EPA/530/SW-158
JUNE 1975
              «c*»*
              Ajfe

          Jfflir^lBll wH _ ._


-------

-------
 STATE ACTIVITIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, 1974
       This report (SW-158) was compiled
             by RALPH J. BLACK
of the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
     U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                   1975

-------

-------
                            INTRODUCTORY NOTE







     Most of the State programs in solid waste management originated




only within the past decade, under the stimuli of Federal planning grants




and technical assistance authorized by the Solid Waste Disposal Act of




1965.  The programs at this time are generally limited in staffing and




scope of activity, although many have taken major strides, particularly




in improving land disposal practices.  To obtain an overview of the status




of the State programs, EPA's Office of Solid Waste Management Programs




asked each State agency to prepare a brief report covering their 1974




activities.  These reports are reproduced here as received for staff




informational use.
                                   iii

-------
                              CONTENTS

State Solid Waste Management Agencies 	vii
State Solid Waste Management Program Status Reports
     Alabama	1
     Alaska 	  7
     Arizona	12
     Arkansas	17
     California	23
     Colorado   	29
     Connecticut	33
     Delaware	40
     District of Columbia 	 Not Received
     Florida	45
     Georgia	Not Received
     Territory of Guam	Not Received
     Hawaii 	 Not Received
     Idaho	50
     Illinois 	 Not Received
     Indiana	53
     Iowa	Not Received
     Kansas	57
     Kentucky	59
     Louisiana  	 Not Received
     Maine	Not Received
     Maryland	63

-------
Massachusetts 	 67
Michigan	69
Minnesota	74
Mississippi	90
Missouri	94
Montana	98
Nebraska	104
Nevada	108
New Hampshire	110
New Jersey	112
New Mexico	115
New York	119
North Carolina	126
North Dakota	130
Ohio	135
Oklahoma	Not Received
Oregon	138
Pennsylvania	142
Puerto Rico	148
Rhode Island	159
South Carolina	164
South Dakota	168
Tennessee	172
Texas	177
Utah	182

-------
Vermont	185
Virginia	187
U.S. Virgin Islands	Not Received
Washington	192
West Virginia	203
Wisconsin	Not Received
Wyoming	211
                            vi

-------
                    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION A6ENCY
                  Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
                          Washington, D. C.  20460
                   State Solid Waste Management Agencies
                                 May 1975
Alabama
Alfred S. Chipley, Director
Division of Solid Waste
  and Vector Control
State Department of Public Health
State Office Building
Montgomery, Alabama  36104
FTS-(205) 534-7700
          832-6728
Alaska
Lance Elphic
Solid Waste Program Coordinator
Dept. of Environmental Conservation
State of Alaska
Pouch 0
Juneau, Alaska  99801
Seattle FTS-(206) 442-0111
            (907) 586-6721
American Samoa
M. J. Flanagan
Department of Public Works
Government of American Samoa
Pago Pago, American Samoa
Overseas Operator  (Commercial Call)
Arizona
John H. Beck
Division of Sanitation
Environmental  Health  Services
Arizona State  Dept. of  Health
1740 W. Adams  Street
Phoenix, Arizona   85017
(602) 271-4641  (Direct  Dial)
Arkansas
Ray Hightower, Chief
Division of Solid Waste
Arkansas Dept. of Pollution Control
 & Ecology
P.O. Box 9583
8001 National Drive
Little Rock, Arkansas  72209
FTS-(501) 378-5011
          371-1701
CALIFORNIA
Dr. Harvey Collins
Chief, Hazardous Waste Mgmt. Prograrr
Vector Control Bureau
State Department of Public Health
744 P Street
Sacramento, California  95814
FTS-(916) 449-2000
          322-2337

Albert A. Marino, Executive Director
California State Solid Waste Mgmt.  Board
Room 1335, Resources Building
1416  9th Street
Sacramento, California  95814
FTS-(916) 449-2000
          322-3330

Colorado
Orville F. Stoddard
State Dept. of Health
4210 East Eleventh Avenue
Denver, Colorado  80220
FTS-(303) 837-0111
          388-6111 Ext. 323
                                   vi i

-------
Connecticut
Joseph L. Boren, Director
Solid Waste "Management Programs
Department of  Environmental Protection
State of Connecticut
State Office Building, Room 248
Hartford, Connecticut  06115
(203) 566-3672  (Direct Dial)
Del aware
Pat Canzano, Chief. Solid Waste Section
Delaware Dept. of Natural Resources
  & Environmental Control
Edward Tatnall Building
Dover, Delaware  19901
(302) 678-4781
District of Columbia
Herbert L. Tucker, Director
Solid Waste Administration
Department of Environmental Sciences
415  12th Street, N.W., Room 307
Washington, D. C.  20004
(202) 629-4581 (Direct Dial)
Guam
Dr. O./V. Natarajan, Administrator
Guam", EPA
P.O. Box 2999
Agana, Guam  96910
Overseas Operator (Commercial call)
749-2486
                                          Hawaii
Dr. James R. Kumagai, Director
State Department of Health
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, Hawaii  96801
Calif. FTS-(415) 556-0220
            (808) 548-2811 Ext. 521
Idaho
N. Ed Barker, Chief
Solid Waste Management Section
Environmental Services Division
Idaho Dept. of Env. & Comm. Services
State House
Boise, Idaho  83720
(208) 384-2390 (Direct Dial)
Florida
Peter P. Baljet
Executive Director
Department of Pollution Control
2562 Executive Center Circle, East
Montgomery Building
Tallahassee, Florida  32301

Attention:  Mr. J. Benton Druse
FTS-(904) 969-4211
          488-1.345
Georgia
Moses N. McCall 111, Director
Solid Waste  Section
Environmental Protection Division
Department of Natural Resources
270 Washington Street, S.W.
Atlanta, Georgia  30334
(404) 656-2833 (Direct Dial)
111inois
Jack Moore
t)ivision ot Land Pollution Control
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Drive
Springfield, Illinois  62706
(217) 782-6760 (Direct Dial)
Indiana
Brian Opel
Chief, Solid Waste Section
Division of Sanitary Engineering
Indiana State Board of Health
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, Indiana  46207
(317) 633-4393 (Direct Dial)

-------
Iowa
Pete Ham!in
Acting Director
Land Quality Division
Department of Environmental Quality
3920 Delaware Avenue
P.O. Box 3326
Des Moines, Iowa  50319
FTS-(515) 284-4000
          265-8134
Kansas

Charles H. Linn, Chief
Solid Waste Section
Kansas Qepartment of Health
_ & Environment „„„„
Topeka, Kansas  66620
(913) 296-3821 (Direct Dial)
Kentucky
Samuel N. Johnson, Jr., Director
Division of Solid Waste
State Dept. for Natural Resources
  and Environmental Protection
275 East Main Street
Frankfort, Kentucky  40601
(502) 564-6716 (Direct Dial)
Mary!and
Walter A. Miles, Acting Chief
Division of Solid waste
Maryland State Dept. of Health
  and Mental Hygiene
201 West Preston Street
Baltimore, Maryland  21201
(301) 383-2770/1/2
                                         Massachusetts
Alden Cousins, Director
Bureau of Solid Waste Disposal
Massachusetts Dept. of Public Works
100 Nashua Street
Boston, Massachusetts  02114
FTS-(617) 223-2100
         '727-4293
Michigan
Fred Kellow, Chief
Solid Waste Management Division
Environmental Protection Branch
Department of Natural Resources
3500 Logan Street
Lansing, Michigan  48914
(517) 373-6620
                                         Minnesota
Louisiana                                Robert A. Silvagni,  Director
G  Roy Hayes                             Minnesota Pollution Control  Agency
Louisiana Health & Social                J1^510" °J SolidnWa^teD 0
  Rehabilitation Services Administration 1935 West County Road, B-2
State Office Building                    ScTU^l^o13  55113
P.O. Box 60630                           FTS-(612) 725-4242
New Orleans, Louisiana  70160                      296-7315
(504) 527-5123

                                         Mississippi

                                         Jack McMillan, Director
Maine                                    Division of Solid Waste Management
TtonTTd Dearborn, Chief                   M.and.Ve(?tor Control
Division of Solid Waste Management       Nisssissippi State B°ar  °
Dept. of Environmental Protection        P-°; Box ],(00.  .   .   __„_
State House                              Jackson, Mississippi   39205
Augusta, Maine  04330                    FTS-(601) 969-4211
FJS-(207) 622-6171                               ' 354-6616
          289-2963

-------
Missouri
Robert M. Robinson, Director
Solid Waste Management Bureau
Department of Natural Resources
2511 Industrial Drive
P.O. Box 570
Jefferson City, Missouri  65101
FTS-(816) 374-7000
    (314) 751-2815

NOTE:  Address all mail to:
       P.O. Box  1368
       State Office Building
       Jefferson City, Missouri 65101

Montana
Terrence D. Carmody.  Chief
 Solid Waste Management Bureau
 Montana State Department of
   Health and Environmental Sciences
 1424 9th Avenue
 Helena, Montana  59601
 (406) 449-2821 (Direct Dial)

Nebraska
Maurice  W.  Sheil,  Chief-
Division of Solid  Waste
Department  of  Environmental  Control
State House Station,  Box  94653
Lincoln, Nebraska   68509
FTS-(402) 475-2611
          471-2186

Nevada
H.  LaVerne  Rosse
State Department of Health & Welfare
 1209 Johnson  Street
Carson City,  Nevada  89701
 FTS-  (702)  784-5911
            885-4670

 New Hampshire
 Thomas L.  Sweeney
 Solid Waste Management
 Food & Chemistry'Services
 Division of Public Health Services
 Department of Health & Welfare
 Hazen Drive
 Concord, New Hampshire  03301
 FTS-(603) 669-7011
           271-2747
New Jersey
Bernhardt V. Lind, Acting Chief
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
Division of Environmental Protection
P.O. Box 1390
Trenton, New Jersey  08625
(609) 292-7645 (Direct Dial)

New Nexico
Bryan E. Miller, Chief
Environmental Improvement Agency
General Sanitation Division, Room 517
P.O. Box 2348, P.E.R.A. Building
New York
William G. Bentley, Director
Division of Solid Waste Management
New York State Department of
  Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road
Albany, New York  12201
(518) 457-6603 (Direct Dial)
North Carolina
Sidney H. Usry, Branch Head
Solid Waste and Vector Control Branch
Department of Human Resources
Division of Health Services
P.O. Box 2091
Raleigh, North Carolina  27602
FTS-(919) 755-4020
          829-2178
North Dakota
Ravmond Rolshoven, Assistant Director
Division of Water Supply and
  Pollution Control—State Capital
State Department ot Heaitn
Bismark, North Dakota  58501
FTS-(701) 225-4011
          224-2386

-------
Ohio
       t\bf Waste Management
  &. Engineering
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, Ohio  43216
(614)466-7220 (Direct Dial)


Oklahoma
Calvin T. Grant, Chief
Sanitation Service
State Department of Health
10th & Stonewall
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma  73105
FTS-(405) 231-4011
          271-5216
Oregon
Ernest A. Schmidt, Director
Solid Waste Management Division
Oregon State Department of
  Environmental Quality
1234 S.W. Morrison Street
Portland, Oregon  97201
(503) 229-5696 (Direct Dial)
Pennsylvania            ,
William C. Bucciarelli, Director
Division of Solid Waste Management
Dept. of Environmental" Resources
8th Floor Fulton Building
P.O. Box 2063
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120
(717) 787-7381 (Direct Dial)
Puerto Rico
Santos Rohena
Environmental Quality Board
Office of the Governor
Box 11488
Santurce, Puerto Rico  00910
D.C. FTS-(202) 917-1221
         (809) 725-5140 Ext. 226
Rhpde^Island
John Quinn, Jr., Chief
Division of Solid Waste Management
State Health Department
204 Health Building
Davis Street
Providence, Rhode Island  02908
FTS-(401) 528-1000
          277-2808
                                         South Carolina
                                         H.  Gerald Edwards,P.E.,  Director
                                         Solid Waste Management  Division
                                         Dept. of Health and Environmental  Control
                                         J.  Marion Sims Building
                                         2600 Bull'Street
                                         Columbia, South Carolina  29201
                                         FTS-(803) 765-5011
                                                   758-5681
South Dakota
Lyie Randon
Division of Solid Waste and Land
  Management
South Dakota Department of Environmental
  Protection
Office Building No. 2
Pierre, South Dakota  57501
(605) 224-3351
Tennessee
Tom Tiesler, Director
 Division of Sanitation and
   Solid Waste  Management
Bureau of Environmental Health Services
State Dept. of Public Health
Capitol Hill Bldg., Ste. 320
Nashville, Tennessee  37219
(615) 741-3424
Texas **
David Houston, Chief
Environmental Development Program
State Department of Health
1100 West 49th Street
Austin, Texas  78756
(512) 397-5721, Ext. 258
(Direct Dial)                 £          .  ,
             ** see next page for Industrial
                Waste and Agricultural  Waste
                Disposal for State of Texas.

-------
Trust Territories
Nachsa Siren, Chief
Department of Health Services
Office of High Commission
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Saipan, Marianas  96950
Overseas Operator (Commercial Call)
Washington
AveryN. Wells
Division Chief
Solid Waste & Resource Recovery Division
Department of Ecology
Ulympia, Washington  98501
(206) 753-6883 (Direct Dial)
Utah.
Dale Parker.,. Chief _
General Sanitation Section
Utah State Division of Health
44 Medical Drive
Salt Lake City, Utah  84113
FTS-(801) 524-5500
          328-6163
Vermont
Richard Valentinetti
Air & Solid Waste Programs
Protection Division
Agency of Environmental-Conservation
P.O. Box 489
Montpelier, Vermont  05602
(802) 828-3395 (Direct Dial)

Virgin Islands
Louis Olive, P.E., Assistant Dir.
Division of Utilities and Sanitation
Department of Public Works
Government of the Virgin Islands
Charlotte Amalie
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands  00801
(809) 774-7970
West Virginia
Dale Parsons  Director
Solid Waste Program
State Department of Health
1800 Washington Street, E.
Charleston, West Virginia  25305
(304) 348-2987
Wisconsin
John J. Reinhardt, Chief
Solid Waste Management Section
Division of tnvironmental Protection
Department of Natural Resources
Box 450
Madison, Wisconsin  53701
(608) 266-0158 (Direct Dial)
Wyomi ng
Charles Porter, SW Program Supervisor
Wyoming Department of Environmental
  Quality
State Office Building West
Cheyenne, Wyoming  8200*
(307) 777-7391 (Direct Dial)
Virginia
R. E. Dorer, Director
Bureau of Solid Waste & Vector Control
Virginia State Department of Health
Room 209, 401-A Colley Avenue
Norfolk, Virginia  23507
FTS-(804) 441-6000
          627-4511
                 Texas

Industrial Waste & Agricultural Disposal

 Robert G. Fleming
 Division of General Operations
 Texas Water Quality Board
 P.O. Box 13246
 Austin, Texas  78711
 (512) 47.5-2651

-------
                    SUMMARY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM




                                     MAMMA




                                October 31, 1974




                          (Format as suggested by OSWMP)






A.  LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE




                     State Legislation, Policy, ••'and Program




         The Alabama Solid Waste Disposal Act was" enacted in 1969 and amended in




    1971.  Standards for disposal of solid wastes and rules and regulations for




    solid waste management have been adopted.  Also, rules and regulations for




    the disposal of pesticides, pesticide containers,  and other toxic chemical




    wastes have been adopted Jointly with the Alabama Department of Agriculture




    and Industries.  The law requires each county and municipal government to




    either jointly or severally provide for both the collection and health




    approved disposal of solid wastes.




         a.  Sites proposed by private or public agencies for use as a sanitary




    landfill are referred by the Division of Solid Waste to the Alabama Geologi-




    cal Survey for an evaluation of their geologic and hydrologic status.  Soil




    borings,  where required by the Survey,  are provided by the applying agency.




    In consideration of the geologist's findings,  the Division of Solid Waste




    makes a judgement as to the feasibility and acceptability of the site for




    disposal of the wastes proposed.  Professional engineering design for sani-




    tary landfills is recommended but not required unless specific site operational




    problems are involved or the site is planned for hazardous waste disposal.




    Water well monitoring is also recommended,  but not required for sanitary




    landfills unless specific potential operational problems or problem wastes




    are involved.

-------
     b.  The disposal of normal dewatered sludges from wastewater treatment




plants and the like is permitted at most sanitary landfills.  Animal feedlot




wan tea are normally handled by lagoons or land placement as approved by the




Alabama Water Improvement Commission.  Septic tank pumpings are permitted by




some municipalities at certain manhole openings; some landfills provide




diked drying beds for management of these wastes.




     c.  There is an approximate total of 143 active solid waste land dispo-




sal sites now recognized.




     Of this total, those remaining as open dumps (some 15) and most of those




rated as sub-standard landfill operations (some 18) are considered to present




problems with leachate.




     Of the present 110 nites operating as state approved sanitary landfills,




possibly 30 to 40 percent may show evidence of intermittent leachate during




periods of heavy rains, with less than 10 percent presenting potential




"problems".




     Only one site, an old and presently unused landfill, has a leachate




collection facility, with the leachate disposed of in a sewage treatment




facility.




     d.  There are 110 land disposal sites presently operating as state




approved sanitary landfills.  These landfills serve approximately 89% of the




state's urban and rural population.




     There are an unknown number of lagoons and temporary storage areas for




toxic or potentially toxic wastes.




     We have one state approved private industrial landfill disposal site




for pesticides and like chemicals.  We have had special geological investi-




gations which resulted in some nine presently active public sanitary landfills




at which limited quantities of toxic wastes may be disposed.

-------
         e.  Our average landfill serves a population of less than 30,000 people,




    or approximately 30,000 tons (60,000 cu. yds.) of waste per year.  We have




    almost no data on the expected life (ultimate capacity) of specific landfills.




    We are concerned about frequently made statements to the effect that, "Sani-




    tary landfills serving municipalities will be filled in an average of less




    than five years".  This is often interpreted to mean that after five years




    some means other than landfilling will be necessary.  Landfills will always




    be needed, even with maximum application of source reduction,  resource




    recovery, and the like.  We estimate that total expansion of our present




    landfills for one year will require about 4,100 acre-feet of space.  At an




    average landfill depth of 12 feet, this will require less than 0.6 square




    mile of land.




         f.  No state land use plan has been fully developed.  It is expected




    that solid waste management will be a factor in such a plan.






B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES




         The state and local departments of health are jointly held responsible




    for the enforcement of the Solid Waste Disposal Act.  State action is nor-




    mally taken against counties,  municipalities or industries which fail to or




    unduly delay the implementation of acceptable solid waste management.  Local




    departments may act in cases involving local persons or businesses.  The




    State Office of the Attorney General or County District Attorneys are the




    legal arms of the health department.




         During the past 12 months,  38 administrative warnings have been issued




    by the Division of Solid Waste & Vector Control setting time limits for the




    correction of various infractions.  At the present time,  legal action is




    pending against one county,  and  a legal warning has been issued to another.

-------
    Numerous  local  court  cases have been  successfully  brought against  individual




    persons for  illegal dumping, or failing  to  either  subscribe  to an  available




    service or otherwise  properly manage  their  solid waste.






C.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND  RESOURCE RECOVERY




         Recycling  centers are active either part or full  time in most major




    towns and cities, and some 60 firms within  the state receive some  form of




    waste products  for recycling.  There  is no  State Legislation presently




    directly affecting this, and no state funds are available.




         Some regional planning agencies are working on plans for resource recovery




    and legislation for source reduction  is under consideration.  There are no




    specific laws presently directed to benefiting resource recovery efforts.






D.  HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT




         Pesticide use, sales and transportation are controlled under  laws adminis-




    tered by the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries.  This Depart-




    ment, along with the State Department of Public Health, have jointly adopted




    rules and regulations to control the land disposal of pesticides,  pesticide




    containers,  and other toxic chemical wastes.




         Control of radiological wastes is under the State Department  of Public




    Health,  Division of Radiological Health.




         Disposal of liquid wastes is under the control of the Alabama Water




    Improvement Commission.






E.  PUBLIC AFFAIRS




         The Division of Solid Waste and Vector Control frequently participates




    in, and sometimes initiates,,  training and informational seminars and meetings




    concerning solid waste management.   The division works closely with other

-------
                                            5





    agencies such as the Alabama Water Improvement Commission, the Air Pollution



    Control Commission, the Office of the Attorney General, the Department of



    Agriculture and Industries, the Alabama Environmental Quality Association,



    and others.






F.  CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE



         The Office of Solid Waste Management Programs can best assist the state



    as a technical assistance and information reservoir,  particularly in the



    areas of hazardous waste management,  resource recovery and source reduction.

-------
                                                               T3

                                                               C
                                                                               •o
                                                                     C

                                                                     O
                                                               O   *  Q.
                                                               >-  1/1  O


                                                               III
                                                                                     C
                                                                                     o
"8 S
> i/i

s-s
                                                                    2
                                                                    8.
                                                                    h.
                                                                    s
                                                                               >-    m
                                                                               S    1
                                                                               s     §.
                      o
                      Q.
a c
«  3
>, o
                                                                  O  O
                                                              1!
                                                                                00 00
                                                                               §  s
                                                                               o  £
                                                                               u  2-
00
                                                              1    I

                                                              -    2.




                                                              Ill
                                                              1/1  °  «


                                                              *?  §
                                                              •o  "  o.
                                                              c

                                                              I
                                                              n
               T:
               c
                     c
                     o
     a.
     o
     Q.


     "2
     +->
     n
                                                              u  g
a « S
•E § .E

s 3 §
i>-14- »4_
-O O O
                                                                                   oo
                    =  -o  c
                    C  4J  O
                    •o  re '*=
                    C  1-.  U
                    re  o  ~
                    •o  re *-
                    o»  +•>  c
                    >  •"  3
                    O  u_  O

                    S.  o  »


                    **-g
                    >-  O  N

                       P 'E
                                                                                                 T3
                                                                                                 OJ
                          re
                          c«
                   v  oi
                   -  «  >-
                   C  C  ^3
                   O  3

                  1  8-g


                   i.  K  ^
                   o-  -.
                                                                                                 re s: .«

                                                                                                 « ^ ^3
                                                                                                 re  ^o
                                                                                                 •£  ^
                                                                                                 O  01
                                                                                                 H-  oo
                                         Q.  >

                                         ix
                                                                                                 •o  ^
                                                                                                 c  o
                                                                                                 to  o.
                   CO ft  i
                   W C  >,
                   ••-I 3  4J
                   c    c
                   CO 0)  3

                   co u  o
                      CO  U
                                                                                                •O «-f

                                                                                                01 O
                                  01 CM
                                  tn   •

                                    •

                                      =5  £
                                      •o  i>
                                      ro  ">

                                      r-  2J
                                      m  in
                                                     -o
                                                      o
                                                     _c
                                                      I/)
                                      o
                                      c

                                      c
                                      o
                                      a
                                      o



                                     •a
                                     >.
                                     L_
                                     ra

                                     'E

                                     s


                                     I
                                     
                                     •o
                                                                                                                    T3

                                                                                                                    C

-------
                       STATE OF ALASKA

              SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Land  Disposal of Solid Waste

The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation has the primary
responsibility for the promulgation and  enforcement of regulations
setting standards for the prevention and abatement of all water, land, sub-
surface land and air pollution.  The Department is authorized to adopt
regulations for the collection and disposal of garbage, refuse and other
discarded solid materials from industrial, commercial, agricultural and
community activities or operations. These regulations became effective
on July 19, 1973, and are presently being implemented through the use
of a permit system.

The State's Solid Waste Management Regulations prohibit any person from
establishing, modifying, or operating a solid waste disposal facility without
a permit.  To obtain the permit,  it is necessary for an applicant to submit
the following data:

      1.     A topographic map or aerial photograph clearly marking the
boundary of the disposal site and showing all pertinent features such as
buildings, surface water diversions, fences, access  roads, wells within
one-quarter mile of the site and  sign locations;

      2.     Data on ground water depth and direction of movement relative
to populated areas and a description of soil characteristics in the  disposal
area.

      3.     A narrative report describing operating procedures including
the hours and days  the site is open to public use, burning policy, duty
schedule for site attendants, frequency  of cover material application, an
estimate of the population .and the area served,  wastes quantities received,
emergency operating procedures and available  operating equipment;

      4.     A certificate of compliance  with local ordinances and zoning
requirements.

By evaluating the data submitted with the permit application (often an on
site survey is also necessary) it is possible for the Department to deter-
mine, fairly accurately whether the proposed disposal site will contribute
to ground or surface water pollution.  If such a possibility exists, the land-
fill application may  be denied and the applicant required to amend his propos-
al making provisions for leachate collection or  treatment as necessary.

In addition to plan review of permit applications,  the solid waste management
regulations contain  several operating requirements designed to protect the
ground and surface waters of the State.   They read as follows:

-------
                                  8

      1.    The disposal of putrescible waste in areas subject to permafrost
or leachate generation is restricted and shall be allowed only in conjunction
With special procedures approved by the Department;

      2.    Solid waste shall be deposited in a manner to prevent waste
materials, leachate or eroded soil particles from entering the waters of
the State;

      3.    A minimum separation of two feet shall be maintained between
putrescible solid waste and the anticipated high groundwater table. Non
putrescible and non-water soluble materials such as  brick, stone, concrete
and similar materials may be deposited below the anticipated high ground-
water table if such deposition will result in a nuisance free operation and
no pollution to the groundwaters;

      4.    Surface water drainage from areas outside a landfill shall
not be allowed to flow over or through a landfill.

When these regulations are used in conjunction with  the plan review and
permit program, new landfills should protect the ground and surface
waters of the State.

By the definition in Alaska's regulations, landfills are authorized to
accept dewatered sewage sludge but septic tank pumpings and wet sludges
are not permitted for disposal.  Animal feedlot waste is, for all practical
purposes, non-existent and does not present a problem.  Septic tank pump-
ings are normally disposed of through the use of sewage treatment plants
when available or lagoons.  The problem of septic  tank pumpings disposal
is handled through the Department's wastewater section.

Alaska has approximately 200 solid waste disposal facilities used by incor-
porated communities and villages. However, this  number would be nearly
double if all the small promiscuous dump sites in the State were included.
While leachate is known to exist in many of the landfills within the State, it is
considered to be a problem in only 12 of these landfills.  At the present
time three landfills have monitoring wells, and two landfills have leachate
collection and treatment facilities in operation.

The State has issued 42 permits for landfills or incinerator-landfill facil-
ities.  Data compiled for the State solid waste management plan shows that
approximately 30 percent of the State's population  is served by approved
sites.  This figure is expected to rise to approximately 50 percent by next
summer when the City of Anchorage landfill will be operated in compliance
with State regulations.  The State presently does not have any sites approved
for the  acceptance of hazardous/toxic waste.

The State does not have data regarding the ultimate capacity of landfills.

To date, solid waste management has not been a significant factor in State
land use planning.   However, land use planning is expected to play a
bigger  role in the near future  and solid waste management will likely be
included in this planning function.

-------
                                     9
Enforcement Procedures
Enforcement procedures are initiated through the issuance of a notice of
violation when solid waste management practices are being conducted
contrary to State regulations.  The notice of violation cites the appropriate
statute or regulation that is being violated,  describes the violation and
requires the violator to submit a report to the Department within a specified
time detailing the corrective actions planned.  If no action is taken by  the
violator to correct the problem, he is given two additional notices with all
correspondence being sent by registered mail with return receipts requested.
If no action has been taken following the third notice, the case is referred to
the Attorney General's office for prosecution.  Action is taken either on a
civil or criminal basis depending on the nature of the violation. During the
past 12 months, 3 solid waste management cases have been referred to the
Attorney General's office for settlement. The first two were settled out-of-
court and the third case is still pending.

Source reduction and Resource Recovery

The Department encourages  resource and energy recovery from solid waste
and defines a reclamation facility as a facility in which  solid waste is stored,
dismantled or reprocessed to recover salvagable materials for purposes of
sale or reuse. Any person wishing to operate a reclamation facility must
submit an application and obtain a permit from the Department prior to
operating the facility.

Regional solid waste  management programs are encouraged by the Department
and are authorized by State  Statute.  This authority is given to organized
boroughs, which are a form  of regional government.  To date,  4 boroughs
are operating complete area-wide or regional solid waste  management programs
and 2 others are providing solid waste service to a portion of their incor-
porated area.

While the Department supports local and regional solid  waste management
authorities, there is no State funding available to these governments.
Although the  Department supports local and regional solid waste man-
agement authorities through technical assistance and training programs,
there is no State money available to fund these programs.  It is hoped that
a. revenue sharing bill will be passed in the near future which will provide
monetary resources for those programs approved by the Department.

Resource recovery planning is being conducted by the  State and the Greater
Anchorage Area Borough as  part of their comprehensive solid waste man-
agement plans. However, the Department normally recommends energy
recovery rather than resource recovery so  that heat and power may be
recovered from the combustion of solid waste.  In a cold weather state
such as Alaska, the recovery of valuable Btu's for heat and power is very
practical.

-------
                                 10


The State Solid Waste Management Plan recommendations include the
development of a State government purchasing policy, whereby items
manufactured from recycled materials would be given preference over
virgin materials when these commodities are at least equal in quality,
availability, and price.  To date, there have been no source reduction
programs initiated in the State.

Hazardous  Waste  Management

The Department of Environmental Conservation has the statutory authority
to set policy and regulate the transportation, processing and disposal of
hazardous and toxic waste material.  The State Solid Waste Management
Regulations specify that permittees operating solid waste disposal facilities
shall obtain specific Departmental approval for the processing and disposal
of all  hazardous wastes.  Hazardous wastes are defined as those wastes
which are capable of causing injury, disease or impairment of health or
property damage,  including but not limited to poisions, pesticides, acids,
caustics, infectious or pathological wastes, radioactive materials, explosive
materials and oil and petroleum products. Although the Department does
have full control over disposition of toxic and hazardous materials, this
problem is still relatively minor.

An in depth survey has not been conducted to identify and classify the toxic
and hazardous wastes disposed of in Alaska.  However, in the absence of
major processing industries and chemical manufacturers,  toxic and haz-
ardous wastes are not a significant problem at this time.  Pesticide residues
and petroleum wastes represent the items generally requiring special disposal
care.  Highly toxic pesticides are seldom used and most chemical applications
are restricted to the relatively non-toxic  malathion; 2,4-D and rotenone
formulations.  Alaska's agriculture industry is small and most pesticides are
applied by government agencies, which generally follow the Department's
recommendations for application and residual disposal. It is generally assumed
that waste oil is the most significant hazardous waste problem in the State.

Public Affairs

A major portion of the Department's Solid Waste Management program consists
of providing technical assistance and public information to the  State's cit-
izens and communities.  The solid waste  management staff provides assistance
in revising existing programs and makes recommendations on techniques and
methods that might be incorporated in new systems.  Staff members inspect
proposed disposal sites to determine their acceptability from an environmental
stand point and make recommendations on how sites may be improved to meet
environmental management objectives.

The Department has the latest information in the form of publications and
brochures available on operating techniques and new innovations as well
as equipment selection and performance.  The Department also has eight
 16mm films and one filmstrip, which may be borrowed.

-------
                                 11


The Department also sponsors periodic training courses, which have
included a rural transfer system seminar and a landfill operators work-
shop.  These training courses have been conducted on an annual basis
and are open to all individuals interested in solid waste management.
Presentations are given by Departmental staff with  assistance from knowl-
edgeable guest speakers.

In addition, the staff maintains a prepared slide presentation, which
is given upon request to various public  gatherings. This slide pres-
entation depicts Alaska's problems, present solid waste disposal
techniques, both acceptable and unacceptable, and shows recommended
operating practices for the various geographic regions within the State.

The Department makes maximum utilization of the news media to obtain the
fullest possible public  support on all environmental issues. As such, the
Department has very good working relations with the press and is able to
make its programs well known to the various public interest groups and
conservation societies, thereby extending our effectiveness.

Suggested Federal  Assistance

The federal government could be of greatest assistance to the State of
Alaska by realizing that "blanket regulations" written for the whole country
do not  necessarily apply in their entirety to the State of Alaska. By  making
this realization, it would be possible to more fully implement the State's
program, which advocates incineration rather than the development of
sanitary landfills.

The federal government could also develop increased technical assistance
programs, to aid in the presentation of training courses.  The development
of a program whereby federal employees could be assigned  to the State to
work directly with the  state solid waste management programs would also
be helpful.  In this manner it is felt that both the State and federal government
would benefit by becoming more fully cognizant of each others problems.

-------
                                    12
            SUMMARY OF ARIZONA'S SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
     Arizona's primary statutory authority dealing with land disposal  of

solid waste are found in Arizona Revised Statute 9-441f  requiring the

incorporated cities and towns,  and the counties, to provide dumping

grounds; and A.R.S. 3^-136 G 10., giving the Arizona Department of

Health Services the authority to promulgate and adopt rules and regu-

lations for solid waste storage, collection, transportation, processing

and disposal.  In addition, the Department administers a Water Pollution

Control Act that includes prohibiting pollution of the State's water

through improper solid waste disposal, and an Air Pollution Control Act

in which the open burning of solid waste is prohibited.

     The rules and regulations adopted pursuant to A.R.S. 3&-13& G 10*

are administered by the Bureau of Sanitation, Division of Environmental
                                                                       •*
Health Services.  Regulation 2-4-4-2 requires Departmental approval'for

any method of solid waste disposal prior to the start of operation. Cur-

rent policy is to have plans submitted to the Bureau for approval.  The

Bureau reviews the plans to ensure that they are geologically and hydro-

logically acceptable, and that the operation plan is adequate.

     The Bureau does not have a classification system for landfills

according to the types of waste that are accepted.  The majority are,

however, designed to accept municipal and construction debris types of

waste only.  Of the 73 approved sanitary landfill operations in this

State, 58 are small, one-man trench operations with an ultimate capacity

of less than 150,000 tons; 6 would probably be in the 150,000 to 500,000

-------
                                     13




ton range, and 9 with an ultimate capacity greater than 500,000 tons.




Some of the larger landfills have made provisions to accept limited




quantities of industrial types of waste.  However, if the waste is of




a toxic or hazardous nature, it is usually required to be rendered




harmless prior to disposal.  The authority for this request comes from




the Department's Regulation 2-4-1.3 D.




     The Bureau is not aware of any landfills where leachate has become




a problem.  There are no monitoring wells or collection arid treatment




facilities in existance, or even planned for in the near future.  The




Bureau of Water Quality Control is developing a groundwater monitoring




program and, depending largely upon what their data reveals, the require-




ments for leachate control  will be changed.




     Special types of waste, including medical waste, sludge from waste-




water treatment plants, septic tanks and feedlots, are not prohibited




from landfills.  There is a long-standing Department regulation providing




for specially designated areas that can accept septic tank pumpings.




     Enforcement procedures available to the Department include filing .




misdemeanor charges in the justice courts of the county where the vio-




lation occurs.  A second option is the issuance of a Cease and Desist




Order for violation of the Department's rules and regulations and a




third is to issue an Order of Abatement for violation of Air Quality




Control regulations.  In these cases,  the offending party can request




a hearing.  Then, if the operation continues to be in violation, an




injunction is sought in Superior Court.




     Another control or regulatory procedure the Bureau uses is withholding




approval for plans.  Under a subdivision plan review program,  provisions




must be made to ensure proper solid waste disposal.  The only acceptable




land disposal method that the Bureau will accept is sanitary landfill.

-------
                                     14




     The Bureau also reviews these plans to determine if an approved




•collection service is provided.  If not, then self-haul is allowed only




if the subdivision is located within 5 miles of an approved disposal site.



     Governmental resource recovery programs have not been developed to



a great extent in Arizona.  The State does not have specific legislation




or programs to require resource recovery, although the Bureau encourages



and  supports  existing local programs.  The only legislation that supports




resource recovery is A.R.S. 9-1221., which provides for the formation



of corporations for the purpose of issuing bonds and applying the pro-



ceeds to construct or finance pollution control facilities.



     The City of Phoenix is seriously considering an energy recovery



facility.  Other cities in the Metropolitan Phoenix area are experimenting




with source reduction by realigning  collection routes.  Commercial



establishments with high wastepaper  content are collected separately,



which then can be sold to scrap paper dealers.  The City of Casa Grande



has  initiated separate collection of newspapers for residential collection.



Primarily, resource recovery is conducted by private industry and sup- .



ported by civic groups and service organizations.



     Because  the Department is responsible for the regulation of sewerage



systems  and solid waste management,  the regulation of hazardous wastes



is  also  assumed  and, in some instances, implied.  The Arizona Atomic




Energy Commission has jurisdictional authority over radioactive materials,




but  other than that, there is no comprehensive hazardous waste act placing



 responsibility with  any single agency.  The Department is preparing a



 hazardous waste  bill to submit to the State's 32nd Legislature this year



 (Spring,  1975) giving the Department specific responsibility for hazardous



 waste  management.

-------
                                    15




     Currently, if an industry i.s generating hazardous wastes, they




usually have to make arrangements for hauling the materials to a Class 1




site in another state.  Occasionally, the need arises to dispose of




small quantities of hazardous wastes.  In these cases, the Bureau tries




to find an acceptable solution within the State,  otherwise these small




quantities also will have to be shipped out of state.




     The Bureau is in the process of surveying Arizona manufacturing




industries for quantities and characteristics of their waste materials.




TVJO hundred industries, representing each major Standard Industrial




Classification group between 19 and 39, have been surveyed.  A listing




of the waste has been prepared.  The remaining 1,200 industries will




be surveyed within the next two years and a final report will be pre-




pared at that time.




     There is a limited technical assistance program available to help




local governments in the preparation or evaluation of solid waste




management systems and plans.  Sanitary Landfill Site Selection and




Development Guidelines and an Engineering Bulletin for operation of




a sanitary landfill have been prepared.  The Bureau has conducted an




8-week training program for landfill operators and is developing a




similar program for collection personnel.




     Both technical £nd general information on solid waste management is




prepared and distributed to the general public.  Requests for speakers




and programs are most always fulfilled.  The Bureau works directly with




the Advisory Commission on Arizona Environment and local governmental




associations, such as the Association of Counties,  the League of Arizona




Cities and Towns,  and other agencies, especially on matters concerning




legislation.   Whenever the Bureau is conducting some phase of a program




that effects a particular industry,  their representative association is




contacted.

-------
                                      16

     The most critical area of federal assistance  required in Arizona is,

of course, of the financial nature.   The small communities and  rural

counties are in particular need of money to help in construction  and

possible operation of solid waste systems.   Next priority is in

hazardous waste management, particularly as it is  related to land dis-

posal.  There is a great need for more technical information on pro-

cedures for handling and disposal of these  types of waste. Undoubtedly,

what would be of great assistance is a listing of  the  types of  services

or programs that E.P.A makes available to the states.
Prepared By:

  Barry Abbott, Manager
  Solid Waste Section
  Bureau of Sanitation
  Division of Emrironmnnta]  Health Services
  Arizona Department of Health Services

-------
                              17
                        STATE OF ARKANSAS
            DEPARTMENT OF POLLUTION CONTROL & ECOLOGY
           Report on Solid Waste Management Activities
                         November, 1974
     The Arkansas Solid Waste Management Act of 1971  is "An
Act Relating to Solid Waste Disposal, Defining Terms; Granting
Authority for the Adoption of Municipal and County Solid Waste
Management Systems; Requiring Permits for Disposal Systems;
Empowering the Arkansas Pollution Control Commission  to Administer
and Enforce the Act and to Adopt Rules and Regulations; Outlining
the Powers and Duties of the Commission; Providing Remedies and
Prescribing Penalties for Violations; Providing for Severability;
and Declaring an Emergency."
     The Arkansas Solid Waste Disposal Code was adopted in 1973
pursuant to the Solid Waste Management Act of 1971, and contains
rules and regulations concerning the permitting and operation  of
solid waste disposal facilities and storage, handling, collection
and  transportation of solid wastes.
     The Solid Waste Control Division of the Department of
Pollution Control & Ecology presently consists of four field
inspectors and a division head.  The Division has available to
them secretarial help and a Department staff geologist on a part
time basis.
     A.  Land Disposal of_ Sol id Waste
          1.  The Arkansas Solid Waste Management Act and Solid
Waste Disposal Code requires that all solid waste disposal sites
be permitted through the Department of Pollution Control.
     An application for site approval, containing all the basic
information necessary for evaluation of the operation and the

-------
                               18
physical  characteristics of the site must  first  be  submitted  to
the Department's Solid Waste Control Division  (forms  are  made
available).   The Department geologist may  be  called in  to perform
a geological reconnaissance of the  site to determine  the  surface
or sub-surface water pollution potential.   Based on the informa-
tion gained, the Department may make specific  engineering
requirements concerning the planning and design  of  the  sanitary
landfill  to reduce or eliminate water pollution  problems.
     After approval  of the site for use as a  sanitary landfill,
the applicant must submit detailed  engineering plans  produced by
a registered professional engineer.  These plans are  subject  to
staff review and if considered adequate, the  application  is
referred to the Pollution Control  Commission  for final  approval
to issue a permit.
     After a sanitary landfill is  permitted,  it  is  the  respon-
sibility of the Division to conduct periodic  inspections  of  the
operation to determine compliance.   If major  compliance problems
occur that cannot be resolved through Division or Department
level action, legal  action may be  taken.
          2.  Section 6(f)(8) of the Solid Waste Disposal Code
states "Sewage solids or liquids,  septic tank pumpings, and
other liquids, semi-liquids, or hazardous substances (including
but not limited to oil sludges; dye concentrates; pathological,
infectious and biological wastes;  radioactive material; waste
chemicals; highly flammable or volatile substances; unexpended
pesticide containers; pesticides;  raw animal  manure and explosives)
shall not be discharged  to a sanitary landfill until written

-------
                                19
approval  has been obtained from the Department.   Special
provisions may vary from site to site depending  upon local
conditions, and wi11  be specified in the approval  letter."
     The  burden of proof that there will be no water pollution
potential resulting from disposal of such wastes may be upon
the party requesting  approval.
          3.  There are presently 45 permitted sanitary land-
fills and six permitted municipal solid waste incinerators
operating within the  state.
     Though leachate  has been reported at most of the landfills
at one time or another, only about five sites could be con-
sidered as having a problem of great concern ^nd two other
permitted sites have  been closed due to, at least in part,
leachate  problems.
     Presently no monitoring wells have been required to be
placed at any permitted sanitary landfill.
     Of the permitted sanitary landfills that have a leachate
problem,  only one operation has been ordered to  monitor leachate
and runoff water and  dispose of the water in a permitted sewer
system whenever conditions reached a level that  required treat-
ment before discharge.
          4.  Of the  45 operating permitted sanitary landfills,
35 serve  city and county residents totaling approximately 30%
of the state population.  (About 4% of the state population is
served by permitted incinerators.)  The remaining permitted sites
serve private concerns such as industries.

-------
                                 20

     Presently there are no sites permitted specifically  for
the purpose of disposal  of hazardous/toxic wastes,  though
approval  has been given  for a few landfills to accept small
quantities of certain of these wastes.
          5.  There are  only four sanitary landfills  operating
in the state with an estimated total capacity large enough to
fall into the 150,000 to 500,000 ton category.
          6.  Solid waste management is  not a factor  in  State
land use  planning since  no land use planning legislation  has
been passed.
     B.   Enforcement Procedures
     Every effort, within reason, is made on the Division or
Department level  to bring violators into compliance with  existing
Acts, rules or regulations.  If compliance is not gained, the
Pollution Control Commission may issue  a compliance order or
legal action may  be brought against the  violator in the  form of
a civil  suit filed by attorneys retained by the Department for
this purpose.
     In  the past  12 months, one permit  has been revoked  and one
suspended through Commission orders.
     Several Department  level compliance hearings with city and
county officials  concerning disposal facilities were held.
Compliance was gained in several of these cases and one  suit is
pending.
     Seven law suits have been filed against city and private
operators of non-complying disposal sites in the past 12  months
with only two being tried to date.   Of  these two suits tried,

-------
                             6JL
one was against a large city and the other a small city,
resulting in little action against the latter.
     C.  Source Reduction and^ Resource Recovery
     The state has passed no legislation affecting resource
recovery.
     The Department of Pollution Control & Ecology actively
encourages county, municipal, civic and private organizations
to get involved and develop resource recovery programs.  There
are no state funds available to assist such programs.
     The Department has contracted with Midwest Research
Institute to conduct a study of agricultural and industrial
wastes generated within the state.  One purpose of this study
is to determine the feasibility of recycling of these wastes.
     D.  Hazardous Waste Management
     The only state regulations concerning hazardous waste
management are in the Arkansas  Solid Waste Disposal  Code
(Section 6(f)(8) quoted earlier) and the Arkansas Water Quality
Standards Regulation No. 2, Section 5(k) limiting the concentra-
tions of such wastes in receiving waters of this state.
     E.  Public Affairs
     Information on solid waste control in Arkansas  is dissemi-
nated in the form of speeches,  news releases, films, slide
presentations and literature by the Public Information Office
and Department staff.   Professional and civic organizations,
schools of all  levels, news media, trade journals and the general
public are recipients  of this material.

-------
     The Department cooperates  with organizations,  such  as  the
League of Women Voters and other government agencies,  to
educate the public in matters of solid waste management. This
is achieved through seminars, training programs  and television
and radio broadcasts.
     Copies of state laws and regulations concerning solid  waste
are mailed to affected parties, such as county judges, and  are
available to anyone upon request.  The public also  has access
to transcripts of public hearings, annual reports and  The Monitor,
a monthly newsletter -- all dealing with pollution  control  in
Arkansas,

-------
                                                   23
STATE OF CALIFORNIA—HEALTH AND WELFARE AGENCY
                                                                            RONALD REAGAN, Governor
DEPARTMENT  OF  HEALTH
714-744 P STREET
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95814
!5  '•! 13/iff 75
                                                                        January 13, 1975
               Mr.  Charles  T.  Bourns
               Hazardous  Materials Branch
               U. S.  Environmental Protection Agency
               100  California  Street
               San  Francisco,  CA  94111

               Dear Mr. Bourns:

               This letter  is  in response to your request of December 12, 1974, for
               information  regarding California's Hazardous Waste Management Program.

               This Department was assigned the responsibility of developing a
               hazardous  waste management program by Assembly Bill  598, 1972 Legis-
               lative Session, now Section 25100 et seq., Health and Safety Code.
               The  law requires  the Department to adopt regulations for the handling,
               processing and  disposal  of hazardous and extremely hazardous wastes to
               protect against hazards  to the public health, domestic livestock and
               wildlife.

               In addition.to  requiring the adoption of hazardous waste regulations,
               the  law required  the Department to:   (1)  establish procedures for
               evaluation and  coordination of research and development regarding
               methods of hazardous waste handling and disposal; and to conduct
               appropriate  studies relating to hazardous wastes; (2) maintain a
               technical  reference center on hazardous waste disposal, recycling
               practices, and  related information for public and private use;
               (3)  render technical assistance to state and local agencies in the
               planning and  operation of hazardous waste programs;  and (4) provide
               for  appropriate surveillance of hazardous waste processing and disposal
               practices  in  the  state.   The bill  further established a seven-member
               technical  advisory committee, composed of cross-sectional  representation,
               to be utilized  by the Department in developing the program.

               In response  to  the mandates of AB 598, interim regulations were developed,
               presented  at  public hearings, and subsequently adopted on July 2, 1974.
               The  additional  tasks noted above (1-4) are in various stages of develop-
               ment and the  adoption of more comprehensive regulations is scheduled for
               early 1975.
               The  Regional  Water Quality Control  Boards are authorized to adopt water
               quality  control  plans,  prescribe waste discharge requirements, and to
               perform  other functions concerning  water quality control within their
               respective  regions subject to  the State Water Resources Control Board
               review or approval.   The State Board  licenses liquid waste haulers and

-------
                                   24
Mr. Charles T. Bourns                                  January 13,  1975
requires the liquid waste be disposed of in accordance with regulations
adopted by the regional board and on a site approved by the regional
board.

The Department of Health has adopted the State Water Resources  Control
Board's California Liquid Waste Hauler Record to serve as the manifest
pursuant to Section 25162 of the Health and Safety Code.  The producer
of a hazardous waste, whether liquid, solid, sludge, or other must
initiate and properly identify said waste, disclosing the nature of the
hazard associated with it, whether toxic, flammable, etc., and  the type
and composition of the waste.  The transporter and disposal site operator
are also responsible to complete portions of said manifest.

No state-wide surveys have been conducted to determine the amount of
hazardous wastes being generated.  It is estimated, however, that
between 1 and 2 million tons are generated annually.

If additional information is required, please feel free to call  at
your convenience.

                                     Sincerely,

                                     Richard F. Peters, Chief
                                     VECTOR CONTROL SECTION
                                 ^^^^l/l^L^t^  -/•*>
                                   /Tfarvey F.(p6llins, P
                                                )llins,  Ph.D.,  P.E.
                                     Supervising Engineer
                                     Waste Management Unit
HFCrgd

-------
                                        25


TO:  GOVERNOR EDMUND G. BROWN, JR.
     AND MEMBERS OF THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE

We are pleased to submit to you this first annual report of the State Solid

Waste Management Board.  This report represents an accounting of the Board's

legislative mandates, achievements and future objectives, and covers the

period from the Board's organization in May 1973 through December 1974.


We are proud that in the 20 months since the initial organizational meeting

of the State Solid Waste Management Board, we have met the legislative

mandates requiring the formulation of a comprehensive State Solid Waste

Management Policy and State Solid Waste Resource Recovery Program.  The

complete State program is summarized in the attached report and includes

the legislatively mandated statewide Solid Vfaste Management Policy and

Minimum Standards; Guidelines for Solid Waste Management Plans; a Resource

Recovery Program; a Litter Management Report; and results from a study of

financing needs and alternatives for local government solid waste disposal

facilities.


With these policy and planning activities completed, the Board will now

enter the implementation phase, which is aimed towards upgrading existing

local solid waste management operations for the protection of public health,

enhancement of the environment, and the preservation of natural resources.

Also involved is the encouragement for the acceleration of the recovery of

materials and energy from the solid waste stream.


Our proposed 1975-76 budget is designed to implement a significant part of

the State Solid Waste Management and Resource Recovery Program.  The past

period completes the Board's initial program planning phase.  It is now clear

that the implementation of a strong Solid Waste Management and Resource

-------
Recovery Program for California requires assignment of additional legislative

authority to the Board.  The specific required authorities are outlined on

pages    and    of this report.  More specific information on additional

legislative needs is contained in the adopted Resource Recovery Program and

in the Litter Management Report.


There are difficulties ahead in implementing a strong Resource Recovery

Program.  However, the continuing economic and balance of trade concerns at

the National and State level emphasizes the need for conserving our non-

renewable natural resources by recovering usable materials and energy from

the waste stream.  Fruition of the Board's programs and policies will place

California among the nations leaders in innovative and effective statewide

solid waste management and resource recovery activities.  In undertaking these

future tasks we anxiously look forward to assisting local governments wnicft

have the prime responsibility for developing and implementing an environmentally

sound solid waste management plan based on the Board's policies and standards.


These legislatively mandated programs and policies were due by January 1, 1975.

The Board has successfully accomplished these mandates, and is confident that

the legislative intent to improve the environment by fostering the utilization

of waste for energy and recycling of materials contained therein has been given

prime importance and direction.  The Board is also confident that the State

Minimum Standards will upgrade the conventional collection and disposal

operations so as to better protect the public health, as well as the land,

air, water and aesthetic amenities of the State.  Summaries of these documents

will be forwarded to all members of the legislature in the near future.

                                    Respectfully submitted,
                                    Alfred M. Dias
                                    Chairman

-------
                                             27





                           1973-74 HIGHLIGHTS






o  Appointment of the State Solid Waste Management Board by the  Governor,




   Senate and the Assembly.




o  Appointment of the 25 member Solid Waste Management and Resource Recovery




   Advisory Council by the Governor.




o  Appointment of a Board Executiv; Officer, recruitment of staff and




   formulation of operating procedures.




O  Adoption of Guidelines for the Preparation of County Solid Waste Manage-




   raont Plans in both narrative and codified forms.




o  Conducted by the staff, a series of statewide workshops to assist the




   counties in the development of their solid waste management plans.




O  Preparation of the Litter Management Report by the Advisory Council and




   adoption by the Board.




o  Preparation by the Advisory Council of an Agricultural Wastes Report,




   which was approved by the Board.  Appointment by the Board of a special




   agricultural waste committee to study the management and reutilization of




   agricultural wastes.



o  Development by the Advisory Council of a Resource Recovery Program which




   was revised after public hearings, and then adopted by the Board.




o  Establishment of a public information program, including newsletters,




   news releases, technical bulletins, displays at the state fair, and guest




   speakers at public and professional meetings.




O  Adoption of the State Policy and Minimum Statewide Standards which were




   developed with the assistance of the Advisory Council, followed by




   extensive public review including statewide public hearings.

-------
                                       28
o  Holding of a "waste to energy" fact finding meeting to help  define  the




   problems involved in utilizing technology for energy conversion in




   California.




o  Sponsoring of successful legislation (SB 1797 of 1974) which gives  the




   Board authority to control proposed new waste disposal facilities in




   California to assure conformance with locally developed  solid waste




   management plans.




o  Provision, by Board staff, of technical assistance  to local  governments




   in the review of local solid waste management operations and plans, and




   to other state and federal agencies regarding solid waste aspects of




   proposed private and public projects and developments.

-------
                                29
                    SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS

                      Colorado Department of Health

                             November 1974
A.  STATE LEGISLATION

    In 1971, the Colorado General Assembly amended the State Act of 1967
providing for regulatory control of disposal sites and facilities.  This
legislation sets forth minimum standards for all disposal sites and
facilities and requires the submission of an engineering report and opera-
tion plan on all new sites and facilities.  The Department is required
to promulgate rules and regulations pertinent to engineering design and
operating criteria.

    (a)  The engineering report design criteria are objectively stated
         requiring the applicant to submit information describing methods
         for keeping surface and ground water out of the landfill.  The
         report and plan must contain engineering, geological, hydrological
         and operational data required by Department regulations.   The
         plan review is coordinated with air and water quality control
         divisions.

    (b)  The processing and disposal of sewage sludge and septic tank
         pumpings are covered in proposed amendments to the Department
         Regulations.  These amendments were presented for public comment
         and are being redrafted for submission to the Board of Health.

         Surface drainage from animal feed lots must not violate State
         water quality standards.  Animal waste received at landfill sites
         must be disposed of in accordance with minimum standards.  Animal
         waste discharged on the land and used as fertilizer are not reg-
         ulated other than by laws pertaining to nuisances.

    (c)  Currently the total number of disposal sites in Colorado is 254.
         Two sites in the Denver Metropolitan Area were suspected of
         causing water pollution.  One is located near the South Platte
         River and the other near Clear Creek, a stream tributary to the
         South Platte.  Surface and ground monitoring data did not in-
         dicate a violation of existing stream quality standards.   The site
         near Clear Creek was a. demonstration project to evaluate the
         effectiveness of natural barriers in preventing water pollution.
         The operation plan considered hydrological,  geological, topographic
         and climatological data.  To date,  leachate  has not caused a
         violation of surface or ground water quality standards.  Technical
         reports have been compiled on both sites.

-------
Page 2
                                       30

         (d)   All of the 254 sites have "Certificates of Designation"
               issued by appropriate County Commissioners.  They also
               have authority to withdraw certificates for non compli-
               ance after reasonable notice and public hearing. Approx-
               imately 45% of the States population is served by sites
               that comply with Department regulations.  None of the de-
               signated sites have been approved for disposal of hazardous/
               toxic waste disposal.

         (e)   This Department keeps no records of site capacity.

         (f)   Site selection and development of solid waste disposal
               sites may be designated to be an activity of state interest
               in local governments according to our Land Use Act.   If
               this is done, then solid waste management becomes a sig-
               nificant factor in land use planning.  The legislation also
               requires solid waste disposal sites to be protected from
               flooding.

B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDORSS

    Department policy requires all solid waste disposal sites to be inspected
by the district engineer at least once a year.  If the site is not in com-
pliance with the State Act and Department Regulations the inspecting engineer
explains to the site operator and officials what is required to bring the
site into compliance.  If an agreement is reached and the site shows im-
provement when it is rechecked a short time later, no further action is
taken as the site is being brought into compliance.  If no agreement can be
reached or if dn reinspection, the site shows no improvement, the district
engineer prepares a letter for the signature of Dr. Dreyfus, Executive Director
of the Health Department to the county commissioners specifically requiring
the site be brought into compliance.  If on reinspection the site shows improve-
ment, no further action is required. Otherwise, a "Cease & Desist" order is
sent if the site is considered a public nuisance.  "Cease & Desist" orders
were sent in period 12-1-73 and 11-30-74.  The Certificate of Designation can
also be revoked by the county commissioners or by a district court for non-
compliance with Department regulations.

C.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

    Current state legislation enables regional solid waste management or
resource recovery authorities by intergovernmental agreement.  A proposal
to enable the formation of an Urban Service Authority in the Denver Metropoli-
tan Region was placed on the ballot in 1973 but defeated by the electorate.

    Resource recovery planning is being initiated through the Denver Regional
Council of Governments.  A task force comprised of public officials and
representatives of industry and this Department prepared a report and obtained
financial support to investigate alternative resource recovery systems.  State
funds are not available to local government or private industry involved in
resource recovery.  There are not tax laws or purchasing policies beneficial
to resource recovery.

-------
Page 3
                                      31

    In 1972, a bill was introduced requiring all bottles and cans containing
beer or soft drinks be recycled.  It did not pass.  The present State Act
allows for separation of material for salvage at designated sites provided
It does not interfere with the landfill operation.  Proposed amendments
to Department regulations provide for planning of resource recovery operations
at designated sites.

    Other groups promoting resource recovery in Colorado are Keep Colorado
Beautiful, Denver Regional Council of Governments, Columbine Glass, Adolph'
Coors Company, Colorado Fuel and Iron Company and Friedman Paper Company.
These agencies and companies are actively promoting resource recovery of
specific materials.  In addition, Keep Colorado Beautiful maintains a list
of companies in the Denver Metro area who buy or accept various components
of solid waste.  Coors recently completed a study on pryolysis of solid waste
from the Denver Metro area to produce a fuel gas.

    D. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

    The proposed amendments to the Department Regulations contain a section
on disposal  of hazardous waste.  Engineering design and operating criteria
are described and an engineering report and operation plan for each waste
considered hazardous or toxic is required.  Colorado's hazardous waste
survey is the initial step in development of a State hazardous waste manage-
ment plan.

    E.  PUBLIC AFFAIRS

    This Department, in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency
and local Health Departments,, conducts regional training programs through-
out the State.  Additionally, this Department sponsored three Statewide solid
waste workshops.  These workshops were cosponsored by EPA, Division of
Local Governments, and the National Solid Waste Management Association.

    Operator training is provided at designated sites for operating personnel.
Public meetings are held to inform and instruct county commissioners and
municipal officials concerning metnods of obtaining and maintaining compli-
ance with minimum standards.

    Each of the 63 counties are urged to develop and implement countywide
plans.  These are coordinated with planning activities of the 13 management
and planning regions designated by the Governor.  To date, 7 of the 13
regions have developed regional Solid Waste Management Plans and 12 of the
63 counties are implementing countywide systems.

    F.  CRITICAL NEEDS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE

    There is a need for continued Federal support of State projects which in -
elude conducting surveys, planning, training, providing technical assistance
and public information and conducting demonstration projects.

-------
Page A
                                     32

    Federal guidelines and technical assistance programs provide valuable
assistance to State and local entities as they evaluate alternatives for
processing, resource recovery and disposal.  These should be continued with
emphasis on hazardous and special waste processing and disposal problems.

    Additional incentives, other than enforcement, are needed to promote
resource recovery, hazardous/toxic waste management and maintain compliance
with sanitary landfill requirements.  Smaller communities (less than
5*000 population) have difficulty obtaining compliance and need additional
incentive.

                                             Orville F. Stoddard, P.E.
                                             Director Solid Waste
                                             Management Projects

-------
INTRODUCTION


Conneotioxit'9 solid waste management program seeks to solve, on  a  statewide,
total eyatom coordinated basis,  the age-old problem of waste disposal.   The
State's problem is augmented by Connecticut's density of population;  by the small
land area available for  use  in waste disposal; by the necessity  to conserve and
protect existing threatened  land,  air and water resources; by  the  people's
propensity to produce  a  high-per-capita volume of wastes because, they live in
a highly developed urban- industrial society -with its characteristic high volume
of waste production; and by  the strong undercurrent of environmentalism and
protectionism that has developed during the last three or  four years, within
the State.

The existing arrangements whereby solid wastes are disposed  of eithor locally
or on a proprietary basis by burying in dumps or landfills or  by burning in
incinerators and then  landfilling the residue, have failed to  dispose of waster
without excessive adverse environmental impact or the loss of  potentially valuable-
resources.  These problems and processes have thus become  a  major  focus of
governmental effort to reduce pollution and improve the Slate's  phy&ical pnvironiiumt
— air, water and land.   The urgency toward "a better way" has been primary in
the State's requirement  for  statewide solid waste management planning with the
accent on resources recovery; the environmental concern haa  militated for a
more intensified enforcement effort aimed at curbing pollution and footorir^;
tetter management and  disposal of wastes.  These requirements  have eavoed inniortait
jroblems in program development, goal-Dotting, staff utilization and
 j cJ^.u'^c']  in the Federal Goveiirr.enL and many other
civ iron j""tal  concern has foster. )d no'-/ 01 revinrl  or
rcueruiiient administrative agencies, Connecticut ost-ibj.iyh"l a nj'.<  . M'i -j •!
for  the  environment — the Department of Environmental  l^otec+inn — in 1'^(
A Solid  Waste  Management Unit was set up within the Environmental ru'-ili f.y
of that  Department.  The problems and difficulties involved in er;tabl-;nhjri;
required new program emphasis on solid waste management in a sil.antion cha
by the formation of a new departmsnt with many new programs, new or T.IT! •/.,-> I
forms and units,  and new policies, processes and procedures, con bo ruj.U.y
imagined.
The Department was faced with a statutory requirement for long-ra^1 co71, • li.-ru;'.
nolid waute  management planning.  The infant,  fragmented solid waul a :r-<-n.<';--i-i?">
program was,  by virtue of its function, to have  predominating progrT.! T":>r-n.,"r! i '> r
in this planning area.  Existing difficulties  and  problems in tr:iT \r[(
in the  overcll programming reqaiirnrcnt a ncc-d  for  vaa-cly improvoJ 'v-jt.Lvi.io'- .!••
11*3 ar^a of  standard--setting, r< ,'\'Jabiou, onfovcement, grj-rtfi-in-L'1'.'., c -• ,. ,.•> •.-'
' r.d mrsnaF-^imt.  Not only wna thu need grc ",t for pro '/id in;-; r.;iptL)"rr,  ' i  !\
l,,r,,';-ranr,; tlnnning effort and  inc n1o,tevr,de rcD^ir-c^s Teovurv .i,. •  I .••  . ,<  - •
rror/i'nm it f irocast, hut y]ao,  tii.,L>f E'JIO 1 'adiii.o:i;al pro ,i?u STJ  :  .:.     •\;^lidi'ty on I,H. ;-  . -.n
           It \;a(3 for tiia ir"prnvi ,j nt of thin aJ-o-ipinl i ,iiv-! ; f ':i  i Li i  i
       it ion  i 3r I'Gdoral ."'id w/^a r.aiie urJ  for1 wh\..h a d- HOP-' tr? Mot.  ,"':'''-'' •''

-------
                                          34

The problems described in oversimplified  form above  were not only considered as
problems but as opportunities.

The difficulties inherent in mounting a new program  in a new major agency vero
countered by such opportunities as could  be seen in  not having to make ohangfB
in established programs where a regulated clientele  had a vested interest, and in
not having to contend with an entrenched  bureaucracy having a stake in maintaining
the status quo.

The need to respond rapidly to local  emergencies and long standing problems of
considerable urgency created pressures on staff and  slender resources but, at
the same time, created pressures  for  improved planning and •orogram performance
that augured well for reforms.

The long-range planning requirement,  which created problems by causing a severe
drawdown on available resources of staff  time and talent, also acted importantly
to set a major statewide goal.  This  goal-setting drew the individual goala of
an otherwise fragmented program into  harmony around  a common objective, creating
a program energy that xvas not there,  before. Thus, a most important requirement
the setting of a common goal — was accomplished.

The problems of program startup have  been mentioned, above.  The Department of
Health had produced a major issuance  in the 1971 Solid Waste Management Plan, but
this was designed for Health Department administration.  The new program's
reGourcfs wore fragmented and too weak to work the plan.  A professional'staff,
pulled tofxther from sovo^al different programs, struggled to develop purpose
L'.iJi IH^OJ.'"lilp.  The pa.orrp'n':? pull.:-/ briTs '.ra.3 not clearly deflnod; r^rulad.r-ns wore
iiujc-.io.Lrpi -*^ or iuwOiuP? c LJ, frcrn  v^  r.;vir on rental rlarjuj^jiai ,  nLrcrvoub fimu'if,
thi "bncji, T ^£Tcna demurs''n VT..U  Lh,j uuldino requiremsrd j .(o'c v>i;^-r. ar'l 'iir r^rca i-,nce«
          E-bSiistanee covoi^d s'ich iii-j-ttciw au fc,ivin£ advice io Icc^i *. ~v> L.viir
          LcUid-use policies ani criteria  governing thft grimt-in-c'il •pj'o'r'"-'i weco
in the process of being shaped.   In effect, each program element hid itc ova
goals and objectives; there was too little cohesiveneos of purpose.
However, there was  the requirement in Public Act SU^j 1971 » for Lho
of a long-range,  statewide solid waste management plan.  \Jhen the Dspartmaut
took action  to" develop such a. plan through the issuance of a requ^st-i'&r-proDootd
seeking the assistance of private-soctor capability, the soriouaneoo of  ILc--
Department's intent to do something about solid waste management on a statcw.ttlo
basis began  to take effect.  The individual and inconclusive goals and objectives'
of the  various operating elrmentn of the solid waste program began to be  pullod
in -the  direction of the . long-range planning effort.  Administrative efforts ber'\a
to be attiuiod moro  closely to then current ideas as to how the long-rcinc6 plan
was expected to  develop.
     goal of statewide cyu turns design to effect resources recovery, whioli was
 tJ.n  central objective of tho long-range planning effort as early aa Augast oi
 1972, bewail to shape thu Department's administrative program.

 Tliat goal was:

           To achieve statewide solid waute disposal with maximum
           resource recovery nt the lowest equitable coat,
           connidering the nood to minimize envii^onmontal dobifc
           nad avoid imprudont land u.ce, ^and tho desirability of

-------
                                          35
          maximizing economic "benefits and utilising private
          sector management ,  manufacturing and marketing
          ca,pabilityt without appreciable disbenefit from any
          loos or erosion of political or governmental status.


Land Disposal of Solid Waste

New solid waste disposal areas are issued permits upon beginning operationa.  The
State recognizes leachate as being a natural by-produot of breakdown processes
associated with municipal wastes.  Therefore, the most critical aspect of new
solid waste disposal areas is its location within the natural resource system.
The State attempts to insure that leachate production is minimized resulting in
a positive ecological impact on the environment.  This is accomplished by.

l)  Regulation of textural quality of cover material used in solid waste
    disposal areas, and regulated volumes for sufficient cover.

2)  Promotion, through State and local regulations, of good drainage facilities
    for finished landfills where leachate may be incorporated into subsurface
    groundwater systems.

3)  Finally, we propose a stabilization of graded areas with a good vegetative
    cover.  This, of course, allows for runoff and evapotranspiration instead
    of percolation into groundwaters .

There are over eighty municipal sewage treatment plants in the Stato of
Connecticut.  Using a variety of wthoris of disposal, the Btate copes vita  the
Vaobleiua of reuidue diupoa;il.  HLviigo mterials have been (successfully utilized
along with sandy material as a final cover on many largo solid waste disposal
areas throughout Connecticut.

Manure from animal feed lots as a resource -and not a solid waste r,nd ia  iljorot'c_'e
used as a fertilizer.  Septic tank pumpinga produce sludgo material that now illy,
in Connecticut, is dewatered due to large particles with a variety of properticn.

Currently in the State, there exist lUU private and municipal solid waste disposal
arean in use.  Moderate to severe leachate problems exist in approximately
70 of these facilities and 12 of the total number have' monitoring wolls.  Tloni
of the facilities are equipped with leachate  collection and treatment fr..ci] itien.

Guidelines that will require permitting for all solid waste disposal aroan  ia tii'.>
future have been proposed but have yet to be  implemented.  Some of the ±aoilitit.o
for solid waste disposal are permitted at present and some are not.  This iltate
has no approved sites for hazardous ot toxic  waste disposal.

The capacity of the  ll|lj facilities in Connecticut is variable.  Approximately
5>0 solid waste disposal facilities have a capacity between 100,000 and ^'00,000
tons.  About  20 facilities have  a capacity of more than $00,000 tons and 7S> f'^lli-
with less than 1^0,000 ton capacity.
 The over-riding truth when considering landfill as a means of solid
 .ia that all landfills, regardless of construction and operation techniques,
 dirchsrgo oome polluted water (leachate).   This will continue to diccharr-!
 the decay process is complete.   The production of leachata is a natural .by-
 of aolid Viauto decomposition and ia therefore part of any operation,

-------
                                         36

Given these facts and recognizing1 that disposal areas are absolutely necessary,
the Department of Environmental Protection is in business of approving disposal
axoas that have controlled discharges.  The basic overall philoisopliv i- to
minimize tha quantity of leachate discharged and to maximize the natural treatment
end dilution of that leachate.  Therefore, the location oi a disposal area in
relation to existing and potential groundwater and surface water uses is
critical.  The hydrological setting of land in Connecticut varies greatly from
place to place.  Specifically in relation to solid waste disposal, 1 he ideal
Setting for land disposal would be in a thick (greater than 1$ feet) unsaturated
and free draining soil section with a simple unconfined groundwater oyotem discharging
directly to an adjacent or nearby surface water body.  This surface water body,  -
in addition, should be relatively large and free flush.  The setting where
these characteristics can be found together are most concentrated in the large
central Connecticut valley, near many of Connecticut's major rivers, and near
Long Island Sound.  This leaves large portions of Connecticut, primarily the
northeast and northwest thirds, with few or no settings suitable for solid waste
disposal.  It is not that Connecticut doesn't have enough suitable  sitea, it
is that their distribution is not equal.  Therefore, to dispose of  solid waste
in the most environmentally sound manner, one must establish sites  in a suitable
geologic setting that can service entire regions that may not have  a suitable
Betting.   This argument in conjunction with the economic arguments for
regionalization, are the prime reason that the Connecticut solid waste program
has taken such a strong regional stand.


Enforcement Prooedurea

TLo initial step in the State Bolid Waste Enforcement program is the ioauanod o.C
a aioticu of violation.  Notice of -violation includes a Bp^eif iop.tion oi' the
ytatutory or regulatory violation observed and a timo period within which to
correct the violation.

If a violation is not corrected then  further enforcement procedures ioay Vo
instituted.  Such further enforcement procedures are tied to the Connecticut
Administrative Procedure Act.  This provides for the issuance of ordara l>y the
Commissioner with right for administrative appeal.  Administrative  appeala tnken
from orders are adversarial public hearings.  Following a proposed  decioJon by  a
Hearing Examiner and a final  decision by the Commissioner, there in also provided
opportunity for judicial review.  This judicial review is to be based upon the
standard type of review courts have over administrative agencies  (i.e., the
court  is not to substitute ito judgement for the agency's).

In cases where the Commissioner's order  is not complied with and an administrative
appeal has not been sought, referrals are made to  the Attorney Genaral who then
seeks  enforcement of the order through court proceedings.

One  should note that the Commissioner is empowered to  assess civil  penal tics for
violation  of  the  statutes he  enforces.

The civil penalty statute  is  Public Act  73~665 and is  now being implemented for
 the Air Compliance Unit.   Implementation of a civil penalty program for violc.tiur.
 of nolid vraate statutea  and regulations  will await*,  successful  operation oi tuo
 Air Compliance civil  penalty program.

-------
                                           37

In the pant twelve months, 39 orders have been issued by the Commissioner; aaven
of these have been appealed.  These appealed cases are now in various stages ol'
the hearing1 process; seven referrals have been made to the Attorney Go.wal,

In most cnnea, notices of violation alone are sufficient to obtain compliance
with Department standards.

Although the Commissioner is empowered by statute to order municipalities into
compliance, in most instances, the Department has attempted to avoid putting the
State and local governments in an immediate adversary position.  Rather than
issue an order immediately, the Department, -after inspection, informs
municipalities of deficiencies and then seeks to work out a Consent Agreement
which both the State and the municipality can live with.  These Agreements note   '
the deficiencies or violations noted and setforth a mutually agreed upon schedule
for correcting the situation.  The Department has met with fairly good success
in this approach.  This process actually accomplished two things.  First it
alerted municipalities to deficiencies in their solid waste management techniques
Secondly, it opened needed channels of communication between the Department and
various municipalities.                                                           '

In cases where Consent Agreements could not be negotiated, the Department did  '
issue Orders. It should be noted, however, that the city or town involved was
already well aware of its problems before it received an Order.


Source Red-notion and Resource Recovery

Thj Stnta cf Connecticut's current legislation incorporates Public Act 8l|5 which
o'-sl: iildc.li.-,> a statewide prog-ran for solid waste management through local and,
i'-!aU: ,";c\'e-muinnts ord the ivjparlmcnt of Environmental Protection.  Along with
rubl.ie /let 8I-)5>, #'12-6l\6 hasj Leon enacted creating the Connecticut Resources
Recovery Authority.  The CRRA, which is in operation, is implementing the
regional resources recovery programs and policies, aa outlined in the Conner* tioo,t
State Solid Waste Management Plan.

Under Public Act 8U5>, the State has made available 1)4.2 million dollars for
funding to municipalities in need of solid waste disposal area aid.   This funding
allows for purchases of equipment, buildings  and engineering studies.  More
specifically, Public Act 81|5> is broken down into four major  funding sections;
the first of which allows for 100% funding for demonstration resources recovery
  systems or improved solid waste facilities including planning, design and
construction of an improved solid waste facility.  Secondly, a section on plan
preparation is incorporated into 81|5 allowing for 10% funding per town with  a
maximum of ?0;o allowed.  A  third section allows for  funding  toward  purchases of
equipment or construction of buildings in conjunction with a sanitary landfill.
Under this section 25% for  the first town with 10% for each  additional town  in
available up to 6(J}o maximum for the total  grant.  An extra 5% ia allotted for
handling of bulky waste.  A fourth section of Public Act  8U5 grants  money to
municipalities or regional  authorities which, after  July 1,-1969, rebuilds,
reconstructs  or constructs  a volume reduction plant.  The  first  town is  allotted
    with 10%  additional funding per extra  town with  a maximum of 65% allowed.
 At preoent,  there are no tax laws or purchasing policies that are beneficial
 to resource  recovery efforts.  Surveys have been made concerning source reduction
 and enorcy recovery, but a program has yet to be established by State or local

-------
                                          38
governments.  The proposed legislative action concerning resource reduction has
been defeated at present.


Hazardous Waste Management

Connecticut is a highly industrialized state which has about 6000 industrial plants.
It has been estimated that approximately 330,000 tona of liquid and semi-liquid
industrial wastes are generated in Connecticut each year.  These wastes are a
complex array of substances ranging in form from pure liquid to thick, oily metal
bearing sludges.  Included amongst these wastes are hazardous and toxic materials.
which, if not properly handled, could result in serious injury to people and
contamination of our natural resources.  There are also solid industrial wastes
which could have these same results.  The following are a few examples which can
be cited:

 In one case, magnesium powder had "been deposited by one industry and the bulldozer
operator was not warned  about its flammable characteristics.  The operator
proceeded to spread the  materials, as required, prior to covering.  Sufficient
heat was generated during this operation to ignite the powder and flames
enveloped the bulldozer.  Fortunately, the operator escaped with minor injuries
because he  waa  in a partially closed cab and the flames died down fairly
 quickly.

 In another  case» deposit of flyash from a power plant formed leachate which
 contaminated a  swimming  area in a summer camp  in Waterford.

 In Gouthington, Connecticut, an industry contaminated ground waters and its own
 wells by depositing into the ground wastes remaining from a solvent recovery
 process.  This  method  of disposal also caused  an air pollution problem in  th<3
 area as a result of evaporation of the solvents in the residue sludges.

 In addition to  chemical  wastes, the liquid wastes generated, contain  about
 19,000,000  gallons of  oil.  Although  it has been estimated that  about 6$%  of
 this oil is collected, cleaned and reused for  burning or road oil, only Vj>% is
 sent to a re-refiner and about 20% is  dumped in sewers,  at solid waste disposal
 areas  or in the ground.   Our major problems are related  to this  latter figure
 (20$).  These  estimates  were made as  a result  of discussions with manufacturing
 companies as well  as waste  oil collectors and  reprocessors.  The bulk of this
 oil  is generated in  the  following areas:  Hartford, Bridgeport,  Waterbury,
 New Haven,  New Britain and  Middletown.

 Beryllium is  a toxic waste  produced by some  Connecticut  industries.   It roquirea
 special treatment to properly dispose of it.   Although radiological  wastea are
 produced in Connecticut, their disposal  is carefully monitored and does not appoar
 to be a problem in Connecticut.   Veay little  information is  presently available
 in "the- files  of the  Department of Environmental Protection on the  number,
 and location of private areas used for disposal  of hazardous wastes •
 13 also needed on the precautions that must  be taken to dispose of those
 and the potential for reclaiming or recycling them.

 Since staff in the Department's Water Compliance unit have done work with 'Lh
 tranaport and dicposal of .Industrial wastea,  the Solid Waste unit hnn ('o/olu
 with them a detailed approach to obtaining reliable information on tha lypn.,
 quant it ie a, present methods of disposal, location of disposal areas r.ml pci'-

-------
                                            39
of generation of carefully selected hazardous wastes.  When these wastes havw
bf>en properly inventoried, regulations will be drafted and recommended for
adoption by the Department.  They will give the Department the airth-.--' »,y needoq.
for properly controlling the transportation, processing and disposal of
industrial wastes.  Emphasis has been placed on reclaiming ae much as possible
and minimizing the quantity to be wasted.

When it is found that methods of disposal are being used which may 1 e dangerous
to employees or to the public or may result in degradation of the quality of our
natural resources, the Department takes whatever steps are necessary to have
disposal methods converted to safe and sanitary methods that will minimize
environmental degradation.

Under certain circumstances, if hazardous wastes are handled properly, the
Department of Environmental Protection will give permits for land disposal of
such wastes.  At present, there are limited regulations governing the generation
of hazardous wastes with the exception of radio-active materials which are
governed by federal agencies.  Metallic oxidea and hydrous metallic oxides have
heavy restrictions placed upon them concerning land disposal.  General Electric
in conjunction with the Department of Environmental Protection has conducted a
survey concerning hazardous waste volumes.  Liquid waste haulers are required
to register quantities and qualities quarterly with Hazardous Wastes and Water
Compliance units of DEP.


TVhl _3o_Af f airn

'!'«'• belli Vrsie Manp,»c:nont Unit, of the Department of Environmental Protection has
\ax.L.na t:o"iA,cs of from which teclinical assistance to the public is available*
/ii cxLcnnive library on solid waste information is available through DEP'for
interested groups.

The State feels that by proper permitting and regulating, it can reduce the
problems associated with solid wastes.  Technical experts and then inputs ore
utilized to the fullest extent possible in determining whether or not a nolid
disposal site ia meeting the needs of the State properly.  The judicious use of
monies, both state and local, aids in the generation of total efficiency in
solid waste management.  The continued formation of regional refuse plans, the*
appropriation of grant funds to municipalities, and an applied program of
hazardous and industrial wastes management all combine to reduce the problems
of solid waste management in the State of Connecticut.

-------
                                    40

                              State of Delaware

                           Solid Waste Management
A.  AGENCY
     The exclusive authority for solid waste management in the State is vested
in the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control under the
guidance of the Honorable John C. Bryson, Secretary.  Within the Department of
Natural Resources and Environmental Control are several divisions each of which
has its unique responsibilities.  The Division of Environmental Control, under
the direction of Mr. N. C. Vasuki, is charged with the responsibility of regulating
all solid waste management activities in the State.  These activities include
collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of all solid wastes.
The Solid Waste Office, currently within the' Air Resources Section, is responsible
for performing the daily business of the agency and implementing and enforcing
regulations.  This office also serves as the single point contact with the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Programs.  Cur-
rently, this office is staffed by one senior level engineer, one junior level
engineer and one secretary.

B.  AUTHORITY

     Title 7, Delaware Code, Chapter 60, provides the Secretary of the Department
cf Natural Resources and Environmental Control with the sole authority for solid
waste management in the State.  This law became effective on July 17, 1973 and
requires that permits be issued for all activities relative to solid waste management
in the State.  Further, the Department has the authority to develop regulations
which are necessary to implement the provisions of the law.  The Secretary also
has the authority under this law to develop and implement a state-wide solid waste
management plan after the Governor's adoption.

C.  REGULATIONS

     In August, 1974 the Secretary of the Department cf Natural Resources and Environ-
mental Control adopted the "Delaware Solid Waste Disposal Regulation."  This regula-
tion replaced the former solid waste disposal regulation, entitled State Sanitary
Code, Part 38.  The newly adopted regulation includes major requirements for
sanitary and industrial landfills such as:

     (1)  A leachate collection, treatment and disposal system,
     (2)  The incorporation of impermeable membranes in the design of
          leachate collection systems and landfill sites,
     (3)  Methods of venting decomposition gases and
     (4)  Monitoring of groundwater quality and decomposition gases.

'These changes are consistent with the final federal guidelines promulgated in the
Federal Register, Wednesday, August 14, 1974, Volume 39, Number 158, Part III.
New state regulations governing the storage, collection and transportation of
solid wastes are currently being developed.

-------
                                      41
                                     -2-


D.  LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

     The primary method of solid waste disposal utilized in the state is the
landfill.  In accordance with the "Delaware Solid Waste Disposal Regulation,"
the landfills in Delaware will be upgraded to the status of sanitary landfills.
However, they will also be required to install leachate collection and treatment
controls to prevent long-term water pollution problems.  For example, in New
Castle County, the leachate from a terminated landfill (3 yrs.), Llangollen
Landfill, has contaminated a major groundwater supply (aquifer).  This landfill
was operated by New Castle County, which projects expenditures in excess of $26
million in an attempt to rectify the aquifer.  Also, landfills generate decomposition
gases, such as methane,  which are explosive and may be monitored and vented to
eliminate underground fires in the landfills.  Unfortunately, landfills waste our
land resources and are not amenable to handling the growing quantities of industrial
wastes and sludges resulting from air and water pollution control systems or the
process industries.

                          EPA REQUESTED INFORMATION

     a.  The Delaware Solid Waste Disposal Regulation includes the following design
criteria to minimize the potential for surface or subsurface water pollution:

     (1)  a leachate collection, treatment and disposal system
     (2)  impermeable liners for disposal areas and leachate collection
          systems
     (3)  monitoring wells to detect changes in groundwater quality

     b.  The state is investigating methods of recycling sewage sludge through
efforts such as the state recycling project, known as the Delaware Reclamation
Project, (DRP).  Also, the state is currently cooperating with the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers and the City of Wilmington, Delaware in a project to recycle
digested sewage sludge by land application..  /The objective of the project is to
utilize the fertilizer value and soil conditioning properties of the sewage sludge
to reclaim dredge spoils.

     c.  Total number of solid waste land disposal facilities now in use:  39
               number where leachate is a known problem:  3
               number with monitoring wells:  9
               number with leachate collection and treatment facilities:  1
                (under construction)
               number of.such facilities at which leachate has been
                produced:  1

     d.  Number of land disposal sites with State permit/license/approval:  39
               estimated percent of State population served by approved
                sites:  85
               number of State approved sites for hazardous/toxic waste
                disposal:  0

     e.  Number of sites with ultimate capacity of:     (Use density of 1000
          Ibs/cu yd)
               less than 150,000 tons:  unknown
               between 150,000 and 500,000 tons:  unknown

-------
                                        42
                                     -3-
               More than 500,000 tons:   at least 2

     f.   Solid Waste management is considered in State land use planning; 7 Del.
Code, 60 requires all permit applicants to submit documentation that the
appropriate zoning or planning commission approved the land use for landfill
purposes.

E.  ENFORCEMENT

     Delaware's Environmental Protection Act, 7 Del.  C. 60, provides civil and
criminal penalties for violations of the Act, promulgated regulations or permit
conditions.  The Secretary may seek a preliminary or permanent injunction or
temporary restraining order in the Court of Chancery, if the violation has been
completed and there is a substantial likelihood that it will reoccur.  The
Secretary may also issue a cease and desist order to any person violating any
rule, regulation, order, permit condition or provision of the Act.   The Secretary
issued the Department's first cease and desist order in February, 1974 to stop
the disposal of solid waste in an industrial landfill, which was burning
uncontrolled.  The Department extinguished the surface landfill fire over a two
day period of continuous effort.  The cease and desist order was lifted after
the landfill owner submitted plans of operation to preclude such future incidents,
agreed to reimburse the Department for all reasonable costs it incurred in
extinguishing the fire and the subsurface fire was completely extinguished
(about 2 week period).

     Within the Division of Environmental Control is an enforcement group con-
sisting of six (6) Environmental Protection Officers (EPO).  The EPO is respon-
sible for investigating complaints concerning air and water pollution or improper
solid waste disposal.  The EPO also performs routine inspections of facilities
having permits to determine whether the facility is operating in violation of
the permit conditions.  In'all cases, the EPO has the authority to enter $
premises for purposes of conducting an investigation to determine whether the
provisions of any air, water or solid waste regulation are being compromised.
Also, he assists the solid waste engineer and legal counsel in the preparation of
court cases which may result from violations detected during field investigations.

F.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
     The State of Delaware recognizes the need for future alternatives to solid
waste disposal.  Delaware strongly believes in the concept of reclamation and
recycling.  In October, 1972 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste Management Programs awarded a $9 million grant to the State of Delaware
to be used for the completion of the Delaware Reclamation Project (DRP).  Delaware
applied for this grant and it was the largest of a total of four which were
awarded on the basis of extremely keen national competition.

     The objective of the Delaware Reclamation Project is to demonstrate the
total reclamation concept, and the associated economics.  The scope includes
design, construction, operation and product sales.  Delaware will attempt'to
demonstrate that recycling can be done on a commercial scale.  Sufficient quantities

-------
                                          43
 of reclaimed products will be generated which will allow a true assessment of the
 markets  for these materials.  The products will include humus  (compost), solid
 fuel,  fuel gas,  ferrous  and non-ferrous metals, glass, paper and carbon.  Also,
 EPA has  required the state to demonstrate the use of shredded  air classified
 solid  waste (solid fuel) as a supplemental fuel for steam-electric oil fired
 utility  boilers.

     The initial plant capacity will be 500 tons/day of unsegregated mixed refuse
 with 230 tons/day of 8%  solids digested sewage sludge.  The long range design
 capacity of the  plant is a nominal 1000 tons/day of mixed refuse and up to U60
 tons/day of sewage sludge.  A unique feature of the Delaware Reclamation Project
 is the process capability to simultaneously dispose and reclaim as marketable
 products refuse  and sewage sludge.  In October, 1972, the President signed into
 law the  Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (P.L. 92-532), which
 places restrictions on the dumping of solid wastes into the ocean.  Therefore,
 Delaware will offer a viable, land based sewage sludge disposal system as an
 alternative to ocean dumping.  Hopefully, the DRP will be the  first of other
 innovative systems for recycling our growing wastes.

                          EPA REQUESTED INFORMATION

     a.  Delaware has no regional resource recovery authorities.  Presently
 the state is pursuing solid waste resource recovery in its effort to complete
 the Delaware Reclamation Project.

     b.  The Delaware Department of Community Affairs and Economic Development
 has the  authority to issue industrial bonds to local government and/or private
 industry for solid waste management systems including resource recovery.

     c.  Resource Recovery planning is primarily being conducted at the state
 level.

     d.  Presently there are no state tax laws that would benefit resource recovery
 efforts.  With respect to purchase policies, the state has investigated the
 use of recycled paper in state offices.  Also, the state is presently participating
 in an  effort to recycle paper wastes generated during the daily operations of the
 state  offices.

     e.  There are no state or local government programs regarding source reduction
 of solid wastes.   However, there has been legilsation drafted regarding ,non-
 returnable beverage containers.

 G.  HAZARDOUS WASTE_ MANAGEMENT

     a.  The Delaware Solid Waste Disposal Regulation has provisions for dealing
with hazardous, toxic, industrial or chemical wastes.   However,  Delaware does not
have any landfills for disposing of hazardous  wastes.   Hazardous wastes are dealt
with on  an individual basis and generally are  chemically/physically processed in
 a licensed facility out of state.

     b.  Presently, the state has no reliable  estimates of the quantities of such
wastes generated in the state.   However,  the state will attempt to gen«=rat" ~l
date,  hopefully,  under a Hazardous Waste  Management Planning Grant  from Lr/'..

-------
                                       44


                                     -5-


Shortly, the state will submit an application for this grant to the EPA.

H.  PUBLIC AFFAIRS

     The state is keenly aware of the need to interact with the public.   In the
development of the Solid Waste Disposal Regulation, the Department of Natural
Resources and Environmental Control held a series of workshops with representatives
of civic groups, consulting engineering firms, local government, industry and
landfill operators.  These workshops were used to review drafts of the proposed
regulation for comments and ultimately the state generated a regulation which
included considerable input  from the public.  With respect to technical informa-
tion, the state continuously disseminates information, such as EPA's "Operation
Responsible," on solid waste management activities.  The Department of Natural
Resources and Environmental Control maintains a telephone "Hot Line" which the
public can dial each day for news of the most recent developments, such as
enforcement activities and the adoption of new regulations.  The Solid Waste
Office has also cooperated with the EPA Region III Office and held a training
course for sanitary landfill operators earlier in the year.

I.  CRITICAL AREA FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
     Critical areas in solid waste management which require federal assistance
include:

     (1)  Demonstration grants to assist the states in the design, construction
and operation of comprehensive hazardous solid waste disposal facilities which
include a combination of chemical/physical processing systems complemented by
landfill with resource recovery potential.

     (2)  Demonstration or research -grants to assist the states in projects to
characterize leachate generation and develop models for prediction including gas
kinetics, complemented by leachate rectification systems.

     (3)  Grant funds to assist states in developing and implementing statewide
solid waste resource recovery programs.

-------
                                  45

                           STATE OF FLORIDA

                          SOLID WASTE PROGRAM

A.  LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

    Describe State legislation, policy and program pertaining to:

    a.  Design criteria and State Review procedures utilized to
        minimize the possibility of underground and surface water
        pollution from new sanitary land fills.

        A soils study and a hydrological report are prerequisites to
        permitting a new site as are the standard criteria listed in
        the solid waste rule.

    b.  Processing and disposal of sludge from municipal wastewater
        treatment plants, animal feed lot waste, and septic tank
        pumpings, including the utilization thereof.

        Sewage sludge after partial dewatering is disposed of by land
        spreading as a general method.   The few sludge incinerators
        in the state are not operating because of high cost.

        Animal feedlot waste, depending on the size of the operation
        is either land spread or treated in anaerobic lagoons.

        Septic tank pumpings, where facilities have been provided
        are disposed of in sewage treatment plants.  The majority how-
        ever is disposed of in sanitary land fills.

        Experiments are being conducted utilizing a series of shallow
        trenches tapering to grade, dumping in the deepend, allowing
        the waste to settle for 24 hours and then covering.  At
        sites handling a large number of tank trucks per day mixing
        the waste at the face of the fill, as some advocate, has
        not proven satisfactory.

    c.  Total number of solid waste land disposal facilities now
        in use:   498	

              Number where leachate is a known problem:	

              Number with monitoring wells:	

              Number with leachate collection and treatment
              facilities:	

                      Number of such facilities at which leachate
                      has been produced:	

        Staff time has not been available to assemble this data
        although it is included in the land disposal site data
        forms.

-------
                                     46
    d.  Number of land disposal sites with State permit.    135

             Estimated percent of state population served
             by approved sites.                            31 %

             Number of State approved sites for hazardous/
             toxic waste disposal.                          0

    e.  Number of sites with ultimate capacity of
        less than 150,CGC tons.                 300  (Estimated)

             Between 150,000 and 500,OOC tons.  180

             More ti-an 500,CCC tons.              20

    f.  Is solid waste management a significant factor in State land
        use planning?

        Yes - the State division of Planning's Bureau of Land Planning
        has frequently conferred with us in their land use planning
        activities.
B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES

    Briefly describe your State's enforcement procedures including
    administrative and judicial remedies available and enforcement
    actions taken during the past 12 months.

         There is an enforcement coordinator in each of our six regions
    plus a headquarters staff of engineers and attorneys.   Violations
    noted by field inspections or complaints from the public are
    initially handled by the Regional enforcement personnel.  Depending
    on the severity of the violation, a letter of warning or letter
    of notice may be issued.  If results are not thus obtained or
    violations persist, then a pre-enforcement case summary is
    prepared and an administrative notice and order for corrective
    action is served.  If this action does not result in compliance
    then civil proceedings are undertaken and penalties sought which
    could result in fines of up to $10,000 per day per violation.

        Number of Letters of Notices.  67

        Number of Warning Notices.  19

        Number of Pre-enforcement Summary.  21

        Number of Notices and orders.   6

        Number of cases settled without court action i.e.,
        satisfactory compliance schedule.   8

        Number of Suits filed.   3

        Number of Suits settled.   3

-------
                                        4V
C.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

    What is the current State legislation, policy,  and program
    affecting resource recovery:

        a.  Are regional solid waste management or  resource recovery
            recovery authorities  allowed and how many have been
            created?

                 Such authorities can be formed by  passage of so
            called local bills.  Three counties have created such
            authorities.  Note:  the passage of the Florida Resource
            Recovery and Management Act as of July  1, 1974 will
            accelerate this activity.

        b.  What type of State funding is available for local government
            and/or private industry involved in resource recovery?

                 None.

        c.  Is resource recovery  planning being conducted at the State
            or local level?

                 State.

        d.  Are there any State tax laws or purchasing policies
            that may be beneficial to resource recovery efforts?

                 Yes - the aforementioned Act provides that the State
            Public Service Commissioners shall establish rates for
            all railroads and common carriers that  do not discriminate
            against the transport of solid waste, recovered resources
            or recycled materials and whenever practicable provide
            an incentive for resource recovery and  recycling.  It
            further provides that reduced rates may be granted for
            such materials.

        e.  Has the State or any  local government initiated any
            program in source reduction (e.g. beverage container or
            packaging) or energy  recovery?

                 Bade County has  a pending referendum for the approval
            of a deposit on all beverage containers.

    Are there any pending or proposed legislative actions, studies or
    programs in resource recovery or source reduction?

             Yes - Bade County is awaiting bids of  RFP's for a turn
        key resource recovery solid waste facility.
             The city of Tallahassee has had a feasibility study
        made to heat and cool the State Capitol buildings, Florida
        State and Florida A & M Universities similar to the Nashville
        project.
             Several plans are in the making for resource recovery
        tape systems.

-------
D.  HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

    a.   Describe the existing State legislation, policy,  program
        and agency (ies)  involved in the control of the generation,
        transport, processing and/or land disposal of hazardous,
        toxic, industrial and/or chemical waste.

             No actual legislation, but the Department's  rule stipulates
        that such wastes  shall,  at the owners expense, be rendered
        sare and sanitary prior  to delivery to the disposal facility.
        Specific problems are handled on a case by case basis.   A
        recent staff addition is being groomed to become  a hazardous
        waste specialist.
             The State Department of Agriculture controls the types
        of pesticides, herbicides and fungicides that can be used in
        the State.  The Division of Health licenses all pesticide
        applicators.

    b.   Have any surveys  been conducted or estimates of such waste
        quantities been made?

             The University of Florida has recently conducted a
        survey on nonindustrial  toxic and hazardous wastes under
        an EPA grant.  Reports are not yet available.
             Surveys will be conducted as staff time permits.

£ •  ZliMiIL. AFFAIRS

    Describe your program in public affairs, technical information
    -ic tivi ties, and the public and private interest groups in the
    State  that you interact with.

         The solid waste  planning staff has established rapport with
    politically oriented  organizations such as Florida League of
    Cities, State Association of County Commissioners, APWA and
    others to the end that solid waste subjects are included in their
   • convention programs.
         The solid waste planning staff has established a SWIRS Jr.
    to provide technical information to  field staff and local
    communities.  In addition a film library is in active use by
    field  staff and local groups.

F.  CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE

    Brie-fly describe those areas where the Office of Solid Waste
    Management Programs could (this  line was cut off - but it is
    assumed to be - could "more effectively support State Solid
    Waste  efforts.")

    }.  in the hazardous waste area  it would be helpful if the
        construction of  the National disposal site, scheduled for
        Alachua County, Florida, would be expedited.  This would
        obviate  the necessity for  shipping such materials out of
        the State for disposal until the State  could develop
        regional

-------
                                49
2.  Also in the hazardous waste area, EPA should  develop a
    design and provide funding for the establishment of regional
    hazardous waste disposal sites within the State.

3.  Low per capita income counties and cities particularly in
    rural areas need Federal assistance to plan for and implement
    solid waste management systems.

4.  There is a need for concise reference books on collection,
    disposal and resource recovery similar to the two books
    published by APWA instead of a proliferation of booklets
    and bulletins now being supplied by EPA.   In fact a joint
    venture to that end between EPA and APWA might be desirable.

5.  The disposal of sewage sludge, septic tank pumpings, and
    water treatment plant sludge is presently a controversial
    subject.  The development of proven methods and guidelines
    would be welcomed by most States.

-------
                                        50
                            STATEHOUSE, BOISE, 83720

                            October 30,  1974

                                STATE OF  IDAHO
                           SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
                                                           James A. Hax. director
 S
 
-------
                                51
Land Disposal  (Cont.)                                        10/30/74
      4.  Number of land disposal sites with state approval  50
         Estimated percent of state population served by approval sites
          85%
         Number of state approved sites for hazardous/toxic waste
         disposal   1

      5.  Number of sites with ultimate capacity of
            Less than 150,000 tons   47
            Between 150,000 and 500,000 tons   3
            More than 500,000 tons   0

      6.  Solid waste is a significant factor in state land use planning.

B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES

      Violation of the State Environmental Regulations can result in
either civil penalties up to $1000 or criminal misdemeanor penalties
up to $300 per offense.  No legal action has been initiated in the
past 12 months.  In three instances legal action has been threatened
unless compliance with the Idaho Solid Waste Management Regulations
and Standards was realized.

C.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

      At the present time there are no state laws supporting or
requiring source reduction.  As stated previously, the counties are
responsible for establishing, maintaining and operating solid waste
management systems including resource recovery systems.  However,
due to adverse economics and a lack of secondary material markets
within the state, recycling is not a viable alternative in Idaho at
the present time.  There are local voluntary recycling centers in
the large cities.  However, for the most part, these are not supported
by municipal, county, or state funds.

      An Interim Legislative Committee is currently investigating the
solid waste problem in Idaho including resource recovery.  The committee
will make a recommendation to the Idaho legislature convening in
January, 1975.

D.  HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

      The State Department of Transportation in conjunction with its
Federal counterpart regulate transportation of hazardous materials.

      The State Department of Agriculture regulates the application
of pesticides on farm land.  This constitutes the largest quantity of
hazardous material in Idaho.

      The Department of Health and Welfare, Environmental Services
Division controls the disposal of hazardous materials by the Conditional
Use Permit (CUP) provisions of the Idaho Solid Waste Management Regula-
tions and Standards.  One state approved site is currently operated

-------
                                  52
Hazardous Waste (Cont.)                                     10/30/74
under the terms of a CUP for disposal of pesticides and pesticide
containers.  Disposal of other types of materials requires approval
from the Department of Health and Welfare, Environmental Services
Division.

      The Idaho Industrial Solid Waste Survey Report included a short
section of hazardous wastes reported by those industries surveyed.
No reliable volumes were available, only types of materials.

E.  PUBLIC AFFAIRS

      One person is assigned the responsibility of public education
for all of the environmental programs for the Environmental Services
Division.  Technical articles are formulated and routed through the
public relations personnel.  The Department interacts with local
governments quite extensively due to the nature of the Idaho law.

F.  CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE

      Comprehensive source reduction, reuse and recycling, in this
preferential order, obviously offer the only long-range solutions to
the solid waste problem.  These programs are absolutely necessary if
we are to conserve our natural resources in the form of energy and
materials.  However, due to the manufacturing and marketing character-
istics inherent to the United States, it is not logical for 50 states
to develop legislation to promote these programs.  Many companies
manufacture in one plant at one location and market to the entire
nation.  The industries cannot be expected to meet the requirements
of 50 different statutes.  Therefore, this type of legislation should
be developed at the national level.  The states definitely need
Federal assistance for the passage of national laws.

-------
                                      53
                 Indiana Solid Waste Management Report


A.  Land Disposal of Solid Waste

    1.  All refuse processing and disposal facilities (including sanitary
        landfills) must be approved by the Stream Pollution Control Board
        and Indiana State Board of Health.  Permits are issued for construction
        and operation of sanitary landfill sites.  SPC-18,  Solid Waste Managment
        Permit Regulation outlines specific design criteria which includes:

        a.  Maps showing surface water courses, drainage tiles, gas and
            oil wells.

        b.  Geological cross-sectional drawings of the legal section or
            sections from the plat book within which the proposed landfill site
            is located, showing types of materials from the ground surface
            down to and including bedrock, depth to water table and present
            and final topographies:  one north-south and one east-west
            drawing must be submitted.

        c.  Reports of soils, ground water and geology, including the following:

            1.  Soil borings, number to be determined through consultation
                with Solid Warte Management Section; taken to a depth of at
                least 20 feet below the lowest level of proposed excavation
                or refuse filling operation or to bedrock,  whichever is
                shallower.

            2.  Logs of borings are to include particle size distribution for
                entire boring indicating zones of saturation and measured
                water level immediately after boring is made and after 2U hours.

            3-  Samples from the borings are to be tested for permeability,
                compactability and ion exchange properties of the subsurface
                materials for those strata which are essential to the design
                of the landfill.

            U.  Boring information for all walls located within •£• mile of the
                proposed site which have been recorded with the Department of
                Natural Resources.

            5-  A soils map and related descriptive data as published by the
                Soil Conservation Service.

        d.  Where specified, ground water monitoring wells shall be established
            around the perimeter of the landfill site.

    2.  Septic tank pumpings are generally directed to municipal sewage
        treatment facilities.  In some cases it may be spread on farm land
        and disced under.  Sludge from municipal wastewater plants is spread
        on farmland except during periods of inclement weather when it may
        go to s sanitary landfill site temporarily.  Requestr for disposal of
        liauid, semi-liquid and hazardour waster at sanitary landfill sites

-------
Indiana Solid Waste Management Report
        are reviewed on a case-by-case basis.  The disposal of animal feedlot
        waste is on farmland.

    3.  a.  Total number of solid waste land disposal facilities now in
            use                                                 181

        b.  Number where leachate is known problem         _ 45
        c.  Number with monitoring wells                   _ 15

        d.  Number with leachate collection and treatment         6
        e.  Number of such facilities at which leachate has been
            produced                                       _ 181

    k.  a.  Number of land disposal sites with state permit
        b.  Percent of state population served by approved site   83

        c.  Number of state approved sites for hazardous/toxic
            waste disposal                                 _ 12

            ^•liquid, semi-liquid and hazardous wastes are approved on a
             case-by-case basis.  There are no sites approved exclusively for
             hazardous or toxic waste disposal.

    5.  a.  Number of sites with ultimate capacity of:

                   less than 150,000 tons                  6l
                   between 150,000 and 500,000 tons       100
                   more than 500,000 tons                  20

    6.  Solid waste management is not as yet a significant factor in state
        land use planning.  The emphasis and publicity placed on solid waste
        disposal facilities is quickly however, arousing the public ire
        and demands for more adequate local planning and control procedures.

B.  Enforcement Procedures

    There are several enforcement  modes available and becoming available under
SPC - 18, Refuse Disposal Act, and Environmental Management Act.

    a.  Mandatory relief through the Attorney General's Office in any court
        of competent jurisdiction.

    b.  Administrative hearing before Stream Pollution Control Board, violation
        of Board order in any court of competent jurisdiction through Attorney
        General.

-------
                                   55
                                  - 3 -

Indiana Solid Waste Management Report
    c.  Administrative hearing before the Environmental Management Board,
        violation of Board order in any court of competent jurisdiction through
        Attorney General.  Civil penalties provided by Environmental
        Management Act.

    d.  Mandatory relief through local prosecutor and health department in
        court of competent jurisdiction.

    During the past year two cases were referred to the Attorney General's
Office for action.

C.  Source Reduction and Resource Recovery

    1.  Regional solid waste management or resource recovery authorities
        are allowed by several Indiana statutes.  To date none have been
        created.

    2.  There is no state funding available for local government and/or
        private industry involved in resource recovery.

    3.  Resource recovery planning is being conducted at the state level and
        encouraged locally.  There are several local planning efforts  being
        conducted.

    H.  To date, there are no state laws or purchasing policies that may be
        beneficial to resource recovery efforts.

    5-  There are no state programs aimed at source reduction or energy
        recovery.  SCA operates a plant in Fort Wayne, Indiana geared  to
        "cubette" refuse for fuel use.

    There is proposed a request from the Environmental Management Board
to the legislature for funds to develop a state wide solid waste management
plan to include resource recovery and regionalization.

    A partial list of those organizations supporting a resource recovery/
regionalization effort are:  Indiana Manufacturers Association, Indiana
Farm Bureau Inc., U. S. Brewers Association, Indiana Division;Indiana
Petroleum Co ncil, Environmental Quality Control Inc., Indiana Retail
Grocers Association, Izaak Walton League of America, Indiana Division:
Indiana Conservation Council, League of Women Voters, Indiana Audubon  Society,
Indiana State Chamber of Commerce and various state and local governmental
agencies.

D.  Hazardous Waste Management

    1.  The Indiana State Board of Health and the Pesticide Review Board
        are presently involved with hazardous waste management.

-------
                                      56
Indiana Solid Waste Management Report
        SPC-18 the Solid Waste Permit Regulation administered by the  Solid-
    Waste Management Section controls final disposal of hazardous wastes.
    Hazardous wastes, for purposes of definition, includes  liquid,  semi-
    liquids, sludges less than 30$ solids, pesticides and their containers,
    raw animal manure, septic tank pumpings, explosives, pathological and
    radioactive wastes and raw or digested sewage sludge.

        Requests for disposal of hazardous wastes at land disposal  sites
    are reviewed on a case by case basis and for a specific site.  There are
    several sites in the state approved for disposal of hazardous wastes.

        The Industrial Waste Section, Division of Water Pollution Control
    has proposed SPC-17, an Industrial Waste Haulers Permit regulation.
    This proposed regulation, rfhich is presently under revision after public
    hearings,will control the transport and land disposal of hazardous or
    industrial wastes.

    2.  At present, an in-house survey is being conducted to estimate the
        industries involved and quantities of hazardous wastes produced and
        disposed of.

E.  Public Affairs

    At present there is no structured public affairs program or section.
Public information programs are an on-going portion of the  present  solid
waste management program.  Each staff member meets periodically with county
commissioners, county councils, health departments, mayors, town boards,
environmental groups and planning agencies.

    Operator training courses and one day seminars were presented during the
past year.

F.  Critical Areas for Federal Assistance

    1.  Provide greater assistance and incentives for regionslization of
        solid waste management activities.

    2.  Develop guidelines for regional  solid waste planning.

    3.  Assist and provide guidance  in the  development  of  operator certification
        programs.

    k.  Provide construction  of planning grant  funds for regional solid waste
        management activities.

    5.  Provide more  adequate technical  information.

    6.  Provide hazardous waste management  supportive activities.


 11/8/7U

-------
                                State of**arisas

           DEPARTMENT  OF  HEALTH  &  ENVIRONMENT
                                Topeka, Kansas
                             SOLID  WASTE  PROGRAM
                                November  1974
A.  The State of Kansas  required  each  county in the state to prepare and
    implement a comprehensive  solid waste management plan, which addresses
    itself to all  aspects  of solid waste management.  These plans were to
    have been completed  by July 1, 1974, and of this date all except three
    have been reviewed and approved by the Department.  The pattern of the
    county programs  calls  for  county government to assume responsibility
    for disposal operations.   The manner in which this is accomplished varies
    from county operation  of new  facilities, operation of existing city
    facilities by the county or city,  and privately owned and operated
    facilities.

    State law requires that all land disposal sites in the state must have
    a permit from the Department  not later than June 30, 1976.

    The Department requires operators  of all new sites opened in the state
    must have development  and  operational plans approved prior to beginning
    operation.

    Kansas has prepared  design and operational guidelines which all persons
    operating sanitary landfills  must  follow when applying for permits to
    operate sites. (Copies available on request.)

    Kansas does not  encourage  the use  of sanitary landfills for the disposal
    of municipal wastewater treatment  sludges.  We feel that the operational
    problems encountered are so disruptive as to make the community landfill
    almost unworkable.   In most situations spreading of sludges and feedlot
    wastes on agricultural  land is the  practice most often followed.  Some
    communities are  proposing  landfills exclusively for dewatered wastewater
    sludges.

    At the present time, there are some 300 land disposal sites in use.  At
    the conclusion of the  permit  program, this number is expected to be
    reduced to 125 to 140  sites (slightly more than one site per county).
    At the present time, there are no  serious leachate problems at permitted
    sites.   The known problems are occurring at sites that were not designed
    or those that were improperly covered and closed out.  There are 33 sites
    with monitoring  wells  (wells  are not required at all sites).  The need
    for wells is determined by a  geological evaluation of the site.

    As of this date,  62  sites  have been approved by the Department. Those
    sites serve about 70 percent  of the state's population.

    Solid waste disposal has not  played a significant role in land use planning
    in our state.
                                     over

-------
                                     58

B.  The state's enforcement role in enforcement of solid waste management
    matters is outlined by statute.  Departmental  order -  injunction  and
    mandamus would be appropriate remedies  to be used  in solid waste  manage-
    ment matters.  No criminal  penalties are involved  except  in  the case of
    littering.

C.  No formalized state policy  regarding resource recovery has been institu-
    ted.  All  local  plans were  to consider  resource recovery  as  a  part  of
    the local  program.  This has not proven to be a productive approach.
    At the present,  no legislative proposals have been proposed  which address
    themselves to resource recovery matters.

D.  The Solid  Waste  Management  Act is sufficiently strong  to  enable control
    of all wastes determined to be hazardous.  At the  present time, a study
    is underway to determine the amount of  regulation  necessary  to deal with
    those problems identified.

    Staff has  been employed and should begin work fay December 1, 1974.

E.  The Solid  Waste  Management  Act established solid waste planning in  each
    county in  the state.  Membership consists of elected and  appointed  pub-
    lic officials and representatives of the public-at-large.  This group
    serves as  a forum for bringing together those interested  in  solid waste
    management.  The Department has sponsored a series of  seminars on solid
    waste collection safety and sanitary landfill  design and  practice.

F.  It would seem to be most helpful if a series of actual case  studies, with
    the solutions proposed, and the success of the methods employed,  could „
    be prepared and  circulated.  Much of the materials produced  by the  various
    studies is of academic interest but quite difficult to put into practice
    and certainly doesn't reach down to the levels of  people  with  operating
    problems.   Kansas is most grateful for  the technical information  available
    from the OSWMP.   I think most would agree that the depth  of  involvement
    of OSWMP in state activities is "just about right." Any  attempt  to
    impose national  solid waste standards would undoubtedly result in hinder-
    ing rather than  helping state programs.  Federal financial support  to
    states should be held to an absolute minimum required  to  support  person-
    nel on a matching basis.
JP

-------
                                 59
                                KENTUCKY

                    SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
INTRODUCTION:

     The 1972 Extra Ordinary Session of the Kentucky General Assembly
and pertinent Executive Orders pertaining to the Reorganization of State
Government created the Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection.  This cabinet level department has two (2)
bureaus - Land Resources and Environmental Quality, each bureau is headed
by a commissioner.  The Bureau of Environmental Quality is composed of
five (5) divisions:  Water Quality; Air Pollution; Solid Waste; Sanitary
Engineering; and Plumbing.  (See Departmental organization chart-Figure I)

     The Division of Solid Waste has three (3) programs - Field; Training
and Hazardous Waste; and Planning and Technical Assistance.  Present staff-
ing includes twenty (20) professional positions and seven (7) clerical
positions (See Division organization chart-Figure II).  The budget for
FY 75 is $443,000 allocated among the three (3) programs in the following
amounts: $273,751 Field Enforcement; $74,529 Training and Hazardous Waste;
and $94,720 Planning and Technical Assistance.  During FY 75 there are
NO active Federal grants, however, the state agency is acting as a sub-
grantee for two (2) MDTA projects.

LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE:

     Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) Chapter 224 is the legislative authority
setting forth the solid waste management intent to ... "provide for the
disposal of solid waste in a manner that will protect the public health and
welfare, prevent the spread of disease and creation of nuisance, conserve
our natural resources and enhance the beauty and quality of our environment."
~"—>
     In order to carry out the function stipulated in this legislative
directive an administrative regulation has been promulgated to prescribe
requirements for the construction and operation of land disposal sites.
Major points, regarding the creation, regulation and closure of a disposal
facility, outlined in the administrative regulation are:  application content;
design criteria; engineering plans and specifications; permit-issuance, con-
ditions, termination and renewal; site operation inspection, and closure.

     Engineering plan reviews for disposal sites are a joint effort of the
Bureau of Environmental Quality, Division of Solid Waste and Division of
Water Quality.  This measure is the first assurance of minizing the possibility
of underground and surface water pollution.  Further, soil analyses are re-
quired in order to reasonably assure that leachate will not contaminate ground
water or streams.  Areas having exposed or shallow bedrock are restricted for
disposal site purposes unless a safe ^vertical distance can be provided between
solid waste and bedrock.  No disposal site shall be located in a five (5) year
flood plain.  Those disposal sites located within a one-hundred (100) year
flood plain shall be protected by impervious dikes.

-------
                                   60

     Disposal of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants is
permitted by the Division of Solid Waste under an OTHER METHODS PERMIT.
This type disposal does not require daily cover, however, such a site must
meet requirements for intermediate and final cover that will support ve-
getation.  However, special limitations for the operation of such a dis-
posal site shall be in writing and treated as a part of such permit.  The
moisture content of the sludge at the time of disposal shall not exceed
more than fifteen percent (15%) moisture.

     Although Kentucky is a predominately rural state, agricultural waste,
such as, animal feedlot waste does not fall under the regulatory jurisdiction
of the Division of Solid Waste and such waste CANNOT be disposed of in a
land disposal facility.  The Division of Livestock Sanitation, Department
of Agriculture of the Development Cabinet has the responsibility for animal
feedlot waste.

     The disposal of septic tank pumpings is under the regulatory jurisdiction
of the Department for Human Resources, Bureau of Health Services, Office of
Consumer Health Protection.  Such waste CANNOT be disposed of in a land dis-
posal facility.

     As of November 1, 1974, there were one-hundred fifty-eight (158) land
disposal sites that hold a permit from the Bureau of Environmental Quality,
Division of Solid Waste.  These land disposal sites are classified by types
and numbers as follows:  123 sanitary (receiving residential and commercial
waste); 23 industrial (receiving industrial by-product waste only) and 12
OTHER METHOD OPERATIONS (receiving special limitation types of waste, e.g.
wastewater treatment plant sludge, etc.).  In the one-hundred and twenty
(120) counties of the Commonwealth, twenty-four (24) counties do not have
a permitted land disposal site, while the urban-industrialized ateas of the
state have more than one site in each of the classification types.  In order
to be consistent with Area Development District planning efforts, as well as
solid waste regional field office jurisdictions, sites have been identified
by classification by area development district as shown in Figure III.

     Based on a density of 1,000 pounds per cubic yard, the aforementioned
123 land disposal sites have an ultimate capacity as follows:  51 sites less
than 150,000 tons, 56 sites between 150,000 and 500,000 tons, and 16 sites
more than 500,000 tons of waste.

     Of the 158 permitted land disposal sites, 38 have had identifiable leachate
problems at some time.  These problems are attributable to improper operation
and/or the failure to utilize proper construction techniques.  At 26 of these
sites, leachate problems are being experienced in varying degrees.  There are
NO leachate monitoring wells under the jurisdiction of the Division of Solid
Waste.

     Over one-million and nine-hundred-thousand (1,900,000) persons or sixty
percent (60%) of the Commonwealth's population is served by an approved dis-
posal site.  It should be noted many_of these sites have a moderate to short
life expectancy.  For example, at the present time, in an urban-industrialized
area of the state, the composite life of land disposal sites is calculated to
be approximately four (4) years.  In view of these conditions, coupled with
other influencing factors, solid waste management WILL BE significant in state
land use planning.  The 1974 General Assembly passed H.B. 462 which created
a Land Use Planning Council.


Page 2

-------
 ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES:

      The Kentucky Division of Solid Waste participated in a. Federal grant
 in the amount of $30,000 during FY 74.   The objective of this grant was
 the closure of forty-two (42) open dumps.   Results were as follows:   Twenty-
 four (24) dumps closed,  four (4) dumps  converted to landfills,  while four-
 teen (14) dumps have actions pending.   These results were achieved by one-
 hundred eighteen (118)  inspections and/or meetings on the forty-two (42)
 enforcement cases.   These actions resulted in sixty-six percent (667.)  of
 the forty-two (42)  dumps being closed.

 SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY;

      There is NO state  legislation governing source reduction and resource
 recovery.  The bottle bill introduced to the last session of the Kentucky
 General Assembly was unsuccessful.   Regional solid waste management and/or
 resource recovery authorities ARE NOT prohibitive in Kentucky,  however,
 since there is not any  state funding available for this effort  it is con-
 ducted on a patriotic basis by civic groups and concerned citizens.

      Resource recovery  efforts are being conducted in the state through
 the efforts of local planning groups, such as the area development district.
 Also, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)  is considering a proposal to
 build and operate a solid waste processing plant that could service twenty-
 one (21)  counties in the south-western  portion of the Commonwealth.   This
 plant would have the capacity of handling  1,000 tons of solid waste per day.
 The waste would be ground and separated into its various component parts.
 Materials such as ferrous metals,  aluminum,  glass,  etc., would  be recovered
 and sold and the combustible portion would be pelletized and burned,  along
 with coal, as fuel in one of the Kentucky  TVA power installations.

 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT;

      The 1974 Kentucky General Assembly enacted KRS 224.890 which provides
 that no person engaged  in collection, hauling and disposal of hazardous
 wastes on a seasonal or  continuing  basis shall dump at any permitted or
 unpermitted disposal facility without first obtaining a permit  from the
 Department for Natural Resources and Environmental  Protection.   In addition,
 the Commissioner (Bureau of Environmental  Quality)  may require  licensing
 of a hauler of any substance which  poses a threat or hazard to  the environ-
 ment and public health.   This legislative  enactment became effective July 1,  1974.

      Hazardous waste as  used in the legislation is  defined as "Any substance
 or combination of substances,  the depositions of which may create a threat to
 public health or to animal and aquatic  life forms."

      It is felt the provisions of KRS 224  cover the transportation,  processing
 and dumping (disposal) of hazardous waste.   Generation of hazardous waste is
 not regulated in Kentucky,  as this  would entail specifying the  products a
 company could manufacture and the production process they must  utilize.

      With regard to Hazardous Waste Survey  results,  a questionnaire was for-
 warded to approximately  one-hundred seventy  (170)  selected industries. This
 survey was designed to identify the type or  kind of hazardous waste  generated,
 volume of waste,  collector  (name and address)  and  the disposal  site  receiving
 such waste.   Many of these  selected industries  have replied and approximately

Page 3

-------
                                     62

forty (40) collectors and haulers have been identified.  Each of these
will be forwarded an application form for a permit to transport hazardous
waste.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS;

     The public affairs program for the Division of Solid Waste has the
able assistance of William D. Holland, Federal Assignee for Kentucky. How-
ever, there is still the apathy of public officials as they deal with solid
waste management, largely due to the fact, in most areas, rural as well as
urban, residential as well as commercial and/or industrial, the public official
still leaves solid waste as the UNPLANNED pollution.  Areas are eager for
development, therefore, they plan for sewer, water, streets and electricity
but in most instances, the forgotten element is solid waste.

     Technical assistance functions for the Division of Solid Waste are
conducted for all fifteen (15) Area Development Districts and local juris-
dictions - counties and cities.  These activities include conducting studies
for collection and disposal, providing cost analyses, reviewing and commenting
on solid waste management plans and conducting special waste studies in areas
such as school and hospital wastes.

     There is an interaction of both public and private interest groups with
regard to the Division of Solid Waste as it is the responsibility of all three
(3) programs of the Division to coordinate efforts with public officials, in-
dustrial leaders and their respective counterparts to strengthen the solid waste
management of the Commonwealth.

CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE:

     The Kentucky Division of Solid Waste feels there still exists a basic
need in most states for the type of training of their personnel that had been
provided in the training courses which in the past were offered in Cincinnati.
A situation needing Federal assistance, we feel,  is in the area of construction
grants to under-priviledged, poverty stricken, rural communities such as drama-
tized by the Appalachian regional health demonstration in  solid waste.  These
areas with their depressed economy are unable to  come up with  the capital neces-
sary to purchase the equipment, land and  land improvements necessary for a sani-
tary landfill, and/or a collection system.
 Page 4

-------
                                          63





                                   PRESENT STATUS




                                         of



                        MARYLAND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM




                                  November 13,  1974






     The following is a brief discussion of the current status of solid waste management




in Maryland.  This report has been prepared at  the request of OSWMP for the  November




14 - 15 EPA - NSWMA Conference in San Francisco.  The format used is that suggested by




OSWMP.




A.  LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE




          a.  Solid Waste Disposal is regulated by Article 43, Sections 394, 394A,  and




     3943 of the Annotated Code of Maryland. Section 394 says that a State  Health




     Department permit is required for "a refuse disposal system for public  use."  It




     further requires complete plans and specifications together with such information




     as the State Health Department may require.  In 1969, the Division of Solid Waste




     Control drew up and began to utilize guidelines entitled "Sanitary Landfill Pro-




     cedures for Approval."  These Procedures spelled out that information to be in-




     cluded in the detailed engineering plans and specifications such as:




              (1)  The location, depth, and type of underground water sources within




     the sub-drainage basin in which the property is located.




              (2)  The location of nearby streams.




              (3)  Methods of prevention of pollution of surface and  subsurface waters.




              (4)  Analyses of soil samples collected from various places and at various




     depths at the proposed site.




              (5)  A piezometric map showing the  seasonal  high water table.




              (6)  The type and depth to bedrock.




     The Division of Solid Waste Control has employed one qualified groundwater hydrologist




holding a Ph.D in Geology to submit geologic opinions on proposed land disposal sites.

-------
                                            64
                                          -2-

Opinions are also sought  from geologists  representing  the  Water Resources  AJministraUion  -r.-
the Maryland Geological  Survey,  both  at  the  time  of  the preliminary  examination  of  the
site and upon review of  final plans.  Monitoring  wells are required.
          b.  The 1974 session of  the State  Legislature passed  an amendment  to the  existing
     permitting statute  to provide that  no person shall collect,  transport,  process
     nor handle sewage sludge without first  having received  a permit  from  the  State
     Department of Health.  The Division  of  Solid Waste is presently  drafting  regula-
     tions for the implementation  of  this statute.  The Division  is  also permitting
     sites.  Because of  personnel  problems this program will not  be  implemented  on  a
     statewide basis until mid-1975 at the earliest.   T0 date, we have restricted sludge
     to public lands that will not be used for  food-chain  crops because we do  not know
     how to deal with the zinc-cadmium problem.
              Maryland does not regulate  animal feedlot waste at  present*  Septic tank
     pumpers are regulated by county  health  departments.
          c.  Maryland now has some 88 land  disposal sites in use.   I am presently unable
     to say at how many  leachate is a known  problem, because I do not know the criteria
     utilized in defining what is  a problem. Several  of our twenty remaining  small open
     dumps are on wetland and do have some leachate migrating to  surface waters. Two
     permitted sanitary  landfills  cause  significant  iron and chloride change in  streams
     flowing through them.  We have monitored groundwater  around  our  permitted sanitary
     landfills for five  years and  have no known groundwater  change.   Twenty-three sites
     have monitoring wells.  One site has a  leachate collection system.  Forty sites
     have sediment control ponds where leachate could  be treated  or  spray  irrigated if
     necessary.  It has  been our experience  that  most  sites  that  are  operated  with  the
     area method to considerably higher  elevations than the  surrounding ground surface
     will produce some minor quantities  of leachate  if slopes develop gullies  that

-------
                                             65



                                           .,3-.







      expose refuse.  This surface leaching tends to dry up with proper grading and




      stabilization.




          d.  Forty-three sanitary landfills presently operate under State Permit.




      These permitted sites serve approximately 75% of the State's population.  At




      the present time, Maryland does not specifically classify certain landfills as




      approved for hazardous wastes.  We do specify that certain landfills shall not




      accept hazardous wastes.




          e.  Capacity of sites is as follows:




              Less than 150,000 tons - 12_




              Between 150,000 and 500,000 tons - 22_




              More than 500,000 - 54_




B.  ENFORCEMENT ACTION




          Enforcement action could be taken by State Board Order, revocation of permit,




     or injunction.  The Division has closed three sites by Order and one by injunction




     in 1974.




C.  RESOURCE RECOVERY




          Regional authorities are permitted for resource recovery but none have been




     created to date.  The Maryland Environmental Service has  participated in funding




     two major resource recovery projects.   Resource recovery  planning is being con-




     ducted at both State and local levels.  One community has passed returnable con-




     tainer legislation, but has been unable to implement same because of court action.




     Bottle bills have been proposed in the State Legislature  for the past three years




     but have failed.  Major resource recovery projects are being planned for three




     counties in Maryland at present.




D.  HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT




          The Division of Solid Waste Control is  presently completing a study of sources




     and types of industrial hazardous wastes in Maryland.  There is at present little

-------
                                         66
                                          -4-
     specific regulation   of hazardous wastes with  the  exception of pathological


     wastes from hospitals and nursing homes.


E.  PUBLIC AFFAIRS


          The Division frequently furnishes speakers  for Civic  or Technical  Organiza-


     tions.  A newsletter is being planned  for  January  -  1975.


F.  CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE


          OSWMP can be of considerable help to  Maryland with  Grant assistance  and
                                                                  *

     and technical advice in setting up  a hazardous waste  program.  Hazardous  Wastes


     Guidelines would be  very helpful.

-------
                                 67
      The Commonwealth of Massachusetts  has  a  statewide Solid Waste
 Management Plan calling for regionalization and  resource  recovery
 where economically feasible.   At present  the  Commonwealth through
 its Bureau of Solid Waste Disposal  of  the Department  of Public
 Works is implementing the first regional  facility.  A brief description
 Of the implementation process followst

      The communities of Lawrence, Andover,  North Andover,  Ilethuon
 and Haverhill have spent the past  several years  in  a  joint effort
 to find a common solution to their  solid  waste disposal needs.  Through
 elected representatives to the Greater  Lawrence  Solid Waste Committee
 (GLSWC)  and with the assistance of  the  Commonwealth's Bureau of
 Solid Waste Disposal (BSWD),  the communities  have been exploring and
 reviewing numerous alternatives. Aware of  an increasing  national
 interest in recovery of valuable resources  in solid waste, the communiUes
 have elected to participate in a Regional Resource  Recovery Solid
 Waste Processing Facility,  which will be  capable of processing all
 municipal and industrial waste generated  within  the communities.

      Plans for the facility have been progressing rapidly.  A site
 in the City of Haverhill has been  selected, and  a request for proposals
 (RFP)  has been designed,  and will be issued shortly.  The RPP will
'solicit proposals from industry for the design,  construction and
 operation of tho facility.   Prcrcsals will  bo evaluated nnd a contractor
 selected through a proems of co.apetitivo .negotiation.

      The facility will bo privately operated  on  Commonv'-citth-owued
 property.   Refuse will be aggregated at  transfer stati cuo  (or -where
 most economical,  refuse'will be transported directly), anr1 hauler!
 to the facility for processing.  The recoverable portion  of tho refuse1
 will be marketed and the remaining  unrecoverable residue  will b^
 landfilled in a Commonwealth-owned  and  privately operated sanitary
 landfill.  The communities will be  charged  a  fee per  ton  of refuse
 based upon the cost of processing and reduced by the  incoming revenue
 from the marketable products,

 Location

      Representatives of the GLSWC and BSWD  have  evaluated several
 potential sites in the Greater Lawrence area  for construction of thn
 facility.  After a thorough examination and evaluation, a -12 arrc
 parcel in the "NecK" area of Haverhill  was  selected by GT.GWC and Jky-.'!
 and approved by the City of Haverhill.  This  location was chorcn duo
 to its accesibility from nearby major highways and  general auit^bijity.

-------
        Status
                                68
     On behalf of the communities,  BSWD is issuing a  Request for
Proposals for the design,  construction and operation  of the facility.
Proposals will be evaluated by the  communities (through their repre-
sentatives to the GLSWC),  BSWD, and the MITRE Corporation.   Seletftlor
of a contractor will be made in the Spring of 1975, and the facility
is expected to be operational in 1978.

     Recognizing that a facility capable of accepting refuse from
a larger region  than the five original communities would benefit
all the communities utilizing it,  the GLSWC and BSWD  are asking
contractors who bid for the design  and construction to indicate
specifically what these economies are.

     The Commonwealth intends to continue implementation of regional
solid waste facilities with maximum feasible resource recovery in
other areas of the State.   Work continues with local  and regional
officials throughout the State to develop the cooperative regional
climate necessary for the success of a voluntary regional program*

-------
                                     69

                          EPA  State  Report  Summary
                       Solid Waste Disposal in Michigan
                                 November 1974


A.  Land Disposal  of Solid Waste

    Michigan has made available as of January 10,  1974, to  local  government,
    planners, consultant engineers and private refuse operators,  geologic  and
    hydrologic guidelines for  evaluating sanitary  landfill  sites.   These
    guidelines are designed to:

       1.   Aid those searching for landfill sites  by providing  a  basis  for
           comparison of the relative merits of various potential  sites.
       2.   Provide a basis for evaluating the suitability of selected
           sites in their natural  condition with respect to potential
           hazards to surface  and ground water environments.
       3.   Determine if the proposed site could be used for a landfill  in
           its natural condition without engineering improvements.

    The guidelines discuss surface drainage and topography  and  with appropriate
    sketches indicate minimum  isolation distances  both vertically and
    laterally from refuse to ground and surface water for typical  geologic
    formations.

    A brief discussion of cover material and considerations necessary relative
    to site development when favorable geologic conditions  are  not available
    are included.

    All new sites are reviewed by a member  of the  state staff and with  very
    few exceptions by a department geologist who determines details concerning
    the site geology that will have to be submitted before  site approval can
    be obtained.  Generally this data is submitted prior to any design  work
    on the site.

    The disposal of wastewater sludge does  not, by statute, fall  under  the
    authority of the Solid Waste Management Division per se.  The rules
    however do provide the responsibility for specific approval for the
    acceptance of the material in a landfill operation.  Under  this authority
    we require that sludge of  any kind be dewatered to the  point  that it
    will not release any fluid under the normal operating pressures of
    landfill equipment.

    As we do not have large animal feed lots our problems in this area  are
    very minimal.   There is at present no specific licensure of these
    operations however they are controlled  through the general  powers of our
    Water Resources and Air Pollution Control Commissions.   Consideration  is
    being given to specific authority in this area but such has not progressed
    to date.

    The septic tank cleaners and liquid industrial  waste haulers  are controlled
    by separate state statutes and disposal sites  for these facilities  are
    approved by a division within the Department.   These haulers  are not
    permitted to discharge in  a licensed landfill  and are required to utilize
    only approved disposal areas.   With reference  to sewage treatment plant

-------
                                   70
wastes the Department now requires plant proposals  to include all  details
on transportation and final  disposal  of sludge,  if  such is  not handled in
the confines of the plant.   Some municipal  sludge is  being  used on farm
lands as a soil conditioner and a recent court decision permitted  the
continuance of this process in a contested  case.   Septic tank cleaners
are now required to utilize sewage treatment facilities if  a  contract for
a specific service is within 15 miles of a  municipal  sewage treatment
plant.  When not available, land disposal in an  approved area is permitted.

Michigan's present enforcement program relies on local  health department
participation.  There are areas in the state where  their involvement has
been very minimal which has resulted  in a request this  year for a  certifi-
cation program for their continued involvement.   I  mention  this, for it
has been relatively impossible for the Division's limited staff of sur-
veillance people--? in number—to adequately survey all operating  areas
in the state.  In view of this I hesitate referring to  numbers even though
I feel our figures for the metropolitan counties are  fairly accurate.

With these constraints:

   No. of refuse landfills in use - 700
   No. where leachate is a known problem -  9
   No. with monitor wells - 8
   No. of leachate collection and treatment facilities  - 4
   No. of such facilities at which leachate has  been  produced - 2
   No. of land disposal sites licensed - 488
   Percentage of population served by approved facilities - 50%+
   No. of state approved sites for hazardous/toxic  waste disposal  - generally 3

   The disposal of all toxic and hazardous  waste must be specifically
   approved by the local health department  or the Solid Waste
   Management Division.

Local solid waste management plans are just being submitted that will
contain total designated land for landfills.  The Division  has not developed
this data.

The state land use plan for Michigan  is in  the process  of being developed.
We do envision some real problems in  the necessary considerations  which will
have to be given solid waste management in  view  of the  vested zoning
interests.  In the initial assignment it is anticipated that somewhere
near 40,000 acres will have to be set aside for  solid waste management.
The classification program developed  for the state land use plan does
stipulate a critical area approach.  This considers solid waste management
as a minor land use but a major controversial issue and will  share identi-
fication with such items as flood plains and public utilities.  During the
next year the land use plan process will be developing  the  criteria for
critical area land use.
                                - 2 -

-------
                                      71


B.  Enforcement Procedures

    The Department's enforcement procedures are established by the solid
    waste act and the administrative procedures act.  In general  we have
    injunctive powers but have considered this only on rare occasions.
    With the Department's Commission being very sensitive to the need for
    public exposure of issues and a complete understanding of the issues
    between the Department and the operator, we do follow with some success
    the informal hearing approach between the parties.  The operator is made
    aware of the violations and is permitted to comment with counsel if he
    desires.  Generally the informal hearing results in the development of
    mutually agreeable solutions to the problems with a time table for
    correction.

    Continued violations would then result in action by the Department to
    either deny a license or revoke a license.  This is done with notice and
    an offer of a hearing upon request of the operator.  A request for a
    hearing will result in a contested case hearing before a hearing examiner.
    This case is then conducted as a legal hearing with each side represented
    by legal counsel.  The hearing officer, upon completion of testimony,
    then develops his decision and recommendation to the Director.  The
    Director then determines the course of action.  If his decision is  in
    favor of the Department the operator may file an appeal with  the circuit
    court.

    One other approach that has been used quite successfully to close operations
    that are in non-compliance without legal basis, or in other words have
    not formally applied for a license, is to develop a formal cease and
    desist order signed by the Director.  Should this process not achieve the
    desired results the matter is then referred to the Attorney General  for
    action.  We have had no reason to date to follow through on failure to
    comply to the Director's orders.  There are a few pending actions which
    may necessitate further action shortly.

    We have this year conducted contested hearings requested by local  govern-
    ment and citizen groups in reference to action by the Department in
    issuing a license to a disposal  facility.   Thus far the Department's
    action has been upheld.  We anticipate the frequency of such  hearings
    will increase.

    The hearings conducted for the past year have been as follows:

       Informal hearings - 45
       Contested Case hearings - 5

C.  Source Reduction and Resource Recovery

    Resource recovery facilities have been developed, with one exception, on
    only a small  scale.   The Huron Valley resource recovery facility in the
    Detroit area has put together a  very extensive program of metal  recycling.
    Their operation presently includes the processing of junk cars into its
    many components—aluminum, copper, brass,  stainless steel, ferrous  metals,
    zinc and rubber.  They also process data processing equipment, electronic


                                    -  3  -

-------
                                    72

devices, motors, waste products from auto crushers and have again begun
the salvage of metals from two of our authority incinerators.

Under Michigan statutes it is possible to develop an authority for solid
waste that can encompass many units of local government.   We have three
authorities that service about 350,000 people each and each involve
seven through 14 local units of government.   A number of small authorities
are in operation with others being considered.

At the present time state funding is not available for local government
and/or private industry involved in resource recovery.  Proposed legisla-
tion does deal to a degree with this aspect.

There is some reference to resource recovery planning at the local
level in the high population density areas,  with reference to the
consideration of a total resource recovery system.  At the present time
Ingham County and Grand Traverse County are  considering a pyrolysis
type facility.  Under proposed legislation the state would be required
to develop a state plan with specific direction toward resource recovery.

There are not at the present time any state  laws relating to purchasing
policies of recycled materials.  The state purchasing office however
has developed a policy concerning the purchasing of a certain percentage
of paper made from recycled waste paper.

There have been a number of bills introduced in the legislature on beverage
containers, however at this point none have  received sufficient support
to be passed.  There has been very little effort on the part of local
government to adopt beverage container or packaging controls based
probably more on the inability to enforce such legislation rather than
a lack of desire.  We expect in Michigan that efforts will continue to
develop legislation on beverage containers.   To date there has been no
legislation proposed forcing the use of energy recovery systems in solid
waste management at either the state or local governmental level.

The legislature at the present time is considering Senate Bill No. 946
which will establish a resource recovery commission designed to provide
some significant responsibility in the area  of resource recovery.
The bill establishes a necessity to work closely with private enterprise
in the promotion, development and construction of recovery facilities
and provides a penalty for areas that do not implement their solid
waste plans within an established time frame.  The bill does provide
latitude for financing but does not permit the state to operate a facility.
All operations in which the agency would be  involved would be through  a
contractual arrangement with local government and any combination thereof
and private enterprise.  Details of the bill should be available sometime
after the first of the year.

The State Chamber of Commerce has been actively engaged in promoting
resource recovery and many of the environmental groups have shown a real
interest in this approach.
                                 - 4 -

-------
                                       73

D.   Hazardous Waste Management

    Existing state legislation involving  hazardous waste  is controlled  by the
    Department of Natural  Resources  in  the area  of transportation,  processing,
    and disposal.  The program is  based in two separate divisions within
    the Department of Natural  Resources depending on  the  nature of  the
    material.  Liquids are controlled under one  statute and solids  under
    another.  These comments do not  include discussions concerning  the
    levels of material discharges  in municipal and industrial  sewage  treat-
    ment plants.   This of  course is  done  under that particular control  program.
    At the present time very minimal survey work has  been conducted on  hazardous
    waste quantities from  the  standpoint  of solids.   We expect to carry on this
    program during the next year,  along with activities involving our appointed
    hazardous waste committee  which  includes representatives of industry, local
    government, public health, and staff.

E.   Public Affairs

    The Division  participates  in many meetings throughout the  state to  discuss
    the solid waste management aspects  of planning, and implementation.
    Much of the consultation activities performed are with local governmental
    agencies, private enterprise and consulting  engineers.  We have no
    activities with a specific public or  private interest group but deal with
    many organizations including the Michigan Municipal League, Michigan
    Townships Association, county  commissioners, and  numerous  environmental
    groups located throughout  the  state.
                                     - 5 -

-------
                    74
MINNESOTA SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT REPORT



  MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY



         Solid Waste Division



          St.  Paul, Minnesota

-------
                                   75
                           TABLE OP CONTENTS

1.  Introduction                                                    2
2.  Preface                                                         M
3.  Land Disposal of Solid Waste                                5,6,7
4.  Agricultural Wastes                                           7,8
5.  Source Reduction                                               10
6.  Resource Recovery                                              10
7.  Hazardous Waste Management                               11,12,13
8.  Public Affairs                                             It,15

-------
                                  76

                             Introduction
                 Critical Areas for Federal Assistance
1.  The continued absence of federal financial assistance In the form
of EPA program grants In the area of solid waste management Is putting
an unreasonable burden on state program budgets, having the effect;  of
putting Minnesota and other state solid waste management programs at  a
virtual standstill, outside of possible hazardous waste planning grant
programs.
    In the past, the availability of these grants and our utilization
of them in a number of our programs and services, (many of which owed
their existence to program grants), strengthened and materially aided
the development and diversity of our entire program.  Therefore, we
attach the highest priority to the reinstatement and renewal of the
program as we plan and develop for the future.  It is extremely important
that the federal government revive some arrangement whereby financial
assistance may be granted to states that have delayed or postponed vital
solid waste programs.
2.  Hazardous Waste Management, Waste Sludge Disposal, and Resource
Recovery are three (3) major solid waste management programs in Minnesota
that deserve a high budget priority on the federal level.
3.  EPA office of Solid Waste Management Program research staffing
should be Increased to address the urgent solid waste management
problems of (a) analyzing leachate treatment systems for sanitary land-
fills and (b) maximizing the effectiveness and efficiency of solid
waste collection systems.

-------
                                  77

4.  Fed-.ral EPA technical assistance programs are imperative for the
effectiveness of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Solid Waste
Management Program.

-------
                                  7fl
                               Pre face
    In 1970, Minnesota spent $62 million to collect, transport  and
dispose of 2.11 million tons of refuse.   Assuming no growth in  peculation
or Inflation, Minnesota will spend approximately $111 million in 1980
to handle 5.5 million tons of municipal  solid waste.
    Prior to 1969, there was no real control over solid waste
management in Minnesota.  The .location and number of dumps, the types
and quantities of solid waste generated  throughout the state were all
unknown.  Refuse collection was uncontrolled and in some areas  not
available to the residents.  The problems of solid waste management
rested solely with local governing bodies.
    The 1967 State Legislature placed the authority for regulating
the management of solid waste with the Pollution Control Agency.  A solid
waste management plan for Minnesota was  prepared and approved by the
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.  Prom these planning directives, state solid waste
regulations were developed and adopted by the Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency for control of the storage, collection, transportation
and disposal of solid waste, including agricultural wastes and
abandoned motor vehicles.
    The state solid waste management program consists of a number of
goals and objectives.  The following discussion outlines the objectives
and the degree of success in achieving each.

-------
                                  79
               MINNESOTA SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT REPORT
                    Land Disposal of Solid Waste
    The State's solid waste regulations require that a sanitary
landfill be located, designed and operated in such a way that the quality
of the State's surface and underground waters are protected.   Surface
waters are protected primarily by the prohibition of sanitary landfills
within specified distances of lakes, streams, flood plains and wetlands.
Groundwater protection is provided in several ways, the most  important
of which is the initial hydrogeologic investigations required at  any
site being considered for a sanitary landfill facility.  By determining
in these investigations, the bedrock characteristics, soil types,
depth and flow direction of groundwater, the landfill may be  designed
so the optimum practical groundwater protection may be provided.
Depending on site characteristics, the hydrogeological liner may  be
required for a liner leachate collection system.
    In addition to the general sanitary landfill operational  require-
ments that serve to minimize the amount of moisture entering the  fill
area, Minnesota also now requires that every permitted sanitary
landfill have an approved monitoring system designed to detect early
signs of leachate generation.  jn most cases, the monitoring system
consists of a series of groundwater wells, but at sites where the
groundwater is relatively deep, in lieu of groundwater wells, pressure
vacuum lysimeters are installed directly beneath the refuse.   Soil
moisture samples from the lysimeter are then periodically analyzed to
check for vertical migration of leachate toward the zone of saturation.
    Prom a recent inventory of municipal sewage treatment plants, it
was determined that about 70$ of the plants dispose of xvaste  sludge
by land spreading.  To date, no specific permit procedure has been

-------
established to regulate the disposal of municipal sludge.  Sludges from
industrial wastesrater treatment plants and other process sludges are
currently being disposed of in a variety of techniques such as
landfilling, lagooning, and land spreading.  Amounts of these types of
sludges are relatively small compared to municipal sources.  It Is
expected volumes will Increase significantly as more stringent v/aser
pollution control facilities are constructed.
    During the past year, an inventory and analysis at the state's
solid waste land disposal facilities revealed the following information:
    1.  Total number of solid waste land disposal facilities
        now In use	525
        (400 unpermitted dumps and 125 sanitary and demolition
        landfills)
    2.  Number where leachate generation has been observed.10
    3.  Number with monitoring wells	;	100
    4.  Number T-rith leachate collection and treatment
        facilities	2
    5.  Number of such facilities at which leachate has
        been produced,	1
    6.  Number of land disposal sites with state permit/license/
        approval	-	125
        (sanitary and demolition landfills only)
    7.  Estimated percent of state population served by
        approved sites	90*+
    8.  Number of state approved sites for hazardous/toxic
        waste disposal	2

-------
    9.  Number of sites with ultimate capacity of:
        Less than 150,000 tons	32
        Between 150,000 and 500,0^0 tons	UK
        More than 500 ,000 tons	3^
    The fields of solid v/aste management and land use planning are
closely related at the county and state level.  A state permit for a
solid waste disposal facility is valid only if all other necessary
governmental approvals have been obtained.   Therefore, even if a state
permit has been issued, the site must be properly zoned before
construction and operation of the solid waste disposal facility begins.
The state regulation prohibiting sanitary landfills within floodplain
areas are based on the  defining of floodplain areas through the state/
county floodplain zoning program.
    At the state level, the state solid waste regulations are
structured according to statex-flde floodplain and shoreland management
policy, the state policy on conservation of wetlands.  The state's
solid waste management orogram also complies with Minnesota's policy
of designation of critical areas in the state where development is
controlled.
                         Agricultural Hastes
    Minnesota Pollution Control Agency regulations for the Control of
Wastes from Livestock Feedlots, Poultry Lots and Other Animal Lots
were adopted on April 16, 1971, in compliance with Laws 19^9,
Chapter 1045 (codified as Minnesota Statutes, Section 116.07, Subd. 2
and 4).  Because it was recognized that animal manure is a resource
to be utilized as a fertiliser and soil conditioner rather than a
waste, regulations were developed under the Solid V/aste Statutes with
the Intent of promoting utilization of the material.

-------
                                 82
    Minnesota contains approximately 106,000 confined animal facilities
(as defined by Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Regulations).   It  is
estimated that about 50,000 of these may need modification to lessen
pollution to surface waters of Minnesota.  Over 3,000 permits have been
issued to date.
    Minnesota Laws 1973* Chapter 573, authorized the Agency to adcot
rules governing the processing of animal facility permits by the
county government.  On January 12, 197^, Regulations for the Processing
of Peedlot Permits by the Counties and the Minnesota Pollution Control
Agency were adopted allowing the counties to process feedlot permits
in cooperation with the Agency.  Twenty-four (2*!) out of 87 counties
have entered into the permit processing program thus far.
    Under Minnesota Regulations, the Agency staff has developed a
program to 1)  correct existing pollution problems and 2)  also prevent
new animal facilities from causing a pollution problem.  Existing
pollution problems are being handled on a complaint basis.  The
program in Minnesota,-tfhieh requires the farmer to evaluate his
operation at times of investment, is more managed as an educational
tool which can assist the farmer in his operation and which, in the long
run, may save him money.  Permits are required when the applicant is:
       starting new operations
       expanding existing operations
       modifying operation
       change ownership.
    A 10!? state income tax credit is available to farmers for eligible
pollution control devices and equipment used to  correct a pollution
problem.

-------
                        Enforcement Procedures
    There exist several administrative and/or legal actions availible
by statute to the Agency by which it can provide for the continuance,
closing, and/or revocation of an Agency permitted solid waste facility.
These actions are:
    1)  Administrative hearing before the Minnesota Pollution Ccntrol
        Agency Board t.o oitain cazjipli,an,ce ,«lth annli.c.able solid w.asJt?
        regulations (order to show cause).
    2)  Declaration of Agency Board Emergency Powers to close facility.
    3)  Administrative hearing to revoke Minnesota Pollution Control
        Agency facility permit.
    4)  Injunctive relief through the Attorney General's office in
        any court of competent Jurisdiction.
    5)  Initiation or Agency Board administrative procedure
        (stipulation agreement).
    6)  Issuance of an Agency Board Administrative Order.
    7)  Enforcement of local solid waste regulations by local units of
        government (county, municipality).
    While actions 2 and 3 can provide for a fairly expeditious closing
of a facility, it should be noted that a public hearing to revoke the
permit would be required in either of these actions if the permittee
would not surrender the permit voluntarily or was not ordered to do so
by the courts.  In an emergency situation, a solid waste facility may
be closed or an operation suspended immediately where there is a finding
that there is imminent danger to the health and welfare of the people
of the state as a result of the pollution of the air, land, or water.

-------
    During the past year, administrative and Judicial remedies avail-
able and. enforcement actions taken during the past months consiscca of
the following:
    1)  Judicial relief to close two (2) dumps
    2)  Court orders to close (stipulation) 150 dumps
    3)  Order to Show Cause - one (1) sanitary landfill (upgraded
        operation, to conform with condition of permit).
                           Source Reduction
    A major consideration in solid waste management is source reduction
which is one of our most Important goals in Minnesota.  Section 6 of
Chapter 116P, Minnesota Statutes (Supp.  1973), which became effective
on May 25, 1973, directs the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency to review
new or revised packages or containers sold at retail in Minnesota to
disposal problem or be Inconsistent with the environmental oolicles of
the state.  If the Agency decides that a particular package or container
creates a problem, the Agency may, after holding public hearings, issue
an order prohibiting the sale of the package or container in the
state.  The prohibition remains in effect until the last day of the
next following legislative session unless extended by action of the
legislature.  Section 6 of Chapter 116? also requires that the Agency
must adopt guidelines Identifying the types of new or revised packaging
subject to its review, and this has been accomplished.
                          Resource Recovery
    Regional planning, cooperative studies, and approaches are encouraged
and can be accomplished through legal inter-county arrangements.  Minneso
Laws 1973, Chapter 7*»8 provides a $1.5 million grant-ln-aid program
(matching grants) and authorizes the Agency to establish a statewide

-------
                                  H5

program to promote resource conservation and recycling.  Immediate pro.*e<
priorities fall under four (*0 headings:
    1.  To design programs for the encouragement of solid materials
        conservation and the reduction of environmental impact from
        solid waste.  In 1971, the legislature initiated a state-
        funded project to reimburse counties for the inventory and
        collection of abandoned motor vehicles.  To date, over
        75»000 abandoned motor vehicles have been moved to market
        under the state subsidy program.  The number of vehicles
        moved to market under this program has recently decreased
        due to the availability of higher prices for scrap iron.
        This factor has resulted in a lessening need for
        subsidization.
    2.  To create public education programs to point out the
        importance of conserving resources and reducing waste.
    3.  To prepare studies which analyze potential martkets for
        recycling materials and programs to encourage market
        demand for these materials.
    4.  To promote feasibility studies including demonstration
        projects for recovery systems and facilities.
                      Hazardous Waste Management
    The State of Minnesota has adopted comprehensive legislation for
hazardous waste management.  The legislation will lead to the
following regulatory agency responsibilities:
      1.  Metropolitan  Counties
         a.  Prepare  a county or multi-county  hazardous waste
             management plan.  This plan must  include  an identifi-

-------
                             H6
        cation of potential generators, categories  and quanti-
        ties' of hazardous waste, generated within the county
        planning area.
    b.   Adopt ordinances relative to hazardous waste generation,
        licenses, license fees, classification, labeling,
        transportation, treatment/disposal facilities consistent
        with hazardous  waste rules and regulations  and nodal
        ordinances and  guidelines proposed by the Minnesota
        Pollution Control Agency.
    c.   Review and issue hazardous waste generator licenses.
    d.   Review and issue licenses for hazardous waste treatment/
        disposal facilities.
2,  Regional Planning Agency
    a.   Review and approve county hazardous waste management  plans.
        ordinances, and license procedures.
    b.   Prepare a Regional Hazardous Waste Management Plan
        Including the designation of the hazardous  waste treatment/
        disposal facilities to  serve the region.
     %
    c.  Prepare an annual Inventory of the quantities, categories,
        and disposal locations of hazardous waste generated In
        the region.
3.  State Pollution Control Agency
    a.  Review and approve  county and regional hazardous  waste
        management plans, ordinances, licensing procedures  and
        Inventories.
    b.  Develop a statewide hazardous waste management plan
        detailing the  location of hazardous waste treatment/
        disposal  facilities and  temporary storage sites through-
        out the state  and the need  for interstate transportation

-------
                            87
    of hazardous waste.  The statewide hazardous spill con-
    tingency plan will also be integrated into this state
    plan.
c.  Promulgate statewide hazardous waste rules and regulations
    including provisions for the classification, identifica-
    tion, labeling, temporary storage, collection, handling,
    transportation, treatment, and disposal of hazardous
    waste, and develop model ordinances for use by the
    counties.
d.  Reviev; the hazardous, waste generator license before
    Issuance by the county generator licensing agency and
    exercise veto power if the license violates state
    hazardous waste rules and regulations.   Depending on
    staff limitation, the state nay only review major
    hazardous waste generator licenses.
 e.   Provide technical assistance  to the counties, regional
     planning agencies, and generators.  Incorporate
     training courses relating to  hazardous waste
     classification, labeling, handling, storage, and
     transportation into the solid waste operator training
     program.
 f.   Issue hazardous waste treatment/disposal  site operating
     facility permits and review and periodically check the
     monitoring results supplied by the hazardous waste
     treatment/disposal facilities.
 g.   Conduct an annual inventory of hazardous  waste
     quantities generated throughout the state.

-------
                                   88
     4.   State-Public Service Co-.-.isslon
         a.   Incorporate a hazardous  waste  transportation  licensing
             systen into the existing hazardous  materials  transporta-
             tion licensing procedures using the technical assistance
             of the Minnesota Pollution Control  Agency  and the  Federal
             Department of Transportation.
         b.   Enforce the hazardous waste transportation license
             through existing public  service commission transportation
             enforcement procedures.
     A generation study has been completed  for the  metropolitan area
 including the  amounts and kinds of hazardous wastes  generated.  The
 report  developed waste generation data and concluded that approximately
 38,000  tons  of potentially hazardous waste (non-oil) and  approximately
 32,500  tons  of waste oil are generated each year in  the eight  (3)
 county  study area.

                           Public Affairs
    Public information programs are an on-going  portion of the  present
Solid Waste Management Progran.  The Division's  Solid Waste
Management Seminar is presented on an annual basis  with various topics
and emphasis areas.  An animal facilities pollution control seminar
is also presented regularly throughout the state.  In addition,
regional solid waste seminars for county solid vraste  officers are
presented once or titfice a year and resource recovery  seminars are
periodically scheduled.  The Division regularly distributes brochures
and manuals in such areas as solid waste management,  sanitary landfill
operation, animal waste, and inter-governmental cooperation.  Frequent
use is made of the Division's quarterly newsletter which is widely
distributed.  Within  the Division, opportunities are available for all
staff members to devote some portion  of their time to the training

-------
                                    89
progran, to attend meetings to educate themselves  as  members  of the
Solid Waste Division, and to serve as  speakers to  civic,  citizen,
and government groups.  As a further goal, the Division seeks to
continually improve and do more In the public information area.

-------
   SOLID  WASTE  MANAGEMENT
      IN

MISSISSIPPI
\ l»«»M»Lu"T eCNTON lrifMM\ ALCORN*fri'sH^t
V\   L  J   h   jMIMC^?
  I   I  [   V"™^ /
              ! I
     SANITARY LANDFILLS
 \\\  COUNTY-WIDE SYSTEMS

-------
                                    91






           MISSISSIPPI'S SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM






     The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1974 authorizes the State




Board of Health to exercise such supervision over restrictions,




equipment, methodology, and personnel in the management of solid




waste as may be necessary to enforce sanitary requirements, and




the State Board of Health shall adopt such rules and regulations




as may be needed to specify methodology and procedures to meet the




requirements of the Act.




     All proposed sanitary landfill sites must be approved by the




State Board of Health.  On-site inspections are made and careful




attention is given to underlying soil and hydrogeological conditions,




cover materials, and the types of solid waste that will be placed in




the fill.  Soil Scientists with the U. S. Soil Conservation Service




and Mississippi Geological Survey personnel advise the Board of Health




on each site.




     Sludge from waste water treatment plants and septic tank pumpings




are disposed of in sanitary landfills.  Animal waste is scattered over




fields or treated in lagoons.




     There are 54 sanitary landfills in Mississippi handling approximately




52 percent of the waste generated.  None of the landfills have exterior




leachate problems, but no monitoring wells have been installed to




determine groundwater contamination.




     All of the above-mentioned sites are approved sites and are




suitable disposal sites for some hazardous waste materials.  A




hazardous waste disposal site is presently being developed in Mississippi




and will handle most of the chemical waste generated in the northeastern




part of the state.

-------
                                9
o
     Detail studies are made of each site to determine the suitability

of the site, the life of the site, how it will affect the surrounding

community, and the best use of the site after it is filled.


     Enforcement procedures in the solid waste management program

have taken a new approach.  It has been demonstrated that cooperation

can be obtained without court action.  Therefore, no court action has

been taken in the past 12 months in Mississippi to bring about

compliance.


     There have been no source reduction programs in Mississippi and

only small resource recovery programs, except in recycling automobiles.

Approximately 800 automobiles are recycled each day.  Construction

steel is being made from most of the metal.  A survey shows that an

excess of 85 percent of the interstate highway system in Mississippi

was constructed with steel recycled from junked automobiles.

     The Tennessee Valley Authority is involved in planning a system
 /
of resource recovery  and energy recovery that will handle the waste

from 30 of the northeastern counties of the state, which represents 39

percent of waste in Mississippi.

     Studies are being conducted in other parts of the state to

establish large recycling programs, but no specific plans have been

developed.

     The proper management of hazardous waste is included in the


Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1974 which designates the State Board of

Health as the enforcement agency.

     The Division of Solid Waste Management places land disposal sites

as the first priority and hazardous wastes as the second priority.
                               - 2 -

-------
                               93





     Toxic, explosive, bioaccumulative, pathogenic,  and other




such substances have been neglected for too long.  Work is being




done in exploring management of residual flows to  determine the




source, amount, and nature of hazardous materials.  In addition,




procedures are being studied on how best to handle hazardous wastes




in a safe, environmentally-sound manner which protects the public




health.  A test site is being constructed to demonstrate the feasibility




of disposing of chemical waste by landfill.




     The hazardous wastes program includes work being done in the




following major areas:




     1.  Hazardous waste survey.




     2.  Defining hazardous waste.



     3.  Hazardous waste technology investigation.




     4.  Hazardous waste management (regulatory) procedures.




     The entire solid waste program in Mississippi operates through an




extensive public relations program.   All civic organizations, associations,




and local community groups are used to promote solid waste management




programs.



     Assistance is needed from the Environmental Protection Agency in




research and technical assistance.
                               - 3 -

-------
                                           94

                 THE MISSOURI SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

(Prepared for the November 14-15,  1974 EPA-NSWMA Conference In San Francisco)



    INTRODUCTION

    In accordance with state reorganization, the Missouri Solid Waste Manage-
    ment Program was housed within the Department of Natural Resources,
    effective July 1, 1974.  The reorganization has effectively combined the
    air, water, solid waste and land reclamation programs into the Division
    of Environmental Quality within the Department of Natural Resources.
    The address to the new department is Post Office Box 1368, Jefferson
    City, Missouri 65101.

    The Solid Waste Management Program operates under the provisions of the
    Solid Waste Management Law enacted in 1972.  The program has four basic
    activities which are (1) planning and evaluation, (2) technical services,
    (3) information and training,  and (4) enforcement.  The program has a
    budgeted staff of 13,  which does not include regional office personnel
    of the Division of Environmental Quality which conducts the major portion
    of the solid waste field activities.

    The following portions of this summary report shall be outlined as suggested
    in the E.P.A. request:

    A.  Land Disposal of Solid Waste

        The Missouri Solid Waste Management Law requires the operator of a
        solid waste processing facility or disposal area to obtain an operat-
        ing permit from the Department.  Rules and regulations for the design
        and operation of sanitary landfills, demolition landfills and processing
        facilities were developed and adopted in the fall of 1973.  The law
        and the regulations require the submission of engineering data and
        plans for the design of landfills and processing facilities.  The
        regulations include criteria for the protection of ground and surface
        waters from existing and new landfills.  The Division of Environmental
        Quality utilizes the services of a sister division within the Depart-
        ment, the Division of Research and Technical Information (formerly
        Office of State Geologist), to provide preliminary evaluation of pro-
        posed landfill sites prior to development of detailed engineering
        plans.  This preliminary evaluation of proposed landfill sites has
        been successful in eliminating most sites with undesirable hydro-
        geological conditions from further consideration of exploration,
        design, development and use.

-------
                                   95
    The disposal of municipal and ina strial sludges, hazardous and
    toxic wastes, septic tank pumpings, and other special wastes are
    permitted at a sanitary landfill only if special design idata and
    consideration is provided in the engineering design plans.  The
    criteria used to determine whether such wastes can be accepted
    include the geology and hydrology of the site, the chemical and
    biological characteristics of the wastes, quantities of waste,
    and the safety of personnel.  A provision of the Missouri Solid
    Waste Law permits the disposal of feedlot waste on land without
    a permit provided a public nuisance or health hazard is not
    created.

    There are presently approximately 361 land disposal sites operat-
    ing in the state compared to 490 in 1971.  There are 52 landfills
    which have engineering plans approved, and an additional 33 sets
    of engineering plans have been submitted for approval.  The 52
    approved landfills serve approximately 60 percent of the state's
    population.  Only one of the approved land disposal sites has a
    permit to receive most hazardous and toxic waste, however, pre-
    liminary engineering plans are under consideration for several
    additional sites.

    Any problems with leachate from land disposal sites can be directly
    contributed to improper design or poor operation.  Twelve landfill
    sites in the state have been known to have more than minor problems
    with leachate generation.  Most of the problems with leachate have
    been corrected and several sites have been closed.  The required
    engineering design plans must give consideration to leachate
    collection and treatment facilities.  Twelve of the existing or
    proposed land disposal sites have provisions for collection and
    treatment of leachate, and eight of the sites have provisions for
    monitoring wells.  Monitoring wells and leachate collection and
    treatment are required on an individual site basis as needed.

B.  Enforcement Procedures

    The State Solid Waste Management Law provides the Department with
    two methods of judicial remedy - injunctive relief and a misdemeanor
    charge for violation of the law or regulations.  The Department has
    the authority to issue orders for correction of violations of the
    law or regulations.  To date, court action has not been instituted
    for violation of the law or any regulations.  However, investigative
    reports and department orders have been issued to obtain correction
    of violations and closure of open dumps.  Approximately 120 open
    dumps have closed through voluntary action and education efforts
    during the past year.

-------
                                     es

C.  Source Reduction and Resource Recovery

    The Missouri Solid Waste Management Program has provided technical
    assistance to regional planning commissions, counties and cities to
    help them develop and implement efficient and sanitary solid waste
    management systems, including resource recovery.  Sixteen of the
    state's 20 regional planning commissions have developed a solid
    waste management plan.  One regional plan provides for implementa-
    tion of a regional energy recovery system within five years.
    Several of the larger cities have under active study the use of
    solid waste for energy recovery.

    Regional solid waste authorities are not specifically provided for
    in State Statutes, however, cities and counties have in at least
    six areas formed a not-for-profit corporation to cooperatively
    operate or contract for solid waste collection and/or disposal
    services.

    The State Environmental Improvement Authority has issued tax-free
    bonds to partially fund the construction of a 70 million dollar
    regional solid waste energy recovery system to be owned and operated
    by a private utility company.  Other than the State Environmental
    Improvement Authority, the state has no solid waste funding avail-
    able to local government or private industry.  To date the Authority's
    bonds are of no advantage to local government because they can issue
    their own tax-free bonds.

    The St. Louis City - Union Electric Company energy recovery demonstra-
    tion project supported by E.P.A. is the only major resource recovery
    project in the state.  One city  (approximately 47,000 population)
    operates a separate collection system for newspapers.

    Various types of beverage container legislation have been soundly
    defeated by the legislature during the past three years.

D.  Hazardous Waste Management

    The Missouri Solid Waste Law and Regulations require that a land
    disposal site must have an operating permit with specific provision
    in the engineering design plans in order to legally accept and dis-
    pose of hazardous and toxic waste.  There are no controls on the
    generation and transport of hazardous waste.  The Division of
    Environmental Quality does operate a "pollution spill" program
    related primarily to water pollution control.

    A state hazardous waste survey is scheduled for implementation
    during this fiscal year as soon as qualified personnel can be
    employed.

-------
                                    97

E.  Public Affairs

    The Solid Waste Management Program recently completed a two year
    solid waste training project funded by an E.P.A. grant.  Forty-
    three training courses were conducted with a total of 1697 persons
    attending.  The staff routinely makes solid waste presentations
    before organizational groups and local government officials to
    promote improvement in solid waste management.  Slide presentations
    and Informational materials, such as dump closing procedures, model
    ordinances, model contracts for collection service, and planning
    guidelines, have been developed and used throughout the state.
    The training courses and technical information provided by the
    state have assisted 75 cities during the past year to upgrade
    their residential collection service.  There are now 165 cities
    in the state that have adequate solid waste ordinances and provide
    collection service to all households by contract or municipal
    operation.

F.  Critical Areas for Federal Assistance

    The following are the areas where O.S.W.M.P. could best assist solid
    waste management in Missouri:

    1.  Public information efforts should be directed toward the
        inefficiency that exists in most solid waste management
        systems.  This problem could be related to the energy and
        economic problems our country faces.  Emphasize the fact that
        we have the technology to environmentally dispose of solid
        waste rather than trying to scare the public with the horrors
        of leachate.

    2,  Expand the existing technical assistance program so that
        each regional office has expertise in the major areas of
        collection, disposal, resource recovery and hazardous waste.
        The hazardous waste research efforts need to be advanced as
        rapidly as possible.

    3.  Any funding considerations by the federal government should
        be limited to research, demonstration of new technology,
        state program support and low interest loans for resource
        and energy recovery projects and regional or area-wide solid
       .waste management systems.

-------
                                          98
               MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
                           Environmental  Sciences Division
                            Solid Waste Management Bureau
                                Helena, Montana 59601
                                EPA-NSWMA CONFERENCE
                         San Francisco, November 14-15,  1974
                      MONTANA'S SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


     Montana has made great strides In solid waste management In recent years.   The
major part of the state's population Is now served by proper landfill  disposal  opera-
tions; a statewide junk vehicle disposal  program Is removing these unsightly relics
from the landscape, with recycling of the scrap metal; and a program Is now being
Implemented for the safe land disposal of hazardous wastes.  Future endeavors should
include greater efforts In source reduction and resource recovery in the state.  The
Solid Waste Management Bureau is encouraging legislation for funding a feasibility
study In the next year to determine the relative merits of various resource recovery
plans and their applicability to our state.


                          A.  LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

Design Criteria and State Review Procedures

      In 1967 the sanitary landfill program began when an initial survey was undertaken
to determine the status of solid waste practices In the state of Montana.  The Montana
Legislature passed basic legislation on solid waste management In 1965.  This was
amended in 1969; additional legislation enacted in 1969 (Eefuse Disposal District Laa)
made  it possible for a county or counties, or a portion of one or more counties, to
work together to develop refuse disposal  plans.

     The Solid Waste Management Bureau provides technical assistance to responsible
officials in county and city government in the development of land disposal sites.
Training programs are provided to equipment operators and  landfill supervisors.  Any
new  landfill must have Bureau approval of the site location before the county can
Issue a permit for its operation.  Bureau approval is dependent on the results of
required analyses, Including soil analysis, depth to normal groundwater, historical
high for groundwater, groundwater quality data, path of groundwater flow, and  location
of all public or private wells within  1,000 feet of the proposed site.  Soils charac-
teristics Include soil composition, depth to bedrock, maximum elevation or depth of
groundwater saturation, and complete data on permeability.

     Rule I6-2.I4(2)-SI4IOO, Refuse Disposal Areas, was adopted May 24,  1974.  The
purpose of the rule was to set forth sanitary standards for refuse disposal apeas
and waste management.  The rule sets forth waste classifications, site classifications,
specifications for waste disposal sites, site selection, operation and maintenance and
permit requirements.  The wastes and sites are classified Class  I,  II, and Ml, with
Group I wastes being the most hazardous set by the Environmental Protection Agency,
and the Group III the most  Inert and  least hazardous solid wastes.  A Class  I site
may accept all types of wastes (I, II, or III), while a Class II can accept Group  II
and  III wastes, and a Class III site may accept only Group  III wastes.  At this time
new  landfill sites are being classified according to this system.  Class I  designation
requires a complete  In-depth soil analysis conducted by an expert (geologist, hydrolo-
gist, etc.), usually from the State Soil Conservation Service.

-------
Waste Water Treatment Plants, Animal Feedlot Waste,  Septic Tank Pumpings

     Current legislation, policy and program criteria that pertain to municipal
waste treatment plants, animal feedlot wastes, and septic tank pumpings are admin-
istered by the Water Quality Bureau of the State Department of Health and Environ-
mental Sciences, in cooperation with the Solid Waste Management Bureau.  Many Montana
communities have lagoons, with no resultant sludge disposal problems, while others
use primary and secondary clarlfiers followed by digestion, thickening, dewatering,
heat treatment, and disposal of the dried remains In a sanitary landfill.

     Animal feedlot waste is being controlled statewide under the state water pollu-
tion  laws and rules.  The Solid Waste Management Bureau works diligently with the
Water Quality Bureau to maintain proper disposal of  these wastes.

     Septic tank pumpings are a major concern In many communities.  The Environmental
Services Bureau, in cooperation with the Solid Waste Management Bureau, administers
the law.  Local health officers review all septfc tank pumpers' qualifications before
licensing occurs,and are responsible for enforcement of the legal requirements.
Primary disposal of septic tank waste is into sanitary sewers; if this method cannot
be used, the wastes must be dumped at designated areas for drying, or disposed of
in designated pits at approved landfill sites.

Land Disposal Facilities Summary

     Since 1970 when there were only ten acceptable landfill operations in the state of
Montana, we have progressed to 65 approved operations to date.  However, 64 sites still
exist which are not acceptable, due to open burning  of refuse in the dump site.   These
are mostly in the smaller communities.

     Leachate is not a chronic problem In Montana, as It is in states where the annual
rainfall is high.  We have few dump sites at this time that have water problems;
where water problems do occur, they are usually due to high groundwater rather than
to water moving down through the waste cells.  We have had  little need to use well
monitoring or leachate collection and treatment.

Approved Land Disposal Facilities Summary

     The 65 approved landfill operations serve 77 percent of the state's population.
The 64 non-approved disposal operations point out the problems Involved in proper refuse
disposal In rural Montana.  The small communities face considerable economic problems
In trying to develop individual community landfill facilities, and the great distances
between towns hinder cooperative disposal efforts.

     Of the 30 most recently established landfill sites, 90 percent have received
approval letters from this office.  Few of the presently operating landfills (14?) have
had soil evaluations conducted, as the rules requiring this have been  in effect only
since May of this year.

     Thirty solid waste disposal sites are being screened for hazardous waste disposal.
Rigid Class I requirements are maintained when selecting these sites.  The sites will
be under surveillance, as well as rigid operation and maintenance practices.,  Even-
tually, we would like to establish one site per county for hazardous waste disposal;
however, this may be difficult in low population areas of the state.

Site Capacity Surmary

     The ultimate capacities of land disposal sites can be estimated by assuming an
average refuse depth of  10 feet within landfill trenches and an average refuse density
of 1,000 pounds per cubic yard.  The following Is an approximate breakdown of the

-------
                                       100                                         3.

ultimate capacities of the state's landfills:

             Capacity less than 150,000 tons	,  .    40 sites

             Capacity between 150,000 and 500,000 tans . .  ,    20 sites

             Capacity mope than 500,000 tons	     5 sites


Refuse Sites and Land Use Planning

     Montana does not have a statewide land use planning program at the present time.
The record of city-county planning boards In obtaining and allocating land for solid
waste disposal has not been good.  The Solid Waste Management Bureau is working to
encourage planning entities within the state to Include refuse disposal as an impor-
tant factor in long-range land use planning.


                             B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES

     Solid waste management Is regulated by statutes and by rules.  If a waste handling
facility is violating a statute, the Information is turned over to the department
legal unit, which in turn files the necessary complaints or injunctions,  if a rule
is violated, the offending party Is notified and given a reasonable period of time to
correct the deficiency.  The offender then has two choices:  (I) ignore the notice and
have charges filed against him in court, or (2) appeal to the State Board of Health
and Environmental Sciences for a variance from the particular rule Involved.  The
Board can grant the variance or deny it, in which case the offender must either comply
or seek relief in court (same as option 1).

     In the past twelve months, 39 enforcement actions have been taken, all of which
involved the statewide junk vehicle program.  In each Instance, the violation Involved
a person operating a motor vehicle wrecking facility without the required state license.


                     C.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

     A program for the recovery of scrap metal from junk vehicles is based upon the
Junk Vehicle Disposal Law, passed by the 1973 Montana Legislature.  The law became
effective July I, 1973.  It calls for mandatory action on the part of the county
commissioners to establish free vehicle graveyards for the citizens of the county, as
we I-1  as clean-up of junk vehicles that litter the area.

     Also required by the statute are the annual licensing of all motor vehicle wrecking
facilities and the shielding of all wrecking facilities from public view.  Junk ve-
hicles in non-wrecking yard locations must also be screened from public view.  All of
these requirements are now being implemented.  Private wrecking facilities have a
deadline of May 4, 1975 to accomplish the shielding of their facilities.

     The total program under this act is making good progress.  All 56 counties of the
state have established free vehicle graveyards for their citizens, and clean-up opera-
tions are in progress.  A great deal  of action on the part of private motor vehicle
wrecking facility operators will be necessary for the shielding requirements to be
met by the deadline date.

Regional Solid Waste Management Authorities

     Under the 1969 Refuse Disposal District Law, districts can be formed by any
number of counties or a portion of a county to handle their solid waste disposal.  To
date, 17 operations have been established under this authority.

-------
                                           101
State Funding in Resource Recovery

     The Junk Vehicle Disposal Program Is financed entirely by user fees collected
when a vehicle owner buys his annual  license or when he applies for a title for his
car or the transfer of a title on a used car.  A one dollar fee is levied on the
annual license renewal and four dollars on each title transfer.  These funds are
deposited in the state general fund and earmarked for use in the Junk Vehicle Disposal
Program.

     A substantial portion of these funds is returned to the county, based upon the
number of vehicles registered In the county, to enable the county to run Its program
as previously described.  The funds retained by the state are used for administrative
costs and subsidizing the private car crushing firm to flatten and transport the
junk vehicles to a processing plant.

     At the time this legislation was enacted, the low price of scrap metal made
the subsidy payment necessary in order to have the junk vehicles removed.  Now,
with higher scrap metal prices, the car crushing firms are able to pay the state an
amount per ton, based on the distance to the processing plant.  The fee schedule
comes under annual review by the Legislature, and our feeling is that the fees will
be reduced.

Pespupce Recovery Planning

     The above-mentioned law on junk vehicle disposal is being implemented, as indi-
cated, on a cooperative basis.

     A staff person of the Solid Waste Management Bureau, with the approval of the
Governor's Office, has initiated a collection system whereby all  recyclable paper
used in state government offices is separated, stored, and sold to paper salvagers.
This operation is just getting into gear.

PiarchaBing Policies Aiding Resource Pecoveiy

     The Purchasing Bureau of the State of Montana has made it possible for all state
agencies to specify recycled paper in their orders, to the extent that such paper is
available.  Some agencies have requested the use of recycled paper entirely on some
orders, especially for letterhead paper, envelopes and text paper.


Source Reduction and Energy Recovery Programs

     Montana presently has no program of source reduction.  A bill similar to the
Oregon Bottle Bill was Introduced,  but was defeated by the Montana Legislature in
1973.  That bill  was not promoted by the state, and was effectively opposed by
representatives of the American Brewers Association.

     One Montana city has purchased a pulverizer to process its garbage before it Is
landffiled.  Scrap metal  is separated and recovered In this operation.   They have
reported a sale of scrap metal, extracted during a three-month period,  for $37,000.


Pending Legislation

     Legislation is being prepared  to introduce to the 1975 Legislature,  which would
make state funds available to do limited but adequate studies In  portions of the
state (probably on a matching basis with local communities)  to determine the feasi-
bility of the recovery of raw materials and/or energy from the general  solid waste
stream in the state or any area of  the state.

-------
Other Groups Promoting Resource Recovery

     A group known as the South Central Montana Development Federation, a federally
funded organization involving eleven Montana counties, has done a comparative study
to determine the relative costs to those counties with individual county landfill
operations, as opposed to cooperative area-wide efforts,   This same organization now
has a grant application pending to finance a study of the effectiveness of the use
of organic portions of solid waste to help reclaim land that has been disrupted by
strip mining.  The areas in question are in the Colstrip, Montana area.

     Private enterprise recycling operations, based upon  citizen initiative in
delivering recyclable items, such as bottles, newsprint,  IBM cards, and steel and
aluminum cans, have been set up In seven of the larger Montana cities.  We do not
have information on the volume of business which these centers have been doing.


                           D.  HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Existing State Hazardous Waste Legislation and Programs

     At present, Montana does not have a uniform hazardous waste management act among
its statutory codes.  Efforts to control hazardous materials and wastes have been
directed along the  lines of safe transportation, emergency response, and disposal.
These responsibilities are divided among different state agencies or may be an inter-
agency responsibility in character.  For example, the U.S. Department of Transportation
and our state counterpart, the Department of Public Service Regulation, regulate the
inter- and Intra-state transportation of hazardous materials.  The Department of Health
and Environmental Sciences has for a long time been responsive to hazardous materials
problems which sporadically surface in Montana.

     The Solid Waste Management Bureau  leases a munitions bunker from the Glasgow
Air Force Base for the safe storage of hazardous wastes*   We have an accumulative
92,000 pounds of dry pesticide chemical waste and 14,000 gallons of liquid pesticide
chemical waste stored in the bunker to date.  Other hazardous wastes are accepted
upon request from citizens and local and state government agencies.  Transportation
costs are generally incurred by the person requesting disposal.  The collection pro-
gram is a cooperative program among the Montana Department of Fish and Game, the
Montana Department of Agriculture, and the Montana Department of Health and Environmental
Sciences.

     The Solid Waste Management Bureau  is currently in the process of securing a
parcel of Bureau of Land Management property to serve as  a specially designated
hazardous waste disposal site for Montana.  This site is  located in close proximity
to the Glasgow Air Force Base hazardous waste storage facility,,  The site will addi-
tionally serve as the scene for a twenty-month $150,000 Environmental Protection Agency
contract to demonstrate a statewide collection, transportation, and disposal program
for waste pesticides and spent pesticide containers.   Special soil biodegradation
studies will be conducted at the site, as well as trench  landfilling and chemical treat-
ment of highly persistent pesticides and other hazardous wastes.  Rules adopted  in
May 1974 to the Department's solid waste law provide for the classification of landfills
as to the, type of wastes they accept, based upon soils, hydrologic and geologic
criteria.  The Solid Waste Management Bureau has established December 31, 1975 as
the projected date for completion of landfill classification.  Under these rules,
certain hazardous waste volumes may be disposed of in Class  I sanitary landfills.  An
application for a permit to dispose of hazardous wastes must be made with the Solid
Waste Management Bureau, If an excess of 100 pounds or 50 gallons of active hazardous
waste ingredient are to be disposed.  The waste material  must be disposed of according
to the recommendations of the Department, based upon reviev.  * the application.

-------
                                          1U3
Hazardous Waste Surveys

     The Solid Waste Management Bureau Is developing a statewide hazardous waste
survey to document and assess the effect of hazardous waste handling and disposal
on public health and the environment In Montana.  This survey will document industries
In Montana generating hazardous wastes, the types of wastes they generate, their
amounts, and present disposal methods.  From this survey will be determined the form
and extent of hazardous waste management program needs in Montana and the extent of
legislation needed to implement the program.  The Bureau is planning to Initiate the
survey before the first of the year, and it Is anticipated that the survey will
continue for a period of one year.


                                 E.   PUBLIC AFFAIRS

     One man is employed for public relations activities for the Solid Waste Manage-
ment Bureau.  The major duties of this position Include:  educational classes for
grade school through college level students, presentations to many different youth
groups, programs for service organizations and professional groups, and audio-visual
programs and news articles developed and distributed to the news media.  Whenever
new legislation is being sought, a concerted effort Is made to distribute information
through many different techniques to the public; when a city or county shows an
Interest In developing a new solid waste system, the public relations employee, If
requested, goes Into the local  area to help inform the public.

     Technical  Information activities performed by the Solid Waste Management Bureau
Include:  distribution of materials such as laws, rules, educational  materials, forms;
conducting training sessions; development of alternative solid waste management plans
for any city or county requesting same; and field Investigations of city and county
disposal operations, along with advice on correct operational procedures.


                      F.  CRITICAL AREAS FOP FEVEEAl ASSISTANCE

     In Montana at this time the greatest need for federal  assistance is in the develop-
ment of suitable solid waste management programs for small  communities, along with
funding the planning and Initial capital  outlay for resource recovery systems.

-------
                    104
          STATE OF NEBRASKA

ACTIVITIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Reports to the EPA-NSWMA Conference
        November 14,  15,  1974
      San Francisco,  California

-------
                            1U5
A.  LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE



    The existing State legislation and policy requires



new land disposal sites to be approved or licensed.  A



community must submit information to the Department of



Environmental Control indicating the location in regard



to the flood plain, distance to groundwater table,



distance to the nearest domestic or municipal wells,



and surface water drainage facilities.  These submissions



are verified by the planning section of the Solid Waste



Division of DEC.



    Regarding disposal of sludge from waste water



treatment plants, feedlot wastes, and septic tank



pumpings, it is the policy to recommend disposal on



non-food producing agricultural land.  However,  it is



not required by rules and regulations.



    Leachate is not considered to be a major problem in



Nebraska, unless the site has been located in the flood



plain, in groundwater, or improper surface water drainage



has been provided.  For the most part, Nebraska's average



rainfall is below the evaporation rate.  This reduces the



leachate problem to minor proportions.



    The State has approximately 350 approved and 53



licensed land disposal sites.  Nine of the licensed sites



are considered sanitary landfills.  Seventeen sites in



Nebraska are considered acceptable to receive hazardous



wastes.

-------
                            106
B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES



    The Solid Waste Division is required by law to



attempt voluntary compliance with the rules and



regulations.  If voluntary compliance fails, an



administrative hearing is held.  A hearing officer,



after hearing the evidence, renders a decision.  This



decision may be appealed by either the State or the



defendant.  Cases may also be filed in district court.



C.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY



    Nebraska provides only technical assistance to



resource recovery projects.



    It is the intent of the Solid Waste Division to



determine markets, buyer requirements, and provide



greater emphasis on recycling and resource recovery



during this fiscal year.



    The Governor's Council on Keep Nebraska Beautiful



and Keep Omaha Beautiful are the major supporters of



recycling efforts in the State.  Several communities



are sponsoring selective recycling projects.



D.  HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT



    The Solid Waste Division has applied for and has



been given  an EPA grant for a hazardous waste  study.



This study  is now being started and  should be  concluded



in fiscal year 1976.



E.  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS



    One and two day seminars are conducted  every two



months to provide information to site operators,

-------
                            107
managers, and public officials.   Also,  the surveillance



and enforcement section provides operational information



during each site inspection.   Division  personnel also



appear at public hearings, governmental meetings, and



other public gatherings to provide information



regarding solid waste management.



F.  CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE



    Federal legislation should be directed to resource



recovery incentives, such as comparable freight rates



for recovered materials, allow the reuse of material



in original or secondary products, tax  writeoffs equal



to virgin material uses, and assistance to land disposal



in the form of grants or guaranteed loans.



    It would be of benefit to Nebraska  if demonstration



projects would be directed to communities or areas of



20,000 population.

-------
                                  108
                             STATE OF NEVADA
                     BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
                  SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM REPORT
A.  Land Disposal of Solid Waste

    1.  State statutes supplemented by the regulations provide for the
        responsibility and control  of solid waste systems.   By regulation
        each proposed disposal  site must meet requirements  which will  prevent
        or minimize underground and surface water pollution.   Due to the
        arid climate, percolative water is negligible.  High  ground water
        areas and areas subject to flooding are prohibited  from use as dis-
        posal sites.

    2.  Plans for the processing and disposal of sludge from  municipal
        wastewater treatment plants, animal feedlot wastes, and septic tank
        pumpings, including the utilization thereof, are required to be
        submitted and approved  by the State's solid waste and water pollu-
        tion programs.  Such disposal plans must meet regulatory requirements
        preventing water pollution.

    3.  Nevada has 123 land disposal facilities now in use, none of which
        are known to have a leachate problem.  One hazardous  waste site
        has monitoring wells.  There are no leachate collection and
        treatment facilities.

    4.  There are 19 land disposal  sites that are considered  to have State
        approval.  These sites  serve 90% of the State's population.  There
        are 4 pesticide container disposal sites and 1 hazardous waste
        disposal site which are State approved.

    5.  The ultimate capacities of the disposal sites are unknown.  Site
        availability is not a problem in Nevada.

    6.  Solid waste management  is not a significant factor  in the State's
        land use planning efforts.

B.  Enforcement Procedures

    State statutes provide for  fines to be levied if local  entities don't
    comply with regulations established to control solid waste management.
    The statutes also provide injunctive relief provisions.  Five citations
    have been issued for open burning dumps.

-------
                                     109
C.  Source Reduction and Resource Recovery

    One of the statutory policies of the State concerning solid waste is
    to conserve natural resources.

    1.  Regional solid waste management authorities are allowed.  Six are
        recognized and four have completed local pilans.

    2.  No State funding is available for resource recovery.

    3.  Resource recovery planning is proceeding at both the State and
        two local levels.

    4.  There are no State tax laws and purchasing policies that are beneficial
        to resource recovery efforts.

    5.  Clark County and private concerns in Washoe County have established
        resource recovery stations in Las Vegas and Reno.  There has been
        legislative bills introduced recently to require a 5 cent deposit
        on beverage containers.

D.  Hazardous Waste Management

    1.  Hazardous wastes are governed by the State's solid waste management
        statutes.  Hazardous wastes are included in the definition of solid
        waste.  The Department of Agriculture controls pesticides and the
        disposal of containers.

    2.  A survey is presently being conducted to determine the hazardous
        wastes being generated in the State.

E.  Public Affairs

    The Bureau provides technical information and planning assistance to
    local entities in solid waste management.

F.  Critical  Areas for Federal Assistance

    The principle problem that Nevada's rural communities have concerning
    solid waste management is acquisition of equipment to collect and to
    dispose of solid waste.  These rural communities do not have the
    population or tax base to be able to purchase such equipment.   If
    surplus equipment and/or grants for purchase and operation thereof
    were available rural  disposal problems would be solved.


(This  report  was prepared following the suggested state report outline).

-------
                                     no
                    STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
                             IN NEW HAMPSHIRE -  1974

A.  Land Disposal of Solid Waste

    1.  New Hampshire laws require every municipality to provide and maintain
    a sanitary disposal facility for refuse,  garbage, manure and putrescible
    matter.  These sites must be approved by  the Division of Public  Health.
    The towns must provide initially a backhoe for digging test pits to obtain
    the potential of the site.  If the test \its prove favorable the .towns are
    required to have deep test borings.  The  reasons for the pits and borings
    is to determine seasonal high water table and depth to ledge and/or hardpan.
    New Hampshire has a 61 minimum depth to ground water, 10* to ledge and 100
    feet to surface waters.  All of these vary with the type of soil present.

    2. -There-are approximately 180 .sites now in use in New Hampshire.  Only one
    has a known leachate problem, but many other old—sites are believed to have
    a problem with leachate.  We have 3 sites with monitoring wells  and more
    towns are being required to install them  to  try to obtain information on
    leachate problems.  None of the sites in  New Hampshire have leachate collection
    and treatment facilities.

    3.  All but one site has a State approval.  However, some of these are very
    old standards and would-not meet new criteria..  These sites service approximately
    60-65 percent of the states population.  There are no sites approved specifically
    for toxic or hazardous wastes.

    4.  Solid waste management is a factor in land use management and the legislative
    committee assigned to studying the problem has had several discussions with the
    solid waste management staff regarding this  problem.

B.  Enforcement Procedures

       Enforcement has been minimal due to the small staff.  The usual procedure
includes an on-site review, a written order is issued including what must be done
to alleviate the problem and by what time it  must be accomplished.  If the desired
corrections are not made, the Division of Public Health can go in and clean  up the
problem and charge the offender for the costs or in some cases can take the  individual
to court.  The few enforcement actions taken  have all been settled out of court.

C.  Source Reduction and Resource Recovery

       There is no state legislation at this  time regarding source reduction and
resource recovery.  However, legislation will be introduced in the 1975 legislative
session to bring these under the control of the  Division of Public Health.   Also,
at present the policy is to encourage any efforts being made in this field.   It is
hoped that funding might become available in  1975 to encourage source reduction
and resource recovery.  No funding is available  at this time.

       Several small towns have initiated recycling projects but only one is in
full operation.  This is the Town of Nottingham which has mandatory source separation
of glass, paper, metal and other.  The other  is  reduced in an incinerator and the.
residue landfilled.

-------
                                     Ill
          One group putting a lot of emphasis on recycling is the New Hampshire
Cooperative Extension Service.  They provide a valuable service to the munici-
palities with questions regarding recycling to include costs, markets, and
condition of material to be shipped.

D.  Hazardous Waste Management

          At present no specific legislation has been adopted regarding hazardous
wastes.  However, a survey is expected to be conducted in the near future in con-
junction with an industrial waste survey in an attempt to understand what the size
of the problem is in New Hampshire.

E.  Public Affairs

          There is no formal public affairs program as such.  However, the existing -
staff has met with a number of municipal organizations and interested groups ex-
plaining the laws, rules and regulations and alternatives to the solid waste problem.

F.  Critical Areas for Federal Assistance

          The two most important areas where the federal program cou^d assist is
with (1) technical assistance especially in the hazardous/toxic waste field and
in general solid waste problems and (2) with funding to the state agencies to
help them improve their programs.  Many of the State programs are small and a
realistic approach to solving the problem is almost impossible.
                                        Prepared by
                                        Thomas L.  Sweeney
                                        Bureau of  Solid Waste Management
                                        Division of Public  Health  Services
                                        Concord, New Hampshire  03301

-------
                                            112
               NEW JERSEY  STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
                          DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
                           BUREAU OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

                                NOVEMBER N & 15, 1974
                                    SAN FRANCISCO
       DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE'
         .
 Ae" design' criteria  for  land  disposal  of  solid  waste  in  the  State of  New Jersey  is
  leased* upon a  double  standard  -  one  standard for new facilities  and one  for  existing
 ^facilities.   In  1970,  the  Department of Environmental  Protection was  charged  by
 '.statute to. register  and  evaluate  all solid  waste facilities.  Each existing landfill
  was  registered and requested  to submit an engineering  design.   Because  of the great
 . number,. of engineering  designs which came  into the Department, a considerable  delay
frswa4-encounter^"l.i.n-completing the processing of all engineering designs for existing
:^fa'c,;ilH1^;; •  All new landfills  are  required to  have an "impervious liner" (1  x 10-7
^cm/sec, jnaxirouTn  permeability).  Dikes with clay  cores and/or  ditches with impervious
j,l iners^are required  to protect  the  surface  waters.  Leachate. collection  and  treatment
"systems*~are required.  Monitoring wells are required at  all  new sites with  sampling
^^Jh^grbunrfg^aiEr  to be  done  bottHytht*  landfill operator and the  Department of^~
  Envlronmentai;Pr¥tection.  Analyses. are. made for those determinations included irr"tne"
r Potabl e Water £6jinda rds .   Separate^standards both for  old and new landfills are used
  dependent upon^Bie type  of solid  anrt/gy~3'Tquid  waste being disposed.  The standard^.
  f or  chemical  wastes  is more stringent  than  that for municipal garbage which is more
  stringent than that  for  demolition  garbage*. (
 At the present time, there are a total of 348 solid waste land disposal facilities
 including a number of compost facilities for the disposal of leaves and tree parts.
 There are.^307 sanitary landfills registered with the Department.  Seventeen of these
 '^presently 'have monitoring wells.  An additional 78 have been identified as requiring
 *                    landfills are known to have a leachate problem.  At the present
                   jaf) j tary ]arKifin with a leachate collection and treatment facility.
                                       All 348 solid waste facilities are registered
                                operating legally.  One hundred seventy .-eight of these
                               igns' completely reviewed.  It is estimated that 50 percent
                  pujiaiibn 5s served by facilities which are both registered and have
                      designs, „ There are 14 facilities which are registered to receive
                    wastes, 8 of which are land disposal sites.  The balance are
 proceslfrfg plants.4 Of the 348 facilities', 240 have an ultimate capacity of less than
 150,000 tons.  Forty-seven have an ultimate capacity of between 150,000 and 500,000
 tons, and 61 facilities have an ultimate capacity of more than 500,000 tons.

 Solid waste management presently is not a significant-factor in State land use planning.
 Howeye ^because of the Wetlands Act and the Coastal Area Facilities Review Act (CAFRA)
 .-^tetesyasala^SiBsie ffla^aj^t^bj^^T^^^^^gi^^^dfitabJfi area ~p£Jjew Jersey ,
 hsnce, for future siting, solid waste management must consider ^these prohibited areas.

 ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
 .            -.   --- .
 A. Notice of Prosecution, a Departmental Order, or Registration Revocation or Suspension
 are the administrative enforcement actions available to the Bureau of Solid Waste
 Management.  The Notice of Prosecution indicates that a violation of the Bureau's
   '     9"_J1 .1         J

-------
                                         113

 regulations  has  occurred.  The  Notice  of Prosecution constitutes an offer by  the
 Department to  compromise  its claim  for the maximum penalties  ($1,000 per day  for
 each  violation) 'through payment of  the~specified settlement-^um.  The settlement
 sum Ts  predetermined by a Penalty and  Rebate Guide found in the Administrative
 Procedures of  the  Bureau.  Should the  settlement sum not be paid, the matter  is
 referred  to  the  Office of the Attorney General for prosecution.  A Departmental
 Order also indicates that a violation  of the Bureau's regulations has occurred
 and orders correction of the violation within a reasonable period of time.
 Revocation or  suspension of registration can occur when the registrant has:
 (a) violated any provision of the Solid Waste Management Act of 1970 or any rule,
 regulation,  or administrative order promulgated under that Act; (b) violated  any
 provision of any laws related to pollution of the waters, air and/or surfaces of
 the State; (c) refused or failed to comply with any lawful order of the Department.
 A notice  of  intent to revoke is  issued and a hearing must be held prior to the
 actual  revocation or suspension of  registration.  In most cases, a compromise is
 reached prior  to the revocation or  suspension.

 The Commissioner of the Department  of  Environmental Protection may institute  an
 action  or proceeding in the Superior Court for injunctive and other relief, including
 the appointment of a receiver for any  solid waste disposal operation, which is
 established  or^q^erated in violatior^f—yje Solid Waste, Management Act, or any__cp_d_e,
 rule  or regulation promulgated  pursuant fo* the' Solid Waste Management Act.      ~-"-~^
In the past yeaj^r the Bureau has issiied,_9JL Not ices of Prosecution, 48 Departmental
Orders and 22 Notices of Intents to Revoke Registration.  The -Bureau has also
collected $59,295 in penalties and initiated 3 court action in the past year.

SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY.

Counties themselves, incinerator authorities, solid waste authorities and a number of
other regional governmental  and quasi governmental agencies are allowed by law to
provide regional solutions  to the solid waste problem.   Thus far, two solid waste
authorities and two regional improvement authorities have been active in the solid
waste field in New Jersey.   At the present time, there is no State funding available
for resource recovery, and  resource recovery planning is now just beginning in the
State.  There are no State  tax laws or purchasing policies that may be beneficial to
resource recovery at present, but tax incentives and disincentives and changes in
purchasing policies. are now  undergoing serious consideration.  Most communities in
New Jersey have, either through the local government, or through the community service
organizations made "recycling centers" available to their citizens.  Separate collection,
by the municipality, of certain recyclables is available in some 20 New Jersey
municipalities.  The City of Long Branch, for example, pays its citizens for the
return of recyclables to the City's recycling center.

Major legislation is" now pending which would provide for regional  planning and mandate
                                                                                       ._
                                                                   ~
legislation providing for local  recycling grants ,  several-  bott I e b~i 1 Is" ,  mandatory
source separation of specific recyclables, etc.  Both the legislature and  the
administration are studying  alternative approaches to statewide resource recovery
and major legislation is  expected before the end of the year.
                                       - 2 -

-------
                                             114

 ffi&RDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
           JJ74,,,. the Department of Environmental Protection promulgated new ruTes
 in'deregulations governing, amoncTother tTffrigs, the~coTTection, haulage and dis~pd~sal
      zairdpus wastes.  These new rules and regulations place the responsibility for
      jpjjjrdpjjs wastes upon the generator or owner, the collector/hauler and the
    ^SjS^fability operator.  It specifies a communication between all three parties
    **   Department of Environmental Protection as to the quantity and special handling
       jf^toi  assure safe transportation and disposal.  The generator is responsible
       nsl) the Bureau of Solid Waste Management with a list of all such waste disposed
       ifji['the State, the method of handling, the carriers and the consignee.  The
  ,»„•      if.facility operator must furnish information as to the quantity and type of
^a'z|ird"pusVaste received, the method of disposal and the location where disposed or
,'sVbre"d;*which must be exact enough to permit recovery of the material if so desired. .
^Beginning"on March 15, 1975,  no solid waste facility shall accept or receive for
;gispos|K,6fl  or,Jn the lands of New Jersey any hazardous waste or bulk liquid' unless
 -•ft^t^^s,*-^ ^s Tnstalled a facility for the interception, collection and treatment
                 generated at the facility.  Monitoring wells are also required.
JTfie Oejpartment^h rough the use of - conferences , talks and other types of meetings
jcondjJct%_£Ute^^3f fairs and technical: Information activities.   The Department,
='itTirpug|cdfs;:;^^iG Information Of fJcjejjUblishes fromjtime "to time articles of-d«terest
 to those" concerned with solid  waste management.  All  files and records of the Bureau
 of Solid Waste Management are  open to the public for  inspection upon request.  The
 Bureau of  Solid Waste Management's Technical  Services Section  meets with landfill
 operators  and their engineers  as well as  municipal  government  and county officials
 and ^renders  technical  assistance through  these means.

TRITICAt? AREASlFOR > E DERAL ASS I STANCE'
t   ~
 The following 8 activities by  the Office  of Solid Wa%te Management Programs  would
*be very desirable  for  the State  of New  Jersey.
- ~-.»  .v    i,,- "•* -J&K^.^.'.-                         J
     "*•
                             for the disposal  facilities for chemical  and hazardous


     2j Develop^ireatment and processing systems for chemical  and hazardous wastes.

     3.  Establish and develop processes  for  the treatment of  leachate from  landfills.
           I
     4.  Establish standards for leachate to  determine when it  needs treatment and when
         it  can be discharged  into streams, sewage  plants or others.
                    ss istance f er4«acfca*e; treatment .-faci H-ti-es **-

      6.   Federal law requiring solid waste recycling and resource and energy  recovery.
       '
      7.   Set up funding mechanism, similar to Highway Funding, for recycling  and
          resource and energy recovery facilities.

     .8*' ^ Establish and develop processes and standards  for recycling and resource
        *ind energy recovery.


                                       - 3 -

-------
                                        115
&
N.
-------
                                       lib
B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
    As stated in Section A.  the statewide  regulations were  adopted  in April of  1974.
It will be noted in reading  the regulations  that  July 1,  1975,  is the cut off date
for compliance.  Therefore,  enforcement actions have not  taken  place in  the past
twelve months, but a great deal of effort  has  been  spent  in working with the
counties and communities in New Mexico in  preparing for the implementation dates.

C.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
    At this time there are no resource recovery authorities in  New  Mexico.  However,
such authorities would not be discouraged.  Also  at this  time,  there is  no state
funding available for local  government in  this area.
    However, a great deal of interest has  been expressed  in this  area and  it  is
anticipated that legislate,. „;*."; uc mlroduced  in  the  next legislative  session
pertaining to  this topic.

D.  HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
    There is presently no specific act or  regulation  that deals solely with hazardous
waste management.  However, when reviewing State  Environmental  Regulations  in total,
it is found that Air Pollution Regulations,  Water and  Liquid  Waste  Regulations  and
Solid Waste Regulations do deal with many  toxic  or hazardous  components.  The New
Mexico  Environmental Improvement Agency's  Toxic  Chemicals Section is  prepared to
write such a regulation, if it is required by federal  mandate.

E.  PUBLIC AFFAIRS
    The Solid  Waste Section of the New Mexico Environmental Improvement Agency has
an extensive  statewide  Solid Waste Training Program,  which devotes  a  great deal of
time  to public education and public relations.  Members of the section are actively

-------
                                       117
working with public and private interested groups.  The section provides technical
assistance upon request on a statewide basis.

F.  CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
    New Mexico has repeatedly informed EPA of the need for construction grants.
Since New Mexico is approximately 60% Federal land, it has been extremely difficult
for many of our communities and counties to fund adequate Solid Waste Management
Programs without financial assistance.
    We feel that the Federal Government should continue to strongly support and
fund State Solid Waste Management Training Programs.
    New Mexico would support technical assistance from EPA provided however that
assistance is competent and available when needed.
    New MeAiuu aiiu auyycioi mao Lm 3'uunyi.y uuns luei  the differences that exist
throughout the United States when developing Solid Waste Regulations or guidelines.
New Mexico, which is the fifth largest state in the nation, and yet only has a
population of approximately one million, certainly does not have the same solid
waste management problems as New York or New Jersey.   New Mexico strongly urges
that EPA consult with Solid Waste Management personnel  in our state before further
EPA hazardous waste disposal recommendations are made,  which would, or could,  affect
the state.  It was noted in reading EPA's hazardous waste proposal  to Congress,  that
New Mexico was chosen as one of the locations for hazardous waste storage and  treat-
ment sites.  To our knowledge no one within New Mexico  Environmental  Improvement
Agency, and particularly the Solid Waste Management Section, had been contacted
prior to EPA's report.

-------
                                       lid
    New Mexico would oppose any  EPA Regulation that would place hazardous waste
disposal sites in states  primarily because a state has.a large land mass and is
sparsely populated.   New  Mexico, which  is not a large  producer of hazardous waste,
would not want to become  a dump  ground  for other area's hazardous waste just
because of the availability of land.  We would suggest to EPA that storage and
treatment facilities be located  as closely as possible to the point of generation
of hazardous waste.

-------
                                JL.L
9
             STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM STATUS
                            NEW YORK STATE
                           November 1, 1974
PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

          New York State has maintained a broad solid waste management
program effort for the past ten years.  The program is oriented toward
the following objectives;

          1)  Achieve and maintain effective disposal of all solid
              wastes.

          2)  Achieve and maintain efficient management of all solid
              wastes.

          3)  Achieve optimum utilization of resources through
              recovery, recycling and reuse techniques and
              applicable source reduction methods.

          Appraisal of the effectiveness of New York's solid waste
management program is best accomplished through evaluation of program
activities and accomplishments as related to each of the three major
objectives of the program.  In such an evaluation, it should be
recognized that although substantially complete accomplishment of the
three objectives will probably be in sequential order, the activities
related to all objectives are being conducted concurrently.

FIRST GOAL - EFFECTIVE DISPOSAL

          There has been significant long-term accomplishment; more than
50 percent reduction in the number of refuse disposal areas in the State
since 1964.  Almost 1700 open dumps were in existence at the time that
State Sanitary Code Regulations became effective in 1963.  Currently
there are approximately 800 disposal sites and 53 percent are in full
compliance with existing State regulations.

          The enforcement posture of DEC has been strengthened with the
enactment of Chapter 399 of the Laws of 1973.  Until this legislation
was passed, regulatory control was primarily limited to refuse disposal
areas.  A new legal base is now in existence for regulatory control of
all solid waste management facilities, effective September 1, 1973.  This
enabling legislation authorizes DEC to:

-------
                                 120
              Promulgate regulations governing the construction and
              operation of all solid waste management facilities.

              Provide technical assistance to municipalities.

              Cooperate with local, state, interstate and federal
              agencies to improve solid waste management practices.

          Rules and regulations to administer the new Solid Waste Manage-
ment Act are now being finalized; a dual permit system will be initiated
and an operator' certification program will be established.

          An innovative approach to enforcement of State regulations has
been taken through the use of Conservation Officers for making routine
inspections of refuse disposal areas.  Conservation Officers have State
Police powers and the periodic appearance of uniformed officers at refuse
disposal facilities has a cathartic effect on the improvement of sub-
standard operations.  Although full use of the Conservation Officers has
not yet been extended to all nine regions of the State, experience thus
far indicates that the benefits are appreciable.  Coordination of Conserva-
tion Officer activities and solid waste program staff activities is of
great importance, since periodic engineering evaluation of every refuse
disposal facility is vital.

          A program to register septic tank cleaners and industrial
waste collectors became operative in 1972 and approximately 800 operators
are now registered.  There has been a marked reduction in unauthorized
dumping of collected wastes and more aggressive enforcement is now. being
undertaken.  Use of Conservation Officers is also paying dividends in this
portion of the program.

J3ECOND GOAL - EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT

          The main focus of this goal is the development of local and
regional solid waste management systems that operate efficiently and
economically,,  The State program has provided substantial assistance in
overcoming planning inadequacies- of the past.  Comprehensive planning
studies financed by the State since 1966 have established a framework
for local decisions and action to consolidate service facilities that can
achieve economies of scale at the same time that operations are upgraded
to a higher performance level.  Since 1966, 36 counties and the City of
New York have received assistance under this program.  The total cost of
these projects is $3.56 million, including $530,000 federal funds, and
coverage is 92 percent of the State's population.  Comprehensive planning
studies initiated at local expense have been conducted in 14 additional
counties; nine of these counties received federal financial assistance
for the planning projects.  No comprehensive planning activity has been
conducted yet in seven rural counties, but studies will be initiated soon.

          Comprehensive planning projects initiated prior to 1971 focused
primarily upon the development of economical disposal systems.  With recog-
nition of resource recovery as an emerging technology, the scope of
planning projects funded since 1971 has been expanded to explore the
potential of recovering resources from solid wastes generated within each
new study area.  Previously completed studies are being updated to reflect
resource recovery potential <,
                                 - 2 -

-------
                                   121

          The effectiveness of any planning assistance program must be
measured in terms of implementation.   It should be recognized, however,
that implementation is fostered by an effective environment program, by
financial assistance to help meet the cost of improvements, and by
developing an atmosphere of support in the public and local government
sectors.  These three elements were somewhat limited until 1973.  Despite
these limitations there has been noticeable progress.  At the beginning
of this year 71 multi-municipal disposal facilities were operating in the
State, serving 392 municipalities (26 percent of all cities, towns and
villages in the State).  Projects being actively pursued now in 18 areas
of the State include more than 400 additional municipalities.  When these
new facilities become operational, 53 percent of the municipalities will
be served by intergovernmental systems.

          An essential element in the establishment of efficient manage-
ment systems is the development of operator skills so that facilities
can function at satisfactory performance levels<,  Solid waste training
activities have been conducted in New York State since 1964, but the
level of activities increased considerably in 1969.  The award of a
training grant from OSWMP in 1971 allowed even more expanded coverage.
During the last year, 12 training courses were presented and 456 operators
and local officials became better equipped with the technical background
necessary for proper utilization of equipment and facilities.  Training
activities during the past two years  have covered sanitary landfill design
and operation, incineration and resource recovery.

THIRD GOAL - OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES

          The emphasis of this goal is on the recovery and reuse of
resources now wasted and the reduction of quantities of wastes generated.
Until 1972, activities had been limited primarily to the promotion of
resource recovery practices and the evaluation of new technology.  Two
factors have had significant impact on stimulating substantial progress
toward this objective:   staff expansion to focus solely on resource
recovery and implementation of New York's Environmental Quality Bond Act.

          The Bureau of Solid Waste Management has been reorganized into
a new Division of Solid Waste Management.  The Division now consists of
two bureaus:  The Bureau of Facility  Design and Operation, and the Bureau
of Resource Recovery.  Most of the previous functions of the solid waste
program are carried out by the Bureau of Facility Design and Operation.
The new Bureau of Resource Recovery consists of two sections.  The first
of these, the Resource Recovery Technology Section has the following
functional responsibilities:

          1)  Evaluation of systems and equipment for recovery of
              resources from solid waste.

          2)  Monitor performance of  demonstration systems.

          3)  Technical assistance to local government in facility
              selection or operation,,

          4)  Administration of construction grant program authorized
              by the Environmental Quality Bond Act of 1972„
                                 - 3  -

-------
                            122
           5)   Review and approval  of plans  for  new or modified
               facilities.

           Recognizing the  importance of economics  and markets for
 recovered or converted resources,  a Market  Analysis and  Development
 Section has also been established.   This new unit  has the  following
 functional responsibilities:

           1)   Conduct studies  to determine  market  potentials for
               recovered or converted resources.

           2)   Promote and  develop  new markets for  recovered resources.

           3)   Coordinate resource  recovery  efforts with  industry.

           4)   Monitor existing resource recovery practices.

           5)   Evaluate and propose incentives & legislation to
               enhance recovery of  resources.

           6)   Promote resource recovery and recycling practices  in
               governmental agencies.

           In 1972,  the New York State Legislature  authorized a $1<,15
 billion bond issue  for environmental improvements  in the State.  The
 Bond Act provides $175 million for solid waste  management  projects.
 Construction grants are authorized to be made to municipal corporations"
 for up to 50 percent of the cost of resource recovery projects and up
 to 25 percent of the cost  of equipment for  disposal projects.  The Bond
 Act received widespread public support and  was  favored in  a statewide
 referendum by a margin of  greater  than two  to one.

           The Legislature  has  allocated $3,500,000 of the  $175 million
 for solid waste disposal projects,  of which approximately  $1.8 million
 has already been spent. These monies are serving  as a catalyst  to
 foster regionalization of  solid waste management programs. This is
 resulting in the elimination of many substandard and inefficient
 disposal areas and  in the  creation of larger, consolidated disposal
 facilities which can be incorporated into resource recovery systems
.in the future.

           The major thrust of  the  solid waste management portion of
 the Environmental Quality  Bond Act, however, is directed toward  the
 establishment of operative resource recovery facilities.  Funds  totaling
 $107,688,000 have already  been appropriated by  the State Legislature  to
 implement 17 municipal resource recovery projects.  With these funds
 the State is helping the municipalities to  achieve a smooth conversion
 to a new technological and institutional approach  to solid waste manage-
 ment.

           One area  where the Division of Solid  Waste Management  has
 made progress during the past  two  years is  the  return of completed
 disposal areas to productive use.   The Division's  landscape architect
 worked with 31 municipalities  to develop ultimate  use plans for  completed
 disposal sites.  This'is an important activity  since most  of the 800

                                   - 4 -

-------
                             123
existing refuse disposal areas  were initiated  with little  consideration
for site use after termination  of disposal operations.  Several hundred
sites phased out during the past several years are currently unused,
serving only to remind the public of past inadequacies„  Elimination
of these scars on the landscape will not only  restore  unused areas
to productive municipal use, but will begin to place emphasis upon the
positive aspects of environmentally sound disposal practices.
WGW/kah/10.1.74

-------
Pog*6S
                                               124
                                            NYS Environment
                                                                                         October!. 1974

Solid Waste Management
Projects Summary
LOCATION
c— at)
V — Vill*(r
T — Town
Albany County
Albany (C)
AUegany County
Broome County
Cattaragus County
Chautauqua County
Chemung County
Chenango County
Clinton County
Columbia County
Cortland County
Delaware County
Dutchess County
Poughkeepsie Area
Erie County
Kssex County
North Elba IT), Saranac Lake (V),
(Also serving Franklin County)
Franklin County
Fulton County
Genesee County
Greene County
Hamilton County
Herkimer County
Little Falls (C)
Webb IT)
Jefferson County
Lewis County
Livingston County
Madison County
Monroe County
Montgomery County
Nassau County
Hempstead (T)
North Hempstead (Ti
Oyster Bay (Ti
Garden City (V)
Niagara County
Oneida County
Southwest Oneida SWD
Onondaga County
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY BOND ACT
RESOURCE RECOVERY AND DISPOSAL IMPROVEMENT
COMPREHENSIVE
PLANNING c. „
STATUS rrojrrt.ll) llon.-ye.rl
Update Completed
Completed - 1973
Completed - 1967
Completed - 1969
Update - underway
Completed - 1971
Completed - 1970
Completed - 1971
None
Completed - 1974
Update - underway
Completed - 1974
Completed - 1972
Completed - 1972
None
, Completed - 1974
Completed - 1971
Completed - 1974
None
• None
Completed - 196!)

Completed - 1972
Completed - 1974
Completed - 1974
Completed - 1971
Updated - 1973
Completed - 1971
Completed - 1971
Completed - 1972
Update - underway
Completed'- 1971
1974
Regional Resource Recovery System -
material recovery and fuel preparation
County-wide Management System
County-wide Management System
Regional Management System -
ferrous metal recovery
County-wide Management System -
ferrous metal recovery and fuel preparation
County-wide Management System -
ferrous metal recovery *

County-wide Management System -
with materials recovery
County-wide Management System -
ferrous metal recovery
County-wide Management System
Regional Management System -
fuel gas recovery
Regional Management System





Regional Management System
Disposal System



County-wide Management System
County-wide Management System -
materials recovery and fuel preparation
County-wide management System
Regional Management System -
materials and energy recovery
Regional Management Svstem -
ferrous metals recover* '
Regional Management Svstem -
ferrous metals recovers "and leaf composting
Leaf Composting Program
County-wide Management System
Regional Management System
Regional Management System •
ferrous metals recovery
180.000
42,000
87,500
60,000
52,000
180,000
202.0011
90,000

45,000
42,000
40,000
150,000
7,700





11,000
6,000



45,270
600.000
45,000
600,000
150,000
260,000
90,000
234.000
3,000
114,400
30,000
360.000
182.001)
IRR)
ID)
(D)
(RRl
ID)
(RR)
(D)
(RR)

(RR)
(RRl
(D)
IRR)
(D)





(Dl
(D)



(D)
(RR)
(D)
(RR)
(RR)
(Di
(RR)
(Di
ID)
(D)
(D)
(RR)
Suit Aid
Share
t 2.942.000
117,125
76,000
450.000
14,250
4,670,000
80,750
2,000,000

150,000
270.000
126,250
4,772,000
15,500





4,250
17,250



117,000
9,000,000
67.857
15,000.001)
4,000.000
158.200
875.000
491,000
16.0011
257,500
25.815
2.060.000
1,108.111
(RR)
(D)
(RR)
(Di
(RR)
(D)
(RR)

(RR)
(RR)
(D)
(RR)
(D)





(D)
(D)



ID)
(RR)
(D)
(RRl
(RRl
(D)
(RRl
(D)
(Dl
(Dl
(D)
iRR)
(Di
tit Wjw* itlhir rittnmnatlin in .VcM- Yurk Slutr hut f pMnfil lofrtbrr in mii/li-
mirniVl/'l/ i\*trttii. MI » rvvitt of rtvnmmentliitioni from cvmprrhrnwe
idjn/tuta */ii«/«'*. 77i«
-------
S
LOCATION
T — T.'mT
Ontario County
Orange County
Orleans County
Oswogo Counly
(Hsego County
Richfield (T>
Putnam County
Renssela«r County
Troy (C)
dockland County
St. Lawrence County
Saratoga County
Schenectady County
Niskayuna (Ti
Schohane Countv
Cobleskill (T)
Schuyler County
Seneca County
Steuben County
Bath (Ti
Suffolk County
Brookhaven  •
Sullivan County
Tioga County
Tompkins County
Ulster County
Wawarsing IT)
\\arren t ounlv
Washington County
Granville (Vi
Wayne Countv
Arcadia (T)
Galen IT)
Williamson 'T)
Westchester County
Mount Vemon (Ci
Wyoming Count>
Yates County
New York CH.V •

COMPRKHENSIVE
PLAYM.VG
STATUS

Completed - 1974
Completed - 1971
Completed - 1974
Completed - 1971
Underway
Completed - 1966
Update Completed - 1974

Completed - 1973
Completed - 1974
Update Completed - 1974
Update Completed - 197-1
None

None
Completed - 1974
Completed - 1973

Completed • 1969


(T's)





Completed - 1974
None
Update - underway
Completed - 1970
Completed - 1971
( omplvled - 1971

Update Completed - 1974


Update Completed - 1974
Study Proposed
Completed - 1974
Carl 1 - Completed - 1969
Part II - Completed • 1972
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY BOND ACT
RESOURCE RECOVERY AND DISPOSAL IMPROVEMENT
Project. HI
County-wide Management System
County-wide Management System

County-wide Management System
Regional Management System


Disposal System



Disposal System

Regional Management System



Disposal System

Regional Management System
Regional Management System
Regional Management System
energy recovery
Interim Disposal System
Regional Management System
Regional Management System
materials recovery
Regional Management System


County-wide Management System
Disposal System


Disposal System
Disposal System
Regional Management System
Disposal System
County-wide Management System
materials and energy recoverv
Fuel Gas Recovery
Count >\ude Management System
Metals Recovery and Fuel
Preparation • 2 projects
Capacity
Mom-year)
32,400
78,000

88,000
3,500


48.880



50,000

4,000



7,800

312,000
26,300
900,000
250,000
20,000
120,000
30,000
60,000


40,000
18,000


5,000
16,000
7,0011
44,000
1.040,000
75,000
20.000
1.800,000

(D)
(D)

(D)
(D)


(D)



(D)

(Di



(D)

(D>
(Dl
(RR)
(D)
(Dl
(RR)
(D)
(D)


(D)
(D)


(D)
(D)
ID)
(D)
IRR)
IRR)
(Dl
(RRI

Suit Aid
Sharr
22.390
134,000

194,750
9,869


45,500



38,750

10,000



10,557

316,000
30,300
30,500,000
72,000
22,500
1,999,000
31,300
23,700


14,929
17.900


7,625
27,050
13,01)0
14,750
6,000,000
. 2.000,000
22,613
21,000,000

(D)
(D)

(D)
(D)


ID)



(D)

(D)



(D)

(D)
ID)
(RR)
(D)
(D)
(RR)
(D)
(D)


(D)
ID)


(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(RR)
(RRi
(D)
(RR)

                                                                     lil,inniti
                                                                 mi
nmiinilni in Vn- York SlMlf hat r piinni Inprlhrr in mitlti-

'""i." ", """''' "/ "rommrarfiiliMn  fram ramprrhmire

>. naif li-li'il nrfimh a />«rnW living ivflfriiag H/inlii-ttiuiu
mat ti unttrr tltr r.ni'irtminfntal Ditjtli/t HrmA Jj~i
         ....", iiM.ii ,ir i>nii * ituniti I	  ..,	„ „,

        >lit ti under ttii' r.nrir
-------
                                       126

                  North Carolina Solid Waste  Management Program
                         As Described by Suggested Format


A.  Land Disposal of Solid Waste

    1.  Each site proposed for a sanitary landfill operation is visited and
        given a preliminary above ground check for pros and cons of a probable
        operation.  This preliminary investigation is performed by field per-
        sonnel who are the same personnel who will be inspecting the operations
        on that site upon implementation-  North Carolina presently has seven
        of these persons working on a regional basis.

        Where sites are proposed on marginal or questionable land, these sites
        are turned down without further investigation.  Sites receiving a
        favorable preliminary review are required to provide aerial photos or
        maps showing the topography and land use of the site surroundings for
        at least one-fourth mile.  Soil types and the presence of water and/or
        rock are required to be identified in the zone ten feet below the pro-
        posed excavations and at the site's lowest elevation.  The location of
        the borings or probes for representative samples is determined and
        agreed upon at the time of the preliminary investigation.  Upon receipt
        of the subsurface information provided by the borings, a determination
        of a suitable separation distance between solid waste deposits and the
        site's ground water table is made.  Thus separation is the primary mode
        of ground water protection.  Also during the review process, site infor-
        mation is forwarded to the Department of Natural and Economic Resources'
        Ground Water and Surface Water Quality Divisions for comments.

        The operational plans for new  sanitary landfill  sites are required to
        show proposed fill heights,  finished and intermediate contours, access
        road location and resulting  surface water drainage patterns.  Locating
        landfills in flood plains is prohibited.  Pushing waste  into drainage-
        ways is  prohibited and this  requirement is usually satisfied by a
        combination of buffer zone and  landfill diking.  Diking  material, most
        always earth, provides  added protection to the  streams  and a suitable
        medium for establishing  landfill vegetation  for  erosion  control.

     2.  The processing and disposal  of municipal  sludges are not a part of
        North Carolina's Solid Waste Program.  On  isolated occasions sludges
        from drying beds have been permitted on completed landfill areas as
        a soil conditioner.   The rate  of  application was commensurate with
        natural  fertilizer requirements  for  vegetative  growth.   Sludges and
        slurries are  prohibited on approved  sanitary landfill  sites  and their
        disposition is the responsibility of the N.  C.  Department  of Natural
        and Economic  Resources.

     3.  North Carolina now has  169  solid waste  land  disposal facilities  in use.
        Broken  down categorically, there are 98 approved sites under county
         jurisdiction;  38 approved  sites under municipal jurisdiction;  11 ap-
         proved  sites  for individual  industries, usually on  their own property;
         and 22  sites  operating under county or municipal jurisdiction  and  in
         the process of  updating plans and procedures for compliance.

-------
                                       127
        Leachate is not a recurring problem at  these  sites.   Leachate  control
        is one of the violations checked during the  site  inspection and cor-
        rective steps are required immediately  when  found to  be  a problem.  Seven
        sites have monitoring wells.   There are no land disposal sites in North
        Carolina with leachate collection and treatment facilities.

    4.   One hundred thirty-six sites  are approved to  receive  conventional solid
        waste.  Eleven individual sites are approved to receive  industrial
        solid waste.  There are no approved sites for hazardous/toxic  waste
        disposal.

    5.   Ultimate capacity:

                  Less than 150,000 tons:   79
                  Between 150,000 and 500,000 tons:    44
                  More than 500,000 tons:   13

        Acreage of 22 sites in upgrading status not  available for above compu-
        tation.

    6.   Solid Waste Management is usually included in overall land use planning
        meetings and documents, but is not a significant factor  due to its
        adaptability to existing land classifications and zoning requirements.

B.  Enforcement procedures

    The enforcement of the Division of Health Services "Rules and Regulations
    Providing Standards for Solid Waste Disposal" is carried out by personnel
    of the Solid Waste & Vector Control Branch of the Division of Health Ser-
    vices, Department of Human Resources.

    All approved solid waste disposal sites are inspected at least quarterly.
    An inspection sheet designed after the requirements of Section XI, Opera-
    tional Requirements for a Sanitary Landfill, Division of Health Services
    "Rules and Regulations Providing Standards  for Solid Waste Disposal" is
    used.  A copy of each inspection report is  provided the operational agency
    and violations are recorded on a visible file card system in the central
    office in Raleigh.  If a site continues to  violate the same  items, a
    meeting is held with the operational agency to seek compliance.  If com-
    pliance cannot be secured, then after due notice the records are placed
    with the Attorney General's office for appropriate action.  The General
    Statutes of North Carolina provide a fine or an injunction for relief.
    During the past 12 months, the records on five different sites have been
    turned over to the Attorney General and after conferences with the opera-
    tional agency, the Attorney General and this office, compliance was secured
    in all but one site and action is now pending in the courts  on that site.

C.  Source Reduction and Resource Recovery

    1.  Resource Recovery is being studied and investigated by a Resource Re-
        covery Study Commission.  The Commission consists of persons appointed

-------
                                       128
        by the N«  C.  General Assembly  and interested  in Resource Recovery  poten-
        tial in North Carolina.   This  Commission is to report  its  findings
        at the next session of  the  General Assembly convening  in February  1975.

    5.   Source reduction on the local  level  has  been  primarily on  a voluntary
        basis involving both private and public  sectors,  but without  overall
        guidance from any state agency.

        Promotion of Resource Recovery by any one group has been limited.   The
        N. C. League of Women Voters has probably had more visible promotion
        of Resource Recovery than any  other  group.

D.  Hazardous Waste Management

    1.   State legislation for the control of hazardous, toxic, industrial  and/or
        chemical waste does not exist.  The  solid waste program has been re-
        quested on occasion to  evaluate borderline hazardous waste for possible
        inclusion into conventional landfills.  This  area needs study and  a
        request for assistance  in surveying  and evaluating the overall hazardous
        waste problem is being  made to E.P.A.

    2.   A survey of suspected generators of  hazardous waste was made  in Mecklen-
        burg County.  While a number of the  industries  involved are making an
        honest effort to control their waste stream in  an acceptable  manner,
        there are some sludge problems that  do not have  a solution at this
        time.  On-site storage  is limited and assistance  is needed on these
        problems.

E.  Public Affairs

        In the period from early 1970 through July 1974,  many meetings were
        held with County Commissioners since the North  Carolina Program en-
        couraged County involvement for more economical disposal  systems.
        Prior to enactment of legislation and the passing of  solid waste
        regulations, there were 479 land disposal sites which were mostly
        dumps.  This number has been reduced to the above referenced number
        of operating sites.  Assistance was  sought and  was provided  by the
        N. C. League of Municipalities, the  N. C. Association of  County Com-
        missioners, local Health Departments, local government, the  private
        sector, and N. C. residents.  Efforts to keep these groups informed
        of progress being made was realized through educational and  informa-
        tive meetings held across the State  during the  implementing  period.
        The North Carolina Solid Waste Management Plan has been recently
        published.  This plan presents the problems of  solid waste management
        as they existed in 1967 and 1968 when the State solid waste  survey
        was made.  It outlines the progress  made through June 1973.   It also
        gives the objectives and operating plan for the Solid Waste  Manage-
        ment Program through fiscal year  1977-78.

F.  As referenced above, assistance is needed and is being sought in the area
    of hazardous solid waste management.  Sludges, being created by on-site
    waste water treatment systems at  industrial locations are not suitable
    for conventional  landfilling.  Being  limited  in staff and lack of tech-

-------
nical knowledge of potential problems concerning disposal of these materials
have hampered any concerted efforts to attack and to seek solutions of this
growing problem.  As mentioned earlier, on-site storage is limited and it
is suspected that disposal of some of these materials is carried out in a
less than acceptable manner.
November, 1974

-------
                                         130

                               STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA
                             SOLID WASTE STATUS REPORT


          The North Dakota State Department of Health was designated as the
State agency responsible for solid waste activities by the Governor of
North Dakota, January 24, 1966.  The Department had been active in
solid waste management for many years prior to this official  designation..

          A study of ways to improve disposal of solid wastes was conceived
in 1947 and resulted in a successful project in 1949 showing  that sanitary
landfilling could be feasible in northern climatical conditions.   The project
was the result of cooperation between the North Dakota Water  and  Sewage Works
Conference, the United States Public Health Service, the Federal  Security
Agency, and the North Dakota State Department of Health.  A report, titled
"The Sanitary Landfill in Northern States," was published. Since that time
solid waste management in the State has improved.

          The Solid Waste Management Regulations of the State of  North
Dakota, were approved by the Attorney General, February 17, 1970, and adopted
by the North Dakota State Health Council on May 7, 1970, established minimum
standards for solid waste storage, collection and disposal.  The  Air Pollution
Control Regulations of the State of North Dakota, were approved by the Attorney
General, May 1, 1970, and by the North Dakota State Health Council, May 7, 1970.
The effective date of air pollution regulations was July 1, 1970, and basically,
prohibits the open burning of refuse.  The 42nd Legislative Assembly for the State
of North Dakota, passed Senate Bill #2398 which has been effective since 1971.
This bill enables the Boards of County Commissioners to establish a fee system
or special assessment method for repayment for services rendered.

          The North Dakota Solid Waste Management Plan was completed by the
Department in July of 1971, and was approved by Governor William L. Guy in
October of 1971. This plan is being implemented.

          The North Dakota State Department of Health has prepared enabling
legislation with specific solid waste authorization for the consideration
of 44th Legislative Assembly of the State of North Dakota which will convene
in January of 1975.  This legislation has been modeled after  the  Council of
State Governments recommended form.

          According to the 1970 Federal Census, there were 617,761 residents
of the State of North Dakota.  The State has an area of 70,665 square miles
and averages 210 miles north to south and approximately 350 miles east to west.
North Dakota is basically an agricultural state ranking high  in the production
of hard spring wheat, durum wheat, flax, barley, and rye.  The local service
industries consist mainly of providing goods and services to  farmers, ranchers
and residents of the State.  Potatoes and sugar beets are a major crop in the
eastern portion of the State.  The western portion of the State is utilized
primarily for grazing land by the livestock industry.  There  are  359 incorporated
communities in the State of North Dakota with only eight communities having
a population over 10,000.

-------
                                      131
          The climatological  conditions  during  the  winter months  cause extreme
problems in conducting sanitary landfill  operations.   It is  not uncommon to
have temperatures of 40 degrees below zero  farenheidt.   The  average number
of days with zero or below is 53.   Understandably,  this  causes  extreme
difficulty in maintaining a workable stockpile  of material.   Various methods
have been tried to maintain a stockpile,  but success  has been very limited.
Precipitation is not normally a significant problem as  total  precipitation
varies from approximately 15  inches in the  southwest  corner  to  approximately
19 inches in the northeasterly corner.

          Communities with a  population  under 10,000  people  appear to be
p ''inp a somewhat higher cost for  solid  waste collection and disposal in
t, * State of North Dakota. The Department  has  encouraged cooperation between
communities and between counties and communities  to establish area-wide
or county-wide solid waste management systems to  establish a broader
population base.  County-wide or area-wide  systems  which collect  the refuse
and haul it to an already established landfill  site appear to be  the most
feasible.  This type of system precludes  the need for establishment of
a new disposal site as well as the purchasing of  additional  equipment and
related operation and maintenance  costs.  The major hurdle to overcome is
to obtain cooperation between communities to help each  other resolve a common
problem.

          Many of the local and State-elected officials  in North  Dakota do not
believe that solid wastes are a major problem.  These people will have to be
informed of the magnitude of  the situation  and  shown  proper  methods for
resolving the problem.  The vast majority of the  smaller communities are
hard-pressed to raise the necessary finances to conduct a proper  sanitary
landfill.  Therefore, progress at  the smaller community level will be very
minimal until adequate funding sources can  be located or until  these communities
can dispose of their wastes in a county  or  area landfill. The  Department is
planning an educational program to inform citizen groups, elected officials
of cities and counties of the need for adequate solid waste  management.  The
Environmental Protection Agency has provided a  planning grant to  the Depart-
ment in the amount of $33,000 for  this program.  At this time,  the primary
emphasis will be on audio-visual slide presentation.

A.  LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

    a.    At the present time, there is  no  State  Legislation or regulations
governing design criteria and State review  procedures to control  surface and
ground water contamination from sanitary landfills.  This Department is encour-
aging all communities to submit the legal description of the property proposed
as a sanitary landfill to this Department.   This  Department  then  contacts the
North Dakota Geological Survey and requests their evaluation of the potential
problems should a landfill be installed  at  this site.  Their review is primarily
based upon the geological records  which  they have.  Contingent  upon the avail-
ability of personnel, equipment, and time,  the North  Dakota  Geological Survey
will test drill proposed sites where additional information  is  required.  This
Department may inspect the site after the geological  survey  evaluation has been
received and reviewed by this Department.

-------
                                       132
     b.   The waste stablization pond treatment system is  used by practically
all of North Dakota's communites for wastewater treatment.   Only two communites
are involved with sludge disposal  from municipal  wastewater treatment plants.
The larger community utilizes the  sludge for fill  purposes  on the disposal  site,
for fertilizer, and can be available to farmers if they haul  the sludge themselves.
Occasionally, there will be an excess and this is hauled to the community's
landfill.  The smaller community is hauling all of the sludge to the landfill.
The regulations for the control of pollution from certain  livestock enterprises
require that animal wastes from such facilities be disposed of on the land  in
an acceptable manner.  The septic  tank regulations require  that the pumpings
not be disposed of on the surface  of the ground within 1,000 feet of any residence
or public road, not in an area which could endanger the purity of surface or
ground water, not in an area where domestic livestock .would have contact, not
be placed upon gardens growing vegetables to be used for human consumption, or
on fields used for pasturing of livestock, and shall  not be discharged into a
municipal sewer system unless such permission has been obtained from proper
City Officials.  The septic tank pumpings may be disposed  of by spreading on
the land or by burying in such places and in such a manner  that will  not violate
any of the above conditions.

     c.   At the present time, there are approximately 360  Solid Waste Disposal
Facilities in use.  Monitoring wells have been installed at one site as part
of an evaluation study.  There are no known sites where leachate is a proven
problem and therefore, no leachate collection and treatment facilities.

     d.   The North Dakota Solid Waste Management Regulations have been
promulgated under the broad powers of the North Dakota State Department of
Health and no permit or license is currently required.   It  is estimated that
61% of the State population is served by adequate Solid Waste Disposal facilities.
There are no State approved sites  for hazardous or toxic waste disposal.

     e.   This Department estimates that there are 334 sites  with an ultimate
capacity of less than 150,000 tons.  Further, there are 17  sites with a
capacity between 150,000 and 500,000 tons, and 9 sites with a capacity in
excess of 500,000 tons.

     f.   At this point in time, solid waste management has not been a sign-
ificant factor in Land Use Planning in North Dakota.

B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES

          The North Dakota State Department of Health follows the State's
Administrative Practices Act with  regard to enforcement procedures.  The
Department conducts inspections of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities.  Should
an inspection reveal a continued uncorrected violation of  the regulations,
the Department would issue a Notice of Violation to the operator of the facility.
This Notice of Violation would require the operator to inform the Department
of what corrective actions they have taken since the inspection/or plan to
take to comply with the regulations.  This information is  to be submitted in
writing and to be received by the  Department within the prescribed number of

-------
                                    133


days.  Should the operator fail to respond, the Department will call an
administrative hearing as prescribed.  The hearing officer shall then prepare
a statement of findings and corrective order.  Should the operator fail to
comply with the Department's order, the hearing officer shall present all the
required information to the District Court having jurisdiction for remedy in
the matter.  During the past 12 months, this Department has had one enforcement
action which proceeded to the point of the Department's administrative hearing
before satisfactory remedies were made.

C.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

          The current State legislation regarding resource recovery is very
limited.  The 43rd Legislative Assembly for the State of North Dakota, passed
House Bill #1254, commonly referred to as the Abandoned Motor Vehicle Act.
This bill became effective July 1, 1973, and provides a definition of an
abandoned motor vehicle, prescribes the method for removing such vehicle from
the landscape, prescribes the methods to be used for contacting the owner, sets
forth the procedures to be followed for holding a public sale, and enabling
the North Dakota State Department of Health to reimburse the units of government
for expenses so incurred.  The units of government may only be reimbursed if the
contract is approved by the State Department of Health.  Funds for the expenses
incurred are to be accumulated by a $3.00 one-time fee on the initial regis-
tration of a motor vehicle in the State of North Dakota.

          The abandoned automobiles are collected, crushed, and ultimately
transported to a recycling center.  At the present time, approximately half of
the counties in North Dakota are participating in some phase of this program.
There is no other legislation related to resource recovery and/or recycling.
There are no State Funds available for resource recovery operations.   However,
a new industry, such as a resource recovery operation, might be eligible for
certain tax benefits available to all new industries to promote industrial
growth of the State.  There are no State purchasing policies which might be
beneficial to resource recovery programs.   It is anticipated that a reuseable
beverage container law will be considered by the forthcoming session of the
Legislature.  Several  citizens groups and non-profit organizations have been
involved in the study of resource recovery for their communities.   Generally,
the markets for recyclable materials are considerable distances from the
communities interested in these projects and transportation and labor costs are
difficult to overcome.

D.  HAZARDOUS HASTE MANAGEMENT

          There is no specific hazardous waste management legislation in the
State of North Dakota.  Several agencies have limited responsibilities and have
promulgated regulations covering these areas.   The State Laboratories Department
requires that all herbicides and pesticides which are to be used in the State
must be registered.   The Department of Agriculture has regulations covering the
use of herbicides and pesticides.   In addition, the application of pesticides in
an airborne manner where drift could be possible is regulated as part of the
air pollution control  regulations  of the North Dakota State Department of Health.

-------
                                       134


          A survey is  being planned  to  identify  the  hazardous wastes which may
be used, handled,  or transported  through  the  State.  This  survey will  be  part
of the fiscal  year 1975 Planning  Grant.   It is anticipated that quantitative
information will  be gathered in future  years  depending  upon the availability
of personnel and  funds to conduct such  a  survey.

E.  PUBLIC AFFAIRS

          The personnel from this Department  actively pursue a public  information
program to inform the  public and  interested groups as to  the Solid  Waste  Management
in North Dakota.   Personnel from  the Department  attend  the annual North Dakota
League of Cities  meeting and when requested present  information at  this meeting
or any of the six regional meetings  held  throughout  the State.  The County
Commissioners Meetings are also attended  by staff personnel and when requested
bring the Commissioners up to date regarding  solid wastes.  Homemaker's Groups,
League of Women Voters, and the Isaac Walton  League  frequently call  on this
Department for speakers.  Technical  information  and  progress reports are  often
published in the  Official Bulletin,  the publication  of  the North  Dakota Water
and Pollution Control  Conference.  The  participation by the Department in public
affairs by the Department is somewhat limited due to the  lack of  personnel  and
adequate funding.

F.  CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE

          The three most critical needs in the State of North Dakota where  the
Office of Solid Waste Management could  assist are:

          1.  Funding for State Program Grants.
          2.  Training of solid waste operators  and  education of  elected  officials.
          3.  Updating and publishing of technical  information and  current
              practices in the State of the art for  proper disposal.

-------
                                   135

                       OHIO'S SOLID WASTE PROGRAM
LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

   Ohio's basic solid waste authority comes from Section 3734  of  the  Ohio
   Revised Code.  This law and the regulations adopted thereunder require
   the .Ohio EPA to approve the site and plans for all  new sanitary landfills.
   Sites are restricted to those which minimize the potential  for health
   and environmental  problems, especially with regard  to possible contam-
   ination of ground-or surface-water.

   All potential sites are investigated by staff engineers and geologists,
   and occasionally by soils scientists of the Soil Conservation  Service.
   Geologic, soils, and topographic maps are used in the investigations,
   as well as well logs from the vicinity of the proposed site.   However,
   borings are not made by this agency.  If there is some question about
   soils or geology that requires borings, the applicant must  take that
   responsibility.

   Sites which might require extensive or exotic preparations  or  perpetual
   maintenance to prevent water contamination are generally disapproved.
   Limestone quarries and gravel pits are generally unacceptable,  as  are
   flood plains.  In areas less susceptible to ground  or surface  water
   pollution, natural (clay) liners may be installed if proper construction
   details are shown on plans.  Plastic liners are not used.

   Detailed plans for the preparation, development, and completion, along
   with data on types and quantities of wastes received, fire  protection,
   equipment, etc., are required and are carefully reviewed by staff
   engineers before any permits are issued.

   There are now 258 licensed land disposal facilities in Ohio.   This
   number includes those "grandfather" sites which are licensed,  but  which
   did not undergo the site and plan approval process.  Of these  sites
   leachate is known to pose a problem at 77.  Leachate collection and
   treatment facilities have been installed at 2 sites.   There are approx-
   imately 12 unlicensed land disposal sites actively  being operated.

   About 91% of the state's population is served by licensed landfills.
   Another 7% is served by incinerators.  The remaining 2% is  served  by
   unapproved sites.

   Some "grandfather" sites accept small quantities of toxic or hazardous
   wastes.  Of those sites with approved plans, none are permitted to
   accept toxic or hazardous wastes although some undoubtedly  do.   There
   are no sites exclusively designated for toxic or hazardous  wastes.

   Land disposal facilities range in size from 1 ton/wk.  to over  2,000 tons
   per day.  Approximately 151 have an ultimate remaining capacity less than
   150,000 tons.  Sixty-three have an ultimate remaining capacity between
   150,000 and 500,000 tons.  Forty-four have an ultimate remaining capacity
   over 500,000 tons.

-------
                                    136

ENFORCEMENT

   Enforcement of the solid waste law primarily is the responsibility of
   the local health departments.   Local prosecutors or the state's Attorney
   General may initiate court action.   Licenses are issued annually.   The
   Ohio EPA reviews each local health department annually to be sure  the
   laws are being enforced.  Any health department failing to meet its
   responsibility may be removed from the approved list and the Director
   of the Ohio EPA assumes local  authority for licensing, inspection, and
   enforcement.

   In practice, Ohio EPA sanitarians provide continuous surveillance  of
   local programs, including inspection of all land disposal  sites in
   cooperation with local health department sanitarians.

SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

   Ohio EPA has begun a program of state and local solid waste planning
   which eventually will lead to a network of regional resource recovery
   facilities.  No central authority has been formed.   However, The Ohio
   Water Development Authority is authorized to finance and if desirable,
   to construct, manage, operate or contract for operation, all  types  of
   solid waste management facilities.   Regional authorities,  councils of
   governments, or non-profit corporations may be formed, if needed,  to
   operate, or contract for operation of resource recovery facilities.

   There are no state funds available for solid waste  or resource recovery
   grants.  However, for facilities which will be self-supporting, the
   Ohio Water Development Authority is able to finance construction through
   revenue bonding.

   Three source reduction bills were introduced into the General  Assembly
   during 1974.  None was passed out of committee, and none has been
   resubmitted yet in 1975.

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

   Hazardous wastes have generally been handled ad hoc in the past.
   However, beginning in the fall of 1974, a concerted effort has begun
   to establish a coordinated hazardous waste program.  A hazardous waste
   staff of three has been appointed,  and their efforts are being
   directed at initiating hazardous waste surveys, developing needed
   legislation, and developing agency hazardous waste  handling procedures.
   In general, land disposal without ultimate treatment will  be discouraged.
   Sanitary landfills used for ordinary municipal wastes will  generally
   not be used for disposal of liquids or hazardous wastes.   At least two
   hazardous waste treatment facilities have been established in  Ohio
   during the last year, and efforts are being made to have a major company
   establish a complete treatment/recovery facility here.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS

   In order to advise Ohio EPA on various aspects of its solid waste  program,
   especially legislation and regulations, a Solid Waste Advisory Group was
   established.  That group consists of representatives from nearly thirty
                                   -2-

-------
                                  137

   statewide organizations which have an interest in solid waste management.
   Groups represented include trade organizations,  labor,  local government,
   manufacturers, citizen groups,  and legislators.   The advice of members
   of the Solid Waste Advisory Group have been extremely helpful in
   directing the course of the program.

CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE

   The major area of concern for federal assistance is  hazardous wastes.
   This is still a relatively untouched  area,  and is definitely in need of
   guidelines, and definitions.   The establishment  of national disposal
   sites, which has been discussed for a long  time, should  be  pressed.
   It is very hard for states to take positive action in the  shadow  of
   unknown potential federal legislation.   The sooner it becomes clear
   what federal action there will  be, the sooner the states will be  able to
   take effective action.

-------
                                          138


                        NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE

                                   November 14-15,  1974

                                 San Francisco,  California

                              Solid Waste Management Summary

                                      State of Oregon

     In 1971, total Solid Waste Management responsibility at the State level  in
Oregon was centralized within the Department of Environmental  Quality (DEQ)  in-
cluding responsibility for Environmentally Hazardous Wastes, defined  as  pesticides,
nuclear wastes, and their containers.   A comprehensive statewide Solid Waste
Management program has been developed, administered and enforced by the  DEQ,  which
has the following major components:

     1.   Promulgation of rules and standards (April 1972).

     2.   Implementation of a solid waste disposal  facility  permit program for
          municipal facilities (July 1972) and industrial-agricultural  facilities
          (July 1973).

     3.   Initiation of a statewide plan for handling and disposal of chemical
          and hazardous wastes (March  1972).

     4.   Initiation of a statewide Solid Waste Management Regional Planning
          Program, including 100% planning grants  (November  1972).

     5.   Upgrading of existing disposal systems including a statewide on-site
          technical assistance program for landfill owners and operators
          (January 1974).

     6.   Initiation of State financial  assistance  to local  governments  for
          implementation of DEQ approved, locally adopted solid waste
          management plans (August 1974).

Solid Waste Permit and Planning Programs

     The 1971 Oregon Legislative Assembly's Solid Waste Management Act begins with
a broad policy statement regarding private and public, local,  state and  federal
roles in this statewide program and also outlines how this policy is  to  be carried
out.  Basically, this law states that  the declared  policy of the State of Oregon
is to "establish a comprehensive program for solid  waste management"..."in the
interest of protection of the public health, safety and welfare".  This  is to be
done by developing and implementing..."plans including regional  approaches to
provide adequate disposal sites and disposal facilities together with facilities
for salvage, recycling and reuse of solid wastes"...with..."primary responsibility"
...and..."authority"..."to establish a coordinated"...regulated..."program"...
retained..."with local governmental units," utilizing private  industry where
appropriate and assisted and coordinated by the  State through  the DEO.

-------
                                        139

     This Act also specified development of a state regulatory program by the
DEQ and its governing body, the Environmental Quality Commission, through adoption
of regulations and subsequent actuation of a permit system for the disposal sites
by July 1, 1972.  However, the legislative act of 1971 lacked a timetable as well
as specified funds to finance the necessary state and local programs for planning
and implementation of improved and innovative regional facilities.  These facilitie-.
would provide the desired upgraded statewide solid waste management system, to be
regulated by permits.

     To provide for needed planning, the DEQ in 1972 placed the disposal sites
throughout the state under temporary permits and proceeded to develop a statewide
solid waste management implementation planning program.  The DEQ obtained State
grant funds to initiate and support this statewide program, funding regional planni
projects through local governmental units to meet' specific goals and objectives.   /
32 member Citizens' Advisory Committee representing various disciplines from
throughout the State was appointed to advise the DEQ in the development of this,
program and to assist with obtaining $1,229,630 in State bond grant funds, which
were subsequently appropriated by the Legislature in November 1972.

     Twenty-two local-regional projects encompassing the entire State were granted
funds to develop their portions of the Statewide Plan, which will be assembled by
the Department in early 1975.  Each project developed an implementation plan which
contained:


     1.   Specific solid waste management program implementing authority and
          organization at the local level.

     2.   A workable physical system of collection, transfer, processing and
          disposal emphasizing:

          a.    Consolidation, upgrading and minimizing the number of disposal
               sites, location of new sites, and elimination of unauthorized sites.

          b.    Special wastes management.

          c.    Local  feasibilities for recycling, reuse and resource recovery, to
               meet the state's goal  of productive use of 90% of what is now
               wasted by 1982.

     3..   A specific financing program to establish and perpetuate facilities
          and services at an adequate level.

     4.   A program to publicize the plan, gain public acceptance of the plan  and
          accomplish implementation thereof through involvement of individual
          citizens, advisory committees, groups and local officials.

     The results of the State Planning Program show an accelerated move by local
governments towards resource and energy recovery programs from wastes processing.
This is due in part to current energy shortages, and has been accelerated greatly
by the public resentment to new landfill placement.   In addition, the costs to provide
and operate such landfills closely match recovery alternatives.  Energy recovery

                                          -2-

-------
utilizing the light wastes fraction in existing wood wastes recovery boilers and
ferrous metals recovery is the primary solid waste management alternative chosen by
local governments for virtually all of Western Oregon, including the coastal regions.
As a result, it is projected that 3,000 tons per day of air classified light fuel
fraction will be added to the State's fuel market (net energy equivalent of 116
million additional gallons of gasoline annually).  Requests for proposal documents
for such systems are presently being prepared in the metropolitan Portland area and
in Lane County to process 2500-2700 tons of waste daily.

     The need for landfills has not been overlooked and wherever possible, existing
disposal sites are being upgraded pending resource recovery or waste processing.
Land reclamation sites are being sought to back up processing facilities.

     The primary emphasis of this entire effort has been on implementation of the
plans, with DEQ permits to require compliance of planned facilities.  Approximately
43 million dollars of State grant and loan funds are potentially available to aid
implementation.  In view of the progress in planning and implementation that has
occurred, Oregon should be well on the way toward a significantly improved solid waste
management system which will continue to be an example of cooperation between private
enterprise and the public sector at the federal, state and, most importantly, the local
level.


Hazardous Haste Program

     The DEQ's hazardous waste management program was initiated in early 1972.following
passage of legislation by the 1971 Oregon Legislature.  To briefly summarize the major
provisions of this law, hazardous wastes are defined to include discarded, useless, or
unwanted pesticides and low-level radioactive materials and their containers.  The law
also provides authority for classification of other residues as hazardous waste and
prohibits disposal of any hazardous wastes on lands within the State except at sites
owned and licensed by the State for hazardous waste disposal.

     Several changes were made to the hazardous waste statutes by the 1973 Legislature.
These changes provided additional authority to DEQ in the following areas:

     1.   Declassification of certain hazardous wastes by rule.

     2.   Payment of just compensation for disposal site property.

     3.   Acquisition of disposal sites by condemnation.

     4.   Use of pollution control bond funds for emergency hazardous waste disposal
          situations and for disposal site acquisition.

     5.   Proper cleanup of hazardous material spills.

     During  1974, a primary activity has been the licensing of a hazardous waste
disposal site.  The Department has been considering a proposed hazardous waste disposal
site near Arlington, Oregon since June 1972.  Final action on this matter has been
delayed due  to questions concerning the applicant's (Chern-Nuclear Systems,  Inc.)
financial status and disposal of low-level radioactive wastes at the site.  In
March 1974,  an advisory committee which had evaluated the financial and corporate

                                          -3-

-------
                                       141

status of the applicant submitted its final report, recommending issuance of a
license to the company with certain conditions.   In June 1974,  the applicant
submitted engineering plans for the site.  Subsequently, a proposed license was
drafted by the Department and a public hearing was held in September 1974.   Final
action by the Environmental Quality Commission on whether or not to grant the
license is expected in late November.

     The second principal activity during 1974 has been the development of hazardous
waste rules.  These rules were published in September in proposed form and have been
distributed to federal, state and local  government agencies and to various industry
groups for review and comment.  The major provisions of the rules include:

     1.   Listing of hazardous waste criteria and specific wastes (by chemical  type
          or category) that would be classified as hazardous.

     2.   Storage'and on-site disposal requirements for hazardous waste producers.

     3.   Reporting requirements for hazardous waste producers.

     4.   Hazardous waste transportation requirements.

     5.   Requirements for establishment of regional hazardous  waste collection
          sites by counties or others.

It is anticipated that public hearings and adoption of these rules will be
completed in 1975, but this will depend on the availability of  a hazardous waste
disposal site.

     In addition to site licensing and rules development, initial EPA supported
planning studies were completed and a final report was published, "Hazardous Waste
Management Planning 1972-73."
                                          -4-

-------
                                            142
                Pennsylvania Report on Activities in Solid Waste Management

A.  Land Disposal of Solid Waste

    a)  Pennsylvania has had a comprehensive solid waste management program since July 1968
    when the Pennsylvania Solid Waste Management Act was enacted by the State Legislature.
    Rules and regulations established under the authority of the Act provide rigid controls
    over land disposal site operations.  Permits must be attained prior to commencing opera-
    tions, however, no permit is issued without a complete review and approval of soil and
    geological characteristics of the site and the site's plan of operations.

        To monitor sites for movement of leachate from the landfill areas the Division of
    Solid Waste Management requires installation of ground water monitoring wells.  Back-
    ground water quality analyses are conducted prior to initial dumping to establish a
    base.  Subsequent to operation of the site, quarterly water analyses are required to
    be submitted and are made a part of the site's official file.  Any trend towards
    degradation of the site's surrounding water table can result in remedial action being
    taken by the Division.

        The general criteria for evaluation and review of land disposal sites are written
    into the rules and regulations of the Department of Environmental Resources.

    b)  The processing and disposal of such.wastes as the sludges resultant from municipal
    waste water treatment facilities, large scale animal feedlot wastes and septic tank
    cleanings all require permits from the Department.  For waste water treatment plant
    sludge disposal sites evaluation for site suitability are made by the Solid Waste
    Management staff and the disposal sites are permitted under the original permits
    issued to the sewage treatment facility.

        Septic tank cleanings have long been considered problem wastes with only limited
    control over disposal methods, however, with the passage of Act 241 processing methods
    and disposal sites require permits.  The use of large scale animal feedlots on small
    acreage farms rarely occurs in Pennsylvania.

    c)  Total number of solid waste land disposal facilities now in use:   505
              Number where leachate is a known problem:  190
              Number with monitoring wells:   81
              Number with leachate collection and treatment facilities:   19
                     Number of such facilities at which leachate has been produced:   12

    d)  Number of land disposal sites with State permit/license/approval:    81
              Estimated percent of State population served by  approved sites:    51%
              Number  of State  approved sites  for hazardous/toxic waste disposal:   0
               (Note:  No hazardous waste disposal  sites  have been  established in
              Pennsylvania  to  date.   Certain  sites  have  been approved for disposal of
              limited types  and quantities of hazardous  waste.)

     e)   Number  of sites with ultimate capacity of:     (Use density of 1000 Ibs/cu yd)
              Less  than 150,000 tons:     152
              Between 150,000  and 500,000  tons:    526
              More  than 500,000 tons:     47

     f)   Act  241,  while  regulating disposal/processing systems  to assure their pollution
     free functioning, provides for systems planning to insure  their orderly development
     across the  Commonwealth with  service  to all sectors  of the population in confomiance
     with local  solid  waste  management plans and a  broad state  Solid Waste Management Plan.

-------
                                           T f. O
        The policy lor the Commonwealth's solidjwaste management system established by
    Act 241 requires:   municipal management responsibilities,  private enterprise parti-
    cipation,  development of local and state plans,  state-wide standards and permitting
    and compliance programs.  This program has resulted in the preparation of acceptable
    plans by 66 of 67  existing counties with 22 having been officially approved and 20
    others in a position for official approval.  These plans reflecting individual as
    well as 3 regional plans, integrating 22 counties, provide the detailed framework
    for complete waste management and will require an implementation expenditure of
    $100,000,000.

        Of the 2565 Commonwealth municipalities, 833 or 32% have passed acceptable reso-
    lutions for plan adoption and implementation and of the 1140 required to plan and
    implement programs, 592 or 51% have passed acceptable resolutions.

        Over $3 million has been spent for plan development and the 1970 completion of
    the Pennsylvania Solid Waste Management Plan projecting a goal of a totally integrated
    system through 11  regional groupings by 1990, resulted in the first comprehensive
    observation and analysis of existing solid waste conditions on a state-wide basis.

        Solid waste management plans, along with other environmentally oriented compre-
    hensive plans, will play a major role in state-wide land use plan development.

B.  Enforcement Procedures

        The enforcement procedures for solid waste management are limited to the provisions
    set forth in the Pennsylvania Solid Waste Management Act.

        This legislation provides for civil, administrative,  and criminal actions that
    can be initiated by the Department of Environmental Resources for various types of
    violations of the law and regulations.  In general, the first approach used in the
    solid waste enforcement procedures is administrative action through the issuance of
    a "Notice of Violation".  A Notice of Violation is a certified letter that is sent
    to a violator stating that a violation has occurred and sets forth a compliance re-
    quirement with a final date for correction.

        The second step in the administrative enforcement procedure is the administrative
    order which is used in situations where the Notice of Violation is not complied with
    or whenever a permit must be denied for various reasons.  Extensive and effective use
    is made of this order in the enforcement program.  It is a very flexible type of
    action and can be used in most any instance.  This is a formal action of the Department
    and is appealable to the Environmental Hearing Board which is a formal judicial body.
    Decisions of this Board are appealable to Commonwealth Court.

        The second type of action used is a summary action (criminal) .  This action could
    really be termed quasi criminal since the penalty is monetary and the consequence of
    imprisonment is only if the violator fails to pay the fine.  This summary is initiated
    by our field staff for minor violations and for closure of indiscriminate dumps.

        The civil action  is  the  third  general  type of action used as  an enforcement pro-
    cedure.  The  action filed  in this  case  is  usually a Suit in  Equity.  Special injunctions
    are used on  occasion  and only in extreme emergencies.  These  injunctions  are obtained
    without a hearing  but  the  Court  must  have  a  hearing on the merits within  five  (5)
    days  of issuance.  The  Department  also  uses  the various adjuncts  to these  types of
    legal  action  such  as  Consent  Orders,  Court Orders, Stipulation Agreements, etc.

        Over the  past  twelve months, 80 enforcement actions have been initiated by  the
    Department in the  solid waste  program.  It should  be pointed out  that although  the
    Department is compliance oriented, all  other avenues of approach  are exhausted  by the
    staff  prior  to the initiation of legal  action.

-------
                                           144

C.  Source Reduction and Resource Recovery

        On July 20, 1974, the Pennsylvania Solid Waste -  Resource Recovery Development
    Act was signed into law.   The purposes of the Act are to promote the development of
    solid uaste disposal/processing and resource recovery systems and to provide finan-
    cial assistance to municipalities in the  design and  construction of these systems in
    order to cnliancc the quality of air,  water,  arid land  resources.   The initial funding
    of the Act established a  $20 million low-interest revolving loan fund.

        The Act becomes effective November 1, 1974, and will  be administered by the
    Division of Solid V.'aste Management of the Pennsylvania  Department of Environmental
    Resources.  The Department of ljivirorjiient.il  Resources is authorized to serve as ad-
    ministrator of the Pennsylvania Solid Waste  -  Resource  Recovery  Development Fund; to
    make contracts and employ such persons as necessary  to  carry out the purposes of the
    Act; to make loans to the municipalities  and municipal  authorities;  to accept grants
    or enter into other contracts with federal agencies;  and to conduct financial audits
    and institute prosecutions.

        A municipality or municipal authority applying for  a loan tor a solid waste disposal/
    processing or a resource  recovery system  is  defined  as  a development agency and the
    Department may loan a development agency  up  to fifty percent of  the cost to construct
    a solid v;aste disposal/processing or resource recovery system, provided the applicant
    has at least five percent of the project  costs in funds or property.  Only municipalities
    which are or are in counties of the fifth through eighth classes are eligible for loans
    for solid waste disposal/processing systems, and they must demonstrate that they are
    unable to establish a resource recovery system.  All  municipalities are eligible for
    loans for resource recovery systems.   Resource recovery systems  must recover and market
    not less than fifty percent by dry weight of the total  solid waste throughput of the
    system.  Loans for new solid waste disposal/processing  systems shall be made on]y to
    municipalities \ihicI7~are  or are in counties  of the seventh or eighth class, where the
    system shall serve a minimum population of ten thousand persons, or to counties of
    less than ten thousand persons, provided  the system  shall serve  the total population
    of the county.  Loans for existing solid  waste disposal/processing systems shall be
    made only to municipalities which are or  are in counties of the  fifth through eighth
    classes.  Loans will be for ten years, and all municipalities applying for loans must
    adopt an official solid waste management  plan in order  to be eligible.

        Included in the existing functions which the Department performs in a broad re-
    source recovery program are coordination  and evaluation of systems development,
    assessment of incentives and disincentives to resource recovery,  development of a
    Commonwealth Recycling Plan, evaluation of State purchasing policies, development
    and evaluation of legislative proposals,  assessment  of Federal-State assistance
    programs, evaluation of projects including market analyses under Act 198, development
    of training programs for  public and private, compilation and cataloging data on equip-
    ment, financial programs, contractors, etc., establishment of liaison with research
    facilities, universities, demonstration projects, and others who have developed a
    high level of expertise in the field, and technical  assistance to municipalities and
    others in the development of resource recovery systems  and market analyses.

        The Department is currently developing detailed  regulations  and evaluation criteria
    under contract with the National Center for  Resource Recovery, Inc.

        Other legislation has been introduced in Pennsyhania to create a research and demon-
    stration grant program for resource recover)', a loan guarantee arrangement for resource
    recover)' system developers, a revision to Commonwealth purchasing to allow greater use
    of recycled materials, a  ban on non-returnable bottles  anil cans  similar to the Oregon
    Law, and u grant program  to finance development of resource recovery systems.

-------
                                      145

    Resource recovery planning is being done at both the State and Jocal lc\ 'Is.  The
Department Awarded planning grants for development of seven regional market  4udies,
which will evaluate market availability, growth outlook, long term viability, con-
tractual arrangements, purchasing policies, material specifications, and otl- r appro-
priate parameters.  The studies are a prerequisite lor the development of su cos:;ful
resource recovery systems and invaluable for decision making in such project  by local
governments.  The studies will include the important market regions and urn."  areas
of the State and will be used to update local solid waste management plans a •! to
develop a published inventory of market information.  A broad plan was dcvcj ;:cd for
the Office of State Planning and Development  by the Fourth Sink Management.
The recommendations of this study are under consideration; however, 1'onnsyh !,ia'
size, strong local government, and geography make such an approach difficult  >nd
extremely expensive.  It assessed the potential for a massive resource reco> -;y approach
similar to Connecticut's.

    Act 186 was passed in July 1974, to amend the Tax Reform. Code of 1971.  This law
exempts processing plant equipment from capital stock taxes.  Processing is defined
in the Act as salvaging, recycling or reclaiming used materials to be recycled into
a manufacturing process.  This creates an important incentive toward the investment
for resource recovery equipment.

    Present State purchasing policies are being evaluated to see how more recycled
materials can be used.

    The Department of Property and Supplies does have a contract for supply of certain
bond paper containing 100% post consumer waste, to be used by various agencies in
brochures, etc.

    An experimental program has been initiated in the Department of Transportation
building for source separation of various grades of waste paper.  The program is pro-
posed for expansion to other State buildings and agencies.  An experimental paper
separation and baling operation is scheduled for the Philadelphia State Hospital.  If
successful, it will also be expanded to similar Commonwealth facilities which currently
discard large volumes of paper.

    Similar programs are being initiated by local governments, one being the Allegheny
County Health Department.

    Several resource recovery studies and/or proposals are being considered throughout
Pennsylvania.  Current systems proposals include:

    (1)  Materials and fuel or heat recovery - Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Palmer
         Township, Northampton County; Erie, Chester County; New Castle, Delaware
         County; Wilkes-Barre, .and Harrisburg.
    (2)  Composting - Altoona, Allentown,  Crawford County

         Baling and Metals Reclamation - Mercer County
    (4)  Recovery of solvents, acids,  plating solutions,  etc.  is practiced in
         several Pennsylvania industries.

    The State participated in financing SO'l, of the feasibility study and  market
analysis of the Palmer Township project which will use a  pelletized  refuse derived
fuel in cement kilns to supplement  coal, with the ash serving  as a raw material in
cement .

-------
                                              146

        Several other groups or agencies arefirtvolved in promoting resource recovery in
     Pennsylvania.  These include:  the Governor's linergy Council, the Joint Legislative
    Air and Water Pollution Control and Conservation Committee, the Department of Property
     and Supplies, the Pennsylvania Solid Waste Management Advisory Committee, and the
     Department's Citizen's Advisory Council.

        Other groups as the Pennsylvania Environmental Council, the Group for Recycling
     in Pennsylvania  (G.R.I.P.), the utility companies as the Pennsylvania Power and Light
     Company and the Philadelphia Electiic Company, and numerous industries and local re-
     cycling organisations are, also, actively promoting resource recovery.

D.   Hazardous Waste

     a)  Problems related to hazardous solid waste management have increased in the past
     two years so that a program of control on a request, complaint or a crisis basis is
     no longer effective.  The lack of adequate program staff and excessive workloads in
     other elements of the solid waste management program serve to limit the capacity of
     the Solid Waste Management Division to carry out a comprehensive and efficient hazard-
     ous waste control program.

        Existing hazardous solid waste regulations require revision in order to provide
     the basis for efficient regulatory controls.

        Application for federal assistance has been made to enable the Commonwealth to
     expand the existing staff by including chemists and chemical engineers and allowing
     additional staff time to survey and determine the extent of the problem.

     b)  The survey of agricultural-industrial establishments which was conducted in 1968-69
     provided significant information concerning hazardous type solid wastes which resulted
     from different types of production and manufacturing; staffing and budgeting deficits
     have limited the Division's ability to make extensive use of the data accrued.

E.   Public Affairs

        Presentation of seminars, lectures, panel discussions, short courses and technical
     papers serve to disseminate information on solid waste management throughout the Com-
     monwealth.

        Information requests are filled regularly and passout materials, brochures, infor-
     mation releases and technical reports are prepared and made available to the general
     public.


        Frequent use is made of the Department's monthly newspaper,  Econotes, which is
    circulated widely throughout the State to discuss current program activities and
    changes in existing regulations and laws.

F.  Critical Areas  for Federal Assistance

         In the past a disservice to the states  has occurred as a  result of promised
    assistance which was not forthcoming.   Since the potential for receipt of Federal
    financial assistance,  such as  promised by the Resource  Recovery  Act,  is  sufficient
    to slow down plan implementation and facility construction until the Federal funds
    are awarded,  it  becomes an extreme disadvantage whenever tltc funds arc held up or
    not provided.   Examples of the program disruption which can occur is evident not only
    in the solid waste program but also in the water and air pollution control  programs.
    A recommendation which can be made in  respect to.Federal assistance is to make no

-------
                                       147
promises which cannot  he  fulfil loci,  ,qo  hack  and  refinance the basic provisions of the
Solid Waste Disposal Act  of 1%5  and continue  lo provide technical assistance to the
states and to support  State planning, demonstration project's, research and hadly needed
training programs with emphasis on  the  development of the potential for resource re-
covery throughout the  United States.

-------
                               148
        PUERTO RICO SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM





                          STATUS REPORT




                             1974-75
       Puerto Rico completed Its State Solid Waste Management Plan, which




was accepted on January 24, 1973 by Administrator Wtlllam D. Ruckelshaus




of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Governor Rafael Hernandez




Col6n adopted the plan on May 1973, The Comprehensive Solid Waste Mana-




gement Plan for Puerto Rico 1971 made three major far reaching recommenda-




tions along with several supporting proposals-  The Major goals  are:




                1. Consolidate all existing laws that refer to solid




                  waste  management into one up-to-date law that meets




                  present and future needs.




                2. Create new legislation that gives the Commonwealth




                  government full responsibility on a regional. Island-




                  wide basis for solid waste disposal, preferably via the




                  establishment of a Solid Waste Management Authority




                  (SWMA)  The SWMA will be decentralized Into seven




                  regional SWMA.




                3. Upgrade the quality of solid waste collection services,




                  which are the responsibility of the Island's municipal




                  governments.

-------
                                  149
       A key recommendations was made Involving a structural change giving




the Commonwealth full responsibility on a regional Island-wide basis for




solid waste disposal via the establishment of a Solid Waste Management




Authority (SWMA)  To Implement this recommendation the Solid Waste Program




prepared a  detailed report that recommend the framework for establishing a




SWMA,  Its organization, functions methods of operation, jurisdiction, and




means of financing.  More over this report sets out In detail,  delineation




of regional boundaries,  proposed facility sites, design requirements, recommen-




ded facilities and broadened examination of Commonwealth responsibilities




In possible resource  recovery, discarded automobiles and  hazardous and toxic




wastes areas.  It was presented to the Governor and his Cabinet on November




1973. Law Project 793, March 19,  1974 for the creation of the SWMA was




Introduce In the Senate by Senator Ydrach Yordan and Is under consideration




during this Legislative Session.




       As an Interim measure while needed legislation Is approved and




adopted for the creation of the SWMA the enforcement of the Regulation for the




Control  of Solid Waste will be continued.




SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT




       Planning Is nearly complete at the Commonwealth level for solid waste




management. Implementation of the State Plan Is the next step.  Creation

-------
                               158
and organization of Solid Waste Management Authority (SWMA) and planning




for resource recovery and hazardous and toxic wastes studies Is now necessary.




In both the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan for Puerto Rico, 1971,



and the Solid Waste Management Authority, 1973, proposals were made which




If Implemented would Involve Puerto Rico more deeply In solid waste  mana-




gement.  Planning for resource recovery and for hazardous and toxic wastes




are considered to be It highest priority.




       The activities toward this  creation are as follows:




                1. Law Project 793, 18 March 1974, has been submitted




                  to Legislature by Senator Ydrach YordSn. Action Is




                  expected during the current  session.




                2. Once the Law Project Is enacted the organization  of



                  the Authority will begin target date for the Authority




                  to begin functioning Is January 1, 1976.




       Hazardous and Toxic Wastes Program Planning.  Oriented to develop




a state plan for hazardous and toxic wastes disposal with respective regula-




tions .




       Development of advanced solid waste processing (Resource Recovery)




and disposal systems and formulation of a long  range Implementation Program.




       Continuing enforcement activities.  A Program of continuous Inspections




of the municipal solid waste operations Is necessary to Insure continued

-------
                                151
compliance  this complemented by a legal program to enforce compliance.




Work Plan By Elements




       The EQB has prepared a grant for the year period 1974-75 In order to




provide for the planning necessary for Intermediate and long-term planning




for hazardous  and toxic wastes disposal, resource recovery planning and for




continuing enforcement activities. Funds were approved for the following




activities-




               1. Hazardous and toxic wastes




               2. Resource Recovery




               3. Continuing enforcement procedures




       During the period year 1974-75, planning will be concentrated on the




development of a state plan for hazardous and toxic wastes disposal with




respective regulations, resource recovery planning and continued enforcement




activities.



               1. Hazardous and Toxic Wastes




                  In order to successfully carry-out the proposed program




the EQB must undertake the following steps:




                         a.  Conduct an island-wide survey to determine




                            the types,  amounts, and locations of hazardous




                             and toxic wastes productions.




                         b.  Identification  of present hazardous and toxic

-------
      152
   wastes disposal sites.




c. Evaluate hazardous and toxic wastes storage




   and disposal sites.




d. Impact on land disposal and other.. .I.e...




   air, water and ocean pollution control system.




e. Investigate and evaluate existing Commonwealth




   of Puerto Rico and Federal Regulations applicable




   to hazardous and toxic wastes.




f. Develop a plan which can be Implemented by




   the  SWMA for handling hazardous and toxic




   wastes In Puerto Rico Including the following




   factors-




      1. Land disposal methods




      2 . Disposal facility locations




      3. Topographical and  geological conditions




      4. Drainage control




      5. Protection of water supplies




      6. Handling hazards  and protection




      7. Transportation and unloading




      8. Security




      9. Personnel training and safety

-------
                                 153
                            10. Records and monitoring




                            11. Technologies of processing and storing




                            12. Prevention of accidental catalytic reactions




                            13. Site management




                            14. Abandonment of sites




                            15. Recovery (Energy)




                            16. Treatment prior to disposal to destroy,




                                 detoxify or neutralize




                         g. Develop and enforce regulations to Include:




                            1. Monitoring and  survlllance




                            2. Permits




                            3. Compliance  Plans




                         h. Location plan showing desirable locations for




                            new Industries  which may have hazardous and




                            toxic wastes as a  manufacturing by product.




                2. Resource Recovery




                  During the period year planning will be concentrated on




the development of advances resource recovery and processing systems.  Task




will Include:




                  a. Investigation of the market for segregated solid wastes




                     constituents and for energy available  from solid waste

-------
                154
   processes concentrating particularly on potential




   Interaction between the Commonwealth Water Resources




   Authority and the SWMA.




b. To keep abreast of existing and new technology.




c. Investigation of existing and potential markets for




   recycled materials, such as ferrows and non ferrows




   metals, paper,  glass,  textiles, waste oils, and organic




   sludges.




d. To encourage curb side collection of paper and other




   recycle material.



e. Source reduction




f. Consider examination of positive and negative Incentives




   to encourage collection and reuse of solid waste




   constituents.




g. Establishing a detailed plan for the collection/ transpor-




   tation and disposal of  junked autos, Including  processing




   If required, analysis of the flnantlal feasibility of the




   proposed plan.




h. Evaluate In coordination with the Water Resources




   Authority the feasibility of converting all of the Common-




   wealth's power plants  to take refuse as an auxiliary




   fuel, (feasibility study)

-------
                                   155
           3. Enforcement




                  In order to continue with the implementation of the Regu-




lation for the Control of Solid Waste the following enforcement activities will




be continue and augmented.




                  a.  Periodic monitoring and surveillance of sites,




                    inspections and notification of deficiencies noted.




                  b.  Continuous on the job training to dump operators and




                     supervisors.




                  c.  Conferences with municipalities with the participation




                    of the Project Director, the Project Lawyers and the




                    interested  person.




                  d. Compliance Plan




                  e. Orders of Cease and Desist to those municipal administra-




                    tion that do not comply with the regulation standards.




                  f. Public hearings



                  g. Administrative fines




                  h. Others




Quarterly Progress Report Puerto Rico  Solid Waste Management Grant 1974-75




I. Enforcement




          A total of 127 activities were accomplish during the months of July,

-------
                                  156
 August and September.




           Inspections	47




           Soil Study	7




           Major Meetings	34




           Cease and  Desist Orders	 1




           Public Hearings	 2




           Compliance Plans




                  File	  1




                  Meetings	 25




           Licenses and Permits	  30




A. Educational Activities




                  There were 15 activities performed including 11 conferences,




 3 sanitary landfills inaugurations and 1 TV Program.




 II.  Hazardous Wastes




                  We are conducting a Hazardous and Toxic Wastes Study




 in the Industries.




                  The activities performed in this period were:




                      1. Create a file of all industries in Puerto Rico by filling




 out a card for each one with the following information:




                        a. Name of Industry




                        b. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Number

-------
                                   157
                       c. Local and postal addresses




                       d. Principal product




                       e. General Manager's name




                       f. Telephone number




                  2.  Classify all industries by municipalities




                  3.  Prepare the routes for making the survey




                  4.  Design a questionnaire with general and specific infor-




mation to be complemented by all the industries.  This was a difficult task




because of no available information on this type.




                  5.  Contact all industries two weeks prior to our visits




in order to explain the purpose of our Study.




                    As of today we have performed 137 visits  to industries,




filling 92 questionnaire which represents  the covering of 13 municipalities.




Included are the municipalities of ManatI and Barceloneta where most of the




Pharmaceuticals industries in Puerto Rico are located.




          We are  trying to allocate resources within  the industries by




analysing the wastes  produced  and the raw materials  used in each industry.




          Included a  copy of the questionnaire letter and report forms.




III. Resource Recovery




          A series of meeting have been held with the Water Resources




Authority to  make a comprehensive study of the economic viability of use the

-------
                                15ft
garbage for energy production in the Authority Power plants in Puerto Rico.




For this purpose, an interagency contract was prepared between the Water




Resources Authority and the EQB to perform the study during this present




year. We are going  to use the consultances services of a private company




to coordinate the technical data of the Water Resources Authority in the power




generation and the solid wastes management aspects related to the economic




impact of this type of activity.




          We are including a copy of the contract between the two agencies




to accomplish the above mention study.




          We are also planning to do some studies in the aspect of corrugated




carton and paper and the economic viability for use this material in the Puerto




Rico Mills for the manufacture of papers and other related articles.

-------
                                        159
                 RHODE ISLAND'S ACTIVITIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

A.  Legislation Policy and Program
         Rhode Island has just made significant changes in solid waste legislation.
         Paramount among these changes is  the creation of the Rhode Island Solid
    Waste Management Corporation and the establishment of licensing procedures
    within the Department of Health for all solid waste management facilities.
         The purposes of the Corporation,  among other things, are:  the planning,
    design, construction, financing, management, ownership,  operation and maintenance
    of transfer stations, waste processing facilities, resource  recovery  facilities,
    and all other solid waste management facilities  deemed necessary by the corpora-
    tion as being desirable, convenient or appropriate to carry  out the provision  of
    this act; the provision of solid waste management services to municipalities
    and persons within the state by receiving solid wastes at the corporation
    facilities, pursuant to contracts between the corporation and such municipalities
    and persons, the recovery of resources and resource values from such  solid waste?
    and the production from such services  and resource recovery  operations,  of
    revenues sufficient to provide  for the support of the corporation and its
    operations on a self-sustaining basis  with due regard to the provision of  such
    services at a reasonable cost to the clients it  has  contracted with;  the
    authorization through contractual arrangements of private industry for imple-
    mentation of the corporation's  plans and programs to the greatest degree possible
    and for such other activities as may be considered necessary,  desirable  or
    convenient by the corporation;  and assistance with and coordination of efforts
    directed towards source separation of  solid wastes  for recycling  purposes.
         The Health Department,  in  accordance with its  licensing authority, is now
    in the  process  of establishing  new rules  and regulations for solid waste
    management facilities  and will  shortly establish rules and regulations for
    licensing requirements.

-------
B.  Land Disposal of Solid Wastes



    a.  Rhode Island is now in the process of instituting design requirements  to



        minimize the possibility of underground and surface water pollution from



        sanitary landfills.  These design criteria are:   Wo sanitary landfill  shall



        be conducted where solid waste may be in direct  contact with ground waters



        of the State.  A minimum of four (h) feet of soil is required between  the



        highest water table level and the lowest level of deposited refuse. An



        impermeable liner system or other pollution protective means as may be



        approved by the Department may be used to prevent leachate from reaching the



        ground water.  No refuse shall be disposed of within a minimum of 200  feet



        of any body of surface water.  Any solid waste facility accepting raw  or



        treated sewage sludge, septic tank or catch-basin clean-out, liquid or



        semi-liquid waste, any fecal material of human or animal origin, or chemical



        or hazardous wastes (liquid or solid) for disposal on or in the ground, shall



        install monitoring wells which are constructed and located in accordance



        with Department instructions.  Samples shall be  taken from each well and



        analyzed by a certified laboratory at least once every three months.



        Analyses shall be made for determinations as required by the Department.



        Should monitoring well analyses or any other means of detection indicate



        possible pollution of the waters of the State by the solid waste facility,



        the acceptance of raw or treated sewage sludge,  septic tank clean-out  or



        any other fecal material, liquid or solid, shall be discontinued immediately.




        An acceptable system of interception, collection and treatment shall be



        implemented at once and shall continue until possibility of pollution  of



        the waters of the State by the disposal facility shall no longer exist.



        Prior to reacceptance of the discontinued material, an engineering design



        which describes corrective measures to prevent recurrence of the pollution



        (and which is acceptable to the Department) must be submitted and the



        design implemented.  The operator shall make provisions to have the sanitary

-------
                                       -V f\ -
                                       ±DJL


    landfill site, including the fill surface, graded and provided with a


    drainage system to minimize surface water runoff onto and into the fill,


    to prevent erosion of the fill, to drain off rain water falling on the fill,


    and to prevent the collection of standing water.  At the discretion of the


    Department, any sanitary landfill may be required to install monitoring


    wells at locations chosen by the Department for the purpose of monitoring


    ground water conditions.



b.  The disposal of sludge from municipal waste water treatment plants is


    controlled by our Water Pollution Control Division and the Solid Waste


    Management Division becomes involved only when a sanitary landfill, which


    is used for refuse disposal, is also used for sludge dumping.  The Solid


    Waste Management Division prefers that separate tank pumping and sludges be


    disposed of in separate facilities.  However, when disposal does take place


    in a landfill, the restrictions in  (a) apply.



c.  There are 38 land disposal facilities in use within the State.  Leaching is


    a problem at approximately 6 of these facilities and none have monitoring


    wells.  Neither do any have leachate collection or treatment facilities.



d.  There are not yet any sites in the State which are licensed because of a


    lack of a licensing procedure.  However, there are 7 within the State which


    are meeting current rules and regulations and at which the refuse from


    approximately ^Q% of the population is being disposed of.
e.  The number of sites with an ultimate capacity of less than 150,000 tons is


    5; the number with a capacity between 150,000 and 500,000 tons is 18 and


    the number with more than 500,000 is 17.



f .  Unfortunately, solid waste management does not yet seem to be a significant


    factor in land use planning.

-------
                                          162
C.  Enforcement Procedures
    The State's enforcement procedures have been limited to advisory letters and
    informal conferences.  However, with the establishment of new rules and
    regulations and the issuance of licenses, more formal activity is expected.

D.  Source Reduction and Resource Recovery
    a.  One of the principal purposes of the Solid Waste Management Corporation is
        to encourage resource recovery.  The Corporation has this capability and
        it is expected that they will provide for as many facilities as possible
        in this area.

    b.  There is not any special state funding available to local governments and/or
        private industries involved in resource recovery.  However, the Corporation
        can issue bonds for its own purposes.

    c.  There is not yet any resource recovery planning being conducted at the
        State level but there are many local operations.  Some of these local
        operations have local governmental support and some are totally privately
        financed.

    d.  There are not any State tax laws or purchasing policies that will benefit
        resource recovery efforts.  There are various other groups in the State,
        principally ecology oriented groups, which are promoting resource recovery.

E.  Hazardous Waste Management
    The State is now in the process of conducting a hazardous waste survey and
    expects to develop rules and regulations in this regard.

F.  Public Affairs
    The State Solid Waste Program has been supported in the public affairs area
    principally by local groups interested in the formation of the Solid Waste
    Management Corporation and they are continuing to actively support the bond
    issue which will finance the Corporation.

-------
                                        163
G.  Critical Areas For Federal Assistance
    There are not any critical areas  in the  State in need of federal assistance.
    Federal assistance, we  have found,  is not beneficial when the federal government
    exercises its authority in establishing  rules and regulations for various types
    of refuse disposal facilities  and thereby provides a basis for state legislation,

-------
                                    164

      THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH &  ENVIRONMENTAL  CONTROL'S
                         SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT  DIVISION


     Last year's merger of the South Carolina State Board  of Health  and  the
South Carolina Pollution Control  Authority into  the South  Carolina Department
of Health and Environmental  Control completed a  consolidation  which  was
begun just over two years ago.  Dr. E. Kenneth Aycock,  former  State  Health
Officer, was appointed Commissioner for the new  agency  and Mr.  John  E. Jenkins,
formerly of the State Board of Health, will serve as Deputy Commissioner for
Environmental Quality Control.

     In 1971, the Solid Waste Division of the old State Board  of  Health
initiated a statewide program for consolidating  disposal areas and closing
open dumps.  During the past two years, 95% of the town and community dumps
have been closed and 60 sanitary landfills have  been permitted and meet  the
stringent regulations promulgated by the Health  Departeent.

     The staff of the Solid Waste Division included three  men  and a  secretary
in July, 1971.  Today the Solid Waste Division has a staff of  six graduate
engineers, 13 college graduates with varying degrees, three heavy equipment
supervisors, and two secretaries.  The budget of the Solid Waste  Division
has grown from $63,000 to over $300,000 during this period.

     In January, 1972, the Division conducted the first of our annual training
courses for sanitary landfill operators and supervisors.   South Carolina has
one of the best systems of Technical Education Centers  in  the  country and
these facilities are used extensively for classromm instructions. Classes
were held one day per week for six weeks.  Each  day's instruction consisted
of four hours classroom work and four hours on site demonstration and in-
struction.  Last year over 90 students were certified through  this training
course.

     A unique portion of the Solid Waste program in South  Carolina is our
operator training and certification section.  The Division has employed
three heavy equipment operators who possess in excess of 45 years combined
experience.  These men are responsible for the initial  training,  retraining,
and certification of all landfill operators.  They visit the approved land-
fills on a routine basis and operate the equipment and demonstrate the
various techniques of landfill operation when deemed necessary.

     In July of 1971, we began our program by making every effort to encourage
county jurisdictions to provide landfill sites for the sanitary disposal of
all Municipal, Industrial, and Rural residential solid wastes  generated  with  n
their boundaries.  There is no question that this is the most  economically
feasible plan for sanitary disposal of our State's solid waste, and  this
continues to be our primary objective.  However, where the situation presents
itself, we have encouraged a crossing of county boundaries and advocated a
regional approach to the collection and disposal of solid waste.

      The coastal areas of South Carolina have a serious and rather  unique
problem with their disposal sites  in regards to a very high ground water table
which exists throughout this entire area.  Couple this problem with  the
extremely high cost of land in the coastal areas and the almost prohibitive

-------
                                    65
cost of cover material  and you will  readily see why this area  of our state
sought other means of disposal then  conventional landfill ing operations.
Approximately three years ago when the South Carolina State Board of Health
began closing the open dumps of cities and counties and trying to get them
to open up approved disposal operations, it quickly became evident that some
alternative to the sanitary landfill  was needed.  At this  point we needed a
disposal operation that did not require trenching of any great amount, would
use a minimum amount of cover material, and would utilize  the  least amount
of land possible.  After studying several different disposal and volume
reduction methods, including incineration, it was decided  that the shredding
concept would be the most acceptable.

     As of today, three counties serving a total population of 316,000 have
installed this system of disposal.  The first county facility  to become
operational has one twenty-ton unit  in operation and a landfill site imme-
diately adjacent to its pulverization plant.  It is estimated  that this area
will accommodate the entire county's needs for over twenty years.  The second
county to initiate a shredder operation also has a twenty-ton  unit and an
adjacent disposal site.  The third county has two twenty-ton units and one
forty-ton unit with adequate space near the plant to accommodate an additional
twenty-ton unit if needed.  The immediate capacity of this unit is 80 tons
per hour with two eight hour shifts  and one hour down time per shift for
maintenance.  This gives Charleston County a comfortable margin for their
anticipated 300,000 tons of solid waste generated per year.  Although the
initial cost of pulverization is higher than conventional  disposal methods,
we feel that this per unit cost will  be less due to the fact that daily cover
material will not be required and valuable space will be saved due to the
high densities obtainable with the shredded material.

     The Solid Waste Division also provides guidance in organizing, financing,
and operating solid waste collection and transportation services to imple-
menting jurisdictions.  Regulations  requiring minimum standards for refuse
storage, collection, and transportation and permitting of private franchised
collectors have also been adopted by the Solid Waste Division  effective on
January 1, 1974.  Regulations relating to waste pesticide and pesticide con-
tainers, and general hazardous waste are in the process of being generated.

     In conjunction with the centralized sanitary landfill system which is
now established in South Carolina, approximately   75%    of the county
jurisdictions within which these sanitary landfills are operated have also
implemented some form of county-wide collection system to serve the rural
residents of the county.

     The majority of these systems are of the "Green Box"  type and are part
of the total solid waste collection and disposal system.  Not all of these
rural "Green Box" collection systems are operated by the county.  In some
instances, the county has let bids to private contractors and paid the con-
tractor for the operation and maintenance of the collection facilities; however,
in most instances the county has assumed the direct responsibility for providing
and operating a solid waste collection system for rural county residents.

-------
                                    166


                                                                          3
     In addition to the "Green Box" approach to solid waste collection,  trans-
fer stations and house-to-house pickup are being initiated in  areas where  the
"Green Box" system would not be practical due to varying population densities.

     To summarize the present status of solid waste collection in  South  Caro-
lina, thirty-three of the forty-six counties in the state at present  have
some form of county-wide collection system in operation.  One  additional
county has equipment on order and eight counties have a system under  study.
The remaining three jurisdictions have no plans for a county-wide  collection
system at the present time.

     Keeping in mit.d these figures and also that at this time  there are  no
laws or regulations requiring any county to involve itself with solid waste
collection, it is obvious that county officials are aware of the problems
associated with the lack of satisfactory collection and have accepted the
responsibility for implementing a viable collection program in coordination
with a comprehensive system of sanitary disposal.

     Industrial growth throughout South Carolina has made tremendous  strides
in recent years.  Textile mills, furniture, lumber and wood industries histor-
ically have been the dominant employers among South Carolina manufacturers,
and despite significant gain in other industries, they still remain the  pri-
mary employers.  These industries employ slightly over one-half of the State's
total manufacturing labor force.

     Over 1500 private industries have been surveyed for solid waste  management
practices throughout South Carolina.  Approximately ninty percent  of  these
industries dispose of their solid waste at an approved city or county operated
sanitary landfill.  In order to minimize the number of disposal sites and  for
control purposes, the Division encourages industry to utilize  the  county land-
fills.

     The disposal of industrial solid waste is governed by a separate regulation
adopted for industrial disposal sites and facilities.  In addition, three
guidelines for permitting specific type solid waste sites are  also utilized by
the Division.  These include:

          a.  Permit requirement to dispose of Inert, Nonburnable, Nontoxic
              waste such as cinders, broken concrete, crushed  stone,  and glass
              waste.
          b.  Permit requirement to dispose of cellulosic materials such as
              wood bark, shavings and sawdust.
          c.  Permit requirements to dispose of Hazardous Waste by earth
              burial.  Such wastes include insecticides and insecticide
              containers, herbicides and herbicide containers, solvent
              residues, infectious wastes, dyes, chemical precipitates,
              sludges, and slurries and any other material that may be
              determined hazardous by the Solid Waste Division.

     Existing state solid waste regulations require that all hazardous and
toxic liquids, solids and semi-solids be analyzed and disposed of  in  state

-------
                                        JLU I


                                                                         4
approved sites designed by a registered engineer or a consulting engineering
firm.  In order to gain control over the final disposal method and site for
Hazardous V.'aste, a statewide program of licensing haulers will begin January 1,
1975.

     An industry found not to be in compliance with state regulations is
personally contacted and given a reasonable amount of time in which to initiate
positive corrective action.  If the Division is unsuccessful in this manner,
then a public hearing is scheduled and all facts pertaining to the problem are
openly discussed.  Legal proceedings conducted through the state Attorney
General's Office are sought only as a last alternative.

     The Solid Waste Division has turned the corner in its efforts to elimi-
nate and consolidate open dumps and now faces  the challenging task of imple-
menting a comprehensive state-wide solid waste management program.
                                        H. Gerald Edwards, P.E.
                                        Director, Solid Waste Management Division
                                        Environmental Quality Control

-------
                         168
       ACTIVITIES OF THE SOLID WASTE PROGRAM
SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PRCIECTION

               PIERRE, SOUTH DAKOTA
                       by

                   Ronald Disrud



                   November 1974

-------
                                A J
9
                   ACTIVITIES OF THE SOLID WASTE PROGRAM
            SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
                                  PIERRE
                               SOUTH DAKOTA
                             November 1974
A.  LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES

    a.  South Dakota's Solid Waste Regulations which became effective on
        February 20, 1974, require that plans and specifications must
        be submitted to and approved by the department prior to con-
        struction of any new disposal site.  Included in the plans and
        specifications must be a report on the geological formations
        aad ground water elevations to a depth of at least twice the
        height of the proposed landfill below the proposed excavations
        aid lowest elevation of the site.

    b.  In the State definitions of the solid waste, sewage sludge
        feedlot wastes, and septic tanks wastes would rot be classified
        aa solid '/aste and 'herefore, should not be pieced in any landfill.
        This has iot been er.forced in the past "jut generally material of this
        nature is encouraged to be applied directly to the land and used as
        fertilize .  Several landfills utilized their sewage sludge
        as fcrtil zer 5n the final cover material in order to promote
        growth at che site.

    c.  The tota]. number of solid waste landfill disposal facilities
        now in use:  369.  The number where leachate is a known problem:
        0.  Number with monitoring wells:  2.  Number with leachate
        collection end treatment facilities:  0.  Nuir.ber of such facilities
        at which leachate h.is been produced:  0.

    d.  At the prasant time there are nine site: which have a permit to
        operate issued by the department.  Several more meet the department
        standards but have not completed the necessary paper work to ob-
        tain a valid permit.  Presently, approximately 1/3 of the State's
        population is served by approved disposal sites.  Presently no
        sites have been approved for disposal of hazardous and toxic materials.

    e.  Most of the sites utilized in the State have an ultimate capacity
        of more than 500,000 tons.

    f.  At the present time, State land use planning is j^st in
        developmentri stage in South Dakota.  Solid Ifeste management
        will definitely be «• part of land use planning.

B.  ENFORCEMENT PROC^DURES

    a.  The State Solid Waste Regulations have planning and implementation
        dates which require the largest populations of political sub-
        divisions to be in compliance on July 1, 1975.  Fcr this reason
        no specific enforcement activities have taken place by the

-------
                                  170


        program in the past twelve months.  We  do work  quite  closely
        with the State's Air Quality Program which  has  set  forth open
        burning deadlines on all municipal  dump grounds,  and  the program
        has just participated in two contested  case hearings  before the
        Board of Environmental Protection on violations on  the Open
        Burning Laws.   No decision has been made by the Board at this
        time.

C.  SOURCE RESUMPTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

    a.  Under State law and regulations  regional Solid  Waste  Management
        and Resource Recovery authorities are allowed,  no regional
        resource recovery authorization  have been  created to  date.

    b.  State funding of Resource  Recovery  Systems  is allowed under
        ^ financial assistance program which will  fund  local  governmental
        .mits.  Private industry in not  funded  under it unless a con-
        tractual arrangement has been made  with a  political subdivision.

    c.  tesourse Recovery Planning is not presently being done at the
        >tate level, however, one of the State's sixth planning districts
        aas completed a study on the needs  of  the  feasability of recycling
        in their district.

    d.  Presently no State laws or purchasing  policies exist  which wouJd be
        benificial to resource recovery efforts.

    e.  1974 legislature passed a Non-returnable Container  Law which
        was based on Oregon's Bottle bill.   Several a -ondments were
        added to the bill making it essentially a  Lit ir Bill.  Also
        the non-returnable container section of the 1 T will  not go
        into effect until July 1,  1976.

        Several local recovery groups are presently i : operation
        throughout the State, with, these being mostly in thi  larger
        cities.  They are generally operated with vol inteer labor.
        Because of the sparse population, and the  die ance ;o market,
        resource recovery is not progressing very we] . in t>.e State.

D.  .IAZARPOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

    a.  The State's present regulations are very inadequate :"a the area.
        of hazardous waste management, with the only rcgulat  on being
        that hazardous waste shall not be placed in a contsi" er for
        collection, transportation, processing or die- ca.l u  til  sv.ch
        methods are approved by the department.  lie &•>  . prcs' ^tly
        writing guidelines for the Management and Hazr dous T ste ?nd
        hope to become more active in this area with z. ;ditioi al staff
        members.

E.  PUBLIC AFFAIRS

    a.  Basically the  Solid Waste Program works with 3 ^cal g  /eminent
        units by the means of public meetings, vhere v^ prov. ie infor-

-------
                                  171

        mation on solid weste management, technical assistance on
        plrnning and impleuentation of solid waste systems.  We
        have in the past  yiar condcuted several training courses
        where collection  £ id disposal personnel were trained in solid
        waste management. We have also worked with several public and
        private interest  groups.

F.  CRITICAL AEEAS FOR FEDERAL  ASSISTANCE

    a.  The area that would  be  of most assistance to South Dakota
        would be in providing techincal assistance particularly in
        areas which we are just starting activities; the second area
        would be in financial assistance provided to the State
        to carry out necessary  the activities to the fullest possible
        extent.

-------
                                     172
               TENNESSEE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
A.    LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

      Describe your State legislation, policy and program pertaining to:

      a.    Design criteria and State review procedures utilized to minimize
            the possibility of underground and surface water pollution from
            new sanitary landfills:

            The Tennessee Solid Waste Management Office currently utilizes
            two graduate geologists in the evaluation of potential sanitary
            landfill  sites.  This evaluation procedure  is first begun when
            a city, county, or  private industry notifies this office that they
            have a site that needs to be evaluated. The geologist who covers
            the particular area, first makes a thorough visual survey of the
            potential site.  He  also utilizes geologic maps which are avail-
            able and pertinent water well data which may be gathered from
            the Department of Water Resources.  If the site appears to have
            potential, the applicant for registration is asked to conduct soil
            borings on the site.  These borings are located by this office
            and are monitored  by the geologist.  The Tennessee Solid Waste
            Management Office presently owns and operates a mobile drill
            rig and in many cases the borings are provided free through the
            state office. If the results of these borings appear to be favorable,
            then a full geologic evaluation is written for the site with certain
            restrictions that must be followed in  preparing the design and
            operating plan.  These restrictions such as depth of cut, areas
            not to be filled, areas which can be filled, soils that are suitable,
            etc., are given in  the evaluation.

            When  the sanitary  landfill plans are completed, the plans are
            checked with the geologist evaluation and regulations for approval
            of the site.  Many sites require monitoring wells located in areas
            which could pick up any ground water contamination from the
            operation of the sanitary landfill.

      b.    Processing and disposal of sludge from municipal waste water
            treatment plants, animal feed lot waste, and septic tank pumpings,
            including the utilization thereof:

            The Tennessee Solid Waste Disposal Act provides under the
            "special waste" regulation that all of these wastes be approved by
            the State Health Department prior to disposal in a registered sanitary

-------
                                        173
            landfill. Therefore, each type of sludge is reviewed on an individual
            basis and approved based on the sanitary landfill in which it will
            be disposed.  If the "special waste" appears to be suitable and would
            not create handling problems or disposal problems, it is approved.
            A copy of the approval letter is then forwarded to the generator
            and the waste recipient.

            Septic tank pumpings are not approved for disposal in sanitary
            landfills because of handling problems and high  moisture content.
            A basic rule of thumb used in disposing of municipal waste water
            treatment plant sludge is that the sludge be dewatered to around
            80% prior to disposal.  If the sludges are dewatered,  they will  be
            approved to be disposed in a sanitary landfill in  many cases.

      c.     Total number of solid waste land disposal facilities now  in use:  142
            1.     Number of dumps and approved sanitary landfills
                  where leachate is known problem:  48
            2.     Number of monitoring wells:  40
            3.     Number of leachate collection and treatment facilities: 2
            4.     Number of such disposal facilities at which leachate has
                  been produced:  2

      d.     Number of land disposal  sites with state permit license and approval:  105
            1.     Estimated percent of State population served by approved
                  sites:  92
            2.     Number of State approved sites for hazardous and/or toxic waste
                  disposal:   18

            Explanation:   (d.2)

            "This is not to say that these sites are approved  for all hazardous
            waste disposal but are approved for those 'special  wastes' which
            will not be a problem in this particular site."

      e.     Number of sites with ultimate capacity of:
            1.     Less than 150,000 tons:  11
            2.     Between 150,000 and 500,000 tons:  122
            3.     More than  500,000 tons:  11

      f.     Is solid waste management a significant factor in State land use
            planning - Yes
B.    ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES

      Briefly describe your State's enforcement procedures including administrative
      and judicial remedies available and enforcement actions taken during the past
      12 months:

-------
                                      174
      The Solid Waste Management Office uses a series of letters and legal procedures
      to assure compliance of the State law.  Perhaps the most effective program we
      have for compliance is the State Grant's Law which provides for  grant payments
      to governmental entities at the rate of $1.00 per person per year for all facilities
      which are eligible.  In the event that site is not properly operated, the first
      step is to advise the entity that State grant money may not be paid.  The next
      step is to send a written notice from the Solid Waste Management Office re-
      questing proper compliance.  If the desired compliance is not received, the
      Deputy Commissioner of the Department of Public Health writes a letter asking
      for compliance within 30 days or a  realistic time to  assure compliance.  If
      the  letter from the Deputy Commissioner does not receive compliance, the
      department will be forced to go to an order by the Commissioner which is
      a legal procedure outlined in the Tennessee Solid Waste Disposal Act.  We
      would then ask the court to take injunctive action to implement the terms of the
      Commissioner's Order. In the past 12 months, we have had 4 Commissioner's
      Orders issued;  and we have been in local General Sessions courts a number
      of times.
C.    SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

      What is the current State  legislation, policy, and program affecting resource
      recovery:

      a.     Are regional solid waste management or resource recovery authorities
            allowed and how many have been created?

            At the present time there is no state statute which provides for the operation
            of a Solid Waste Management or Resource Recovery authority in Tennessee.

      b.     What type of State funding is available for local government and/or
            private industry involved in resource recovery?

            The legislature recently passed the Tennessee Resource Recovery Loan
            Bill. This provides for a state loan  to any municipality or county
            government who is interested in constructing a resource recovery facility.
            The agency must first demonstrate to the department the feasibility for
            the facility through a required feasibility study.  If the loan is approved,
            then the particular facility would be eligible for up to 10 million dollars
            in the form  of a loan.

      c.     Is resource recovery planning being conducted at the State or local
            level?

            A state resource recovery plan is  being contemplated for introduction to
            the State Legislature  in January, 1975. As of this date, the plan has

-------
                                        175
            not been completed; however, the Tennessee Valley Authority is pre-
            sently studying the feasibility of conducting a state-wide energy re-
            covery program for Tennessee through the use of their power facilities.
            This plan when implemented will cover the whole state and will utilize
            a large percentage of the state's solid waste.

      d.    Are there any state tax laws or purchasing policies that may be
            beneficial to resource recovery efforts?

            None that we are aware of at this time.

      e.    Has the State or any local government  initiated any program in
            source reduction or energy recovery?

            Yes, the State has  in  the form of the Resource Recovery Loan Bill and
            there are some other  small communities who have taken on source separation
            in the form of separate news print collection.
D.    HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

      a.    Describe the existing State Legislation policy, program and agency
            involved in the control of the generation transport processing and/or
            land disposal of hazardous, toxic, industrial and/or chemical waste.

            Presently the only State  Legislation which involves the disposal of
            hazardous or chemical waste is the Tennessee Solid Waste Disposal
            Act. One section of the act provides that any hazardous waste
            disposal facility be registered with the State Health Department.
            Under a separate section any "special waste" such as hazardous
            waste sludges, etc., must be approved  by the department prior
            to disposal  in an approved sanitary landfill.

      b.    Have any surveys been conducted or estimates of such waste quantities
            been made?

            Yes, an industrial solid  waste survey was conducted in the past two
            years.  From the results of this survey,  projections have been made as
            to the types and quantities of industrial waste being generated through-
            out  the  state.
E.    PUBLIC AFFAIRS

      Describe your program in public affairs, technical information activities
      and the public and private interest groups in the state that you interact
      with:

-------
                                         176
     The Tennessee Solid Waste Management Office presently puts on a number
     of training and public education type programs. This office sponsors an
     annual Solid Waste Management Conference and Equipment Show which has
     been located in Knoxville for the past three years.  The past conferences
     have had approximately 300 attendees from 15 states with city managers;
     county judges; planners; public health and other governmental officers
     from local, state, and federal agencies; engineers;  private contractors;
     facility operators; industrial representatives, etc.  The conference attracts
     speakers from all over the country with varied topics in the solid waste
     management field.  Twice a year we  provide a Sanitary Landfill Operators'
     School that requires two days of classroom instruction and a field trip to a
     site. This program is followed up by visits from an Operator trainer that
     visits sites to help operators improve operating techniques.  This is a
     one-on-one training program that gains the most response.  Seminars are
     provided on subjects that pertain to  new technology, new laws or any
     pertinent information that may gain a better solid waste management pro-
     gram for the state. Other functions  of the program  are to provide assistance
     to local health departments in their public information and health education
     programs, provide speakers to any groups that has a request, and a dis-
     play is available to be used at meetings, schools, county fairs, etc.
F.    CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE

      Briefly describe those areas where the Office of Solid Waste Management
      Programs could
      Cannot Read

-------
                                     177
                    TEXAS STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

                  MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE PROGRAM STATUS
                              November 1974
     Prior to 1969,  solid waste management in Texas  was  virtually  uncon-

trolled except for the control of public health nuisances  provided by a

1945 civil statute entitled the "Texas Sanitation and Health Protection

Law" and the 1963 penal statute entitled "Dumping Near Highway".

     In 1969, the Texas Legislature passed the "Solid Waste Disposal  Act"

(compiled as Article 4477-7,  Vernon's Texas Civil Statutes) which  assigned

responsibility for the control of solid waste management to two State

agencies.  The Texas State Department of Health was  given jurisdiction

over municipal solid waste and the Texas Water Quality Board was given

jurisdiction over industrial solid waste.  With the  passage of this Act,

the State Health Department was given broad powers to regulate the opera-

tion of existing municipal solid waste disposal sites and to approve  the

establishment of new sites.  While the statute seemed adequate to  meet

the State's needs, only $30,000 per year were appropriated to implement

its provisions.

     In September  1970, the State Board of Health adopted the "Municipal

Solid Waste Rules, Standards, and Regulations" which provided for  an  effec-

tive degree of control and procedures whereby new sites could be evaluated

for technical considerations.  These regulations were designed to  give

the people of Texas as much protection as possible against health  hazards

and pollution from solid waste operations without the State Health Depart-

ment actually entering into a permit system without  sufficient funds.

Inasmuch as the "Solid Waste Disposal Act" provides  for the establishment

of a state-wide permit system to control all municipal solid waste processing

and disposal facilities, the State Health Department started to implement

the permit system in October 1974.

-------
                                    178






     The Texas State Department of Health  has  records  on approximately




1,050 land disposal sites.   It is estimated that there are at  least  1,000




promiscuous dumps for which the Department has no records and  for which




no one accepts responsibility.  From available field inspection reports,




it is estimated that there  are at least 20 sites for which leachate  is




a known problem.  Within the past six years,  monitor wells have been




placed at six waste disposal sites, and applications for new waste dis-




posal sites have included provisions for monitor wells at approximately




20 new sites within the past two years. One experimental grinding




facility has a sump and a leachate collection and treatment facility.




Inasmuch as monitor wells and leachate collection facilities have been




installed relatively recently, results of  leachate production  are not




yet conclusive.




     Since 1970, when the State Health Department began the issuance of




letters of "no objection" (in lieu of permits) for the establishment of




municipal waste disposal facilities, approximately 183 facilities have




been approved.  It is estimated that approximately 45% of the  State's




11.2 million residents are  served by approved municipal solid  waste




disposal sites.  According  to information  from the Texas Water Quality




Board, there are 28 approved sites for hazardous and toxic wastes.   It




is the policy of the State  Health Department to prohibit the placing




of large quantities of hazardous or toxic  wastes in municipal  disposal




sites.




     State solid waste legislation, policies,  and programs are not  totally




related to the ultimate capacity of waste  disposal sites.  According to




the 1970 United States decennial census there were four cities  in Texas

-------
                                   179





with a population of 500,000 or more, 11 cities with population between




150,000 and 500,000, and 2,940 cities or identifiable places with popu-




lations of 150,000 or less.  There were 999 incorporated cities in the




State.  As would be expected, the quantity of waste generated in a com-




munity appears to be fairly closely related to the population of the com-




munity.  The capacity of waste disposal sites being operated either by




local government or by private operators varies greatly.  In some cases,




sites receiving very small quantities of waste are large enough to last




several decades; in other cases, very large communities are using sites




for which the remaining life is only a few months.  There are many more




sites which are practically depleted than there are sites with adequate




or excess capacities.




     Solid waste management is not an overpowering factor in State land




use planning,  but it appears frequently in lists of factors considered




in planning programs.  In State land use plans such as the current




Coastal Zone Management Program, consideration is given to the  rela-




tion  of the effect of solid waste disposal activities on the quality of




water, particularly its effect on the water of bays and estuaries.  Trans-




portation planning at the local, regional,  and State levels gives very




little consideration to solid waste management.  Comprehensive community




plans such as  those prepared using Department of Housing and Urban




Development "701" funds frequently include references to the need for




solid waste disposal facilities and the effects of improper solid waste




management activities on communities.




     The Texas State Department of Health has traditionally been an agency




characterized  by the provision of technical assistance in public health




matters to other agencies,  organizations,  and citizens of the State;

-------
                                    180





 enforcement has not been a significant  feature in the Department's




 activities  in  the past.  For many years prior to the enactment of the




 current  legislation in  1969, the Department provided technical assis-




tance  and  seldom found it necessary  to resort to legal action in the




 enforcement of solid waste disposal site requirements, which in those




 earlier  years  were not  particularly stringent.  Generally speaking, the




 reluctance  to  exercise  its authority and initiate legal action against




 violators of solid waste disposal statutes and regulations continues to




 the present time.  The  modest  improvements in waste disposal management




 which have  been realized in the past, or at least since 1969, are the




 result of administrative measures including provision of technical assis-




 tance to operators of waste disposal sites.  Fewer than a dozen violators




 have  actually  been taken into  court as  a result of actions initiated solely




 on the part of the Department.  In  most cases, agreements have been reached




 out of court.  Injunctive relief has been obtained in about six instances,




 and a very  small  fine was imposed and  collected from one city.




      State  legislation  permits regional solid waste management and resource




 recovery authority.  One such  authority, which includes three counties,




 was formed  about  four years ago.




      No  State  funding  is available  for  local government or private indus-




 tries involved in resource  recovery at  this time.  Resource recovery  is




 not being planned at  the State or  local level.  Except  for State  statutes




 which encourage  the  purchasing of recycled paper,  there are no State  tax




 laws  or  purchasing policies that would  be beneficial  to resource  recovery




 efforts.  Neither the State nor any local government  has initiated any




 significant program  in  source  reduction  or energy recovery, except  for

-------
                                    181




three or four cities' newsprint source separation and collection.  Three




or four large cities are giving preliminary consideration to the potential




of energy recovery from shredded municipal solid waste for use as a sup-




plement to coal-fired boilers in the production of electrical energy.




     There has been no announcement of proposed legislative actions,




studies or programs in resource recovery or source reduction.




     Policy statements of almost all of the large number of State agencies




would endorse the concept of resource recovery.  However, most agencies




have had no occasion to issue such policy statements.  Policy statements




of professional organizations such as Texas Society of Professional




Engineers and of environmental groups such as the Sierra Club, endorse




the concept of resource recovery.  Public information programs promoting




resource recovery are just now beginning to be heard and understood by




the voting public.




     "Municipal Solid Waste Regulations" provide that special provisions




shall be made for disposal of hazardous wastes which are proposed to be




placed in a municipal solid waste disposal site.  The "Solid Waste Disposal




Act" defines industrial solid waste but does not define hazardous waste.




Control of all aspects of radioactive waste is the responsibility of the




Occupational Health and Radiation Control Division of the State Health




Department.  Control of certain other types of waste is the responsibility




of the Texas Railroad Commission.  Surveys of industrial waste have been




conducted by the responsible State agency, the Texas Water Quality Board.




     The dissemination of public information rests with the Public Health




Education Division of the Texas State Department of Health; general infor-




mation is disseminated by that Division.  Technical information requests




pertaining to solid waste disposal are answered by the Solid Waste Branch,

-------
                                   I8
Division of Environmental Engineering,  of the Department.   During the




past year,  approximately 1,600 technical information requests  were




answered by the Solid Waste Branch.   Technical staff members of  the




Solid Waste Branch frequently present technical papers and public




information addresses before public  and private interest groups  in the




State, including solid waste seminars and workshops  sponsored by the




Department and other agencies and organizations.




     It is felt that the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs,




Environmental Protection Agency,  can best assist in the resolution of




environmental problems associated with solid waste management  by con-




tinuing to provide technical assistance with specific problems,  by




continuing to serve as a source for  technical publications,  by increas-




ing its assistance to institutions of higher education and private




research organizations to accelerate research activities,  and  by reinsti-




tuting former Environmental Protection Agency solid waste management




training activities.

-------
                                         182
                               UTAH STATE DIVISION OF  HEALTH
                               BUREAU OF  ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
                            SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS REPORT
                                     November 11,  1974
GENERAL
     Authority for solid waste management is  granted to  the  Utah  State  Division of  Health
under provisions,of Section 26-15-5, Utah Code Annotated 1953,  as amended.
     Responsibility for development and conduct of the program  is delegated  to the  Division's
Bureau of Environmental Health and carried out by a Solid Waste Section,  one of six similar
sections exercising environmental  controls within the Bureau.
     Under Bureau management,  Utah conducts an integrated environmental control program
through activities of the six  sections, eg:  Water Quality (water pollution  control  and
public water supplies):  Air Quality; General  Sanitation; Radiation  and Occupational  Health;
Health Effects; and Solid Wastes.   The concept of an Integrated approach  to  solution of
environmental problems has proved  to be highly beneficial in Utah because of the  interrelated
nature of both the problems and the measures  imposed for their  correction.
     Provisions of the above referenced statute authorize promulgation  and enforcement of
rules and regulations, including approval of  plans, for  the  collection, treatment and disposal
of garbage and refuse (solid waste).
     A Utah Code of Solid Waste Disposal Regulations, primarily concerned with land disposal,
was adopted and became effective August 14, 1974.   Expansion and  interpretation to  address
other disposal methods is anticipated as the  program progresses.
A.  LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
     (a)  WATER POLLUTION
             Statutes  and rules and regulations of the  Utah State Division  of Health provide
          authority to prevent pollution of surface and  underground  waters.   Plans  of proposed
          disposal sites submitted for approval must include Information  regarding  location of
          adjacent water courses,  water wells, drainage  channels, extremely  pervious soil
          formation and, in general, at least a five-foot separation between deposited waste
          and the highest ground water elevation.   In addition, diversion trenches  may be
          required in event of surface flooding, and final cover  is  to  be graded  to provide
          proper surface drainage  and to avoid ponding.

-------
      ID) sujpufcjj
          Water treatment plant and digestedjw3is£ewater  treatment  plant sludges  are
          acceptable for disposal  with municipal  refuse  on the working face.   Raw waste-
          water treatment plant sludge and  septic tank pumpings  are classed as hazardous
          wastes and must be handled accordingly.  Feedlot wastes  should be disposed on
          agrfcultural  land.
     (c)  LAND DISPOSAL SITES
          272 community disposal  sites used by 384 communities;
           12 (est.) sites used by Federal  agencies;
           30 (est.} sites used by State agencies;
         3200 (potential) private disposal  sites;
           11 sites have identified leachate problems
           NO sites have monitoring wells
           NO sites have leachate collection and  treatment
      (d)  LAND DISPOSAL SITES - STATE APPROVED
            3 sites have State approval
           1% of Utah population served by  above  sites
           NO sites as yet have been approved for hazardous/toxic  waste disposal
      (e)  SITES/ULTIMATE CAPACITY
           260 sites less than 150,000 tons
             7 sites 150,000 - 500,000 tons
             3 sites more than 500,000 tons
      (f)  STATE LAND USE PLANNING was defeated in public referendum 11/5/74.
B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
     Application of the Code of Solid Waste Regulations  is being initiated by a cooperative
     approach and planning with local entities as fully  as possible.  Remedies available to
     the Division of Health include: administrative hearings; injunctive proceedings under
     air and water pollution statutes; or court action for violation of rules and regulations.
C.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
     (a)  Regional solid waste management or resource recovery authorities are strongly
          encouraged and are authorized under Utah Statutes. To date four regional districts
          have been created by inter-local  government agreement.
     (b)  State funding is not available to local government or private industry in resource
          recovery.
     (c)  Resource recovery is considered advantageous by both State and local entities,
          although no formal action relating to  planning has been initiated to date.

-------
                                         184
     (d)  Utah.has no incentive laws or purchasing policies relating to resource recovery.
     (e)  State legislation providing for refunds on containers failed of enactment in the
          1973 legislative session.  It is possible similar legislation may again be intro-
          duced in 1975.
          Utah County is studying the possibility of establishing a county-wide resource
          recovery system.
          Salt Lake City has initiated a newsprint recycling program.
          A metals recovery operation is conducted by a private fir?" w! ich shreds auto bodies
          1n Salt Lake City.
0.  HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
     (a)  Control of the disposal  of hazardous wastes is contained within the Code of Solid
       •   Waste Disposal Regulations and specific requirements  relating to the handling and
          disposal of such wastes  are in preparation.
     (b)  To date no surveys have  been conducted nor have estimates been made of the quantities
          of such materials.
E.  PUBLIC AFFAIRS
     Clvse nuikiny ielatioiiiiiipi regarding solid waste management are  maintained witn all
     interested Federal, State and Local agencies, and personnel  are available for discussion
     of the subject cr to supply technical Information as requested.
     A "Newsletter" relating to air, land, and water Is published each month by the Bureau  of
     Environmental Health, frequently carrying articles of Interest on the subject of solid
     waste management.
     A public display relating to  solid waste 1s maintained for use by interested groups and
     an Integrated sound-slide program is available upon request.
     In all  activities the Division of Health prefers to work closely  with and through the
     local health departments wherever possible.
F.  CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
     One critical need for additional federal assistance concerns the  rural areas of the State.
     There 1s real need for financial assistance for implementation of solid waste facilities
     1n these rural regions.  Rural areas characteristically lack the  funding necessary to
     establish adequate solid waste management systems.
     Another pressing need is adequate training  for solid waste staff  members.  Revival of
     Federal solid waste training  programs would be very helpful  in upgrading staff capabHitle

-------
                VPKMONT SDt.lD WASTE  M2PORT
a.
f.
    The Stc?to of Vermont is currently  revising the Solid Waste Disposal!
    Regulations and Guidelines.  These Guidelines will specify minimum
    separation distances from the deposition of solid waste and bbth the,;•",;
    groundwatc-r and all surface waters.  These distances will vary
    upon the permeability of the Boils-   Prior to State approval of a
    fill,  the design engineer must  provide a complete design and operationali
    plan which includes a topographical map, location and type of* coyer, ' >,'••:<
    material, si?,'- t •'. equipment and provision for winter operatioH,'-'-.This  :," •
    program is PUM" ,••, ;;tere3 by the  Solid Waste Section, Environmental1 •, J' .;•/.,'I,(it
    Engineerii .  "n j. ion, Agency of Environmental .Conservations •>•*'•• < .'•'"'.•!i'.'1 '••„ ;*y,.
                                                                '
    Most animal waste associated with the dairy industry and,'sortie
    sludge in Vermont is disposed  on agricultural lands which are i
    for crops for human consumption.   Some dried sludges, howeivat,
    deposited directly in sanitary landfills.   The remaining
    sludge, sepfige is deposited in shallow trenches and buried  iminecliat*<

    Total number of solid waste land disposal facilities in use,
    Number where leachatc is known                        - '  ,',
    Number with monitoring wells                          '"•'"'''>',-'' •;
    Number with leachate collection and treatment       :,:
    Number,of  land  disposal sites with State approval
    Estimated  percent of State population served by
    Unmber of  well  opcratr-d, no site problems, land •<
    L:>timatcd  percent of State population served b
    ,13nd disposal  sites           ,:      ..  "      ;•'"'. ,
    Number of  State approved sites for hazardous wastes

    Number of  sites with ultimate capacity ofs
    Less than  15G.OQO Tons

    Solid waste  management is considered in all phases' Of"
    planning.  All  new sanitary landfills would be reviewed <;
    Land Use and Development Act.
Enforcement

Vermont's enforcement  program has centered around providing
for those operations which do not comply with the State
may find acceptable  alternatives.  If this fails, an adr.,^	^_„„_,,_,..,.,,,_..
is convened to determir.o if a consent agreement for cdrirecti<>rt ;bf,^hefj;,«
can be agreed to.  Failure to obtain this agreement would  rc"""1*1"1^   ^
initiation of legal  action either through criminal or" civil
Agency has requested such action in two cases in the past  yeat.'^'^jSJ
Vermont  presently has no legislation concerning  resource
provide  for a statewide solid waste management program faile4;-fcO p^j&ae
L*k.  £•))£*  lQ7idl l(^ftlCt.at"^Mrt   * — -*-i»-i !-*«*' W-I11 »*«11  I«A «•»"» ^-mt-*«vi * *-4- **^4 '#»« - 4-Vl^l- ^^Al^
legislative session.
                           A similar bill will be resubmitted to! .
                                                      , w ,-fc, -to, .1 ** «- ^UHBW.-V^..* •, ™-]
-------

        Solid W^nte ttepdrt
• •'    ••••.
J I ^ ,1 . . ' . $  '(!     ,  "  l
r/f$jj&*.  Regional .solid wasto management or resource »<.>. "ovary  -s,;(, ". vi j.i,- r
 t^'.-vl ''V "betmitted undo*: £it dat
                                                                       late.

           i,,State provides no funding for local solid waste  wcuwgeMent or resource
   ^',i    recovery programs at this  time.

  •\< C,   Most.of the resource recovery planning is being conducted on the state level
  ,""'•'!', „  with  the .exception of one  courly which xs .in the.  ^iai.,- .:•*•-} fit aye of develop**
  \,'-\'.t<\','.\'  inS & regional solid waste program,

  '";",*!* 'There are presently no  state taxes or purchasing  policies which would   • '' •,
 "''•>'',"'''<„',  encourage resource recovery.

 1 4 e.   Vermont has container legislation whinh requires  th^i- ^i; Carbonated
 ,:'>,)• ,,',   beverage containers have at least a five cent deposit.   This law has
.';;-\'*>t  'reduced the roadside litter throughout the state  substantially and has
;**';, l ''v •   caused e. slow trend toward the use of refillabie  contAinerj-.
^"' ' . ' A '
,4;i'" ijlazardouB Waste Management

•;:".,/Vermont has initiated an inventory on the disposal of hazaioc>HF materials
^sV;-jth^oUghbut' the State.  Initial survey has indicated that ir.t- oroblcm is
^l|'i,f;.tiniited,'in the- State due to the makeup of the industrial woe*-. *•   Tlie problem,
^'^•iS; probably .limited to two  - three areas in the Sta;e,.
i;';©^"^'1- ••• -\[}  ' >i     '                            -                                      '.
.V"'V') i',,-,  , '   J1': .s;v,,  ,                      :                                           J
;5^.o;(F6deral'Assistance !' '•'_''•••.••,
        most, critical area of  support required fron OSWMP ^-. '.be   -nUbu*t-.Loh of-
            for the Vermont  State .Solid Waste Program.   VJiiru'ut -'Lir. assif
      5.-Vermont program could  not continue effectively.   In ar1dlt.'on,  smitl
  ii;;;like. Vermoht depend A great deal on the research  and development on the
  'i :level .in background data 30 that the State has needed information for the   ,,., /
  /^development of. local guidelines for solid waste disposal cine! tesouree recovery*,'
            the greatest assistance that OSWMP could  provide is i   '-ontinue to  ',
           .Federal-State relationship as it presently'exists;  and not request
               authority from  Congress to operate a Federal Program similar to   " :.y,.
   ;the. Water and Air Quality  Acts.  Informational requirements UM lev t.he«e FederAi
            31 .become ends per  se, and the prjme mission  of the Agency to control<;
            rj seems to get entangled in Federal bureaucracy.
                                                                        11/12/741'

-------
                                187
       A BRIEF REPORT OF SOLID WASTE ACTIVITIES IN VIRGINIA
                           November 1974
                    Rowland E. Dorer, Director
             Bureau of Solid Waste and Vector Control
                Virginia State Department of Health
     In Virginia, each city and county is responsible for the proper
disposal of all solid waste generated within its jurisdiction.  In
the case of industry, they may pass this responsibility to the in-
dustry involved.  The State Health Department is charged with regu-
lating solid waste disposal.
     About 50% of the population of Virginia live in approximately
75% of the area of the state in a rural or small town atmosphere.
The rest of the people can be considered as urban or suburban
dwellers.  Population projections predict that the urban area will
grow, but generally the rural area will remain about the same or
actually lose population.
     In rural areas there still remains much open land that is suit-
able for sanitary landfills; therefore, when a site is evaluated and
approved, the longtime disposal problem is generally solved.  In the
urban area the situation is different.  Here suitable land for solid
waste disposal is getting more difficult to find; hence, solutions
must be more sophisticated and expensive.
     The state regulations require that all solid waste disposal
facilities hold valid permits.  In the case of landfills, this re-
quires a complete evaluation of a proposed site and an operational
plan.  By law, the State Water Control Board has jurisdiction over
the quality of all surface and groundwater.  Therefore, dual

-------
                                 188
investigations are made and a mutual agreement must be reached be-
fore a permit is issued.  There are some 22 items that are investi-
gated in evaluating a site, the most important being the protection
of surface and groundwaters, and the availability of sufficient and
suitable cover material.  It has been the experience in Virginia
that at least two sites are investigated for every one approved.
Many sites are not considered to be safe unless special precautions
are taken.  This must be fully and satisfactorily covered in the
operational plan.  Monitoring wells are frequently required, with
chemical and biological analyses before and routine sampling during
the period of operation.  Also at several of the large sanitary
landfills, provisions have been made to collect leachate if it ap-
pears and treat same.
     Great care has been taken at all new sites to prevent downward
flow of water through the solid waste into the groundwater.  This is
accomplished by providing an impervious layer at least 4' above the
water table.  Leachate which comes out of the fill into surface
water can be seen and protective measures taken.  The problem with
leachate in Virginia has been at those locations that were in opera-
tion before the state regulations became effective.  At only one
location holding a valid permit has serious leachate appeared.  There
are perhaps a couple of dozen locations which are in violation where
leachate is a problem, but these are not permitted sites.
     In the definition of solid waste in the regulations, sludges
and slurries are excluded.  In general, treated sludges are not al-
lowed to be placed in with domestic solid waste at a sanitary land-
fill.  It is suggested that they may be buried in a separate hole.

-------
                                 189
Where there are extra large volumes of domestic waste, approval has
been given to mixing a limited amount of digested sludge in with
the domestic waste.  Raw sludge is not allowed to be disposed of
on the land.
     Forced feeding of cattle in Virginia is not extensive.  In the
few places it does exist, there are large acreages of land involved
and the manure is spread on the fields without major problems.
     In a survey completed in 1969/ there were 380 solid waste dis-
posal sites in the state, of which 75% were unsatisfactory.  Since
state regulations became effective in April, 1971, 164 dumps have
been officially closed and 173 valid permits have been issued.  Of
the 94 counties in the state, all but five have valid permits for
sanitary landfills and these five are making real efforts to get
in compliance.  Forty-nine counties have established the "Green
Box" system.  There are 38 cities in Virginia and half of them are
in compliance, at least on a short-term basis.  The larger cities
have not as yet solved their problems.  All are working on plans
which hopefully will serve their long-term needs.  It is estimated
that 94% of the rural population and 60% of the urban population
totaling 3,630,000 people are being served by approved sites.  This
leaves approximately 1,130,000 rural and urban citizens without
acceptable disposal.
     There is only one really large sanitary landfill in Virginia
that handles 1,500 tons+ of solid waste per day.  This site is op-
erated by the District of Columbia and is a model.  There are only
three sites handling 150,000 tons/year.  All of the rest are smaller,
with many handling less than 25,000 tons/year.

-------
                                  190
                                                                 4

     Obtaining suitable land for sanitary landfills has been a
major problem.  No one wants a disposal site in his neighborhood.
The use of public lands where they are available has helped.  It
is hoped state land-use planning will include this as a major fac-
tor.
     The state has developed a hazardous waste disposal burial site;
however, no policy has been developed for its use.  Hazardous waste
disposal has been handled on a case-by-case basis.  A survey about
to commence through an EPA grant will define the scope of the prob-
lem and will develop methods of procedure and financing.
     For a number of years the State Department of Health has pub-
lished "Solid Waste Notes" every other month.  This newsletter,
which is mailed to local government officials, state legislators,
and others, has brought information to those directly concerned
with the solid waste problem.
     In the larger cities where the problem of long-term solid
waste disposal is most acute, much consideration is being given to
planning for resource and energy recovery facilities.  It seems
reasonable that the go ahead on several of these will be forthcoming
as soon as local officials are convinced that the proposed systems
are practical.  It is doubtful that resource and energy recovery
will be practical in rural Virginia because of the small amount of
refuse available at a single location.  Salvage by private volun-
teer organizations has been practiced, but because of the inability
to meet expenses through the sale of recovered items, most of these
organizations are on the verge of folding.
     Perhaps the most remarkable accomplishment in Virginia has been

-------
                                   191
the progress made without enforcement.  The regulations do not pro-
vide for a penalty.  By and large the local governments have co-
operated wholeheartedly in upgrading their facilities.  Many counties
who had never spent any funds for solid waste disposal have ex-
pended hundreds of thousands of dollars to activate a solid waste
system.  Much of the government sharing funds was spent on solid
waste in Virginia.
     It is felt that the Federal Government should furnish leader-
ship to the states in technical problem solving, should provide
training assistance, continue the publication of technical bulletins
and guidelines, and carry on research and development projects in
the field of resource and energy recovery to hopefully point the
way for the future.

-------
                                     192
                            State of Washington
                      Solid Waste Management Program
                           Department of Kcology


Washington, like other states, has come a long way from the days when the only
criteria for solid waste disposal was to make sure that the open, burning dump
was far enough away from the city.  While many of these sites still exist
within the State of Washington, they will be eliminated in conformance with
an established schedule prior to 1976.  This has been made possible through a
coordinated local/state/federal solid waste management strateoy.

Traditionally, solid waste management has primarily been aimed at the control
of disposal activities related to municipal wastes, while other components and
elements of a total management system were largely ignored.  By contrast,
Washington's program is based on the philosophy of total solid waste management.
If change in disposal practices is to be effective, the interrelationships
between such elements as storage practices, collection, transportation, processing
facilities, energy and resource recovery, etc. must also be considered.  These
elements are, in turn, influenced by many factors including social and political
values, public attitudes and beliefs, communication, environmental trade-offs
between air, land, and water quality, legislation, financial problems, and
technoloqical constraints.

Realizing the significance of these indicated interrelationships and the com-
plexities of the overall solid waste management problem, it becomes obvious
that solutions to the "problem" can only become a reality through closely
ccoruinated local/state/federal leadership.  It was with this basic philosophy
that the state of Washington Solid Waste Management Plan was developed, with
the financial assistance of a federal grant, over a period of several years and
officially adopted in 1971.

During development of the Plan and with the assistance of a 7 member State
Solid Waste Management Advisory Committee, appointed by the Governor, legisla-
tive commitment for development of a comprehensive State-wide program was made
with adoption of the 1970 State Solid Waste Management Act.  Similar to the
Plan, the Act is directed toward a systematic effort of closely coordinated
local/state/federal activities, beginning with planning and program development
and leading to a total management system of implementation, operation and
enforcement.

Planning

Recognizing that implementation of the necessary systematic effort could best
be accomplished by local government, being closest to the problem, the State
Act assigns "primary responsibility for adequate solid waste handling to local
government" (counties and multi-county areas), "reserving to the State, however,
those functions necessary to assure effective programs throughout the State."
The legislation was written in a manner to assure the combination of existing
handling systems and, therefore, promote the development of a complete regional

-------
                                       193
management system, at least county-wide.  As a first step toward this coordinated
effort, the legislature appropriated $769,000 ($2M,ono for July 1,  1970 to
June 30, 1971, $400,000 for July 1,  1971 to June 30, 1973,  and $100,000 for
July 1, 1973 to June 30, 1975)  to assist local oovernment toward the development.
of required comprehensive solid waste management plans.

By law, the local plans must include the following:

     1.  A detailed inventory and description of all existing solid  waste
         handling facilities includina an inventory  of any deficiencies in
         meeting current solid waste handling needs.

     2.  The estimated long-ranae needs for solid waste handling facilities
         projected twenty years into the future.

     3.  A program for the orderly development of solid waste handling
         facilities for the entire county which shall:

         a.  Meet the minimum functional standards for solid waste handling
             adopted by the Department and all laws  and regulations  relating
             to air and water pollution, fire prevention, flood control, and
             protection of public health;

         b.  Take into account the comprehensive land use plan of each juris-
             diction;

         c.  Contain a six year construction and capital acquisition program
             for solid waste handling facilities; and

         d.  Contain a plan for financing both capital costs and operational
             expenditures of the proposed solid waste management system.

     4.  A program for surveillance and control.

     5.  A current inventory and description of solid waste collection operations
         and needs within each respective jurisdiction which shall include:

         a.  Any franchise for solid waste collection granted by the Utilities
             and Transportation Commission, includinq the name of the holder
             of the franchise and the address of his place of business and
             the area covered by his operation;

         b.  Any city solid waste operation within the county, and the
             boundaries of such operation;

         c.  The population density of each area serviced by the city or
             franchised operation;

         d.  The projected solid waste collection needs for the next six
             years.

During development of the state/local planning program, the disadvantages of
previous planning efforts were of primary concern.  It was recognized that
many plans become a "Book on the shelf" and never really become implemented.

-------
                                         194


To counteract this practice and assure that they become Implemented Plans,  the
following 3 requirements were added to the normal planninq process:

     1.   A cordinateu effort by means of a local Solid Waste Advisory Committee
         to assure that all those concerned had a voice in the  planninq process
         and were adequately kept informed.  This was  accomplished by selectinq
         representatives from key groups in the area - representatives who, in
         turn,  would keep their particular group involved and informed.  These
         include the following:

         a.  municipal and county government

         b.  industry and agriculture

         c.  federal and state agencies

         d.  Indian tribes

         e.  environmental, conservation and similar public groups

         f.  refuse removal association, etc.

     2.   An implementation schedule relating to the reguired 6 year construction
         and capital acguisition program, with compliance schedule for improve-
         ment of existing inadequate handling facilities.

     3.   Official adoption of the plan by all cities and counties within the
         regional planning area, prior to approval by the Department of Ecology
         as required by the Solid Waste Management Act.

It is felt that the solid waste management planning program has been most
successful and has shown that the planning process can lead toward implementation
of a comprehensive management system.  Of the 39 counties in the State, 32 have
submitted plans to the Department of Ecology for approval as of June 30, 1974.
The remaining 7 counties are in various stages of developing their plan.  More
importantly, at least 26 of the completed plans are approved, adopted and in
various stages of implementation.

Although the initial regional planning efforts are quickly beina completed,
efforts for total solid waste management planning have just beoun.  These early
plans speak to residential and commercial waste handling practice and provide
a recommended management system for proper handlinq of these wastes.  Increasingly,
many counties are considerinq resource recovery facilities to solve their waste
management problems.  A need was foreseen for an information base from which
local decision makers could compare the feasibility of various resource recovery
systems.  Since the Department was unable to fulfill this need due to lack of
manpower, a contract was let for a State Resource Recovery Planning Study.

the purpose of this study is to help officials at all levels of government
evaluate the various forms of resource recovery systems to determine the optimum
system for their particular areas of the State.  The study itself consists of
three basic tasks.

-------
                                    195
Task I consists of a review of all available technoloqv relatinn to energy
conversion of solid waste.  Task II is a review of all available technoloqv
on recyclinq and reuse of these wastes.  Data on all of these processes will
be put into the form of fact sheets.  These will facilitate the comparison of
various processes.

Task III will be the development of a methodoloqy for analyzing resource recovery
systems in local areas.  The'results, which will be presented in a workbook form
will be made available to local, county, and municipal officials for recovery
evaluation.  The information will additionally be utilized to evaluate recovery
systems for various areas of the State.

During October, 1974, the contractor held a two day seminar to familiarize
state and local governmental officials with the results of the study.  This
seminar presented existing technology relating to resource recovery and demon-
strated the workbook.

Following the completion of the study, it will be necessary for county, city,
or regional solid waste management plans to be updated for local governments
to adequately plan and implement applicable resource recovery facilities into
their existing solid waste systems.

This updating of local plans is a vital necessity since the Department and
local government, in conformance with Chapter 70.95 RCW, use the State and
local solid waste management plans as the continual guidance mechanism for
efficiently and effectively implementing environmentally and economically
sound solid waste management alternatives into existing systems.

Additional elements of the plans will continue to be considered in further
detail.  Elements relating to industry, hazardous materials, agricultural and
logging practices, mining, etc. will become major portions of the plans as
they are updated in conformance with Chapter 70.95 RCW.

The Department has written proposed legislation regarding hazardous waste.
This will be introduced during the January, 1975 session.  The law will cover
all parts of a management system.  Generation, storage, collection, transport-
ation, recycling, neutralizing and disposal will become an important part
of the body of state law.

The need exists to develop a program for the handling of hazardous waste.  A
state-wide inventory of industrial and hazardous wastes produced by selected
industries has been completed and the results analyzed.

Planned for the immediate future is an expanded inventory of other industrial
and non-industrial generators of hazardous wastes.  This survey will be analyzed
and the results combined with the original survey.  A management system for
handling hazardous wastes will result and these results will be incorporated
into the updated State Solid Waste Management Plan.

Regulations

Another critical element  for development of a complete solid waste management

-------
                                         196
strotoqy was completed by the Department of Ideology, in coordination with
local oovcrnment and the public, by adoption of the Minimum Functional Standards
for Solid Waste Handling on October 24, 1972.  Formulation and adoption of
these Standards was in response to the Solid Waste Management Act.

Tiiis represented many months and years of work by the Department of Ecology
staff and many individuals and groups around the State, including the
Governor-appointed State Solid Waste Advisory Committee, Washington Association
of Counties, Association of Washington Cities, Association of Washington Business,
Washington Grange, Refuse Removal Association, American Public Works Association,
local health departments, engineers, planners, and the League of Women Voters.

The adoption of the Minimum Functional Standards for Solid Waste Handling
marked a milestone in development of the local/state/federal solid waste
management program.  Up to this point, the Program was basically one of
planning,  education and technical assistance - one of tryina to inform all those
involved of existing solid waste handling problems and the critical need to im-
prove these conditions through a system of total management.  With the adoption
of the Standards, representing a regulatory and enforcement element, the basic
framework became available for a complete program.

The Standards provide guidance for the total handling of all wastes disposed
of on land, specifically speaking to storage, collection, transportation,
recyclino and reclamation, and final disposal, including sanitary landfills,
incinerators and composting facilities.

Of particular importance is that portion relating to the upgrading of existing
non-conforming sites and/or facilities.  If sites and/or facilities cannot
immediately be brought into conformance with the Standards, a compliance schedule
for such improvements must be developed by the owner and/or operator in coordina-
tion with local jurisdictional health departments and the regional offices of
the Department of Ecology.  As of June 1974, 81% of the 367 remaining dumps
were on compliance schedules to be systematically eliminated prior to January 1,
ly76 (see Attachment A for solid waste disposal facilities status).  Compliance
schedules must be submitted to the jurisdictional health department which has
the statutory responsibility to develop a regulatory and permit system for the
annual registration of all solid waste facilities located within their area of
jurisdiction.  In the development of this regulatory program, the local health
departments may either adopt the State Minimum Functional Standards for Solid
waste Handling, or enact more stringent ordinances.  It is required that jur-
isdictional health departments also use application forms prepared by the
Department of Ecology for the annual registration of sites and facilities
(Attaciiment B relates permits to water duality control).  Perhaps even more
important,  these Standards more effectively draw other elements of the overall
activities closer together,  whereby the systematic approach to developing a
total solid waste management program can more easily be demonstrated.  The better
understanding of this effort will, no doubt, greatly benefit the tasks which
lie ahead.

Implementation

During development of the coordinated local/state/federal solid waste manage-
ment program, 3 major problems became increasingly apparent.  These are:

-------
                                   197
     ].   t\-'- I nek of sufficient funds for the immediate  irnpr-ovonent  of  existing
         <5]t-<"-, inrl facilities, and, at tho same  time,  for  tho  --onst rvicti on ^^
         i- r i f i '• a 1 ly needed new far i ) i t ios ;

     ,' .   d i ' I i < u I ty to locate and  acouiro adoouate ctivj ti «>s with other elements of  a  total  rnananement systen.   Efforts
to conn tor art the dilemma of  local government fallino into the practice of
whoJe.lv relyinn on state and/or federal  funds to implement necessary local
conpt ru'.'t.icn needs have also  been of primary emphasis.   Rased on these con-
cerns, the  followinn five unnnclatorv requirements were established and must
be fulfilled before an  applicant can become  elinible for a loan and/or arant
throuah the Washington  Future Program.

     1.  '.'ho proposed project must conform to the local  comprehensive solid
         waste mananement plan approved  by the Department of Fcoloay.

     2.  I.xistence of a permit system, administered and  controlled bv the
         local jurisdictional health department, for the annual licensino of
         all sites and  facilities within that jurisdiction.

     3.  Lxistence of local regulations  or ordinances relatinn to total solid
         waste handling,

     4.  Existence of an operating organization  to assure proper operation
         of all solid waste handling  facilities, in conformance with the
         local solid waste manaaement plan.

     5.  Lxistence of a viable financing structure incluuina supporting agree
         ments, rate structures, tax structures, etc. to assure financial
         support  for proper operations and maintenance and fulfill future
         construction needs.

-------
                                          198
The  funds allocated  for this program can be used by  local governments to  finance
lire-construction engineering and to acquire disposal facilities and equipment.
One  hundred percent  of the pre-construction engineerino  (limited to 7% of the
total project costs) can be funded with a non-interest loan.  Grants of up to
50%  of the capital costs of a project are also available to those jurisdictions
meeting the•above requirements.

For  the period  from  July 1, 1973 through June 30, 1975,  $3.9 million has  been
allocated for solid  waste loans and grants.  As of this  date (July 12, 1974)
about $1.4 million has been committed to 13 projects (6  loans totaling $226,000
and  7 grants).  This leaves about $7.5 million for the period from present to
June 30, 197b.  Competing for these funds are about  35 projects totalino  over
$20  million.

Projects being  funded under this program are expected to have far reaching
and  long lasting consequences.  All involve implementation of systems which
are  more regional in scope than has thus far been the case.  This permits local
jurisdictions to centralize their solid waste handling operations, thus taking
advantage of greater economy of scale.  This will have increasing importance
as recycling and resource recovery become more viable elements of solid waste
handling.  This is because the first, and perhaps most critical, step toward
implementation  of a  resource recovery system is consolidation and centralization
of waste handling.

Many of the projects being funded through the Washinoton Future Program are
directly related to  resource recovery.  The following briefly summarizes  these
projects:

     - Feasibility study of incineration for heat recovery in Cowlitz County.

     - Processing equipment (magnetic separator, shredder, and conveyor belts)
       also in  Cowlitz County.

     - Feasibility study of pyrolysis plant which could produce a marketable
       gas for  energy production in Grays Harbor County.

     - Equipment and operating expenses for one year of  a recycling station
       in Kittitas County.

     - Negotiatina with the Honor Farm at Monroe to construct a plant for
       producting methane gas from animal waste.

Realizing that new technology will plav a dominant role  in the solid waste
handlino systems of  the future, the Department is also participating? in and
promoting other innovative proposals.  Research has been undertaken by Battelle
Northwest and the City of Kennewick, Washington, through an KPA grant, to con-
sider pyrolvsis as a means of energy conversion.  This research has shown very
favorable results and as a conseauence,  pyroZvsis is beino considered by
several counties of  the State as an economic alternative to their local needs.
Through nyrolysis,  solid wastes, includina residential and commercial wastes,
wood wastes,  etc.  could be converted to gases,  which in turn,  would be con-
verted to energy and marketed to local industry.

-------
                              199
There is, in the State, a tremendous need to analyze and develop a proaram for
the handlino of industrial, hospital, and hazardous wastes.   In coordination
with local government and EPA, a state-wide inventory relatinq to the quantities,
types and current methods of handlinq such wastes was conducted and the results;
analyzed by the Department of Ecoloqy.  This represents a beqinning toward the
development of a better management system and improved techniques for handling,
recycling, reclamation, neutralization and/or final disposal of industrial,
hospital, and other hazardous waste materials.

In reflecting upon the State of Washington's achievements resulting from the
indicated cooperative local/state and federal strategy, considerable advances
have been made toward accomplishing the purposes of the State Solid Waste
Management Act and the Federal Resource Recovery Act, and toward fulfilling
the desires and needs of the "people."  There is, however, a tremendous need
to expand on this joint purpose through maintaining financial support of existing
strategies and through initiation of new commitments to critical problems.

Critical Areas For Federal Assistance

Four areas felt to require federal assistance are hazardous waste, resource
recovery, social costs, and leachate treatment.

Hazardous wastes require standard definitions.  To provide consistency of
handling these materials, they must be defined at the federal level.  The
federal government should provide funding for capital construction and operations.
Hazardous waste handling systems' costs should be charged back to the producers
of wastes that result in excessive handling and disposal costs.

Resource recovery and energy conversion programs initiated at state, regional,
or local levels need assistance in several areas.  Tax adjustments, interstate
and maritime freight rates, and materials specifications need federal legislation,

The federal government should undertake an immediate study to find the socio-
economic costs of environmental degradation.  Environmental costs to date have
only dealt with economic costs.

The federal government should initiate leachate treatment studies.  Knowing
where leachate exists  is a necessary  first step to resolving this problem,
but also needed is research that will lead to neutralization, abatement and/or
prevention.

-------
                                        200
                                                                    Attachment A
The data below were compiled from Department records;

     1.  (a)   Total numbers of land disposal facilities now in use:   324 open
              dumps, 30 sanitary landfills,  and 43 modified landfills.

         (b)   Number with ground or surface  water problems:  123

         (c)   Number of monitoring wells:   18

         (d)   Number with leachate collection and treatment facilities:

              B_ collection, 2_ treatment

         (e)   Number of such facilities where leachate is produced:   3_

     2.  (a)   Number of land disposal sites with permits:  20

         (b)   Estimated percent of state population serviced by approved
              sites:  23%

         (c)   Number of State approved sites for hazardous/toxic waste
              disposal:  1_

     3.  At this time the Department has no exact information regarding site
         capacities and any figures quoted would be speculation.

Solid waste management is a significant factor in land use planning in the
State of Washington.  Siting becomes more difficult each year.  Impacting on
satisfactory locations for solid waste facilities is the Federal and State
Shoreline Management Acts, flood plain control, zoning restriction and the
proposed land use legislation presently being considered.  It becomes increasingly
apparent that all solid waste handling facilities (i.e. reclamation sites,
transfer stations, etc.) must be carefully sited now to prevent future land
use problems.

-------
                                        201
                                                                  Attachment B
                           WATER QUALITY CONTROL
The control of water pollution created by sanitary landfills in the State of
Washington depends on adherence to the State of Washington's "Solid Waste
Management Act," Chapter 70.95 RCW.

The Act states, "After approval of the (local) comprehensive solid waste plan
by the Department (of Ecology) no solid waste disposal site or disposal site
facilities shall be maintained, established, substantially altered, expanded
or improved until the county, city, or other person operating such site has
obtained a permit from the jurisdictional health department pursuant to the
provisions of the Act."

Further, the Act is explicit regarding the issuance of permits.  The permit is
obtained by application on a form prescribed by the Department of Ecology.
The application contains a description of the proposed or existing facilities
and operations at the site, plans and specifications for any new or additional
facilities to be constructed and such other information as jurisdictional
health department may deem necessary.

The permit requirements are backed up by state and local minimum functional
standards.  The standards prescribe that adequate pollution control measures
be adhered to.  Surface water must be deverted away from or under the site.
Ground water pollution controls shall be provided as needed.  The detailed
plans for such controls shall be submitted to the health departments.

The application for a site permit must contain the following minimum information
regarding ground water:

     1.  Depth To Ground Water - Give both a MSL  (mean sea level) and depth
         from surface to ground.  Give the methos of determinations and give
         seasonal variations.  Locate the wells or boring on a topographical
         map and provide the log to the well and the method of drilling.

     2.  The directions of movement should be determined whenever possible.

     3.  Discharge points of ground water will be indicated on a topographical
         map.  In addition, the distance and direction of discharge from the
         proposed site, the name or names of the discharge points and the area
         tributary to the discharge point should be noted.  Some of these may
         not have been determined but justification should be provided if the
         information cannot be determined.

     4.  A written description of the subsurface information in more detail
         than was given above or in addition to the above will be submitted.

     5.  Indicate how the informatidn was determined.

-------
                                   202
In addition to detailed information required of ground water,  the following
surface water information must be submitted:

     1.  The flooding hazard frequency will be given and number of times in
         a period of years.  If the water course records are available,  please
         attach, or give reference.

     2.  Indicate whether a discharge of leachate to the surface waters  is
         planned.

     3.  Indicate whether leachate collection and treatment facilities will
         be constructed, and if so was a waste discharge permit application
         submitted.

     4.  Indicate the size of the watershed above the landfill in acres.  A
         map showing the watershed limits should be attached,  if available.

     5.  Indicate the rainfall in inches, the annual value, the peak 12-hour
         value and the peak one-hour value.

All of the applications received by the local health departments are reviewed
in detail by two agencies; the health department and the Department of Ecology.
The Department and the health department must investigate every application as
it maybe necessary to determine whether a site meets all applicable laws and
regulations.

-------
N. H. DYER, M.D., M.P.H.
STATE DIRECTOR OF HEALTH
                          DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

                              CHARLESTON 2B305
                           November 12,  1974
    Mr.  Tom Whelen,  Chairman
    Office of Solid  Waste Management Program
    State  Committee  EPA (AW-564)
    Washington,  D. C.    20460

    Dear Mr.  Whelen:

        Charles Howard's October 21,  1974 request for report of
    state  activities was rather late reaching me,  so I have used
    the  attachment as the most up to date summary of the West
    Virginia solid waste story.   I believe it embraces parts B
    and  C  of your outline rather  fully.

        The following information is  keyed to your suggested
    outline:

        A.   LAND DISPOSAL
             a.   Design Criteria.   Copy of Regulations
                 and Design Standards  is attached.

             b.   Municipal Treatment Plant Sludge Only.
                 This program advises  the Sewage Program
                 who in turn include sludge disposal in
                 their permit.

             c.   Total number disposal sites        192
                 Number with known leaching           ?
                 Number with monitor wells            1
                 Number with collection/treatment    12
                  Number these with leaching         7

             d.   Disposal sites with approval/permit 24
                 Percent state served                15%
                 Sites approved for hazardous waste   2

             e.   Sites under 150,000 tons capacity  210
                 Sites 150,000 to 500,000 ton         6
                 Sites over 500,000 ton               0

             f.   Solid waste management has not been
                 significant in land use planning.

-------
                                 204
Tom Whelen
November 12, 1974
Page Two
     D.  HAZARDOUS WASTE
         a.  These generally fall under the definition of
             industrial process waste,  within the juris-
             diction of the Department  of Natural Resources.

         b .  No survey has been made .

         PUBLIC RELATIONS

         We have no formal (funded and  staffed)  public
         relations program, although it is sorely needed.

         AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE

         These are two-fold,  funding assistance  and
         restoration of the former Cincinnati training programs
                                Sinc
                                DaTe Parsons ,  Director
                                Solid Waste Program
DP/sc
cc:  Mr. Charles Howard

-------
                                   205

                             Condensation of
                 TESTIMONY ON SR 14 OF 1974 LEGISLATURE
                                   TO
                JOINT COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT AND FINANCE
                              10 JUNE 1974
                by West Virginia State Health Department
                                   on
     Urgent Need to Establish a Solid Waste Authority in West Virginia
     The State Solid Waste Management Plan of 1970,  prepared under an EPA

grant addressed itself to defining the State's solid waste problems and

made a number of recommendations including legislation to establish a

central management agency.  The 1971 Supplement to this plan further sub-

stantiated this need.


     A brief space does not permit adequate consideration of all facets

of solid waste management in West Virginia.  We will, however,  highlight

major problem areas.


     To give some feel for the true magnitude, highway littering --

although very widespread and utterly deplorable --is not a large part

of the problem.  The principal need is for disposal places; places that

do not desecrate our ground, contaminate our water, pollute our air,

and create health hazards that threaten future generations.


     The State's daily municipal wastes, finely pulverized and spread

evenly over the 55 counties, would amount to a layer five millionths of

an inch thick.  Nature can easily handle this but when placed in piles,

it can take years to complete the natural process.  During this delay

public health problems and nuisance conditions prevail.  West Virginia

has 42 places with permit but about 260 vile open piles remain.


     There are only three environmentally acceptable methods for

disposing of solid waste; incineration, recycling and sanitary landfill.

-------
                                   206




                                   -2-






Incineration is prohibitively expensive for our state.   Recycling, while



unquestionably the wave of the future, is now far too dependent on unproven




technology.  Sanitary landfill, on the other hand, is five to ten times



cheaper than any other proper method known today.  A sanitary landfill is



not an open dump, it is just exactly the opposite.  It has been called "A



decent burial of our wastes".






     The first problem encountered is money; or rather it's lack.  It takes



tens of thousand dollars to operate a sanitary landfill for one year



whether sitting still or going full bore.  Where does the revenue come



from?  Keep in mind that a sizeable portion of our population is on fixed,



limited incomes, small pensions, welfare cases, etc.  If twenty thousand



people can be served, cost is two or three dollars per year per person.



This is not bad, but for only a few hundred population, it can run into



several hundred dollars per family.  Few cities in West Virginia can



provide this service at a reasonable user cost.






     An answer is to let the smaller places go together and share the cost



of one facility, precisely what we recommended in the Solid Waste Manage-



ment Plan of 1970.  It is an excellent idea but has one fatal drawback, it



just does not work.  Cooperative efforts to establish solid waste systems



are limited to only a few instances in West Virginia.  There are several



apparent reasons, petty jealousies, suspicions, distrusts and fears of



subrogating some precious sovereign rights.  Garbage is unglamorous and at



a distinct competitive disadvantage.  Officials dislike arousing the




voters with a rate increase or accepting an unfavorable hauling distance.



All the foibles of human nature, you name it, conspire to prevent successful



voluntary cooperative action.

-------
                                   207
                                   -3-
     The private hauler faces monumental obstacles.   Most are poorly
educated, very few of them can obtain a business loan,  and until now it
has taken upwards of a year to obtain a rate increase.   Customers cheat
him unmercifully in several ways.   People more away,  simply refuse to
pay a bill after months of service, or place their garbage in a neighbor's
can.  Most private haulers get enough money to buy a  truck and then
struggle the rest of their lives.

     This brings up the matter of qualified people,  something we simply
do not have and desperately need.   Our pitifully small  solid waste staff
represents a sizeable fraction of West Virginia's expertise in this
field.  In the rare city with such a person, he can devote only a few
minutes each day at best to solid waste matters.  Our limited staff
cannot begin to provide the training program needed for the state.  It
is a strain for us to put on a small number of two-hour sessions.  A
week-long seminar is needed for engineers who prepare landfill designs
but, how do we get those who need it most to attend?   Much time is
sp^nt attempting to train these individuals one by one in a painful plan
review process.

     One of the encouraging signs is that people are  beginning to
realize it does not have to be this way; it should be better.  We

receive more and more complaints and all too often we can really do
little about it.  Simply closing a dump is not a solution.  First, the
waste will keep coming -- you stop it here, it simply appears over there.
Secondly, anguished citizens and officials cry, "What are we to do with
it?"  Nevertheless, we have closed or been instrumental in closing several
dozen open dumps without creating other problems.

-------
                                    208
                                   -4-






     Solutions are in most cases complicated by funding problems,  under-




sized wastesheds, lack of applied management, scarcity of acceptable




disposal sites, and resistance to change.  Passage of a solid waste




management authority act with concurrent funding would provide the tools




to overcome these problems.






     The mandate given us is, of course, to eliminate the health hazards




of open dumping.  We attempt to bring the larger places into compliance




first, but this is not always entirely successful„  Some small place may




become such a problem we can no longer tolerate it„   We are extremely




hardnosed about new sites, insisting they comply fully with the regulations




and the law.  These actions invariably prompt charges of discrimination.






     We have learned the hard way about due process, documentation, etc.,




and proceed with deliberation in any enforcement action just in the event




a court case results.  Court actions always involve  several precious man




months time.  In all these instances, and in landfill site protests, we




are of course always the bad guys.






     Ironically the West Virginia citizen is now paying over half what




the true cost should be, and getting only a miserable fraction of the job




done.  A third of our populace has  no collection service.   It is a pathetic




example of scrambled priorities.






     Do not lose sight for one minute of the sociological  factor.




Practically everyone wants his waste taken away -- and he  means away I




Nothing unites a community faster than a landfill protest.   And nothing

-------
                                   -5-






scares a county commissioner more than a protest.  These factors of




course compound the problems of landfill selection enormously.  We most



certainly do have technical problems, for good landfill sites are choice



property.  In fact, one of the best we have seen is the new library



grounds here in the capitol complex.  Imagine the protest that would



generate!






     Litter, as mentioned earlier, is too often equated with pollution.



Let's distinguish between "visually offensive" and "environmentally




defiling", that is,, those  contaminating products that affect plant and



animal life processes.  We support "ban the bottle" type legislation as



providing some help, but it does not really go to the heart of the problem.



We very seriously need to deal with the health hazards of disease and



toxic products of inadequate waste disposal.






     We also have so called hazardous wastes, that is, potentially deadly



materials.  We dare not permit these in municipal type landfills which



simply are not capable of handling dangerous waste.  However, these wastes



must be handled -- and handled well.  Such careful control is itself a



very potent argument for a solid waste authority.






     HB 1065 introduced February 8, 1974 establishing a Solid Waste




Authority was proposed as one means of.combating these problems.  It is



a management agency providing design and technical assistance to and con-



tracting with-.the .private and governmental sectors for operation.  It



provides service without a fee to the user.  It regionalizes on the basis

-------
of transportation networks and waste densities rather than upon political




barriers.  It eliminates untold duplication and utilizes professional




personnel full time and efficiently.






     HB 1065 does something else too.  Sanitary landfill is only an




interim solution -- not really a very good one but the best we have.




Eventually, waste generation must be.reduced and most wastes that cann




be eliminated must be reused.  Re-cycling as it is called has not yet




been notably successful because of untried black box concepts attempting




to leap past today's realities to tomorrow's Utopia and ignore the




laborious steps in between.  Another.important requirement for successfu




re-cycling, it must be large scale.  The bill proposes two down-to-earth




recovery processes.  Reclamation of cardboard paper and a metal shredder.




These two projects alone can provide revenues equal to about one quarter




of the total overall cost.






     We do have an alternate.  Give us a large police force.  Give us




collateral powers.  Give us legal staff.  We don't really want this but




it is the way we are forced to operate now on a. very small scale.






     We have adopted recently amended solid waste disposal regulations




that contain two new, and we think, very important provisions.  They




require registration of all waste handlers; state agencies, local govern-




ments, and privateo  We now can reject an applicant if he cannot assure




us he won't just create another nuisance„  We are using these tools to




promote the regional concept in keeping,with the recommendations of both




our solid waste management plan and the solid waste authority bill.  We

-------
                                    21'
                                    «*j j. •
                                   -7-






would -hope -we xlo -not have to rely entirely upon this particular regulation



to end open dumping in West Virginia.






     As a related matter there are now several proposals for out of



state solid .waste, any one of which would import a volume equal to that



generated by the entire state.  Do we simply ban it?  How do we legally



control the input?  How do we ensure continued care years afterward?



Frankly, we think the Health Department should not make these final



decisions, but that the ultimate verdict rests with the legislature or



the courts.

-------
            STATE OF WYOMING

     SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT REPORT

            November 14, 1974
WYOMING DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
         State Office Bldg. West
          Cheyenne, Wyo.  82002

-------
A. LAND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

      The first authoritative and specific legislation dealing with
solid waste management came into being in Wyoming with the Environ-
mental Quality Act of 1973, enacted by the 42nd state legislature.
Article 5 of this statute places the responsibility for such man-
agement under the Director of the Department of Environmental Qual-
ity.  The measure defines solid waste to mean "garbage and other
discarded solid materials, including solid-waste materials result-
ing from community activities, but does not include solids or dissol-
ved material in domestic sewage or other significant pollutants in
water resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in in-
dustrial waste water effluents, dissolved materials in irrigation re-
turn flows or other common water pollutants".
      The Act further specifies that "any person or municipality"
is governed by its requirements.
      Powers and duties of the Director are enumerated as follows:

      1.  To coordinate activities of all state agencies concerned
        with solid waste management and disposal

      2.  To advise and consult with any person or municipality
        with respect to providing technical assistance in solid
        waste management technology, including collection, storage
        and disposal

      3.  To approve disposal sites prior to their use

      4.  To request information regarding present sites for the
        purpose of determining adequacy and approvability

      5.  To promulgate rules and regulations for operation of
        solid waste disposal  sites

      6.  To promulgate guidelines, recommend procedures and offer
        technical information relevant to collection, storage and
        management of solid wastes

      The requirements for an individual or municipality  (defined to
include the usual political subdivisions) include the following:

      1.  New disposal sites  being proposed  for use must be de-
        scribed by plans,  including drawings, specifications and
        descriptive information  in sufficient detail  to describe
        the location, local ground surface,  groundwater conditions
        and distances to  roads  and dwellings.

      2.  A municipality must consult with  the Director and submit
        information for  initial  review of  the site with respect  to
        its adequacy, absence of water or  air quality effect, and
        overall utility  as a  disposal site.

-------
      General provisions of this article of the Act include the
statement that "any water quality or air quality violation at ex-
isting sites will be cause to require abatement and relocation. As-
pects of undesirable, although non-violating character, such as
poor access, aesthetic site management or other aspects of undesire-
ability" requires a study by the Director for the purpose of rec-
ommending improvements.
      This law became effective on July 1, 1973 and only recently,
with the approval of the Solid Waste Management Grant, have funds
been available for hiring full-time staff for the program.
      Presently there are only six municipalities which have sludge
digesters as part of their sewage treatment systems.  In most cases,
digested sludge is used as a soil conditioner in municipal parks and
golf courses.  In others it is disposed of in the sanitary landfill.
Most counties have problems with indiscriminate roadside dumping of
septic tank discharges and similar deposits at open dumps in remote
areas where surveillance is difficult.
      All municipal solid waste facilities that can be properly
identified as a "facility" are landfill operations of some kind or
another.  With the wide open spaces and dry climate in Wyoming, it
is expected that this method will continue to be favored as long as
land is available at reasonable costs.  At the present time there are
45 towns and 6 counties utilizing landfills in Wyoming.  Leachates
are not a known problem except in a single instance where a town of
4,200 people chose an unacceptable site where the groundwater table
was intersected by the landfill excavation.  An enforcement action
in the form of a cease and desist order was filed by the Department
of Environmental Quality.  Last week, plans for an alternate site
were received for review.  The general absence of shallow ground
water and drainage  systems at existing sites has precluded any
known leachate problems thus far.
      The program on the state level has not been established well
enough to institute a formal approval system.  One toxic material
site in the form of a nitrate disposal well is in operation.
      Existing site capacities have not been catalogued.  It is felt
that solid waste management by industry and municipalities will be-
come a significant consideration in land use planning.  This is es-
pecially true because of the enthusiastic predictions on fossil fuel
development for low population density areas like Wyoming.

B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES

      The state law authorizes issuance of cease and desist orders
whenever environmental control measures are not forthcoming on a vol-
untary basis.  These orders may be issued administratively, by the
Department, and legal counsel is provided by full-time staff from
the state Attorney General's Office.  Compliance times may be spec-
ified in such orders and they become final unless appealed within
30 days after issuance.  The first appeal is heard by the 7-member
Environmental Quality Council, whose principle duties are to function
as a standard-setting and appeal body.  The Council may affirm,modify

-------
                                 215
or rescind the order.  It may also issue additional orders for
abatement or compliance.  Violators of an order face substantial
penalties upon conviction.  Fines for conviction may be assessed
up to $10,000 per day, and are recovered in civil actions.  Willful
violations are punishable by fines not to exceed $25,000 per day
and second offenses are punishable by a maximum of $50,000 per day.
All damages are court assessed.
      Two cease and desist orders have been issued against munici-
palities for solid waste violations within the past 12 months.  One
was appealed to the Council where the Department action was upheld
with a time extension.  It has now been appealed to the courts.
The second order involved open burning considerations, was not
contested, but subsequent violations occurred and a court mandatory
injunction has been filed.

C.  SOURCE REDUCTION AND SOURCE RECOVERY

      Statutory options which have been mentioned are considered to
provide a mechanism for developing source reduction and resource
recovery systems where they can be made practicable.  With an ex-
tremely low population density of 350,000 people spread over 97,900
square miles, we do not have the best potentials due to the great
distances between population centers.  Transportation problems exist
for industrial waste utilization due to unfavorable freight rates
and accessability of recycling centers.  The wood wastes generated
at sawmills are usually incinerated, with minor uses as feedlot
bedding and chip board products.
      Flyash disposal from mine-mouth power generating plants is
accomplished by burial of the residues in mined-out areas as part
of reclamation plans.  The announced construction of a 1500 mega-
watt facility about 150 miles from the mine will necessitate a
well planned waste management program due to the relatively high
ash content of Wyoming coal.  A plant of this size is designed to
consume 750 tons of coal per hour, producing 1,800 tons of flyash
per day.  Only a small portion of this volume can be readily used
for lightweight aggregate or other known recycling programs.

D.  HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

      One reference to toxic wastes is made in the law in an emer-
gency section where human, animal health or safey are mentioned.
      Industrial materials are mentioned under mine reclamation
provisions of the law where any "acid forming or toxic materials
constituting a fire, health or safety hazard created  by a mining
operation must be treated or disposed of in a manner to prevent
pollution of surface or subsurface water".  Mining permit appli-
cations now in process under this Act will give the Department in-
formation on location and extent of such materials.

E. PUBLIC AFFAIRS

      An information officer has been recently hired whose prin-
cipal function is to work with the Air, Land, Water and Solid Waste

-------
                                    216

programs on public relations and technical information activities.

F.  CRITICAL AREAS FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE

      The development of comprehensive standards and guidelines
will .be a necessary first step in program development.  Field in-
ventories and surveillance based on the application of these
measures is also a prime consideration for a beginning effort.
The public visibility of the program is important and can aid
the other inter-department programs in areas of mutual concerns
where air, land and water quality regulations are now in effect.
      It is recognized  that these related activities have ex-
pended considerable effort in work that is closely related to
solid waste management.  It is apparent, however, that there can
be no good substitute for a unified, comprehensive and visible
program where all such matters are consolidated and identified.
Robert  E.  Sundin,  Director
Wyo. Dept.  of  Environmental  Quality
State Office Bldg. West
Cheyenne,  Wyoming  82002
                                                       U01187
U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1975—582423 287

-------

-------

-------

-------