c/EPA
United Sta'es
Environmental Protection
Agency
F-nvironrnenta!
Research Laboratory
Athens GA 30601
cpA 600 3-78-034
Vn-ch '378
Research and Development
Feasibility Study
on Executive Program
Development for
Basin Ecosystem Modeling
Ecological Research Series
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Researcn and Development. U S Environmental
Protection Agency have been grouped into nine series These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology Elimination of traditional grouping was conscious y
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields
The nine series are
1 Environmental Health Effects Research
2 Environmental Protection Technology
3 Ecological Research
4 Environmental Monitoring
5 Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6 Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7 Interagency Energy-Envronment Research and Development
8 'Special Reports
9 Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series This series
describes research on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and animal spe-
cies, and materials Problems are assessed for their long- and short-term influ-
ences Investigations include formation transport, and pathway studies to deter-
mine the fate of pollutants and their effects This work provides the technical bas s
for setting standards to minimize undesirable changes in living organisms m the
aouatic, terrestrial and atmospheric environments
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Sprmglield Virginia 22161
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EPA-600/3-78-034
March 1978
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON EXECUTIVE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
FOR BASIN ECOSYSTEMS MODELING
by
Hubert Bouver
Department of Computer Science
State University of New York
Plattsburgh, New York 12901
Contract No. R804637
Project Officer
James W. Falco
Technology Development and Applications Branch
Environmental Research Laboratory
Athens, Georgia 30605
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30605
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Athens Environmental Research
Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
As environmental controls become more costly to implement and the
penalties of judgment errors become more severe, environmental quality manage-
ment requires more efficient analytical tools based on greater knowledge of
the environmental phenomena to be managed. As part of this Laboratory's
research on the occurrence, movement, transformation, impact, and control of
environmental contaminants, the Technology Development and Applications Branch
develops management or engineering tools to help pollution control officials
achieve water quality goals through watershed management.
The use of complex mathematical models and the development of state-of-
the-art models are increasing at a rapid pace. Consequently, efficient
procedures are necessary to incorporate advances in the state-of-the-art into
standard analysis procedures and to ensure that maximum information is
obtained from model simulation at minimum cost.
This report presents the results of a feasibility study to assess the
state-of-the-art of computer software and hardware as they relate to
automating manual procedures for model modification, linkage, and execution
and to organizing input and output data in an efficient format. The report is
intended to provide guidance to researchers involved in the development of
such computer software and hardware in support of environmental modeling
efforts.
David W. Duttweiler
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Athens, Georgia
ill
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ABSTRACT
The feasibility of developing and implementing a complete graphic
executive program to automatically interface various basin-wide water
quality models for use by relatively inexperienced modelers was examined.
Because of a number of problems, including data base management dif-
ficulties, the study recommends the development of a "pilot" version
to resolve questions before full-scale implementation of the environ-
mental system is attempted. The executive program should ultimately
have the capability to integrate point and nonpoint source models to
simulate and analyze the consequences of implementing land use alter-
natives and pollution control strategies.
To reflect accurately the present state of the art, the study
examined interactive computer graphics display and software design to
automatically interface basin ecosystem submodels. In addition, a
literature review was made to assess the state of the art of urban
water quality mathematical modeling relative to its modularization
for the executive program. Particular attention was addressed to
interactive computer graphic display as the medium in which this
executive program would be primarily used.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant Number R804637
by the State University of New York at Plattsburgh under the sponsorship
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers the
period 1 July 1976 to 31 October 1976. Work was completed as of
30 November 1976.
IV
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract • iv
Acknowledgments vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 3
3. Recommendations 5
4. Objectives and Approach 7
Literature search 7
Primary contacts 9
Site visits 9
Conferences 9
5. Results and Discussion 11
6 . Description of the Graphic Executive Program 14
The GEP components 14
The GEP languages 17
The GEP data structures 18
7. Summary 20
8. Bibliography 22
Appendices
A. Bibliographical Sources 36
B. Sample of Soliciting Letter 38
Letter 38
Abstract 39
C. List of Primary Contacts 40
D. List of Respondents 57
E. List of Participants 63
F. List of Trips to Conferences and Site Visits 66
Conferences attended 66
Travel made to the following sites 66
G. List of Computer Color Graphics Films 68
v
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A great deal of cooperation was received during the conduct of this
project. The author gratefully acknowledges the cooperation and direct
participation of key personnel who were contacted and asked their opinion
regarding the feasibility of the executive program. These people and
organizations were instrumental to the successful completion of this project.
Especially acknowledged is the leadership and assistance of Dr. James W.
Falco, Research Chemical Engineer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Athens, GA, who was the Project Officer.
The work done by Mr. John Clark, who provided the technical assistance in
the literature search of 181 citations, and Ms. Nicole Bouver, who provided
the clerical assistance and support throughout the project, in the
consolidation of this report, is greatly appreciated.
VI
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The computer, one of the major technical innovations of our time, can be
compared to a second industrial revolution, vastly magnifying and promoting
man's ability to manipulate numbers, symbols and concepts. Computer graphics
is the tool that emphasizes man-machine dialogue which takes place in real-
time using an on-line display console with manual input devices. Graphic
display is the medium in which the interactive executive program should be
functioning. It shall be referred to, conceptually, as the "Graphic Executive
Program for Basin Water Quality Modeling" or simply GEP.
The discovery and development of new knowledge and techniques, along with
the discarding of the obsolete, continues at a fast pace in computer science
and technology compared to other scientific and technical disciplines. A
quantum jump has been made in the state-of-the-art of computer science from
batch mode processing to computer color graphics display processing. It is
with these new scientific developments and technological advancements in
graphic processing, which have demonstrated additional capabilities in problem
solving, that future direction of water quality modeling should evolve with a
significant advancement in improving the development of models by utilizing
the GEP system.
A development such as this should ease the fear of the computer graphics
as a competitor to man and should create insights into the potential
humanizing influences of the GEP system as it releases man from drudgery and
enhances his ability to move into new directions.
This feasibility study on the development of a complete executive program
for basin-wide area modeling was completed in four months. The materials in
this report were gathered in basically four ways:
1. An extensive search of the literature (181 citations, Appendix A) ;
2. Soliciting information in a systematic attempt to recognize and
evaluate effective methods for the development of the executive
program (Appendices B, C, D and E) ;
3. Site visits to individual campuses and private organizations
generating valuable discussions with many experts in this
multidisciplinary field (Appendix F); and
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Attending conferences in Washington, DC; Boston, MA; and Manhattan,
NY (Appendices F and G) in which representatives from the various
institutions identified themselves with aspects of the project's
work, discussed major problems and issues concerning the feasibility
of the executive program development.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
The "Graphic Executive Program for Basin Water Quality Modeling (GEP)"
should be developed, implemented and oriented for a computer system designed
to facilitate the preparation of water quality models on problem-solving units
so that the trained technician who has little or no experience in computer
programming can perform his tasks in a relatively efficient manner. In
addition, trained technicians, experts, specialists and the like could also
utilize the GEP system to develop, test and compare urban water models (Sonne
et al., 1976) .
In addition to its general applicability, the GEP system could be used:
a. to "browse" through output of computational processes, typically in
the form of a graph prepared by the host computer;
b. to make cursory checks on specific iterative methods to determine
computational validity;
c. to help represent complex interaction of results in three-dimensional
viewing intensified by colors;
d. to use a common data base to evaluate comparative study of model
developments to standards;
e. to terminate a run well before the foreseeable stopping rules
required in batch processing could take effect;
f. to critically examine and adjust the system model at a glance;
g. to reduce calibration of models to simple "knob-turning" which will
enhance the productivity of preparing a model for a new basin and,
therefore, improve its portability.
It would be pretentious to claim that the GEP would be "all things to all
people," but it would fill a much-needed gap in the field of water quality
modeling. Despite the visual wizardry, there is no magic in computer
graphics. The benefits provided by the GEP system to water quality modeling
would be enormous and model development would be projected into the direction
of a new era of computational power.
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The objectives of this study are in direct compliance with the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act Amendment of 1972 where the main thrust is to pre-
serve the integrity of our national environment waterways and to recognize,
protect and enhance its aesthetic value.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
Graphics system design is by nature a difficult subject. In the first
place, it is less an analytical subject and more a matter of synthesizing a
system design out of judiciously chosen hardware and software techniques.
This report is an attempt to identify and point out the "ingredients"
necessary to insure the development of a successful "Graphic Executive Program
for Basin Water Quality Modeling (GEP)" system.
In many respects, it is true that research often tends to raise more
questions than it can answer. While some questions have been answered, as a
result of this study, new problems have been uncovered, leading to still more
unanswered questions.
The basic recommendations of this feasibility study are as follows:
1. In view of all the considerable amount of information obtained on the
present state-of-the-art of this multidisciplinary field, the
complete development of the full-scale GEP system does not seem to be
favorable at this time. As a desirable alternative, however, it is
recommended, without reservation, that a "pilot" version for the
development of the GEP system be undertaken. This prototype version
would help clarify certain problems that have not fully been tested
and demonstrated applicable to the GEP system. Before attempting to
develop a full-scale model of the GEP system, these questions need to
be resolved. In particular, the data base management still remains
as the most difficult problem. Although Whinston (1975) and Grayman
et al. (1975) have made some commanding break-throughs, their work
needs to be tested in the GEP environmental system. There is a
strong assurance that both of their methods would be successful which
would, in turn, present another problem as to their selective
evaluation for the GEP system.
2. It would be reasonable to expect a two-year period for the develop-
ment of the pilot GEP system with a cost between $300,000 and
$400,000. If the pilot program proved successful, another two years
would be needed to develop a full-scale GEP system for about
$500,000.
3. It is recommended that the original concept of the "GEP system should
be operated by relatively inexperienced modelers" be changed to
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"trained modelers," although expert modelers and the like would be
able to use it.
4. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency should provide a national
user service center for the continuing development and utilization of
the GEP system to implement and test newly developed models that
would be utilized in the GEP system as potential additions to its
water quality models library.
5. This phased implementation of the pilot program should be under the
leadership of a tenacious project director who would be able to unify
and collate the various expertise needed in development of the GEP
system.
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PRIMARY CONTACTS
A postal campaign was systematically established to assemble the
reactions of leading scientific investigators in their respective fields of
expertise regarding the feasibility of the development of the GEP system. A
mailing list of potential researchers to be contacted was compiled mainly from
the following sources: university and research centers presently involved in
environmental modeling; private firms as well as governmental agencies
established in water quality modeling; and well-known and heavily referenced
researchers obtained from the previously mentioned custom searches and
extended reviews of the literature (Appendix A).
A sample of the soliciting letter, which explains the ultimate objective
of developing and implementing an executive program to automatically interface
various water quality models, may be found in Appendix B. The first mailing
list of individuals and organizations potentially interested in the
undertaking of the GEP system was composed for 281 recipients of which 68
responded. Each response was usually contacted further by telephone °r, if
that was not possible, by mail. Additional information was supplied to insure
understanding of the conceptual development of the GEP system. Many responded
favorably with other names of colleagues or research centers who they thought
might also be interested in the feasibility study.
SITE VISITS
The exchange of information during lengthy telephone calls with the
respondents lead to decisions on the selection of sites warranting a personal
visit. An attempt was made to cover the whole spectrum of research vehicles
actively engaged in the various aspects of inquiry or field work related to
this study. Also, site visitations were organized to simultaneously minimize
travel time and maximize the number of contacts and the amount of interaction
with leading scientists. For an enumeration of the approximately 25 sites,
see Appendix E.
CONFERENCES
A catalytic atmosphere is characteristic of conferences where systems or
ideas of the state-of-the-art are discussed or displayed. These conferences
provided a unique opportunity to search the basic and innovative areas crucial
to the development of this system: predictive modeling, model verification,
color graphics systems, and dynamic data base structure. During the course of
the study, the most relevant conferences were attended:
1. Symposium on Nonbiological Transport and Transformation of Pollutants
on Land and Water, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD,
May 1976.
2. The 1976 National Computer Conference, New York, NY, June 1976.
3. The 1976 American Statistical Association, Boston, MA, August 1976.
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The master control from the above innovative areas crucial to the GEP
system is the utilization of computer color graphics systems. Graphics color
display span an entire spectrum of application and are operational in a full
range of computing devices from minicomputers to large processors.
Realization of the power of color graphics as a conceptual tool that shatters
psychophysiological limits with an incredibly responsive multidimensional
model of instataneous comprehension is sweeping all of the leading scientific
centers. For cognizance, color graphics stand alone. It has no rival for
integrating a multidisciplinary endeavor as is demanded by the very nature of
the GEP system.
The potential of computer graphics for applications to water quality
modeling was exemplified, re-enforced and supported by the computer color
graphics film presented to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Athens,
GA on 23 November 1976 along with the final report of this study.
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SECTION 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This investigation is essentially embodied in discussions of the
resolution of intellectual issues concerning the concepts necessary for the
development of the GEP system consisting of integrated model modules and a
dynamic calibrated data base enabling decision-makers to solve in real-time
mode a given problem at a specified level of detail.
The first and most controversial theme usually encountered in the various
consultations concerned the question of whether the present state-of-the-art
was sufficiently advanced to support the development of a full-scale GEP
system. Although the overall concept of the GEP system was very well
received, unanswered questions about the dynamic data base structure, which is
still unproven outside academic applications, highlighted this as the most
difficult issue at hand. A full-scale system cannot be built only on the
belief in a pedagogical model. However, as far as computer graphics itself —
hardware, software and languages — is concerned, the power, knowledge and
technology for implementation exist. A pilot study with a selected version of
certain models was strongly indicated, which would emulate the concepts of the
full-scale GEP system to test the "weak link" of the dynamic data base
structure.
Consideration of this topic on the data base structure will be postponed
until after the discussion of other issues that were of important concern but
do not cause as much of a formidable problem as the data base structure. The
questions these issues raised may already have their solution. They are
definitely within our grasp or could be resolved with some study during the
pilot phase.
The comprehensive objective of the GEP system requires a series of
modularized models interacting with a dynamic calibrated data base structure
exercised in graphic mode so that a decision-maker would be able to integrate
an approach to a problem from a diverse selection of models and levels of
resolution.
The inclusion of previously established models was encouraged with the
intention of minimizing the cost of developing addition models. Without
complete standardization of the parameters, however, the use of originally
independent models leads to obvious difficulties in the comparison and
coupling of these models. Modeling standards have been the objective of
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widespread discussions on the effective appreciation of the nature and
structure of different approaches of major methodological philosophies.
Various issues concerning the mechanics of integrating models have not
been completely resolved with linkage in the GEP system. Raytheon Company, in
an on-going pilot study, is attempting to integrate a watershed model, STORM,
and a receiving water model, RECEIV II. Specific unanswered questions
pertaining to the integration of various existing water quality models are
concerned with the steady-state assumption in point source pollution which
does not have an equivalent analogy in nonpoint source pollution.
In addition to dynamic capacitance, temporal and spatial resolution
differences exist between models and could forseeably cause difficulties in
the integration of the models. For example, the STORM watershed model needs
only a few percentage estimates, whereas the SWMM model needs detailed
information on every small pipe in the urban areas. Due to the complexity of
some models, effective use of fudge factors for calibration of parameters
would require an expert in that particular model. Recognition of the
incompatibility of some models was unavoidable (e.g., QUAL I and QUAL II). On
the other hand, QUAL II and the HEC river models and the Battelle and HEC
reservoir models are obviously compatible.
A major dialogue concerning the use of outdated programming techniques in
large complex programs that cost too much, run too slowly, take too much
memory and operate inefficiently ensued. Remarks repeatedly surfaced included
lack of advanced programming techniques such as structured programming, top
down programming, module design interface, and data structuring. These
techniques have been demonstrated to improve the quality of programs, and to
be memory, time and money saving.
In most software systems, the central problems are reliability and
maintainability. Past experience indicates that 50% of the time is spent on
testing and more than 70% of the dollars in maintenance. In-depth techniques
of structured testing were mentioned which identify software complexity, limit
software complexity during development and test thoroughly against complexity.
Structures testing and modularization techniques, which co-enforce the
maintenance of standards of specification, design and code of software in GEP
systems were also discussed.
The most recent conference on Comparative Data Base offered several dozen
data base management systems — none of which had the scientific orientation
for handling a system like the GEP.
Scientific data structures for research in simulation and modeling are
woefully behind business data base management systems, and in view of the
severe limitations imposed, questions have been raised about it's primitive
state.
Central in the foreseen evolution would be an emergence of a calibrated
data base among interactive modules with easy recall in the form needed by the
model for analysis or verification.
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Desired characteristics for the GEP system would be efficient retrieval,
searching, sorting, cross-referencing and recognition. Moreover, on-line
language must allow many input-output operations. Specifically, it must
possess powerful file-handling facilities while providing fast direct access
to data base structures.
A canvass of expert opinions generated new approaches to data base
structures that should be evaluated in the pilot phase. The whole concept of
data base processing on large and small computers is still in a state of flux
with many variant approaches, systems and methodologies available. Comparison
of the configuration alternatives for data base processing demonstrates that
the data base area allows more rapid equalization of capabilities across
computer sizes and provides an opportunity for a viable processing partnership
(minicomputer coupled to larger scale systems) which can synergistically
produce more effective and powerful results than either processing approach
could supply alone.
Aspects of a centralized data base often impose constraints upon the
organization when sources or users of data occur at widely dispersed geo-
graphical locations. The concept of distributed data base addresses this
constraint.
The development of a general-purpose data base broad enough to allow a
wide variety of existing models to work off it might be more practical than
trying to design a data base to fit existing models (i.e., tailoring data base
to individual models).
The ultimate approach in future water quality modeling has been
established as color graphics display. Its awesome potential in visual
thinking liberates cognitive abilities invaluable in the development of future
environmental models. There is inherent power in instantaneous grasp of
multi-faceted systems with immediate feedback to on-line manipulation. A by-
product would be the elimination of unnecessary restraints on creativity.
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SECTION 6
DESCRIPTION OF THE GRAPHIC EXECUTIVE PROGRAM
THE GEP COMPONENTS
The outcry for unification of mathematical modeling development and
interactive graphic executive program could well be the next advancement in
the state-of-the-art of water quality modeling. It is one of the most
fascinating devices that computer technology has produced.
The GEP system could be equipped with the following devices to provide
the maximum capability for solving water quality problems:
1. Console: a visual display unit that provides a "window into the
computer." The console display overcomes most of the disadvantages
of a typewriter terminal. Its display rate is very fast — thousands
of characters per second. It is quiet with high-speed refresh buffer
(30 times a second). Its output is flexible, easily modified and
rearranged. It has pictorial capabilities allowing line segments to
be displayed in colors. Pointing facilities, such as a light pen,
allows users to easily designate symbols or vectors of interest. It
has fixed and variable function keys. When depressed, they transmit
a signal to the computer which can be equated with a prestored
functional program. Function keys such as the joystick, control
dials, and trackball, provide convenience and ease of operation and
enables the user to change information under program control and,
thus, by saving user action, increases the overall response rate
many-fold.
2. Alphanumeric Keyboard: is an electromechanical device that is used
as an entry to effect manual input to a graphic display system. It
handles alphanumeric code, including the upper and lower case
alphabet, numbers and as many as 32 control functions having code-
generating options into the display control register and sets
priority condition interrupt.
3. Function Switch Keyboard: provides a flexible means of communicating
with the computer inputting certain types of often repeated data and
control commands. It also has the capability to specify software
control of any of the display system functions such as menu
selection, peripheral device selection, subroutine calling and
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control of input-output operations. The function switch keyboard may
be placed under complete software program control to set up any
series of interrupt flags, e.g., character size, vector modes, color
change, degree of rotation, etc. Illumination of the switches under
program control may be used to verify servicing, selection of
options, available subroutines, etc. Switch configuration may be
usually expanded in groups of 12, to a maximum of 64 switches for
selections.
4. Light Pen: incorporates a photo-sensing device, preamplifier and
touch-sensing electronics designed for symbol sensing and editing
functions. The position of the pen in any pattern may be
continuously computed from the pen's response to the pattern, hence,
allowing the computer to maintain all coordinates on the display.
5. Joystick: is an electromechanical device that has been designed to
perform cursor positioning and provides a means of manually entering
two- or three-dimensional information into a graphic display system.
It operates as an incrementing or decrementing analog device in
modifying the system translation registers of X, Y and Z.
6. Control Dials: are electromechanical analog devices containing an
array of as many as one dozen potentiometers designed to allow an
operator to modify a register for continously changing program
variables or critical parameters on a display screen. The position
of each potentiometer is converted to digital values and may be
sampled by the system processor.
7. Trackball: is a functional two-axis mechanical device that provides
accurate X and Y pulse train outputs proportional to a continuously
free and smooth rotation of a 4-inch ball. Rotation of the ball is
translated to two magnetic encoders displaced by 90 degrees within
the case. The trackball is used to provide relatively high accuracy
X and Y positioning of a cursor on a screen. These pulse trains are
accumulated in the controller and may be interrogated at any time to
provide relative position information.
In addition, the console display processor should contain such
capabilities as the following:
1. Smoothing: provides the ability to draw arcs with a series of small
incremental vectors.
2. Zooming: provides the ability to magnify or reduce the extracted
data displayed on the CRT to provide "zoom-in" or "zoom-out" effect.
3. Windowing: allows a three-dimensional portion of the data base to be
extracted and presented for viewing within a designated area on the
CRT.
4. Clipping: provides the ability to concatenate the transformation
and removes the lines that are off the window boundary parameters.
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5. Transforming: provides the ability to modify a display image by
scaling, displacement and/or rotation.
6. Transformation Read-Back: provides the capability to access final
transformation element angles when performing multiple rotations.
7. Edit: provides the ability to insert, delete and adjust displayed
elements on the screen.
8. Select: provides the user with the ability to highlight (brighten)
as well as color elements on the screen for identification.
9. Calculator Mode: provides the user with the ability to perform short
calculations.
10. Pick/Hit: provides the user with the ability to select input devices
such as a function key which, when depressed, transmits a signal to
the computer which can be equated to a prestored typewriter message
of many strokes, thus saving user action by providing convenience and
ease of operation and increasing response rate.
Color Graphic Display
The study of color perception has led to the development of an inter-
disciplinary field known as color psychophysics, which attempts to explain the
observed phychological effects of color on a human observer in terms of a
physical model. In pseudocolor processing, each shade in a gray-tone digital
image is assigned a separate color for display purposes. The motivation for
this type of enhancement is based on the knowledge that the human eye can
simultaneously discern many more shades of color that shades of gray.
Depending upon the choice of color assignment, perception of information in an
image may be greatly increased by the use of pseudocolor.
Additional Devices
If desired, devices using microfilm cameras can be used to transfer any
displayed picture onto microfilm for a hard copy representation of film
viewing to be used later for further examination.
Benefits
Hardware prices are coming down steadily and, as more users switch to on-
line "thinking, creating and manipulating," it is hoped that this use of
computers will become increasingly accepted and judged cost-effective to the
same extent that numerical and data processing applications are already
considered to be legitimate uses of the computer.
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Host Computer to GEP
The old concepts of economy of scale in computing and desirability of
centralizing all computing in a few places are no longer valid. Computing
costs, for example, are dropping much more rapidly than communication costs.
It is to be expected that future computing will be distributed with respect to
both computing power and mass storage. Each level of the distributed
hierarchy will do that which it can perform in the most cost-effective
fashion. Large host computers will emphasize common data bases, common
problems, global information, and really large-scale number crunching such as
the GEP system with a signficant spectrum of models.
THE GEP LANGUAGES
In spite of fingertip capabilities, the GEP system must provide not only
graphics facilities, but also a good high-level language, accompanied by a
powerful data structure facility, selective software richness, and aids to
debugging and editing.
All functions of the GEP system have to be done quickly and
automatically. The user should not be encumbered with the problem of
translating the graphic image and all the manipulating commands into
mathematical terms and then into computer language. This is the task of the
control unit and the computer hardware as well as software. If the control
unit and computer software execute these functions, the user can concentrate
on the procedure and minimize efforts on developing computer programs. The
use of problem-oriented languages will continue to expand because specialists
in every discipline want to communicate with the computer in languages that
are comfortable for them to use and which provide them with the greatest
degree of expressiveness possible. It is reasonable to press for a user-
defined language. In this way, the personal preference of the specific user
could be satisfied.
If the use of computers is to grow as rapidly as it has in the past,
procedure-oriented language will be forced to change, unless the entire
scientific population is to consist of programmers. One may reasonably expect
ALGOL, PL/I, FORTRAN and COBOL to be in use for many years — with
evolutionary modification, to be sure — but revolutionary new developments
are less of a distinct possibility. PL/I was developed with the
characteristics of ALGOL, COBOL and FORTRAN, and presumably with the intention
that it could replace them. The use of FORTRAN, however, persists because of
its availability on virtually every computer. It would be naive to think that
FORTRAN is truly a machine-independent language. It is seldom possible to
transfer FORTRAN programs between machines without the need of an extensive
FORTRAN-converter design for large-scale conventional computers. FORTRAN
offers few program structure facilities of any worth: its subprograms are
non-recursive and require unusual conventions regarding the passing of
parameters; the IF statement is clumsy and lacks the ELSE clause, the
iterative DO loop is limited in its usefulness. The design of FORTRAN has
scarcely been modified since its conception in the Fifty's. PL/I is by far
the "richest" procedure-oriented language now available. It provides the
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programmer with the most features for handling a large variety of applications
in a variety of ways and it can be used effectively for both scientific and
data processing applications.
The software requirement for real-time applications of the GEP dictated
the need for certain kinds of software components typically present in real-
time application. Among them are those for describing the layout of pictures
(picture-plotting software), decoding user input (attention-handling software)
and subsequent picture transformations, alterations and manipulations
(picture-editing software). Additionally, the scenario showed the need for
data structure and data base handling software. The search-strategies package
of the GEP system should include syntactic components based on a stored
grammar and dictionary; a semantic interpreter that transforms the
syntactically analyzed input into a formal query statement; and a deductive
component that can generate responses by comparing the formalized query
statement with information included in the data base.
In contrast with tremendous advances in machine speed, miniaturization,
and versatility, the basic level at which most machine languages operate, has
changed relatively little over the past two decades. As the development of
water quality modeling becomes more complex and more sophisticated, the
primary and increasing ccncern still remains the problem of selecting a high
level language.
Interactive Dialogue
It is surprisingly difficult to construct a good dialogue between the
user and the programmer because it involves knowledge of human factors, a
subject generally unknown to the programmer. When designing an interactive
dialogue, however, it is of particular importance to always keep the user in
mind. For instance, as the user gradually gains experience in the use of the
GEP system, he would become more familiar with the procedure and, thus, would
have less need for simple commands and explanatory text displays and error
messages that helped hiir. along in a simplified fashion at first. At some
point, he should be allowed to tailor the degree of assistance he receives to
suit his level of competence. This would allow the user great flexibility to
type as much or as little of the concise commands for "experts" as he wishes.
Another important aspect is that the user should not be harshly penalized for
erroneous input. He should be allowed to re-enter the incorrect element. The
GEP system should respond to illegal or incorrect commands with helpful
messages. It is essential that a good general strategy of error recovery be
adopted along with a clear, well-structured command language having the main
qualities of simplicity and consistency.
THE GEP DATA STRUCTURES
A language that is to be used for interactive applications must allow a
wide range of input/output operations; it must also possess powerful file-
handling facilities while providing rapid access to large data structures.
18
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Conventional arrays and vectors are essentially "static" data structures
and do not perform well in interactive situations. Interactive programs like
the GEP system would call for extremely "dynamic" data structures that expand
and contract during the program's execution. In addition to easy
accessibility and flexibility in expansion of data file, the GEP should have
the ability to manipulate easily individual bits of information such as
storing, extracting, exchanging or modifying the information.
Just as the communications package aims for terminal transparency, the
data-base management package seeks to provide program independence by
separating the application programs from the file data on which they operate.
This permits the data base to be modified or reorganized without unduly
affecting the application programs since all requests for data are "filtered"
through the data-base management package. This is in marked contrast to the
earlier practice in which the application programmer was free to design his
own files and records and embed references to these records within his program
where he, unconstrained by outside standards, found it convenient. Such a
practice is intolerable in the GEP system in which files frequently must be
expanded or be reorganized, based on their degree of usage, with data shifted
from one physical storage medium to another. The objective of program
independence is to permit these changes to the data base without requiring
inordinate changes in the application programs that reference the data base.
The major objectives of grouping data items into data sets are efficient
retrieval, searching, sorting and recognition. Searches, for example, may be
expedited by searching the "Table of Contents" for data set labels exhibiting
desired characteristics, and then searching for data items with more specific
characteristics among only those data sets whose labels passed the first
search.
The set concept represents a new organizing force whose potential is just
beginning to be realized. If the natural world is considered in terms of the
entities that exist, the attributes that describe them, and the relationships
that associate them, then the equivalent information system concepts are
record, field and set, respectively.
19
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SECTION 7
SUMMARY
Since the main recommendation is to develop a pilot version of the GEP
system, a proper selection of well-known water quality models would be needed.
In this selection, models should be compatible so that they could be inter-
changed readily for a comparative study of the results. Research in the
evaluation of the "best" models for various levels of basin analysis is being
conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Vicksburg, MS. Resource
Management Associates in Lafayette, CA (Appendix D) is also presently
evaluating lake models. Their conclusions should reflect the selection of
these various models to the GEP system. This GEP system should be designed as
a modular system of subprograms of the water quality models where the state-
of-the-art processes and procedures could be easily implemented or altered.
It is well known that a tool is only good if it continues to be useful
although constant modification and updating are taking place. A programming
package usually becomes obsolete when the implementing and debugging phases
cease.
In addition to the recommendations presented by Sonnen et al. (1976) to
define the next generation of models in future urban water model development
and by Mar and Butcher (1974) on problems encountered in multidisciplinary
research, future design of models should observe a standardization in the
development of their input-output list of parameters. Since specific and
basic kinds of parameters could be determined and identified for each type of
model, standards for their use should be proposed. This would help future
development of systems such as the GEP and facilitate the conceptual design of
their common data base and improve the linkage possibility to even greater
capability. The GEP system would enable the user to "tune up" a water quality
model more efficiently than could be done using a batch processing model. The
GEP system would obtain the required input by "interrogating" the user. He
would then respond by any of the functions desired. Basic questions would be
of the following type: "How many square miles is the basin?" or "What is the
frequency of rain fall data?". These interrogative questions would help to
identify the criteria needed to base a selection on the model best suited for
the particular study of a given basin.
For the verification process, the modeler should establish confidence
limits or bounds around the output of his model. He should also spell out
confidence limits of all parameters to those who are not familiar with the
model's limitations. Too many times, unwarranted decisions are deduced. The
average person who is not familiar with modeling has the tendency to accept
20
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the data as the "gospel" because the data was scientifically "created" by a
computer that has "mystical" powers and seldom makes mistakes. It is for this
reason that only trained modelers should use the GEP system. The modeler with
intuitive knowledge of the system, however, still requires the means to
critically examine and adjust the system models. Intuitive guidance of model
exploration using the GEP system would result in substantial savings; the user
often could terminate a run well before the foreseeable stopping rules
required in batch processing would take effect.
This study did not find any individual, institution, firm or university
that has all the necessary capability and expertise to undertake the develop-
ment of the pilot version of the GEP system. For this reason, it recommended
strongly that a "strong" project director be appointed to merge the various
identified expertises and unify these multidisciplinary fields into a well-
orchestrated group of experts in integrating the diverse activities required
to accomplish the pilot version of the GEP system.
21
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SECTION 8
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30
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31
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32
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Spolia, S.K. and S. Chander. 1974. Modeling of Surface Runoff Systems by an
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34
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35
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Appendix A
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
A custom search was conducted to provide a bibliography to support the
"Feasibility Study on Executive Program Development for Basin Ecosystems
Modeling" using the following information centers:
Computing Reviews
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY
Engineering Index
Engineering Index, Incorporated
New York, NY
The Environment Index
Environment Information Center
New York, NY
Eutrophication: A Bimonthly Summary of Current Literature
Water Resources Information Program
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI
Government Reports Announcement Index
National Technical Information Service
Springfield, VA
International Abstracts in Operation Research
International Federation of Operational Research Societies
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Selected Water Resources Abstracts
Water Resources Scientific Information Center
Washington, DC
The following indexes were used to follow up likely citations:
Nuclear Science Abstracts
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
Technical Information Service Extension
Oak Ridge, TN
36
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Science Citation Index
Institute for Scientific Information
Philadelphia, PA
In addition, the following bibliographical data bases were queried for
pertinent citations:
Datrix II
University Microfilms
Ann Arbor, MI
Smithsonian Scientific Information Exchange
Smithsonian Institute
Washington, DC
BIOSIS
State University of New York Biomedical Network
Albany, NY
37
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Appendix B
SAMPLE OF SOLICITING LETTER
The content of this letter and its abstract were sent to the 281
recipients listed in Appendix C.
LETTER
July , 1976
Dear :
I am presently contacting leading scientists who might be interested in
the development of an executive package for the Environmental Protection
Agency.
I have recently been awarded a grant with EPA entitled "Feasibility Study
on the Executive Program Development for Basin Ecosystems Modeling." Its
objective is to determine the cost and time required to develop a computer
software package which could link various water quality and watershed runoff
models in a systematic fashion. In addition to automatic linkage, the
software developed would provide efficient data handling and parameter
estimation capabilities.
If you are interested, please contact me at the following numbers:
Office: 518/564-2201
Department secretary: 518-564-2116
I am also enclosing a brief abstract of the EPA feasibility study.
Sincerely yours,
Hubert Bouver
Assistant Professor
of Computer Science
38
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ABSTRACT
The objective of this grant proposal is to conduct a comprehensive
investigation to determine, based on state-of-the-art environmental systems
models, the feasibility of developing and implementing a complete executive
program to interface automatically various basin water quality models for use
by relatively inexperienced modelers. Specifically, in addition to deter-
mining the technical feasibility of development, an estimate of the cost of
development will be made as well as estimate of the length of time required to
carry out such an undertaking.
Ultimately this executive program should have the capability to integrate
various water quality, point source and nonpoint source models and to simulate
and analyze the consequences of implementing land use alternatives and
pollution control strategies. The executive would calculate all pertinent
parameters and coupling efforts so that socio-economics, energy and economic
constraints can be considered in a coherent manner.
39
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Appendix C
LIST OF PRIMARY CONTACTS
(Listed in alphabetical order by state and institutions)
This list comprises the original attempt to contact and solicit leading
scientists who wanted to participate in this feasibility study on the develop-
ment of the executive package. This list was primarily compiled through an
extensive library search. A sample letter, which may be found in Appendix B,
was sent to all 281 recipients listed.
ALABAMA
Auburn University
Dr. E.W. Shell
International Center for Aquaculture
Auburn 36830
Auburn University
Water Resources Research Institute
Auburn 36830
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
Environmental Research Branch
Huntsville 35807
University of Alabama
Center for Environmental and Energy
Studies
P.O. Box 1247
Huntsville 35807
ALASKA
University of Alaska
Dr. Robert F. Carlson
Institute of Water Resources
Fairbanks 99701
ARIZONA
Arizona State University
Forest Hydrology Laboratory
Tempe 85281
University of Arizona
Agriculture Experimental Station
Tucson 85721
University of Arizona
Water Resources Research Center
102 Old Psychology Building
Tucson 85721
CALIFORNIA
ABAC
Dr. Yoram Litwin
Hotel Claremont
Berkeley 94705
Berkeley University
Professor P.H. McGauhey
Sanitary Engineering Research
Laboratory
Berkeley 94720
40
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Berkeley University
Dr. Robert Selick
Professor of Civil Engineering
Berkeley 94720
Boyle Engineering Corporation
1501 Quail
Newport Beach 92660
California Department of Water
Resources
Dr. Richard J. Lerseth
Delta Branch, Environmental Studies
Sacramento 95814
California Institute of Technology
Dr. James J. Morgan
Keck Laboratory
Pasadena 91125
California Institute of Technology
U.S. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1201 East California Boulevard
Pasadena 91109
Compass Systems, Incorporated
Mr. R. Bayer
4640 Jewell Street; Apartment
San Diego 92109
204
Environmental Dynamics, Incorporated
Dr. John A. Dracup, President
1609 Westwood Boulevard; suite 202/3
Los Angeles 90024
Hydrocomp, Incorporated
Dr. Norman H. Crawford
1502 Page Mill Road
Palo Alto 94025
Hydrocomp, Incorporated
Mr. Jean Jacques Heler
Senior Systems Designer
1502 Page Mill Road
Palo Alto 94304
Hydrologic Engineering Center
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers
Dr. Jess Abbott
Research Hydraulic Engineer
609 Second Street
Davis 95616
Hydrologic Engineering Center
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers
Dr. Darryl W. David
609 Second Street
Davis 95616
Hydrologic Engineering Center
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers
Dr. Jerry R.G. Willey
609 Second Street
Davis 95616
HydroScience, Incorporated
Dr. Donald J. O'Connor, Director
2815 Mitchell Drive
Walnut Creek 94598
IBM Corporation
Dr. Hilary Stinton
Montere Cottle Road
San Jose 95125
Palo Alto Scientific Center - IBM
Dr. Baxter Armstrong
1501 California Street
Palo Alto 94302
Pomona College
Dr. Albert J. Leo
Medicinal Chemistry Project
Claremont 91711
Resource Management Associates
Dr. Jerry Orlob
3700 Mount Diablo Boulevard
Walnut Creek 94596
Stanford Research Institute
Dr. Shonh Lee
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park 94025
Stanford Research Institute
Dr. William R. Mabey
333 Pavenswood Avenue
Menlo Park 94025
Stanford Research Institute
Hopkins Marine Station
Pacific Grove 93950
41
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Stanford Research Institute
Hydraulics Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering
Stanford 94305
Systems Control, Incorporated
1801 Page Mill Road
Palo Alto 94302
TRW, Incorporated
1 Space Park
Redondo Beach 90278
Tetra Tech, Incorporated
Dr. Carl W. Chen
3700 Mount Diablo Boulevard
Lafayette 94549
Tetra Tech, Incorporated
630 North Rosemead Boulevard
Pasadena 91107
University of California
Dr. Donald G. Crosby
Davis 95616
University of California
Professor C.S. Foote
Department of Chemistry
Los Angeles 90024
University of California
Professor David Jenkins
Sanitary Engineering Research
Laboratory
1301 South 46th Street
Richmond 94804
University of California
Dr. Ray Krone
Civil Engineering
Davis 95616
University of California
Dr. G. Taborsky
Marine Laboratory
Santa Barbara 93106
University of California
Dr. Kenneth E.F. Watt
Environmental Systems Group
Department of Zoology
Davis 95616
University of California
Dr. Kent Wilson
Department of Chemistry
La Jolla 92037
University of California
California Agricultural Experiment
Station
2200 University Avenue
Berkeley 94720
University of California
Dr. Hugo Fisher
Hydraulic Laboratory
0'Brian Hall
Berkeley 94720
University of California
Hydraulic Laboratory for Oceanography
P.O. Box 1529
La Jolla 92037
University of California
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
P.O. Box 808
Livermore 94550
University of California
School of Agriculture
Riverside 92502
University of California
Dr. Herb Snyder
Water Resources Center
Davis 95616
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park 94025
Water Resources Engineers, Incorporated
Dr. Dan Envanson, Vice-President
710 South Broadway
Walnut Creek 94596
42
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Water Resources Engineers,
Incorporated
Dr. Larry Roesner
710 South Broadway
Walnut Creek 94596
Water Resources Engineers,
Incorporated
Dr. H.N. Shubinski
710 South Broadway
Walnut Creek 94596
COLORADO
Colorado State University
Dr. C. Byron Winn
Computer Science Department
Fort Collins 80521
Colorado State University
Water Intelligence Systems Study
Civil Engineering Department
Fort Collins 80521
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
Environmental Research Laboratory
3100 Marine Avenue
Boulder 80302
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Box 25046
Denver 80225
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
American Iron and Steel Institute
Dr. John P. Roche
1000 Sixteenth Street, North-West
Washington 20036
American Petroleum Institute
Dr. Frank N. Ikard
1801 K Street, North-West
Washington 20006
Delaware River Basin Commission
Office of the U.S. Commissioner
Room 2347
Department of the Interior Building
18th and C Streets, North-West
Washington 20240
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Systems Modeling Branch
401 M Street, South-West
Washington 20460
Naval Research Laboratory
Ms. Constance Patouillet
4555 Overlook Avenue, South-West
Washington 20375
U.S. Navy
Computation and Mathematics Department
Washington 20034
Water Pollution Control Federation
Dr. Robert A. Canham
3900 Wisconsin Avenue, North-West
Washington 20016
CONNECTICUT
Environmental Protection Research
Institute
24 Central Avenue
Waterbury 06702
University of Connecticut
Dr. Peter Dehlinger
Marine Sciences Institute
Avery Point
Groton 06340
FLORIDA
Connell-Metcalf and Eddy, Incorporated
1320 South Dixie Highway
Coral Gables 33134
Consulting Engineers
Mr. William Bishop
317 East Virginia Street
Tallahassee 32302
43
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State University of Florida
Graduate School
Saint Petersburg 33730
State University of Florida
School of Agriculture
Gainesville 32601
State University of Florida
School of Arts and Sciences
205 Wildwood Drive
Tallahassee 32306
State University of Florida
School of Engineering
204 Tigert Hall
Gainesville 32601
University of Florida
Dr. J.F. Darby
Agriculture Research and Education
Center
P.O. Box 909
Sanford 32771
University of Florida
Dr. James M. Davidson
Soil Science Department
2169 McCarty Hall
Gainesville 32611
University of Florida
Dr. Alex E.S. Green
221 SSRB
Gainesville 32611
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Miami 33130
GEORGIA
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Atlanta 30309
IDAHO
University of Idaho
Engineering Experiment Station
Moscow 83843
ILLINOIS
Argonne National Laboratory
Dr. David N. Edgington
9700 South Case Avenue
Argonne 60439
Illinois Institute of Technology
Dr. E.H. Schulz
IIT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago 60616
University of Chicago
School of Social Science
5081 South Ellis Avenue
Chicago 60637
University of Illinois
Civil Engineering Research
Laboratories
1114 Civil Engineering Building
Urbana 61801
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Tallahassee 32304
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Tampa 33602
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Winter Park 32789
University of Illinois
Hydrosystems Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering
Urbana 61801
44
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INDIANA
Indiana University
Professor Rovert V. Ruke
Water Resources Research Center
1005 East 10th Street
Bloomington 47401
Purdue University
Dr. Robert Bonczek, Assistant
Professor
Department of Management and
Computer Science
Krannert Building
West Lafayette 47907
Purdue University
Dr. A.B. Whinston
Department of Management
Krannert Building
West Lafayette 47907
Purdue University
Water Resources Research Center
West Lafayette 47906
I Off A
Iowa Department of Environmental
Quality
Dr. Dennis Arthur Quan
3920 Delaware Avenue
P.O. Box 3326
Des Moines 50316
Iowa State University of Science
and Technology
Agriculture Experiment Station
Beardshear Hall
Ames 50010
University of Iowa
Dr. Tom Croley
Institute of Hydraulic Research
Iowa City 52240
University of Iowa
Dr. W.J. Hausler
State Hygienic Laboratory
Medical Laboratories Building
Iowa City 52242
KANSAS
Kansas State University
Mr. J.K. Koelliker
School of Engineering
Anderson Hall
Manhattan 66502
University of Kansas
Water Resources Research Institute
Lawrence 66044
KENTUCKY
University of Kentucky
Dr. Robert B. Grieves
Kentucky Water Resources Research
Institute
University Station
Lexington 40506
LOUISIANA
Louisiana State University
Dr. Philip W. West
Institute for Environmental Science
Coates Chemical Laboratories
Baton Rouge 70803
Louisiana Technology University
Division of Engineering Research
P.O. Box 4875, Tech Station
Ruston 71270
Tulane University
Dr. James Mason
Environmental Health Sciences
Research Laboratory
F. Edward Hebert Research Center
New Orleans 70118
45
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MAINE
University of Maine
Dr. M. Wayne Hall
Water Resources Research Center
Auburn Hall
Bangor 04401
MARYLAND
Annapolis Field Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Annapolis Science Center
Annapolis 21401
Johns Hopkins University
Mr. D.W. Pritchard
Chesapeake Bay Institute
Box 32A, RFD #3
Back Creek and Edgewood Road
Annapolis 21218
Hittman Corporation
9190 Red Branch Road
Columbia 21045
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
Washington Science Center
Rockville 20850
University of Maryland
Dr. James E. Ayars
College of Agriculture
Department of Agricultural
Engineering
College Park 20742
University of Maryland
Dr. R.L. Green
Water Resources Research Center
Shriver Laboratory
College Park 20742
University of Maryland
Dr. Lamar Harris, Chairman
Agriculture Engineering
Shriver Laboratory
College Park 20742
University of Maryland
Dr. H.N. Holtan, Lecturer
Agriculture Engineering Department
College Park 20742
University of Maryland
School of Engineering
College Park 20740
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Center
Beltsville 20765
U.S. Department of Commerce
Engineering Development Laboratory
6001 Executive Boulevard
Rockville 20852
MASSACHUSETTS
Bolt, Beranete and Newman,
Incorporated
50 Moulton Street
Cambridge 02138
Clark University
Dr. Harry F. Schwarz, Professor
Environmental Affairs
Worcester 01601
Harvard University
Dr. J. Carrell Morris
Division of Engineering and Applied
Physics
127 Pierce Hall
Cambridge 02138
Harvard University
School of Engineering
Cambridge Station
Cambridge 02138
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. David H. Marks, Professor
Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water
Resources and Hydrodynamics
Department of Civil Engineering
Building 48-305
Cambridge 02139
46
-------
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. Nicolas P. Negroponte
Department of Computer Graphics
Cambridge 02139
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. Keith Stolzenback
Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water
Resources and Hydrodynamics
Department of Civil Engineering
Building 48-305
Cambridge 02139
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Division of Sponsored Research
Cambridge 02139
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
School of Engineering
Cambridge 02139
Meta Systems, Incorporated
10 Holworthy Street
Cambridge 02138
Mitre Corporation
Burlington Road
Bedford 01730
Resource Analysis, Incorporated
Director
Cambridge 92139
Resource Analysis, Incorporated
Dr. Brendan M. Harley, President
Hydrology - Water Resource Systems
- Public Systems
Cambridge 02138
Resource Analysis, Incorporated
Dr. Guillermo J. Vincens
Hydrology - Water Resource Systems
- Public Systems
Cambridge 02138
University of Massachusetts
Dr. Warren Litsky
Department of Environmental Sciences
Amherst 01002
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
150 Causeway Street
Boston 02203
Urban Water Resources Research
Program
American Society of Civil Engineers
23 Watson Street
Marblehead 01945
MICHIGAN
Cranbrook Institute of Science
500 Lone Pine Road
Bloomfield Hills 48013
Michigan State University
Dr. Bill Cooper
Department of Zoology
Lansing 48824
University of Michigan
Mr. R.H. Kadlec
School of Engineering
Ann Arbor 48106
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Okemos 48864
Wayne State University
Detroit 48202
MINNESOTA
University of Minnesota
School of Forestry
105 Merrill Hall
Minneapolis 55101
University of Minnesota
USDA Street, Anthony Falls
Laboratory
Mississippi River and 3rd Avenue
Minneapolis 55414
-------
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Minneapolis 55414
MISSISSIPPI
University of Missouri
Dr. Elmer R. Kiehl
Missouri Agriculture Experiment
Station
2-69 Agriculture Building
Columbia 65201
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Dr. Rex Eley
Waterways Experiment Station
Environmental Laboratory
P.O. Box 631
Vicksburg 39180
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Mr. Donald L. Robey
Waterways Experiment Station
P.O. Box 631
Vicksburg 39180
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Mr. Thomas Walski
Waterways Experiment Station
P.O. Box 631
Vicksburg 39180
University of Mississippi
Forest Hydrology Laboratory
P.O. Box 947
Oxford 38655
MONTANA
Montana State University
Dr. Donald W. Boyd, Associate
Professor
Department of Industrial Engineering
and Computer Sciences
Bozeman 50715
Montana State University
Dr. David G. Stuart, Director
Water Resources Research Center
349 Reid Hall
Bozeman 59715
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Billings 59103
NEBRASKA
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Bay Saint Louis 39520
MISSOURI
University of Nebraska
Agriculture Experiment Station
Lincoln 68508
University of Nebraska
School of Engineering
Lincoln 68508
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas 64110
NEVADA
University of Missouri
Dr. Sotirios G. Grigoropoulos
Environmental Research Center
Rolla 65401
National Environmental Research
P.O. Box 15027
Las Vegas 89114
University of Nevada
Desert Research Institute
Reno 89507
48
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NEW HAMPSHIRE
University of New Hampshire
Professor Gordon L. Byers
Water Resources Research Center
James Hall
Durham 03824
University of New Hampshire
Institute of Natural and
Environmental Resources
Pettee Hall
Durham 03824
NEW JERSEY
Clinton Bogert Associates
2125 Center Avenue
Fort Lee 07024
Fairleigh Dickinson University
Dr. Wallace Arthur
Science and Engineering Research
Center
1000 River Road
Teaneck 07666
HydroScience, Incorporated
Director
363 Old Hook Road
Westwood 07675
Rutgers University
Mr. William Whipple
Water Resources Research Institute
Cook College Campus
New Brunswick 08903
Princeton University
Princeton 08540
NEW MEXICO
Computer Graphics
Dr. Melvin L. Prueitt, President
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Los Alamos 97544
New Mexico State University
Agriculture Experiment Station
University Park
Las Cruces 88070
NEW YORK
Brookhaven National Laboratories
Computer Center
Upton, Long Island 11973
Clarkson College of Technology
Mr. Albert Balugian
Division Research
Potsdam 13676
Cornell University
Professor D.P. Loucks
Civil Engineering
Ithaca 14850
Cornell Universith
Dr. Carl Schofield
Ithaca 14850
Cornell University
Professor Leonard B. Sworsky
Environmental Civil Engineering
302 Hillister Hall
Ithaca 14850
City University of New York
Dr. Eric Posnentier
Institute of Marine and Atmospheric
Science
675 West 252nd Street
Bronx 10471
Grumman Ecosystems Corporation
111-T Stewart Avenue
Bethpage 11714
Halcon Computer Technology,
Incorporated
2 Pennsylvania Plaza
New York 10016
IBM
Mr. Robert Morris
Armonk 10504
49
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IBM Research Center
Dr. Samuel Smart
Yorktown Heights 10598
International Ozone Institute
Dr. Myron E. Browning, Managing
Director
Skytop Merrill Lane
Syracuse 13210
Manhattan College
School of Engineering
4513 Manhattan College Parkway
Bronx 10471
NASA Space Study
Dr. Jerome Spar
2880 Broadway Avenue
New York 10031
New York Ocean Science Laboratory
Dr. Hollman
P.O. Drawer EE
Mantauk 11954
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Dr. Richard A. Park
Freshwater Institute and Department
of Geology
Troy 12181
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Office of Research and Sponsored
Programs
Troy 12181
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Office of Research and Sponsored
Programs
Computer Center
Troy 12181
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Soil Mechanics Laboratory
Eighth Street
Troy 12181
Syracuse Research Corporation
Dr. Lionel H. Naum, Director
Merrill Lane
Syracuse 13210
State University of New York
Dr. Peter Brown
Lake Ontario Environmental Laboratory
Oswego 13126
State University of New York
Dr. Donald C. McNaught
Department of Biological Sciences
Albany 12203
State University of New York
Dr. Robert A. Sweeney, Director
1300 Elmwood Avenue
Great Lakes Laboratory
Buffalo 14222
State University of New York
College at Fredonia
Lake Erie Environmental Studies Group
Fredonia 14063
NORTH CAROLINA
National Environmental Research
Center
University Park
Research Triangle Park 27711
North Carolina State University
Dr. Irving S. Goldstein, Head
Department of Wood and Paper Science
Box 5488
Raleigh 27607
North Carolina State University
Dr. R.G. Hitchings, Professor
School of Forest Resources
Robertson Pulp and Paper Laboratory
Box 5516
Raleigh 27607
North Carolina State University
Dr. Frank Humenik
Biological and Agricultural
Engineering Department
Raleigh 27607
50
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U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Raleigh 27607
Kent State University
Dr. E.P. Wenninger, Director
Environment Systems
Kent 44242
NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota State University
Dr. Dale 0. Anderson
North Dakota Water Resources
Research Institute
State University Station
Fargo 58102
University of North Dakota
Professor Joe K. Neel
University Biological Station
Grand Forks 58201
National Environmental Research
Center
Systems Modeling Branch
Cincinnati 45268
Ohio State University
Dr. Edwin E. Smith
Chemical Engineering Research Unit
140 West 19th Avenue
Columbus 43210
Ohio State University
Dr. Robert Steifel, Director
Water Resources Center
1791 Neil Avenue
Columbus 43210
OHIO
Battelle Memorial Institute
Dr. Sherwood L. Fawcett
505 King Avenue
Columbus 43201
Battelle Memorial Institute
Dr. Ted Thomas
505 King Avenue
Columbus 43201
Case Western Reserve University
Dr. Peter Melnyk
Chemical Engineering Department
Cleveland 44106
Case Western Reserve University
School of Arts
2040 Adelbert Road
Cleveland 44106
Cleveland State University
Dr. Maryl Galloway
Department of Chemical Engineering
Cleveland 44115
Ohio State University
Engineering Experiment Station
2070 Neil Avenue
Columbus 43210
University of Cincinnati
Clifton Avenue
Cincinnati 45221
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Federal Office Building
550 Main Street
Cincinnati 45202
W.E. Gates and Associates,
Incorporated
Dr. Richard M. Males
Cincinnati 45268
Youngstown state University
Dr. Michael Householder, Chairman
Department of chemical Engineering
Youngstown 44503
51
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OKLAHOMA
PENNSYLVANIA
Oklahoma State University
Dr. Troy C. Dorris
Reservoir Research Center
Stillwater 74074
Oklahoma State University
Agriculture Experiment Station
107 Whitehurst Hall
Stillwater 74074
OREGON
Environmental Protection Agency
Dr. Mustafa Shirazi
Corvallis 97330
Oregon State University
Dr. A.F. Bartsch
National Environmental Research
Center
200 South-West 35th Street
Corvallis 97331
Oregon State University
Dr. William Buckley
Water Resources Research Institute
Covell Hall
Corvallis 97331
Oregon State University
Dr. Virgin H. Freed
Department of Agricultural Chemistry
Corvallis 97331
Oregon State University
Dr. Charles E. Warren
Pacific Fisheries and Water
Pollution Laboratory
315 Extension Hall
Corvallis 97331
Oregon State University
Oregon Agricultural Experiment
Station
Corvallis 97331
Carnegie-Mellon University
Dr. Robert W. Dunlap
Environmental Studies Institute
Schenley Park
Pittsburgh 15213
Drexel University
Dr. I. Suffet
School of Science
32nd and Chestnut Streets
Philadelphia 19104
Drexel University
School of Engineering
32nd and Chestnut Streets
Philadelphia 19104
Pennsylvania State University
Dr. Robert L. Butler
Pennsylvania Cooperative Fishery Unit
208 Life Science Building
University Park 16802
Pennsylvania State University
Professor Paul Ebaugh
Engineering Research Program
105 Hammond Building
University Park 16802
Pennsylvania State University
Institute for Research on Land and
Water Resources
108 Research Building A
University Park 16802
Pennsylvania State University
USDA Soil and Water Conservation
Division
201 Shields Building
University Park 16802
University City Science Center
Institute
3568 Market Avenue
Philadelphia 19104
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Harrisburg 17104
52
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RHODE ISLAND
Brown University
Dr. John 0. Edwards
Department of Chemistry
Providence 02912
Raytheon Company
1847 West Main Road
Portsmouth 02871
University of Rhode Island
Dr. A. Ralph Thompson
Water Resources Center
213 Crawford Hall
Kingston 02881
SOUTH CAROLINA
Clemson University
Water Resources Research Institute
Clemson 29631
Dupont de Nemours and Company
Mr. D.W. Hayes
Aiken 29801
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Columbia 29204
SOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota State University
Dr. Donald C. Hales
Cooperative Fishery Unit
Wildlife Building
Brookings 57006
South Dakota State University
Mr. Den J.O. Storry
Engineering Experiment Station
Brookings 57006
South Dakota State University
Dr. John L. Wiersma
Water Resources Institute
Brookings 57006
South Dakota State University
Remote Sensing Institute
Brookings 57006
TENNESSEE
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. W.R. Emanuel
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. Robert A. Goldstein
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X, Building 2001
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. Dale D. Huff
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. D.C. Parzyck
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. M.R. Patterson
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. John Shepard
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. H.H. Shugart
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X, Building 3017
Oak Ridge 37830
53
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Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Environmental Research, Director
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37831
University of Tennessee
Professor Floyd C. Larson
Water Resources Research Center
Knoxville 37916
Vanderb ilt University
Professor Barry A. Benedict
Water Resources Scientific
Information Center
Nashville 57203
TEXAS
North Texas State University
Dr. W.H. Glaze
Institute for Environmental Studies
Box 5057, N.T. Station
Denton 76203
Texas ASM University
Dr. J.R. Runkles
Water Resources Institute
College Station 77843
Texas ASM University
School of Engineering
P.O. Box FE 44
College Station 77843
Texas Instruments, Incorporated
Dr. Robert Stratton, Director
Central Research Laboratories
P.O. Box 5936
Dallas 75222
Texas Instruments, Incorporated
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5474
Dallas 75222
Texas Tech University
Water Resources Center
Lubbock 79409
University of Texas
Dr. Bassett Maguire, Jr.
Department of Zoology
Austin 78712
University of Texas
School of Engineering
200 West 21st Street
Austin 78712
UTAH
Utah State University
School of Agriculture
Agricultural Science Building,
Room 223A
Logan 84321
Utah State University
Utah Center for Water Resources
Research, UMC 82
Logan 84322
VERMONT
Aquatec, Incorporated
1025 Airport Drive
Burlington 05401
VIRGINIA
Chase, Rosen and Wallace
901 North Washington Street
Alexandria 22313
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
Dr. Charles W. Steger
College of Architecture and Urban
Systems
Blacksburg 24061
54
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Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
School of Engineering
Burruss Hall
Blacksburg 24601
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
12202 Sunrise Valley Drive
Herndon 22092
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Dr. U.E. McKelney, Director
Reston 22092
WASHINGTON
WISCONSIN
Institute of Environmental Studies
Dr. Peter Weiler
WARF Building, Room 511
610 North Walnut Street
Madison 53706
Milwaukee School of Engineering
Dr. Robert W. Braun
Environmental and Water Resources
Laboratory
1025 North Milwaukee Street
Milwaukee 53201
University of Wisconsin
Dr. John A. Hoopes/ Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Madison 53706
Battelle-Northwest
Dr. Ronald C. Routson
P.O. Box 999
Richland 99352
University of Washington
Fisheries Research Institute
Seattle 98195
University of Washington
School of Engineering
206 Guggenheim Hall
Seattle 98105
Washington State University
School of Agriculture
Pullman 99163
Washington State University
School of Science
Pullman 99163
Washington State University
State of Washington Water Resources
Center
Pullman 99163
University of Wisconsin
Dr. Byron H. Shaw
School of Natural Resources
Stevens Point 54481
University of Wisconsin
Dr. Roger A. Simons
Science and Environmental Department
Green Bay 54302
University of Wisconsin
Water Resources Center
Agriculture Hall
Madison 53706
WYOMING
University of Wyoming
Mr. R.D. Kerr
Water Resources Research Institute
P.O. Box 3038
University Station
Laramie 82070
55
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CANADA
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
Dr. K. Kranck
Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory
Box 1006
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2
Mr. James F. MacLaren
435 McNicoll Avenue
Willowdale, Ontario
McMaster University
Dr. K. L. Murphy
Wastewater Research Group
Department of Chemical Engineering
Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7
University of British Columbia
Dr. C.S. Holling
Resource Science Centre
Vancouver 8, British Columbia
University of British Columbia
Dr. Laurie Parker
Department of Computer Science
Vancouver 8, British Colximbia
University of Manitoba
Dr. G.H. Lawler
Freshwater Institute
501 University Crescent
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6
University of Saskatchewan
Dr. F.M. Atton
Saskatchewan Fisheries Laboratory
122 S.R.C. Building
30 Campus Drive
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
University of Toronto
Dr. D. Mackay
Department of Chemistry Engineering
and Applied Chemistry
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4
FRANCE
ARLAB
Dr. Yves Emsellem, President
Directeur General
Service de 1'Environnement et de la
Protection des Consommateurs
Sophia-Antipolis, Valbone 06560
ARLAB
Dr. Jean Pierre Bordet
Laboratoire d'Hydrogeologie
Sophia-Antipolis, Valbone 06560
56
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SECTION 4
OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH
The feasibility and optimal integration, simulation, and analysis of
pollution control strategies rest crucially on several indispensable
ingredients. The main thrust underlining the recommendations of this study
constitutes an on-line interactive graphic model, a series of standardized
modules of selected water quality models, and a calibrated dynamic data base
structure. Endorsement was drawn from material gathered in basically four
ways:
1. An extensive search of the literature;
2. Systematically soliciting information for the development of the GEP
system;
3. Site visits to individual campuses and private organizations; and
4. Conference attendance.
LITERATURE SEARCH
Expansion of the search of all indices listed (Appendix A) would be un-
necessarily extraneous and lengthy. The Government Reports Announcement and
Index (GRA) will be used as a paradigm of the search process since work in
this field is largely supported by the Federal Government. The GRA is the
prime index of the National Technical Information Service's reports and
documents.
First, regardless of the date of publication, the obvious identifiers
were searched. The pertinent identifiers for the GRA search were:
1. Mathematical Models (predictive models, e.g., regression, deter-
ministic, stochastic);
2. Environmental Modeling (e.g., loading, routing);
3. Water Quality Management (watershed management);
4. Water Pollution (in aquatic systems, basin-wide);
-------
5. Water Quality Control (monitor);
6. Water Runoff (transport of pollutants on land and water);
7. Storm Water Runoff (agricultural runoff).
Though of narrower scope than the others, the last three identifiers were
found to be quite important due to the extensive research accomplished in
these areas. The inquiry focused next on specific and interrelated key words:
water quality data, water quality standards, water reclamation, water
resources, water storage, water supplies, watersheds, basin, rivers, stream
flow, lakes, bays, estuaries, drainage, stream pollution, land use,
irrigation, tributaries, eutrophication, hydrology, ecology, data processing-
ecology and data processing-biology.
Proliferation and duplication of subclassifications generated for the
most part irrelevant references encountered in searching pre-coordinated
indices. Although there are obvious variations in vocabulary between the
indices, those similarly structured were searched in much the same manner.
Of course, some indices are radically different. Computing Reviews, for
example, is arranged in classified order and includes no description index.
The following sections were explored issue by issue: Applications-Natural
Sciences, Functions-Simulation and Modeling, and Functions-Graphics.
Certain indices were used as follow-ups to the prime indices. Nuclear
Science Abstracts is cross-referenced by GRA. The Science Citation Index
permits the tracing of key documents through the current literature.
All citations deemed pertinent were obtained either from the State
University of New York's Plattsburgh Library or on inter-library loan through
the North Country Reference and Research Resources Council. Some key
documents were purchased, for example, from the Smithsonian Science
Information Exchange (SSIE) . The particular purchase of the standard
formulary "Notice of Research Project" helped bridge the critical gap between
the time a research project is initiated and the time its results are
published by supplying information about on-going research in environmental
science.
In addition to the facts obtained from on-going research, several custom
searches were made for historical information of five years prior to the
active file of selected principal or co-investigator names. Because of the
limitation of facilities at hand, on-line data base searches performed were
generally found to be less informative and often inadequate.
A few words about the bibliography are necessary. Approximeitely one-
tenth of the total citations considered were included in the final
bibliography. Moreover., due to the unusual circumstance of the three-month
United Parcel strike, several pertinent documents and reports did not arrive
in time to be considered. The final bibliography should be considered as a
supplement to the most recent review which compiles, as of 1968, the state-of-
the-art of urban water modeling with 161 citations by Sonnen et al. (1976),,
-------
Appendix D
LIST OF RESPONDENTS
(Listed in alphabetical order by state and institution)
This list is made of 68 respondents to the first letter which solicited
leaders in the field of water quality modeling and computer software analysis.
CALIFORNIA
Berkeley University
Dr. Robert Selick, Professor of
Civil Engineering
Berkeley 94720
Compass Systems, Incorporated
Dr. Roger A, Bauer, President
4640 Jewell Street, Number 204
San Diego 92109
Department of Water Resources
Mr. Richard J. Lerseth
Delta Branch, Environmental Studies
Sacramento 95814
Environmental Dynamics, Incorporated
Dr. John A. Dracup, President
1609 Westwood Boulevard, suite 202/3
Los Angeles 90024
Hydrocomp, Incorporated
Dr. Norman H. Crawford, President
1502 Page Mill Road
Palo Alto 94304
Hydrocomp, Incorporated
Mr. Jean Jacques Heler, Senior
Systems Designer
1502 Page Mill Road
Palo Alto 94304
Hydrologic Engineering Center
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Dr. Jess Abbott, Research
Hydraulic Engineer
609 Second Street
Davis 95616
Hydrologic Engineering Center
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Dr, Darryl W. David
609 Second Street
Davis 95616
Hydrologic Engineering Center
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Dr. Jerry R.G. Willey
609 Second Street
Davis 95616
IBM Corporation
Dr. Hilary Stinton
Monterey and Cottle Roads
San Jose 95193
Resource Management Associates
Dr. Jerry Orlob
3700 Mount Diablo Boulevard
Lafayette 94549
Stanford Research Institute
Dr. Shonh Lee
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park 94025
57
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Stanford Research Institute
Dr. William R. Mabey
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park 94025
Tetra Tech, Incorporated
Dr. Carl W. Chen
Environmental Systems Engineering
3700 Mount Diablo Boulevard
Lafayette 94549
University of California
Dr. Hugo Fisher
Hydraulic Laboratory
Berkeley 94720
University of California
Dr. Kent Wilson, Professor
Department of Chemistry
La Jolla 92037
Water Resources Engineers,
Incorporated
Dr. Dan Envanson, Vice-President
710 South Broadway
Walnut Creek 94596
INDIANA
Purdue University
Dr. Robert Bonczek
Department of Management and
Computer Science
Krannert Building
West Lafayette 47907
Purdue University
Dr. Andrew Whinston, Professor
Department of Management
Krannert Building
West Lafayette 47907
IOWA
Iowa Department of Environmental
Quality
Dr. Dennis Arthur Quan
3920 Delaware Avenue
P.O. Box 3326
Des Moines 50316
Water Resources Engineers,
Incorporated
Dr. Larry Roesner
710 South Broadway
Walnut Creek 94596
MARYLAND
Agricultural Research Center
Dr. Edwin T. Engman, Chief
Building 007, ARC-West, Room 139
Beltsville 20705
FLORIDA
University of Florida
Dr. James M. Davidson, Professor
Soil Science Department
2169 McCarty Hall
Gainesville 32611
University of Maryland
Dr. James E. Ayars
College of Agriculture
Department of Agricultural
Engineering
College Park 20742
University of Maryland
Dr. Lamar Harris, Chairman
Agriculture Engineering
Shriver Laboratory
College Park 20742
University of Maryland
Dr. H.N. Holtan, Lecturer
Agriculture Engineering Department
College Park 20742
58
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MASSACHUSETTS
Clark University
Dr. Harry F. Schwarz, Professor
Environmental Affairs
Worcester 01601
University of Massachusetts
Dr. Warren Litsky
Department of Environmental Sciences
Amherst 01002
Harvard University
Dr. J. Carrell Morris
Division of Engineering and Applied
Physics
127 Pierce Hall
Cambridge 02138
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. David H. Marks, Professor
Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water
Resources and Hydrodynamics
Department of Civil Engineering
Building 48-305
Cambridge 02139
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. Nicolas P. Negroponte
Department of Computer Graphics
Cambridge 02139
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. Keith Stolzenback
Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water
Resources and Hydrodynamics
Department of Civil Engineering
Building 48-305
Cambridge 02139
Resource Analysis, Incorporated
Dr. Brendan M. Harley, President
Hydrology - Water Resource Systems
- Public Systems
1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge 02138
Resource Analysis, Incorporated
Dr. Guillermo J. Vincens
Hydrology - Water Resource Systems
- Public Systems
1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge 02138
MISSISSIPPI
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Dr. Rex Eley
Waterways Experiment Station
P.O. Box 631
Vicksburg 39180
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Mr. Donald L. Robey
Waterways Experiment Station
P.O. Box 631
Vicksburg 39180
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Mr. Thomas Walski
Waterways Experiment Station
P.O. Box 631
Vicksburg 39180
MONTANA
Montana State University
Dr. Donald W. Boyd, Associate
Professor
Department of Industrial Engineering
and Computer Sciences
Bozeman 50715
Montana State University
Dr. David G. Stuart, Director
Water Resources Research Center
349 Reid Hall
Bozeman 59715
59
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NEW JERSEY
Rutgers University
Mr. William Whipple
Water Resources Research Institute
Cook College Campus
New Brunswick 08903
NEW MEXICO
State University of New York
Dr. Robert A. Sweeney, Director
1300 Elmwood Avenue
Great Lakes Laboratory
Buffalo 14222
Syracuse Research Corporation
Dr. Lionel H. Naum, Director
Merrill Lane
Syracuse 13210
Computer Graphics
Dr. Melvin L. Prueitt, President
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Los Alamos 87544
NEW YORK
Brookhaven National Laboratories
Computer Center
Upton, Long Island 11973
City University of New York
Dr. Eric Posnentier
Institute of Marine and Atmospheric
Science
675 West 252nd Street
Bronx 10471
International Ozone Institute
Dr. Myron E. Browning, Managing
Director
Skytop Merrill Lane
Syracuse 13210
New York Ocean Science Laboratory
Dr. Hollman
P.O. Drawer EE
Montauk 11954
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Dr. Richard A. Park
Freshwater Institute and Department
of Geology
Troy 12181
NORTH CAROLINA
North Carolina State University
Dr. Irving S. Goldstein, Head
Department of Wood and Paper Science
Box 5488
Raleigh 27607
North Carolina State University
Dr. R.G. Hitchings, Professor
School of Forest Resources
Robertson Pulp and Paper Laboratory
Box 5516
Raleigh 27607
OHIO
Ohio State University
Dr. Robert C. Steifel, Director
Water Resources Center
1791 Neil Avenue
Columbus 43210
W.E. Gates and Associates,
Incorporated
Dr. Richard M. Males
1515 Cincinnati-Batavia Pike
Batavia 45268
Youngstown State University
Dr. Michael Householder, Chairman
Department of Chemical Engineering
Youngstown 44555
60
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OREGON
TEXAS
Environmental Protection Agency
Dr. Mustafa Shirazi
Corvallis 97330
Texas Instruments, Incorporated
Dr. Robert Stratton, Director
Central Research Laboratories
P.O. Box 5936
Dallas 75222
TENNESSEE
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. W.R. Emanuel
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. Dale D. Huff
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. D.C. Parzyck
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. M.R. Patterson
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. John Shepard
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. H.H. Shugart
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge 37830
UTAH
Utah State University
Dr. David Bowles
Water Resources Research, UMC 68
Logan 84322
VIRGINIA
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
Dr. Charles W. Steger
Division of Environmental and Urban
Systems
Blacksburg 24061
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Dr. U.S. McKelney, Director
Reston 22092
WISCONSIN
University of Wisconsin
Dr. John A. Hoopes, Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Madison 53706
University of Wisconsin
Dr. Byron H. Shaw
School of Natural Resources
Stevens Point 54481
61
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CANADA
University of Toronto
Dr. D. Mackay, Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
and Applied Chemistry
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4
FRANCE
ARLAB
Dr. Yves Emsellem, President
Directeur General
Service de 1"Environnement et de la
Protection des Consommateurs
Sophia-Antipolis, Valbone 06560
62
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Appendix E
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
(Listed in alphabetical order by institutions)
This list represents the various universities, firms and institutions who
participated and contributed their expertise toward the major problems and
issues that were identified and discussed during the several site visitations
and lengthy telephone calls made during the course of this investigation.
Agricultural Research Center
Dr. Edwin T. Engman, Chief
Building 007, ARC-West, Room 139
Beltsville, MD 20705
Compass Systems, Incorporated
Dr. Roger A. Bauer, President
4640 Jewell Street, Number 204
San Diego, CA 92109
City University of New York
Dr. Eric Posnentier
Institute of Marine and Atmospheric
Science
675 West 252nd Street
Bronx, NY 10471
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Dr. Rex Eley
Mr. Donald L. Robey
Mr. Thomas Walski
Waterways Experiment Station
P.O. Box 631
Vicksburg, MS 39180
Department of Water Resources
Mr. Richard J. Lerseth
Delta Branch, Environmental Studies
Sacramento, CA 95814
Environmental Dynamics, Incorporated
Dr. John A. Dracup, President
1609 Westwood Boulevard, suite 202/3
Los Angeles, CA 90024
Hydrocomp, Incorporated
Dr. Norman H. Crawford, President
Mr. Jean Jacques Heler
1502 Page Mill Road
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Hydrologic Engineering Center
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Dr. Jess Abbott
Dr. Jerry R.G. Willey
609 Second Street
Davis, CA 95616
Iowa Department of Environmental
Quality
Dr. Dennis Arthur Quan
3920 Delaware Avenue
P.O. Box 3326
Des Moines, IA 50316
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. David H. Marks, Professor
Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water
Resources and Hydrodynamics
Department of Civil Engineering
Building 48-305
Cambridge, MA 02139
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Montana State University
Dr. Donald W. Boyd, Associate
Professor
Department of Industrial Engineering
and Computer Sciences
Bozeman, MT 50715
Montana State University
Dr. David G. Stuart, Director
Water Resources Research Center
349 Reid Hall
Bozeman, MT 59715
New York Ocean Science Laboratory
Dr. Hollman
P.O. Drawer EE
Montauk, NY 11954
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. Dale D. Huff
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
Ohio State University
Dr. Robert C. Steifel, Director
Water Resources Center
1791 Neil Avenue
Columbus, OH 43210
Purdue University
Dr. Robert Bonczek
Dr. Andrew Whinston, Professor
Department of Management and
Computer Science
Krannert Building
West Lafayette, IN 47907
Raytheon Company
Dr. Stan Chamberlain, Manager
Systems Analysis Group
Oceanographic and Environmental
Service
Box 360
Portsmouth, RI 02871
Resource Analysis, Incorporated
Dr. Brendan M. Harley, President
Dr. Guillermo J. Vincens
Hydrology - Water Resource Systems
- Public Systems
1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Dr. Richard A. Park
Freshwater Institute and Department
of Geology
Troy, NY 12181
Stanford Research Institute
Dr. William R. Mabey
Dr. Shonh Lee
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Tetra Tech, Incorporated
Dr. Carl W. Chen
Environmental Systems Engineering
3700 Mount Diablo Boulevard
Lafayette, CA 94549
University of Maryland
Dr. James E. Ayars
Dr. Lamar Harris
Department of Agricultural Engineering
College Park, MD 20742
Utah State University
Dr. David Bowles
Water Resources Research, UMC 68
Logan, UT 84322
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
Dr. Charles W. Steger
Division of Environmental and Urban
Systems
Blacksburg, VA 24061
Water Resources Engineers,
Incorporated
Dr. Dan Envanson, Vice-President
Dr. Larry Roesner
710 South Broadway
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
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W.E. Gates and Associates,
Incorporated
Dr. Richard M. Males
1515 Cincinnati-Batavia Pike
Batavia, OH 45268
Youngstown State University
Dr. Michael Householder, Chairman
Department of Chemical Engineering
Youngstown, OH 44555
65
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Appendix F
LIST OF TRIPS TO CONFERENCES AND SITE VISITS
CONFERENCES ATTENDED
1. Symposium on
2. Conference
3. Conference
Nonbiological Transport and Transformation of
Pollutants on Land and Water. National Bureau of
Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, 11-13 May 1976.
The 1976 National Computer Conference.
7-10 June 1976.
New York, NY,
The 1976 American Statistical Association. Boston,
MA, 22-26 August 1976. The author presented a paper
at this meeting entitled "On the Sum of Truncated
Gamma Distributions."
TRAVEL MADE TO THE FOLLOWING SITES (listed in alphabetical order by state)
USA
California
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts
Mississippi
New Jersey
Berkeley
Davis
Lafayette
Menlo Park
Palo Alto
Stanford
Walnut Creek
West Lafayette
College Park
Amherst
Bedford
Boston
Cambridge
Vicksburg
New Brunswick
University of California
The Hydrologic Engineering Center
Resource Management Associates
Tetra Tech, Incorporated
Stanford Research Institute
Hydrocomp, Incorporated
Stanford University
Water Resources Engineers
Purdue University
University of Maryland-
University of Massachusetts
Tufts University
University of Boston
Harvard University
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers
Rutgers University
66
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New York
Ohio
Vermont
Canada
Quebec
France
Valbone
Albany
Brookport
New York
Oswego
Troy
Cleveland
Columbus
Kent
Burlington
Montreal
Sophia-Antipolis
State University of New York
State University of New York
City University of New York
State University of New York
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Cleveland State University
Case Western Reserve University
Battelle Memorial Institute
Ohio State University
Kent State University
University of Vermont
McGill University
ARLAB
Service de 1"Environnement
67
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Appendix G
LIST OF COMPUTER COLOR GRAPHICS FILMS
The following list of computer color graphics films were presented along
with the final report of this feasibility study to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency in Athens, GA, on 23 November 1976. These films were
utilized to exemplify and demonstrate the advantages and possibilities of
computer color graphics toward the application of future water quality
modeling.
1. Source:
Film Titles:
2. Source:
Film Title:
3. Source:
Film Title:
Los Alamos Scientifics Laboratory
Dr. M.L. Prueitt, President
Computer Graphics
Los Alamos, NM 87545
a. Interactive Graphics at LASL.
b. Physical Simulation with Computer Color Graphics.
c. Computer Color Generations.
Sandia Laboratories
Mr. Robert Colgan
Box 5800
Motion Picture Production Division
Albuquerque, NM 87115
Computer Graphics at Sandia Laboratories.
University of California at San Diego
The Sensus Bureau
Dr. Kent Wilson
Department of Chemistry
La Jolla, CA 92037
The Human Brain — A Dynamic View of Its Structures
and Its Organization Using Computer Color Graphics.
68
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-78-034
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Feasibility Study on Executive Program Development for
Basin Ecosystems Modeling
5. REPORT DATE
March 1978 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
Hubert Bouver
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
State University of New York
Department of Computer Science
Plattsburgh, New York 12901
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BA609
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R804637
12 SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory - Athens, GA
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Athens, Georgia 30605
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/01
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The project was undertaken in order to provide a feasibility study in developing
and implementing a complete executive program to interface automatically various
basin-wide water quality models for use by relatively inexperienced modelers.
This executive program should ultimately have the capability to integrate point
source and nonpoint source models to simulate and analyze the consequences of
implementing land use alternatives and pollution control strategies.
Interactive computer graphics display and software design to automatically
interface the basin ecosystem submodels were studied to reflect accurately the
present state-of-the-art.
A literature review was made to assess the state-of-the-art of urban water
quality mathematical modeling relative to their modularization for the executive
program. Particular attention was addressed to interactive computer graphic display
as the medium in which this executive program would be primarily utilized.
A phased implementation program for the executive model development was
suggested in cognizance of the current existing needs identified in this report.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Simulation
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
"Console-Display
Water Quality Models,
Interactive Graphic
Display, Graphic
Executive Program,
Programming Modules.
Data-Base, Data-Structure
Computer-Language
c. COSATI Field/Group
62A
62B
68D
72E
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19 SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
75
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
69
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