Administration   recommendation for an anti-degradation




clause in the final Iowa standards.




               Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Roberts.









               (The following is the report submitted




by Mr. Roberts:)




     STATEMENT PRESENTED BY THE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL




     FISHERIES,  U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,  5




     RESEARCH DRIVE, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, AT  THE




     DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR WATER QUALITY STANDARDS




     CONFERENCE ON IOWA INTERSTATE WATERS OF  THE




     MISSOURI RIVER, APRIL 15, 19^9, COUNCIL  BLUFFS, IOWA




               Iowa lies in the center of the traditional




Mississippi-Missouri Rjver commercial fishery.  During




the late 1890' s  Iowa was one of the foremost  States of




the interior United States in commercial fish production.




Both the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers and  certain




tributaries were fished extensively.  Records indicate
-------
	358





                      K. R. Roberts






the waters in 1901 were well supplied with fish in great




variety and abundance.




               On the Missouri River as it flows through




or by Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska  and Missouri, the outstand-




ing trend has been a progressive decline in annual produc-




tion from 1908 to the present.  This trend is readily




observable in Table 1, which summarizes commercial catch




for these States.  In 19^3 total production was 12 percen"




that of the 1908 catch, although showing roughly constant




percentages of the three primary groups--carp, catfish an




buffalofish.  Over the period 1954 •— &3> Iowa landings froi




the Missouri River, although somewhat fluctuating, have




averaged 66,000 pounds, valued at $9^000.




               There has been extensive reduction of



river surface area as a result of channel development




as well as progressive degradation of Missouri water




quality.  Primary pollutants include:  sewage discharges,




rendering plant wastes, animal wastes, accidental spills




and discharges of oil, gasoline, grease, and other chemi-




cals and compounds and fertilizer runoff.  Although




economic and institutional factors have played an importar




role in the generally downward trend of commercial fishery
-------
                                                                         359
                                -2-
TABLE 1.—MISSOURI RIVER COMMERCIAL FISH PRODUCTION IN THOUSANDS OF
POUNDS FOR THE STATES OF IOWA, KANSAS,  NEBRASKA,  AND MISSOURI  (1894-1965)*
YEAR
1894
1898
1908
1922
1931
1954
1955
1956
1958
1959
1960
1962
1963
1964**
1965**

IOWA
564
257
144
167
132
13
30
16
143
141
136
36
11
321
42

KANSAS
134
107
431
54
143
112
145
115
78
63
60
52
44
38
42
STATE
NEBRASKA
311
309
399
136
145
212
194
268
127
151
123
129
131
281
422

MISSOURI
570
712
1,302
314
169
163
166
138
151
152
154
98
86
105
106
TOTAL
1,579
1,385
2,276
671
583
500
535
536
499
507
473
315
272
745
612
*Taken from Fishery Statistics of the  U.S.,  U.S.  Bureau  of Commercial
Fisheries, 1894-1965.

**Production data for certain inland waters  hav^  been  included  in
these data.
-------
	360





                      K. R, Roberts






production, water quality problems have further aggra-




vated an already difficult situation.  At various places




and times the introduction of waste materials which




directly or indirectly Impart undesirable taste and odor




characteristics to fish has seriously limited the market-




ability of the catch.  Under such circumstances, one more




element of risk is added to the commercial fishing opera-




tion as markets are lost and fishing is temporarily




halted in the affected stream stretch.  This is a serious




problem for an industry whose products are sold for human




consumption.




               Iowa's Missouri River commercial fishing




industry has  clearly been vulnerable to a progressive




trend of river habitat degradation and will continue to



be sensitive  to fluctuations in water quality. . The




effects of increased water temperature, overenrichment




and industrial wastes which are lethal to aquatic organises




or which cause undesirable taste and odor in food fishes




are of particular significance.  Thus, it is important




that adequate standards be defined and adopted for appli-




cation to Interstate waters of Iowa.
-------
                      K. R. Roberts






                       TEMPERATURE




               Temperature,, perhaps more than any other




environmental factor, has multiple and diverse effects on




aquatic organisms.  It limits the distribution of aquatic




organisms and at the same time determines their level of




activity.  Sharp or long-lasting temperature changes




cause new biological systems to appear, and old ones to




vani sh.




               We need not ordinarily be concerned so




much about high (or low) temperatures that are immediately




lethal as about the effects of chronically sublethal tem-




peratures whose effects are delayed but ultimately just




as dramatic.  In the long run, temperature levels that




adversely affect the animals' metabolism, feeding, growth,




reproduction, and other vital functions are just as harm-



ful as rapid heat death.




               There is a lack of specific information



required to determine the total effects of heated effluent




on aquatic ecology.  However, a good deal is known about




the effects of temperature changes on aquatic organisms.




Basically, water temperature influences the rate of all




biochemical reactions,  the solubility and rate of oxygen
-------
	.	362





                      K. R.  Roberts






uptake,  metabolism,  the heart  beat, viscosity  of body




fluids,  permeability of membranes, and  even  the volume




of  gas  in  the  swim bladder of  fishes.   Besides acting




as  a  lethal  factor,  increased  temperatures have been




demonstrated to:  interfere with  normal  incubation  periods




of  fish  eggs;  disrupt reproductive cycles; accelerate




weight  loss; inhibit maturation  of fish  and  other  organisi




aggravate  parasitic  infections;  induce  bacterial epidemic




disrupt  normal  activity patterns; decrease appetite,




digestion  rate, and  growth;  induce respiratory difficul-




ties; and  increase oxygen consumption.  In addition, tem-




perature increases can: synergize effects of pesticides,




heavy metals,  dissolved gases, detergents, sulfite waste




liquors, and other toxic or  debilitating pollutants;



decrease dissolved oxygen content of \vater;  and under




certain  conditions may also  accentuate  development of




algal blooms,  particularly bluegreen species.




                Occasionally  the  question of  potential




beneficial side effects on fishery resources from  heated




water effluents is raised. For example,  it is  often




pointed  out  that  heated effluents do at  certain times




attract  fish,  and they may become more  available for
is ;
-------
	363





                      K. R. Roberts






angler harvest.  But  looking  beyond  this  seeming benefit,




what harmful  effects  are at the  same  time  imparted  to  the




river?   The same heated water may  disrupt  important life




history  patterns and  create a net  negative ecological




effect upon the river.  What  good  is  fish  attraction




under these circumstances?  With all  due  respect to the




eventual beneficial uses of heated effluents,  one is




hard pressed  to find  one such use  which is sufficiently




well developed to  be  useful in making a midwestern  water




area ecologically  more desirable within the  next 20 years




In  other words, harnessing of benefits is  years off,




while the  potential damages of these  effluents are  here




now.  As with badly needed studies of potential dangers,




constructive  use of potential benefits will  require




research and  investigation.   Thus, it is  necessary  that




realistic  temperature standards  be set which will protect




aquatic  life.



                        NUTRI_ENTS_



               The more abundant the  nutrient  supply,




the more dense the aquatic vegetative growth,  provided




other environmental factors are  favorable.  Substances




involved are  nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, vitamins and
-------
	.	364





                      K. R. Roberts






other compounds and elements.  In aquatic habitat, such




substances stimulate growth of bacteria, fungi, phyto-




plankton, filamentous algae, and submerged, submersed,




floating, and marginal water plants.  Excess nutrients




readily create conditions undesirable from the fishery




standpoint.  Resulting growths can interfere with com-




mercial fishing by fouling lines and clogging nets.




Excess metabolic demands of such plants while they are




living and their decomposition after death impose a high




BOD load on the streams and are capable of severely




reducing and even depleting dissolved oxygen.  Dense




growths of filamentous algae and other plants can serious!




reduce total fish production, as well as interfere with




harvest of fish.



               Available information shows that excess




amounts of nutrients and other wastes are entering the




Missouri River and its tributaries and causing substantial




degradation of water quality.  The FWPCA   19&7 biological




survey of the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, to




Herman, Missouri, showed that at least 5^ of the 286 rivei




miles were severly degraded by pollution.  Severely




degraded waters were also found in the Missouri River
y
-------
	,	365




                      K. R. Roberts






tributaries of the Big Sioux, Floyd, Soldier and Boyer




Rivers.  In the areas of severe biological habitat




degradation, most benthic organisms found were those




associated with polluted waters.  Nutrient levels adequate




to support undesirable biological growths as well as




excessive numbers of coliform bacteria were found down-




stream from Sioux City, Iowa.  Available data show the




Nebraska-Iowa-Missouri reach of the Missouri River at




times carries an organic pollution load which exceeds by




10 times the human population of the entire basin.  The




balance is caused by agricultural and natural sources.




The main agricultural sources of pollution are: (1) sedi-




ments; (2) nutrients; (3) chemicals; and (4) animal wastes




               Reduction of nutrient levels in the affecte




stretches and tributaries of the Missouri River can provic




considerable benefits to the commercial fishery.  Quan-



titatively, fish production may increase.  Qualitatively,




a large measure of stability would be added to the com-




mercial fishery as periodic fish kills and cases of




tainting are reduced or limited.  The capability exists




within reach of present technology to greatly eliminate




inputs of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic residues and
-------
                                                      366





                      K. R. Roberts
suspended solids from sewage and industrial effluents.




From the standpoint of the fishery resource it is desirable




and necessary that such elimination be effected.
               A large number of compounds can impart




objectionable tastes and odors to fish flesh.  These




compounds include: hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds,




coal tar wastes, gas wastes, sewage containing phenols,




and petroleum refinery wastes.  It has been found that




chlorophenol could produce unpleasant flavor in fish at




a water concentration of only 0.0001.  Apparently certain




algaes are also capable of imparting taste and odor to




fish flesh.




               Occasional spills of chemicals and other



substances on the Missouri River and its tributaries




have rendered commercial catches unsaleable due to taste




and odor problems.  Certain reaches of the Missouri River




and its tributaries are from time to time unsuitable for




commercial production because fish present have been




rendered unmarketable.  Taste and odor problems are




serious problems to the commercial fisherman.  Since phenols




oil, and other taste-inducing compounds are destructive
-------
______ _ 36?





                      K. R. Roberts






contributors, it is desirable that standards be adopted




for Iowa interstate waters which will limit the concen-




trations of these substances to levels which will not




impart unpalatable flavors or undesirable odors to fish.
               The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has




been involved for many years with the water quality




aspects of fishery research through its Biological Labora-




tories.  We are, therefore, very concerned with the impac




of pollution on the total fishery environment.




               As a result of the Water Quality Act of




1965, the Bureau and a number of other Federal water




resources agencies were called upon to review and comment




upon Iowa's proposed Water Quality Criteria and Plan of




Implementation,, May 1967.  On August 7, 19&7, a raemcrandur



summarizing BCF's comments on Iowa's proposed criteria




was forwarded to the Regional Directors of the Great




Lakes and Missouri Basin Regions, Federal Water Pollution




Control Administration.  A copy of that memorandum is




attached as Appendix A.




               The subjects of criteria for temperature




and undesirable tastes in edible aquatic organisms are
-------
 	368


                      K. R. Roberts


 overed in the memorandum.  Since  these  aspects  are of

prime importance at this hearing,  we  wish  to  emphasize

that our present views are basically  the same as those

advanced on August 7, 19^7.  We wish  to  emphasize further

that our views past and present are essentially  identical

to those being advanced for §,^9_o^ndary_Tre_atme_nt, Te_mp_e_ra-

tu_r_e_, Phe_no_3^s_, and P£o.^^^9i^_2ll_^^S^_Q'lifi^i.^.y!._^§ite_£.§. ^y

the FWPCA at this hearing.  Therefore, we  firmly endorse

and support the FWPCA recommendations  as they are proposed

for this conference.

               A great deal has yet to be  learned about

adequate aquatic life criteria, and additional research

may demonstrate the need for redefinition  and refinement

of the standards to meet fishery  requirements.  Until

 areful research demonstrates  beyond  a reasonable doubt

that degradation of existing water quality to the level

of the finally approved standards  will not result in

harmful effects upon fish  and  aquatic  life resources, it

is the position of the BCF that the goal of pollution

abatement should be maintenance or improvement of water

quality in the waters under consideration  at  this hearing.

Therefore, BCF also endorses the  FWPCA ~ recommendation
for an anti-degradation clause in the final Iowa standards
-------
         O^TlGKAU FORM f"(» 10
         MAY mi CO:'.ON
         CSA CtJ-i nr-G NO. £J
         UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

         Memorandum
                                         359
Appendix A.   BCF Cotr.rccnts  to FWPCA on the 'V/iter
Quality Criteria and Plan  of Implementation for
Iowa 196V.
TO     :  Regional Directors,  FWPCA,  Great Lakes Region,    DATE:  August 7, 1967
         Chicago, Illinois and  Missouri Basin Region,
         Kansas City,  Missouri
FROM   :  Regional Director, BCF, Ann Arbor, Michigan
         (Acting)

SUBJECT:  BCF Comments  on The Water Quality Criteria and Plan of Implementation
         for Iowa, May,  1967.
         We have reviewed the  subject submittal which you have forwarded with a
         request for our comments.  Since the standards advanced in the submittal
         are common to appropriate interstate waters for both your regions, we
         have combined our formal response into this one memo.

              1.  General Cerement.--Water quality standards required to maintain
         "healthy aquatic life"  conditions in Iowa are far more complex than can
         be covered on one single spaced typewritten page.  This fact becomes
         apparent after review of the ten page "...incomplete, tentative..."
         summary of key criteria for fresh water organisms advanced in the
         excellent interim report of the FWPCA's National Technological Advisory
         Committee on Water Quality Requirements for Fishes (hereafter referred
         to as the N.T.A.C.  interim report).  The treatment given to aquatic
         life criteria in the  present submittal is considered inadequate, and
         ve recommend that a more thorough aquatic life treatment be prepared
         and included, at least  for the areas covered by the following comments,
         before final approval is made on the Iowa submittal.

              2.  Updating.--The Iowa submittal contains no formal indication that
         the standards specified are susceptible to future changes, when warranted
         by experience and future research findings.  We recommend that a detailed
         procedure for enacting  such updating be prepared and included in the
         submittal.

              3.  Definition of  Terms.--The submittal includes a number of very
         important key words and phrases which are not adequately defined.
         Among these are:   fish  propagation (p. ^); sufficient distance downstream
         and adequate mixing (p. 7; also see Comment 4 of this memo); detrimental,
         harmful (p. 8);  permanent fish population (p. 11); unsightly, deleterious
         (p. 13); aquatic ...  use of the water (p. 14); and well balanced fish
         population (p.  15).   We recommend that these terms, as well as other
         significant terms,  be clearly defined and the definitions be. included
         in an appropriate section of the submittal.
                  Buy US. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
-------
                                                                         370

Reg.Dirs.,FWPCA,GLR,MBR           -2-                 August 7, 1967

    4. Zones of Admixture.--Item 2 of Section 2.1 on page 7 indicates
aquatic life criteria would apply at, "All points in the stream from
the mouth up to the designated cutoff point...".  The first sentence
of page 7's last paragraph states that sampling would occur after
"adequate mixing" of effluents, thus indicating aquatic life criteria
are not intended to apply at all points as stated Item 2.1.  These
two statements of the submittal conflict literally,  and involve at
least in Iowa streams designated for aquatic life the difficult subject
of effluent mixture areas.

    As treated in the submittal, the designation of  Iowa zones of admix-
ture are arbitrary and not well defined.  The terms  sufficient distance
downstreari! and adequate mixing are open to unreasonably broad interpre-
tation.  A license exists within the present wording which would permit
legal use of Iowa streams for further indiscriminate disposal of
wastes with resultant destruction of fishery habitat and migration
patterns.

    We are of the opinion that admixture.of effluents in aquatic life
zones can be regulated effectively using the approach advanced in ZONES
OF PASSAGE AND MIXING (pages 31, 32) of the N.T.A.C. interim report.
We consider this to be the most reasonable and realistic approach
available and recommend its adoption in toto into the submittal.

    5.  Undesirable Tastes in Edible Aquatic Organisms.--Section 2.2
presently has no reference tc regulation of substances in the water
which will impart undesirable tastes to the flesh of fish and other
edible aquatic organisms.  We recommend that wording to the following
extent be worked into the first paragraph of Section 2.2:

        "Taste and odor producing substances shall be limited to
        concentrations in the stream that will not impart unpalat-
        able flavor to fish or other edible aquatic  organisms."

    6.  Temperature.--The proposed 93 F upper temperature limit is
considered unacceptably high for most of the year.  This upper limit,
being above the TLm for rr.any aquatic organisms, does not begin to
consider synergistic effects of temperature and other pollutant condi-
tions which might be present in given situations. The fact that 93 F
may be approached, and/or exceeded under thoroughly  natural conditions
does not justify allowing thermal wastes to duplicate or aggravate
such an unhealthy aquatic life condition.

    Equally important, from the aquatic life standpoint, is the fact
that any single upper temperature limit (even one lower than 93 F)
represents a very unsatisfactory solution to the problem of establishing
temperature standards.  Such a single upper limit does not take into
consideration normal subtle aquatic life patterns, which involve
gradual warming periods, temperature plateaus, etc.   In other words,
an upper limit that would be perfectly satisfactory  in July or August
would represent a wide open license for thermal pollution during the

rest of the year.
-------
                                                                          371
Reg.Dirs.,FWPCA,GLR,MBR            -3-             August 7, 1967

     We recommend that the water temperature criteria presented in the
N.T.A.C. interim report (pages 4-6) and utilizing a standard 5 F above
the monthly average of the natural maximum daily water temperatures be
adopted for Iowa aquatic life zones.  Maximum surface water temperatures
should range between 86-90 F, depending on local stream characteristics
and biota.

     7.  Toxic Substances.--The existing portion of the subraittal
concerning toxic substances is considered abbreviated and inadequate.
We recommend that the standards for toxic substances advanced in the
N.T.A.C. interim report (pages 11-13) be adopted in toto for the Iowa
standards.

     8.  Oil and Grease.--The aspect of oil and grease pollution is
not even broached in the Aquatic Life standards on page 15, although
this is an extremely significant and common source of pollution.  We
recommend that the standards advanced in the N.T.A.C. interim report
on oil (p. 8) be adopted  i n to to for Iowa waters.
We appreciate the opportunity to review and comment on the Iowa
submittal.  If any questions should arise concerning our comments,
don't hesitate to call upon us.  We would like to be advised as soon
as possible on the disposition of our comments (i.e. We would like  to
know which are acceptable in your judgement).
                                   Sincerely,
                                   Ernest D.  Premet
-------
                                          	372




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






               MR. STEIN:  Mr. Blomgren.




               MR. BLOMGREN:  One additional statement




to "be made by Dr. Clarence Tarzwell, Director of National




Water Quality, Marine Laboratory, West Kingston, Rhode




Island.




               Dr. Tarzwell.









             STATEMENT BY DR. C. M. TARZWELL




         DIRECTOR, NATIONAL MARINE WATER QUALITY




       LABORATORY, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL




       ADMINISTRATION, WEST KINGSTON, RHODE ISLAND









               DR. TARZWELL:  Mr. Chairman, conferees,




ladies and gentlemen.




               I am Clarence M. Tarzwell, Director  of




the National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, which  is




the laboratory of the FWPCA  at West Kingston, Rhode




Island.  I have a prepared statement, Mr. Chairman,




which I would like to submit for the record.




               MR. STEIN:  Without objection, this  will




be done.




               DR. TARZWELL:  However,  I  shall  not  read
-------
                	373




                    Dr. C. M. Tarzwell





it.  I shall summarize it and also emphasize some of the




basic considerations which have been brought out by some




of the other speakers.




               Among these, I have listed eight:




               No. 1.  We should realize that the con-




ditions to which organisms have become adapted over geo-




logical time have now become their environmental require-




ments and any change introduced by man in comparison to




geological time is a raoid change and when these are




sudden or large, they are significantly harmful or can be




to the aquatic life.




               2.  I think it is basic that we must




realize that dissolved oxygen and temperature must be




considered together as they are interrelated.  In other




words,  when there is a high temperature you need a. high




dissolved oxygen.  When the dissolved oxygen is low you




must also have a low temperature if you are to provide




conditions which allow full activity for the aquatic




organisms.




               Carbon dioxide also has some influences on




oxygen  requirements and in turn on the effects of tempera-




ture from the standpoint of the amount of oxygen required
-------
	374




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






for activity of the organisms.




               No. 3-  In establishing water quality




standards we must consider the most sensitive species




in the "biota, that is the most sensitive important




species.  If we do not do this, the whole biota can be




disrupted.  In other words, the chain of life is no




stronger than its weakest link, and in establishing water




temperatures which are conducive to the survival, growth,




reproduction, general well being, and the production of




a crop, we must consider the species that are most




sensitive to temperature changes and especially high




temperatures.  The criteria cannot be based upon the




most tolerant species.




               No. 4.  In considering water quality




requirements, we must consider the most sensitive life




stages.  These must be protected if an organism  is to




complete its life history.  In other words, we must con-




sider the temperatures for the maturation of the sex




products, the spawning act, the develooment of the eggs,




the development of the larvae or fry or nymphisms, what-




ever it might be.  And in this regard, seasonal varia-




tions to which the organisms have become accustomed are
-------
	373




                    Dr.  C.  M.  Tarzwell






 very important.  We  cannot  depart  greatly from  these  and




 expect  to  have  a well balanced  biota.




                No.  5-   Peak  temperatures observed  in




 nature  cannot  be endured for  long periods.   Sometimes  we




 have natural kills  of aquatic organisms  due  to unusual




 heat.   Peak  temperatures which  are  observed  in nature




 occur for  only  short  periods  and  very  often  they are very




 near to lethal  temperatures.  Considering these peak




 temperatures as  favorable  is  a  mistake that  non-biolo-




 gists very often make.  In the  setting of peak tempera-




 tures,  of  course, you have to be  realistic.  You cannot




 say that aquatic organisms cannot withstand  temperatures




 that occur naturally  just  because they are very close  to




 lethal  temperatures.  However,  it seems  that many  people




 do  not  realize  that these  peak  temperatures  cannot be




 withstood  for  considerable periods. Further, temperatures




 which can  be resisted for  even  considerable  periods  by




 adults  may be unsuited  for the  young and are no measure




 of  temperatures  which are  favorable and  necessary  for




 the survival of  the species.




                Also it  must be  realized  that in nature




 there are  daily  variations in temperature which are -now
-------
	376




                    Dr.  C.  M.  Tarzwell






 environmental  requirements.   There is naturally a  cool-




 ing  off  period at night.   We  have observed in our  fishery




 studies  that while  water temperatures may be unfavorably




 high  during the  day, they  can be endured if there  is a




 cooling  off period  during  the 24-hour cycle.  Without




 this  cooling off period, serious harm can be caused




 either directly  or  from weakening of a species so  that




 its  competitors  can take over and produce an undesirable




 change in the  fish  population.




               6. High  temperatures in the transition




 periods  from winter to  spring can be critical and  detri-




 mental.  A 10-degree increase in temperature in March




 and April or early  May, depending on the part of the




 country  that you are in, will convert temperatures which



 are normally in  the 40's and  50's to temperatures  which




 are in the 50's  and 60's.  This change can be very



 important from the  standpoint of the bass which spawn




 after the temperatures  reach  60 and are maintained at




 that  level or  above for a  few days.  For example,  when




 the temperatures are in the 50's they don't spawn  and if




 a  cold spell comes  and  temperatures drop back down into




 the 40's there is no direct harm because the eggs  haven't
-------
	377




                    Dr.  C.  M.  Tarzwell






 yet  been  laid.   However,  if  the  water  temperatures  are




 raised  10 degrees  Fahrenheit  into  the  60' s- and then drop




 back into the  50fs,  due to the  cold spell  the  spawn for




 the  year  would  be  wiped out,because, as you know,  the




 daddy bass  leaves  the nest when  water  temperatures  drop




 below 60  degrees Fahrenheit.   When this  occurs, the eggs




 either  fungus up,  are eaten  by  other organisms or  they




 die  from  lack  of oxygen because  the daddy  bass is  no




 longer  there to keep the  water  circulating so  they  have




 an oxygen supply.



                No.  ?.   In  warm  streams an  increase  of




 10 degrees  Fahrenheit with a  93  degree maximum can  result




 in significant  harm.  If  all  temperatures  are  raised 10




 degrees Fahrenheit,the  minimum  daily temperature will




 approach  90 or  be  in the  area of 90 to 93  degrees  during




 considerable periods in the  summer.  Then  if the maximum




 temperature of  93  degrees  Fahrenheit is  met by the use




 of cooling  towers,  temperatures may be  in  the vicinity of




 93 around the clock  for several  days or .more in successio




 From the  evidence  that  has been  presented  by the Fish and




 Wildlife  Service representatives,  it is evident that thes




 continued high  temperatures are  harmful and may be  lethal
-------
               	378




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






               No. 8.  A rise of 10 degrees above natural




temperature lengthens the hot water period and increases




stress which can change the qualitative and quantitative




makeup  of the aquatic population.  I would like to list




briefly some of the effects of increased temperatures.




               (a)  Increased temperature speeds up




metabolism and increases the need for higher dissolved




oxygen concentrations.  Temperature influences growth




and if a temperature increase is not too great growth




is more rapid. After a certain point is passed, growth




is actually retarded and detrimental effects are produced




Water temperature influences the development of sex




products and the time of spawning or it can inhibit



spawning.




               (b)  High temperatures can limit the



ability of water to hold dissolved oxygen.  At the




higher temperatures oxygen is less soluble and less




oxygen is available at the time when more oxygen is




needed.




               (c)  The higher temperatures generally




favor coarse or less desirable species, dogfish, gar,




shad, suckers, carp, and so forth, such as you see in
-------
	:	379




                   Dr.  C. M. Tarzwell






many of  our  southern  streams.



                (d)  High  temperatures favor dense  growths




of  undesirable  algae,  such as  the bluegreen algae.  With




increase in  temperatures  algal  growth increases up  to  a




certain  point and  then with  further  increases  in tempera-




tures  there  is  a succession  of  species,  the diatoms,  the




greens and the  bluegreens.   The bluegreens are somewhat




undesirable, sometimes  very  undesirable,  from  the  stand-




point  of the fishermen for the  use of the water and the




fishes themselves.



                (e) Increased temperatures bring about




unseasonal emergence  of some of the  food organisms  and




can cause a  decrease  in food through limiting  important




species .



                (f)  Increased  temperatures increase acute




toxicity.



                (g)  Increased  temperatures require  more




stringent quality  standards  for the  other parameters.




                (h)  Temperature changes  may produce




temperature  blocks to migration.



                (i)  High  temperatures encourage most




parasites and disease.   Parasites and disease  generally
-------
                                                     380




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






are most severe in their action when the organisms are




under stress at the higher temperatures. They disrupt




the delicate biological cycles in several ways.




               (J)  Temperatures above a certain level,




depending on the species, produce sub-lethal undesirable




physiological results.




               (k)  Temperature changes cause shifts in




species and the qualitative and quantitative makeup of




the biota.




               In summary, I think that it is evident




that in our research and investigation programs  and in




the setting of water quality standards for temperature




it is essential to consider not only lethal but  all sub-




lethal and other effects.  Because temperature has both




direct and indirect effects,it can influence in  several




ways many of the other environmental requirements




required for the well being and the production of aquatic




life.




               MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Tarzwell.








               (The following is the report submitted by




Dr. Tarzwell:)
-------
                                                     381




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
               Some 17 years ago, I proposed a classi-




fication of pollutants in six groups as follows:  ( 1 1




inert, inorganic and organic wastes; (2} putrescible




wastes; (3) toxic wastes; (4) wastes of a significant




heat content; (5) radioactive wastes; and (6) contami-




nants.  In the first group,  silt and other materials




brought into streams and lakes by land erosion are the




most important.  In fact, not many years ago, eroded




materials were the most important pollutant in our




streams.  In recent years, toxic materials an industrial




wastes have increased greatly and are now very important.




However, settleable and suspended solids and turbidity




are still outstanding pollutants in our waters.   These



materials influence productivity in a variety of ways.




Settleable solids blanket the bottom, rendering it much




less productive of those organisms essential as  food for



the fish;  shifting sand bottoms are virtual aquatic




deserts; materials which settle out on sand or gravel-




rubble bottoms cover and destroy spawning beds and greatl;




reduce productivity by filling up the spaces between the
-------
_ 382




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






 rocks.  Turbidity  reduces light  penetration and adversely




 influences  the  photosynthetic activity  of  phytoplankton.




 Thus,  increases  in turbidity can  constitute pollution




 and a  decrease  in  turbidity is an important means  of




 improving stream conditions .




                Control of land erosion  is  a difficult




 problem, the attainment  of which  is largely dependent




 upon those  agencies having to do  with road building,




 housing developments, placer and  strip  mining, agricul-




 ture,  grazing,  forestry, fire control and  coal and




 gravel washing.  If we are to decrease  this tyoe of




 pollutant in our streams, we will have  to  initiate a




 multiple agency, multiple discipline program.  There  can




 be little plant  life and bottom  fauna where turbidity  is




 maintained  continuously  above 200 Jackson  Turbidity Units
               The addition  of  putrescible wastes  to  a



 stream  may  result in minor enrichment,  in enrichment



 which produces excessive growths and  growths  of  undesir-



 able organisms or blooms or  the enrichment may be  so



 great that  the breakdown of  the organic  material by



 bacteria  results in the depletion  of  oxygen and  fish




 kills.
-------
        	383




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






               Organic enrichment which encourages the




excessive growth of filamentous algae and rooted aquatics




can be detrimental from the standpoint of interfering




with other uses of the water such as fishing or boating,




swimming and water skiing. Algal growths may become so




dense that during the day they supersaturate the water




with oxygen due to photosynthetic action and at night




their respiration and that of the bacteria depletes the




oxygen.  Wide fluctuations in oxygen levels with super-




saturation due to photosynthetic action is a mark of




organic enrichment and often an indication of pollution.




               Dissolved oxygen levels are of outstand-




ing importance for aquatic life. In the determination of




water quality requirements for aquatic life, special




attention must be given to dissolved oxygen concentra-




tions and their variations. When minimum concentrations




of dissolved oxygen are listed as water quality require-




ments,  these minimums represent the lowest desirable




concentrations and daily and seasonal fluctuations must b




above these concentrations.  The amount of oxygen present




largely determines temperatures which may be harmful or




which ma.y be survived by the aquatic biota.  As the
-------
               	384




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






temperatures rise, more and more oxygen Is required.   If




oxygen levels are low, temperature levels must be kept




low.  In the setting of water quality criteria, there-




fore, temperature and oxygen levels must be interrelated.




T.eJ^^L§L^L^J^eJ3^LL§5^Q.5.§._?.2^1 Aquatic Life



               Temperature is a very important factor




in the aquatic environment.  Because the fishes and the




lower aquatic organisms are all cold-blooded, metabolism




in these organisms is largely dependent upon temperature.




Therefore, in the aquatic environment temperature and




dissolved oxygen must be considered together. As tempera-




ture rises to the upper levels of normal temperatures, th




dissolved oxygen must be near to or at saturation in orde




to insure full activity.  Temperature influences aquatic



life in a number of ways.  It may be lethal, it may




initiate or prevent migration, and it triggers or retards



spawning activities.  It controls to a certain extent the




metabolism, activity, feeding and growth of organisms.




It is important in the governing of productivity.  It is




very important in determining the qualitative and quan-




titative makeup of the aquatic biota.  Even small changes




in temperature can make the environment more favorable
-------
                	385



                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






for one species and less favorable for another with the




result one species decreases while another becomes domi-




nant. Temperature influences the digestion of food and




certain enzymatic and physiological processes.




                During geological time, the organisms




present in a given region gradually adapted to the envi-




ronmental conditions in that region or perished.  In  time




therefore, the  environmental conditions to which these




organisms have  adapted have now become their environ-




mental requirements.  Sudden or large changes in the




environmental conditions due to man's activities can  be




very destructive to the aquatic biota.  Aquatic organisms




have become adapted to seasonal temperature patterns




which are essential for their physiological activities




and those of the organisms on which they deoend as food.




Aquatic organisms have also adapted to daily fluctuations



in temperature which in some instances are quite wide.




In the setting of temperature standards, attention must




be paid to maintaining daily and seasonal patterns of




temperature fluctuation.   Excessive warming of the water




during the winter,  early spring or late fall months can




have disastrous  effects from the standpoint of spawning,




emergence or food production. While aquatic organisms
-------
	386




                   Dr.  C. M. Tarzwell






may  resist high temperature for  short  periods, a  cooling




off  at  night  is essential.  They cannot withstand high




temperatures  around  the  clock. Daily variations must,,




therefore, be maintained. When heat is added artificially




to the  environment,  it  should be added at a constant rate




so that it is superimposed on natural  temperatures and




the  normal daily  and seasonal variations are maintained.




               Increasing water  temperatures is equiva-




lent to moving the whole stream  further south.  Observa-




tions of the  aquatic environment over  a number of years




have led us to the conclusion that certain rises  in




temperature may be allowed.  However,  in selecting the




allowable increases  in  temperature, it must be kept in




mind that these increases must not be  harmful under those




conditions during which  the rises of temperature  are most




significant;  i.e., during low water flows in the  summer




months. In determining  safe conditions, we must deal with




extremes as it is the extremes which are governing and




are  most important in determining adverse effects.  Thus,




allowable increases  in  temperature are governed by the




increase which is not significantly harmful during the




time of peak  temperatures and the low  flow and during
-------
                	^587




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






winter months when low temperatures are required.  In




order that this temperature increase may be as large  as




possible without significant harm, it is essential to




definitely limit its duration and to determine its




effects during  periods when temperature may become




critical.




               For freshwaters, the National Technical




Advisory Committee judged that an amount of heat may  be




added which will raise the average minimum daily low




flow for the month 5°P; except daily maximum temperatures




shall not exceed the maximum allowable temperature for




the locally desired biota.  With this suggested approach,




the amount of heat expressed as BTU's which could be




added to any stream during any given month would be




determined as follows:  The average of daily low flows




for the month in question when expressed in pounds of




water is multiplied by the allowed increase in tempera-




ture in degrees Fahrenheit,  namely 5.  By the addition




of this constant amount of heat in BTU's per second on




existing temperatures, we will automatically obtain




temperatures  which  follow the normal seasonal and daily




temperature fluctuations  characteristic of that stream.
-------
	388




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






 Peak  allowable  temperatures for  certain fish associations




 for both  summer and winter have  been listed in the Nationp.1




 Technical Advisory Committee Report on Water Quality




 Criteria.




               As has been indicated previously, high




 allowable temperatures must be of only short duration.




 Temperatures which adult fish can withstand for short




 periods are entirely unsatisfactory for long-term




 exposures.  Further, temperatures which may be resisted




 by adults for considerable periods can be entirely




 unsatisfactory  for the survival  of the species. When




 fish  and  other  aquatic organisms are subjected to the




 stress  of high  temperatures, they require periods of




 cooler  water such as naturally occur at night.  High



 temperatures must not be maintained around the clock.




                Seasonal variations are also of outstand-




 ing importance.  There must be a gradual acclimatization




 to summer and winter temperatures, with a gradual warming




 up in the spring and a gradual cooling off in the fall.




 Temperatures which would be normal and favorable in the




 summer  would be rapidly lethal under winter conditions;




 conversely, temperatures which would be entirely favorabl
-------
                	389




                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






in the winter season would be rapidly lethal after the




fish have become acclimated to the higher summer tempera-




tures.  In most of the warm water fishes, spawning is




induced by a rising temperature and an increasing day




length.  If temperatures are artificially raised before




the increase in day length, harmful effects can occur.




The food of many fishes, or their young, consists of




phytoplankton or those organisms that directly feed on




phytoplankton.  Since the phytoplankton development is




influenced by the length of day as well as temperature,




with artificial temperature rises, it is possible to have




the young produced before their customary food is avail-




able.  The same principle applies to the emergence of




aquatic insects. The higher temperatures may speed UD




their life process such that they emerge into a cold and




uninviting climate.




               An allowable artificial temperature increa




of 10°F in those streams having natural temperatures whic!




range from the  mid to upper eighties during July and




August can have very harmful effects even though a maxi-




mum temperature of 93 F is imposed.   This is because with




an increase of  10°F  the minimum daily temperatures become
-------
	390




                    Dr.  C.  M.  Tarzwell






 93°F  or  more  and  if cooling  towers  are  used  to  .just  meet




 the maximum allowable,  temperatures  at  or  near  93  F  will




 be maintained around the  clock.   Such  prolonged high




 temperatures  have  been  demonstrated  to  be  harmful  to




 many  fishes.




               A  study  of  temperature  records of some




 Iowa  streams  for  March, April,  May  and  June  indicates




 that  temperatures  range in the  40-'s  and 50's during




 March  and April and even  into May,  but  the range in  May




 is usually in the  upper kO's  and  in  the 50's. In June,




 temperatures  are  more stable  and  in  the 60's and above.




 A rise of 10  P will push  temperatures  normally  in  the




 40's  and 50's into the  50's  and 60's   with resultant




 damage to the black bass  reoroduction.  A rise of 10  P




 will  lengthen the  summer  season and  may result  in  a




 change in the biota.
-------
	39Q-A





                       C.  V. Blomgren





                MR.  BLOMGREN:   Since  our reoort was




 prepared,  Mr.  Chairman, and  transmitted to the Iowa




 Pollution  Control  Commission,  we  have  done some




 additional analysis  on  bacterial  loadings  to the




 Missouri River.  We  have  a young  engineer  in our




 office,  Bob Hegg,  who will paraphrase  and  discuss




 the  material in  Appendix  H which  we  transmitted to




 the  Commission by  Air Mail Special  last weekend and




 we have  made a distribution  to the  staff members  of




 the  Iowa Water Pollution  Control  Commission.




                MR.  STEIN:  All right,  we will accept




 that.




                MR.  SAMSON:   Mr. Blomgren,  will that




 be an  Appendix to  the Water  Quality  Standards Con-




 ference  for the  State of  Iowa?




                MR.  BLOMGREN:   Yes,  Mr.  Samson, we




 have a supply  of the appendix  out in the hall.



                MR.  STEIN:  They will be distributed.
-------
	391





                        B.  A.  Hegg






                (Appendix H appears  herein  at  pages  245-B




 to  253-)








               STATEMENT BY BOB A.  HEGG




         SANITARY  ENGINEER,  MISSOURI BASIN  REGION




      FEDERAL  WATER  POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION




                   KANSAS CITY,  MISSOURI









                MR. HEGG:   Mr.  Chairman,,  my name  is  Bob




 Hegg.   I  am  a  Sanitary  Engineer with  the Missouri  Basin




 Region  of the  Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-




 tion.




                An analysis was  made on the eight-day dry




 weather navigation flow data,  which is presented in table




 in  this  appendix.  This data  is taken from the October




 1968  survey  conducted by the  FWPCA.  The effort  of  this




 analysis  was directed at determining  the effect  of  treat-




 ment  on removing  the bacterial  contamination  in  the




 Missouri  River.




                The coliform data on the  Missouri River




 from  Gavins  Point to St. Joseph were  evaluated in  terms




 of  a  coliform  mass.  For example, the data were  evaluated
-------
                         	392





                       B. A. Hegg






from a total number per day approach rather than a con-




centration approach.  The coliform masses were calculated




for the various sources along the reach of the Missouri




River from Gavins Point to St. Joseph.  These coliform




source data included measurements of the waste effluents




at the Sioux City Sewage Treatment Plant, the Council




Bluffs Sewage Treatment Plant, the Monroe Street Sewer




at Omaha, Nebraska, and estimates of the densities in




the remaining outfalls from Omaha and Papillion Creek.




Also included were the measurements of coliform densities




from the major tributaries.




               A mass diagram of this data is presented




in the appendix.  The mass diagram indicated that the




major sources of coliforms in the Missouri River during



the dry weather period of the October survey were contrib-




uted  by the major cities.  The coliform contribution to




the Missouri River from the Big Sioux River, the Soldier




River, and the Boyer River was negligible during the




normal flow period of the October survey.  These observa-




tions led to the next portion of the analysis.




               The major source of coliforms are from the




wastewater effluents.  Consequently, an analysis was made
-------
	393




                       B. A. Hegg






 to  determine the effect of treatment on  reducing the




 quantity of coliforms in the Missouri River.  A 93 percen




 reduction of coliform was assumed with secondary treat-




 ment and a 98.5 percent reduction of coliform was assumed




 with secondary treatment and chlorination.  The estimated




 effects of these types of treatment on river coliform




 concentrations are also shown in a graph  in the appendix.




               Other analyses were made  also.  A mass




 balance was also made on the fecal coliform organisms.




 The results showed that approximately 50  percent of the




 fecal coliforms in the river could be accounted for in




 the reach from Sioux City to Omaha.  This includes only




 those fecal coliforms measured at the Sioux City Sewage




 Treatment Plant.  It does not include coliform organisms




 that may have been contributed from the  other waste




 sources in the Sioux City area.  Greater  than 75 percent




 of the fecal coliform organisms could be  accounted for




 in the reach of the river from Omaha to St. Joseph.




               The effect of two stage chlorination




 was also evaluated.  It was assumed that with two stage




 chlorination,  a concentration of 500 MPN/100 ml could be




 attained in effluent.  This reduction is far in excess of
-------
                       B. A. Hegg






the 98.5 percent reduction assumed for secondary treatment




with chlorination.  This effluent concentration would




virtually eliminate the effect of the major cities on the




river coliform concentration.  If this reduction were




realized, the major sources of bacterial contamination




would have "been the Boyer River and the Platte River.




This conclusion is based on conditions existing in the




river that were similar to those in the October 1968




survey conducted by the FWPGA.  The maximum value of




coliform concentration in the river, assuming two stage




chlorination and primary treatment, was estimated to be




4250 MPN/100 ml.



               The following conclusions are based on




the above analyses and apply to the Missouri River




conditions that existed during the dry weather period




of the October 1968 survey.



               1.  Greater than 85 percent of the




     total coliforms measured in the Missouri River




     were contributed by the major waste sources




     along the stream.




               2.  Approximately 50 percent of the




     fecal coliforms measured in the Missouri River-
-------
	395





                   B.  A.  Hegg






 were contributed by the  major waste sources




 that were measured during the October 1968




 survey.




           3.   The total  and fecal coliform




 contribution  to the Missouri River from the




 Big Sioux River, the  Soldier River and the




 Boyer River were negligible during the dry




 weather  period of the October survey.




           4.   Secondary  treatment alone would




 not be adequate to provide  reduction of coli-




 forms to meet the National  Technical Advisory




 Committee's standard  for public  drinking




 water supplies based  on  the analysis outlined




 above.   And that standard is 10,000 MPN/100 ml.




           5.   Chlorination  following secondary



 treatment would be adequate to provide reduc-




 tion of  coliforms  to  meet the National Techni-




 cal Advisory  Committee's  standard for  public




 water supplies  based  on  this analysis.




           6.   Primary treatment  with two stage




 chlorination  would be adequate to provide




 reduction of  coliforms to meet the  National
-------
                                                      396
                       B. A. Hegg






     Technical Advisory Committee   standard for




     public water supplies also based on this




     analysis.




               Thank you.




               MR. SAMSON:  Mr. Stein, I would ask you,on




this analysis made on the eight-day dry weather period,




was there any correlation by the Federal Government on




this analysis with either the authorities in Nebraska




or Iowa?




               MR. STEIN:  Can you answer that, Mr. Hegg?




               MR. SAMSON:  I am asking you that as




Chairman, was any correlation on this work as set out




here in the--



               MR. STEIN:  What do you mean by correla-




tion?



               MR. SAMSON:  Did they correlate work with




the State authorities on this investigation?




               MR. STEIN:  Do you mean is this a coopera-




tive study?




               MR. SAMSON:  Yes.




               MR. STEIN:  Again you are going to have to




ask the technical staff.  I am not any more familiar with
-------
	397




                       B. A. Hegg






 this  than  you  are.



                Mr. Hegg  or  anyone?




                MR. HEGG:  I  can't answer  that.




                MR. BLOMGREN:  You  weren't  running  any




 concurrent studies of  that  nature, were  you, Mr. Schlieke^man?




                MR. SCHLIEKELMAN:   No.




                MR. BLOMGREN:  This was data  collected  by




 the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.




            MR. RADEMACHER:  Both States  were invited to




 cooperate  with  us on this.




                MR. BLOMGREN:  Certainly.   They  partici-




 pated in the survey from the standpoint  of-~




                MR. STEIN:   Let  me  try to get this  ques-




 tion.   Mr.  Samson of Nebraska asked a question.  As I




 understand it,  your answer  was  yes?




                MR. RADEMACHER:  Yes.



                MR. STEIN:   All  right.




                DR. MORRIS:   Mr. Stein.




                MR. STEIN:   Yes.




                DR. MORRIS:   I am Dr. Morris  from the Iowa




 Water Pollution Commission.




                I did visit  the  installation  which
-------
	,	,	398





                       B. A. Hegg






included the mobile laboratory for chemical work and the




bacteriological work on the upper part of the river.  I




visited out here in October and again in January.  So I




saw the operation, discussed what was going on, but we




had no data collection process going from the State of




Iowa, at least.




               MR. SAMSON:  Thank you.




               Thanks, Mr. Stein.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               Mr. Blomgren, do you have any more?




               MR. BLOMGREN:  This next statement is




addressed to the "Chairman, Water Quality Standards




Conference, State of Iowa, Convening April 15, 19^9^




Council Bluffs, Iowa.




               "Dear sir:




               "The Missouri River Public Water Supplies




Association represents all of the major public i«rater




utilities using the Missouri River as a source of supply,




except Kansas City, Kansas.  This statement is the




collective judgment of the utilities comprising the




association.




               "The Missouri River Public Water Supplies
-------
 	_	399




                        H.  0.  Hartung






 Association is concerned that the present Missouri River




 raw water quality does not further deteriorate and that the




 Missouri River shall remain a suitable and desired source




 of drinking water for the  3,000,000 to 4,000,000 persons




 supplied by the utilities  of  the association.




                "The water  treatment plants of  the Asso-




 ciation's members are designed and operated to  produce a




 quality water for drinking and other uses, from the




 present normal quality Missouri River water.  If the




 Missouri River water quality  is additionally polluted,




 existing water treatment may  no longer be adequate for




 the production of a quality drinking water.   Taste and




 odor,  disinfection and coagulation problems  which have




 already occurred at all of the water treatment plants on




 the Missouri River because of ammonia, oil and fertilizer



 spills  into the Missouri River, and because  of unusual




 runoffs from agricultural  lands,  clearly show  that there




 is a definite limit to the amount of pollution which




jean be  removed in existing water treatment plants.




                "The Missouri  River Public Water Supplies




 Association supports the FWPCA statement to  the Water




 Quality Standards Conference  - State of Iowa,  convening
-------
                      H. 0. Hartung






April 15, 1969, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, in all matters




which can be demonstrated to result in Missouri River




water quality improvement."




               This letter is signed "Very truly yours,




H. 0. Hartung,  President, Missouri River Public Water




Supplies Association."




               I ask that that be placed in the record,




Mr. Chairman.




               MR. STEIN:  It has been when you read it




in the record.




               MR. BLOMGREN:  That is the copy in the




transcript.




               (Which said letter is as follows:)
-------
**^*^ ** * * *• "/ j  ST. LOUIS COUNTY WATER CO. • 8390 Delmor Blvd. •  University C,ty, Mo. 63124 & (314)091-3404
  vlatei
    Chairman
    Water Quality Standards conference
    State of Iowa, Convening April 15, 19&9
    Council Bluffs, Iowa

    Dear Sir:

    The Missouri River Public Water Supplies Association represents  all
    of the major public water utilities using the Missouri  River as  a
    source of supply,  except Kansas City,  Kansas.  This statement is the
    collective judgment of the utilities comprising the Association.

    The Missouri River Public Water Supplies Association is concerned  that
    the present Missouri River raw water quality does  not further deterio-
    rate and that the  Missouri River shall remain a suitable and desired
    source of drinking water for the 3,000,000 to ^,000,000 persons  sup-
    plied by the utilities of the Association.

    The water treatment plants of the Association's members are  designed
    and operated to produce a quality water for drinking and other uses,
    from the present normal quality Missouri River  water.   If the Missouri
    River water quality is additionally polluted, existing  water treatment
    may no longer be adequate for the production of a  quality drinking
    water.  Taste and  odor, disinfection and coagulation problems which
    have already occurred at all of the water treatment plants on the
    Missouri River because of ammonia,  oil and fertilizer spills into  the
    Missouri River, and because of unusual run-offs from agricultural
    lands, clearly show that there is a definite limit to the amount of
    pollution which can be removed in existing water treatment plants.

    The Missouri River Public Water Supplies Association supports the
    FWPCA statement to the Water Quality Standards  Conference -  State  of
    Iowa, convening April 15, 19^9,  at Council Bluffs,  Iowa,  in  all  matters
    which can be demonstrated to result in Missouri River water  quality
    improvement.
                                               Very truly yours,
                                               H. 0. Hartung, President
                                               Missouri River Public Water
                                               Supplies Association
    HOH:rb
-------
		402





                     C. V. Blomgren






               MR. BLOMGREN:  Mr. Chairman, as our con-




clusions in this matter, we again site the water uses




detailed in our report, the need for quality criteria




to support those uses, and the necessary changes in Iowa'




water quality standards to achieve conformance with the




Federal Water Pollution Control Act.  The following




recommendations are made for addition to the Iowa water




quality standards to insure that we fulfill our legal




responsibilities.  These recommendations are consistent




with those items  contained in the Secretary's conference




notice and are based on the best information available at




this time.  I will repeat the three major  recommendations




in total for the  benefit of those not present at the




Davenport  session on April 8th.



               The three which I mentioned in my summary




statement, radiological,  phenol  and non-degradation,  I




believe have been resolved by your  counterstatement  there,




at least there was some  measure  of  agreement, and  it  woul 1




serve  no purpose  for me  to  repeat those  recommendations.




               Recommendation No. 1.  All  significant




municipal  wastes  discharged into the  interstate waters




of Iowa  shall  receive  a minimum  of  secondary  treatment
-------
	  	403





                     C. V. Blomgren






prior to discharge.




               MR. SAMSON:  What page are you on there.




Carl?




               MR. BLOMGREN:  Page VI-1, Mr. Samson.




               MR. SAMSON:  Thank you.




               MR. BLOMGREN:  All significant industrial




wastes shall receive an equivalent of secondary treatment




prior to discharge into any interstate stream. For the




Missouri River, a timetable of compliance shall be sub-




mitted no later than December 31> 1969*  In no case shall




the compliance date be any later than December 31, 1977.




               Recommendation No. 2.  Control of bacterio-




logical pollution by continuous disinfection shall be




implemented.  A timetable for implementation shall be




established by September 30, 19&9-   In no case shall the




compliance date for the installation and operation of




continuous disinfection facilities  extend beyond Decem-



ber 31,  1970.




               No. 3.  For the production and well being




of locally occurring desirable stream fish populations,




heat additions should be limited as follows.




               At no time shall the addition of heat be
-------
                     C. V. Blomgren






authorized which will raise the water temperature more




than 5 degrees Fahrenheit; but in any event the addition




of heat shall not raise water temperatures above a




maximum tailored for each individual lake or stream and




necessary to protect the production of locally occurring




desirable fish populations and their associated biota.




               That completes the Federal Water Pollution




Control Administration   presentation.




               MR. STEIN:  Let me just ask a question




here for clarification.



               You say that all significant municipal




wastes discharged into the interstate waters of Iowa




shall receive a minimum of secondary treatment prior to




discharge, all significant industrial wastes receive an




equivalent to secondary treatment prior to discharge



into any interstate stream.  Then the next sentence says,




"For the Missouri River" and talks about a timetable to b




completed not later than December 31, 19&9., compliance




December 31, 1977.



               The question I have is the interstate




rivers, as I read it in the call of the conference, go




beyond the Missouri River?'  Do you mean this timetable
-------
                     C. V. Blomgren






to include those streams or just those discharging to




the Missouri River?




               MR. BLOMGREN:  In our summary statement,




Mr. Chairman, we recognize that Iowa has designated




secondary treatment for those interstate streams tributary




to the Missouri and established a timetable which will




secure this secondary treatment for all those wastes prioi




to July 31, 1972.



               Is that correct, Mr. Buckmaster?




               MR. BUOKMASTER:  I am Robert Buckmaster,




Chairman of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.




               Let me just clarify one thing.  The dates




are not wrong, but you have assumed at Davenport and you




have assumed here something which is erroneous.




               We have never required secondary treatment




as such on the interior streams.  What we have required




is whatever treatment is necessary to maintain the water




quality standards, and there isn't an interior stream in




the State, because of the volume of flow, that doesn't




require secondary treatment in order to meet those




standards.




               But you misstate our position when you
-------
	406





                     C. V. Blomgren






state that we require secondary treatment.  We require




whatever it takes, as we do also on the interstate stream




               MR. STEIN:  Yes.  I think his point is




well taken.  All I am doing is trying to clarify this




and make the issue.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Yes.




               MR. STEIN:  I don't want anything to fall




within the cracks., so to speak.




               The point is, if you mean to say that we




can strike that phrase  "for the Missouri River" and if




this is your recommendation that we should have a time-




table of compliance to  meet these dates for all the




internal streams—for all the interstate streams, do you




mean that?



               MR. RADEMACHER:  No, sir, just the Missour




River.



               MR. STEIN:  How about  those other rivers?




What do you mean for them?



               MR. RADEMAGHER:  It again refers, sir,




to the charge of the Secretary in terms of what was to be




considered.  This  is the Missouri River that we are talk-




ing about  in setting this particular  standard.
-------
                     C.  V.  Blomgren






               MR.  STEIN:   No,  no,  no,  no,  no.




               Let  me stay with this.   This is  not a




question of argument.  This is  a question of trying to




join the issues so  we know what the situation is.




               Let  me say in all candor,  I  think I under-




stand Mr. Buckmaster's position.  I am not  sure that the




position of the Federal  people, as  I find it now,  joins




with it and makes the issue.




               The  point is you have asked  for  secondary




treatment on the Missouri  River in  this case, a time-




table of compliance to be  submitted no later than




December 31, 1969.   In no  case  shall the  compliance




date be any later than December 31* 1977.



               I can understand your position on that,




I can understand Mr. Buckmaster's position  on that.




               MR.  SAMSON:   Mr. Chairman--



               MR.  STEIN:   Just a moment, Mr. Samson.




               Now  let's come to the streams, the  inter-




state streams in the notice, which  have been covered by




the Secretary's call.  As  I understand it,  Mr.  Buckmaster




says his State's position  is they do not  require secondar^




treatment or any other necessary form of  treatment except
-------
	408





                     C. V. Blomgren






what is  required by the facts of  the  case.  As I under-




stand  it,  in here, since we  say "for the Missouri River,"




the Federal Government is not making  any  recommendations




for a  timetable or a degree  of treatment  for the wastes




in those  streams.  Is that the way?   This is the way  this




reads  to  me.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  You are referring  to  the




interior  streams here?




               MR. STEIN:  Yes.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  But interstate?




               MR. STEIN:  But which  the  Secretary calls




interstate.



               Now, if it is your  judgment  that we are




supposed  to have secondary treatment  for  those streams,




then we  have an issue joined.  But the difficulty  is  I




don't  get a Federal recommendation on those streams.



               The point is, to say that  you agree with




what Iowa has  done on these  streams,  I am not sure you




and I  are saying the same thing.   Therefore, I think  we




have to  really zero in on this.



               Do you mean that for all the interstate




streams  covered you want secondary treatment?
-------
__	409




                     C. V. Blomgren






               MR. RADEMACHER:  Mr. Stein, I think  that




the approval of the standards for the State of Iowa, with




the exceptions cited, the three conditions that were set,




and I will repeat them: The treatment requirements  and




implementation plan for waste discharges to the Missouri




and Mississippi Rivers;  2 ,  the requirements for disin-




fection of all discharges which may be sources of bacter-




iological pollution; and  3, the temperature criteria for




the interstate waters of  the State other than the Missouri




and Mississippi Rivers.



               I will defer to Mr. Burd to comment  about




approval of standards for the interior streams, the inter




state waters.



               MR. STEIN:  Do you want to answer that,




Bob?



               You see, I want to be sure--this is  not an




argument here--but I want to be sure that the Federal




people and Iowa understand each other and you are saying




the same thing.  In other words, we can't come back and




say--I guess we can come back if we want to, but I  think




it would be a fruitless thing to come back and say  we




haven't understood each other on the interior streams of
Phe
-------
                         	410





                     C.  V.  Blomgren






the State, that we meant one thing and Iowa meant another




when  we were together.   As far as I can see,  I am




not sure we mean the same thing.




               MR. BUCKMASTER: I will state it again




and make sure if they have  any argument about it.




               Our position is basically no different on




the Mississippi and Missouri than it is on the interstate




streams that feed these streams or, for that matter, on




our interstate streams ourselves.  ¥e apply the same




policy to all of them.  I am just citing from memory,




but I believe this is accurate.



               Out of almost 500 treatment plants, and




I am not differentiating between intra and interstate




waters, but of almost 500 plants on the interior of Iowa




there are four or five that we have determined or may




determine do not require secondary treatment to meet the




water quality standards.  These are small cities, in the




area, as I recall, of two or three hundred, most of them.




But our tests and our philosophy are the same all the




way through.  We require whatever treatment it takes to




meet the water quality standards, and in roughly 500




interior treatment plants there may be four or five in
-------
	411





                     C. V. Blomgren






small cities that we would not require secondary treatmenl




of because in our judgment it wasn't necessary to maintair




the water quality standards.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Does that explain our




position?




               MR. STEIN:  I think I understand your




position.  What I want to know is if the Federal Govern-




ment wants to make a recommendation on that, are they




satisfied with that position, or whether we have an




is sue.




               MR. BURD:  My name is Bob Burd, Deputy




Assistant Commissioner for--



               FROM THE FLOOR:  We can't hear him.




               MR. STEIN:    Come up here.  I do think




this is a key question that we can zero in on now because




it might give us a lot of trouble later.
-------
                         	412





                         B. Burd
                STATEMENT BY ROBERT BURD




            DEPUTY ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER FOR




       OPERATIONS, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL




               MR. BURD:  My name is Bob Burd, Deputy



Assistant Commissioner for Operations, FWPCA.




               The Secretary of the Interior approved the




standards for the interior interstate streams of Iowa,




that is those streams other than the Missouri and Missis-




sippi Rivers, with the exception of the temperature cri-




teria and the bacteriological criteria.  He did approve




the implementation plan which relates to waste treatment




requirements and  time schedules.




               The recommendation that FWPCA is making




at this time is that all significant wastes discharged




into the Missouri River shall receive a minimum of




secondary treatment prior to discharge.  All significant




industrial wastes will receive an equivalent of secondary




treatment prior to discharge into the Missouri River.




               So when we talk about treatment require-




ments and the recommendation, we are talking about  dis-




charging to  the Missouri River.
-------
	413





                      E. Lightfoot






               MR. BUCKMASTER:  That is my understanding




of the posture of both of us, with one exception.   I




thought we had agreed on disinfection because of  the




letter you sent me and I didn't think that was  any  longer




an argument either.




               But other than that I agree with you.




               MR. STEIN:  Edward Lightfoot, Missouri




Water Pollution Control Board.




               Mr. Lightfoot.








              STATEMENT BY EDWARD LIGHTFOOT




     ON BEHALF OF JACK K. SMITH, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY




              MISSOURI WATER POLLUTION BOARD








               MR. LIGHTFOOT:  My name is Edward  Lightfoot



and I am presenting this statement on behalf of Mr. Jack Y




Smith, Executive Secretary of the Missouri Water  Pollutior




Board.



               Staff members of the Missouri Water  Pol-




lution Board have reviewed the "Water Quality Standards




Conference, State of Iowa," a document published by  the




U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
-------
                      E.  Lightfoot






Control Administration,  Missouri Basin Region.   We offer




the following comments:




               The interstate waters common to Missouri




and Iowa of concern to Missouri at this hearing are the




Missouri River, Nishnabotna River, Tarkio River, Nodaway




River, Platte River, West Tarkio River, One Hundred and




Two River, Grand River,  East Fork of the Grand River,




Thompson River, Little River, Weldon River, and the




Chariton River.  We have attached a table of the estab-




lished water uses in Missouri for waters of these streams




               The Missouri Water Pollution Board sub-




mitted a statement in letter form at the original water




quality hearing held at Council Bluffs, December 2, 1966;




at Ottumwa on December 5> 19^6; and at Muscatine on



December 6, 1966.  Then on December 16, 1966, the




Missouri Water Pollution Board submitted an attachment




which pointed out the minor differences between Missouri




and Iowa   criteria.




               The recommendation for secondary treatment




and disinfection are effluent regulations, a part of the




plan for implementation.  We are concerned that the




quality of the interstate waters from Iowa does not
-------
		415





                      E. Lightfoot






interfere with the legitimate water uses established for




waters in Missouri, not the degree of treatment to be




provided.



               Temperature requirements in Missouri




interstate waters is a maximum of 90 degrees Fahrenheit




with a maximum of 5 degrees Fahrenheit cross sectional




change.  We now have data available indicating that the




water temperature of the shallow, flat north Missouri




streams  approaches the ambient air temperature.  High




temperature measured in the north Missouri streams to




date is  97 degrees Fahrenheit.  On other occasions the




temperature had exceeded the 90 degrees Fahrenheit in




our standards.  We have attached water quality data col-




lected to date on the Iowa-Missouri interstate streams




in the Missouri River Basin.



               Recommendations for phenol concentration




in Iowa's streams is proposed at one microgram per liter.




Missouri, in cooperation with Illinois, has collected




one grab sample per month from the Mississippi River at




Canton,  Quincy, and other downstream water plant intakes




over the past five years.  Concentrations of phenol or




phenolic like compounds have been measured at Canton
-------
	4l6





                      E. Lightfoot






from 0 to 50 micrograms per liter.  From July 1964, to




June 1968, 15 out of 46 samples measured 2 micrograms




per liter to 50 micrograms per liter with a medium value




of 7 micrograms per liter and an average value of 11.4




micrograms per liter.




               No taste or odor problems have been asso-




ciated with these concentrations of phenol or phenolic-




like compounds in the Canton water supply or the downstre4tfi




water supplies on the Mississippi River.  Furthermore, we




do not know of any taste and odor problems due to phenolic




compounds at Missouri cities using the Missouri River as




a water supply.




               We have "been informed by Dr. Louis Hemphil]




University of Missouri, Sanitary Engineering Department,



that "The quantitative specificity of the present standard




methods 4-Aminoantipyrine is insufficient to determine the




specific nature of phenolic materials.  Experimental




laboratory work has shown that this test has high quanti-




tative response for phenol and enolic materials.  However,




the nature of phenol and creosol ortho, meta and para




isomers gives a confused value."



               Therefore we do not believe that one
-------
	  	417





                      E. Lightfoot






microgram per liter is a realistic value for the criteria,




If a taste and/or odor problem occurs in- a water supply,




we will take necessary steps to identify the source and




to correct the problem regardless of the measured con-




centration of phenols.




               (The following tables were submitted by




Mr. Lightfoot:)
-------
                                II. WATER USES
                                   TABLE 2
                                MISSOURI RIVER
                                                                             4l8
Name of stream
Future | Present
Irrigation
Livestock watering
Propagation of
commercial fish
Propagation of warir.
water sport fish
Propagation of cold
water sport fish
60
a
•r-l
(-1
-------
                                 II.  WATER USES
                                    TABLE 3
                           LOWER MISSOURI RIVER BASIN
                               Interstate Streams
Name of stream
Future | Present
Irrigation
Livestock watering
Propagation of
commercial fish
Propagation of warm
water sport fish
Propagation of cold
water sport fish
60
f.
•H
M
0)
±J
n)
>
0)
U-l
•H
.H
-d
!— 1
•H
S
Industrial cooling
water
Industrial process
water
Drinking water
supply
Hydroelectric
power
Boating and
canoeing
Fishing
Whole body water
contact recreation
r'
Aesthetic .value
Receive effluents
Navigation
Receive surface
runoff
NISHNABOTNA RIVER
Nishnabotna
River'
P
F
X
X
X
X



Tarkio River
West Tarkio
River
P
F
P
F
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X




X
X

X
X
X
X


X
X










X
X
TARKIO RIVER




X
X
X
X









X

X








X
X
X
X

•
X
X









X
X
X
X
X
X






X
X

X
X
X
X
NODAWAY RIVER
Nodaway River
P
F
X
X
X
X


X
X


X
X





X


X
X
X
X


X
X
X
X


X
X
PLATTE RIVER
Platte River
One Hundred
and Two River

P
F
P
F
P
F
X
X
X
X


X
X'
X
X








X
X
X
X








X
X
X
X















X
X
X














X
X
X
X








X
X
X
X


X
X
X
X








X
X
X
X


     The future use of the Tarkio, West Tarkio,  Nodaway,  and Platte Rivers for
drinking water supply is the only future use listed above which is not also a
present use of these streams.  It is necessary to set aside now the future use
of these waters for drinking water supplies so that the water quality will be
suitable when the need for additional supplies of water arises.  It is not
possible at this time to estimate when the Tarkio, West Tarkio, Nodaway and
Platte Rivers will be used for public water supply; however, it is clear that
public water supply would be a logical future use of these streams.
     Future uses not herein specified are not expressively excluded; however,
such future uses are not anticipated.
-------
                                                                              420
                                    TABLE   5
                            LOW FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
                                       FOR
                            GRAND-CHARITON RIVER  BASIN
                                Interstate Streams

Cf-v^'i T »- *

GRAND
Grand River near Grant City
Grand River near Stanberry
Grand River near Darlington
Grand River near Pattonsburg
Grand River near Gallatin
Grand River at Chillicothe
Grand River near Sumner
Annual 7 day low flow, in cubic feet
per second, for indicated recurrence
interval in years.
2 5
RIVER
1.7
3.3
8.2
11
20
78
105








6


41
10
20

eo-i
e
_ o-i
el-3
el-3
3.6

17

25








2.7


17
30









2.4


13
EAST FORK OF GRAND RIVER
East Fork Grand River at Albany
1.9


THOMPSON RIVER
Thompson River near Mt. Moriah
Thompson River at Trenton
11
16


5.4
LITTLE RIVER
eo-i_
d
3.2
_==—

_ __





2.0


1.6

The U.S. Geological Survey has insufficient flow data for the Little Rive on which
to base a flow analysis.




































d-Insufficient data for estimate
e-Range in discharge estimated on basis of frequency curve slopes at nearby
  continuous-record stations and extension of regression curves
f-Short-time continuous-record station which was analyzed as a partial-record
  station due to scant data
-------
                                                                              421
                                     TABLE 5
                            LOW FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
                                       FOR
                     GRAND-CHARITON RIVER."BASIN (continued)
                               Interstate Streams


Annual 7 day low flow, in cubic feet
per second, for indicated recurrence
interval in years.
2 5 10
20
30
WELDON RIVER
Weldon River near Mercer
Weldon River at Mill Grove
feldon River near Trenton
0.3
2.2
6.2
0
	 o.i


0
0
(d)
CHARITON RIVER
3hariton River at Novinger
^hariton River near Prairie Hill
















7.4
21
















2.1
9.5
















1.0

6.5
















0
0
	
0
0
	

0.5
5.0
















0.3
4.6
















b-Discontinued continuous-record station
d-Insufficient data for estimate
-------
       422
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LOCATION: Near Hamburg, Iowa
      ^33
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-------
                      E.  Lightfoot






               MR.  LIGHTFOOT:   Thank you.




               MR.  STEIN:   Thank you.




               Let  me indicate what we may have on the




program for the rest of the day.



               By the way,  does anyone from Nebraska want




to speak or not?




               If not--




               MR.  SAMSON:   Mr. Chairman,  I have indicatec




that I didn't have  any remarks to make, and I am accom-




panied here by our  Executive Secretary, Mr. Filipi, who




I know loves to make a speech.



               But  I am somewhat confused, which isn't




unusual.  In your Water Quality Standards  Conference,




State of Iowa, you  made a requirement here or a recom-




mendation that all  significant municipal wastes dischargee




into the interstate waters  of Iowa shall receive a mini-



mum of secondary treatment  prior to discharge, and then




you have a timetable there  that compliance shall be sub-




mitted not later than December 31* 1969* and tne compli-




ance date of not later than December 31* 1977-




               Now, if my memory serves me correctly,
-------
	435.




                         J.  Samson






and you can correct me if I am wrong, I think  there  is




a provision in the Federal Act that requires some  con-




sistency between areas.  Isn't there some provision  like




that?




               MR. STEIN:  I  don't know about  it.




               MR. SAMSON:  I thought that  there was  some,




generally areas that were neighbors, that there should be




some consistency.



               MR. STEIN:  I  think we try to be consistent




Of course we are from the east, and you know Emerson  was




from the east too and he is the man who said, "Consistency




is the hobgoblin of mediocre  minds."




               (Laughter.)




               MR. SAMSON:  Well, aside from that, our




provisions in Nebraska,  the water quality standards  which




were approved by the Secretary of the Interior sometime




ago, in connection with  the Missouri River  provides  that;




                The date for  compliance with the standards




on all municipal and industrial wastes, except for those




facilities located on the main stem of the  Missouri  River,




shall be by 1972.  A special  timetable for  facilities  dis-




charging into the Missouri River will be developed- by
-------
                        J. Samson






December 31, 1969.  A continuing program of waste treat-




ment plant construction will go forward with the assistan




of the grants.



               I wonder if there isn't some inconsistency




here on the position of the Federal authorities on what




is required here in Iowa and what we have done in Nebraskfi




               And the second point I wanted to raise is




on this continuous disinfection shall be implemented as a




control of bacteriological pollution.   I don't recall




as far as Nebraska was concerned that there was ever any




problem raised by you folks on the Federal level involvin




the control of the bacteriological pollution and we are




going to run into this question of continuous disinfectio^i




               MR. STEIN:  We will throw all those ques-




tions up to our staff.  I think you have a point on several




of those.



               One, let me indicate that as far as I see




the standards program, and the staff can check me, dealing




with 53 jurisdictions and in dealing with Federal-State




relations,  I don't think you are going to have complete




uniformity  or it may depend on your definition of con-




sistency.   Every State program is not going to be the
-------
	437





                         J. Samson





same and I don't think the Congress or anyone contemplated




if you are going to have 53 different programs that they




would be the same.




               The point is, I think that they would be




compatible.  Now, let's get to one step at a time.  As I




understood the colloquy before between Mr. Buckmaster and




Mr. Burd, and without drawing any conclusions I can put




this together, I think, in a logical package.




               Taking what Mr. Buckmaster said, I think




we might say that all significant wastes in the feeder




streams to the Missouri are receiving secondary treatment.




If the judgment is that these are not significant wastes,




then I can see how they could approve a program that didn't




secondary treatment for all.  And the difference here may




come about as to the degree of treatment required on the



discharges directly to the Missouri River.  I don't know




that we can try to put a program like that together.




               Now, we have several other problems.  I




don't know whether you have a heat requirement in Nebraska




either,  do you, like this?




               MR. SAMSON:  You raise an interesting ques-




tion.  We have two atomic-powered plants putting into the
-------
	__	438





                         J.  Samson






Missouri River, and I think what we worked out on thermal




pollution was approved by your agency.




               Isn't that right, Mr. Rademacher, on the




thermal pollution, that is at Desoto--and if there is




such a thing—at Desoto and at Falls City?




               MR. RADEMACHER:  Again I think that the




question of thermal standards on the Missouri River is




not an issue.  It is on the interior streams of Iowa that




this question arises.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I agree.




               MR. STEIN:  Well, this still raises a




question, you see, if you are going to look for consistenc




I am not sure that there was any requirement on--is there




a thermal requirement on the interior streams in Nebraska?



               MR. SAMSON:  Will you restate that?




               MR. STEIN:  Is there a requirement on the




thermal pollution?  Is it about the same  as this that you




are recommending here?




               MR. BURD:  Yes.




               MR. STEIN:  All  right.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  What is it?




               MR. STEIN:  I don't  know.
-------
                        J. Samson






               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Let's have somebody tell




us who does know.




               MR. STEIN:  Does anyone remember this?




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I think it is important




that we know because we have spent almost a total day




in Davenport and here by people who have been pulled in




all over the United States talking about a difference of




three degress, and if it didn't require any for Nebraska




it would be interesting to Iowa to know why, although we




don't claim that would be any defense for us, but it




would be an interesting exercise in how the Federal mind




works.




               (Laughter.)




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you for a double compli-




ment, that we have a. raind and it works.




               (Laughter.)




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Now show us how, Mr. Stei




               (Laughter.)




               MR. STEIN:  Well, I think we can produce




that, but let's not hold up the proceedings for that.




               Let's move on.  Can we answer that second




question that Mr. Samson raised on disinfection?  Do we
-------
                                                      Uo
                         J.  Samson
have a requirement for disinfection in Nebraska?




               MR. SAMSON:  No.




               MR. STEIN:  We don't?




               MR. SAMSON:  None.




               MR. STEIN:  All right.  We don't have a




requirement in the internal streams or in the Missouri?




               All right.



               I suggest we go on and we will give you




an opportunity later when we find the temperature, if




there is a temperature requirement, to get that informa-




tion in the record.  0. K.?



               Let me indicate the people we have left




this afternoon.



               MR. SAMSON:  Mr. Stein, may I inquire,



what is the response from the government on that bacteriO'




logical disinfection, what is the position of the govern-




ment?



               MR. STEIN:  You heard the recommendation




here.  They said they had none for Nebraska.




               MR. SAMSON:  I mean  inasfar  as Iowa is




concerned.



               MR. STEIN:  I think  they agree.  It says
-------
                         J.  Samson






control—unless I am mi s taken — control of bacteriological




pollution by continuous  disinfection shall be implemented




A timetable for implementation shall be established by




September 30, 19^9- In no case shall the compliance date




for the installation and operation of continuous disin-




fection facilities extend beyond December 30, 1970.




               MR. SAMSON:  All right.  Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  And that is the position as




far as I know of the people preparing this report for




Iowa.  As far as I can see, and check my recollection




if this isn't correct, I think the region—this is not the




Kansas City region,, but the region in Chicago made the




same recommendation in Davenport last week or essentially




the same recommendation.




               What we do have is a list of three more




participants this afternoon.  One is W.  W.  Amundson of



Sioux City,  second is Mrs. Koerber of the League of Women




Voters, and the third is Dr. Morris.  Is there anyone




else?  Because we are going to recess -before we hear




these three.




               Is there anyone else who  would want to be




heard this afternoon?   If you do,  would  you come up to me
-------
                       W. Amundson






during recess.  We will stand recessed for 10 minutes.




                        (RECESS)




               MR. STEIN:  May we reconvene.




               May we have Mr. Amundson, please, of



Sioux City.








              STATEMENT BY WILLIAM AMUNDSON




                      CITY ENGINEER




                     SIOUX CITY, IOWA








               MR. AMUNDSON:  Mr. Chairman and conferees,




I am Bill Amundson, City Engineer for Sioux City.  I have




no written statement.  I merely want to reiterate the




position of Sioux City in this matter.




               I would like, in speaking for Sioux City,




to take the position of thanking the Iowa Water Pollution




Control Commission for the stand that they have taken in




this matter and to indicate that the city of Sioux City




is in full agreement with it.




               Sioux City, as many of you know, holds the




unfavorable and unpopular and dubious distinction of




having been one of the few cities put under Federal order
-------
                       ¥. Amundson






to cease and desist polluting the Missouri River prior to




the construction of our primary treatment plant.  We have




constructed this primary treatment plant and we feel that




we have probably as tight a rein on our situation and the




packing industry in our city as anyone on the river.  We




deplore the situation that goes on in other areas on the




Missouri River, particularly on the other side with our




adjacent State Nebraska.




               We feel that we wonder whether the measure-




ments that have been taken by the Federal Water Pollution




Control Administration were taken specifically from the




Sioux City—our name has been bandied around here today




as being a serious contributor to this pollution; we




wonder whether these measurements were taken as repre-




senting Sioux City's outfalls rather than the many, many




other outfalls that contribute to the downstream areas




just beloxtf Sioux City.




               I would repeat again that the city of




Sioux City takes the stand of supporting the position of




the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Amundson.




               You know, we were up in Sioux City ma'ny
-------
                   Mrs. G. G. Koerber






years, and I will say after they got the plant in it was




very nice up there because they used to invite me to that




annual steak dinner they had in Washington.




               Let's go off the record for a minute.




               (Off the record.)




               MR. STEIN:   May we have Mrs. Koerber, of




the League of Women Voters.








          STATEMENT BY MRS. GEORGE G. KOERBER



    DIRECTOR AND STATE CHAIRMAN FOR WATER RESOURCES




            LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF IOWA








               MRS. KOERBER:  I am Mrs. George G. Koerber,




an elected Director of the League of Women Voters of Iowa




and State Chairman for Water Resources.  The League of




Women Voters is a volunteer, non-partisan group working




to promote informed and active participation of citizens




in government.  I am grateful for this opportunity to




present the views of Iowa League members regarding surfac<




water quality standards.




               For many years, the League in Iowa and in




the United States has been concerned with water resources
-------
                   Mrs .  G. G. Koerber






We have expressed our concern by supporting measures to




encourage coordinated planning and management of water




resources on a river basin or regional basis.  At the




same time, we have worked for enactment and enforcement




of pollution abatement legislation as well as for State




and Federal appropriations and local bond issues to con-




struct treatment facilities.  In 1965, the League with




other interested groups  supported the formation of the




Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.



               We were particularly pleased that the




statute establishing the Commission declared that the




public policy of Iowa is "to conserve the waters of the




State and to protect,maintain, and improve the quality




thereof for public water supplies, for the propagation of




wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for domestic, agri-



cultural, industrial, recreational and other legitimate




uses of such waters; to  provide that no waste be discharg
into any waters of the State without first being given th




degree of treatment necessary to protect the legitimate




uses of such waters; to provide for the prevention, abate




ment, and control of new, increasing, potential, or exist




ing water pollution."  The statute, in addition, specifically
«d
-------
                   Mrs. G. G. Koerber






empowers the Commission "to develop comprehensive plans




and programs for the prevention, control and abatement




of new, increasing, potential, or existing pollution of




the waters of the State."




               Acting under this authority, the Iowa




Water Pollution Control Commission has made Iowa a




leader in pollution control.  Iowa has the highest




percentage of its urban population served by sewage




treatment facilities.  The Commission has proposed




regulations to prevent and control water pollution by




cattle feedlots.  Thus Iowa is among the first group of




States to deal constructively with this problem.  For




providing this leadership, the Commission deserves wider




recognition of its achievements than it has received.



               In addition, the Commission should be com-




mended for adopting a preventive policy toward water




quality standards for low flow streams.  This policy is




stated on page 8 of the Water Quality Criteria and Plan




for Implementation and Enforcement as revised  June 1968.




It reads "to protect legitimate uses on low flow streams,




the wastes will be given the highest practicable degree




of treatment without respect to dilution in order to
-------
                   Mrs. G. G. Koerber






prevent the development of nuisance or health problems




below discharge.  Treatment less than secondary treatment




will not be accepted unless it can be shown that the




legitimate uses can be protected with a lesser degree of




treatment."




               Now, if this means what I think it means,




I ask these questions:  If it is possible to require




secondary treatment on low flow streams without proof by




the Commission that water quality has been affected




adversely, is it not possible to require the same degree




of treatment on high flow streams as well?  Is it not




equally valid to place the burden of proof that primary




treatment is not detrimental on those discharging into




high flow streams as well as those on low flow ones?




After all, a high flow has at least one disadvantage—even




though it provides greater dilution, it has the effect of




decreasing the distance between communities so that the




stream has less time between communities to cleanse itsel:




               The League of Women Voters of Iowa believe




secondary treatment or its equivalent by municipalities




and industries along the Missouri River is necessary to




prevent and control new,  increasing, or potential pollutic
-------
	448





                   Mrs. G. G. Koerber






if not existing pollution.  We ask the Iowa Water Pollu-




tion Control Commission to continue to look ahead, to




anticipate problems and to adopt measures to prevent the




development of nuisance or health problems.




               With our present population, let's assume




for a moment that primary treatment is adequate, what




happens if we wait to require secondary treatment?  Even




with the best monitoring system possible, water quality




would be lowered unless we can install treatment facilities




on an overnight basis.




               We urge the Iowa Water Pollution Control




Commission to adopt a requirement for secondary treatment




or its equivalent along the Missouri River and to initiat(



plans for implementation and enforcement now.  Action now




will prevent pollution from accompanying the predicted




increase in population for the urban areas along this




river, because action now means the necessary treatment




facilities will be in operation when the increase occurs- •




not five or more years later.  Action now will save the




public money.  It costs less to treat the wastes entering




the river than it does to treat the water to make it




potable or usable by industry.  Action now will avoid
-------
	449





                    Mrs.  G.  G.  Koerber






 some  of  the  annual  increase In cost  of  constructing




 facilities.



                On the  remaining matters  under  discussion




 here,,  the  League as a  lay  group cannot  speak on  the




 technical  points involved.   We can,  however, speak to  the




 policy that  will govern  the technical decisions.  The




 League "believes the Commission when  setting quality




 standards  should abide by  policy which  gives greater




 weight to  protecting the public and  to  protecting the




 environment  than to other  factors.



                We know that other areas  of the Nation




 have  greater pollution problems.  This  fact, however,




 does  not remove the need to prevent  or  control pollution




 in  this  basin.  On  the contrary,  the severe problems



 elsewhere  should be justification for preventive action




 here  because it demonstrates  so well the result  of pro-



 crastination and undue reliance upon dilution  as a means




 of  water quality control.   We  must learn from  experience




 and take this opportunity  to  keep history from being




 repeated.  As taxpayers  and consumers,  League  members




 are willing  to  pay  their share of the cost to  conserve




 water  quality for succeeding  generations.
-------
                        C.  Noren






               Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mrs. Koerber.




               I will put this in next because it comes




from an official State agency.




               "This telegram is to emphasize the concern




of the Missouri Department of Conservation regarding the




detrimental effects of pollution on the fish, wildlife,




and recreation resources of the Missouri River and its




tributaries.  We believe that a high degree of waste




treatment is necessary to improve the condition of the




Missouri River and that a non-degradation policy is




essential to prevent further damage to the aquatic




resources of waste, heat or other pollutants unforeseen




at this time.



               "Sincerely,



               "Carl R. Noren, Director



               "Missouri Department of Conservation."




               Now, Mr. Bob Russell.




               Mr. Russell.
-------
                                                      451
                      R. C. Russell
             STATEMENT BY ROBERT C. RUSSELL




           EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, IOWA DIVISION




             IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA




                    IOWA CITY, IOWA









               MR. RUSSELL:  Mr. Chairman,, as Chairman




of this conference, we thank you for allowing us to




present the following.  My name is Robert C. Russell,




and I am the Executive Secretary for the Iowa Division




of The Izaak Walton League of America (I.W.L.A.).  As




such, and having received a copy of the March 5* 19^9,




notice by Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel




setting this conference, I brought it to the attention




of the Iowa Division I.W.L.A. State Board of Directors at




their meeting of March 15,  1969. After discussing the




content of the notice and how it related to our interest




in water pollution abatement, I was delegated to prepare




and present a statement that would contain the sentiments




of the Board's discussion and other pertinent commentary.




The following is that statement.




               It has  been  the policy and indeed the
-------
	452





                      R. C. Russell






history of the Iowa Division of the I.W.L.A. to have a




strong interest in and to support a strong water pollutioj




abatement program.  Our effort and support in the estab-




lishment of the present Iowa Water Pollution Control Law;




our statements presented at the November-December,1966,




hearings on water quality criteria for all Iowa waters;




and our statement given at the four April,1968,public




hearings on the subject of cattle feedlot waste disposal




all bear this out.



               Because of these involvements and our




knowledge of the program and actions of the Iowa Water




Pollution Control Commission, we would be remiss at this




time if we did not publicly thank them for the work that




they have done.  It should also be noted that many of




their accomplishments have been made to date in spite of



inadequate financing, lack of departmental personnel, and




perhaps even the very Iowa laws under which they administ




and operate.



               Now to grips with the purpose of this




conference, as we understand it:  Namely, resolving the




differences between the water quality standards of the




State of Iowa and the Fede'ral Water Pollution  Control
-------
	453.




                       R.  C.  Russell






 Administration regarding  the interstate waters of Iowa,




 as noted in the conference notice and determined in part




 not to be consistent with the protection of the public




 health and welfare,  the enhancement of the quality of




 the water, and the purposes  of the Federal Water Pollutio




 Control Act with particular  reference to:




                1.   The treatment requirements  and



      implementation  plan  for waste discharges  to the




      Mississippi and Missouri Rivers;




                2.   The requirements for disinfection




      of controllable waste discharges which may be




      sources  of bacteriological  pollution;




                3.   The temperature criteria for the




      interstate waters of the State other  than the




      Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.



                First it is important to point  out that ou




 views  on  these  points  are from a non-technical standpoint




 and to note  that we  believe  the  following  to be relevant




 to  this  conference:




                1.  From the  FEDERAL WATER  POLLUTION




      CONTROL  ACT,  AS AMENDED,  "DECLARATION  OF  POLICY,




      Section  1.  (a)   The  purpose  of this Act is  to
-------
                 R. C. Russell






enhance the quality and value of our water




resources and to establish a national policy




for the prevention,, control and abatement of




water pollution."



          2.  Prom the IOWA WATER POLLUTION




CONTROL LAW, CHAPTER 455B.1, Statement of




policy, excerpt, "...it is hereby declared




to be the public policy of this State to




conserve the waters of the State and to




protect, maintain and improve the quality




thereof..."



          3.  From the CONSERVATION POLICIES




OF THE IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA in the




section on WATER POLLUTION, No. 6.  "Since




water courses know no political boundaries,




pollution control is rightfully a Federal as



well as a local, State, and interstate re-




sponsibility.  Although control measures should




be initiated at the lowest effective level,




the Federal Government should have clear




authority to strongly enforce pollution




abatement .and prevention  in cases when lower
-------
	455





                       R.  G.  Russell






      authority proves  ineffectual  or  inadequate."




                If  these  stated  Federal  and  State  policies




 of  water  quality enhancement and improvement  are  to  have




 any meaning,  for the  reasons which this  conference was



 called, and  because  this  organization historically has




 supported an enhancing clean waters program,  we urge the




 Iowa Water Pollution  Control Commission  to  resolve the




 issues  upon  which  this conference  was called  and  thereby




 qualify the  Iowa Water Quality  Standards  with a program




 acceptable to the  Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis




 tration.




                Should  the Iowa  Water  Pollution Control




 Commission feel  the  need  for changes  or  additional Iowa




 legislation  that affects  its ability  to  comply with  the




 Federal Water Pollution  Control Act,  it  is  suggested that




 they immediately petition the Iowa Legislature for such




 authority.




                In  closing we would like  to  note the




 splendid  example set  by  the  City of Dubuque,  Iowa, in its




 recent  move  to  improve its sewage  treatment program.




 Perhaps their action will set a pattern  for other cities




 on  Iowa's  border streams.  It could hopefully be ind'icati'
/e
-------
	456

                        D.  F.  Beam

 that cities,  industries and agriculture are seeing the
 "light" towards a better environment.  It is also hoped
 that the Federal and State water pollution control agencies
 involved with this conference can show a good example of
 cooperation.
                Thank you.
                MR. STEIN:   Thank you, Mr. Russell.
                Now, before we call on Dr. Morris, is
 there anyone  else from other than the Iowa official
 agencies who  wishes to make a statement?
                Yes, come on up here, please.
                MR. BEAM:  Did you want me to follow Docto|¥?
                MR. STEIN:   No.  Come on up here.

                  STATEMENT OF D. F. BEAM
           VICE CHAIRMAN, NEBRASKA COMMITTEE FOR
         PURE  AIR AND WATER, INC., OMAHA, NEBRASKA


                MR. BEAM:  I am Mr. Beam and I am from
i
' Nebraska, from Omaha.  I am Vice Chairman of the Nebraska
»         J
' Committee for Pure Air and Water, Inc.  We, too, thank
 the Secretary of the Interior and Mr. Stein as his
-------
                       D. F. Beam






representative for having this regional hearing.  I do




not have a prepared statement except that I jotted down




some notes from attending the meeting this morning.




               It seemed to me that the concern seems to




be on aquatic life in the streams, and my thought and my




question was because we are humans perhaps maybe I missed




the point of the whole study, "but I think that part of




it was brought out when food processing was mentioned,




and so forth, when foods are prepared from this water




after it is treated.  But if we are concerned about the




fish life, I think the Federal Government as well as the




Iowa Water Pollution Commission needs to be concerned




about such matters as toxicity as far as the human being




is concerned and I think that the public hearing is




threshing out some of the solutions and controls.  I



think to report back to the public, the taxpayer, that is




you and I, you also, myself included, I think this needs




to be done, because we need to be made aware of how our



money is being spent and if it is being spent wisely.




               And then also I am wondering about the




Commission staffs, if there is enough public represen-




tation on these councils.  Nebraska,  I understand,  has a
-------
	    458





                       D. F. Beam






council, Nebraska Water Pollution Council.  I am wondering




if there is enough representatives.  I think there is one




representative to represent the public in Iowa, but I am




not too sure about Nebraska.  That is one of the question?




that I noted down.



               Now, one of the other things that I didn't




have too much time to delve into was the possibility of




the recent heavy construction of nuclear  powerplants. I




think the Federal Government has adequate technical staff




to delve into this and I don't know whether the Federal




water pollution council has included this in their




studies.  This would be a radioactive waste byproduct




accident, possibly, and this was just recently brought




to the attention of the public through the Des Moines



Register of this past Sunday which was summarized from




the national history publication about the increase in



numbers of nuclear  powerplants  throughout the country.




               I think that your publicity that you have




received  locally is very  good.  As far  as a  lay person,




I  would like to see more publicity  ahead  of the conferenc^,




although maybe this conference was  really earmarked for




the people  that are concerned, such  as the water  treatmen
-------
                       D. F. Beam






and sanitation engineers.




               Is that true, Mr. Stein?




               MR. STEIN:  No, no, no.  Let me




interrupt since you have paused.  Don't go away; I




don't want to cut you off.




               These are always delicate issues, I




think you have raised some good questions and we




are going to let Nebraska, hopefully, answer you.




However, I will give you my philosophy on this.




               In dealing with publicity before the




conference vie have certain enforcement actions under




the law.  One runs the risk of using v;hatever the




forum is--newspapers, radio and T.V.--to try a case




or wait until you come before a forum such as this




where all sides can be represented.  With the best




of intentions, when you put all this material out




in advance you don't have the traditional face-to-




face confrontation that we like in our society, which




seems to be the best way of getting at the truth.




               We follow the law strictly.  First




we prepare our reports.   I hope they got them out




in advance so everyone could see them.  We made a
-------
                       D. P. Beam






distribution to the appropriate congressional members,




to the appropriate State agencies, to everyone else we




thought would be interested in a technical report.  We




sent out notices of the conferences, and I like to use




the phrase "deadpan notices."  I know one mailing from




the Kansas City office alone was, what, 800 names, wasn't




it?  How many names did we get from the Chicago office




on the other side?  Perhaps a like number.




               In other words, we sent out over 1,500




notices.  Anyone who received those notices could have




come in and asked for the information.  The information




is all public.




               However, as you see, with issues such as




we have here--and again trying to have an even-handed




administration of the lav;--I believe that is about as




far as an agency can reasonably go before a conference




to distribute or disseminate the information and  put out




what you might call, in quotes, "publicity."  The reason




for that is apparent.  We are trying to set up a  forum




or a procedure where we have all the points of view and




are able to make a judgment.  In other words, we  wouldn't




be calling a conference of this type if we didn't have
-------
                       D. F. Beam






questions like that and we didn't recognize there might




be differing points of view that are to be aired and




adjudicated.




               I know how much you are interested —and




I am just as much—in the widest dissemination of informa




tion.  But under the American system of government, the




jurisprudence, and in the interest of fair play, every




governmental agency--! don't care whether it is State,




Federal or local—when you have a situation of this type,




has to exercise a reasonable amount of restraint in the




kind of, again, "publicity" engaged in before the con-




ference.  This is the avenue by which we get all the




various views, some agreeing, some opposing, so we can




try to arrive at truth, if we can, and agreements if at




all possible.  But this does not mean that we by the use




of any term have a closed society or we have any secret




information.   It is just that we make the information




available through normal channels and do not try to push




this too far before we have the conference.




               By the way, this is the essence of the




Federal-State relations. Where a lot of the problems come




up—again let me give you my experience--! would say that
-------
                                                     462
                       D. P. Beam
70 percent or 80 percent of the problems that I have




found in Federal and State relations, Federal-State-local




industrial relations, emanate from someone reading a story




or an alleged quote or a release in a newspaper or in a




magazine and going back.  Again, as you know, they always




come to me.   I have never felt that I have ever had to tell




a magazine or a newspaper to change a story.  They do the




best they can and we are dealing with very technical




matters.  By and large, I would say they have been pretty




accurate and they generally get the main point of the




story across, which is all you can expect.  I certainly




have never had a complaint.




               But this is the kind of thing we all have




to watch.  I believe we have struck a balance and we come




to this as fast as we can.  I know the conservation group




and a lot of the public groups would like to see some-




thing different, but again I really do not think there is




a substitute for face-to-face confrontation.




               Peel free to comment on that, or we can




ask the Nebraska people to talk first if you want to.




               Mr. Samson.




               MR. SAMSON:  Mr. Beam, I think it is very
-------
                                                      463





                       D.  F.  Beam






gratifying that you as a citizen take the time to come




over and attend this conference.




               I just want to call your attention to our




statute in Nebraska provides  for a membership of 10, and




of those 10 members on the Nebraska Water Pollution




Control Council 4 of them are ex officio members of the




official bodies in the State  House, that is the Director




of Fish and Game, Director of Health, Director of Soil




and Conservation.  And then there are six who were




appointed by the Governor, citizens over the State, and




they are divided two representing municipalities, I mean




citizens such as you and others that the Governor picks




out who are interested in water pollution,  one represents




agriculture and three represent industry.  So that is the




way the Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council is




constituted.



               Thank you.




               MR. BEAK:  Yes, that is very good.  That




is what I was waiting to hear.  I had not seen, you know,




a regulation or statute which shows how it is composed.




I appreciate that.




               I think that is all.
-------
	464





                       Dr.  Morris






                MR.  STEIN:   Thank you.




                Is  there  anyone  e.ise?




                If  not, may  we have  Dr.  Morris.








             STATEMENT  BY DR. ROBERT L.  MORRIS




          ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, IOWA STATE HYGIENIC



                  LABORATORY, AMES,  IOWA








                DR.  MORRIS:   I do not have  a  prepared




 paper.




                I  would like  to  make a few  comments  on  som




 of  the  things  that  were  in  the  basic initial report from




 the Federal  Government.   Some things I  do  not feel  quite




 represent  the  feeling  of technical  people  and I  would



 like to point  them  out.   I  had  planned  one of them  before




 this last  gentleman  talked, but because of his  comment



 I doubly  want  to  discuss it.




                I want  to talk for a moment about radio-




 activity.  It  says  in  the basic report  in  the blue  cover




 on  V-3, section E  under  "Radioactivity":




                "Water  treatment plants  remove little




 radioactive  pollution  from  raw  water supply."
-------
	465





                        Dr.  Morris






                I hope this  isn't true,  because at reactor




 sites  we  use  rather conventional water  treatment processe




 to remove many kinds of radioisotopes.   We precipitate




 and filter them off to concentrate the  waste,  they are




 passed through ion  exchange  materials and the  cations,




 many of them  are the isotopes  of interest, are taken out




 in ion exchange and either  eluted or taken away from




 those  resins  and concentrated  in other  kinds of fluids




 so that they  can be disposed of  in a variety of manners.




                And  if this  statement is  true,  we are in




 a very difficult position in  handling  radioactive




 wastes.   The  division of radiological health of the




 Public Health Service has for  many years  done  very




 excellent research  and given us  techniques and procedures




 to handle these kinds of wastes.   They  are classical




 water  treatment plant procedures.




                Also,the research  done by  the State




 Hygiene Laboratory  in Iowa has indicated  at times  follow-




 ing weapon detonations, at least,  and this is  where  our




 experience has  been gained because we really have  no




 industrial radiation industry  in  Iowa of  any size,   we




 have found time and time again in  our national  rivers,
-------
	466





                       Dr. Morris






especially the Mississippi, the Iowa and the Cedar,




where we have worked primarily, that 50 to 75 percent




of the radioactivity in our streams is in suspended




material.




               Well, the purpose of a water treatment




plant in the first step of surface water treatment is




to remove suspended material, and many of our plants




are highly efficient at this, either in just simple




sedimentation or chemically-produced coagulation and




then sedimentation, and it is a demonstrated fact that




this significantly reduces the concentration of radio-




isotopes .




               If we go through classical lime softening,



which is quite common in surface water supplies as well




as some ground water supplies in Iowa, these are the




materials that are taken out.  Strontium, for instance,




which is a well-known isotope, reacts to softening




processes just like calcium and magnesium and iron and




manganese, which are the things we are taking out.  So




that this again is effective as a removal technique.




               I am not going to get complicated and




talk about percentage removals and some of the variables
-------
                       Dr. Morris






in it, but nevertheless I think that statement shoul^




be understood.




              In Iowa it is not uncommon fco zeoV? be




soften municipal supplies, some of them even surface




waters.  And we know for a fact that radium 226, which




is a common natural  isotope in ground water supplies



in southeastern Iowa, is removed to some place around the




97 to 98 percent removal level by passage through zeo-




lite.



               The Public Health Service for about three




years had xvhat they called the midwest environmental




study based out of our laboratory in Iowa City where




hundreds of samples naturally coming from the wells and




those which had been passed through zeolite softeners




were shown to have reduced this isotope to a very sig-



nificant extent.



               I think because of the comment that this




last gentleman made about the concern about reactors,




nuclear  powerplants, someone should at least comment on




this statement.




               In addition to the radioisotope idea of




removal, I would like to state that our standards, such
-------
	468





                       Dr.  Morris






 as  existed  the  last time we  considered  it,  are  in




 essential  conformance with  what  the Water  Pollution




 Control Administration is recommending  and I  think they




 are non-controversial and I  think  they  are very  adequate.




 Our research  in  the Iowa environment  during the  time  when




 we were getting  fallout materials  indicated that we never




 came  anywhere  near the limit of  1,000 micro-microcuries




 or picocuries.   This  is a value  that  I  think  we  can live




 with  and it is certainly our intent to  do  what we can




 from  a State  level to see that the nuclear installations




 meet  these standards.




                  So,  I don't think  there is  any reason




 for concern in this respect.  I think  the Federal Govern-




 ment   requirements or philosophy  on  this  is  sound and




 we have no argument with it.



               The second item I would  like to discuss




 a little bit  is  bacteria.   Mr. Buckmaster  mentioned that




 we had a letter  from  an FWPCA official  talking about




 bacteriological  standards and essentially  accepting our




 attitude on this.  We feel  that  in this  environment the




 highest coliform organism density, which is the  parameter




 that  practically everyone uses,  at least in part, in  thei
-------
	46Q




                       Dr. Morris






evaluation of water quality, is at an extremely high




level in the early stages of runoff which  reaches  or




cleanses the upper surface of our soil.  Thousands  of




acres, maybe hundreds of thousandsr-I have never tried




to figure it out--in a broad Statewide rain of a sig-




nificant amount, in our experience a half  inch to  an




inch normally is sufficient to do this, pollute  our



streams with agricultural land runoff of which the




coliform organism group is a major constituent to  a very




extensive degree. And after many conferences with  the




Federal people we finally hammered out an  agreement,which




we thought was permanent,that we would evaluate the




quality of our waters at what was termed low flow.




               Now, there are many waters  in the State




where we can meet the levels which the Federal Government




has established and that we have agreed with, and  I will



only quote one of them for recreation, which seems to be




the guiding impetus of these conferences, 200 fecal colif




organisms per 100 milliliters.  We can meet this in a




geometric mean in many of the recreational waters  in




Iowa.  We can't meet these levels at periods of high flow




We exceed them many, many times and I don't quite  see how
prm
-------
                       Dr. Morris






  we can arraign   150,000 farmers from the State of Iowa




to change their agricultural practices.




               By that I do not mean to infer — and I




think the whole Commission agrees with this—that the




Iowa Water Pollution Commission is not going to exert




every possible effort we can to produce better soil




conservation conditions so that the water is held on




the individual farm where it falls.  What we are really




trying to do, and there is some argument against this,




but it is the best way we know how to go about it, is




to force the water into the ground water aquifer rather




than force it into the streams.  We are limited to some




extent by this because we don't want to have all the




water flowing down our streams coming from ground water




to a river watershed recharge.  We wouldn't have enough




to dilute some of the products that get into the river,




including effluents from secondary or tertiary treatment.




It still needs dilution.




               So we are going to try and do what we  can




to hold the water where it is.  Until we do this to an




adequate extent, we are only going to meet these standards




or any  conceivable bacteriological level, at the low  flow
-------
                       Dr. Morris






periods in our State, and I strongly suspect many of the




States in the midwest are in exactly the same position




whether they know it or not as yet.  If they look, they




will see that it is something logical and we don't know




how to reverse it except by holding water where it falls.




               Actually, the Federal Government survey




that was performed, I think  in October last year, at




least in part brings this out.  If you look on page A-2




you can see that the geometric mean below Sioux City was




62,800 total coliforms and 26,600 fecal coliforms, and




this was by their description of the hydrology of the




period a relatively dry or low flow period.




               Over on the top of the next page, A-3, the;



make a statement that a two-day rain-affected period at




19 of the 21 stations showed the total coliforms at




1.44 million, and the fecal coliforms, which is an




important point,were 1.12 million.  This is a vast




increase, but there is one other salient point here.




If you calculate percentages, and I didn't bring ray




slide rule along and I make all kinds of mistakes with a




pencil and paper, fewer with a slide rule, it looks to me




like about 77 percent of the total coliforms were fecal
-------
	472




                       Dr. Morris






in nature, meaning that they came from the intestinal




tract of warm-blooded animals.  We are quite inadequate




to determine whether the fecal coliforms are coming from




human beings or from livestock, but we can separate




those   which   are of intestinal origin and, there-




fore, possible disease transmitters from those which are




of natural soil forms which normally have less important




effect as far as disease transmission.



               So the data which the people fro.m the




Federal Government produced here corresponds with what




we have found in Iowa on the internal streams, what we




have found on the Mississippi, and what we have found




with some of the work we have done on the Missouri.  And




as Mr. Stein so aptly stated, when we get together and




talk with each other, we reach some conclusions while we




are looking each other in the eye that you don't always




bring out in reports that are flown back and forth.  This




is one of the points. I think we must recognize that we




can set any bacteriological standard we want and the




environment in this situation doesn't make it possible




to meet a number.  You have to live with the environmenta




condition.  I think we should understand this about
-------
	473





                       Dr. Morri s






bacteriological levels.




               I think there  is  some question  as  to  wheth^:




we can meet this on the Missouri, and  anybody  who looks




at the data which was  collected  by  this  study  in  October




has to ask himself this question.   To  make  the  decision




that you can't meet it is one  thing.   To  decide what you




should do about it is  another, and  there  is more  than




just secondary treatment involved.  Disinfection  of  waste:




can reduce the bacteriological load. This gets, in my



opinion, to be an engineering  decision and  an  economic




one. which way you want to approach the  problem?




               The third thing I would like to  discuss




is phenols.  We had a  discussion of this  in Davenport, and




I am not going to spend the time on it here that  I did




there, except to say that the  commonly accepted and  agreec




to level of phenols pretty much  around the  country is  one



part per billion.  Again I lean  on  our environment and




the monitoring data which we have and  on  some  theory which




I think supports what we find.   The State of Missouri




made the comment that they can't meet  the one  part per




billion.  ¥e can't meet it either.  The State  of  Illinois




has signified that they can't meet  the one  part per  billidn
-------
                                                      474
                       Dr. Morris
maximum permissible concentration of phenols in the




Mississippi River and other of their internal streams,




and the question becomes why.




               It is a quite well documented fact that




phenolic compounds can result from nature herself.  Many




natural materials can degrade into phenolic compounds




by a variety of pathways, and if people will read the




California Water Standards in the section for phenols,




this is so stated in here with bibliographies that can




be looked up to at least show you where these materials




come from.




               The best article on this I have read any




place in a single spot is an article in Air and Water




Pollution Journal, which happens to be a British journal,



but it is an extremely well done article.  It is entitled




"Recovery and Identification of Organics  in Water" by




Richard D. Hoak.  He was working at the Mellon Institute




in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  This documents, in my




opinion, in a very well done fashion, some of the sources




of these materials naturally.




               We have noticed the same phenomenon




in the phenol, problem that we have just been discussing
-------
                        	4?_c





                       Dr. Morris






in the bacteriological densities at dry periods and high



runoff periods.  We find in our work on the streams in




Iowa that the phenol concentrations are higher in early




stages of runoff.  This confirms the fact or at least make




it logical to assume that these are of natural origin,




because their increase fits with this kind of a cleansing




action on the soil.



               Actually, from my own experience and from




discussions with the engineers in the State Health Depart




ment, we have very little industrial input of phenols




into our environment.  We are recording quite significant




levels in our streams. On the Mississippi we record an




average of about 10 parts per billion, we have recorded




levels as high as 18.  This is the reason why our standard




is not one part per billion.   It isn't consistent with




our environment.



               And the other  salient point on this, and 1




reason why the one part per billion was chosen, is that




there is a lot of work which  shows that certain phenols




at the one part per billion level can produce compounds




when chlorinatedjthat do produce measurable tastes.  And




I am not here to argue with this.  It has been done by
-------
                                                     476
                       Dr. Morris
some very competent researchers.




               But I think it is reasonable to assume




that the types of phenolic compounds that are in out-




natural environment are not producing the same levels




of taste and odor when they are chlorinated in our




natural water supplies.  Constitutuents entering a mole-




cule can change these taste levels and I think most




people working in this field realize this.  So that I




think we have to take a look at the natural input of




phenols into our environment.




               There was a discussion of this by the




State of Missouri,, and I don't recall having heard, and




1 would like to be informed if it exists, an actual




standard for phenols in the State of Missouri. I have




heard it stated twice that they concur with our level of



20 parts per billion, but I am not in possession of what




level they have actually accepted and, unless I misunder-




stood the statements, their standards have been approved




by the Federal Government.  I would like to know whether




they are higher than ours or loiter than ours.




               I also, in my ignorance, do not know what




the standards for Nebraska are with respect to phenols.
-------
	477





                        Dr.  Morris






 If  it  is  one  part  per  billion,  we  are  going  to  have  to




 sample  on the  other  side  of  the river,  I-guess,  because




 the  part  that  we sample in  Iowa is not  going to  meet




 that one  part  per  billion level.   I  have no  information




 to  indicate that the other  side of the  river is  really




 any  better than ours with respect  to this  type  of  runoff.




               Fourthly,  I  am deeply disturbed,  because




 it  is a responsibility which at least  in part would be




 directed  to me arid the State Hygienic  Laboratory and  the




 Water Pollution Commission  and  the State Department of




 Health, over a statement  on  IV-42 which talks about a




 matter very dear to my heart, monitoring of  water  quality




 or surveillance, and it says:




               "The scheduled sampling  frequencies of




 existing  and proposed  monitoring stations  operated by




 the  Iowa  Water Pollution  Control Commission  are  on a




 quarterly basis for physical, chemical  and bacteriological




 parameters."



               Now, I  have in front of  me  a  cooperatively




 worked out agreement or suggestion, I guess, proposal,




 by the, I think it is,  Region V group out  of Chicago,




 a Mr.  Risley came to  Des Moines and worked  with Mr.
-------
                                                      478
                       Dr. Morris
Schliekelman and myself and Dr. Gakstatter from our




staff, discussing proposed sampling points in Iowa, and




we worked out, after a full day of going over our data




and what the Federal people had, what I believe to be a very




adequate surveillance program for Iowa streams.  A certair




class of surveillance is done quarterly, some things




semi-annually, by the way this includes phenols, pesti-




cides, radioactivity, which happen  to be monthly, and




detergents, which is on a quarterly basis.  We sat down




and tried to work out with reason and judgment, as engi-




neers and chemists and liranologists, what it would take




to evaluate our environment, and we came up with a




detailed but variable type program.



               The statement goes on in the Missouri River




re port:



               "The  sampling frequencies for these




parameters should be increased to at least weekly




intervals" on a group of streams.  Some of these are




those on which we have worked out these sampling




frequencies .



               If I  may be permitted a  probably prejudiced




statement, one. which I mean to put  politely, I don't know
-------
                                                       479
                       Dr. Morris
whether any chemists were involved in making  that  state-




ment, but there is a whale of a lot of work and a  lot of




money and an enormous amount of leg work in the field to




collect a broad spectrum of samples like this on at  least




a weekly basis.  I can assure you the State Hygienic




Laboratory, plus the Health Department in Iowa,doesn't have




this kind of manpower muscle, nor do I see where we will




get it,nor do I see the necessity for it.




               I would like to ask that that  statement be




looked at again in a little more realistic manner.  Some




of our streams deserve daily analytical control, others




of them weekly, others monthly, some quarterly, and we




have tried to work this out.




               Now, I was very pleased when Mr. Risley




representing the Federal Government,  came out and sat




down in what I considered to be a very fine technical




fashion and worked this program out.   I would hope that




we would get the same sort of a cooperative attempt from




the Missouri Basin Region




               I want to assure you that we will make




available any of the experience our laboratory has and I




am sure the  Health Department staff will do exactly the
-------
	480





                       Dr. Morris






same thing, but I don't like to see someone from outside




tell us what our sampling frequency should be on an




internal stream without at least discussing the problem




with us.  I can't say whether they have discussed it with




the Health Department or not, but they certainly didn't




discuss it with me and I am, with tax money and some




Federal funds and some State funds with some private fund




footing the bill, and I would like to be consulted when




we decide what the monitoring frequency should be.  I




think that is a reasonable request.




               These are basically the things that I




wanted to read into the record.  Thank you.



               I have one other comment.  Maybe I




shouldn't say this, and Mr. Stein can strike it all from



the record if he wants to.  I am not ashamed of saying




it because I sincerely mean it.



               The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commissior




has had some very sincere and excellent statements of




support and understanding from a number of  the critical




groups  in  our State.  I hesitate to name any of them




because I will probably delete some of the  important




ones.   But for myself as  one member, I appreciate  the
-------
                                                      481
                       Dr. Morris
understanding that has been shown in the statements from phe




League of Women Voters, from the Izaak Walton League,




and especially because I have been close to some of the




conferences that preceded this out-in-the-open statement




at both Davenport and Council Bluffs. I think the stano




of Iowa industry — and you people can't know this, but I




think a lot of you technical people on the Federal level,




just as much as those of us on the State level,would be impressed




with the sincerity of the large number of industrial




people representing many of our big companies,and some




of the small ones^ in trying to understand their involve-




ment and responsibility in this kind of a program.  We




have had some statements, although not as many as I think




we should have, from the municipalities involved.




               And finally, I know I probably shouldn't




say this because this is Mr. Buckmaster's forte, but I



appreciate the opportunity that Mr. Stein has given us




to state our case without closing down on time for people




like me who tend to talk too much.  I have appreciated




the way in which he has operated these conferences.  I




don't know if anybody else agrees with me or not, but




that is the way I feel.
-------
	482





                        Dr.  Morris






                Thank  you  very much.




                MR.  STEIN:   Thank you.




                I  have one  comment.   You  had  better




 listen  to  this,  because you may want to  strike  it




 yourself.   I  direct this  comment not only to the




 Iowa  people but  to  the  Federal people.   Over and




 over  again I  have heard in  both reports  whether we




 can tell whether  a  coliform or some  kind of  patho-




 gen,,  fecal coll,  fecal  strep,  what-have-you, is




 coming  from field runoff,  from a plant,  from a




 packing house,  etc.




                Now,  if  my  recollection  is correct,




 and I think it  is,  there  are still  two  people in  the




 room  who started  on this  case  on the Missouri River--



 Virginia Rankin,  whose  name used to  be  Hough then,




 and myself.   We were  much  younger  then.   Paul Houser




 is here too.  At  any  rate, as I recall  Harold Clark's




 work  during the 1950's, he  was subjected to  the most




 piercing cross  examination  by  top notch  attorneys




 who were hired  by the packing  house  plants and  municipal.!




 ties,  the  attorneys  on  the  staff — some  of them  have gone




 up to be judges since then—but I think  this was  subject
-------
	         483





                       Dr. Morris






to  too cross  examination.  As  I understood  Mr.  Clark's




testimony in  the late  1950's,  it was  this:




               He  could  determine whether that  bug




came  from a field  runoff  or  from a  waste  discharge




ana could distinguish  between  them.   I  believe  I




recognize another  face in  the  room;  I think Mr.




Saras on was involved  as a  member of  the  Hearing  Board.




Harold Clark  could distinguish whether  the  bug  came




from  a packing house or  from human  wastes.   He  also




c^uld distinguish  by the  viability  in the length




of  flow,  if he p.'eked  it  up, say, below Omaha and




Dounc'l  Bluffs,  whether  it carne from Sioux  City or




from  Cmaha.




               I am  not  arguing  the facts one way




or  the other.  But if  we  are talking in terms of what




kind  of  treatment  exists  and where  the  flow is  coming




from, it  seems to  me,  gentlemen--and vie will check  this




until tomorrow,  although  Mr. Geldreich  is in the room




who works  in  the same  technique—it seems to me,  sir, if




we  had these  techniques  in the 1950's and they were em-




ployed then  to give  us the information  and  we have  the




same  questions today,  I  just wonder why we  shouldn't be ajble
-------
                       Dr.  Morri s



 to  use  that  methodology, if  it  is valid,to  give  us  the


 same  results  now  as  we had  then.   And  I  just  raise that.


                May I call Mr.  Geldreich  for a moment.


 Is  what I  said  substantially correct?


                MR. GELDREICH:   That  is  correct.


                MR. STEIN:   All right.   I would  just ask


 this--


                Go ahead.


                DR. MORRIS:  May I speak  to  that  just a


 minute?


                MR. STEIN:   Surely.  By the way, it  should


 be  clear,  I  have  drawn no conclusions,  you know,  but it


 just  seems to me  that we have  a method  to  get the  answers.


                DR. MORRIS:  I see Mr. Geldreich  back there


 and I know that Mr.  Clark,  Dr. Kabler,  Mr. Geldreich,  and


 a lot of people at the Robert  A. Taft  Sanitary  Engineering


 Center  did an enormous amount  of work  on this.     On the


 surface of things I  too  have read  and  talked  with  Harold


!Clark a number  of times  about  this.  The only hooker to
i

 this  system  as  you described it is that  they  don't use


 the standard coliform test  in  making this  differentiation
!

 They  go into more sophisticated bacteriology, into the
-------
	483





                       Dr. Morris






 streptococci, and  so  forth, and these not  only  can




 differentiate whether it came from one kind of  animal,




 a cow, a sheep, a  pig, but the sad part of it is, unless




 I read the articles wrong--and I hope Mr.  Geldreich will




 clarify this because  I know he was in on it—also these




 same kinds of organisms have origin in the soil and




 plants also and this  muddies the water, so  to speak; so




 that even with this ability to differentiate above and




 beyond what the coliforms permit you to do, there have




 been a lot of scientists--and I think this includes the




 articles that Clark and Kabler and Geldreich have pub-




 lished—are not absolutely certain in this differentiatior




 There are breakouts where these organisms are not absolute




 identified with that  single source.




               A lot of bacteriologists have taken rather




 vigorous exceptions.  Now, I don't know about Mr. Geldreic




He may believe very firmly in the differentiation cap-




 ability.  But a lot of people don't quite accept it 100




 percent.  I am not one of them.   I am not as developed in




 this field, but I have read the articles and there are a




lot of people that don't accept that in total.




               MR. STEIN:   Why don't you--
iy
h .
-------
                         _ _ 486





                       Dr.
               I defer to Mr. Geldreich.




               MR. STEIN:  Why don't you come up, Ed.




               Here is what I am trying to get at.  If




this is a crucial issue --and as far as I know, ever since




I have been on the Missouri, certainly, and I think on




the Mississippi too, but certainly on the Missouri, this



is the crucial issue.  Let me just give it in the terms




that everyone can understand.




               Where do the bugs come from?  Do they come




from human wastes, do they come from a packing house or




did they run off from the land?  And you may have




different effects.  And also once you differentiate




that, what city do they come from or what industrial



outfall do they come from so we can pinpoint the source?




               Now, unless we can provide these answers,




we are going to find ourselves wallowing around through




the years, and I don't care what we do here in the dis-




position of this, just the equities of the situation are




going to require you to have these kinds of answers.  I




think we will make a great advance if we can agree on




the methodology.



               Not intending to preempt Ed, I used to
-------
                          	48?





                       Dr. Morris






think that Harold Clark had this down to such a fine




point that I used to ask him what the sex of the animal




was .



               (Laughter.)




               MR. GELDREICH:  Thank you, Mr. Stein.




               ¥e have spent about 15 years working on




this  particular problem, that is finding a better




indicator of fecal pollution, and we believe we have it,




in fact, I will go so far as to say I know we have it,




in the fecal coliform group.




               First of all, we have looked at the




environment in every aspect, we have looked at warm-




blooded animals, be !~-hey  vian or animals other than man.




We have looked at t'ne soil, we have looked at fish, we




have  looked at water, we have looked at plants, we have




looked at insects, we have looked at everything that




would somehow or other contribute possible pollution to




our water environment that we are concerned with and




we have concluded and have published in probably about




25 papers and 1 book our findings over this period of




time.  We believe that the fecal coliform test is




measuring the fecal coliforms from all of these animals,
-------
	,	_	488




                       Dr.  Mo r r i s






 be they  men  or  be  they some other  animals  that  is  warm-




 blooded.   We  find  these  organisms  only  in  the contami-




 nated  environment  when man  or these  animals  are  the




 contaminaters.  They  are  not in soils  remote  from man's




 habitation.   In fish they are not  a  normal inhabitant




 of the intestinal  tract, and when  fish  do  have  them  it




 is a reflection of the food they eat, the  water  they




 swim in.




                In  plants this is a reflection--and this




 has been reported  by others also besides ourselves--this




 is a reflection of contamination from fertilizers, from




 contaminated  soil  and from  insect  pollinators.  Insect




 polliners  quite frequently  spent part of their  lii"e




 cycle  in manure piles and other areas where  they do




 pick up  the  contamination.



                The fecal coliform  test  is  in standard




 methods,  it  is  in  the current edition.  I am  on  the




 methods  committee  for the next edition, the  thirteenth




 edition,  and  we have further refined it to put  in  a




 fecal  coliform  membrane  filter media in addition to  the




 multiple tubes procedure which is in the  current  edition.




 We have  the  me t h odologics,they are  standardized, they
-------
	__	489





                       Dr. Morris






have been recognized in the hearings in Sioux City and




Kansas City in the 1950's that we spoke of before.




               As far as fecal strep are concerned, this




particular indicator does have some room for an improve-




ment in methodology before it is as precise as the fecal




coliform procedure.  By the way, the fecal coliform




procedure will detect 93 percent of all of the fecal




coliforms found in warm-blooded animals feces of one




sort or another.



               The fecal strep in conjunction with the




fecal coliform in the development of a relationship or




a ratio has been used and we do use it in our stream




pollution investigations to pinpoint sources of pollution




We have found repeatedly that in domestic sewage there




are more fecal coliforms than there are fecal strep, in



the order of a ratio 4 to 1 or higher.  In cattle feedlot




wastes, slaughterhouse wastes, we find this ratio is




reversed from this.  There are more fecal streptococci,




a tremendously greater number, than t-here are fecal




coliforms and, therefore,  our ratio instead of being




4 to 1 is very frequently less than 0.6 to 1.  This is




the way we can quickly differentiate the two.
-------
		490





                       Dr. Morris






               Yes, sir.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I am a layman, most of




the people here area and I don't understand it.  I think




you and Dr. Morris are having fun talking this way.




               MR. GELDREICH:  Talking shop.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  The question is can you




distinguish between coliform out of warm-blooded animals




and man?




               MR. GELDREICH:  No, sir.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Well, we are dancing,




then, on the head of a pin, because--




               MR. GELDREICH:  No, let me--




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Let me finish.  It will




take you a couple of minutes.  It won't take me a fractior




of that time.




               MR. GELDREICH:  0. K.



               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Our contention is that




the runoff of animal manure from the large number of




animals we have, warm-blooded animals, cannot be dis-




tinguished from that of a human being.  There is no




quarrel, I believe, with the question of that that comes




from plants and other forms.  It is tftis differentiation
-------
                       Dr. Morris






between all warm-blooded animals, man being one of  them.




               MR. GELDREIGH:  Right.




               MR. BUCKMASTER: Can you differentiate




between man and cows?




               MR. STEIN:  Just a moment, please.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Yes.




               MR. STEIN:  Save the question, because if




we go back and forth it gets confused.




               I think the answer is that as far as I




can understand, although I know he answered no, the answei




as I understood they gave me was yes.  In other words,




if they take the coliform and check,they will be able  to




tell you if this came from a feedlot or whether this




came from a sewage treatment plant by checking the  ratio




of the fecal eoliform--



               MR. GELDREICH:  Only if we do it in  con-




junction with a fecal strep test.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  We are not talking  about




a feedlot.  We have thousands of acres with cattle  and




hogs on pasture, so it doesn't come from one source, it




comes from individual animals.




               MR. STEIN:  Yes.  Let me rephrase the
-------
                       Dr. Morris






question.




               When you ask an expert a question, you




know, he answers with a question.



               You said can you distinguish fecal coli-




form; the answer is no.  What you do is to put the




question this way:



               Can you take the fecal coliform plus the




fecal strep test, do a test on both, put those together




and distinguish?



               MR. GELDREICH:  Very good, that is correct,




               MR. STEIN:  Then the answer is yes, you




see.  All right.



               MR. GELDREICH:  What we are trying to say--




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Do you get indication




or do you prove it?



               MR. GELDREICH:  We prove it.



               MR. BUCKMASTER:  All right, I understand.




               MR. STEIN:  I am not trying to argue.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I am not either.  I was




just trying to find out what he is saying.




               MR. STEIN:  Yes, sir.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  We lawyers can finally
-------
                       Dr. Morris






work it out, Mr. Stein.




               MR. STEIN:  Right.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  It may be difficult, but




we finally get it.




               DR. SPEERS:  I am Dr. Speers from the




State Department of Health.




               Let me ask another question now.  Supposing




you have two sources upstream, one of which is of animal




origin and one of which is of human origin.  Can you take




this ratio then and make any meaning out of it and say




from that result that we have two sources, one of human




and one of animal origin and how much of each?




               MR. GELDREICH:  If they are mixed, I




assume that somewhere,at this point where you are sampling,




both the fecal coliforms from the domestic sewage and




the fecal coliforms from the cattle feedlot are mixed



in the stream and now we have this mixture, can we sort




this out?  This becomes somewhat difficult because you



get into a ratio which is meaningless in an area between




the high one and the low one.  It is in these dramatic




areas near the runoff and within 24 hours downstream that




we can use this material successfully in interpreting.
-------
                       Dr.  Morris






Beyond that I would not want to venture an answer.




               DR. SPEERS:   The reason I asked this ques-




tion, because it seems to me that many of the points of




controversy on the Missouri River are exactly this kind




of situation where you have got several sources and they




are going to be mixed and it is going to be hard to sepa-




rate .



               MR. STEIN:  Let me try to get at that.




               Just look at the record.  I am not trying




to draw a conclusion.  But when we went up and down the




Missouri in the late 1950's with Harold Clark,we in a




sense--and I am just talking from a legal evidentiary




sense--were lucky that we didn't have these masses of




pollution.  ¥e had separate sources.  In other words, you




had a concentration.  You know them as well as I do.  ¥e




had Yankton and Vermillion, then we had Sioux City, then




we had Omaha and Council Bluffs, you moved down to St.




Joseph, Atchison, Leavenworth, Kansas City, Independence,




Columbia, and so forth.  And in between those it was




relatively clear.



               Now, what Harold Clark did wag use a third




variable, as I recall the testimony, and I think I recall
-------
	    ,	495





                        Dr.  Morris






 It because it made  a  tremendous  impression  on  me  at  that




 time.  What he  did  was  he took the  fecal  coliform, the




 fecal strep, used them  together  in  a  ratio,  and he also




 took the point  of discharge  at which he  could figure  what ',




 coming out from the point of discharge  and  traced the




 flow down the river;and he  got what to  him  was a  pretty




 accurate picture of where the bugs  came from at all  these




 points down the river.




                The  thing that I  am  saying as we are




 standing here 10 years liater is: either  we find  defects  in




 the method that we  can't go along with, or if someone




 could do this 10 years  ago^why can't  they do it now?




 Again,! don't know what the results are going  to be  if




 they do it, but this  is the issue.




                Yes .



                DR. MORRIS:  I think we  do that, Mr.  Stein,



 when we ask to  do our bacteriological work,  fecal coli-




 forms,  at low flow. We essentially  are  evaluting the




 input of municipal and industrial wastes, and  I know they




 both exist, in  the stream when we have  cancelled out a




 variable.  Now,  any mathematician knows that one way to




 simplify the solution to an equation  is to  cast a variable
as
-------
                              496
Dr. Morris
and that is all x^e have done, cast a variable.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  That is very reasonable.




               MR. STEIN:  That is right.  Again, and as




I understood from Mr. Hegg's statement this morning, I




understand substantially that this is what they did.




Again I have no brief with the figures because that




you arc going to have to do.  They found that 50 percent




of the loadings, at least in dry flow, below the big




city centers of Omaha and Sioux City came from the muni-




cipal waste sources,  which included the industries.  Now,




this j.s as I understood it and as I understood the thesis




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  You are right, you are




right, and we have agreed to disinfection of those areas.




Our only quarrel comes on the recreational areas other




than seasonal.  We have no quarrel with this.




               MR. STEIN:  But what we should do between




State and Federal people is that if we have the




methodology--and as far as I can sense we do--we




should be able to come up with some reasonable state-




ment that all hands can agree on just about how much is




corning from the industrial sources; how much is coming o




from the municipal sources; how much is coming off the
                                  t
-------
	497





                        Dr.  Morris






 land, and proceed from there.




               The  only point  I  am  making, is--




               MR.  BUCKMASTER:   I don't  think we have any




 quarrel on it.




               MR.  STEIN:   All right,  I  think this  will




 put us ahead if we  have that.




               Is  there anything else?




               MR.  GELDREICH:  I would like  to  add  one




 more comment.




               Dr.  Morris,  the fecal strep procedure  will




 be in the next edition  of Standard  Methods,  the one which




 we used.  There are some methods currently used in  the




 book.  The methods, as  I say,  in all cases are  available.




               DR.  MORRIS:  We have been  using  them for




 years .




               MR.  GELDREICH:  Yes, I  know.   I  have




 evaluated your laboratory in the past.  I know  you  do it.




               Thank you.




               MR.  STEIN:   Let me again make  this point.




We have a lot of experts in the  room here and Dr. Morris




 and company are familiar with them.  I have  always  pushed




 for the notion,  and I hope  Iowa  and the other States  will
-------
                         	498





                       Dr. Morris






join me in  this—I think they have in the past—that




If a n y of the bright young people wherever they are




located come up with a method and it looks like it is goi4g




to work that we use it and we not wait until one of these




committees, which gets encrusted like any bureaucracies,




including ours, puts it in one of their books and enshrines




it in a method book.  In other words, if the technique




works, we use it as fast as we can.




               I think this,what Mr. Geldreich has been




talking about is a case in point.  As far as I can see,




this thing on the fecal coliform has been percolating




through their committee for about 10 years now before




it has finally made it.    I think 10 years is a long




time to wait in the pollution business.  If you have a




method, let's use it for those 10 years and not wait




until it gets into Standard Methods.




               Does anyone have anything more to say?




               With that we will be recessed until 9:30




tomorrow.  I think we can finish this tomorrow.




               (Whereupon, an adjournment was taken




until 9:30 o'clock a.m, April l6, 1969.)
-------
                                                     499
                                     (9:30 a.m. )






               MR. STEIN:  May we reconvene.




               I have here a letter from Roger Bachmann




of Ames,  Iowa, which we will put in the record.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I didn't hear you, Mr.




Stein .




               MR. STEIN:  This is a letter from Roger




Bachmann,  which we showed to the technical staff, and




there was  no objection from either side that this be put




into the  record.




               (Which said letter is as follows:)
-------
                                                                          500

                                        April  ]k,  1969
Mr. Murray Stein
Assistant Commissioner for Enforcement
Federal Water Pollution Control  Commission

Dear Mr. Stein,

     I would like to enter the following into the proceedings  of the
Iowa water quality hearings held in Oubuque, Iowa on April  8 and 9>  1969.

     On page 15 of the April  1969 statement of the Iowa Water  Pollution
Control Commission in support of the Iowa water quality standards and
plan for implementation and enforcement reference is made to my communi-
cation of November 22, 1966 with regard to temperature criteria.  This
was presented to the public hearing on proposed water quality  criteria
held by the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission at For.t Dodge, Iowa
on November 30, 1966.  Since this statement is being used as a justification
for the Iowa temperature criteria,  I would like to quote that  portion
of the communication that dealt with temperature criteria.

     "I do not believe that the proposed water temperature  criteria  will
adequately protect aquatic life.  While many Iowa fishes may withstand
temperatures as high as 95  F for a few days at a time during  the summer,
the normal temperatures for these species are 10 to 20 degrees lower.
Furthermore, many species need periods of cold and seasonal changes  in order
to complete their life cycles.  For more adequate protection of aquatic
life I would recommend that water temperatures not be more  than 10  F
above  the normal or upstream temperatures and in no case exceed 95  F."

     I would like to point out that the proposed criteria to which I
was referring in the above quotation was:  "Temperature;  Not  to exceed
95  F at any time."  as listed in the hearing notice of the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission of 28 October 1966.  My main concern
at that time was that the proposed criteria allow for a seasonal temperature
cycle as well as specifying a maximum temperature.  The use of a temperature
differential appears to be a practical way to meet this objective and is
commonly used in water quality criteria recommendations.

     With our present state of knowledge about the complex relationships
between stream organisms and water temperature I feel that  the choice
between a 5  F and a 10  F differential is arbitrary and that  I cannot
presently provide objective support for either one over the other for
the Iowa standards.
                                        Sincerel y,
                                        Roger W. Bachmann, PhD
                                        R. R. #3
                                        Ames, Iowa
RWBtrh
-------
                                                     501
                        Mr. Stein









               MR. STEIN:  I think it behooves us all






to get this record completed as soon as possible.






However, I would like anyone here to think about how






long he would like to keep the record open if he wants






to put in additional material.  I would like a sug-






gestion toward the end of this.  I would not like to






keep this open too long, because the longer we keen






the record open the longer the issue is going to be






pending and we are not going to be able to come to a






conclusion.






               We will now continue with Iowa.  Mr.






Buckmaster.
-------
	502






                       R.  Buckmaster









              STATEMENT BY ROBERT BUCKMASTER




          CHAIRMAN,  IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL




               COMMISSION,  DES MOINES,  IOWA









                MR.  BUCKMASTER:   Mr. Stein, Dr. Morris is






 not  able  to  be with us today, but he called me this






 morning and  wanted  me  to  put something in the record






 before we  started in response to the colloquy we had at






 the  close  yesterday between Mr.  Geldreich and Dr. Morris






 in connection  with  fecal  coliforms.






                I make  reference  now to the report of the






 Committee  on Water  Quality Criteria,  which was the officia






 advisory  committee  established by the  Department of the






 Interior  on  water quality and was submitted to the Sec-






 retary of  the  Interior, at that  time Mr.  Udall,  by Mr.
-------
	___	503





                       R.  Buckmaster






 Moore,  which  contained the  recommendations  of  the  Nationa




 Advisory  Committee.




                I  am  going to  quote from page 12  of that




 report:




                "Fecal  streptococci in  combination  with




 total  coliforms are  being used  in sanitary  evaluation.




 Selection of  techniques  to  be applied  and the  interpre-




 tation  of results  are  in  a  state of  flux   and




 uncertainty.   Problems include  the unresolved  question of




 whether or not all types  of fecal streptococci found  in




 warm-blooded  animals are  revealed by the tests,  the fact




 that appreciable  numbers  of streptococci from  other




 sources (plants and  insects)  yield positive test results,




 and added time and manpower requirements for monitoring




 agencies.   Fecal  streptococci should not be used as pri-




 mary criteria,but  are  useful  as a supplement to  fecal




 coliforms  where more precise  determination  of  sources of




 contamination  is  necessary."




               Which,  as  Dr.  Morris understands  it,




 supports  the  statements he  made yesterday in connection




 with that  subject.




               MR. STEIN:   I  see Mr. Geldreich.  I don't
-------
	                              504





                      R.  Buckmaster






 want  to  interrupt.




                Does  this  substantially support  your




 position too?




                MR. GELDREIGH:   That  is exactly  what  I  am




 trying  to say.   I want  you  to  use  fecal coliform,period.




 We  went  off  on  a tangent  yesterday.




                MR. BUCKMASTER:   At long last  we got  what




 you were trying to say.




                MR. STEIN:   I think we  have  agreement,  at




 least in one area.   Thank you.




                Mr. Buckmaster,  will  you continue.




                MR. BUCKMASTER:   Mr.  Schliekelman  will be




 the first one to present  a  matter  he would  like to bring




 before  this  conference.








              STATEMENT  BY R. J.  SCHLIEKELMAN



          TECHNICAL SECRETARY,  IOWA WATER POLLUTION




            CONTROL COMMISSION,  DBS MOINES,  IOWA








                MR. SCHLIEKELMAN:   My name is  R. J.




 Schliekelman.   I am  the Technical  Secretary for the  Iowa




 Water Pollution Control Commission.
-------
	505





                   R. J. Schliekelman






               The statement which we will enter into



the record has been given to the recorder, and I will try



to summarize a portion of this for the sake of saving



time and may also add a few additional statements that



do not completely follow the statement itself.




               (Which said statement is as follows:)
-------
                   STATEMENT
IN SUPPORT OF THE IOWA WATER QUALITY  STANDARDS
  AND PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND  ENFORCEMENT
             MISSOURI RIVER BASIN
    IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION

                  APRIL 1969
-------
                    507
O I • • •
-------
                                                                          508

A.  INTRODUCTION

By notice of March 5, 1969, the Secretary of Interior called a conference
to consider water quality standards for the interstate waters of Iowa.
This is a statement of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission's
position on the matters to be considered at the April 15, 1969 Council
Bluffs, Iowa session of the conference.  A similar statement, with emphasis
on Iowa waters of the Mississippi River basin, was presented at the Davenport,
Iowa session of the conference which convened on April 8, 1969.  The Iowa
Standards apply to all waters of the state and much of the Mississippi
statement is repeated herein.  However, this statement will discuss matters
more specifically pertaining to waters of the Missouri River basin.

The Iowa Waf.sr Pollution Control Law, enacted in 1965, created the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission and charged the Commission, through  the
administrative and technical staff of the State Health Department, with
the general supervision, administration, and enforcement of all laws relat-
ing to pollution of the waters of the state.  Among the powers and duties
of the Commission are those of prescribing rules and regulations, adopting
reasonable water quality standards, and developing comprehensive plans
and programs for the prevention, control, and abatement of pollution.

The Water Quality Act of 1965, amending the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, provided for establishment of water quality standards for interstate
waters.  The Act requires the states to adopt such standards which ultimately
become Federal standards, after approval by the Secretary of the Interior.
With that authority, the State of Iowa ahead of the schedule specified by
the Federal Act, filed a letter of latent to adopt standards, held public
hearings on the proposed criteria, and adopted the standards which include
the water quality criteria and a plan for implementation.  The standards
were submitted to the Secretary, and after close liason between state and
Federal representatives and after numerous conferences and correspondence
attempting to agree on a mutually acceptable document, the Secretary
determined that certain of the provisions were not anprovable as Federal
standards, and called a standards setting conference.

The purpose of this statement is to set out the State of Iowa's position
on the matters of disagreement.  The Federal position is outlined in a
report prepared by the Missouri Basin Region of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, for the Water Quality Standards Conference convening
April  15, 1969.  The report is comprehensive and contains a wealth of detailed
background information arid technical discucsion, so no attempt will be made
to duplicate or enlarge on that aspect.  However, as with the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration report on the Mississippi River basin,
there  is considerable discussion of such aspects as turbidity and bacterial
and nutrient loa.Hng from agricultural  land runoff, and also of conditions
resulting in lar^e part from waote discharges from Nebraska.  Such aspects,
while  appearing to discredit the water  quality and the state's pollution
control efforts, but being actually outside the scone of Iowa Water Pollution
Control. Commission control, are not at  all at issue in the matters being
considered by  the conference.  To the casual reader,  such discussion tends
to create false impressions of wide spread pollution  and ineffective control.
This  statement  therefore,  is an attempt to put the issues in context, to
clarify  the Iowa position  on matters actually in controversy, and to present
the positive aspects of the Iowa program.
                                  -1-
-------
                                                                          509
Part B will outline the Iowa policy and review past  and present  pollution
control in the state.  Parts C and D will comment  on the background  inform-
ation and summary and conclusions and recommendations  presented  in the
Federal report.   Finally,  the Iowa Water Pollution Control  Commission has
during past months of negotiation agreed on certain  revisions  of the standards
and implementation plan,  and these are summarized  in Section E.
-------
                                                                          510
B .  STATEMENT OF POLICY AND THE PAST AND PRESENT IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
    PROGRAM

The present authority for stream pollution control in the State of Iowa is
embodied in Chapter 455B of the state code, the "Iowa Water Pollution Control
Law".  Enacted in 1965, it created the Iowa Water Pollution Control  Commission.

The conduct of the program, as intended by the legislature and as actually
being implemented by the Commission and the State Health Department, can
best be expressed by the statement of policy as written into the law;
           1_. Statement of Policy.  Whereas the pollution of the waters of
     this state constitutes a menace to public health and welfare, creates
     public nuisances, is harmful  to wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and
     impairs domestic, agricultural, industrial, recreational and other
     legitimate beneficial uses of water, and whereas the, problem of water
     pollution in this state is closely related to the problem of water
     pollution in adjoining states, it is hereby declared to be the public
     policy of this state to conserve the waters of the state and to protect,
     maintain and improve the quality thereof for public water supplies,
     for the propogation of wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for domestic
     agricultural, industrial, recreational and other legitimate (beneficial)
     uses; to provide that no waste be discharged into any waters of the
     state without first being given the degree of treatment necessary to
     protect the legitimate (beneficial) uses of such waters; to provide for
     the prevention, abatement and control of new, increasing, potential,
     or existing water pollution;  and to co-operate with other agencies of
     the state, agencies of other  states and the federal government in
     carrying out these objectives. (61GA, ch 375, §1)"

This policy, not in the least inconsistent with the present Federal Act, was
enacted prior to approval of the amendments in the Water Quality Act of 1965.

As present policy, it evolves from and reflects long and continued progress
of stream pollution control in Iowa.  The progress can be seen in a brief
history of stream pollution control accomplishments.

The first law, passed in 1923, gave the State Department of Health regulatory
and enforcement authority.  Even before that, Iowa was "ahead of the program".
The Department of Health working under legislative authority for supervision
over the installation and operation of sewerage works and control of nuisances,
and towns recognizing the public health and clean streams need for sewage
treatment, had already begun stream pollution control.  At the time the 1923
law was passed, nearly 200 municipal sewage treatment plants were already
in operation.  These being in the smaller towns, only 350,000 some persons
were being served by the plants, and this represented only 30% of the
population being served by municipal sewer systems.  However, this was a
good start.

The program operated under the same authority for many years.  Then in 1949,
the law was changed, among" other things, adding a sexrage disposal permit
feature.  By reviewing treatment plant construction plans and specifications
required to obtain a permit, the State Health Department could "insure that
any proposed plant xjas capable of producing an effluent of sufficiently high

                                   -3-
-------
                                                                          511
quality to protect the receiving stream.  Essentially no sanitary sewer
permits have been granted unless served by a treatment plant, and in
particular, a treatment plant operating satisfactorily.  Although this
philosophy had been in effect as a matter of policy for many years, the
permit feature formalized the policy.

No combined sewers have been approved in Iowa for the last 40 years.

At the time of the 1949 legislation, some 230 municipal treatment plants
were in operation.  Some of the new plants were constructed by the larger
municipalities, so the capacity of the 200 plants was almost three times
that of 1923, and the plants were serving approximately 70% of the sewered
population.

In recognition of the fact that treatment plant construction is effective
only if operation is efficient and competent, an operator training and
voluntary certification program was implemented in 1952.  In 1965, legis-
lation was passed and implemented, and Iowa is now one of only 17 states
with a mandatory operator certification law.  The operator training program
has expanded and thrived.  Under the cooperative effort of the State Health
Department, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Association, and the State
Universities, laboratory courses are conducted at the Universities and
regional basic and. advanced operation courses are conducted throughout the
state.

From 1949, plant construction steadily and dramatically progressed, and in
1965 some 400 plants were in operation.  This represented an increase in
population served by treatment to approximately 97.5% of the sewered popula-
tion.

The 1949 law lifted a previous restriction, so that effective in 1951,
Mississippi and Missouri River cities and towns were subject to all provis-
ions of the stream pollution control law.  In recognition of common interests
in water quality, Iowa in 1952 entered into a tri-state agreement with
Illinois and Wisconsin, resolving to require any such corrections of
pollution conditions needed to render Mississippi River waters suitable for
all purposes.

On the Missouri River also, loxja as a member of the Missouri Basin Health
Council, agreed to and participated in adoption of a similar "Guide for
Water Pollution Control Activities."  The several states of the Council in
1952 agreed to a program for elimination of toxic substances and settleable
and floatable solids, and treatment of industrial wastes as necespary to
prevent deterioration cf water quality, and to provide treatment over and
above removal of settleable and floatable solids as necessary to protect
doxrastream water uses.  The Guide also provided for future programs for
legislation, construction of treatment plants, improvement of plant opera-
tion and maintenance and stream surveillance.

1965 was the year of enactment of the present pollution control law and
formation of the Commission.  In addition to retention of the perrait feature,
the new law provided improved enforcement provisions, and authorization for
rules and regulations and water qurJ.:;:y standards.  It should be noted that
this Iowa requirement for water quality standards, proven to be consistent
with the Federal act, was imposed prior to the water quality amendments of
the Federal act.

                                   -4-
-------
                                                                           512

Since the current law was passed, the Commission has  adopted three regulations
to aid in surveillance and enforcement.   The  first  is a regulation relating
to the General Crite_ri£ of the water quality  standards, which makes
mandatory the effective removal of  settleable and floatable solids from
municipal waste water discharges.   The water  quality  criteria which apply
to all surface waters at all times  and places,  require that the surface
waters be free from floatable and settleable  solids xtfhich could form
putrescent and objectionable sludge deposits  and be otherwise unsightly
and deleterious.  This general criteria  has been effective in demonstrat-
ing conditions of pollution and has been used as the  basis for ordering
corrections.  However, removal of settleable  and floatable solids in most
cases does not satisfactorily meet  the standards, and the public water
supply, aquatic life and recreation criteria  have necessitated secondary
treatment on Virtually all interior streams.

Rules and regulations also require  submission of monthly treatment plant
operation reports.  By specifying format and  content, the Department can
require reporting of sufficient flow and laboratory testing data to evaluate
plant effectiveness, and thereby obtain  an indication of the plant's affect
on receiving stream water quality.  To aid in more  efficient and effective
use of the repotts, a program for computer scanning of the reports is in
the final stage of development.

The Iowa "Mail Order BOD" program has also proven effective in surveillance
of treatment plants.  This program, which utilizes  a  technique for fixing
samples in tha field in preparation for  BOD determination in the State
Laboratory, eliminates the need for refrigeration and enables transportation
to the laboratory by ordinary mail. It  is a  unique procedure and was
developed in the State Hygienic Laboratory.

Although net yet having legislative approval, a third regulation has been
adopted by the Ccmnission requiring control of feedlot runoff.  Feedlot
pollution is being effectively controlled through the present enforcement
provisions of the Law, utilizing the water quality standards and definition
of stream pollution, but approval of the regulation x^ill hopefully reduce
staff time required and prove to be a more efficient  and effective means
cf control.

Using the various regulations and enforcement provisions, the Commission
since its inception in 1955 has issued  114 ordr.,:s for correction of pollution
ccTiaitions.  The point ic t'uat 'J,c  orders, along with more informal education
and persuasion efforts ourjv;~ rcol-itie plant inspections and contacts with
municipal and industrial o'f.!-.:!-:i c, arid  more  import r:xi<.ly with the understand-
ing ct;;} cooperation of lcr.;:I  r'.'/.I-M^ls,  are ;7.-t?:ir<^ w.aste treatment facilities
built and efficiently  oi.r.rato/.'.,  As of  January 1, 1969 ("."is:;e were 510 munici-
p;1.' ;.\! "nts in operation or  u;p:lir ecu: tructiou, ard the r-opul .rtio-i served by
ti-juctricnt bas increased to  99.1'Vi (,'• tbc  sewered population.  Hi-;: 13,000
population in municipalities  not yet treacing, represent plants in the
engineering planning stage  or actually  under  orders to be under construction
in 1970 or before.  Municipalities  not  presently treating are smller
c  :: cities, aO.d 100%  of the med'v" r.:>.a and  lar^c. ^r.. mm:!, ties rL- have
s•"-•••••';.;£.• treatir.r.-t.  Thiu rcccrd rar.I • •'Lth the hi^Iioot La the uutioi...
                                   -5-
-------
                                                                          513

Of the industries, the Iowa Meat Packing Plants are the largest potential
sources o£ pollution.  Every meat packing plant in the state has a treatment
plant in operation or under construction, and this represents some 3.5
million population equivalent being treated.  Some of the plants are realiz-
ing as much as 98 or 99% BCD removal, due in significant part to pioneering
and development of anaerobic/aerobic lagoon treatment in Iowa.  With the
exception of those on border streams, all packing plant wastes receive at
least secondary treatment.

Other wst process industries, though not producing the magnitude of waste
produced in meat packing, are subject to and complying with treatment
requirements (or if more appropriate, oorae type of inplant control), to
meet Iowa water quality standards.  Iowa has no provision for untreated
waste discharge permits.

It is significant that Iowa docs not have stream classification.  Although
the standards do specify recreation, fishing, and public water supply uses,
and areas of applicability have been defined, minimum defined standards of
high quality apply to all waters of the state.

In summary, Iowa has through the years recognized the need for clean streams
and continued and expanded its programs to meet the need.  The regulatory
agency has exercised it's authority to abate pollution and maintain and
improve x^ater quality, and municipalities and industries have complied with
tha requirements.  The accomplishments shown by the record can be compared
with the best in the nation.  Despite the adverse impressions created by
the Federal reports and the Secretary's decision to except certain provisions
of the Standards, Iowa has in the past and will in the future exercise it's
regulatory authority to the fullest legal extent.
-------
                                                                                                                   514
            IOWA  LEADS  NATION  IN,SEWAGE  TREATMENT

            No  Urban  Population  Without  Treatment

       TABLE 3. URBAN POPULATION SERVED BY ADEQUATE AND LESS THAN ADEQUATE
                 MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES AND URBAN POPULATION
                 NOT SERVED, BY STATEi  FY 1968
                                  (In thousands, except percent)
                 Total          Population Served By (Facilities)!
****           Urban Population    Adequate  Leu than Adequate  None
                                                                           of Pop. with lea than
                                                                           Adequate or None
      U.s	;.     145,602
Ala...4)	       2,140
Alaska-	_        121
Aril	       1,411
Ark...y	        937
Calif-.	      17,651
Colo	       1,602
Conn	       2, 342
Del	        356
D. C.	        832
Fla -.	       4, 860
Ga	        2, 727
Hawaii?/	        S91
Idaho	        349
111	       8,923
Ind	       3, 182  ,
lowaL/2-'	       1,5261-/
Kans?-'	       1,475
Ky	       1, 539
La	       2,479
Maine	        509
Md	       2, 785
Mass?-'.	       4,563
Mich	       6, 377
Minn	       2, 370
Miss	        988
Mo^l	       3,141
Monti/	        379i/
NebrL/ ZJ	        846
Nev	        376

N.H	        414
N.J	       6,444
N. Mex	        764
N. Y	      16, 003
N. C	       2,138
N. DakL/	        2S41-'
Ohio	       7, 870
Okla	       1, 694
Oreg	       1, 320
Pa	       8,428
R.1	        793
S.C	       1,134
S. Daki-/	         287±/
Tenn	       2, 214
Tex	       8, 874
Utah	        825
Vt	        162
Va	       2,756
Wash?-/	       2,139
W.  Va	         710
Wis	       2, 804
WyoL/i/	        1981-7
                                81,703
                                  819
                                   19
                                  711
                                  684
                                12, 766
                                   854
                                   312
                                     9
                                   832
                                 1,741
                                  1,081
                                   162
                                   160
                                  7,410
                                 2,286
                                  1,590
                                  1,267
                                    536
                                    81B
                                     37
                                  2,119
                                  1,729
                                  1,340
                                    769
                                   460
                                 2,522
                                   123
                                   833
                                   366

                                    43
                                 1,629
                                   671
                                 8,017
                                 1,447
                                  278
                                 4,591
                                1,332
                                  552
                                 5,325
                                  395
                                  540
                                  290
                                  750
                                 6,819
                                  500
                                     9
                                 1,092
                                  681
                                  149
                                2,049
                                  189
31, 865
   678

    34
   156
    36
   593
 1,286
   267

   864
 1,003

   134
   586
   529

   192
   792
   SIS
    60
   162
 1,173
 4,223
 1,324
    23
   183
   263
   100
     6

   102
 3, 179
     5
 3,733
   12S
    IS
 2,071
   199
   504
 2,916
   190
   178
    39
   319
   130
    19
   121
 1,328
   444
   348
   689
    29
32,293
   643
   102
   666
   97
 4,849
   155
   744
    80

 2,255
   643
   429
    55
   927
   367
     I/
    16"
   211
 1, 146
   412
   504
 1,661
   814
   277
   505
   436
    _y
  269
 1,636
    88
 4,253
   566
    _y
 1,208
   163
   264
   187
   208
  416
    J/
 1, 145
 1,925
  306
   32
  336
 1,014
   213
   66
    V
44.1
61.7
84.2
49.6
27.0
27.7
46.7
86.7
97.5

64.2
60.4
72.6
54.2
17.0
28.2

 14.1
65.2
67.0
92.7
23.9
62.1
79.0
67.6
53.4
19.7
69.4
11.8
  2.7
89.6
74.7
12.2
49.9
32.3
 5.9
41.7
21.4
58.2
36.8
50.2
52.4
13.6
66.1
23.2
39.4
94.4
60.4
68.2
79.0
26.9
14.6
  No  population
without  treatment
!_/  Population served by treatment facilities exceeds total urban population of these States by 2S9,000 persons.
    Thus the detail adds to 259, 000 more than the total U.  S. urban population.
2_/  Water quality standards adopted call for primary waste treatment in some urban areas of this State.
    Standards adopted for other States call for at least secondary waste treatment.

Source:  1962 Inventory, Municipal Waste Facilities in the United States, updated by FWPCA Construction Grants
        Awards; urban population estimates based on U. S.  Census of Population, 1960; Bureau of Census
        Population Estimates, Series P-2S.

                       Fromi  THE COST OF CLEAR UATB  - Volume I Summary Report,
              0 3 Department ot Interior, Federal  Water  Pollution Control Administration
                                       January 10, 1969
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                                                                          517

C.  COMMENTS ON SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF THS FEDERAL REPORT

The extensive text is summarized in Section II of the Missouri River Basin
Water Quality Standards Conference report.  Several of the items deserve
comment and are discussed below.  The parenthesis indicates material quoted
or paraphrased from the Federal report.

Agricultural Runoff Effects

Items E, G, and K on pages II-2 and II-3 deal generally with agricultural
runoff effects.  While of interest, this particular aspect is actually
outside the scope of controllable standards, and the manner of the statements
could lead the less than totally informed ceader to unwarranted conclusions.

E.  (It is estimated that at least 3,300,000 cattle and calves and 6,100,000
hogs and pigs were on farms.  These animal wastes have a population equivalent
of 65,000,000 and can cause several conditions of stream degradation.',)
There is no particular problem,  from animal waste until such time as rain-
fall, snoxtf melt or water passes through the feed lot dissolving material
from the manure and carrying it to the stream.  Since the load of dissolved
and suspended material water carried to the stream is only a fraction of
that on the feed lot, the 65,000,000 population equivalent of animal waste
on the feed lots should not at all be interpreted as the load on the stream.

(There are approximately 46,000 feeder lots in the state - page IV-234)
This statement is misleading in that a feeder lot could be defined as an
area from which one or more grain-fed beef was marketed during  the year.
This could not be much of a pollution problem, and certainly not one over
which control could be exercised.  Iowa does however, effectively control
large confinement feed lot runoff pollution.

G.  (Sediment from uncontrolled runoff is a major pollutant of the Missouri
River.).     The reference to low turbidity of water discharged from Gavins
Point Dam, compared to the turbid condition through Iowa is understandable.
The effect of settling of sediment in the pool above the dam is not avail-
able in the lower reaches.  Again, this aspect is outside the scope of
controllable standards and is not an issue of the Standards conference.

K. (High densities of bacteria and high concentrations of nitrogen and
phosphorus are found in Iowa tributaries  to the Missouri River, especially
during periods of stormwater runoff.)    This statement could be expanded to
include the agricultural land and streams in all states.  Furthermore,
while some control may be imposed, the bacteria, nitrogen and phosphorus
in stormwater runoff can never be fully abated.  Stcrawater runoff effects
negate at  least in part, the desirable effect of continuous disinfection
of treatment plant effluents.

Recreational Uses

Items P, Q, and S deal generally with recreational uses and give emphasis
to impairment of use by grease.

P.  (Recreational activities on the main  stem include boating, water skiing,
swimming and wading.  These activities are directly affected by presence of
floating material and grease balls, high  bacterial densities, dissolved
organics and turbidity.  Samples of water taken in the survey had as high
as 2000 bacteria per drop.)
                                  -7-
-------
                                                                          518

Q.  (Esthetic values of the waters in this area are reduced due to turbidity,
floating materials, and other effects which reduce or eliminate the oppor-
tunity for development of spectator oriented activities, e.g.,  boat or canoe
races, etc.)

S.  (Fouling of fishnets and lines with grease is common below major municipal
and industrial waste outlets.  Similarly, boat hulls of recreational water-
craft are fouled with grease and scum.)

The lox^a Water Pollution Control Commission has not designated the main
stem of the Missouri as a recreation stream involving whole body contact
sports (svrirnming and water skiing) .  The Iowa Health Department has for
many years recommended that Iowa streams not be used for this purpose
because of the injury and drowning hazards involved.  Secticn IV of the
Federal report contains the following statements which would appear to bear
out this position.

Second paragraph, page IV-7 (Present recreation use along the Missouri River
in Iowa has not met its potential for the amount of land and water acreage
involved.  While being light, hoxjever, it appears that most recreation
activities are participated in with sightseeing, boating, picnicking and
fishing as the most popular.)     Last paragraph, page IV-7(Water skiing,
surprisingly is enjoyed even though the river contains a high silt load.
Swimming is not considered a common activity due in large measure to the
dangerous water conditions and high turbidity.)     Third paragraph, page
IV-ll-(It can be expected that  use on the waters of the Missouri will prin-
cipally be in the form of fishing, and boating, and on the adjoining lands
in the form of sightseeing, picnicking, hiking, driving and walking for
pleasure, and in historical interpretation.)

From  this, it would appear that there is general agreement that the value
of the Missouri River for whole body sports is dictated principally by
factors other than  controllable water quality criteria, and that maintenance
of the general criteria and the criteria for public water supply and aquatic
life  should adequately protect recreational uses.

The grease ball,  grease and scum  problems mentioned in  items P and S have
not been  shown to  be  attributable  to  the Sioux City or  Council Bluffs
municipal sewage  plant discharges.  The  discharges which xrould be most
suspected of  containing  large amounts of grease would be the Iowa Beef
Packers discharge  at  Dakota City, Nebraska, the municipal sewage  treatment
plant effluent at  Sioux  City, loxja, and  the City of Omaha discharges.  Grease
is discussed  on  page  A-26 of the  Federal report  and  this discussion  is
quoted  in its  entirety as follows:

 (The  concentration of grease from the  daily composite  from  the Konroer Street
and  South Omaha  sewers  averaged 299 mg/1 during  the October  19C8  survey.
The  actual  amount of  grease  reaching  the Missouri  River  following a  privately
operated  recovery operation  at  the Monroe  Street  sewer  was  not determined.)

 (The  grease concentration  in the  effluent  from the  Sioux City, Iowa,  sewage
 treatment plant  during the  October 1968  survey averaged  17  mg/1.   The  amount
of grease removed through  the  sewage  treatment plant was not determined.)


                                   -8-
-------
                                                                          519

(Grease results from the January 1969 survey were not available for inclusion
in this report.)

The amount of grease being discharged (in the Monroe Street sewer) to the
private recovery operation, using a total daily flow of 40 million gallons
per day as shown in Table A-l, is fifty (50) tons per day.  In comparison,
the 17 mg/1 of grease found in the Sioux City effluent is not significant.
The Iowa State Department of Health has found that this amount of grease
is not visible in effluents or in the receiving stream.  The 17 mg/1 of
grease amounts to a little over one (1) ton in the Sioux City effluent, as
compared to fifty (50) tons being discharged in the Omaha Monroe Street
sewer.

The Federal report speaks of grease balls as big as oranges, but does not
say where these were observed.  Nor does it contain information concerning
the grease content of the Iowa Beef Packers effluent at Dakota City,
Nebraska.   The waste being discharged from Iowa Beef Packers is not treated
in a municipal plant and can be expected to contain appreciable amounts of
grease.  The x-iaste treatment facility consists of an air flotation grease
removal unit, the type of which past Health Department observations have
shown, present operator  problems and  is subject to operational outages.

The Iowa State Department of Health has information that the State of
Nebraska permitted Iowa Beef Packers at Dakota City to discharge wastes
which may be over 200,000 population equivalent, compared to 195,000
population equivalent listed in the Federal report for the Sioux City
sewage treatment plant effluent.  Grease removals in the Sioux City plant
would be much more effective than the IBP industrial unit, so that the
grease observation should not be attributed to Sioux City.

Water Quality Effects.

Items L, 0, and R on pages II-3, and II-4, discuss certain other vater quality
effects.

L.  (Survey results from the main stream of the Missouri River in Iowa identi-
fied adverse changes in water quality.  Turbidity increased four-fold in the
length of reach surveyed and cyanide and phenols were found)     It is true
that phenols were found in the Missouri River, however, the Federal report
failed to mention in the summary that the maximum observed phenol concentra-
tions (Table No. A-5) did not change from station M-52, which is located
above Sioux City, to station M-38, which is located below the Omaha-Council
Bluffs area.  These maximum levels, which showed no.relation to waste dis-
charges, were 2 parts per billion (ppb), which is twice as high as the
suggested FWPCA standard of 1 PPb.  These data further substantiate Iowa's
position that phenol concentrations resulting from natural degradation pro-
ducts often exceed the FWPCA standard of 1 ppb, and that this standard is
therefore unreasonable.

During the January, 1969 FWPCA survey, turbidity values were shown to decrease
from 19 units above Sioux City to 8 units below Omaha-Council Bluffs.  During
this period storm water runoff was minimal and these data show that sewage
treatment plant discharges had no effect on the turbidity of the Missouri
River.  High turbidity in the Missouri is caused exclusively by land drainage
and that subject is not relevant to the conference.

                                  -9-
-------
                                                                          520

Cyanide concentrations up to 15.2 ppb were measured in the Missouri River.
These concentrations given in Table A-5 bear no apparent relationship to
municipal or industrial discharges.  12.2 ppb of cyanide were found above
Sioux City while less than 1 ppb was found below the Omaha-Council Bluffs
area.  In no case was the Iowa aquatic life standard of 25 ppb of cyanide
violated.

0.  Public water uses relying on the Missouri River as a source of supply
report problems associated with turBi'dit.y,ammonia, coagulation, taste and
odors.)     These are common problems of most surface water treatment plants,
whether or not being affected by upstream waste discharges.  We have already
established that turbidity problems in the Missouri are not caused by waste
discharges but by land runoff over which we have no control.

Sewage treatment plants are designed to eliminate settleable materials and
organic carbon, not ammonia.  Waste effluents from secondary treatment
plants contain concentrations of ammonia that are many times greater than
concentrations in the average receiving waters.  Nevertheless, increased
ammonia concentrations in the Missouri and other Iowa streams are generally
the result of agricultural land drainage and not sewage treatment plant
discharges.  This is substantiated by the fact that 85% of the Missouri
River stations had greater ammonia concentrations during the runoff period
than during the normal period of flow (see Table A-3, Federal report).

It has been widely recognized by Iowa that taste and odor problems frequently
are encountered during periods of surface runoff, particularly in the late
winter and spring.  However, this is not related to sewage treatment plant
discharges.

R.  (Tainting of £ish flesh has been reported by commercial and sport
fishermen in many areas of the main stem of the Missouri river.)     The
State Conservation Commission reports no such complaints in the Iox
-------
                                                                          521

Failure of the Omaha meat packing plants to remove paunch manure and other
solids in pre-treattnent produced such severe plant operation problems that
the packing plant wastes and the south half of the City of Omaha still
remain untreated.  Four additional conference sessions ending March 1966
produced an agreement between the packers and the City of Omaha for construct-
ion of packing plant waste pre-treatment facilities, scheduled for completion
in 1969.

FWFCA Biological Study

The manner in which the biological data was presented did not deviate from
the rest of the Federal report.  Conclusions were "not objective" and
pertinent facts were buried which tended to create the illusion that Iowa is
a major polluter of the Missouri River.

The FUPCA summary (part M, page II-3) regarding the biological study states
the following.  (Biological investigations revealed predominately clean water
organisms and associated aquatic life above Sioux City.  However a consistent
increase in pollution tolerant organisms and biota were observed in many
stretches of the river between Sioux City and St. Joseph.)     This statement
leads one to believe that all is well above Sioux City, whereas the Missouri
downstream from Sioux City is polluted.  If the data (Table B2-Federal Report)
is examined objectively, it is obvious that this statement is misleading.

The fact is that the study showed little difference in the biological quality
between station 736 and 730 above the Sioux City sewage treatment plant
discharge, whereas every sample taken in the first 74 miles below the Sioux
City discharge definitely demonstrated a biological fauna which was superior
in quality to that observed upstream from Sioux City.  Stoneflies, which are
noted for being extremely pollution intolerant, were found at three stations
downstream from Sioux City, while the data indicate that no stoneflies were
found above Sioux City.  Likewise there was a greater diversity of mayflies
in the first 74 railes below the Sioux City discharge than there was above
Sioux City.  Mayflies are also pollution intolerant organisms which require
high water quality.  The FUPCA data (Table B-2) demonstrate that pollution
intolerant forms were present in greater diversity in the first 74 miles
below the Sioux City discharge than above it.  This not a claim that the
treated waste discharge from Sioux City enhances biological quality in the
Missouri River, but merely points out that the biological quality was not
deteriorated at these stations by the Sioux City discharge.

It is stated in the Federal report (page B-l) that severe degradation of
the bottom associated organisms occurred for 54 miles dox
-------
                                                                          522

Eighty-eight percent of Omaha's raw waste load receives no treatment or,
in other words, is discharged directly to the Missouri River.  All of the
Council Bluffs waste receives ^primary treatment.

It is therefore not all surprising that the Missouri is biologically degraded
for 54 miles beloxj Omaha, nor is it surprising that grease balls are found
as far as 166 miles downstream.  However, these conditions can hardly be
attributed to Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Water Quality Monitoring

(Pages IV -41, IV-42 and IV-43 of the Federal report contain discussion of
the^need for water quality monitoring and recommendations that Iowa establish
additional monitoring stations and increase sampling frequency.)
The lox'ja l?ater Pollution Control Commission agrees that an adequate water
quality monitoring program is necessary and that this program should fit the
needs of all the agencies involved in water pollution control.  This is
further emphasized by sections of this statement recommending additional
study of parameters at issue in the Standards Conference.  However, the
extent of monitoring is directly dictated by staff manpower capability.
This, being an extremely small staff agency, priorities must be established.

Iowa has recently expanded its limnology program, which is a direct increase
in monitoring effort.  Iowa has also moved forward by development of the
mandatory treatment plant operation report program.  This, together with
automatic data processing, mandatory operator certification, and mail order
EOD, is a form of monitoring, but monitoring of sources of waste discharge
rather than stream xjater quality.  However, priority must be given to
correction of poor effluent discharges rather than stream sampling, and
this effort is a more efficient utilization of staff resources.  Such
sampling as is now possible is being carried out, and every effort will
be made to expand the monitoring station network and increase sampling
frequency as manpower increases permit.
                                   -12-
-------
                                                                          523

D.  COMMENTS ON FEDERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

The recommendations of the Department of the Interior are set out,  starting
on page VI-1 of the Water Quality Standards Conference Report-Missouri
River Basin.  The Iowa position on each of the recommendations is outlined
below, in the same order as it appears in the Federal Report.

Secondary Treatment

The Department of Interior blanket requirement for secondary treatment of
all municipal and biodegradable wastes cannot be justified on the basis
of Congressional intent, nor can such a requirement be adopted by the
Commission under present Iowa statutory authority.  An effluent standards
provision, such as this secondary treatment requirement, was rejected during
early Congressional hearings, and the standards provision reported out of
Committee contemplated the setting of water quality standards for receiving
waters only.  However, on the basis of Guideline 8, the Department of
Interior has attempted to impose a uniform requirement of secondary treat-
ment or the equivalent, in all State water quality standards.

The Commission, under Icwa law, has no direct statutory authority to establish
or enforce effluent standards.  There is no authority to specify a type
of treatment, except that based on the water quality criteria of the receiving
stream.  Treatment can be regul -ted only to the extent that it will produce
an effluent that will protect the stream and meet the water quality criteria.

On the basis of stream water quality requirements, secondary treatment will
be needed, and therefore has or will be required for all but 4 or 5 of the
490 municipal sewage treatment plants located on interior streams.  However,
the Mississippi and Missouri rivers have very high stream flows furnishing
very high assimilative capacity, and the need for a degree of treatment
higher than primary is difficult and in most places impossible to demonstrate.
Extensive Mississippi River water quality studies during the middle 1950fs
and a 1950 pollution investigation on the Missouri River, demonstrated
relatively little effect of even untreated wastes on these border streams.
But as the result of water pollution hearings and voluntary compliance, all
cities and towns, with the exception of the small Mississippi River towns
of Marquotte and Lansing, completed primary or secondary treatment during
the 1950 to 1966 period.

The dissolved oxygen values presented in Figure A-2 of the Federal report
indicate no significant decrease in dissolved oxygen during the October 1968
survey period, and an actual increase progressing downstream to the Omaha
area during the January 1969 period.

The principal oxygen demanding sources now existing in the Sioux City area
are the primary treated effluent of the City of Sioux City and the relatively
untreated waste from the Iowa Beef Packers plant at Dakota City, Nebraska,
approximately 4 miles downstream from the Sioux City municipal sewage
treatment outfall.  As determieed from samples collected by FWPCA and from
composite plant operation reports submitted to the State Department of
Health, the Sioux City plant effluent has a population equivalent waste
loading in the range of 200,000.  No similar composite samples were collected
by the FWPCA from the effluent of the Iowa Beef Packers plant at Dakota
City, but information available to this Department indicates that the State

                                  -13-
-------
                                                                          524-
of Nebraska has permitted the Iowa Beef Packers plant to discharge an organ-
ic load of over 200,000 population equivalent to the Missouri river.  It
can be seen that this oxygen demanding waste load figure may be equal to
that contributed by the entire domestic population of Sioux City and its
packing plant waste load combined.

The table of municipal discharges to the Missouri river on page IV-24 of
the Federal report lists a plant discharge population of 39,000 for Council
Bluffs, Iowa and over 1,801,000 for Omaha, Nebraska.  The oxygen demanding
wastes for Omaha are thus 46 times that of Council Bluffs.  Some oxygen
depression was created by the discharge of primarily untreated wastes in
this area but could not be declared to have a serious detrimental effect.

These water quality studies have shown no significant reduction in dissolved
oxygen levels below sources of oxygen demanding wastes, even prior to
primary treatment.  This is a fortunate condition, and fares well compared
to others of the nation's major streams where secondary treatment is needed.
For instance, the 1968 report of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation
Commission showed that dissolved oxygen levels of below 4 ppm occurred
33% of the time in the lower reaches of the Ohio River.  Likewise, the lower
reaches of the Delaware River now have very low oxygen levels, and hundreds
of millions of dollars must be expended for secondary treatment, simply to
maintain 3.5 ppm dissolved oxygen.

It also deserves comment that most of the larger border cities proceeded
with primary treatment in the early years of the Federal construction grant
program, and did not enjoy the degree of financial assistance that will be
available to cities in other States that have delayed any plant construction
to this point.

Using cost figures compiled by Smith and published in the JWPCF, it has
been estimated that construction of secondary treatment facilities for
all waste discharges to the Mississippi and "Missouri Rivers would cost
over $25 million.  Furthermore, according to figures published in a 1969
FUPCA report, the cost of operation and maintenance of these secondary
plants would be approximately $1.7 million per year more than for primary
treatment.

The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has no hesitancy to require
secondary treatment of any waste discharge to either the Mississippi or
Missouri Rivers, when the need to satisfy water quality requirements is
shown.  However,  it is the Iowa position that a need for uniforn secondary
treatment of all waste discharges has not been shown, and there is no
scientific reason to believe that secondary treatment of every waste
discharge on the border streams will enhance the water quality.

Some degradation of water quality was evident below the Omaha-Council Bluffs
area due to the low percentage of wastes receiving treatment.  It is
suggested additional water quality studies be conducted following completion
of meat packing plant pretreatment facilities to permit evaluation of
Missouri river water quality when receiving full primary treated effluents
from the City of Omaha.
                                  -14-
-------
                                                                          525

Pisinfection

At a meeting on February 9, 1968 with Robert S. Burd, Director of the FWPCA
Water Quality Standards Staff, Iowa agreed to adopt definite numerical
bacteriological limits compatible with National Technical Advisory Committee
recommendations for waters used for public water supplies 'and primary contact
recreation (swimming and water skiing).  Interior further agreed that the
standards would recognize these values as applying during dry weather, but
will state that all reasonable efforts will be made to reduce bacteria
concentration increases during periods of storm water runoff.

The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission at its April 4, 1968 meeting
approved a motion accepting these provisions, and the Iowa water quality
standards have been revised to include the following numerical bacteriologic-
al limits:

          Public water supply

          Numerical bacteriological limits of 2000 fecal coliforms
          per 100 ml for public water supply raw water sources will
          be applicable during low floxv periods x^hen such bacteria
          can be demonstrated to be attributed to pollution by
          sewage.

          Recreation

          Numerical bacteriological limits of 200 fecal coliformc
          per 100 ml for primary contact recreational waters will
          be applicable during low flow periods when such bacteria can
          be demonstrated to be attributable to pollution by sewage.

The water quality criteria and plan for implementation and enforcement tor
the surface waters of Iowa, adopted by the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission in May 1967, designated the surface waters to be protected for
public water supply use as well as the recreation use areas on lakes,
impoundments and rivers.  The treatment needs in the plan have specified
coliform reduction or effluent disinfection by the municipalities to protect
this use during the recreational season.  Information provided by other
state agencies and presentations at the public water quality hearings were
used to designate interior stream recreation areas, and coliform reduction
has been specified for interior municipalities where necessary to protect
recreational uses.

The State of Iowa therefore feels that acceptable bacterial criteria have
been established for interstate streams in Iowa.  These criteria are
compatible with criteria of adjoining states established for public
water supply and for recreation.  Other state bacterial criteria generally
take into consideration the effect of land runoff, and are applied when
necessary to protect specified uses.  Disinfection of treatment plant
effluents is required by states adjoining Iowa, generally where  public
water supplies are involved and where, necessary to protect public health
for recreational waters during the recreational season.  The State of Iowa
had previously gone on record in its implementation plan as requiring
effluent disinfection where necessary to protect downstream water uses.

                                    -15-
-------
                                                                          526

Land runoff contributes high bacterial densities and bacterial studies in
the State of Iowa and elsewhere have shown that commonly acceptable coli-
form levels have been greatly exceeded even in the absence of wastes
attributable to human sources.  The following is quoted from a long term
study (1) of total coliforms in the Iowa River at Iowa City.

          "If a stream contains coliform organisms that are of domestic
sewage origin, one might expect the MPN to vary inversely with the dilution
capacity of the stream.  High MPN values would be expected during the dry
seasons.  On the other hand, high turbidities would be expected with high
water conditions due to increased erosion and scour.

          "In the Iowa River, increases in stream flow are accompanied by
increases in both turbidity and coliforra organisms.  This pattern has
been apparent over the entire 1950-64 period and is true v^hether one
examines daily or monthly average data.

          "Apparently, large numbers of coliform organisms are carried
into the river after each rainfall and snow melt.  The increase in turbiuity
also indicates the agricultural land adjacent to the river as the source
of many of these coliform organisms.  Storm sewer overflow is not considered
a significant factor because the nearest upstream city is 30 mi. above Iowa
City, and above the impoundment.

          "In view of the apparently high numbers of nonfecal coliform
organisims, and the correlation of high coliform densities with high flow,
one might question the significance of such MPN data as related to the
bacterial safety of the Iowa River Water.  Does a high MPN, expecially a
high monthly average, which may be caused by runoff from a single rainfall,
mean that this water is an undesirable source?  Probably not."

Among his conclusions Professor Pox^ell states:  "There are considerable
seasonal differences in water quality.  The impoundment has tended to reduce
this variation, for example, by distributing the poor water from spring
runoff over a longer period of time.

          "Stream flow, turbidity, and bacterial density follow the same
seasonal pattern.  Increases in flow are accompanied by increases in the
other two.  During high flows the extremely high coliform densities are
due to agricultural land drainage.

          "Improved methods of evaluating bacterial quality and recommend-
ing treatment are greatly needed.  In view of present day treatment capabilit-
ies, the worst  rivers  in the country can probably be purified with relative
ease."
 (1)  Water Quality Changes Due to Impoundment, Marcus P. Powell &
     P. M. Berthouex, JAWWA July 1967
                                   16-
-------
                                                                          527
Figure 1 illustrates the pattern, on a monthly average basis, of the direct
relationship of increasing stream flows accompanied by increases in both
turbidity and total coliform density.  Figure 2 indicates that the monthly
coliform MPN average is less than 5000 per 100 tn/1 about 46?0 of the months
both before and after impoundment above the supply in 1958.  Figure 3
illustrates coliform variations with flow and turbidity on the Raccoon
River at Des Moines.

Tables 2 and 3 contain total coliform data for the years 1964 & 1965
raw water at the University of Iowa water treatment plant intake at Iowa
City, Iowa.  This data indicates that commonly accepted total coliform
criteria both for public water supply and recreation uses are exceeded
due to land runoff a high percentage of the time.

The following are estimates of the costs for continuous disinfection
(chlorinatiori) of municipal waste treatment plant effluents, including
effluents from industrial wastes which may contain pathogenic agents as
recommended by the Department of Interior.

                      Estimated Chlorination Costs
             Iowa Cities and Towns on Interstate Streams
                                                 Construct.        Annual
                               Raw      Eff.     & Equip.          Chlorine
                               PE       PE        costs              cost

Major Mississippi River cities 1,029,000  700,000 $   642,000     $390,000
Major Missouri River cities      447,000  295,000     307,000      176,000
Interior Interstate Streams                         1,400,000      291,000

               Total Chlorination Costs            $2,394,000     $857,000
The expenditure annually of the large suras of money required for year-
round disinfection of municipal and industrial wastes as recommended by
FWPCA, will not improve the bacterial quality of interstate waters during
periods of run-off, and these are the periods when high bacterial levels
have been found.  The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has agreed
to disinfection of waste discharges where these discharges can be expected
to affect recreational or public water supply uses.  Primary body contact
(swimming and x«7ater skiing) recreational uses of Iowa streams is limited
by nature to summer months.  It has not been demonstrated to the Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission that year round Chlorination is required to
protect secondary contact (boating and fishing) recreational uses.

The Missouri River being unsuitable for whole body contact recreational
sports (swimming and water skiing), precludes the need for disinfection
to protect this use.  The one possible need for disinfection would be at
the Sioux City area to protect the downstream water supplies.  However,
that nsed, as demonstrated by the FWPCA x^ater quality study, appears to be
rather borderline, and the study was relatively brief.  Therefore before
definitely establishing a compliance requirement and making the large expendi-
ture that will be required, additional study should be undertaken to more
accurately determine the coliform densities and sources.
                                  -17-
-------
    528
w

g
o
-------
                                                      529
                                                      cn
0001   X  NdW  'Jaquunrg
-------
                                                                           530
       03 m
       W m
     W 25 en ~.
     S3 M —i co
     WO    S3
     H S  - O

     < !» 00 EH
W

g
O
        I
          W
(X « W W
O W U Ei
fe > W W
M gj Q Q



8     m M
     ^ <;
0< O   Q
SOW —
                           T^OOI/NdW
-------
                                                                              531
                                 TABLE  	2_

                                IOWA RIVER
                            WATER PLANT INTAKE
                            UNIVERSITY  OF IOWA
                        TOTAL COLIFORM  M.P.N. DATA
                                   1964
                        Public Water Supply          Recreation
Month  Number   Ave.      % > MPN  % > MPN    % > KPN	% > MPN
of MPN per
Samples 100 ml
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
17
19
20
22
19
22
22
21
21
21
20
21
2,780
1,335
5,890
478
10,240
22,980
2,240
1,450
3,700
4,970
206
51
5,000
per
100 ml
11
05
20
0
31
50
18
04
14
14
0
0
20,000
per
100 ml
05
0
10
0
05
22
0
0
04
09
0
0
1,000
per
100 ml
41
31
55
09
78
81
63
14
61
38
0
0
2,000
per
100 ml
41
21
45
09
78
77
45
14
52
38
05
0
2,400
per
100 ml
23
15
45
09
78
77
36
14
52
33
0
0
5 , 000 Mean
per Flow
100 oil cfs
11
05
20
0
31
50
18
04
14
V'r
0
0
187
655
467
803
1,391
1,040
1,355
452
637
213
294
419
      *When averaging MPN values all values less  than 30 were  considered 30.
-------
                                                                              532
                                 TABLE  _3	

                                 IOWA RIVER
                             UNIVERSITY  OF IOWA
                             WATER PLANT INTAKE
                           TOTAL  COLIFORM MPN DATA
                                    1965
                        Public Water  Supply           Recreation
Month  Number   Ave.      % > MPN   % > MPN     % > MPN     	 % >_MPN
of MPN per
Samples 100 ml
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
20
20
23
27
20
22
21
22
21
20
21
20
37
46,000
15,000
32,000
17,000
5,100
6,100
27,000
38,000
2,100
670
12,000
5,000
per
100 ml
0
30
48
52
65
18
29
41
77
5
0
15
20,000
per
100 ml
0
30
13
33
20
9
14
27
53
0
0
10
1,000
per
100 ml
0
35
96
78
85
46
62
77
90
40
14
30
2,000
per
100 ml
0
35
87
74
85
41
57
77
90
30
5
25
2,400
per
100 ml
0
30
70
59
80
32
48
59
86
15
0
20
5,000 Mean
per Flow
100 ml cfs
0
30
48
52
65
18
29
41
77
5
0
15
1,282
2,039
3,388
6,257
4,989
5,633
2,661
513
2,651
3,593
4,025
3,807
      *When averaging MPN values all values less than 30 were  considered
       30 and all values greater than 110,000 were considered  110,000
-------
                                                                          533

Temperature

The temperature criteria for interior streams was excepted from approval by
Secretary of Interior.  During the lengthy negotiations, the temperature
criteria has been the subject of wide variation and inconsistency in the
Department of Interior's position.  In five separate expressions, for
instance, Interior has gequested different maximum temperature requirements,
ranging from 86°F to 93 F.

Agreement was reached on the 93°F maximum on interior streams but not on
permitting a differential of 10°F above the natural background.  Interior
has insisted that this follow the pattern of the larger streams, like the
Mississippi and the Missouri, dictating a differential of 5°F above natural
background from May 1 through October 1, and then 10°F October 1 through
May 1.  This issue is unwarranted and would seriously add to the expense of
power plane operations where applicable.

The thermal loading in Iowa is primarily from electrical power generation.
Other industries using river water for heat exchange work are not believed
to be of such magnitude as to exceed the lower limit proposed when operating
plants on respective streams at low flow conditions.  This leaves then,
only those power plants which can properly and economically use this re-
source when able to stay below the maximum stream temperature set forth
by the criteria.

The trend in this area should be noted.  Older power plants are being closed
rather than expend funds for modernization of air and water pollution
control facilities and for other operational reasons.  These services are
being replaced by transmission of electrical currents from other larger and
more modern plants.  With the forthcoming of the atomic power plants in
this region, increases in the thermal loading at these smaller local points
on the interior streams, does not appear to be a problem for the near future.

The several guidelines issued by the National Technical Advisory Committee,
describing considerations for setting temperature limits, frequently refer
to the need for local study and for specific analysis of each habitat at
the zone in question.  Iowa believes this to be a most valid consideration
and submits to the expert opinions of those professional authorities who
have conducted investigations and have knoxvledge of the aquatic life on the
streams where such concern may exist.

The temperature limits in the standards were not finally established until
after the seven hearings conducted throughout the state.  The final criteria
were considered to be a fair representation of values recommended by and
acceptable to various biologists who testified at the hearings.  The views
of the Superintendent of the Biology Section of the State Conservation
Commission and the Principal Limnologist of the State Hygienic Laboratory
are also firm in the contention that the temperature maximums and the 10°F
temperature rise on interior streams are acceptable standards for aquatic
life.
                                   -18-
-------
                                                                          534

The recommendations of the Federal Report on the Missouri Basin water are
quite vague in regard to temperature maximums,  but a February 21,  1968
letter from Robert S. Burd, director of the FWPCA Water Quality Standards
Staff, definitely stated that the maximums then proposed in the Iowa Standards
were acceptable, and indicated that the 10°F rise on interior streams was
the only point at issue.

Iowa believes however, that the first hand knowledge of the problems involved
and the subsequent testimonies of the professional authorities who counseled
in preparation of the temperature standards, are logical and valid reasons
for retaining the 10° tolerance above natural temperatures on interior
streams.  The 93° maximum temperature should also be retained.

Further, it should be recorded that all industry sharing this thermal
pollution problem has cooperated with the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission and adjusted its agreements to assure compliance within the
parameters desired by the Commission.  Industry is seriously concerned when
reviewing the various thinking, and changes in position expressed in letters
coming from the FWPCA, each adding to and further restricting their right
for using this resource.  Iowa believes the balance it has recommended to
be both reasonable and valid for water quality temperature criteria in Iowa.
                                    -19-
-------
                                                                          535

Protection of High Quality Waters

The October 2, 1968 minutes of the Iowa Water Pollution Control  Commission
state that the language of the non-degradation clause  which was  accepted
by the state of Colorado and adjacent states is acceptable to the Water
Pollution Control Commission.  This action is considered firm, and  the
following non-degradation statement is incorporated as a part of the  water
quality standards:

          Waters whose existing quality is better than the established
          standards as of the date on which such standards become effect-
          ive will  be maintained at high quality unless it has been
          affirmatively demonstrated to the State that a change  is
          justifiable as a result of necessary economic or social
          development and will not preclude present and anticipated use
          of such waters.  Any industrial, public or private project  or
          development which would constitute a new source of pollution
          or an increased source of pollution to high  quality waters  will
          be required to provide the necessary degree  of waste treatment
          to maintain high x^ater quality.   In implementing this  policy,
          the Secretary of the Interior will be kept advised and will
          be provided with such information as he will need to discharge
          his responsibilities under the Federal Water Pollution Control
          Act, as amended.
                                  -20
-------
                                                                          536

Phenols

Phenol concentrations in Iowa streams are highly variable ranging from less
than one part per billion to a maximum of 20 ppb.  This variation occurs at
given sampling points at different times of the year being a function of
hydrologic flow, climatic conditions and other factors.

Experience indicates that the highest phenolic compound concentrations occur
at the early stages of high flow conditions rather than at low flows.  This
phenomenon causes us to discount the significance of industrial or municipal
input as this type source would tend to produce the highest phenol levels
during low flow-low dilution conditions.

Aromatic ring compounds abound in nature and bacterial and fungal organisms
are well known producers of hydroxylated ring metabolites.  The probability
is high that phenolic type compounds reactive to 4-aminaontipyrine could
have a potential metabolic pathway resulting from such natural materials as
wood tars, plant proteins, tannins, etc.  Since Iowa waters at times are
loaded with natural soluble organics due to soil surface leaching, the
correlation with early stage run-off and elevated phenol concentrations is
logical.

Iowa data bears this postulation out and some typical data illustrating
phenol levels are delineated in tabular form attached.

The summary data (Table A-5) in the Federal report shox^s maximum phenol
concentrations of 2 ppb did not change from above Sioux City to below
the Omaha Council Bluffs area.  These maximum levels which showed no
relation to x^aste discharges are twice as high as the suggested FWPCA
standard of 1 ppb and again indicate  phenol concentrations resulting from
natural degredation products often exceed the suggested standard.

          Iowa river cities using surface water showing phenol levels
          in the 10-20 range have not experienced taste and odor episodes
          attributable to phenol concentrations subsequent to normal
          chlorination for disinfection purposes.

          In view of the high and variable levels of phenolic compounds
          found in Iowa surface waters not traceable to industrial or
          municipal sources, it is the recommendation of the Iowa Water
          Pollution Commission that the maximum permissible concentration
          of phenolic type compounds be retained at 0.020 parts per
          million in all waters.

          There is no evidence or logic to suggest the pertinency of an
          individual standard for aquatic use specifically as most of our
          streams are multiple use including public water supply.  While
          aquatic life is far less affected by phenols, it is realistic
          to provide the single standard at 0.020 parts per million
          on the basis of the most critical potential use.
                                   -21-
-------
                                                                          537
10/9/68
10/24/68

2/12/69
ii

2/13/59
2/8/69
it
                                 TABLE  4

                        PHENOL CONCENTRATION IN
                              IOWA STREAMS
DATE
1-24/25-67
it
i r
M
it
n
ii
n
n
n
RIVER
Des Moines-Euclid
" Ipalco
" Ottumwa
Raccoon
Missouri-Co Bluffs
Cedar- Cedar Rapids
Iowa River-Iowa City
Mississippi-Davenport
" Burlington
" Keokuk
PHENOL ppb
2
18
3
2
< 1
5
5
11
11
11
Mississippi-Upstream from
            Des Moines River
"           Keokuk
Des Moines-Keokuk

Mississippi-Lansing

11           Davenport


"           Burlington
n           n

"           Keokuk
 l(Iowa Side)
 2(Channel)
 2(Illinois  Side)

 2

 1

 9(481.3 channel)
 0(480.1 channel)

 8(404.1 channel)
12(400.3 channel)

10(363.6 channel)
 9(359.1 channel)
                      Des Moines-Keokuk
-------
                                                                          538

Ra d i oa c t ivi ty

The original brief criteria on radioactive substances had been acceptable
to the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration during earlier
discussions.  There was no indication of any disagreement on this criteria
until the Federal reports were prepared for the conference,  and there is
no particular disagreement now.  The State of Icx^a has an adequate radio-
activity sampling program and will accept the more detailed  radiological
limits now suggested by the FWPCA.  The following limits on  radioactive
substances have now been adopted by the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission:

          Gross beta activity (in the known absence of 90 strontium and
          alpha emitters) shall not exceed 1000 picocuries per liter.

          The concentration of 226 radium and 90 strontium shall not
          exceed 3 and 10 picocuries per liter respectively.

          The annual average concentration of specific radionuclides,
          other than 226 radium and 90 strontium, should not exceed
          1/30 of the appropriate maximum permissible concentration for
          the 168 hour week as set forth by the International Commission
          on Radiological Protection and the National Committee on
          Radiation Protection.

          Because any human exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation is
          undesirable, the concentrations of radioisotopes in natural
          waters should be maintained at the lowest practicable level.
                                   -22-
-------
                                                                          539

E.  SUMMARY OF ACCEPTABLE WATER QUALITY STANPAFxDS REVISIONS AND ADDITIONS.

The following are the various revisions or additions to the surface water
quality criteria and plan of implementation which have been adopted by the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission:

Section 1.2(455B) Surface water quality criteria
     1.2(3)
         a.  Public Water Supply
           (1)  Bacteria:  Numerical bacteriological limits of 2000 fecal coli-
                forms per 100 ml for public water supply raw water sources  will
                be applicable during the low flow periods when such bacteria
                can be demonstrated to be attributed to pollution by sewage.

           (2)  Radioactive Substances:

                Gross beta activity (in the known absence of 90 strontium
                and alpha emitters) shall not exceed 1000 picocuries per
                liter.

                The concentration of 226 radium and 90 strontium shall not
                exceed 3 and 10 picocuries per liter respectively.

                The annual average concentration of specific radionuclides,
                other than 226 radium and 90 strontium, should not exceed
                1/30 of the appropriate maximum permissible concentration
                for the 168 hour week as set forth by the International
                Commission on Radiological Protection and the National
                Committee on Radiation Protection.

                Because any human exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation
                is undesirable, the concentrations of radioisotopes in
                natural waters should be maintained at the lowest practic-
                able level.

         b.  Aquatic life
           (1)  Warm water areas.

                Temperature:
                    Mississippi River-Not to exceed an 89°F maximum
                temperature from the Minnesota border to the Wisconsin
                border and a 90°F maximum temperature from the Wisconsin
                border to the Missouri border nor a 5°F change from back-
                ground or natural temperature in the Mississippi River.

                    Missouri River-Not to exceed a 90°F maximum
                daily temperature nor a 5 F change from background or natural
                temperature during the months of May through October and a
                10 F change during the months of November through April.

                    Interior streams-Not to exceed a 93 F maximum temperature
                nor a maximum 10°F increase over background or natural temper-
                ature.

                    Heat should not be added tc any water in such a manner
                that the rate of change exceeds 2°F per hour.
                                  -23-
-------
                                                                          5-4-0


           (2)  Cold water areas.

                Temperature:

                Not to exceed a 70°F maximum temperature.   The rate of change
                due to added heat shall not exceed 2°F per hour with a 5°F
                maximum increase from background temperature.

         c<  Recreation
           (1)  Bacteria:

                Numerical bacteriological limits of 200 fecal coliforms per
                100 ml for primary contact recreational waters will be applic-
                able during low flow periods when such bacteria can be
                demonstrated to be attributable to pollution by sewage.

Non-degradation statement

     Waters whose existing quality is better than the established standards
     as of the date on which such standards become effective will be main-
     tained at high quality unless it has been affirmatively demonstrated
     to the State that a change is justifiable as a result of necessary
     economic or social development and will not preclude present and antici-
     pated use of such waters.  Any industrial, public or private project
     or development which would constitute a new source of pollution or an
     increased source of pollution to high quality waters will be required
     to provide the necessary degree of waste treatment to maintain high
     water quality.  In implementing this policy, the Secretary of the
     Interior will be kept advised and will be provided with such information
     as he will need to discharge his responsibilities under the Federal
     Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
                                  -24-
-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






               (See also Appendix A and B.)




               MR. SCHLIEKELMAN:  The purpose of the




statement is to set out the State of Iowa's position on




the matters of disagreement with the FWPCA.  The Federal




position is outlined in the report which was presented




yesterday.  ¥e feel, however, that there has been con-




siderable discussion of some aspects, such as turbidity,




bacterial loading, nutrient loading, agricultural land




runoff  and other conditions which may not be entirely




accurate.  Some of these aspects do actually appear to




discredit the water quality and the State's water pol-




lution control efforts.  In addition to that,  some of




these items are outside, really, the scope of the Iowa




Water Pollution Commission control.




               To the casual reader some of the discussion



tends to create false impressions of widespread pollution




and ineffective control.  This statement,  therefore,  is




an attempt to put the issues in context to clarify the



Iowa position on matters actually in controversy and to




present the positive side of the Iowa program.




               I might get a little bit into the history




of the Iowa water pollution control program from actually
-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






a long ways back.




               The first Iowa water pollution control law




was passed in 1923* and I think even at that time Iowa




was considerably ahead of a lot of the other States as




far as water pollution control program is concerned. At




the time this law was passed we had nearly 200 municipal




sewage treatment plants in operation in the State of Iowa.




               In recognition of the fact that treatment




plant construction is effective only if operation is




efficient and competent, an operator training and volun-




tary certification program was implemented in 1952.  In




1965 the Legislature passed and implemented a mandatory




certification law, and Iowa is now one of 17 States which




has such a mandatory certification law.



               Also in 19^9 the law at that time lifted




a previous restriction so that effective in 1951 the




Mississippi and Missouri River cities and towns were sub-




jected to all provisions of the stream pollution control law1




which was in effect at that time.



               On the Missouri River, Iowa is a member of




the Missouri River Basin Health Council.  They agreed in




1952 to participate in the adoption of a guide for water
-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






pollution control activities.  The several States of the




Council at that time agreed to a program for elimination




of toxic substances and settleable solids, and treatment




of industrial wastes as necessary to prevent deterioratior




of water quality.




               In 1965 we did have the enactment of the




present water pollution control law which did create the




Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.  Since this law




was passed, the Commission has adopted three regulations




to aid in surveillance and enforcement.  The first is a




regulation relating to the general criteria of water




quality standards, which makes mandatory the effective




removal of settleable and floatable solids from municipal




wastewater discharges.




               The second regulation requires submission



of monthly operation reports from treatment plants.   By




specifying the format and content, the department can




actually evaluate the plant effectiveness and obtain an




indication of the plant's effect on the receiving stream




water quality.



               Also a couple of years ago Iowa adopted




what they call an Iowa--or rather we adopted a mail  order
-------
                   R.  J.  Schliekelman






BOD program, which also has proven effective in surveil-




lance of treatment plants.   This program utilizes a




technique for fixing samples in the field in preparation




for a BOD determination in the State laboratory.




               The third regulation, which has not yet




received legislative approval, has been adopted by the




Commission requiring control of feedlot runoff.  Actually,




at the present time feedlot pollution is being effectively




controlled through the present enforcement provisions of




the law.




               Under various provisions in enforcement




procedures, the Commission since its inception in 19&5




has actually issued 114 consent orders for correction of




pollution conditions.



               Iowa is one of the large meat packing




States in the Union, and the meat packing plants  do con-




stitute one of the largest potential sources of pollution.




Every meat packing plant in the State has a treatment




plant in operation or under construction, and this




represents some three and one-half million population




equivalent.  We feel that some of the plants are  getting




really good removal, up to 98 and 99 percent BOD removal,
-------
	545





                   R. J. Schliekelman






and I think a lot of this has been due in  part to  the




pioneering of the anaeboric/aerobic lago.on treatment proc
by the State of Iowa.




               ¥e think it is significant  that Iowa does




not have stream classification.  We have all streams




classified to the highest extent.  Although the standards




do specify recreation,, fishing, and water  supply uses,




and the areas of applicability have been defined, minimum




defined standards of high quality apply to all waters of




the State.




               In summary, Iowa has through the years




recognized the need for clean water and continued its




expansion of the program to meet needs.  The regulatory




agency has exercised its authority to abate pollution and




to maintain and improve water quality, and municipalities




and industries have complied with the requirements.  The



accomplishments shown by the record can be compared with




the best in the Nation.  Despite the adverse impressions



created by the Federal report, and the Secretary's decision




to except certain provisions of the standards, Iowa in th<




past and will in the future exercise its regulatory




authority to the fullest extent.
ss
-------
	546





                   R. J. Schliekelraan






               I might make a little comparison with



some of the other States as far as the percent of treat-



ment of urban population is concerned.  The State of



California at the present time has about 4.8 million of



its urban population without treatment out of a total




urban population of 17 million.  The State of Florida



has 2.2 million urban population without treatment as



compared with 4.8 million total urban population.  The



State of Maine has 412,000 population without treatment



out of a total population of 509,000.



               Now we will try to get a little bit into



the discussion of the summary and conclusions made in the



Federal report.  We feel that some of these items do



deserve comment and they will be discussed to some extent



We have a section here which we have entitled "Agricul-



tural Runoff Effects. "



               Items E, G and K of the Federal report



deal generally with agricultural runoff effects.  While



of interest, this particular aspect is actually outside



the scope of controllable standards, and the manner of



the statements as they have been presented in the report



could lead the less than totally informed reader to
-------
                   R. J. Schliekelraan






unwarranted conclusions.




               To take up section E, this is a quote from




the report:




               "it is estimated that at least 3,300,000




cattle and calves and 6,100,000 hogs and pigs are on




farms.  These animal wastes have a population equivalent




of 65,000,000 and can cause several conditions of stream




degradation."




               There is no particular problem from animal




waste until such time as rainfall, snow melt or water




passes through the feedlot dissolving material from the




manure and carrying it to the stream.  Since the load of




dissolved and suspended matter carried by the water to




the stream is actually only a fraction of that on the



feedlot,  therefore the 65,000,000 population equivalent of animal




waste on the feedlot should not be interpreted as a load




on the stream.




               There is another comment quoted:




               "Sediment from uncontrolled runoff is a




major pollutant of the Missouri River."




               This reference to low turbidity water dis-




charged from Gavins Point compared to the turbidity
-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






conditions through Iowa is understandable.  The effect




of settling of sediment in the pool above the dam at




Gavins Point is not available in the lower reaches.  Agaiji




this aspect is outside of controllable standards and is




not an issue at the present time.




               Item K from the Federal report.  This is




quoted as follows:




               "High densities of bacteria and high




concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are found in




Iowa tributaries to the Missouri River, especially during




periods of stormwater runoff."




               This statement could be expanded to includ




the agricultural land and streams in all States.  Further




more, while some control can be imposed, the bacteria,




nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff can never be



fully abated.Stormwater runoff effects negate at least in part




the desirable effect  of continuous disinfection of treat




ment effluents.




               We will have a few comments also on




recreational uses.  This is covered in one section,




Item P of the Federal r-eport.  This is quoted as follows:
               "Recreational uses on the main stream incl
ide
-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






boating, water skiing, swimming and wading.  These




activities are directly affected by the presence of




floating material and grease balls, hjgh bacterial




densities, dissolved organics and turbidity.  Samples




of water taken in the survey had as high as 2,000




bacteria per drop."




               Another quote from the report states:




               "Fouling of fish nets and lines with




grease is common below major municipal and industrial




waste outlets.  Similarly, boat hulls of recreational




watercraft are fouled with grease and scum."




               The position of the Iowa Water Pollution




Control Commission has been that we have not designated




the main stem of the Missouri as a recreation stream




involving whole-body contact, namely swimming and water



skiing.  The Iowa Health Department also has for many




years recommended Iowa streams not be used for this




purpose because of the injury and drowning hazards




involved.  Actually, section IV of the Federal report




contains the following statements which appear to bear out




this position:   The second paragraph on page IV-7 of the




report is quoted as follows:
-------
	__.	,	350





                   R. J. Schliekelman






                "Present recreation use along the Missouri




River  in  Iowa has not met its  potential for  the amount  of




land and  water  acreage  involved.  While being light, how-




ever,  it  appears that most  recreation activities are




participated in with sightseeing, "boating, picnicking




and fishing as  the most popular."




                We have  another quote that  says as  follows




                "Water skiing,  surprisingly,  is enjoyed




even though the river contains a high silt load.   Swim-




ming is not considered  a common activity due in large




measure to the  dangerous water conditions  and high




turbidity."




                This is  quoted  from the Federal report.




                Another  quote is as follows:



                "it can  be expected that use  on the  waters




of  the Missouri will principally be in the form of  fish-




ing and boating, and on the adjoining lands  in the  form




of  sightseeing, picnicking, hiking, driving  and walking




for pleasure, and in historical interpretation."




                These are the end of the quotes.




                From this we believe that it  would  appear




that there is general agreement that the value of  the
-------
		551





                   R. J.  Schliekelman






Missouri River for whole  body  sports is  dictated  prin-




cipally "by factors other  than  controllable water  quality




criteria and that maintenance  of  the general  criteria  and




the  criteria for public  water  supply use  and  aquatic life




should adequately protect recreational uses.




               We also  wish  to comment on  some  of the




discussion regarding  the  grease balls, grease and other




problems mentioned in items  P  and S of the Federal report




The  discharges which  would  be  most suspected  of containing;




large amounts  of grease would  be  the Iowa  Beef  Packers



discharge at Dakota City, Nebraska, the  municipal sewage




treatment plant at Sioux  City,  Iowa, and the  city of




Omaha, Nebraska.  Grease  is  discussed  on page A-26 of  the




Federal report, and this  discussion is quoted as  follows:



                "The concentration of grease from the




daily composite from  the  Monroe Street and South  Omaha




sewers averaged 299 milligrams per liter during the




October 1968 survey.  The actual  amount  of grease reach-




ing  the Missouri River  following  a privately-operated




recovery operation at the Monroe  Street  sewer was not
 determined."
                Another  quote  continues  as  follows:
-------
	552




                   R. J. Schliekelman






               "The grease concentration in the effluent




from the Sioux City, Iowa, sewage treatment plant during




the October 1968 survey averaged 17 milligrams per liter.




The amount of grease removed through the sewage treatment




plant was not determined."




               That is the end of the quote.




               Actually, the amount of grease discharged




to the Monroe Street sewer in Omaha can be computed to




be about 50 tons per day.  In comparison, the 17 milligran




of grease found in the Sioux City effluent is not sig-




nificant.  The 17 milligrams of grease amounts to a little




over 1 ton in the Sioux City effluent as compared to the




50 tons being discharged to the Omaha Monroe Street sewer.




               Studies conducted by the Public Health




Service, I believe, in 19^5 at the time of reconvened



session of the Omaha conference on the Missouri River



also came up with the conclusion that there were about




100,000 pounds of grease discharged from the Omaha area.




That is, I think, really from the Omaha sewers, not the




Omaha area.




               The Federal report also speaks of grease




balls as big as oranges, but does not say where these
-------
 	.	553




                    R. J. Schliekelman






 were observed.  Nor does it contain information concernin




 the grease content of the Iowa Beef Packers' effluent at




 Dakota City, Nebraska.  This particular effluent is




 located about four miles downstream from the effluent




 of the Sioux City sewage treatment plant.  We don't want




 to appear to be actually putting the Iowa Beef Packers




 Company in a bad light.  Our relations actually in the




 State of Iowa have been very good, they have had a very




 good record on the two plants that they have at Denison,




 Iowa, and also Fort Dodge,  Iowa, so actually they are doi




 a good job as far as the Iowa side of the stream is con-




 cerned.  But we do not have information as to what is




 being done at Dakota City.



                The Iowa Department of Health has informa-




 tion that the State of Nebraska has permitted Iowa Beef




 Packers at Dakota City to discharge wastes which may be




 over 200,000 population equivalent compared to 195,000




 population equivalent listed in the Federal report for




 the city of Sioux City sewage treatment plant effluent.




I Grease removals in the Sioux City plant we feel would




 be much more effective than the Iowa Beef Packers indus-




 trial unit, so that the grease observation should probabl
-------
	551




                   R. J. Schliekelman






 not  be  attributed  to the city of Sioux  City.




               We  have a section on water quality effects




 which will be  discussed further by Dr.  Gakstatter of the




 State Hygienic Laboratory.




               We  also have  a section on fish tainting




 which will be  discussed by Mr. Harry Harrison of the




 Iowa State Conservation Commission.




               We  do have a  comment regarding treatment




 requirements in other States as described in item T of




 the  Federal  report.  This states as follows:




               "Every State  which borders the Missouri




 River,  except  for  Iowa, has  adopted as  part of its stan-




 dards a minimum requirement  for secondary treatment or




 its  equivalent for wastes discharged into the Missouri




 River."



               This department has been informed by the




 State of Kansas that Kansas, which borders on the Missour:.




 River,  has not agreed to a blanket requirement for secon-




 dary treatment without such  need being  demonstrated.




 Kansas  standards have not been approved by the Secretary




 of  the  Interior.



               We  have a section in our statement regarding
-------
	553





                    R.  J.  Schliekelman






 the Federal Water  Pollution  Control  Administration  bio-




 logical  study  which  will  also be  discussed by  Dr. Jack




 Gakstatter of  the  State Hygienic  Laboratory.




                In  our  next section we wish to  comment  on




 some  of  the recommendations  that  have been made  by  the




 Department of  the  Interior for  the Missouri River Basin.




 The Iowa position  on each of the  recommendations is  out-




 lined in the same  order as they appear  in the  Federal



 report.




                Secondary  treatment.




                The  Department of  Interior blanket require




 ment  for secondary  treatment of all  municipal  and bio-




 degradable wastes  cannot  be  justified on the basis  of




 Congressional  intent,  nor can such a requirement be




 adopted  by the  Iowa Water Pollution  Control Commission




 under present  Iowa  statutory authority.




                The  Commission,  under Iowa law, has  no




 direct statutory authority to establish or enforce




 effluent standards.  There is no  authority to  specify




 type  of  treatment  except  that based  on water quality




 criteria of the receiving stream.  Treatment can be




 regulated only  to  the  extent that it will produce an
-------
	356





                   R. J. Schliekelman






effluent that will protect the stream and meet the water




quality criteria.




               On the basis of stream water quality




requirements, secondary treatment will be needed and,




therefore, has or will be required for all but four or




five of the 490 municipal sewage treatment plants




located on interior streams.  However, the Mississippi




and Missouri Rivers have very high assimilative capacity,




and, therefore, we did not feel that there should be




treatment applied without a necessity being actually




demonstrated.  Extensive studies made during the 1950's




on the Mississippi River and also a 1950 pollution




investigation on the Missouri River demonstrated a




relatively low effect of even untreated wastes on these




border streams.  However, as a result of water pollution




investigations and voluntary compliance, all cities and




towns, with the exception of the small Mississippi River




towns of Marquette and Lansing, completed primary or




secondary treatment during the 1950 to 1966 period.




               The dissolved oxygen values actually




presented in figure A-2 of the Federal report indicate




no significant decrease in dissolved oxygen during the
-------
                   R.  J.  Schliekelman






 October  1968  survey  period,  and  there was  an  actual




 increase  progressing downstream  to  the Omaha  area  during




 the January 19&9  period.




               The principal  oxygen  demanding sources




 now existing  in the  Sioux City area  are the primary




 treated  effluent  of  the city  of  Sioux City and the




 relatively untreated waste from  the  Iowa Beef Packers




 plant at  Dakota City,  Nebraska.  As  determined from




 samples  collected by FWPCA and from  composite plant




 operation reports submitted  to the State Department of




 Health,  the Sioux City effluent  has  a population




 equivalent waste  loading in the  range of 200,000.  No




 similar  plant composites were collected by the FWPCA




 from the effluent of the Iowa Beef Packers plant at




 Dakota City,  but  actually the information available does



 indicate that the Iowa Beef Packers  plant may be dis-




 charging a load of approximately 200,000 to the Missouri



 River.




               The oxygen demanding wastes for Omaha as




 given on page IV-2^1- of the Federal report is  1.8 hundred




 thousand, which is ^-6 times that of  the city  of Council




Bluffs.  Some oxygen depreciation was created by the
-------
	558




                   R. J. Schliekelman






discharge of this primarily untreated effluent in the




Omaha area.




               These water quality studies which have




been made show that there has been little significant




reduction of dissolved oxygen levels below sources of




oxygen demanding wastes, even prior to primary treatment.




This is a fortunate condition., and actually fairs well




as compared with some of the other major streams where




secondary treatment is needed.  For instance, the 1968




report of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commissic|n




showed dissolved oxygen levels of below 4 parts per




million occurred about 33 percent of the time in the lowei




reaches of the Ohio River.  Likewise, the lower reaches




of the Delaware River have had  very low oxygen levels




and hundreds of millions of dollars must be expended




by communities and industries along this stream for




secondary treatment simply to maintain three and a half




parts per million of dissolved oxygen.




               Using cost figures published in the Journa]




of the Water Pollution Control Federation, it has been




estimated that construction of secondary treatment




facilities for all waste discharges to the Missouri and
-------
	559





                    R.  J.  Schliekelman






 Mississippi  Rivers  would  cost  over  25  million  dollars.




 Furthermore,  according to figures published  in the  1969




 Federal Water Pollution Control  Report,  the  cost  of




 maintenance  and  operation of these  secondary plants would




 be  approximately 1.7 million dollars  per year  more  than




 for the existing primary  treatment.




               The  Iowa Water  Pollution  Control Commission




 has had no hesitancy to require  secondary treatment of  an;




waste discharge to either the Mississippi  or Missouri River;




 when the  need to satisfy  water quality requirements is




 shown.  However,  it is the Iowa  position that areed for uniform




 secondary treatment of all waste discharges  has not been




 shown and that there is no scientific  reason to believe




 that secondary treatment  of every waste  discharge on the




 border streams will enhance the  water  quality.




               Some degradation  of  water quality  is




 evident below the Omaha-Council  Bluffs area  due to  the




 low percentage of wastes  actually receiving  treatment




 during this  particular period.   It  is, therefore, sug-




 gested that  additional water quality  studies be conducted




 following completion of the meat packing plant pretreatmeAt




 facilities to permit evaluation  of  Missouri  River w&tdtf qu&litjr
-------
		56°





                    R.  J.  Schliekelman






 when receiving primary treated effluents from the city



 of Omaha.




                The next section is on disinfection.




                At a meeting on February 9,  1968, with Rob




 S. Burd,  Director of the  Federal Water Pollution Control




 Administration Water Quality Standards Staff,  Iowa agreed




 to adopt  definite numerical bacteriological limits compatible




 with the  National Technical Advisory Committee recommen-




 dations for  waters used for public water supplies and




 primary contact recreation, namely swimming and water




 skiing.   The Department of  the Interior further agreed




 that the  standards would  recognize these values as




 applying  during dry weather,  but will state that all




 reasonable efforts will be  made to reduce bacteria con-




 centration increases during periods  of stormwater runoff.




                The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commissio



 at its April ^,  1968,  meeting adopted a motion accepting




 these  provisions,  and  the Iowa water quality standards




 have been revised to include  the following  numerical




 ^bacteriological limits:




                Public  water supply.   Numerical bacterio-




 logical limits  of 2,000 fecal coliforms per 100 ml for
irt
-------
	56l





                    R.  J.  Schliekelman






 public  water  supply raw water  sources  will  be




 applicable  during  low  flow  periods  when  such bacteria




 can  be  demonstrated to be attributed to  pollution  by




 sewage.




                The  same terminology applies to recreation




 use,  except the  bacteriological  limit  is  specified as




 200  fecal coliforms per 100 ml.




                The  water  quality criteria and  plan for




 implementation  and  enforcement for  the  surface waters  of




 Iowa  was adopted by the Iowa Water  Pollution Control Com-




 mission in  May  196? and this plan did  designate the




 surface waters  to  be protected for  public water supply




 use  as  well as  the  recreational  use areas on lakes,




 impoundments  and rivers.  The treatment  needs  in the




 plan  specified  coliform reduction or effluent  disinfec-




 tion  by the municipalities  to protect  this use during




 the  recreational season.  Information  obtained from other




 State agencies  and  information at the  public water




 quality hearings were  used  to designate  these  recreational.




 areas,  and  the  plan does  specify for interior  municipalises




 chlorination  where  necessary to  protect  these  uses.




                The  State  of Iowa therefore feels that
-------
	562





                   R. J. Schliekelman






acceptable "bacteriological criteria have been established




for interstate waters in Iowa.  These criteria are com-




patible with criteria from adjoining States which have




been  established for public water supply and recreation.




These  other States also generally specify or take into




consideration the effective land runoff and are also




applied when necessary to protect specific water uses.




               Land runoff does contribute high bacterio-




logical densitieSj and bacterial studies in the State of




Iowa  and  elsewhere have shown that commonly acceptable




coliform  levels have been greatly exceeded even in the




absence of wastes attributable to human sources. The




following is quoted from a long term study of total




coliforms in the Iowa River at Iowa City, Iowa:



              "if a stream contains coliform organisms




that  are  of domestic sewage origin, one might expect




the MPN to vary inversely with the dilution capacity of




the stream.  High MPN values would be expected during




the dry seasons."




               Quoting further:




                "in the Iowa River, increases in stream




flow  are  accompanied by increases in both turbidity and
-------
	563.




                   R. J. Schliekelman






coliform organisms.  This pattern has been apparent over




the entire 1950-1964 period and is true xvhether one




examines daily or monthly average data.




               "Apparently, large numbers of coliform




organisms are carried into the river after each rainfull




and snow melt.  The increase in turbidity also indicates




the agricultural land adjacent to the river as the source




of many of these coliform organisms.  Storm sewer overflow




is not considered a significant factor, because the




nearest upstream city is 30 miles above Iowa City and




above the impoundment.




               "in view of the apparently high numbers




of nonfecal coliform organisms and the correlation of




high coliform densities with high flow, one might questior




the significance of such MPN data as related to the




bacterial safety of the Iowa River water.  Does a high




MPN, especially a high monthly average which may be




caused by runoff from a single rainfall, mean that this




water is an undesirable source?  Probably not."




               We have made some estimates on the cost of




continuous disinfection or chlorination of municipal




treatment plant effluents of 77 municipalities which are
-------
	564





                    R.  J.  Schliekelman






 located  on  interstate  streams  in  Iowa.   It  is  estimated




 that  the  construction  and equipment  costs for  these  77




 municipalities,which are  located  on  both the Missouri  and




 Mississippi Rivers  as  well  as  interstate streams,  would




 cost  approximately  2.4 million dollars  and  the annual




 chlorine  cost  would be in the  neighborhood  of  about




 $850,000.




               The  expenditure annually of  these  large




 sums  of  money  required for  year-round disinfection of




 municipal and  industrial  wastes as recommended by  FWPCA




 will  not  improve  the bacteriological quality of inter-




 state  waters during periods  of runoff,  and  these  are the




 periods  when high bacterial  levels have been found.  The




 Iowa  Water  Pollution Control Commission has agreed to




 disinfection of these  waste  discharges,ones that  can be




 expected  to affect  recreational or public water supply




 uses .




               The  Missouri  River is considered as being




 unsuitable  for whole body contact recreation,  and  this




 precludes the  need  for disinfection  to  protect this




 particular  use.   The one  possible need  for  disinfection




 would  be  in the Sioux  City  area to protect  downstream
-------
	      363





                   R. J. Schliekelman






 water  supplies.  However,  that need, as  demonstrated  by




 the Federal Water  Pollution  Control Administration  water




 quality  report,  appears  to be rather borderline  and the




 study  covered  a  relatively brief  period  of  time.  There-




 fore,  before definitely  establishing a compliance require




 ment and making  the  large  expenditures that will be




 required,  additional  study should be undertaken  to  more




 accurately determine  the coliform densities and  sources.



               Temperature requirements  will be  covered




 rather briefly by  Mr. Harrison of the State Conservation




 Commission.



               We  apparently are  in agreement on the  non-




 degradation  clause and this  will  not be  covered  this




 morning.



               Phenols were  also  discussed  yesterday  by




 Dr. Morris.  I don't  know  if Dr.  Gakstatter will comment




 a little bit more  fully  on this or not this morning.



               Radioactivity was  also described  yesterday




 and I  think  our  position is  that  we are  acceptable  to the




 Federal  requirements  on  this particular  phase of the




 recommendations.



               I believe that is  our summary, then, of
-------
	566





                    Dr. J. Gakstatter






the position.




               MR. STEIN:  Do you want to introduce your




next speaker?




               MR. SCHLIEKELMAN:  Dr. Gakstatter, would




you want to present your portion of the statement?








              STATEMENT BY JACK GAKSTATTER




          PRINCIPAL LIMNOLOGIST, STATE HYGIENIC




              LABORATORY, DES MOINES, IOWA








               DR. GAKSTATTER:  Mr. Chairman, ladies and




gentlemen.



               My name is Jack Gakstatter and I am Prin-




cipal Limnologist for the Des Moines Branch of the State




Hygienic Laboratory.  I would like to "begin with  some




comments of the FWPCA biological study.



               The manner in which the biological data




was presented did not deviate from the rest of the Federa




report.  Conclusions were not objective and pertinent




facts were buried which tended to create the illusion




that Iowa is a major polluter of the Missouri River.




               The FWPCA summary, and this in part M
-------
        	56.7





                    Dr. J. Gakstatter






on page II-33 regarding the biological study states  the




following, and I quote:




               "Biological investigations revealed pre-




dominately clean water organisms and associated aquatic




life above Sioux City.  However a consistent increase  in




pollution tolerant organisms and biota were observed in




many stretches of the river between Sioux City and St.



Joseph . "




               This statement leads one to believe that




all is well above Sioux City, whereas the Missouri down-




stream from Sioux City is polluted.  if the data, and




this is on Table B-2 of the Federal report, is examined




objectively, it is obvious that this statement is mis-




leading,.




               The fact is that the study showed little




difference in the biological quality between station 736




and 730"these are river mileages, station numbers are




M-52 and M~50--above the Sioux City sewage 'treatment




plant discharge,  whereas every sample taken in the first




7^- miles below the Sioux City discharge definitely




demonstrated a biological fauna which was superior in




quality to that observed upstream from Sioux City.
-------
	368





                    Dr. J.  Gakstatter






 stoneflies, which are noted for being  extremely  pollution




 intolerant, were found  at  three stations  downstream  from




 Sioux  City., while data  indicate that no  stoneflies were




 found  above Sioux City. Likewise  there was  a  greater dive




 of mayflies in  the  first 7-'± miles  below  the Sioux  City di




 charge  than there was above Sioux  City.   Mayflies  are als




 pollution  intolerant  organisms which require  high  water




 quality.   The FWPCA data,  also on  Table  B-2,  demonstrate




 that  pollution  intolerant  forms were present  in  greater




 diversity  in the first  7^  miles below  the Sioux  CJty dis-




 charge  than above it.   This Is not a claim that  the  treat




 waste  discharge from  Sioux City enhances  biological  quali




 in the  Missouri River,  but merely points  out  that  the bio




 logical quality was not deteriorated at  these stations




 by the  Sioux City discharge.



                It is  stated in the Federal report.,  oage




 3-1,  th'at  severe degradation of the bottom associated




 organisms  occurred  for  5^  miles downstream from  the  Omah




 Council Bluffs  area,  and that floating solids,  this  refer




 to grease  and chunks  of animal fat, were observed  for




 166 miles  downstream.



                It is  interesting  to compare the  waste




 contribution of Omaha,  Nebraska,  and  Council  Bluffs, Iowa
ed
-------
	569





                     Dr.  J.  Gakstatter






 This  can  be  readily done by a few  simple  calculations




 using the data  given on  page IV-24 of  the Federal  report.




 Omaha,  Nebraska,  discharges 1,801,640  population equiva-




 lents to  the  river,  or 46 times  as much as the  Council




 Bluffs  39,000 population equivalent discharge.   Omaha's




 waste load to the  river  thus exceeds the  sum total waste




 load  discharged by the 20 Iowa municipalities  (including




 industries) which  are located on the Mississippi River.




                Eighty-eight percent of Omaha's  raw waste




 load  receives no  treatment  or,  in  other words,  is  discharged




 directly  to  the Missouri River.  All of the  Council Bluff




 waste receives  primary treatment.



                It  is therefore not at  all surprising that




 the Missouri is biologically degraded  for 54 miles below




 Omaha,  nor is it  surprising that grease balls are  found i



 far as  166 miles  downstream.   However, these conditions



 can hardly be attributed to Council Bulffs.




                Now I have some comments regarding  parts



 L and 0 in the  Federal summary,  which  are found  on page




 II-3.   Part L states, and I quote:




                "Survey results  from the main stream of th




 Missouri  River  in  Iowa identified  adverse changes  in water
-------
                                                      570





                    Dr. J. Gakstatter






quality.  Turbidity increased fourfold in the length of




reach surveyed and cyanide and phenols were found."




               It is true that phenols were found in the




Missouri River.  However, the Federal report failed to




mention in the summary that the maximum observed phenol




concentrations in table number A-5 did not change from




station M-52, which is located above Sioux City, and




station M-38, which is located below the Omaha-Council




Bluffs area.  These maximum levels, which showed no




relation to waste discharges, were two parts per billion,




which is twice as high as the suggested FWPCA standard




one part per billion.  These data further substantiate




Iowa's position that the phenol concentrations resulting frjm




natural degradation products often exceeded the FWPCA



standard of one part per billion, and that this standard




is therefore unreasonable.



               During the January 1969 FWPCA survey,




turbidity values were shown to decrease from 19 units




above Sioux City to 8 units below the Omaha-Council




Bluffs area.  During this period stornrwater runoff was




minimal and these data show that the sewage treatment




plant discharges had no effect on the turbidity of the
-------
	.	571





                    Dr. J. Gakstatter






Missouri River.  High turbidity in the Missouri is caused




exclusively by land drainage and that subject is not




relevant to this conference.



               Cyanide concentrations up to 15.2 parts




per billion were measured in the Missouri River.  These




concentrations given in Table A-5 of the Federal report




bear no apparent relationship to municipal or industrial




discharges.  12.2 parts per billion of cyanide were found




above Sioux City while less than one part per billion was




found below the Omaha-Council Bluffs area.  In no case




was the Iowa aquatic life standard of 25 parts per billion




of cyanide violated.



               Part 0 of the report states, and I quote:




               "Public water uses relying on the Missouri




River as a source of supply report problems associated



with turbidity, ammonia, coagulation, taste and odors."




               These are common problems of most surface




water treatment plants, whether or not being affected by




upstream waste discharges.  We have already established




that turbidity problems in the Missouri are not caused




by waste discharges but by land runoff over which we have




no control.
-------
	^	372





                    Dr. J. Gakstatter






               Sewage treatment plants are designed to




eliminate settleable materials and organic carbon, not




ammonia.  Waste effluents from secondary treatment plants




contain concentrations of ammonia •which are many times




greater than concentrations in the average receiving




waters.  Nevertheless, increased ammonia concentrations




in the Missouri and in other Iowa streams are generally




the result of agricultural land drainage and not sewage




treatment plant discharges.  This is substantiated by the




fact that 85 percent of the Missouri River stations had




greater ammonia concentrations during the runoff period




than during the period of normal flow, and this could be




verified in Table A-3 of the FWPCA report.




               Finally, in conclusion,, it has been widely



recognized by Iowa that taste and odor problems frequently




are encountered during periods of surface runoff, particu-



larly in late winter and spring.  However, again this is




something which isn't related to sewage treatment plant




discharges.




               That is the end of my statement.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               Who is next from Iowa?
-------
	,	573





                      H.  M.  Harrison






                MR.  BUCKMASTER:   Mr.  Harrison









              STATEMENT BY HARRY M. HARRISON




            IOWA STATE CONSERVATION COMMISSION




                    DES  MOINES,  IOWA









                MR.  HARRISON:  My name  is  Harry  M.  Harri-




 son.   I  work  for the  Iowa State  Conservation Commission.




 I  have been employed  by  that  agency  for 23  years.   Seven-




 teen  years  of that  time  was spent in the  field  as  a field




 biologist.




                I would like to  say to  begin with,  ladies




 and gentlemen,  that I  am very,  very  happy to be  here  this




 morning.  My  interest  in wildlife and  fisheries  goes  way




 back  to  my  youth, and  in this time I have spent  a  lot of




 time  in  the rivers  of  this  State, much of it without  the




 protection  of a bathing  suit.  After -listening  to  Mr.




 Geldreich's  report  yesterday, and considering the  exposure




 that  I have had to  pathogens, added  to the  good  will  that




 I  heaped on myself  over  at  Davenport last week,  I  should




 say that I  am happy to be any place  today.




                (Laughter.)
-------
                                                      574
                     H. M. Harrison
               I heard a talk Monday of this week by a




reputable sanitarian, and he mentioned that the big prob-




lems in this day are really caused by very little things,




and then he went on to mention the ovum, the atom, a




little bit of skin pigment, and to that list I would




like to add one more thing, pathogenic organisms in flow-



ing water.




               Over at Davenport I began my remarks with




words to the effect that I was accusing F¥PCA of practic-




ing legerdemain with biological facts and statistics to




create some illusions that were misleading, confusing,




had very little basis in fact, and not germane to the




conference. This about sums up my impression of the




present conference.




               With that, I would like to wade in—excuse



me, discuss with yoUf  I don't want to wade into anything




any more (laughter)--discuss with you some of the dis-




cussion here that we had with temperature.




               I am not sure that the people that dis-




cussed temperature were familiar with the facts as they




are in this day.  We have no dispute with FWPCA on tem-




peratures in the Missouri River.  This was settled before
-------
                                                      575
                     H.  M.  Harrison
the time of the conference.   ¥e have no dispute with the




maximum temperature.   This was decided before the con-




ference.  The dispute that we have involves whether or




not we should permit  or whether or not a difference or




an increase in 5 degrees or 10 degrees will protect




aquatic life in Iowa.



               It is  my considered opinion that 10 degree




will protect aquatic  life.  I would, therefore, point out




again that the other  discussions are really not germane,




but there is one thing that I would like to call atten-




tion to. The data was cited that the preferred tempera-




ture of smallmouth bass was  82.4,  for the yellow perch




it was 75.6 and for the green sunfish it was 81.2.  I




guess I kind of favor the green sunfish.  My preferred




temperature is 81.3-   How about that?



               (Laughter.)




               MR. STEIN:  Mine is 96.8.




               (Laughter.)




               MR. HARRISON:   Now there have been some




other illusions that  our fisheries populations in Iowa




are suffering from pollution  and probably in jeopardy,




and I would like to clarify some of my remarks or some
-------
	,	576





                     H. M. Harrison






 of  the  things  that  I think were  misinterpreted  over  at




 Davenport  by citing a  little  history.




               Back in 1886 to 188?  a  gentleman by the




 name  of Seth Meek traveled through Iowa  and collected




 fishes  at  various places in the  State  of Iowa.   I have




 his publication  and have looked  at it  many, many times.




 In  19^-0 Dr. Reeve Bailey, a fishery  scientist of great




 renown,  retraced Mr. Meek's steps and  collected in the




 same  area.  I  followed Dr. Bailey with my collections




 in  1950, and I have people assigned  to me today that




 will  do this work again in 19^9  and  1970.  So we have




 some  idea  of what the  fisheries  picture  is in the whole




 State of Iowa.




               I might point  out that  my own collections




 in  the  1950's, .1951 and 1952, amounted to about 1,000




 collections in various places in the State of Iowa.



               We know pretty well what  the distribution




 by  species  is, and  some of the facts that were  stated




 here  yesterday were facts, but they  were not complete.




 We  know, for instance,  that in the Missouri side of  the




 State of Iowa  that  there are  probably  in the order of




 75  different kinds  of  fish.   In  the  whole State there  are
-------
                                                	577




                     H. M. Harrison






140.  It depends upon the taxonomist how they want to




split them up.  It may be 1^1 or 142, "but to come to




some of the differences you have to count the number of




scales that go around the body and if it is 13 it is




one fish and if it is 14 it is another.  I could never




figure out myself what difference that made to anything




except another fish of the same kind.




               But I did point out over at Davenport




that this was a channel catfish and carp State.  I assume




that the people in the audience knew that I was referring




to the species of fish that are of importance to the Iowa



angler.  The Iowa angler doesn't care anything about a




brassy minnow or a golden shiner.  These are of interest




only to me and a few other people.




               Dr. Tarzwell yesterday made a statement,



and I don't think that we can really argue with it too




much, that evolution has set the stage for the present




fish populations.   To a degree this is true.  However,




the fish populations that were in Iowa at the turn of




the century must have received a shock when the white




man started plowing the ground,  straightening the rivers,




and so forth,  and although evolution may have set the
i
-------
	578





                     H. M. Harrison






 scene,  the fish populations that exist in Iowa today are




 here because  of habitat and habitat alone.




               The habitat in western Iowa has been




 destroyed, particularly in the Missouri River, by




 channeling, straightening, and so forth.  We do not have




 a  species, to my knowledge, in our State that is adapted




 to  life  in the Missouri River.  Now, that does not say




 that some fish don't get by and that some fish do not




 reach fair numbers there.  But the Missouri River in



 this day is a millrace.  Now, there may be a fish some




 place in the  world, a  species, that we could import and




 put into the  Missouri  River that would make a good




 species  for that river.  I don't know what it is.  If




 anybody does, why, we  would be glad to know about it.



               The streams in southwestern Iowa, starting




 with the lower reaches of the Little Sioux, the Maple




 River,  the Boyer, Nishnabotna, the Nodaway, the Tarkio,




 and other streams that were named, have all been straightened




 between—well, before  1920.  Fish populations in those




 areas are really not too good.



               Now, we do have good fish populations in




 some of our artificial impoundsments and some of the othe
-------
	___	379





                      H.  M. Harrison






 streams  in  the  slope  that  drains  to  the  Missouri  River.




 I would  call your  attention  to  some  of the  work that  is




 carried  on  by my department  on  the Little Sioux River.




 This is  considered one of  the better catfish  streams  in




 the United  States.  We have  done  life history studies  out




 there on the channel  catfish, population estimates, and




 so forth, and in some of our tagging experiments  one  of




 our biologists  was able  to capture about 5*000 channel




 catfish  one summer, tag  those fish and release them to




 study their movements.




                Our fish hatchery  that specializes in  the




 production  of channel catfish goes to the Missouri River




 or did for  three years in a row to get the  brood  fish for




 the hatchery.   They take about  1,000 brood  fish per year




 from the river--they took these out  of about  a three-mile




 stretch  of the  river--to our hatchery to propagate channel




 catfish.  I think this indicates  something  of the quality




 of the fish there that they could go in and take  brood fis-h




 numbering nearly a thousand out of perhaps  three  miles of




 stream.




                In another study that we conducted over




 there with respect to movement,  we transported channel
-------
	380






                     H. M. Harrison






catfish from one area to another to see what would happen




to them.  In this project we were able to capture "below




a little stabiljzer, which is another way of saying a




low head dam, I guess,  10,000  channel catfish in less




than a month's time.  We moved those fish upstream in the




Maple River to a little town of Ida Grove and released



them to see what would happen. It might be of interest




to you to know that the returns that we got were right




back to where we picked them up in the first place, and




it points out the fact that habitat is very important in




fish  life.  They Just didn't have the habitat up there




where we stocked them, so they turned on their tails and




returned to where they could find habitat.




               There has been some thought, I think, or




some illusions that secondary treatment might enhance



fishery populations in western Iowa.  I doubt very




seriously that secondary treatment would do anything for




the fish populations out there.  Again you have the prob-




lem of habitat and it just won't get the job done.




               I scribbled these notes down this morning



and I want to make sure that I get everything.




               I would like now to go to the discussion
-------
	58l





                      H.  M.  Harrison






 on  commercial  fisheries.  Some  mention was  made  about  the




 catches  of  1901  as  compared with  1969.  .1 don't  believe




 this  can be  a  valid comparison  for a  couple  of reasons.




 We  have  had  lots  of changes since 1901 to   1969.




               I  would also point out to you that the




 catch  statistics  reported upon  are collected by  people




 that work for  me, and the reason  that we collect these




 statistics  is  because the code  of Iowa requires  us to.




 ¥e  have  absolutely  no confidence  in the data that we get,




 and the  reason is that commercial fishermen  just do not




 report their catches.  They operate out of  their hind




 pocket,  and  if they can  pick up $10 here and $10 there




 and do not have  to  report it as an income, why,  that is




 just a little  more  for them.




               To offer  a simple  answer to a complex



 question, I  discussed this  last week and I don't think




 there is such  a thing as a  simple answer to a complex




 question.  It  has been suggested that pollution is the




 reason for the drop  in the  catch of commercial fish.  I




 submit another simple answer now.  I think that the




 reduction in commercial fisheries catch in the Missouri




River is inversely  proportional to the income tax schedul4s
-------
	582





                     H. M. Harrison






                Taste and odors.  I am not aware that we




have  a  real  significant problem  with taste  and odors  in




fish  populations  in the Missouri River, and I do not




wish  to  discount  the testimony that was offered here




yesterday.   Some  gentleman named two fishermen, I believe




that  had to  throw away fish because of taste and odor




problems.  I can  understand and  believe this, and I am




sure  that it does happen from time to time.  However,  if




taste and odors was a very, very significant problem  in




the fish flesh, I am sure that I would be aware of this.




This  sort of thing comes directly to my desk, and in  the




time  that I  have  been in the Des Moines office, five  and




a  half  years,  I don't believe that I have ever had a




complaint, at least a written complaint, of the problem




of taste and odors in fishes from the Missouri River.



                Our department is also concerned somewhat




with  water-based  recreation, not my department in particu




lar,  but our Commission, and I would like to call your




attention to one  other thing that has been  touched on by




Mr. Schliekelman. I don't believe that if  you had dis-




tilled  water running down the Missouri River it would be




much  of a place for outdoor  recreation.  The Missouri Rivler
-------
                     H. M. Harrison






is a hazardous body of water, and most certainly I




wouldn't put my small children out there with a pair of




water wings and tell them to go swimming.  It just doesn'*'




lend itself to this type of recreation.  We will hope tha




some things that the Corps of Army Engineers have in




mind will become a reality some day and we will have




some impounded waters beside the Missouri River, and this




is where we will send our people to water ski and swim,




and so forth.



               In closing, I would like to repeat pretty




much something that I said over at Davenport and point




out to those of you who were not over there last week




that I am not a member of the Iowa Water Pollution Gontro




Commission.  I have had the privilege to keep a watchful




eye on them to see what they are doing, and I have come tJ3



some conclusions about them that I think everybody ought




to be aware of.



               This is not a troop of boy scouts nor is




it a fraternity of do-gooders.  These are dedicated men,




they come from a broad spectrum of our society, they are




competent and they are aggressive.  I have seen them take




on many, many problems of pollution in the State of Iowa
-------
	584





                     H. M. Harrison






and work them out and correct the situation.




               I would like to mention something about




the competence and dedication of these men.  You heard




Dr. Morris yesterday.  He is a very, very fine scientist.




The State of Iowa employs him to head up their State




Hygienic Laboratory.




               This is no small responsible job.




               Mr. Buckmaster is a successful businessman




an attorney, and he has taken a lot of his time to serve




on this board.  And for those of you that are concerned




about conservation, I don't think that Mr. Buckmaster




really got into pollution first and foremost because of




pollution but because he was a smallmouth bass fisherman




and he thought maybe something is happening to the waters




of Iowa that he could correct.



               These other gentlemen represent State




agencies. They head up State agencies. They are success-




ful farmers and businessmen. They represent cities and




towns, and so this organization is taking care of pollu-




tion in Iowa.




               Now, if the Great White Father in Washing-




ton isn't resting easy because he thinks the people in lov
a
-------
               	585




                     H. M. Harrison






are wallowing in some squalor  out here, you people when




you go back tell them it isn't so, that these people take




care of pollution in Iowa and I am sure we will all get




along fine.




               Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               Is there anyone else from Iowa?




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I might make a few remark




               MR. STEIN:  This is off the record.




               (Off the record.)








             STATEMENT BY ROBERT BUCKMASTER




         CHAIRMAN, IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL




              COMMISSION, DBS MOINES, IOWA








               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Mr. Stein, ladies and




gentlemen.



               I will jump around and cover some things




and try to sum up Iowa's position.  I always talk extem-




poraneously and sometimes worse, and I will probably do




that on this occasion.



               As I indicated in Davenport, Mr. Stein,  I
-------
	586





                      R. Buckmaster






am deeply appreciative of the many courtesies that you




as hearing examiner have extended to us in Iowa in pre-




senting our views.




               I am, as indicated there, deeply concerned




about  the public's reaction as a result of press stories-




I am not critical of the press for this--of what it has




done to Iowa's position nationally and in the State of




Iowa.  Some of us who worked most of our lives fighting




pollution are now being attacked by former friends who ar




quoting from the New York Times, other periodicals and




Iowa periodicals, saying that Iowa has the worst pollu-




tion situation in the United States.  You know and I know




it isn't true.



               What this conference is about is a differe




of opinion on the matter of attacking the problem, but it



has resulted in putting us in the position of being the




fellows with the black hats and you are the great white




knights in Washington who are saving Iowa for posterity.




               I think the people of Iowa should know, an




I think some of them do, that we need no experts from any




place  to come out and lecture or instruct us on the value




of the Mississippi and the Missouri River to this State.
ce
-------
	587




                       R.  Buckmaster






 Nor  do  we  need  any  instruction  on  the  values  of  wildlife



 or the  necessity  of maintaining our  environment.   Nor  do



 we need any  instruction  on  the  fact  that  pollution



 destroys these  values.   We  have no difference of  opinion




 on this.



                I  think our  record  in Iowa,  going  back



 for  a good many years, indicates that  lowans  are  deeply



 concerned  about this  and have expressed their concern  in



 having  adequate treatment of industrial and municipal



 wastes, and  as  your own  figures show,  Iowa  leads  all the



 States  in  the United  States in  the percentage of  people



 having  treatment  of municipal wastes.



                As a matter  of fact,  just  so we get the



 record  straight,  your figures,  in  which you use  the term



 urban population, show that there  are  approximately



 1,500,000  people  in Iowa who live  in urban  areas  with



 sewage  treatment.   Now,  I don't recall presently  whether



 you  use the  figure  2,000  or 2,500  in defining an  urban



 area.   Your  figures show that in every one  of those we



 have treatment.   We are  the only State that has  100 per-



 cent treatment  of urban  sewage,



                Let  me add to that  some other  figures.
-------
	388





                      R. Buckmaster






We have a number of small towns in the State of Iowa




that are under 2,000 or under 2,500, a large number.




As a matter of fact, another 400,000 people in Iowa live




in towns that are not called urban in your figures.  Of




those 400,000 people that live in cities and towns with




sewers, and these go down to even a couple of hundred




people, all but 13,000 have at the present time sewage




treatment, and that other 13,000 that live  in small town




are now under orders from our Commission to have treat-




ment and are either in the planning process or the con-




struction process.



               So you can say that every town, every city




whatever population, in the State of Iowa, with the




exception of the total of 13,000, now has treatment and




they are now under  construction, which gives us 100 per-




cent.  There is no  other State that I know of that can




boast this kind of  a record.



               Let  me give you something else about that.




Iowa has no State aid to cities, towns and municipalities




for the construction of treatment plants.  The only aid




that they have received is the 30 percent from the Federa




Government, and I know of small towns in Iowa who have
-------
	589




                       R.  Buckmaster






 voted  bonded  indebtedness  in  the  area  of  $2,000  per  home




 in  order  to have  treatment, and many of them  run in  the




 area of $900  to $1,200 per home.




               Yes,  I  am  a little  emotional that we  are




 selected,  Iowa, as  the culprits and when  we have been




 given  national and  local  publicity so  the people think




 we  are not doing  the job  in Iowa.




               I  don't want to give the impression that




 we  don't  have problems.   Some plants are  not  properly




 operated,  some need  additions, some need  new  plants.




 But we understand this.   It will  be taken care of.   And




 I don't mean  to imply  that we don't have  problems on




 both the  Mississippi and  on the Missouri  River,  although




 I think the Missouri is minor compared to our others.  Bu




 if  we  are  talking about the main  thrust,  I feel  very




 proud  of  the  job  that  Iowa has done and is doing.



               Let  me  jump around  to a couple of other




 things.   One  thing  I want  to mention.  Mrs. Koerber



 yesterday  from the  League  of Women Voters, I  am  sorry




 she is not here today,  asked a very penetrating  question,




 and she is entitled  to an  answer.  As  a matter of fact,




 I thought  she asked  a  more penetrating question  and  made
-------
               	590




                      R. Buckraaster






a more penetrating point than all the staffs of Chicago




and Kansas City and Washington with the engineers, the




sanitation people, the scientists and the lawyers.  In




fact she, I think, deserves an answer.




               Her point was, in looking at our total pro •




gram for water quality criteria and its implementation,wh




is the provision under General Criteria.  Now, we said:




               "in general, those small intermittent




streams experiencing low or zero flows or which cannot




under natural conditions support a permanent fish popu-




lation, will have their quality governed by the General




Criteria.  It is the intent of the General Criteria to




protect the water quality in these areas for the legiti-




mate uses to which they are presently being used."




               I don't believe in her statement she gave



the first sentence that starts out what streams we are



talking about.




               "Legitimate  uses in this category are




those such as: irrigation,  livestock watering, wildlife




propagation,  etc.  To protect these uses on low flow




streams,  the wastes will be given the highest prac-




ticable degree of treatment without respect to dilution
-------
                        	591




                      R. Buckmaster






in order to prevent the development of nuisance or




health problems below the discharge.  The requirements




are such that the effluent will be suitable for limited




downstream use.  Treatment less than secondary will not




be accepted unless it can be shown that the legitimate




uses can be protected with a lesser degree of treatment."




               Her point was if you can require in that




case secondary treatment,  and the proof has to be on the




other people (it isn't required), why can't you do the same




thing generally.  And on the face of it this is a legiti-




mate thrust.




               But what we were covering there and which




is clear, I think, to anybody that has gone into this,




we were talking about streams, and there are about--!




think out of 510 treatment plants in the State of Iowa




there are about 160 treatment plants on areas that can




support warm-water aquatic life.  These are the larger




streams.



               Now., the balance of these are on inter-




mittent streams, and at low flow there may not be any




water in them at all.  In fact, the only flow may be the




sewage effluent.  And, therefore, it was our judgment
-------
	__	592





                      R. Buckmaster






that on the basis of nuisance conditions, as a matter of




public health, on that type of stream we could require




secondary treatment to meet the criteria of nuisance and




health requirements, not to support  because they couldn'




meet the water quality standards no matter what they did.




It doesn't change our basic jurisdictional requirement




that treatment has to be such as to protect the water




quality criteria.



               Again, just to summarize, as I understand




the Secretary of the Interior's order of January which




approved our standards, which was 99-99/100'th of what we




did and accepted certain areas, I just want to go back




again and get it focused what we are talking about here a




I understand it. I won't get into radioactive, phenols,




and so on.  We all understand that.



               There are two areas in addition to the




secondary treatment matter.  One is the area of disin-




fection.  We stated our  position in Davenport, state it




again. On those interior streams that we are talking




about in this hearing, and regardless of interstate or




intrastate, we will require disinfection by chlorine the




year round where it is used for public water supply.
-------
                       	593




                      R.  Buckmaster






In those areas defined as recreational area we will do




it seasonal.



               Again because there are some people here




locally that  didn't hear  the presentation at Davenport,




it is the Judgment of the Iowa Water Pollution Control




Commission that in the months other than May through




October there is no water contact sport in Iowa. Again




as I stated in Davenport, if you will check with the




Federal meteorologist you will find that in those months




in Iowa we do very little swimming, water skiing or




anything else that has to do with body contact in water.




               This is not Florida, and as you indicated,




consistency is the hobgoblin of mediocre minds.  The way




I heard it was it is the  hobgoblin of little minds, but




I guess we are talking about the same thing.  Consistency




in this, it seems to me,  is a hobgoblin and the condition




are different.  We do not propose to protect for recrea-




tional uses while the streams are frozen.



               Now, on the Missouri River on disinfection




we have a different position.  We are not convinced that




disinfection  is required  on the Missouri River.  We don't




think that your studies show it, because they are
-------
                      R. Buckmaster






non-selective.  I don't want to get into this whole thick




other than I think that if there are means,  as your exper




indicate, to differentiate and determine the source of




these, then why in the hell don't we do it.   Base the




judgment on what that study shows, and on that you will




have no problem with us.  We will meet the water quality




standards if the area in which we control is what is




causing them.  We do not believe from an examination of




the preliminary data collected by your people this




establishes that.  This in general is our position on




disinfection.




               Let's go back to temperature.  We have




no quarrel--! believe it has been adopted in Missouri,




I think we have the same question involved here as we




did in Davenport--of the interior streams.  Our standard




provides for 90 degrees and a 10 degree range.  As



indicated by Missouri, and we have got the same area,




the same type of streams, their experience shows that




these extreme temperatures are pretty much the ambient




air temperature.




               Again a cursory check with any meteorolo-




gist will indicate that we have temperatures consistently
-------
	___	593





                      R.  Buckmaster






above  95  degrees up  to  100  degrees over  this area all




during the  summer months.   Therefore, it seems  to us that




90  degrees  as  a maximum is  unrealistic,  and for these




reasons,  our own studies  show  the same thing in the




water  temperature, that perhaps 93 is even too  low, but




we  go  along.




               All right, so much now, as far as I am




concerned that covers our position on the areas  having




to  do  strictly with  water quality criteria.  Now we talk




about  secondary treatment,  and this is our difference




of  opinion  and I think  it is our really  only major area




of  disagreement.




               I saw some statement from somebody, from




the Federal pollution people back along  before  these




hearings, about he gave  the  impression that the  States




surrounding us adopted  something different and  were




pretty  irritated with Iowa  because we were fouling up




the whole mess.  But I  have noticed, and I am sure you




have,  that  the people who have given formal statements




from other  States haven't taken that position in regard




to  secondary treatment.     I recall for your considera-




tion the statement from the State of Illinois,  with whom
-------
	_	596





                      R. Buckmaster






we share a good many miles of stream, the Mississippi




River.  And they indicated, just as we have indicated,




that they didn't have any interest in what the type of




treatment was.  They were interested, as we were, in




maintaining the water quality standards.




               I think it is interesting to note the




statement given by the gentleman from Missouri yesterday




on those streams which are interstate in that they




originate in lowa and are shown on the map and go into




Missouri, that again Missouri did not care about what




theoretical requirement was made on treatment, but they




were interested that the quality of the water be main-




tained.  So the States that have testified in both of




these hearings that are our neighbors we find have taken



the same position that we have.




               Because there are some people at this




hearing that weren't at the other. That is the reason




I am covering some of these things even though they are




in the record, and I guess your people have done the




same thing --we have plowed some of the same ground in




both hearings. Our position on secondary treatment is




this :
-------
	397





                       R.  Buckmaster






                No.  1.  It  is  our judgment that the




 Federal Water Pollution Control Act does not  give  the




 Federal Government  oov/er  to  require secondary treatment.




 In other words,  our position there  is  that their juris-




 dictional basis  is  in  fact no different  than  ours,  both




 by the  language  and by the intent  of Congress and  by,  in




 my judgment,  the historical  common  law basis  for it.




 Let's touch on that for just a minute  because I didn't




 talk  about it at the other hearing.




                Any  lawyer who has  made any research




 into  the history of water pollution control knows  that




 the  common lav; base of riparian rights to water was based




 on--and 1 am  putting it generally — the right  to reasonabl




 use  of  water  so  long as he did not  adversely  affect other




 riparian owners.  And  I think this  was adopted in  most




 States  and in our State as the basic jurisdiction  for




 control of pollution.   The reasonable  use doctrine  could




 be maintained in  private  action in  a case at  common




 law.  In the  case where you  have adopted pollution  control




 that  the State could enforce,  where  the  action is  not  a




 private controversy between  two individuals,  the statutes




 hold  that any user  of  a stream had  a right to reason-




 able use of that  stream so long as  he  did not adversely
-------
                      R.  Buckmaster






affect other users.




               Now,  this  is what the whole basis  of water




quality standards is based on.   You scientifically




establish what pollution  is.  As far as I am concerned,




when you have established the standards you have  said on




the basis of valid research that these values do  not




adversely affect any of the other uses — recreation,




aquatic life, public water supply, industrial, agricul-




tural.  I think that about covers the gamut of it.  And




you are required to do whatever is necessary so that




what you introduce into a stream does not exceed these




water quality standards which have been determined to




protect these uses.



               Now, it has never been the philosophy of




the law so far as I Know in this country-~it hasn't been




in Iowa as far as I know--where we take the other standar




or at least one other test philosophically and say, we




are going to require everyone to give any waste fche




highest possible degree of treatment regardless of




whether we can show it is required to protect other users




and regardless of the economic  cost. It seems to me that




the water oollutlon control people have somewhat adopted
d
-------
 	599


                       R. Buckmaster



 this philosophy, that regardless of whether or not we


 can show an adverse  effect on users and irregardless of


 the economic balance of interests, this is going to be


 our test. And I think this is where we are in conflict


 on these two basic philosophies.


                There is no question about the Iowa law,


 in my  judgment, as I stated before, I drew the Iowa law.


 I was  on the Governor's committee that studied what Iowa


 needed in the way of pollution laws and it came out of


 our study.  Our Commission has submitted this matter to


 the Attorney General of Iowa.    He has stated to us in


 writing that in his  judgment our jurisdictional base is ojn


 preventing pollution, which means maintaining water


 quality standards and that we have no power to require


 any specific type of treatment other than our ability  to


 show that that is required to maintain those standards.


 This is the legal base for our judgment.


                Now,  the basis for our judgment on the


I merits is that neither our studies, which admittedly are

I
 sketchy, nor your studies, which on the Mississippi


 River  are no better — in some cases not as good because


 we have some d&ta in 1950  better on the Missouri Riverr-
-------
	6oo




                      R. Buckmaster






but neither established a case for secondary treatment



on its merits  that that would enhance the water quality,



or that it is required to mean the Iowa water quality



standards which you accept.



               You have put people on the stand here who



have stated, and I will summarize them — this is what I



think they stated--secondary treatment is better than



primary.  Well, there wasn't any reason to come all the



ivay from Washington to say that. I think we would have



accepted that.  It takes out more things than primary



treatment does.  Tertiary takes out more than secondary.



And if you don't have any effluent at all, it takes it



all out.  I think you can start with that as a premise



and we won't quarrel with that.



               You have also brought people in to say



that certain things can cause taste and odors in drinking



water and fish.  Well, this didn't come as any great news



to us either.  We are familiar with that.



                  Itfhat we have talked about is general



things as  "could" or "might" or "possibly1 or "have"  but very



little has been said about'Will!' or "do."



               As I indicated at Davenport and I indicate
-------
	601





                      R. Buckmaster






today, we will join with you in studies, we will do it




any way it can be done.  We don't have the people; you




have got a lot of them.  They tell me you have got 75 in




the Kansas City office and I don't know how many in




Chicago, and I have been falling all over them at both




of these hearings.  Actually,if we had spent just about




a third as much t:ime surveying the Missouri and Mississipi




Rivers as we have running around having conferences and




writing letters and doing all the folderol that has kept




us really from the pollution jobs for the last two years,




we might have some facts on which we could--




               Would you pardon me while I take this phom




call?



               MR. STEIN:  Do you want to recess now?




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Yes, five minutes and ther




I will go another ten minutes.



               MR. STEIN:  Yes.  We will have to recess




anyway, because we have to have rebuttal and then we will




run through it without a recess after that.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  All right.




               MR. STEIN:  May we recess now for ten




minutes.  When we come back, Mr. Buckmaster will complete
-------
	602





                      R. Buckmaster






his  statement,  then we will have  rebuttal  and  comments,




and  we  will  try to go right through with it.




                         (RECESS)




                MR. STEIN:  May we  reconvene.




                MR. BUCKMASTER:  Mr. Stein, I omitted  one




thing in  connection with disinfection  on the interior str




We are  at a loss to  understand--I indicated  this  at




Davenport and I indicate it here—that  the standard which




we adopted for  year-round treatment of  public  water




supplies  and seasonal treatment of recreational  areas




was  accepted, we thought, by the  Federal Government,




because I had a letter,  I referred to  today, from Ilr.




Burd in September of 1968 where he said that this criteri




was  acceptable.  Yet we  have spent, both here  and at




Davenport, a good many manhours talking about  something




which we  thought was all over with.




                It seems  to me that the  Federal people




here have overlooked one requirement entirely  of the




Federal Act.   I refer to the portion on what  happens




after the standards improve and we get  to  enforcement.




The,  act  itself provides what  the Secretary has  to




show in order to enforce either water  quality  or the
-------
	603





                       R.  Buckmaster






 Implementation  of  the  program.   And again I  want to




 quote  from  the  Act itself.




                "in any suit  brought under the  provisions




 of  this  subsection  the court  shall receive  in evidence




 a transscript of the proceedings of the  conference and




 hearing  provided for in this  subsection,  together with




 the  recommendations  of the  conference  and Hearing Board




 and  the  recommendations and  standards  promulgated by the




 Secretary,and such additional  evidence,  including that




 relating to  the alleged violation of the  standards, as




 it  deems necessary to  a complete review  of the standards




 and  to a determination of all other is sues  relating to the




 alleged  violation.   The court,  giving  due consideration




 to  the practicability  and to  the  physical  and  economic




 feasibility  of  complying  with  such  standards,shall have




 jurisdiction to enter  such  judgment  and  orders enforcing



 such judgment   as  the  public  interest  and the  equities




 of  the case  may require."



                So  ultimately when the  Federal  Government




 gets all through,  both in meetings  and  confrontations,




 and  the  gold stars  are put behind the  States  that said,




 "Yes,  I  will sometime  in  the  future,"  not one  bit of wate
-------
	60*1





                       R.  Buckmaster






 has  been  improved  at  that point.   Now comes  the  question




 of improving  it, and  when we  come  to  improve it,  the




 Act  sets  out  what  the standard  has to be.




                It  would  seem  to me, it doesn't make  any




 difference  what standards you adopt or what  plan of




 implementation,  you are  ultimately going  to  face the




 fact that it  has got  to  be proven  in  court,  with the




 Act  giving  what the criteria  are for  the  court to take




 into consideration.   Where in this hearing,  either at




 Davenport or  Council  Bluffs,  has the  Federal Government




 introduced  one  iota of evidence about the  economic feas-




 ibility or  the  practicability of  what it proposes?   It




 seems  to  me that is a part of your burden  of proof.  I




 knew very well  it  is  going to be when you  attempt to



 enforce it.  It seems to  me it  is  a part  of  your burden



 and  you haven't introduced any  evidence on it.




                It  is  a great  thing to sit  in an  ivory




 tower  and dream up water  quality standards without any




 consideration to other matters  that have  to  be taken




 into consideration by a  responsible public official




 charged with  the responsibility of making  orders  that




 people have to  reach  down in  their pockets and pay for.
-------
.	6o 5





                      R.  Buckmaster






               And  if we  forget  .just  a  minute  and  concede




which I don't, that we  legally could  require  secondary




treatment^ and, number  two,  that  we should,  right  across




the board, as a responsible  public official  let  me tell




you what I would be facing as a matter  of  judgment.   Cur




projections show that on  the interior streams  of the




State of Iowa in the next four years  expenditures  will




be required in a magnitude that will  require  a Federal su




sidization,  based  on the 30 percent, of about $13




million.  In other words, the program on the  interior




streams, which we consider in many areas will  present us




with a problem in the next four years and  a  real problem,




and I am talking about  a problem  of meeting  our  water




quality standards, the  Federal contribution  of 30  percent




will be all eaten up for the next four  years because  we



get, $3.4 million a year.




               If you take the figures, which  are  $25




rnillior; --and my experience with these type of  figures




in an inflationary era  is before  you.have  got  the  figures




put down they have increased--and if we say$25 million




today, which is the educated guess is the  cost of  going




to secondary treatment  on the Missouri  and Mississippi
-------
	6o6





                       R.  Buckmaster






 Rivers,  we  are  probably talking  something more in  the




 area  of  $30 million,  this would  take  all of  the Federal




 contribution for  the  next 4  years  and we would do  nothing




 on  the interior streams.




                As  a public official in  the State of  Iowa




 charged  with the  responsibility  of doing the most  with




 the dollars available  to us  to protect  water quality




 standards,  I couldn't  justify spending  one dime on the




 basis of the record that you have  shown or what we know




 to  be on either the Missouri or  the Mississippi River if




 it  meant depleting or  cutting out  the work that we think




 is  necessary to protect water quality on the interior




 streams.




                Let me  point  out  again that Iowa does not




 have  any State  participation in  the construction of  these




 facilities.   The  70 percent  comes  from  the city or town



 itself .




                I  would consider  it to be irresponsible




 action on the part of  our Commission  to give a priority




 to  secondary treatment on the Mississippi or Missouri ove




 the demonstrated  need  on the interior streams, and this




 is  entirely independent of the question of either  our
-------
                                                      607





                      R.  Buckmaster






legal right to do it or the merits  of whether or not it




should be done.



               So I say in conclusion that in our judgmem




the testimony and evidence that you have adduced here




does not, or even approach  showing a requirement of




general across-the-board secondary treatment.  I am also




going to concede that very well if such proper evidence




were adduced that we may have some areas on both streams




that might require it.



               So there isn't any question again about




our position. I now state that the Iowa Water Pollution




Control Commission is ready and willing to engage with




your Department on definitive studies of both streams.




We are willing to Jointly agree on setting up the




parameters and agree to be bound and require whatever



treatment is required to protect the water quality in




both these streams, but we do not intend to require




secondary treatment without such scientific basis, and




I think I have to say in all fairness that we intend to




pursue that position just as far as it is required.




               Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.
-------
 	608





                      R. Buckmaster






               Does that conclude the Iowa presentation?




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I believe it does.  You




and I will now get into nits and lice, and scientists




will come UP and say this and that, and so forth, and




we will go through that, but as far as I know, except




for answering some of that, we are through.




               MR. STEIN:  All right.  Thank you very




much, Mr. Buckmaster.




               As you know, the regulations require that




we have an opportunity for comment and rebuttal, and we




intend to follow the conference requirements and regu-




lations, of course, to the letter.



               Is there anyone here now that wishes to




make a comment, have rebuttal or make a recommendation as




to standards in water quality? I Just ask you to do one




thing.  I think we aired this quite a bit in Davenport




and in here.  I would hope that this would really be a




rebuttal statement and we do not bring in new material




at this stage unless you really feel compelled to do so.




               Yes.  Mr. Blomgren.
-------
                                                      609




                     C. V. Blomgren
                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF




                    CARL V. BLOMGREN









               MR. BLOMGREN:  Mr. Chairman, we have




listened with interest to the comments presented by the




State representatives.  We respect their dedication,




professional integrity and technical competency.  We




feel there are several statements in their report that




need clarification.




               We have presented documentation which




shows a greatly expanded scope of water uses when com-




pared to the two shown in Iowa's standards for the




Missouri River.  These uses must be recognized and




protected.   Nonrecognition does not reduce the hazard




to the user nor can the assumption be made that it makes




it an illegal activity.




               Recreational use of the Missouri River




is a reality.  The State of Nebraska recognizes this




use.  The Corps of Engineers projects more intensified




recreational use of the river and is planning consider-




able expenditures in the development of recreational
-------
                          	6io




                     C. V. Blomgren






access sites.  This fact was highlighted by the statement




of Gen. Cannon of the Corps of Engineers.  The Lewis and




Clark Trail development will intensify the recreational




use by focusing national attention on the Missouri River,




emphasizing the historical significance of the river




system.  And we cannot overlook that today the States




of Iowa and Nebraska have 66 developed access sites for




recreation.




               Iowa recognizes water supply use only at




the water intake for Council Bluffs.  Yet Omaha, Nebraska




on the opposite bank from Council Bluffs uses the river




as a water supply source,, and St. Joseph, Missouri, l6o




miles downstream also depends on the river for water




supply.  Full consideration must be given to these other



water users through full protection of the river quality.




               Over 85 percent of the coliform bacteria




in the river during dry weather flow studies were con-




tributed by municipal waste discharges.




               The material presented by Mr. Geldreich




establishes the high degree of control of the bacterial




densities that can be obtained from properly operated




secondary treatment with disinfection. Dr. Walton
-------
	611





                      C.  V.  Blomgren






 emphasized the importance of this control in his




 description of the multiple barrier concept for the




 protection of the water  users.   The waste treatment




 plant is the first line  of  defense between the wastes




 of a community or industry  and  the downstream water




 users.   This concept is  further supported by the state-




 ments submitted by the Missouri River Public Water




 Supplies Association.  The  protection of the health and




 well being of their consumers is dependent on the pro-




 duction  of high quality  drinking water.   With only men




 and machines standing  between the river  and the consumer,




 the river must be of the highest possible quality.




                Disinfection is  required  on a year-round




 basis.   During the warmer seasons,  disinfection is




 necessary to reduce the  hazard  of contact with disease-




 producing agents  by recreational and  other users and to




 provide  a more acceptable source for  domestic supplies.




 During the cold weather  periods,  disinfection is equally




 important.   Mr.  Geldreich discussed the  bacterial per-




 sistence  at lower  temperatures fully supporting the  need




 to  provide all possible  protection  for the downstreajn




 user.




                Wet weather  flows  do not  negate the
-------
		612





                      C. V.  Blomgren






 effect  of  disinfection of waste  effluents.  Elimination




 of  potential  sources  of pathogenic organisms before they




 reach the  river  is  common sense.  The  control of bypassing




 because  of  storm flows or mechanical failure is an




 objective  of  all water pollution  control agencies.




               The  State of Nebraska has adopted criteria




 for  coliform  organisms.  These criteria were set to pro-




 tect the river for  domestic water supply and for partial




 body contact, fishery propagation,  agricultural, indus-




 trial uses  and others.  Basically, the coliform group




 shall not  exceed a  geometric mean of 10,000 total or




 2,000 fecal coliform  bacteria per 100  ml, based on at




 least 5  samples  per 30~day  period.  These stream criteria




 can be  achieved  only  through disinfection of waste effluents



 I believe  this question arose yesterday, Mr. Chairman.




 You will recall  that  specific treatment requirements




 calling  for disinfection on the  Missouri River were not




 spelled  out in the  Nebraska standards  for the Missouri.




 However, the  stream quality criteria dictate that dis-




 infection  is  essential.




               Agriculture  runoff effects on the quality




 of  the  Missouri  River are now outside  the scope of
-------
	613




                      0.  V.  Blomgren






 controllable  standards.   The  farm animal  population with




 an  estimated  65  million  population equivalent  of  waste




 products  presents  a  real threat,  at least in part if not




 in  total,  to  the water quality  of the  basin.   Mr. Geld-




 reich's  statement  concerning  the  pathogenic organisms




 present  in the excreta of animals emphasizes the  disease




 potential.  There  are about il-6,000 feedlots within the




 State  of  Iowa, but only  the larger control facilities  are




 State  regulated.   If  the larger ones can  be controlled,




 the  smaller ones can  too.




               Yesterday at the close  of  the FWPCA




 summary  statement, a  question arose about the  Department




 of  Interior'.^ interpretation  of the requirements  for



 secondary  treatment  on the  interior interstate streams




 of  Iowa, and  at  this  time  I would like  to again bring



 Bob  Burd forward for  a clarification of that point,  Mr.




 Chairman.
-------
	614





                         R. Burd








                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT OP




                       ROBERT BURD








               MR. BURD:  Mr. Chairman.




               I would like to make a brief statement




 to  clarify a point raised yesterday concerning the Federal




 approval of water quality standards for Iowa's interior




 interstate streams.




               It was the Secretary of the Interior's




 understanding that the standards he approved as Federal




 standards, standards applicable to the interior streams




 of  Iowa, included a general requirement of secondary




 treatment for municipal and industrial wastes discharged



 to  these streams.  Why did he reach this conclusion?




 The  Iowa standards include the following statements:




               "All municipalities on interior streams




 will  generally need secondary treatment and some already




 have  two stage filtration or other tertiary treatment




 furnishing up to 96 percent BOD removal.




               "All industries will be required to




 provide the same degree of treatment or control that
-------
	6l5





                          R.  Burd






 is  required of municipalities  on the same reach of




 stream.   This  degree  of  treatment will  generally be the




 equivalent of  secondary  treatment" as a quote from the




 Iowa standards.




                Furthermore,  the  Iowa implementation




 plan,  what we  consider to be the action part of the




 standards,  supports  these two  statements.  It shows




 that secondary waste  treatment has been installed or




 will be  installed  by  all but a very few dischargers.  I




 v/ould  like  to  quote  Iowa's  statement prepared for this




 conference:




                "Secondary treatment will be needed, and




 therefore  has  or will  be required for all but four or




 five of  the  490 municipal sewage treatment plants located




 on  interior  streams."



               We  were impressed with this record;  99.2




 percent  of  the municipal facilities discharging to




 interior  streams to provide  a  minimum of secondary




 treatment.




               On  the  basis  of this admirable record and




 the  general  policy statements  on secondary waste  treat-




 ment,  the  Secretary approved the standards of the
-------
	6l6





                         R. Burd






interior streams, with exceptions for temperature and




the approach to disinfection.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Gould I answer one state-




ment he made before we get on this other subject?




               MR. STEIN:  Yes, go right ahead, sir.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I don't think I need to




come up there.  I think you can hear me.




               I am disturbed by the statement about agri-




cultural and animal wastes that you mentioned.  Now, we




all recognize that a great deal of the coliform bacteria




come from animal wastes.  But it seems to me you indi-




cate a real lack of knowledge about the agricultural




industry in the State.



               You keep talking about feedlots and you




give the assumption to somebody that doesn't know about




it that a great part or all of animals in the State are




in feedlots.  Well, this is absolutely not true. The




vast majority of the swine and cattle in the State of




Iowa are on open pasture and in fields, are not confined,




and the coliform come not from feedlot sources but from




animals all over our terrain.
-------
	61?





                          R.  Burd






                And  you  make  the  statement if  we  could




 control  large  feedlots  we can  control  small  ones.




 Explain  to  me  how over  the whole State of Iowa,  which




 is  all  agriculture  and  which has cattle and  swine  on




 pretty  nearly  every acre  of  it,  the  Iowa Water Pollution




 Control  Commission  is going  to control runoff from those




 fields .




                MR.  STEIN:  Do  you want to address  your-




 self  to  that or does  someone else want to answer that or




 do  you  want to continue?




                MR.  BLOMGREN:   I  want to continue.




                MR.  STEIN:  All right.




                MR.  BLOMGREN:   Now, Dr.  Morris,  although




 we  have  requested that  the phenol question on criteria




 will  not be discussed because  we felt  we had  some  agree-




 ment, there was a question from  Dr.  Morris and I would




 like  to  call on our technical  consultant,  Dr.  Aaron




 Rosen,  at this time to  speak to  some of the  points that




 Dr. Morris  brought  up.
-------
                     	6l8





                      Dr.  A.  Rosen
                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF




                     DR.  AARON ROSEN








               DR. ROSEN:  I understand that yesterday




it was stated that the question of a standard on phenols




is not an issue and,  therefore, I am not going to say




anything as to what modification of the original pro-




posed standard has been arrived at, but rather I am




under the understanding that it includes a terminology




relating to phenols of municipal and industrial origin




as opposed to the natural ones that Dr. Morris spoke




about.  Let me point out that Dr. Morris and I are on




a number of committees in this field of organic material




in water, including especially those relating to taste




and odors, and we have no conflict at all on a scientific




basis.



               We can distinguish between those materials




of natural origin of the type that he mentioned, and I




agree that what he said was a proper statement of the




source of many such materials and their occurrence in




streams.  ¥e can distinguish between these which, as he
-------
                                                       6i9
                       Dr. A. Rosen






 said, have, at least so far, not been reported to be




 causes of taste and odor from those which he agrees are




 causes of taste and odor, that is those materials of




 waste origin.  Analytical means are available and they




 are sensitive enough for the purpose of determining and




 identifying quantities as low as one microgram per liter,




 or in the engineers' terms, which are the ones most of




 us use, one part per billion.




                There are several approaches to these, to




 doing this.  I don't want to enumerate all the different




 analytical methods.  I just want to mention that there




 was a recent publication specifically directed to this




 and specifically stating that sensitivities for the




 identification and determination of phenols, by this we




 mean the kind of phenols that do chlorinate and do produc




 a problem, that these sensitivities range as low as one-



 tenth part per billion.  So that from the viewpoint of




 the chemist^a viewpoint which says we apply these criteria




| to the kind of phenols that produce the specific adverse




 effect, that such a criteria can be implemented in terms




 of the analytical capability.




                MR. BLOMGREN:  Mr. Chairman, in response
-------
                                                      620






                     C. V. Bloragren






to Dr. Morris's question about monitoring, I will ask




that this be placed in the record in response to Dr.




Morris and offers cooperation in setting up a joint




monitoring system and program.




               MR. STEIN:  That will be done.




               (Which said document is as follows:)









                       MONITORING




               Although monitoring is not an issue at




this hearing, we believe the record should show FWPCA's




position on this matter.  ¥e feel that it is unfortunate




that Section IV-D of the FWPCA report, dealing with




monitoring, was interpreted by Dr. Morris as a criticism




of Iowa's monitoring program.




               The monitoring section of the report was




intended to support current and future monitoring efforts




of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.  The




recommended increases in sampling frequencies for chemicajl




physical and bacteriological parameters at stations located




on the ten streams cited in the report represent our




current thinking on optimum surveillance needs on streams




receiving significant amounts of wastes.
-------
	621





                      C. V.  Blomgren






                The  FWPCA  Missouri  Basin  Region  is




 actively  engaged  in coordinating the  development  of  a




 cooperative  Federal-State-local monitoring  plan.   One of




 the  principal  benefits  of such a cooperative  approach




 would  be  the elimination  of duplication  of  monitoring




 efforts and  would permit  greater numbers of sampling




 stations  to  be operated as  well as increased  sampling




 frequency.   ¥e have discussed monitoring with all  of the




 Missouri  Basin States except Iowa.  Hopefully,  we  can




 meet with the  technical staff of the  Iowa Water Pollution




 Control Commission  in the near future to discuss  monitor-




 ing  needs and  determine the technical and financial




 resources required  to carry out an effective  monitoring




 program.                  -  _ _




                MR.  BLOMGREN:  Relative to Kansas  water




 quality standards,  which  was brought  up  yesterday and oart




 o f  this   morning by reference, we do have  a  commitment




 from the  State of Kansas,  and I will  quote  from their




 treatment requirements, a commitment  for secondary treat-




 ment.  I  can't inform you of the status  of  the  approval




 or disapproval of those standards, but based  on a  letter
 from  the  Governor  of  January  16,  19^9}  we  have  a  commitme
nt
-------
	622





                      C. V.  Bloragren






for  secondary  treatment from  the  State  of  Kansas.




                Under  treatment  requirements  in  their




standards,  the  objective  of treatment or  control will




be to  reduce the  organic  levels,  oil, grease, solids,




alkali,  acids,  toxic  materials,  color and  turbidity,




taste  and odor  products,  and  other deleterious  materials




to the lowest  practicable  level.




                Mr.  Schliekelman's reference  to  the  cost




of clean waters,  a  sheet  taken  from  our publication, was,




we believe, adequately covered  by Mr. Frank  Hall's  state-




ment which  went Into  the  Davenport record.




                There  were  some  questions  that arose




yesterday with  reference  to bacteriological  pollution,




differentiation,  and  Mr.  Buckmaster  brought  them up again




this morning.   Ed Geldreich,  our  last technical consultan




would  like  to  make  just a  few brief  remarks  on  that and




that will be our  closing.









                  REBUTTAL  STATEMENT OF




                      E.  GELDREICH









                MR.  GELDREICH:   Mr. Chairman, as I  did  in
-------
	623




                       E.  Geldreich






 Davenport,  I  would  like  for  the  record  to  comment  on  the




 Iowa statement, on page 15 under  Public  water  supply and




 recreation,the  suggested  numerical  bacteriological limits




 They state  that  their  bacteriological limits  are  com-




 patible  with  the National Technical Advisory  Committee's




 recommendation,  and the  values,  as  I said  at  that  time,




 now  are  compatible,  but  there  was one phrase  in there




 that I would  like to comment on:  "when such  bacteria




 can  be demonstrated to be attributable  to  pollution by




 sewage."




                There is nowhere  in  the  recommendations of




 the  water quality criteria book  that was put  out by the




 committee that  so specifies  or selectively narrows  in  on




 the  fecal coliform  population  that  we are  concerned with.




 Just as  an  illustration,  I would like to quote that



 particular  recommendation as it  is  on page 12 of the




 water quality criteria book:




                "Fecal  coliforms  should  be  used as  the



 indicator organism  for evaluating the microbiological




 suitability of  recreational  waters."




               There is no mention  here in any of  the




 phraseology that it  is to be specific for  pollution,
-------
	624





                      E.  Geldreich






 fecal  pollution,  from sewage  only,  and  I would  like  to




 make that  comment.




               And as we  have  said  yesterday morning




 and this morning  again it was  reiterated, we are  con-




 cerned with all fecal pollution.  There is no need to




 go into the differentiation of  the  types of fecal




 pollution, because we are concerned with a hazard from




 all.   The  fecal coliform  test  is all we need to do.




 You don't  need all the supplemental tools that  we have




 available  for this particular  problem.




               Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               Are there  any  other  comments?




               MR. BLOMGREN:   Yes,  I would like to speak



 to Mr. Buckmaster's question  concerning feedlots  and



 particularly his  expression of  some doubt about the  size




 of the number of  feedlots we had in our statement.




               This is certainly a  problem and  I won't




 pretend to set up a criteria  for the control of all




 feedlots regardless of size at  this time, but it  will




 take a lot of cooperative effort, undoubtedly some re-




 search and demonstration  grants could be used to  achieve
-------
	 	62;





                    R.  J. Schliekelraan






 this  purpose.   Certainly we  stand ready to assist the




 State of  Io\va  in  this.




                MR.  STEIN:  Are  there  any other comments




 or  statements?




                Mr.  Schliekelman.









                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT  OF




                    R.  J. SCHLIEKELMAN









                MR.  SCHLIEKELMAN:   I might add,  sir,  Mr.




 Geldreich's  comment on  this  public water supply and




 recreational use  limits  that  was  set  up here,  this




 actually  should follow  the portion of the criteria




 which we  have  dealing  with bacteria,  which is  as  follows:




                "Water  shall  be  considered to  be of




 unsatisfactory bacteriological  quality as a source when:




                "A sanitary survey indicates the presence




 or  probability of the  presence  of sewage or other




 objectional  bacteria-bearing  wastes or




                "A bacteriological survey using  coliform




 or  other  appropriate indices  indicates bacteriological




 concentrations  significantly  higher than those  normally
-------
	.	626





                   R.  J.  Schliekelman






 found  or  suspected in  these waters when free from  pol-




 lution by sewage."




                Actually  this  phrase  that we have at  the




 end  of this  addition does not particularly apply or  is




 not  intended to  actually  demonstrate in our testing




 sewage bacteria. We are  talking  about  sources where




 these  bacteria  might be  coming from. I think you have




 got  to read  everything together.




                MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




                Are there  any  other comments?




                Mr. Buckmaster.




                MR. BUCKMASTER:   Since  there has been




 some controversy about what Kansas has done and since




 a  representative of Kansas is  here,  I would like to




 have him  state  what their position is  at this time.




                MR. STEIN:  We  will be  delighted.




                MR. GRAY:  Would you  like to hear from  me




 with a few comments?




                MR. STEIN:  Yes,  sure.
-------
                          	62 7


                        M. W.  Gray
               STATEMENT BY MELVILLE W.  GRAY

            ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF  ENVIRONMENTAL

          HEALTH SERVICES, KANSAS  STATE  DEPARTMENT

                 OF HEALTH,, TOPEKA, KANSAS




                MR. GRAY:  I am Melville W. Gray,

 Assistant Director of Environmental Health Services,

 Kansas State Department of Health.

                As a result of passage of the Water

 Quality Act of 1965, Kansas submitted proposed water

 quality standards to the Department of  the Interior.

 At that time Kansas had 3^- primary treatment plants

 throughout the entire State.  The remainder were secondar

 treatment plants.  Since that time, through routine

 programming, these have been reduced to 28 primary

 treatment plants.

                The Department of  the Interior requested

 the State of Kansas to require secondary treatment from
i
] all facilities and later amended  this to include sig-

 nificant sources and listed 16 municipalities which shoul

 be providing the secondary treatment.   The Governor of
y
-------
	628





                       M. W. Gray






Kansas submitted a letter to the Secretary of the




Interior indicating that with considerable reluctance




and against the advice of his technical staff he would




agree to a date of 1985 ,as a goal for the provision of




secondary treatment from these 16 plants.




               The Kansas State Board of Health, which




is by law the official water quality regulatory agency,




accepted the Governor's letter and attached it as an




appendage to the plan of implementation with no further




action.




               MR. STEIN: Are there any further comments




or questions?




               Mr. Rademacher.








                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF



                   JOHN M. RADEMACHER








               MR. RADEMACHER: I am John M. Rademacher,




Regional Director for the Missouri Basin Region, FWPCA.




               I believe that there is one significant




point that has to be made in response to Mr. Gray's




comment that the date of 1985 was a goal.  I believe as
-------
	629





                     J.  M.  Rademacher






 submitted  by  the  Governor  and  also  accepted  by the




 Department of Health  or the  Board of  Health  in Kansas




 on  February 7th,  and  I  quote the submission—now, I




 don't  know what the  status of  approval  or  disapproval  is,




 but our  understanding as we  read this is a commitment




 to  secondary  treatment:




               "This  policy  shall be  applicable to all




 interstate waters  in  the State with the provision that




 an  abatement  timetable  will  be submitted to  the Depart-




 ment of  the Interior  by or before December 31,  19^9,



 for the  significant municipal  and industrial  waste




 sources  and further that all facilities shall  be in




 operation  prior to completion  of equivalent  Missouri




 River  downstream  facilities  but in  no case later than




 1985."



               And, of  course,  the  comment that Mr.




 Blomgren made earlier about  "The objective of  treatment




 or  control will be to reduce the organic levels, oil,




 grease,  solids, alkali,  acids,  toxic  materials,  color




 and turbidity, taste  and odor  products, and  other




 deleterious materials to the lowest practicable level."




               In  our view,  this is a commitment to
-------
	630





                    J. M. Rademacher






secondary treatment and a tjme schedule to it.




               MR. STEIN:  Are there any further  comments




or questions?




               Maybe we had "better cover this.  There  is




one advantage to this comment period. What we eventually




do is get Gray and Rademacher up to the stand and  I am




glad to see you both.




               Are there any others?  Mr. Carlson, did



you have something?








              STATEMENT BY PRANK L. CARLSON




            ENGINEER, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN




            DRAIN COMMISSION POLLUTION CONTROL




                     FLINT, MICHIGAN








               MR. CARLSON:  I am Carlson and I am from



Genesee County in Michigan.




               I am one of the Indians that has to do




the work of producing these pollution control sewage




disposal plants, etc. like that.  We are the Genesee




County Drainage Commission.  We put in the sewer pipes,




we build the disposal plants, and we think we could make
-------
                          	631





                      F. L.  Carlson






some recommendations to you  chiefs on how maybe  this




could be done a little bit better and we could suggest




that you integrate a little  bit with your air pollution




and land pollution and water pollution.  If this was




integrated in one big program, perhaps it would  work




for the betterment of the whole solution, the whole




problem.




               I would like  to make a couple of  drawings




on your board here for just  a suggestion on how  to contro"




pollution, water,  air,  and so forth.




               MR. STEIN:   You know, what we are intereste




in, really, is the record.   Now,  I have no objection to




you drawing it on the board,  but we have no way  of intro-




ducing that in the record.   0. K.?




               MR. CARLSON:   I don't want to take too



much of your time.  I know  this is probably not relative




to your particular problem  here,  but I was just passing




through and I felt obliged  to make a comment on it. Add



anything that you  might--




               MR. STEIN:   Did you want this material



in the  record?




               MR. CARLSON:   No,  I have nothing to put
-------
 	632




                       F.  L.  Carlson






 in  the  record.




                MR.  STEIN:   0.  K.   Thank  you.




                Are  there  any other comments  or statements




 any at  all?




                (No  response . )




                I think we  are  about  to the  point where




 we  are  going to close.




                Let  me  make  one observation  from sitting




 up  here for  a couple  of  days.   You know,  when you look




 at  things  carefully you  see  things that  possibly you




 don't expect in a situation.




                For  example,  when  I got into  this hotel




 I thought  that  I was  in  a  traditional hotel  public room



 that is repeated over  and  over again through the United




 States. For example,  if  you look at the decorations




 on  the  wall, they all  seem to  be  derived architecturally




 from the late Roman period.   I think the one there over




 the door,  they  seem to have  replaced the medallion in




 the middle with the seal  of  Iowa.  But if you look very,




|very carefully  at this and look at that  place where they




 have the seal of Iowa, you see those two figures, and




 what do we have?   The  legs on  the two figures and the
-------
	633





                        M. Stein






 feet  extend  outside  the frame  and  outside  the  panel,  and




 this  is  something  that obviously you  would never  get  jn




 the pure Roman  form.




                So  I  think  if you look hard enough,  you




 may find things  that  ordinarily are not  apparent  and




 maybe  we can do  that  here  too.



                I would like to thank  both  the  represen-




 tatives  from the Federal Water Pollution Control  Adminis-




 tration  in Iowa  and  all the other  people who have




 participated in  Davenport  and  in Council Bluffs in  these




 conferences.



                I think the conferences have been




 characterized by a clear statement of the  problem.  Some




 of you who have  sat  through both may  not think it is  so




 clear, but I think everybody has to use  Mis   own mode




 of expression in getting  his  point   of view  across.




 Obviously, a representative of a women's organization  or




 citizens' group  is going to put its view forward  in one




 way,  a State  or  Federal administrative official is  going




 to say it in another  way,  the  biologists and the  chemists




 and the  microbiologists all have their way of  putting




 what  they think  their views are on the record.  What  thisj
-------
	  	634





                        M. Stein






has  done  is  provide a forum where we have  been able to




get  these views .




               At  least I have a clear understanding




of where  we  are  going^ not necessarily where we  are




going  but what everyone wants to say.  There may be




certain points on  which the technical people in  a




particular specialty may not have resolved every last




little issue.  However., I am riot overstating this when




I say  Iowa and we  probably can arrive at  a judgment




without resolving  all these minutia.  We  have  enough




of the views  from  all the parties concerned and  they




are  really set forward  on the record.




               I know both we and Iowa have a  formidable




task ahead.   I would like to give a  personal opinion on




one.   It  is  abundantly  clear that the officials  in  Iowa




and  the officials  in the Federal Government both want




to get an equitable and an expeditious program going




forward to assure  that  we will control and prevent  water




pollution and have clean' waters in  the Missouri  and




Mississippi  Basin. I don't  think there  is any question




about  that.




                   There  is  another point that   we
-------
	.	635




                        M. Stein






 should recognize before this gets out of perspective.




 Setting  the  standards, like any other one of the aspects




 of  the program we have, is just a tool toward achieving




 these objectives.  One thing about the setting of stan-




 dards, and I  think this is clear, no matter how much you




 refine them  or how much you set the standards, by Iowa,




 by  the Federal Government, by any other instrumentality




 of  government or jurisdiction, I don't think just the




 setting  of standards is going to clean up water one bit.




               This is a  method whereby we get to the




 real problem  of cleaning  up water.  If we are going to




 clean up water, what is necessary, and I say where it




 is  appropriate, is for the wastewater sources to be




 gathered together in a place where they can be treated



 or  diverted  and the water be kept clean.  What I would




 hope is  that  the governmental agencies do not spend all




 their time in this preliminary area when we have the hard




 job of going  out and controlling pollution.  We don't




 want to  get  the methodology to exceed the aims of the




 program.  And I think it  behooves us all not to get




 caught up in  a proceeding, however entertaining you




 might think  this is, without keeping the idea that the
-------
	             636

                        M. Stein

 real  objective  that we have  is  the  preservation  of  the
 water  quality in  the Mississippi  and  Missouri  Basin  in
 this  area.   This  is the job  on  which  we  have to  move
 forward.
                I  would hope  that  wo would be able to  not
 only  come to a  full agreement with  Iowa, but with all the
 States in the basin so that  the Federal  Government  and
 the various  States can move  on  in concert to get the  job
 done.  In addition to that,  as  we well realize,  unless  we
 have  the real cooperation  of the  municipalities, counties
 and the cities, the job is going  to be that much harder.
 Let us not get  on a sidetrack or  a  siding, let's not, I
 hope,  get into  a  cul-de-sac  xvhere we  can't find  our  way
 out,  but let's  get on with the  job  of providing  the
 cleanest possible water for  the maximum  number of water
 uses  in an equitable way so  that  the  municipalities,  the
 industries,  the States, and  the Federal  Government  can
 all live with that.
                With that,  we will stand  adjourned and

 I  would hope that a resolution  of this problem which  is
 satisfactory to all parties  can be  forthcoming.
               "Thank you all for  your participation.
                       (ADJOURNMENT)
-------
                                                                  637
                         UNITED STATES
                  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
           FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                        MISSOURI BASIN REGION
                        911 Walnut Street, Room 702
                        Kansas City, Missouri 64106
IN REPLY REFER TO:
                         April 28, 1969
TO:
Commissioner, Federal Water  Pollution Control Administration
Attn:  Assistant Commissioner,   Office of Enforcement
FROM:       Regional  Director,  FWPCA

SUBJECT:    Water Quality Standards Conference, State of Iowa

Attached are  additional statements which we desire to have
included in the  official record of the Water Quality Standards
Conference, State of Iowa,  Council Bluffs session.

Copies are  being provided to the conference recorder and the
Iowa State  Water Pollution Control Commission.
Attachment
Iowa Beef Packers' Report
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's  Statement
Nebraska Water Quality  Criteria
-------
                                                                  638
                          UNITED STATES
                  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
            FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                        MISSOURI BASIN REGION
                       911 Walnut Street, Room 702
                        Kansas City, Missouri 64106
 IN REPLY REFER TO:
              April 28, 1969
TO:
 Record
FROM:      Regional Director,  FWPCA

SUBJECT:   Nebraska Water Quality  Criteria

The following is a verbatim  extract  from  the  "Water  Quality Standards
Applicable to Nebraska Waters," adopted by Water Pollution Control
Council, State Department of Health, Lincoln,  Nebraska,  and dated
January 1969.

Waste water shall not degrade  the  receiving waters below the follow-
ing criteria.  These criteria  ....

5.  Temperature

For Class "A" Use - (Domestic  Water  Supply)
And Class "B" Use - (Full Body Contact Sports)

The temperature of the receiving water shall  not be  increased by
a total of more than 5° F from May through October and not more
than a total of 10° F from November  through April.   Maximum rate
of change limited to 2° F per  hour.
For Class
"C" Use - (Agricultural uses including irrigation and
           Partial body contact sports.
livestock watering.  Partial body contact  sports.  Growth  and
propagation of fish, waterfowl, fur bearers and other aquatic  and
semi-aquatic life and wildlife.  Industrial.)

Trout Streams

Allowable change 5° F - Maximum limit 65°  F.

Warm Water Streams
Allowable change 5  F May through October;  10° F November  through
April.  Maximum limit 90  F - maximum rate  of change  -  limited  to
2° per hour.  For Missouri River from Gavins Point Dam  to  Sioux
City, Iowa - maximum temperature 85° F, allowable change 4° F.

The classification of waters of the State is covered  in detail
in Appendix XI of the Nebraska Standards.
                                      JOHN M. llADEMACHER
-------
TO
        OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
        MAY 1062 COITION
                                                                               639
        GSA FPMR (41 CFft) |OI-ti.«
        UNITED  STATES GOVERNMENT

        Memorandum
C. V. Blomgren
Director, Technical  Support
                                                          DATE:  April 24,  1969
FROM
           Sanitary Engineer
SUBJECT:    Report on Iowa Beef Packers  -  Sampling and Plant Inspection Trip,
           March 26-28, 1969

           During the three day trip, the following persons were contacted at  the
           Iowa Beef Packers'  Dakota City, Nebraska, installation:

           Henry Blumm, Nebraska Department of Health
           James Chittenden, Technical  Director, Iowa Beef Packers
           David Osborn, Chemist, Iowa  Beef Packers

           Pertinent details of plant facilities and operations are listed below:

           1.  Kill period - 16 hours - 2-8 hour shifts
           2.  Cleanup - 8 hours
           3.  Kill - 2000 to  2500 head
           4.  Total employees - 1100
           S.  Average water usage - 1650 gpm from a well system through pressure
               sand filters
           6.  Waste treatment

           Domestic Treatment  - Pacific Industrial Engineering

           This plant at the time of inspection has suspended solids of 10 mg/1
           in the contact tank.  There  was no recirculation,  no skimming on the
           final tanks and no  indication  that the plant was receiving  any  maintenance
           at all.

           Process  Wastes

           All process wastes  go through  an air flotation tank for  grease  and
           grit removal.   At the time of  the visit, no air was being supplied
           and no suction on the grease removal trough.   A four-inch layer of
           grease covered the  flotation tank.

           Stockyard Wastes

           Wastes from the stockyard area are washed into two settling basins
           designed to remove  settleable solids with a 30 minute minimum detention.
           At the time of the  visit, both tanks were full of  wastes  and short-
           circuiting directly to the outlet.
                 Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
-------
                                                                          640

                                - 2 -

Mr.  Blomgren-— 4/24/69


There are no BOD data available for the combined wastes from this
plant.  A year ago, the Nebraska Department of Health ran one set
of samples and lost all BOD's because of insufficient dilution.
At that time, the effluent's suspended solids ranged from 800 mg/1
during cleanup to 1500 mg/1 during kill periods and grease concen-
trations were approximately 550 mg/1.

At the Dakota City plant, all wastes are combined into one main
sewer.  Analytical values for comparable wastes at the company's
West Point Nebraska plant are:

Operation Period          Kill        Cleanup #1           Cleanup #2

Grease ppm                364         370                  161
Susp. Solids ppm          404         506
Total Solids 7.            0.261       0.298
Volume of Water (gal)     476,200     132,000              95,000
BOD5                      1175        1375                 900

  Total kill for the West Point plant is 1050 to 1100 head.

At the Dakota City plant, 11 samples were collected at two-hour
intervals during the operational period on March 27, 1969, and pictures
were taken of the outfall and plant waste treatment devices.

Plant Operation

During the survey period, the plant was operating on a 13 hour kill.
On March 27 and 28, a perfect kill (no stoppages during kill period)
was obtained and with a chain speed of 163 animals per hour, this
amounts to 2,119 head per day.  Water use during the two days varied
from 2.5 to 2.75 million gallons per day based on pumping records on
the company-owned water supply.  Operations during the sampling period
were as follows:

Start Kill                            05:25
15 Minute Break & Cleanup             08:30 to 08:45
30 Minute Lunch & Cleanup             10:30 to 11:00
15 Minute Shift Change & Cleanup      14:15 to 14:30
15 Minute Break & Cleanup             17:30 to 17:45
30 Minute Shift Change & Cleanup      19:30 to 20:00
Peak Cleanup Flow, Approximately      22:30

Sampling Operations

During the period from 5:00 a.m.,  March 27 to 1:00 a.m., March 28,
samples were collected from the combined waste line from the Iowa
Beef Packers plant.  These samples were air lifted to the interim
laboratory of FWPCA in Kansas City and analysed for BOD and solids
-------
                                                                               641
                                          - 3 -
            Mr. Blomgren	4/24/69
            according to the standard methods.  Data for the samples listed as
            3:00 a.m., March 28, were estimated to provide a complete 24-hour
            sequence.

Date
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/28
3/28
Total
Avg.

Time
0500
0700
0900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
0100
0300


Estimated .
Flow (mg)-'
0.154
0.228
0.247
0.247
0.228
0.214
0.247
0.228
0.214
0.228
0.294
0.214
2.75 mgd

Temp.
°C
25
26.5
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
26.0
26.5
25.5
26.0
25.5


26.0
BODs
mz/l
386
812
1500
1285
1489
1895
1676
1616
2481
1399
1636
950

1427
Calculated
Ibs.of BOD5
495
1544
3089
2647
2831
3382
3452
3072
4428
2660
4071
1693
33363

TSS
TOK/1
165
530
1180
1400
1300
1760
1160
860
1080
740
1240


1038
SS
mj?/l
2.5
3.0
8.0
7.0
4.0
7.5
5.0
7.0
6.0
8.5
3.5



Grease
ppm
188

297


305








\l  Flows were estimated for each two-hour period  from invert  elevations  on
    discharge line at the sampling location.   Total  flow of  2.75 mgd agrees with
    the figure furnished by IBP officials.  The  0300 sample  is extrapolated data.

            Settleable solids were also  run in the field using an Imhoff  Cone.
            Results of these tests are:

            0800     3/27/69    Combined Wastes                14 ml
            1000     3/27/69    Domestic Waste Effluent       10 ml
            1200     3/27/69    Combined Wastes                 9 ml

            At several times during the  day's  sampling,  excessive floating
            solids (meat scraps and grease) were observed in the samples
            collected at the combined waste sampling point.

            Remarks

            We can assume that a representative  raw  domestic sewage would
            contain approximately 0.167  pounds 5-day BOD/P.E./day.  On this
            basis,  the IBP effluent represents an  organic load  as listed
            below:

            1.   Equivalent to 200,000 population community raw  discharge.

            2.   Assuming 35 percent BOD  removal  equivalent  to  300,000  population
                primary discharge.
-------
                                                             642

                           - 4 -
Mr. Blomgren	2/24/69
3.  Assuming 85 percent BOD removal  equivalent  to 1,250,000
    population secondary discharge.
                                  WILLIAM J. KEFFER
-------
                                                                           643
IN REPLY REFER TOl
                                 UNITED STATES

                         DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

                         BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION
                                 MID-CONTINENT REGION
                            BUILDING 41, DENVER FEDERAL CENTER
                                DENVER. COLORADO 8O225
       D 6431
                                                                  APR 11 1969
       Memorandum
       To:        Regional Director, Federal Water Pollution
                    Control Administration, Kansas City, Missouri

       From:      Regional Director, Mid-Continent Region

       Subject:   Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Statement - Water Quality Setting
                  Conference - Iowa Interstate Waters of Missouri River Basin
                  Council Bluffs, Iowa - April 15, 1969
       Enclosed are five copies of the subject statement.  Since we do not
       propose to have a representative at the Council Bluffs Conference it
       is requested that the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation statement be read
       and entered into the record of the hearing.  We would appreciate
       receiving a copy of the hearing minutes or summary when complete.
                                     Maurice D. Arnold
       Enclosures
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                                                                          644
                Water Quality Standards Conference
        Iowa Interstate Waters of the Missouri River Basin
                       Council Bluffs, Iowa
                          April 15, 1969

                            Statement

                  U.S. Department of the Interior
                    Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
                       Mid-Continent Region
                         Denver, Colorado


During the last decade, the people of this country have become increasingly

conscious of the current and potential values of outdoor recreation, and much

of this interest has been centered around the use and enjoyment of our water

resources.  All indications point toward a future need to provide not only

more but a wider variety of outdoor recreation opportunities.


Recent trends indicate a rapidly increasing interest and participation in

water-based recreation activities, especially in swimming, boating, water-

skiing, and skin diving.  There is also a growing interest in nature photog-

raphy and study, often involving the aquatic environment.


We estimate that the number of occasions in which people will engage in water-

oriented recreation activities will increase about 160 percent during the

next 40 years.  In the Missouri River Basin, a portion of which is the sub-

ject of this conference, our studies indicate that there is a large demand

for outdoor recreation opportunities which remains unsatisfied.  Obviously,

any factor which tends to endanger or reduce the amount or number of clean

water areas, and aesthetically attractive streams, lakes, or shore areas

suitable for recreation purposes should be of great concern to everyone

involved in managing our natural resources for public benefit.


Water serves three basic needs of recreationists:  consumptive, i.e. drinking

and cooking supplies; surface and volume for water contact activities, fishing
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                                                                          645
and boating; and for aesthetic enjoyment.  Water areas also are vital to




the preservation of fish and wildlife, unique biotic communities and, in




combination with adjacent lands, the highly valued scenic natural character




of certain areas.







The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation is interested in seeing quality recreational




opportunities provided,  polluted water is not compatible with this goal.




It is not only undesirable for boating, water-skiing, and swimming, but is




unattractive for camping, picnicking and may be a health hazard in connection




with these and other water contact uses.  The polluting of recreational




waters results in decreased use and can render areas totally unsuitable for




such use.  Although progress in the abatement of pollution is considerable,




large amounts of pollutants still are being discharged into our water courses.







We are vitally concerned about the maintenance of good water quality in all




streams in the State of Iowa, and we have specific concerns about the water




quality of the Missouri River Basin and especially in the Floyd, Nishnabotna,




Big Sioux and Little Sioux River.







Surveys have revealed that the Missouri River Basin, including a portion of




Iowa, is endowed with a wide variety of recreation, scenic, historic, and




natural values.  Many of these values depend upon the quality of water avail-




able.  Interest has been shown for development of state parks and recreation




areas including a 1,000 surface acre lake near Sioux City, Iowa.  Corps of




Engineers' projects involving approximately 18 reservoirs in the Boyer,  Big




Sioux, Nishnabotna and Little Sioux River Basins are presently under study.
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                                                                          646
Also being considered is the development of Oxbow Lake projects which will




provide approximately 2,400 acres of water valuable for recreation and fish




and wildlife uses.







It is clear then that national goals as well as local and State interests




in outdoor recreation and environmental quality are effected by the




availability of clean water.







In regard to the water quality standards in the State of Iowa, the Bureau




of Outdoor Recreation recommends that all interstate waters be designated




for outdoor recreation use and be maintained at a quality which will support




primary or secondary contact recreation use.  Specific water quality for




these uses are set forth in the April 1, 1968 Water Quality Criteria, Report




of the National Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior.
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                                UNITED STATES
                        DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                  FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                              MISSOURI BASIN REGION
                             911 Walnut Street, Room 702
                              Kansas City, Missouri 64106
      IN REPLY REFER TO:
                                                                         64?
                                                                   ~'
TO:
           Commissioner, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
           Attn:   Assistant Commissioner, Office of Enforcement
FROM:      Regional  Director, FWPCA

SUBJECT:   Water Quality Standards Conference, State of Iowa

Attached is an additional statement which we desire to have included
in the official record of the Water Quality Standards Conference,
State of Iowa, Council Bluffs session.

Copies are being provided to the conference recorder and  the Iowa
State Water Pollution  Control Commission.
Attachment
                                     ,fa
                                         JOHN M.'RADEMACHER
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                                                                      648
            CONTINUATION OF MISSOURI BASIN REGION,  FWPCA,

                         REBUTTAL STATEMENT
     In deference  to  the statement (Iowa Water Pollution Control



Commission's  statement, 1969, page 11, paragraph 3, line 4), that the



first 74 miles downstream from Sioux City discharges reflect water



quality conditions "superior" to those upstream from Sioux City is



not entirely  correct.  The basis for this statement results from the



comparison of types of bottom assoicated organisms and their relative



numbers.  It  must be  remembered that the majority of collections were



of a qualitative nature and can, therefore, be misleading in terms of



relative numbers and  the presence or absence of a particular species



of benthos.   In many  instances, a qualitative collection may miss



certain individuals because of habitat restrictions, etc.  When this



happens, the  total evaluation of an area may be biased in terms of



the numbers of different kinds found.  Benthic sampling of large



streams or rivers is  difficult due, in part, to the variety of natural



substrates encountered.  It is impossible to obtain representative



fauna, even within a  limited area, becsuse of shifting substrates,



variable or high streanflows and a host of other physical factors.



     A number of artificial substrate samplers have been built by



investigators to facilitate or improve benthic sampling, Scott—;


                2/
Hester and Dandy-.  During the Missouri River Survey (October 1968),



the biology unit utilized artificial substrate samplers described by


              3/
Mason, et. al.— , to monitor water quality in the Sioux City area.



The samplers were installed on the Iowa side of the river and remained



submerged for a period of 40 days (10/11-11/19/68).
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                                                                      649
                                - 2 -


 Results and Discussion
     Station  737, approximately 3 miles upstream from the Big Sioux
 River confluence, reflected a diverse and clean water assemblage of
 benthos.  The total number of organisms numbered 396.  Of this number,
 97 percent was pollution sensitive, 3 percent intermediate forms,
 and no pollution tolerant forms recorded.
     Station  730, approximately 1 mile downstream from the Floyd
 River confluence exhibited a considerable reduction in total numbers
 and pollution sensitive forms, while there was an increase in inter-
mediate and pollution tolerant forms.  Of the 131 organisms collected,
only 59 percent of the benthos was pollution sensitive,  while 40
percent was intermediate forms and 1 percent was pollution tolerant.
     Station  723, approximately 6 miles downstream from the Sioux
City STP reflected severe degradation of water quality.   From
the 133 organisms collected, 45 percent was pollution tolerant,
29 percent intermediate forms and 26 percent was of the  pollution
sensitive type.
     The artificial substrate sampling in the Sioux City area clearly
defines an abrupt change in water quality affecting the  benthic
community.  It is interesting to note that the stonefly  which Iowa
based much of their rebuttal on was absent from all of the samples,
and the diversity of mayflies in this case was restricted  to one
genera.   However, the number of mayflies  encountered at  each station
is significant.  Iowa states that  "mayflies are also pollution
intolerant organisms which  require high water quality."  The mraber
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                                                                      650
                                - 3 -

of mayflies was reduced from 65 (Station 737) to only 1 individual
(Station 723).  Caddisflies not mentioned by Iowa, but which are In
the pollution sensitive group, were reduced in numbers from 320
(Station 737) to 33 individuals (Station 723).
     Also of considerable importance is the occurrence o'f tubificidae
in large numbers (60) at Station 723.  The tubificidae commonly
termed "sludgeworms" prefer and thrive in a highly organic environment.
The sampler at Station 723 was suspended off the bottom but nevertheless
collected large amounts of drift organic material creating a favorable
environment for the sludgeworms.
     The results from the artificial substrate program reflect water
quality degradation of a high degree downstream from the Sioux City
area.  This Is contradictory to Iowa's statement (page 11,  paragraph 4,
line 15) that the biological quality was not "deteriorated" by the
Sioux City discharge.
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                                                                     651
                             REFERENCES






1.  Scott, D.C., 1958.   Biological  Balance  in  Streams.  Sewage and




    Industrial Wastes,  30(9):1169-1173.




2.  Hester, F.E. and J.S.  Dendy,  1962.  A Multiple-Plate Sampler




    for Aquatic Macroinvertebrates, Trans.  Amer. Fish. Soc.,




    91(4):420-421.




3.  Mason, Wm.T., Jr.,  J.B.  Anderson, and George E. Morrison, 1967.




    A Limestone-Filled  Artificial Substrate Sampler for the Collection




    of Macroinvertebrates  from Large Streams.  Prog. Fish Cult.
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                                                                        652
STATION 737

POLLUTION SENSITIVE

Hydropsyche     149
Cheumatopsyche   75
Neureclipis      96
Stenonema        65
                385
                INTERMEDIATE

                Hyella         2
                Asellus        5
                Erioptera      1
                Polypedilum    1
                Conchapelopia  2
                              11
                         POLLUTION TOLERANT
STATION 730

POLLUTION SENSITIVE
Hydropsyche
Cheuma top syche
Neureclipts
Stenonema
 5
 4
67
_2
78
INTERMEDIATE

Hyella       46
Orthocladius  4
Cricotopus    1
Polypedilum  _JL
             52
POLLUTION TOLERANT

Tublflcidae   1
STATION 723

POLLUTION SENSITIVE

Hydropsyche      6
Cheumatopsyche  17
Neureclipio     10
Stenonema       _ 1
                34
                INTERMEDIATE

                Cricotopus
                Polypedilum
                Orthocladius
                Glyptotendipes
                Conchapelopia
                Asellus
                 2
                 1
                 1
                 1
                 1
                J33
                39
POLLUTION TOLERANT

Tubificidae   60
                                                                       60
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                                                                          653
                                    3(otoa
                             Bepartment of
                             LUCAS STATE OFFICE BUILDING
                               DES MOINES, IOWA 5O319
JAMES F 5PEERs,MD..M.P.H.                            Environiuenta 1 Engineering  Service
COMMISSIONER OF PUBUC HEALTH
                                            P. J. Houser, M.S., P.E.,  Chief

                              15 May 1969

           David D.  Dominick
           Commissioner,  Federal Water Pollution
           Control Administration
           Washington,  D.C. 20242

           Attention:   Murray Stein, Assistant Commissioner,
                       Office of Enforcement

           RE:   WATER  QUALITY STANDARDS CONFERENCE, COUNCIL BLUFFS,  IOWA
                SESSION
           Enclosed is an answer to the Federal Water Pollution Control
           Administration rebuttal of the Iowa Water Pollution Control
           Commission Statement, page 11 (Missouri Basin) which we wish
           to have included in the official record of the Water Quality
           Standards Conference, State of Iowa, Council Bluffs Session.

           The FWPCA biological data referred to had been collected  in
           October and November 1968 but was not included in the Standards
           Conference Report.

           Copies have been provided to the Regional Director, FWPCA,
           Missouri Basin Region.
                 Schliekelman, Director
                 Pollution Division
           RJS/ab
           Enclosure
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                                                               654
     ANSWER TO CONTINUATION OP FWPCA REBUTTAL OF IOWA WATER
     POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION'S STATEMENT, 1969, page 11.
                      (Missouri Basin)
Iowa's initial statement regarding the biological quality of the

Missouri River was based exclusively on the biological data which

was presented in Appendix B of the FWPCA's Missouri River Basin

Report.


Since the data presented in the FWPCA rebuttal statement of

April 30 was not included in the original report, it is obvious

that the remarks in the initial Iowa statement were not directed

toward the newly presented data and should not be interpreted as

such.


It is recognized that quantitative biological sampling in a large

river is difficult because of the habitat variety and that the

shifting substrate which is typical of a large portion of the

Missouri River, is unproductive biologically.  The value of an

artificial substrate sampler is also recognized as providing a

quantitative estimate of numbers and kinds of biota.


Assuming that the numbers of organisms found at each of the three

stations in the Sioux City area were obtained from equal numbers

of substrate samplers, we would be in agreement that there is some

evidence of biological degradation below the Sioux City discharge.
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                                                               655
                            -2-
Whether this degradation at Station 723 is "severe" as stated by

the FWPCA is debatable because species diversity in addition to

total numbers of organisms is important as an indicator of biologi-

cal quality.  Although the number of pollution sensitive organisms

was considerably decreased at station 723, the diversity or kinds

of pollution sensitive organisms had not changed.
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APPENDIX A
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                                               APPENDIX A
        WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

                   AND

PLAN FOR  IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT

                FOR  THE

        SURFACE WATERS OF IOWA
              ADOPTED  BY
                   THE
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
      STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
              DES  MOINES
               MAY  1967
        (Revised June  1,  1968)
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                  FOREWORD
The Water Quality Criteria and Plan for Implemen-
tation and Enforcement for the Surface Waters of
Iowa was originally prepared for and submitted to
the Department of the Interior in May, 1967.

Since that time, the numerous requests received
from consulting engineers, educators and the
general public have necessitated the publication
of this revised edition.

The Criteria and Plan have been left unchanged.
However, Table 11 has been updated to June 1, 1968,
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The Federal Water Quality Act of 1965, signed into
law on October 2, 1965, required all states to de«*
velop water quality standards for the interstate
streams within their state boundaries.

Revisions to the Iowa Water Pollution Control Law
effective July 1965 established the Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission and the authority for
adoption of water quality standards.  The law pro-
vided the Commission with the authority to adopt,
"such reasonable quality standards for any waters
of the state	," and to "develop comprehensive
plans and programs for the prevention, control and
abatement of new, increasing, potential or existing
pollution of the waters of the state."

After conducting seven public hearings throughout
the state, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
adopted the Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria Rules
and Regulations on February 28, 1967.  The Rules and
Regulations were approved by the Attorney General
of the State of Iowa on March 6, 1967 and by the
Legislative Departmental Rules Review Committee on
March 17, 1967.  They were filed with the Secretary
of State on March 20, 1967, and as provided by law,
became effective 30 days thereafter.

The Implementation and Enforcement Plan for the
Surface Water Quality Criteria was adopted by the
Commission on May 26, 1967.  The Surface Water
Quality Criteria and the Implementation and
Enforcement Plan have been combined and are called
the Iowa Surface Water Quality Standards.  The
Standards as presented are the result of a joint
effort of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
and the Iowa State Department of Health to abate
pollution of the waters of the State of Iowa
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                TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Section I-General 	   1
   A. Topography	   1
   B. Hydrology   	   1
   C. Flow Regulation & Augmentation  	   2
   D. Present & Future Uses - Iowa Waters	   4
   E. Population	   5
Section II - Surface Water Criteria 	   7
   A. Discussion of Criteria  	   7
       1.  General Policy Considerations  	   7
       2.  General Criteria 	   8
       3.  Specific Criteria  	   9
           a.  Public Water Supply  	   9
           b.  Aquatic Life	11
           c.  Recreation	  11
   B. Surface Water Quality Criteria  	  13
   C. CGmpatability with adjoining states 	  17
Section III Implementation & Enforcement Plans  ....  19
   A. Statutory Autority  	  19
       1.  Statutes	19
       2.  Rules & Regulations	21
   B. Enforcement Procedures  	  22
   C. Surveillance Program  	  23
       1.  Operation reports  	  23
       2.  Plant & operation surviellance 	  25
       3.  Stream Surviellance  	  27
           a.  Existing program   	  27
           b.  Proposed program   	  28
       4.  Existing water quality 	  29
   D. Pollution Control Programs  	  30
       1.  Municipal & Industrial Waste Treatment ...  30
           a.  Significant pollution sources  	  30
           b.  Compliance with water quality  	  30
           c.  Construction schedules 	  32
       2.  Combined Sewer Overflow  	  33
       3.  Agricultural waste waters  	  33
       4.  Waste from boats and marinas	36
Section IV Public Hearings  	  37
Tables
   1.  Low-Flow-10 year Recurrence  	  39
   2.  Public Water Supplies	41
   3.  Streams-Aquatic Life..Warm Water Areas 	  43
   4.  Natural Lakes-Aquatic Life Warm Water Area ...  45
   5.  Artifical Lakes-Aquatic Life Warm Water Area .  .  47
   6.  Aquatic Life - Cold Water Areas	49
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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS
                        (continued)
Tables...continued..
     7.  Recreation Areas-Streams Impoundments & Lakes  ..51
     8.  Surface Water Sampling Stations-ABS-Pesticides-
         Radioactivity	53
     9.  Surface Water Sampling Stations-Public Water
         Supplies-Major Cities	55
    10.  Chemical Quality - Iowa Streams	57
    11.  Status Waste Treatment Facilities	59
         Mississippi River Basin
         Missouri River Basin
    12.  Municipal Sewerage Systems	83

Figures
     1.  Monthly Coliform Average - Iowa River	85
     2.  MPN Frequency Distribution - Iowa River	87
     3.  Raccoon River Coliform Study	89
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                     SECTION I
                      GENERAL
A.  TOPOGRAPHY OF IOWA

Iowa is situated in the Upper Mississippi River drainage
basin,  bounded on the east by the Mississippi River and on
the west by the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers.  In general
the surface shows but slight relief with the highest point
in the northwest corner (1,675 feet) and the lowest point
in the southeast corner (480 feet).

The entire state is drained by either the Mississippi
River or its tributary, the Missouri River.  The drainage
areas are 38,860 and 17,379 square miles respectively.

Iowa streams entering the Mississippi River flow in a
general course from northwest to southeast.  The major
drainage basins are long and narrow and have fairly regular
outlines with the lateral boundaries tending to be parallel.

The stream drainage basins which drain into the Missouri
River are also relatively long and narrow and extend from
the northeast to the southwest.  They lie nearly perpendicular
to those streams tributary to the Mississippi River.

B.  HYDROLOGY
A seven-day, ten-year low flow has been selected to
recognize the variability of Iowa stream flows in the
aoplication of water quality criteria and in the economic
analysis and evaluation of treatment requirements.  There
also exists a tremendous variability in Iowa streams with
reasonably well sustained low flows, from ground water,
in northeast Iowa and decreasing progressively to the
south and west portions of Iowa.  A review of Table 1,
taken from Low Flow Characteristics of Iowa Streams,
Bulletin No. 9, Iowa Natural Resources Council 1958, shows
this variation quite clearly.
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                        -2-

HYDROLOGY..-.continued

With the exception of upland portions and minor trib-
utaries the  northeast Iowa basins including the Iowa-
Cedar basins have seven-day, ten-year low flow values
in the range of 0.04 to 0.08 cubic feet per second  (cfs)
per square mile.  The remainder of the streams in the
state, south and west of the Iowa-Cedar basins, have
very poor low flow characteristics.  No stream in this
area of the  state has a flow above 0.01 cfs per square
mile, for the seven-day, ten-year low flow magnitude.
Many streams have less than one-half this value.

For a specific example, the seven-day, ten-year low
flow for the Cedar River at Cedar Rapids is compared
in the following table, to the Des Moines River at
Boone which  has a comparable drainage area.
Drainage
Area
Sq. Miles
Yield
cf s/sq.
mile
10 year-
7-day
Flow-cf s
Cedar River at Cedar Rapids       6510    0.047       306
Des Moines River at Boone         5511    0.0065       36

For an equivalent drainage of 6510 square miles, the
Des Moines River basin would yield 42 cfs as compared
to 306 cfs for the Cedar River or only one-seventh of
the comparable flow of the Cedar River.  A similar
comparison indicates that the Upper Iowa River has a
seven-day ten-year low flow approximately 200 times
that of the Skunk River at Ames, with somewhat compar-
able drainage areas.

C.  FLOW REGULATION AND AUGMENTATION

The Surface Water Quality Criteria for the waters of
the State of Iowa are related to and affected by the
existing flows in the streams.  It is, therefore,
important that governmental controls be exercised
where applicable to maintain adequate flows in these
streams.

The Iowa Natural Resources Council, the state agency
responsible for administering the water use permit
system, has adopted a policy that water use permits
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                          -3-

FLOW REGULATION AND AUGMENTATION...continued

will not be granted for the withdrawal of water for
consumptive use which will reduce the flow in the stream
below a given amount.  The cut-off point below which no
consumptive withdrawals can be made is generally much
higher than the seven-day, ten-year low flow used as a
basis for the Water Quality Criteria application.

The principal consumptive uses from streams that are
being regulated are withdrawals for supplemental irri-
gation and for filling of off-stream reservoirs.

When deemed necessary to protect downstream uses, storage
permits require the release of that portion of the natural
flow into the reservoir that is required to prevent material
damage to downstream uses.  In special circumstances,
installation of facilities for the release of certain
minimum flow is included in the storage permit.

Soil conservation and soil management programs controlling
farmland runoff tend to increase ground water reserves,
thereby augmenting low flow when the main source of flow
is ground water.  With increasing soil management programs
this effect might be further realized in the future.

The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission endorses the
flow regulation policies of the Natural Resources Council
and all other programs designed to prevent soil erosion
and retain farmland runoff and therefore maintain a greater
flow in the state streams.  Maintenance of higher flows
in streams will provide for additional beneficial uses
to be supplied by these streams.

A number of multiple purpose reservoirs have been construct-
ed or authorized in Iowa.  These will generally provide
benefits for flood control, water quality control, water
supply, recreation, and fish and wild life.  Reservoirs
presently constructed or planned with storage for water
quality control will benefit only four major cities.
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                         -4-
D.  PRESENT AND JPTJTUREUSES OF IOWA WATERS

The surface waters of the state are currently being used
in the following ways?  municipal water supply,  indust-
rial water supply, livestock watering, fish propogation,
recreation, wildlife habitat and. .irrigation.

These uses are relatively uniform throughout the state.
The use of these stream resources €or their full poten-
tial is hampered raainly because of the great variability
of flow and high turbidities occuring in these streams
during certain times of the year.

Currently there are 39 municipalities using surface
water sources for public water supply use.  It is not
anticipated that new surface water supplies will be
developed in the near future although it is expected
that eventually sctse municipalities may need to change
from underground source,? to more adequate surface
supplies.

The demand for increasing the fishery resources through-
out the state will be constantly enlarged due to the
emphasis put on outdoor recreation and also the increas-
ing amount of leisure time available.  Fisheries in Iowa
have been considerably restricted due to heavy siltation
and variable flows in the majority of Iowa streams.
Enhancement of the fishery resources by stream and land
management will, in itself, increase the demand for this
resource.

Activities enhanced by water are camping, hiking and
picnicking.  The principal water based recreational
activities are fishing and boating.  Water skiing and
swimming is generally limited to natural lakes and
impoundments created by dams, including the Mississippi
River and swimming is generally limited to the artificial
lakes,  The demand for recreational use of surface
water is increasing and it is anticipated that the
demand will be met by construction of artificial impound-
ments.

All surface waters of the state are used at least to a
limited extent for livestock watering and wildlife pro-
pogation.  Presently agricultural use is basically live-
stock watering with limited supplemental irrigation
practiced.
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E.  POPULATION

Iowa's population has been increasing at a substantially
slower tate than the national population since 1900.
Because of farm consolidation and mechanization, many
rural trade centers have lost population and trade
volume, and the larger urban centers have experienced
growth in population and in service and manufacturing
employment.  Population and employment projections
indicate eastern Iowa will experience the greatest
growth in these areas.
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                         -7-
                      SECTiON II

          IOWA SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

A.  DISCUSSION OF CRITERIA

The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission, pursuant
to authority granted in Section 455B.9 and 455B.13, Code
of Iowa 1966, has adopted Rules and Regulations govern-
ing Surface Water Quality Criteria for the State of Iowa.
These criteria of water quality are intended as guides
for determining the suitability of surface waters in
the State of Iowa for various uses, and to aid decision
making in the establishment of waste control measures.

Following is a discussion of the Water Quality Criteria
which is presented in paragraph B of this Section.  The
discussion is divided into sections corresponding to
those of the Rules and Regulations.

1-Sec. 2.1 General Policy Considerations

The surface waters of Iowa have been classified as to
designated legitimate uses by the Water Pollution Control
Commission.  The classifications of Iowa Waters are found
in tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 listing the public surface
water supplies, streams and lakes, designated as fishing
areas, and lakes and impoundments designated as recreation
areas.  Table 11 in Section III enumerates the water use
criteria at the municipal and industrial waste discharge
points.

The water quality for the designated uses will comply with
the criteria at:

      1.  The raw water intake for Public Water Supply Use.
      2.  All points in the stream from the mouth up to
          the designated cutoff point as well as all
          artificial and natural lakes for Aquatic Life Use.
      3.  All points in the recreation pool for Recreation
          Use.

Sampling to determine conformance to these criteria shall
be done at sufficient distances downstream from waste dis-
charge points to permit adequate mixing of waste effluents
with the surface waters.  In the performance of tests or
analytical determinations to determine compliance with  the
established surface water criteria, samples will be collected
at such locations, times, frequencies, and in such a manner
as approved by the Commission.
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                          -8-

l-Sec.2.1 General Policy Considerations..continued

The collection, preservation, and testing of samples
will be made in conformance with the methods given in
the latest edition of "Standard Methods of the Examin-
ation of Water and Sewage."  Where more than one method
is prescribed, that method designated by the Commission
shall be used.  Any methods deviating from those pre-
scribed must be approved by the Commission.

2.^ Sec._2.2 General Criteria

The General Criteria shall apply to all water courses
and lakes at all times.  For designated water use areas,
the General Criteria will be supportive to the specific
criteria applicable to these areas.  Where a surface
water has not been designated for a specific water use,
these criteria will govern.  The General Criteria shall
be interpreted to mean that no raw or treated wastes,
attributable to municipal, industrial or other sources,
shall be discharged into any waters of the state which
will produce putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge
deposits, floating debris, oil slicks, scum, odors, color,
chemical  concentrations or combinations to such a degree
as to be detrimental or harmful to legitimate downstream
water uses.

In general, those small intermittent streams experienc-
ing low or zero flows or which cannot under natural
conditions support a permanent fish population, will
have their quality governed by the General Criteria.
It is the intent of the General Criteria to protect the
water quality in these areas for the letitimate uses
to which they are presently being used.  Legitimate uses
in this category are those such as: irrigation, live-
stock watering, wildlife propogation, etc.  To protect
these uses on low flow streams, the wastes will be
given the highest practicable degree of treatment with-
out respect to dilution in order to prevent the develop-
ment of nuisance or health problems below the discharge.
The requirements are such that the effluent will be
suitable for limited downstream use.  Treatment leas
than secondary will not be accepted unless  it can be
shown that the legitimate uses can be protected with
a lesser degree of treatment.
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                          -9-

3. Sec. 2.3 Specific Criteria for Designated Water Uses

The criteria in this subsection apply to the water use
areas designated by the Water Pollution Control Commission.
The designation has been made by the Commission with the
advice and assistance of the Iowa Natural Resources Council,
State Conservation Commission, State Department of Health,
public hearing testimony, the faculties of the three state
universities and other interested parties.  The designation
does not limit beneficial uses or prohibit beneficial uses
other than those listed.

The minimum weekly flow which occurs once in ten years
shall be used as the design parameter to determine the
degree of treatment necessary to protect the specific
water use.  Flow will be based on a statistical analysis
of existing flow data, if such data are available.  This
specific surface water criteria shall be met at all times
when the flow exceeds the ten year low flow.  When the
flow is less, the municipality or industry shall not be
held responsible for lower stream quality when their
waste effluent is receiving the necessary degree of treat-
ment or control to comply with criteria at the ten-year
low flow.

The extreme variability of low flow at the seven-day
ten-year magnitudes in Iowa streams has been given
consideration in the application of the criteria to
designated water areas.  The natural water quality may
be degraded naturally by the aquatic environment at these
low flows.  It must be recognized that at the selected
low flow probability, many municipalities in central,
southern and western Iowa will be discharging treated
municipal waste water into essentially dry streams.

a.  Public Water Supply

This criteria has been developed to protect the quality of
the influent raw water for the 39 existing surface water
supplies and will be applied to any future supplies.  The
designated surface waters where the Public Water Supply
Criteria apply are listed in Table 2.
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                         -10-
a. Public Water Supply...continued....

Numerical bacterial limits have not been specified
because of the following reasons:

1.  The Standard Coliform organisms found in streams
are not specific for human sources but members of this
group are found in enteric discharges of warm-blooded
animals, and in the guts of cold-blooded animals, in
soils and in many plants.

2.  Bacterial studies have shown that commonly accept-
able coliform levels have been greatly exceeded in
the absence of wastes attributable to human sources.

If a stream contains coliforms that are of a domestic
sewage origin one might expect the most probable number
(MPN) to vary inversely with the dilution capacity of
the stream and that high MPN values would be expected
during the dry seasons.  A long term coliform study on
the Iowa River at Iowa City, beginning in 1950, indi-
cates high bacterial densities are associated with
high stream flows and turbidity.  Due to intense farm-
ing in the drainage basin, each snow melt or rainfall
carries into the river large quantities of silt and
apparently large number of coliform organisms from the
agricultural land.  Sanitary sewage is not considered
a significant factor since the nearest town is approx-
imately 30 miles upstream.

Figure 1 illustrates the pattern, on a monthly average
basis, of the direct relationship of increasing stream
flows accompanied by increases in both turbidity and
coliform density.  Figure 2 indicates that the monthly
coliform MPN average is less than 5000 per 100 m/1 about
46% of the months samples, both before and after impound-
ment above the supply in 1958.

Much data are available from other studies and sources
to substantiate the influence of land runoff on coliform
densities.  Figure 3 includes additional data.

For the above reasons, the Commission has specified that
a sanitary survey be conducted with the results being*
evaluated according to the particular situation  investi-
gated.
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                         -11-

a. Public Water Supply...continued

When a source of coliform bearing waste which can be
feasibly controlled is  affecting the suitability of a
water supply the Commission may use the following values
as a guide: Coliform organisms are not to exceed a MPN
or MF of 5000/100 ml as a monthly average value/ nor to
exceed this value in more than 20% of the samples examined
during any one month nor to exceed 20,000/100 ml in more
than 5% of the samples  examined in any one month.  This
value may be ueed as a  guide until suitable indices can
be developed.

b.  Aquatic Life

In the classification of surface waters, all lakes and
perennial streams capable of supporting a permanent fish
population have Been designated for Aquatic Life Use.

These areas have been designated by the Water Pollution
Control Commission with the advice and assistance of the
Iowa State Conservation Commission and others.  The warm
water areas are those streams and stream reaches delineated
in Table 3 and the natural and artificial lakes listed
in Tables 4 and 5.

The cold water areas are those waters designated by the
Commission as trout streams and are those which are annual-
ly stocked with trout on a "put and take" basis, by the
State Conservation Commission.  These areas are listed in
Table 6 which is a summary of the current "Guide to Iowa
Trout Waters" published by the State Conservation Commission.

The criteria list only those factors which appear to be of
utmost importance to the preservation of a well-balanced
fish population.  However,  all other waste constituents
that are determined harmful to the stream aquatic life
will also be subject to control by the Commission.

c.  Recreation

The recreational use criteria are designed to reasonably
protect surface waters where the whole body contact sports
of swimming and water skiing are concentrated during the
recreational season.
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                         -12-

c.  Recreation...continued

Use of lakes and streams constitute a much greater
drowning hazard to the swimmer than the supervised
swimming pool due to the lack of water clarity,
presence of hidden obstructions or strong currents,
but it is the intent to provide a reasonable bacterial
water quality for the natural bathing areas.

Information provided from other state agencies, present-
ations at the public hearings, etc., was used by the
Commission to designate the Recreation Use areas on
lakes and Federal impoundments.  These areas are listed
in Table 7.  The Recreational Use areas have also been
classified for Aquatic Life Use since these two uses
are closely related to each other and require a high
quality of water.

No numerical values have been specified for bacterial
limits since studies have shown high bacterial concentra-
tions associated with land runoff, and public health
studies to date have shown little direct correlation
between coliform concentrations and water-borne diseases.
Supportive data collected from Iowa streams showing high
background coliform counts are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Where a controllable waste discharge is the proven source
of increased bacterial concentrations, the Commission may
use the following as a guide:  The arithmetical mean
coliform density is not to exceed 1,000 per 100 ml as
a monthly average nor exceed this value in more than 20%
of the samples in any one month nor exceed 2,400/100 ml
in any one sample.  This value will be used as a guide
until suitable indices can be developed.

Where a significant coliforra or other bacterial increase
in a designated Recreation Use Area can be identified
with a controllable waste discharge, chlorination or
other control procedures to reduce the bacterial concen-
tration below the guide limits may be required.
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B. SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

The following rule and regulation was adopted by the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission on February 28, 1967.

       IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
                RULES AND REGULATIONS
               WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Pursuant to the authority of sections 455B.9 and 455B.13,
Code of Iowa, 1966, the water quality standards found in
the July, 1966, Supplement, Iowa Departmental Rules, page
70, are hereby amended by adding the following to Chapter 1.

   Section 1.2.  (455B) Surface water quality criteria.

     1.2(1) General policy considerations.  Surface waters
are to be evaluated according to their ability to support
the legitimate (beneficial) uses to which they can feasibly
be adapted, and this specific designation of quality areas
shall be done by the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.

       Sampling to determine conformance to these criteria
shall be done at sufficient distances downstream from waste
discharge points to permit adequate mixing of waste effluents
with the surface waters.

     1.2(2)  General criteria. The following criteria are
applicable to all surface waters at all places and at all
times:

     a.  Free from substances attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges that will settle to form
putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge deposits;

     b.  Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other
floating materials attributable to municipal, industrial
or other discharges in amounts sufficient to be unsightly
or deleterious;

     c.  Free from materials attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges producing color, odor or
other conditions in such degree as to be detrimental to
legitimate uses of water;

     d.  Free from substances attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges in concentrations or
combinations which are detrimental to human, animal,
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                          -14-

B. Surface Water Quality Criteria....continued

industrial, agricultural, recreational, aquatic or other
legitimate uses of the water.

    1.2(3)  Specific Criteria for designated water uses.
The following criteria are applicable at flows greater
than the lowest flow for seven consecutive days which
can be expected to occur at a frequency of once every
ten years.

      a.  Public water supply.  The following criteria
for surface water quality apply to the point at which
water is withdrawn for treatment and distribution as
a potable supply:

         (1)  Bacteria:  Waters shall be considered to
be of unsatisfactory bacteriological quality as a source
when:

      A sanitary survey indicates the presence or
probability of the presence of sewage or other object-
ionable bacteria-bearing wastes or

      A bacteriological survey using coliform or other
appropriate indices indicates bacteriological concentra-
tions significantly higher than those normally found or
expected in these waters when free from pollution
by. sewage,

         (2)  Radioactive substances:  Gross beta activity
(in the known absence of strontium - 90 and alpha emitters)
not to exceed 1000 micro-micro-curies per liter.

         (3)  Chemical constituents:  Not to exceed the
following concentrations:

              Specific Constituents (mg/1)

Arsenic                0.05        Cyanide       0.025
Barium                 1.0         Fluoride      1.5
Cadmium                0.01        Lead          0.05
Chromium(hexavalent)   0.05        Phenols       0.02

      All substances toxic or detrimental to humans or
detrimental to treatment processes shall be limited to
nontoxic or nondetrimental concentrations in the surface
water.
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                         -15-

      b.  Aquatic life.  The following criteria are
designed for the maintenance and propagation of a well-
balanced fish population.  They are applicable to any
place in surface waters but cognizance will be given to
opportunities for admixture of waste effluents with
such waters.

         (1)  Warm water areas.  Dissolved oxygen:  Not
less than 5.0 mg/1 during at least 16 hours of any 24-
hour period and not less than 4.0 mg/1 at any time during
the 24-hour period.

         pH:  Not less than 6.8 nor above 9.0.

         Temperature:  Not to exceed 93°F during the months
of May through November, and not to exceed 73°F during the
months of December through April.

         Chemical constituents: Not to exceed the follow-
ing concentrations:

             Specific constituents (mg/1)

    Ammonia Nitrogen (N)     2.0   *Copper       0.02
    *Arsenic                 1.0    Cyanide      0.025
    *Barium                  5.0   *Lead         0.10
    *Cadium                  0.05   Phenols      0.20
    *Chromium(hexavalent)    0.05  *2inc         1.0
    *Chromium(trivalent)     1.00

    *A maximum of 5.0 mg/1 for the entire heavy metal
group shall not be exceeded.

    All substances toxic or detrimental to aquatic life
shall be limited to nontoxic or non-detrimental concen-
trations in the surface water.

         (2)  Cold water areas.  All criteria stated for
warm water areas apply to cold water areas except as
follows:

         Dissolved oxygen:  Not less than 7.0 mg/1 during
at least 16 hours of any 24-hour period nor less than 5.0
mg/1 at any time during the 24-hour period.

         Temperature;  No greater than 70°F.
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                         -16-

      c-  Recreation.  The following criteria are appli-
cable to any waters used for recreational activities
involving whole body contact such as swimming and water
skiing:

         (1)  Bacteria:  Waters shall be considered to be
of unsatisfactory bacteriological quality for the above
recreational use when:

         A sanitary survey indicates the presence or
probability of the presence of sewage or other objection-
able bacteria-bearing wastes or

      A bacteriological survey using coliform or other
appropriate indices indicates bacteriological concentra-
tions significantly higher than those normally found or
expected in these waters when free from pollution by
sewage.

These rules are intended to implement sections 455B.9 and
455B.13, Code of Iowa, 1966.

These rules shall become effective as provided in Chapter
17A of the Code after filing in the office of the Secretary
of State after review by the Departmental Rules Review
Committee.

EXAMINED AND APPROVED

DATE     March 6, 1967       DATE ADOPTED  February 28. 1967
/s/  Fred Henderickson       /s/  Robert Buckmaster	
ATTORNEY GENERAL             DEPARTMENT HEAD
REVIEWED AND APPROVED

DA TE     March 17.1967

/s/  Adolph W,Elvers
CHAIRMAN, DEPARTMENTAL RULES
REVIEW COMMITTEE
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C.  COMPATABILITY WITH ADJOINING STATES

Notices of public hearings and proposed water quality
data for Iowa streams were submitted to the adjoining
states of Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Illinois arid Missouri.  Representatives from Minnesota
attended one hearing, Illinois - two hearings, and
Missouri - two hearings.  Oral and written statements
were presented at the hearings.

The content and general requirements of the standards
were discussed at specific meetings with the states
of Illinois and Missouri as early as December 1965.
Correspondence and discussion have been carried on with
all adjoining states.

Iowa representatives attended one hearing in Wisconsin,
two in Illinois and two in Missouri and oral and written
statements regarding general consistency and compatability
of the criteria were submitted.  The water quality criteria
and uses for the common waters between Illinois and Iowa
are identical.  The entire Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission attended one hearing in Illinois.

Reasonable agreement has also been reached with all
states as to the water uses to be made of common inter-
state waters.

Following study of the testimony submitted at the public
hearing the Commission ammended a number of the water
quality criteria parameters.  The phenol concentration
was increased to a more attainable and realistic figure
and the cyanide concentration for the public water
supply used was reduced to correspond to the aquatic
life concentration.  The temperature limit for the
warm water areas was reduced slightly to 93° as a more
generally accepted figure and provision was made to
prevent extreme temperature changes.
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                         -19-

                      SECTION III

         IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT PLAN
Objective

The purpose of the plan is to provide a means by which
the water quality criteria can be enforced and the quality
of surface waters protected and enhanced for beneficial
uses.  The plan has been developed to protect all surface
waters and not only interstate waters as required by the
Federal Water Quality Act of 1965.

A.  STATUTORY AUTHORITY

The Water Pollution Control Commission and the State
Department of Health make use of the following authority
to control or abate pollution of the surface waters of
the state.

1.  STATUTES

Iowa JWa ter Pt.n  ontrol  ommission
Specific statutory authority for the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission for adoption and enforcement of water
quality criteria is found in Chapter 455B, Code of Iowa,
1966.  Exerpts of the law pertaining to the authority
follow:

45SB.J3  There is hereby created and established the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission.  The Commission is
established as an agency of the state government to
prevent, abate, or control the pollution of the waters
of the state.

455BJ9  The Commission is hereby given and charged with
the following powers and duties:

     I.  The Commission through the State Department of
Health shall have general supervision over administration
and enforcement of all laws relating to the pollution of
any water of the state, except as provided in Section 135.11
of the Code.
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                         -20-

1.  Statutes...continued

     2.  To develop a comprehensive plan and program
for the prevention, control and abatement of new,
increasing, potential or existing pollution of the
waters of the state.

     3.  The Commission may cause the State Department
of Health to conduct investigations....

     4.  To adopt, modify, or repeal such reasonable
quality standards for any waters of the state in re-
lation to the public use to which they are or may be
put as it shall deem necessary for the purposes of
this Act.

     6.  To direct the State Department of Health to
issue, revoke or modify permits	.for the discharge
of sewage, .... or for the installation or operation
of disposal systems....

     8.  To prescribe rules and regulations....

     9.  The Commission shall cooperate with other
state or interstate water pollution control agencies
in establishing standards, objectives, or criteria
for quality of interstate waters. . . .

455B.10.  The State Department of Health shall conduct
such investigations as may be necessary to carry out
the provisions of the Act.

455B.11  The State Department of Health in accordance
with the direction and policies of the Commission may
issue, modify, or revoke such orders as may be required
for the prevention or discontinuance of the discharge
of sewage,industrial waste or other waste in any waters
of the state resulting in pollution in excess of the
applicable quality standard....

Iowa State Department of Health

Section 135.11, paragraph 7, Code of Iowa, requires that
the State Department of Health shall "make inspections
of ...., sewer systems, sewage treatment plants,....
and direct the method of installation and operation
of the same."
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                           -21-
Mandatorv Certification

Chapter 136A, Code of Iowa, 1966, is an act to certify all
public Water Supply Systems and Waste Water Treatment
Systems and require the examination of operators and cert-
ification of their competency to supervise the operation
of these facilities.

Miscellaneous Statutory Provisions

Section 732.3 declares that it is unlawful to throw any
dead animal, night soil, or garbage into any river, well,
spring, cistern, reservoir, stream or pond or in or upon
any land adjoining which is subject to overflow.

Section 657.2(4) declares it is a nuisance to corrupt or
render unwholesome or impure the water of any stream,
river or pond,

2.  RULES AND REGULATIONS

Rules and Regulations have been approved as authorized by
the statutes and have the full effect of law.

Municipal Effluent Standard

This rule requires that no municipality shall discharge
any sewage to the waters of the state without effective
removal of floatable and settleable solids as the minimum
degree of treatment.

Surface Water Quality Criteria

This rule and regulation is discussed and given in
Section II,  Paragraphs A and B.

Records of Operation of Waste Disposal Systems

This joint rule of the Water Pollution Control Commission
and State Department of Health requires all owners of
waste disposal systems to submit monthly operation reports
to the State Department of Health.

Certification of Water Supply System and Waste Water
Treatment Plant Operators

This rule of the State Department of Health classifies waste
water treatment plants and establishes operator education and
experience qualifications.
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                         -22-

B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES

To accomplish pollution abatement four different methods
of action can be instigated by the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission to abate pollutional conditions:

1.  The Commission may direct the State Department of
Health to conduct an investigation of alleged pollution.
If the Commission finds that pollution exists, a
negotiation meeting is arranged between the Commission
and the alleged polluter.  If agreeable to both parties,
a time schedule of pollution abatement is arranged and
a consent order is drawn by the Commission and signed
by both parties.

If a satisfactory agreement as to a construction time
schedule cannot be reached between the Commission and
the alleged polluter, a hearing is ordered by the
Commission as provided by law.  If the evidence presented
indicates that pollution does exist,  the Commission
issues an order to abate the pollution within a reason-
able period of time.

2.  If a municipality is discharging raw or inadequately
treated wastes to a state water,  the Commission notifies
the municipality that they are in violation of the state
effluent standard requiring a minimum removal of settle-
able and floatable solids.   A negotiation proceeding or
hearing follows as in the first method except that an
investigation is not required.

3.  If a municipality or industry is operating a waste
treatment plant which is in violation of a permit issued
by the Health Department for its installation, the State
Department of Health initiates legal action through the
Attorney General's Office.   The Attorney General notifies
the municipality or industry to take appropriate action
to comply with the stipulations of the permit.

4.  The permit provision of the law provides that permits
for extensions to existing sewer systems can also be
denied where a condition of pollution already exists
below the outlet, unless active planning is underway
for the installation of treatment facilities.
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                         -21-

C.  SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS

Routine monitoring of waste discharges will be accomp-
lished in three ways: (1) operation reports,  (2) plant
and operation surveillance, (3) stream surveillance.

1.  Operation Reports;  Rules and Begulations have been
adopted which require monthly submittal of operation
reports by all owners of waste disposal systems which
discharge sewage or wastes into any waters of the state.
Where practicable the Commission will require the larger
treatment facilities to initiate a downstream sampling
program.

Five different operation report forms are now being used.
These are differentiated according to the type of waste
disposal system:

               WWTR I     Waste Stabilization Lagoon
               WWTR II    Imhoff and Trickling Filter
               WWTR III   Trickling Filter..Separate
                          Sludge Digestion
               WWTR IV    Extended Aeration
               WWTR V     Industrial Lagoon

Checking the data and actual monitoring of the waste
disposal plant will be done by data processing equip-
ment.  The equipment to be used is the state's IBM 360-40
computer, which is to be replaced by a 360-65 in the
future.  On order, but not yet received, is an IBM 360-20
computer which will be used more directly by the Health
Department.

A description of the computer monitoring process follows:

Each incorporated city or town has been given a code
number according to alphabetical listing.  All waste
producers in the locale of a municipality have been
given the town number.  The waste producers are further
classified as to type:

     1.  Municipality       5.  Recreational
     2.  Industry           6.  Commercial
     3.  Mobile Home        7.  Sanitary District
     4.  School
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                         -24-

1.  Operation Reports...continued

The discharge of the waste is further classified as to:

   1.  Treated to City Sewer       5.  Raw to Another
   2.  Untreated to City Sewer         Municipality
   3.  Treated to State Waters     6.  Raw to a Sanitary
   4.  Untreated to State Waters       District
                                   7.  No recognized
                                       Sewer System

Explanation of Card injEorrnation:

   Card 1.  Plant location information and design data.
   Card 2.  Operator in direct responsibility number,
            type of treatment and construction and
            improvement data.
   Card 3.  Status of the plant according to Commission
            actions with orders and time schedule for
            pollution abatement.
   Card 4.  Permits for sewer extensions with sizes and
            lengths.
   Card 5.  Operational data required and limits set
            on parameters.

The computer will check on each plant according to:

     1.  Receipt of operation report.
     2.  Compliance of submitting required <3ai;a.
     3.  Data complying with loading or effluent limits
         established.

Eeery treatment plant requiring operation reports will
receive a monthly statement acknowledging receipt of
the report and compliance or ommission of required data.
It is felt that monthly communication with the operator
is of prime importance to insure adequate report sub-
mittal.  The statement will also indicate if any of the
parameters have exceeded the limits established.

Periodically, the computer will check on the plants to
determine if the design parameters are being exceeded.
Action will be initiated to update the waste treatment
plant with overloaded facilities.  The computer system
will, therefore,  be able to determine current pollution
conditions and future pollution due to overloading of
the plant facilities.  The waste treatment plant owners
will be notified that plant improvements are needed and
encouraged to take appropriate corrective action.
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                         -25-

The base files in the storage system will be continually
updated to provide more adequate information on which
to judge operation and facility adequacy.

2.  Plant and Operation Surveillance;

The plant and operator surveillance programs of the
state are aimed to check the operation, maintenance and
efficiency of the treatment plants and to increase the
competency of the operators in charge of these plants.
To achieve these goals the State Department of Health
has in effect the following programs:

a.  Treatment Plant Inspection

The State Health Department field engineers located in
seven regional offices situated throughout the state
periodically inspect all the waste treatment plants in
the state.  Reports stating the condition of the receiving
stream, plant operation, performance and recommendations
for improvements are transmitted to the responsible muni-
cipal or industry officials.  Pertinent data from this
report will also be used to update the computer records
on each treatment plant.  The regional engineers also
offer advice and assistance to the treatment plant operators
on plant operation procedures, report completion, laboratory
procedures or other problems concerning their plant.

b.  BOD Mailing Program

In May of 1967 the State Hygienic Laboratory, in conjunction
with the State Department of Health, began the BOD Mailing
Program.  This program enables BOD samples to be collected
in the field and mailed to the State Hygienic Laboratory
without refrigeration.  To facilitate this procedure
samples are acid fixed directly upon collection and then
neutralized and seeded following return shipment to the
laboratory.  Laboratory studies showed that results were
reproducible  with sufficient accuracy to use the field
BOD samples as a check on the plant effluent strength.

Initally,  the BOD samples will be collected by the treat-
ment plant operators upon receipt of request from the
State Hygienic Laboratory.  Each plant effluent will be
sampled at least four times yearly.  As the program
develops,  the regional engineers will also be equipped to
collect additional samples during their plant surveys to
gain additional data concerning the treatment facilities
and final plant effluent.  A future possibility of the
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                         -26-
BOD Mailing Program if additional personnel and equip-
ment are available, might be to permit treatment plants
to submit BOD samples for analysis on a fee basis.

The laboratory BOD results will be tabulated on a computer
coded card and then stored in the data storage record for
each plant.  The results will be analyzed by the computer
and results compared to previous samples and any limits
placed on the effluent.  The BOD results will be included
in the monthly operation report analysis sent to the
plant operator.  The BOD Mailing program will thus facil-
tate the continual monitoring of the waste treatment
plant effluents and check the operational report data
submitted.

c.  Operator Competence

MandatoryCertification - To support the plant operation
surveillance the General Assembly enacted a Mandatory
Certification Law, effective in July 1965.  Operators
in direct responsibility of public waste water treat-
ment plants must be certified.  Education and operation-
al experience and a comprehensive examination are graded
according to the classification of the certificate.
Certificates are classified as to complexity, type and
size of plant.  All municipalities have complied.

Operator Basic^Training Courses - Basic training courses
have been conducted since 1952 when a Voluntary Certifi-
cation Program was initiated.  With the enactment of
the Mandatory Certification Law six courses for approxi-
mately 30 persons each, (3 hours per week for 9 weeks)
have been held annually with instruction furnished prim-
arily by the two Universities.  Plans are being developed
for an advanced course for the larger and more complex
plants.

Labor a tor v Course, - Currently a laboratory course for
treatment plant operators is being conducted yearly at
Iowa State University in Ames.  This program will need
expansion and plans are being made to arrange funds
and facilities to meet this need.  Advanced laboratory
control courses and seminar are being planned at the
University of Iowa and the State Hygienic Laboratory.
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                         -27-
Laboratory Course..continued

It is felt that through the mandatory certification
program and the operator training couses, the overall
competence of the operators throughout the state will
be greatly increased.  Increased operational efficiency,
accomplished by operator training will greatly benefit
the State surface waters.

3.  STREAM SURVEILLANCE

a.  Existing program

The State of Iowa is currently carrying on the following
surface water surveillance programs:

Municipal Water Supplies - Currently 29 surface water
sources of municipal water supplies are being surveyed
of which 15 are located on interstate streams.  Samples
are being collected semi-annually by local officials
and the following analyses are made by the State Hygienic
Laboratory.

     COD                  NA                 Cl
     Nitrogen cycle       K                  SO4
     Solids               CA                 HCO3-CO
     pH                   Mg                 Silica
     Hardness             Pe                 Specific conduct-
     PC^ (Soluble)         Mn                 ance
     P04(Total)           F

ABS  Six stream locations are under surveillance for ABS.

Pesticides  Pesticide surveillance began in 1965 and is
presently being expanded to include smaller streams in
the state.  Currently chlorinated hydrocarbons are being
analyzed at six stream locations.

Radioactivity  Alpha and beta-gamma activity are being
determined on the total, dissolved and suspended solids
of the surface waters at 15 stream locations, 2 lake
locations and 3 impoundments.  These samples are collected
on a monthly schedule.
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                        -28-
W.P.C. Surveillance Network  River stations are being
sampled generally on a monthly basis for the Water
Quality Surveillance System at Dubuque, Burlington
and Omaha.  Sample Analyses include:  plankton, radio-
activity, delayed incubation membrane coliform tests,
and extensive elemental and compound determinations.

Taste and Odor,  The Missouri River Public Water Supply
Association has furnished data on extensive taste and
odor studies relative to the Missouri River.  Studies
were conducted on the Boyer, Soldier, Maple and Missouri
Rivers.

Cedar River research studies on biological precursors of
oderiferous compounds have been in progress since 1961.
The Des Moinss River is also receiving similar surveill-
ance because of "fish taints".  The State Hygienic
Laboratory is conducting the research in conjunction with
the State Conservation Commission, the Iowa State Depart-
ment of Health and the Water Pollution Control Commission.

b.  Proposed program

In addition to the current surveillance programs, the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission plans the addition
of 66 new surface water sampling stations.  The initiation
of these new stations and the frequency of sampling de-
pends upon financing and facilities being made available.
  These proposed stations will survey additional reaches
of streams and the downstream conditions below waste water
treatment plant outlets.  Initially it is proposed that
samples be collected semi-annually with the following
analyses being made:

   BOD       Turbidity    Heavy metals*     *Analysis at
   COD       Temp         F*                 less frequent
   NH-jCycle  pH           Phenols*           intervals
   D. 0.     PO (Total)    Cyanide*
Solids       PO4(Soluble)

The designated recreational and water supply areas which
are downstream from a significant bacterial waste discharge
will be sampled with the Etelp of local participation.
-------
                        -29-

b.  Proposed program.... continued
Coordination of the Stream Surveillance Program will be
accomplished with other agencies also concerned with
stream quality.  Those agencies are:

            1.  U. S. Geological Survey
            2.  Corps of Engineers
            3.  State Conservation Commission
            4.  State Universities
            5.  Bordering states
            6.  Public water supplies

By law the State Hygienic Laboratory provides laboratory
services for the Commission and the Health Department.
The Laboratory has the facilities and qualified personnel
to perform the necessary analyses required by the state
in its current surface water surveillance program.  How-
ever, expansion of the Laboratory staff and facilities
will most likely be necessary when the proposed surveill-
ance program is initiated.

The locations of the existing and proposed sampling
stations for the various parameters involved in the
surveillance of waters of the state are tabulated in
Tables 8 and 9.

4.  Existing Water Quality

The existing quality of a major portionof Iowa surface
waters is considered satisfactory for the present and
future water uses.  It is the opinion of the Water
Pollution Control Commission that as a minimum effect
the Surface Water Quality Criteria will maintain the
quality of those waters currently in satisfactory condi-
tion and upgrade those waters of lower quality to support
the designated legitimate beneficial uses.

Table 10 is a tabulation of the data from one of the exist-
ing water quality surveillance programs collected over
the past five (5)  years.
-------
                       -30-

4.  Existing Water Quality....continued

In addition to the regular sampling stations, there has
been extensive miscellaneous  sampling in routine pollution
investigations below municipalities and also entire
stream reaches.  These samplings have generally included
pH, DO, BOD and Coliform MPN.  These data are not pre-
sented since they are not easily retrievable and because the
pollutional conditions have since been or are in the process
of being corrected.

D.  WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS

The following is a summary of the Water Pollution Control
Commission policies and programs to control and abate
pollution:

1.  Municipal and Industrial Waste Treatment

a.  Significant Pollution Sources

A listing of the significant pollution sources to surface
waters is shown in Table 11.  This table divided into
the Mississippi and Missouri River Basins lists the
municipalities and major industries, the type of treatment
provided, the treatment needs and a time schedule for
construction of needed facilities.  These listings will
change as new facilities are provided and existing facili-
ties depreciate or become overloaded.

This table also lists the downstream water uses which have
been categorized in the water quality criteria.  Any
reach of stream not designated for a specific water use
will have its water quality governed by the general
criteria.  The numerical listings represent the follow-
ing specific water use criteria:

            1.  Public water supply (point of withdrawal)
            2.  Aquatic life - Warm water area
            2a. Aquatic life - Cold water area
            3.  Recreation
            4.  General Criteria

b.  Compliance with Water Quality Criteria

Table 11 also presents the best estimate of treatment needs.
All municipalities on interior streams will generally need
secondary treatment and some already have two stage filt-
ration or other tertiary treatment furnishing up to
96% BOD removal.
-------
                        -31-

b.  Compliance with Water Quality Criteria ... continued...

At the present time the Missouri River is in compliance
with the criteria since the water quality is not degraded
by the discharge of wastes receiving primary treatment
due to dilution presently afforded.  A graater variety
of beneficial water uses on the Mississippi river neces-
sitates coliform reduction in addition to primary treatment.
Generally a lesser degree of treatment than secondary on
these two large streams will not effect the water quality
criteria due to the great dilution available.

The characteristics of a receiving stream, including its
seven-day ten-year probable low flow, will continue to
be used in determining the type of treatment needed.
Treatment less than secondary will not be accepted on
low flow streams unless it can be shown that legitimate
uses can be protected with a lesser degree of treatment.

All industries will be required to provide the same
degree of treatment or control that is required of
municipalities on the same reach of the stream.  This
degree of treatment will generally be the equivalent
of secondary treatment.  A more complete inventory of
industrial plants and their pollution producing potential
is underway.

Table 12,  showing the Municipal Sewerage Systems in Iowa
as of December 31, 1966 presents some of the treatment
needs.  97.6% of the sewered population is provided with
treatment facilities and the majority of the remaining
39 communities with a combined population of 42,427 are
under orders to provide treatment.  It will be noted 466
communities out of the total of 944 do not have community
sewer systems.  The majority of these communities are
under 500 population (average 280 pop.) and do not
present serious pollution problems.  Federal financing
programs have stimulated great interest in sewer systems
and treatment facilities among these small communities.

Knowledge regarding the extent of pollution caused by
nutrients from sewage treatment plants is limited and
may be relatively insignificant compared with nutrients
from land wash.  Further research in both areas is
necessary before considering a time schedule for nutrient
removal.
-------
                         -32-

b.  Compliance with Water Quality Criteria..continued..

Thermal pollution has not constituted a problem but may
grow important with growing power production and a trend
to very large plants.

Supplemental irrigation is very limited and return flows
create no solids buildup problem.

c.  Construction Schedules

Table 11 indicates the time schedule for the municipality
or industry that has been established by the Water Pollu-
tion Control Commission to bring about compliance with
.the standards.  Contract award dates have been given for
projects where the Commission has given an order to pro-
ceed with pollution abatement.  Project completion dates
have not been set by the Commission due to the great
variability and uncertainty of construction projects.
Projects listed with the July 1, 1972 date will be ex-
pected to have construction underway by that date.  More
specific and earlier time schedules will be established
by the Commission in most instances. If it appears that
there will not be compliance with the construction time
schedules,  the Commission will hold a hearing and issue
orders setting up the construction schedule.

As time progresses, additional schedules will be set
according to the available data on stream quality surveys
and monitoring which will be expanded to cover all the
streams of the state where pollution can occur.

A project completion schedule typical of those which have
been negotiated or ordered by the Water Pollution Control
Commission is as follows:

               Orders for pollution abatement
               Preliminary report due in 6 months
               Final design due in 6 months
               Contract award due in 4 months
               Construction completed in 6-24 months

Since nearly all present and future municipal treatment
plant construction will be partially financed by Federal
grant funds, certain time allowances have been incorpor-
ated to allow 'for Federal processing of grant applications
and a review of design plans and specifications.
-------
                        -33-

 c.   Construction Schedules..continued...

 Ample Federal Water  Pollution Control Administration
 construction grant funds will be  available  for all
 projects on a "first come-first served" basis if
 Congressional appropriations are  made at authorized
 levels.

 2.   COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

 It has been the policy  of the State Department of Health
 since 1930 not to approve combined sewer systems and
 has  recommended a program of complete separation of
 sanitary and storm sewers.  Under the Iowa  Water Pollution
 Law, the overflow from  the combined sewers  is pollution
 and  the Water Pollution Control Commission  has taken
 the  position of recommending the  separation of the systems.
 It is recognized that separation  is a long  and costly
 project since the combined systems are located in the older
 and  larger cities where development has increased their
 replacement costs.   A majority of the cities have accepted
 recommendations to initiate a sewer separation program on
 a schedule spaced over  a period of time.

 3.   AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERS

Agricultural pollution  in the State of Iowa occurs basically
 in three forms:

            1.  Turbidity from soil erosion
            2.  Toxicity from agricultural  chemicals
            3.  Wastes  from feedlots

The  Commission has appointed an Agricultural Advisory
Committee comprised  of  faculty members from two of the
State Universities to assist the  Commission in matters
relating to agricultural wastes.  This committee is
subject to call by the  Commission to study  specific
agricultural problems and to make recommendations for
corrective action.    The lack of practicable methods for
corrective action precludes the setting of a timetable
without further research and technology.

Soil Erosion

Currently there is  no legislation requiring farmland
owners and operators to practice soil and water conser-
vation measures which control farmland runoff.   Soil
-------
                       -34-

Soil Erosion...continued...

erosion and consequent turbidity in the receiving streams
is an increasing problem throughout the State of Iowa.
Several factors contribute to the problem of erosion.
Agriculturalists expect at least 18 million acres of
corn and soybeans will be grown in Iowa by 1970, an
increase of 4 million acres over 1964.  To get this
increased acreage,  farmers on rolling farm land are
farming their steeper land much more instensively to row
crops than in the past and erosion is accelerated great-
ly.  Less pasture and hay land is needed as dairying
decreases in Iowa,  therefore, much of the land formerly
in rotation meadow and pasture is now in row crops.
This reduces the use of strip cropping tremendously.  As
farms get larger, farmers are reluctant to use any con-
servation practices that slow down planting and caring
for row crops.   Thus the use of contouring, older style
terracing and waterways have been difficult to maintain
and expand.

The State Soil Conservation Committee is carrying on an
active program through its Soil Conservation Districts
to assist landowners and operators in developing soil
conservation plans.  Currently over 60,000 farmers have
developed soil conservation plans for over 12,500,000
farmland acres using the advice and aid of the Soil
Conservation District offices.

The Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture is active in planning and financing water-
shed programs under Public Law 566 to reduce soil erosion.
Currently 635,000 acres of watershed have been developed
or are under construction and an additional 800,000 acres
are in the planning stages.

Marked results in soil loss reduction have been effected
on lands under soil management programs; however, these
programs cover less than half the farmland acreage.  In
addition, changing farming practices and the trend to-
ward larger farms and machinery as described previously
tend to increase the erosion problem.

The Water Pollution Control Commission endorses the action
of the State Soil Conservation Committee, the Soil Conser-
vation Service and others,  and plans to continue to work
with them to further reduce agricultural wastes resulting
from erosion.
-------
                         -35-

Aqricultural Chemicals

With the increasing demand for higher yields, farmers
are increasing the amount of herbicides, pesticides and
fertilizer applications to their lands.  Invariably,
considerable amounts of these chemicals find their way
to the waters of the state.  In sufficient concentration
many of these chemicals can exert a toxic effect upon
the aquatic life present in the receiving water.
Fertilizers of nitrate and phosphate base supply nutrients
which can support undesirable algal populations capable
of producing taste and odors or possible toxic wastes.
The control of these wastes must be in the application
methods and the prevention of farmland runoff.

The state has been monitoring the surface waters since
1965 for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide levels.  Plans
are being made for the expansion of the monitoring
program,

Feedlot_ Wastes

An increasing potential source of stream pollution is the
waste from sizeable farm feedlots.  Currently there are
100 farms feeding over 1,000 head of cattle, 10 farms
feeding over 2,500 hogs and 2 farms raising over 50,000
chickens.  Although there are few records available re-
garding feedlot waste problems in the state, a few
individual cases indicate that some problems of pollution
do exist.  The increasing concentration of livestock on
fewer farms and the resulting larger operations will
present additional waste disposal problems.

A study committee comprised of three Commission members,
two agricultural engineers and a veterinarian from Iowa
State University was formed in November of 1966 to study
the feedlot waste problem and recommend corrective measures
toward waste control.  The committee advised the Commission
that:

    1.  Feedlots can be a source of considerable stream
        pollution when improperly designed.
    2.  A permit system for large operations may be a
        control measure.
    3.  Education of the feedlot owners may produce
        effective results to control feedlot runoff.
    4.  The control of feedlot wastes could be insti-
        gated through Rules and Regulations of the
        Commission.
-------
                         -36-

Feedlot Wastes...continued*.*.

As additional information and experience becomes
available providing an effective means of control-
ling feedlot wastes, the Commission will consider and
adopt those measures which  are best suited to control
the pollution problem.

4.  WASTE FROM BOATS AND MARINAS

Wastes from marinas and boats in the opinion of the
Water Pollution Control Commission and the State Con-
servation Commission do not currently present a serious
pollutional problem to the  state waters.  Representatives
of the State Conservation Commission and State Depart-
ment of Health attended a joint meeting with western
bordering states,  concerning marina and boat wastes, to
discuss methods for the prevention of pollution from
these sources.

It is the plan of the Water Pollution Control Commission
and the State Conservation Commission to initiate legis-
lation in the next General Assembly that would control
marina and boat wastes.  It is anticipated that the
legislation will require holding tanks which store wastes
from marine toilets for subsequent shore disposal.  Suf-
ficient time will be incorporated in the legislation to
allow existing facilities to comply with the requirements,
-------
                        -37-

                      SECTION IV
                    PUBLIC HEARINGS

 The Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria are designed
 to protect the  waters of the state for those present
 and future uses which are most beneficial to. the people.
 To accomplish this  goal,  the Iowa  Water Pollution Control
 Commission developed tentative standards and presented
 these  to the  public at seven public hearings throughout
 the state.

 The procedures  which the Commission followed to conduct
 the public hearings are outlined and discussed below:

    1.   Hearing  Notice

        The Commission distributed  6500 hearing notices
 to all  parties  interested and affected by the criteria.
Those maim groups which received hearing notices were:
 Agriculture,  Conservation,  Government,  Industry,  and
 Municipalities.   The distribution list is shown in
 Appendix A-l.   The  hearing notice  contained the follow-
 ing information:

    a.   Hearing  locations,  times, etc.
    b.   Explanation  of hearing
    c.   Streams  and  water  sheds pertaining to each
        hearing  location(map)
    d.   Tentative  criteria

 A  copy  of the hearing notice is  presented in Appendix  A-2.

    2.   Hearing  Advertisement

    The  Commission advertised the hearing  times  and
 locations in  the newspapers  of the  seven  municipalities
 where the hearings  were scheduled  in three publications
 at  weekly intervals.   The  newspapers and  publication
 dates and copies of the advertisement  of  the hearings
 are shown in Appendix A-3  and 4  respectively.

    3.   Hearing  Proceedings

    At the opening of  each  hearing  a  Commission  member
 acting  as chairman  read the  opening  statement which  is
 presented  in Appendix A-5.   The  statement presented  the
 history of the  proposed criteria,  application of  the
 criteria, purpose of  the public hearing and  the means  by
 which the criteria  will be enforced.
-------
                       -38-
3.  Hearing Proceedings... continued...

     All seven public hearings were well attended by a
broad representation of the public interested and affect-
ed by the proposed criteria.  A listing of all those
attending and those who presented oral or written state-
ments is shown in Appendix A-6.  Attendance averaged
over 100 persons per hearing.

     4.  Statements

     Oral and written statements presented at each hearing
expressed the interests of all major groups,  organizations
and individuals.  Tape recordings were made at all hear-
ing locations and a summary of statements presented was
compiled and is presented in Appendix A-7.

Upon completion of the seven hearings the Commission re-
viewed the opinions expressed towards all aspects of the
proposed criteria.  It was felt that much was gained
towards knowledge of public opinion concerning the criteria
and changes that were proposed.

A majority of statements presented were in total agree-
ment with the proposed criteria.  The remaining state-
ments were again in agreement with the criteria with some
exceptions regarding parameters, water uses or classi-
fications .

Upon review of the hearing record and data available
the Commission revised the proposed criteria and adopted
them as the Iowa Surface Water Criteria on February 28,
1967.
*Appendices A-l through A-7 referred to in Section IV
 have been omitted from this copy.
-------
  TABLES
FIGURES
-------
-39-


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-------
                                   -41-
                                 TABLE  2
                      Public  Surface Water  Supplies
Lake  or  Stream  Supply

Municipality

Adel
Arnolds  Park
Bedford
Burlington
Cedar Rapids
Clarinda
Clear Lake
Council  Bluffs
Davenport
Des Moines
Fort Madison
Glenwood
Iowa City
Keokuk
Lake Park
Milford
Okoboji
Ottumwa
Panora
Spirit Lake
 Source

 Raccoon River
 W. Okoboji Lake
*102 River
*Mississippi River
*Cedar River
*Nodaway River
 Clear Lake
*Missouri River
*Mississippi River
 Raccoon River
*Mississippi River
 Keg Creek
 Iowa River
*Mississippi River
 Silver Lake
 W. Okoboji Lake
 W. Okoboji Lake
*Des Moines River
 Raccoon River
 Spirit Lake
it M it
«i   it
11   ii
* Denotes Interstate Stream
F - Filtration          S - Softening
Consumption      Treatment
   MOD           Provided

   0.2 mgd       F S D
   0.2
   0.15
   5.0
  Standby
   0.5
   0.5
   6.0
  14.0
  30.0
   1.2
   0.1

   s!o
   0.1
   0.15
   0.1
   5.0
   0.1
   0.5
                            D - Disinfection
  11
  it
Impoundments
Afton
Albia
Allerton
Bloomfield
Centerville
Chariton
Corning
Corydon
Creston
Fairfield
Greenfield
       Humeston
       Lamoni
       Lenox
       Montezuma
       Mount Ayr
       Osceola
       Seymour
       Tabor
-------
                               TABLE 3
                   AQUATIC LIFE - WARM WATER AREAS
                                 -43-
      Streams

Missouri River Basin

* Chariton River

* Thompson River

* Nodaway River

     E. Nodaway River
     W. Nodaway River
     Mid, Nodaway River

* Nishnabotna River

     E. Nishnabotna River
     W. Nishnabotna River

* Missouri River

Boyer River

* Little Sioux River

     *0cheyedan River
     W. Fk. Little Sioux
     Maple River

* Big Sioux River

     --Rock River

Mississippi River Basin

* Des Moines River

     *E. Fk. Des Moines River
     *W. Fk. Des Moines River
     Middle River
     Raccoon River

          S. Raccoon River
          N. Raccoon River

           M. Raccoon River
     Boone River

Skunk River

     N. Skunk River
     S. Skunk River
            Reach of Stream
Missouri State Line to Bridge on Highway
#65
Missouri State Line to Union County Line

Missouri State Line to confluence of East
and West Nodaway
Nodaway to Highway #148
Nodaway to Morton Hills
Nodaway to Adair County Line

Missouri State Line to confluence of East
and West Nishnabotna
Nishnabotna to Atlantic
Nishnabotna to Avoca

Western Iowa border from Missouri State
Line to Sioux City
Missouri River to Denison

Missouri River to Milford

Little Sioux River to Highway #9
Little Sioux River to Climbing Hill
Little Sioux River to Ida Grove

Missouri River to Minnesota State Line

Big Sioux River to Minnesota State Line
Mississippi River to confluence of East
and West Forks of Des Moines River
Des Moines River to Burt
Des Moines River to Minnesota State Line
Des Moines River to Town of Middle River
Des Moines River to confluence of North
and South Raccoon
Raccoon River to Guthrie Center
Raccoon River to Buena Vista County
Line
Raccoon River to Coon Rapids
Des Moines River to Goldfield

Mississippi River to confluence of North
and South Skunk
Skunk River to Highway #92
Skunk River to Colfax
-------
TABLE 3 CONTINUED
                                   -44-
*Mississippi River


Iowa River

     *Cedar River
          W. Fk. Cedar River
          *Shell Rock River
                *Winnebago River
          *Little Cedar
     English River

*Wapsinicon River

     Buffalo Creek
     Little Wapsipinicon River

Maquoketa River

     N. Fk. Maquoketa River

Turkey River
     Little Turkey River
          Crane Creek
     Volga River

Yellow River

*Upper Iowa River
Eastern Iowa border from Missouri
State Line to Minnesota State Line

Mississippi River to Belmond

Iowa River to Minnesota State Line
Cedar River to Cerro Gordo County Line
Cedar River to Minnesota State Line
Shell Rock River to Minnesota State Line
Cedar River to Minnesota State Line
Iowa River to Kinross

Mississippi River to Minnesota State Line

Wapsipinicon River to Stanley
Wapsipinicon River to Sumner

Mississippi River to Backbone State Park

Maquoketa River to Dyersville

Mississippi River to Vernon Springs
Turkey River to Highway #24
Little Turkey River to Saratoga
Turkey River to Maynard

Mississippi River to Highway #51

Mississippi River to Chester
* Denotes Interstate Stream
-------
      -45-
   TABLE 4

NATURAL LAKES
County
Allamakee

Buena Vista
Calhoun
Cerro Gordo
Clay

Delaware
Dickinson








Emmet



Hamilton
Hancock

Harrison
Johnson
Kossuth
Lee
Louisa
Mouona
Muscatine
Os ceo la
Palo Alto


Pocahontas
Pottawattamie
Sac
Winnebago
Woodbury
Worth
Wright
Lakes
Kains Lake
Lansing Big
Storm Lake
North Twin
Clear
Dan Greene Slough
Elk
Silver
Center
Diamond
East Okoboji
Lower Gar
Upper Gar
Minnewashta
Hottes
Jenmerson Slough
Little Spirit
Cheevers
Four Mile
High
Iowa
Little Wall
Crystal
Eagle
Nobles (Pott. Co,)
Babcocks
Goose
Green Bay
Wapello (Klum)
Blue
Keokuk
Rush
Five Island (Medium)
Lost Island
Rush
Clear
Manawa
Black Hawk (Wall)
Duck (Hanson)
Browns
Brights
Cornelia
Acres
200
679
3,060
569
3,643
285
261
45
264
166
1,875
«•«••»
...
••*••»
312
100
214
341
219
467
308
273
283
906
160
58
103
272
212
918
511
359
945
1,260
460
187
660
957
72
840
122
385
Lakes
Mud
New Albin Big
Pickeral (Clay Co.)
South Twin

Round
Trumbull

Marble
Pleasant
Prairie
Silver
Spirit
Swan
Welch
West Okoboji

Ingham
Tuttle
Twelve Mile
West Swan

East Twin
West Twin

Swan
Swag



Muscatine Slough
Iowa
Silver
Virgin

Lizzard


Rice (Worth Co.)

Silver
Elm
Acres
164
200
176
600

450
1,190

175
82
136
1,068
5,684
371
75
3,939

421
981
290
1,038

193
109

44
46



237
116
638
200

268


612

318
463
-------
                                   -47-
                                 TABLE 5
                            Artificial Lakes
        County

 Ad air
 Carroll
 Cass
 Davis
 Decatur

 Des Moines and Henry
 Franklin
 Greene
 Guthrie
 Hancock

 Hardin
 Hardin
 Jasper
 Johnson
 Lucas
       Lake

Meadow Lake
Swan Lake
Cold Springs
Lake Wapello
Nine Eagles

Geode
Beeds Lake
Spring Lake
Springbrook
Pilot Knob

Pine Lake
Upper Pine Lake
Rock Creek Lake
Lake MacBride
Red Haw Hill
Acres

  42
 130
  16
 287
  56

 205
 130
  49
  27
  15

  63
 101
 640
 950
  72
 Mahaska
 Monroe
 Montgomery
 O'Brien
 Shelby

 Tama
*Taylor
 Union
 Van Buren
 Warren

 Washington
 Wayne
Lake Keomah
Miami
Viking Lake
Mill Creek
Prairie Rose

Union Grove
Lake of Three Fires
Green Valley Lake
Lacey-Keosauqua
Lake Ahquabi

Lake Darling
Allerton
  82
 143
 150
  25
 218

 110
 125
 390
  30
 130

 302
 115
    On lakes of over 100 acres no motor in excess of 6 H.P.  allowed,
-------
                      -49-

                  TABLE  6
    AQUATIC LIFE  USE - COLD WATER AREAS
 COUNTY
ALLAMAKEE
STREAM            MILES
CLAYTON
DELAWARE
DUBUQUE
FAYETTE
HOWARD
          Bear Creek                    1
          Clear Creek                   1
          French Creek                  4
          Hickory Creek                 4
          Little Paint Creek            2.5
          Livlngood Springs and
          Yellow River Confluence area  1
          Paint Creek                   7
          Teeple Creek                  2.5
          Village Creek                 6
          Waterloo Creek                6.5
          Wexford Creek                 1.5
          Bloody Run Creek              9
          Buck Creek                    6
          Ensign Hollow                 2
          Joy Springs & Maquoketa Riv.  2
          Klienlein Creek               3
          North Cedar Creek             2
          Plum Creek                    1.5
          South Cedar Creek             3
          Turkey River Adjacent to Big
          Springs Hatchery               .75
          Elk Creek                     1
          Maquoketa River               2
          Richmond Springs              1
          Spring Branch                 2
          Turkey Creek                  1
          Plum Creek                     .5
          Swiss Valley Creek            1.5
          Glovers Creek                 1
          Grannis Creek                 1
          Mink Creek                    2
          Otter Creek                   H
          Bigalk Creek                  1.5
-------
Table 6 cont.
                                   -50-
               COUNTY
              JACKSON
              MITCHELL
STREAM
                        Big Mill greek
                        Brush Creek
                        Dalton Lake
                        Little Mill Creek
                        Spring Creek
                        Turtle Creek
                        Wapsie River
              WINKESHIEK
                        Bohemian Creek
                        Coldwater  Creek
                        North  Bear Creek
                        South  Bear Creek
                        Trout  River
                        Trout  Run
                        Twin Springs
                        West Canoe Creek
MILES
                    5
                    H
                    1.5 acres
                    5
                    2
                    2
                    2.5
                    3
                    2.5
                    5
                    5
                    2.5
                    2
                    0.5
-------
                                    -51-

                                  TABLE 7
                DESIGNATED RECREATION AREAS ON IOWA  STREAMS
 River or Stream Areas

          NEAREST TOWN

 1.  Minnesota-Missouri
 2.  Alden
 3.  Anamosa
 4.  Bonaparte
 5.  Cedar Falls

 6.  Cedar Rapids
 7.  Central City
 8.  Charles City
 9.  Clarksville
10.  Coralville  Reservoir
      STREAM

Mississippi River
Iowa River
Wapsipinicon River
Des Moines River
Cedar  River

Cedar River
Wapsipinicon River
Cedar River
Shell Rock River
Iowa River
                                                            RECREATION ZONE

                                                            Iowa Border
                                                            Above Dam
                                                            Above Dam
                                                            Above Dam
                                                            Above Dam

                                                            Above Dam
                                                            Above Dam
                                                            Above Dam
                                                            Above Dam
                                                            Recreation Pool
11.  Decorah
12.  Delhi
13.  Des Moines
14.  Elkader
15.  Fort Dodge

16.  Greene
17.  Hopkinton
18.  Humboldt
19.  Independence
20.  Iowa City

21.  Iowa Falls
22.  Lime Springs
23   Manchester
24.  Maquoketa
25.  Mitchell

26.  Monticello
27.  Nashua
28.  Oakland Mills
29.  Ottumwa
30.  Palisade State Park

31.  Quasqueton
32.  Red Rock Reservoir

33.  Saylorville Reservoir

34.  Steamboat Rock
35.  Waterloo
36.  Waverly
                                    Upper Iowa  River
                                    Maquoketa River
                                    Des Moines  River
                                    Turkey River
                                    Des Moines  River

                                    Shell Rock  River
                                    Maquoketa River
                                    Des Moines  River
                                    Wapsipinicon  River
                                    Iowa  River

                                    Iowa  River
                                    Upper Iowa  River
                                    Maquoketa River
                                    Maquoketa River
                                    Cedar River

                                    Maquoketa River
                                    Cedar River
                                    Skunk River
                                    Des Moines  River
                                    Cedar River

                                    Wapsipinicon  River
                                    Des Moines  River

                                    Des Moines  River

                                    Iowa  River
                                    Cedar River
                                    Cedar River
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam

                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam

                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam

                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam

                        Above Dam
                        Recreation Pool
                        (Under construction)
                        Recreation Pool
                        (Under construction)
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
                        Above Dam
-------
                                -52-
Table 7 cont.

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LAKES

All natural and artificial lakes listed in TABLES 4 and 5 Aquatic Life
Warm Water Areas shall be also classified for Recreational Use.
FUTURE POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS FOR RECREATIONAL USE;

When the following reservoirs are built their impounded waters will be
classified for Recreational Use.
         NAME

Ames Reservoir
Central City Reservoir
Davids Creek Reservoir
Jefferson Reservoir
Rathbun Reservoir
Rochester Reservoir
Squaw Creek Reservoir
   STREAM

Skunk River
Wapsipinicon
Davids Creek
Raccoon River
Chariton River
Cedar River
Squaw Creek
   STATUS

Authorized
Authorized
Needs Authorizatic
Study Conducted
Authorized
Authorized
Planning Stage
-------
                                  -53-
                                TABLE 8

                    SURFACE WATER SAMPLING STATIONS
                   ABS, PESTICIDES AND RADIOACTIVITY
ABS
PESTICIDES
RADIOACTIVITY
STREAMS

Cedar River
Des Moines River
Des Moines River
Iowa River
Raccoon River

Cedar River
Iowa River
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Missouri River
Raccoon River

Big Sioux River
Cedar River

Des Moines River
                       Iowa  River
                       Mississippi River
                      Missouri River

                      Raccoon River
                      Skunk River

                          Lakes

                      Clear Lake
                      Okoboji

                          Impoundments

                      Corning
                      Fairfield
                      Greenfield
 LOCATION

 Cedar Rapids
 Des Moines  upstream
 Des Moines  downstream
 Iowa City
 Des Moines  (IPALCO)

 Cedar Rapids
 Iowa City
 Dubuque
 Davenport
 Council  Bluffs
 Des Moines

 Hawarden
 Osage
 Cedar Rapids
 Des Moines  upstream
 Des Moines  downstream
 Estherville
 Ottumwa
 Iowa City
 Lans ing
 Dubuque
 Davenport
 Ft.  Madison
 Sioux City
 Council  Bluffs
 Des Moines
Ames
-------
                                   -55-
                                 TABLE  9

                     SURFACE WATER SAMPLING STATIONS
                  PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES AND MAJOR CITIES
 Stream

 Big Sioux River


 Cedar  River
Chariton River
Des Moines River
East Fork Des Moines River


Fox River

Little Sioux



Mid, Fork Medicine Creek

Mississippi River
Missouri River


Nishnabotna River

Nodaway River

102 River

Rock River
 Location

 Hawarden
 Sioux City

 St. Ansgar
 Charles  City
 Waterloo
 Cedar Rapids
 Columbus Jct«

 Chariton
 Centerville

 Fort  Dodge
 Des Moines
 Ottumwa
 Keokuk

 Dolliver
 Dakota City

 Bloomfield

 Spencer
 Cherokee
 Jet. with Mo.

Allerton

Dubuque
 Clinton
Davenport
 Burlington
Fort Madison
Keokuk

Sioux City
Council  Bluffs

Hamburg

Clarinda

Bedford

Rock Rapids
Jet. with Big Sioux
 A,  B
 A*

 A
 A,  B
 A,  B
 A*,  B
 A,  B

 B
 A,  B

 A*,  B
 A*,  B
 A*,  B
A

 A
 A

 A,  B

 A,  B
 A,  B
 A

 B

 A*,  B
A*,  B
A*,  B
A*,  B
A*,  B
A*,  B

A*,  B
A*,  B

A, B

A*, B

A*,  B

A, B
A
-------
TABLE 9 CONTINUED
                                   -56-
Stream

Shell Rock River

Upper Iowa River


Wapsipinicon River



West Fork Des Molnes River



VJinnebago River
Location

Northwood                  A

Decorah                    A, B
New Albin                  B

Independence               A, B
Anamosa                    A, B
Jet. with Mississippi      A

Estherville                A, B
Emmetsburg                 A, B
Humboldt                   A

Lake Mills                 A
Mason City                 A, B
     A - Location above water supply inlet or waste outlet
     B - Location below waste outlet after adequate mixing
     * - Locations presently sampled
-------
-57-
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-------
APPENDIX B
-------
                              APPENDIX B
        Iowa
 Water Pollution
   Control Law
      CODE OF IOWA
         1966
         IOWA

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

       COMMISSION
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
   ROBERT LUCAS BUILDING
   DES MOINES, IOWA 50319
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                                                    APPENDIX  B
        Address Communications To:
Iowa Water Pollution Control  Commission
    Iowa State Department of Health
          Robert Lucas Building
          Des Moines, Iowa 50319
           Telephone 281-5345
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                                                         APPENDIX B
             CHAPTER 455B
      WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
               Referred to in $455.22
          Pesticides, §206.3, subsection 2(d)


 455B.1  Statement of policy.
 455B.2  Definitions.
 455B.3  Commission created.
 455B.4  Membership.
 455B.5  Terms.
 455B.6  Vacancies—removal of member.
 455B.7  Compensation.
 455B.8  Organization.
 455B.9  Powers and duties.
 455B.10 Investigations.
 455B.11 Orders.
 455B.12 Scope of investigation.
 455B.13 Quality standards.
 455B.14 Permission to enter lands or waters.
 455B.15 Hearings.
 455B.16 Subpoena.
 455B.17 Notice of hearing—orders—records.
 455B.18 Appeal.
 455B.19 Transcript on appeal.
 455B.20 Stay order.
 455B.21 Conclusiveness of action.
 455B.22 Trial term,
 455B.23 Injunction.
 455B.24 Contempt—penalty.
 455B.25 Unlawful  acts.
 455B.26 Plans of every disposal  system to be
          filed.
455B.27 Assistance by  governmental agencies.
455B.28 Discharge of waste into lakes.
  455B.1  Statement of  policy.  Whereas  the
pollution of the waters of this state constitutes
a menace to public health and welfare, creates
public nuisances,  is harmful to wildlife,  fish
and  aquatic life, and  impairs domestic, agri-
cultural,  industrial,  recreational  and  other
legitimate   beneficial  uses   of  water,   and
whereas the problem of water pollution in  this
state is closely related to the problem of water
pollution  in adjoining states, it is hereby de-
clared to  be the public policy of this state to
conserve the waters of the state and to protect,
maintain and  improve the quality thereof for
public water supplies, for the propagation of
wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for domestic,
agricultural, industrial, recreational and other
legitimate  (beneficial) uses;  to  provide  that
no waste be discharged into any waters of the
state without  first being given the degree of
treatment necessary to protect  the legitimate
(beneficial) uses of such waters; to provide for

                     -3-
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                                                         APPENDIX  B
the prevention, abatement and control of new,
increasing, potential,  or existing water pollu-
tion; and to co-operate with other agencies of
the state, agencies of  other states and the fed-
eral government in  carrying  out  these  ob-
jectives.  [61GA, ch 375,§1]
  455B.2  Definitions.  When used in this chap-
ter:
  1. "Sewage" means the water-carried waste
products from residences, public buildings, in-
stitutions,  or other buildings, including  the
bodily discharges from human beings or ani-
mals  together  with such ground water infil-
tration and surface water as may be present.
  2. "Industrial waste"  means  any  liquid,
gaseous  or  solid  waste  substance  resulting
from  any process of industry, manufacturing,
trade or  business or from the development of
any natural resource.
  3. "Other waste"  means garbage,  municipal
refuse, lime, sand, ashes, offal, oil, tar, chem-
icals  and all other substances which are  not
sewage or  industrial waste which may pollute
the waters of the state.
  4. "Pollution" means the  contamination of
any waters of the state so as to create a nui-
sance or render such waters unclean, noxious
or impure so as to be actually harmful, detri-
mental or injurious  to public health, safety
or welfare, to domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural or recreational use or to livestock,
wild  animals, birds, fish or other aquatic  life.
  5. "Sewer  system"  means pipe lines or con-
duits, pumping stations, force mains and all
other constructions,  devices and  appliances
appurtenant thereto used for conducting sew-
age or industrial waste or other wastes to a
point of ultimate disposal.
  6. "Treatment works" means any plant, dis-
posal field, lagoon, holding or flow regulating
 basin, pumping  station, or other  works  in-
stalled for the purpose of treating, stabilizing
or  disposing of  sewage, industrial  waste or
other wastes.
  7. "Disposal system"  means  a  system  for
 disposing  of  sewage,  industrial  waste  and
other wastes  and  includes sewer  systems,
 treatment works,  and dispersal  systems.
  8. "Waters of the state" means all  streams,
lakes, ponds,  marshes, watercourses, water-
 ways, wells, springs, reservoirs,  aquifers,  irri-
gation systems, drainage systems, and all other
bodies or  accumulations of  water,  surface or
 underground,  natural  or artificial, public or
 private,  which are  contained  within,  flow
through or border  upon the state or any  por-
tion thereof.
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                                                         APPEWCX  B
  9. "Person" means  the state or any agency
or institution thereof, any  municipality,  gov-
ernmental  subdivision,  public  or  private cor-
poration,  individual,  partnership,  or other
entity and includes any officer or governing or
managing body of any municipality,  govern-
mental subdivision or public or private corpo-
ration.
  10. "Commission"  means  the Iowa water
pollution  control  commission.   [61GA,   ch
375,§2]
  Referred to in |46EB.2S

  455B.3  Commission created. There  is here-
by  created  and  established the  Iowa water
pollution  control  commission.  The  commis-
sion is established as an agency  of the state
government to prevent, abate, or control  the
pollution of  the waters of  the state.  [61GA,
ch 375, §3]
  455B.4  Membership.  The commission shall
consist of nine members as  follows:
  1. The commissioner  of public health.
  2. The director of the  state  conservation
commission.
  3. The director of the  Iowa natural resources
council.
  4. A member from the staff  of one of  the
universities or colleges of the state who  has
technical background, training and knowledge
in the field of water pollution.
  5. The secretary of agriculture.
  6. Four electors of the state who shall  be
selected from  the state at  large solely with
regard to their qualifications and fitness  to
discharge the duties  of office without regard
to their political affiliation.  Of these four, one
shall  represent industry,  one shall  represent
municipal government,  one  shall be an owner-
operator  farmer,  and one shall represent  the
public at large. [61GA,  ch 375,§4]

  455B.5  Terms.  The  members of  the com-
mission not holding public  office  shall be ap-
pointed by the governor for overlapping terms
of six years.  The members of the  first com-
mission not  holding  public office shall be ap-
pointed for  the following terms:  two  electors
for a term to expire July 1, 1967; two  electors
for a term to expire  July 1, 1969; and a mem-
ber of one of the state  universities for a term
to expire July 1, 1971.  Said terms shall begin
immediately upon the appointment. Thereafter
the term of  each  member  of the commission
shall be six years.  [61GA, ch 375,§5]
  455B.6 Vacancies—removal of member. Any
vacancy or vacancies  on the commission which

                     -5-
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                                                       APPENDIX  B
may occur shall be filled by appointment by
the governor for the unexpired portion of the
regular term.
  The  governor may remove any  member of
the commission  for  malfeasance in office  or
for any cause that renders him ineligible for
membership or incapable or unfit to discharge
the duties of his office and his removal when
so made shall be final.  [61GA, ch 375,§6]
  455B.7  Compensation.  Each member of the
commission, not otherwise in the full-time em-
ployment of any public body, shall  receive the
sum of twenty-five dollars for each day actually
and necessarily employed in the discharge of
official duties  and  each member of  the  com-
mission shall be entitled to receive  the amount
of his traveling and other necessary expenses
actually incurred while  engaged  in the per-
formance of any official duties when so author-
ized by the commission.  No  member  of the
commission shall have any direct financial in-
terest in any of the operations of the commis-
sion, nor may any member participate in  mak-
ing any decision in which he may  have a per-
sonal interest. [61GA, ch 375,§71
  455B.8  Organization.  The commission  shall
organize  by the election  of a chairman and
other officers deemed necessary and  the  state
department of health shall provide the services
of a technical secretary to the commission and
shall  hold quarterly regular meetings  each
calendar year on the last Monday of each quar-
ter and at such  other times and places  as it
may deem necessary. The chairman and other
officers  shall  be elected  annually.  Meetings
may be called by the chairman at any time and
shall be called as soon as possible by the chair-
man on the written  request of four  members
of the  commission.  The majority  of the com-
mission shall  constitute  a  quorum and the
concurrence of a majority of  the  commission
in any matter within  its duties shall be re-
quired for its determination. [61GA, ch 375,§8]
  455B.9  Powers and duties. The  commission
is hereby  given and. charged with  the  follow-
ing powers and duties:
  1. The commission through the state depart-
ment of health shall have general  supervision
over  administration  and  enforcement of all
laws relating to the pollution of any water of
the state, except as provided in section 135.11.
  2. To develop comprehensive plans and pro-
grams for  the prevention, control and abate-
ment of new, increasing, potential, or existing
pollution of the waters of the state.
  3. The commission may cause the state de-
partment  of health  to conduct investigations

                     -6-
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                                                         APPENDIX B
upon the written petition of:
  a. The governing body of any city or town.
  b. The local board of health.
  c. The supervisors of any county.
  d. Twenty-five residents of the state.
  e. Any state agency or agencies.
  4. To adopt, modify, or repeal such reason-
able quality standards for  any waters of the
state in relation to the public use to which
they are or may be put as it shall deem neces-
sary for the purposes of this chapter.
  Provided that where the quality  of water is
inter-related to the quantity of water the con-
currence of the Iowa natural resources council
shall be secured for the adoption, modification
or repeal of such standards, prior to the effec-
tive date thereof.
  5. To require plans and  specifications for
disposal systems or any part thereof to be sub-
mitted to them for approval or disapproval by
the state department of health.
  6. To direct the state department of health
to  issue,  revoke,  modify,  or  deny  permits,
under such conditions as  it may prescribe for
the prevention or abatement of pollution, for
the discharge of sewage, industrial waste or
other wastes or for the  installation or opera-
tion of disposal systems or parts thereof.
  7. Existing permits shall be recognized by
the commission for the continuance of every
disposal  system  now  operating under legal
authority.   However,  the  commission  may
modify  or  revoke  such  permit in the same
manner as  other permits.
  8. To  prescribe rules and regulations for the
conduct of  the  commission  and other matters
within the  scope of the powers granted to and
imposed upon it.
  9. The commission  shall co-operate  with
other state or interstate water  pollution con-
trol agencies in  establishing  standards,  ob-
jectives  or criteria for  quality of interstate
waters  originating or  flowing through  this
state.
  10. To hold such hearings as it  may  deem
advisable and necessary for the discharge of
its  duties and to authorize any member,  em-
ployee or agent to hold such hearings. ffilGA,
ch 375,§9]
  See 5H6BA.25, subsection 3, 469.6 to 469.8 inc.
  455B.10  Investigations.  The state  depart-
ment of health  shall conduct such investiga-
tions as  may be necessary to carry out  the
provisions  of this  chapter.  [61GA,  ch 375,§10]
  455B.11   Orders.  The  state  department of
health in accordance with  the  direction and
policies of  the commission may issue, modify,

                    -7-
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                                                         APPENDIX  B
or revoke such orders as may be required for
the prevention or discontinuance of the dis-
charge of sewage,  industrial waste or  other
wastes in any waters of the state resulting in
pollution  in excess of  the applicable  quality
standard  established   by  the  commission.
[61GA, ch 375,§11]

  455B.12 Scope of investigation.  Whenever
an investigation is made, it  shall be full and
complete  and may include such engineering
studies, bacteriological, biological, and chemi-
cal analyses of the water and  location and
character of the source or  sources of contami-
nation as may be  necessary.  If pollution is
found  to  exist, taking  into consideration  the
criteria set forth in section 455B.13, the com-
mission shall  first notify the alleged offender
and by informal negotiation attempt to resolve
the problem and failing to do so within four-
teen days, up to and during which time nei-
ther the commission, nor any member of  the
commission, nor its staff or employees shall
make any public statement Regarding the firm
or individual as an  alleged  offender, shall then
make an  order fixing the time and place of
hearing which shall be not later than twenty
days thereafter. Such hearing shall be public
and shall be conducted so far as possible in
the same manner as a court hearing and every
alleged offender  shall  have  the right  to  ap-
pear, be represented by counsel, present testi-
mony and examine witnesses.  [GIGA, ch 375,
§12]
  Examinations made by bacteriological laboratory, {263.8
  455B.13 Quality  standards.  In  adopting,
modifying, or repealing quality standards for
any waters of the state, the  commission shall
give consideration to:
  1. The protection of the  public health;
  2. The  size, depth,   surface area  covered,
volume,  direction  and rate of  flow, stream
gradient,  and  temperature  of the water;
  3. The character and uses of the land area
bordering said waters;
  4. The  uses which   have  been  made,  are
being  made, or may  be made of said waters
for public,  private, or  domestic water sup-
plies, irrigation; livestock  watering;  propaga-
tion of wildlife,  fish,  and other aquatic life;
bathing, swimming, boating,  or other recrea-
tional  activity; transportation; and  disposal of
sewage and wastes;
  5. The  extent  of contamination resulting
from natural causes including the mineral and
chemical  characteristics;
  6. The extent to which floatable or settleable
solids may be permitted;

                    -8-
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                                                        APPENDIX  B
  7. The extent to  which  suspended solids.
colloids, or a combination of solids with other
suspended substances may be permitted;
  8. The extent to which bacteria  and other
biological organisms may be permitted;
  9. The amount of dissolved oxygen that is to
be present and the  extent  of the oxygen de-
manding substances which may be  permitted;
  10. The  extent to  which toxic substances,
chemicals ur  deleterious conditions  may  be
permitted;
  11. The need for .standards for effluents from
disposal systems.  [C1GA, ch 375,§13]
  Referred to in H55E.12
  455B.14  Permission to enter lands or waters.
The commission, its agents, and employees of
the state department of health may enter upon
any lands or waters in the utate and bordering
on the state, for the  purpose of making any in-
\-ev.igaaon,  examination, survey, or study con-
cerning the  quality or pollution of surh waters.
[61GA, ch 375,§14]
  -I55IJ.13  Hearings.  When the commission
or  state department of health conduct? any
hearing or investigation,  any member of the
commission  or  any  employee  or  agent au-
thorized in writing by the commission or em-
ployee of the  state department of health may
administer oaths, examine witnesses and issue,
;n the  name of the commission, subpoenas  re-
quiring the  attendance and testimony of wit-
nesses  and the production of evidence relevant
to any matter invoh ed in such hearing or  in-
vestigation.  Witnesses shall receive the  same
fees and mileage  as in  civil actions  F61GA,
ch 375,§15]
  455B.16  Subpoena.  If  any person  refuses
to obey a subpoena issued under this chapter,
the district court of the county where the pro-
ceeding is  pending  shall  have jurisdiction,
upon application of  the commission or its au-
thorized member, employee, or agent, to  issue
to such person an order requiring him to ap-
pear and testify or produce evidence  and any
failure to obey such order of the court may he
punished by said court as a contempt thereof.
[61GA, ch 375,§16]
  455B.17  Notice of hearing—orders—records.
  1. Notice of the  time and place of hearing
shall be served upon each alleged ofTem'er at
least ten days before said her ring. Such notice
shall be in the manner required for the service
of notice of the commencement of an ordinary
action in a court of record.
  2. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsec-
tion 1 the commission or state department of

                     -9-
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                                                        APPENDIX B
health, when it has first been determined that
an  emergency  exists respecting any  matter
affecting or likely to affect the public  health,
may make a temporary order without notice
and without hearing.  A copy of such  tempo-
rary order shall be served as provided  in sub-
section 1.  Any such temporary order entered
by the commission or the state department of
health, shall be binding and effective immedi-
ately until such order is reviewed by a hear-
ing or is modified or reversed by the court.
  3. After such hearing the commission may,
if it finds the alleged offender is guilty of the
charges,  enter an order directing such  person
to desist in the practice found to be the cause
of such pollution, taking into account the use
to which the water is being or may be put or
the commission upon the recommendation of
the state department of  health  may order a
change in the method of discharging sewage,
industrial wastes  and other wastes into  the
water so that the  same will not result in pollu-
tion  and the method shall  be in  compliance
with the effluent or water  quality standards
adopted by the commission.
  4.  If any such change is ordered, unless such
practice is rendering such water dangerous to
the public health, a  reasonable time shall be
granted to the offender in which to put in use
the method ordered.
  5. The commission shall  keep a  complete
record of such proceedings, including  all the
evidence taken, and such record shall be open
to public inspection.  However, it shall be un-
lawful for any person in connection with his
duties  or employment by the commission, to
make public or give any information relating
to secret processes or methods of manufacture
or production at any public hearing or other-
wise, and all such information shall be kept
strictly confidential.  [61GA, ch 375,§17]

  455B.18  Appeal.  An  appeal may  be taken
by any aggrieved party  from  any order en-
tered in such proceedings to the district court
of the county in which the alleged offense was
committed or such final  order  was entered.
Such appeal shall be perfected  by serving a
written notice on  the chairman of the commis-
sion within thirty days of the entry of such
order.  The hearing on appeal shall be tried as
a suit  in equity  and  shall be de  novo.  The
court may receive additional testimony  and
may affirm, modify or reverse the order of the
commission.  The setting aside of such order
by the court shall not preclude the commission
from again instituting proceedings against the
same person if the commission feels that the

                    -10-
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                                                         APPENDIX  B
public health  is endangered.   [61GA, ch 375,
§18]

  455B.19  Transcript on appeal. Within thirty
days after an application for an appeal is filed
with the commission, it shall make, certify and
file in the  office of the clerk  of  the court  to
which an appeal is taken a full and complete
transcript of all documents and  papers  relat-
ing to the case including a  copy  of the order,
rule, regulation or decision appealed from and
a copy of any findings of fact, rulings or con-
clusions  of  law made by the commission  in
the matter.  [61GA, ch 375,§19]

  455B.20  Stay order. Action of the commis-
sion shall not be stayed by an appeal except
by order of the court for good cause  shown by
the appellant.  The granting of a stay may be
conditioned upon the furnishing by the appel-
lant of such reasonable security  as  the  court
may direct.  A stay may be vacated on appli-
cation of the commission or any  other  party
after hearing by the court.   [61GA, ch 375,§20]

  455B.21 Collusiveness of action.   If no ap-
peal is taken from an order,  rule, regulation,
or other decision  of the  commission as pro-
vided by this  chapter, or if the action  of the
commission is affirmed on appeal, the  action
of the commission in the matter involved shall
be deemed conclusive and the  validity and rea-
sonableness thereof shall not be raised in any
other action or proceeding,  but this shall not
preclude the commission from modifying  or
rescinding its  action.  [61GA,  ch  375,§21]

  455B.22  Trial term.  The  first term after
appeal is taken shall be the  trial term. [61GA,
ch 375,§22]

  455B.23  Injunction. Any person,  firm, cor-
poration, municipality, or any officer or  agent
thereof causing pollution as defined  in section
455B.2 of any waters of the  state  or placing  or
causing  to  be placed  any  sewage,  industrial
waste, or other wastes in a location where they
will probably cause pollution of any waters of
the state may be  enjoined from continuing
such  action.
  It shall be the duty of the attorney general,
only upon  the request  of the commission,  to
bring an action for an injunction against any
person,  firm,  corporation,  municipality,  or
agent thereof  violating the  provisions of this
section.  In any  such action, any  previous
findings of the commission after due notice and
hearing shall  be prima-facie  evidence  of the
fact or facts found therein.  [61GA, ch 375,§23]

                    -11-
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                                                         APPENDIX B
  455B.24  Contempt—penalty. Failure to obey
any order issued under the provisions of this
chapter made by the commission with refer-
ence to matters  pertaining to the pollution of
waters of the state shall constitute prima-facie
evidence of contempt.  In such event the com-
mission may certify to the district court of the
county  in  which such alleged  disobedience
occurred the  fact of such failure. The district
court after notice, as prescribed by the court,
to the parties in interest shall then proceed to
hear the matter and if it finds that the order
was  lawful and reasonable it shall  order  the
party to comply with the order.  If the person
fails to comply with the court order, he shall
be punished for contempt.
  Any person, firm, corporation, or  any officer
or agent  thereof found  guilty  of  contempt
under this section shall be fined in a sum not
to exceed one hundred dollars for each offense.
The penalties provided  in this section shall be
considered as additional to any penalty which
may  be imposed under  the  law relative to
nuisances or  any other statute relating to the
pollution of waters of the state and a convic-
tion  under this  section shall  not be a bar to
prosecution  under  any other penal  statute.
[61GA,  ch 375,§24]

  455B.25  Unlawful acts.
  1. It shall be unlawful to carry on any of the
following  activities  without  first securing  a
written permit from  the state department of
health as may be required by the commission
for the disposal of all sewage, industrial waste,
or other wastes which are  or  may  be  dis-
charged into  the waters of the state.
  a. The construction, installation or mod.ifica-
tion of  any disposal system or part thereof or
any extension or addition thereto.
  b.  The construction or use of any new outlet
for the discharge of any sewage  or wastes di-
rectly into the waters of the state.  However,
no permit shall be required for any new dis-
posal system or extension or addition to  any
existing disposal system  that receives  only
domestic or sanitary  sewage from  a building,
housing or occupied by fifteen persons or less.
  2. Plans  and  specifications for  any waste
disposal system covered by subsection 1 of this
section shall be submitted to the commission
before a written permit may be issued and the
construction  of  any such  waste  disposal  sys-
tem  shall be in accordance  with  plans  and
specifications as approved by  the state depart-
ment of public  health.  If  it is  necessary or
desirable to  make  material changes in  such
plans or specifications, revised plans or specifi-

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                                                        APPENDIX  B
cations together with reasons for the proposed
changes must be submitted to the  commission
for a supplemental written permit.
  Any person convicted of violating this sec-
tion shall be fined in a sum not to exceed one
thousand dollars.  [61GA, ch 375,§25]

  455B.26  Plans of every  disposal system to
be  filed.  The commission  may require the
owner of a waste disposal system,  discharging
sewage or wastes into any of the waters of the
state to file with it complete plans of the whole
or any part of such system and any other in-
formation and records concerning the installa-
tion and operation of such system. [61GA, ch
375,§26]

  455B.27  Assistance by governmental  agen-
cies.  The commission  and the state  depart-
ment of health may request and receive from
any  department, division, board, bureau, com-
mission, public body, or agency of the  state,
or of any political  subdivision thereof, or from
any  organization,  incorporated or unincor-
porated, which' has for its object the control or
use of any of the water resources of the  state,
such assistance  and data as will  enable the
commission  or department to  properly  carry
out  its activities and effectuate its purposes
under the provisions of this chapter. The com-
mission or department  shall reimburse such
agencies  for special expense  resulting  from
expenditures not normally a part of the oper-
ating expenses of  any  such agency.  [61GA,
ch 375,§27]
  45515.28  Discharge of waste  into lakes. No
sewage,  industrial  waste or   other  wastes
whether  treated or untreated  shall be dis-
charged directly into any state-owned natural
or artificial lake but this section shall not be
construed to  prohibit  the discharge  of  ade-
quately treated  sewage  or  industrial  wastes
into a stream tributary to a  lake upon the
written permission of the commission.  [GIGA,
ch 375,§28]
  Appropriation, 61GA, ch 376,535
      MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

  135.11  Powers  and  duties.  The  commis-
 sioner of public health shall be the head of the
 "State Department of Healtn", which shall:

  7. Make inspections of the public water sup-
 plies, sewer systems, sewage treatment plants,
 and  garbage  and refuse   disposal  plants
 throughout the state, and direct the method of
 installation and operation of the same.

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                                                          APPENDIX  B
  455A.25  When  permit  required.  For the
purpose of administering sections 455A.19  to
455A.32, inclusive, a permit as herein provided
shall be required for the following:

  3.  Any  person who  diverts  water or  any
material from the surface directly  into  any
underground watercourse  or  basin. Provided,
however, that any diversion of water or mate-
rial from  the  surface directly into any under-
ground watercourse or basin  existing upon
May 16, 1957 shall not require a permit if  said
diversion  does not create waste or pollution.
No permit shall be issued under this subsec-
tion until the  approval of  the Iowa water pol-
lution control commission has been  obtained.
  469.6  Certificate of  approval.   No  permit
shall be granted for the construction or oper-
ation of a dam where the water is to be used
for manufacturing purposes, except to develop
power, until a  certificate of the Iowa water
pollution  control  commission has been filed
with the council showing its approval of the
use of the water for the  purposes  specified in
the application. [C24, 27, 31, 35, 39,§7772; C46,
50, 54, 58, 62,§469.6; 61GA, ch 375,§30]
  Iowa water pollution control commission, ch 455B
  469.7  Application  for  certificate.  When  it
is proposed to use the water for manufactur-
ing purposes, except to develop power, or for
condensation  purposes,  application  must be
made to the Iowa water pollution control com-
mission, accompanied by a description of the
proposed  use of the water and what, if  any,
substances are to be deposited in such water
and chemical changes made in the same, and
such other information as  the department  of
health may require to enable it to determine
the advisability of the issuance of such certifi-
cate.  [C24, 27, 31, 35, 39,§7773;  C46, 50, 54, 58,
62, §469.7;  61GA, ch 375,§31]
  40ExGA, SF 186,§4, editorially  divided
  Iowa water pollution  control commission, cb 455B
  469.8  Granting or  refusing.  If the  Iowa
water pollution control commission is satisfied
that the use of the water in any such project
will not cause  pollution of the same or render
it  materially   unwholesome  or  impure, or
deleterious to  fish life, it may issue  a certifi-
cate, and if it is not so satisfied, it shall refuse
to issue same.  [C24, 27, 31, 35,  39,§7774; C46, 50,
54, 58, 62,§469.8; 61GA, ch 375,§32]
  Iowa water pollution control commission, cb 45BB

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                                                        APPENDIX B
        ADDRESS COMMUNICATIONS TO:

  Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
      Iowa State Department of Health
            Robert Lucas Building
           Des Moines, Iowa 50319
             Telephone 281-5345
CP50043 1 1/67
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                                   ft U. b. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1969 O - 362-980
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