EPA - 560/3-75-002
JOHN D. WALKER
IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
IN EFFLUENTS FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
APRIL 1975
FINAL REPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20460
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"IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN EFFLUENTS
FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES"
FINAL REPORT
Contract No. 68-01-,926
TaskS
JOHN D. WALKER
Prepared For:
^\ Environmental Protectior Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
•^ Waterside Mall
Washington, D.C. 2C460
April, 1975
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FOREWORD
This report presents the results of a six-*/eek technical effort by
the General Technologies Division (GTD) of Versar, Inc., Springfield,
Virginia, under Task III of EPA Contract No. 68-01-2926. It was administered
under the direction of the Special Projects Branch, Office of Toxic
Substances, Environmental Protection Agency, Waterside Mall, Washington,
D.C., with David Garrett, P.E., and Herbert Katz, Ph.D., as Project
Monitors.
The Program Manager at GTD was Edwin F. Abrams. The Principal
Investigator was Karen M. Slimak. They were assisted by Daniel L.
Derkics, Deborah K. Guinan, and Chih-Chia V. Feng.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Toxic Substances,
EPA, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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TABLE OFCONTEMS
Section Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 SUMMARY. 2-1
3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 3-1
3.1 Proposed Program Plan 3-1
3.2 Recommended Plan Implement jtion 3-5
4.0 TECHNICAL APPROACH AND RESULTS 4-1
4.1 Technical Approach 4-1
4.1.1 Data Collection and Assimilation 4-1
4.1.2 Estimations of Annual industrial Water-
borne Discharges for Specific Organics . . 4-1
4.1 .3 Chemical Reactions 4-5
4.1 .4 Biodegradability (Persistence) 4-5
4.1.5 Data Display 4-6
4.2 Categorizations 4-6
4.3 Discussion of Results 4-32
4.3.1 Compounds Not Industrially Manufactured. 4-32
4.3.2 Compounds Which May Be Formed During
Chlorination 4-34
4.3.3 Compounds Formed During Sewage
Treatment 4-35
4.3.4 Organic Compounds as Refractory
Human Metabolites 4-37
4.3.5 Landfill Leachate . 4-37
4.3.6 Typical Chemical Reactions in Air
and Water 4-38
4.3.7 Biodegradability 4-38
APPENDIX A Organic Compounds Identified in D-inking Waters in
The U.S. (as of 11/25/74), EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio . . A-l
APPENDIX B Bibliography B-l
APPENDIX C Data Display C-l
APPENDIX D The Nationwide Occurrence of Organic Compounds
Identified in Drinking Water • D-l
in
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3.1 Schematic Diagram of Proposed Scope of Work 3-3
3.2 Proposed Program Schedule 3-6
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
4.1.1 Biodegradability (Persistence) Categories ........ 4-5
4.2.1 Categorization by Chemical Class ............ 4-8
4.2.2 Categorization by Manufacturing Method ........ 4-14
4.2.3 Categorization by Probable Manufa .turing SIC
industry Point Source .................. 4-19
4.3.1 A. Organics With No Specific Industrial
Manufacture or Use ................. 4-33
B. Possible Chlorinated Derivatives of Industrial
Compounds ..................... 4-33
4.3,2 Compounds Which May Be Formed b/ Chlorination. . . . 4-34
4.3.3 Starting Compounds and Possible Resultant Clorination
Products (MCA, 1972) .................. 4-35
4.3.4 Compounds Which May Be Formed During the Biological
Phase of Sewage Treatment ............... 4-36
4.3,5 Compounds Positively Identified in Sewage Treatment
Plant Effluents .......... . ........... 4-36
4.3.6 Organic Compounds Identified in Lc.ndfill Leachate . . . 4-37
4.3.7 Biodegradability of Organics Identified in Drinking
Water ... ............ . ........... 4-40
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Studies at the EPA research laboratories in C ncinnati identified over 150
organic compounds in drinking water supplies of communities on the Ohio, Potomac
and Mississippi Rivers (see Appendix A). The Special Projects Branch, Office of
Toxic Substances, EPA, in Washington, D.C, inHoited this project to identify the
types of industrial facilities known or suspected of discharging any of the identified
organic compounds. After these possible industrial sources are identified, gross
annual discharge estimates of the waterborne compounds are to be made along with
the persistency of these chemicals to remain intact rhrough possible treatment
systems and thereby reach drinking water supplies.
Along with the industrial sector, possible wafer and airborne natural sources,
agricultural sources and other non-point sources are also to be identified without
quantification.
After performing these tasks, a plan is to be formulated to attack the overall
problem of specifically identifying, quantifying, monitoring and eventually elimina-
ting this threat from industrial and other sources as "ealistically as possible within
a two-year period.
From recent EPA analyses of drinking water ir. various communities, there
is convincing evidence that carcinogens and potentrally carcinogenic and/or
toxic organic compounds are present as contaminants.
Industrial sources which have been identified as sources of certain chemical
carcinogenic substances by the National Cancer Insritute include:
Petroleum Products
Petroleum refinery wastes containing polycyclic aromatic hydro-
carbons; fuel oils, lubricating oils and cutting oils from garages,
service stations, petrochemical plants, meta(working plants, ships;
products used as vehicles of insecticide sprays; tarred or asphalted
roads.
Cog! Tar
Effluents from gas plants, coke oven operations, tar distilleries,
tar-paper plants, wood pickling plants.
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Aromatic Amino- and Nitro- Compounds
A mi no compounds and their nitre-analogs ar3 released by dye and
rubber manufacturing, pharmaceutical factories, textile dyeing plants,
plastics production, and others.
Pesticides, Herbicides, Soil Sterilgnts
Compounds such as DDT, dieldrin, carbon tstrachloride and many
others are released by pesticide manufacturers. The majority of
pesticides, herbicides, and soil fumigants in water arises from
agricultural and urban runoff.
In addition to industrial wastes, discharges from domestic treatment plants
may also be responsible for a variety of chlorinated organic compounds found in
water. Similarly, chlorination of polluted river water has been found to produce
compounds such as chloroform, dichlorobromomethane and other halomethanes and
haloethanes.
Intermittent problem sources are spills and accidents from industrial
operations, barge traffic, or other transport vessels.
Thus, it can be concluded that public drinking water supplies may be
routinely contaminated with carcinogenic and potential!y carcinogenic substances
from industrial and municipal discharges, accidental spills, runoff from agricultural
and urban areas, and from the chlorination process at water treatment plants.
This program represents a short duration study of available information per-
tinent to point source and non-point source contribution of organ!cs to drinking
water supplies. The following sections of this report summarize the results of the
study, recommend a program plan to fully characterize and possibly eliminate the
problem of hazardous organics in drinking water on a nation-wide scale, and present
the data found for the individual chemicals on the list and the methodology used
to acquire the information.
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2.0 SUMMARY
The discharge of treated or untreated industrial waterborne effluents is the
most obvious industrial contribution to the presence of organics in drinking water.
Since the legal requirements for discharge from point sources have in the past
emphasized allowable BOD, many industries have chosen to chlorinate their final
effluent in order to meet this standard. This practice can, however, create highly
refractory substances even though the legal requirements on BOD are satisfied.
Discharged compounds may pass through municipal systems unchanged, may
become halogenated, or may be partially or completely degraded. Certain of
these compounds may also be precursors of other pollutant compounds found in
downstream drinking water supplies.
industry may also contribute a certain amoun of organics to the air through
stack emissions, incineration and evaporation of volatile solvents. These compounds
may be reintroduced to surface waters and soil by rainfall.
Industrially related compounds may reach drinking water supplies through
ground water contamination. Organic constituents of landfilled solid wastes, sludges,
and slurries may leach through soil to ground water due to rainfall and surface
runoff. These leached compounds may be partially or completely degraded by
soil microorganisms. Chemical interactions may abo occur during soil and ground
water migration forming other organic compounds patentially destined for surface
waters.
In addition to industrial wastes, discharges from domestic treatment plants
may also be responsible for a variety of chlorinated organics found in drinking
water. Similarly, chlorination of river water containing natural and/or synthetic
organics has been found to produce several halomei-hanes and haloethanes.
There were 162 compounds on the original lir.r of organic chemicals under
consideration. Eight have been deleted as either Hcorrect designations or dupli-
cates. The investigation of the remaining 154 comoounds included identification
of industrial, municipal, natural and consumer reioted sources of air and water
contamination, assessment of biodegradability and affective treatment methods
arid gross estimates of annual discharge from industrial sources.
Of the 154 compounds, 113 have been classified as major products or by-
products according to the 1973 SRI Directory of Chemical Producers (USA). (It
was found that 34 SIC categories provided almost complete coverage of the major
producers and users of these chemicals.) The remc.ning chemicals have been found
to be manufacturing contaminants, metabolites or s:egradants of other compounds,
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compounds from natural sources, or formations arising from water and sewage treat-
ments. In a few cases, however, no information could be found regarding chemical
origin.
Gross estimates of annual industrial discharge ranged from less than one ton
per year for certain pesticides, to approximately 100,000 tons per year in the case
of benzene, which arises from petroleum refining as wei? as from many other less
significant industrial processes.
General consumer use of industrial products is a major though much less
obvious source of contamination of air, soil and water. An example is the manu-
facture of paints and coatings where only 1-3 per cent of starting materials and
product may be lost to air, water or solid waste. However, after application by
the consumer,all the material is eventually released to the environment. Loss
during industrial product use appears to be the greatest potential source of organic
pollutants because recovery of product is maximized dunng industrial manufacture.
Sixty-seven of the compounds under consideration may be formed by various
chemical reactions in air,water or soil. These include photoactivoted radical
reactions, oxidation and photooxidation reactions, aqueous halogenation reactions,
degradative reactions by soil organisms, epoxidation reactions, etc. An example
of a gaseous photochemical reaction is formaldehyde plus hydrogen chloride forming
chloromethyl ether. This compound may subsequently reach surface waters during
a rainfall.
From the information gathered on biodegradability and persistence, the organic
compounds were divided into five categories: (1) easily degraded; (2) degraded
without much difficulty; (3) difficult to degrade; (4) very difficult to degrade; and
(5) refractory. Category 1 includes 7 of the 154 chemicals; category 2 includes 17;
category 3 includes 41; category 4 includes 36; and category 5 includes 53. More
than 80 per cent of the identified compounds appear in categories 3 through 5. This
would be expected, si nee less persistent chemicals should degrade closer to their
sources before they could be detected by sampling and be identified. Because most
of these chemicals are not readily biodegradable, they must be concentrated by
physical-chemical methods and then incinerated or properly disposed by other methods.
Other treatment methods which are effective in varying degrees in removing most
of these chemicals include activated carbon, biological treatment and volatilization
by spray aeration.
Near the conclusion of the present study the scooe of work was expanded by EPA
to include an Appendix (D) which would list the cities where each specific organic
chemical has been reported. The purpose was to indicate what is known about the
nationwide occurrence of specific organic compounds in drinking water. National
occurrence data is given for all 154 chemicals which had been identified in drinking
water as of 11/25/74, and for an additional 68 compounds which had been reported in
the last week of the project as a result of a continuing effort by EPA, or were reported
in the primary literature and will be included in the future EPA listings of organic com-
pounds identified in drinking water.
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3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
3 .1 Proposed Program Plan
Objective: To characterize industrial sources of o ganic pollutants and to correlate
industrial discharges with the presence of specific organics in selected
drinking water supplies.
Scope: The program will be limited to the identification and quantification
of industrial point sources of dischargt. These discharges may be to
water bodies, municipal waste treatment facilities or aquifers through
percolation, leaching, runoff, etc.
Technical The objectives of this program will be reached by the accomplishment
ApprolacTr. of the following tasks:
Task 1 - Identification and Correlation of Pgsr and Present Effort Regarding
Organics in Drinking Water
'Ten major drinking water supplies selected b' EPA will be covered in a
comprehensive manner for complete identification cr selected organic pollutants
found in each water supply which are considered by EPA to be actual or potential
health hazards while eighty other drinking water suoplies selected by EPA will
be limited to the identification of selected volatile organics.
This task will be a continuing one through thf program with heavy emphasis
during the first six months. It will involve an intensive literature search and/or
contacting all past and present EPA contractors, EPA regional offices, NERC's,
EPA field laboratories, other Federal and local agencies, arid universities to compile
the results of past and present efforts pertinent to tris study. These results will be
analyzed for thoroughness regarding the identificat on of all probable industrial
contributors to the specific water supplies. Areas • here data appear to be weak or
missing wili be pointed out and arrangements will be made to obtain the needed
information either by additional effort on the part of the original investigators or
by fil!-iri effort by the contractor.
At the end of six months, an interim report v.:ll be submitted documenting
the results of Task 1 effort to date and recommending necessary technical efforts
to achieve the program objectives.
The continuing effort of Task 1 will involve he updating of information as it
becomes available from the various monitoring sources such as annual reports from
the states on the quality of all navigable waters as. required by Section 305 (b) (1)
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend lents of 1972 (P.L. 92-500) and
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other sources engaged in continuing programs of this not Jre. Other efforts in this
task will include the standardization of sampling, analytical and reporting methods.
Another important effort in this task should be the investigation of modeling tech-
niques suitable for performing mass balances on waterways. A schematic diagram
showing possible sources of waterway contamination is given in Figure 3.1. The
scope of the proposed program is included within the dotted lines on this figure.
Task 2 - Characterization of Industrial Input to the Various Drinking
Water Supplies
This task can be initiated on any of the EPA spec fied cities and associated
drinking water supplies while Task 1 data is being gathered for those specific
locations. The magnitude of this task for each of the drinking water supplies will
depend on the size of the supply and on the amount of pertinent information previously
gathered on the supply. The gathering of this information is necessarily a multi-
disciplinary project including such fields as geology, hydrology, analytical, organic,
and physical chemistry, economics, and chemical and civil engineering. A suggested
method of achieving the program objectives for any of the drinking water supplies
is given below using Washington, D.C. and the Potomac River Basin as an example
city and source of drinking water supply respectively.
Subtgsk 1. Compile all information available on the Potomac River Basin
such as the specific hazardous or potentially hazardous organic chemicals identified
in Washington, D.C. drinking water, the location of end data extracted from all
existing monitoring stations in the basin (both state and federal), from EPA Region
III office, and any data measured on effluents from specific industrial plants. For
example, the State Base Water Quality Monitoring Network on the Potomac River
Basin consists of 55 sampling stations strategically located at the confluence of
major tributaries and near U.S. Geological Survey Bas!n gauging stations to take
advantage of their flow measurements.
Subtask 2. Utilize the NPDES Permit Program to list every individual establish-
ment having a point source discharge into the Potomac or any of its tributaries.
Select those facilities which are suspect as probable sources of those organic
chemicals selected by EPA to be health hazards, identified in Washington, D.C.
drinking water. Utilizing Section 308 of the FWPCA, contact these facilities to
obtain industrial concurrence of the possible discharge of the chemical(s) from their
plant or other precursor chemicals which could possibly react in some way with
other chemical(s) present in the receiving water body "o form the identified organ!cs.
If possible, quantify the discharges and effectiveness cf the wastewater treatment
system used.
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Sub task 3. Contact all municipal wastewater treatment facilities identified
from the NPDES Permit FVogram that discharge into the Potomac or any of its
tributaries and obtain a listing of all industrial users of municipal sewage systems.
Utilize a Dun and Bradstreet search by SIC code and by state and/or county as a
cross check. Once this list is established, re peat* subtask 2.
Subtask 4. Identify all drinking water supplies upstream of Washington, D.C.
and contact them to obtain any pertinent information useful to the program such as
analyses of river water for specific organic chemicals and water use rates.
Subtask 5. Determine whether or not the information available from subtasks
1 through 4 is sufficient to perform a mass balance on the river to confirm the
industrial sources of the selected organics. Determine If the existing sampling
sites are located properly with respect to the industrial discharges or if non-point
sources such as agricultural runoff could be responsible for the presence of the
chemical(s).
Subtask 6. If the results of subtask 4 are negativa or marginal, select the
appropriate industrial facilities for effluent sampling. cor plants using municipal
sewage systems, the samples should be taken of the plant effluents. Care should be
taken to obtain representative samples and flow measurements over periods of time
while the manufacturing processes, suspect as sources cf the waste organic chemicals,
are operating. The samples should be analyzed by standard EPA methods using GC-MS
techniques for the organics in question.
Subtosk 7. Taking into consideration the persistency of the selected identified
organic chemicals and/or the possibilities of reaction with other chemicals present
downstream to form any of the pertinent chemicals, prepare a list of industrial sources
along with their respective contributions to the river. Then sample the river and
analyze for any of the pertinent organic chemicals. Compare the industrial input of
the selected organic chemicals with the totals of these chemicals previously and
presently measured in the river at Washington, D.C. end assess the contribution by
non-point sources. This approximates a materials balance on the river.
Task 3 - Recommendation of Abatement Practices and Associated Costs
This task can be initiated as soon as positive identification of industrial
point sources are made. It involves contact with industrial plant personnel to dis-
cuss the possible elimination of the specific chemicals of principal concern in their
discharge to the river or to a municipal sewage system oy raw material changes,
process changes, improvements in wastewater treatment techniques, etc., and to
obtain estimates of capital and operating costs for the oroposed abatement practices.
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In order to recommend cost-effective treatment, i* s necessary to correlate the
figures from industry to costs for prospective drinklrg water treatment techniques.
3.2 Recommended Plan Implementation
Although the preceding program plan is constructed to be implemented on a
nation-wide basis with simultaneous investigations of each selected city and
associated water supply, it is recommended that a pilot study be performed to
determine the effectiveness of the plan.
It is recommended that as soon as possible af*ar the start of Task 1, EPA
decide on one city and associated water supply, for which considerable data exists,
to be Investigated using the proposed plan. In the area selected, the regional EPA
office and appropriate NERC center should be inc'oded in the planning and imple-
mentation of the study. This pilot study will serve Sx> determine the effectiveness of
the plan and also will undoubtedly bring to light oiher ideas and courses of action
that will strengthen the plan for use throughout the rest of the nation. The duration
of the recommended pilot study is 10 months as shown on Figure 3.2, the proposed
program schedule.
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4.0 TECHNICAL APPROACH AND RESULTS
4.1 Technical Approach
The following subsections describe how the technical objectives of this pro-
gram were accomplished.
4.1.1 Data Collection and Assimilation
This program began with an extensive information gathering phase. This
consisted of utilizing the Versar library and the Lib-ary of Congress, in addition to
the resources available at the following U.S. Government agencies: Department of
Agriculture, Tariff Commission, Bureau of Census, and Eiivironmental Protection
Agency. As research progressed, EPA activities in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Athens,
Georgia, were visited in order to gain first hand knowledge of research and monitor-
ing activities which impacted directly on the work Additional data was acquired
from the EPA Project Officers during the weekly meetings. In order to fully utilize
technical expertise,consultants were also employed
The initial effort included the identification of pollution sources and the
development of several classification schemes whicn facilitated handling and
presentation of the data. Several approaches were used to categorize the
compounds under consideration: a chemist's approach resulted in a chemical
classification scheme (alkanes, ketones, etc.), a tiemical engineering approach
led to classification by method of chemical manufacture, and finally, an assessment
of potential discharge from industrial sources resultsd in classification by SIC code.
4.1.2 Estimations of Annual Industrial Waterborne Discharges for Specific Qrggnics
Several mathematical relationships were developed to estimate the annual
discharge for each of fhe compounds. The method? were derived and applied on the
basis of available data. The resulting estimates or-- intended to be only general
indications of i'he magnitude of industrial organic discharge (gross estimates).
Several variables which were used in making these estimates are explained below.
GE Gross estimate of annual disc/large
RWL Raw waste load per unit of production (Ibs raw waste/lb product)
AP Annual production
CO Concentration of organics in waterborne waste
CC Concentration of a given compound in organic fraction of
waterborne waste
TF Treatment factor; 100%-nati. nal average treatment efficiency
for various widely used trectments
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UC Per cent of annual production consumed by each specific use
UL Per cent lost during each specific use (process dependent)
PF Proportionality factor
CW Average concentration of an organic constituent
WD Annual wastewater discharge
WR Ratio of gallons of treated wastewater per pound of product
Method 1
This method is used when the annual production, -najor industrial use distri-
bution, raw waste load per unit of production and organic content of waterborne
waste are known. Method 1 is a two step procedure. Fart A is the estimated
discharge from the manufacture of a given compound. Part B is the estimated
discharge from the industrial uses of the compound.
A. The annual discharge of a compound due to PS manufacture may be
estimated by multiplying the raw waste load per unit of production
(RWL), annual production of the compound (AP), the tota! percentage
of organics in the waterborne waste (CO), tha percentage of the given
compound in the organic fraction (CC), and the average treatment factor
(TF).
GEJA = RWL«AP.CO«CO TF
B. Estimation of annual discharge due to industrial use is based on the total
annual production for a compound (AP), the per cent of annual production
consumed by each specific use (UCJ_. ..n), the percent which may be
discharged during each specific use (ULK..n), and an average treatment
factor (TF). Total raw organic compound discharge is estimated by a
summation of the products of the amount used for each application (AP'UC)
and the specific loss factors (UL). This total, multiplied by an average
treatment factor (TF), estimates the annual discharge due to industrial use.
GEIJ = [ £(AP»UC »UU + AP^JC2.UL2+-««+AP.UCn.ULn ]»TF
The totals from industrial manufacture and use (parts A and B) are added together
to give the estimate of annual discharge.
Method 2
This method was used when sufficient information was available to determine
annual discharge of a compound due to industrial use Sy Method IB above, but
insufficient data was available for an estimate by Method 1A. It was assumed that
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the industrial user source could be expected to ac:
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much greater significance. The calculations are based en actual production figures
or reliable estimates. Method 5.1 was used for the dioifcfin-based insecticides
(aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, and heptachlor) where the ratio of gallons
of treated wastewater per pound of product (WR) was known and was multiplied by
the annual production (AP) to give the annual treated wastewater discharge, which
was then multiplied by the known concentration of the compound in treated waste-
water (CW), to estimate the annual discharge. The ann Jal discharge estimate for
heptachlor was used to extrapolate those of heptachlor eooxide and heptachloronorbor-
nene assuming that these compounds would be present in an amount proportional to
that of heptachlor.
The estimates of annual discharge for atrazine, (dajethyl atrazine, DDE, DDT,
hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane or Undone, pentachlorophenol, and
2,4, 6-trichlorophenol (Method 5.2) were also based or production figures. Multi-
plying production (AP) by a factor of 3 1/2% (typical c"nount of waste from chlorina-
tion processes) determined the level of pesticides in rav waste, and then applying
a 99% treatment factor yielded the final gross estimate :>f annual discharge.
GE5.1 =WR«AP«CW
= AP»3.5%»TF
Method 6
This method was designed for those compounds for which no information was
found that would allow any of the previous five estimation methods to be employed.
The estimate of annual industrial discharge of a given compound was assumed
to be equal to the product of the average concentration of the compound in municipal
sources (CWm), the annual municipal discharge (WDm_i, and the reciprocal of a
proportionality factor (PF) relating the importance of the entire industry's discharge
to that of the municipal segment.
GE6 = CWm_ • WDm_. 1/PF
Method 7
In this method, the estimated annual discharge of a given compound was
obtained by correlating that compound to another comaound with similar uses,
properties or structure. For instance, the gross estima e of annual discharge of
trichlorofluoromethane is one ton per year. Although dichlorodifluoroethane is
used industrially in a similar fashion, it is much less volatile. For this reason, its
annual discharge was estimated to be 10 tons per year or an order of magnitude
higher than the more volatile chemical.
GE7 = Comparison with GE1-6
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4.1.3 Chemical Reactions
The identification of chemical reactions that could form any given compound
was achieved primarily by an intensive literature search and extrapolation of
information to general classes of compounds. The concept of "chemical reactions"
was interpreted to mean any interaction of two or H- ore chemicals, or any degradation
of, or evolution from,a parent or precursor compound to form a given compound in
air, water, or soil „
4.1.4 Biodegradability (Persistence)
Five broad categories of biodegradability were developed to encompass the
range of environmental persistence and treatability //hich various compounds may
exhibit in the environment. The persistency chare teristics of the chemicals were
investigated, and each compound was placed in tht category which most completely
represented its behavior. Table 4.1.1 lists the bio iegradability, persistence and
treatability parameters for each of the five categories.
Persistence was weighted toward ease of biodegradation in water and soils.
It is recognized that many nonbiological reactions and physical processes may
influence the persistence of certain compounds. Fcr example, the multi-halogenated
methanes and ethanes were classified as refractory because of resistence to bio-
degradation, although they volatilize quickly froir water and soils to the air where
free radical reactions and high energy oxidations w:ll affect their overall environ-
mental persistence.
Table 4.1.1 Biodegradability (Persistence) Categories
Category Blodeajgdab? I ity
(1) Easily degraded
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Degraded without
much difficulty
Difficult to
degrade
Very difficult
to degrade
Refractory
Success of
Persistence Biological
in T-3arment of
Unadopted Soil Point Source
1-3 weeks
1-3 months
3 months to
1 year
1-2
years
> 2 years
Susceptible to normal
waste treatment.
Susceptible to normal
wnste treatment.
Prolonged treatment
."if-eded.
Leakage possible even
w.th prolonged treat-
mant.
C unnot be treated
biologically.
Typical
Chemical
Acetic acid
Benzoic acid
e-caprolactam
Chlorobenzene
Hexachloro-
benzene
4-5
-------
4.1.5 Data Display
The most concise and meaningful method for displaying the gathered material
was to provide separate data sheets for each chemical. An important advantage
of this format is the amenability of the display to an automated file system, which
provides an easily usable form for the Office of Toxic Substances, EPA. The indivi-
dual information sheets are presented in Appendix C.
The chemical name, structure, chemical class and CAS number (if assigned),
all serve to identify the specific chemical (Sections 1-3).
For each chemical, Sections 4A, B, and C focus on potential discharge
sources to both water and air from industrial point sources, treatment point sources
and non-point sources. Industrial sources consist of chemical manufacturers and
those industries utilizing one of the chemicals in some production capacity (Section
4A). The gross estimates of annual discharge of each chemical from all industrial
sources is given in Section 4.A.3 of each data sheet. These estimates do not
include discharges from treatment point sources or non-x>int source* Section 4B
presents data on the potential formation of the compounds during waste treatment
and disposal. Treatment of sewage and solids, incinercHon, other disposal tech-
nologies, and drinking water treatment systems were considered as possible pollutant
sources. In section 4C non-point sources of discharge were considered. These non-
point sources were broken down into four categories: natural sources occurring through
normal growth and metabolic cycles; possibility of formation by chemical reaction of
proper constituents in air and/or water; leaching from solid waste piles or landfills
where a compound is present; man-caused sources such as agricultural application
of pesticides resulting in agricultural runoff.
Sections 5 and 6 deal with biodegradability and affective treatment method.
Biodegradability is a measure of the persistence of a chemical through a biological
treatment system or natural biological degradation. Categories were assigned
indicating degree of difficulty of degradation for each chemical. Treatment
methods for each chemical were included and their effectiveness noted where this
information was available.
4.2 Categorizations
The list of compounds identified in drinking water was categorized in three
ways, by chemical class, by method of industrial manufacture, and by the manu-
facturing Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) indusiries from which these
chemicals might be discharged.
4-6
-------
The chemical classification as shown in Table 4.2.1 is self explanatory. The
Water Quality Criteria Data Book, Volume I: Orgcnic Pollution of Freshwater
classification system was followed.
The categorization according to industrial method of manufacture appears
in Table 4.2.2 and was made utilizing similarities c? manufacture. Those chemicals
with several methods of manufacture were listed under each appropriate category.
The industrial categorization scheme is not exhaustive, and was intended primarily
to assist in data analysis for the various groupings of compounds.
A great variety of industrial uses of the subje .t chemicals was evidenced as
the project progressed. As a means of illustrating t'.e diverse sources of specific
chemica! release to waters, the probable discharge .ources were categorized
according to manufacturing SIC industries in Table 4.2.3. Information concerning
organic constituents was obtained from the Southeast Environmental Research Lab,
from EPA Surveillance and Analysis data files, frorr a variety of literature sources
concerning industrial effluents, and from the industrial uses of the subject compounds.
Industries identified as having one or more compounds in their effluent were grouped
into 4-digit SIC codes. Only point sources of indu;-rial manufacture and use were
considered; this excluded all potential discharges resulting from agricultural applica-
tion, domestic use, etc. Because of the short durat'on of this program, this categori-
zation should not be considered inclusive.
4-7
-------
Table 4.2.1 Categorization by Chenical Class
ALKANES AND ALKENE'
Unsubstituted
decane (46)
docosane (72)
n-dodecane (73)
eicosane (74)
2-ethyl-n-hexane (79)
hexadecane (91)
isodecane (94)
limonene (99)
methane (101)
nonar 2 (121)
octadecane (122)
octane (123)
pentacecane (1 27)
pentar.e (128)
tetrad acane (140)
n-trioacane (149)
n-und3cane (152)
aldrin (7)
chlordane (32)
dieldrin (56)
endrin (75)
Halogenoted
Cyclic
heptachlor (84)
heptachlor epoxide (85)
1 ,2,2,4,5,7,7-heptachloronorbornene (86)
hexachlorocyclohexane (89)
Noncyclic
acetylene dichloride (6)
bromodichloromethane (22)
bromoform (23)
butyl bromide (27)
carbon tetrachloride (31)
chloroform (36)
dibromochloromethane (48)
dibromodichloroethane (49)
dichlorodifluoroethane (53)
1,2-d i ch I oroeth a n e (54)
hexachloro-l ,3-butadiene (88)
hexacnloroethane (90)
methyl chloride (108)
octy! chloride (124)
tetrachloroethane (138)
tetrathloroethylene (139)
1,1, '--trichloroethane (145)
l,l,;-trichloroethylene (146)
tri ch i orof luoromethane (147)
methyIene chloride (117)
4-8
-------
Table 4.2.1 Categorization by Chemical Class - continued
ALCOHOLS
borneol (19) methanol (102)
di-isobutyl carbine! (61) methyl phenyl carbinol (1-phenylethcnol) H 1<<:
ethano! (76) pe.itano! (129)
isoborneol (96) propanol (132)
1-terpineo! (135)
AMINES
Aliphatic
ethylamine (77) propylamine (133)
Nitriles
2-hydroxyadiponitri!e (92)
Heterocyclic
atrazine (8) 3-chloropyridine (42)
(deethy!) atrazine (9) 2-methyl-5-ethyl-pyridine (110)
barbita! (10) h:methyl-trloxo-hexahydro-triazine isomer (If
Amine derivatives - / mides
e-caprolactam (29)
BENZOTHIAZQL.ES
benzothiazole (16) thiomethylbenzothiazole (141)
methyl benzothiazole (105)
4-9
-------
Table 4.2.1 Categorization by Chemical Class - continued
ORGANIC ACIDS
Carboxylic
acetic acid (3) benzoic acid (14)
Sulfonic
benzene sulfonic acid (13)
ESTERS
Phthalates
benzyl butyl phthalate (18) dihexyl phthalate (59)
dibutyl phthalate (51) di-isobutyl phthalate (62)
diethyl phthalate (57) dimethyl phthalate (66)
di (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (58) diprcpyl phthalate (71)
Alky I Esters
behenic acid, methyl ester (11) methyl pa Imitate (113)
dioctyl adipate (70) methyl stearate (116)
methyl ester of lignoceric acid (100)
Aryl Esters
methyl benzoate (104) phthalic anhydride (131)
phenyl benzoate (130)
PHOSPHATE ESTERS
triphenyl phosphate (151)
4-10
-------
Table 4.2.1 Categorization by Chemical Class - continued
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
Halogenated
bromoform butanai (24) ! . 1 ,3,3-tetrachloroacetone (136)
chiorohydroxy benzophenone (37)
Alkane Derivativ s
acetaldehyde (2) methyl ethyl ketone (109)
acetone (4) 2-methylpropana! (1 15)
3-methy! butanai (107)
Cyclic Alkane Derivctives
camphor (28) isophorone (95)
dihydrocarvone (60)
Aryi Alkane Derivatives
acetophenone (5)
ETHERS
No n- H a I oge noted
1 ,2-dimethoxy benzene (63) trans-2-ethyl-4-methyl-l , 3-dioxolane
cis-2-ethyl-4-methyl-l/ 2-methoxy biphenyl 003)
3-dioxolane (80)
Halogenated
bromophenyi phenyl ether (25) b s-chloroisopropyl ether (38)
1 , 2-bis-chloroethoxy ethane (34) c/.loromethyl ether (39)
b-chloroethy! methyl ether (35) c'lloromethyl ethyl ether (40)
dichloroethyl ether (55)
4-11
-------
•i _
Table 4.2.1 Categorization by Chemical Class -continued
AROMATICS
Unsubstituted
acenapthylene (1) indena (93)
benzene (12) napthalene (118)
benzopyrene (15)
Phenols and Quinones
o-cresol (43) guaiacol (83)
di-t-butyl-p-benzoquinone (50) pentachlorophenol (126)
2,4-dimethyl phenol (65) 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (148)
4,6-dinitro-2-aminophenol (68)
Aromatic Derivatives
Hologenated
Benzene Derivatives
bromobenzene (20) dibromobenzene (47)
bromochlorobenzene (21) 1,4-dicMorobenzene (52)
chlorobenzene (33) hexachlorobenzene (87)
m->chloronitrobenzene (41) tricHiorobenzene (143)
Aryl Alkane Derivatives
DDE (44) DDT (45)
Biphenyl Derivatives
pentachlorobiphenyl (125) trichiorobiphenyl (144)
tetrachlorobiphenyl (137)
Nitro Compounds
2,6-dinitrotoluene (69) nitrobenzene (120)
nitroanisole (119)
4-12
-------
Table 4.2.1 Categorization by Chemical Class - continued
Aryl Alkanes
butyl benzene (26) mefhylindene (111)
1,3-dimethylnapthalene (64) methyl napthalene (112)
ethyl benzene (78) propyl benzene (134)
o-ethyltoluene (82) tc'uene (142)
1-isopropenyI-4-isopropylbenzene (97) vliyl benzene (153)
isopropyl benzene (98) xySene (154)
methyl biphenyl (106)
MERCAPTANS AND OTHER SULFUR ORGANICS
benzothiophene (17) dimethyl sulfoxide (67)
carbon disulfide (30)
-------
Table 4.2.2 Categorization by Manufacturing Method
PETROLEUM DISTILLATES
acenaphthylene (1) isoprcoyl benzene (98)
benzene (12) methane (101)
benzopyrene (15) methy: naphthalene (112)
o-cresol (43) naphthalene (118)
decane (46) noncna (121)
1,3-dimethylnaphthalene (64) octadecane (122)
2,4-dimethyl phenol (65) octane (123)
docosane (72) pentane (128)
n-dodecane (73) tetradecane (140)
eicosane (74) toluene (142)
ethyl benzene (78) n-tridecane (149)
2-ethyl-n-hexane (79) n-undecane (152)
hexadecane (91) xylene (154)
indene (93) pentadecane (127)
isodecane (94)
CONSTITUENTS IN PETROLEUM REFINING AND
COAL PROCESSING WASTES
acetaldehyde (2) ethanol (76)
benzopyrene (15) ethylamine (77)
butyl benzene (26) l-isopropenyl-4-isopropylbenzene (97)
carbon disulfide (30) methcnol (102)
carbon tetrachloride (31) propyibenzene (134)
1,3-dimethyInaphthalene (64)
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE REACTIONS
benzyl butyl phthalate (18) dihexyl phthalate (59)
dibutyl phthalate (51) di-isobutyl phthalate (62)
diethyl phthalate (57) dimethyl phthalate (66)
di(2-ethyI hexyl) phthalate (58) diprophyl phthalate (71)
ESTHER OF AC IDS
behenic acid, methyl ester (11) meth/l benzoate (104)
dioctyl adipate (70) meth/l palmitate (113)
lignoceric acid, methyl ester (100) meth/l stearate (116)
4-14
-------
Table 4.2.2 Categorization by Manufactt ring Method - continued
VARIOUSLY RECOVERED FROM NATURAL MATERIALS
borneol (19) limonene (99)
camphor (28) methyl benzoate (104)
guaiacol (83) 1-rerpineol (135)
isoborneol (96)
OXIDATION OF ALCC HOLS
acetaldehyde (2) acetone (4)
acetic acid (also oxidation 3-methyl butanal (107)
of acetaldehyde) (3)
OXIDATION OF OTHERS
acetaldehyde (sat. HC's or ethylene)(2) heptachlor epoxide (heptachlor with Na2Cr;
acetic acid (3) methanol (partial oxidation of natural
acetophenone (ethyl benzene) (5) gas HC's) (102)
benzoic acid (from toluene) (14) methyl ethyl ketone (119)
dieldrin (from aldrin) (56) phHialic anhydride (131)
endrin (from isodrin) (75) propanol (132)
dimethyl sulfoxide (from dimethyl sulfide) (if
DEHYDROGENATIONS OR DEHYDROHALOGENATIONS
(UNSATURATEDT
acetylene dichloride (red. of vinyl benzene (153)
tetrachloroethane or trichloroethane) (6)
trichloroethylene (tetrachloroethane) (146)
ALKYLATION OF AROMATICS
ethyl benzene (78) nirroanisole (119)
o-ethyltoluene (82) propylbenzene (catalysis by-product) (1 34)
isopropyl benzene (catalysis) (98)
4-15
-------
Table 4.2.2 Categorization by Manufacturing Method - continued
HALOGENATION OF AROMATICS
bromobenzene (20) hexachlorocyclohexane (89)
bromochlorobenzene (21) pentachlorobiphenyl (125)
chlorobenzene (33) pentachlorophenol (126)
chloronitrobenzene (with Is catalyst)(41) tetrac-ilorobiphenyl (137)
dibromobenzene (47) trichlorobenzene (143)
dichlorobenzene (52) trichlorobiphenyl (144)
hexachlorobenzene (87) trichlorophenol (148)
HALOGENATION OF NON-AROMATICS
acetylene dichloride (6) octyl chloride (124)
bromodichloromethane (22) tetrachloroethane (138)
bromoform (23) tetrachloroethylene (139)
butylbromide (27) trichioroethane (145)
carbon tetrachloride (31) trichiarofluoromethane (146)
chloroform (36) bis-cMoroisoprophyl ether (38)
dibromochloromethane (48) chloromethyl ether (39)
ethylene dichloride (54) chloromethyl ethyl ether (40)
hexachloroethane (90) dichloroethyl ether (55)
methyl chloride (108) chlordane (32)
methylene chloride (117) heptachlor (84)
H YD ROGE NATIONS
ethanol (catalysis) (76) isoborneol (96)
propylamine (133) di-isobutyl carbinol (61)
borneol (19) 4,6-a'initro-2-aminophenol (68)
CONDENSATIONS
Butyl benzene: benzyl chloride + propylbrorrJde + sodium -»
benzene + n-butyl chloride, AlCls (catalyst) (26)
DDT: chloral (or chloral hydrate) + chlorobenzene, H2SO4 (catalyst) (45)
Dichloroethyl ether: ethylene chlorohydrin, HSSO4 (catalyst) (55)
ethylene chlorohydrin -- chlorine + ethylene, aqueous, secondary
method
4-16
-------
Table 4.2,2 Categorization by Manufacturing Method - continued
CONDENSATIONS - continued
Ethylamine: ethyl chloride + alcoholic ammonia (77)
Methyi benzoate: HC! through benzoic acid, methanol mixture (104)
Methyl benzothiazole: o-aminophenols -J- ethyl chloride (105)
Terpineol: terpin hydrate + HaPO4 (or dii jte H2SC>4) (135)
MISCELLANEOUS
Carbon disuifide: petroleum, natural gas, coal fractions with sulfur (30)
Benzene sulfonic acid: sulfonation (13)
Nitroanisole: chlorination and hydrolysis (119)
Pentanol: chlorination and hydrolysis (12?)
Dinitrotoluene: nitrating aromatics (nitrotoluene) (69)
Nitrobenzene: nitrating aromatics (120)
Acetic acid: fermentation (methanol +CC, or destructive distillation of
hardwood) (3)
Acetaldehyde: hydration of acetylene (2)
Aldrin: diels-alder addition (bicycloheptc,diene) (7)
Barbital: replacement of urea by dicyanooiamide (10)
Benzoic acid: decarboxylation of phthallc anhydride with steam
hydrolysis of benzotrichlonde (14)
Benzothiazole: ring closure (o-aminothiophenols + acid chloride) (16)
4-17
-------
Table 4.2.2 Categorization by Manufacturing Method - continued
MISCELLANEOUS - continued
e-caprolactam: possibly, cyclohexanone -» nitrocyclohexane -»
cyclohexanone ox; me -» e-caprolactam (29)
Guaiacoi: catalytic synthesis, diazotization of o-anisidine, treat with
dilute H2SO4 (83)
Methanol: catalytic synthesis (CO + H2) (102)
Methyl ethyl ketone: mixed processes (109)
2-methyl-5-ethyl pyridine: possibly, paraldehydes + NH3 (HO)
(petroleum) butene + H2 + CO. Oxo process
Methyl phenyl carbinol: Grignard, formaldehyde + benzyl grignard (114)
2-methyl propanol: Oxo process, propene + H2 + CO (from petroleum) (115)
Triphenyl phosphate: phenol + phosphorous oxychloride. Esterification. (151)
4-18
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probable Manufacturing
>IC Industry Point Sour ,e
EXTRACTION OF PINE GUM
,^'cJ^
SIC 0843
1-terpineol (135)
borneo! (19)
camphor (28)
isoborneoi (96)
llnonene (99)
methanol (102)
o-cresol (43)
guaiacol (83)
BOTTLED AND CANNED SOFT DRINKS AJv.) CARBONATED WATERS
n-docosane (72)
eicosane (74)
n-tridecane (149)
tetradecane (140)
SIC 2086
pe.itadecane (127)
octadecane (122)
hexadecane (91)
BROAD V/OVEN FABRIC MILLS, MAN-MADE FIBER AND SILK
SIC 2221
e-caprolactam (29)
2,4,6-trichlorophenol (148)
irichloroethylene (146)
trichiorobenzene (143)
fetrachforoethylene (139)
propyl benzene (134)
propyiarr.'ne (133)
piopano! (132)
methyl benzoate (104)
dibuty! phfhalate (51)
telradecane (140)
2~hydroxyadiponitrile (92)
mef-hy!propanal (115)
borneo! (19)
dfchloroethyl ether (55)
bis-chloroisopropyl ether (38)
diethy! phthalate (57)
.nethy! naphthalene (112)
cic-2-methyl~4-ethyl dioxolane (80)
trons-2-methy-4-ethyl dioxolane (81)
dieldrin (56)
trichlorobiphenyl (144)
te rachforobiphenyi (137)
peitachlorobiphenyl (125)
tridecane (149)
ethylene dichloride (59)
vinyl benzene (153)
cKoroform (36)
acetophenone (5)
chiorobenzene (33)
d: r.hlorobenzene (57)
to uene (142)
ef :yl benzene (78)
ncohthalene (118)
a'odecane (73)
4-19
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probable Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source - continued
WOOD PRESERVING
SIC 2491
trichlorophenol (148) naphthalene (118)
o-cresol (43) acenaohthylene 0)
methyl naphthalene (112) pentachlorophenol 026)
dimethyl phenol (65) 1-terpineol (135)
PAPER MILLS, EXCEPT BUILDING PAPER MILLS, PULP MILLS
SIC 2611 &SIC 2621
n-tridecane (149) limonane (135)
tetradecane (140) 1-terpineol (99)
pentadecane (127) n-uno'ecane (152)
octadecane (122) acetone (4)
2-methylpropanal (115) methySene chloride (117)
carbon disul fide (30) propanol (132)
n-docosane (72) diethyl ph thai ate (57)
eicosane (74) methyl benzoate (104)
behenic acid, methyl ester (11) chloroform (36)
borneol (19) acetic acid (3)
camphor (28) dodecane (73)
dimethyl sulfoxide (67) dihexyl phthalate (59)
methyl palmitate (113) di(2 -ethyl hexyl) phthalate (64)
methyl stearate (116) methyl ester of I ignoceric acid (100)
hexachloroethane (90) methyl ethyl ketone (109)
dodecane (73) methanol (102)
guaiacol (83)
hexadecane (91)
PLASTICS MATERIALS, SYNTHETIC RESINS AND NON-
VULCANIZABLE ELASTOMERS - SIC 28"2T
xylene (154) propanol (132)
vinylbenzene (153) propylamine (133)
triphenyl phosphate phthalic anhydride (131)
1,1,2-trichloroethylene (146) phenyl benzoate (130)
propylbenzene (134) pentanol (129)
4-20
-------
Table 4.2,3 Categorization by Probar.le Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Sourc; - continued
PLASTICS MATERIALS, SYNTHETIC RESINS AND NON-
VULCANIZABLE ELASTOMERS - SIC 2821 - continued
2-methy! propanal (115)
methyl benzoate (104)
methano! (102)
limonene (135)
isopropyl benzene (98)
decane (46)
n-undecane (152)
dichloroethyl ether (55)
hexadecane (91)
methyl naphthalene (112)
octadecane (122)
di-t-butyl-p-benzoquinone (50)
cis-2-ethyl-4-methyl-l ,3-dioxolane
trans-2-ethyl-4-methyl-l,3-dioxola
merhyi chloride (108)
acenaphthylene (1)
acetaldehyde (2)
acetic acid (3)
dibromobenzene (47)
camphor (28)
e-caprolactam (29)
o-creso! (43)
dibufy! phthaJate (51)
ethyl benzene (78)
methylene chloride (117)
diethy! phthalate (57)
di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (58)
ciihexy! phthalate (59)
di-isobutyl phthalate (62)
2,4-dimethyl phenol (65)
cc stone (4)
ccjJtophenone (5)
benzene (12)
benzene sulfonic acid (13)
benzole acid (14)
benzyl butyl phthalate (18)
co'bon disulfide (30)
hexachloro-1, 3-butadiene (88)
propyl benzene (134)
bromodichloromethane (22)
bromobenzene (20)
2-hydroxyadiponitrile (92)
(80)naphthalene (118)
.pentachlorophenol (126)
'l-*erpineol (135)
trichlorobenzene (143)
tncMorophenol (148)
th omethyl benzothiazole (141)
dimethyl phthalate (66)
2,6-dinitrotoluene (69)
dioctyl adipate (70)
dipropyl phthalate (71)
ethanol (76)
et-iiyiamine (77)
methyl ethyl ketone (109)
htxachloroethane (90)
trichlorobiphenyl (144)
terrachlorobiphenyl (137)
pe.ntachlorobiphenyl (125)
4-21
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probable Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source - continued
SYNTHETIC RUBBER (VULCANIZABLE ELASTOMERS)
SIC 2822
vinyl benzene (153) acetc-dehyde (2)
n-tridecane (149) acetic acid (3)
1,1,2-trichloroethane (145) acetcshenone (4)
tetradecane (140) acetylene dichloride (6)
tetrachloroethylene (139) benzene (12)
tetrachloroethane (138) benzcthiazole (16)
propylamine (133) carbon disulfide (30)
pentadecane (127) carbon tetrachloride (31)
octadecane (122) hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (88)
nitrobenzene (120) n-docosane (72)
2-methylpropanal (115) eicosane (74)
methyl chloride (108) ethanol (76)
isopropyl benzene (98) hexachloroethane (90)
hexadecane (91) isophorone (95)
pentachlorophenol (126) methyl naphthalene (112)
pentanol (129) o-cresol (43)
PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
S|c
propylamine (133) chloroform (36)
phthalic anhydride 3-chioropyridine (42)
2-methylpropanal (115) o-cresol (43)
3-methyl butanal (107) 2,4-dimethyl sulfoxide (67)
methanol (102) ethanol (76)
acetic acid (3) o-ethyltoluene (82)
acetone (4) guaiacol (83)
acetophenone (5) hexcchlorocyclohexane (89)
benzene (12) hexcchloroethane (90)
benzoic acid (14) nitrcoenzene (120)
bromoform (23) dime-hyl sulfoxide (67)
camphor (28) methylene chloride (117)
4-22
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probable Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source- - continued
SOAP AND OTHER DETERGENTS, EXCEF" SPECIALTY CLEANERS
SIC 2841
1-terpineol (135) naphthalene (118)
Borneo! (19) benzene (12)
methylene chloride (117)
SPECIALTY CLEANING, POLISHING, AND SANITATION PREPARATIONS
SIC 2842
trichlorofluoromethane (147) tetrachloroethane (138)
trichloroethylene (146) acetylene dichloride (6)
trichloroethane (145) chloroform (36)
trichlorobenzene (143) dibromobenzene (47)
tetrachioroethylene (139) ethylamine (77)
2-methylpropanal (115) docosane (72)
bis-chloroisopropyl ether (38) eicosane (74)
trichlorofluoromethane (147) n-tridecane (149)
dichlorodifluoroethane (53) te'radecane (140)
naphthalene (118) pentadecane (127)
methyl naphthalene (112) propanol (129)
benzene (1 2) octadecane (122)
bromodichloromethane (22) hexadecane (91)
carbon tetrachloride (31) trichlorobiphenyl (144)
acetone (4) tetrachlorobiphenyl (137)
brornobenzene (20) dichloromethane (117)
FLAVORING EXTRACTS AND FLAVOR:NG SYRUPS, N.E.C.
SIC 2087
PERFUMES, COSMETICS AND OTHER "OILET PREPARATIONS
SIC 2844
1-terpineo! (135) benzoic acid (4)
phenylbenzoate (130) cKoroform (36)
2-methylpropanal (115) c~;resol (43)
3-rnethyl butanal (107) di'.ujtyl phthalate (51)
methy! benzoate (104) 1-2-dichloroethane (54)
4-23
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probable /vAanufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source - continued
FLAVORING EXTRACTS AND FLAVORING SYRUPS, N.E.C.
SIC 2087 - continued
PERFUMES, COSMETICS AND OTHER TOILET PREPARATIONS
SIC 2844 - continued
limonene (99) 1 ,2-d;methoxy benzene (63)
isoborneol (96) 4,6-din?tro-2-aminophenol (681)
acetaldehyde (2) dioctyl adipate (70)
acetophenone (5) ethanol (76)
benzene (12) o-ethyltoluene (82)
borneol (19) guaiacol (43)
propanol (132) acenaohthylene (1)
methyl stearate (116) camphor (28)
1,1,2-trichloroethylene (146)
PAINTS, VARNISHES, LACQUERS, ENAMELS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
$|c
trichlorobiphenyl (144) acetyiene dichloride (6)
tetrachloroethylene (139) benzene (12)
tetrachlorobiphenyl (137) borneol (19)
propylamine (133) methyl ethyl ketone (butanone) (109)
propanol (1 32) camphor (28)
pentachlorobiphenyl (125) bis-chloroisopropyl ether (38)
methyl stearate (116) dimethyl sulfoxide (67)
indene (93) 2-ethyl-n-hexane (79)
acetone (4) trichiorofluoromerhane (147)
benzothiazole (16) pentachlorophenol (126)
GUM AND WOOD CHEMICALS
SIC 2861
acetone (4) methyl ester of Iignoceric acid (100)
methanol (102) dimei'hyl sulfoxide (67)
1-terpineol (135)
4-24
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probable Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source - continued
CYLIC (COAL TAR) CRUDES, AND CYCLIC INTERMEDIATES, DYES AND
ORGANIC PIGMENTS (LAKES AND TONERS) - SIC 2865
trichiorobiphenyl (144) nitroanisole (119)
tricMorobenzene (143) noohthalene (118)
tetrachiorobiphenyl (137) ethyl benzene (78)
propylbenzene (134) ac ^aldehyde (2)
propylamine (133) acetic acid (3)
propane! (132) acetylene dichloride (6)
phthalic anhydride (131) benzene sulfonic acid (13)
pentachlorobiphenyl (125) be-izoic acid (14)
nitrobenzene (120) ac^naphthylene (1)
acetophenone (5) benzene (12)
methylene chloride (117) dicMorobenzene (52)
acetone (4) methanol (102)
benzothiazole (16) 1,3-dimethylnaphthalene (64)
benzopyene (15) 2,4~dimethyl phenol (65)
benzothiophene (17) hexachlorobenzene (87)
carbon disuifide (30) indene (93)
chlorobenzene (33) methyl naphthalene (112)
m-chioronitrobenzene (41) pentachloropheno! (126)
o-creso! (43) toluene (142)
diethy! phthalate (57) vinyl benzene (153)
ethylamine (77) xy'ene (154)
o-erhyltoluene (82)
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS, N.E.C.
SIC 2869
Refrigerants and Aerosols
carbon tetrachioride (31) chloroform (36)
dsbromochloromethane (48) d'Dromodichloroethane (49)
dichlorodifluoroethane (53) di ^hloromethane (117)
ethano! (76) tr chlorofluoromethane (147)
methyl chloride (108) acetylene dichloride (6)
4-25
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probable Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source - continued
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS, N.E.C.
SIC 2869 - continued
Organic Fuel Propellents
dibutyl phthalate (51)
dimethyl phthalate (66)
Embalming Fluids
camphor (28)
Irritant Gases
chloromethyl ether (39)
Hydraulic and Transformer Fluids
hexachloro-1, 3-butadiene (88)
dimethylsulfoxide (67)
bromodichloromethane (22)
trichlorobiphenyl (144)
Organic Solvents
carbon disulfide (30)
ethyl ami ne (77)
propanol (132)
propy I benzene (134)
napththalene (118}
2-methylpropanal (115)
methyl naphthalene (112)
Miscellaneous
dinitrotoluene (69)
cis-2-methyl-4-ethyl dioxolane (80)
trans-2-methyl-4-ethyl dioxolane (81)
vinyl benzene (153)
1,1,2-trichlorothylene (146)
1,1,2-trichloroethane (145)
trichlorobenzene (143)
toluene (142)
tetrachloroethylene (139)
tetrachloroethane (138)
phthalic anhydride (131)
diethyl phthalate (57)
dibronobenzene (47)
bromcform (23)
tetrachlorobiphenyl (137)
pentachlorobiphenyl (125)
methcnol (102)
limonane (99)
isophorone (95)
acetophenone (5)
bromobenzene (20)
chlorobenzene (33)
bis-chloroisopropyl ether (38)
dichloroethyl ether (55)
pentcnol (129)
pentcne (128)
nitrocmisole (119)
nitrobenzene (1 20)
methane (101)
acercldehyde (2)
isopropyl benzene (98)
isobc.Tieol (96)
hexcdilorobenzene (87)
ethyl benzene (78)
n-dcdecane (73)
4-26
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probable Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source - continued
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS, N.E.C.
SIC 2869 - continued
Miscellaneous - continued
di-isobutyl carbinol (61)
1,2-dichloroethane (54)
dichloroethyl ether (55)
butyl bromide (27)
methyl ethyl ketone (109)
Borneo! (19)
behenic acid, methyl ester (11)
be izene (12)
benzene sulfonic acid (13)
be izoic acid (14)
bremochlorobenzene (21)
acetone (4)
acetic acid (3)
CROP PLANTING, CULTIVATING /&ND PROTECTION
SIC 0721
PESTICIDES AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS, N.E.C .
SIC 2879
tripheny! phosphate (151)
2,4,6-trichloropheno! (148)
frichlorobenzene (143)
tetrachloroethane (138)
phthalic anhydride (131)
phenyl benzoate (1 30)
pentachlorophenol (126)
hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (88)
dimethyl naphthalene (64)
xylene (154)
tetrachlorobiphenyl (137)
camphor (28)
carbon disulfide (30)
carbon tetrachloride (31)
chlordane (32)
chlorobenzene (33)
dichloroethyl ether (55)
chloroform (36)
o-cresol (43)
DDE (44)
DDT (45)
dibromochloromethane (48)
1,4-dichlorobenzene (52)
aldrin (7)
1 ,2-dichloro ethane (54)
naohthalene (118)
methyl naphthalene (112)
me;hyl chloride (108)
me--hyl benzoate (104)
acenaphthylene (1)
ber.zene (12)
brcmoform (23)
2-! ydroxyadiponitrile (92)
dibjtyl phthalate (51)
trichlorobiphenyl (144)
pertachlorobiphenyl (125)
dieldrin (56)
2, --dimethyl phenol (65)
4»o-dinitro-2-aminophenol (68)
enarin (75)
o-ithyltoluene (82)
he orach I or (84)
hec>tachlor epoxide (85)
1 /"!,3,4,5,7,7-heptachloronorbornene (86)
he
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probable Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source - continued
ADHES1VES AND SEALANTS
SIC 2891
trichlorobiphenyl (144) propane! (132)
tetrachlorobiphenyl (137) pentachlorobiphenyl (125)
EXPLOSIVES
SIC 2892
toluene (142) camphor (28)
nitrobenzene 2,6-dinitrotoluene
benzene (12) hexachloroethane
dihexyl phthalate di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate
di-butyl phthalate
CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS, N.E.C.
SIC 2899
trichlorobiphenyl (144) chloroform (36)
tetrachlorobiphenyl (137) dibromochloromethane (48)
pentachlorobiphenyl (125) dibromodichloroethane (49)
bromodichloromethane (22) hexachloroethane (90)
bromoform (23) methanol (102)
carbon retrachloride (31)
PETROLEUM REFINING
SIC 2911
acenaphthylene (1) acetophenone (5)
benzene (12) o-ethyl toluene (82)
benzene sulfonic acid (13) methylindene (HI)
benzopyrene (15) viny^ benzene (153)
butylbenzene (26) napththalene (118)
carbon disulfide (30) noncne (121)
o-cresol (43) octadecane (122)
decane (46) octane (123)
1,3-dimethyl naphthalene (64) pentadecane (127)
4-28
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probab.e Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source - continued
PETROLEUM REFINING
SIC 2911 - continued
docosane (72) peitane (128)
n-dodecane (73) propylbenzene (134)
eicosane (74) te r-adecane (140)
ethyl benzene (78) to jene (142)
2-ethyi-n-hexane (79) n- ridecane
hexadecane (91) un-lecane (152)
indene (93) xyene (154)
isodecane (94) brrmobenzene (20)
l-isopropenyl-4-isopropylbenzene (97) triphenyl phosphate (151)
isopropy! benzene (cumene) (98) mefhyl phenyl carbinol (114)
methane (101) me'hyl biphenyl (106)
methyl napththaiene (112) dl'2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (58)
dimethyl phenol (65) dk ctyl phthalate
1-terpineo! (135) peitanol (129)
LUBRICATING OILS AND GREASES
SIC 2992
limonene (99) pentachlorobiphenyl (125)
2-methyi propana! (115) me-*hyl stearate (116)
trichiorobiphenyl (144) naphthalene (118)
tetrachlorobiphenyl (137) methyl ethyl ketone (109)
LEATHER TANNING AND F NISHING
SIC 3111
propyiamlne (133) 2~:Tiethylpropanal (1)5)
methylene chloride (117)
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
SIC 3275
acetone (4) propanol (132)
methylene chloride (1 17)
4-29
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probable Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source - continued
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, N.E.C.
SIC 3679
vinyl benzene (153) pent .chlorobiphenyl (125)
trichlorobiphenyl (144) carbon disulfide (30)
trichlorobenzene chloroform (36)
tetrachlorobiphenyl (127) DDE (44)
DDT (45)
PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
SIC 3861
acetic acid (3) dimethyl phthalate (66)
benzene (12) methylene chloride (117)
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C.
(Candle Mfg. and Match Mfg.)
SIC 3999
n-tridecane (149) docosane (72)
tetradecane (140) eicosane (74)
pentadecane (127) octadecane (122)
hexadecane (91) n-dodecane (73)
INDUSTRIAL GASES
SIC 2813
Acetylene Mfg.
benzopyrene (15) acenaphthylene (1)
naphthalene (118)
ALKALIES AND CHLORINE
SIC 2812
hexachlorobenzene (87) hexcchloro-1,3-butadiene (88)
4-30
-------
Table 4.2.3 Categorization by Probatle Manufacturing
SIC Industry Point Source - continued
INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEMICALS
SIC 2819
benzopyrene (15)
PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS AND BOXES
SIC 265
acetaldehyde (2) o-;resol (43)
acetone (4) propanol 032)
methyl ethyl ketone (109) diethyl phthalate (57)
methyiene chloride (117)
BUILDING PAPER AND BUILDING BOARD MILLS
SIC 2661
Tar Paper Mfg.
benzopyrene (15)
Particle Board Mfg,
naphthalene (118)
BEET SUGAR
SIC 2063
acetic acid (3)
BROAD WOVEN FABRIC MILLS WOOL
(Including Dyeing and Finishing)
SIC 2231
dieldrin (56)
4-31
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4.3 Discussion of Results
Organic chemicals exist in drinking water and their presence may pose a
health hazard. Specific characterization of a few drinking water systems has taken
place in the last few years, with EPA studies of 90 cities currently in progress.
Characterization of organics in industrial effluents, municipal effluents, rain water
and surface waters has also been undertaken. The list c£ 154 organic compounds
found in drinking waters, which was developed by examining published data, is by
no means a total accounting. For example, the 89 compounds identified in New
Orleans water represents only approximately 2% by weight of the total organics in
the drinking water. In general, the 154 identified compounds are the fairly volatile
organics with a molecular weight less than 250.
Section 4.2 of this report summarizes the probable industrial point sources for
the various organic chemicals. The following sections discuss treatment sources,non-
point sources, and biodegradability of these chemicals.
4.3.1 Compounds Not Industrially Manufactured
Table 4.3.1 lists 24 compounds for which no industrial manufacture or specific
industrial use was identifed. However, all but two compounds can be directly or
indirectly related to industrial sources. Thirteen of these compounds have been
identified in industrial effluents or solid waste residues. Nine of the compounds have
been indirectly related to industry as chlorinated derivatives of industrially important
compounds. All the alkyl ethers, which are important solvents, cleaning agents, and
pharmaceuticals, were reported as chlorine derivatives The haloforms listed may be
produced from industrial or naturally occurrring organics. No information was avail-
able for 2-methyoxy biphenyl or dihydrocarvone. Dirn/drocarvone is a possible
degradant or co-metabolite of carvone. 2-methoxy biphenyl may be formed from
benzyl phenol during pH adjustment following chlorination.
There are indications that the methyl esters of lignoceric and behenic acid,
methyl benzoate, methyl palmitate and methyl stearate identified in drinking water
are usually present in acid form. The GC-MS method of analysis necessitates
conversion of acid forms to esters, and thus could explain the identification of the
ester forms as being present in drinking water.
Chloroethoxy ether and bromoform butanal may be incorrect designations and
the trimethyl-trioxo-hexahydro-triazine isomer designc tion is insufficient for
precise characterization.
4-32
-------
Table 4.3.1
A. Organics With No Specific Industrial Manufacture or Use
Compounds
benzopyrene (15)
benzothiophene (17)
thiomethylbenzothiazole (141)
methyl biphenyl (106)
methyl benzothiazole (105)
1-isopropenyl-4-isopropyl benzene (97)
(deethyi) afrrazine (9)
DDE (44)
1,2,3,4,5,7,7-heptachloronorbornene
(86)
trimethyl-trioxo-hexahydro-triazine
isomer (150)
2-hydroxyadiponitrile (92)
cis and trans-2-ethyl-4-methyl-dioxolane
(80 and 81)
Possible Sources
petro;eum and coal wastes
coke wastes
petro eum and coal wastes
petrc eum and coal wastes
petrc eum and coal wastes
petroleum wastes
pesticide mfg. waste and degradation
of atrazine
pesticide mfg. waste and degradation
of DDT
pesticide mfg. waste
pesticide mfg. waste and degradation
of s-triazine pesticides
adiponitrile mfg. waste
fiberglass mfg. waste
B. Possible Chlorinated Derivatives of Industrial Compounds
bromophenyl phenyl ether (25)
b-chioroethyl methyl ether (35)
chloromethy! ether (39)
chioromethy! ethyl ether (40)
*bromod!chloromethane (22)
bromoform buianal ,'24)
*dibromoch!oromethane (48)
dibromodichloroethane (49)
*1 ,1,3,3~terrachloroQcetone (1 36)
diphenyl ether
ethy methyl ether
dimethyl ether
ethy methyl ether
metryl carbonyl organics
methyl carbonyl organics
methyl carbonyl organics
ethy.ene, ethane
acetone
""Compounds may be present in drinking water w thout upstream industrial
discharges.
4-33
-------
4.3.2 Compounds Which May Be Formed During Chlor?nation
Table 4.3.2 lists the compounds which may be produced during chlorination of
drinking water. Several of these compounds have been directly related to chlori-
nation processes. Compounds such as carbon tetrachloride and benzene hexachloride
are not listed because the requirements for their formatijn are so rigorous that changes
of formation during water treatment are negligible. Recent studies of chlorination
(MCA 1972, Glaze 1975) have shown that most organic compounds may be chlorinated
under treatment conditions. Aromatics, phenols, ether;, unsaturated alkanes, alde-
hydes, and ketones are readily attacked, and of these, phenol and benzene are
especially succeptible. This may explain why these widely used materials have not
been identified in drinking water while several chlorinated phenols and benzenes have
been identified. Long chain saturated alkanes and esters are quite resistant to
chlorination. Table 4.3.3 shows the chlorinated organ'cs which result from chlori-
nation of a variety of starting compounds. Many of these are not on the list of
identified compounds but they are presented here as indications of the potential for
formation of halogenated organics.
Table 4.3.2 Compounds Which May Be Formed by Chlarination
acetylene dichloride (6)
bromobenzene (20)
bromochlorobenzene (21)
bromodichloromethane (22)
bromoform (23)
bromoform butanal (24)
bromophenyl phenyl ether (25)
butyl bromide (27)
1,2-bis-chloroethoxy ethane (34)
b-chloroethyl methyl ether (35)
chloroform (36)
chlorohydroxy benzophenone (37)
bis-chloroisopropyl ether (38)
chloromethyl ether (39)
chloromethyl ethyl ether (40)
m-chloronitrobenzene (41)
3-chloropyridine (42)
dibromobenzene (47)
dibromochloromethane (48)
dibromodichloroethane (49)
1,4-dichlorobenzene (52)
dichlorodifluoroethane (53)
1,2-dichloroethane (54)
dichloroethyl ether (55)
hexachioro-1,3-butadiene (88)
hexachloroethane (90)
methy! chloride (108)
methylene chloride (117)
octyl chloride (124)
pentadilorobiphenyl (125)
1,1,3,3-tetrachloroacetone (136)
tetracMorobiphenyl (137)
tetrad" ioroethane (138)
tetrachloroethylene (139)
trichlorobenzene (143)
trichlcrobiphenyl (144)
1,1,2-trich Ioroethane (145)
1,1,2-trichloroethylene (146)
trichlcrofluoromethane (147)
2,4,6-trichlorophenol (148)
4-34
-------
Table 4. 3.3 Starting Compounds and Possible Resultant
Chlorination Products (MCA, 1972)
Starting Compound
phenol
n-cr
esol
hydroquinone
aniline
dimethylamine
Chlorinated Product
ortho ard para-chlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,6-dic ilorophenol
2,4,6-Hchlorophenol (148)
non-arcnatic oxidation products
2-chlor ?-3 -methylphenol
4-chloro-3-methylphenol
6-chlon:»-3-methylphenol
2,4-d i c h I oro-3-methyl phenol
2,6-dicnloro-3-methylphenol
4,6-dicHloro-3-methylphenol
2,4,6-Hchloro-3-methylphenol
non-aromatic oxidation products
para-benzoqui none
non-aromatic oxidation products
ortho and para-chloroaniline
2,4 and 2,6-dichloroaniline
2,4,6-trichloroaniline
non-aro.natic oxidation products
n-ch lore.-dimethylamine
oxidation products
4.3.3 Compounds Formed During Sewage Treatment
Biological degradation of waste waters during sewage treatment either completely
or particaMy breaks down many organic compounds. Table 4.3.4 lists the compounds
identified in drinking water which may be formed du ing biological activities in
sewage. Variations in sewage treatment procedures affect the amount of organic com-
pounds released to surface waters. Incineration or Icndfilling of sludges releases
relatively small amounts of organics. However, sew;;r sludge digestion liquor may
contain many organic compounds which are discharged with the liquor. When final
effluents are chlorinated, some of the compounds listed in Table 4.3.2 may also be
4-35
-------
found. The differing chlorination conditions during sevage treatment result in the
formation of fewer organic compounds than drinking water chlorination. Table 4.3.5
is a partial listing of compounds which have actually been identified in sewage treat-
ment plant effluent.
Table 4.3.4 Compounds Which May Be Formed During
the Biological Phase of Sewage Treatment
acetaldehyde (2) ethyl a mine (77)
acetic acid (3) methane (101)
acetone (4) methanol (102)
acetophenone (5) 3-methyl butanal (107)
(deethyl) atrazine (9) methyl ethyl ketone (109)
benzene (12) methyl phenyI carbinol (114)
benzoic acid (14) 2-methyl propartal (115)
borneol (19) methyl stearate (H6)
isoborneol (96) pentanol (129)
carbon disulfide (30) propanol (132)
o-cresol (43) propylamine (133)
2,4-dimethyl phenol (65) 1-terpineo; (135)
2,6-dinitrotoluene (69) trimethyl-trioxo-hexahydro-triazine isomer (150)
ethanol (76)
Table 4.3.5 Compounds Positively identified in Sewage
Treatment Plant Effluents
acetone (4) dieldrin (56)
methylene chloride (117) benzene hexachloride (87)
chloroform (36) DDE (44)
trichloroethane (145) pentachlorophenol (126)
trichloroethylene (146) hexachloroethane (90)
tetrachloroethylene (139) toluene 042)
dichlorobenzene (52) ethyl benzene (78)
trichlorobenzene (143) indene (93)
DDT (45) benzoic a,id (14)
trichlorobiphenyl (144) phthalic c.ihydride (131)
tetrachlorobfphenyl (137) o-cresol 43)
pentachlorobiphenyl (125)
4-36
-------
4.3.4 Organic Compounds as Refractory Human Metabolites
Few of the organic compounds identified in drinking water have been specifically
related to human metabolite sources. However, there are many metabolic pathways
common to humans, other animals and micro-organisns. The compounds which may
be formed during biodegradation of organics in sewaoe or in landfills (Table 4.3.4)
may be similarly degraded by human organisms, prov ded the right precursor is
ingested. Specifically, barbital,acetaldehyde,acetic acid, acetone, ethanol,
ethylamine, and 3-methy! butanal, are human metabolites which have been identi-
fied in drinking water. Barbital is a drug related bicdegradant, and the others are
metabolic intermediates obtained from a variety of si bstrates.
4,3.5 Landfili Leachate
It is difficult to characterize landfill leachate because uniform, representative
samples are often difficult to obtain. In most instances, water percolates vertically
through a landfill and the soils below until it reaches a water table or bedrock.
Leachate which reaches bedrock flows downward along its surface and may then
disappear through cracks in the bedrock, between lovers of strata, or may eventually
reach a water table or reappear on the surface.
Most leachate analysis has been accomplished on improperly operated landfills.
For example, the leachate from an open dump with c slow moving streamlet passing
through it has been characterized. Table 4.3.6 lists drinking water organics which
have been fdentified in landfill ieachate.
Table 4.3.6 Organic Compounds Identified in Landfill Leachate
cresol (43)
mefhy! naphthalene (1 12)
dimethy! naphthalene (64)
methyl biphenyl (106)
diethyl phthalate (57)
dibutyl phthalate (51)
di (2-ethy!hexyl)phthalate (58)
decane (46)
docosane (72)
dodecane (73)
eicosane (74)
2-ethyl-ri-hexane (79)
hexadecane (91)
fsodecane (94)
nonane (121)
ociadecane (122s!
octane (123)
pentadecane (127)
pentane (128)
tetradecane (140)
tridecane (149)
undecane (152)
" benzothiazole (16)
camphor (28)
1-terpineol (135)
propylbenzene (134)
naphthalene (118)
ethyltoluene (82)
ethylbenzene (78)
dimethylphenol (65)
pentanol (129)
acetophenone (5)
benzopyrene (15)
butyl benzene (26)
*Compound'-> identified in leachate frorv industrial waste landfill.
4-37
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j Typical Chemical Reactions in Air and Water
The atmosphere contains many reactive molecules (usually one to six carbon
volatiles and their derivatives, and gaseous molecules such as Cle, F?, Br?, NO,
NOg . NH3, H2O, SOS, etc.)- With these substances, sunlight and other types of
radiation, many organic compounds may be formed. The atmospheric mechanism is
generally free radical. Free radical reactions with propanol will produce acetal-
dehyde and formaldehyde. Oxidation of propane and hobutane produces acetone.
Oxidation of olefins produces methyl ethyl ketone, 2-methyl propanal, and other
compounds. Alkyl radicals can undergo disproportionaf Ion and recombination
reaction to form compounds such as formaldehyde, methane, methyl ethyl ether,
and methanol. Formaldehyde and HCI in moist air will react to form chloromethyl
ether. Atmospheric halogenations can form most of the halogenated compounds
listed. These compounds may be "washed" from the atrr.osphere and reenter surface
waters by rainfall and eventually reach drinking water supplies.
A common waterborne chemical reaction is chlonnation of organics during
sewage treatment or drinking water purification. However, chlorine disinfection is
also an oxidative process. Oxidation by aqeuous hypochlorite, like chlorine sub-
stitution, does not occur readily with simple saturated cliphatic hydrocarbon chains.
A point of attack is needed where some sort of substitution or unsaturation is already
present. Alcoholic, aldehydic, carbohydrate types of materials, those for which
hydrolysis to hydroxylated substances can take place and compounds with sulfhydryl
groups or other reduced sulfur linkages are all classes of compounds subject to
oxidation by aqueous hypochlorite. In addition to oxidation; there is the possibility
of forming chlorinated oxidized products of this reaction especially if the oxidation
of the organic compound is not complete to carbon dioxsde, water and hydrochloric
acid.
Other waterborne reactions include interaction with inorganics, such as heavy
metals, condensations, rearrangements and hydrolysis on active surfaces of suspended
particulates. Also,adsorption and absorption interactions occur on lipophllic surfaces.
4.3.7 Biodegradability
Table 4.3.7 summarizes the biodegradability of the organics studied in the pre-
sent project. The refractory chemicals (category 5) include most of the highly
chlorinated compounds and insecticides, heterocyclic end polynuclear ring com-
pounds, and phthalate esters. These are not readily susceptible to biological treat-
ment; they must be concentrated by physical-chemicai methods and then incinerated,
or otherwise properly disposed. These chemicals are ccrried into water supplies from
diverse sources and by runoff (usually on particulate mctter since most are lipophilic
chemicals). Lagooning can be effective, though filtration and ozonolysis are pre-
ferred treatment methods for trace pollutants. Regulation of chemical use is a possible
4-38
-------
method of control; an example would be the use of biodegradable adipate ester
plasticizers in place of the highly refractory phthalat ; esters now being used.
The rest of the chemicals (categories 1,2,3 and 4), including long chain
ilkanes, saturated hydrocarbons, alkyl and aryl ester:, aliphatic amines, carboxylic
acids, and alkyl aldehydes and ketones are susceptib'a to biodegradation in varying
degrees. The category 4 compounds are very difficui to degrade and may require
specially acclimated cultures or special environments Nevertheless, biological
treatment of these compounds is possible and would piobably cost less than such
physical-chemical treatments as carbon adsorption or combined filtration and ozo-
nolysis. These compounds are resistant enough to pas through a normal municipal
waste treatment system in appreciable amounts. The remaining compounds are
biodegradable in varying degrees.
A number of factors affect biodegradabiiity in ary natural environment; these
include such extrinsic factors as moisture, pH, and degree of aeration but also the
intrinsic factors like chemical structure and water solubility. No single system of
classification will apply in all cases because so much depends on adaptation of the
receiving environment. If soil, sewage, or natural waters receive consistent dosages
of the chemicals so that an acclimated microbial flora develops, degradation may
be fairly rapid even for compounds that would otherwise be classed as "difficult to
degrade" . The ease with which an acclimatized environment is established (or the
extent of the lag before active degradation begins) is, therefore, another important
factor.
An example of rhis situation can be found in reference 196. Acetone ioboth
acclimated and unacclimated sludge is rapidly biodecraded. Ethylene glycol,
however, has varying patterns of biodegradabiiity deoending on whether it Is in an
acclimated or unacclimated environment. If one we
-------
Table 4.3.7 Biodegradability of Organics Identified in Drinking Water
Refractory Compounds (Category 5)
aldrin (7)
benzopyrene (15)
benzothiazole (16)
benzothiophene (17)
benzyl butyl phthalate (18)
bromochlorobenzene (21)
bromoform butanal (24)
bromophenyl phenyl ether (25)
chlordane (32)
chlorohydroxy benzophenone (37)
bis-chloroisopropyl ether (38)
m-chloronitrobenzene (41)
DDE (44)
DDT (45)
dibromobenzene (47)
dibutyl phthalate (51)
1,4-dichlorobenzene (52)
dichlorodifluoroethane (53)
dieldrin (56)
diethyl phthalate (57)
di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (58)
dihexyl phthalate (59)
di-isobutyl phthalate (62)
dimethyl phthalate (66)
4/6-dinitro-2-aminophenol (68)
dipropyl phthalate (71)
endrin (75)
heptachlor (84)
heptachlor epoxide (85)
1, 2,3,4,5,7,7-heptachloronorbornene (86)
hexacHorobenzene (87)
hexacMoro-1, 3-butadiene (88)
hexachsorocyclohexane (89)
hexachloroethane (90)
methyl benzothiazole (105)
pentachlorobiphenyl (125)
pentacnlorophenol (126)
1 ,1,3,3-tetrachloroacetone (136)
tetrach-orobiphenyl (137)
thiomeihylbenzothiazo!c, (,141)
trichlorobenzene (143)
trichlorobiphenyl (144)
trichlorofluoromethane (147)
2,4,6-vTichlorophenol (148)
triphen/l phosphate (151)
bromod'chloromethane (22)
bromoform (23)
carbon tetrachloride (31)
chloroform (36)
chloromochloromethane (48)
dibromodichloroethane (49)
tetrach'oroethane (138)
1,1,2-rrichloroethane (145)
4-40
-------
Table 4.3.7 Biodegradability of Organics Identif ed In Drinking Water -
continued
Very Difficult to Degrade Compounds (Category 4)
acenaphthylene (1)
atrazine (8)
(deethyl) atrazine (9)
barbital (10)
borneol (19)
bromobenzene (20)
camphor (28)
chlorobenzene (33)
1 ,2-bis-ch!oroethoxy ethane (34)
b-chloroethy! methyl ether (35)
chloromethy! ether (39)
chloromethyl ethyl ether (40)
3-ch!oropyridine (42)
di-t-butyl-p-benzoquinone (50)
dichloroethy! ether (55)
dihydrocarvone (60)
dimethyl sulfoxide (67)
2,6-dinitrotoiuene (69)
cis-2- 5th y 1-4-methyl-1 ,3-dioxolane (80)
trans-2-ethyl-4-methyl-l ,3-dioxolane (81)
guaiacol (83)
2-hyd'oxyadiponitrile (92)
isophorone (95)
inden- (93)
isobojYieol (96)
isopro jenyl-4-isopropyl benzene (97)
2-mefhoxy biphenyl (103)
methy biphenyl (106)
methy chloride (108)
methy:indene (HI)
methy ene chloride (117)
nitroa lisole (1 19)
nitrobenzene (120)
tetraciloroethylene (139)
1 ,1, 2-trichloroethylene (146)
trimetSyl-trioxo-hexahydro-triazine isomer
(15C)
Difficult to Degrade Compounds 'Category 3)
acetylene dichloride (6)
behenic acid, methyl ester (11)
benzene (12)
benzene sulfonic acid (13)
buty! benzene (26)
buty! bromide (27)
e-caprolactam (29)
carbon disulfide (30)
o-creso! (43)
decane (46)
1 ,2~dichloroethane (54)
1 , 2~dimethoxy benzene (63)
1,3-dimerhy! naphthalene (64)
1,4-dimethyl phenol (65)
dioctyl adipate (70)
n-dodecane (73)
ethyl benzene (78)
2-ethyl-n-hexane (79)
o-ethyltoluene (82)
isodecane (94)
isopropy! benzene (98)
!imon.?ine (99)
methyl ester of lignoceric acid (100)
methcie (101)
2-meJ-nyi-5-ethy!-pyridine (110)
methy] naphthalene (112)
methy; palrnitate (113)
methx 1 phenyl carbinol (114)
methyl stearate (116)
napht'iaiene (118)
nonars (121)
octara (123)
octyi chloride (124)
penf-o.ie (128)
phen 1 benzoate (130)
phthciic anhydride (131)
propysbenzene (134)
1 -teroineol
tolueie (142)
vinyl benzene (153)
xylene (154)
4-41
-------
Table 4.3.7 Biodegradability of Organics Identified in Drinking Water
continued
Compounds Degraded Without Much Difficulty (Category 2)
acetophenone (5) 3-methyl butanal (107)
benzoic acid (14) 2-methylpropanol (115)
di-isobutyl carbinol (61) octadecane (122)
docosane (72) pentadecane (127)
eicosane (74) propylcmine (133)
ethylamine (77) tetradecane (140)
hexadecane (91) n-tridecane (149)
methanol (102) n-undecane (152)
methyl benzoate (104)
Easily Degraded Compounds (Category 1)
acetaldehyde (2) methyl ethyl ketone (109)
acetic acid (3) pentanol (129)
acetone (4) propanol (132)
ethanol (76)
4-42
-------
APPENDIX A
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN DRINKING WATERS
IN THE U.S. (AS OF 11/25/74),
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
CINCINNATI, OHIO
-------
-------
APPENDIX A
"Organic Compounds Identified in Drinking Waters in the
U.S. (as of 11/25/74); U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio
o:enaphthylene (1)
a:eraldehyde (2)
ccetic acid (3)
acetone (4)
acetophenone (5)
acetylene dichloride (6)
aSdrin (7)
otrazine (8)
(deethyl) atrazine (9)
barbital (10)
behenic acid, methyl ester (11)
benzene (12)
benzene sulfonic acid (13)
benzoic acid (14)
benzopyrene (15)
b^nzothiazole (16)
l^nzothiophene (17)
benzyl butyl phthalate (18)
borneol (19)
bromobenzene (20)
bromochlorobenzene (21)
1 romodichloromethane (22)
Lromoform (23)
bromoform butanal (24)
bromophenyl phenyl ether (25)
f»tyh3ftorw-(same as 109)
buty! benzene (26)
butyl bromide (27)
'"^O^g-conipiiunol (same as 96)
camphor (28)
^-caprolactam (29)
:arbon disuifide (30)
< arbon tetrachloride (31)
c hlordane (32)
• hlorobenzene (33)
^«i^&feiw>met4w»e-(same as 48)
! ,2-bis-chloraethoxy ethane (34)
chlorfx+hexy-etk^r (incomplete
characterization)
i-i-s—2-chloroethyt--ether (same as 55)
! -chloroethyl methyl ether (35)
chloroform (36)
chlorohynroxy benzophenone (37)
bis-chloroisopropyl ether (38)
chlorome'hy! ether (39)
chlorome.hyl ethyl ether (40)
m-chloro nitrobenzene (41)
3-chloreoyridine (42)
o-cresoi {43)
DDE (44)
DDT (45^
decane (46)
dibromobenzene (47)
dibromocnloromethane (48)
dibromoa.chloroethane (49)
di-t-but) l-p-benzoquinone (50)
dibutyl phthalate (51)
1,4-dichiorobenzene (52)
dichlorodifluoroethane (53)
1,2-dichloroethane (54)
dichloroethyl ether (55)
el'KoW'epeF'Xit'hqne (same as 117)
dieldrin ,56)
diethyl phthalate (57)
di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (58)
dihexyl phthalate (59)
dihydrocjrvone (60)
di-isobutyl carbinol (61)
di-isobutyl phthalate (62)
1 ,2-dimt.thoxy benzene (63)
(same as 154)
1,3-dimtthyl naphthalene (64)
2,4-dinvrhy! phenol (65)
dimethy; phthalate (66)
dimethy; sulfoxide (67)
4,6-dini-ro-2-aminophenol (68)
2,6-dinI rotoluene (69)
dioctyl cdipate (70)
dipropy! phthalate (71)
docosane (72)
A-l
-------
"Organic Compounds Identified in Drinking Waters in the
U.S. (qsof 11/25/74)", U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio (continued)
n-dodecane (73)
eicosane (74)
endrin (75)
erhanol (76)
ethyl ami ne (77)
ethyl benzene (78)
2-ethyl-n-hexane (79)
cis-2-ethyl-4-methyl-l, 3-dioxolane (80)
trans-2-ethyl-4-methyl-l, 3-dioxolane
o-ethyltoluene (82)
guaiacol (83)
heptachlor (84)
heptachlor epoxide (85)
1,2,3,4,5,7,7-heptachloronorbornene (86)
hexachlorobenzene (87)
hexachloro-l,3-butadiene (88)
hexachlorocyclohexane (89)
hexachloroethane (90)
hexadecane (91)
2-hydroxyadiponitrile (92)
indene (93)
isodecane (94)
isophorone (95)
isoborneol (96)
isopropenyl-4-isopropyl benzene (97)
isopropyl benzene (98)
limonene (99)
methyl ester of lignoceric acid (100)
p-menth-4—en~8-^t"{sQ'ne as 135)
methane (101)
methanol (102)
2-methoxy biphenyl (103)
methyl benzoate (104)
methyl benzothiazole (105)
methyl biphenyl (106)
3-merhyl butanal (107)
methyl chloride (108)
methyl ethyl ketone (109)
2-merhyl-5-ethyl-pyridine (110)
methyl indene (111)
methyl naphthalene (112)
methyl pa Imitate (113)
methyl phenyi carbine I (1-phenylethanol)
(114)
2-mei-hylpropanal (115)
methyl stearate (116)
methylene chloride (117)
naphthalene (118)
nitroanisole (119)
nitrobenzene (120)
nonane (121)
octadecane (122)
octane (123)
octy! chloride (124)
pentachlorobiphenyl (125)
pentcchlorophenol (126)
pentcdecane (127)
pentcne (128)
pentanol (129)
phenyi benzoate (130)
phtholie anhydride (131)
propanol (132)
propylamine (133)
propylbenzene (134)
1-terpineol (135)
1,1,3,3-tetrachloroacerone (136)
A-2
-------
"Organic Compounds Identified in Drinking Waters in the
U.S. (as of 11/25/74)", U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio (continued)
tetrachiorobipheny! (137)
tefrachloroethane (138)
tetrachloroethylene (139)
tetradecane (140)
thiomethylbenzothiazole (141)
toluene (142)
Srichlorobenzene (143)
rrich'orobiphenyl (144)
1,1,2-trichloroethane (145)
1,1,2-trichloroethylene (146)
trichlorofiuoromethane (147)
trteMoromethane (same as 36)
2,4,6-trichlorophenol (148)
n-tridecane (149)
ti imethyl-trioxo-hexahydro-triazine isomer (150)
triphenyi phosphate (151)
r-undecane (152)
vinyl benzene (153)
xylene (154)
A-3
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
APPlliDIX B
BIBLIO
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3RAPHY
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t
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lijal
4. American Chemical Society, "Chemi
-------
Bt BIOGRAPHY
(continued)
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B-2
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(continued)
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B-3
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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B-4
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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-------
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B-6
-------
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B-7
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B-8
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DRAFT
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B-14
DRAFT
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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B-15
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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B-16
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
(continued)
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B-17
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
(continued)
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B-18
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APPENDIX C
DATA DISPLAY
-------
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: acenaphthylene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 83-32-9
3. Class: unsubstiHired aromatic
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining; shale oil processing; coal tar distilling.
2. Users: Dye mfg.; plastics mfg.; insecticide anc fungicide mfg.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 200 tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Approximately 50% removed during
traditional sewage treatment. Compound not likely formed during sewage treatment
or solid waste disposal.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Removal efficiency-low.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Coal tar.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Present in solid residues of petroleum and coal tar refining. Will
gradually migrate through soils to ground water.
4. Man caused non-point source Combustion of tobacco; constituent in asphalt.
5. Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Moderately persistent; very difficult to degrade biologically
(category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
-------
DATA DISPLAY
H
1. Chemical: acetaldehyde __ ..._,.___ 2. Structure: i, _ r—o
CAS Nomenclature: I I ~
3. Class: aldehyde (alkane derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical mfq.
2. Users: Organic chemical mfg. (acetic acid, n-bjtanol, acetic anhydride, aldols,
pentoerythritol etc.): perfumes, flavors, aniline dyes; plastics, synthetic rubbers mfg.;
silvering mirrors: hardening gelatin fibers.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10,000 ton? (method 1).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Hydrocarbon and sewage degradation
yields acetaldehyde,. whigh in turn is readily degraded to CO? and HaO. Decomposition
of solid biological wastes produces ocetaldehyde. which is readily metabolized by
bjplogical organisms.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Compound would not be producecTas
a result of drinking water treatment. Removal efficiency during water treatment
approximately 50%.
C, Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Metabolic intermediate in higher plants; alcoholic fermentation; sugar
decomposition in body; by-product of most hydrocarbon oxidations.
Chemical reactions Nitrogen oxides (air) + Hydrocarbons (aromatic & aliphatic)
light aldehydes HaO yaldehyde (aq.)
Solid waste I eg chate Compound will leach from biological disposal areas, land filled
sludges where ocetaldehyde is unrecovered; sho,
-------
DATA QiSPLAY
1. Chemical; acetic acid [ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 64-19-7
o
n
3. Class: carboxylie acid
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Beetsugar mfg.; winery; vinegar mfg; textile mills; wood distilla
tion plants.
2. Users: Food processing plants; organic chemical mfg; nylon and fiber mfg; dyestuff
and pigments mfg; vitamins, antibiotics, hormones mfg; rubber mfgj photogrgpjiic
chemicals mfg; mfg. ester solvents; mfg. plastics.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30^000 fon.; (method 1).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Biological sewage treatment produces
acetic acid which is readily degraded. Decon-position of solid biological wastes pro-
duces acetic acid which is readily metabolized by living organisms.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Compound would not be produced as
a result of drinking water treatment. Remove! efficiency during drinking water treat-
ment approximately 50%.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Both plants and animals as normal metabolite.
2. Chemical reactions Acetaldehyde _». acetic acid; acetone—^, acetic acid.
3. Solid waste IeachateCompound will leach frcm biological disposal areas, should be
efficiently degraded during migration through soils.
4. Man caused non-point source Domestic use of vinegar; photographic film developing,
lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Readily biodegraded ir, soils, sewage, natural water systems.
(category 1).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (>95%).
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: acetone 2. Structure: ^ ^
CAS Nomenclature: 67-64-1 H—C—c—C-
— - A 8 A
3. Class: ketone (alkane derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. smokeless powder; paints/ varnishes, lacquers mfg.; organic chemical
mfg.; Pharmaceuticals mfg; sealants and adhesives mfg; solvents for cellulose acetate/
nitrocellulose/ acetylene; formulation and packaging of products.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 40,000 tons (method 1).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): During biological treatment of sewage,
acetone is a decomposition,?ntermediate which ?s readily degraded in efficient sys-
tems. Operation of sewage treatments over optimal capacity increases the potential
for acetone discharge. Decomposition of solid vAastes (biological) produces acetone
_whjch is in turn readily degraded air emissions due to incineration of sludges/slurries
"co'niaining acetone. Combustion eTfTcJency is^sote^ha" 99.99%. Presence of otTTer
waste slurry/sludge constituents can decrease tliis efficiency.
Surface spreading of waste slurries/sludges conTaining acetone residuals (less than 1-
10%) will release acetone to soils. Most (approx. 80%) will be released to atmosphere
where it will be available for photochemical reactions or will be returned to water-
ways by rain.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Compound would be product as a
result of traditional drinking water purification procedures, (removal efficiency dur-^
ing water treatment ~40%). ~
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Normal microcomponent in blood and urine; minor constituent In pyroli-
gneous acid; biodegradation: intermediate in isopropanol breakdown; oxidation of
alcohols and humicsubstances.
2. Chemical reactions Oxidation of propane; oxidation of isobutane; photooxidation
of isobutylene.
3. Solid waste leachate Compound may leach f-om biological disposal areas, land-
filled sludges in which acetone was a process solvent or unrecovered reactant, acetone
is readily degraded during migration through sods/ however, the presence of other
constituents in industrial waste leachate would affect biodegradability, generally
reducing efficiency of biodegradation.
4. Man caused non-point source General laboratory use (>80% loss to water and air),
evaporation from applied paints and coatings aid other acetone containing formulations,
return to water with rain).
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (gererally completely degraded in 1-2
months) (Category 1).
6. Effective treatment method; Biological waste treatment (50%); activated carbon (90%).
4
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: acetophenone __ __ _ 2. Structure: — ^^ O h
CAS Nomenclature: 98-86-2 _ V ^ V-C— C.- -
------ __ >
3. Class: ketone (aryi alkane derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; coc processing industry.
2. User: Perfume mfg.; solvent for synthesis of phgr .laceuiicgls, rubber, chemicals, dye-
siuffs and corrosion inhibitors^ pjosticizer mfg; tt jacco fiavorant; intermediate in
synthesis of pharmaceuticaIs,
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 50 tons (me'nod 2L.
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): :ewage treatment of long chain aryl
ajkyi ketones can produce acetophenone. Comb-jstfon of coal tar residues releases
acetophenone to the air. Operation of sewage p:ant above capacity releases aceto-
phenone. Decomposition of land disposed organ!.:s (such as phenyl methyl carbinol)
produces acetophenone.
2. DrTnTTmg water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Could be produced, depending on
the degree of oxidation of phenyl methyl carbinoi.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural JDJjs of castoreum and labdanum resin; buds of balsam poplar; heavy oil
fra qt \ Q p o f .coa i to r,
2. Chemical reactions None identified
3. Solid waste leachgte present in leachate in sp; d waste in which acetophenone was
o process solvent/unrecovered reactar.t. ^
4. Man caused non-point source Lab chemicoTuse; vaporization from perfumes.
5. Biodegradcbility (persistence): Moderate in sewage sos ds, not water (1 month) (category 2).
6. Effective treatment method: Lagooning (70%); activated sludge (90%); activated carbon
(99%); water purification (50%).
-------
DATA D SPLAY
C/ Cl
I i
1. Chemical: acetylene dichloride 2. Structure: H-C^'C—
CAS Nomenclature: 540-59-0
3. Class: haloqenated non-cyclic alkene
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemicals industry.
2. Users: Solvent for fats, phenols, camphor, etc; retard fermentation; rubber mfg;
refrigerant; additive to dye and lacquer solutions; low temperature solvent for heat
sensitive substances (e.g., caffeine); constituent of perfumes, thermoplastics; used
in organic synthesis and medicine,
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 100 tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during biological
treatment phase, formed during chlorination of final effluent.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlori nation): Results from chlorination (trace).
C . Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None
2. Chemical reactions Ethylene + chlorine or hypochlorous acid -> acetylene dichloride
3. Solid waste leachate Would leach from landfilled sewage if already present; would
not be expected to form during degration of solid waste.
4. Man caused non-point source Evaporation from dyes, coatings, perfumes; use of sol-
vents, refrigerants; laboratory use and medical se.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biologically (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Sewaae treatment (20%); c inking water treatment - before
chlorination (20%); activated carbon (90-100%^.
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: aidrin 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 309-00-2
3. Class: halogenated cyclic alkene
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Pesticide mfg.
2. Users: Insecticide.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Less than : ton (method^).
8. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Released to air when wastes containing material are
incinerated (e.g. ,munic?pal refuse/ sewage shdge, industrial sludges and slurries).
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C . Non-Point Source:
1. Natural
2. CKemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste ieachate Will leach from solid wostes of which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural ruroff, lab use,
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent: approximate!-/ 3 years to degrade (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Act.vate^carbon!90-TjO%);
incineration inefficient for residual concentrations
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: atrazine
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: heterocycl i c ami ne
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: herbicide mfg.
2. Structure:
2. Users: Agricultural Industry (herbicide/plant growth regulator)
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Less than one ton (meth -J 5).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced as a result of decom-
PQsition of sewage or solid waste components. Injinceration is approximately 99%
effective in removal.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): ~Not produced during drinking
water treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Solid slurries and sludges from atrazine mfg. will leach
atrazine.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural ruroff, lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Stable. Complete decomposition requires months (estimated):
in soils, approx. 17 months (Category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Incineration (99%); activjted carbon (90%).
8
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: (deethyl) atrazine 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
, ^
3. Class: heterocyclic amine
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Pesticide mfg.(minor constituent in atrozine).
2. Users: None
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Less than o:ie ton (method 5).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): During biological treatment of sewage
and solid wastes, deethyl atrazine is expected fro be formed.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not expected to be formed.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None ,
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Atrazine + water + light -* (deethyl) atrazine.
4. Man caused non-point source Water-borne atruzine in presence of light eventually
roduces deethl atrazine . Also bioderndant nf
5. Biodegradability (persistence): No information (category 4 (est.)L
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon.
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical; barbital 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 57-44-3
3. Class: heterocyclic amine
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Pharmaceutical mfg.
2. Users: Medicine mfg.; stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide; mfg. of other pharma-
ceuticals.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not expected to be
produced as result of decomposition of sewage/solid waste.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not expected to be produced,
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions None identified. __ __
3. Solid waste leachate Potential leachate from pharmaceutical solid wastes containing
_ . ___ _ _ .
4. Man caused non-point source General use of r edicinal, experimental use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon.
10
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: methyl ester of behenic acid 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 929-77-1
3/~ I 11 I i~
. v^Iass: alkyl ester •*
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Mfg. and processing of carnaubc. wax; seed oil processing and refining;
natural product ?ndustry.
2. Users: Reference standard for gas chromqtography n biochemical and medical research;
speciai synthesis intermediate for pure behenic c :?d.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1QQ tons (method 6).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not expected to be produced
during biological decomposition of sewage/solid wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C . Non-Point Sourco:
I . Natural Minor constituent of most seed fasts, unimal milk fats, and marine animal
oils.
2. Cliemical reactions None identified.
3. Soiid waste ieachate Will leach in small quar ities from decomposing biological
wastes.
4. Man caused non-point source Water-borne discharge of foods, such as milk, and
of domestic sewage , lab use. _____
5. Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Moderately persistent. Approx. 3-6 months to completely
degrade (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological (90%).
n
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: benzene _ _ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 71-43-2 ~~
3. Class: unsubstituted aromatic
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Petroleum refinery; solvent recovery plant; coal tar distillation
coal processing; coal coking
2. Users: Mfg. styrene; phenol mfg.; nylon intermediates; detergents mfg.; organic
chemicals mfg.; pesticide mfg.; plastics and resms mfg.; synthetic rubber mfg.;
aviation fuel mfg.; food processing; pharmaceut;cals mfg.; dye mfg.; explosives mfg.;
photographic chemicals; PCB mfg.; gasoline mfp.; tanning, flavors and perfumes mfg.;
paints and coatings mfg.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 100,000 tens (method ^
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): During biological treatment of complex
organics, benzene is an intermediate which is rTadily degraded in efficient systems~
Surface spreading of sludges/slurries containing benzene releases it to the air
Incineration of sludges/slurries containing it will release small quantities.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not expected to be produced.
C . Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Petroleum oils, coal tars.
2. Chemical reactions None identified
3. Solid waste leachate Present in landfill sludges where it was a process solvent or
unrecovered reactant. Can be degraded during soil migration.
4. Man caused non-point source General lab use (loss > 80% to water or air)
evaporation from applied paints and coatings, \. erfumes, dyes and pesticides.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to biodegrade other constituents will nffeet
biodeqradability) (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological (90-100%); cctivated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (greater than 99.99%).
12
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemicol: benzene sulfonic acid 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 98-11-3
3- Class: sulfonic acid
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining.
2. Users: Dye mfg. (intermediate); accelerator in : Ikyol resin formation;
phenol mfg (intermediate); mfr resorcinol (intermediate).
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 600 tons (-method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not expected to be formed during
sewaqe treatment/solids disposal.
2. Drinkmg water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not expected to be formed.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Potential learhate from ilid waste containing compound;
in sludges/slurries as unrecovered product/rec::tant.
4. Man caused non-point source None Nn gft: flra| tj!;e Of rhemiral gvrept in labs.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Diffi^Jt to degrade (r-itegory 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon.
13
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: benzole acid 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 65-85-0
3. Class: corboxylic acid
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Food preservative; pharmaceutical and cosmestic preparations, preservatives,
ointment, and local anaesthetics mfg.; mfg. of cikyd resins; intermediate in the syn-
thesis of dyestuffs and Pharmaceuticals; production of phenol and caprolactam;
plasticizer mfg. (to modify resins - PVC, PV acetate, phenol-formaldehyde).
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1 rOQQ tons (method 2\
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Biological sewage treatment produces
benzene acid which readily decomposes. Decomposition of solid biological wastes pro-
duces itr which is then readily metabolized. Per.omposition of industrial sludges/slurries
from nbpve identified users produces it.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Potentially produced during drinking
water treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Cranberries, prunes, ripe cloves, bark of wild black cherry tree, scent
glands of beavers, and oil of anise seed. Derivatives ore widely distributed (gum
bensoin - up to 20%; acaroid resin 4-7%); glyclne derivative (hippuric acid) found
in urine of herbivorous animals. Forest runoff.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Present in leochate from biological solid waste and industrial
sludges/slurries where it is an unreacted reactant.
4. Man caused non-point source Constituent in do rnestic waste. General use of pharma-
ceuticals. cosmetics, food. Decomposition of plastics and resins. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Biodegradable. Approx. 1-2 months for complete degradation
of other items cause it to be virtually ever present in '.voter (category 2).
6, Effective treatment method: Biological (95-100%).
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: benzopyrene
2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 50-32-8
3. Class: unsubstituted aromatic
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: goal tar processors; petroleum refining; shale refining; processors coal
and coke; kerosene process!nq^heot and power generation sources.
2. Users: ysed only as a constituent in cool, petr ieum, shale and kerosene.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 60 tons (mothod 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Incineration (enclosed and open) of
j-efuse. Not formed during biological decomposition of sewage/solid waste. Incin-
tion of real,, petroleum products releases it "O air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Coal tar, tobacco.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Wj||
from waste sludges/slurries from coal, petroleum,
shaief and coke refining.
4. Man caused non-point source Combustion of tcoacco. combustion of fuels. Present in
run off containing greases, oils, etc. Potentfc. roadbed and asphalt leochate.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent chemical /category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (greater than 90%).
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: benzothiazole _ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 95-1 6-9
3. Class; benzothiazole
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical mfg.
2. Users: Photographic dye mfg; rubber chemicals rnfg.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 3QQ tons (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treat-
ment/solid waste disposal.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None-
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Potentially from sludges/slurries in which it is unrecovered
reactant or product.
4. Man caused non-point source General photogrrphic use. Potentially present in
roadway runoff as result of tire wear. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (category 5 .
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
16
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: benzothiophene 2. Structure: ^'- ^
CAS Nomenclature: 95.] 5.3 L |T \\
— x^xx^^x
3. Class: mercaptans and other sulfur organ!cs
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Processing lignite tars.
2. Users: Present as minor contaminant in coal prv-ducts.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage/solids
treatment. Incinceration of coal and coal waste: release small quantities to the
air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Coal (lignite).
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from coal-pro :essinq residue.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of tetroleum distillates.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (category ;.).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (80-10C%).
17
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: benzyl butyl phthalate 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: phthalate ester
_K
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Plasticizer mfg; plastics mfg, processing, and recycling.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 100 tons (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not formed during sewage
treatment/solid waste disposal, released to air during incinceration of municipal
refuse, general industrial rubbish, and waste sludges and slurries from plastic pro-
duction, and other manufacturing processes above.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None.
2. Cnemical reactions None identified.
«
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal and industrial wastes containing
plastics.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of plastics and above listed products.
(leaches from tubings, dishes, paper, containers, etc.) Lab use, microcontaminant in
5. BiodegradabiIity (persistence): Persistence greater then 18 mos . B lab chemicals, food,
Compound is degraded slowly by biological organisms and is taken 1 detergents, etc.
up and concentrated by them (category 5). Jjj
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration (greater than 99%).
18
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: borneol 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 3U/-/U-U
3. Class: alcohol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; extraction and recovery from certain
woods . __ _
2. Users: Frother (flotation agent); textile industry (wet processing of cotton, silk, royon,
wool); soap mfg. (solvent and bactericide); preservative for casein and other prote in«
in water paints; mfg. of camphor; perfume and license mfg..; mfq. of chemical
mfg. of flavorings and med icing is.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1,000 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Expect sewage treatment and solid
waste decomposition to form small quantities, /-ir: surface spreading of sludges/
slurries containing borneol will result in its evaporation into the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
| . Natural ^'ne °'' component (tree stumps); nor TO I component of forest runoff.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal waste, biological waste (such as trees)
sludges/slurries where compound is unrecoverec reactant in above industries.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of japs, paints, perfumes and flavors:
evaporation from perfumes. Lab use.
5. biodegradability (persistence): Very difficult to degrade (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment; activated carbon .
19
-------
DATA DISPLAY
Br
1. Chemical: bromobenzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 108-86-1
3. Class: halogenated benzene derivative
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Solvent (fats, waxes, or resins); intermediates in specialty organic chemicals
synthesis; additive to motor oil and fuels.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 2UU tons (method 7>
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during biological
sewage treatment or decomposition of solid wastes. Formed in small quantities
during chlorination of sewage effluent.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed in small quantities during
chlorination.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions Phenyl radical + bromine -'bromobenzene + chlorine radical;
benzene + HOBr -» bromobenzene + water
3. Solid waste leachate will lench from industrial sludges/slurries of which it is
a component.
4. Man caused non-point source General lab use: use as solvent; discharge of waste
motor oils to water; road surface runoff.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately persistent (2-18 months) (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); Incineration (greater than 9°%).
20
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical:
bromochlorobenzene
CAS Nomenclature: 106-39-8
3. Class: halogenated benzene derivative
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
oftK
2. Users: intermediate in synthesis of organic cor sounds.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tore (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposai (sewage and solids): Mot produced during biological
sewage treatment or decomposition of solid wastes'! Formed in small quantities during
chiprination of spxA/ngp affluent. Srry|ll giiqnt'fr'gs r^l^osgd during slifdggs/sl'jrr'gs of
which it is a constituent, and small quantities released to air during surface spreading of
same.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination):
Formed in small quantities during drinking water chlorination.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions Phenyi radical + chlon; e + bromine -*bromochlorobenzene;
benzene + HOC I + HOBr -»bromochloroberzene + water
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from sludges/ slurries in which it is a component,
4. Man caused non-point source General laboratory use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
21
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: bromodichloromethane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 75-27-4 /_/
ei__C_
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane I
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Fire-extinguisher fluid ingredient; solvent (fats, waxes,resins); synthesis
intermediate; heavy liquid for mineral and salt separations.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (method 7'
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Formed during chlorination of sewage
effluents. Not formed during biological phase or sewage treatment, biological de-
gradation of solid wastes, or incineration of municipal refuse or industrial sludges
and slurries.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Results from chlorination of finished
water; not formed in prior purification steps.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions (Air) Methyl radical + chlorine + bromine -* bromodichloromethane
(Water) methyl carbonyl orhydroxyorgpnics + HC Br+HQCl -» bromodichloromethane + water
3. Solid waste leachate Y/;|| |egch from industries waste sludges and slurries of whicr?
it is an ingredient.
4. Man caused non-point source Use of fire estiniuishers; constituent in municipal
sewage; general use of chlorinated water, lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Refractory (Category 5). L
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); aeration.
22
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: bromoform 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 75-25-2
&
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane
..
4. bources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and A
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: bromoform butanal _ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: a
- . — fr
•' .— — . Q^ ___ A __ f£^j \ fi _ , /
" 2
3. Class: halogenated aldehyde
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: None identified.
i
2. Users: None identified.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1 ton or less (method 6^
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed by biological treatment processes in sewage, biological,
municipal/ industrial waste decomposition or incineration of municipal or industrial
wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Possibly formed during ch I or? nation
of finished water.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None identified.
2. Chemical reactions Bromoform + acrolein -» bromoform butanal
3. Solid waste leachate None identified.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of chlorinated water.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); aeration.
24
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: bromophenyl phenyl ether __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature;
3. ca ha logenated ether
4, Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: None identified.
2. Users: None identified.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 3 tons (me'hod 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not formed during
biological activity in sewage sludge, solid wastes^Not formed during combustion of
municipal or industrial wastes. Bromophenyl phanyl ether may be formed during
chlorination of treated sewage.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Compound is formed during
chlorination of drinking water.
C. Non-Point Source;
1 . Nature! None.
2. Chemical reactions Phenyl ether + HOBr "bromophenyl phenyl ether.
3. Solid waste Ieachate No information .
4. Man caused non-point source General use of chlorinated waters, potential
constituent in domestic waste waters, use as a j Moratory chemical.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1C 0%).
25
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: butyl benzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 104-51-8
3. Class: arylalkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Petroleum refining.
2. Users: Organic synthesis; pesticide mfg.; solven for coating compositions; plgstieizer;
surface-qctive agents; polymer linking agent; asp-ioll- component; nnphf-hn rnn«:<-itijent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1000 tons (method T.
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Incineration of crgnnic petroleum nr rm\ waste*; nnri
combustion of fuels will release this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Petroleum, coal.
2. Chemical reactions None identified-
3. Solid waste leachate will leach from solid wastes in whir.h rr.mpr...n^ is
as a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General uses of rsphnlt nnrJ nnphi-hn; g
laboratory use; use as a solvent.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biologically (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-IOCVo); biological treatment (90-lQQP/o).
26
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: butylbromide 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: » a
-^ • •-••---— ' -••—-> - - - .._..._.-----_..._L.......-r, ' -- V— "» I l-' i«
* ^ z'3
3. Class: non-cyclic haloqenated alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Intermediate in synthesis of other product (alkylating agent).
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1 .QQQ tons method 7)>
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 , Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): !:ormed during chlorination of sewage
effluents. Not formed during biological phase of sewage treatment, biological de-
gradation of solid wastes, or incineration of municipal refuse or industrial sludges
and slurries.
2. D~rTn¥mg water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Results from chlorination of finished
water; not formed in prior purification steps.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2, Chemical reactions (Air)butyi radical + bromine-* butylbromidej( Water) unsaturated
_gjj
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: camphor
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: ketone (cyclic alkane derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; wood processing
industry.
2. Users: Udorgnt/flavorant in household, pharmaceutical and industrial products;
plasticizer for celMose esters and ethers; insect iepelltmfrfmoths) nnH inrpn^ ^fg •
lacquers and varnishes; explosives; embalming fluid; plastics mfg.; chemical
intermediate.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 2,000 tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Potential for formation from tsoborneol
during sewage treatment/disposal. Surface spreading of sludges/slurries containing
camphor will result in its emission to the air
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Major component of pine oil (leaves, twigs, stems of camphor tree of
China, Frormosa/ Japan); present in forest runoff
2. Chemical reactions None identified .
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal and biological wastes (such as trees)
and sludges/slurries where compound is unrecovered reactant in above industries.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of soaps, lacquers, varnishes, medicinals,
insect repellent, embalming fluid discharged to municipal sewers. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Very difficult to degrace (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment; activated carbon.
28
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: e-COprolactam 2' Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 105-60-2 ,0
3. Class: amide
w
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Nylon mfg. and processing, mfg. of plcis ics, bristles, film, coatings, synthetic
leather, plasticizers and paint vehicles, cross ';nking agent for curing polyurethanes;
synthesis of amino acid lysine. '_
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 600 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or biological degradation of solid wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during water treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None .
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Potential leachate from vvastes in which compound is
constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of r/lon products, certain plastics.
application of paints and coatings.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biologically (approximately 6 months-
one year) (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon.
29
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: carbon disu I fide 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: mercaptans and other sulfur organ!cs
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum and coal tar refinine (minute amounts).
2. Users: Mfg. rayon/ cellophane/ carbon tetrachicride; mfg. rubber chemicals and
flotation chemicals; mfg. soil disintectantsj mfg. electronic vacuum tubes; solvent
(phosphorus, sulfur, bromine, iodine, selenium/ fats, resins, rubbers); mfg. grain
fumigants, soil conditioners, herbicides; paper mfg (strength); pharmaceutical mfg
(animals).
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: lO.QQQ (method 2).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Biological degradation of various wastes
will produce small quantities of carbon disu I fide. Incineration of sulfur containing
wastes (e.g., municipal refuse, sewage sludgef industrial wastes). .
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Minor constituent in petroleum and coal.
2. Chemical reactions Carbon disulfide, formation due to soil organisms metabolizing
nabam (fungicide).
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from biological wastes.
4. Man caused non-point source General use as fumiqant, degradation of rubber
products. Lab use,
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biologically (6-12 months) (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Possibly activated carbon.
30
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: carbon tetrachloride 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 56-23-5 Cl
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane .
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical Industry*
2. Users: Fire extinguisher mfg; dry cleaning operc ions; mfg of refrigerants, aerosols,
and propeliants; mfg. of chlorofluoromethanes (8)%); extractant; solvent; veterinary
medicine; metal degreasing; fumigrant; chlorinct ng organic compounds.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 20,000 tonr (method 2)»
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Incineration of waste rubber could release small
quantities to the air. Disposal of solvents or wcs-'e sludges/slurries would result in
small qugntitjes emitted to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination):
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions (Air) methyl radical + chlorine -* carbon tetrachloride
3. Solid waste leachate Would leach from municipal solid waste and other industrial
solid wastes containing the compound.
4. Man caused non-point source Fire extinguisher use, insecticide use, grain and soil
fumigation use, general lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Refractory (category 5V
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
31
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical:
chlordane
CAS Nomenclature: 57-74-9
3. Class: cyclic halogenated alkene
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Pesticide mfg.
2. Users: Insecticide.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Less than 1 ton (method 5).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Released to air /fhen wastes containing material are
incinerated (e.g., municipal refuse, sewage sludge, industrial sludaes and slurries).
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None
2. Chemical reactions N°"e identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wastes of which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural runoff. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent: approximately 3 years to degrade (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration inefficient for
residual concentrations (~50%).
32
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: chlorobenzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 108-°0-7
3. Class: halogenated benzene derivative
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Solvent recovery plants; intermediate in dyestuffs mfg.; mfg. aniline;
insecticide mfg.; mfg. phenol, chloro nitrobeni-ane.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 4,000 tons (method 2).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): May be produced In small quantities during
chlorination of sewage. Not produced during Ecological sewage treatment or de-
composition of solid wastes. Incineration of orcanic industrial wastes in which chloro-
benzene is. a constituent will release small quantities. Not released during indinerarion
of municipal refuse . ,
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): V^ay be formed during
chlorination of finished water.
C . Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None
2. Chemfcal reactions (Air)phenyl radical + chlorine -»chlorobenzene + chlorine radical;
(Water) benzene + HQCl -* chlorobenzene + water.
3. So!Id waste Seac'hate Will leach from industrial sludges/slurries of which it is
a component.
4. Man caused non-point source General laborct:)ry use; use as a solvent; general use
of chlorinated water.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately persistent (2-18 months) (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration (>99%).
33
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 1 /2-bis-chloroethoxy ethane _ __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 1 1
3. Class: haloaenated ether
Cl~C.HMy.0-C. Mj-CXr-O-Cdr- CtL—C{
£.4. <*> i* *. <,
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Solvent for hydrocarbons, oils, etc; extractant; intermediate for resins and
insecticides; organic synthesis.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed by biological degradation of sewage or solid wastes,
by combustion of municipal or industrial waste?
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Possible creation during drinking water
treatment by chlorination of diethoxyethane (acetal) which is used in medicine (hypnotic),
cosmetics, flavors, and perfumes.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Cnemical reactions (Air) possible formation by.halogenation of ethers formed photo-
chernically from radicals. (Water) acetal + HOCl -» 1,2-bis-chlorothoxy ethane.
3. Solid waste leachate Compound will leach from municipal and industrial solid wastes
of which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of c Iorinoted waters; potential constituent
in domestic waste waters; use as a laboratory :hemicol; general use as a solvent
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately persistent: 2-18 months) Category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-10C%).
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: b-chloroethyl methyl ether __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: halogenated ether
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: None identified .
2. Users: None identified .
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10 tons or Sess (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed by biological degradation
of sewage or so!id wastes, or by combustion of municipal or industrinl
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed during drinking water
chlorination (possibly from ethyl methyl ether which is used as a medicine).
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions (Air) Possible formatation hoiogenation of ethers formed photo-
chemicaHy from radicals. (Water) ethyl"m^thyUther + HOC I -»b-chloroetfiyl methyl ether +
3. Solid waste leachate No information. wal
4. Man caused non-point source General use of chlorinated water; potential
constituent in domestic waste waters; use as a I boratory chemical.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately persistent (2-18 months) (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1(0%).
35
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: chloroform 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 67-66-3 Cl
C.I—C-
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
(LI
1. Users: Mfg fIuorocarbon refrigerants and propellents and plastics; mfg. anesthetics and
Pharmaceuticals, primary source for chlorodifluoromethane; fumigant; solvent; sweetener;
fire-extinguisher mfg; electronic circuitry mfo;_ .aflafyticaLckamistry; insecticide.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 2,000 tons "method 2).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Formed during chlorination of sewage
effluent prior to discharge.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Results from chlorination.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions (Air) methyl radical +ch I ori re ^chloroform; (Water) methyl carbonyl
or methyl hydroxyl organics + HOC I -> chloroform -water + organic acids.
3. Solid waste leachate Would leach from industrial and municipal solid wastes,
sludges, or slurries.
4. Man caused non-point source JioiI fumigation/ use of fire extinguishers, pharma-
ceuticals, sweeteners, insecticides, fluorocarbon plastics. General lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Refractory (category 5] ,
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
36
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: chlorohydroxy benzophenone 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: halogenated ketone
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemica! industry.
2. Users: Light absorber (optimum range 320-380 nicrons).
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10 tons ort less (method 6)
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Probably not formed by biological
activities in sewage sludge, solid wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed during chlorinotion process
if hydroxybenzophenone is present. ^^^
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions Chlorination of hydroxybersophenone
3. Solid waste leachate No information.
4. Man caused non-point source |sjo information,
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (very difficui to degrade) (cateor 5V
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100co) probable.
37
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: bis-chloroisopropyl ether 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: />
3. Class: haloaenated ether
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry. Constituent in waterborne wastes from
propylene glycol manufacture.
2. Users: Processing fats, waxes, greases; textiles m.:g. cleaning solution mfg; inter-
mediate in synthesis; extractant; paint and varnish; spotting agents.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 400 tons (mPthr>H 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed by biological degradation of sewage or solid wastes, or
by combustion of municipal or industrial wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): May be formed during chlorination
of drinking water.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions (Air) possible formation by halogenation of ethers formed photo-
chemically from radicals. (Water) chlorination of appropriate ether.
3. Solid waste leachate Compound will leach from municipal and industrial solids wastes
of which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of chlorinated waters; potential constituent
in domestic waste waters; use as a laboratory chemical; general use as a solvent; genera 1
5.
6.
Biodegradability (persistence):
(category 5}.
Effective treatment
method:
Highly
Activated
refractory
carbon
to
biological degradation.
(90-100°
3).
use of paints.
varnishes
cleaning
r
solutions
38
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: chloromethyl ether 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 542-88-1 Cl Ci
3- Class: haloaenoted ether
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry
2, Users: Mfg irritant gases flacrymators); chloronrs-hylatino agent; and chemical
intermediate.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 500 tons (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
.. Not formed by biological degradation of sewage or solid wastes, or
bv combustion of municipal or industrial wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Fossible creation during chlorinotion
of dimethyl ether which is used as refrigerant, sc Jvent, extraction agent, propellant
for sprays, welding gases.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions (Air) fomqldehyde (gaseous) ond hydrochloric acid (gaseous) can react
tpjFormchioromethyl ether. (Water) methyl ethe-- HOCI-* chloromethyl ether+ water.
3. Solid waste leachate Compound will learh from municipal and industrial solid wastes
of which it is a constituent,
4. Man caused non-point source Use of lachrymatcr type irritant gases. Lob use.
5. Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Moderately persistent: (2-18 months) (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1QO°/0.
39
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemicol: chloromethyl ethyl ether 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
V
3 jTj^halogenated ether C
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: None identified.
2. Users: None identified.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1 ton (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed by biologicnl
sewage or solid wastes, or by combustion of municipal nr irvhuh-inl
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed during drinking water
chlorination (possibly from ethyl methyl ether which is used as o medicine).
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions (Airl possible formation by hclogenatjon of ethers formed photo-
ehemically from radicals. (Water) ethyl methyl ether+ HOQI -» chloromethyI ethyl ether + watc
3, Solid waste leachate No information.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of chlorinated water; potential
constituent in domestic waste waters; use as a bboratory chemical.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately persistent (2-18 months) (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%^.
40
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: m- chloronilrobenzene __ 2. Structure: Cl
CAS Nomenclature: 121-73-3 _ _ -
- . ---
3. Class: halogenated benzene derivative
4 . Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Dyestuffs mfg; chemical intermediate in organic chemicals synthesis.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 100 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during biological
sewage treatment or decomposition of solid wastas. Formed in small quantities
during chlorination of sewage effluent, when nitrobenzene is present in effluent.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed in small quantities during
chlorination, when nitrobenzene is present.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions Nitrobenzene + HOCl~ -*m-chloronirrobenzene + water.
3. Solid waste leachate Wt 11 Teach from Industrie I sludges/slurries of which it is
a component.
4. Man caused non-point source General laboratory use, general use of chlorinated
water.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): persjstent (category
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
41
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: 3-chloropyridine _ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 626-60-8
3. Class: heterocyclic a mine
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Pesticide mfg. industry.
2. Users: Pharmaceutical mfg. (production of antihistamines); germicides, pesticides.
agricultural chemicals mfg.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during biological sewage
treatment or decomposition of solid wastes. Formed in small quantities during chloringtion
of sewage effluent when pyridine is present. Incineration of organic industrial wastes
and municipal refuse in which material is a constituent will release small quantities.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed in small quantities during
chlorination, when pyridine is present in the water.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions Pyridine + HOCI -"chloropyridine + water.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from industrial sludges/slurries of which it is a
component.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural runoff; general use as a germicide; general
use of chlorinated water. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (>18 months) (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon
42
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: p-cresol 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 95-48-7
3. Class: phenol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Coal tar refining; petroleum refining; organic chemical mfg.;
wood processing.
2. Users; Disinfectant; food antioxidant; perfume nfg.; dye mfq.; plastics and resins
mfg.; pharmaceutical mfg.; herbicide mfq. (981;•> -DNOC. UCPA); tricresyl phosphate
mfg.; ore flotation,, textile scouring agent, organic intermediate mfg. of salicylaldehyde,
.coujnarin; surfactant; cresylic acid constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 2.000 tons (method 1).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Small quantities formed during sewage
^treatment (biological step) and biological degrcdation of municipal biological, and
Industria! wastes. Released to air during Incine-ation of municipal refuse and indus-
trial sludaes and slurries containing o-cresol.
2. Drinking waterlreatment (e.g., chlorination): No evidence of formation during water
purification, probably formed in small quantities.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Coai, petroleum, constituent in woov, constituent in natural runoff.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from biological wastes, municipal wastes, industrial
wastes containing the material, will be form&c by degradation of high molecular
weight tars and polymers.
4. Man caused non-point source Automobile ex -.oust, roadway runoff, runoff from
asphalt, general use of plastics, petroleum dis Illates, fuels, perfumes, oils, lubricants,
metal cleaning and scouring compounds, laboratory chemical; constituents in domestic
sewage.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (~ : months for complete degradation)
(category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (95-100%); activated carbon (95-100%);
incineration (
43
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: DDE 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: /~^\
'" ^ ~v/)\
3. Class: aryl alkene halogenated derivative xC
4. Source*' ^'" \Z//
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Pesticide mfg. (DDT)
2. Users: Military product; DDT impurity; DDT use? (insecticide).
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 25 tons (method 5)
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Formed during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes when DDT is present. Released to.air when wastes con-
tqining material are incinerated (e.g.f municipal refuse,, sewage slug1 ges. industrial
and slurrites).
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): May be framed during drinking water
purification when DDT is present.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None
2. Chemical reactions Dehydrohalogenation of DDT to DDE
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wastes of which DDT or DDE are
constituents (minor component In most wastes due to widespread use).
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural runoff; degradation of DDT. Lab use. ~
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent; approximately 4 years to degrade (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration (95 - >99%).
44
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: DPT 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature-. 50-29-3
Ci
3. Class: halogenated aryl alkane derivative C #-(!—£
4. Sources: (
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Pesticide mfg.
2. Users: Insecticide
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: / tons (me nod 5).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Released to airxrian wastes containing material are
inci nerated (e .a. , municipal refuse, sewaae s'idae. industrial sludges ond slurries^.
2. t5Tmla"ng water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions "Rone Telentified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid w-r-stes of which it is a constituent.
5
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural run jff. Lab use.
. Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Persistent: approximate^/ 4 years to degrade (category 5)
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1 )0%); incineration (95->99%).
45
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: decane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: /> , /.^ <
3. Class: unsubstituted glkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: petroleum refining.
2. Users: Organic synthesis; solvent; standardized h/drocarbon; jet fuel research; mfg.
paraffin products; rubber industry; paper processirg industry. Constituent in
polyolefin manufacturing wastes.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 3QQ tons (method 4).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or decomposition of solid wastes. Incineration of municipal waste and industrial
sludges and slurries containing petroleum constituents releases this compount to the
air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Mot formed during drinking water
purification.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified .
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from general municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and will leach from solid sludges and slurries of petroleum refining industry and
paraffin utilizing industries, and wastes in which decane is a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in municipal waste and wastewater from
general use of paraffins. Also laboratory use/ highway runoff/ automobile exhaust,
motorboat exhaust, and from general use of pet'oleum oils, tars, etc.
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 months for complete degradation)
(category 3)
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (80-"5%); activated carbon (90-100%);
Incineration (>99%).
46
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: dibromobenzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: halogenated benzene derivative
4. Sources:
A. industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Solver.f (fats, waxes, resins, oils); inte. mediate in chemical synthesis;
used in heavy liquid flotation processes (ortho-/; ingredient of heat transfer media
or transformer oils; constituent in motor fuels; organic synthesis of dyestuffs and
drugs; manufacture of intermediates,, fumigants.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 200 tons (method 7) .
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during biological
sewage treatment or decomposition of solid
_ __ Incineration of organic industrial wastes in which
dibromobenzene is a constituent will release small quantities; not released during
incineration of municipal refuse. __
Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed in small quantities during
chlori nation.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural
2. Chemical reactions (Air) pheny! radical + bromii e-->dibromobenzene; (Water)
benzene | HO3r -» dibromobenzene + water,
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from industrial sludges/slurries of which it is a
component.
4. Mon caused non-point source Use as a soiven , use as a laboratory chemical,
agricultural runoff, use of transformer ojjs, hu hway runoff, general use of chlorinated
5. Biodegradability (persistence): woten
Persistent (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-'00%); incineration (>99%).
47
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: dibromochloromethane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: ^_
d\—t
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane J
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. fire extinguishing agents; mfq. aerosol propellents; mfg. refrigerants^
mfq. pesticides; organic synthesis.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (method 3).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Formed during chIorination of sewage
effluents. Not formed during biological phase of sewage treatment, biological de-
gradation of solid wastes, or incineration of municipal refuse or industrial sludges.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Results from chlorinotion of finished
water; not formed in prior purification steps.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions (Air)methyl radical + bromine -* dibromochloromethane; (water)
methyl hydroxy] or methyl carbonyl organics + HOCI +HOBr-* dibromochloromethane + water
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from industrial waste sludges and slurries of whi^h~lorganic
... . ,. . facias,
it is an ingredient.
4. Man caused non-point source Use of fire extinguishers; constituent in municipal sewage;
general use of chlorinated water; use of aerosol jropellants (spray cans). Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Refractory (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%^; aeration.
48
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: dibromodichioroethane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: y
. CV—C,-
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane «'
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Refrigeration and fire extinguishing appliCations.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed during biological phase of sewage treatment, biological de-
gradation of solid wastes, or incineration of municipal refuse or industrial sludges and
slurries.
2. Prfnking water treatment (e.gT, chlorination): Results from chlorination of finished
water; not formed in prior purification steps.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions (Air) ethyl radical + bromire+chlorine -» dibromodichloroethane
+ hydrogen bromide + hydrogen chloride. (V/gter)unsaturatedorganics + HOBr_+ HOCI
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from Industrie* waste sludges and slurries in whic' '
compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source Use of fire extu auishers. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Refractory (category ).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); aeration.
49
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: di-t-butyl-p-benzoquinone 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: quinone
4. Sources: ^uk—
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry
2. Users: Oxidant, polymerization catalyst.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 50 fons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Jrobably not formed during sewage
treatment or duripg decomppsition of solid wastes Incineration of wastes in which
item is a constituent, releases small quantities.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g.", chlorination):
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: dibutyl phthalate 2.
CAS Nomenclature: 84-74-2
3. Class: phthalate ester
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: pjastlcizer mfg. plastics mfq recycling cr i processing; cosmetics; diluent in
polysuifide dental impression materials; indus*r al stains mfg.; explosive (propellent)
component used in fuel matrix of double-base ocket propellent; textile lubricating
agent; used in safety gloss; insecticides,, printing inks, paper coatings/ adhesives.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (method 2),
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not formed during sewage
treatment/solid waste disposal. Released to air during incineration of municipal
refuse, general industrial rubbish, and waste s udges and slurries from plastic pro-
ducfion and other manufacturing processes abo 'e.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chIorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None .
?.. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste ieachate Leaches from municipal cid industrial wastes containing
plastics.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of lastics and above listed products.
Peaches from tubings, dishes, paper, containt; i, etc.) Lab use, microcontaminant
in icb chemicals, food, detergents,etc.Also fror; lipsticks, applications of paints,
coatings, and adhesives; evaporates from perfunes, inks and insecticides.
Biodegradability (persistence): Persistence greater then 18 mos. Compound .is degraded slowly by
biological organisms and is taken up and concentrate by them (category 5).
Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-10f%); incineration (greater than 99%).
51
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 1,4-dichlorobenzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 106-46-7
3 Class- halogenated benzene derivative
' '
c
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; pest cide mfg. industry.
2. Users: Mfg. moth repellants; mfg. air deodorizers; mfg. dyes and intermediates;
Pharmaceuticals mfg.; soil fumigant; pesticide.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1,000 tons 'method 2)
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): ^ot produced during biological
sewage treatment or decomposition of solid wastes. _
_ , _ Incineration of organic industrial wastes in which
s n rnn«ttlj-np.nt \A/J 1 1 rftlt^nsp small qiinnHtips. Not re>|ffnsprl during
incineration of municipal refuse. ______
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed in small quantities during
chlorination.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None .
2. Ch'em'ical reactions (Air)phenyl radical+chlorine -»1,4-dichlorobenzene; (Water)
benzene + HOCl -»dichlorobenzene + water.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from industrial sludges/slurries of which It is a
component.
4. Man caused non-point source General laborqjjry use; agricultural runoff; use
of chlorinated water.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (category 5}
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-lOr%); incineration (>99%).
52
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: dichlorodifluoroethane ___ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: ^ I
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane
- C - U
-
I-
4 . Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2- Users: Mfg of aerosol sprays; refrigerant; degrea.ing applications.
3, Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10 tons (method 7),
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed during biological phase o sewage treatment, biological de-
gradation of solid wastes, or incineration of municipal refuse or industrial sludges
and slurries.
2. 57fnl. dichlorofluoroethgne
hydrogen fluoride + hydrogen chloride. (Wa»pr)**
3. Solid waste leachate y/jjl leach from industricr waste sludges and slurries of which
it is an ingredient; will leach from municipal landfills..due to disposal of spray cans.
4. Man caused non-point source Aerosol spray g- ns. Lab use.
5. Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Highly refractory to bs jlogical degradation .(category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1 Of>%); aeration.
** dlfluoroalkene + HOC! ->• dichlorodifluoroetfane + water.
53
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: 1,2-dichloroethane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 1Q7-Qfr.2 /> i />.
—————— — ^j A /) _ i i
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane i (
AC " H H
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. of vinyl chloride; mfg of tetraethyTlead; intermediate insecticidal
fumigant (Peachtree borer, Japanese beetle, roof-rot nematodes); tobacco flavoring;
constituent in paint, varnish and finish removers^ metal degreaser, constituent In
soaps and scouring compounds, wetting and pene rating agents; used in chemical
synthesis and ore flotation.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 80,000 tons (method 1)
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Possibility of production due to chlori-
nation of sewage effluent.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Results from chlori nation.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions (Air)ethyl radical + chlori ne-» J ,2-di en I oroetn one; (Water) alkene
+ HOC1 - 1,2-dichloroethane + water. ~
3. Solid waste leachate Will be present in municipal and industrial leachate where it
is a component of the disposed items.
4. Man caused non-point source Use of leaded fuels, as insecticidal fumigant^ as
tobacco flavoring, from applied paint, varnish and finish removers, soaps and
5.
Biodegradability (persistence):
Difficult to degrade (category 3).
scouring compounds,
(present in domestic
sewage) r Lab use .
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-10C%).
54
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: dichloroethyl ether (bis-2-chloroethvl ether) 2« Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: ] ]} -44-4
3. Class: halogenated ether
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry. Constituent in waterborne waste of
ethylene glycol manufacture.
2, Users: Fumigants; processing fats, waxes, greas--., cellulose esters; general solvent;
insecticide mfg; textile mfg (scour textiles) and jeaning; mfg. butadiene, medicinals
and pharmaceuticais; selective solvent; constituent in paints, lacquers, varnishes.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 500 tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
_ Not formed by biological degrodation of sewage or solid wastes, or
by combustion of municipal or industrial wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): : prmed by ch I ori not i on _of drinking
water when ethyl ether is present.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. CKernical reactions can be formed from ethylens chlorhydrin in the presence of
hydrogen ions. Ethyl ether HOCI -» dichloro ithyl ether + water.
3. Solid waste leachate Compound will leach fror municipal ond industrial solid wastes
of which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of c ilorinated waters; potential constituent
in domestic waste waters; use as a laboratory c emical; general use as a solvent.
5, BiodegradabiHty (persistence): Moderately persistent: ( !-18 months)(category 4).
6, Effective treatment method: Ar.f.;vaj.ed rarbon r9Q-100c^).
55
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 , Chemical: dieldrin
CAS Nomenclature: 60-57-1
3. Class: cyclic halogenated alkqne
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Pesticide mfg.
2. Users: Insecticide; wool processing industry.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Less than 1 ton (method 5); production ceased by EPA
B, Treatment Point Source (Water and Air) • order.
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Released to air when wastes containing material are
incinerated (e.g., municipal refuse, sewage, sludge, industrial sludges and slurries)
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None
2. Chemical reactions Aldrin can be epoxidized with peracids to form dieldrin.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wastes of which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural runoff. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent: approximately 3 years to degrade (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1(0%); incineration inefficient for
residual concentrations (approx. 50%).
56
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: diethyl phthalate 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 84-66-1 0
3. CI ass: phthalate ester
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Plasticizer mfg.; piastics mfg and process.' ng; explosive (propellant) component;
suitable for food packaging application (FDA)j dye application agent; diluent in
poiysulfide dental impression materials solvent, wetting agent; camphor substitute,
perfumery, alcohol denaturant, component in irsecticidal sprays; mosquito repellant.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 200 tons (method 2). _
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposai (sewage and solids): Compound not formed during sewage
treatment/solid waste disposal. Released to air during Incineration of municipal
refuse, general industrial rubbish, and waste s! «dges and slurries from plastic
production and other manufacturing processes above.
2. DnnTumg water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment .
Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
Solid waste leac'hate Leaches from municipal -ind industrial wastes containing
plastics.
4. Man caused non-point source General use ofj jostles and above listed products.
(loaches from tubings, dishes, paper, container , etc.) Lab use, microcontanminant
m lab chemical s, fopd, detergents,etc. Also frorr. evaporates from perfumes, inks,
Insectiades, repellents,_ alcohols and dyes. From combustion of rocket propellants
and explosives.
Biodegradability (persistence): Persistence greater thai 18 mos. Compound is degraded slowly by
biological organisms and is taken up and concentratec by them (category 5).
Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1 Of'%); incineration (greater than 99%).
57
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Cnemicol: di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature; 0
_ s^s-
3. Class: phthalate ester
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Plasticizer mfg; plastics mfg and recycling, processing; organic pump fluid.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 4,000 tons (method
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not formed during sewage
treatment/solid waste disposal.. Released to air during incineration of municipal
refuse, general industrial rubbish, and waste sludges and slurries from plastic pro-
duction and other manufacturing processes above.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination); Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal and industrial wastes containing plastics.
5.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of piastics and above listed products.
(leaches from tubings, dishes, paper, containers, etc*) Lab Use microcontaminant
Biodegradability (persistence): Persistence greater than 18 mos. .
Compound is deqraded slowly by biological organisms end is taken
UD and concentrated by them (category 5) .
in lab chemicals, food,
detergents, etc.
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration (greater than 99%)
58
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: dihexyl phthalate 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: Q
, .— .... ^/\ s
3. Class: phthalate ester
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air) Q
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users. TTasticizer mfg, plastics mfg recycling orTprocessing (esp. cellulose ester
and vinyi plastics).
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 100 tons (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sev/age and solids): Compound not formed during sewage
treatment/solid wqste disposal. Released to air during incineration of municipal
refuse, general industrial rubbish, and waste si jdges and slurries from plastic pro-
duction and other manufacturing processes above.
2. DliTnking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None,
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal aid industrial wastes containing plastics.
5.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of p astics and above listed products
(leaches from tub! nas, dishes, paper, containers, etc.) Lab use, microcontaminant in
Biodegradability (persistence); Persistence greater than 18 mos.
Compound is degraded slowly by biological organisms ?ind is taken
up and concentrated by them (category 5).
lab chemicals, food,
detergents, etc.
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration (greater than 99%).
59
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: dihydrocarvone 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenc I attire:
3. Class: ketone (cyclic atkane derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: No information.
2. Users: No information.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 3 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): No information.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chIorination): No information
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural No information - very similar to caryone, which occurs in dill,
caraway, and spearmint oils. Possible degradant or co-metabolite of carvone,
2. Chemical reactions None identified .
3. Solid waste leachate No Information .
4. Man caused non-point source No information
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately persistent (2-18 months) (category 4)
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (65-35%); activated carbon (90-100%)
60
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: di-isobutyl carbinol 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
I -3
-
3. Class: alcohol _ ___ 3
.
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical Industry .
2. Users: '^etogmer; "reaction medium for prcxJuctiCi of hydrogen peroxide; surface
active agents; lubricant addftivlJsTrubber cherrsf a Is; flotation agents.
3. Gross estimate of annuaF discharge: 300 tons ^method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): No information .
2. Drinking water treafrnent (e.g., chlorination): Probably not formed during"
drinking water treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None
2. Chemical reactions None identified
3. Solid waste leachate WiHTeach from solid wastes in which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General labor... tory use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (~3 mciths to degrade ) ( category 2).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment; ac ivated carbon (90-100%)
61
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: di-isobutyl phthalate 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: Q n
_ ...._. - - - - - — — m , I-M^—MM Jk^ , f'-r-nu./*} /^ I-/... f* it f) ij
^^•••"•" ' - — — - - - • . _... ........ — _ - _.-__. — ^^—^^^ ^r ^^ \j^^\fft\*" ~ ^- ri"i~-L-,rT
3. Clqss: phthalate ester fx |j i
4. Sources: ^^^C-O-Crf-^-d^
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry
I
£#
2. Users: Pjasticizer mfg; plastics mfg. rerycling nr.d processing.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1QQ tons (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not formed during sewage
treatment/solid waste disposal. Released to air during incineration of municipal
refuse, general industrial rubbish, and waste sludges and slurries from plastic pro-
duction and other manufacturing processes above.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water ~
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3- Solid waste leachate [Caches from municipal and industrinl wastes rontnimng
plastics.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of plastics and above listed products.
(leaches from tubings, dishes, paper, containers, etc.) Lab use, microcontaminant
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistence greater than 18 mos. | in lab chemicalyFood/
Compound is degraded sjowly by biological organisms and is taken B detergents/ etc.
up and concentrated by them (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration (greater than 99%).
62
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: ]> 2-dimethoxy benzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 91-16-7
3. Class: non-halogenated ether
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry .
2. Users: Mfg. flavors and perfumes; medicine (or iseptic - veratrole).
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (merhod 6) .
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or biological degradation of solid wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C . Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None,
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachateLeaches from solid wastes in which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source Laboratory che^-ical use, use as a medicinal,
evaporation from perfumes.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderate persistency (:ategory 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-10)%) .
63
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 1,3-d i me thy I naphthalene ^ 2, Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 575-41-7
3. Class: aryl alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining; coke
2. Users: Impurity in naphthalene and its subsequent uses; asphalt constituent;
naphtha constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10 tons (method 3),
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Incinerntinn r>f <->rgcin'r po
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 2,4-dimethyl phenol 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 1Q5-67-7
3. Class: phenol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Coal tar fractionation; coal processing.
2. Users: intermediate in mfg. of phenolic antiox'cjnts; pharmaceutical mfg.; plastics
and resins mfg..; disinfectant (microbicide) mfg; solvent mfg; insecticides and fungicides.
rubber chemicals, mfg. polyphenyiene oxide, wetting agent/ dyestuffs; cresylic acid
constituent .
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 100 tons "method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): ,>mall quantities formed during sewage
treatment (biological step) and biological degradation of municipal/ biological, and
industrial wastes. Released to air during incineration of municipal refuse and indus-
trial sludges and slurries containing 2, 4-dimetl yl phenol .
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): No evidence of formation during water
purification, probably formed in small quantities.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Coal
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal industrial wastes containing the
mqterig.i. Also formed by degradation of hia.h nolecular weight tars and polymers.
4. Man caused non-point source Asphalt and roa way runoff; general use of pharma-
ceutica'iSj, fuels, plastics, pesticides; washing of dyed materials; constituent of domestic
Biodegradabllity (persistence): Low persistence (~2 moiths for complete degradation) {sewage.
(category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (95-:00%); activated carbon (95-100%);
incineration (>95%).
65
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: dimethyl phthalate 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 0
3. Class: phthalate ester
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical Industry.
2. Users: Plasticizer mfg.; plastics mfg. and process ng; used in fuel matrix of double-
base rocket propel I ant; latex mfg; cellulose acetate film mfg; fluidized-bed coating
in mfg. of poly(vinylidene fluoride); plasticizer in cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose,
resins, rubber; constituent of lacquers, plastics, rubber, coating agents, safety glass,
molding powders, insect repellants/ perfumes.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: ]QQ tons (merhqd 7).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not formed during sewage
treatment/solid waste disposal. Released to air during incineration of municipal
refuse, general industrial rubbish, and wastesiudges and slurries from plastic pro-
duction, and other manufacturing processes above.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leacnate Leaqhes from municipal and industrial wastes containing plastics.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of plastics and above listed products.
(leaches from tub ins, dishes, paper, containers, etc.) Lab use, microcontaminant
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistence areater than 18 mos.
Compounds is dearaded slowly by biological organisrr and is taken
up and concentrated by them (category 5) .
in lab chemicals, food,
detergents, etc.
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); Incinceration (greater than 99%),
66
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: _ dimethyl ,-.u I f oxide __ _____ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature. 67-68-5 0
- -
3. Cla'-: tTKjreuntans ond other sulfur organics
4. Soi-TGfS:
(1 if C f1 1 1
A. lnJustry Point Source (Wat or and Air)
1 . Manu!octurcrs: _ Bv~r>rqdyct of wood pulp mf q . f-~>r paper industries;
orqanic client en! Industry . ___
2. Users: Soivotij i''i_£'('.-• L'lLli.- (:n L!Jltlfci^..-.'iLC!9'.--Qlj_5ynLbrik fibors rnfq.; industrial cliane^ rn.'n .;
of c.el!s._q|._jpw tom".j.
3. Gross csl'Mncio of annual discharge: __6^pO_ton^_(n aj'nod 6) . __ __
B. Treatment Poinf Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste iicatr,:?nU/dii,pGsal (sev/age end solids): _Not produced during sewage 1reatm?nt
or bioioqinyj 'jccornoos'tion of soiid wastes.
2. UrTnLir,:, v/aicr trcotment (e.g., cMorination): Nio'' frrrned cJLiring~cirir.i;ing water
treat,Tu^ni .
C. Non-Point Sourer-.
1 . Narural Nf""
O C" \ \
v."!.'}1;0" r'-'u>-1 ions DirpuMiyl suSfidc. (from i'oil arid \yq.].0.r iT'i<':rporg_o_jiis.iri)
^ _'_..'__;:•> dimethyl suiioxi.ie
3. Solid waste ieachate Vv'ill leach from solid wastes in whTcTi item is a co.ist-ii ueni
4. Man ruus"
-------
DATA Pi SPLAY
1 . Chemical: 4,6- dinitTo- 2-amino phenol 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 96-91-3
o/
3. Class: phenol L
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry .
2- Users: Mfg. red hair preparations; pesticides mfb:.; mfg. azo Ayf*f \nAlr^r«r^:
reagent for albumin .
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (me hod 6) .
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): robably not formed during sewage
treatment or biological degradation of solid wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None .
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wcr.tes in which it is a constituent .
4. Man caused non-point source General lab use, use as a colorant.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Highly refractory and dl ficult to degrade (category 5) .
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon.
68
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 2,6 - dinitrotoluene 2. Structure
CAS Nomenclature: 606^20-2 ~
_
3. Class: nitro benzene derivative
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Explosives mfg.; organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. TNT; mfg. uretnane polymers; mfg. flexible and rigid foams and~
surface coatings; mfq. dyes; organic synthesis.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 3QQ tons (iTethod 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Possibly formed in small
^quantitiesby bacterial action during sewage treatment or decomposition of
solid wastes"!
2. DrinkfrTg water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment
C . Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None-
2. Cnemical react(5nl None identiried.
3. Solid waste ieachate Will leach from wastes J-- which compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source Qombustior of explosives (minor); general lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately biodegradt ble (3-18 months) (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-KO%); biological treatment systems;
incineration.
69
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: dioctyl adipate 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: fj*
3. Class: alky I ester
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Plasticizer mfg.; plastics mfg. and process ng; plastieizer for cellulose-based
liquid lipsticks; commonly blended with POP and D1OP in processing polyvinyl and
other polymers; solvent; aircraft cubes.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10 tons (method 2).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not formed during sewage
treatment/solid waste disposal. Released to air during incineration of municipal refuse,
general industrial rubbish, and waste sludges and slurries from plastic production and
other manufacturing processes above.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal end industrial wastes containing plastics.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of pi istics and above listed products.
(leaches from tubings, dishes, paper, containe s, etc.) Lab use, microcontaminant in
lab chemicals, food, detergents, etc; general use as a solvent, from aircraft lubricanticn,
lipsticks/ application of paints and coatings.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade 'oklogically (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1OG^); incinceration (greater than 99%).
70
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: dipropyi phthalate 2. Structure
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: phthalate ester
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
?. Users: Plasticizer mfg; plastics mfg. and processing.
3, Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1QQ tons (method 7)-
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not formed during sewage
treatment/sol id waste disposal . Released to ai- during incineration of municipal
refuse, genera! industrial rubbish, and waste aludges and slurries from plastic pro-
duction and other manufacturing processes abcve.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chIorination): :\!ot formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal old industrial wastes containing
plastics.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of p astics and above listed products.
(leaches from tubings, dishes, paper, conta;r3rs, etc.) Lab use, microcontominant
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistence greater thar 18 mos. ij in lab chemicals, food,
Compound is degraded dowly by biological organisms md Is taken |j detergents, etc.
upjjnd concentrated by them (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100 £>); incinceration (greater than 99co1.
71
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: n-docosane _______ __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 629-97-0 ___ , /<, H )
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane _ __
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining.
2. Users: Organic synthesis; standardized hydrocarbon; mfg. paraffin products; rubber
industry; paper processing industry; paraffin industry; calibration, temperature sensing
device. Constituent in waterborne waste of polyolefin manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (n-ethod 7).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): hot formed during sewage treatment
or decomposition of solid wastes. Incineration of mmicipal waste and industrial sludges
and slurries containing petroleum constituents relbases this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from general municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and will leach from solid sludges and slurries c: petroleum refining industry arid
paraffin utilizing industries, and wastes in whI ;h n-docosane is a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in : iunicipal waste and wastewater from
general use of paraffins. Also laboratory use, :ighway runoff, automobile exhaust,
motorboat exhaust, and from general use of pe roleum oils, tars, etc.
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1--2 nonths for complete degradation)
(category 2)
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (80~?5%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>99%).
72
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: n-dodecgne 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Refineries running aikylations, petroleum refining industry,
2. Users. Organic synthesis; solvent; standardized H/drocarbon; jet fuel research; mfg.
paraffin products; rubber industry; paper processing industry; distillation chaser.
Constituent in waterborne waste of polyolefin manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 600 tons (method 3)^
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment or
decomposition of solid wastes. Incinceration of rfunicipal waste and industrial sludges
and slurries containing petroleum constituents releases this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Hot formed during drinking water
purification^
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from genera! nunicipal and industrial solid wastes;
and will leach from solid sludges and slurries o^ petroleum refining industry and
paraffin utilizing industries, and wastes In whi< n n-dodecane is a solvent.
4, Man caused non-point source Component in m; nicipal waste and wastewater from
genera! use of paraffins. Also laboratory use, ighway runoff, automobile exhaust,
rr.otorboat exhaust, and from general use ofpe oleum oils, tars, etc.
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 rronths for complete degradation)
(category 3)
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (80- 5%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>99%). ~
73
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: eicosgne 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 112-95-8 />J__
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining^
2. Users: Organic synthesis; solvent; standardized n drocarbon;Jet fuel research; mfg.
paraffin products; rubber industry; paper processing industry; cosmetics, lubricants/
plasticjzers. Constituent in waterborne wa?te..o_" polyolefin manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (rnerhod 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): t'ot formed during sewage treatment
or decomposition of solid wastes. Incineration o; municipal waste and industrial
sludges and slurries containing petroleum constituents releases this compound to the
air. ,
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination):"' Not formed during drinking water
purification. .
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from genera! municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and will leach from solid sludges and slurries of petroleum refining industry and
paraffin utilizing ?ndustries/ and wastes in whki eicosane is a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in rrjnicipal waste and wastewater from
general use of paraffins. Also laboratory use, hghway runoff, automobile exhaust,
motorboat exhaust, and from general use of petroleum oils, tars, etc.
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 fronths for complete degradation)
(category 2)
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (80-75%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>99%).
74
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: endrin
CAS Nomenclature: 72-20-8
3. Class: cyclic halogenated alkene
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Pesticide Mfq.
2. Users: insecticide, minor constituent In dieidrin.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Less .than j ton (method 5)•
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes Released ioajr when wastes cpptaining material
incinerated (e.g., municipal refuse, ^ _^f, 'uHqe, industrial sludges nnd «;
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions tpoxidation of isoarin torms endrin.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wastes of which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural rjnoff; degradation of isodrin. Lab use.
5 Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent: approximately 3 years (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration inefficient for
residual concentrations (approx. 50%).
75
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemicol: ethgnol 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 64-17-5
3. Class: alcohol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Alcohol, whiskey and gin mfg.; organic chemical industry; wood
products industry. [
2. Users: Mfg. acetgldehyde, acetic acid/ ethylacetate/ ethylchloride, ethyl ether,
butadiene; ethylene dibromide; mfg. of phgrmaceutica Is; plastics and plgsticizers
"mfg.; mfg. lacquers/ polishes; mfg. perfumes, cosmetics; mfg. rubber; mfg. aerosols,
"mouthwash products; alcoholic beverages mfg.; mfg. soaps & cleaning preparations;
solvent/dye mfg.; explosives mfg.
3. Gross; estimate of"annual'discharge: 60,000 tons (method 2).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Formed during biological decomposition
of sewage and readily decomposes. Formed during decomposition of solid biological
wastes, and is readily metabolized. Formed by decomposition of industrial sludges/
slurries from above identified users, when compound is a component of those sludges/
slurries7 if ;s released to the air by surface soil spreading of same.
Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination); Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Fermentation of sugar, starch.
2. Chemical reactions (Air') photo oxidation of 1-butene. (Water) 1-butene + HOCI ->
pthanol. ,
3. Solid waste leachate Present in leaehnte from km Ing! ml *n\\A ^*t* nnA inrl..str;^l
sludges/slurries where it is a reactgnt/unreacted product. & from solid wastes of above user
4. Man caused non-point source Constituent in domestic wastes. Lab use. General use of
drugs, medicine Is, plastics, lacquers, polishes, perfumes, cosmetics, spray cans, etc.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Readily degraded (1-2 weeks) (category 1). Water solubility
and its production during decomposition of othe- items cfiuse it to be virtually ever-
present in water.
6. Effective treatment method; Biological treatment (95-100%)."
76
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: ethyl amine 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 75-04-7 /
3. Class: aliphatic amine
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry
2. Users: Resin mfg.; stabilizer for rubber latex; i termediate for dye mfg.;
pharmaceutical mfg.; solvent in petroleum and ' egetable oil refining; raw material
for mfg, amides; plasticizer; detergents mfg.; organic synthesis.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 600 tons (ivethod 6),
Treatment Point Source (Watnr and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Formed during biological degradation
of sewage and solid wastes, bus- is in f'jtr •- ;ethylamine
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from municipal wastes, wastes of biological
and from industrial sludges and slurries contain; ig compound.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of 3texf resins; use as a laboratory
chemical.
5. Biodegradabilify (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 moiths for degradation) (category 2)
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (90-95%); activated carbon.
77
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemlcol; ethylbenzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 100-41-4
3. Class: oryl alkane (benzene derivative)
4, Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1, Manufacturers: Petroleum refining; organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Styrene mfa.; acetophenpne mfg.- solvent;
naphtha constituent.
3, Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10,000 tons (method t).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Incineration of organic petroleum or coal wastes
combustion of fuels will release this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Mot produced during drinki
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Petroleum, coal.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wastes in which compound is present
as a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General uses of asphalt and naphtha; general
laboratory use; use as a solvent.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biolooieplty (eotegory 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); biological treatment (90-100%).
78
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 2-ethyl-n-hexane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: ^
' i
3. Class: unsubstituted aikane $
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: J*etroleum refi ning.
2. Users: Solvent and thinner; paraffin industry.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 60 tons (mathod 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste i-reatments/disposal ^-v/age and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
and decomposition of solid wgstas. h: . "•"'[' '-^ municipal waste and Indui.i-'r'! sludges
and siurries containing petroleum const sruenr-. 1-_^«." fnis compound to the air.
2, Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C. Non-Point Source:
1, Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of aetroleum.
2. Cnemica! reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from genera municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and wiil leach from solid sludges and slurries f petroleum refining industry and
paraffin utilizing industr?es/ and wastes in wn ch 2-ethyl-n-hexo.ne is a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in nunicipal waste and wastewater from
genera! use of paraffins. Also laboratory use highway runoff, automobile exhaust~
: —^" •- . ' .1 . '. -...I.! .11 _,.-,.., ——. • ., I. ,., . ._..,.,£.... .„..„ _^ I * f
rnotorboat exhaustf and from general use of petroleum oils/ tars, etc.
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 months for complete degradation)
(category 3).
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (-:Q-95%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>99%). ~~ ~~~
79
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: C>s-2-ethyl-4-methyl-|J3-dioxolane 2. Structure
CAS Nomenclature:
3, Class; non-hologenated ether
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air) *
1. Manufacturers: None identified .
2. Users; Constituent in waste ot fiberglass and textile manufacturing industry.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 3 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or biological degradation of solid wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination); Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None •
2. Chemical reactions None identmedT
3, Solid waste leachate May leach from wastes containing fiberglass.
4. Man caused non-point source Fiberglass use .
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Very difficult to degrade (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon.
80
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: trans-2-ethy!-4-methy 1-1,3-dioxolane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: non-halogenated ether
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: None identified-
2. Users: Constituetit in waste of fiberglass and . xtiie manufacturing industry.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 3 tons (me hod 6 ).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal \sevage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or biological degradation of so!;d wu'lec ~~
2. PFi"r^rng~^aTer treatment (e.g., chlori nation): N0» formed duri
ng
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source.
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate May leach from wastes Containing fiberglass.
4. Man caused non-point source Fiberglass use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Very difficult to degrade (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon .
81
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: o - ethyl toluene
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: aryl alkane (benzene derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; petroleum refining industry.
Users: Mfg. dyesf medicinalsf flavors, perfumes, sweeteners
nsphalt and naphtha constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 60 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Incineration of organic petroleum or coal wastes and
combustion of fuels will release this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chIorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C • Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified. ~
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wastes in which compound is present
as a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General uses of asphalt qnd naphtha; general laboratory
use; solvent use; perfume evaporation.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biologically (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); biological treatment (90-100%).
82
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: guaiacol 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 90-Q5-]
— • • ^X ^0-(LH,
3. Class: phenol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industr; wood rocessing industr.
2. Users: Mfg. perfumes and flavors (vanillin); ra > material for mfg. of papaverine
(medicinal); mfg. catechol and guaiacol compc inds. . u.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10 tons (method 2).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal ^e'vagc and solids): Not formed by waste treatment.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C . Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Wood; coal tar; major constituent of beechwood and creosote.
2. Chemical reactions None identified
3. Solid waste leachate Disposal of wood or coc! tars and their decomposition would
leach guaiacoi, municipal wastes or industrial wastes, sludges or slurries where compound
4. Man caused non-point source present.
Use of perfumes, flavors (vanillin),, medicinqi; .
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Very difficult to degrace (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment; activated carbon .
83
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical:
haptachlor
CAS Nomenclature: 76-44-8
cyclic halogenated alkene
3. Class:
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Pesticide Mfg.
2. Users:
Insecticide,
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Less than 1 ton (method 5).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Released to air when wastes containing material are
incinerated (e.g., municipal refuse, sewage, sludge, industrial sludaes and slurriesV
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions None identified?
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wastes of which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural runoff. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent: approximately 3 years to degrade (category 5),
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration inefficient for
residual concentrations (approx. 50%).
84
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: heptachlor epoxide
CAS Nomenclature: 1024-57-3
3. Class: cyclic halogenated alkene
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water end Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Pesticide mfg .
2. Structure:
C!
2, Users: insecticide; also minor impurity in hep^ochlor.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Less than ton (method 5).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Ait)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes Re!fc.:ar.:t ' T- sjr when wastes containing ireteric! ore
incinerated (e.g., municipal refuse^ sewcqe, ^ _.-o^, industrial sludges and slurries)
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions Heptachlor or chlordqn>. can be epoxidized to form heptochlor
epoxide.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wastes of which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural ru, off. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent: approximate y 3 years (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1'-0%^; incineration inefficient for
residual concentrations (approx. 50%).
85
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 1,2,3,4,5,7,7--heptachIoronorbornene
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: cyclic halogenated alkene fl pC 1 ,CI
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air) Ci C/'
1 . Manufacturers: Not manufactured directly. C/
It isa bicyclochlorinated pesticide manufacturing by-product.
2. Users: Insecticide (as by-product).
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Less than 1 ton (method 5),
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
IICUIUICHI rumi Juuit,c ^»»UIGI uuu /-»i i ;
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Possibly formed during oxidative phase
of sewage treatment and biological degradation of solid wastes, assuming chlorinated
bicyclo pesticides degrade to heptachloronorbornene.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Possibly formed during drinking
treatment by oxidation of chlorinated bicyclo pesticides.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions Heptachlor undergoes ring cleavage and rearrangement to
heptachloronorbornene
3. Solid waste leachate Possible leachate from chlorinated bicyclo pesticide
containing wastes^
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural runoff; pesticide degradation.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Similar to Iindane (>1 jr.) (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1r'0%).
86
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: hexachiorobenzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 118-74-1
| (
3. Class: ha logenated benzene derivative
4. Sources: i
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air) ^'
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical Industry; by-product of tetrachloroethylene
mfg.
Users: ^Fg. pentacKTorophenof; mfg. wood pre irvative; fungicide, seed treatment
(control of wKeat buntj; used in production of cr jrnatic fIuorocarbons.
2. Users;
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Tton (met.iod 5).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal 'sewage and solids): Generally not formed during
sewage treatment or de composite or, uf ro^r' y18 months) (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-130%).
87
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical; hexachloro-1, 3-bul-adiene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 87-68-3 „ fli dt
: Ci-
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkene
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Solvent for natural rubber, synthetic rubier and other polymers; heat transfer
liquid,transformer liquid, and hydraulic fluid; washing liquor for removing hydrocarbons
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 2 tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed by biological decomposition of sewage or
solid wastes, or by incineration. Released to air by inefficient solvent recovery/
recirculotion due to its volatility.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): fAay be formed during chlorination
process.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions
1,3-butadiene + HOCI -*hexachloro-1,3-butadiene .
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from municipal or industrial wastes in which this
compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source Roadway runoff (hydraulic fluids and rubber^
use of chlorinated water. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1 C0%).
88
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 58-87-9 Cl
C
3. Class: cyclic hologenated alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air) £l
1. Manufacturers: Pesticide mfg.
2. Users: Medicinal mfg. (scabicide); insecticis? mfg.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: <1 ton (me'nod 5).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (se^cge and solids): xjot formed during sewage treatment
or biological waste disposa!. __
2. DrmkTng water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 , Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions Hexyl radical + chlorir^ -'hexachlorocyclohexane.
3. Solid waste leachate _Wjll leach from industr.al sludges/slurries of which It is a
component.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural ruroff. Lab use.
5, Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Persistent (> 18 months' (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1, 0%).
89
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: he xachloroe thane __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 67-72-1 __ d\ (L\
___ - , - . - Qj — n __ C~
3. Class: non-cyclic ha logenated alkane I |
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. smoke candles and grenades; by-product of industrial chlorination
processes; plasticizer for cellulose esters; minor use in rubber and insecticidal
formulations; medicinal mfg.; moth repellent; retardant in fermentation processes;
fire extinguishing fluids mfg.; camphor substitute in nitro cellulose solvent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 2,000 tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Produced in very small quantities from
chlorination of sewage effluent prior to discharge. Not formed during biological
decomposition of sewage or solid waste or by"incineration. Released to air due to its
volatility and inefficient solvent recovery/recirculation.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Produced in very small quantities by
chlorination.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None .
2. Cnemicoi reactions (Air)ethyl rodicol +chlorine-* hexachloroethane; (Water) olkene -
HOCI ->hexachloroethane + water.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from municipal or industrial wastes in which this
compound is present. ;
4. Man caused non-point source General use in vaterinary medicine, fire extinguUhpr-;,
moth repellents, insecticides, and as a laboratory chemicpl. Gen.ftrpl"se ftf r-hlf>r
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (category 5). ~ wa er
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
90
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: hexadecane ___ __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 544-76X3 _
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: petroleum refining.
Organic synthesis; solvent; standardizec' iydrocarbon; jet fuel research; mfg.
paraffin products; rubber industry; paper process,ng Industry; reference for diesei
fuels; solvent; organic intermediate, constitue-1 in waterborne waste of polyolefin
manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 500 tons (r sthod 3).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or decomposition of solid wastes. Ir\c[t ^ *• •« municipal waste and industrial sludges
and slurries containing petroleum ccnstit* >•'•'*!. . ,^os^ *^h compound to the air.
2. Cornicing water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C . Non-Point Source,
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2. Chemico! reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from generc municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and will leach from solid sludges and slurries of petroleum refining industry and
paraffin utilizing industries, and wastes In wr ch hexadecane is a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in nunicipal waste and wastewater from
general use of paraffins. Also laboratory use, highway runoff/ automobile exhaust,
motorboat exhaust, and from general use of petroleum oils, tars, etc.
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 months for complete degradation)
(category 2)
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (EO-95%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>99%).
91
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: 2-hydroxyadiponitrile _ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. doss-. nllrih ^-C
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: None identified.
2. Users: None identified.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 3 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): No information
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): No information
C . Non-Poi nt Source:
1 . Natural None .
2. Chemical reactions None identified ,
3. Solid waste leachate No information.
4. Man caused non-point source General laboratory use .
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Very difficult to degrade (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
92
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: indene __„ 2- Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 95-13-6
3. Class: unsubstituted aromatic
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining; coke processing.
2. Users: Pgintanc! coating mfg.; tile mfq.; preparation of coumarone-indene resins;
Ynthesjs intermediate; asphalt and naphtha constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: TOO tons method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste trectments/dlsposo! 0>ewcge and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes . luc'r?"— <-*r>
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: Isodecane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining,
2. Users: Organic synthesis; solvent; mfg. paraffin products; rubber industry; paper
processing industry. Constituent In waterborne waste of polyolefin manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (method 4). „_
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or decomposition of solid wastes. Incineration of municipal waste and industrial sludges
and slurries containing petroleum constituents releases this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification,
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from general municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and will leach from solid sludges and slurries or petroleum refining industry and
paraffin utilizing industries, and wastes in which feodecane Is a solvent. ~
4. Man caused non-point source Component in lunicipal waste and wostewater from
general use of paraffins. Also laboratory use, highway runoff, automobile exhaust,
motorboat exhaust, and from general use of perroleum oils, tars/ etc.
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 months for complete degradation)
(category 3)
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (fJ0-95%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>99%).
94
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 'sophorone 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 0
3. Class: ketone (cyclic alkane derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2, Users: Solvent (hi boiling); organic chemicals , ifg. (intermediate for alcohols, raw
material for 3,5-dimethyianilme); solvent for pclyvinyl and nitrocellulose resins;
lacquers, finishes mfg.; pesticide mfg.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (r ethod 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or biological degradation of s.ojid wastes.
2. Drinking water freafment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C, Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None identified .
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. So!id waste leachate Will leach from solid wistes in which compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source General use as 3 solvent, laboratory chemical.
pesticide. Application of certain lacquers an< finishes.
5, Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Very difficult to degrade (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-'.00%).
95
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: isoborneol (exo-2-camphanol) 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 124-76-5 ~ '
an3
3. Class: alcohol rfGN--oH
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; wood processing industry.
2. Users: Pine-scented odorant; raw material for synthetic mfg. of camphor; perfume^
mfg.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 600 tons (method 6) •
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): i.xpected to be formed in small
quantities by sewage treatment/solid waste decomposition.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed by drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Major component of pine oil (1.6%); forest runoff component.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal waste, biological wastes (such as
trees), & sludges/slurries where compound is urire cove red reactant in pboveindustries.
4. Man caused non-point source Use of perfumes, household soaps/detergents. Lab usei.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Very difficult to degrnd?? (cntegnry 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment; qcrivated carbon.
96
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: l-isopropenyl-4-isopropyl benzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: ar/' a'kcme (benzene derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining.
2. Users: None identified .
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 3 tons (me. -hod 6). _
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced durirg sewage _
treatment or degradation of solid wastes . Incif ?ration of organic petroleum or coaf
wastes and combustion of fuels will release this compound to the nir. _
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment,
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Petroleum .
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3, So'id waste ieachate Will leach from solid wesres in which compound is present
gs_q Cj>nsti tuent.
4. Man caused non-point source General uses of asphalt and naphtha; general
laboratory use; use as a solvent.
5, Biodegradabiliry (persistence): Very difficult to degrace (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (9Q-1Q}%).
97
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: isopropyI benzene (cumene) 2. Structure: C-H3
CAS Nomenclature: 98-82-8 C.H-C.H,
— X 3
3. Class: aryl alkane (benzene derivative) U H
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining, coal tar distil lotion, organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. of acetone, alpha-methylstyrene, end phenol; mfg. polymerization
catalysts; component motor fuel; mfg. diisopropyj benzene; catalyst for acrylic
and polyester-type resins; solvent asphalt and naphtha constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 7,000 tons (method 2)
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Incineration of organic petroleum or rnnl wristc*
and combustion of fuels will release this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Petroleum crudes, coal tar.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wastes in which compound is present
as a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General uses of jsphalt and naphtha; general laboratory
use; use as a solvent; combustion of motor fuel..
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biologically (category 3)>
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1''0%); biological treatment (90-100%).
98
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: Iimonene (dipentene) ^ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: unsubstituted alkene
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Wood turpentine fractional on, extraction of natural
materials; by-product of synthetic camphor mfg.
2. Users: Production monoterpenes; solventLjresin r fg.; perfume/flavor mfg.; additive
in sulfurized lube oil; rubber compounding and r^claiming; dispersing agent in
points and coatings mfg.; waxes and polishes mf;,)-/ solvent for ester gum, metallic
soap dryers, etc.; dispersing agent for pigments and drugs.
3, Gross estimate of annual discharge: 200 tons (n-ethod 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during waste treatment/
disposal.
2. E)nnking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed by drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Pine stumps (southwest); oil cells in range skin; constituent in:lemon,
bergemot", caraway, peppermint, spearmint anc other oils.
2. CHemicai reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste ieachate Leaches from municipal vaste, biological waste (such as trees)f
siudges/sk)rries vvhere compound is an unrecovered reactant in above industries.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of .oaps. paints, perfumes, floor &
furniture waxes and pol ishes.
5. BiodegradabiHty (persistence): Difficult to degrade (co egory 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment; activated carbon.
99
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: methyl ester of lignoceric acid 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: a Iky I ester
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; natural products industry.
2. Users: Intermediate in special synthesis; medical .esearch; reference standard in
gas chromatography.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (method 6),
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not expected to be produced
during biological decomposition of sewage/solid wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., ch I on nation): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Beechwood tar; rottenoak wood.
2. Chemical reactions None identified
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach in small quantities from decomposing biological
wastes.
4. Man caused non-point source General laborai ?ry use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately persistent. Approx. 3-6 months to completely
degrade (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological (90%).
100
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: methane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 74-82-8 M
. H— C-
3, Class: unsubstitured alkane I
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Natural gas mfg.; coal proces_s: ig.
2. Users: Mfg. carbon black, acetylene, hydroge . halogenated methanes and ethylene/
nethqnol, hydrogen cyanide, carbon tetrachlorkie,. chloroform, fuel.
3, Gross estimate of annual discharge: 31)00tons Irr'ithod 4). "
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
} . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): -ormed during biological decomposi-
tion of sewage and solid wastes.
2. £>r7nT
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: methanol 2. Structure: ^ u
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: alcohol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; wood processing industry
2. Users: MTg . formaIdehyde, metnacrylates, methylamines, dimethyl terephthalate,
methyl haltdes, ethylene glycol; mfg. antifreeze, polyformaldehydes; solvent;
mfg. plastics; industrial solvent (pharmaceutical, polymers, etc.), aviation fuel (for
water injection); denaturant for ethanol; dehydrat-or for natural gas.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 100,000 tons jmethod ]}.
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Formed during biological decomposition of
sewage and readily decomposes. Formed during decomposition of solid biological wastes
and is readily metabolized. Formed by decomposition of industrial sludges/slurries from
above identified users;when compound is a component of those sludges/slurries, it is
released to the air by surface soil spreading of seme.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C . Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Wood.
2. Chemical reactions Methyl radical + oxygen -*methyl peroxide radical -rnethanol
+ formaldehyde.
3. Solid waste leachate Present in leachate from biological solid waste and industriol
sludges/slurries where it is a reactant/unregcted product, & from so|id wastes of above user.:
4. Man caused non-point source Constituent of domestic waste. General use of plastics,
antifreeze. General laboratory use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 months) (category 2). Water solubility
and its production during decomposition of other items cause it to be virtually
ever-present in water.
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (75-85%). ,
102
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: _ 2-methoxy biphenyl _____ 2 Strvchjre.
CAS Nomenclature: Sft-ffi-Q ____
3. Class: non-halogenated ether
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: None identified .
2. Users: Rone identified.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1 ton or Lss (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air^
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids)- \Agy be formed from benzyl phenol
durinopH adjustment following ch ion nation. __ _____
2. DTTnlong water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Vigy be formed from benzyl phenol
during pH adjustment following chSorination.
C. Non-Point Source:
'«. Natural None-
2. Cnemicol reactions benzyl phenol + chjorometJ-ane or bromomethane + alkaline conditions
methoxybi phe ny I
3, bo!id \/c*5te leachate Will ieach from solid v^stes where this compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source None identify d.
5, Biodcgradabiiity (persistence): Moderately persistent category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1 ?0%).
103
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: methyl benzoate 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
— '" / \ £_Q_ du
3. Class: Aryl ester \\ // 3
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; natural products industry.
2. Users: Dye carrier in dyeing of polyester fibers; odditives for disinfectants, soy
sauce/ and pesticides; perfume mfg.; solvent for cellulose esters and ethers, resins
and rubber; flavoring.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (method 6) •
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not expected to be produced
during biological decomposition of sewage/solid wastes. Incineration of municipal
wastes, and industrial waste sludges and slurries In which methyl benzoate is a con-
stituent will release small quantities to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water"
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Occurs in oils of clove, ylang ylang, and tuberose.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Wi|| leach in small quantities from decomposing biological
wastes. .
4. Man caused non-point source Water-borne discharges of food and domestic sewage.
General use of dyes, disinfectants, pesticides, perfurmes, flavorings. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Biodearaded without much difficulty (category 2).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological (90%).
104
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical; methy' benzothlazole 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 120-75-2
3. Class: benzothiazole
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: None identified.
2. Users: None identified,
3. Gross estimate of annuai discharge: 30 tons (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or bioiogical degradation of solid wastes. Inci/eration of petroleum products, tars,
etc ., arid combustion of fuels may release smaf quantities.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Minor constituent in coal and petrol* jm.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wc»tes where this compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source Fuel combustio: . Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (category 6).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-103%).
105
-------
^ DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: methyl bipheny I 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 643-58-3
3. Class: aryl alkane (benzene derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: None identified .
2. Users: None identified.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10 tons or less (method 3>.
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or biological degradation of solid wastes. May~l>e released during combustion of
various wastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None,
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will |egch from wastes where compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately persistent (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
106
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 3-methyt butanal __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: ___ __ 0
--
3 Class- aldehyde (alkane derivative)
• - . -
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; pet- oleum refining industry .
2, User?: F lavor/perfume mfg.; pIxirmaceutTCalSf s/nthetic resins; mhhpr
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (me •nod 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste ireatments/disposai (sewage and solids): vAay be formed in small quantities
during sewage treatment or biological degradation of solid wastes.
2, !5rTnT
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: methyl chloride ___ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 74-87-3 H
3. Class: non-cyclic ha logenated a I kane
• - •• rl
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
^
2. Users: Mfg. silicones, tetraethyl lead, synthetic rubber and methyl r^ll,
refrigerant mfg.; mfg. of organic chemicals (methylene chloride, chloroform
etc.); mfg. fumiaants; low temperature solvent; catalyst carrier in polymerization;"
medicine; fluid for the r mo me trie or thermostatic equipment; methylating ngp-nt;
extractant; propellent; herbicide.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 5,000 tons jmethod 2),
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): formed during chlorination of sewage
effluent prior to discharge. Not formed by biological decomposition of sewage or
solid wastes/ or by incineration. Released to air by inefficient solvent recovery/
recirculation.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): ~ormed during chlorination process!
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions (Air) methyl radical +chlorine -»Methyl chloride + chlorine radical;
(Water) carbonyl or hydroxyl organics + HQC I ^methyl ch loride + water . _
3. Solid waste leacHate Will leach from municipal or industrial wastes in _
which this compound is present. _
4. Man caused non-point source General use of eaded
use as a laboratory chemical . General use of chlorinated water.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately persistent (2-18 months) (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1 ^
108
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: methy! ethyl ketone (butanone) __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: __ Q
3. Class: ketone (a I kane derivative) 3 2-
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic: chemical industry.
2. Users: Solvent or swelling agent for resin?; inte-mediate in mfg. of ketones and
a mi nes; flush-off paint stripper; extraction and production of wax from lube oil fracti ons
of petroleumTTolvent in nitrocellulose coatingsand vinyl films; cements and adhesives;
smokelelsTpowder mfg.~; cleaning fluids; printing (catalyst & carrier).
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 8,000 tons (method 1).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): During biological treatment of
complex orgamcs, MEK is a minor intermediats which is quickly degraded in efficient
systems. Surface spTeodmg of sludges and slurf^s containing MEK releases quantities
To the air,
2, Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C. Non-Point Sourcu:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions ]-butene or 2-buranol + oxidation condition (HOCl)-> methyl
ketone.
3. Send waste leachate Present in landfill siudgas where used as process solvent or
unrecovered reactgnt. Can be degraded durinc soil migration.
4. Man caused non-point source General use ns .. solvent ( > 80% Ins* to wntpr nnrJ
.qii),evaporati_on from applied paints and coatir»js, cements^ adhesives; denning fluids, La
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (appro mately 2 months for complete us
(Jegradution) (category 1).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (~- 3%); activated carbon (90-100%).
109
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 2-methyl-5-ethyl pyridine 2. Structure
CAS Nomenclature; 104-90-5 ^ <-_(.
o c\a« heterocyclic a mine
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry
2. Users: Mfg. nicotinic acid and nicotinamide; mfg. of vinyl pyridines for copolymers;
intermediate for germicides and textile finishes; corrosion inhibitor for chlorinated
solvents.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): None identified.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None .
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from wastes ir. which this compound is present,
4. Man caused non-point source Use as a laborato-y chemicaL
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Very difficult to degrade (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment methods; activated carbon (90-100%),
110
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: methylindene __ __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 2177-47-1
3. Class: _ aryl alkane (benzene derivative)
4 . Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining industry.
2. Users: Minor ingredient in lower grqde indene jnd its subsequent uses; asphalt and
naphtha constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradot:on of solid wastes^ incineration of organic petroleum or coal wastes and
combustion of fuels will release this compound 3 the air.
2. fJrTnTiTng water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
!. Non-Point Source.
1. Natural Petroleum,
2, CHemica! reactions RonTTcfiFtified.
3. Solid waste ieachate Will leach from solid w< stes in which compound is present
as a constituent.
4. Mun caused non-point source General uses of isphalt and naphtha; general
icboratory use; use as a solvent.
5, Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Very difficult to degrees (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-10 )%).
Ill
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: "^M naphthalene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 91-57-6
3. Class: aryl alkane (benzene derivative) _
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining; coal processing.
2. Users: Insecticide mfg.; mfg. fjhthalic anhydride; solvent organic synthesis;
asphalt and naphtha constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 600 tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid waste. Incinerqtjon of orgnnic
and combustion of fuels will release this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlori nation): Not produced during drinking
water treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Coal, petroleum.
2. Cnemical reactions None identified. _
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wcstes in which compound, is present
as a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General uses of isphaltand naphtha: general
use; use as a solvent; use of certain insecticide .
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade bio ogically (category 3)-
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); biological treatment (90-100%),
12
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: methyl palmitate _ __ _ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: __
- - — — ---
3, Class: alkyl ester
4 . Sources:
A, Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Intermediate in detergents, emuisifiers, .-etting agents, stabilizers resins,
lubricants, _p_lgstic?zers_. Constituent in animo feed; used in medical research.
3. Crocs estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (nv thod 6).
8. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): t ompounds not formed during sewage
treatment/so lid waste disposal. Released to air luring incineration of municipal
refuse, general industrial rubbish, and waste sk.dges and slurries from plastic
production end other manufacturing processes alxsve.
2. Chinking v'oter treatment (e.g., chlorination): \|ot formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Sousce:
1 . Natural None,
2, Che'-nicai reactions None identified.
3. $o!ia waste Seachate Reaches from municipal end industrial wastes containing
.elastics..
4, Man caused non-point source General use of p astics and above listed products.
peaches from tubings, dishes, paper, containe->, etc.) Lab use, microcontaminant
'P lafechemicaSs, food, detergents,lubricant. Wj I leach from biological wastes when
bodies contain minor amounts of methy[ palmi'- ;e.
5. BiodegradabiIity (persistence): Moderately persistan^ n sewage and soils (2-18 monthslor~
complete degradation) (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-10 %); incineration (greater than 99%)~.
113
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: methyl phenyl carbinol (1-phenyl ethanol)
CAS Nomenclature: V5-8S-'
3. Class: alcohol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2, Users: Perfume and flavoring mfg.; dyemfg.; laboratory reagent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 20 tons (method 3).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Formed during biological decomposition of
sewage and readily decomposes. Formed during~decompositionof solid biological wastes & is
readily metabolized. Formed by decomposition of industrial sludges/slurries, from above
identified users. When compound is a component of those sludges/slurries, it is released
to the air by surface soil spreading of these sludges/slurries.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural N° information .
2. Chemical reactions Hydroxylation of vinyl benzene.
3. Solid waste leachatePresent In leachate frorrT'oiological solid waste (minor) and
industrial sludges/slurries where it is a reacrant/unreacted product, and from solid wastes of
above users .
4. Man caused non-point source ____^
General use of perfumes, flavors, dyes; general laboratory use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biologically (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (95-100%); activated carbon (90-100%).
114
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: 2-merhy! propanal 2. Structure:
/—CH-C-H
___
CAS Nomenclature: C.H 0
. _3 ..
. Class: aldehyde (alkane derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Poinf Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry -
2. Users: Solvent (artificial leather mfg. coated p^per/ textile mfg. plastics, oil.
drug and perfume mfg industries); mfg. of brake fluid, butyl esters, plasticizers;
mfg. resiliirand rubber chemicals; mfg. organic chemicals
3, Gross estimate of annual discharge: 600 tons (rrethod 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): "ormed in small quantities during
sewags treatment and biological degradation o? solid wastes.
2, Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): "ormed in small quantities during
drinking water *reatment.
C , Non-Point Source;
1. Natura! None identified.
2. Chemical reactions isobutyiene or isobutanol air or water oxidation conditions
j-methyl prorjgnoL
3. So!Id waste !cachate Will leach from biological wastes, municipal wastes (in
smal' quantities) and from appropriate industrio sludge & slurries.
4. Man caused non-point source Use as a solver.- general use as Q Inhnmtnry
che mi eg!.
5. BiodegradabiSity (persistence): Biodegradable (cateao / 2).
6, Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (J5-95%); activated carbon (90-100%).
115
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: methyl stearate 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 112-61-8
II
3. Class: alkyl ester ^-(C.HJ-C-
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; natural products industry.
2. Users: Lubricants, polishes, creams (lipstick/ rouge) mfg; intermediate for stearic
acid detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, stabilizers, resins/ plasticizers and
textiles; biochemical and medical research.————
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 70 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewcge and solids): Very small amounts may be formed
during biological treatment of sewage or biological degradation of sewage sludge,
released to air during incineration of municipal waste, general industrial rubbish,
and waste sludges and slurries f-pm uses described above.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches irom municipal end industrial wastes containing
plastics, detergents, emulsifiets and lubricant?
4. Man caused non-point source general use of plastics (leaches from tubings/ dishes,
paper, containers, etc.) cosrmtics, polishes, jbri cants. Lab use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to biodegrade category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated ctVbon (>90%); biological treatmenH ~70%).
116
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: methylene chloride 2- Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 75-Q9-2 Cl
H_£
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane J,
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: None identified.
2. Users: Paint stripping and solvent degreasing; m;j. aerosols; mfg. photographic film;
mfg. of synthetic fibers; extraction of naturally-occurring heat sensitive substances;
refrigerant in Jew-pressure refrlg. and air~condii loners; fumigant; solvent; textile
and leather coatings; pharmaceutical; used in pasties processing; spotting agent;
dewaxing; organic synthesis; blowing agent in fc3ms.
3. Grcss estimate of annual discharge: TQfQQQ fc.is (method 2^.
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Possibility of formation due to
chidi nation of. sewage ,effiue.nLpr.iQ.r t.qjiLsdiau L*
2. Drinking v/afer treatment (e.g., chlorination): Results from chlorination •
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2, Chemical reactions (Air) methyl radicai^chiori e__± methylene chloride. (Water) methyl
carbonyjor methyl hydroxyl organics + HOC! -* Tiethylene chloride + water
3. Solid waste leachate W;|] Qrr,lr in |nfjustrioi f.nd muniripal landfill wherfi it is a
co^mponent of the^jisposed rtems^ ^ ^___________
4. Men caused non-point source Usejof paint .:;• -ippers and deqreasing compounds; lab use-,
spray cans; use as a fumigant; use of pharmacc ticals; foams that employ it as blowing age
Biodegradabiliry (persistence): Very difficult to degra- e (category 4).
6. Effective treatment metnod: Activated carbon (90-100%).
117
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: naphthalene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 91-20-3
3. Class: unsubstituted aromatic
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Petroleum refining; coal tar distillation-
2. Users: Moth ball mfg.; mfg. a and b naphtholsc.nd pesticides, fungicides; mfg. dyes;
detergents and wetting agents mfg.; mfg. phthaiic anhydride; mfg. synthetic resin^
celluloids, lampblack, smokeless powdery solvents, lubricants, motor fu^l mfg ;
cutting fluid, synthetic tanning, preservative, emulsion breaker, asphnlt nnrl
naphtha constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 6,000 tons (method 2).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid waste. Incineration of organic petroleum or coal wastes and
combustion of fuels will release this compound tothe air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Petroleum, coal tar.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid writes in whir.h rnmprmnrJ U
as a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General uses of isphalt and naphtha; general laboratory
use; use as a solvent; evaporation from moth bcs is, use as a fungicide, combustion and
utilization of lubricants and motor fuels, use o. cutting fuels.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biologically (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-10CKO; biological treatment (90-100%).
118
-------
DATA PI-SPLAY
1. Chemical: nitroar.isole 2« Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 100-17-4
3. Class: nitro compound (aromatic derivative)
4. Sources:
A, Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical Industry.
2. Users: Dye mfg.; synthesis, of guaiacol; organic synthesis; mfg. of pharmaceutical
intermediates.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 60 tons (m thod 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): None identified.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chiorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3, Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid w. stes in which this compound is present,
4. Man caused non-point source Use as a jabon.:' 3ry chemical.
5, Biodegradabiiiry (persistence): Very difficult to degree.3 (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon .
119
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: nitrobenzene 2. Structure: f(0t
CAS Nomenclature: 98-95-3
3. Class: nitro compound (benzene derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. aniline and dyestuffs; solvent recovery plants; mfg. rubber chemicals,
drugs, photographic chemicals; refining lubricant oils; solvent in TNT production;
solvent for cellulose others; cellulose acetate mfq.; constituent in metal polish
and shoe polish formulations.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10tOOQ tons (method 2).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): No information,
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural
2- Chemical reactions None Identified .
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from wastes ii which compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source JJse of shoe poihh and metal polish; solvent usage;
use as a laboratory chemical.
5. Biodegradabllity (persistence): Very difficult to degraa . (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon .
120
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: nonane __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: _
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refinery.
2 Users: Organic synthesis; solvent; standardized : ydrocarbon; jet fuel research; mfg.
paraffin products; rubber industry; paper process!.-g industry; biodegradable detergents,
distillation chaser. Constituent in waterborne w_ste of polyolefin manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (rrethod 4).
Treatment Point Source (Water end Air)
1 . Woste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or decomposition of soiid wastes, incineration of municipal waste and industrial sludges
and slurries containing petroleum constituents re sases this compound to the air.
2. DTfnlang water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
pun fi cat] on.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 » Nciural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2, Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Soiid waste ieachate VViij leach from genera municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and wili leach from solid sludges and slurries ^ petroleum refining industry and
ggraffin utilizing industries, and wastes in wr ch nonane is a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in minicipal waste and wastewater from
general use of paraffins. Also laboratory use highway runoff, automobile exhaust,
motorboat exhaust, and from general use of p. troleum oils, tars, etc.
5, Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (]- 2 months for complete degradation)
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (40-95%); activated carbon (90-100%);
Incineration (>99%).
121
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: octadecane __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 593-45-3 __
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining.
2. Users: Organic synthesis; solvent; standardized hydrocarbon; jet fuel research; mfq.
paraffin products; rubber industry; paper processing industry; calibration. Constituent
in waterborne waste of .polvoiefin manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or decomposition of solid wastes. Incinceration of municipal waste and industrial
sludges and slurries containing petroleum constituents releases this compound to the
air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified. ~
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from general municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and will leach from solid sludges and slurries c F petroleum refining industry and
paraffin utilizing industries/ and wastes in wh ch octctdecane it a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in mnicipal waste and wastewater from
general use of paraffins. Also laboratory use, highway runoff, automobile exhaust,
motorboat exhaust, and from general use of pc-'roleum oils, tars, etc.
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 months for complete degradation)
(category 2)
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (80-95%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>99%).
122
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: octane 2. Structure
CAS Nomenclature: ] ] 1 -65-9
3, Class: unsubstituted gjkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Petroleum refining.
2, Users: Solvent recover/plants; organic synthes >; solvent; standardized hydrocarbon;
jet fuei research^jtifg.pgrgffin products; rubber industry; paper processing industry;
calibrations; azeotropic distinctions. Constituent in waterborne waste of polyolefin
manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 3QQ tons (i -ethod 4).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or tiecQmpos.ifion of s,olid wastes, Inclnceratlc of municipal waste and industrial
sludges and jerries containing petroleum const; uents releases this compound to the
air.
2. Drifting water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
guri flection.
C , Non-Poini Sourc---:
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of p-troieum.
2. CTemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste ieachate Wi Hieach from generc municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and will (each from solid sludges and slurries »f petroleum refining industry and
paraffin utilizing industries^, and wastes in wr ch octane is a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in nunicipal waste and wastewater from
general use of poraffms. A!so laboratory use highway runoof/ automobile exhaust,
motorbogj exhaust, and from general use of p. troieum oils, tars, etc.
BiodegradablHty (persistence): Low persistence (!• 2 months for complete degradation)
_(category_3)
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment i'10-95%); activated carbon (90-100°o);
incineration (>99%).
123
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: ocrylchloride _ _ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Chemical intermediate; mfg. of organic metal lies compounds.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 50 tons (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed dur?ng"Eiological decomposition of sewage
or solid wastes, or during incineration.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed during chlorination process.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions (Air)octyl radical + chlorine-* octyl chloride + chlorine radical; (Water'
octene + HOC I ~* octyl chloride + water.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from Industrie-1 wastes in which this compound is
present.
4. Man caused non-point source General laborgt ry use. General use of chlorinated
water.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (2-6 m-.iths) (rni^gory 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1CO%).
124
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemlcai: pentochiorobiphenyl 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: Ko-log»nated biphenyl (benzene derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Usen- Mfg. electrical insu!arjon;L fire_ resistari heat transfer and hydraulic fluids;
high temperature Iubncan18 months; (category 5). _
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-'00%).
125
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: pentachlorophenol
CAS Nomenclature: 87-86-5
3. Class: phenol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; pesticide mfg. industry.
2. Users: Mfg. insecticides, algicides. herbicides, and fungicides; preservation of
wood and wood products; mfa . of sodium pentachiorophengte.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: Less than 1 ton (method 5).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during biological treatment
of sewage or by decomposition of sewage sludge
Will be released during incineration of wastes of which compound
is a constituent (both municipal, industrial and sewage sludge).
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g./chlorination): Generally not formed during chlorine
disinfection, instead of complete chlorination, oxidation and ring cleavage pre-
dominate after formation of 2, 4, 6-tr?chlorophenol.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions None Identified.
5
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from wastes in which it is a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural runoff; general use of treated wood. Lab use,
. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (>18 months; category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-101%).
126
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: pentadecane 2- Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 109-66-0 Of-
, • •- --—————-————— ——- ^
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane _________
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining.
2. Users: J^vAfg.. pgrgffin products; rubber mfg; pope; processing industry. Constituent
'n waterborne waste of pojygjefin manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual dipcharge: 4QQ tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/dispose! (sewage and solids): i Sot formed during sewage treatment
or decomppsif ion of solid.jy/gst&s. incinergtiot; >f municipal waste and industrial
sludges and si urn e s co ntg in ? ng pet roj ey rn co nst. • jents releases this compound to the
2. DTinTcing water treatment (e.g.j, cnlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C . Non-Point Sounvx
1 . Natural _C_Qnst'tu_e.nt§_|n paraffin fraction of ;.otroleum.
Chemfcn! reactions None identified.
3, Solid waste ieacHate _Wjjj_[eg;ch\Jrom gerTera_ municipal and industrial solid wastes;
5jyj_wi_ll_j_gach from solid sludges and slurries c.: petroleum refining industry and
p_araffin utilizing Industries, and wastes in wh• ch pentadecane is a solvent.
4. Van caused non-point source Component in iunictpal waste and wastewater from
genera! use of paraffins. Also laboratory usef highway runoff, automobile exhaust,
nTprorbogt exhaustj and from general use of pe-roleum oils, tars, etc.
b. Biodeyradability (persistence): J^w_persistence_(l-2 nonths for complete degradation)
6, Effective treatment method: Biological treatment {f.Q-95%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>99%). " ~~~ ~~ ~~
127
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: pentane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining; natural gas recovery.
2. Users: Specialty chemical mfg; solvent recovery and extraction; natural gas process-
ing plants; blowing agent for plastic foams; production of olefin, hydrogen, ammonia;
Fuel production, artificial Ice mfg.; low temperature thermometers, pesticide.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 300 tons (method 4).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or decomposition of solid wastes. Incineration of municipal waste and industrial sludges
and slurries containing petroleum constituents releases this compound to the air. Very
small quantities of pentane may be released to the air as a result of petroleum waste
operations (e.g., flares, etc.) due to the volatility of pentane.
Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification. .
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified
3. Solid waste leachate y/;|| leach in very small cuantities from municipal/industrial
sol id wastes/sludges/slurries.
4. Man caused non-point source Leakage of net iral gas-carrying pipelines; leakage due
to domestic use. Component in municipal we e where pentane is a constituent of
domestic products; combustion of petroleum/nat-ural gas fuels will release very small
quantities of pentane to the air. Lab use."
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 months for complete degradation)
(category 3)
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (80-95%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration ( 99%).
128
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemicol: pentgno! ___ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: alcohol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum industry.
2, Users: Solvent; mfg . of petroleum additives; i ea-formaldehyde plastics
processing; organic chemicals mfg.; raw materk a for pharmaceutical preparations.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10,000 ton (method 7).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
I . Waste treatments/'dispose! (sewage and solids): Formed during biological decomposition
of sewage and readily^decomposes. Formed dur.ng decomposition of solid biological
wastes ananT7eodTly~mefaboTized. Formed by gcomposition of Industrial sludges/
TTurriys from above identified userTi wTien comound is a component of those sludges/
sTuTrTesTTT"*s released to the air by surface soli preading of same.
2. CTTnJcing wa4er treatment (e.g./. chlorination):
Not produced during drinking water treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
]. Natural None identified.
2. CfTemica! reactions Pentyl radical + oxygen Pentyl peroxide radicalf
pentyl peroxide radical + hydroxyl radical ;^ p Titanol + oxygen; hydroxylationof pentene.
3. So*id waste Jeachate Present in leachate from jiological solid waste and industrial
:.!i.dges/slurries where it is present and from so, d wastes of above users.
4. Men caused non-point source "General use of j: narmaceuticals, petroleum/ and
certain plastics, general laboratory use.
Biodegradabtlity (persistence): Readily degraded (1-2 /eeks) (category 1).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (95 -100%)
129
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: phenyl benzoate
CAS Nomenclature: 93-99-2
3. Class: gryl ester
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry*
2. Users: Plasticizer mfg; plastics mfg and processing; mfg. perfume, insecticides,
antiseptics.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 30 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Compound not formed during sewage
treatment/solid waste disposal. Released to air during Incineration of municipal
refuse, general Industrial rubbish, and waste sludges and slurries from plastic pro-
duction and other manufacturing processes above.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None .
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal end Industrial wastes containing
plastics. _^ f ^
4. Man caused non-point source General use of p astics and above listed products.
(leaches from tubings, dishes, paper, contain^-s, etc.) Lab use, microcontaminant
in lab chemicals, food, detergents, etc; general jse of perfumes, insecticides,
antiseptics.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biologically (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration (greater than 99%)
130
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: phthalic anhydride 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 85-44-9
3- Class: arv| ester
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Plants oxidizing xylenes, naphMalene.
2, Users: Piasticizer mfq.; specialty chemical mfg; JT :g. alkydand polyester resins; mfg.
synthetic fibers; mfg. of dyes, pigments, pharmaceutical s, insecticides, chlorinated
products,
3. Gross estimate of annual d!sch~arge: 5tOOO ton? (method 2).
B, Treatment Poinf Source (Wetter and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/di.npoaai (sewage and solids); Compound not formed during sewage
trcc.i'merit/solid waste disposal. Released to cl during incineration of municipal
refuse, general industrial rubbish, and water .-.udges and slurries from plastic pro-
ond other manufacturing processes abc/e.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None,
2. Cnemica! reactions None identified.
3. Solid was*e Kjacnate Leaches from municipal ad industrial wastes containing plastics.
A. Man caused non-point source General use of : astics and above listed products.
(leeches from tubings, dishes, paper, contain ,TS, etc.) Lab use, microcontaminant
t,
•J .
B;odegradabi
ity (persistence): Difficult to dearade fee egory 3k
in lab chemicals, food,
detergents, etc.
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100C >); incineration (greater than 99%).
131
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: Fopano' _ _ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: alcohol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Plants oxidizing propane and fusel oil.
2. Users: Solvent in mfg. printing inks, nail polishes, polymerization nnrl spinning
acrylomtrile, dyeing of wool, cellulose acetate film. PVC adhesives; metnl rkg
mfg. floor wax, cleaning preparations, solvent for resins, cellulose estersf wn*^
vegetable oils; brake fluid mfg.; antiseptic mfg.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 6,000 tors (method 2).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): '-ormed during biological decomposition
of sewage and readily decomposes. Formed during decomposition of solid biological waste
& Is readily metabolized. Formed by decomposition of industrial sludges/slurries from
above identified users. When the compound is a component of those sludges/slurries, it is
released to the air by surface soil spreading of those sludges/slurries.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Fermentation and spoilage products of many vegetable substances.
2. Cnemical reactions (Air)propyl radical +osygen •-» propyl peroxide radical
propyI radical + hydroxyl radical -» propanol+o cygen; (water)hydroxylationof propylene.
3. Solid waste leachate Present in leachate frorf; biological solid waste and industrial
sludges/slurries where it is a reactant/unreacte- product and from solid wastes of above use;
4. Man caused non-point source Constituent of d »mest?c waste, evaporation from nai!
poli sh, floor wax, genera I laboratory use.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Readily biodegraded (2 /eeks) (category 1).
6. Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (90-100%).
132
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: propylamine __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: J 07-1 0-8" __
3. Class: aliphatic amine
r v _ d H—C- u—
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2, Users: Mfg. rubber cjie mica [s, dyestuffs, pharr aceuticals, agricultural chemicals,
corrosion inTubitors, text!le end leather finishir.i resins.
3, Gross estimate of annual discharge: 600 tons (t lethod 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water csnd Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Potentially formed during sewage
treatment and biological decomposition of solid wastes.
2. Drinking wafer treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treatment.
C . Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Should occur naturdlly as bioorgank degradant; general runoff.
2. Chemica! reactions PropyTradi ca r+hydraz ne -» propy! a mine
3. So!id waste Ieachate Present in isnrhntg fror *nliA w^te^ Y-^h biological matari
as constituent and from wasfes where compounc is present.' •^•^•^•^. u».P..
4. Man caused non-point source Laboratory use.
5. Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Biodegradable (categor 2).
6, Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (& -95%); activated carbon (90-100%).
133
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: propylbenzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 103-65-1
3. Class: aryl alkane (benzene derivative)
---_-, -1—. UB.... . — . . - -~ .- - - "• -• - — • - - " ""-. J-l... ' J
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Petroleum refining; by-product of cumene mfg.
2. Users: Mfg. methyl styrene; textile dyeing^, printing solvent for cellulose
asphalt and naphtha constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 2,000 tons (method 7).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewaae treat me nt
or degradation of solid wastes. Incineration of organic, petroleum or coal wastes,.
and combustion of fuels will release this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C . Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified .
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wcstes in which compound is present as
a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General uses of asphalt and naphtha; general
laboratory use; use as a solvent.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade bb oaicallv (category 31.
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-101)%); biological treatment (90-100%).
134
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: J-terpineol 2. Structure-.
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: alcohol
4. Sources:
A. industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Extraction of essential oils, fractional distillation of pine oils,
wood process! ng i nd ustry. "
2. Users: jerfurne mjg.^ soap rnfg.; hydrocarbo^ .ojyent; solvent for resins, cellulose
esters and ethers; disinfecixmts; antioxidants; me jicines; flavorings constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 100 tons .(method 3).
B, Treatment Point Source (Wester and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Expected to be formed during
sewage treatment/solid waste decomposition ir. mall quantities. ~~~
2. Prinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
treotrnent.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Several essential oils; pine oil component; forest runoff.
2, Chemical reactions None identified.
3, Solid v/aste leachate Leaches from municipal waste, biological waste (such o» trees)
siuuges/siurries where compound is unrecovere reactant in above industries.
4. Man caused non-point source General use cf soaps, perfumes, disinfectants,
medicines, flavorings.
. Biodegradabiiiiy (persistence): Difficult to degrade (u. teqory 3).
6, Effective treatment method: Biological; activated cjrbon.
135
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: ] , 1 ,3,3-tetrachloroacetone __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 632-21-3 __ , Q ^
___ ___ I !! (1
3_ class: halogenated ketone H-d—C—Cj
4. Sources: (J,/
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: None identified,
2. Users: None identified.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1 ton (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): ^reduced in very small quantities
during chlorination of sewage effluent prior to^scharge. Not produced by biological
decomposition of sewage or solid wastes, or by incineration. ~
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Produced in very small quantities
by chlorination process.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions Acetone + HOC I 1,1,3,3,-tetrgchloroacetone+
hydrogen chloride.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from landfill sewage containing chlorinated water.
if present.
4. Man caused non-point source General laboratory use. General use of chlorinated
water.
5. Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Persistent (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-U:Q%)..
136
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical; tetrachlorobiphenyl 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
C!
3. Class- halogenated biphenyl (benzene derivative)
: . \\
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. electrical insulation; fire resistantieat transfer and hyHrnulir flnlrk;
high temperature lubricants; elastomers; adhesiv^sj paints, lacquers, ynrnkhp*;,
mentsand waxes; ht sensitive aer.
•^ — -_: C ' -— - —.?-_• - ~"^- • - - - *..-*f_'.im*r i -mfi ij^«.y^ )
_£?grnentsond waxes; heat sensitive paper
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 500 i\.ns (method 6).
B, Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Potentially formed in small quantities
during chlorinarlon of sewage containing biphe yT. Not formed during biological
decomposition of sewage or municipal wastes. Ticineration of municipal and
[ndustria! wastes releases PCBs.
2. Orsnking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Potentially formed in small
quantities during chlorinarion of drinking water
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. CnTmTca! reactions Bipheny I + HOC I -> P•: B
3. Solid waste ieachate Compound leaches frorr municipnl
wastes contuining PCBs.
____
4. Man caused non-point source General use pf ^B containing materials, e.g.. paints,.
coatings, adhesives, paper, eiectrical insular jn, etc. _
5, BiodegradabiSity (persistence): Persistent (>18 months: (category 5V _
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-00%).
137
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: tetrachloroethane __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: /> f
-- U
- • - — (\i~C
3. Class: non-ee lie ha logenated a I kane _
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. 1,1-dichloroethylene; solvent for chlorinated rubber and other organic
materials; insecticide mfg.; bleach mfg.; paint, varnish, rust remover mfg.; soil
"fumigant; cleansing and degreasing metals; photo films, resins and waxes; extractant.
of oils and fats; organic synthesis, herbicide; alcohol denaturant.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 2,000 tons (method 3).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed by biological decomposition
of sewage or solid wastes, or by incineration. Released to air due to its volatility gjd
inefficient solvent recovery/recirculation.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Potentially formed during chlorination
of treated water.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None .
2. Chemical reactions (Air) ethyl radital + chlorine - tetmchloro^hnng + rhlr.rin»
(Water)unsaturated alkane + HOCI-^ tetrachloroathane + water.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from municipal or industrial wnstes in which this
compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of csnatured aicohol, herbicides,
chjorinated rubber. General use as laboratory :hem?cal, and of chlorinated water.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Refractory (category 5},
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
138
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: tetrachloroethylerie 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 127-18-4 Cl
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated a[kene » ,
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2, Users: Dry cleaning operations; metal degrees]: q; solvents for fats, greases, waxes,
rubber, gums; cajfeine from coffee; remove soof from industrial boilers; jrrfg. paint
removers, printing inks; mfg. trichloroacetic ac:d; vermifuge; heat transfer medium;
mfcj. of f! uorpcarbons.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 2,000 tons (method 2).
8. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal ,'s^wage and solids):
Not formed by biological decomposi-
"FibrTbf sewag^~o7^Ti3""^l^s^~^FDyTncTneratr ru Released to air due to its volatility
~anid iriefficIe7>t"soTvent recovery/recirculation.
?. Drinking v/ater treatment (e.g^ chlorination): Formed in small quantities by the
chlorination process. .
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural
2, CKe^mical reactions (Ajr)ethylene +chlorine rod cal -> tetrachloroethylene;
(wnfer) unsaturatec[organ!cs + HOCl "» tet.rach, iroethylene + water.
3. Solid waste leachate None identified.
4. Man caused non-point source General consur otion of decaffeinated coffee.
General use of dry cleaning solvents, spray cc is. General laboratory use. General use
j , -7^1 r > L \ cnlorlnarec water.
5, Biodegradcbllity (persistence):
Moderately persistent (2-18 months) (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Act!voted carbon_(90-10 )%).
139
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: tetradecane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining.
2. Users: Organic synthesis; solvent; standardized hydrocarbon; jet fuel reserach; mfg.
paraffin products; rubber industry; paper processing industry; distillation chaser.
Constituent in waterborne waste of polyolefin manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 800 tons (method 3}.
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or decomposition of solid wastes. Incineration of municipal waste and industrial
sludges and slurries containing petroleum constituents releases this compound to the
air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from genera! municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and will leach from solid sludges and slurries of petroleum refining industry and
paraffin utilizing industries, and wastes in whi;n tetradecane is a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in :; jnicipal waste and wastewater from
general use of paraffins. Also laboratory usef Jghway runoff, automobile exhaust,
motorboat exhaust, and from general use of pefr'oleum oils, tars, etc.
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1-2 snonths for complete degradation)
(category 2).
Effective treatment method: Biologica[ treatment (80-95%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>99%).
140
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: thiomethyibenzothiazole __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: benzorhiazole
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: None identified .
2. Users: T3one identified.
3. Gross estimate of annual aischarge: 5 tons (rm thod 7)»
B. Treatment Point Source (Water end Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): No information.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): No information.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural No informal-ion,
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate No information.
4. Man caused non-point source No information
5. BiodegradabiUty (persistence): Very refractory to biodi gradation (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon.
141
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chcmicol: foluene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 108-88-3
3. Class: arv' alkane (benzene derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining, coal tar distillation.
2. Users: Mfg. benzene derivatives, cppro lac tarn, saccharin, medicines,, dyes
perfumes; specialty chemical mfg.; solvent recosery plants; mfg. TNT; orgnnic
chemical mfg.; component gasoline; solvent for joints apa1 coatings, gums
most oils, rubber, and vinyl organosols; diluent and thinner in nitrocellulose IncgiiPi-s,
adhesive solvent in plastic toys and model airplanes; detergent mfg. :asphalt nnpht-hn <-.nn-
sFituenr.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10,000 tons (method 1).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Incineration of organicrpf>tro\&um or rnql WC^PC
and combustion of fuels will release this compound to thp nir.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Coal tar, petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wcstes in which compound is present as
a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General uses of asphalt and naphtha: general Inbnrntnry
use; use as a solvent; combustion of gasoline: del hobbies.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade bio ogically (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); biological treatment (90-100%^.
142
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: trichlorobenzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 120-82-1
3. Class: halogenated benzene derivative
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; pe.ticide mfg.
2. Users: Solvent for high melting products; cooig it in electrical installations and
ajoss tempering; mfg. 2,5-dichiorophenol; poiyv ster dyeing: termite preporgtions^
synthetic transformer oil; lubricants; heat trgnsfr r medium, insecticides.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 500 tons (method 7).
B. Treatment Poirt Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during biological sewage
treatment or decompositicn of solid wastes.
^ |ncine.rqtion .".: orgnnip \A/nstps in y/hir.h trirhlnrn-
benzene is a constituent yy>i 11 release small quarrities. Hot released during incinera-
tion of mynjci pa I refuse ,
2, Drinking waTer treatment (e.g,, chlorination): Formed in small quantities during
chiorination.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None,
2, CRemical reactions (Air) phenyl radical -<-chic ine-» trichlorobenzene; (Water)
benzene + HOC1 -> trichlorobenzene + water.,
3. SoIV waste leachate Will leach from indystr,31 sludges/slurries of which it is a
component.
4. Man caused non-point source General labors ory use; agricultural runoff; termite
control operations; use of transformer oil; gerfc'al use of chlorinated water.
5. Biodegradabiiity (persistence): Persistent (category 5)
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1GO%); incineration (>99%).
143
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: trichiorobiphenyI 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: hg logenated bipheny I (benzene derivative) \J_ /—\ /
, c VnV \zr/
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. electrical insulation; fire resistant heat transfer and hydraulic fluids;
high temperature lubricants; elastomers; adhesives; paints, lacquers, varnishes.
pigments and waxes; heat sensitive paper.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 500 tons (method 6).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Potentially formed in small
quantities during chlorination of sewage contafning bipheny I. Not formed during
biological decomposition of sewaae or municipal wastes. Incineration of municipf
and industrial wastes releases PCBs.
2. Prinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination); Potentially formed in small
quantities during chlorination of drinking water containing bipbenyl.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None
2. Chemical reactions Biphenyl + HOC! -*PCp
3. Solid waste leachate Compound leachgs frorp municipal wastes and industrml
wastes containing PCBs.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of CB containing materials^ P.O. ,
coatings, adhesjves, paper, electrical insulatl n, etc.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (>18 months) (category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
144
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: ]>]>2-trichloroel-hane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 79-UU-5 r \ /)
J I
3. Class: non-cyclic hologenated olkane Cl~C—£<
4. Sources: A/ H
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2, Users: Mfg. 1,1-dichloroethylene; solvent for :hlorinated rubber and various
organic materials (fats, oils, resins, etc.); organic synthesis.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 2,000 ton? (method 3)7
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste rreatmenrs/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not produced by biological
decomposition of sewage or solid wastes, or by ncineration. Released to air due to
its vojajjj jty and inefficient solvent recovery/r& circulation _
2. £5fTnJ3ng water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed in small quantity by _
chlorination process, _ ___ __
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural
2. Chemical reactions (Air) ethyl radical + chippie -> 1 .K2-trichloroethane; (Water)
unsgturgted alkcne -t HOC! -* 1 yl ,2-trichloroe-hane + water.
3. So'id waste ieachate Will leach from municipal and industrial wastes, if present.
4. Man caused non-point source C^eneraI use of hlorinated rubber, chlorinated
water. General laboratory use.
5. Btodegradability (persistence): Refractory (category 5)
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-IOC%).
145
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: 1 , 1 ,2-trichloroethylene __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
_
3. Class: non-cyclic haloqenated aikene
4. Sources:
sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
z. Users: Dry cleaning operntions nnrl mptgl d^jrecising; solvents for fats.
cireases, woxes; solvents for greases and waxes from cotton, wool, etc,, and
caffeine from coffee; mfq. organic chemicals; solvent for cellulose esters and
ethers; solvent for dyeing; refrigerant and heat exchange liquid; organic synthesis;
fumigant; anesthetic.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 10,000 tons (method 2).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids):
Not formed during biological decomposition
of sewage or solid wastes, or by incineration. Discharged to air due to volatility
and inefficient solvent recovery/recirculotion.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed during chlorination process.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural
2. Chemical reactions(Air) Ethylene + chlorine -»1,1,2 trichloroethylene;(Water) unsaturated
alkanes + HOCI -» 1 ,1,2-trichloroethylene.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from municipal or industrial wastes in which
this compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of :ry cleaning solvents and other
compounds containing the chemical. Generc laboratory use. General use of chlorinatec
5. Biodegradability (persistence): ^^ er'
Moderately persistent (2-18 months) (category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%).
146
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: trichiorofluoromethgne 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: /7,
C /
3. Class: non-cyclic halogenated alkane dl C. F
4. Sources: /» .
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. aerosol sprays; mfg cqmrngrcigl re -igeration equipment; blowing agent
for poiyurethane foams; cleaning compounds mf,.; solvent; fire extinguisher; chemicaI
intermediate.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1 ton (me^iod 2),
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/dispose! (sewage and solids):
Not formed by biological
decomposition of sewage cr solid wastes, or by icineration. Released to air by
inefficient solvent .recovery /recirculation due K its volatility.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Formed in small quantities during
chiorination
C. Non-Point Source;
1 . Natural None,
2, Chemica! reactions (Air) methyl radical + chjcr ne -» trichlorometriyl radical;
trichloromethyl radical ^fluorine ~>tr|ch_l_orofii. ^romethgne ^_____>_.
3. SoTid waste leacTiaTe" Wili leach from municic.^I/industrial wastes in which this
compound is present.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of •• >ray cans, polyurethane foams, cleaning
compounds/solvents, IFire extinguishers . Gem rgl use of chlorinated water. Lab use.
."•. BiodegradaFility~(persiste~nce): Persistent (category 5)7
d- Eifective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-' C 3%).
147
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: _ 2,4,6-lrichlorophenol
CAS Nomenclature: 88-06-2
3. Class: phenol
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry; pesticide mfq.
2. Users: Mfg. antiseptics,, bactericides, fungicides, germicides; mfg . wood and glue
preservatives; used as anti-mildew aaent for textiles.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 8 tons (method 5).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during biological sewage
treatment or decomposition of solid wastes. For-ned in small quantities during chlonnation
of sewage effluent. Incineration of organic industrial wastes in which compound is a
constituent releases small quantities; released from incineration of municipal refuse.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Readily formed during chlorination
activities.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural None
2. Chemical reactions (Water)phenol + HOCl~*2,4,6-trichlorophenol
3. Solid waste leachgte Will leach from industrial sludges/slurries of which it is g
component. Also will leach from municipal so!id wastes.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural rur. ?ff; general use as fungicide,
germicide, etc.; general use as laboratory ci" mi col; general use of chlorinated water,
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent (>18 months category 5).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-100%); incineration (>99%).
148
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemicol: n-tridecane _ ___ __ 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum refining.
2. Users: Organic synthesis; solvent; standardized r /drocarbon; jet fuel research; mfq.
paraffin products; rubber industry; paper process;', g industry; distillation chaser.
Constituent in waterborne waste of polyolef'm manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 800 tons method 3). _
Treatment Point Source (V/ater and Air)
1 „ Waste treatments/disposal (sev,'age and solids): \lot formed duri ng sewage treatment
or decomposition of solid wastes. Incineration o municipal waste and industrial
sludges and slurries containing petroleum constlt' ents releases this compound to the
2. DrTnTdng water treatment (e.g. , chlorination): sjot. formed during drinking woter
pimJl cg.fi an. ______ _
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Constituents Jn paraffin fraction of * etroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
SoSi d waste leachate __Wijj_[ea ch from genera municipal and industrial solid wastes;
so|idjj_udge5 and slurries r f petroleum refining industry and
...._.. _
paraffin uh'iizing industries, and wastes in wr Jn n-tridecane is a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in lunicipal waste and wastewater from
A*so laboratory use, highway runoff/ automobile exhaust/
--.-...
motorboat exhaust , and from general use of pe roleum oils, tars7 etc.
Biodegrodability (persistence): Low persistence (1- : months for complete degradation)
(category 2) .
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment [c 3-95%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>.99%).
149
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: trimethyl-rrioxo-hexahydro-rriazine isorru-r 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: „ 0
===== d
3. Class: heterocyclic amine
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
\ . Manufacturers: None identified
2. Users: None identified.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 1 ton or less (method 6)
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Possibly formed during biological
phase of sewage treatment and biological degradation of solid wastesr when
triazine compounds ore constituent.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): No information.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural
2. Chemical reactions Possible oxidation product of triazine herbicides.
3. Solid waste leachate May leach from wastes containing triazine compounds
or derivatives.
4. Man caused non-point source Agricultural runoff,
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Moderately persistent i'c pproximately 1 year to degrade)
(category 4).
6. Effective treatment method: Most probable; activated carbon (90-100%).
150
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: triphenyl phosphate 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: n
3. Class: phosphate ester <\ //~O—p~ 0
4. Sources: I'
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. piasticizers; gasoline additives; insecticides; flotation agents,
anti-oxidants and surfactants; substitute for camphor (non-combustible); fire retardant.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 600 tons 'method 6).
B, Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (se,vage and solids): Compound not formed during biological
decomposition of sewage or solid wastes. Sma!! luantities rejepsed to air during
incineration of municipal refuse and industria! Bastes.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chiorination): Not formed during drinking water
purification.
C . No*i-Point Source:
1 . Natural None.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Leaches from municipal end industrial wastes containing
plastics.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of plastics, surfactants, insecticides.
Component of gasoline engine exhaust. Lab us- _.
Biodegradability (persistence): Persistent; highly refrocrory to biodegradation. (Category 5),
6. Effective treatment method: No information.
151
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemical: n-undecane 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature:
3. Class: unsubstituted alkane
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Manufacturers: Petroleum refining.
2. Users: Organic synthesis; solvent; standardized h)drocarbon; jet fuel research; mfg.
paraffin products; rubber industry; paper process!na industry; petroleum research;
distillation chaser. Constituent in waterborne waste of polvolefin manufacture.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 500 tons (mathod 3).
Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1. Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not formed during sewage treatment
or decomposition of solid wastes. Incineration of municipal waste and industrial sludges
and slurries containing petroleum constituents releases this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not formed during drinking
purification.
C. Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from general municipal and industrial solid wastes;
and will leach from solid sludges and slurries cF petroleum refining industry and
paraffin utilizing industries, and wastes in wh sh n-undecane is a solvent.
4. Man caused non-point source Component in mnicipal waste and wastewater from
general use of paraffins. Also laboratory uset highway runoff, automobile exhaust,
motorboat exhaust, and from general use of pe roleum oils, tars, etc.
Biodegradability (persistence): Low persistence (1- > months for complete degradation)
(category 2).
Effective treatment method: Biological treatment (£0-95%); activated carbon (90-100%);
incineration (>99%).
152
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1. Chemicol: V'"/1 benzene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 100-42-5
3. Class: aryl alkane (benzene derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. styrene, polystyrene; mfg. synthet c rubber; ABS plastics mfg ; mfg.
restns, insulators;^!mf^r proteciive coatings (styr jne-butadiene latex, alkyds); chemicaI
intermediate.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 20,000 tors fmet-horl 1).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewage treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Incineration of c 'ganicJ.petrQleum/ or r-
and combustion of fuels will release this compo nd to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C . Non-Point Source:
1 . Natural None ,
2. Chemical reactions None identified.
3. Solid waste leachate _ Will leach from solid wtstes in which compound is present as
o constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General use of ubber, plastics, resins. Lab use.
5, Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade bk ogically (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (90-1 )0%); biological treatment (90-100%),
153
-------
DATA DISPLAY
1 . Chemical: xylene 2. Structure:
CAS Nomenclature: 95-47-6
3. Class: aryl alkane (benzene derivative)
4. Sources:
A. Industry Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Manufacturers: Petroleum distillation, coal tar distillation, coal gas distillation,
organic chemical industry.
2. Users: Mfg. phthalic acid and anhydride; mfg. J-erephthglic acid for polyester;
solvent recovery plants; specialty chemical manufacture; mfg. isophthalic acid,
aviation gasoline, protective coatings mfg.; solvent for alkyd resins, lacquers, enamels,
'rubber cements; dye mfg. intermediate; insecticide mfg.; pharmaceutical mfg.;
asphalt and naphtha constituent.
3. Gross estimate of annual discharge: 150,000 tons (method 1).
B. Treatment Point Source (Water and Air)
1 . Waste treatments/disposal (sewage and solids): Not produced during sewaae treatment
or degradation of solid wastes. Incineration of organic;, petroleum, or coal wastes,
and combustion of fuels will release this compound to the air.
2. Drinking water treatment (e.g., chlorination): Not produced during drinking water
treatment.
C. Non-Point Source:
1. Natural Coal tar, petroleum.
2. Chemical reactions None identified,
3. Solid waste leachate Will leach from solid wcstes in which compound is present
as a constituent.
4. Man caused non-point source General uses of asphalt and naphtha; general
laboratory use; use as a solvent; engine exhau. _.
5. Biodegradability (persistence): Difficult to degrade biologically (category 3).
6. Effective treatment method: Activated carbon (°Q-'i30%); biological treatment (90-100%).
154
-------
APPENDIX D
THE NATIONWIDE OCCURRENCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
IDENTIFIED IN DRINKING WATER
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LIST A
Albuquerque, NM
Annandale, VA
Atlanta, GA
Baltimore, MD
Boston, MA
Brownsville, TX
Buffalo, NY
Camden, AR
Cape Girardeau, MO
Charleston, SC
Chattanooga, TN
Chicago, IL
Clarinda, IA
Cleveland, OH
Clinton, IL
Coalinga, CA
Columbus, OH
Concord, CA
Corvallis, OR
Dallas, TX
Davenport, IA
Dayton, OH
Denver, CO
Detroit, Ml
Dos Palos, CA
Douglas, AK
Grand Forks, ND
Greenville/MS
Huntington, WV
Huron, SD
Idaho Falls, ID
llwaco, WA
Indianapolis, IN
Indian Hill Waterworks, OH
Jacksonville, FL
Lawrence, MA
Lincoln, NB
Logans port, LA
Los Angeles, CA
Memphis, TN
Milwaukee, Wl
Mt. Clemens, Ml
Nashville, TN
Newark, DE
Newport, Rl
New York, NY
Oklahoma City, OK
Oshkosh, Wl
Owensboro, KY
Passaic Valley, NJ
Phoenix, AZ
Piqua, OH
Pittsburgh, PA
Pueblo, CO
Rhinebeck, NY
Salt Lake City, UT
San Antonio, TX
San Diego, CA
San Juan, PR
Stillwater, OK
St. Louis, MO
St. Paul, MN
Terrebonne Parish, LA
Toms River, NJ
Topeka, KS
Tucson, AZ
Waterbury, CT
Wheeling, WV
Whiting, IN
Wilmington Sub., DE
Youngstown, OH
D-14
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LISTB
Albuquerque, NM
Brownsville, TX
Charleston, SC
Coalinga, CA
Concord, CA
Dayton, OH
Dos Pa I os, CA
Greenville, MS
Huron, SD
Lincoln, NB
! cgansport, LA
Newark, DE
Newport, Rl
Oklahoma City, OK
Owensboro, KY
Phoenix, AZ
San Antonio, TX
San Diego, CA
San Francisco, CA
San Juan, PR
SHHwater, OK
Si. Louis, MO
Terrebonne Parish, LA
Topeka, KS
Tucson, AZ
Waterbury, CT
D-15
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LIST C
Albuquerque, NM
Annandale, VA
Atlanta, GA
Baltimore, MD
Boston, MA
Brownsville, TX
Buffalo, NY
Camden, AR
Cape Girardeau, MO
Charleston, SC
Chattanooga, TN
Chicago, IL
Clarinda, IA
Cleveland, OH
Clinton, IL
Coalinga, CA
Columbus, OH
Concord, CA
Corvallis, OR
Dallas, TX
Davenport, IA
Dayton, OH
Denver, CO
Detroit, Ml
Dos Palos, CA
Douglas, AK
Grand Forks,ND
GreenyiHe, MS
Huntington, WV
Huron, SD
Idaho Fa I Is, ID
llwaco, WA
Indianapolis, IN
Indian Hill Waterworks, OH
Jacksonville, FL
Lawrence, MA
Lincoln, NB
Logansport, LA
Los Angeles, CA
Memphis, TN
Milwaukee, Wl
Mt. Clemens, Ml
Nashville, TN
Newark, DE
Newport, Rl
New York, NY
Oklahoma City, OK
Oshkosh, Wl
Owensboro, KY
Passaic Valley, NJ
Phoenix, AZ
Piqua, OH
Pittsburgh, PA
Pueblo, CO
Rhinebeck, NY
Salt Lake City, UT
San Antonio, TX
San Diego, CA
San Francisco, CA
San Juan, PR
St. Louis, MO
St. Paul, MN
Strasburg, PA
Terrebonne Parish, LA
Toms River, NJ
Topeka, KS
Tucson, AZ
Waterbury, CT
Wheeling, WV
Whiting, IN
Wilmington, DE
Youngstown, OH
unspecified NW Georc.'a cities
D-16
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LIST D
Albuquerque, NM
Annandale, VA
/Atlanta, GA
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Brownsville, TX
Buffalo, NY
Camden, AR
Cape Girardeau, MO
Charleston, SC
Chattanooga, TN
Chicago, IL
Clannda, IA
Cleveland, OH
Coalinga, CA
Columbus, OH
Concord, CA
Dallas, TX
Davenport, IA
Dayton, OH
Denver, CO
Ootroit, Ml
r)os Palos, CA
Douglas, AK
Greenville, MS
Hjntington, WV
Huron, SD
Idoho Falls, ID
Uwaco, WA
Indianapolis, IN
Ind'-jn Hill Waterworks, OH
,->nv:!!e, FL
i.u«vrence, MA
UncJn, NB
Logansporr, LA
LOE Angeles, CA
Memphis, TN
Milwaukee, Wl
A-'t. Clemens, Ml
Nashville, TN
Newark, DE
Newport, Rl
New York, NY
Oklahoma City, OK
Oshkosh, Wi
Owensboro, KY
Passaic Valley, NJ
Phoenix, AZ
Piqua, OH
Pittsburgh, PA
Pueblo, CO
Rhinebeck, NY
Salt Lake City, UT
San Antonio, TX
San Diego, CA
San Francisco, CA
Sen Juan, PR
StilSwater, OK
St. Louis, MO
St. Paul, MN
Terrebonne Parish, LA
Toms River, NJ
Topeka, KS
Tucson, AZ
Waterbury, CT
Wheeling, WV
Wilmington, DE
Youngstown, OH
D-17
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LIST E
Buffalo, NY
Cape Girardeau, MO
Chattanooga, TN
Chicago, IL
Davenport, IA
Dayton, OH
Detroit, Ml
Greenville, MS
Huntington, WV
Milwaukee, Wl
Mt. Clemens, Ml
Newark, DE
Oklahoma City, OK
Oshkosh, Wl
Passaic Valley, NJ
Piqua, OH
Rhinebeck, NY
St. Louis, MO
Terrebonne Parish, LA
Waterbury, CT
Wheeling, WV
Wilmington Sub., DE
D-18
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TECHNICAL REPORT DA A
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-560/3-75-002
4 T P'.iMSORINi; AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
OfrL's of Toxic Substances
! !1>u ironmental Protection Agency
| Kaf'hington, D.C. 20460
i
*- ^ ^ ^. , - -
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOI*NO.
5. REPORT DATE
April 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
2IA328
NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Contract No. 68-01-2926
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Task 3
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
j IF. SUP"LE.MENTARY NOTES
1. AB£» rRACT
Initial assessment of the possible sources of 154 organic compounds which have
i*-"n identified in drinking water supplies. List, those chemicals which may be
fc irtxi by chlorination of sewage treatment or watar treatment, from leachates
•:•. in natural sources, and those which may be frorc industrial effluents. Appendix
v, .at. a data sheet for each chemical which shows possible sources, its bio-
-ie -(radability and effective treatment.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT f- >JALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
('.•-..•i Pollxitants
ic.er Supply
. lusi rial Processes
• r.inic Chemistry
lomical Manufacturing
, ' RibUT.ON STATEMENT
b.lDENTiF ERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
c. COSATI Field/ Group
13B
13H
7A
7C
21. NO. OF PAGES
250
22. PRICE
I PA Fo m 2220-1 (9-73)
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