730R76101
PRINCIPLES OF PESTICIDE USE,
HANDLING, AND APPLICATION
Instructional Modules for Vocational Agriculture Education
Developed for
Office of Pesticide Programs
Environmental Protection Agency
Under
Contract No. 68-01-1936
January, 1976
Use of brand or trade names or commercial products in this publication does not imply
endorsement of the products or recommendation for their use.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S Government Printing Office
Washington, D C 20402 - Price $5.90
Stock No 055-004-00012-9 £: ,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword v
Use of this Publication vii
Acknowledgements xi
Selected Audiovisual Materials xiii
Selected References xv
Introduction (Unit I) 1
Pests (Unit II) 15
Environmental Protection (Unit III) 67
Pesticides (Unit IV) 109
Labels and Labeling (Unit V) 151
Personal Safety and First Aid (Unit VI) 195
Safety Before, During, and Following Application (Unit VII) 235
Formulation and Application (Unit VIII) 279
Equipment and Its Use (Unit IX) 321
Disposal and Storage (Unit X) 365
Record Keeping and Liability (Unit XI) 399
Appendix: The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
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FOREWORD
This training package is designed to present the basic principles of pesticide use, handling,
and application. Included in this package is information on federal laws and regulations,
personal safety, environmental implications, storage and disposal considerations, proper
application procedures, and fundamentals of pest management. Successful completion of
these training modules will equip the student with the basic requirements for private
applicator pesticide certification as identified by federal laws.
This training package is designed in modular form suitable for use by men and women
studying vocational agriculture. These modules form a complete self-contained training
program sufficient to train and test knowledge and skills of the safe and correct use of
pesticides.
This training package presents basic concepts and principles of pesticide use and application.
The student must recognize that individual exceptions to these principles exist and that
label instructions should be followed if a discrepancy arises.
Teachers should consult state and local experts frequently to maintain updated information
with regard to federal, state, and local laws and regulations. Teachers are especially
encouraged to contact the State Extension Pesticide Applicator Training Coordinators for
specific state requirements and laws relating to pesticide certification programs and to
add objectives as needed. When a teacher adds objectives, information and assignment
sheets, transparencies, and criterion tests should be supplied.
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USE OF THIS PUBLICATION
Instructional Units
Public Law 94-140 requires that individuals who are applicators of restricted use pesticides
be certified by October, 1977, and thereafter. These instructional modules will train
prospective private pesticide applicators to meet the certification requirements under
the federal guidelines. The information contained in these instructional modules is also
pertinent to all persons interested in pesticide use, handling, and application.
The modules cover eleven content areas. Each area consists of one unit of instruction
including behavioral objectives, suggested activities for teacher and student, information
sheets, assignment sheets, visual aids, tests, and answers to the tests. Units are planned
for one or more lessons or class periods of instruction.
Careful study of each instructional unit by the teacher will help to determine:
A. The amount of material that can be covered in each class period.
B. The skills which must be demonstrated.
1. Supplies needed
2. Equipment needed
3. Amount of practice needed
C. Supplementary materials that must be ordered, such as pamphlets, slide series,
video tapes, movies, and filmstrips.
D. Resource people who must be contacted.
Objectives
Each unit of instruction is based on behavioral objectives. These objectives state the goals
of the unit thus providing a sense of direction and accomplishment for the student.
Behavioral objectives are stated in two forms. Terminal objectives state the subject matter
to be covered in a unit of instruction and specific objectives state the student performance
necessary to reach the terminal objective.
Since the objectives of the unit provide direction for the teaching-learning process, it is
important for the teacher and students to have a common understanding of the intent
of the objectives. A limited number of performance terms have been used in the objectives
for this curriculum to assist in promoting the effectiveness of the communication among
all individuals using the materials.
Following is a list of performance terms and their synonyms which were used in this
material.
Name Identify Describe
Label Select Define
List in writing Mark Discuss in writing
List orally Point out Discuss orally
Letter Pick out Interpret
Record Choose Tell how
Repeat Locate Tell what
Give Explain
VII
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Order Distinguish
Arrange Discriminate
Sequence
List in order
Classify
Divide
Isolate
Sort
Reading of the objectives by the student should be followed by a class discussion to
answer any questions concerning performance requirements for each instructional unit.
Suggested Activities
Each unit of instruction has a suggested activities sheet outlining steps to follow in
accomplishing specific objectives. The activities are listed according to whether they are
the responsibility of the instructor or the student.
Instructor: Duties of the instructor will vary according to the particular unit. However,
for best use of the material they should include the following: provide students with
objective sheet, information sheet, and assignment sheets; make transparencies and
arrange for resource materials and people; discuss terminal and specific objectives
and information sheet; give test. Teachers are encouraged to use any additional
instructional activities and teaching methods to aid students in accomplishing the
objectives.
Student: Student activities are listed which will help the student to achieve the
objectives for the unit.
Information Sheets
Information sheets provide content essential for meeting the cognitive (knowledge)
objectives of the unit. The teacher will find that information sheets serve as an excellent
guide for presenting the background knowledge necessary to develop the skills specified
in the terminal objective.
Students should read the information sheets before the information is discussed in class.
Students may take additional notes on the information sheets.
Transparency Masters
Transparency masters provide information in a special way. The students may see as well
as hear the material being presented, thus reinforcing the learning process. Transparencies
may present new information or they may reinforce information presented in the
information sheets. They are particularly effective when identification is necessary.
Transparencies should be made and placed in the notebook where they will be immediately
available for use. Transparencies direct the class's attention to the topic of discussion.
They should be left on the screen only when topics shown are under discussion. (NOTE:
Stand away from the overhead projector when discussing transparency material. The noise
of the projector may cause the teacher to speak too loudly.)
VIM
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Assignment Sheets
Assignment sheets give direction to study and furnish practice for paper-pencil activities
to develop the knowledge which is a necessary prerequisite to skill development. These
may be given to the student for completion in class or used for homework assignments.
Answer sheets are provided which may be used by the student and/or teacher for checking
student progress.
Test and Evaluation
Paper-pencil and performance tests have been constructed to measure student achievement
of each objective listed in the unit of instruction. Individual test items may be pulled
out and used as a short test to determine student achievement of a particular objective.
This kind of testing may be used as a daily quiz and will help the teacher spot difficulties
being encountered by students in their efforts to accomplish the terminal objective. The
teacher may wish to administer discussion test questions orally. Test items for objectives
added by the teacher should be constructed and added to the test.
Test Answers
Test answers are provided for each unit. These may be used by the teacher and/or student
for checking student achievement of the objectives.
IX
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Development and preparation of an instructional manual such as this is contingent
upon the cooperation and assistance of a host of agencies, groups, and individuals. Since
this instructional manual was contracted for by the Environmental Protection Agency,
much of the information included herein was derived from manuals already developed
for the E.P.A. as well as from related manuals the agency suggested we review. Sincere
appreciation is extended to Bill Hoffman, Project Officer, Office of Pesticide Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency for his assistance throughout the contract. In addition,
appreciation is extended to Chet Gibbs, Program Leader, Pesticide Chemicals Program,
Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture for his comments and suggestions
throughout the duration of the contract. Appreciation is also extended to Neville Hunsicker,
Bureau of Occupational and Adult Education, U.S. Office of Education for assistance
rendered during the contract.
Grateful acknowledgement for critical review of the manual is extended to the
members of the Working Group on Training of the Extension Committee on Policy,
Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; the National Vocational Agriculture
Project Advisory Committee; representatives of various state departments of vocational
education; representatives of state lead agencies; the vocational agriculture teachers who
field tested the manual in ten sites throughout the United States; and a host of others
who gave their critical comments and suggestions for the improvement of the manual.
Sincere appreciation is extended to Ron Meek, Bob Patton, Pete Braker, and Eddie
Smith, former vocational agriculture teachers and now curriculum writers, who worked
with Ellis Associates, Inc. staff to develop the manual.
Sincere gratitude and appreciation is expressed to the staff of Ellis Associates, Inc.,
who worked long and rigorous hours to develop this manual and for their efforts in
involving the agencies responsible for private pesticide training - Environmental Protection
Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, State Lead Agencies, and the U.S. Office of
Education. Of particular note has been the timely and relevant work performed by Frances
L. Courtney and Geraldine Nyland in preparation for the regional workshops; the critical
review and analysis of materials by Mike Brown; and the technical expertise demonstrated
by Sally McDonald. Without such a dedicated staff, the purposes of the contract could
never have been fulfilled.
Project Director Co-Project Director
Dr. Mary L. Ellis, President Ms. Denise A. Pierce
XI
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SELECTED AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
Slide - Cassette Series
Pestidide Use Training (420 slides divided into eight chapters with scripts and narrative
cassettes) and Apply Pesticides Correctly: Instructor's Manual (classroom guide for
use with slide set), United States Environmental Protection Agency. Distributed by
the National Audiovisual Center, Government Services Administration, Washington,
DC 20409.
Chapter I, "How to Identify Common Pests"-Contains 57 slides and requires
approximately 7 minutes
Chapter II, "Pest Control and Pesticides"--Contains 71 slides and requires
approximately 8 minutes
Chapter III, "Understanding Pesticide Labels"-Contains 34 slides and requires
approximately 5 minutes
Chapter IV, "Using Pesticides Safely to Protect Yourself"--Contains 60 slides
and requires approximately 8 minutes
Chapter V, "Protecting the Environment from Pesticides"-Contains 63 slides and
requires approximately 9 minutes
Chapter VI, "Pesticide Application Equipment"-Contains 60 slides and requires
approximately 8 minutes
Chapter VII, "Calibrating Pesticide Equipment"-Contains 45 slides and requires
approximately 6 minutes
Chapter VIM, "Pesticide Laws and Regulations"-Contains 24 slides and requires
approximately 4 minutes
Be a Pro with Pesticides (72 slides, script and narrative cassette), Visual
Communications, 412S Roberts Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, ATTN:
George Lavris. This set is to be used in conjunction with the film of the same title
listed below. Provision is made for student participation.
Be a Pro: Avoid Pesticide Accidents (79 slides, script and narrative cassette). Visual
Communications, 412S Roberts Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, ATTN:
George Lavris. This set follows the assignment sheet "Distinguish Between Safe and
Unsafe Pesticide Practices."
Film
Be a Pro with Pesticides (22 1/2 minute 16 mm). Distributed by R. G. Turner, Box
41, Roberts Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
XIII
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Videocassettes
Proper Pesticide Use Series: "Pesticides," (eight chapters) color videocassettes
distributed by Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331.
Applying Pesticides Properly, (eight chapters) color videocassettes distributed by
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.
(NOTE: Consult your extension agent and other resource personnel for other appropriate
audiovisual materials for your geographical location.)
XIV
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SELECTED REFERENCES
U.S., Department of Agriculture and Environmental Protection Agency. Apply Pesticides
Correctly: A Guide for Commercial Applicators. Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1975.
U.S., Department of Agriculture and Environmental Protection Agency. Apply Pesticides
Correctly: A Guide for Private Applicators. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1975.
Dewey, J. E., et al. Pesticide Applicator Training Manual. Ithaca, New York: Cornell
University, 1974.
U.S., Environmental Protection Agency. Standards for Certification of Pesticide
Applicators. Washington, D.C.: E.P.A., Office of Pesticide Programs, 1974.
We gratefully acknowledge the permission extended to us by the Northeast Pesticide
Applicator Training Manual and the Environmental Protection Agency and United States
Department of Agriculture Apply Pesticides Correctly: A Guide for Commercial Applicators
manual for use of selected art work on transparency masters.
(NOTE: Consult your extension agent and other resource personnel for other appropriate
reference manuals and materials for your geographical location.)
xv
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INTRODUCTION
UNIT I
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to list problems associated with
pesticide usage, match the EPA classifications of pesticides to the correct definitions, and
list capabilities of the certified private applicator. This knowledge will be evidenced by
scoring eighty-five percent on the unit test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Match terms associated with the private pesticide applicator certification
program to their correct definitions.
2. List problems associated with pesticide usage.
3. Discuss pesticide registration.
4. Match the EPA classifications of pesticides to the correct definitions.
5. List the capabilities of the certified private applicator.
6. Explain the difference between deposit and residue.
7. Explain how tolerances are determined.
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INTRODUCTION
UNIT I
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information sheet.
C. Make transparency.
D. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
E. Discuss information sheet.
F. Stress the importance of the correct use of chemicals and the dangers and
hazards of improper use.
G. Invite a resource person to visit with the class concerning the importance
of private pesticide applicator certification and applicable federal, state, and
local laws and regulations.
H. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read objective sheet.
B. Study information sheet.
C. Take test.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
III. Transparency master: TM 1--Tolerances Must Be Set
IV. Test
V. Answers to test
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INTRODUCTION
UNIT I
INFORMATION SHEET
I. Terms and definitions
A. Private applicator-A certified applicator who uses or supervises the use of
any pesticide classified for restricted use for the purpose of producing any
agricultural commodity on the property owned or rented by him or his
employer or on the property of another person producing any agricultural
commodity in exchange of personal services
B. Pesticide-Chemical or other substance that will prevent, repel, destroy, or
control a pest or protect something from a pest
C. Tolerance-Maximum amount of pesticide which can legally remain on or
in any food or feed crop at harvest or animal at slaughter
D. Agricultural commodity-Any plant or plant part, animal, or animal product
produced by a person
E. Certification-Recognition by certifying agency that a person is competent
and thus authorized to use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides
F. Environment-Surroundings, usually water, air, soil, plants, and animals
G. Exposure-Not protected or shielded; contact with pesticide through
ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact
H. Phytotoxicity-Causing injury to plant life
I. Hazard-Risk of danger; chance that injury or harm will come to the
applicator, other persons, plants, or animals
J. EPA-United States Environmental Protection Agency
II. Problems associated with pesticide usage
A. Movement off target-Drift, runoff, leaching, erosion, or evaporation
B. Improper method of application-Pest not reached or controlled
C. Overuse-Overdosing and too frequent applications
D. Underuse, underdosing-Using less than needed amounts
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INFORMATION SHEET
E. Resistance of some pests to certain pesticides
F. Phytotoxicity to plants
G. Exposure to nontarget plants and animals including humans
H. Buildup of some pesticides in animals or in the food chain (accumulation)
I. Residues of some pesticides which remain unchanged in the environment
for long periods of time (persistence)
III. Pesticide registration
A. Every pesticide, its label, and each use must be registered before it can
be sold or used
B. Definition of registration-Approval by the Environmental Protection
Agency of a pesticide for uses as stated on its label
IV. EPA classifications of pesticides
(NOTE: EPA will classify each use of each pesticide as either general or
restricted.)
A. General use-Pesticide use which will not cause excessive damage in the
environment or endanger the applicator or other persons when applied
according to label directions
(NOTE: No certification requirements are necessary on the part of the
applicator.)
B. Restricted use-Pesticide use which may cause damage in the environment
or endanger the applicator or other persons unless label directions are
followed
V. Capabilities of the certified private applicator
(NOTE: Failure to comply with certification may result in penalties or fines
of up to $1000 or imprisonment of up to thirty days.)
A. Purchase and use restricted use pesticides to produce agricultural
commodities on property owned or rented by himself or his employer
B. Supervise the use of restricted use pesticides to produce agricultural
commodities on property owned or rented by himself of his employer
C. Purchase and use restricted use pesticides for use on the property of others
with whom he trades services
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INFORMATION SHEET
VI. Deposit and residue
A. Deposit-Pesticide placed on a crop, animal, or surface during application
(NOTE: Sometimes the deposit can be easily seen as with many dusts or
wettable powders. Other times it cannot be seen with the naked eye.)
B. Residue-Pesticide that remains on or in a crop or animal or on a surface
following application
(NOTE: Some pesticides leave little or no residue. Heat, light, moisture,
soil organisms, and other chemical reactions in the environment quickly
break them down. Other pesticides are not quickly broken down. They
leave a residue on the crop or in the environment for weeks, months, or
years.)
VII. How tolerances are determined (Transparency 1)
A. Studies on test animals (rats, guinea pigs, mice, and others) are conducted
to determine the acute and chronic toxicity of the chemical
B. Length of time the pesticide remains on the target crop or target animal
is measured
(NOTE: The time the pesticide remains active in the environment is also
determined.)
C. Possible long-term injury, such as buildup in man or animals, is studied
D. All food or feed which contains even a tiny amount of pesticide residue
at harvest or slaughter must have a tolerance
E. Residue in food or feed may be result of direct or indirect contact with
pesticide
F. Tolerance is always set at least 100 times smaller than the highest dose
which has no effect on test animals
Example: If 200 parts per million of a pesticide have no effect on
test animals, then the tolerance for the pesticide on any food
or feed crop could be no higher than 2 parts per million
(ppm)
G. Food or feed which is intended to be eaten must be below the tolerance
level
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INTRODUCTION
UNIT I
TEST
1. Match terms on the right to the correct definitions on the left by placing the
appropriate numbers in the blanks provided.
_a. Maximum amount of pesticide which
can legally remain on or in any food or
feed crop at harvest or animal at
slaughter
_b. Recognition by certifying agency that a
person is competent and thus authorized
to use or supervise the use of restricted
use pesticides
_c. Not protected or shielded; contact with
pesticide through ingestion, inhalation,
or skin contact
_d. Risk of danger; chance that injury or
harm will come to the applicator, other
persons, plants, or animals
_e. A certified applicator who uses or
supervises the use of any pesticide
classified for restricted use for the
purpose of producing any agricultural
commodity on the property owned or
rented by him or his employer or on the
property of another person producing
any agricultural commodity in exchange
of personal services
_f. Chemical or other substance that will
prevent, repel, destroy, or control a pest
or protect something from a pest
_g. Causing injury to plant life
h. Surroundings, usually water, air, soil,
plants, and animals
i. Any plant or plant part, animal, or
animal product produced by a person
j. United States Environmental Protection
Agency
1. Private
applicator
2. Pesticide
3. Tolerance
4. Agricultural
commodity
5. Certification
6. Environment
7. Exposure
8. Phytotoxicity
9. Hazard
10. EPA
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List four problems associated with pesticide usage.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Discuss in a short paragraph pesticide registration.
Match the EPA classifications of pesticides on the right to their correct
definitions.
a. Pesticide use which may cause damage 1. General
in the environment or endanger the use
applicator or other persons unless label
directions are followed 2.
b. Pesticide use which will not cause
excessive damage in the environment or
endanger the applicator or other persons
when applied according to label
directions
5. List two capabilities of the certified private applicator.
a.
b.
6. Explain the difference between deposit and residue.
Restricted
use
Explain how tolerances are determined.
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PESTS
UNIT II
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to list main groups of pests,
ways insects damage crops, and causes and symptoms of plant diseases. The student should
be able to identify life cycles of insects, state the difference between grasses and broadleaf
plants, name sources for aid in identifying pests, and interpret pesticide labels. This
knowledge will be evidenced through demonstration and by scoring eighty-five percent
on the unit test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Match terms associated with pests to the correct definitions.
2. List main groups of pests.
3. List ways insects may damage crops.
4. List ways insects affect livestock and man.
5. Name identifying characteristics common to all adult insects.
6. Name characteristics which aid in distinguishing one insect from another.
7. Identify the four stage life cycle of insects.
8. Identify the three stage life cycle of insects.
9. Name identifying characteristics of mites, ticks, and spiders.
10. List vertebrate pest animals.
11. State the difference between grasses and broadleaf plants.
12. Classify plants as annuals, biennials, or perennials.
13. List main causes of plant diseases.
14. Classify causes of plant diseases as parasitic or nonparasitic.
15. List symptoms of plant diseases.
16. Describe symptoms of nematode damage.
17. Name sources for aid in identifying pests.
18. Interpret pesticide labels correctly when given questions concerning pests.
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PESTS
UNIT II
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information and assignment sheets.
C. Make transparencies.
D. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
E. Discuss information and assignment sheets.
F. Have the student carry out one or all of the following activities:
1. Find out the names of the common insect pests on your farm. Which
kind of life cycle do they have? In what stage of development are
they a problem? How do they damage your crops or livestock?
2. Find out the names of the common weed pests on your farm or in
your area. Are they grasses or broadleaf weeds? Are they annuals,
biennials, or perennials?
3. Find out the kinds of plant diseases on your farm or in your area.
Are they parasitic or nonparasitic? Find out what is causing them,
such as fungus, bacteria, nematodes, drought, or air pollution. What
kinds of damage do they cause on your crop?
4. Start a collection of insects and related pests, plant diseases, and weeds
which are common in your area. Be sure they are properly identified
and labeled.
G. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read objective sheet.
B. Study information sheet and take notes.
C. Complete assignment sheet.
D. Take test.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
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III. Transparency masters
A. TM 1--Insect Damage
B. TM 2-Adult Insects
C. TM 3--Wings and Mouthparts
D. TM 4--Four Stage Life Cycle
E. TM 5--Three Stage Life Cycle
F. TM 6-Mite, Tick, and Spider
G. TM 7-Vertebrate Pest Animals
H. TM 8--Grasses and Broadleaf Plants
I. TM 9-Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials
J. TM 10-Parasitic Causes
K. TM 11-Nematode Damage
L. TM 12--Symptoms of Diseases
IV. Assignment Sheet #1-lnterpret Pesticide Labels
V. Answers to assignment sheet
VI. Test
VII. Answers to test
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PESTS
UNIT II
INFORMATION SHEET
I. Terms and definitions
A. Organism-Any living thing
B. Pest-Unwanted organism
C. Vertebrate-Animal with a bony spinal column
D. Insect-Small invertebrate animal with three body regions and six jointed
legs; may have two, four, or no wings
E. Mite, tick, and spider-Animals closely related to insects but with two body
regions, eight jointed legs, and no wings
F. Plant disease-Harmful condition which affects plant life
G. Nematode-Small roundworm that feeds on or in plants and animals
H. Parasite-Organism that lives and feeds in or on another organism
I. Life cycle-Stages in the life development of organisms
J. Larva-Immature stage of an insect that does not look like an adult insect
K. Pupa-Nonfeeding, usually immobile stage of an insect before becoming an
adult
L. Nymph-Immature stage of an insect that looks similar to an adult insect
M. Fungus-Small plant which causes rot, mold, and other plant diseases (plural,
fungi)
N. Bacterium-One-celled microorganism which causes wilts, cankers, and other
plant diseases (plural, bacteria)
0. Plant disease symptom or sign-Signal that something is wrong in a plant,
such as change in growth habits
P. Annual-Plant that grows from seed, produces seed the same year, and then
dies
Q. Perennial-Plant that normally lives for more than two years
R. Biennial-Plant that grows two years, produces seed, and then dies
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INFORMATION SHEET
II. Main groups of pests
A. Insects
B. Mites, ticks, and spiders
C. Plant diseases
D. Nematodes
E. Vertebrate animals
F. Weeds
III. Ways insects may damage crops (Transparency 1)
A. Feed on foliage, seeds, fruits, and other plant parts
B. Tunnel or bore into stems, stalks, and branches
C. Feed on and tunnel in roots
D. Suck the sap from leaves, stems, and branches
E. Carry plant disease agents
(NOTE: Injury caused by insects, plant diseases, and other pests are often
confused. Consult a local expert.)
IV. Ways insects affect livestock and man
A. Blood sucking
Examples: Flies and lice
B. Direct attack and spread of disease organisms
Examples: Mosquitoes carry malaria; ticks carry Rocky Mountain
spotted fever
C. Living on or in the animal
Examples: Screwworms and cattle grubs
D. Contaminating agricultural products
Examples: Granary weevil in grain bins; flour moths in cereals
V. Identifying characteristics common to all adult insects (Transparency 2)
A. Six jointed legs
B. Three body regions
(NOTE: The body consists of the head, abdomen, and thorax.)
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INFORMATION SHEET
VI. Characteristics which distinguish one insect from another (Transparency 3)
A. Wings
(NOTE: Some insects have no wings; others have two or four. The wings
vary in shape, size, thickness, and structure.)
B. Mouthparts
(NOTE: Insects with chewing mouthparts have toothed jaws that bite and
tear the food. Insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts have tube-like beaks
which they force into a plant or animal to suck out fluids or blood.)
VII. Four stage life cycle of insects (Transparency 4)
A. Egg
B. Larva
(NOTE: The larva is sometimes called a worm or looper.)
C. Pupa
D. Adult
VIII. Three stage life cycle of insects (Transparency 5)
A. Egg
B. Nymph
(NOTE: The nymph, which looks like a tiny adult, goes through several
stages in its development.)
C. Adult
IX. Identifying characteristics of mites, ticks, and spiders (Transparency 6)
A. Eight jointed legs
B. Two body regions
C. No wings
X. Vertebrate pest animals (Transparency 7)
(NOTE: Many vertebrate animals which normally are harmless and desirable can
become pests if they interfere with or move into an area where crops and
livestock are being produced.)
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INFORMATION SHEET
A. Birds
Example: Starling
B. Mammals
Example: Rodent
C. Fish
Example: Carp
D. Reptiles
Example: Snake
E. Amphibians
Example: Salamander
XI. Difference between grasses and broadleaf plants (Transparency 8)
(NOTE: These plants may be annual, perennial, or biennial.)
A. Grasses have long narrow leaves and parallel veins
B. Broadleaf plants have wide, flat leaves and netted veins
XII. Examples of annuals, biennials, and perennials (Transparency 9)
(NOTE: Knowing the life cycle of the weeds to be controlled is helpful in
choosing the best herbicide for the job.)
A. Summer annuals-Crabgrass, foxtail
(NOTE: Summer annuals sprout from seed in spring and die before winter.)
B. Winter annuals-Henbit, annual bluegrass
(NOTE: Winter annuals sprout from seed in the fall and die before summer.)
C. Biennials-Mullein, burdock, carrot
D. Perennials-Johnson grass, dandelions
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INFORMATION SHEET
XIII. Main causes of plant diseases
(NOTE: When you find a plant disease problem, you must determine the cause
before choosing a control method. Nonparasitic plant diseases have very similar
symptoms to parasitic plant diseases.)
A. Nonparasitic
(NOTE: The disease is caused by nonliving agents or materials and cannot
be passed from plant to plant. The causes cannot be controlled with
pesticides.)
B. Parasitic
(NOTE: The disease is caused by living organisms and may be passed from
plant to plant. Usually the farmer can control these by using resistant plants,
pesticide chemicals, or other pest management practices.)
XIV. Nonparasitic and parasitic causes of plant diseases
A. Nonparasitic causes
1. Air pollution
Example: Automobile exhausts
2. Climate
Examples: Drought, frost
3. Chemicals
Example: Fertilizer burn
4. Culture
Example: Injury by machinery
B. Parasitic causes
1. Fungi (Transparency 10)
Examples: Root rots, scabs, smut
2. Bacteria (Transparency 10)
Example: Leaf spots, wilts, cankers
23
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
3. Viruses
Example: Mosaics, streaks
4. Nematodes (Transparency 11)
Example: Root knot nematode
XV. Symptoms of plant diseases (Transparency 12)
A. Decaying or rotting
B. Abnormal growth
Examples: Galls, swelling, leaf curls
C. Underdevelopment or stunting
D. Wilting
E. Discoloration
XVI. Symptoms of nematode damage (Transparency 11)
A. Similar to plant disease symptoms on plant parts above ground
B. Swollen and misshapen roots and sometimes galls
XVII. Sources for aid in identifying pests
A. Vocational agriculture instructor
B. County extension agent
C. Pesticide dealer or representative
D. Land grant or other universities
24
-------
TM 1
Insect Damage
Lacebug
Root Feeding
White Grub
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TM 12
Symptoms of Diseases
Knots
Rot
47
-------
PESTS
UNIT II
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1~INTERPRET PESTICIDE LABELS
Read the labels provided on the following pages and. answer the questions below.
1. Using the De Metho label, answer the following questions.
a. What type of pests does this pesticide control?
b. When the label refers to armyworms or cabbage loopers, to what stage of
the insect's life cycle is it referring?
2. Using the No-Disease label, answer the following questions.
a. What type of pests does this pesticide control?
b. Are the diseases which this pesticide controls parasitic or nonparasitic?
3. Using the Anti-Weed label, answer the following questions.
a. What type of pests does this pesticide control?
b. Is it used to control grasses or broadleaf weeds?
c. Does it control annuals, biennials, or perennials when used on corn?
49
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
Meed
FOR WEED CONTROL
IN CORN
Active Ingredients:
Atrazine: 2-chloro-
4-Ethylamino-6-
isopropylamino-
s-triazine . . . 20.0%
Inert Ingredients: 80.0%
Total:
100.0%
50
Pounds
NET WEIGHT
Anti-Weed 20G is a
granular herbicide
Warning
Keep out of reach of
children. See addition-
al warning statements
on back of bag.
EPA Est. No. 1352-WV-1
EPA Reg. No. 1352-519
KlLDEilD
Chemical Company
Chemical City, West Virginia
52
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND
WARRANTY
IMPORTANT: Read the entire Directions For Use and the Con-
ditions Of Sale And Warranty before using this product
Conditions Ol Sale And Warranty
The Directions For Use of this product reflect the opinion of ex-
perts based on field use and tests. The directions are believed
to be reliable and should be followed carefully However, it is
impossible to eliminate all risks inherently associated with use
of this product Crop injury, ineffectiveness or other unintended
consequences may result because of such factors as weather
conditions, presence of other materials or the manner of use or
application all of which are beyond the control of Kill-Dead
or the Seller All such risks shall be assumed by the Buyer
Kill-Dead warrants that this product conforms to the chemi-
cal description on the label and is reasonably fit for the pur-
poses referred to in the Directions For Use, subject to the
inherent risks referred to above Kill-Dead makes no other
express or Implied warranty ol Fitness or Merchantability or
any other express or Implied warranty. In no case shall
Kill-Dead or the Seller be liable for consequential, special
or indirect damages resulting from the use or handling of this
product Kill-Dead and the Seller offer this product and the
Buyer and user accept it, subiect to the foregoing Conditions
01 Sale And Warranty which may be varied only by agreement
in writing signed by a duly authorized representative of Kill
Dead Chemical Company.
General Information
Anti-Weed will control most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
in field corn, silage corn and sweet corn It should be applied
prior to weed and crop emergence
Since Anti-Weed acts mainly through root absorption, its effec-
tiveness depends on rainfall or irrigation to move it into the root
zone Best results are obtained when moisture occurs within 10
days after application Should moisture not occur within this
period or should weeds develop, a shallow cultivation or rotary
hoeing will generally result in better weed control
Anti-Weed is noncorrosive to equipment and metal surfaces,
nonflammable and has low electrical conductivity
Care should betaken to avoid using Anti-Weed where adjacent
desirable trees, shrubs or plants might be injured
Store Anti Weed in a dry place
Application Instructions
Broadcast or Overall Treatment
Use broadcast applicators or fertilizer spreaders that can apply
small amounts of granules evenly
Band Treatment
Use applicators designed for this purpose Calculate the amount
of granules per acre needed for band treatment as follows
Ibs /Acre
Band Width in Inches Recommended Anti-Weed
Inches Between Crop Rows Broadcast Rate for Band
Treatment
Range of Rates In each case where a range of rates is given,
the lower rate should be used on soils low in organic matter
and the higher rate should be used on soils high m organic
matter
Directions tor Use
Anti-Weed controls most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
such as:
Giant Foxtail Fall Panicum Mustard
Green Foxtail Annual Mornmgglory Pigweed
Yellow Foxtail Cocklebur Ragweed
Barnyardgrass Sandbur Smartweed
(Watergrass) Jimsonweed Sunflower
Crabgrass Lambsquarters Velvetleaf
Anti-Weed will not control perennial weeds such as
Johnsongrass Field Bindweed Canada Thistle Bull Nettle
Apply Anti-Weed at planting behind the press wheel or imme-
diately after planting prior to emergence of either crop or weeds.
See table below for recommended rates.
Soil
Light soils Sands, loamy sands, and
sandy loams
Medium to heavy soils including the
dark prairie soils m the Corn Belt ' '
Rate per acre of An ti -Weed
Broadcast
15 Ibs
225-
30 Ibs
*For calculation of band treatment rate, see Application
Instructions Section
** Anti-Weed should not be used on high organic soils such as
peatandmuck
Suggestions for Crop Rotations
1) Corn may be replanted at any time following application of
Anti-Weed 2) Sorghum may be seeded in all areas the spring
following application of the granules 3} Soybeans may be
seeded in Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa and Southeastern
Minnesota and areas east of these states the spring following
applications made not later than June 1 of the previous year
Precautions: 1) Do not plant sugar beets, tobacco, vegetables
including dry beans), spring-seeded small grains or small-
seeded legumes and grasses the year following Anti-Weed
application or injury may occur 2) Following harvest of a treated
crop, plow (moldboard or disk-plow) and thoroughly till the
soil m the fall or spring to minimize possible injury to rotational
spring-seeded crops 3) Injury to rotational crops following
application may occur on eroded hillsides, alkali outcroppmgs,
gravelly areas and on soils in general with pH near or exceeding
75 4) Do not graze treated area or feed treated forage to live-
stock for 21 days following application
Warning
Keep out of reach of children
Irritating to skin, eyes, nose and throat May be harmful if swal-
lowed May cause allergic skin reaction Do not get in eyes, on
skin or on clothing Avoid breathing dust Do not take internally.
While handling, wear rubber gloves In case of contact, flush skin
or eyes with plenty of water, for eyes, get medical attention.
Launder clothing before reuse Avoid contamination of seed,
feed and foodstuffs
This product is toxic to fish Keep out of lakes, ponds and
streams.
Do not reuse container Destroy when empty
53
-------
PESTS
UNIT II
TEST
1. Match the terms on the right to the correct definitions. (Definitions are continued
on the following page.)
a. Any living thing
_b. Harmful condition which affects plant
life
c. Unwanted organism
_d. Organism that lives and feeds in or on
another organism
_e. Small invertebrate animal with three
body regions and six jointed legs; may
have two, four, or no wings
_f. One-celled microorganism which causes
wilts, cankers, and other plant diseases
_g. Immature stage of an insect that does
not look like an adult insect
_h. Immature stage of an insect that looks
similar to an adult insect
_i. Small roundworm that feeds on or in
plants and animals
J. Signal that something is wrong in a
plant, such as change in growth habits
_k. Plant that grows two years, produces
seed, and then dies
I. Stages in the life development of
organisms
m. Nonfeeding, usually immobile stage of
an insect before becoming an adult
n. Animals closely related to insects but
with two body regions, eight jointed
legs, and no wings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Pest
I nsect
Mite, tick,
and spider
Plant
disease
Nematode
Parasite
Life cycle
Larva
Pupa
Nymph
Organism
Fungus
Bacterium
Annual
Plant disease
symptom or
sign
Vertebrate
Perennial
Biennial
57
-------
o. Plant that normally lives for more than
two years
p. Small plant which causes rot, mold, and
other plant diseases
q. Animal with a bony spinal column
r. Plant that grows from seed, produces
seed the same year, and then dies
2. List three main groups of pests.
a.
b.
c.
3. List three ways insects may damage crops.
a.
b.
c.
4. List two ways insects affect livestock and man.
a.
b.
5. Name two identifying characteristics common to all adult insects.
a.
b.
6. Name two characteristics which aid in distinguishing one insect from another.
a.
b.
58
-------
7. Identify the four stage life cycle of insects by writing the correct names in
the blanks provided.
b.
8. Identify the three stage life cycle of insects by writing the correct names in
the blanks provided.
b.
59
-------
9. Name three identifying characteristics of mites, ticks, and spiders.
a.
b.
c.
10. List three vertebrate pest animals.
a.
b.
c.
11. State the difference between grasses and broadleaf plants.
12. Classify the following plants as annuals (A), biennials (B), or perennials (P) by
placing an "A", B", or "P" in front of each plant name.
a. Foxtail
b. Mullein
c. Henbit
d. Johnson grass
13. List two main causes of plant diseases.
a.
b.
14. Classify the following causes of plant diseases as parasitic (P) or nonparasitic
(N) by placing a "P" or "N" in front of each cause.
a. Air pollution
b. Chemicals
c. Bacteria
d. Fungi
60
-------
15. List four symptoms of plant diseases.
a.
b.
c.
d.
16. Describe symptoms of nematode damage.
17. Name four sources for aid in identifying pests.
a.
b.
c.
d.
18. Interpret the label on the following page to answer the questions below.
a. What type of pests does this pesticide control?
b. When applied at 5# per acre, what types of weeds will this pesticide control?
61
-------
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62
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
UNIT III
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to discuss reasons for protecting
the environment, select from a list the ways pesticides aid in making the environment
better, and interpret pesticide labels. This knowledge will be evidenced through
demonstration and by scoring eighty-five percent on the unit test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Match terms associated with pesticides and environmental protection to the
correct definitions.
2. List resources necessary for man to exist.
3. Discuss in a short paragraph the reasons for protecting the environment.
4. Select from a list ways pesticides help the environment.
5. List ways improper use of pesticides can harm the environment.
6. Explain in a short paragraph how pesticides may disrupt the food chain
or food web.
7. Match the classifications of pesticides according to buildup to the correct
definitions.
8. List things the applicator must consider before applying a pesticide on or
near desirable plants and animals.
9. Name the major ways by which pesticides accumulate.
10. List means by which pesticides pollute streams, ponds, and water systems.
11. Discuss in a short paragraph ways pesticides may aid the target pest instead
of controlling it.
12. Interpret pesticide labels correctly when given questions on environmental
protection and labels.
67
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
UNIT III
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information and assignment sheets.
C. Make transparencies.
D. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
E. Discuss information and assignment sheets.
(NOTE: Instructors may want to provide additional assignment sheets using
labels common to the community.)
F. Ask students to clip magazine and newspaper articles which demonstrate
ways that pesticides improve the environment and to list other ways.
G. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read the objective sheet.
B. Read and study information sheet.
C. Complete assignment sheets.
D. Take test.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
III. Transparency masters
A. TM 1-Food Chain or Food Web
B. TM 2-First Overlay
C. TM 3-Second Overlay
69
-------
D. TM 4--Third Overlay
E. TM 5--Accumulation of Pesticides
F. TM 6-First Overlay
G. TM 7--Second Overlay
H. TM 8-Pollution by Pesticides
IV. Assignment sheets
A. Assignment Sheet #1-Draw a Food Chain or Food Web Using Farm
Animals
B. Assignment Sheet #2--lnterpret Pesticide Labels
V. Answers to assignment sheets
70
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
UNIT III
INFORMATION SHEET
I. Terms and definitions
A. Environment-Surroundings such as water, air, soil, plants, and animals
B. Ecology-Study of the relationship between a plant or animal and its
surroundings
C. Food chain or food web-Way of describing how all animals depend on
others for food
(NOTE: It is the relationship among plants, plant-eaters, and meat-eaters.)
D. Phytotoxicity-Causing injury to plant life; poisonous to plant life
E. Vaporization-Process of becoming a gas
F. Drift-Movement of pesticide droplets or particles by wind and air currents
G. Target-Area, building, plant, animal, or pest intended to be treated with
pesticide
H. Residue-Amount of pesticide that remains on or in a crop or animal or
on a surface following application
II. Resources necessary for man to exist
(NOTE: The surroundings in which man lives and the resources he depends on
make up his environment.)
A. Place to live
B. Clean water
C. Clean air
D. Food
E. Clean soil
II. Reasons for protecting the environment
A. Clean water is essential for man and animal
B. Clean soil is necessary to grow crops
C. Clean air to breathe is essential
71
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INFORMATION SHEET
D. Bees and other pollinators must be protected
E. Wildlife is essential for a balance of nature
F. Recreational areas are desirable for man
IV. Ways pesticides help environment
A. Control pests
B. Enable more food to be produced on same area
C. Control plant diseases, parasites, and insects
D. Control animal diseases, parasites, and insects
E. Preserve outdoor activities
V. Ways improper use of pesticides harm the environment
A. Cause nature imbalance
B. Pollute streams and water supply
C. Pollute crops
D. Pollute soi!
E. Injure desirable plants
F. Residue in meat animals
VI. How pesticides may disrupt a food chain or food web (Transparency 1,
Assignment Sheet #1)
A. Each animal has a place in a food chain or food web, depending on the
type of food it eats
1. Animals that eat only plants are on the lowest level
2. Animals which eat plants and animals, including insects, are on
the next level
3. Animals that eat only meat are on the top level
B. Meat eaters may be harmed by pesticides by eating other animals that have
accumulated pesticides in their bodies
(NOTE: Animals do not have to directly contact the pesticide spray or
application for it to cause harm.)
C. When plants or animals, including insects, in the lower level of a food chain
or food web are killed by pesticides, animals in levels above them may
starve
72
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
VII. Classifications of pesticides according to buildup
A. Accumulative-Pesticide that can collect and build up in the body of an
animal or plant when the animal or plant is repeatedly exposed
(NOTE: This pesticide does not readily break down; it may build up in
an animal's body until it becomes harmful.)
B. Nonaccumulative-Pesticide that does not collect and build up in the body
of an animal or plant even when the animal or plant is repeatedly exposed
(NOTE: This chemical may or may not break down rapidly into other
relatively harmless materials.)
C. Persistent-Pesticide that stays in the environment for a rather long period
of time
(NOTE: This chemical does not necessarily build up but can be harmful.
For example, atrazine in the soil does not harm animals or wildlife but
does restrict growth of certain plants for a long time after application.)
D. Nonpersistent-Pesticide that does not stay in the environment for a long
period of time
(NOTE: This chemical breaks down into relatively harmless materials.)
VIII. Things applicator must consider before applying pesticide on or near desirable
plants and animals
A. Type of pesticide
(NOTE: Herbicides may be especially hazardous to desirable plants.)
B. Movement
(NOTE: Movement may include drift, runoff, erosion, leaching, and
vaporization.)
C. Weather conditions
(NOTE: Weather conditions may include soil moisture, rain, humidity,
temperature, and light.)
D. Form of pesticide
(NOTE: Granules and low pressure sprays are less likely to move off target
than dusts and high pressure sprays.)
E. Proper dosage
(NOTE: Overdosing may cause phytotoxicity even when proper doses will
not.)
73
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
F. Persistence
(NOTE: Persistent pesticides may affect future plants to be grown in that
area.)
G. Type of pesticide used previously in the sprayer
(NOTE: Even very small amounts of some herbicides which may remain
in the sprayer can cause phytotoxicity on sensitive plants.)
(CAUTION: Before applying any pesticide, READ THE LABEL AND
FOLLOW DIRECTIONS.)
IX. Major ways pesticides accumulate (Transparencies 2, 3, 4, and 5)
A. Through a food chain when animals eat plants or other animals
B. By building up to high levels over a period of time when taken in directly
and stored in the animal
X. Means by which pesticides pollute streams, ponds, and water systems
(Transparencies 6, 7, and 8)
A. Overdose and overuse
B. Runoff by irrigation
C. Runoff caused by rain
D. Drift and vaporization
E. Carelessness
F. Improper disposal of containers
G. Improper disposal of unused chemicals
XI. Ways pesticide may aid target pest instead of controlling it
A. Death of natural enemy
B. Resistance to chemical
74
-------
TM 1
O
o
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o
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Crt
Od
89
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
UNIT III
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1-DRAW A FOOD CHAIN OR
FOOD WEB USING FARM ANIMALS
Draw a food chain or food web using crops such as hay, forage, or grain and animals
such as cattle, calves, sheep, poultry, hogs, and goats.
91
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
UNIT III
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2-INTERPRET PESTICIDE LABELS
Read the labels provided on the following pages and answer the questions below.
(NOTE: Instructors may want to provide additional assignment sheets using labels common
to the community.)
1. Using the De Metho label, answer the questions below.
a. Is there a potential problem if De Metho is the choice of pesticide and
your farm is next to a bird sanctuary or wildlife refuge? Explain your
answer.
b. Would De Metho be a good choice of pesticide if your crops were in full
bloom? Explain your answer.
2. Using the Anti-Weed label, answer the questions below.
a. Is there a potential problem if Anti-Weed is the choice of pesticide and
your farm is next to a bird sanctuary or wildlife refuge? Explain your
answer.
93
-------
b. Would Anti-Weed be a good choice of pesticide if your crops were next
to sensitive plants such as flowers? Explain your answer.
c. Would Anti-Weed be a good choice of pesticide if you want to plant beans
in that field the next year? Why?
d. How would you classify this pesticide using the buildup classification? Mark
the blank by the correct answer.
1) Persistent
2) Nonpersistent
3. Using the No-Disease label, answer the questions below.
a. Is there a potential problem if No-Disease is the choice of pesticide and
drift or runoff would likely enter a stream? Explain your answer.
b. Would No-Disease be a good choice of a pesticide if your crops were in
full bloom. Explain your answer.
94
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2
mill-Weed
FOR WEED CONTROL
IN CORN
Active Ingredients:
Atrazine: 2-chloro-
4-Ethylamino-6-
isopropylamino-
s-triazine . . . 20.0%
Inert Ingredients: 80.0%
Total:
100.0%
50
Pounds
NET WEIGHT
Anti-Weed 20G is a
granular herbicide
Warning-
Keep out of reach of
children. See addition-
al warning statements
on back of bag.
EPA Est. No. 1352-WV-1
EPA Reg. No. 1352-519
KILDUD
Chemical Company
Chemical City, West Virginia
96
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2
DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND
WARRANTY
IMPORTANT: Read the entire Directions For Use and the Con-
ditions Of Sale And Warranty before using this product
Conditions Of Sale And Warranty
The Directions For Use of this product reflect the opinion of ex-
perts based on field use and tests The directions are believed
to be reliable and should be followed carefully However, it is
impossible to eliminate all risks inherently associated with use
of this product Crop injury, ineffectiveness or other unintended
consequences may result because of such factors as weather
conditions, presence of other materials or the manner of use or
application all of which are beyond the control of Kill-Dead
or the Seller All such risks shall be assumed by the Buyer
Kill-Dead warrants that this product conforms to the chemi-
cal description on the label and is reasonably fit for the pur-
poses referred to in the Directions For Use, subject to the
inherent risks referred to above Kill-Dead makes no other
express or Implied warranty of Fitness or Merchantability or
any other express or Implied warranty. In no case shall
Kill-Dead or the Seller be liable for consequential, specia1
or indirect damages resulting from the use or handling of this
product Kill-Dead and the Seller offer this product and the
Buyer and user accept it, subject to the foregoing Conditions
Of Sale And Warranty which may be varied only by agreement
in writing signed by a duly authorized representative of Kill-
Dead Chemical Company.
General Information
Anti-Weed will control most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
in field corn, silage corn and sweet corn It should be applied
prior to weed and crop emergence
Since Anti-Weed acts mainly through root absorption, its effec-
tiveness depends on rainfall or irrigation to move it into the root
zone Best results are obtained when moisture occurs within 10
days after application Should moisture not occur within this
period or should weeds develop, a shallow cultivation or rotary
hoeing will generally result in better weed control
Anti-Weed is noncorrosive to equipment and metal surfaces,
nonflammable and has low electrical conductivity
Care should be taken to avoid using Anti-Weed where adjacent
desirable trees, shrubs or plants might be injured
Store Anti-Weed in a dry place
Application Instructions
Broadcast or Overall Treatment
Use broadcast applicators or fertilizer spreaders that can apply
small amounts of granules evenly
Band Treatment
Use applicators designed for this purpose Calculate the amount
of granules per acre needed for band treatment as follows
Ibs /Acre
Band Width in Inches
Inches Between Crop Rows
Recommended
Ant i-Weed
Broadcast Rate for Band
Treatment
Range of Rates In each case where a range of rates is given
the lower rate should be used on soils low in organic matter
and the higher rate should be used on soils high in organic
matter
Directions tor Use
Anti-Weed controls most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
such as:
Giant Foxtail Fall Panicum Mustard
Green Foxtail Annual Mornmgglory Pigweed
Yellow Foxtail Cocklebur Ragweed
Barnyardgrass Sandbur Smartweed
(Watergrass) Jimsonweed Sunflower
Crabgrass Lambsquarters Velvetleal
Anti-Weed will not control perennial weeds such as
Johnsongrass Field Bindweed Canada Thistle Bull Nettle
Apply Anti-Weed at planting behind the press wheel or imme-
diately after planting prior to emergence of either crop or weeds
See table below for recommended rates.
Soil
Light soils Sands, loamy sands, and
sandy loams
Medium to heavy soils including the
dark prairie soils in the Corn Belt"
Rate per acre of An ti -Weed
Broadcast
15 Ibs
225-
30 Ibs
'For calculation of band treatment rate, see Application
Instructions Section
:* Anti-Weed should not be used on high organic soils such as
peat and muck
Suggestions for Crop Rotations
1) Corn may be replanted at any time following application of
Anti-Weed 2) Sorghum may be seeded in all areas the spring
following application of the granules 3) Soybeans may be
seeded in Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa and Southeastern
Minnesota and areas east of these states the spring following
applications made not later than June 1 of the previous year
Precautions: 1) Do not plant sugar beets, tobacco, vegetables
(including dry beans), spring-seeded small grains or small-
seeded legumes and grasses the year following Anti-Weed
application or injury may occur 2) Following harvest of a treated
crop, plow (moldboard or disk-plow) and thoroughly till the
soil in the fall or spring to minimize possible injury to rotational
spring-seeded crops 3) Injury to rotational crops following
application may occur on eroded hillsides, alkali outcroppings,
gravelly areas and on soils in general with pH near or exceeding
75 4) Do not graze treated area or feed treated forage to live-
stock for 21 days following application
Warning
Keep out of reach of children
Irritating to skin, eyes, nose and throat May be harmful if swal-
lowed May cause allergic skin reaction Do not get in eyes, on
skin or on clothing Avoid breathing dust Do not take internally.
While handling, wear rubber gloves In case of contact, flush skin
or eyes with plenty of water, for eyes, get medical attention
Launder clothing before reuse Avoid contamination of seed,
feed and foodstuffs
This product is toxic to fish Keep out of lakes, ponds and
streams.
Do not reuse container Destroy when empty
97
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2
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98
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
UNIT III
TEST
Match the terms on the right to the correct definitions.
_a. Amount of pesticide that remains on or
in a crop or animal or on a surface
following application
b. Movement of pesticide droplets or
particles by wind and air currents
_c. Way of describing how all animals
depend on others for food
_d. Area, building, plant, animal, or pest
intended to be treated with pesticide
e. Causing injury to plant life; poisonous
to plant life
f. Study of the relationship between a
plant or animal and its surroundings
g. Surroundings such as water, air, soil,
plants, and animals
h. Process of becoming a gas
List three resources necessary for man to exist.
a.
b.
c.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Residue
Phytotoxicity
Target
Ecology
Drift
Environment
Food chain or
food web
8. Vaporization
101
-------
3. Discuss in a short paragraph the reasons for protecting the environment.
4. Select from the list below ways pesticides help the environment by placing an
"X" in the blanks.
a. Kill all insects
b. Control pests
c. Enable more food to be produced on same area
d. Control plant diseases, parasites, and insects
e. Kill fish
f. Control animal diseases, parasites, and insects
5. List two ways improper use of pesticides can harm the environment.
a.
b.
6. Explain in a short paragraph how pesticides may disrupt the food chain or food
web.
102
-------
Match the classifications of pesticides on the right to the correct definitions.
8.
1.
2.
3.
Accumulative
Persistent
Nonaccumulative
4. Nonpersistent
_a. Pesticide that stays in the environment
for a rather long period of time
_b. Pesticide that does not collect and build
up in the body of an animal or plant
even when the animal or plant is
repeatedly exposed
_c. Pesticide that can collect and build up
in the body of an animal or plant when
the animal or plant is repeatedly exposed
_d. Pesticide that does not stay in the
environment for a long period of time
List three things the applicator must consider before applying a pesticide on
or near desirable plants and animals.
a.
b.
c.
Name the two major ways pesticides accumulate.
10.
a.
b.
List three means by which pesticides pollute streams, ponds, and water systems.
a.
b.
c.
11. Discuss in a short paragraph ways pesticide may aid the target pest instead of
controlling it.
103
-------
12. Interpret the label below by answering the following questions.
a. Is there a potential problem if De Pesto is the choice of pesticide and
you wish to spray near a wooded area used as a nesting site for many game
birds?
YES
NO
Why?
b. Is there a potential problem if De Pesto is the choice of pesticide to use
on the slopes which drain into your farm pond or local stream?
YES
NO
Why?
PRECAUTIONARY
STATEMENTS
HAZARDS TO HUMANS
(DANGER)
equipment and clothing Wear tightly
unlined naoprene a I ov«* and boot* W*at
safety goggle* and/or fece shield Wear a
Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health Before removing gloves, Math
them with detergent and water Always
wash hands (ace and arms wit" deter
gent and water before imokmg, eating
call 000 000 0000
oximei such as 2 PAM Give Atropine 2
cated for at leatt 48 hours
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
This pesticide u toxic to wildlife and
fish Use with care when applying in
areat frequented by wildlife or adjacent
to any body of water Keep out of lakes
li Do not apply where
off i
apply
eather < onditions favot
PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL
HAZARDS
irnmablet Keep away from heat and
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
RE-ENTRY" STATEMENT
(IF APPLICABLE)
Do not enter within 48 hours after sfte
application
CATEGORY OF APPLICATOR
(IF APPLICABLE)
STORAGE AND DISPOSAL
STORAGE-Oo not contaminate water,
food, or feed by storage or dupotal
Op«n dump -ig is prohibited DlSPOS
AL —Pesticide, tpray mixture, or nntate
that cannot be used or chemically repro
cesied should be disposed of in a landfill
approved tor pesticides or buned in a
tafe piece awav from water tupplia*
Containers should be triple rioted and
offered for recycling, reconditioning, or
disposed in approved landfill or buried in
a **(• place
Consult Federal, State or local Disposal
authorities for approved alternate proce-
dure*.
RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE
FOR RETAIL SALE TO AND APPLICATION ONLY BY
CERTIFIED APPLICATORS OR PERSONS UNDER THEIR
DIRECT SUPERVISION
INSECTICIDE
EMULS1F.ABLE CONCENTRATE
ACTIVE INGREDIENT: pestoff-tn-sahcylic acid 45.0%
INERT INGREDIENTS: 55.0%
TOTAL: 100.0%
THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS 4 0 LBS OF PESTOFF PER GALLON
KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN
DANGER - POISON
STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT
IF SWALLOWED Induce vomiting by
warm water Repeat until vomitus it
IF INHALED Remove to fresh air Cal
IF IN EYES Flush eyet with plenty
mediately
it leeit 15 r
physician it
IF ON SKIN
SEE SIDE PANEL FOR ADDITIONAL
PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
MFC BY A-Z CHEMICALS
CHEMTON,NEVADA
EPA EST. NO. 1357-NV-1
EPA REGISTRATION NO. 1357-42
NET CONTENTS ONE GALLON
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
CONTINUED
METHODS OF APPLICATION The mini-
mum gaJlonaga requirement It 1O gallons of
finished ipray per acre with ground equip
ment, 2 gallons per acre with aircraft
ALFALFA Air and Ground Application-
Alfalfa Weevil Larvae, Egyptian Alfalfa Weevil
Larvae, Pea Aphid, and In New York itete for
Snout Beetle control Apply the amount of
De Pesto indicated m the chert, when feeding
ii, noticed or when intact* appear A If elf e
Weevil Adult—Apply 1 2 pint* pet acre when
insects appear Lygut Bugs—Apply 2 pints per
acre prior to bloom Observe the indicated
number of days after application before cut
ting or grazing Do not apply more than once
Do Mot Cu
or Graze
28 days
CORN, FIELD Ground Application-Corn
Rootwormi-UM 1 W pint! of De P«to per
13,000 linear feet (1 n
ch spec
ixing with mater O> liquid fertilizers When
e following way making ture that the mix
re is physically compatible Premix 1 part
De Pesto with 2
i tank <
ith
equipment Check
Through Augutt Make first application only
trhe plants are infetted with young larvae feed
ing in or under the leaf tneath and which have
ind
-------
PESTICIDES
UNIT IV
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to match the ways pesticides
attack pests to the best method of application; describe situations where short-term,
residual, and broad spectrum insecticides and nonselective and selective herbicides should
be used; and explain why timing of a pesticide application is important. The student should
be able to name factors to consider in good pest control, list factors an applicator must
consider when choosing the pesticide, and interpret pesticide labels. This knowledge will
be evidenced through demonstration and by scoring eighty-five percent on the unit test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Match terms associated with pesticides to the correct definitions.
2. Match the ways pesticides attack pests to the best method of application.
3. Describe a situation where short-term (nonpersistent) insecticides are often
used.
4. Describe a situation where residual (persistent) insecticides are often used.
5. Describe a situation where broad spectrum (nonselective) insecticides are
often used.
6. Distinguish between protectant or preventive pesticides and eradicant
pesticides.
7. Describe a situation where a nonselective herbicide would be used.
8. Describe a situation where a selective herbicide would be used.
9. State the differences between preplanting, preemergence, and
postemergence.
10. Explain why timing of a pesticide application is important.
11. List types of chemicals used to alter or change normal crop growth
processes.
12. List climatic factors affecting pesticide application.
13. List factors an applicator must consider when choosing the appropriate
pesticide.
14. Name conditions that may make control of a pest unnecessary.
109
-------
15. Name factors to consider in good pest control.
16. Match pest control methods to the proper descriptions.
17. Define integrated control.
18. Interpret pesticide labels correctly when given questions on pesticides.
110
-------
PESTICIDES
UNIT IV
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information and assignment sheets.
C. Make transparencies
D. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
E. Discuss information and assignment sheets.
F. Ask students to list the pesticides on their farms and in their homes. Have
them list them according to type, such as insecticide or herbicide.
G. Invite local pest management specialist to speak to class about ongoing
projects. Ask the specialist to bring examples of natural enemies and
beneficial plants and animals found in your area.
H. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read objective sheet.
B. Study information sheet and take notes.
C. Complete assignment sheet.
D. Take test.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
III. Transparency masters
A. TM 1-Ways Pesticides Attack Pests
B. TM 2-Selective vs Nonselective Herbicide
C. TM 3-Preemergence and Postemergence
111
-------
D. TM 4-Chemicals Which Alter or Change Normal Plant Growth
E. TM 5-Alternate Control Methods
F. TM 6--Integrated Control
IV. Assignment sheet #1--Interpret Pesticide Labels
V. Answers to assignment sheet
VI. Test
VII. Answers to test
112
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PESTICIDES
UNIT IV
INFORMATION SHEET
I. Terms and definitions
A. Pesticide-Chemical or other substance that will destroy or control a pest
or protect something from a pest
B. Stomach poison-Pesticide which kills when swallowed
C. Fumigant poison-Pesticide which enters the pest in the form of a gas and
kills it
D. Contact poison-Pesticide which kills when it touches or is touched by the
pest
E. Systemic-Pesticide that is taken up by one part of a plant or animal and
moved to another section where it acts against a pest
F. Short-term (nonpersistent)-Pesticide that breaks down almost immediately
into nontoxic by-products
G. Residual (persistent)-Pesticide that remains in the environment for a fairly
long time
H. Broad spectrum (nonselective)-Pesticide which is toxic to a wide range of
pests; used when several different pests are a problem
(NOTE: Short term, residual, and broad spectrum are often used in
describing insecticides and miticides.)
I. Surface spray-Pesticide spray which is evenly applied to the outside of the
object to be protected
J. Selective-Pesticide which is more toxic to some types of plants or animals
than to others; usually used to describe a particular type of pesticide
Example: A selective herbicide would kill crabgrass in a cornfield but
would not injure the corn
K. Nonselective-Pesticide which is toxic to all or most plants or animals of
a type; usually used to describe a particular type of pesticide
Example: A nonselective herbicide would kill or injure all plants in
the application site but not all insects, animals, or other
organisms
113
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
L. Protectant (preventive)--Pesticide applied before pests are actually found but
where they are expected
M. Eradicant-Pesticide which kills the pest after it appears
N. Preplant-Pesticide used before the crop is planted
O. Preemergence-Pesticide used before crop or weeds appear; may also refer
to use after crop emerges or is established but before weeds emerge
P. Postemergence-Pesticide used after crop or weeds have appeared
Q. Desiccant-Pesticide which draws moisture from or dries up a plant, plant
part, or insect causing it to die
R. Defoliant-Pesticide which causes the leaves of a plant to drop off
S. Antitranspirant-Chemical which coats the leaves of plants to reduce water
loss
T. Growth regulator-Pesticide which increases, decreases, or changes the
normal growth of a plant
U. Herbicide-Pesticide used to control unwanted plants
V. Fungicide-Pesticide used to control fungi which cause molds, rots, and other
plant diseases
W. Rodenticide-Pesticide used to control rodents such as rats and mice
X. Nematicide-Pesticide used to control nematodes
Y. Miticide-Pesticide used to control mites
Z. Insecticide-Pesticide used to control insects
II. Ways pesticides attack pests and methods of application (Transparency 1)
A. Stomach poison
1. Used as a bait, surface spray, or dust
2. Must be eaten by the pest
B. Contact poison
1. Used as a surface spray, dust, or in soil incorporation
2. Must touch or be touched by the pest
C. Systemic poison-Used as a surface or foliar spray, pour-on, injection, or
granule
114
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
D. Fumigant poison-Applied as a gas or as a liquid which then vaporizes
(NOTE: A pesticide may kill the pest by touching it or it may have to
be swallowed to be effective. Some pesticides kill by being both touched
and swallowed. Systemics may be absorbed, injected, or fed into the plant
or animal to be protected. When the pest feeds on this plant or animal,
it eats the systemic chemical and is killed.)
III. Situations where short-term (nonpersistent) insecticides are often used
A. Insects do not return
B. Long-term exposure could injure nontarget plants or animals
C. Short time until harvest of food crop
D. Short time until slaughter of livestock or poultry
E. In homes and dwellings where people and domestic animals might be
exposed
IV. Situations where residual (persistent) insecticides are often used
A. Insects are constant control problem and there will be no environmental
hazard
B. Fly control in livestock buildings
C. Soil pesticides
V. Situations where broad spectrum (nonselective) insecticides are often used
A. General purpose or wide range killing
B. Presence of several different kinds of insects
(NOTE: Usually broad spectrum insecticides do not kill all insects; each
one varies on the kinds and numbers of insects it controls.)
VI. Protectant versus eradicant pesticides
(NOTE: Usually these terms are associated with fungicide use.)
A. Protectant or preventive-Fungicide designed to prevent the plant from
getting the disease
(NOTE: It is applied before the disease gets a start and is very useful when
a particular disease or group of diseases are likely to attack a plant or
crop year after year. Protectants have often been used as routine precautions
on fruit and vegetable crops.)
115
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
B. Eradicant--Fungicide which kills the disease after it appears in or on the
plant
(NOTE: Eradicants are less common than protectants because once the
fungus is established on the plant, it causes damage and is often difficult
to destroy. Eradicants are often used when protectants are not available,
are not applied in time, or are too expensive. They are also applied when
a disease appears unexpectedly on a plant or in an area. Eradicants are
often used on fruits and vegetables when the protectant spray was not
applied in time.)
VII. Situation where nonselective herbicide would be used-To kill all the plants in
the area (Transparency 2)
Examples: Clearing under guardrails and fences; total control of weeds in
industrial areas
VIII. Situation where selective herbicide would be used-To kill some plants with little
or no injury to other plants (Transparency 2)
Examples: Broadleaf plants are to be killed in cotton; herbicides used
postemergence on crops and weeds
IX. Preplanting, preernergence, postemergence (Transparency 3)
(NOTE: The timing of application is important to protect nontarget plants.)
A. Preplanting treatment is made before the crop is planted
B. Preernergence treatment is made before the crop or weeds appear
C. Postemergence treatment is made after the crop or weeds appear
(NOTE: Postemergence applications must be very selective. They must
control the weeds but leave the crop unharmed. Often the chemical will
be applied postemergence to the crop but preernergence to the weeds.)
X. Importance of timing of pesticide application-Care must be taken to get the
job done effectively without hurting desirable plants and animals, including
natural enemies
(NOTE: Directions on the label state when to apply the pesticide for best results.)
XI. Types of chemicals used to alter or change normal crop growth processes
(Transparency 4)
A. Growth regulator
B. Defoliant
C. Desiccant
D. Antitranspirant
116
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
XII. Climatic factors that affect pesticide application
A. Soil moisture
(NOTE: Pesticides work best with moderate soil moisture. Wetness may
keep the pesticide from contacting the soil particles.)
B. Rain
(NOTE: Rain often causes pesticides to leach out of or run off the
application site. It also may wash pesticides off foliage. However,
preemergence herbicides and protectant or preventive fungicides are
sometimes purposely applied just before or soon after rain.)
C. Humidity
(NOTE: Herbicides work best when weeds are growing fast. High humidity
and warm temperatures help cause this growth.)
D. Temperature
(NOTE: High temperatures cause some pesticides to evaporate more quickly
than is desirable. Low temperatures may slow down or stop the activity
of some pesticides.)
E. Light
(NOTE: Light aids in breaking down pesticides.)
XIII. Factors to consider when choosing the appropriate pesticide
A. Has directions on the label for the intended use
B. Is effective against the pest
C. Will not cause injury to the plant or other surface to which it is applied
D. Will cause the least damage to beneficial organisms
E. Will not move off the treated area and into the environment to harm fish
and wildlife
F. Works well in the machinery available
G. Is worth the cost
(NOTE: Cost of application should be compared to the price of the area
to be treated.)
H. Is safe to use
117
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INFORMATION SHEET
XIV. Conditions that may make control of a pest unnecessary
A. Damage shows, but the pest which caused it may have left the area or
may not be causing any further damage
B. Damage may not be as great as the cost of the pesticide application
XV. Good pest control
A. Use all available methods to keep pest damage below economically harmful
levels
B. Damage the environment as little as possible
XVI. Pest control methods (Transparency 5)
(NOTE: Most pest control practices have been used for years.)
A. Resistant variety-Choosing crops, animals, and lumber which resist or are
unharmed by pests
B. Biological control-Natural enemies such as parasites, predators, and disease
agents are used to control pests, especially insects, mites, and some weeds
(NOTE: The farmer can support the pest's natural enemies by choosing
pesticides carefully to avoid injuring the enemies. Releasing more of a pest's
natural enemies into the target area can increase this biological control.)
C. Cultural control-Planting, growing, harvesting, and tillage practices may help
or harm pests
Example: Cultivation is harmful to weeds but may result in the spread
of diseases and nematodes
(NOTE: Other cultural practices are crop rotation, time of planting, and
proper fertilizing.)
D. Mechanical-physical control-Traps, barriers, light, sound, heat, cold,
radiation, and electrocution are all used to remove or keep the pests from
the area where they are not wanted
Examples: Rat trap, screen, light trap, ultra sound, soil steam sterilizer,
freezer, nuclear radiation
E. Sanitation-Removing the source of food or nest site will aid in getting
rid of pests
Example: Removing crop residues by plowing
118
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
F. Legal control-Includes quarantines, inspections, embargoes, and compulsory
crop or product destruction
G. Pesticide-Used where other control methods would not provide the needed
control
XVII. Integrated control-Putting all pest control methods together into a planned
program to achieve pest control and protect people and the environment
(Transparency 6)
119
-------
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131
-------
PESTICIDES
UNIT IV
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1-INTERPRET PESTICIDE LABELS
Read the labels provided on the following pages and answer the questions below.
1. Using the De Metho label, answer the following questions.
a. What type of pesticide is this?
b. Is this a short-term (nonpersistent) or residual (persistent) pesticide? Why?
c. Would this broad spectrum pesticide cause a potential problem if numerous
biological controls such as parasites and predators were in the area? Why?
d. Would it be a good choice if several different kinds of insects were a
problem?
2. Using the No-Disease label, answer the following questions.
a. What type of pesticide is this?
b. When used as a foliar spray, is it a protectant or preventive spray or an
eradicant spray?
3. Using the Anti-Weed label, answer the following questions.
a. What type of pesticide is this?
b. Is this selective or nonselective when used on corn?
c. Is this used as preplant, preemergence, or postemergence?
133
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
134
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
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135
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
Meed
O
FOR WEED CONTROL
IN CORN
Active Ingredients:
Atrazine: 2-chloro-
4-Ethylamino-6-
isopropylamino-
s-triazine . . . 20.0%
Inert Ingredients: 80.0%
Total:
100.0%
50
Pounds
NET WEIGHT
Anti-Weed 20G is a
granular herbicide
Warning
Keep out of reach of
children. See addition-
al warning statements
on back of bag.
EPA Est. No. 1352-WV-1
EPA Reg. No. 1352-519
Kll-DEJU)
Chemical Company
Chemical City, West Virginia
136
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND
WARRANTY
IMPORTANT: Read the entire Directions For Use and the Con-
ditions Of Sale And Warranty before using this product
Conditions Ol Sale And Warranty
The Directions For Use of this product reflect the opinion of ex-
perts based on field use and tests The directions are believed
to be reliable and should be followed carefully However, it is
impossible to eliminate all risks inherently associated with use
of this product Crop injury, ineffectiveness or other unintended
consequences may result because of such factors as weather
conditions, presence ofothermatenalsorthemannerofuseor
application all of which are beyond the control of Kill-Dead
or the Seller All such risks shall be assumed by the Buyer
Kill-Dead warrants that this product conforms to the chemi-
cal description on the label and is reasonably fit for the pur-
poses referred to in the Directions For Use, subject to the
inherent risks referred to above Kill Dead makes no other
express or implied warranty of Fitness or Merchantability or
any other express or implied warranty. In no case shall
Kill-Dead or the Seller be liable for consequential, special
or indirect damages resulting from the use or handling of this
product Kill-Dead and the Seller offer this product and the
Buyer and user accept it subject to the foregoing Conditions
Of Sale And Warranty which may be varied only by agreement
in writing signed by a duly authorized representative of Kill-
Dead Chemical Company
General Information
Anti-Weed will control most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
in field corn, silage corn and sweet corn It should be applied
prior to weed and crop emergence
Since Ann-Weed acts mainly through root absorption its effec-
tiveness depends on rainfall or irrigation to move it into the root
zone Best results a re obtained when moislure occurs within 10
days after application Should moisture not occur within this
period or should weeds develop, a shallow cultivation or rotary
hoeing will generally result in better weed control
Ann-Weed is noncorrosive to equipment and metal surfaces
nonflammable and has low electrical conductivity
Care should betaken to avoid using Anti-Weed where adjacent
desirable trees, shrubs or plants might be injured
Store Anti-Weed in a dry place
Application Instructions
Broadcast or Overall Treatment
Use broadcast applicators or fertilizer spreaders that can apply
small amounts of granules evenly
Band Treatment
Use applicators designed for this purpose Calculate the amount
of granules per acre needed for band treatment as follows
Ibs /Acre
Bandwidth in Inches
Recommended
Inches Between Crop Rows Broadcast Rate
Anti-Weed
for Band
Treatment
Range of Rates In each case where a range of rates is given
the lower rate should be used on soils low in organic matter
and the higher rate should be used on soils high in organic
matter
Directions for Use
Anti-Weed controls most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
such as:
Giant Foxtail
Green Foxtail
Ye''ow Foxtail
Barnyardgrass
(Watergrass)
Crabgrass
Fall Panicum
Annual Mornmgglory
Cocklebur
Sandbur
Jimsonweed
Lambsquarters
Mustard
Pigweed
Ragweed
Smartweed
Sunflower
Velvetleaf
Anti-Weed will not control perennial weeds such as
Johnsongrass Field Bindweed Canada Thistle Bull Nettle
Apply Ami-Weed at planting behind the press wheel or imme-
diately after planting prior to emergence of either crop or weeds
See table below for recommended rates
Soil
Light soils Sands, loamy sands and
sandy loams
Medium to heavy
dark prairie soils
soils mclud
in the Corn
ng the
Belt-
Rate per acre of Ant
Broadcast
-Weed
15 Ibs
225-
30 Ibs
*For calculation of band treatment rate see Application
Instructions Section
* Anti-Weed should not be used on high organic soils such as
peat and muck
Suggestions for Crop Rotations
1) Corn may be replanted atany time following application of
Ant i Weed 2) Sorghum may be seeded in all areas the spring
following application of the granules 3) Soybeans may be
seeded in Louisiana, Arkansas Missouri Iowa and Southeastern
Minnesota and a re as east of these states the spring following
applications made not later than June 1 of the previous year
Precautions' 1) Do not plant sugar beets tobacco, vegetables
(including dry beans), spring-seeded small grams or small-
seeded legumes and grasses the year following Anti-Weed
application or injury may occur 2) Following harvest of a treated
crop plow (moldboard or disk-plow} and thoroughly till the
soil in the fall or spring to minimize possible injury to rotational
spring-seeded crops 3) Injury lo rotational crops following
application may occur on eroded hillsides, alkali outcroppings,
gravelly areas and on soils in general with pH near or exceeding
75 4) Do not graze treated area or feed treated forage to live-
stock for 21 days following application
Warning
Keep out of reach of children
Irritating to skin eyes, nose and throat May be harmful if swal-
lowed May cause allergic skin reaction Do not get in eyes, on
skin or on clothing Avoid breathing dust Do not take internally
While handling, wear rubber gloves In case of contact, flush skin
or eyes with plenty of water, for eyes, get medical attention
Launder clothing before reuse Avoid contamination of seed,
feed and foodstuffs
This product is toxic to fish Keep out of lakes, ponds and
streams
Do not reuse container Destroy when empty
137
-------
PESTICIDES
UNIT IV
TEST
1. Match the terms on the right to the correct definitions. (Answers for "a" through
"I" are on this page.)
_a. Chemical or other substance that will
destroy or control a pest or protect
something from a pest
_b. Pesticide which kills when swallowed
_c. Pesticide that is taken up by one part
of a plant or animal and moved to
another section where it acts against a
pest
_d. Pesticide that breaks down almost
immediately into nontoxic by-products
_e. Pesticide which enters the pest in the
form of a gas and kills it
_f. Pesticide that remains in the
environment for a fairly long time
_g. Pesticide spray which is evenly applied
to the outside of the object to be
protected
h. Pesticide which kills when it touches or
is touched by the pest
i. Pesticide applied before pests are
actually found but where they are
expected
j. Pesticide which kills the pest after it
appears
k. Pesticide used before the crop is planted
I. Pesticide used before crop or weeds
appear; may also refer to use after crop
emerges or is established but before
weeds emerge
Short-term
(nonpersistent)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Stomach poison
Pesticide
Eradicant
Preplant
Residual
(persistent)
Systemic
Surface spray
Contact
poison
Protectant
(preventive)
Preemergence
Fumigant poison
141
-------
(Answers for "m" through "z" are on this page.)
_m. Pesticide used after crop or weeds have
appeared
_n. Pesticide which draws moisture from or
dries up a plant, plant part, or insect
causing it to die
_o. Pesticide which causes the leaves of a
plant to drop off
p. Pesticide used to control insects
_q. Chemical which coats the leaves of
plants to reduce water loss
_r. Pesticide which increases, decreases, or
changes the normal growth of a plant
s. Pesticide used to control unwanted
plants
t. Pesticide used to control fungi which
cause molds, rots, and other plant
diseases
u. Pesticide used to control rodents such as
rats and mice
_v. Pesticide used to control nematodes
w. Pesticide used to control mites
x. Pesticide which is toxic to a wide range
of pests; used when several different
pests are a problem
y. Pesticide which is toxic to all or most
plants or animals of a type; usually used
to describe a particular type of pesticide
z. Pesticide which is more toxic to some
types of plants or animals than to others;
usually used to describe a particular type
of pesticide
13. Postemergence
14. Fungicide
15. Herbicide
16. Desiccant
17. Defoliant
18. Rodenticide
19. Insecticide
20. Antitranspirant
21. Nematicide
22. Growth regulator
23. Miticide
24. Nonselective
25. Selective
26. Broad spectrum
(nonselective)
142
-------
2. Match the ways a pesticide attacks a pest on the right to the correct method
of application.
a. Used as a bait, surface spray, or dust; 1. Fumigant poison
must be eaten by the pest
2. Contact poison
b. Used as a surface spray, dust, or in soil
incorporation; must touch or be touched 3. Systemic poison
by the pest
4. Stomach poison
c. Used as a surface or foliar spray,
pour-on, injection, or granule
d. Applied as a gas or as a liquid which then
vaporizes
3. Describe a situation where short-term (nonpersistent) insecticides are often used.
4. Describe a situation where residual (persistent) insecticides are often used.
5. Describe a situation where broad spectrum (nonselective) insecticides are often
used.
6. Distinguish between protectant pesticides (P) and eradicant pesticides (E) by
putting a "P" or "E" in the space provided.
a. Fungicide designed to prevent the plant from getting the disease
b. Fungicide which kills the disease after it appears in or on the plant
7. Describe a situation where a nonselective herbicide would be used.
143
-------
8. Describe a situation where a selective herbicide would be used.
9. State the differences between preplanting, preemergence, and postemergence.
10. Explain why timing of a pesticide application is important.
11. List two types of chemicals used to alter or change normal crop growth processes.
a.
b.
12. List two climatic factors affecting pesticide application.
a.
b.
13. List two factors an applicator must consider when choosing the appropriate
pesticide.
a.
b.
14. Name two conditions that may make control of a pest unnecessary.
a.
b.
15. Name two factors to consider in good pest control.
a.
b.
144
-------
16.
Match the pest control methods on the right to the correct descriptions.
1. Pesticide
17.
_a. Used where other control methods
would not provide the needed control
_b. Includes quarantines, inspections,
embargoes, and compulsory crop or
product destruction
_c. Removing the source of food or nest site
will aid in getting rid of pests
_d. Traps, barriers, light, sound, heat, cold,
radiation, and electrocution are all used
to remove or keep the pests from the
area where they are not wanted
_e. Planting, growing, harvesting, and tillage
practices may help or harm pests
_f. Natural enemies such as parasites,
predators, and disease agents are used to
control pests, especially insects, mites,
and some weeds
g. Choosing crops, animals, and lumber
which resist or are unharmed by pests
Define integrated control.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Biological
control
Legal
control
Cultural
control
Sanitation
Mechanical-
physical
control
Resistant
variety
18. Interpret the label on the following page to answer the questions below.
a. What type of pesticide is this?
b. Is this selective or nonselective when used at 25 Ib/acre rate?
145
-------
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146
-------
LABELS AND LABELING
UNIT V
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to match the terms common
name, chemical name, and brand name to the correct definitions and be able to distinguish
between general use and restricted use pesticides. The student should be able to discuss
days to harvest and days to slaughter and discuss reentry regulations. The student should
be able to identify facts contained on pesticide labels and to interpret label information.
This knowledge will be evidenced through demonstration and by scoring eighty-five percent
on the unit test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Match terms associated with labels and labeling to the correct definitions.
2. Select from a list statements indicating when to read a label.
3. Match the users of labels to ways the labels are used.
4. Select from a list the agency in the federal government responsible for
regulating sale and use of pesticides and registering labels.
5. Identify facts contained on a pesticide label.
6. Match the terms common name, chemical name and brand name to the
correct definitions.
7. Match the signal words found on labels to their toxicity categories.
8. Discuss in a short paragraph days to harvest and days to slaughter in the
application of pesticides.
9. Discuss reentry regulations following application of pesticides.
10. Name the factors that form the basis for pesticide classification.
11. Distinguish between general use and restricted use pesticides.
12. Interpret labels correctly by answering questions pertaining to labels.
151
-------
LABELS AND LABELING
UNIT V
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information and assignment sheets.
C. Make transparencies.
D. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
E. Discuss information and assignment sheets.
F. Secure pesticide labels and make available to students.
G. Ask students to reorganize a sample label into the format of the future
pesticide label. Tell them to add any information which is missing.
H. Ask students to design a pesticide label and discuss with them what was
left off.
I. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read objective sheet.
B. Study information sheet.
C. Complete assignment sheets.
D. Take test.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
III. Transparency masters
A. TM 1--Future Pesticide Label
B. TM 2--Existing Pesticide Label
153
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C. TM 3--Signal Words
D. TM 4-Days to Harvest
E. TM 5-Days to Slaughter
F. TM 6--Reentry Sign
G. TM 7--Future General Use Pesticide Label
H. TM 8-Future Restricted Use Pesticide Label
IV. Assignment sheets
A. Assignment Sheet #1--Interpret De Metho Label
B. Assignment Sheet #2-Interpret De Metho Label
C. Assignment Sheet #3-Interpret Anti-Weed Label
D. Assignment Sheet #4--lnterpret No-Disease Label
V. Answers to assignment sheets
VI. Test
VII. Answers to test
154
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LABELS AND LABELING
UNIT V
INFORMATION SHEET
I. Terms and definitions
A. Active ingredient-That part of a pesticide product which will kill or control
pests or prevent damage by them
(NOTE: This is the actual poison in a product.)
B. Label-Written material attached to or printed on a pesticide container or
wrapper
C. Labeling-Technical information including the label and any other printed
material provided by the manufacturer or its agent to accompany a pesticide
product
D. Pesticide-Chemical or other substance that will prevent, repel, destroy, or
control a pest or protect something from a pest
E. Pest-Unwanted organism
(NOTE: An organism may be plant or animal, including bacteria and fungi.)
F. Poison-Chemical or other substance that can cause injury or death when
eaten, absorbed, or inhaled by plants or animals, including man
G. Signal words-Words which must appear on pesticide labels to show toxicity
of pesticide
H. Toxic-Poisonous; ability to cause injury to plants and animals, including
humans
I. Reentry-Period of time between a pesticide application and when workers
may go back into an area without wearing protective clothing or equipment
II. When to read the label
A. Before use or purchase
B. Before mixing
C. Before applying
D. Before transporting, storing, and disposing
155
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
III. Users of labels and ways labels are used
A. Federal and state governments-Use labels to control sale, use, safety,
storage, and disposal of pesticides
B. Manufacturers of pesticides-Use labels as the license to sell a pesticide
(NOTE: Until the label is registered the pesticide may not be sold or used.)
C. Dealers and pest control experts-Use labels to aid in making
recommendations to buyers and users
D. Buyers and users
1. Use labels as a way of deciding which pesticide will be effective
against the pest and be the safest to use
2. Use labels to decide what safety precautions to take and how
much pesticide to use
(NOTE: Some labels are easy to understand. Others are
complicated. However, all labels tell you how to use the product
correctly.)
E. Physicians-Use labels to determine the antidote to use in the proper
treatment of poisoning cases
IV. Agency in the federal government responsible for regulating sale and use of
pesticides and registering labels-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
(NOTE: Most states also register pesticides.)
V. Facts contained on pesticide label (Transparency 1)
A. Name and address of chemical company
B. Brand (trade) name
C. Name and amounts of all active ingredients
(NOTE: The label will also list the amounts of inert ingredients.)
D. Type of pesticide
E. Kind of formulation
F. EPA registration and establishment numbers
G. Storage and disposal precautions
156
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
H. Hazard statement
(NOTE: This statement describes environmental hazards, human hazards,
animal and plant hazards, and physical and chemical hazards.)
I. Directions for use
J. Net content
K. Words: Keep Out Of Reach Of Children
L. Signal word
M. Days to harvest or slaughter
N. Reentry interval, if applicable
0. General use or restricted use classification statement
VI. Names found on labels (Transparency 2)
A. Brand name-Name used by a manufacturer to identify a pesticide as their
product
(NOTE: The brand name may not be used in the ingredient statement but
usually appears in large, bold-faced letters on the packaging. One brand
name, such as Ortho, may appear on the label of several different kinds
of pesticide chemicals.)
B. Common name-Well-known, made-up name accepted by the Environmental
Protection Agency to identify the active ingredients in a pesticide
(NOTE: The common name must be used in the active ingredients section
on the label and is usually not capitalized.)
C. Chemical name-Scientific "often complicated" name which tells what the
active ingredients are
(NOTE: When an accepted common name is not available, the chemical
name must be used to name the active ingredients in the ingredient section
of the label. Often both the chemical name and the common name appear.)
VII. Signal words found on labels (Transparency 3)
A. Danger-Highly toxic pesticides; the word poison printed in red and the
skull and crossbones symbol are also required on labels of highly toxic
pesticides
B. Warning-Moderately toxic pesticides
C. Caution-Slightly toxic to relatively nontoxic pesticides
157
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INFORMATION SHEET
VIII. Days to harvest and days to slaughter in the application of pesticides
(Transparencies 4 and 5)
A. Residue amounts are determined and safe tolerances are set
B. Least number of days between last pesticide application and harvest or
slaughter are determined to remain under tolerance
C. Days to harvest or slaughter are listed on the label
D. Harvest or slaughter should not be attempted before time period is over
(NOTE: It is up to you, the applicator, to help make sure that no illegal
residue remains on food crops. Follow label directions carefully. Don't be
responsible for seizure of your crops or those of your neighbor.)
IX. Reentry regulations (Transparency 6)
A. Wait at least until the deposit has dried or the dust has settled before
reentering the field, even with the least hazardous pesticides
B. Follow reentry times on label
C. Do not allow workers, children, or other persons to reenter the sprayed
area until this time has passed
D. Wear protective clothing and equipment if reentry must be made before
time elapses
E. Federal standards require that at least a hat, shoes and socks, and closely
woven fabric coveralls with long sleeves and trouser legs (or long sleeved
shirt and long legged trousers) be worn if early reentry must be made
(CAUTION: Use common sense! Use more protective clothing and
equipment if you think they may be needed for safe reentry.)
X. Basis for pesticide classification into general use or restricted use pesticides
A. Hazard of poisoning
B. Way pesticide is used
C. Effects on the environment
XI. General use versus restricted use pesticides (Transparencies 7 and 8)
A. General use- Pesticide use that will not cause excessive damage in the
environment or endanger the applicator or other persons when applied
according to label directions
B. Restricted use-Pesticide use that may cause damage in the environment
or endanger the applicator or other persons even when label directions are
followed
158
-------
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TM 5
Days to Slaughter
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Slaughter Day
At or Below Tolerance
(Shading Denotes
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167
-------
TM 6
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Wednesday, June 2
Treated With
De Pesto
169
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LABELS AND LABELING
UNIT V
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1--INTERPRET DE METHO LABEL
The purpose of this assignment is to allow you to locate important information that must
be contained on all pesticide labels. Read the label on the following page and then answer
the questions below. When completed, return assignment sheet to instructor for evaluation.
1. Who was the manufacturer?
2. What letter(s) on the label identifies what chemical this product contains?
3. What is the percentage of active ingredients?
4. Which letter(s) on the label identifies approved uses?
5. Which letter(s) on the label identifies first aid treatment?
6. Which letter(s) on the label identifies directions to the physician?
7. Which letter(s) on the label identifies personal safety precautions?
8. Which letter(s) on the label identifies environmental warnings to user?
9. Which letter(s) on the label identifies storage and disposal procedures?
10. Which letter(s) on the label identifies directions for determining proper rates?
175
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
176
-------
LABELS AND LABELING
UNIT V
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2--INTERPRET DE METHO LABEL
The purpose of this assignment is to allow you to locate important information that must
be contained on all pesticide labels. Read the label on the next page and answer the
questions below. When completed, return assignment sheet to instructor' for evaluation.
1. What is the brand name?
2. What is the common name?
3. Why is there no chemical name?
4. When could you allow livestock to graze on the treated alfalfa?
5. How close to harvest could you spray the following crops?
a. Cauliflower
b. Tomatoes
6. If you sprayed sweetcorn on Monday, when is the first day you or your workers
could safely reenter the field without wearing protective clothing?
7. What is the EPA registration number?
8. What is the EPA establishment number?
9. How much pesticide does this container hold?
10. What signal word is on this label?
11. For what toxicity category does the signal word stand?
12. Is it a general use or restricted use pesticide?
13. Who could use this pesticide?
177
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2
178
-------
LABELS AND LABELING
UNIT V
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3-INTERPRET ANTI-WEED LABEL
The purpose of this assignment is to allow you to locate important information that must
be contained on all pesticide labels. Read the label on the following page and answer
the questions below. When completed, return assignment sheet to instructor for evaluation.
1. Who was the manufacturer?
2. What is the brand name?
3. What is the common name?
4. What is the chemical name?
5. What is the percentage of active ingredients?
6. What is the signal word used on the label?
7. For what toxicity category does the signal word stand?
8. How much pesticide does this container hold?
9. What is the EPA registration number?
10. What is the EPA establishment number?
11. If you applied this to corn on Monday, when is the first day you could safely
reenter the fields without wearing protective clothing?
12. If you applied it on June 1, when is the first day you could graze your livestock
in that area?
13. Is this a restricted use or general use pesticide?
14. Is this pesticide flammable or corrosive?
179
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3
Meed
FOR WEED CONTROL
IN CORN
4-Ethylamino-6-
isopropylamino-
s-triazine . . . 20.0%
Inert Ingredients: 80.0%
Total: 100.0%
50
Pounds
NET WEIGHT
Anti-Weed 20G is a
granular herbicide
Warning-
Keep out of reach of
children. See addition-
al warning statements
on back of bag.
EPA Est. No. 1352-WV-1
EPA Reg. No. 1352-519
mm
Chemical Company
Chemical City, West Virginia
180
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3
DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND
WARRANTY
IMPORTANT. Read the entire Directions For Use and the Con-
ditions Of Sale And Warranty before using this product
Conditions Of Sale And Warranty
The Directions For Use of this product reflect the opinion of ex-
perts based on field use and tests The directions are believed
to be reliable and should be followed carefully However, it is
impossible to eliminate all risks inherently associated with use
of this product Crop injury, ineffectiveness or other unintended
consequences may result because of such factors as weather
conditions, presence of other materials or the manner of use or
application all of which are beyond the control of Kill Dead
or the Seller All such risks shall be assumed by the Buyer
Kill-Dead warrants that this product conforms to the chemi-
cal description on the label and is reasonably fit for the pur-
poses referred to in the Directions For Use, subject to the
inherent risks referred to above Kill Dead makes no other
express or implied warranty of Fitness or Merchantability or
any other express or implied warranty. In no case shall
Kill-Dead or the Seller be liable for consequential, special
or indirect damages resulting from the use or handling of this
product Kilt-Dead and the Seller offer thts product and the
Buyer and user accept it, subject to the foregoing Conditions
Of Sale And Warranty which may be varied only by agreement
in writing signed by a duly authorized representative of Kill
Dead Chemical Company
General Information
Anti-Weed will control most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
in field corn, silage corn and sweet corn It should be applied
prior to weed and crop emergence
Since Anti-Weed acts mainly through root absorption its effec-
tiveness depends on rainfall or irrigation to move it into the roo'
zone Best results are obtained when moisture occurs within 10
days after application Should moisture not occur within this
period or should weeds develop, a shallow cultivation or rotary
hoeing will generally result in better weed control
Anti-Weed is noncorrosive to equipment and metal surfaces
nonflammable and has low electrical conductivity
Care should be taken to avoid using Ant i Weed where adjacent
desirable trees, shrubs or plants might be injured
Store Anti-Weed in a dry place
Application Instructions
Broadcast or Overall Treatment
Use broadcast applicators or fertilizer spreaders that can apply
small amounts of granules evenly
Band Treatment
Use applicators designed for this purpose Calculate the amount
of granules per acre needed for band treatment as follows
Ibs /Acre
Band Width in Inches Recommended _ Anti-Weed
Inches Between Crop Rows Broadcast Rate — for Band
Treatment
Range of Rates In each case where a range of rates is given
the lower rate should be used on soils low in organic matter
and the higher rate should be used on soils high in organic
matter
Directions for Use
Anti-Weed controls most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
such as
Giant Foxtail Fall Panicum Mustard
Green Foxtail Annual Mornmgglory Pigweed
Yellow Foxtail Cocklebur Ragweed
Barnyardgrass Sandbur Smartweed
(Watergrass) Jimsonweed Sunflower
Crabgrass Lambsquarters Velvetleaf
Anti-Weed will not control perennial weeds such as
Johnsongrass Field Bindweed Canada Thistle Bull Nettle
Apply Ami Weed at planting behind the press wheel or imme-
diately after planting prior to emergence of either crop or weeds
See table below for recommended rates
Soil
Light soils Sands loamy sands, and
sandy loams
Medium to heavy soils including ihe
dark prairie soils in the Corn Belt * •
Rate per acre ot Ant
Broadcast
-Weed
15 Ibs
225-
30 Ibs
*For calculation of band treatment rate see Application
Instructions Section
* Ant i-Weed should not be used on high organic soils such as
peat and muck
Suggestions for Crop Rotations
1) Corn may be replanted al any time following application of
Ant i Weed 2) Sorghum may be seeded m all areas the spring
following application of the granules 3} Soybeans may be
seeded in Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri Iowa and Southeastern
Minnesota and areas east of these states the spring following
applications made not later than June 1 of the previous year
Precautions: 1) Do not plant sugar beets tobacco, vegetables
(including dry beans) spring-seeded small grams or small-
seeded legumes and grasses the year following Anti-Weed
application or injury may occur 2) Following harvest of a treated
crop plow (moldboard or disk-plow) and thoroughly till the
soil in the fall or spring to minimize possible injury to rotational
spring-seeded crops 3) Injury to rotational crops following
application may occur on eroded hillsides, alkali outcroppings,
gtavetly areas and on soils in general with pH near or exceeding
75 4) Do not graze treated area or feed treated forage to live-
stock for 21 days following application
Warning
Keep out of reach of children
Irritating to skin, eyes, nose and throat May be harmful if swal-
lowed May cause allergic skin reaction Do not get in eyes, on
skin or on clothing Avoid breathing dust Do not take internally
While handling, wear rubber gloves In case of contact, flush skin
or eyes with plenty of water, for eyes, get medical attention
Launder clothing before reuse Avoid contamination of seed,
feed and foodstuffs
This product is toxic to fish Keep out of lakes, ponds and
streams
Do not reuse container Destroy when empty
181
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LABELS AND LABELING
UNIT V
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #4~INTERPRET NO-DISEASE LABEL
The purpose of this assignment is to allow you to locate important information that must
be contained on all pesticide labels. Read the label on the following page and answer
the questions below. When completed, return assignment sheet to instructor for evaluation.
1. What is the brand name?
2. What is the common name?
3. What is the chemical name?
4. How much pesticide does this container hold?
5. If you plan to harvest your beans on Saturday but on Monday notice gray mold,
could you spray with this? Why or why not?
6. How long would you have to wait after spraying to feed your cattle bean vines
or hay?
7. When could workers reenter the fields after spraying without wearing protective
clothing?
8. What is the signal word on the label?
9. For what toxicity category does the signal word stand?
183
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #4
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LABELS AND LABELING
UNIT V
TEST
Match the terms on the right to the correct definitions on the left. Place the
appropriate numbers in the blanks provided.
a. Poisonous; ability to cause injury to
plants and animals, including humans
b. Technical information including the
label and any other printed material
provided by the manufacturer or its
agent to accompany a pesticide product
c. Chemical or other substance that can
cause injury or death when eaten,
absorbed, or inhaled by plants or
animals, including man
d. Words which must appear on pesticide
labels to show toxicity of pesticide
_e. Written material attached to or printed
on a pesticide container or wrapper
_f. Unwanted organism
_g. Chemical or other substance that will
prevent, repel, destroy, or control a pest
or protect something from a pest
_h. That part of a pesticide product which
will kill or control pests or prevent
damage by them
j. Period of time between a pesticide
application and when workers may go
back into an area without wearing
protective clothing or equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Label
Signal
words
Pesticide
Pest
Active
ingredient
Toxic
Labeling
Poison
Reentry
Select from the list below those statements indicating when to read a label.
in the appropriate blanks.
Place an "X"
_a. Before use or purchase
b. Before mixing
c. Before applying
d. Before transporting, storing, and disposing
187
-------
3. Match the users of the labels on the right to the ways the labels are used on
the left. An answer may be used more than once.
a. Use labels to control sale, use, safety, 1. State and
storage, and disposal of pesticides federal
governments
b. Use labels as the license to sell a
pesticide 2- Manufacturers
of pesticides
c. Use labels to determine the antidote to 0 „ . .
3. Dealers and
use in the proper treatment of poisoning pest controj
cases experts
d. Use labels as a way of deciding which 4 Buyers and
pesticide will be effective against the users
pest and be the safest to use
5. Physicians
e. Use labels to decide what safety
precautions to take and how much
pesticide to use
f. Use labels to aid in making
recommendations to buyers and users
4. Select from the list below the agency in the federal government responsible for
regulating sale and use of pesticides and registering labels.
a. U.S. Department of Agriculture
b. State Department of Agriculture
_c. Environmental Protection Agency
d. Environmental Control Agency
5. Identify facts contained on a pesticide label by reading the following label and
answering the questions below.
a. What is the brand name?
b. What is the common name?
c. Who is the manufacturer?
d. What is the chemical name?
e. Is the material a wettable powder, granular, or emulsifiable concentrate?
188
-------
SAMPLE LABEL— FRONT PANEL
R
NOMITE SOW
Miticide
Wettable Powder Formulation
For Control of Plant-Feeding Mites
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
Methylethylbutyl phos (metbutin) 50.0%
INERT INGREDIENTS 50.0%
E.P.A. Registration No. 1576-491
E.P.A. Establishment No. 1576-NC-1
POISON OT^ DANGER
DANGER: KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN
See other cautions on side panel
THE MOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
SNOWBALL, N.C. 27000
189
-------
6. Match the terms on the right to the correct definitions on the left. Place the
appropriate numbers in the blanks provided.
a. Well-known, made-up name accepted by 1. Brand
the Environmental Protection Agency to name
identify the active ingredients in a
pesticide 2. Common
name
b. Scientific "often complicated" name
which tells what the active ingredients 3. Chemical
are name
c. Name used by a manufacturer to
identify a pesticide as their product
7. Match the signal words on the right to the toxicity categories on the left. Place
the proper numbers in the blanks provided.
a. Highly toxic pesticides; the word poison 1. Caution
printed in red and the skull and
crossbones symbol are also required on 2. Warning
labels of highly toxic pesticides
3. Danger
b. Slightly toxic to relatively nontoxic
pesticides
c. Moderately toxic pesticides
8. Discuss in a short paragraph days to harvest and days to slaughter in the
application of pesticides.
9. Discuss reentry regulations following application of pesticides.
10. Name the factors that form the basis for pesticide classification into general
use or restricted use pesticides.
a.
b.
c.
190
-------
11. Distinguish between general use and restricted use pesticides by placing an "X"
in the blank indicating general use pesticide.
a. Pesticide use that may cause damage in the environment or endanger
the applicator or other persons even when label directions are followed
b. Pesticide use that will not cause excessive damage in the environment
or endanger the applicator or other persons when applied according
to label directions
12. Interpret the De Pesto label on the next page by answering the following
questions.
a. What is the common name?
b. If you applied this to control lygus bugs in alfalfa, how long would you
have to wait before cutting or grazing?
c. How close to harvest could you spray potatoes?
d. If you sprayed corn on Wednesday, when is the first day workers could
go back into the field without wearing protective clothing?
e. Who could buy this pesticide?
191
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PERSONAL SAFETY AND FIRST AID
UNIT VI
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to distinguish between acute
and chronic poisoning and between when to induce or not to induce vomiting. The student
should be able to name three common families of pesticides and one example of each
family and name ways pesticides enter the body. The student should be able to match
signal words to categories of toxicity, match degrees of poisoning to the signs and symptoms
of poisoning, match pesticide first aid kit items to their uses, and interpret labels correctly.
The student should be able to name basic first aid rules and distinguish between safe
and unsafe pesticide practices by surveying a farm. This knowledge will be evidenced by
scoring one hundred percent on the unit test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Match terms associated with personal safety and first aid to the correct
definitions.
2. Distinguish between acute and chronic poisoning.
3. Discuss in a short paragraph the basis for signal words.
4. Match signal words to categories of toxicity.
5. Name three common families of pesticides and one example of each family.
6. Name the reasons for distinguishing between the families of pesticides.
7. Name three ways pesticides enter the body.
8. Name the most important routes of entry for pesticides.
9. Discuss in a short paragraph the cholinesterase test.
10. Name the causes of most pesticide poisoning.
11. Match degrees of poisoning to the signs and symptoms of poisoning caused
by nerve poisons.
12. Select from a list the signs and symptoms of fumigant poisoning.
195
-------
13. Name the basic first aid rules for poison on skin, chemical burns, poison
in the eye, and inhaled poison.
14. Select from a list the most important first aid measure in case of poisoning.
15. Distinguish between when to induce vomiting and when not to induce
vomiting.
16. Discuss in a short paragraph the procedure for inducing vomiting.
17. Name the symptoms of shock.
18. Name the steps to follow in case of pesticide poisoning.
19. Name the local hospital or poison control center that serves your area and
that can provide emergency treatment for pesticide poisoning.
20. Match pesticide first aid kit items to their uses.
21. Distinguish between safe and unsafe pesticide practices by surveying a farm.
22. Interpret pesticide labels as they relate to personal safety and first aid.
196
-------
PERSONAL SAFETY AND FIRST AID
UNIT VI
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information and assignment sheets.
C. Make transparencies.
D. Collect chemical container labels for use in the classroom.
E. Collect information related to pesticide poisoning and accidents.
F. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
G. Discuss information and assignment sheets.
(NOTE: If student does not have a farm to survey, assign him one.)
H. Discuss safety information contained on labels.
I. Have students assemble pesticide first aid kit.
J. Ask students to role play various poisoning symptoms and accidents and
allow remainder of class to describe proper first aid.
K. Contact a trained medical person at the local hospital or poison control
center that provides treatment for pesticide poisoning and ask the person
to speak to the class.
L. Have class make drawing of human form and mark areas which absorb
pesticides most quickly.
M. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read objective sheet.
B. Study information sheet.
C. Complete assignment sheets.
(NOTE: If you do not live on a farm, check with one of your classmates
or a farmer in your community.)
D. Take test.
197
-------
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
III. Transparency masters
A. TM 1-Signal Words
B. TM 2-Ways Pesticides Enter Body
IV. Assignment sheets
A. Assignment Sheet #1~Distinguish Between Safe and Unsafe Pesticide
Practices
B. Assignment Sheet #2~Describe Treatments for Poisonings
V. Test
VI. Answers to test
198
-------
PERSONAL SAFETY AND FIRST AID
UNIT VI
INFORMATION SHEET
I. Terms and definitions
A. Antidote-Treatment given by a medically trained person to reduce the
effects of pesticide poisoning
B. Absorb-To take a pesticide or other material into a plant, animal, or the
soil
C. Acute poisoning-Poisoning which occurs after a single exposure to a
pesticide
D. Chronic poisoning-Poisoning which occurs as a result of repeated exposures
to pesticides over a period of time
E. Contact-To touch or be touched by
F. Dermal toxicity-How poisonous a pesticide is to man or animal when in
contact with the skin
G. Dilute-To make a pesticide thinner or weaker by adding water, oil, or other
material; to water down
H. First aid-First effort to help a victim of poisoning while medical help is
on the way
I. Hazard-Risk of danger; chance that injury or harm will come to the
applicator, other persons, plants, or animals
J. Inhalation-To take air into the lungs; to breath in
K. Inhalation toxicity-How poisonous a pesticide is to man or animal when
breathed in through the lungs
L. LCgQ-Concentration of a pesticide in the air which would kill half of a
large number of test animals exposed to it
(NOTE: The lower the LC number value, the more poisonous the pesticide.
It is often used as the measure of acute inhalation toxicity. LC stands for
lethal concentration.)
M. LDgg-Dose or amount of a pesticide which would kill half of a large number
of test animals if eaten or absorbed through the skin
(NOTE: The lower the LD number value, the more poisonous the pesticide.
LD number values are the commonly used measures of acute oral or acute
dermal toxicity. LD stands for lethal dose.)
N. Lethal-Deadly
0. Oral-Through the mouth
199
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
P. Shock-Severe reaction of the human body to a serious injury; can result
in death if not treated
Q. Signs and symptoms-Warning that something is wrong
(NOTE: A sign is an outward signal of a disease or poisoning in a plant
or animal, including humans. A symptom is a feeling of being sick.)
R. Toxicity-How poisonous a pesticide is to a living organism
S. Vomitus-Matter which is vomited
II. Acute versus chronic poisoning
,A. Acute-Poisoning which occurs after a single exposure to a pesticide
B. Chronic-Poisoning which occurs as a result of repeated exposures to
pesticides over a period of time
(NOTE: Signs and symptoms of acute and chronic poisoning may be the
same.)
III. Basis for signal words (Transparency 1)
(NOTE: If any of these forms of toxicity is highly toxic, then the pesticide
label must carry The signal word for highly toxic.)
A. Acute oral toxicity of the pesticide
B. Acute dermal toxicity of the pesticide
C. Acute inhalation toxicity of the pesticide
IV. Signal words and categories of toxicity
Categories
1
Highly
Toxic
II
Moderately
Toxic
III
Slightly
Toxic
IV
Relatively
Nontoxic
Signal Word
Required on
The Label
DANGER
(skull and
' crossbones
POISON)
WARNING
CAUTION
CAUTION
Categories of Acute
Toxicity
LD50 LC50
Oral Dermal
mq/kq
0-50 0-200
over 50 over 200
to 500 to 2,000
over 500 over 2,000
to 5,000 to 20,000
over 5,000 over 20,000
Inhalation
mq/1
0-0.2
over 0.2
to 2.0
over 2.0
to 20
over 20
Probable Oral
Lethal Dose
for150lb.
person
A few drops
to a teaspoon-
ful
Over one
teaspoonful
to one ounce
Over one ounce
to one pint or
one pound
Over one pint
or one pound
(NOTE: A small child would be poisoned by much less pesticide than the 150 pound
person in the example. Keep all pesticides out of the reach of children!)
200
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
V. Families of pesticides
(NOTE: These are three common families of insecticides which act as nerve
poisons. Common names are not capitalized; brand [trade] names are
capitalized.)
A. Organophosphates or organophosphorous
1. parathion
2. TEPP
3. Phosdrin
4. phorate (Thimet)
5. demeton (Systox)
6. Di-Syston
7. Guthion
8. phosphamidon
9. Monitor
10. malathion
(NOTE: Many of the Organophosphates are highly toxic orally,
dermally, and through inhalation. Some are only slightly toxic.)
B. Carbamates
1. aldicarb (Temik)
2. carbofuran (Furadan)
3. carbaryl (Sevin)
4. formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol)
5. methomyl (Lannate)
(NOTE: Many carbamates are only moderately or slightly toxic.
However, some are highly toxic orally, dermally, and through
inhalation.)
C. Chlorinated hydrocarbons or organochlorines
(NOTE: DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor belong to this
family. However, there may be fewer registered uses for agriculture in the
future.)
201
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
1. endrin
2. lindane
3. methoxychlor
4. endosulfan (Thiodan)
5. dicofol (Kelthane)
(NOTE: Some chlorinated hydrocarbons are considered hazardous
because they persist in the environment. Also, some are highly
toxic dermally and orally.)
VI. Reasons for distinguishing between families of pesticides
A. Pesticides within a family cause the same kinds of poisoning
B. Pesticides within a family are sometimes similar in the hazards they cause
C. First aid and antidote for poisoning are the same within a family
VII. Ways pesticides enter the body (Transparency 2)
A. Oral
B. Dermal
C. Inhalation
VIM. Most important routes of entry for pesticides
A. Applicator-Dermal and inhalation
B. Small children-Oral and dermal
(NOTE: You can be poisoned no matter which way the pesticide enters
your body. It may enter and poison you through all three routes of entry
at the same time.)
IX. The cholinesterase test
A. Chemical cholinesterase is necessary for nervous system to function properly
(NOTE: Without this chemical the person will die.)
B. Carbamate and organophosphate pesticides attack cholinesterase in blood
and make it useless
C. A simple blood test is used to determine cholinesterase level and measure
pesticide exposure
202
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INFORMATION SHEET
X. Causes of most pesticide poisoning
A. Careless practices
B. Ignorance
(NOTE: Learn safe procedures; it is for your own good.)
XI. Signs and symptoms of poisoning caused by nerve poisons
(NOTE: Some nerve poisons are organophosphates, carbamates, and chlorinated
hydrocarbons.)
A. Mild
1. Fatigue
2. Headache
3. Dizziness
4. Blurred vision
5. Too much sweating and salivation
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Stomach cramps and diarrhea
B. Moderate
1. Unable to walk
2. Weakness
3. Chest discomfort
4. Muscle twitches
5. Constriction of pupil of the eye
6. Earlier symptoms become more severe
C. Severe
1. Unconsciousness
2. Severe constriction of pupil of eye
3. Muscle twitches
203
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
4. Secretion from mouth and nose
5. Breathing difficulty
6. Fever
7. Intense heat
(NOTE: Unfortunately, all signs and symptoms of pesticide
poisoning are not the same. The sickness may be mild or severe,
depending on the pesticide and the amount absorbed. However,
the pattern of illness caused by one family of pesticides is always
the same. On the other hand, having some of the signs and
symptoms does not always mean you have been poisoned. Other
kinds of sickness may cause similar signs and symptoms. Headache
and a feeling of being unwell, for example, may signal the start
of many kinds of illness. It is the pattern of symptoms that makes
it possible to tell one kind of sickness from another.)
XII. Signs and symptoms of fumigant poisoning
A. Person appears drunk
B. Poor coordination
C. Slurring words
D. Confusion
E. Sleepiness
(CAUTION: Do not let yourself or anyone else get dangerously sick before
calling your doctor or going to a hospital. It is better to be too cautious
than too late. Take the container and the label of the pesticide to the
doctor.)
XIII. Basic first aid rules
A. Poison on skin
1. Act quickly
2. Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water
3. Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water
(NOTE: Liquid detergents and commercial cleansers are better
than soap.)
4. Dry victim and wrap in blanket
(CAUTION: Do not allow pesticide to get on you while you are
helping the victim.)
204
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
B. Chemical burn
1. Wash with large quantities of running water
2. Remove contaminated clothing
3. Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean, soft cloth
(NOTE: Do not apply ointments, greases, powders, or other drugs
in first aid treatment of burns.)
C. Poison in eye
1. Wash eye quickly but gently
2. Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean running
water
3. Wash for 15 minutes or more
(CAUTION: Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water.
They may increase the extent of the injury.)
D. Inhaled poison
(NOTE: If patient is in an enclosed area, do not enter without proper
protective clothing and equipment. If proper clothing is not available, call
for emergency equipment from your fire department.)
1. Carry victim to fresh air immediately
2. Get victim to a doctor
3. Open all doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned
4. Loosen tight clothing
5. Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or is irregular
6. Keep victim as quiet as possible
7. Prevent chilling
(NOTE: An important step in good first aid is to call the doctor.
It is the initial effort to help a victim while medical help is on
the way that is important. Before going to call for emergency
help if you are alone with the victim, make sure that the victim
is breathing and that he/she is not further exposed. Always save
the pesticide label for the doctor.)
205
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INFORMATION SHEET
XIV. Most important first aid measure-Remove or dilute the pesticide with water
XV. When to induce or not to induce vomiting
A. Read the label for instructions
B. Never induce vomiting
1. If the victim is unconscious or is in convulsions
2. If the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison
(NOTE: A corrosive poison is a strong acid or alkali. A corrosive
poison will burn the throat and mouth as severely coming up
as it did going down. It may also get into the lungs and cause
severe damage there also.)
3. If the victim has swallowed emulsifiable concentrate or oil
solutions
(NOTE: Emulsifiable concentrates and oil solutions cause severe
damage to the lungs if vomited.)
C. Induce vomiting-Only if the label or a trained medical person tells you
to
XVI. Procedure for inducing vomiting
A. Position victim face down or kneeling forward
(CAUTION: Do not allow victim to lie on his back because the vomitus
could enter the lungs and cause severe damage.)
B. Give victim large amounts of milk or water
(NOTE: One to two cups should be given to a victim up to five years
of age and up to a quart for victims five years of age and older.)
C. Put finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of victim's throat or
have victim drink a glass of very salty water
(CAUTION: Do not use anything which is sharp or pointed.)
D. Collect some of the vomitus for doctor if you do not know what the poison
is
(NOTE: In any poisoning emergency, think first of water. Your first aim
is to remove the pesticide no matter where it is. Then get the victim to
a doctor fast.)
206
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
XVII. Symptoms of shock
A. Skin pale, moist, cold, and clammy
B. Eyes vacant with dilated pupils
C. Breathing shallow and irregular
D. Pulse weak, rapid, and irregular
XVIII. Steps to follow in case of pesticide poisoning
A. Call doctor or take victim to the doctor or hospital
B. Check to see if patient is breathing
C. Locate pesticide label and have available for doctor
XIX. Local hospital or poison control center that serves your area and that can provide
emergency treatment for pesticide poisoning
A. City Address
B. Telephone: Area Code Number
(NOTE: Make sure your doctor has the number of the poison center.)
XX. Contents of pesticide first aid kit and their uses
A. Plastic bottle of detergent-Used to wash pesticides quickly off the skin
B. Plastic container of salt-Used to induce vomiting and to aid a person in
shock
C. Bag of activated charcoal-When mixed with water and swallowed acts as
an absorber of all pesticides
D. Shaped plastic airway-Used for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
E. Plastic bottle of clean water-Used for diluting the salt
F. Band-aids, bandages, and tape-Used for wrapping cuts and scrapes and for
protecting burns
G. Blanket-Used for covering a victim
H. Coins-Used for emergency phone calls
I. Clean empty jar-Used as a drinking glass or for collecting vomitus
207
-------
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PERSONAL SAFETY AND FIRST AID
UNIT VI
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1-DISTINGUISH BETWEEN SAFE AND
UNSAFE PESTICIDE PRACTICES
Everyone can improve his methods of handling pesticides. Each year many accidents occur
because of improper and careless handling of pesticides. How do you stand? Are you
following safe practices? Check yourself by answering the following questions as you are
surveying a farm. Remember that one "NO" may be what gets you in trouble. When
you have answered all the questions, return the assignment sheet to your instructor for
evaluation.
STORE YOUR PESTICIDES SAFELY
Do you have a separate space to store pesticides?
Do you keep it locked and are the windows tight, barred,
or boarded over?
Do you keep all your pesticides in this storage rather than
in the garage, feed room, basement, porch, kitchen, or
refrigerator?
Do you store herbicides separately from other pesticides?
Are there signs on your storage so firemen and others are
warned?
Do you check periodically for leaking containers?
KEEP IN THE ORIGINAL CONTAINER SO THE LABEL
IS THERE!
Do you always keep pesticides in the original container
instead of old "coke" bottles, milk cartons, or other food
containers?
When people ask you for a little spray mix out of your tank
do you refuse?
Do you always remember what is in an unlabeled container?
Do you always remember the safety precautions, antidotes,
and directions for use, even though the container is not
labeled?
Do you safely dispose of unlabeled pesticides, rather than
take a chance with your memory?
Yes
D
D
No
D
n
D n
n
n
213
-------
USE THE RECOMMENDED CLOTHING AND
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Do you read the label to see what protective clothing you
should wear?
Do you start each spraying day with clean spray clothing?
Do you check the signal word and precautions for use on
the label to see what protective equipment is necessary?
Do you wear the protective equipment recommended on the
label?
Do you clean and maintain your protective equipment
regularly and often?
Do you throw away rubber gloves that have only tiny holes
in them?
Yes
D
No
D
SPILLS AND SPLASHES OF CONCENTRATES CAN BE
VERY HAZARDOUS!
Do you know what to do if you should spill a pesticide
on yourself while mixing?
Do you wear adequate footgear with your pant cuffs on the
outside so pesticides won't run into your footgear?
Do you have sawdust, vermiculite, kitty litter, or some other
absorbent on hand to soak up spills?
Do you always watch your sprayer tank when filling so it
won't run over and spill on the ground?
Do you have a check valve or other device on your
equipment to prevent back-siphoning into the water supply?
Is your application equipment well maintained so it doesn't
leak and leave toxic puddles or piles of pesticide on the
ground?
Do you avoid draining leftover spray mix on the ground?
Do you discard old high pressure hose instead of patching
it and hoping no one will be nearby when it bursts?
Do you clean nozzles with a brush or by rinsing instead of
blowing them out with your mouth?
D
D D
D D
214
-------
POOR CONTAINER DISPOSAL MAY CAUSE BAD
ACCIDENTS!
Do you rinse each "empty" liquid container at least three
times and dump the rinsings into the tank?
Do you keep your used containers in your storage area until
disposed?
Do you collect every container for disposal before leaving
a job instead of leaving them in the field or at your tank
filling station?
Do you puncture, break, or crush nonburnable containers
so they can't be reused?
Do you keep or return to the manufacturer 30 and 55 gallon
pesticide drums, rather than giving them away for floats or
trash barrels?
ATTRACTIVE NUISANCES CAN RESULT IN LAWSUITS!
Do you keep your spray equipment where children cannot
play on it?
Do you keep your spray equipment clean so that those
touching it will not be contaminated?
Do you always release pressure on your equipment so spray
guns won't be accidentally triggered?
CARE IN APPLICATION PREVENTS ACCIDENTS
Do you check the wind direction and the area downwind
before applying pesticides?
Do you consider substituting a safer chemical if you are
spraying near a sensitive area?
Do you check for the possibility of showers and damaging
runoff before applying pesticides?
Do you plan your pesticide application so it will have little
or no effect on bees, birds, fish, or other wildlife?
Do you remove, turn over, or cover up pet dishes, sand
boxes, and plastic pools before spraying private property?
Do you make sure that children and pets are out of the
area and stay out until the spray dries?
Do you use the least toxic pesticide that will control the
known pest, if all other factors are equal?
Yes
No
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
215
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PERSONAL SAFETY AND FIRST AID
UNIT VI
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2~DESCRIBE TREATMENTS FOR POISONINGS
Listed below you will find several imaginary cases of poisoning. The purpose of this
assignment is to determine if you have the ability and knowledge of describing the necessary
treatment of each one. After completion of this assignment turn in to instructor for
evaluation.
1. Your sister has told you that she will be spraying in the southwest cotton fields
all morning. When she doesn't appear for lunch, you and a friend drive out
and find her lying in the field. She is vomiting, is unable to walk, has pinpoint
pupils, and her muscles are twitching.
a. By what route(s) of entry was your sister probably poisoned?
b. What would you do?
2. Your little brother is crying and screaming on the floor of the mixing area.
You notice a bottle of De Metho next to him and see traces of it on his mouth
and tongue. You are alone at the time.
(NOTE: Use the De Metho label on the following page.)
a. By which route(s) of entry was your brother probably poisoned?
b. What do you do?
217
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2
218
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2
3. Your hired man is treating a grain silo. You come by to check on him and
he talks strangely and seems confused by your questions. He tells you. that he
wants to take a nap before finishing the job.
a. What type of poisoning do you think he probably received?
b. What do you do?
4. You have been spraying with phosphamidon and phorate for the past couple
of weeks. Today, however, you were just working in a field which you recently
sprayed. Now you have a headache and seem very dizzy. You are sweating,
having severe stomach cramps, and beginning to vomit. You feel weak all over.
a. What type of poisoning do you think you have?
b. What should you do?
219
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PERSONAL SAFETY AND FIRST AID
UNIT VI
TEST
1. Match the terms on the right to the correct definitions on the left by placing
the appropriate numbers in the blanks provided.
a. Treatment given by a medically trained
person to reduce the effects of pesticide
poisoning
b. Through the mouth
c. Matter which is vomited
d. To take a pesticide or other material into
a plant, animal, or the soil
e. How poisonous a pesticide is to a living
organism
f. Deadly
g. Severe reaction of the human body to
a serious injury; can result in death if
not treated
h. Poisoning which occurs after a single
exposure to a pesticide
i. Dose or amount of a pesticide which
would kill half of a large number of test
animals if eaten or absorbed through the
skin
j. Poisoning which occurs as a result of
repeated exposures to pesticides over a
period of time
k. Concentration of a pesticide in the air
which would kill half of a large number
of test animals exposed to it
I. To touch or be touched by
m. How poisonous a pesticide is to man or
animal when breathed in through the
lungs
n. How poisonous a pesticide is to man or
animal when in contact with the skin
o. Risk of danger; chance that injury or
harm will come to the applicator, other
persons, plants, or animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Inhalation
Inhalation
toxicity
LC50
LD50
Lethal
Oral
Vomitus
Shock
Signs and
symptoms
Toxicity
Antidote
Dilute
Absorb
Dermal
toxicity
Acute
poisoning
Contact
Chronic
poisoning
First aid
Hazard
223
-------
p. To take air into the lungs; to breathe
in
q. To make a pesticide thinner or weaker
by adding water, oil, or other material;
to water down
_r. First effort to help a victim of poisoning
while medical help is on the way
s. Warning that something is wrong
2. Distinguish between acute and chronic poisoning by placing an "X" in front
of the statement representing chronic poisoning.
a. Poisoning which occurs after a single exposure to a pesticide
b. Poisoning which occurs as a result of repeated exposures to pesticides
over a period of time
3. Discuss in a short paragraph the basis for signal words.
Match signal words on the right to the categories of toxicity on the left. Answers
may be used more than once in a blank.
a. Moderately toxic
1. Danger (Skull
b. Slightly toxic and Crossbones,
Poison)
c. Highly toxic
2. Warning
d. Relatively nontoxic 0 ~ ..
3. Caution
5. Name three common families of pesticides and one example of each family.
a.
b.
c.
6. Name the reasons for distinguishing between the families of pesticides.
a.
b.
c.
224
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7. Name three ways pesticides enter the body.
a.
b.
c.
8. Name the most important routes of entry for pesticides.
a. Applicator-
b. Small children-
9. Discuss in a short paragraph the cholinesterase test.
10. Name the causes of most pesticide poisoning.
a.
b.
11. Match the degrees of poisoning on the right to the signs and symptoms of nerve
poisoning on the left. Answers may be used more than once in a blank.
a. Headache 1. Mild
b. Muscle twitches 2. Moderate
c. Unable to walk 3. Severe
d. Fever
e. Blurred vision
f. Constriction of pupil of the eye
g. Chest discomfort
h. Nausea and vomiting
i. Intense heat
J. Stomach cramps and diarrhea
_k. Secretion from mouth and nose
_l. Unconsciousness
225
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12. Select from the list below signs and symptoms of fumigant poisoning. Place
an "X" in the appropriate blanks.
a. Confusion
b. Vomiting
c. Sweating
d. Poor coordination
e. Sleepiness
f. Slurring words
_g. Wants to fight
h. Person appears drunk
13. Name the basic first aid rules for the following types of poisoning.
a. Poison on skin
b. Chemical burn
c. Poison in eye
d. Inhaled poison
14. Select from the list below the most important first aid measure in case of
poisoning.
a. Antidote
b. Remove or dilute the pesticide with water
c. Detergent
d. Commercial chemicals
15. Distinguish between when to induce vomiting and when not to induce vomiting
by answering the following statements "Yes" or "No."
a. Victim swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate or oil solution
b. Label tells you to
c. Victim swallowed a corrosive poison
d. Trained medical person instructs you to
226
-------
16. Discuss in a short paragraph the procedure for inducing vomiting.
17. Name the symptoms of shock.
a.
b.
c.
d.
18. Name the steps to follow in case of pesticide poisoning.
a.
b.
c.
19. Name the local hospital or poison control center that serves your area and that
can provide emergency treatment for pesticide poisoning.
227
-------
20. Match the pesticide first aid kit items on the right to their uses on the left.
Place the correct numbers in the blanks.
_a. Used as a drinking glass or for collecting
vomitus
_b. Used to wash pesticides quickly off the
skin
_c. Used for emergency phone calls
d. Used to induce vomiting and to aid a
person in shock
e. Used for covering a victim
_f. Used for wrapping cuts and scrapes and
for protecting burns
_g. Used for diluting the salt
1. Bag of activated
charcoal
2. Plastic bottle of
detergent
3. Clean empty jar
4. Shaped plastic
airway
5. Plastic container
of salt
6. Coins
7. Plastic bottle of
clean water
8. Band-aids, bandages,
and tape
9. Blanket
h. Used for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
i. When mixed with water and swallowed
acts as an absorber of all pesticides
21. Distinguish between safe and unsafe pesticide practices by surveying a farm.
(NOTE: If the above activity has not been accomplished prior to the test, ask
your instructor when it should be completed.)
22. Interpret the following De Pesto label correctly by answering the questions below
taken from the label.
a. What would you do if a friend accidentally swallowed this pesticide?
b. By what routes of entry will this pesticide poison humans?
c. What is the antidote which a physician would use for this type of poisoning?
228
-------
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229
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SAFETY BEFORE, DURING, AND FOLLOWING APPLICATION
UNIT VII
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to discuss safety steps for
transporting pesticides. The student should be able to name safety rules before, during,
and following pesticide application. The student should be able to discuss the types of
clothing and equipment needed for pesticide applications and be able to interpret pesticide
labels. This knowledge will be evidenced through demonstration and by scoring one-hundred
percent on the unit test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Match terms associated with safety in pesticide application to the correct
definitions.
2. Name factors to consider before applying pesticides.
3. Discuss in a short paragraph safety steps for transporting pesticides.
4. Name factors that determine types of protective clothing and protective
equipment needed.
5. Name safety precautions used while mixing and handling concentrated
pesticides.
6. Discuss in a short paragraph reasons for not applying pesticides on a windy
day.
7. Name ways to prevent exposure during application.
8. Discuss in a short paragraph what is meant by sensitive areas.
9. Select from a list ways to avoid spills, drifts, and runoff.
10. Discuss in a short paragraph steps for equipment safety and maintenance.
11. Select from a list the ideal times of day to apply pesticides.
12. Name factors to consider following application.
13. Name safety rules to follow in cleaning up after application.
14. Discuss in short paragraphs the types of protective clothing and equipment
needed for pesticide applications.
15. Match types of respirators to their uses.
16. Name safety rules for using the respirator correctly.
17. Interpret labels correctly by answering questions pertaining to safety.
235
-------
SAFETY BEFORE, DURING, AND FOLLOWING APPLICATION
UNIT VII
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information and assignment sheets.
C. Make transparencies.
D. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
E. Discuss information and assignment sheets.
F. Check local dealers to determine which ones sell proper protective clothing
and equipment.
G. Assemble the different types of respirators and demonstrate proper use,
clean-up, and storage of each.
H. Assemble the basic types of protective clothing and equipment. Give
students a sample label, target pest, and application site and ask them to
put on the necessary clothing and equipment for the job. Allow class to
critique both over and under protection for the job.
I. Assign several groups of students a pesticide job, including pest, crop or
animal, pesticide, etc. Using the proper label, ask them to describe what
to wear, how to mix, what day and time to apply, equipment safety, and
clean up procedure.
J. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read objective sheet.
B. Study information sheet.
C. Complete assignment sheets.
D. Take test.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
237
-------
III. Transparency masters
A. TM 1--Securing Containers
B. TM 2-Proper Mixing
C. TM 3-Proper Clothing For Mixing
D. TM 4-Protective Clothing and Equipment
E. TM 5--Types of Respirators
IV. Assignment sheets
A. Assignment Sheet #1--Interpret De Metho Label
B. Assignment Sheet #2--lnterpret No-Disease Label
C. Assignment Sheet #3--lnterpret Anti-Weed Label
V. Answers to assignment sheets
VI. Test
VII. Answers to test
238
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SAFETY BEFORE, DURING, AND FOLLOWING APPLICATION
UNIT VII
INFORMATION SHEET
I. Terms and definitions
A. Application-Process of directing or placing pesticides on or in plants,
animals, buildings, soil, air, water, or other site
B. Cartridge-Cylinder-shaped part of the respirator which absorbs fumes and
vapors from the air
C. Cannister-Metal or plastic container filled with absorbent materials to filter
fumes and vapors from the air
D. Dose, dosage-Portion or amount of pesticide mixture which is directed at
the target
E. Downwind-Direction toward which the prevailing wind is blowing
F. Drift-Movement by wind and air currents of droplets or particles of a
pesticide
G. Environment-Surroundings, usually water, air, soil, plants, and animals
H. Vaporize-To form a gas and disappear into the air
I. Exposure-Not protected or shielded; contact with pesticides through mouth,
lungs, or skin
J. Face shield-Piece of protective equipment used by a pesticide applicator
to protect face from exposure
K. Fume-Unpleasant or irritating smoke, vapor, or gas
L. Neoprene-A kind of synthetic rubber
M. Pollute-To make unclean or unsafe
N. Reentry interval-Period of time between a pesticide application and when
persons may reenter an area without wearing protective clothing and
equipment
0. Respirator-Face mask which filters out poisonous gases and particles
(NOTE: A respirator is used to protect the nose, mouth, and lungs from
pesticide injury.)
P. Target-Pest to be treated with a pesticide
239
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
II. Factors to consider before applying pesticides
A. Transportation
(CAUTION: Use safest way of getting the pesticide to the place of
application.)
B. Climatic conditions
(NOTE: Check for possible wind or rain before applying and listen to the
weather forecast.)
C. Protective clothing and equipment
(NOTE: Use what is needed for the job. Remember that safety comes first.)
D. Mixing and filling
(CAUTION: Protect yourself and the environment.)
E. Reading label
(NOTE: This is a must. Always read the label for correct dosages, hazards,
precautions, and the types of protective clothing and equipment that will
be needed for the job.)
F. Equipment
(NOTE: Ask yourself if you have the correct equipment for the job and
if the equipment is in proper working condition.)
III. Safety steps for transporting pesticides (Transparency 1)
A. Never carry pesticides inside car or truck cab
B. Secure containers to keep from shifting, rolling, or bouncing
C. Never transport livestock feed, seeds, or groceries in the same load with
pesticides
D. Never allow children to ride on or near pesticides
(CAUTION: Carelessness in moving pesticide poisons can result in broken
containers, spills, contamination, and injury to people and animals.)
240
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
IV. Factors that determine types of protective clothing and protective equipment
needed
A. Always wear at least closely woven fabric coveralls (or long sleeved shirt
and long legged trousers), socks and waterproof shoes (or boots), a hat,
and gloves.
B. READ THE LABEL!
(NOTE: The label will state the additional protective clothing and
equipment necessary for the pesticide being used.)
C. Toxicity of pesticide
(NOTE: Check the signal words on the label.)
D. Formulation
(NOTE: Some formulations are more hazardous to the applicator than
others.)
E. Application equipment
(NOTE: If you will be drenched with spray or inhaling dust, spray or fumes
take more precautions.)
F. Degree of exposure
(NOTE: Take more precautions if you will be working with pesticides for
a long period of time.)
V. Safety precautions used while mixing and handling concentrated pesticides
(Transparencies 2 and 3)
A. Use neoprene or natural rubber gloves and boots, closely woven fabric
coveralls, rubber apron, goggles, hat, and a respirator if needed
(NOTE: When mixing concentrated highly toxic pesticides all protective
clothing and equipment must be worn, including a respirator.)
B. Mix only what will be used
C. Mix according to the label
D. Do not combine pesticides
(NOTE: Combining pesticides is sometimes approved. However, the label
or a local expert must verify this.)
241
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INFORMATION SHEET
E. Avoid splashes, spills, and drift when opening containers
F. Change clothes immediately in case of a splash or spill
G. Stand with head above fill hole of spray tank
(NOTE: Splashing pesticides in your face and eyes can be extremely
dangerous. You must keep your head and face well above the fill hole.
Do not stand downwind when pouring or mixing.)
VI. Reasons for not applying pesticides on a windy day
A. Drift and vaporization
B. Injury to wildlife, plants, pollinators, and domestic animals
C. Contamination of surface water, such as ponds, streams, rivers, and lakes
D. Increase in inhalation and contact hazard to the applicator
(NOTE: The applicator is legally responsible for any injury or money loss
on crops due to pesticide drift onto nontarget areas. Don't take a chance
by spraying when it is windy.)
VII. Ways to prevent exposure during application
A. Wear protective clothing and equipment
B. Do not wipe hands on clothing
(NOTE: Carry a special towel for wiping hands.)
(CAUTION: Do not wipe gloves on your clothing, especially if chemicals
are on the gloves. Your clothing can become contaminated and the chemicals
may soak through to your skin.)
C. Never blow out clogged hoses, nozzles, or lines with your mouth
D. Never eat, drink, or smoke when handling pesticides
E. Work in pairs when handling hazardous pesticides or at least let someone
know where you will be working
F. Keep persons, livestock, and pets out of spray area
(NOTE: When working with pesticides day after day, even moderately toxic
chemicals can poison you. Wear protective equipment, especially a
respirator.)
(CAUTION: Do not let children or pets play around sprayers, dusters, filler
tanks, storage areas, or old pesticide containers. Use the proper rates.
Overdose won't kill pests twice but may injure humans, crops, or wildlife.)
242
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
VIII. Sensitive areas-Areas or locations of parks, playgrounds, bird and wildlife
sanctuaries, ponds, streams, water supplies, barnyards, feedlots, pastures, bee
yards, schools, homes, hospitals, and any other areas where out-of-place pesticides
might cause harm
IX. Ways to avoid spills, drift, and runoff
A. Do not apply during high winds
B. Check equipment for leaks and proper delivery rate
C. Use proper formulation for the job
D. Do not apply if rain is approaching unless the pesticide calls for it, like
some protectant fungicides and some herbicides
X. Steps for equipment maintenance and safety
A. Check for leaks in pump and tank
B. Check for leaky hose connections and carefully dispose of worn or cracked
hoses
C. Keep spray tank lid tight
D. Stay with tank during filling
E. Shut down machinery while making repairs or adjustments
F. Do not blow out clogged lines with your mouth
(NOTE: Your application equipment can help you use pesticides safely.
However, poor maintenance and careless use can add to the hazard.)
XI. Times of day to apply pesticides
A. Early morning
B. Evening
(NOTE: Wind speed is usually lowest at these times of day, and drift hazard
is greatly reduced. Avoiding full daylight hours may lower the contact
danger to birds, mammals, and pollinators.)
C. Anytime on a day which is calm or still and when crops or weeds are
not in full bloom
243
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
XII. What to do following application
A. Dispose of empty containers
B. Store leftover pesticides
C. Clean up equipment
D. Determine reentry interval
(NOTE: Reentry time on the label must be checked and workers and other
persons must be warned.)
XIII. Cleaning up after application
A. Always take a shower or bath when you finish using pesticides
B. Change spray clothing daily and separate spray clothing from family laundry
C. Launder the spray clothing separately from all other clothing
D. Do not wash clothing in streams or ponds
(NOTE: The pesticides on your spray clothes could harm other people who
touch them. Warn the person who will be washing your spray clothes of
possible danger.)
XIV. Protective clothing and equipment needed for pesticide applications
(Transparency 4)
(NOTE: Use protective clothing and equipment called for on the label.)
A. Gloves
1. Obtain unlined, elbow length neoprene or natural rubber gloves
(NOTE: Some chemicals will dissolve rubber or make it sticky.)
2. Make sure sleeves are outside your gloves
(NOTE: This should be done unless spraying overhead.)
3. Discard the gloves if any holes appear
4. Wash gloves with detergent and water before removing
(CAUTION: Never use cotton or leather gloves unless specified
on the label. These can be more hazardous than no protection
at all because they hold the pesticide close to your skin.)
244
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INFORMATION SHEET
B. Coveralls
1. Wear clean tightly woven fabric coveralls that cover entire body
or long sleeved shirt and long legged trousers
(NOTE: Most applicators who apply pesticides regularly have
special coveralls kept just for pesticide applications.)
2. Wear waterproof suit or apron when mixing highly toxic pesticides
3. Wear waterproof suit when you may be drenched during
application
4. Wash clothes with detergent and water
C. Boots
1. Wear lightweight, unlined neoprene or natural rubber boots
(NOTE: Boots should cover your ankles.)
2. Put pant legs outside of boots
(NOTE: This will keep pesticide from draining into the boot.)
3. Wash and dry boots inside and out after each use
D. Goggles and face shield
1. Wear tight-fitting goggles or a face shield when pesticide spray
or dust could get on your face or in your eyes
2. Wear goggles or face shield when pouring and mixing
3. Wash goggles or face shield after each use
4. Wear plastic or rubber headband if possible
E. Head and neck covering
1. Protect hair and skin on neck from pesticide spray or dust
2. Wear waterproof wide-brimmed hats or hard hats
(NOTE: In cool weather a hooded waterproof parka and a bill
cap are also good.)
245
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INFORMATION SHEET
XV. Types of respirators and their uses (Transparency 5)
A. Cartridge respirator
(NOTE: This is a half-face mask which covers the nose and mouth only.)
1. Use when exposed to concentrated chemicals for short periods
2. Use when exposed to low concentration of toxic chemicals for
long periods of time
(NOTE: The main limitation of this type of respirator is the short
life of the absorbing material in the cartridge.)
B. Gas mask or cannister respirator-Used when exposed to toxic fumes in
heavy concentrations for long periods of time
(NOTE: This is a respirator which covers the entire face and protects your
eyes as well as your nose and mouth. It has more absorbent material than
cartridge respirators.)
C. Air-supplied respirators and self-contained air-supplied respirators
(NOTE: These are respirators which cover the entire face. A separate air
supply is used, not the air with pesticide vapors in it.)
1. Use when oxygen supply in air is low
2. Use when exposed to high concentrations of highly toxic
pesticides in enclosed areas, such as fumigation
XVI. Safety rules for using respirator correctly
A. Make sure it fits properly on your face
(NOTE: It should be worn ftghtly enough to form a seal all around your
face. Full beards often do not allow a seal to form properly and, therefore,
are dangerous on pesticide applicators.)
B. Check filter often
(NOTE: Cartridges and cannisters should be changed at least after every
eight hours of use. If you notice a pesticide odor, first check to be sure
the respirator is fitted properly on your face. If the odor remains, change
the cartridge or cannister immediately.)
C. Wash face piece with detergent and warm water
246
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
D. Rinse thoroughly and dry
(NOTE: Store the respirator, filters, cannisters, and cartridges in a clean,
dry place away from pesticides. A tightly closed plastic bag works well
for storage.)
E. Use only those respirators approved by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) or the Mining Enforcement and
Safety Administration (MESA), both formerly U.S. Bureau of Mines
(NOTE: The approved respirators will bear a stamp with either NIOSH or
MESA imprinted on them.)
247
-------
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SAFETY BEFORE, DURING, AND FOLLOWING APPLICATION
UNIT VII
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1--INTERPRET DE METHO LABEL
The purpose of this assignment is to allow you to locate important information that must
be contained on all pesticide labels. Read the label on the following page and answer
the questions below. When completed, return assignment sheet to instructor for evaluation.
1. What signal word is on the label?
2. What toxicity category does it represent?
3. What protective clothing would you wear?
4. What protective equipment would you use?
5. Who approved respirators for use with De Metho?
6. Should you tuck the trousers into the boots?
7. Should you tuck the sleeves into the gloves?
8. Is drift a problem with this pesticide?
9. What would you wear while mixing De Metho?
259
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
260
-------
SAFETY BEFORE, DURING, AND FOLLOWING APPLICATION
UNIT VII
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2--INTERPRET NO-DISEASE LABEL
The purpose of this assignment is to allow you to locate important information that must
be contained on all pesticide labels. Read the label on the following page and answer
the questions below. When completed, return assignment sheet to instructor for evaluation.
1. What signal word appears on the label?
2. What toxicity category does the signal word represent?
3. What protective clothing would you wear?
4. What protective equipment would you wear?
5. Would you need to take a shower or bath after you finish the job?
6. Since this has a caution label, would it be okay to smoke or eat a candy bar
during application?
7. What would you wear while mixing the No-Disease?
261
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2
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SAFETY BEFORE, DURING, AND FOLLOWING APPLICATION
UNIT VII
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3-INTERPRET ANTI-WEED LABEL
The purpose of this assignment is to allow you to locate important information that must
be contained on all pesticide labels. Read the label on the following page and answer
the questions below. When completed, return assignment sheet to instructor for evaluation.
1. What signal word is on the label?
2. What toxicity category does it represent?
3. What protective clothing would you wear?
4. What protective equipment would you wear?
5. Should you launder your clothing following application?
263
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3
FOR WEED CONTROL
IN CORN
Active Ingredients:
Atrazine: 2-chloro-
4-Ethylamino-6-
isopropylamino-
s-triazine . . . 20.0%
Inert Ingredients: 80.0%
Total:
100.0%
50
Pounds
NET WEIGHT
Anti-Weed 20G is a
granular herbicide
Warning:
Keep out of reach of
children. See addition-
al warning statements
on back of bag.
EPA Est. No. 1352-WV-1
EPA Reg. No. 1352-519
KILL-DEAD
Chemical Company
Chemical City, West Virginia
264
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3
DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND
WARRANTY
IMPORTANT: Read the entire Directions For Use and the Con-
ditions Of Sale And Warranty before using this product
Conditions 01 Sale And Warranty
The Directions For Use of this product reflect the opinion of ex-
perts based on field use and tests The directions are believed
to be reliable and should be followed carefully However, it is
impossible to eliminate all risks inherently associated with use
of this product Crop injury, ineffectiveness or other unintended
consequences may result because of such factors as weather
conditions, presence of other materials or the manner of use or
application all of which are beyond the control of Kill Dead
or the Seller All such risks shall be assumed by the Buyer
Kill-Dead warrants that this product conforms to the chemi-
cal description onthelabelandis reasonably fit for the pur-
poses referred to in the Directions For Use, subject to the
inherent risks referred to above Kill-Dead makes no other
express or Implied warranty of Fitness or Merchantability or
any other express or implied warranty. In no case shall
Kill-Dead or the Seller be liable for consequential, special
or indirect damages resulting from the use or handling of this
product Kill-Dead and the Seller offer this product and the
Buyer and user accept it subject to the foregoing Conditions
Of Sale And Warranty which may be varied only by agreement
in writing signed by a duly authorized representative of Kill-
Dead Chemical Company
General Information
Anti-Weed will control most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
in field corn, silage corn and sweet corn It should be applied
prior to weed and crop emergence
Since Anti-Weed acts mainly through root absorption, its effec-
tiveness dependsonramfallorirngationtomoveitintotheroot
zone Best results are obtained when moisture occurs within 10
days after application Should moisture not occur within this
period or should weeds develop, a shallow culttvatton or rotary
hoeing will generally result in better weed control
Anti-Weed is noncorrosive to equipment and metal surfaces,
nonflammable and has low electrical conductivity
Care should be taken to avoid using Anti-Weed where adjacent
desirable trees, shrubs or plants might be injured
Store Anti-Weed in a dry place
Application Instructions
Broadcast or Overall Treatment
Use broadcast applicators or fertilizer spreaders that can apply
small amounts of granules evenly
Band Treatment
Use applicators designed for this purpose Calculate the amount
of granules per acre needed for band treatment as follows
Ibs /Acre
Band Width in Inches
Inches Between Crop Rows
Recommended
Ant i-Weed
Broadcast Rate ~ for Band
Treatment
Range of Rates In each case where a range of rates is given,
the lower rate should be used on soils low in organic matter
and the higher rate should be used on soils high in organic
matter
Directions tor Use
Anti-Weed controls most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
such as
Giant Foxtail Fall Panicum Mustard
Green Foxtail Annual Mormngglory Pigweed
Yellow Foxtail Cocklebur Ragweed
Barnyardgrass Sandbur Smartweed
(Watergrass) Jimsonweed Sunflower
Crabgrass Lambsquarters Velvetleaf
Anti-Weed will not control perennial weeds such as
Johnsongrass Field Bindweed Canada Thistle Bull Nettle
Apply Anti-Weed at planting behind the press wheel or imme-
diately after planting prior to emergence of either crop or weeds
See table below for recommended rates
Soil
Light soils Sands, loamy sands, and
sandy loams
Medium to heavy soils including the
dark prairie soils in the Corn Belt "
Rate per acre of Anti-Weed
Broadcast
15 Ibs
225-
30 Ibs
'For calculation of band treatment rate see Application
Instructions Section
'* Anti-Weed should not be used on high organic soils such as
peat and muck
Suggestions for Crop Rotations
1) Corn may be replanted at any time following application of
Ant i-Weed 2) Sorghum may be seeded in all areas the spring
following application of the granules 3) Soybeans may be
seeded in Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa and Southeastern
Minnesota and areas east of these statesthe spring following
applications made not later than Junel of the previous year
Precautions: 1) Do not plant sugar beets, tobacco, vegetables
(including dry beans), spring-seeded small grains or small-
seeded legumes and grasses the year following Anti-Weed
application or injury may occur 2} Following harvest of a treated
crop, plow (moldboard or disk-plow) and thoroughly till the
soil in the fall or spring to minimize possible injury to rotational
spring-seeded crops 3) Injury to rotational crops following
application may occur on eroded hillsides, alkali outcroppings,
gravelly areas and on soils in general with pH near or exceeding
75 4) Do not graze treated area or feed treated forage to live-
stock for 21 days following application
Warning
Keep out of reach of children
Irritating to skin, eyes, nose and throat May be harmful (f swal-
lowed May cause allergic skin reaction Do not get m eyes, on
skin or on clothing Avoid breathing dust Do not take internally
While handling, wear rubber gloves In case of contact, flush skin
or eyes with plenty of water, for eyes, get medical attention
Launder clothing before reuse Avoid contamination of seed,
feed and foodstuffs
This product is toxic to fish Keep out of lakes, ponds and
streams
Do not reuse container Destroy when empty
265
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SAFETY BEFORE, DURING, AND FOLLOWING APPLICATION
UNIT VII
TEST
1. Match the terms on the right to the correct definitions on the left by placing
the appropriate numbers in the blanks provided.
a. Process of directing or placing pesticides
on or in plants, animals, buildings, soil,
air, water, or other site
b. Metal or plastic container filled with
absorbent materials to filter fumes and
vapors from the air
c. Cylinder-shaped part of the respirator
which absorbs fumes and vapors from
the air
d. Portion or amount of pesticide mixture
which is directed at the target
e. Pest to be treated with a pesticide
f. Direction toward which the prevailing
wind is blowing
g. Face mask which filters out poisonous
gases and particles
h. Movement by wind and air currents of
droplets or particles of a pesticide
i. Period of time between a pesticide
application and when persons may
reenter an area without wearing
protective clothing and equipment
j. To make unclean or unsafe
k. Surroundings, usually water, air, soil,
plants, and animals
I. A kind of synthetic rubber
m. To form a gas and disappear into the air
n. Not protected or shielded; contact with
pesticides through mouth, lungs, or skin
o. Piece of protective equipment used by
pesticide applicator to protect face from
exposure
p. Unpleasant or irritating smoke, vapor, or
gas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Target
Respirator
Reentry
interval
Pollute
Cannister
Fume
Face
shield
Vaporize
Environment
Drift
Downwind
Dose,
dosage
Cartridge
Application
Neoprene
Exposure
269
-------
2. Name four factors to consider before applying pesticides.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. Discuss in a short paragraph safety steps for transporting pesticides.
4. Name factors that determine types of protective clothing and protective
equipment needed.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
5. Name three safety precautions used while mixing and handling concentrated
pesticides.
a.
b.
c.
6. Discuss in a short paragraph reasons for not applying pesticides on a windy
day.
7. Name three ways to prevent exposure during application.
a.
b.
c.
270
-------
8. Discuss in a short paragraph what is meant by sensitive areas.
9. Select from the list below ways to avoid spills, drifts, and runoff. Place an "X"
in the proper blanks.
a. Apply when time is available
b. Use proper formulation for the job
c. Apply after a rain when there is standing water
d. Check equipment for leaks and proper delivery rate
e. Do not apply during high winds
f. Do not apply if rain is approaching unless the pesticide calls for it,
like some protectant fungicides and some herbicides
10. Discuss in a short paragraph steps for equipment maintenance and safety.
11. Select from the list below the ideal times of day to apply pesticides. Place an
"X" in the correct blanks.
a. At noon when temperature is adequate
b. Evening
c. Early morning
d. Afternoon when the humidity is high
12. Name factors to consider following application.
a.
b.
c.
d.
271
-------
13.
14.
15.
16.
Name safety rules to follow in cleaning up after application.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Discuss in short paragraphs the types of protective clothing and equipment
needed for pesticide applications.
a. Gloves
b. Coveralls
c. Boots
d. Goggles and face shield
e. Head and neck covering
Match the types of respirators on the right to the proper uses on the left. Place
the appropriate numbers in the blanks. Each number may be used more than
once.
a. Use when exposed to concentrated
chemicals for short periods
b. Use when exposed to high
concentrations of highly toxic pesticides
in enclosed areas, such as fumigation
_c. Use when exposed to low concentration
of toxic chemicals for long periods of
time
1.
2.
d. Use when oxygen supply in air is low 3.
e. Use when exposed to toxic fumes in
heavy concentrations for long periods of
time
Name four safety rules for using the respirator correctly.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Air-supplied
respirators
and self-contained
air-supplied
respirators
Gas mask or
cannister
respirator
Cartridge
respirator
272
-------
17. Interpret the following label by answering the questions below.
a. What signal word is on this label?
b. What toxicity category does it represent?
c. What protective clothing would you wear?
d. What protective equipment would you use?
e. After you have been applying this pesticide for awhile and you decide you
want a drink, what must you do first?
273
-------
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CHEMTON, NEVADA
EPA EST NO. 1357-NV-1
EPA REGISTRATION NO 1357-42
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FORMULATION AND APPLICATION
UNIT VIM
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to calculate problems determining
amounts of wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrate to use. The student should be
able to discuss advantages, disadvantages, and principal uses of various types of formulations
and interpret labels as to type of formulation and mixing procedure when given the labels.
This knowledge will be evidenced through demonstration and by scoring eighty-five percent
on the unit test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Match terms associated with formulation and application of pesticides to
the correct definitions.
2. Match types of pesticide formulations to the correct descriptions.
3. List factors an applicator must consider when selecting a formulation.
4. Match methods of pesticide application to the correct descriptions.
5. Discuss advantages, disadvantages, and principal uses of various types of
formulations.
6. Select from a list the best time to mix pesticides.
7. List in the proper sequence the procedure for mixing wettable powders.
8. List in the proper sequence the procedure for mixing emulsifiable
concentrates.
9. List safety precautions to observe when mixing and handling pesticides.
10. Describe the importance of drift control.
11. List factors to consider in determining the application rate.
12. Calculate problems determining amounts of wettable powder to use.
13. Calculate problems determining amounts of emulsifiable concentrate to use.
14. Complete a chart of liquid and volume measures.
15. Interpret labels as to type of formulation and mixing procedure when given
the labels.
279
-------
FORMULATION AND APPLICATION
UNIT VIM
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information and assignment sheets.
C. Make transparencies.
D. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
E. Discuss information and assignment sheets.
F. Provide student with opportunity to practice mixing pesticides by using
flour for wettable powder and oil for an emulsifiable concentrate. Use water
to dilute them. DO NOT USE ACTUAL PESTICIDES.
G. Have student survey farms or dealers to determine which formulations are
most often used in the area. Discuss why.
H. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read objective sheet.
B. Read and study information sheet.
C. Complete assignment sheets.
D. Take test.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
III. Transparency masters
A. TM 1-Types of Formulations
B. TM 2-Methods of Application
C. TM 3--Methods of Application (Continued)
281
-------
IV. Assignment sheets
A. Assignment Sheet #1~Calculate Spray Materials Using Wettable Powder
B. Assignment Sheet #2~Calculate Spray Materials Using Emulsifiable
Concentrate
C. Assignment Sheet #3~lnterpret Pesticide Labels as to Formulation and
Mixing
V. Answers to assignment sheets
VI. Test
VII. Answers to test
282
-------
FORMULATION AND APPLICATION
UNIT VIM
INFORMATION SHEET
I. Terms and definitions
A. Formulation-Mixture of one or more active ingredients with other materials
needed to make a pesticide easy to store, handle, dilute, and apply
B. Target-Pest to be controlled with a pesticide
C. Site-Area, building, plant, or animal to be treated with pesticide in order
to protect it from or reach the target pest
D. Compatible-Able to be combined with other pesticides and applied as a
mixture without reducing their effectiveness
E. Concentrate-Pesticide as it is sold before diluting; usually contains a large
amount of active ingredient
F. Solvent-Liquid such as water, kerosene, or alcohol that a pesticide or other
substance will dissolve in and form a solution
G. Solution-Mixture made by dissolving a substance in a liquid; mixture will
not separate or settle out in normal use
II. Types of formulations (Transparency 1)
A. Dust (D)-Finely ground ready-to-use dry mixture combining a small amount
of active ingredient with an inert carrier such as talc, clay, or volcanic ash
B. Poisonous bait (B)-Food or other attractive substance mixed with an active
ingredient that will attract and be eaten by pests and cause their death
C. Granule (G)-Ready-to-use dry mixture of a small amount of active
ingredient and inert carriers with all particles larger than dust particles
D. Low concentrate solution (S)-Solution which contains a low concentration
or small amount of active ingredient in a highly refined oil or other solvent
(NOTE: These are usually purchased as stock sprays and space sprays and
for use in aerosol generators.)
E. Emulsifiable concentrate solution (EC or E)-Solution which contains a high
concentration or large amount of active ingredient which should be mixed
with water; may contain from one to several pounds of active ingredient
per gallon of concentrate
283
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
F. Ultra-low volume concentrate solution (ULV)--Solution which may contain
pure active ingredient; usually used without dilution
G. Flowable (F)--Very finely ground solid material which is suspended in a
liquid; usually contains a high concentration or large amount of the active
ingredient and is mixed with water when applied
H. Wettable powder (WP or W)-Dry preparation which may contain a fairly
high concentration (15% - 95%) of active ingredient and is mixed with water
to form a suspension when applied
I. Soluble powder (SP)--Dry preparation which contains a fairly high
concentration (15% - 95%) of active ingredient that dissolves in water to
form a solution for application
J. Fumigant-Active ingredient in the form of a gas or liquid which becomes
a gas when applied and reaches the target as a gas
III. Factors to consider in selecting a formulation
A. Effectiveness against the pest
B. Cost of the application
C. Plant, animal, or surface to be protected
D. Possible injury to the protected surface
Example: Phytotoxicity
E. Application equipment which is available
F. Danger of drift or runoff
G. Hazard to the applicator, other persons, plants, and animals
IV. Methods of application and their descriptions (Transparencies 2 and 3)
A. Band-Application to a strip or band over or along each crop row
B. Broadcast-Uniform application to an entire specified area
C. Dip-Complete or partial immersion of a plant, animal, or object in a
pesticide
D. Directed-Aiming the pesticide at a portion of a plant, animal, or structure
E. Drench-Saturation of the soil with a pesticide or oral treatment of an animal
F. Foliar-Application to the leaves of a plant, shrub, or tree
284
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
G. ln-furrow--Application to or in a furrow in which a crop is planted
H. Over-the-top-Application over the top of the growing plant
I. Pour-on--Pouring the pesticide along the midline of the backs of livestock
J. Sidedress-Application along the side of a crop row
K. Soil incorporation-Application to the soil followed by use of tillage
implements to mix the pesticide with the soil
L. Spot treatment-Application to a small area
V. Advantages, disadvantages, and principal uses of formulations
Formulation
A. Dust
B Poisonous bait
C. Granule
D. Low concentrate
solution
E. Emulsifiable
concentrate
F. Ultra-low volume
concentrate
solution
G. Flowable
H. Wettable
powder
1. Soluble powder
J. Fumigant
Advantages
Ready to use; requires no
mixing; easy to apply
Ready to use; easy to
apply, controls pests that
move in and out of the
site
Ready to use, easy to
apply; can be applied to
target under dense foliage
Ready to use; requires no
mixing
High concentration;
relatively inexpensive,
suitable for low pressure
equipment with limited
agitation
Ready to use
Can be mixed with water;
reduces nozzle clogging
Relatively inexpensive;
safer than emulsifiable
concentrate to use on
tender foliage, easy to
measure
Easy to mix and measure;
no agitation required
Toxic to wide range of
pests; will penetrate
cracks and crevices and
grain
Disadvantages
Drift hazard; expensive
Hazardous to children;
pest may prefer crop or
food to bait; killed pests
may cause odor problem
Limited foliage use;
expensive
Fairly expensive;
specialized uses as sprays
or aerosols; drift hazard
as aerosol
Easy to overdose; may be
hazardous to applicator;
phytotoxicity
Phytotoxicity hazard;
danger of overdosing;
limited uses
Requires agitation
May be hazardous to
applicator; requires
mechanical agitation;
difficult to mix, may
clog nozzles
May be hazardous to
user, not a common
formulation
Area must be sealed;
requires special protective
equipment; dangerous
Principal Uses
Spot treatment,
livestock and poultry,
limited foliage use
tnside buildings, fruits
and vegetables; field
crops
Soil treatment
In barns, poultry houses,
buildings, greenhouses;
small areas; on livestock
and poultry
Fruits and vegetables,
farm animals, field
crops
Fruits and vegetables;
field crops
Fruits and vegetables;
farm animals; field
crops
Fruits and vegetables;
farm animals; field
crops
Field crops; fruits and
vegetables, farm animals
Inside buildings;
greenhouses; farm-stored
grain; soil
285
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INFORMATION SHEET
VI. Best time to mix pesticides--!mmediately before using
VII. Procedure for mixing wettable powders
A. Fill tank one-half full with water
B. Start agitator
(NOTE: Keep agitator going at all times.)
C. Measure out correct amount of wettable powder
D. Add powder to a small amount of water in a clean mixing bucket
E. Stir until well mixed
(NOTE: This will make a slurry, a watery mixture of insoluble matter.)
F. Add slurry to tank
G. Finish filling the tank
VIM. Procedure for mixing emulsifiable concentrates
A. Fill tank one-fourth to one-half full with water
B. Measure out correct amount of emulsifiable concentrate
C. Add EC directly into spray tank
D. Mix thoroughly using mechanical or hydraulic means
E. Finish filling the tank
F. Do not use air agitation
IX. Safety precautions when mixing and handling pesticides
A. Follow all safety precautions stated on the label
B. Use protective clothing and equipment as stated on the label
C. Rinse empty containers and measuring cups to remove any residue
D. Read the label or consult an expert to make sure mixes of two or more
pesticides are compatible
E. Avoid splashes, spills, and leaks
(NOTE: Clean up any splashes, spills, or leaks.)
286
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
F. Wash all contaminated areas on clothing or equipment
G. Dispose of empty containers properly
(NOTE: Other safety precautions may be added by the instructor.)
X. Importance of drift control
A. Is hazardous to the environment
B. May injure wildlife
C. Contaminates water, foliage, and pasture
D. May damage nearby crops and cause illegal residues
E. Is expensive
(NOTE: The applicator is responsible for any injury or money loss on crops
due to pesticide drift onto a nontarget area.)
XI. Factors to consider in determining application rate
A. Read the label; never use more than the dosage rate recommended
B. Consult an expert for less than recommended rate
XII. Determining amounts of wettable powder to use
A. Pounds per tank
Problem-Label calls for 3 pounds of 25% WP per acre. Your sprayer holds
50 gallons and applies 10 gallons per acre
50 gallons per tank x 3 pounds = 15 pounds per
10 gallons per acre per acre 50 gallon tank
B. Pounds per gallon
Problem-Label calls for 2 pounds of 50% WP per 100 gallons of water.
Your tank holds 300 gallons
2 pounds of WP x 300 gallons = 6 pounds
100 gallons of water per tank per 300 gallons
287
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
C. Active ingredient per acre
Problem-A local expert recommends that you apply 1/2 pound of active
ingredient per acre. You have a 50% WP on hand and your sprayer tank
holds 50 gallons. It applies 8 gallons per acre
1 pound of 50% WP per acre = 1/2 pound of active ingredient per acre
50 gallons per tank x 1 pound per acre = 6 1/4 pounds
8 gallons per acre of 50% WP per
tank to apply
1/2 pound per
acre
D. Percentage mixing
1. Formula
(NOTE: It is not necessary to memorize this formula.)
Gais of spray needed x % active ingredient wanted x 8.3# per
gal of water
% active ingredient in pesticide used
2. Problem-A local expert recommends using a 1% spray. You
already have an 80% WP of the right pesticide and you need 50
gallons of the 1% spray. How much pesticide is needed?
50 gallons x 1% x 8.3#/gal = 5.18 or 5.2 pounds
80% WP of pesticide in 50
gallons of water
XIII. Determining amounts of emulsifiable concentrate
A. Pints, quarts, or gallons/acre
Problem-The label recommendation is to apply 2 quarts of 6E per acre.
Your sprayer holds 42 gallons and applies 6 gallons per acre
42 gallons per tank x 2 quarts per acre = 14 quarts
6 gallons per acre per tank
14 quarts = 3 gallons, 2 quarts per tank or 3 1/2 gallons
B. Pints per gallon
Problem-The label says to apply 1/4 pint of SEC per 100 gallons. Your
tank holds 400 gallons. How much of SEC is needed?
1/4 pint of EC x 400 gallons per tank = 1 pint
100 gallons of water per 400
gallons
288
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
C. Active ingredient per acre
Problem--A local expert recommends you apply 1/2 pound active ingredient
per acre. You have a 4E on hand which contains 4 pounds of active
ingredient per gallon formulation. Your sprayer holds 40 gallons and applies
6 gallons per acre. How much 4E is needed per tank to apply 1/2 pound
active ingredient per acre?
4 pounds active ingredient per gallon = 4 pounds per 4 quarts = 1 pound
per 1 quart = 1/2 pound per 1 pint
40 gallons per tank x 1 pint of 4E per acre = 6 2/3
6 gallons per acre pints per
tank
D. Percentage mixing
1. Formula
(NOTE: It is not necessary to memorize this formula.)
Gallons of spray wanted x % active ingredient x 8.3 pounds per
gallons water
Pounds of active ingredient per gallon of concentrate x 100
2. Problem-A local expert tells you to apply a 0.5% spray. You
already own a 25% EC (2 pounds pesticide per gallon formulation)
which must be mixed with water and you need 100 gallons of
spray
100 gallons x 0.5% x 8.3#/gal = 2.07 or 2 gallons
2 pounds EC x 100
(NOTE: If the EC was to be mixed with oil or kerosene, you
would have used 6.6 pounds per gallon not 8.3 pounds per gallon.)
XIV. Liquid and volume measures
A. 1 gallon of water = 8.3 pounds (approx)
(NOTE: One gallon of kerosene weighs 6.6 Ibs.)
B. 100 gallons of water = 830 pounds (approx)
C. 1 pound = 16 ounces = 453.6 grams
D. 1 pint = 16 fluid ounces = 473 milliliters
289
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
E. 1 quart = 2 pints = 32 fluid ounces = 946 milliliters = .946 liters
F. 1 pound wettable power per 100 gallons = 1 tablespoon per gallon (approx)
G. 1 pint emulsifiable concentrate per 100 gallons = 1 teaspoon per gallon
(approx)
(NOTE: Instructor may want to add additional measures.)
290
-------
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295
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FORMULATION AND APPLICATION
UNIT VIM
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1-CALCULATE SPRAY MATERIALS USING
WETTABLE POWDER
Calculate the problems below and show your work.
1. How much wettable powder is needed to make 200 gallons of spray if
recommended rate is 3 pounds per 50 gallons of water?
2. How many pounds of wettable powder is needed to make 100 gallons of spray
if 3 pounds of 60% wettable powder is needed per acre and your sprayer applies
25 gallons per acre?
3. A farmer wants to spray a field of corn. The recommended strength of the
spray is 0.5%. The wettable powder recommended is 50% and the spray tank
holds 150 gallons. How much 50% WP is required for this mix?
Gallons of spray wanted x % active ingredient needed x 8.3 pounds/gallon
% active ingredient in pesticide used
297
-------
FORMULATION AND APPLICATION
UNIT VIII
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2--CALCULATE SPRAY MATERIALS
USING EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE
Calculate the problems below and show your work.
1. How many quarts of 6E is needed to mix 40 gallons if recommended amount
is 2 quarts per acre and your sprayer applies 4 gallons per acre?
2. How many pints of SEC is needed for 400 gallons of spray if recommended
rate is 1/2 pint per 100 gallons of water?
3. A farmer wants to mix 200 gallons of 0.3% spray using 50% emulsifiable
concentrate (4 pounds pesticide per gallon). How many gallons of concentrate
will be needed?
Gallons of spray wanted x % active ingredient x 8.3 pounds per gallon
Pounds of active ingredient per gallon of concentrate x 100
299
-------
FORMULATION AND APPLICATION
UNIT VIII
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3--INTERPRET PESTICIDE LABELS
AS TO FORMULATION AND MIXING
Read the labels provided on the following pages and answer the questions below.
1. Using the De Metho label, answer the questions below.
a. What type of formulation is De Metho?
b. What is the symbol for the formulation?
c. Does this formulation go on as is or must it be diluted? If diluted, with
what?
d. How many pounds per gallon of this formulation is active ingredient
(methomyl)?
e. How would you prepare the spray mix using this formulation?
f. Your tank holds 200 gallons and you want to spray your chrysanthemums
which have a severe infestation of cabbage looper.
1) How many pints of De Metho are needed per 100 gallons?
2) How much pesticide would you put into your tank?
g. A local expert recommends that in your area you need a 0.1% spray for
cabbage loopers attacking your potatoes. Using the following formula,
calculate how many gallons of De Metho you need for 200 gallons of 0.1%
spray.
Gallons of spray wanted x % active ingredient wanted x
8.3 pounds/gallon
Pounds of active ingredient per gallon of concentrate x 100
301
-------
2. Using the No-Disease label, answer the questions below.
a. What type of formulation is No-Disease?
b. What is the symbol for this formulation?
c. How many pounds of active ingredient (benomyl) are in the formulation?
d. Does this formulation go on as is or must it be diluted?
e. How do you prepare the spray mix using this formulation?
f. Your tank holds 400 gallons and applies 40 gallons per acre. You want
to spray your snapbeans for an expected severe infestation of white rot.
1) What rate would you use?
2} How many acres can your sprayer cover before having to refill?
3) How much would you put into your tank?
g. A local expert recommends that you need 1/8 pound active ingredient per
acre to get good control of powdery mildew on your melons. Your sprayer
holds 400 gallons and applies 40 gallons per acre. How much pesticide would
you add to the tank?
3. Using the Anti-Weed label, answer the following questions.
a. What formulation is Anti-Weed?
b. What is the symbol for this formulation?
c. Does this go on as is or must it be diluted?
d. How many pounds of actual ingredient per 50 pounds of Anti-Weed?
e. How would you prepare this formulation in a mix?
302
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3
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304
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3
Meed
FOR WEED CONTROL
IN CORN
Active Ingredients:
Atrazine: 2-chloro-
4-Ethylamino-6-
isopropylamino-
s-triazine . . . 20.0%
Inert Ingredients: 80.0%
Total:
100.0%
50
Pounds
NET WEIGHT
Anti-Weed 20G is a
granular herbicide
Warning
Keep out of reach of
children. See addition-
al warning statements
on back of bag.
EPA Est. No. 1352-WV-1
EPA Reg. No. 1352-519
KILDEJID
Chemical Company
Chemical City, West Virginia
305
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #3
DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND
WARRANTY
IMPORTANT: Read the entire Directions For Use and the Con-
ditions Ol Sale And Warranty before using this product
Conditions Of Sale And Warranty
The Directions For Use of this product reflect the opinion of ex-
perts based on field use and tests. The directions are believed
to be reliable and should be followed carefully. However, it is
impossible to eliminate all risks inherently associated with use
of this product Crop injury, ineffectiveness or other unintended
consequences may result because of such factors as weather
conditions, presence of other materials or the manner of use or
application all of which are beyond the control of Kill-Dead
orthe Seller. All such risks shall be assumed by the Buyer
Kill-Dead warrants that this product conforms to the chemi-
cal description on the label and is reasonably fit for the pur-
poses referred to in the Directions For Use, subject to the
inherent risks referred to above Kill-Dead makes no other
express or Implied warranty of Fitness or Merchantability or
any other express or Implied warranty. In no case shall
Kill-Dead or the Seller be liable for consequential, special
or indirect damages resulting from the use or handling of this
product Kill-Dead and the Seller offer this product and the
Buyer and user accept it, subject to the foregoing Conditions
Of Sale And Warranty which may be varied only by agreement
in writing signed by a duly authorized representative of Kill-
Dead Chemical Company.
General Information
Anti-Weed will control most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
in field corn, silage corn and sweet corn It should be applied
prior to weed and crop emergence
Since Anti-Weed acts mainly through root absorption, its effec-
tiveness depends on rainfall or irrigation to move it into the root
zone Best results are obtained when moisture occurs within 10
days after application Should moisture not occur within this
period or should weeds develop, a shallow cultivation or rotary
hoeing will generally result in better weed control
Anti-Wee'd is noncorrosive to equipment and metal surfaces,
nonflammable and has low electrical conductivity
Care should be taken to avoid using Anti-Weed where adjacent
desirable trees, shrubs or plants might be injured
Store Anti-Weed in a dry place
Application Instructions
Broadcast or Overall Treatment
Use broadcast applicators or fertilizer spreaders that can apply
small amounts of granules evenly
Band Treatment
Use applicators designed for this purpose Calculate the amount
of granules per acre needed for band treatment as follows
Ibs /Acre
Band Width in Inches Recommended _ Anti-Weed
Inches Between Crop Rows
Broadcast Rate ~ for Band
Treatment
Range of Rates In each case where a range of rates is given,
the lower rate should be used on soils low in organic matter
and the higher rate should be used on soils high in organic
matter
Directions tor Use
Anti-Weed controls most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
such as:
Giant Foxtail Fall Panicum Mustard
Green Foxtail Annual Mornmgglory Pigweed
Yellow Foxtail Cocklebur Ragweed
Barnyardgrass Sandbur Smartweed
(Watergrass) Jimsonweed Sunflower
Crabgrass Lambsquarters Velvetleaf
Anti-Weed will not control perennial weeds such as.
Johnsongrass Field Bindweed Canada Thistle Bull Nettle
Apply Anti-Weed at planting behind the press wheel or imme-
diately after planting prior to emergence of either crop or weeds.
See table below for recommended rates.
Soil
Light soils Sands, loamy sands, and
sandy loams
Medium to heavy soils including the
dark prairie soils in the Corn Belt • •
Rate per acre of Anti-Weed
Broadcast
15 Ibs
225-
30 Ibs
*For calculation of band treatment rate, see Application
Instructions Section
** Anti-Weed should not be used on high organic soils such as
peat and muck
Suggestions tor Crop Rotations
1) Corn may be replanted at any time following application of
Anti-Weed 2) Sorghum may be seeded in all areas the spring
following application of the granules 3) Soybeans may be
seeded in Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa and Southeastern
Minnesota and areas east of these states the spring following
applications made not later than June 1 of the previous year
Precautions: 1) Do not plant sugar beets, tobacco, vegetables
(including dry beans) spring-seeded small grains or small-
seeded legumes and grasses the year following Anti-Weed
application or injury may occur 2) Following harvest of a treated
crop, plow (moldboard or disk-plow) and thoroughly till the
soil in the fall or spring to minimize possible injury to rotational
spring-seeded crops 3) Injury to rotational crops following
application may occur on eroded hillsides, alkali outcroppings,
gravelly areas and on soils in general with pH near or exceeding
75 4) Do not graze treated area or feed treated forage to live-
stock for 21 days following application
Warning
Keep out of reach of children
Irritating to skin, eyes, nose and throat May be harmful if swal-
lowed May cause allergic skin reaction Do not get in eyes, on
skin or on clothing Avoid breathing dust Do not take internally
While handling, wear rubber gloves In case of contact, flush skin
or eyes with plenty of water, for eyes, get medical attention
Launder clothing before reuse Avoid contamination of seed,
feed and foodstuffs
This product is toxic to fish. Keep out of lakes, ponds and
streams
Do not reuse container Destroy when empty.
306
-------
FORMULATION AND APPLICATION
UNIT VIM
TEST
1. Match the terms on the right to the correct definitions.
a. Area, building, plant, or animal to be
treated with pesticide in order to protect
it from or reach the target pest
b. Pesticide as it sold before diluting;
usually contains a large amount of active
ingredient
_c. Pest to be controlled with a pesticide
_d. Mixture of one or more active
ingredients with other materials needed
to make a pesticide easy to store, handle,
dilute, and apply
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Formulation
Target
Site
Compatible
Concentrate
Solvent
Solution
_e. Able to be combined with other
pesticides and applied as a mixture
without reducing their effectiveness
f. Mixture made by dissolving a substance
in a liquid; mixture will not separate or
settle out in normal use
g. Liquid such as water, kerosene, or
alcohol that a pesticide or other
substance will dissolve in and form a
solution
309
-------
2. Match the types of pesticide formulations on the right to the correct descriptions.
a. Dry preparation which may contain a
fairly high concentration (15%-95%) of
active ingredient and is mixed with water
to form a suspension when applied
_b. Dry preparation which contains a fairly
high concentration (15% - 95%) of active
ingredient that dissolves in water to form
a solution for application
c. Active ingredient in the form of a gas
or liquid which becomes a gas when
applied and reaches the target as a gas
d. Finely ground ready-to-use dry mixture
combining a small amount of active
ingredient with an inert carrier such as
talc, clay, or volcanic ash
e. Very finely ground solid material which
is suspended in a liquid; usually contains
a high concentration or large amount of
the active ingredient and is mixed with
water when applied
f. Food or other attractive substance
mixed with an active ingredient that will
attract and be eaten by pests and cause
their death
_g. Ready-to-use dry mixture of a small
amount of active ingredient and inert
carriers with all particles larger than dust
particles
_h. Solution which may contain pure active
ingredient; usually used without dilution
i. Solution which contains a high
concentration or large amount of active
ingredient which should be mixed with
water; may contain from one to several
pounds of active ingredient per gallon of
concentrate
J. Solution which contains a low
concentration or small amount of active
ingredient in a highly refined oil or other
solvent
1. Dust (D)
2. Fumigant
3. Wettable powder
(WP or W)
4. Soluble powder
(SP)
5. Emulsifiable
concentrate
solution
(EC or E)
6. Ultra-low
volume
concentrate
solution (ULV)
7. Flowable (F)
8. Granule (G)
9. Low
concentrate
solution (S) ..
«•
10. Poisonous
bait (B)
310
-------
List two factors an applicator must consider when selecting a formulation.
a.
b.
Match the methods of pesticide application on the right to the correct
descriptions.
a. Complete or partial immersion of a
plant, animal, or object in a pesticide
b. Application to a small area
c. Aiming the pesticide at a portion of a
plant, animal, or structure
d. Application to the soil followed by use
of tillage implements to mix the
pesticide with the soil
e. Saturation of the soil with a pesticide
or oral treatment of an animal
f. Application along the side of a crop row
g. Application to the leaves of a plant,
shrub, or tree
h. Pouring the pesticide along the midline
of the backs of livestock
i. Application to a strip or band over or
along each crop row
j. Application over the top of the growing
plant
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Band
Broadcast
Dip
Directed
Drench
Foliar
In-furrow
Over-the-top
Pour-on
Sidedress
Soil
incorporation
Spot
treatment
k. Uniform application to
specified area
an entire
I. Application to or in a furrow in which
a crop is planted
Discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and principal uses of the following
formulations.
Formulation
a. Dust
b. Emulsifiable
concentrate
c. Wettable
powder
Advantages
Disadvantages
Principle Uses
311
-------
6. Select from the list below the best time to mix pesticides by placing an "X1
in the blank.
a. 24 hours before using
b. 48 hours before using
c. Immediately before using
d. 6 weeks before using
7. List in the proper sequence the procedure for mixing wettable powders.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g-
8. List in the proper sequence the procedure for mixing emulsifiable concentrates.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
9. List three safety precautions to observe when mixing and handling pesticides.
a.
b.
c.
312
-------
10. Describe the importance of drift control.
11. List two factors to consider in determining the application rate.
a.
b.
12. Calculate the following problem to determine the amount of wettable powder
to use. Use the following formula and show your work.
Gals of spray needed x % active ingredient wanted x 8.3# per gallon of water
% active ingredient in pesticide used
Problem: A local expert recommended using a 0.2% spray. You have on hand
a 50% wettable powder of the right pesticide and you need 75 gallons of the
spray. How much pesticide is needed?
313
-------
13. Calculate the problem below determining the amount of emulsifiable concentrate
to use. Show your work.
Problem: The label recommends using 3 pints per acre of 6E. Your sprayer
holds 60 gallons and applies 6 gallons per acre. How much 6E is needed?
14. Complete the following chart of liquid and volume measures.
a. 1 gallon of water = pounds (approx)
b. 1 pint = fluid ounces = 473 milliliters
c. 1 quart = pints = 32 fluid ounces = 946 milliliters
d. 1 pound wettable powder per 100 gallons = tablespoon per
gallon (approx)
15. Interpret the De Weed label provided on page 316 and answer the questions
below.
a. What is the type of formulation?
b. What is the symbol for the formulation?
c. With what do you dilute this formulation?
d. How many pounds of active ingredient are in this formulation?
314
-------
e. Your sprayer holds 300 gallons and applies 30 gallons per acre. You have
quack grass in your blueberries and want to make one application to get
rid of it.
1) How many acres can your sprayer cover without having to refill?
2) What dose (rate) would you use?
3) How much pesticide would you measure into your tank?
315
-------
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EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
UNIT IX
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to identify types of equipment
used to apply pesticides, describe the procedure for calibrating the equipment, and calculate
problems involving calibration. This knowledge will be evidenced through demonstration
and by scoring eighty-five percent on the unit test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Match terms associated with pesticide equipment and their uses to the
correct definitions.
2. Identify types of pesticide application equipment.
3. List types of support equipment needed for application of pesticide.
4. Discuss in a short paragraph the importance of choosing the proper
equipment when applying pesticides.
5. Complete a chart listing the advantages and disadvantages of common types
of application equipment.
6. List safety precautions to observe when cleaning and storing equipment
after use.
7. Match types of nozzles to the correct descriptions.
8. Tell why it is important to calibrate equipment.
9. Describe the procedure for calibrating pesticide application equipment by
arithmetic calculation.
10. Calculate problems involving pesticide equipment calibration.
321
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EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
UNIT IX
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information and assignment sheets.
C. Make transparencies.
D. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
E. Discuss information and assignment sheets.
(NOTE: Instructors may want to provide additional assignment sheets using
labels common to the local community. Assignment Sheet #2 is optional
and should be completed only if nomographs are used in the local
community.)
F. Borrow equipment from local dealers or farms and allow student to practice
calibrating equipment using any method.
(CAUTION: Use water, not pesticides.)
G. Survey farms and determine which types of equipment are used most often
in your area. Discuss why.
H. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read objective sheet.
B. Read and study information sheet.
C. Complete assignment sheets.
D. Take test.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
323
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III. Transparency masters
A. TM 1--Types of Pesticide Application Equipment
B. TM 2--Types of Pesticide Application Equipment (Continued)
C. TM 3-Types of Pesticide Application Equipment (Continued)
D. TM 4-Types of Nozzles
E. TM 5--Sprayer Calibration Nomograph
IV. Assignment sheets
A. Assignment Sheet #1-Calculate Problems Involving Pesticide Equipment
Calibration
B. Assignment Sheet #2--Calculate Problems Using Nomograph
V. Answers to assignment sheets
VI. Test
VII. Answers to test
324
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EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
UNIT IX
INFORMATION SHEET
Terms and definitions
A. Dilute-To make a pesticide thinner or weaker by adding water, oil, or other
materials
B. Concentrate-Pesticide as it is sold before diluting; usually contains a large
amount of the active ingredient
C. Diluent-Liquid or dust used to water down or weaken a concentrated
pesticide
D. Formulation-Mixture of one or more active ingredients with other materials
needed to make it easy to store, handle, dilute, and apply
E. Target-Pest intended to be controlled with pesticide
F. Site-Area, building, plant, or animal to be treated with the pesticide in
order to protect it from or reach a target pest
G. Compatible-Able to be combined with other pesticides and applied as a
mixture without reducing their effectiveness
H. Adjuvant (additive)-Substance added to the pesticide formulation or tank
mix to make the active ingredient work better
Examples: Wetting agent, spreaders, adhesive, emulsifying agent,
penetrant
I. Calibration-Measurement of how much pesticide will be applied by the
equipment to the site; measurement of the delivery rate
Types of pesticide application equipment (Transparencies 1, 2, and 3)
A. Hand sprayer
B. Low pressure field sprayer
C. High pressure field sprayer
D. Air blast sprayer or mist blower
E. Ultra-low volume sprayer
325
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INFORMATION SHEET
F. Hand duster
G. Power duster
H. Granular applicator
I. Fumigant applicator
J. Aerosol generator
K. Fogger
L. Aerosol bomb
M. Back rubber
N. Dust bag
0. Dipping vat
P. Airplane
Q. Paintbrush
III. Support equipment
(NOTE: Support equipment is used in addition to application equipment.
A. Filler pump
B. Tank truck
C. Nurse or mixing tank
D. Front-end loader
E. Tractor
IV. Importance of choosing proper equipment
A. Saves time
B. Saves money
C. Provides more thorough application
D. Applies pesticides correctly
326
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INFORMATION SHEET
V. Advantages and disadvantages of application equipment
EQUIPMENT
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
A. Aerosol (bomb and generator)
B. Duster (hand and power)
Penetrates cracks and crevices;
usually reaches all pests within
the area; area can be used soon
after treatment by ventilating
No deposit, therefore reaches
only the pests in the area
during application; difficult
to get long term control;
special pesticide formulation
necessary; drift hazard
Lightweight; inexpensive;
requires no water
Drift hazard; high cost
of pesticide; hard to
control amount of
application; must calibrate
for each product
C. Back rubber (rubbing post,
dust bag)
D. Granular applicator
Can work over a long period of
time; relatively inexpensive;
portable
Livestock only; cannot
control amount of
application; all animals
may not use applicator
Lightweight; no water needed;
often used in fertilizer
spreader or seeder
High cost of pesticide;
limited foliar use; must
calibrate for each size
of granule
E. Hand sprayer
Economical; simple; easy to
use and clean
Not practical for large
areas; lacks agitation;
wettable powder may clog
nozzles
F. Air-blast sprayer
Good coverage and penetration;
low pressure pump; mechanical
agitation
Drift hazard; chance of
overdose; difficult to use
in small areas; hard to
confine discharge to a
limited target
G. Low pressure field sprayer
H. High pressure field sprayer
Low cost; lightweight; versatile;
covers large areas rapidly
Low volume output limits
pesticide penetration;
agitation is limited
Well-built; long life; usually has
mechanical agitation; very versatile
Expensive; requires large
amounts of water, power,
and fuel; heavy tire loads;
drift hazard
I. Ultra-low volume sprayer
No water is needed; equal
control with less pesticide
Does not provide for
thorough wetting; hazard
in using high concentrations;
chance of overdose; small
numbers of pesticides can
be used
327
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INFORMATION SHEET
VI. Safety precautions when cleaning and storing equipment
A. Wear protective clothing and equipment as called for on the label
B. Follow ALL safety precautions stated on the label
C. Check equipment for leaks
D. Use all of the pesticide mix in the sprayer
E. Wash equipment before storing
F. Release pressure
G. Wash out tank and flush nozzles with clean water; dispose of residue
properly
VII. Types of nozzles (Transparency 4)
A. Solid stream-Compact jet used in handguns to spray a distant target or
fixed to apply a narrow band or to inject into the soil
B. Regular flat fan-Narrow oval pattern with lighter edges; used for broadcast
spraying
C. Flooding flat fan-Wide angle spray pattern; used for broadcast spraying
D. Even flat fan-Uniform pattern across its width; used for band spraying
E. Hollow cone-Circular pattern with little or no spray in the center; used
for spraying foliage
F. Solid (full) cone-Circular pattern; used for spraying foliage
G. Broadcast-Wide flat fan pattern; used for boomless sprayers or to extend
the effective width on the end of the boom
VIII. Importance of calibrating equipment
A. Obtain desired control
B. Practice good economics
C. Apply proper dosage of the pesticide
(NOTE: Avoid overdosing.)
328
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INFORMATION SHEET
IX. Procedure for calibrating equipment
(NOTE: One can calibrate several ways, with or without arithmetic or by using
a nomograph. A nomograph is a carefully plotted chart used to determine the
missing factor.)
A. Measurement method
1. Measure off an acre (100 feet x 436 feet)
2. Fill tank with water
3. Spray the acre
4. Refill tank to determine amount used
Example: 10 gallons to refill; application rate is 10 gallons
per acre
(NOTE: This tells you how much of the mixture you would
apply.)
5. Read label to determine mixing rate
B. Arithmetic calibration
1. Determine pumping rate
a. Fill spray tank completely full of water
b. Put vehicle in neutral at the throttle setting (rpm) desired
c. Open the spray valve and pump for a predetermined time
d. Close valve, shut down the equipment, and measure the
amount of water needed to refill the tank
e. Divide the number of gallons by time to get pumping rate
Example: 10 gallons needed to refill tank = 2 gal/min
5 minutes pumping rate
2. Determine gallons per acre
a. Determine the number of feet the sprayer moves in one
minute at the desired speed and throttle
b. Measure the width of the sprayer boom
329
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INFORMATION SHEET
c. Determine the pumping rate
d. Figure the area that the sprayer covered in one minute
(distance traveled x boom width)
(NOTE: One mile per hour equals 88 feet per minute.)
Example: 440 feet traveled in one minute x 20 feet
boom width = 8800 square feet covered per
minute
e. Figure how many minutes it would take to spray one acre
(divide 43,560 by the area covered in one minute)
(NOTE: One acre equals 43,560 square feet.)
Example: 43,560 square feet4-8800 square feet =
4.95 minutes or 5 minutes per acre
f. Figure the amount of spray pumped per acre (pumping rate
x number of minutes per acre)
Example: 2 gallons per minute x 5 minutes per acre
= 10 gallons per acre
C. Use of nomograph (Transparency 5)
(NOTE: This method is not used in all areas of the country.)
Example: Sprayer ground speed is 4 mph, nozzle spacing is 20 inches,
and desired application rate is 20 gal/acre
Solution: Using a straightedge, draw a line from 4 mph on
the "speed line" through 20 inches on "nozzle spacing line"
and locate point where line intercepts "pivot line". Now
draw a line through intercept point on "pivot line" and
through 20 gal/acre on "application rate line" and locate
point where line intercepts "calibration check line". Read
either 35 oz/min or 0.27 gal/min. Select nozzle size to give
0.27 gal/min at desired pressure. Adjust pressure regulator
to give a flow rate of 35 oz/min from each nozzle.
330
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-------
EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
UNIT IX
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1-CALCULATE PROBLEMS INVOLVING
PESTICIDE EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION
Read the labels provided on the following pages. Determine the amount of pesticide to
use and the type of equipment to use to make an application by answering the questions
below.
1. Equipment
a. What equipment would you use to apply De Metho?
b. What equipment would you use to apply No-Disease?
c. What equipment would you use to apply Anti-Weed?
2. Amounts of pesticide to use
(NOTE: Show your work.)
a. Your sprayer pumps 15 gallons in 5 minutes. What is the pumping rate?
b. You have determined that at the speed and throttle setting you intend
to use, your sprayer moves at 528 feet per minute. (6 mph = 528 feet
per minute or 1 mph = 88 feet per minute). The sprayer boom covers
a space of 15 feet wide. How many square feet does your sprayer cover
in one minute?
341
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c. One acre = 43,560 square feet. How many minutes would it take to spray
one acre?
d. How much spray does your sprayer pump per acre?
e. Using the following facts, determine the pumping rate, speed sprayer travels
per minute, time to cover one acre, amount of spray pumped per acre.
FACTS:
10 gallons of spray in five minutes
Spray boom width = 25 feet
Sprayer moves at 5 miles per hour
One mph = 88 feet per minute
One acre = 43,560 square feet
ANSWER:
1) Pumping rate
2) Speed sprayer travels per minute
3) Time to cover one acre
4) Amount of spray pumped per acre
342
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
FOR WEED CONTROL
IN CORN
Active Ingredients:
Atrazine: 2-chloro-
4-Ethylamino-6-
isopropylamino-
s-triazine . . . 20.0%
Inert Ingredients: 80.0%
Total:
100.0%
50
Pounds
NET WEIGHT
Anti-Weed 20G is a
granular herbicide
Warning
Keep out of reach of
children. See addition-
al warning statements
on back of bag.
EPA Est. No. 1352-WV-1
EPA Reg. No. 1352-519
mm
Chemical Company
Chemical City, West Virginia
345
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ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND
WARRANTY
IMPORTANT: Read the entire Directions For Use and the Con-
ditions O1 Sal* And Warranty before using this product
Conditions Of Sale And Warranty
The Directions For Use of this product reflect the opinion of ex-
perts based on field use and tests. The directions are believed
to be reliable and should be followed carefully However, it is
impossible to eliminate all risks inherently associated with use
of this product Crop injury, ineffectiveness or other unintended
consequences may result because of such factors as weather
conditions, presence of other materials or the manner of use or
application all of which are beyond the control of Kill-Dead
or the Seller. All such risks shall be assumed by the Buyer
Kill-Dead warrants that this product conforms to the chemi-
cal description on the label and is reasonably fit for the pur-
poses referred to in the Directions For Use, subject to the
inherent risks referred to above Kill-Dead makes no other
express or Implied warranty of Fitness or Merchantability or
any other express or Implied warranty. In no case shall
Kill-Dead or the Seller be liable for consequential, special
or mdirecl damages resulting from the use or handling of this
product Kill-Dead and the Seller offer this product and the
Buyer and user accept it, subject to the foregoing Conditions
Of Sale And Warranty which may be varied only by agreement
in writing signed by a duly authorized representative of Kill-
Dead Chemical Company.
General Information
Anti-Weed will control most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
in field corn, silage corn and sweet corn It should be applied
prior to weed and crop emergence
Since Anti-Weed acts mainly through root absorption, its effec-
tiveness depends on rainfall or irrigation to move it into the root
zone Best results are obtained when moisture occurs within 10
days after application Should moisture not occur within this
period or should weeds develop, a shallow cultivation or rotary
hoeing will generally result in better weed control
Anti-Weed is noncorrosive to equipment and metal surfaces,
nonflammable and has low electrical conductivity
Care should betaken to avoid using Anti-Weed where adjacent
desirable trees, shrubs or plants might be injured
Store Ant'-Weed in a dry place
Application Instructions
Broadcast or Overall Treatment
Use broadcast applicators or fertilizer spreaders that can apply
small amounts of granules evenly
Band Treatment
Use applicators designed for this purpose Calculate the amount
of granules per acre needed for band treatment as follows:
Ibs /Acre
Band Width in Inches Recommended Anti-Weed
Inches Between Crop Rows Broadcast Rate ~ for Band
Treatment
Range of Rates' In each case where a range of rates is given,
the lower rate should be used on soils low in organic matter
and the higher rate should be used on soils high in organic
matter
Directions tor Use
Anti-Weed controls most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
such as:
Giant Foxtail Fall Panicum Mustard
Green Foxtail Annual Mornmgglory Pigweed
Yellow Foxtail Cocklebur Ragweed
Barnyardgrass Sandbur Smartweed
(Watergrass) Jimsonweed Sunflower
Crabgrass Lambsquarters Velvetleaf
Anti-Weed will not control perennial weeds such as.
Johnsongrass Field Bindweed Canada Thistle Bull Nettle
Apply Anti-Weed at planting behind the press wheel or imme-
diately after planting prior to emergence of either crop or weeds
See table below for recommended rates.
Soil
Light soils Sands, loamy sands, and
sandy loams
Medium to heavy soils including the
dark prairie soils in the Corn Belt • •
Rate per acre ot Anti-Weed
Broadcast
15 Ibs
225-
30 Ibs
*For calculation of band treatment rate, see Application
Instructions Section
** Anti-Weed should not be used on high organic soils such as
peat and muck
Suggestions lor Crop Rotations
1) Corn maybe replanted at any time following application of
Anti-Weed . 2) Sorghum may be seeded in all areas the spring
following application of the granules 3) Soybeans may be
seeded in Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa and Southeastern
Minnesota and areas east of these states the spring following
applications made not later than June 1 of the previous year
Precautions: 1) Do not plant sugar beets, tobacco, vegetables
(including dry beans), spring-seeded small grains or small-
seeded legumes and grasses the year following Anti-Weed
application or injury may occur 2) Following harvest of a treated
crop, plow (moldboard or disk-plow) and thoroughly till the
soil in the fall or spring to minimize possible injury to rotational
spring-seeded crops 3) Injury to rotational crops following
application may occur on eroded hillsides, alkali outcroppings,
gravelly areas and on soils in general with pH near or exceeding
75 4) Do not graze treated area or feed treated forage to live-
stock for 21 days following application
Warning
Keep out of reach of children
Irritating to skin, eyes, nose and throat May be harmful if swal-
lowed May cause allergic skin reaction Do not get in eyes, on
skin or on clothing Avoid breathing dust. Do not take internally
While handling, wear rubber gloves. In case of contact, flush skin
or eyes with plenty of water, for eyes, get medical attention.
Launder clothing before reuse. Avoid contamination of seed,
feed and foodstuffs
This product is toxic to fish Keep out of lakes, ponds and
streams.
Do not reuse container. Destroy when empty
346
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EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
UNIT IX
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2--CALCULATE PROBLEMS USING NOMOGRAPH
Use the nomograph provided on the following page to calculate the problems below:
1. A broadcast sprayer has a 20 inch nozzle spacing. A check of the nozzles shows
each one puts out 28 ounces per minute. How fast would you have to drive
to apply 15 gallons per acre?
2. Rows are 40 inches apart. You want to spray a 14 inch band at 5 miles per
hour and with an equivalent broadcast rate of 25 gallons per acre. How many
ounces per minute would be applied?
3. You want to spray a broadcast rate of 25 gallons per acre at a speed of 3.5
miles per hour. The nozzles are spaced 20 inches apart on the boom. What
should be the flow rate for each nozzle?
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2
SPRAYER CALIBRATION NOMOGRAPH
CALIBRATION
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EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
UNIT IX
TEST
1.
Match the terms on the right to the correct definitions.
a. Mixture of one or more active
ingredients with other materials needed
to make it easy to store, handle, dilute,
and apply
b. To make a pesticide thinner or weaker
by adding water, oil, or other materials
c. Measurement of how much pesticide will
be applied by the equipment to the site;
measurement of the delivery rate
d. Pest intended to be controlled with
pesticide
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Dilute
Concentrate
Diluent
Formulation
Target
Site
Compatible
Adjuvant
(additive)
e. Pesticide as it is sold before diluting;
usually contains a large amount of the
active ingredient
9. Calibration
f. Able to be combined with other
pesticides and applied as a mixture
without reducing their effectiveness
g. Liquid or dust used to water down or
weaken a concentrated pesticide
_h. Substance added to the pesticide
formulation or tank mix to make the
active ingredient work better
Area, building, plant, or animal to be
treated with the pesticide in order to
protect it from or reach a target pest
353
-------
2. Identify the following types of pesticide application equipment by writing the
correct names in the blanks.
3. List three types of support equipment needed for application of pesticide.
a.
b.
c.
354
-------
4. Discuss in a short paragraph the importance of choosing the proper equipment
when applying pesticides.
5.
Complete the following chart.
Equipment
Advantages
Disadvantages
High pressure
field sprayer
Low pressure
field sprayer
Granular
applicator
355
-------
List five safety precautions to observe when cleaning and storing equipment after
use.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Match the types of nozzles on the right to the correct
1.
2.
_a. Circular pattern; used for spraying
foliage
_b. Wide flat fan pattern; used for boom less
sprayers or to extend the effective width
on the end of the boom
_c. Uniform pattern across its width; used
for band spraying
_d. Circular pattern with little or no spray
in the center; used for spraying foliage
_e. Wide angle spray pattern; used for
broadcast spraying
_f. Narrow oval pattern with lighter edges;
used for broadcast spraying
_g. Compact jet used in handguns to spray
a distant target or fixed to apply a
narrow band or to inject into the soil
8. Tell why it is important to calibrate equipment.
a.
b.
c.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
descriptions.
Broadcast
Flooding
flat fan
Hollow cone
Solid (full)
cone
Solid stream
Regular
flat fan
Even flat
fan
356
-------
9. Describe the procedure for calibrating pesticide application equipment by
arithmetic calculation.
357
-------
10. Calculate the problems below and show your work.
a. What type of equipment would you use to apply De Weed?
(NOTE: Refer to the label on the following page.)
b. Calibration
FACTS:
One acre = 43,560 square feet
One mile per hour = 88 feet per minute
Spray boom width = 20 feet
Speed sprayer travels = 5 mph
Sprayer pumps = 15 gallons in 5 minutes
1) What is the pumping rate?
2) How many feet per minute does your sprayer travel?
3) How many square feet does your sprayer cover in one minute?
4) How many minutes would it take to spray one acre?
5) How much spray do you pump per acre?
358
-------
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359
-------
DISPOSAL AND STORAGE
UNIT X
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to discuss proper methods for
disposing of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. The student should be able to
name safety considerations when disposing and storing pesticides and pesticide containers,
name steps to follow when rinsing pesticide containers, and interpret labels. This knowledge
will be evidenced through demonstration and by scoring eighty-five percent on the unit
test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Match terms associated with disposal and storage to the correct definitions.
2. Name the classifications for disposal of empty pesticide containers.
3. Name steps to follow when rinsing pesticide containers.
4. Name methods for disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers.
5. Discuss in a short paragraph the proper method for disposing of surplus
pesticides.
6. Name safety considerations when disposing of pesticides and pesticide
containers.
7. Name requirements of a storage area.
8. Discuss in a short paragraph factors to consider in selecting a storage area.
9. Discuss in a short paragraph procedures for handling damaged containers
in the storage area.
10. Name factors to consider when arranging pesticide containers within the
storage area.
11. Name the reason for storing herbicides separately.
12. Interpret labels correctly by answering questions related to disposal and
storage.
365
-------
DISPOSAL AND STORAGE
UNIT X
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information and assignment sheets.
C. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
D. Make transparencies.
E. Discuss information and assignment sheets.
F. Take field trip to see a good storage area. Inspect the school's pesticide
storage area. What improvements could be made?
G. Secure resource person to come to class and talk about qualifications of
disposal of pesticides and/or pesticide containers at local landfill.
H. Ask a local firechief to talk to class about pesticide fire hazards and
precautions.
I. Ask students to plan a good storage area or critique pictures of other storage
areas.
J. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read objective sheet.
B. Study information sheet.
C. Complete assignment sheet.
D. Go on field trip to see a storage area.
E. Take test.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
367
-------
III. Transparency masters
A. TM 1--Container Classification
B. TM 2-Rinsing Drums
C. TM 3--Disposal of Containers
D. TM 4-Storage Area
IV. Assignment Sheet #1--Interpret Labels
V. Answers to assignment sheet
VI. Test
VII. Answers to test
368
-------
DISPOSAL AND STORAGE
UNIT X
INFORMATION SHEET
I. Terms and definitions
A. Disposal-Act or process of correctly discarding pesticides and pesticide
containers; can include recycling, deposit-return, reuse, or burning
B. Downwind-Side towards which the prevailing wind is blowing
C. Encapsulation-Method of disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers by
sealing them in sturdy, waterproof, chemical-proof container which is then
sealed in thick plastic, steel, or concrete to resist damage or breakage
(NOTE: The whole package is then usually buried in an area where water
could not be contaminated even if leakage occurs.)
D. Herbicide-Pesticide that is used to control unwanted plants
E. Incinerator-Special high-heat furnace or burner which reduces everything
to nontoxic ash and gas
F. Soil injection-Method of disposal of pesticides by putting them within the
plow layer of soil by usual tillage practices
G. Monitoring system-Regular system of keeping track of and checking up
on whether or not pesticides are escaping into the environment
H. Original container-Package (bag, can, or bottle) in which a pesticide is sold
(NOTE: The package must have a label telling what the pesticide is, how
to use it correctly and safely, and how to safely dispose of the empty
container.)
I. Pollute-To make unclean or unsafe
J. Diluent-Liquid, such as water, kerosene, alcohol, or dust, which "waters
down" or weakens a concentrated pesticide
K. Contaminate-Pollute or make unfit for use
L. Sensitive-Easily injured
369
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
II. Classifications for disposal of empty pesticide containers (Transparency 1)
A. Burnable containers
(NOTE: Small quantities, usually the amount emptied in one day, of paper
and cardboard pesticide containers may be burned if local laws allow burning
in your area.)
(CAUTION: Before burning check local, state, and federal regulations.)
B. Nonburnable containers
(NOTE: These are usually metal, glass, or plastic containers.)
C. Containers with mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides
(NOTE: These containers may be cardboard, paper, metal, plastic, or glass
and should be handled differently from other pesticide containers. They
are special because the type of pesticide they contain is very persistent
in and hazardous to the environment.)
III. Rinsing pesticide containers (Transparency 2)
A. Empty the container into the tank and let it drain 30 seconds
B. Fill it one-fifth to one-fourth full of water or other diluent
(NOTE: Sometimes diluents such as Kerosene and other petroleum solvents
are used in the tank mix. Rinse the container and measuring cup with the
diluent used in the tank mix.)
C. Replace cap and rotate container to rinse all sides
D. Drain rinse from container into tank and let drain for 30 seconds
E. Repeat rinse and drain a total of three (3) times
IV. Methods for disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers (Transparency 3)
A. Open burning
(NOTE: Check local regulations. In some areas burnable containers may
be burned on the farm in small quantities, usually the amount emptied
in one day. Never burn containers which held 2,4-D type herbicides because
the smoke could injure sensitive plants.)
B. Burial
(NOTE: Many landfills will accept triple-rinsed pesticide containers,
especially if broken, crushed, or cut apart. Otherwise, the burial site should
be selected in an area where water will not be contaminated and where
public health and the environment will not be harmed. Do not bury
pesticides and unrinsed pesticide containers that contain mercury, lead,
cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides unless they are encapsulated. Some
landfills will take these containers if they have been triple rinsed.)
370
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
C. Recycling
(NOTE: Some nonburnable containers, such as plastic and steel drums, may
be returned to the manufacturer for reuse.)
D. Incineration in a special pesticide-approved incinerator
(NOTE: Some pesticides and pesticide containers may be made harmless
using this method. However, this method may not be used for pesticides
or pesticide containers with mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic
pesticides.)
E. Chemical degradation
(NOTE: Sometimes pesticides can be chemically broken down into nontoxic
materials. These methods are specific for each chemical and cannot be
described here. Check with the manufacturer or local Environmental
Protection Agency officials for specific methods.)
F. Soil injection
(NOTE: Use soil injection methods only when recommended by state or
federal regulatory officials.)
G. Encapsulation
(NOTE: This is usually the only method of disposal of pesticides or unrinsed
containers with mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides.)
V. Disposing of surplus pesticides
A. Try to find other areas with the same problem and use up any extra tank
mix, if you mix too much pesticide for a job
B. Return unused pesticides to manufacturer
(NOTE: Check with the company and see if it will take the pesticide back.
If, for some reason, it will not take the pesticide back, return the pesticide
to your storage area or dispose of it safely by incineration or by
encapsulation and burial.)
C. Use one of the other disposal methods listed after consulting an expert
VI. Safety considerations when disposing of pesticides and pesticide containers
A. Location of sensitive areas, especially streams, ponds, and other water
supplies
B. Personal safety
C. Environmental safety
371
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
VII. Requirements of storage area (Transparency 4)
A. Child-proof
B. Cool, dry, well-ventilated room or building
C. Fire-resistant
D. Fenced in or at least able to be locked
E. Warning signs posted on doors and windows
(NOTE: Warning signs should read: Danger! Pesticides! Keep Out!)
F. Supplied with detergent, hand cleaner, and water
G. Supplied with absorbent materials, such as sand, sawdust, and paper
(NOTE: These materials can be used to soak up spills.)
H. Supplied with shovel, broom, dust pan, and fire extinguisher
VIII. Selecting the storage area
A. Where water supply will not be contaminated even if there is an accident
or fire
B. Free from flooding
C. Downwind and downhill from sensitive area
D. No problem with runoff or drainage
IX. Handling damaged containers in storage area
A. Check containers often for leaks, corrosion, and loose caps
(NOTE: Clean up any leaks right away.)
B. Store pesticides in original containers
(NOTE: This statement holds true unless the original container breaks, leaks,
or corrodes.)
C. Label any substitute containers with the entire label
(NOTE: Unlabeled pesticides are worthless since you don't know what they
are or how to use them. They should be treated as surplus pesticides and
held for disposal.)
D. Keep partly empty pesticide containers tightly closed
E. Wear protective clothing and equipment
372
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
X. Arranging pesticide containers within storage area
A. Separate similar containers to avoid the chance of a mistake
B. Store containers with label in plain sight
C. Store on shelves off the floor
D. Keep containers in upright position to prevent spills
E. Place containers in orderly rows
XI. Reason for storing herbicides separately-Some herbicides, such as 2,4-D, can
vaporize (become a gas) and get into other pesticides nearby
(NOTE: Your storage area needs to be divided with a special area for storing
herbicides. All highly toxic pesticides should be stored together.)
373
-------
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381
-------
DISPOSAL AND STORAGE
UNIT X
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1--INTERPRET LABELS
The purpose of this assignment is to allow you to locate important information that must
be contained on all pesticide labels. Read each of the labels on the following pages and
answer the questions below pertaining to the specific label. When completed return to
instructor for evaluation.
1. 2,4-D label
a. This granular pesticide is sold in a 50 Ib paper bag. How would you dispose
of it?
b. What special storage and transportation precautions would you take?
2. De Metho label
a. What classification is this plastic bottle container?
b. How do you dispose of this container?
c. How should you store this container?
d. If you mixed too much spray for your alfalfa field (4 pints/acre rate),
name two other crops on which you could use the extra spray. This would
have to apply only if they had not recently been sprayed and had an insect
infestation.
3. No-Disease label
a. How would you store this pesticide?
b. What special storage precautions must you take?
383
-------
c. What classification is this paper bag container?
d. How would you dispose of this container?
Anti-Weed
a. How would you store this pesticide?
b. What classification is this paper bag container?
c. How would you dispose of this container?
A portion of a 2,4-D label
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
Isooctyl ester of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid1
INERT INGREDIENT
. 30.15%
. 69.85%
"Equivalent to 20% 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
U S. Pat. Nos 2.390.941 2,396.513 2.453,983 2,472,347
CAUTION: Keep Out of Reach of Children
CAUTION: Harmful if swallowed. Avoid contact with skin, eyes, or clothing. Do not take
internally. In case of contact, flush eyes with plenty of water; wash skin with soap and water.
Avoid inhalation.
Avoid possible drift to susceptible plants as this product may injure cotton, tobacco, blackeyed
peas, beans, tomatoes, melons, other vegetables, grapes, fruit trees, and some ornamentals. It is
difficult to completely remove traces of 2,4-D from equipment, therefore do not use such
equipment for purposes where even trace amounts of this chemical may cause injury to
susceptible crops. Do not reuse shipping containers. Destroy by burying. Avoid contamination
of water intended for irrigation and domestic use. Do not transport with or store near seeds,
fertilizers, insecticides, or fungicides. Vapors from this product may injure susceptible plants in
the vicinity.
384
-------
2.
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
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3.
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4.
ASSIGNMENT SHEET
Mi-weed
HerbHde
FOR WEED CONTROL
IN CORN
Active Ingredients:
Atrazine: 2-chloro
4-Ethylamino-6-
isopropylamino-
s-triazine . . . 20.0%
Inert Ingredients: 80.0%
Total:
100.0%
50
Pounds
NET WEIGHT
Anti-Weed 20G is a
granular herbicide
Warning:
Keep out of reach of
children. See addition-
al warning statements
on back of bag.
EPA Est No. 1352-WV-1
EPA Reg. No. 1352-519
Chemical Company
Chemical City, West Virginia
387
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND
WARRANTY
IMPORTANT: Read the entire Directions For Use and the Con-
ditions Of Sale And Warranty before using this product.
CondlllonTof Sale And Warranty
The Directions For Use of this product reflect the opinion of ex-
perts based on field use and tests The directions are believed
to be reliable and should be followed carefully. However, it is
impossible to eliminate all risks inherently associated with use
of this product. Crop injury, ineffectiveness or other unintended
consequences may result because of such factors as weather
conditions, presence of other materials or the manner of use or
application all of which are beyond the control of Kill-Dead
or the Seller. All such risks shall be assumed by the Buyer
Kill-Dead warrants that this product conforms to the chemi-
cal description on the label and is reasonably fit for the pur-
poses referred to in the Directions For Use, subject to the
inherent risks referred to above Kill-bead makes no other
express or Implied warranty of Fitness or Merchantability or
any other express or Implied warranty. In no case shall
Kill-Dead or the Seller be liable for consequential, special
or indirect damages resulting from the use or handling of this
product Kill-Dead and the Seller offer this product and the
Buyer and user accept it, subject to the foregoing Conditions
Of Sale And Warranty which may be varied only by agreement
in writing signed by a duly authorized representative of Kill-
Dead Chemical Company.
General Information
Anti-Weed will control most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
in field corn, silage corn and sweet corn It should be applied
prior to weed and crop emergence
Since Anti-Weed acts mainly through root absorption, its effec-
tiveness depends on rainfall or irrigation to move it into the root
zone Best results are obtained when moisture occurs within 10
days after application Should moisture not occur within this
period or should weeds develop, a shallow cultivation or rotary
hoeing will generally result in better weed control
Anti-Weed is noncorrosive to equipment and metal surfaces,
nonflammable and has low electrical conductivity
Care should be taken to avoid using Anti-Weed where adjacent
desirable trees, shrubs or plants might be injured
Store Anti-Weed in a dry place.
Application Instructions
Broadcast or Overall Treatment
Use broadcast applicators or fertilizer spreaders that can apply
small amounts of granules evenly.
Band Treatment
Use applicators designed for this purpose. Calculate the'amount
of granules per acre needed for band treatment as follows.
Ibs./Acre
Recommended Anti-Weed
for Band
Treatment
Range of Rates: In each case where a range of rates is given,
the lower rate should be used on soils low in organic matter
and the higher rate should be used on soils high in organic
matter.
DlrectlonTforUse
Anti-Weed controls most annual broadleaf and grass weeds
such as
Giant Foxtail Fall Panicum Mustard
Green Foxtail Annual Mormngglory Pigweed
Yellow Foxtail Cocklebur Ragweed
Barnyardgrass Sandbur Smartweed
(Watergrass) Jimsonweed Sunflower
Crabgrass Lambsquarters Velvetleaf
Band Width in Inches _
Inches Between Crop Rows Broadcast Rate —
Anti-Weed will not control perennial weeds such as
Johnsongrass Field Bindweed Canada Thistle Bull Nettle
Apply Anti-Weed at planting behind the press wheel or imme-
diately after planting prior to emergence of either crop or weeds.
See table below for recommended rates.
Soil
Light soils Sands, loamy sands, and
sandy loams
Medium to heavy soils including the
dark prairie soils in the Corn Belt • •
Rate per acre of An 1 1 -Weed
Broadcast
15 Ibs
225-
30 Ibs
'For calculation of band treatment rate, see Application
Instructions Section
** Anti-Weed should not be used on high organic soils such as
peat and muck
Suggestions for Crop Rotations
1) Corn may be replanted at any time following application of
Anti-Weed . 2) Sorghum may be seeded in all areas the spring
following application of the granules. 3) Soybeans may be
seeded in Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa and Southeastern
Minnesota and areas east of these states the spring following
applications made not later than June 1 of the previous year
Precautions: 1) Do not plant sugar beets, tobacco, vegetables
(including dry beans), spring-seeded small grains or small-
seeded legumes and grasses the year following Anti-Weed
application or injury may occur. 2) Following harvest of a treated
crop, plow (moldboard or disk-plow) and thoroughly till the
soil in the fall or spring to minimize possible injury to rotational
spring-seeded crops 3) Injury to rotational crops following
application may occur on eroded hillsides, alkali outcroppings,
gravelly areas and on soils in general with pH near or exceeding
7 5. 4) Do not graze treated area or feed treated forage to live-
stock for 21 days following application.
Warning
Keep out of reach of children
Irritating to sKin, eyes, nose and throat. May be harmful if swal-
lowed May cause allergic skin reaction. Do not get in eyes, on
skin or on clothing. Avoid breathing dust. Do not take internally.
While handling, wear rubber gloves. In case of contact, flush skin
or eyes with plenty of water; for eyes, get medical attention.
Launder clothing before reuse. Avoid contamination of seed,
feed and foodstuffs.
This product is toxic to fish. Keep out of lakes, ponds and
streams.
Do not reuse container. Destroy when empty.
388
-------
DISPOSAL AND STORAGE
UNIT X
TEST
1. Match the terms on the right to the correct definitions on the left. Place the
appropriate numbers in the blanks provided.
a. Easily injured
_b. Act or process of correctly discarding
pesticides and pesticide containers; can
include recycling, deposit-return, reuse,
or burning
_c. Pollute or make unfit for use
_d. Side towards which the prevailing wind
is blowing
_e. Liquid, such as water, kerosene, alcohol,
or dust, which "waters down" or
weakens a concentrated pesticide
_f. Method of disposal of pesticides and
pesticide containers by sealing them in
sturdy, waterproof, chemical-proof
container which is then sealed in thick
plastic, steel, or concrete to resist
damage or breakage
g. To make unclean or unsafe
h. Pesticide that is used to control
unwanted plants
j. Package (bag, can, or bottle) in which
a pesticide is sold
j. Special high-heat furnace or burner
which reduces everything to nontoxic
ash and gas
k. Regular system of keeping track of and
checking up on whether or not pesticides
are escaping into the environment
J. Method of disposal of pesticides by
putting them within the plow layer of
soil by usual tillage practices
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Soil
injection
Monitoring
system
Original
container
Pollute
Diluent
Contaminate
Sensitive
Disposal
Downwind
Encapsulation
Herbicide
Incinerator
391
-------
2. Name the classifications for disposal of empty pesticide containers.
a.
b.
c.
3. Name steps to follow when rinsing pesticide containers.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4. Name three methods for disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers.
a.
b.
c.
5. Discuss in a short paragraph the proper method for disposing of surplus pesticides.
6. Name safety considerations when disposing of pesticides and pesticide containers.
a.
b.
c.
7. Name five requirements of a storage area.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
392
-------
8. Discuss in a short paragraph factors to consider in selecting a storage area.
9. Discuss in a short paragraph procedures for handling damaged containers in the
storage area.
10. Name factors to consider when arranging pesticide containers within the storage
area.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
11. Name the reason for storing herbicides separately.
12. Interpret the following De-Weed label by answering the questions below.
a. What classification is this cardboard carton container?
b. How would you dispose of this container?
c. If you mixed too much pesticide for your blueberries (5 Ibs per acre rate),
on what other crop could you use it?
d. How should you store this pesticide?
393
-------
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394
-------
RECORD KEEPING AND LIABILITY
UNIT XI
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to list reasons for keeping records
of pesticide use, complete standard record keeping form, name common claims brought
against applicators, and describe things to do when involved in a legal problem. This
knowledge will be evidenced through demonstration and by scoring eighty-five percent
on the unit test.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. List reasons for keeping records of pesticide use.
2. List items of information needed for record keeping.
3. Name common claims brought against applicators.
4. List ways in which cross contamination may occur.
5. Describe things to do when involved in a legal problem.
6. Discuss insurance for pesticide mishaps.
7. Complete a standard record keeping form.
399
-------
RECORD KEEPING AND LIABILITY
UNIT XI
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
I. Instructor,:
A. Provide student with objective sheet.
B. Provide student with information and assignment sheets.
C. Make transparency.
D. Discuss terminal and specific objectives.
E. Discuss information and assignment sheets.
F. Assign students a pesticide. Ask them to decide when the weather conditions
would allow a "safe" job and fill in a record keeping form accordingly.
G. Hold a mock trial with students acting as defendent, lawyers, accuser, jury,
etc.
H. Give test.
II. Student:
A. Read objective sheet.
B. Study information sheet.
C. Complete assignment sheet.
D. Take test.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
I. Objective sheet
II. Information sheet
III. Transparency master: TM 1-Spray Record Sheet
IV. Assignment Sheet #1--Complete Standard Record Keeping Form
V. Answers to assignment sheet
VI. Test
VII. Answers to test
401
-------
RECORD KEEPING AND LIABILITY
UNIT XI
INFORMATION SHEET
I. Reasons for keeping records of pesticide use
A. Help in finding an error if an error is made
B. Provide information to trace residue and/or damage problems
C. Help save money
D. Allow one to compare the results obtained from different pesticides
E. Help to reduce pesticide misuse
F. Provide guide to buying specific amount of pesticide needed
G. Establish proof of proper use in damage suit
II. Items of information needed for record keeping (Transparency 1)
A. Date and time of application
B. Area or target treated and pest
C. Equipment used
D. Name of product, formulation, lot number, establishment number, and rate
E. Total formulation added to tank or hopper
F. Amount of mixture used
G. Amount treated and location
H. Additional comments
(NOTE: The more information included on the record, the more useful
the record will be. Carry a notebook in the field to have all the information
right there in front of you. Fill in a standard form to be sure you get
all the necessary data every time.)
403
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
III. Common claims brought against applicators
(NOTE: In many instances you will be both the grower and the applicator.
However, the applicator may be a hired person or a neighbor with whom you
trade services.)
A. Drift
(NOTE: Drifting pesticides are a major cause of environmental
contamination and damage to nontarget areas. In general, the courts have
held the applicator and the grower who hired him jointly liable in drift
cases. The grower is responsible when he hires or contracts for a
"particularly dangerous operation," such as the application of pesticides.
However, the grower may file another suit against the applicator claiming
that the applicator agreed not to cause drift damage. The manufacturer
of the pesticide may be held liable in drift cases in certain instances. If
the label doesn't clearly warn about the possibility of drift, the manufacturer
may share liability.)
B. Crop injury
(NOTE: Claims of injury to the crop that was treated or claims that the
pesticide had not performed as expected involve the dealer, the
manufacturer, and the applicator. The courts must decide which of the
three recommended or guaranteed the product for that specific use on that
crop. The party in error must accept the blame and pay damages.
Applicators must make sure that all the pesticides they use are recommended
on the label for that purpose. Then the blame may be the manufacturer's.
If the crop injury was not great or total, the grower must show how much
damage was from the pesticide and how much was from other conditions,
such as weather or disease. This breakdown is not necessary in cases with
great or total injury.)
C. Personal injury
(NOTE: The application of pesticides is considered an especially dangerous
or, in legal terms, an "ultrahazardous" activity. As a result, the pesticide
applicator is liable for any injury to a person from the pesticide. Usually
the injured person can recover damages without proving negligence of the
applicator. The injured party must only prove that he is free of any
negligence and did not assume the risk of pesticide exposure. Pest control
operators or exterminators are sometimes a special case. The liability in
most cases involving personal injury or death depends on proving the
applicator negligent.)
D. Wrong field
(NOTE: If the pesticide is applied on a field, crop, or area other than
the one for which it was intended, serious problems can result. In the event
that damage or overtolerance occurs or that the owner just didn't want
the area treated, the applicator may be charged with trespass. Defense is
very difficult. Double check on address, field location, and all landmarks
before you or your hired person treat an area. Applying pesticides to the
wrong field can be costly.)
404
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
E. Bees
(NOTE: Honeybees are very important to the grower and often he has
his own colonies or hives. Unfortunately, bees are insects and are very
susceptible to many pesticides. If the bees in hives are killed as the result
of drift from nearby fields, the applicator is usually held legally responsible.
Often he must pay damages. However, if the bees contacted the pesticides
while in the sprayed fields, the applicator may not be liable. The courts
have sometimes ruled that the bee is trespassing and that the land doesn't
need to be safe to uninvited animals. Play it safe! Know where the beehives
are located in your area. Protect your hives and your neighbor's hives by
relocating or covering them before you spray.)
F. Attractive nuisance
(NOTE: The rulings on "attractive nuisance" usually involve cases when
children are attracted to ground equipment or aircraft and injure themselves.
The owner and/or applicator are held liable for leaving the "nuisance" where
a child could be "attracted" to it. In one case, a young boy, seeing a small
airplane parked in the corner of an airport, took his ax and chopped the
plane into several pieces. Unfortunately, at one point the hatchet hit the
plane, then slipped and cut his foot. The court under the "attractive
nuisance" claim awarded the boy $5,000 from the airplane's owner.)
G. Noise
(NOTE: Claims have been brought against applicators for noise damage.
Owners of mink, poultry, turkey, and occasionally cattle claim injury to
their animals from fright caused by noise of aircraft and ground equipment
operating above or near their ranch. They must prove direct loss of property
due to noise from machinery operated carelessly or negligently. In some
cases, the ranch owner will claim that an applicator made an unlawful flight
over his property without his permission. This is especially important in
aerial applications when pullups over nearby property are necessary.
Successful defense is possible when the applicator can show that the noise
wasn't the cause of injury or that no injury occurred.)
IV. Ways in which cross contamination may occur
(NOTE: Every year there are cases where a pesticide contains not only the
pesticide named on the label but also another pesticide as well.)
A. Manufacturer may make a mistake in labeling or formulating the product
B. Applicator may make a mistake in mixing or filling in the spray tank or
he may not have removed from the tank all the pesticide left over from
the last application
405
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
C. Open container of herbicides, such as 2,4D, can vaporize (become a gas)
and penetrate other pesticides which are stored nearby
(NOTE: The applicator must know which container of pesticide was used
on the crop so that laboratory tests can be made. The lab tests can show
whether the contamination occurred during mixing and filling or earlier.
In cases involving herbicide contamination, it is difficult to prove whether
it is the result of vaporization during storage or a manufacturer formulation
error. The courts must decide who is to blame.)
V. Things to do when involved in a legal problem
A. Examine records to make sure that you were actually operating in the area
at the time of the alleged injury
B. Make sure that all of your records are up-to-date, particularly as to" the
identity of the equipment used, temperatures, wind direction and velocity,
and all other pertinent data
C. Proceed to the scene immediately and make notes of all essential
information
D. Record any adverse conditions that you observe at the time of your
investigation, particularly insect infestations, disease, water stress, late
planting, carry-over effect from other materials or herbicides, and age of
crop
E. Use close-up color photography to record any adverse condition found
(NOTE: The close-ups are necessary so that symptoms can be examined
by an expert.)
F. Save the container from which the product used on the job was removed
(NOTE: If it is not practical to save the whole container, use close-up color
photography to record the label.)
G. Request permission to have an expert examine the crop or the property
in order to have the benefit of his opinion
(NOTE: This should be done if you do not have insurance for the loss
involved.)
H. Notify the chemical company immediately so they can send their experts
to the site if they are involved
I. Obtain the names and addresses of all witnesses who might testify as to
the nature of the operation and the conditions of the crop before and
after application
406
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
VI. Insurance for pesticide mishaps
A. Types of insurance plans
1. Bodily injury
2. Property damage
3. Restricted chemical liability
4. Comprehensive chemical
B. Points to consider
1. Cost
2. Benefits
3. Drawbacks
407
-------
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409
-------
RECORD KEEPING AND LIABILITY
UNIT XI
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1--COMPLETE STANDARD RECORD KEEPING FORM
Complete the standard form based on the information below and the labels on the following
pages.
(NOTE: The student should use his/her last name as the owner of the fields.)
You sprayed your 6 acre potato field located north of the house for cabbage looper
using De-Metho. You used a low pressure boom sprayer and sprayed on May 15,
1974, at 8:00 a.m. You had a 150 gallon tank and added 6 quarts to the tank.
It took you 30 minutes. The wind was calm; no nearby crops or weeds were in
bloom; and there was a heavy infestation.
You sprayed your snap beans for white rot on May 15, 1974, at 9:00 a.m. You
used a boom sprayer and sprayed all 10 acres of beans in the field southeast of
the barn. You were expecting a severe infestation and added 20 pounds of No-Disease
to your 400 gallon tank. It took you an hour, the wind was calm; no nearby crops
or weeds were in bloom.
Date
and
Time
Area or
Target
Treated
and
Pest
Equipment
Pesticide Name &
Formulation, EPA
Reg. Number, EPA
Est. Number, &
Rate (per acre. per 100
gallons, etc )
Total
Formulation
Added To
Tank or
Hopper
Amount
of
Mixture
Used
Amount
Treated
and
Location
Additional
Comments
IWuther, ippliutor.
Mverity of inftstion,
etc!
1.
2.
411
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
412
-------
ASSIGNMENT SHEET #1
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413
-------
RECORD KEEPING AND LIABILITY
UNIT XI
TEST
1. List four reasons for keeping records of pesticide use.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. List four items of information needed for record keeping.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. Name three common claims brought against applicators.
a.
b.
c.
4. List the ways in which cross contamination may occur.
a.
b.
c.
5. Describe three things to do when involved in a legal problem.
a.
b.
c.
417
-------
6. Discuss insurance for pesticide mishaps.
7. Complete the following standard record keeping form using the information
below.
Mr. Green sprayed his 100 calves for hornflies on June 4, I975, at 8:00 a.m.
He used a power sprayer which held 25 gallons of water. Fly-Off 50 WP was
the pesticide used at 2#/25 gallons of water. The chemical was manufactured
by A - Z; the EPA Registration Number was 1357-375 and the EPA Establishment
Number was 1357-WV-1. It took 2 hours; the weather was clear; infestation
was light. The wind was eight miles per hour.
Date
and
Time
Area or
Target
Treated
and
Pest
Equipment
Pesticide Name &
Formulation, EPA
Reg. Number, EPA
Est. Number, &
Rate (per acre.per 100
gallons, etc 1
Total
Formulation
Added To
Tank or
Hopper
Amount
of
Mixture
Used
Amount
Treated
and
Location
Additional
Comments
(Weather, applicator.
seventy of mfestpon,
etc 1
418
-------
United States Washington, D C 20460
Environmental Protection April 1976
Agency
£EPA The Federal
Insecticide,
Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act
As Amended
Public Law 92-516
October 21, 1972
as amended by
Public Law 94-140
November 28, 1975
-------
Public Law 92-516, 92nd Congress, H.R. 10729, October 21, 1972
as amended by
Public Law 94-140, 94th Congress, H.R. 8841, November 28, 1975
86 STAT. 973-999
To amend the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, and for other
purposes
Federal
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as
Control Act the "Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972".
of 1971.
AMENDMENTS TO FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT
(1 Stet. l«S; SEC. 2. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C.
78 Stot. i»o. 136 et seq.) is amended to read as follows:
-------
Public Law 92-516, 92nd Congress, H.R. 10729, October 21, 1972
as amended by
Public Law 94-140, 94th Congress, H.R. 8841, November 28, 1975
Set
86 STAT. 973-999
To amend the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, and for other
purposes.
Federal
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as
Cotrol Art tne "Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972".
of 1171.
AMENDMENTS TO FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT
(1 But. Id; SEC. 2. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C.
78 But. i»o. 136 et seq.) is amended to read as follows:
-------
"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE AND TABLE OF CONTENTS.
"(a) SHORT TITLE. — This Act may be cited as the 'Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act1.
"(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS. —
"Section 1. Short title and table of contents.
"(a) Short title.
"(b) Table of contents
"Sec 2 Definitions.
"(a) Active ingredient
" (b) Administrator
"(c) Adulterated
" (d) Animal
"(e) Certified applicator, etc
"(!) Certified applicator.
"(2) Private applicator.
"(3) Commercial applicator
" (4) Under the direct supervision of a certified applicator.
"(f> Defoliant
" (g) Desiccant
"(h) Device
" (i) District court
" (j) Environment
"(k) Fungus
"(I) Imminent hazard.
"(in) Inert ingredient
"(n) Ingredient statement
" (o) Insect
" (p) Label and labeling.
"(1) Label,
"(2) Labeling
" (q) Misbranded.
" (r) Nematode
"(s) Person
"(t) Pest.
"(u) Pesticide.
"(v) Plant regulator
"(w) Producer and produce.
"(x) Protect health and the environment.
"(y) Registrant
"(z) Registration
"(aa) State
"(bb) Unreasonable adverse effects on the environment.
"(cc) Weed
" (dd) Establishment
"Sec. 3 Registration of pesticides
" (a) Requirement
"(b) Exemptions
"(c) Procedure for registration
"(1) Statement required.
"(2) Data in support of registration
"(3) Time for acting with respect to application,
"(4) Notice of application
"(5) Approval of registration
"(6) Denial of registration.
"(d) Classification of pesticides.
"(1) Classification for general use, restricted use, or both.
"(2) Change in classification
"(e) Products with same formulation and claims.
" (f) Miscellaneous
"Sec.
scellaneous
"(1) Effect of change of labeling or formulation.
"(2) Registration not a defense.
"(3) Authority to consult other Federal agencies
4. Use of restricted use pesticides, certified applicators.
"(a) Certification procedure
"
"(1) Federal certification
"(2) State certification
"(b) State plans
"(b) State plans
" (c) Instruction in integrated pest management techniques
"Sec 5. Experimental use permits
"
" (a) Issuance.
"(b) Temporary tolerance level
"(c) Use under permit
"(d) Studies
" (e) Revocation
-------
" (1) State issuance ot permits
" (g) Exemption for agricultural research agencies
"Sec. 6. Administrative review; suspension.
"(a) Cancellation after five years.
"(0 Procedure.
" (2) Information.
"(b) Cancellation and change in classification.
"(c) Suspension
"(1) Order
"(2) Expedite hearing.
"(3) Emergency order.
"(4) Judicial review.
"(d) Public hearings and scientific review.
"(e) Judicial review.
"Sec. 7. Registration of establishments.
"(a) Requirement.
"(b) Registration.
"(c) Information required.
"(d) Confidential records and information.
"Sec. 8. Books and records.
"(a) Requirements.
"(b) Inspection.
"Sec. 9. Inspection of establishments, etc.
"(a) In general.
"(b) Warrants.
"(c) Enforcement.
"(1) Certification of facts to Attorney General.
"(2) Notice not required.
"(3) Warning notices.
"Sec. 10. Protection of trade secrets and other information
"(a) In general.
"(b) Disclosure.
" (c) Disputes
"Sec. 11. Standards applicable to pesticide applicators.
"(a) In general.
"(b) Separate standards
•*Sec. 12. Unlawful acts.
"(a) In general
"(b) Exemptions.
"Sec. 13. Stop sale, use, removal, and seizure
"(a) Stop sale, etc., orders
"(b) Seizure
"(c) Disposition after condemnation
"(d) Court costs, etc
"Sec. 14. Penalties
"(a) Civil penalties.
" (1) In general
"(2) Private applicator
"(3) Hearing.
"(4) References to Attorney General
"(b) Criminal penalties.
"(1) In general.
"(2) Private applicator.
"(3) Disclosure of information
"(4) Acts of officers, agents, etc.
"Sec. 15. Indemnities.
"(a) Requirement
"(b) Amount of payment
"(1) In general.
"(2) Special rule.
"Sec. 16. Administrative procedure, judicial review
"(a) District court review
"(b) Review by Court of Appeals.
"(c) Jurisdiction of district courts
"(d) Notice of judgments.
"Sec. 17. Imports and exports
"(a) Pesticides and devices intended for export
"(b) Cancellation notices furnished to foreign governments.
"(c) Importation of pesticides and devices.
"(d) Cooperation in international efforts.
"(e) Regulations
"Sec. 18. Exemption of Federal agencies
"Sec. 19. Disposal and transportation
"(a) Procedures
"(b) Advice to Secretary of Transportation
"Sec. 20. Research and monitoring
"(a) Research
"(b) National monitoring plan
"(c) Monitoring.
"Sec. 21. Solicitation of public comments; notice of public hearings.
"Sec. 22. Delegation and cooperation.
" (a) Delegation
" (b) Cooperation
"Sec. 23. State cooperation, aid, and training
"(a) Cooperative agreements
"(b) Contracts for training
"Sec. 24. Authority of States.
"Sec. 25. Authority of Administrator.
"(a) (I) Regulations
" (2) Procedure
" (A) Proposed regulations
" (B) Final regulations
" (C) Time requirements
" (D) Publication in the Federal Register
" (3) Congressional committees
"(b) Exemption of pesticides.
"(c) Other authority.
"Sec. 26. Severability.
"Sec. 27. Authorization for appropriations.
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"SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
"For purposes of this Act—
"(a) ACTIVE INGREDIENT.—The term 'active ingredient' means—
"(1) in the case of a pesticide other than a plant regulator, defoliant,
or desiccant, an ingredient which will prevent, destroy, repel, or
mitigate any pest;
"(2) in the case of a plant regulator, an ingredient which, through
physiological action, will accelerate or retard the rate of growth or rate
of maturation or otherwise alter the behavior of ornamental or crop
plants or the product thereof;
"(3) in the case of a defoliant, an ingredient which will cause the
leaves or foliage to drop from a plant; and
"(4) in the case of a desiccant, an ingredient which will artificially
accelerate the drying of plant tissue
"(b) ADMINISTRATOR.—The term 'Administrator' means the Administrator
of the Environmental Protection Agency.
"(c) ADULTERATED.—The term 'adulterated' applies to any pesticide if:
"(1) its strength or purity falls below the professed standard of
quality as expressed on its labeling under which it is sold;
"(2) any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the
pesticide; or
"(3) any valuable constituent of the pesticide has been wholly or in
part abstracted.
"(d) ANIMAL.—The term 'animal' means all vertebrate and invertebrate
species, including but not limited to man and other mammals, birds, fish,
and shellfish.
"(e) CERTIFIED APPLICATOR, ETC.—
"(1) CERTIFIED APPLICATOR.—The term 'certified applicator' means
any individual who is certified under section 4 as authorized to use or
supervise the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use
"(2) PRIVATE APPLICATOR.—The term 'private applicator' means a
certified applicator who uses or supervises the use of any pesticide
which is classified for restricted use for purposes of producing any
agricultural commodity on property owned or rented by him or his
employer or (if applied without compensation other than trading of
personal services between producers of agricultural commodities) on
the property of another person
"(3) COMMERCIAL APPLICATOR.—The term 'commercial applicator'
means a certified applicator (whether or not he is a private applicator
with respect to some uses) who uses or supervises the use of any
pesticide which is classified for restricted use for any purpose or on
any property other than as provided by paragraph (2)
"(4) UNDER THE DIRECT SUPERVISION or A CERTIFIED APPLICATOR.—
Unless otherwise prescribed by its labeling, a pesticide shall be con-
sidered to be applied under the direct supervision of a certified appli-
cator if it is applied by a competent person acting under the instructions
and control of a certified applicator who is available if and when
needed, even though such certified applicator is not physically present
at the time and place the pesticide is applied
"(f) DEFOLIANT.—The term 'defoliant' means any substance or mixture
of substances intended for causing the leaves or foliage to drop from a
plant, with or without causing abscission
"(g) DESICCANT.—The term 'desiccant' means any substance or mixture
of substances intended for artificially accelerating the drying of plant tissue.
"(h) DEVICE—The term 'device' means any instrument or contrivance
(other than a firearm) which is intended for trapping, destroying, repelling,
or mitigating any pest or any other form of plant or animal life (other than
man and other than bacteria, virus, or other microorganism on or in living
man or other living animals); but not including equipment used for the
application of pesticides when sold separately therefrom
"(i) DISTRICT COURT—The term 'district court' means a United States
district court, the District Court of Guam, the District Court of the Virgin
Islands, and the highest court of American Samoa.
"(j) ENViRONMENT.--The term 'environment' includes water, air, land,
and all plants and man and other animals living therein, and the inter-
relationships which exist among these
"(k) FUNGUS.—The term 'fungus' means any non-chlorophyll-bearing
thallophyte (that is, any non-chlorophyll-bearing plant of a lower order
than mosses and liverworts), as for example, rust, smut, mildew, mold,
yeast, and bacteria, except those on or in living man or other animals and
those on or in processed food, beverages, or Pharmaceuticals.
"(1) IMMINENT HAZARD.—The term 'imminent hazard' means a situation
which exists when the continued use of a pesticide during the time required
for cancellation proceeding would be likely to result in unreasonable adverse
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effects on the environment or will involve unreasonable hazard to the
survival of a species declared endangered by the Secretary of the Interior
under Public Law 91-135.
8J sut. 275. "(m) INERT INGREDIENT.—The term 'inert ingredient' means an ingredient
i« use «S8ce-i. which is not active.
"(n) INGREDIENT STATEMENT.—The term 'ingredient statement' means a
statement which contains—
"(1) the name and percentage of each active ingredient, and the
total percentage of all inert ingredients, in the pesticide; and
"(2) if the pesticide contains arsenic in any form, a statement of the
percentages of total and water soluble arsenic, calculated as elementary
arsenic.
"(o) INSECT.—The term 'insect' means any of the numerous small inverte-
brate animals generally having the body more or less obviously segmented,
for the most part belonging to the class insecta, comprising six-legged,
usually winged forms, as for example, beetles, bugs, bees, flies, and to other
allied classes of arthropods whose members are wingless and usually have
more than six legs, as for example, spiders, mites, ticks, centipedes, and
wood lice.
"(p) LABEL AND LABELING.—
"(1) LABEL.—The term 'label' means the written, printed, or graphic
matter on, or attached to, the pesticide or device or any of its con-
tainers or wrappers.
"(2) LABELING.—The term 'labeling' means all labels and all other
written, printed, or graphic matter—
"(A) accompanying the pesticide or device at any time; or
"(B) to which reference is made on the label or in literature
accompanying the pesticide or device, except to current official
publications of the Environmental Protection Agency, the United
States Departments of Agriculture and Interior, the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, State experiment stations, State
agricultural colleges, and other similar Federal or State institutions
or agencies authorized by law to conduct research in the field of
pesticides.
"(q) MlSBRANDED.—
"(1) A pesticide is misbranded if—
"(A) its labeling bears any statement, design, or graphic repre-
sentation relative thereto or to its ingredients which is false or
misleading in any particular;
"(B) it is contained in a package or other container or wrapping
which does not conform to the standards established by the Admin-
istrator pursuant to section 25 (c) (3);
"(C) it is an imitation of, or is offered for sale under the name
of, another pesticide;
"(D) its label does not bear the registration number assigned
under section 7 to each establishment in which it was produced;
"(E) any word, statement, or other information required by or
under authority of this Act to appear on the label or labeling is
not prominently placed thereon with such conspicuousness (as
compared with other words, statements, designs, or graphic matter
in the labeling) and in such terms as to render it likely to be read
and understood by the ordinary individual under customary condi-
tions of purchase and use;
"(F) the labeling accompanying it does not contain directions
for use which are necessary for effecting the purpose for which the
product is intended and if complied with, together with any require-
ments imposed under section 3(d) of this Act, are adequate to
protect health and the environment;
"(G) the label does not contain a warning or caution statement
which may be necessary and if complied with, together with any
requirements imposed under section 3(d) of this Act, is adequate
to protect health and the environment.
"(2) A pesticide is misbranded if—
"(A) the label does not bear an ingredient statement on that
part of the immediate container (and on the outside container or
wrapper of the retail package, if there be one, through which the
ingredient statement on the immediate container cannot be clearly
read) which is presented or displayed under customary conditions
of purchase, except that a pesticide is not misbranded under this
subparagraph if:
"(i) the size of form of the immediate container, or the outside
container or wrapper of the retail package, makes it impracticable
to place the ingredient statement on the part which is presented
or displayed under customary conditions of purchase; and
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"(ii) the ingredient statement appears prominently on another
part of the immediate container, or outside container or wrapper,
permitted by the Administrator;
"(B) the labeling does not contain a statement of the use
classification under which the product is registered;
"(C) there is not affixed to its container, and to the outside
container or wrapper of the retail package, if there be one,
through which the required information on the immediate con-
tainer cannot be clearly read, a label bearing—
"(i) the name and address of the producer, registrant, or
person for whom produced;
"(ii) the name, brand, or trademark under which the
pesticide is sold;
"(iii) the net weight or measure of the content: Provided,
That the Administrator may permit reasonable variations; and
"(iv) when required by regulation of the Administrator to
effectuate the purposes of this Act, the registration number
assigned to the pesticide under this Act, and the use classifi-
cation; and
"(D) the pesticide contains any substance or substances in
quantities highly toxic to man, unless the label shall bear, in
addition to any other matter required by this Act—
"(i) the skull and crossbones;
"(ii) the word 'poison' prominently in red on a background
of distinctly contrasting color; and
"(iii) a statement of a practical treatment (first aid or
otherwise) in case of poisoning by the pesticide.
"(r) NEMATODE.—The term 'nematodc' means invertebrate animals of
the phylum nemathelminthes and class nematoda, that is, unsegmented
round worms with elongated, fusiform, or saclike bodies covered with
cuticle, and inhabiting soil, water, plants, or plant parts; may also be called
nemas or eelworms
"(s) PERSON.—The term 'person' means any individual, partnership,
association, corporation, or any organized group of persons whether
incorporated or not.
"(t) PEST.—The term 'pest' means (1) any insect, rodent, nematode,
fungus, weed, or (2) any other form of terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal
life or virus, bacteria, or other micro-organism (except viruses, bacteria, or
other micro-organisms on or in living man or other living animals) which
the Administator declares to be a pest under section 25(c)(l).
"(u) PESTICIDE.—The term 'pesticide' means (1) any substance or mixture P.L. 94-140
of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating 89 Stat. 754
any pest, and (2) any substance or mixture of substances intended for use
as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant: Provided, That the term
'pesticide' shall not include any article (l)(a) that is a 'new animal drug'
within the meaning of section 201 (w) of the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321 (w)), or (b) that has been determined by the
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare not to be a new animal drug
by a regulation establishing conditions of use for the article, or (2) that is
an animal feed within the meaning of section 201 (x) of such Act (21
U.S.C. 321 (x)) bearing or containing an article covered by clause (1) of this
proviso."
"(v) PLANT REGULATOR.—The term 'plant regulator" means any substance
or mixture of substances intended, through physiological action, for
accelerating or retarding the rate of growth or rate of maturation, or for
otherwise altering the behavior of plants or the produce thereof, but shall
not include substances to the extent that they are intended as plant nutrients,
trace elements, nutritional chemicals, plant inoculants, and soil amend-
ments. Also, the term 'plant regulator' shall not be required to include any
of such of those nutrient mixtures or soil amendments as are commonly
known as vitamin-hormone horticultural products, intended for improve-
ment, maintenance, survival, health, and propagation of plants, and as are
not for pest destruction and are nontoxic, nonpoisonous in the undiluted
packaged concentration.
"(w) PRODUCER AND PRODUCE.—The term 'producer' means the person
who manufactures, prepares, compounds, propagates, or processes any
pesticide or device. The term 'produce' means to manufacture, prepare,
compound, propagate, or process any pesticide or device.
"(x) PROTECT HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT.—The terms 'protect
health and the environment' and 'protection of health and the environment'
mean protection against any unreasonable adverse effects on the environ-
ment.
"(y) REGISTRANT.—The term 'registrant' means a person who has regis-
tered any pesticide pursuant to the provisions of this Act.
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P.L. 94-140
89 SUt. 755
Tot data.
Appeal.
"(z) REGISTRATION.—The term 'registration' includes reregistration.
"(aa) STATE.—The term 'State' means a State, the District of Columbia,
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the Trust
Territory of the Pacific Islands, and American Samoa.
"(bb) UNREASONABLE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT.—The
term 'unreasonable adverse effects on the environment' means any unreason-
able risk to man or the environment, taking into account the economic,
social, and environmental costs and benefits of the use of any pesticide.
"(cc) WEED.—The term 'weed' means any plant which grows where
not wanted.
"(dd) ESTABLISHMENT.—The term 'establishment' means any place where
a pesticide or device is produced, or held, for distribution or sale.
"SEC. 3. REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES.
"(a) REQUIREMENT.—Except as otherwise provided by this Act, no person
in any State may distribute, sell, offer for sale, hold for sale, ship, deliver
for shipment, or receive and (having so received) deliver or offer to deliver,
to any person any pesticide which is not registered with the Administrator.
"(b) EXEMPTIONS.—A pesticide which is not registered with the Admin-
istrator may be transferred if—
"(1) the transfer is from one registered establishment to another
registered establishment operated by the same producer solely for
packaging at the second establishment or for use as a constituent part
of another pesticide produced at the second establishment; or
"(2) the transfer is pursuant to and in accordance with the require-
ments of an experimental use permit.
"(c) PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION.—
(1) STATEMENT REQUIRED.—Each applicant for registration of a
pesticide shall file with the Administrator a statement which includes—
"(A) the name and address of the applicant and of any other
person whose name will appear on the labeling;
"(B) the name of the pesticide;
"(C) a complete copy of the labeling of the pesticide, a state-
ment of all claims to be made for it, and any directions for its use;
(D) if requested by the Administrator, a full description of the
tests made and the results thereof upon which the claims are
based, except that data submitted on or after January 1, 1970, in
support of an application shall not, without permission of the
applicant, be considered by the Administrator in support of any
other application for registration unless such other applicant shall
have first offered to pay reasonable compensation for producing
the test data to be relied upon and such data is not protected from
disclosure by section 10(b). This provision with regard to com-
pensation for producing the test data to be relied upon shall apply
with respect to all applications for registration or reregistration
submitted on or after October 21, 1972. If the parties cannot agree
on the amount and method of payment, the Administrator shall
make such determination and may fix such other terms and condi-
tions as may be reasonable under the circumstances. The Admin-
istrator's determination shall be made on the record after notice
and opportunity for hearing If either party does not agree with
said determination, he may, within thirty days, take an appeal to
the Federal district court for the district in which he resides with
respect to either the amount of the payment or the terms of pay-
ment, or both. Registration shall not be delayed pending the
determination of reasonable compensation between the applicants,
by the Administrator or by the court
"(E) the complete formula of the pesticide; and
"(F) a request that the pesticide be classified for general use,
for restricted use, or for both.
"(2) DATA IN SUPPORT OF REGISTRATION.—The Administrator shall
publish guidelines specifying the kinds of information which will be
required to support the registration of a pesticide and shall revise such
guidelines from time to time. If thereafter he requires any additional
kind of information he shall permit sufficient time for applicants to
obtain such additional information. Except as provided by subsection
(c)(l)(D) of this section and section 10, within 30 days after the
Administrator registers a pesticide under this Act he shall make avail-
able to the public the data called for in the registration statement
together with such other scientific information as he deems relevant
to his decision.
"(3) TIME FOR ACTING WITH RESPECT TO APPLICATION.—The Adminis-
trator shall review the data after receipt of the application and shall,
as expeditiously as possible, either register the pesticide in accordance
-------
with paragraph (5), or notify the applicant of his determination that
it does not comply with the provisions of the Act in accordance with
paragraph (6).
"(4) NOTICE OF APPLICATION.—The Administrator shall publish in the
Federal Register, promptly after receipt of the statement and other
data required pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2), a notice of each
application for registration of any pesticide if it contains any new
active ingredient or if it would entail a changed use pattern. The
notice shall provide for a period of 30 days in which any Federal agency
or any other interested person may comment.
"(5) APPROVAL OF REGISTRATION.—The Administrator shall register a
pesticide if he determines that, when considered with any restrictions
imposed under subsection (d)—
"(A) its composition is such as to warrant the proposed claims
for it;
"(B) its labeling and other material required to be submitted
comply with the requirements of this Act;
"(C) it will perform its intended function without unreasonable
adverse effects on the environment; and
"(D) when used in accordance with widespread and commonly
recognized practice it will not generally cause unreasonable
adverse effects on the environment.
The Administrator shall not make any lack of essentiality a criterion
for denying registration of any pesticide. Where two pesticides meet the
requirements of this paragraph, one should not be registered in prefer-
ence to the other.
"(6) DENIAL OF REGISTRATION.—If the Administrator determines that
the requirements of paragraph (5) for registration are not satisfied, he
shall notify the applicant for registration of his determination and of
his reasons (including the factual basis) therefor, and that, unless the
applicant corrects the conditions and notifies the Administrator thereof
during the 30-day period beginning with the day after the date on
which the applicant receives the notice, the Administrator may refuse
to register the pesticide. Whenever the Administrator refuses to register
a pesticide, he shall notify the applicant of his decision and of his
reasons (including the factual basis) therefor. The Administrator shall
promptly publish in the Federal Register notice of such denial of
registration and the reasons therefor. Upon such notification, the
applicant for registration or other interested person with the concur-
rence of the applicant shall have the same remedies as provided for
in section 6
'(d) CLASSH ICATION OF PLSTICIDES.—
"(1) CLASSIFICATION FOR GENERAL USE, RESTRICTED USE, OR BOTH.—
"(A) As a part of the registration of a pesticide the Adminis-
trator shall classify it as being for general use or for restricted use,
provided that if the Administrator determines that some of the uses
for which the pesticide is registered should be for general use and
that other uses for which it is registered should be for restricted
use, he shall classify it for both general use and restricted use. If
some of the uses of the pesticide are classified for general use and
other uses are classified for restricted use, the directions relating
to its general uses shall be clearly separated and distinguished from
those directions relating to its restricted uses: Provided, however,
That the Administrator may require that its packaging and labeling
for restricted uses shall be clearly distinguishable from its packaging
and labeling for general uses
"(B) If the Administrator determines that the pesticide, when
applied in accordance with its directions for use, warnings and
cautions and for the uses for which it is registered, or for one or
more of such uses, or in accordance with a widespread and com-
monly recognized practice, will not generally cause unreasonable
adverse effects on the environment, he will classify the pesticide,
or the particular use or uses of the pesticide to which the deter-
mination applies, for general use
"(C) If the Administrator determines that the pesticide, when
applied in accordance with its directions for use, warnings and
cautions and for the uses for which it is registered, or for one or
more of such uses, or in accordance with a widespread and com-
monly recognized practice, may generally cause, without additional
regulatory restrictions, unreasonable adverse effects on the environ-
ment, including injury to the applicator, he shall classify the
pesticide, or the particular use or uses to which the determination
applies, for restricted use:
"(i) If the Administrator classifies a pesticide, or one or
Publication
in Federal
Register.
Publication
in Federal
Register.
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Publication
in Federal
Register.
Standard!.
P.L. 94-140
89 Stat. 753
more uses of such pesticide, for restricted use because of a
determination that the acute dermal or inhalation toxicity of
the pesticide presents a hazard to the applicator or other
persons, the pesticide shall be applied for any use to which the
restricted classification applies only by or under the direct
supervision of a certified applicator.
"(ii) If the Administrator classifies a pesticide, or one or
more uses of such pesticide, for restricted use because of a
determination that its use without additional regulatory restric-
tion may cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environ-
ment, the pesticide shall be applied for any use to which the
determination applies only by or under the direct supervision
of a certified applicator, or subject to such other restrictions
as the Administrator may provide by regulation. Any such
regulation shall be reviewable in the appropriate court of
appeals upon petition of a person adversely affected filed within
60 days of the publication of the regulation in final form.
"(2) CHANGE IN CLASSIFICATION.—If the Administrator determines
that a change in the classification of any use of a pesticide from general
use to restricted use is necessary to prevent unreasonable adverse effects
on the environment, he shall notify the registrant of such pesticide of
such determination at least 30 days before making the change and shall
publish the proposed change in the Federal Register The registrant, or
other interested person with the concurrence of the registrant, may seek
relief from such determination under section 6(b).
"(e) PRODUCTS WITH SAME FORMULATION AND CLAIMS.—Products which
have the same formulation, are manufactured by the same person, the
labeling of which contains the same claims, and the labels of which bear a
designation identifying the product as the same pesticide may be registered
as a single pesticide; and additional names and labels shall be added to the
registration by supplemental statements.
"(0 MISCELLANEOUS.—
"(1) EFFECT OF CHANGE OF LABELING OR FORMULATION.—If the label-
ing or formulation for a pesticide is changed, the registration shall be
amended to reflect such change if the Administrator determines that
the change will not violate any provision of this Act.
"(2) REGISTRATION NOT A DEFENSE.—In no event shall registration of
an article be construed as a defense for the commission of any offense
under this Act: Provided, That as long as no cancellation proceedings
are in effect registration of a pesticide shall be prima facie evidence
that the pesticide, its labeling and packaging comply with the registra-
tion provisions of the Act
"(3) AUTHORITY TO CONSULT OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES.—In connec-
tion with consideration of any registration or application for registra-
tion under this section, the Administrator may consult with any other
Federal agency.
"SEC. 4. USE OF RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDES; CERTIFIED APPLI-
CATORS.
"(a) CF.RTIFICATION PROCEDURE.—
"(1) FEDERAL CERTIFICATION.—Subject to paragraph (2), the Admin-
istrator shall prescribe standards for the certification of applicators of
pesticides. Such standards shall provide that to be certified, an individual
must be determined to be competent with respect to the use and
handling of pesticides, or to the use and handling of the pesticide or
class of pesticides covered by such individual's certification: Provided,
however, That the certification standard for a private applicator shall,
under a State plan submitted for approval, be deemed fulfilled by his
completing a certification form The Administrator shall further assure
that such form contains adequate information and affirmations to carry
out the intent of this Act, and may include in the form an affirmation
that the private applicator has completed a training program approved
by the Administrator so long as the program does not require the
private applicator to take, pursuant to a requirement prescribed by the
Administrator, any examination to establish competency in the use
of the pesticide. The Administrator may require any pesticide dealer
participating in a certification program to be licensed under a State
licensing program approved by him.
"(2) STATE CERTIFICATION.—If any State, at any time, desires to
certify applicators of pesticides, the Governor of such State shall submit
a State plan for such purpose The Administrator shall approve the plan
submitted by any State, or any modification thereof, if such plan in his
judgment—
"(A) designates a State agency as the agency responsible for
8
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administering the plan throughout the State;
"(B) contains satisfactory assurances that such agency has
or will have the legal authority and qualified personnel necessary
to carry out the plan;
"(C) gives satisfactory assurances that the State will devote
adequate funds to the administration of the plan;
"(D) provides that the State agency will make such reports to
the Administrator in such form and containing such information
as the Administrator may from time to time require; and
"(E) contains satisfactory assurances that State standards for
the certification of applicators of pesticides conform with those
standards prescribed by the Administrator under paragraph (1).
Any State certification program under this section shall be maintained in
accordance with the State plan approved under this section.
"(b) STATE PLANS.—If the Administrator rejects a plan submitted under He*rlnc.
this paragraph, he shall afford the State submitting the plan due notice and
opportunity for hearing before so doing. If the Administrator approves a
plan submitted under this paragraph, then such State shall certify applicators
of pesticides with respect to such State. Whenever the Administrator deter-
mines that a State is not administering the certification program in accord-
ance with the plan approved under this section, he shall so notify the State
and provide for a hearing at the request of the State, and, if appropriate
corrective action is not taken within a reasonable time, not to exceed ninety
days, the Administrator shall withdraw approval of such plan.
"(c) INSTRUCTION IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES.— P.L. 94-uo
Standards prescribed by the Administrator for the certification of applicators 89 sut- ™
of pesticides under subsection (a), and State plans submitted to the Admin-
istrator under subsections (a) and (b), shall include provisions for making
instructional materials concerning integrated pest management techniques
available to individuals at their request in accordance with the provisions 7 U8C U«o.
of section 23 (c) of this Act, but such plans may not require that any
individual receive instruction concerning such techniques or be shown to be
competent with respect to the use of such techniques. The Administrator
and States implementing such plans shall provide that all interested individ-
uals are notified of the availability of such instructional materials."
"SEC. 5. EXPERIMENTAL USE PERMITS.
"(a) ISSUANCE.—Any person may apply to the Administrator for an
experimental use permit for a pesticide. The Administrator may issue an
experimental use permit if he determines that the applicant needs such
permit in order to accumulate information necessary to register a pesticide
under section 3 An application for an experimental use permit may be filed
at the time of or before or after an application for registration is filed.
"(b) TEMPORARY TOLERANCE LEVEL.—If the Administrator determines
that the use of a pesticide may reasonably be expected to result in any
residue on or in food or feed, he may establish a temporary tolerance level
for the residue of the pesticide before issuing the experimental use permit.
"(c) USE UNDER PERMIT.—Use of a pesticide under an experimental use
permit shall be under the supervision of the Administrator, and shall be
subject to such terms and conditions and be for such period of time as the
Administrator may prescribe in the permit.
"(d) STUDIES.—When any experimental use permit is issued for a pesti-
cide containing any chemical or combination of chemicals which has not
been included in any previously registered pesticide, the Administrator may
specify that studies be conducted to detect whether the use of the pesticide
under the permit may cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environ-
ment All results of such studies shall be reported to the Administrator
before such pesticide may be registered under section 3.
"(e) REVOCATION.—The Administrator may revoke any experimental use
permit, at any time, if he finds that its terms or conditions are being
violated, or that its terms and conditions are inadequate to avoid unreason-
able adverse effects on the environment
"(f) STATE ISSUANCE OF PERMITS.—Notwithstanding the foregoing provi-
sions of this section, the Administrator may, under such terms and condi-
tions as he may by regulations prescribe, authorize any State to issue an
experimental use permit for a pesticide. All provisions of section 4 relating
to State plans shall apply with equal force to a State plan for the issuance
of experimental use permits under this section.
"(g) EXEMPTION FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGENCIES.—Notwithstand- P.L. »4-u»
ing the foregoing provisions of this section, the Administrator may issue an " "*•*• ™
experimental use permit for a pesticide to any public or private agricultural
research agency or educational institution which applies for such permit.
Each permit shall not exceed more than a one-year period or such other
specific time as the Administrator may prescribe. Such permit shall be issued
-------
Publication
in Federal
Register.
Hearing.
P.L. 94-140
89 Stat. 751
Publication in
Federal Register.
Ante, p. 753.
P.L. 94-140
89 Stat. 751
under such terms and conditions restricting the use of the pesticide as the
Administrator may require: Provided, That such pesticide may be used only
by such research agency or educational institution for purposes of experi-
mentation."
"SEC. 6. ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW; SUSPENSION.
"(a) CANCELLATION AFTER FIVE YEARS—
"(1) PROCEDURE.—The Administrator shall cancel the registration
of any pesticide at the end of the five-year period which begins on the
date of its registration (or at the end of any five-year period thereafter)
unless the registrant, or other interested person with the concurrence
of the registrant, before the end of such period, requests in accordance
with regulations prescribed by the Administrator that the registration
be continued in effect: Provided, That the Administrator may permit
the continued sale and use of existing stocks of a pesticide whose
registration is canceled under this subsection or subsection (b) to such
extent, under such conditions, and for such uses as he may specify if
he determines that such sale or use is not inconsistent with the purposes
of this Act and will not have unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment The Administrator shall publish in the Federal Register,
at least 30 days prior to the expiration of such five-year period, notice
that the registration will be canceled if the registrant or other interested
person with the concurrence of the registrant does not request that the
registration be continued in effect.
"(2) INFORMATION.—If at any time after the registration of a pesti-
cide the registrant has additional factual information regarding un-
reasonable adverse effects on the environment of the pesticide, he shall
submit such information to the Administrator.
"(b) CANCELLATION AND CHANGE IN CLASSIFICATION.—If it appears to the
Administrator that a pesticide or its labeling or other material required to
be submitted does not comply with the provisions of this Act or. when used
in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized practice, generally
causes unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, the Administrator
may issue a notice of his intent either—
"(1) to cancel its registration or to change its classification together
with the reasons (including the factual basis) for his action, or
"(2) to hold a hearing to determine whether or not its registration
should be canceled or its classification changed
Such notice shall be sent to the registrant and made public In determining
whether to issue any such notice, the Administrator shall include among
those factors to be taken into account the impact of the action proposed
in such notice on production and prices of agricultural commodities, retail
food prices, and otherwise on the agricultural economy. At least 60 days
prior to sending such notice to the registrant or making public such notice,
whichever occurs first, the Administrator shall provide the Secretary of
Agriculture with a copy of such notice and an analysis of such impact on
the agricultural economy. If the Secretary comments in writing to the
Administrator regarding the notice and analysis within 30 days after
receiving them, the Administrator shall publish in the Federal Register
(with the notice) the comments of the Secretary and the response of the
Administrator with regard to the Secretary's comments. If the Secretary
does not comment in writing to the Administrator regarding the notice and
analysis within 30 days after receiving them, the Administrator may notify
the registrant and make public the notice at any time after such 30-day
period notwithstanding the foregoing 60-day time requirement. The time
requirements imposed by the preceding 3 sentences may be waived or
modified to the extent agreed upon by the Administrator and the Secretary.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection (b) and section
2i(d), in the event that the Administrator determines that suspension of a
pesticide registration is necessary to prevent an imminent hazard to human
health, then upon such a finding the Administrator may waive the require-
ment of notice to and consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture pur-
suant to subsection (b) and of submission to the Scientific Advisory Panel
pursuant to section 25 (d) and proceed in accordance with subsection (c).
The proposed action shall become final and effective at the end of 30 days
from receipt by the registrant, or publication, of a notice issued under
paragraph (1), whichever occurs later, unless within that time either (i)
the registrant makes the necessary corrections, if possible, or (ii) a request
for a hearing is made by a person adversely affected by the notice In the
event a hearing is held pursuant to such a request or to the Administrator's
determination under paragraph (2), a decision pertaining to registration or
classification issued after completion of such hearing shall be final.
In taking any final action under this subsection, the Administrator shall
include among those factors to be taken into account the impact of such
10
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final action on production and prices of agricultural commodities, retail food
prices, and otherwise on the agricultural economy, and he shall publish in
the Federal Register an analysis of such impact.
"(c) SUSPENSION —
"(1) ORDER.—If the Administrator determines that action is neces-
sary to prevent an imminent hazard during the time required for can-
cellation or change in classification proceedings he may, by order,
suspend the registration of the pesticide immediately No order of
suspension may be issued unless the Administrator has issued or at the
same time issues notice of his intention to cancel the registration or
change the classification of the pesticide
"Except as provided in paragraph (3), the Administrator shall notify
the registrant prior to issuing any suspension order Such notice shall
include findings pertaining to the question of 'imminent hazard'. The
registrant shall then have an opportunity, in accordance with the pro-
visions of paragraph (2), for an expedited hearing before the Agency
on the question of whether an imminent hazard exists
"(2) EXPEDITE HEARING.—If no request for a hearing is submitted
to the Agency within five days of the registrant's receipt of the notifica-
tion provided for by paragraph (1), the suspension order may be issued
and shall take effect and shall not be reviewable by a court If a hearing
is requested, it shall commence within five days of the receipt of the
request for such hearing unless the registrant and the Agency agree
that it shall commence at a later time The hearing shall be held in
accordance with the provisions of subchapter II of title 5 of the United so stat. 381;
States Code, except that the presiding officer need not be a certified fuse's!*'
hearing examiner The presiding officer shall ha\e ten days from the
conclusion of the presentation of evidence to submit recommended
findings and conclusions to the Administrator, who shall then have
seven days to render a final order on the issue of suspension
"(3) EMHJCiENCY ORDER —Whenever the Administrator determines
that an emergency exists that does not permit him to hold a hearing
before suspending, he may issue a suspension order in advance of noti-
fication to the registrant In that case, paragraph (2) shall apply except
that (i) the order of suspension shall be in effect pending the expedi-
tious completion of the remedies provided by that paragraph and the
issuance of a final order on suspension, and (ii) no party other than
the registrant and the Agencv shall participate except that any person
adversely affected may file briefs within the time allotted by the
Agency's rules Anv person so filing briefs snail be considered a party
to such proceeding for the purpose of section 16(b)
"(4) JUDICIAL REVIEW.- -A final order on the question of suspension
following a hearing shall be reviewable in accordance with Section 16
of this Act, notwithstanding the fact that any related cancellation
proceedings have not been completed Petitions to review orders on the
issue of suspension shall be advanced on the docket of the courts of
appeals Any order of suspension entered prior to a hearing before the
Administrator shall be subject to immediate review in an action by the
registrant or other interested person with the concurrence of the
registrant in an appropriate district court, solely to determine whether
the order of suspension was arbitrary, capricious or an abuse of dis-
cretion, or whether the order was issued in accordance with the proce-
dures established by law. The effect of any order of the court will be
only to stay the effectiveness of the suspension order, pending the
Administrator's final decision with respect to cancellation or change in
classification This action may be maintained simultaneously with any
administrative review proceeding under this section The commence-
ment of proceedings under this paragraph shall not operate as a stay
of order, unless ordered by the court
"(d) PUBLIC HEARINGS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEW.—In the event a hearing
is requested pursuant to subsection (b) or determined upon by the Admin-
istrator pursuant to subsection (b), such hearing shall be held after due
notice for the purpose of receiving evidence relevant and material to the
issues raised by the objections filed by the applicant or other interested
parties, or to the issues stated by the Administrator, if the hearing is called
by the Administrator rather than by the filing of objections Upon a show-
ing of relevance and reasonable scope of evidence sought by any party to a
public hearing, the Hearing Examiner shall issue a subpena to compel testi- Subpena.
mony or production of documents from any person. The Hearing Examiner
shall be guided by the principles of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 28 use app.
in making any order for the protection of the witness or the content of
documents produced and shall order the payment of reasonable fees and
expenses as a condition to requiring testimony of the witness. On contest,
the subpena may be enforced by an appropriate United States district court
11
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in accordance with the principles stated herein. Upon the request of any
party to a public hearing and when in the Hearing Examiner's judgment
it is necessary or desirable, the Hearing Examiner shall at any time before
the hearing record is closed refer to a Committee of the National Academy
of Sciences the relevant questions of scientific fact involved in the public
hearing. No member of any committee of the National Academy of Sciences
established to carry out the functions of this section shall have a financial
or other conflict of interest with respect to any matter considered by such
Report. committee. The Committee of the National Academy of Sciences shall
report in writing to the Hearing Examiner within 60 days after such referral
on these questions of scientific fact. The report shall be made public and
shall be considered as part of the hearing record. The Administrator shall
enter into appropriate arrangements with the National Academy of Sciences
to assure an objective and competent scientific review of the questions
presented to Committees of the Academy and to provide such other scientific
advisory services as may be required by the Administrator for carrying out
the purposes of this Act As soon as practicable after completion of the
hearing (including the report of the Academy) but not later than 90 days
thereafter, the Administrator shall evaluate the data and reports before him
and issue an order either revoking his notice of intention issued pursuant to
this section, or shall issue an order either canceling the registration, chang-
ing the classification, denying the registration, or requiring modification of
the labeling or packaging of the article Such order shall be based only on
substantial evidence of record of such hearing and shall set forth detailed
findings of fact upon which the order is based
"(e) JUDICIAL REVIEW—Final orders of the Administrator under this
section shall be subject to judicial review pursuant to section 16.
"SEC. 7. REGISTRATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS.
"(a) REQUIREMENT.—No person shall produce any pesticide subject to
this Act in any State unless the establishment in which it is produced is
registered with the Administrator The application for registration of any
establishment shall include the name and address of the establishment and
of the producer who operates such establishment
"(b) REGISTRMION—Whenever the Administrator receives an application
under subsection (a), he shall register the establishment and assign it an
establishment number
"(c) INFORMATION REQUIRED —
"(1) Any producer operating an establishment registered under this
section shall inform the Administrator within 30 days after it is regis-
tered of the types and amounts of pesticides—
"(A) which he is currently producing;
"(B) which he has produced during the past year; and
"(C) which he has sold or distributed during the past year
The information required by this paragraph shall be kept current and
submitted to the Administrator annually as required under such regu-
lations as the Administrator may prescribe
"(2) Any such producer shall, upon the request of the Administrator
for the purpose of issuing a stop sale order pursuant to section 13,
inform him of the name and address of any recipient of any pesticide
produced in any registered establishment which he operates.
"(d) CONFIDENTIAL RECORDS AND INFORMATION.—Any information sub-
mitted to the Administrator pursuant to subsection (c) shall be considered
confidential and shall be subject to the provisions of section 10
"SEC. 8. BOOKS AND RECORDS.
Regulations. "(a) REQUIREMENTS.—The Administrator may prescribe regulations re-
quiring producers to maintain such records with respect to their operations
and the pesticides and devices produced as he determines are necessary for
the effective enforcement of this Act No records required under this sub-
section shall extend to financial data, sales data other than shipment data,
pricing data, personnel data, and research data (other than data relating to
registered pesticides or to a pesticide for which an application for registra-
tion has been filed).
"(b) INSPECTION.—For the purposes of enforcing the provisions of this
Act, any producer, distributor, carrier, dealer, or any other person who
sells or offers for sale, delivers or offers for delivery any pesticide or device
subject to this Act, shall, upon request of any officer or employee of the
Environmental Protection Agency or of any State or political subdivision,
duly designated by the Administrator, furnish or permit such person at all
reasonable times to have access to, and to copy: (1) all records showing
the delivery, movement, or holding of such pesticide or device, including
the quantity, the date of shipment and receipt, and the name of the con-
signor and consignee; or (2) in the event of the inability of any person to
12
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produce records containing such information, all other records and informa-
tion relating to such delivery, movement, or holding of the pesticide or
device Any inspection with respect to any records and information referred
to in this subsection shall not extend to financial data, sales data other than
shipment data, pricing data, personnel data, and research data (other than
data relating to registered pesticides or to a pesticide for which an applica-
tion for registration has been filed)
"SEC. 9. INSPECTION OF ESTABLISHMENTS, ETC.
"(a) IN GENERAI —For purposes of enforcing the provisions of this Act,
officers or employees duly designated by the Administrator are authon/ed
to enter at reasonable times, any establishment or other place where pesti-
cides or devices are held for distribution or sale for the purpose of inspecting
and obtaining samples of any pesticides or devices, packaged, labeled, and
released for shipment, and samples of any containers or labeling for such
pesticides or devices
Before undertaking such inspection, the officers or employees must present
to the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the establishment or other
place where pesticides or devices are held lor distribution or sale, appropriate
credentials and a written statement as to the reason for the inspection,
including a statement as to whether a violation of the law is suspected If no
violation is suspected, an alternate and sufficient reason shall be given in
writing Each such inspection shall be commenced and completed with
reasonable promptness If the officer or employee obtains anv samples, prior
to leaving the premises, he shall give to the owner, operator, or agent in
charge a receipt describing the samples obtained and, if requested, a portion
of each such sample equal in volume or weight to the portion retained If
an analysis is made of such samples, a copy of the results of such analysis
shall be furnished promptly to the owner, operator, or agent in charge
"(b) \\'ARR\NIS- For purposes of enforcing the provisions of this Act
and upon a showing to an officer or court ol competent jurisdiction that
there is reason to believe that the provisions of this Act have been violated,
officers or employees duly designated by the Administrator are empowered
to obtain and to execute warrants authon/ing
"(1) entry for the purpose of this section.
"(2) inspection and reproduction of all records showing the quantity,
date of shipment, and the name o! consignor and consignee of any
pesticide or device found in the establishment which is adulterated,
misbranded, not registered (in the case of a pesticide) or otherwise in
violation of this Act and in the event of the inability of any person to
produce records containing such information, all other records and
information relating to such delivery, movement, or holding of the
pesticide or device, and
"(3) the sei/ure ol any pesticide or device which is in violation of
this Act
"(c) ENFORC LMI-.NT -
"(1) CERIII ICMION or i \CTS TO MTORNEY GENFR-U —The examina-
tion of pesticides or devices shall be made in the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency or elsewhere as the Administrator may designate for the
purpose of determining from such examinations whether they comply
with the requirements of this Act If it shall appear from any such
examination that they fail to comply with the requirements of this Act,
the Administrator shall cause notice to be given to the person against
whom criminal or civil proceedings are contemplated. Any person so
notified shall be given an opportunity to present his views, either orally
or in writing, with regard to such contemplated proceedings, and if
in the opinion of the Administrator it appears that the provisions of
this Act have been violated by such person, then the Administrator
shall certify the facts to the Attorney General, with a copy of the
results of the analysis or the examination of such pesticide for the
institution of a criminal proceeding pursuant to section 14(b) or a civil
proceeding under section 14(a), when the Administrator determines
that such action will be sufficient to effectuate the purposes of this Act
"(2) NOTICE NOT REQUIRED--The notice of contemplated proceed-
ings and opportunity to present views set forth in this subsection are
not prerequisites to the institution of any proceeding by the Attorney
General.
"(3) WARNING NOTICES.—Nothing in this Act shall be construed as
requiring the Administrator to institute proceedings for prosecution of
minor violations of this Act whenever he believes that the public
interest will be adequately served by a suitable written notice of
warning.
13
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"SEC. 10. PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS AND OTHER INFOR-
MATION.
"(a) IN GENERAL.—In submitting data required by this Act, the applicant
may (1) clearly mark any portions thereof which in his opinion are trade
secrets or commercial or financial information and (2) submit such marked
material separately from other material required to be submitted under this
Act.
"(b) DISCLOSURE.—Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, the
Administrator shall not make public information which in his judgment
contains or relates to trade secrets or commercial or financial information
obtained from a person and privileged or confidential, except that, when
necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act, information relating to
formulas of products acquired by authorization of this Act may be revealed
to any Federal agency consulted and may be revealed at a public hearing
or in findings of fact issued by the Administrator.
"(c) DISPUTES.—If the Administrator proposes to release for inspection
information which the applicant or registrant believes to be protected from
disclosure under subsection (b), he shall notify the applicant or registrant,
in writing, by certified mail The Administrator shall not thereafter make
available for inspection such data until thirty days after receipt of the notice
by the applicant or registrant During this period, the applicant or registrant
may institute an action in an appropriate district court for a declaratory
judgment as to whether such information is subject to protection under
subsection (b).
"SEC. 11. STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO PESTICIDE APPLICATORS.
"(a) IN GENERAL.—No regulations prescribed by the Administrator for
carrying out the provisions of this Act shall require any private applicator
to maintain any records or file any reports or other documents
"(b) SEPARATE STANDARDS.—When establishing or approving standards
for licensing or certification, the Administrator shall establish separate
standards for commercial and private applicators
"SEC. 12. UNLAWFUL ACTS.
"(a) IN GENERAL.—
"(1) Except as provided by subsection (b), it shall be unlawful for
any person in any State to distribute, sell, offer for sale, hold for sale,
ship, deliver for shipment, or receive and (having so received) deliver
or offer to deliver, to any person--
"(A) any pesticide which is not registered under section 3,
except as provided by section 6(a)(l);
"(B) any registered pesticide if any claims made for it as a
part of its distribution or sale substantially differ from any claims
made for it as a part of the statement required in connection with
its registration under section 3,
"(C) any registered pesticide the composition of which differs
at the time of its distribution or sale from its composition as
described in the statement required in connection with its registra-
tion under section 3;
"(D) any pesticide which has not been colored or discolored
pursuant to the provisions of section 25 (c) (5);
"(E) any pesticide which is adulterated or misbranded; or
"(F) any de\ice which is misbranded
"(2) It shall be unlawful for any person—
"(A) to detach, alter, deface, or destroy, in whole or in part,
any labeling required under this Act;
"(B) to refuse to keep any records required pursuant to section
8, or to refuse to allow the inspection of any records or establish-
ment pursuant to section 8 or 9, or to refuse to allow an officer
or employee of the Environmental Protection Agency to take a
sample of any pesticide pursuant to section 9;
"(C) to give a guaranty or undertaking provided for in sub-
section (b) which is false in any particular, except that a person
who receives and relies upon a guaranty authorized under sub-
section (b) ma> give a guaranty to the same effect, which guaranty
shall contain, in addition to his own name and address, the name
and address of the person residing in the United States from whom
he received the guaranty or undertaking;
"(D) to use for his own advantage or to reveal, other than to
the Administrator, or officials or employees of the Environmental
Protection Agency, or other Federal executive agencies, or to the
courts, or to physicians, pharmacists, and other qualified persons,
needing such information for the performance of their duties, in
accordance with such directions as the Administrator may pre-
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scribe, any information acquired by authority of this Act which
is confidential under this Act;
"(E) who is a registrant, wholesaler, dealer, retailer, or other
distributor to advertise a produce registered under this Act for
restricted use without giving the classification of the product
assigned to it under section 3;
"(F) to make available for use, or to use, any registered pesti-
cide classified for restricted use for some or all purposes other than
in accordance with section 3(d) and any regulations thereunder;
"(G) to use any registered pesticide in a manner inconsistent
with its labeling;
"(H) to use any pesticide which is under an experimental use
permit contrary to the provisions of such permit;
"(I) to violate any order issued under section 13;
"(J) to violate any suspension order issued under section 6;
"(K) to violate any cancellation of registration of a pesticide
under section 6, except as provided by section 6(a)(l);
"(L) who is a producer to violate any of the provisions of
section 7;
"(M) tq knowingly falsify all or parf of any application for
registration, application for experimental use permit, any informa-
tion submitted to the Administrator pursuant to section 7, any
records required to be maintained pursuant to section 8, any report
filed under this Act, or any information marked as confidential and
submitted to the Administrator under any provision of this act;
"(N) who is a registrant, wholesaler, dealer, retailer, or other
distributor to fail to file reports required by this Act;
"(O) to add any substance to, or take any substance from, any
pesticide in a manner that may defeat the purpose of this Act; or
"(P) to use any pesticide in tests on human beings unless such
human beings (i) are fully informed of the nature and purposes
of the test and of any physical and mental health consequences
which are reasonably foreseeable therefrom, and (ii) freely volun-
teer to participate in the test
"(b) EXEMPTIONS.—The penalties provided for a violation of paragraph
(1) of subsection (a) shall not apply to—
"(1) any person who establishes a guaranty signed by, and containing
the name and address of, the registrant or person residing in the United
States from whom he purchased or received in good faith the pesticide
in the same unbroken package, to the effect that the pesticide was
lawfully registered at the time of sale and delivery to him, and that it
complies with the other requirements of this Act, and in such case the
guarantor shall be subject to the penalties which would otherwise attach
to the person holding the guaranty under the provisions of this Act;
"(2) any carrier while lawfully shipping, transporting, or delivering
for shipment any pesticide or device, if such carrier upon request of
any officer or employee duly designated by the Administrator shall per-
mit such officer or employee to copy all of its records concerning such
pesticide or device,
"(3) any public official while engaged in the performance of his
official duties;
"(4) any person using or possessing any pesticide as provided by an
experimental use permit in effect with respect to such pesticide and
such use or possession; or
"(5) any person who ships a substance or mixture of substances
being put through tests in which the purpose is only to determine its
value for pesticide purposes or to determine its toxicity or other
properties and from which the user does not expect to receive any
benefit in pest control from its use.
"SEC. 13. STOP SALE, USE, REMOVAL, AND SEIZURE.
"(a) STOP S\LE, ETC., ORDERS.—Whenever any pesticide or device is
found by the Administrator in any State and there is reason to believe on
the basis of inspection or tests that such pesticide or device is in violation
of any of the provisions of this Act, or that such pesticide or device has
been or is intended to be distributed or sold in violation of any such provi-
sions, or when the registration of the pesticide has been canceled by a final
order or has been suspended, the Administrator may issue a written or
printed 'stop sale, use, or removal' order to any person who owns, controls,
or has custody of such pesticide or device, and after receipt of such order
no person shall sell, use, or remove the pesticide or device described in the
order except in accordance with the provisions of the order.
"(b) SEIZURE--Any pesticide or device that is being transported or,
having been transported, remains unsold or in original unbroken packages,
15
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or that is sold or offered for sale in any State, or that is imported from a
foreign country, shall be liable to be proceeded against in any district court
in the district where it is found and seized for confiscation by a process in
rem for condemnation if—
"(1) in the case of a pesticide—
"(A) it is adulterated or misbranded;
"(B) it is not registered pursuant to the provisions of section 3;
"(C) its labeling fails to bear the information required by this
Act;
"(D) it is not colored or discolored and such coloring or dis-
coloring is required under this Act; or
"(E) any of the claims made for it or any of the directions for
its use differ in substance from the representations made in connec-
tion with its registration;
"(2) in the case of a device, it is misbranded; or
"(3) in the case of a pesticide or device, when used in accordance
with the requirements imposed under this Act and as directed by the
labeling, it nevertheless causes unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment. In the case of a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant,
used in accordance with the label claims and recommendations, physical
or physiological effects on plants or parts thereof shall not be deemed
to be injury, when such effects are the purpose for which the plant
regulator, defoliant, or desiccant was applied.
"(c) DISPOSITION AFTER CONDEMNATION.—If the pesticide or device is
condemned it shall, after entry of the decree, be disposed of by destruction
or sale as the court may direct and the proceeds, if sold, less the court costs,
shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States, but the pesticide or
device shall not be sold contrary to the provisions of this Act or the laws of
the jurisdiction in which it is sold: Provided, That upon payment of the
costs of the condemnation proceedings and the execution and delivery of
a good and sufficient bond conditioned that the pesticide or device shall not
be sold or otherwise disposed of contrary to the provisions of the Act or the
laws of any jurisdiction in which sold, the court may direct that such pesti-
cide or device be delivered to the owner thereof. The proceedings of such
condemnation cases shall conform, as near as may be to the proceedings in
admiralty, except that either party may demand trial by jury of any issue
of fact joined in any case, and all such proceedings shall be at the suit of
and in the name of the United States.
"(d) COURT COSTS, ETC.—When a decree of condemnation is entered
against the pesticide or device, court costs and fees, storage, and other
proper expenses shall be awarded against the person, if any, intervening as
claimant of the pesticide or device
"SEC. 14. PENALTIES.
" (a) CIVIL PENALTIES.—
"(1) IN GENERAL.—Any registrant, commercial applicator, whole-
saler, dealer, retailer, or other distributor who violates any provision
of this Act may be assessed a civil penalty by the Administrator of not
more than $5,000 for each offense.
"(2) PRIVATE APPLICATOR—Any private applicator or other person
not included in paragraph (1) who violates any provision of this Act
subsequent to receiving a written warning from the Administrator or
following a citation for a prior violation, may be assessed a civil penalty
by the Administrator of not more than $1,000 for each offense.
"(3) HEARING.—No civil penalty shall be assessed unless the person
charged shall have been given notice and opportunity for a hearing on
such charge in the county, parish, or incorporated city of the residence
of the person charged In determining the amount of the penalty the
Administrator shall consider the appropriateness of such penalty to the
size of the business of the person charged, the effect on the person's
ability to continue in business, and the gravity of the violation.
"(4) REFERENCES TO ATTORNEY GENERAL.—In case of inability to
collect such civil penalty or failure of any person to pay all, or such
portion of such civil penalty as the Administrator may determine, the
Administrator shall refer the matter to the Attorney General, who shall
recover such amount by action in the appropriate United States district
court
"(b) CRIMINAL PENALTIES.—
"(1) IN GENERAL.—Any registrant, commercial applicator, whole-
saler, dealer, retailer, or other distributor who knowingly violates any
provision of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall on
conviction be fined not more than $25,000, or imprisoned for not more
than one year, or both
"(2) PRIVATE APPLICATOR.—Any private applicator or other person
16
-------
not included in paragraph (1) who knowingly violates any provision
of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall on conviction be
fined not more than $1,000. or imprisoned for not more than 30 days,
or both.
"(3) DISCLOSURE or INI ORMAIION.-— Any person,, who, with intent to
defraud, uses or re\eals information relative to formulas of products
acquired under the authority of section 3, shall be fined not more than
$10,000, or imprisoned for not more than three years, or both
"(4) ACTS OF 011 ICERS, AGENTS, FTC.—When construing and enforc-
ing the provisions of this Act, the act, omission, or failure of any
officer, agent, or other person acting for or employed by any person
shall in every case be also deemed to be the act, omission, or failure of
such person as well as that of the person employed
"SEC. 15. INDEMNITIES.
"(a) REQUIREMENT-- If
"(1) the Administrator notifies a registrant that he has suspended
the registration of a pesticide because such action is necessary to pre-
vent an imminent ha/ard.
"(2) the registration of the pesticide is canceled as a result of a final
determination that the use of such pesticide will create an imminent
hazard; and
"(3) any person who owned any quantity of such pesticide immedi-
ately before the notice to the registrant under paragraph (1) suffered
losses by reason of suspension or cancellation of the registration,
the Administrator shall make an indemnity payment to such person, unless
the Administrator finds that such person (i) had knowledge of facts which,
in themselves, would have shown that such pesticide did not meet the
requirements of section 3(c)(5) for registration, and (n) continued there-
after to produce such pesticide without giving timely notice of such facts to
the Administrator
"(b) AMOUNT 01 P-nMi-Ni
"(1) IN GFNFRAL —The amount of the indemnity payment under
subsection (a) to any person shall be determined on the basis of the
cost of the pesticide owned by such person immediately before the
notice to the registrant referred to in subsection (a)(l); except that
in no event shall an indemnity payment to any person exceed the fair
market value of the pesticide owned by such person immediately before
the notice referred to in subsection (a)(l)
"(2) SPECIAL RUIF.—Notwithstanding any other provision of this
Act, the Administrator may provide a reasonable time for use or other
disposal of such pesticide In determining the quantity of any pesticide
for which indemnity shall be paid under this subsection, proper adjust-
ment shall be made for any pesticide used or otherwise disposed of by
such owner
"SEC. 16. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE; JUDICIAL REVIEW.
"(a) DISTRICT COURT REVIEW.—Except as is otherwise provided in this
Act, Agency refusals to cancel or suspend registrations or change classifica-
tions not following a hearing and other final Agency actions not committed
to Agency discretion by law are judicially reviewable in the district courts.
"(b) REVIEW BY COURT 01 APPEALS.—,In the case of actual controversy
as tojhe validity of any order issued by the Administrator following a public
hearing, any person who will be adversely affected by such order and who
had been a party to the proceedings may obtain judicial review by filing in
the United States court of appeals for the circuit wherein such person
resides or has a place of business, within 60 days after the entry of such
order, a petition praying that the order be set aside in whole or in part A
copy of the petition shall be forthwith transmitted by the clerk of the court
to the Administrator or any officer designated by him for that purpose and
thereupon the Administrator shall file in the court the record of the pro-
ceedings on which he based his order, as provided in section 2112 of title 28,
United States Code Upon the filing of such petition the court shall have 72 stat. 941:
exclusive jurisdiction to affirm or set aside the order complained of in whole 80 stat- 1323-
or in part. The court shall consider all evidence of record. The order of
the Administrator shall be sustained if it is supported by substantial evidence
when considered on the record as a whole. The judgment of the court affirm-
ing or setting aside, in whole or in part, any order under this section shall
be final, subject to review by the Supreme Court of the United States upon
certiorari or certification as provided in section 1254 of title 28 of the 62 stat. 928.
United States Code. The commencement of proceedings under this section
shall not, unless specifically ordered by the court to the contrary, operate
as a stay of an order. The court shall advance on the docket and expedite
the disposition of all cases filed therein pursuant to this section.
17
-------
"(c) JURISDICTION OF DISTRICT COURTS.—The district courts of the United
States are vested with jurisdiction specifically to enforce, and to prevent and
restrain violations of, this Act.
"(d) NOTICE OF JUDGMENTS.—The Administrator shall, by publication in
such manner as he may prescribe, give notice of all judgments entered in
actions instituted under the authority of this Act.
"SEC. 17. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
"(a) PESTICIDES AND DEVICES INTENDED FOR EXPORT.—Notwithstanding
any other provision of this Act, no pesticide or device shall be deemed in
violation of this Act when intended solely for export to any foreign country
and prepared or packed according to the specifications or directions of the
foreign purchaser, except that producers of such pesticides and devices shall
be subject to section 8 of this Act
(b) CANCELLATION NOTICES FURNISHED TO FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS.—
Whenever a registration, or a cancellation or suspension of the registration
of a pesticide becomes effective, or ceases to be effective, the Administrator
shall transmit through the State Department notification thereof to the
governments of other countries and to appropriate international agencies.
"(c) IMPORTATION OF PESTICIDES AND DEVICES.—The Secretary of the
Treasury shall notify the Administrator of the arrival of pesticides and
devices and shall deliver to the Administrator, upon his request, samples of
pesticides or devices which are being imported into the United States, giving
notice to the owner or consignee, who may appear before the Administrator
and have the right to introduce testimony. If it appears from the examina-
tion of a sample that it is adulterated, or misbranded or otherwise violates
the provisions set forth in this Act, or is otherwise injurious to health or
the envkonment, the pesticide or device may be refused admission, and the
Secretary of the Treasury shall refuse delivery to the consignee and shall
cause the destruction of any pesticide or device refused delivery which shall
not be exported by the consignee within 90 days from the date of notice
of such refusal under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may
prescribe: Provided, That the Secretary of the Treasury may deliver to the
consignee such pesticide or device pending examination and decision in the
matter on execution of bond for the amount of the full invoice value of
such pesticide or device, together with the duty thereon, and on refusal to
return such pesticide or device for any cause to the custody of the Secretary
of the Treasury, when demanded, for the purpose of excluding them from
the country, or for any other purpose, said consignee shall forfeit the full
amount of said bond: And provided further, That all charges for storage,
cartage, and labor on pesticides or devices which are refused admission or
delivery shall be paid by the owner or consignee, and in default of such
payment shall constitute a lien against any future importation made by such
owner or consignee.
"(d) COOPERATION IN INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS.—The Administrator shall,
in cooperation with the Department of State and any other appropriate
Federal agency, participate and cooperate in any international efforts to
develop improved pesticide research and regulations.
"(e) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with
the Administrator, shall prescribe regulations for the enforcement of sub-
section (c) of this section.
"SEC. 18. EXEMPTION OF FEDERAL AGENCIES.
"The Administrator may, at his discretion, exempt any Federal or State
agency from any provision of this Act if he determines that emergency
conditions exist which require such exemption.
P.L. 84-140 "The Administrator, in determining whether or not such emergency
89 St»t. 754 conditions exist, shall consult with the Secretary of Agriculture and the
Governor of any State concerned if they request such determination."
"SEC. 19. DISPOSAL AND TRANSPORTATION.
"(a) PROCEDURES.—The Administrator shall, after consultation with
Regulations, other interested Federal agencies, establish procedures and regulations for
the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and for
disposal or storage of excess amounts of such pesticides, and accept at con-
venient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is
canceled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide
"(b) ADVICE TO SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION.—The Administrator shall
provide advice and assistance to the Secretary of Transportation with respect
74 Stat 80S- to ms functions relating to the transportation of hazardous materials under
79 Stat'. 286.' the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1657), the Transportation
«|tat. 775; of Explosives Act (18 U.S.C. 831-835), the Federal Aviation Act of 1958
Contract <49 u s c 1421-1430, 1472 II), and the Hazardous Cargo Act (46 U.S.C.
•uthority. 170,375,416).
18
-------
"SEC. 20. RESEARCH AND MONITORING.
"(a) RESEARCH.—The Administrator shall undertake research, including
research by grant or contract with other Federal agencies, universities, or
others as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act, and he
shall give priority to research to develop biologically integrated alternatives
for pest control. The Administrator shall also take care to insure that such
research does not duplicate research being undertaken by any other Federal
agency.
"(b) NATIONAL MONITORING PLAN.—The Administrator shall formulate
and periodically revise, in cooperation with other Federal, State, or local
agencies, a national plan for monitoring pesticides.
"(c) MONITORING.—The Administrator shall undertake such monitoring
activities, including but not limited to monitoring in ah, soil, water, man,
plants, and animals, as may be necessary for the implementation of this Act
and of the national pesticide monitoring plan. Such activities shall be carried
out in cooperation with other Federal, State, and local agencies.
"SEC. 21. SOLICITATION OF COMMENTS; NOTICE OF PUBLIC
HEARINGS.
"(a) The Administrator, before publishing regulations under this Act,
shall solicit the views of the Secretary of Agriculture hi accordance with
the procedure described in section 25 (a).
"(b) In addition to any other authority relating to public hearings and
solicitation of views, in connection with the suspension or cancellation of a
pesticide registration or any other actions authorized under this Act, the
Administrator may, at his discretion, solicit the views of all interested per-
sons, either orally or in writing, and seek such advice from scientists,
farmers, farm organizations, and other qualified persons as he deems proper.
"(c) In connection with all public hearings under this Act the Adminis-
trator shall publish timely notice of such hearings in the Federal Register.
"SEC. 22. DELEGATION AND COOPERATION.
"(a) DELEGATION.—All authority vested in the Administrator by virtue
of the provisions of this Act may with like force and effect be executed by
such employees of the Environmental Protection Agency as the Adminis-
trator may designate for the purpose.
"(b) COOPERATION.—The Administrator shall cooperate with the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, any other Federal agency, and any appropriate agency
of any State or any political subdivision thereof, in carrying out the provi-
sions of this Act, and in securing uniformity of regulations.
"SEC. 23. STATE COOPERATION, AID, AND TRAINING.
"(a) COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS.—The Administrator is authorized to
enter into cooperative agreements with States—
"(1) to delegate to any State the authority to cooperate in the
enforcement of the Act through the use of its personnel or facilities,
to train personnel of the State to cooperate in the enforcement of this
Act, and to assist States in implementing cooperative enforcement
programs through grants-in-aid; and
"(2) to assist State agencies in developing and administering State
programs for training and certification of applicators consistent with
the standards which he prescribes
"(b) CONTRACTS FOR TRAINING.—In addition, the Administrator is author-
ized to enter into contracts with Federal or State agencies for the purpose
of encouraging the training of certified applicators.
"(c) The Administrator may, in cooperation with the Secretary of Agri-
culture, utilize the services of the Cooperative State Extension Services for
informing farmers of accepted uses and other regulations made pursuant
to this Act
"SEC. 24. AUTHORITY OF STATES.
"(a) A State may regulate the sale or use of any pesticide or device in
the State, but only if and to the extent the regulation does not permit any
sale or use prohibited by this Act;
"(b) such State shall not impose or continue in effect any requirements
for labeling and packaging in addition to or different from those required
pursuant to this Act; and
"(c) a State may provide registration for pesticides formulated for distri-
bution and use within that State to meet special local needs if that State is
certified by the Administrator as capable of exercising adequate controls to
assure that such registration will be in accord with the purposes of this Act
and if registration for such use has not previously been denied, disapproved,
or canceled by the Administrator. Such registration shall be deemed regis-
tration under section 3 for all purposes of this Act, but shall authorize
19
P.L. 94-140
89 Stet. 7B.
Publication
in Federal
Register.
-------
distribution and use only within such State and shall not be effective for
more than 90 days if disapproved by the Administrator within that period.
"SEC. 25. AUTHORITY OF ADMINISTRATOR.
P.L. 94-140 "(a) (1) REGULATIONS.—The Administrator is authorized in accordance
89 stat. 751. wjth the procedure described in paragraph (2), to prescribe regulations to
carry out the provisions of this Act. Such regulations shall take into
account the difference in concept and usage between various classes of
pesticides.
P.L. 94-140 (2) PROCEDURE.
89 stat. 752 " (A) PROPOSED REGULATIONS.—At least 60 days prior to signing
any proposed regulation for publication in the Federal Register,
Publications in the Administrator shall provide the Secretary of Agriculture with
Federal Register. a COpy of such regulation. If the Secretary comments in writing
to the Administrator regarding any such regulation within 30 days
after receiving it, the Administrator shall publish in the Federal
Register (with the proposed regulation) the comments of the
Secretary and the response of the Administrator with regard to
the Secretary's comments. If the Secretary does not comment in
writing to the Administrator regarding the regulation within 30
days after receiving it, the Administrator may sign such regulation
for publication in the Federal Register any time after such 30-day
period notwithstanding the foregoing 60-day time requirement.
"(B) FINAL REGULATIONS.—At least 30 days prior to signing any
regulation in final form for publication in the Federal Register, the
Publications in Administrator shall provide the Secretary of Agriculture with a
Federal Register. copy of such regulation. If the Secretary comments in writing to
the Administrator regarding any such final regulation within 15
days after receiving it, the Administrator shall publish in the
Federal Register (with the final regulation) the comments of the
Secretary, if requested by the Secretary, and the response of the
Administrator concerning the Secretary's comments. If the Secre-
tary does not comment in writing to the Administrator regarding
the regulation within 15 days after receiving it, the Administrator
may sign such regulation for publication in the Federal Register
at any time after such 15-day period notwithstanding the foregoing
30-day time requirement.
"(C) TIME REQUIREMENTS.—The time requirements imposed by
subparagraphs (A) and (B) may be waived or modified to the
extent agreed upon by the Administrator and the Secretary.
"(D) PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER.—The Administrator
shall, simultaneously with any notification to the Secretary of
Agriculture under this paragraph prior to the issuance of any
proposed or final regulation, publish such notification in the
Federal Register.".
P.L. 94-140 "(3) CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.—At such time as the Administra-
89 Stat. 753 tor is required under paragraph (2) of this subsection to provide the
Secretary of Agriculture with a copy of proposed regulations and a
copy of the final form of regulations, he shall also furnish a copy of
such regulations to the Committee on Agriculture of the House of
Representatives and the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry of the
Senate."
"(b) EXEMPTION OF PESTICIDES.—The Administrator may exempt from
the requirements of this Act by regulation any pesticide which he determines
either (1) to be adequately regulated by another Federal agency, or (2) to
be of a character which is unnecessary to be subject to this Act in order to
carry out the purposes of this Act
"(c) OTHER AUTHORITY—The Administrator, after notice and oppor-
tunity for hearing, is authorized—
"(1) to declare a pest any form of plant or animal life (other than
man and other than bacteria, virus, and other micro-organisms on or
in living man or other living animals) which is injurious to health or
the environment:
"(2) to determine any pesticide which contains any substance or
substances in quantities highly toxic to man;
"(3) to establish standards (which shall be consistent with those
84 stat. 1670. established under the authority of the Poison Prevention Packaging
n5otusc 1471 Act (Public Law 91-601)) with respect to the package, container, or
no e' wrapping in which a pesticide or device is enclosed for use or consump-
tion, in order to protect children and adults from serious injury or illness
resulting from accidental ingestion or contact with pesticides or devices
regulated by this Act as well as to accomplish the other purposes of
this Act;
"(4) to specify those classes of devices which shall be subject to any
20
-------
provision of paragraph 2(q)(l) or section 7 of this Act upon his deter-
mination that application of such provision is necessary to effectuate
the purposes of this Act;
"(5) to prescribe regulations requiring any pesticide to be colored
or discolored if he determines that such requirement is feasible and is
necessary for the protection of health and the environment; and
"(6) to determine and establish suitable names to be used in the
ingredient statement.
"(d) SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY PANEL.—The Administrator shall submit to an
advisory panel for comment as to the impact on health and the environment
of the action proposed in notices of intent issued under section 6(b) and
of the proposed and final form of regulations issued under section 25 (a)
within the same time periods as provided for the comments of the Secretary
of Agriculture under such sections. The time requirements for notices of
intent and proposed and final forms of regulation may not be modified or
waived unless in addition to meeting the requirements of section 6(b) or
25(a), as applicable, the advisory panel has failed to comment on the
proposed action within the prescribed time period or has agreed to the
modification or waiver. The comments of the advisory panel and the
response of the Administrator shall be published in the Federal Register in
the same manner as provided for publication of the comments of the Secre-
tary of Agriculture under such sections. The panel referred to in this sub-
section shall consist of seven members appointed by the Administrator from
a list of 12 nominees, six nominated by the National Institutes of Health,
and six by the National Science Foundation The Administrator may require
such information from the nominees to the advisory panel as he deems
necessary, and he shall publish in the Federal Register the name, address,
and professional affiliations of each nominee. Each member of the panel
shall receive per diem compensation at a rate not in excess of that fixed
for GS-18 of the General Schedule as may be determined by the Adminis-
trator, except that any such member who holds another office or position
under the Federal Government the compensation for which exceeds such
rate may elect to receive compensation at the rate provided for such other
office or position in lieu of the compensation provided by this subsection.
In order to assure the objectivity of the advisory panel, the Administrator
shall promulgate regulations regarding conflicts of interest with respect to
the members of the panel."
"SEC. 26. SEVERABILITY.
"If any provision of this Act or the application thereof to any person or
circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity shall not affect other provisions
or applications of this Act which can be given effect without regard to the
invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this Act
are severable.
"SEC. 27. AUTHORIZATION FOR APPROPRIATIONS.
"There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary
to carry out the provisions of this Act for each of the fiscal years ending
June 30, 1973, June 30, 1974, and June 30, 1975. The amounts authorized
to be appropriated for any fiscal year ending after June 30, 1975, shall be
the sums hereafter provided by law."
"There are hereby authorized to be appropriated to carry out the provi-
sions of this Act for the period beginning October 1, 1975, and ending
September 30, 1976, the sum of $47,868,000, and for the period beginning
October 1, 1976, and ending March 31, 1977, the sum of $23,600,000."
P.L. 94-140
89 SUt. 753
7 USC 136d.
7 USC 136w.
Publication in
Federal Register.
Member*.
Publication in
Federal Register.
Compensation.
5 USC 5332
note.
P I 94-140
89 Slal 754
Regulations.
P.L. 94-140
89 Stat. 752
AMENDMENTS TO OTHER ACTS
SEC. 3. The following Acts are amended by striking out the terms "eco-
nomic poisons" and "an economic poison" wherever they appear and insert-
ing in lieu thereof "pesticides" and "a pesticide" respectively:
(1) The Federal Hazardous Substances Act, as amended (15 U.S.C.
1261 et seq );
(2) The Poison Prevention Packaging Act, as amended (15 U.S.C.
1471 et seq ); and
(3) The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended (21
U.S.C. 301 et seq ).
74 Stat. 1305.
84 Stat. 1670.
52 SUt. 1040.
EFFECTIVE DATES OF PROVISIONS OF ACT
SEC. 4. (a) Except as otherwise provided in the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended by this Act, and as otherwise
provided by this section, the amendments made by this Act shall take •effect
21
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SaTixci
proTMon.
Cl Stet. 1(1.
7 USC 135
P.L. 14-140
»9 SUt. 7S2
P.L. 94-140
89 Stet. 752
Cl SUt. 1S3.
7 USC 135
note.
P.L. 94-140
19 Sl.t. 752
P.L. 94-140
«» Sttl. 753
P.L. 94-140
89 SMt. 753
at the close of the date of the enactment of this Act, provided if regulations
are necessary for the implementation of any provision that becomes effec-
tive on the date of enactment, such regulations shall be promulgated and
shall become effective within 90 days from the date of enactment of this
Act.
(b) The provisions of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act and the regulations thereunder as such existed prior to the enactment
of this Act shall remain in effect until superseded by the amendments made
by this Act and regulations thereunder: Provided, That all provisions made
by these amendments and all regulations thereunder shall be effective
within five years after the enactment of this Act.
(c)(l) Two years after the enactment of this Act the Administrator shall
have promulgated regulations providing for the registration and classifica-
tion of pesticides under the provisions of this Act and thereafter shall
register all new applications under such provisions.
(2) After two years but within five years after the enactment of this Act
the Administrator shall register and reclassify pesticides registered under
the provisions of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
prior to the effective date of the regulations promulgated under subsection
(3) Any requirements that a pesticide be registered for use only by a
certified applicator shall not be effective until five years from the date of
enactment of this Act.
(4) A period of five years from date of enactment shall be provided for
certification of applicators.
(A) One year after the enactment of this Act the Administrator
shall have prescribed the standards for the certification of applicators.
(B) Within four years after the enactment of this Act each State
desiring to certify applicators shall submit a State plan to the Adminis-
trator for the purpose provided by section 4(b).
(C) As promptly as possible but in no event more than one year
after submission of a State plan, the Administrator shall approve the
State plan or disapprove it and indicate the reasons for disapproval.
Consideration of plans resubmitted by States shall be expedited.
(5) One year after the enactment of this Act the Administrator shall
have promulgated and shall make effective regulations relating to the regis-
tration of establishments, permits for experimental use, and the keeping of
books and records under the provisions of this Act.
(d) No person shall be subject to any criminal or civil penalty imposed
by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended by
this Act, for any act (or failure to act) occurring before the expiration of
60 days after the Administrator has published effective regulations in the
Federal Register and taken such other action as may be necessary to permit
compliance with the provisions under which the penalty is to be imposed.
(e) For purposes of determining any criminal or civil penalty or liability
to any third person in respect of any act or omission occurring before the
expiration of the periods referred to in this section, the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act shall be treated as continuing in effect as
if this Act had not been enacted.
Public Law 92-516
92nd Congress. H. R. 10729
October 21, 1972
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY:
HOUSE REPORTS: No. 92-511 (Comm. on Agriculture) and No. 92-1540 (Comm. of
Conference) .
SENATE REPORTS' No 92-838 (Comm. on Agriculture and Forestry) and No 92-
970 (Comm. on Commerce).
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:
Vol. 117 (1971). Nov. 8, 9, considered and passed House
Vol. 118 (1972): Sept. 26, considered and passed Senate, amended
Oct. 5, Senate agreed to conference report
Oct. 12, House agreed to conterence report
WEEKLY COMPILATION OF PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS:
Vol. 8, No. 44 (1972): Oct. 21, Presidential statement.
Public Law 94-140
94th Congress, H. R. 8841
November 28, 1975
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY:
HOUSE REPORTS: No. 94-497 (Comm. on Agriculture) and No 94-668 (Comm. of
Conference) .
SENATE REPORT No. 94-452 (Comm. on Agriculture and Forestry).
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. Vol 121 (1975)
Sept. 26, Oct. 3. 9, considered and passed House.
Nov. 12, considered and passed Senate, amended
Nov. 18, House agreed to conference report.
Nov. 19, Senate agreed to conference report.
89 STAT 755
22
US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1976 O-224-947
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INTRODUCTION
UNIT I
ANSWERS TO TEST
1. a. 3 e. 1 i. 4
i. 10
a.
b.
c.
d.
3
5
7
9
e.
f.
g.
h.
1
2
8
6
2. Any four of the following:
a. Movement off target-Drift, runoff, leaching, erosion, or evaporation
b. Improper method of application-Pest not reached or controlled
c. Overuse-Overdosing and too frequent applications
d. Underuse, underdosing-Using less than needed amounts
e. Resistance of some pests to certain pesticides
f. Phytotoxicity to plants
g. Exposure to nontarget plants and animals including humans
h. Buildup of some pesticides in animals or in the food chain (accumulation)
i. Residues of some pesticides which remain unchanged in the environment
for long periods of time (persistence)
3. Discussion should include:
a. Every pesticide, its label, and each use must be registered before it can
be sold or used
b. Definition of registration-Approval by the Environmental Protection
Agency of a pesticide for uses as stated on its label
4. a. 2
b. 1
5. Any two of the following:
a. Purchase and use restricted use pesticides to produce agricultural
commodities on property owned or rented by himself or his employer
b. Supervise the use of restricted use pesticides to produce agricultural
commodities on property owned or rented by himself or his employer
c. Purchase and use restricted use pesticides for use on the property of others
with whom he trades services
13
-------
6. Explanation should include:
a. Deposit-Pesticide placed on a crop, animal, or surface during application
b. Residue-Pesticide that remains on or in a crop or animal or on a surface
following application
7. Explanation should include:
a. Studies on test animals (rats, guinea pigs, mice, and others) are conducted
to determine the acute and chronic toxicity of the chemical
b. Length of time the pesticide remains on the target crop or target animal
is measured
c. Possible long-term injury, such as buildup in man or animals, is studied
d. All food or feed which contains even a tiny amount of pesticide residue
at harvest or slaughter must have a tolerance
e. Residue in food or feed may be a result of direct or indirect contact with
pesticide
f. Tolerance is always set at least 100 times smaller than the highest dose
which has no effect on test animals
g. Food or feed which is intended to be eaten must be below the tolerance
level
14
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PESTS
UNIT II
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SHEET
1. a. Insects
b. Larva
2. a. Plant diseases (fungi)
b. Parasitic
3. a. Weeds
b. Both
c. Annuals
55
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PESTS
UNIT II
ANSWERS TO TEST
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
11
4
1
6
2
13
g-
h.
i.
j.
k.
I.
8
10
5
15
18
7
m.
n.
o.
P-
q.
r.
9
3
17
12
16
14
2. Any three of the following:
a. Insects
b. Mites, ticks, and spiders
c. Plant diseases
d. Nematodes
e. Vertebrate animals
f. Weeds
3. Any three of the following:
a. Feed on foliage, seeds, fruits, and other plant parts
b. Tunnel or bore into stems, stalks, and branches
c. Feed on and tunnel in roots
d. Suck the sap from leaves, stems, and branches
e. Carry plant disease agents
4. Any two of the following:
a. Blood sucking
b. Direct attack and spread of disease organisms
c. Living on or in the animal
d. Contaminating agricultural products
63
-------
5. a. Six jointed legs
b. Three body regions
6. a. Wings
b. Mouth parts
7. a. Egg
b. Larva
c. Pupa
d. Adult
8. a. Egg
b. Nymph
c. Nymph
d. Adult
9. a. Eight jointed legs
b. Two body regions
c. No wings
10. Any three of the following:
a. Birds
b. Mammals
c. Fish
d. Reptiles
e. Amphibians
11. a. Grasses have long narrow leaves and parallel veins
b. Broadleaf plants have wide, flat leaves and netted veins
12. a. A c. A
b. B d. P
13. a. Nonparasitic
b. Parasitic
64
-------
14. a. N c. P
b. N d. P
15. Any four of the following:
a. Decaying or rotting
b. Abnormal growth
c. Underdevelopment or stunting
d. Wilting
e. Discoloration
16. Description should include:
a. Similar to plant disease symptoms on plant parts above ground
b. Swollen and misshapen roots and sometimes galls
17. a. Vocational agriculture instructor
b. County extension agent
c. Pesticide dealer or representative
d. Land grant or other universities
18. a. Weeds
b. Annual broadleaf and grass weeds
65
-------
Assignment Sheet #1
Hay or
Grazing Forage
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
UNIT III
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SHEETS
Pet Food
Humans
Feed
Humans
Assignment Sheet #2
1. De Metho
a. Yes. The environmental hazards statement states that this is toxic to birds
and other wildlife and gives warning not to apply where runoff or drift
is likely to occur
b. No. It is toxic to bees and should not be used when bees are actively
visiting an area
2. Anti-Weed
a. No. There is no warning about wildlife hazards
b. No. Do not apply near desirable plants; it may cause injury
99
-------
c. No. Anti-Weed is a persistent pesticide. For certain crops, including beans,
it would be likely that injury would occur if planted the next year on
treated soil
d. Persistent
3. No-Disease
a. Yes. No-Disease is toxic to fish. Keep out of lakes, streams, and ponds
b. Yes. There is no statement concerning bee hazards
100
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
UNIT III
ANSWERS TO TEST
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1
5
7
3
e.
f.
9-
h.
2
4
6
8
2. Any three of the following:
a. Place to live
b. Clean water
c. Clean air
d. Food
e. Clean soil
3. Discussion should include:
a. Clean water is essential for man and animal
b. Clean soil is necessary to grow crops
c. Clean air to breathe is essential
d. Bees and other pollinators must be protected
e. Wildlife is essential for a balance of nature
f. Recreational areas are desirable for man
4. b, c, d, f
5. Any two of the following:
a. Cause nature imbalance
b. Pollute streams and water supply
c. Pollute crops
d. Pollute soil
e. Injure desirable plants
f. Residue in meat animals
105
-------
6. Explanation should include:
a. Each animal has a place in a food chain or food web, depending on the
type of food it eats
1) Animals that eat only plants are on the lowest level
2) Animals which eat plants and animals, including insects, are on
the next level
3) Animals that eat only meat are on the top level
b. Meat eaters may be harmed by pesticides by eating other animals that have
accumulated pesticides in their bodies
c. When plants or animals, including insects, in the lower level of the food
chain or food web are killed by pesticides, animals in levels above them
may starve
7. a. 2 c. 1
b. 3 d. 4
8. Any three of the following:
a. Type of pesticide
b. Movement
c. Weather conditions
d. Form of pesticide
e. Proper dosage
f. Persistence
g. Type of pesticide used previously in the sprayer
9. a. Through a food chain when animals eat plants or other animals
b. By building up to high levels over a period of time when taken in directly
and stored in the animal
10. Any three of the following:
a. Overdose and overuse
b. Runoff by irrigation
c. Runoff caused by rain
d. Drift and vaporization
106
-------
e. Carelessness
f. Improper disposal of containers
g. Improper disposal of unused chemicals
11. Discussion should include:
a. Death of natural enemy
b. Resistance to chemical
12. a. Yes. This pesticide is toxic to wildlife
b. Yes. This pesticide is toxic to fish
107
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PESTICIDES
UNIT IV
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SHEET
1. a. Insecticide
b. Relatively short term; because it can be applied fairly close to harvest date
and contains no other precautions on persistence
c. Yes. It might harm all the beneficial insects also
d. Yes
2. a. Fungicide
b. Both
3. a. Herbicide
b. Selective; kills some weeds but does not harm corn
c. Preemergence and at planting
139
-------
PESTICIDES
UNIT IV
ANSWERS TO TEST
1.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g-
h.
i.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3
2
7
1
12
6
8
9
10
4
2
3
1
j-
k.
I.
m.
n.
0.
P-
q-
r.
4
5
11
13
16
17
19
20
22
s. 15
t. 14
u. 18
v. 21
w. 23
x. 26 or 24
y. 24 or 26
z. 25
3. Description should include any one of the following:
a. Insects do not return
b. Long-term exposure could injure nontarget plants or animals
c. Short time until harvest of food crop
d. Short time until slaughter of livestock or poultry
e. In homes and dwellings where people and domestic animals might be
exposed
4. Description should include any one of the following:
a. Insects are constant control problem and there will be no environmental
hazard
b. Fly control in livestock buildings
c. Soil pesticides
147
-------
5. Description should include any one of the following:
a. General purpose or wide range killing
b. Presence of several different kinds of insects
6. a. P
b. E
7. To kill all the plants in the area
8. To kill some plants with little or no injury to other plants
9. a. Preplanting treatment is made before the crop is planted
b. Preemergence treatment is made before the crop or weeds appear
c. Postemergence treatment is made after the crop or weeds appear
10. Care must be taken to get the job done effectively without hurting desirable
plants and animals, including natural enemies
11. Any two of the following:
a. Growth regulator
b. Defoliant
c. Desiccant
d. Antitranspirant
12. Any two of the following:
a. Soil moisture
b. Rain
c. Humidity
d. Temperature
e. Light
13. Any two of the following:
a. Has directions on the label for the intended use
b. Is effective against the pest
c. Will not cause injury to the plant or other surface to which it is applied
148
-------
d. Will cause the least damage to beneficial organisms
e. Will not move off the treated area and into the environment to harm fish
and wildlife
f. Works well in the machinery available
g. Is worth the cost
h. Is safe to use
14. a. Damage shows, but the pest which caused it may have left the area or
may not be causing any further damage
b. Damage may not be as great as the cost of the pesticide application
15. a. Use all available methods to keep pest damage below economically harmful
levels
b. Damage the environment as little as possible
16. a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 6
e. 4
f. 2
9- 7
17. Putting all pest control methods together into a planned program to achieve
pest control and protect people and the environment
18. a. Herbicide
b. Nonselective
149
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LABELS AND LABELING
UNIT V
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SHEETS
Assignment Sheet #1
1. A-Z Chemicals
2. G
3. 24% (1.8 pounds per gallon)
4. L
5. H
6. A
7. A, C, H
8. B
9. D
10. J, L
Assignment Sheet #2
1. De Metho
2. methomyl
3. Does not have to appear if there is an approved common name
4. Seven days after application
5. a. Up to 14 days before
b. Up to 1 day at 2 pints/acre or up to 2 days at over 2 pints/acre
6. 24 hours
7. 1357-43
8. 1357-VT-1
9. 50 gallons
10. Danger (Poison, Skull and Crossbones)
11. Highly toxic
12. Restricted use
13. Any certified pesticide applicator
185
-------
Assignment Sheet #3
1. Kill-Dead
2. Anti-Weed
3. atrazine
4. 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine
5. 20%
6. Warning
7. Moderately toxic
8. 50 pounds
9. 1352-519
10. 1352-WV-1
11. As soon as any dust had settled on that Monday
12. On June 22
13. Unable to determine because new label has not yet come out, but the dealer
can tell the applicator when he/she goes to buy this pesticide
14. No
Assignment Sheet #4
1. No-Disease
2. benomyl
3. Methyl I (butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate
4. 50 Ibs
5. No-14 days to harvest
6. Cannot feed the treated bean vines and hay to livestock
7. After the spray has dried on
8. Caution
9. Slightly toxic to relatively nontoxic
186
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LABELS AND LABELING
UNIT V
ANSWERS TO TEST
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a,
a.
b.
6
7
8
2
1
b, c, d
1
2
f. 4
g. 3
h. 5
i. 9
c. 5
d. 4
e. 4
f. 3
4. c. Environmental Protection Agency
5. a. Nomite
b. metbutin
c. Mow Chemical Company
d. Methylethylbutyl phos
e. Wettable powder
6. a. 2
b. 3
c. 1
7. a. 3
b. 1
c. 2
193
-------
8. Discussion should include:
a. Residue amounts are determined and safe tolerances are set
b. Least number of days between last pesticide application and harvest or
slaughter are determined to remain under tolerance
c. Days to harvest or slaughter are listed on the label
d. Harvest or slaughter should not be attempted before time period is over
9. Discussion should include:
a. Wait at least until the deposit has dried or the dust has settled before
reentering the field, even with the least hazardous pesticides
b. Follow reentry times on label
c. Do not allow workers, children, or other persons to reenter the sprayed
area until this time has passed
d. Wear protective clothing and equipment if reentry must be made before
time elapses
e. Federal standards require that at least a hat, shoes and socks, and closely
woven fabric coveralls with long sleeves and trouser legs (or long sleeved
shirt and long legged trousers) be worn if early reentry must be made
10. a. Hazard of poisoning
b. Way pesticide is used
c. Effects on the environment
11. b
12. a. pestoff
b. 28 days
c. 15 days-Do not apply within 14 days of harvest
d. Saturday
e. Any certified pesticide applicator
194
-------
PERSONAL SAFETY AND FIRST AID
UNIT VI
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SHEET #2
1. a. Dermal and inhalation
b. Get her and you out of the area fast. Send your friend to call a doctor
and/or ambulance. Meanwhile, get your sister to fresh air and take off her
spray clothes and equipment. Wrap her in a blanket. If any chemical has
soaked through to the skin, get her into a shower, pond, or other water
source and wash the chemical off with detergent and water. Ask your friend
to try to find the container and label of the pesticide being used. Keep
her quiet until help arrives or wrap her in a blanket and take her and
the pesticide label to the hospital.
2. a. Oral
b. Get him and you out of the area fast. Take the container and label with
you. The label says to induce vomiting by giving a teaspoon of salt in
a glass of warm water. Keep giving your brother this until the vomitus
is clear. Keep him on his knees leaning forward the whole time. Then get
a large glass of cream or milk and try to get it down him. Call the doctor
or ambulance. If any of the pesticide remains on his hands, mouth, clothing,
or body, wash it off with detergent and water. Wrap him in a warm blanket
and take him to the hospital or wait for the ambulance.
3. a. Acute fumigant
b. Yell for help and have somebody nearby call the doctor. Put on an air
supplied respirator before going in after him. Get you and your buddy
to fresh air immediately. If you have oxygen available (air supplied
respirator), give him some. Make sure he is breathing. Remove all of his
clothing and if necessary wash him with detergent and water. Wrap him
in a warm blanket. Have someone get the pesticide and label that he was
using. Wait for ambulance or get victim and pesticide label to the hospital.
4. a. Chronic organophosphate
b. Have someone drive you to the hospital or call an ambulance. Take along
the labels which you have been using recently. Ask them to check your
blood cholinesterase level.
221
-------
h.
i.
j-
k.
I.
m.
n.
15
4
17
3
16
2
14
o.
P-
q-
r.
s.
19
1
12
18
9
PERSONAL SAFETY AND FIRST AID
UNIT VI
ANSWERS TO TEST
1. a. 11
b. 6
c. 7
d. 13
e. 10
f. 5
g. 8
2. b
3. Discussion should include:
a. Acute oral toxicity of pesticide
b. Acute dermal toxicity of pesticide
c. Acute inhalation toxicity of pesticide
4. a. 2
b. 3
c. 1
d. 3
5. a. Organophosphates or organophosphorous-Example should be any one of
the following:
parathion, TEPP, Phosdrin, phorate (Thimet), demeton (Systox), Di-Syston,
Guthion, phosphamidon, Monitor, malathion
b. Carbamates-Example should be any one of the following:
aldicarb (Temik), carbofuran (Furadan), carbaryl (Sevin), formetanate
hydrochloride (Carzol), methomyl (Lannate)
c. Chlorinated hydrocarbons or organochlorines-Example should be any one
of the following:
endrin, lindane, methoxychlor, endosulfan (Thiodan), dicofol (Kelthane)
231
-------
6. a. Pesticides within a family cause the same kind of poisoning
b. Pesticides within a family are sometimes similar in the hazards they cause
c. First aid and antidote for poisoning are the same within a family
7. a. Oral
b. Dermal
c. Inhalation
8. a. Dermal and inhalation
b. Oral and dermal
9. Discussion should include:
a. Chemical cholinesterase is necessary for nervous system to function properly
b. Carbamate and organophosphate pesticides attack cholinesterase in blood
and make it useless
c. A simple blood test is used to determine cholinesterase level and measure
pesticide exposure
10. a. Careless practices
b. Ignorance
11. a. 1 g. 2
b. 2, 3 h. 1
c. 2 i. 3
d. 3 j. 1
e. 1 k. 3
f. 2, 3 I. 3
12. a, d, e, f, h
13. a. Poison on skin
1) Act quickly
2) Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water
3) Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water
4) Dry victim and wrap in blanket
232
-------
b. Chemical burn
1) Wash with large quantities of running water
2) Remove contaminated clothing
3) Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean, soft cloth
c. Poison in eye
1) Wash eye quickly but gently
2) Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean running water
3) Wash for 15 minutes or more
d. Inhaled poison
1) Carry victim to fresh air immediately
2) Get victim to a doctor
3) Open all doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned
4) Loosen tight clothing
5) Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or is irregular
6) Keep victim as quiet as possible
7) Prevent chilling
14. b
15. a. No
b. Yes
c. No
d. Yes
16. Discussion should include:
a. Position victim face down or kneeling forward
b. Give victim large amounts of milk or water
c. Put finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of victim's throat or have
victim drink a glass of very salty water
d. Collect some of the vomitus for doctor if you do not know what the poison
is
233
-------
17. a. Skin pale, moist, cold, and clammy
b. Eyes vacant with dilated pupils
c. Breathing shallow and irregular
d. Pulse weak, rapid, and irregular
18. a. Call doctor or take victim to the doctor or hospital
b. Check to see if patient is breathing
c. Locate pesticide label and have available for doctor
19.
20.
21.
22.
Evaluated to the satisfaction of
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
3 g. 7
2 h. 4
6 i. 1
5
9
8
Evaluated to the satisfaction of
a.
Induce vomiting by giving a
the instructor
the instructor
tablespoon of
Repeat until vomitus is clear. Call a physician immediately.
b. Oral and inhalation, probably dermal also (avoid contact with skin)
c. atropine
234
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SAFETY BEFORE, DURING, AND FOLLOWING APPLICATION
UNIT VII
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SHEETS
Assignment Sheet #1
1. Danger (Poison, Skull and Crossbones)
2. Highly toxic
3. Closely woven fabric coveralls
4. Neoprene gloves and boots, waterproof hat with brim, goggles or face shield,
and approved respirator
5. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) or the Mining
Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA), both formerly U.S. Bureau of
Mines
6. No
7. No
8. Yes-Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from areas treated
9. Rubber apron, closely woven fabric coveralls, neoprene gloves and boots,
waterproof hat with brim, goggles or face shield, approved respirator
Assignment Sheet #2
1. Caution
2. Slightly toxic to relatively nontoxic
3. Closely woven fabric coveralls (or work clothing), socks, and waterproof shoes
4. Wide-brimmed hat and gloves (optional goggles and boots)
5. Yes-Always take shower or bath after applying any pesticide
6. No, never!
7. Rubber apron over the coveralls, socks, waterproof shoes, wide-brimmed hat,
gloves, goggles; cannister respirator is optional to avoid breathing the powder
or dust
267
-------
Assignment Sheet #3
1. Warning
2. Moderately toxic
3. Closely woven fabric coveralls or work clothing, socks, and waterproof shoes
4. Neoprene or rubber gloves, hat, optional boots, goggles or face shield
5. Launder clothing before reuse
268
-------
SAFETY BEFORE, DURING, AND FOLLOWING APPLICATION
UNIT VII
ANSWERS TO TEST
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
14
5
13
12
1
11
9-
h.
i.
j-
k.
I.
2
10
3
4
9
15
m.
n.
o.
P-
8
16
7
6
2. Any four of the following:
a. Transportation
b. Climatic conditions
c. Protective clothing and equipment
d. Mixing and filling
e. Reading label
f. Equipment
3. Discussion should include:
a. Never carry pesticides inside car or truck cab
b. Secure containers to keep from shifting, rolling, or bouncing
c. Never transport livestock feed, seed, or groceries in the same load with
pesticides
d. Never allow children to ride on or near pesticides
4. a. Always wear at least closely woven fabric coveralls (or long sleeved shirt
and long legged trousers), socks and waterproof shoes (or boots), a hat,
and gloves
b. READ THE LABEL!
c. Toxicity of pesticide
d. Formulation
e. Application equipment
f. Degree of exposure
275
-------
5. Any three of the following:
a. Use neoprene or natural rubber gloves and boots, closely woven fabric
coveralls, goggles, rubber apron, hat, and a respirator if needed
b. Mix only what will be used
c. Mix according to the label
d. Do not combine pesticides
e. Avoid splashes, spills, and drift when opening containers
f. Change clothes immediately in case of a splash or spill
g. Stand with head above fill hole of spray tank
6. Discussion should include:
a. Drift and vaporization
b. Injury to wildlife, plants, pollinators, and domestic animals
c. Contamination of surface water, such as ponds, streams, rivers, and lakes
d. Increase in inhalation contact hazard to the applicator
7. Any three of the following:
a. Wear protective clothing and equipment
b. Do not wipe hands on clothing
c. Never blow out clogged hoses, nozzles, or lines with your mouth
d. Never eat, drink, or smoke when handling pesticides
e. Work in pairs when handling hazardous pesticides or at least let someone
know where you will be working
f. Keep persons, livestock, and pets out of spray area
8. Discussion should include:
Areas or locations of parks, playgrounds, bird and wildlife sanctuaries, ponds,
streams, water supplies, barnyards, feedlots, pastures, bee yards, schools, homes,
hospitals, and any other areas where out-of-place pesticides might cause harm
9. b, d, e, f
10. Discussion should include:
a. Check for leaks in pump and tank
b. Check for leaky hose connections and carefully dispose of worn or cracked
hoses
276
-------
c. Keep spray tank lid tight
d. Stay with tank during filling
e. Shut down machinery while making repairs or adjustments
f. Do not blow out clogged lines with your mouth
11. b, c
12. a. Dispose of empty containers
b. Store leftover pesticides
c. Clean up equipment
d. Determine reentry interval
13. a. Always take a shower or bath when you finish using pesticides
b. Change spray clothing daily and separate spray clothing from family laundry
c. Launder spray clothing separately from all other clothing
d. Do not wash clothing in streams or ponds
14. Discussion should include:
a. Gloves
1} Obtain unlined, elbow length neoprene or natural rubber gloves
2) Make sure sleeves are outside your gloves
3) Discard the gloves if any holes appear
4} Wash gloves with detergent and water before removing
b. Coveralls
1) Wear clean tightly woven fabric coveralls that cover entire body
or long sleeved shirt and long legged trousers
2) Wear waterproof suit or apron when mixing highly toxic pesticides
3) Wear waterproof suit when you may be drenched during
application
4) Wash clothes with detergent and water
c. Boots
1) Wear lightweight, unlined neoprene or natural rubber boots
2) Put pant legs outside of boots
3) Wash and dry boots inside and out after each use
277
-------
d. Goggles and face shield
1) Wear tight-fitting goggles or a face shield when pesticide spray
or dust could get on your face or in your eyes
2) Wear goggles or face shield when pouring and mixing
3) Wash goggles or face shield after each use
4) Wear plastic or rubber headband if possible
e. Head and neck covering
1) Protect hair and skin on neck from pesticide spray or dust
2) Wear waterproof wide-brimmed hats or hard hats
15. a. 3
b. 1
c. 3
d. 1
e. 2
16. Any four of the following:
a. Make sure it fits properly on your face
b. Check filter often
c. Wash face piece with detergent and warm water
d. Rinse thoroughly and dry
e. Use only those respirators approved by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) or the Mining Enforcement and
Safety Administration (MESA), both formerly U.S. Bureau of Mines
17. a. Danger (Poison, Skull and Crossbones)
b. Highly toxic
c. Closely woven fabric coveralls
d. Neoprene (or natural rubber) gloves and boots, waterproof hat with brim,
goggles or face shield, and an approved respirator
e. Wash hands, face, and arms first
278
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FORMULATION AND APPLICATION
UNIT VIII
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SHEETS
Assignment Sheet #1
1. 12 pounds
2. 12 pounds
3. 12.45 pounds or 12 1/2 pounds
Assignment Sheet #2
1. 20 quarts
2. 2 pints
3. 1.25 gallons
Assignment Sheet #3
1. a. Emulsifiable concentrate
b. EC or E
c. Diluted with water
d. 1.8 pounds
e. Fill spray tank 1/4 to 1/2 full of water. Add correct amount of De Metho
directly to spray tank and mix thoroughly, using mechanical or hydraulic
means. Fill spray tank the rest of the way. Do not use air agitation.
f. 1)2 pints/100 gallons
2) 4 pints or 2 quarts
g. One gallon
2. a. Wettable powder
b. WP or W
c. 50% of 50 pounds = 25 pounds
d. Diluted
307
-------
e. Fill tank 1/2 full with water. Start agitator. Measure the correct amount
of WP and add to a small amount of water in a clean mixing bucket; stir
well until mixed. Add slurry to tank. Finish filling the tank with water.
f. 1) 2 pounds per acre
2) 10 acres
3) 20 pounds per tank
g. 2 1/2 pounds of No-Disease
3. a. Granular
b. G
c. As is
d. 20% of 50 = 10 pounds
e. You would not mix
308
-------
2.
FORMULATION AND APPLICATION
UNIT VIM
ANSWERS TO TEST
1. a. 3 e.
b. 5 f.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2
1
3
4
2
1
g-
g-
h.
i.
j.
6
8
6
5
9
e. 7
f. 10
3. Any two of the following:
a. Effectiveness against the pest
b. Cost of the application
c. Plant, animal, or surface to be protected
d. Possible injury to the protected surface
e. Application equipment which is available
f. Danger of drift or runoff
g. Hazard to the applicator, other persons, plants, and animals
4. a. 3 e. 5 i. 1
b. 12 f. 10 j. 8
c. 4 g. 6 k. 2
d. 11 h. 9 I. 7
317
-------
Discussion should include:
Formulation
a. Dust
b. Emulsifiable
concentrate
c. Wettable
powder
Advantages
Ready to use;
requires no
mixing;
easy to apply
High concen-
tration; relative-
ly inexpensive;
suitable for low
pressure equip-
ment with
limited agitation
Relatively in-
expensive; safer
than emulsi-
fiable concen-
trate to use on
tender foliage;
easy to measure
Disadvantages
Drift hazard;
expensive
Easy to over-
dose; may be
hazardous to
applicator;
phytotoxicity
May be hazard-
ous to applicator;
requires mechan-
ical agitation;
difficult to mix;
may clog nozzles
Principal Uses
Spot treatment;
livestock and
poultry; limited
foliage use
Fruits and vegeta-
bles; farm animals;
field crops
Fruits and vegeta-
bles; farm animals;
field crops
6.
7.
8.
c
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g-
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Fill tank one-half full with water
Start agitator
Measure out correct amount of wettable powder
Add powder to a small amount of water in a clean mixing bucket
Stir until well mixed
Add slurry to tank
Finish filling the tank
Fill tank one-fourth to one-half full with water
Measure out correct amount of emulsifiable concentrate
Add EC directly into spray tank
Mix thoroughly using mechanical or hydraulic means
Finish filling the tank
Do not use air agitation
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9. Any three of the following:
a. Follow all safety precautions stated on the label
b. Use protective clothing and equipment as stated on the label
c. Rinse empty containers and measuring cups to remove any residue
d. Read the label or consult an expert to make sure mixes of two or more
pesticides are compatible
e. Avoid splashes, spills, and leaks
f. Wash all contaminated areas on clothing or equipment
g. Dispose of empty containers properly
10. Description should include:
a. Is hazardous to the environment
b. May injure wildlife
c. Contaminates water, foliage, and pasture
d. May damage nearby crops and cause illegal residues
e. Is expensive
11. a. Read the label; never use more than the dosage rate recommended
b. Consult an expert for less than recommended rate
12. 2.5 Ibs per 75 gallons of water
13. 30 pints or 15 quarts or 3 gallons and 3 quarts
14. a. 8.3
b. 16
c. 2
d. 1
15. a. Wettable powder
b. WP or W
c. Water
d. 80% of 5 pounds = 4 pounds
e. 1) 10 acres
2) 5 pounds per acre
3) 50 pounds
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EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
UNIT IX
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SHEETS
Assignment Sheet #1
1. Equipment
a. Probably a low pressure field sprayer; a high pressure field sprayer might
be used
b. Probably a low pressure field sprayer; a high pressure field sprayer might
be used
c. Granular spreader
2. Amounts of pesticide to use
a. 3 gal/min
b. 7920 sq ft
c. 5.5 min/acre
d. 16.5 gal/acre
e. 1) 2 gal/min
2) 440 ft/min
3) 3.96 or 4 min/acre
4) 8 gal/acre
Assignment Sheet #2
1. 4.3 miles per hour
2. 38 ounces per minute per nozzle
3. 0.3 gallons per minute or 38.5 ounces per minute
351
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EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
UNIT IX
ANSWERS TO TEST
1. a. 4 f. 7
b. 1 g. 3
c. 9 h. 8
d. 5 i. 6
e. 2
2. a. Air blast sprayer or mist blower
b. Granular applicator
c. Low pressure field sprayer
d. Back rubber
e. High pressure field sprayer
f. Dipping vat
3. Any three of the following:
a. Filler pump
b. Tank truck
c. Nurse or mixing tank
d. Front-end loader
e. Tractor
4. Discussion should include:
a. Saves time
b. Saves money
c. Provides more thorough application
d. Applies pesticides correctly
361
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Equipment
High pressure
field sprayer
Low pressure
field sprayer
Granular
applicator
Advantages
Well-built; long
life; usually has
mechanical agitation;
very versatile
Low cost; light-
weight; versatile;
covers large areas
rapidly
Lightweight; no
water needed;
often used in
fertilizer spreader
or seeder
Disadvantages
Expensive; requires
large amounts of
water, power, and
fuel; heavy tire loads;
drift hazard
Low volume output
limits pesticide
penetration;
agitation is limited
High cost of
pesticide; limited
foliar use; must
calibrate for each
size of granule
8.
Any five of the following:
a. Wear protective clothing and equipment as called for on the label
b. Follow ALL safety precautions stated on the label
c. Check equipment for leaks
d. Use all of the pesticide mix in the sprayer
e. Wash equipment before storing
f. Release pressure
g. Wash out tank and flush nozzles with clean water; dispose of residue
properly
a. 4 e. 2
b. 1 f. 6
c. 7 g. 5
d. 3
a. Obtain desired control
b. Practice good economics
c. Apply proper dosage of the pesticide
362
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9. Description should include:
a. Determine pumping rate
1) Fill spray tank completely full of water
2) Put vehicle in neutral at the throttle setting (rpm) desired
3) Open the spray valve and pump for a predetermined time
4) Close valve, shut down the equipment, and measure the amount
of water needed to refill the tank
5) Divide the number of gallons by time to get pumping rate
b. Determine gallons per acre
1) Determine the number of feet the sprayer moves in one minute
at the desired speed and throttle
2) Measure the width of the sprayer boom
3) Determine the pumping rate
4) Figure the area that the sprayer covered in one minute (distance
traveled x boom width)
5) Figure how many minutes it would take to spray one acre (divide
43,560 by the area covered in one minute)
6) Figure the amount of spray pumped per acre (pumping rate x
number of minutes per acre)
10. a. Low pressure field sprayer
b. 1) 3 gallons per minute
2) 440 feet per minute
3) 8800 square feet per minute
4) 5 minutes
5) 15 gallons per acre
363
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DISPOSAL AND STORAGE
UNIT X
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SHEET
1. 2,4-D label
a. Burying-Burning bags containing even small amounts of 2,4-D could cause
phytotoxicity from smoke which is carrying the 2,4-D vapor
b. Do not transport or store near seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, or fungicides.
Vapors from this product may injure susceptible plants in the vicinity. Do
not store near or with food stuffs
2. Deetho label
a. Nonburnable
b. Triple rinse, crush, and bury in a safe place or in a local landfill, if legal
c. In original container in a dry, locked pesticide storage area away from food,
feed, and livestock
d. Cauliflower, brussels sprouts, cabbage, celery, cucumber, head lettuce,
melons, peanuts, potatoes, summer squash, or tomato
3. No-Disease label
a. In original container in a dry, locked pesticide storage area away from food,
feed, and livestock
b. Do not allow this pesticide to become wet during storage
c. Nonburnable
d. Crush and bury
4. Anti-Weed label
a. In original container in a dry, locked pesticide storage area away from food,
feed, and livestock
b. Burnable
c. Burn
389
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DISPOSAL AND STORAGE
UNIT X
ANSWERS TO TEST
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
7
8
6
9
e.
f.
g.
h.
5
10
4
11
i. 3
j. 12
k. 2
I. 1
2. a. Burnable containers
b. Nonburnable containers
c. Containers with mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides
3. a. Empty the container into the tank and let it drain 30 seconds
b. Fill it one-fifth to one-fourth full of water or other diluent
c. Replace cap and rotate container to rinse all sides
d. Drain rinse from container into tank and let drain for 30 seconds
e. Repeat rinse and drain a total of three (3) times
4. Any three of the following:
a. Open burning
b. Burial
c. Recycling
d. Incineration in a special pesticide-approved incinerator
e. Chemical degradation
f. Soil injection
g. Encapsulation
5. Discussion should include:
a. Try to find other areas with the same problem and use up any extra tank
mix, if you mix too much pesticide for a job
b. Return unused pesticides to manufacturer
c. Use one of the other disposal methods listed after consulting an expert
395
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6. a. Location of sensitive areas, especially streams, ponds, and other water
supplies
b. Personal safety
c. Environmental safety
7. Any five of the following:
a. Child-proof
b. Cool, dry, well-ventilated room or building
c. Fire-resistant
d. Fenced in or at least able to be locked
e. Warning signs posted on doors and windows
f. Supplied with detergent, hand cleaner, and water
g. Supplied with absorbent materials, such as sand, sawdust, and paper
h. Supplied with shovel, broom, dust pan, and fire extinguisher
8. Discussion should include:
a. Where water supply will not be contaminated even if there is an accident
or fire
b. Free from flooding ™
c. Downwind and downhill from sensitive area
d. No problem with runoff or drainage
9. Discussion should include:
a. Check containers often for leaks, corrosion, and loose caps
b. Store pesticides in original containers
c. Label any substitute containers with the entire label
d. Keep partly empty pesticide containers tightly closed
e. Wear protective clothing and equipment
10. a. Separate similar containers to avoid the chance of a mistake
b. Store containers with label in plain sight
c. Store on shelves off the floor
d. Keep containers in upright position to prevent spills
e. Place containers in orderly rows
396
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11. Some herbicides, such as 2,4-D, can vaporize (become a gas) and get into the
other pesticides nearby
12. a. Burnable
b. Open burning if allowed by federal, state, and local laws. Otherwise, bury
in an approved landfill or in a safe place away from water supplies or in
an incinerator
c. Caneberries
d. In original container in a dry, locked pesticide storage area where water,
food, and feed will not be contaminated
397
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RECORD KEEPING AND LIABILITY
UNIT XI
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SHEET
Date
and
Time
5-15-75
8:00-
8.30
AM
5-15-74
9.00-
10:00
AM
Area or
Target
Treated
and
Pest
Student's
last name
Potato
field for
cabbage
looper
Student's
last name
Beanfield
for white
rot
Equipment
Low pressure
boom
spray
25 gal/acre
Boom
sprayer
40 gal/acre
Pesticide Name &
Formulation, EPA
Reg Number, EPA
Est. Number, &
Rate (per acre.per 100
gallons, etc )
De Metho EC,
A-Z Chemicals
EPA Reg. No.
1357-43 EPA
Est. No. 1357-
VT-1
2 pts./acre
No-Disease WP
Kill-Dead
Chemicals
EPA Reg. No.
1352-354-AA
EPA Est. No.
1352-WV-1
Total
Formulation
Added To
Tank or
Hopper
6 qts. or
12 pts. of
1.8EC
20 Ib.
of
50% WP
Amount
of
Mixture
Used
150 gal.
400 gal.
Amount
Treated
and
Location
6 acres
Field north
of house
10 acres
Field
southeast
of barn
Additional
Comments
(Weather, applicator,
seventy of infestion.
etc I
Wind calm, no
crops or weeds
in bloom,
heavy
infestation
Heavy
infestation,
wind calm.
no nearby
crops or weeds
in bloom
415
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RECORD KEEPING AND LIABILITY
UNIT XI
ANSWERS TO TEST
1. Any four of the following:
a. Help in finding an error if an error is made
b. Provide information to trace residue and/or damage problems
c. Help save money
d. Allow one to compare the results obtained from different pesticides
e. Help to reduce pesticide misuse
f. Provide guide to buying specific amount of pesticide needed
g. Establish proof of proper use in damage suit
2. Any four of the following:
a. Date and time of application
b. Area or target treated and pest
c. Equipment used
d. Name of product, formulation, lot number, establishment number, and rate
e. Total formulation added to tank or hopper
f. Amount of mixture used
g. Amount treated and location
h. Additional comments
3. Any three of the following:
a. Drift
b. Crop injury
c. Personal injury
d. Wrong field
e. Bees
f. Attractive nuisance
g. Noise
419
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4. a. Manufacturer may make a mistake in labeling or formulating the product
b. Applicator may make a mistake in mixing or filling in the spray tank or
he may not have removed from the tank all the pesticide left over from
the last application
c. Open container of herbicides, such as 2,4D, can vaporize (become a gas)
and penetrate other pesticides which are stored nearby
5. Any three of the following:
a. Examine records to make sure that you were actually operating in the area
at the time of the alleged injury
b. Make sure that all of your records are up-to-date, particularly as to the
identity of the equipment used, temperatures, wind direction and velocity,
and other pertinent data
c. Proceed to the scene immediately and make notes of all essential
information
d. Record any adverse conditions that you observe at the time of your
investigation, particularly insect infestations, disease, water stress, late
planting, carry-over effect from other materials or herbicides, and age of
crop
e. Use close-up color photography to record any adverse condition found
f. Save the container from which the product used on the job was removed
g. Request permission to have an expert examine the crop or the property
in order to have the benefit of his opinion
h. Notify the chemical company immediately so they can send their experts
to the site if they are involved
i. Obtain the names and addresses of all witnesses who might testify as to
the nature of the operation and the conditions of the crop before and
after application
6. Discussion should include:
a. Types of insurance plans
1) Bodily injury
2) Property damage
3) Restricted chemical liability
4) Comprehensive chemical
420
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b. Points to consider
1) Cost
2) Benefits
3} Drawbacks
7.
Date
and
Time
6-4-75
8:00-
10:00
AM
Area or
Target
Treated
and
Pest
Green's
Calves,
hornflies
Equipment
Power
sprayer
with single
nozzle gun
Pesticide Name &
Formulation, EPA
Reg Number, EPA
Est. Number, &
Rate (per acre.per 100
gallons, etc )
Fly-Off 50 WP
A-Z Chemicals
EPA Reg. No.
1357-375, EPA
Est. No. 1357
WV-1
2 lbs./25 gals.
Total
Formulation
Added To
Tank or
Hopper
2 Ibs. of
50% WP
Amount
of
Mixture
Used
25 gal.
Amount
Treated
and
Location
100 calves
Additional
Comments
(Weather, applicator,
seventy of infestion,
etc )
Weather clear,
infestation
light wind
8 mph
421
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