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loading rate and this element is the source of adverse physiological
and pathological effects. The highest levels observed in the seed
are below the 5 to 10 ppm of diet that Weber and Reid (168) found re-
duced b~one citric-acid levels in mice. Assuming the concentration
effect in processing beans for meal the level of Cd remains below the
considered detrimental to livestock especially in view of the fact
that soybeans grown in sludge amended soil will be blended or mixed
with beans of low, native Cd content originating from usual agricul-
tural production.' Of course, the important aspect of availability of
Cd in meal to absorption in the animal is not considered here, Ad-
ditionally, the ameliorative effects of increasing amounts of Zn,
creating a similar Zn to Cd ratio, should be of benefit to any ulti-
mate animal use of the bean. Except for K which occurs in small amounts,
digested sludge used in the study is a ready source for plant uptake of
all major elements and minor elements determined in this study. Also,
the lack of toxicity symptoms and the positive results for yield sug-
gest that the ratios of elements taken up by soybean under the condi-
tions of this experiment are in favorable ranges for soybean growth and
development although the data suggest that application rates in excess
of 144 t/ha, especially over short time intervals, may be associated
with yield decline.
330
-------
SECTION VIII
SUPPLEMENTAL FIELD STUDIES
Plant Responses to Applications of Digested Sludge in Field Studies
Introduction - Yields of both corn and soybeans have been significantly
increased during the last four growing seasons by furrow irrigation
with digested sludge drawn from the heated anaerobic digester at the
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago's Southwest Plant. Sludge,
soils, and plant tissue samples were analyzed to determine nutrient
and certain nonnutrient chemical element accumulations in soils and
uptake by various grain, forage, and fiber crop plants. Absorption
of some chemical elements by grain and forage crop plants has been in-
creased by sludge applications but concentrations in plant tissues are
considerably below levels considered to be harmful to animals consuming
the crops.
Experimental procedure: corn - The continuous corn experiment was con-
ducted on 6 x 22 m plots and was replicated four times. The soil was
Blount silt loam which had been cropped to alfalfa in 1965 and 1966.
The check plots were not fertilized in 1968 but 269 kg of N and 302 kg
of P (?2^5 equivalent) per hectare were applied annually during three
following years. All plots received a broadcast application of 224 kg
of P per hectare (K^O equivalent) during the last three years. All
inorganic fertilizer was applied in the spring before plowing and rid-
ging the soiJ. After the ridges and furrows were established, corn
was planted on the ridge tops 76 cm apart at a row spacing to give a
plant population at harvest of about 44,440 in 1968 and 61,700 plants
per hectare in following years. The first application of sludge after
planting was usually made when the corn plants had reached a height of
about 15 cm. The treatments were 0-, 0.64-^ 1.3-j and 2.5-cm applications
applied as frequently during the growing season as drying conditions
of the sludge would permit. Preemergent herbicides were used to con-
trol weeds and the plots were never cultivated during the growing sea-
son.
331
-------
Results of continuous cprn_ study ~ Average corn yields for three
rates of sludge iriigation, as compared with no sludge, are given in
Table 143. Also given are the total liquid and dry solids applied
each year.
Table 143. Corn yield obtained with sludge treatments and sludge
treatment levels.
Rate of Application
Greatest Application Rate
Year
1968
1969
1970
1971
4 yr
ave.
0
cm
4.16
8.96
5.53
6.06
6.18
0.64
cm
yield ton
6.03
9.34
7.48
6.50
7.34
1.3
cm
2.5
cm
per hectare
7.16
9.42
7.62
6.92
7.78
7.02
9.44
8.63
7.88
8.24
Total liquid
cm/yr
17.14
25.4
22.86
25.4*
90.80
Total dry solids
t/ha
51.5
47.3
69.0
96.5
264.3
* An additional 12.7 cm were applied after the growing season con-
taining 3.38 percent solids or on a dry weight basis, 41.2 tons
per hectare.
In Table 143 it may seetn that with regard to 1969 yields the plots
treated with one-fourth maximum applications were as.great as those
from plots receiving higher rates. Considering the carry-over of
nutrients from sludge application made during the previous year, plus
those made during the growing season, the lack of response to higher
applications of sludge was probably due to the fact that over 33 cm
of well-distributed rainfall occurred during the months of June and
July (Table 144). It is somewhat remarkable though, that 25.4 cm of v
additional water supplied as sludge did not cause a decrease in
yields for the highest treatment. One might well expect a decrease
during a season of such high amounts of rainfall, because Blount silt
loam is poorly drained. It appears that yields were substantially in-
creased as a result of thef additional water supjilied by the sludge
Irrigation treatments in 1970, a year in which 17.8 cm of rain fell
in June and July. While a favorable response was obtained with sludge
applications in 1971, the increase in yields was less than expected
in a year during which only 11.2 cm of rain fell in June and July.
332
-------
In some similar sludge-treated plots on the same field in 1971 the
conductivities of saturated extracts of soils were found to be greater
than 5 mmhos/cm. Thus, under the extremely dry conditions experienced
during the 1971 growing season, high soluble salt contents may have
adversely affected corn yields on sludge-treated plots.
Table 144. Monthly rainfall during the growing season, as cm.
Year April May June July August September Totals
5.38
13.00
33.18
6.73
13.97
17.93
11.00
4.19
6.43
15.67
6.81
6.98
3.43
1.78
2.54
4.95
9.35
3.22
22.07
5.46
44.91
60.73
65.99
29.84
1968 6.35
1969 9.12
1970 10.39
1971 1.52
Although most oi the water appJled by sludge irrigation is lost by eva-
poration because the suspended solids seal the surface of the soil, this
sealing apparently serves to conserve available water stored in the root
zone. On the other hand, when rainfall is insufficient to leach soluble
salts to lower depths, the increase in osmotic pressure in soil solu-
tions with higher rates of sludge applications may off-set some of the
water conserving advantage. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that neither
during the relatively wet growing season of 1969 nor the dry season of
1971 did yields decrease with increased sludge applications.
Digested sludge on a dry weight basis is a low grade fertilizer, but
when frequently applied as a liquid by irrigation methods large amounts
of almost all plant nutrients are supplied. The total amounts of plant
macronutrients added to the soil as a result of maximum irrigation of
corn with digested sludge are given in Table 145. These amounts have
been incrementally applied as constituents of the applied digested
sludge on maximum-treated plots during four years. The aggregate of
103.4 cm of digested sludge applied during four years is equivalent to
a total solids loading of 305.5 dry tons per hectare.
Table 145. Total plant macronutrients in kilograms per hectare applied
as a constituent of sludge on corn plots receiving maximum
treatments during four years.
Total N
14,426
NH4~N P
6,462 8,445
K
1,277
Ca
9,990
Mg
2,890
S
1,131
333
-------
Digested sludge nearly always contains large quantities'-of plant es-
sential tnicronutricnts. The amounts'applied on the maximum-treated
corn plots as a constituent of sludge are presented in Table 146.
Table 146. Total plant essential micronutrients in kilograms per
hectare applied as a constituent of sludge on corn plots
receiving maximum treatments during four years.
Fe Zn Cu Mn Mo B Cl
14,717 2,072 538 179 0.4 18 2,262
Plants are the source of certain minor elements that are essential to
the growth of animals but not for the plant itself. In addition to
most of the elements listed in Table 146, animals require small amounts
of the elements listed in Table 147. The data in Table 147 indicate
that relatively large amounts of essential elements for animals have
been added on the maximum-treated plots.
Table 147. Minor elements (kilograms per hectare) applied as a
constituent of sludge on crop plots receiving maximum
treatments during four years. These elements are con-
sidered essential for animals but not for plants.
Na Cr Co ^ Se - • -Hi
605 1288 1.2 1.6 130
Plants absorb many minor elements which are not presently considered
to be essential for either plants or animals. Like most natural pro-
ducts, digested sludge contains nonessential trace elements. The ele-
ments listed in Table 148 are those most frequently mentioned as
having potential for producing a detrimental effect on animals which
have consumed feed containing some concentration in excess of the
critical level. The total amounts of four nonessential minor elements
applied during a four year period as a constituent of sludge on max-
imum-treated corn plots are given in Table 148.
334
-------
Table 148. Additional total trace elements (in kilograms per hectare)
applied as a constituent of sludge on corn plots receiving
maximum treatments during four years. These elements are
not considered essential for either plants or animals.
Pb Hg Cd Sn
459 0.16 146 18.4
Some changes in soil chemical parameters with digested sludge applica-
tions are of interest. First, in the absence of a continuous liming
program, frequent sludge applications will result in a lowering of the
pH in the soij surface as evident from the data presented in Table 149.
After the application of 42.5 cm during a two-year period the soil was
reduced from a pH value of 5.6 to 4,9. The depression of soil pH
values probably was caused by the large amounts of nitrogen applied as
a constituent of digested sludge. The pH values were allowed to reach
much lower values than would be permitted under a normal soil management
program, because we x\ranted to see how soil pll would effect the absorp-
tion of trace elements by corn plants, which is discussed later on. In
the fall of 1970, limestone was applied on the plots at rates calculated
to raise the soil pH to a value of at least 6. As much as 11.2 tons per
hectare of limestone were applied on the maximum sludge treated plots.
When the soils were sampled in the latter part of April, a few weeks
before planting the 1971 crop, only slight increases in soil pH values
were noted as a result of lime applications. Another item to be noted
from Table 149 is the marked increase in plant available phosphorus
(Pi) with increasingly greater sludge applications. After two years
of digested sludge application the' concentration levels of phosphorus
(Pp.) which are slowly available to plants from precipitants in soils
were greater than could be read from the standard laboratory calibra-
tion curve, even at the lowest sludge application rate. The apparent
decrease in plant available potassium from 1969 to 1971 may be normal
variation related to soil conditions at time of sampling, sample hand-
ling, etc., but the trend is of interest. Available K appears to have
been reduced in all plots, even though 224 kg per hectare of (K/?0 equi-
valent) K fertilizer were applied annually over all plots. Soil contents
of plant available K do not appear to be influenced by sludge loading
rates.
After the first three years of applying digested sludge at the annual
rates given in Table 143, it was possible to detect significant changes
in the total concentrations of some elements in the surface of the soil.
As shown in Table 150, the concentration increases in soils of total P,
Cu, Cd, and Hg with increased loading rates were significant at the
335
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1-percent level. Concentration increases of Cr, Pb and Zn in the soil
surface horizon were found to be significant at the 5-percent level.
Changes in concentration levels were not noted for all elements for
several reasons. Digested sludge may contain concentrations that are
about the same as those in soils, the chemical elements have migrated
with percolating water to lower depths, or the amount of a particular
chemical species in soils is so large that the amounts added as a
constituent of sludge cannot yet be detected above the normal varia-
tion between soil samples.
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provides an estimation of the plant availability or mobility of the
several species of elements. As shown in Table 151, digested sludge
applications have increased the mobility of P, Na, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn,
and Cd in the zero to 15.2-cm depth of Blount silt loam. In the
30.5-to 45.7-cm depth increased mobilities of Na, Cr, Cu, Zn and Cd
with sludge applications are highly significant, although actual change
in conceiitration are very small for some species. The increased mo-
bilities of Mn and Pb with sludge application are significant at the
5-percent level. An important observation that may be made from the
data in Table 151 is that whereas there is little doubt that available
phosphorus increases with sludge applications in the plow layer, in-
creases in concentration levels in deeper soil horizons are highly
variable.
Data are gathered into Table 152 to show the relative proportion or
percent of the several total chemical elements extractable with
0.1 N^ HC1. Except for K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn, extractability increases
for all elements with increased sludge applications.
As can be seen in Table 153, sludge applications were highly correlated
with increased contents of N, P and Zn in corn leaf tissue. In the
case of Mg, sludge applications were highly correlated with a decreased
content of the element in the plant leaves. Concentrations of the ele-
ments Ca, Mn, Cd, and B as found in corn leaf tissue correlated with
sludge applications at the 5-percent level of significance. Only Zn
and Cd concentrations in corn grain correlated at the 1-percent level
with sludge application. The content of K in corn grain significantly
correlated with sludge application at the 5-percent level.
To summarize, it is evident that a favorable yield response can be ex-
pected from relatively large sludge applications in a year of normal
weather conditions. However, corn yields were not decreased by sludge
applications during a very wet growing season, Trace elements added
as constituents of sludge have not presented a problem, even though the
Blount silt loam is a poorly drained soil and soil pH was permitted to
decrease to a low value with respect to crop production. Since trace
elements would be most mobile or available to plants in poorly drained,
acid soils, the concentrations of trace element in corn tissue samples
338
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arc higher then would be expected where internal soil drainage is bet-
ter and soil pH Is maintained at a value of 6 or greater. Thus, corn
plants did not accumulate, toxic levels of trace elements even under
soil conditions x-.Thich should favor such a development.
Experimental procedure: soybeans_ - The continuous soybean experiment
was established to test, under field conditions, the availability to
crop plants of phosphorus in digested sludge. However, because of
what we now know about the rapid build-up of available phosphorus with
sludge applications, our present interest in continuing this study is
to see how the high soil contents of available phosphorus will effect
soybean rmtrlMon, Soybeans were chosen for this study in order to
eliminate the effects that the nitrogen in the sludge might have on a
non-leguminous pLant,
Three replications of 12 x 12 m plots were established on Blount silt
loam in the fall of 1968 for the following treatments: (1) zero or
control, (2) maximum, (3) one-half maximum, (4) one-fourth maximum ap-
plication rates of sludge, and (5) well water supplied at the same time
and rate as the maximum sludge application. The plots were split and
superphosphate was applied by broadcasting on one-half of each plot at
a rate to provide 269 kiJograms per hectare of P20s equivalent each
year. Also, all plots received a broadcast application of potassium
chloride to provide 269 kilotrams per hectare of K20 equivalent. After
fertilizer was applied, the Blount silt loam plots were fall plowed.
During tae following years all inorganic fertilizer was applied before
spring plowing. The soybeans were planted on the ridges and furrow-
irrigated with sludge and water in the same manner as was used for the
corn study described earlier.
Results and discussion - Soybean yields for phosphate, sludge and water
treatments are given in Table 154. A significant increase in yields
ia response to additional phosphorus applications had not been observed
in three years. Evidently the soil has sufficient available P to meet
the demands of soybean plants, even though the Blount silt loam study
site was selected because this soil type generally is somewhat defi-
cient in available P. In all three years yields have been significantly
(P > .01) increased witu increased sludge- applications. During the
first two years, water alone significantly increased yields, but not
in 1971. Except, for the first year9 1969, the maximum sludge treatment
produced an increased yield over an equivalent amount of applied well
water. However, the increased soybean yields for the maximum appli-
cation of sludge were better than the equivalent water treatment only
at the 5 percent Level of significance in 1970. While it is probably
too soon to speculate, Jt can be seen in Table 154 that there is a
trend toward decreased soybean yield by years for all treatments. The
failure to obtain a favorable yield response to the 20.3 cm of irriga-
tion water applied during the. very dry season of 1971 (see Table 144)
cannot be explained.
342
-------
Table 154, Soybean yield responses to phosphorus, sludge, and
water applications.
Year
P205
kg /ha
Rate of sludge application
0 cm
0.64 cm
1.3 cm
2.5 cm
Water2-''
_ _ _ _ _ Metric ton per hectare - - - -
1969
1970
1971
0
269
0
269
0
269
2.28
2.53
1.93
1.89
1.77
1 . 53
3.02
3.00
2.76
2.57
1.93
1.87
3.24
3.16
2.98
2.84
2.10
2.08
3.36
3.50
2.84
3.19
2.13
2.12
2.92
3.48
2.57
2.59
1.50
1.74
Total
sludge
applied
en
20.3
20.3
22.9
22.9
33. ^
33. O^7
a/ Water was applied at the same rate and time as the maximum sludge
application,
b/ 20.32 of the 33.02 cm of sludge were applied during the growing
season.
Several chemical elements (Table 155) were significantly increased in
the surface horizon of Blount silt loam by applications of digested
sludge. Howevers no significant increases in soil contents of total
K, Mg, Mn, Na, or Ni were detected. Failure to observe a significant
increase in total amounts of these elements is probably due to the
fact that sludge applications have not supplied amounts of the ele-
ments in sufficient quantities to exceed amounts removed in grain and
leaching Lo lower soil depths. Also, the amounts of these elements
added are small compared to levels that occur naturally. Applications
of inorganic P afLected only the accumulation of total Fe in the sur-
face of the soil, Increases in surface-soil Fe contents with increased
sludge applications were significantly greater (P>0.05) in the absence
of the additiona.1 inorganic P. Perhaps the inorganic P increased the
mobility of the iron, resulting in a greater movement of the element
to lower sol! depths, although no differences in extractable Fe con-
tent were observed in the 30.5-to 45.7-cm depth (Table 156). Appli-
cations of inorganic P fertilizer did not significantly affect the
total P content in the soil surface, which is to be expected because
the levels added correspond to about ten percent of the naturally oc-
curring amount.
Concentration levels of chemical elements extractable with 0.1 IN HCl
from samples of soil collected from soybean plots are presented in
Table 156. As may be seen in Table 156, the extractability of all
343
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elements except Fe was significantly increased in the soil surface
horizon (0 tc 15.2 cm) by digested sludge applications. But the
application oi inorganic P did not affect the extractability of any
of the elements ia the surface horizon. It did, however, have a sig-
nificant affect, on the extractability of several elements from subsoil
samples (30.5 to 45.7 cm). Applications of inorganic P fertilizer
significantly decreased the levels of extractable Mn, Ni and Zn from
subsoil samples. Digested sludge applications significantly increased
the levels of" extractable K, Mg, Fe, Na, and Cr from subsoil samples.
In the absence of inorganic P fertilizer applications, the application
of digested sludge decreased the extractability of Mn from subsoil
samples. Where inorganic P fertilizer was applied, digested sludge
applications did not affect the extractability of Mn. Thus, for sub-
soil extractabde Mn, a highly significant (P>0.01) interaction effect
between P fertilizer and sludge applications was found.
Among samples from the surface horizon some of the concentration values
(Table 156) for O.i N_ HC1 extractable Cd are greater from surface soil
samples than are found for total Cd as presented in Table 155. These
discrepancies are due in part to experimental error and to the varia-
bility among samples. Even more important though is the fact that nearly
all of the Cd added in sludge is extracted by the acid. Comparison of
the data givt-n in Tables 155 and 156 for increasing sludge treatments
bears out this relationship. Cadmium supplied to soils as a constituent
of digested sludge exhibits a high degree of availability for absorption
by crop plants as indicated by the fact that extractable amounts are
comparable to amounts added.
Contents (Table 157) of P, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn, and B in soybean leaves col-
lected at the early bloom stage were significantly increased by digested
sludge apyliii ations. Increased concentrations of these six elements in
soybean 3eaves with sludge treatment were significant at the one percent
level. Analyses for Hg contents in soybean leaves from selected plots
were made and the results are also shown in Table 157. Although the
Hg concentration data were not statistically analyzed, they do show a
trend toward an increased relationship between leaf contents of the
element and quantities of sludge applied. It has been observed from
other studies that the Hg content in plant tissues is decreased by di-
gested sludge applications. The additional inorganic P fertilizer
apparently increased the content of Mg in soybean leaves. The effect
of phosphorus fertilizer on Mg levels in soybean leaves was significant
at the 5-percent level.
Increased concentrations of K, Ca, Mn, Na, Zn, and Cd were found to be
significantly (P>0.01) increased in mature soybean grain with the ap-
plication of digested sludge. Although significant at only the 5 per-
cent level, it can be seen in Table 158 that P and Mg concentrations
are also increased in soybean seeds with increased sludge applications.
347
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Furthermore, the increases in concentrations of Mn, Mg and Ca in soy-
bean grain observed with applications of inorganic P fertilizer are
significant af the 5-percent level.
Contents of Cr, Pb and Ni in soybean leaves and grain were below de-
tectable limits for the method used. These elements are present at
the hundreds of part per billion level or less.
In view of the fact that concentrations of both plant available and
slowly-available forms of P are increased in soils at a rapid rate
following applications of digested sludge, the split-plot soybean
study has afforded an excellent opportunity to make some observation
regarding the effect of heavy phosphorus fertilizations on the nobil-
ity and plant availability of other elements. It appears that the
P build-up in soils may affect the mobility of Fe and Mn and may affect
the absorption by plants and/or translocation within the plant of Mn,
Mg and Ca.
Experimental procedure; Kenaf - Kenaf (Hibiscus -cannabinus) is grown
in several tropical countries as a source of textile and cordage fiber.
Fibers of the plant have characteristics or properties that make it com-
parable to most softwoods and superior to hardwoods as a raw material
for making paper products. It can also be used as a blend to improve
the pulping quality of less satisfactory materials used in the production
of paper.
Although very little was known about the fertility requirements or
adaptability of kanaf to northern Illinois climatic conditions,-it
seemed in 1968 to be an ideal crop for use in a digested sludge utili-
zation study. Thus, a field study was established to determine the
yield response of several varieties of kenaf to digested sludge appli-
cation. During the first year, 1968, only one variety was planted in
102 cm spaced rows in 4-row plots, 12-m long. Each of the four rates
(same as for t:he corn study) of sludge application on kenaf plots was
replicated, four times. In 1969 and 1970, the plots used for kenaf in
.1968 were split to accommodate two varieties which were planted with
a grain drill jfn 61-cra row spacing by May 15 each year. In 1969 each
treatment for each variety was again replicated four times but in 1970 .
the treatments were replicated only twice since the east one-half of
the area was used, to establish an alfalfa study. Digested sludge was
applied between the rows of Venaf during the growing seasons beginning
each year when the plants had reached a height of 20 to 25 cm.
Results and discus sign of the kena_f__£tud_y_ - The kenaf yields are re-
ported in Table 159 witb respect to variety, year, and treatment. The
maximum treated plots received a total of 36.3 to 51.5 tons per hectare
of sludge on a dry weight basis each year and during the latter two
years the control or check plots were treated with 269 kilograms of N,
305 kilograms of P (P705), and 134 kilograms of K (K20)per hectare.
350
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However, kenaf yields veie rtat significantly increased by the added
fertility. Either fcenai" has a very low fertility requirement or the
varieties available are not well adapted to climatic conditions in
Illinois or both. At any rate, the yields obtained from kenaf are
insufficient for it to compete with corn or soybeans for land on an
economical return basis.
Near the end of the first growing season for kenaf (1968) , but before
frost occurred, samples of leaf tissue were collected from the top most
part of the 1.8-to 2.1-raeter tall plants. The kenaf leaf samples were
analyzed for total N and some metals. Average results are presented
in Table 160, but the data were not statistically analyzed. Neverthe-
less, the increase in ]eaf N content and decrease in leaf Mg content
with increasingly greater sludge applications aay be real differences.
Both Zn and Mn concentration levels appear to be increased with increa-
singly greater sludge applications. On the basis of the amount of Zn
applied as a constituent of digested sludge, one might expect an in-
creased Zn uptake by plants, but not of Mn. The digested sludge con-
tained Zn concentrations that ranged from about 150 to 200 parts per
million, while Mn concentration levels were most often in the range of
3-5 parts per million and seldom exceeded 10 parts per million on a wet
weight basis. The amounts of Mn supplied on the plots as a constituent
of sludge were very small compared to native amounts in the soil. None
of the concentration levels of Cr, Pb or Ni were high enough to be de-
tected by the method used.
Table 160. Total nitrogen and selected metal contents of kenaf leaf
tissues after the first growing season (1968) during which
17.8 cm of liquid digested sludge (equivalent to 51.5 tons
of solids per hectare) were applied on the maximum treated
plots.
Sludge appl.
Rate N Mg Zn Mn
- - Percent - - - - - -
0 1.87 0.53 44.0 62.5
1/4 Max 3.51 0.51 77.5 100.0
1/2 Max 3.60 0.50 130.0 310.0
Max 3.77 0.44 123.5 312.5
352
-------
Experimental procedure: alfalfa - As mentioned above, one-half of the
plots formerly planted each year to kenaf were seeded to alfalfa in
the spring of 1970. The alfalfa was established in the absence of a
nurse crop by the use of a herbicide. The first cutting of alfalfa was
made on July 7, 1970. Only one additional application of sludge was
made on the alfalfa plots in 1970 prior to taking the first cutting.
From Table 159, it may be seen that a total of 20.3 cm of digested
sludge was previously applied on the maximum-treated plots when the
area was in kenaf. Alfalfa yields are given in Table 161 for the first
cutting of alfalfa.
Table 161. Alfalfa yield obtained during the first cutting after es-
tablishment in 1970. Maximum-treated plots had received
a total of 20.3 cm of digested sludge (36.3 dry tons/ha)
before the establishment of alfalfa and 2.54 cm (36.3 dry
tons/ha) after establishment.
Sludge appl
Rate
0
1/4 Max
1/2 Max
Max
Yields
Tons /ha
3.78
5.11
4.93
3.72
Results and discussion of alfalfa study - The first cutting yields did
not significantly differ as a result of treatment and while alfalfa was
clipped again in August and September 1970 the yields were not recorded.
After each cutting of forage additional digested sludge was applied.
The maximum-treated plots received 15.2 cm in July, 2.5 cm in August
and 2.5 cm in September of additional sludge for a total application in
1970 of 20.2 cm.
Soil samples were collected from the alfalfa plots in April 1971 after
a total of 40.5 cm of sludge had been applied on the maximum-treated
plots, during a period of three years. Total contents of selected chemi-
cal elements in surface and subsoil-samples are given in Table 162.
Digested sludge applications have resulted in greater total concentration
levels of several metals in the surface-soil samples, but levels in sub-
soil samples have been changed very little, if at all. In Table 163 the
concentration levels of extractable chemical elements in both surface-
and subsurface soil samples are given. The extractability of P, Fe, Cu
353
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355
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and Zn was significantly increased at the 5 percent levels in the soil
surface by sludge applications. Only extractable Na concentrations in
surface-soils showed a highly significant increase as a result of
sludge treatments. Furthermore, only the extractability of Na was
significantly (P>0.05) increased in subsurface-soil samples by sludge
treatments.
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samples are given in Table 164. The plant samples were taken from the
first cutting in 1970. The data were not statistically analyzed, but
the trend for increased concentration levels of Zn and Mn in alfalfa
with increased sludge applications is similar to findings from analyses
of other plant leaf tissue samples.
356
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(NOTE: These references have not been verified by the
Office of Solid, Waste Management Programs.)
SECTION IX
REFERENCES
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3. Alexander, Martin, "Nitrification. Soil Nitrogen," American
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5. Anderson, M. S., "Fertilizing Characteristics of Sewage Sludge,"
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8. Baconj, V. W. and F. E. Daltonv "Chicago Metropolitan Sanitary District
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10. Bacon, V« W. "Sludge Disposal," Industrial Water Engineering, 4,
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358
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I
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sSJ^f-ti
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23. Butler, J, 11. A., "Functional Groups of Soil Humic Acids," Ph.D.
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31. Chaberek, S. , and A. E. Martell, "Organic Sequestering Agents," John
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33. Clark, J. S., and R. C. Turner, "An Examination of the Resin Exchange
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34. Clarke, N. A., R. E. Stevenson, S. L. Chang, and P. W. Kabler, "Removal
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35, Coker, E. G., "Value of Liquid Digested Sewage Sludge," Jour, of
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36. Coleman, N. T., A. C. McClung, and D. P. Moore, "Formation Constants
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37. Courpron, C., "Determination of the Stability Constants of Metallo-
Organic Complexes in Soils," Annls. Agron., 18, pp 623-638 (1967).
38. Crooke, W. M., and R. H. E. Inkson, " The Relationship Between Nickel
Toxicity and Major Nutrient Supply," Plant and"Soil, 6^ pp 1-15 (1955).
39, Dean, R. B., "Ultimate Disposal of Waste Water Concentrates to the
Environment," En vi ronmenta1 Science and' Technology, 2, No. 12,
pp 1079-1086 (1968).' "" ~
40. Deaner, D. G., and K. D. Kerri, "Regrowth of Fecal Coliforms,"
J. Amer. Water Works Assoc^, 61, pp 456-468 (1969).
41, Doring, H. , "Chemical Reasons for the Fatigue of Berlin Sewage Soils
and Possibilities for Correction It,," jBiol. Abstracts. 36, Abstract
Number 77798, (1961).
42. DuPlessis, M. C, F., and Kroontje, W., "The Relationship Between pH
and Ammonia Equilibria in Soil," Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. , Proc., 2_8_,
•pp 751-754 (1964).
360
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43, Eckenfeldei 3 W. W. , Jr.. and D. J. O'Connor, "Biological Waste Treat-
ment," Pergauion Press, New York, 299 pp (1961).
44. Fair, G. M, , J. C. Geyer, and D. A. Okun, " Water and Wastewater
Engineering," John Wiley and Sons, Inc., N.Y. (1968).
45, Flaig, W. F. and H. Beutelspacher, "Humic Acid. II. Electron Mic-
roscopic Investigation of Natural and Synthetic Humic Acid," Z. Pfl.
Ernahr. Dung.. 52, pp 1-21 (1950).
46. Fleming, J. R., "Sludge Utilization and Disposal," Sewage and
Industrial Wastes, 31, No. 11, pp 1342-1346 (1959).
47. Ford, H. W. and D,, V. Calvert, "Induced Anaerobiosis Caused by Flood
Irrigation with Water Containing Sulfides," Proc. Fla. State Hort.
S°£j-> L9* PP 106-109 (1966).
48. Fuller, J. F. and G. W. Jourdain, " Effect of Dried Sludge on Nitri-
fication in Soil,11 Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 27, pp 161-165 (1955).
49. Fuller, J, E. and W. Litsky, "Escherichia coli in Digested Sludge,"
Sewage Ind... Wastes, 2.2, pp 853-859 (1950).
50. Gabelman, W. H., "Alleviating the Effects of Pollution by Modifying
the Plant," Hort]._jScIence, .5, p 16 (1970).
51. Garnei, H, V., "Experiments on the Direct, Cumulative, and Residual
Effects of Town Refuse: Manures and Sewage Sludge at Rothamstead and
Other Centers," Jour, of Agricultural Science, j>7_, pp 223-233 (1966).
52. Gaschos G, Jt and F, J. Stevenson, "An Improved Method for Extracting
Organic Matter from Soil," Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc., 32^
pp 117-119 (1968),
53. Geerittfc, H A. and J, F. Hodgson, "Micronutrient Cation Complexes in
Soil Solution. III. Characterization of Soil Solution Ligands and
Their Complexes with Zn"H- and Cu+V' Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.. Proc..
33_, pp 54-59 (1969).
54. Geldrcich, E. E., H. F. Clark, C. B. Huff, and L. C. Best, "Fecal-
Coliform-Organism Medium for the Membrane Filter Technique," J. Amer.
^^:..WOJE^,JA^SOC_^, 57_, pp 208-214 (1965).
55, Goh, K, M,3 "Infrared Spectra of Soil Humic and Fulvic Acids and Their
Deri\ations," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois (1969).
56. Gordons J, E,, "Control of Communicable Disease in Man" American Public
Health Association (1965).
361
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57, Goudey, R. F-, "New Thoughts on Sludge Digestion arid Sludge Disposal,"
Sewage Works Journal, 4, Ko. 4, p 609 (1932).
58. Gregor, H. P., L. B. Luttinger, and E. M. Loebl, "Metal-polyelectrolyte
Complexes. I. The polyacrylic Acid-Copper Coaplex," J. Phys. Chem.,
59., PP 34-39 (1955).
59. Guenzi, W. D. and T. M. McCalla, "Phytotoxic Substances Extracted
from Soil," Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc, 30, pp 214-216 (1962).
60, Haas, A. R, C. and J. N. Brusca, "Effects of Chromium on Citrus and
Avocado Grown in Nutrient Solutions," California Agriculture, 15,
p 10 (1961). —
61. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 37 Edition, Chemical Rubber Pub-
lishing Co,, Cleveland, Ohio, 3156 pp (1955).
62, Hanks, T, G., "Solid Waste Disease Relationships, A Literature Survey"
Public Health Service Publication No. 999-UIH-6 (1967).
63. Hanway, J. J. and C. R. Weber, "N, P, and K Percentages in Soybean
(Blyciner max (L.) Merrill) Plant Parts," Agron. J., 63, pp 286-290,
(1971).
64. Harper, J. E., "Seasonal Nutrient Uptake and Accumulation Patterns in
Soybeans," Crop Sci. , JL1_, pp 347-350 (1971).
65. Harris, S. M,, "Incineration - Multiple Hearth Furnaces," Water and
Sewage Works. n4_, p 307 (1967).
66. Hewitt, E. J., "Metal Interrelationships in Plant Nutrition. Effects
of Some Metal Toxicities on Sugar Beet, Tomato, Oat, Potato, and
Narrowstem Kale Grown in Sand Culture," J. of Experimental Botany,
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67. Heyrovsky, J. and J. Kuta, "Principles of Polarography," Academic
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68. Him.es, F. L. and Barber, S,, A., "Chelating Ability of Soil Organic
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69. Hinesly, T, D, and B, Sosewitz, "Digested Sludge Disposal on Crop
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70. Hodgson, J. F., H. R. Gearing, and W. A. Norvell, "Micronutrient Cation
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362
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71. Hodgson, J. F., W. L. Lindsay, and J. F. Trieweiler, "Micronutrient
Cation Complexing in Soil Solution. II. Coinplexing of Zinc and
Copper in Displaced Solution from Calcareous Soils," Soil Sci. Soc.
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72. Irgens, R. L. and II, 0, Halvorson, "Removal of Plant Nutrients by
Means of Aerobic Stabilization of Sludge," Applied Microbiology, 13_,
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73. Irving, H. M. N. and R. J. P. Williams, "Order of Stability of Metal
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74. Jackson, S. and V. M. Brown, "Effect of Toxic Wastes on Treatment
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75. Jansson, S. L., "On the Humus Properties of Organic Manures," Kungl.
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76. Jenkins, S. H. and J. S, Cooper, "The Solubility of Heavy Metal Hydrox-
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77. Jenne, E. A., "Controls on Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn Concentration in
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78. Jenny, H., "Causes of the High Nitrogen and Organic Matter Content of
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79. Jones, J. S. and Miles B. Hatch, "Spray Residues and Crop Assimilation
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80. Keaton, C. M. , "The Influence of Lead Compounds on the Growth of Barley,"
Soil Sci., 43, pp 401-411 (1937).
81. Khan, S. U., "Interaction Between Humic Acid Fraction of Soils and
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82, Khanna, S. S, and F. J. Stevenson, "Metallo-Organic Complexes in Soil.
I. Potentiometric Titration of Some Soil Organic Matter Isolates in
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83. Kraus, L. P., "The Use. of Digested Sludge and Digester Overflow to
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363
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84. Kreft, G,, H, Van E'-k, arid C,, J, h'taudet, "Removing Annonia from
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85. Lagerverff, J, W., "Heavy Metal Contamination of Soils," Soil and
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86. Langley, Ha E., R. E. McKinney, and H. Campbell, "Survival of
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87. LeRiche, H. H., "Metal Contamination of Soil in the Woburn Market-
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88. Levesque, M. and M. Schnitzer, "Effects of. NaOH Concentration on the
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89. Lewin, V. H. , "Sewage Sludge Disposal - Back to the Land?" Effluent
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90, Li, N. C., "Manganese-54, Uraniuin-233 and Cobalt-60 Complexes of Some
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91. Ling, Ong H. and R. E. Bisque, "Coagulation of Humic Colloids by Metal
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92. Loehr, R. C., "Variations of Wastewater Quality Parameters," Public
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93. Lohmeyer, George T., "A Review of Sludge Digestion," Sewage and In-
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94. Lowe, W., "The Origin and Characteristics of Toxic Wastes, with
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95, Lunt, H. A., "The Case for Sludge as a Soil Improver," Water and
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96. Lunt, H. A., "Digested Sewage Sludge for Soil Improvement," Connecticut
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97, Lunt, H. A., "The Case for Sludge as a Soil Improver," Water and
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98. Lynam, B. T., Ben Sosewitz, and T. D. Hinesly, "Liquid Fertilizer to
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364
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99. Mann, il. H, and T. V. Barnes, "The Permanence of Organic Matter
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100. Mann, II. H, and H. D. Patterson, "The Woburn Market-Garden
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101. Martell, A. E. and M. Calvin, "Chemistry of the Metal Chelate
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102. Martin, A. E. and R. Reeve, "Chemical Studies of Podzolic Illuvial
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103. Mebius, L. J., "A Rapid Method for the Determination of Organic
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104. Mellor, D. P. and L. Maley, "Stability Constants of Internal Com-
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105. Mellor, D. P. and L. Maley, "Order of Stability of Metal Complexes,"
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106. Mertz, R. C., "Utilization of Liquid Sludge," Water and Sewage
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107. Meyer, R. C., E. H. Bohl, and E. M. Kohler, "Procurement and Main-
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108. Meyer, R. C., F. C. Hinds, H. R. Isaacson and T. D. Hinesly,
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109. Miller, M. H. and A. J. Ohlrogge, "Water-Soluble Chelating Agents
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110. Misra, S. G. and R. C. Tiwari, "Retention of Applied Copper by
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Ill, MorrilJ, L. G. and J, E. Dawson, "Patterns Observed for the Oxida-
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112. Mortensen, J. L., "Complexing of Metals by Soil Organic Matter,"
Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc., 27_, pp 179-186 (1963).
365
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113. Mulle.r, J- F., '''Tba Valu^ of Raw Sewage Sludge as Fertilizer,"
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114. Norman, John, "Aerobic Digestion of Waste Activated Sludge," Thesis,
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115. Ohlrogge, A. J., "Mineral Nutrition of Soybeans," Advances Agron.,
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116. Orlov, D. S. and L. A. Vorob'eva, "Use of the Polarographic Method
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117. Otsuki, A, and T. Hanya, "Some Precursors of Humic Acid in Recent
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118. Pelczar, M. J. , Jr. and R. D. Reid, "Microbiology," 2nd. Edition,
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119. Piret, E. L., "Some Physico-Chemical Properties of Peat Humic
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120. Pohland, F. G. , "General Review of Literature on Anaerobic Sewage
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121. Premi, P. R. and A. H. Cornfield, "Incubation Study of Nitrification
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122. Proposal for Digested Sewage Sludge Disposal Research, University
of Illinois, Department of Agronomy, Unpublished paper, (1967).
123. Purves, D., "Consequences of Trace-Element Contamination of Soils,"
Environ. Pollut. , _3_, p 17 (1972).
124. Quon, J, E. and G. B, Ward, "Convective Drying of Sewage Sludge,"
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125. Quon, J. E. and T. A. Tamblyn, "Intensity of Radiation and Rate of
Sludge Drying," Journ, Sariit. Engr. Div. , Amer. Soc. of Civil
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126. Randhawa, N. S. and F. E. Broadbent, "Soil Organic Matter-Metal Com-
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Different pH Values," ,SpjL_l_Sci_. , _99_, pp 362-366 (1965).
127, Reuther, W. , "Copper and Soil Fertility," The 1957 Yearbook of
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366
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128. Rich, L. G., "Unit Operations of Sanitary Engineering," Wiley, Inc.;
New York, 308 p (1961).
129. Robertson, J. H. and P. H. Woodruff, "Incineration - The State of
the Art," Water and Sewage Works, 114, RN:R146 (1967).
130. Rohde, G., "The Effects of Trace Elements on the Exhaustion of
Sewage-Irrigated Land," Jour. Inst. Sewage Purif., pp 581^585 (1962).
131. Rossotti, F. J. C. and H. Rossotti, "The Determination of Stability
Constants," McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y. (1961).
132. Rudolfs, W., "Sewage Sludge as Fertilizer," Soil Sci., 26 pp 455-458
(1928).
133. Russell, E. W. , "Soil Conditions and Plant Growth," 9th Edition,
pp 283, 607 (1961).
134. Scharrer, K. and W. Schropp, "Uber Die Wirkung des Bleis Auf das
Pflanzenwechstum Ztschr. Pflanzenernahr," Dungung u. Bodenk, 43,
pp 34-43 (1936).
135. Schnitzer, M., J. R. Wright, and J. G. Desjardins, "A Comparison of
the Effectiveness of Various Extractants for Organic Matter from
Two Horizons of a Podzol Profile," Can. J. Soil Sci., 38, pp 49-53
(1958).
136. Schnitzer, M. and J. G. Desjardins, "Molecular and Equivalent
Weights of the Oranic Matter of a Podzol," Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.,
Proc., 26_, pp 362-365 (1962).
137. Schnitzer, M. and S. M. I. Skinner, "Organo-Metallic Interactions
in Soils. V. Stability Constants of GU++-, Fe++-, and Zn+^-Fulvic
Acid Complexes," Soil Sci., 102, pp 361-365 (1966).
138. Schnitzer, M. and S. M. I. Skinner, "Organo-Metallic Interactions
in Soils. VII. Stability Constants of Pb**-, N1++-, Mn44"-, Co"1"4"-,
Ca4*-, and Mg++-Fulvic Acid Complexes," Soil Sci., 103, pp 247-251
(1967).
139. Schnitzer, M. "Reactions Between Fulvic Acid, a Soil Humic Compound
and Inorganic Soil Constituents," Soil Sci. Amer. Proc., 33,
pp 75-81 (1969).
140. Schnitzer, M. and E. H. Hansen, "Organo-Metallic Interactions in
Soils. VIII. An Evaluation of Methods for the Determination of
Stability Constants of Metal-Fulvic Acid Complexes," Soil Sci.,
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367
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141. Schubert, J., "The Use of Ion Exchangers for the Determination
of Physical-Chemical Properties of Substances Particularly Radio-
tracers in So'.utioru I. Theory," J. Phys. Coll. Chem., 52,
pp 340-350 (1948).
142. Schubert, J. and J. B. Richter, "The Use of Ion Exchangers for
the Determination of Physical-Chemical Properties of Substances,
Particularly Radiotracers in Solution. II.," J. Phys. Coll. Chem.,
5_2_, pp 350-356 (1948).
143. Singh, K. V., M. H. Greider, and E. H. Bohl, "Electron Microscopy of
a Porcine Enterovirus, ECPO-1," Virol^, U_, No. 3, pp 372-373 (1961).
144. Soane, B. D. and D. H. Saunder, "Nickel and Chromium Toxicity of
Serpentine Soils in Southern Rhodesia," Soil Sci., 88, pp 322-330
(1959) .
145. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
Twelfth Edition. American Public Health Association, Inc. New York,
N.Y., 769 p (1965).
146. Stauffen, R. S, and R. S. Smith, "Variation in Soils with Respect
to the Disposition of Natural Precipitation," Journ. Am. Soc. Agron.,
19, pp 917-923 (1937).
147. Stevenson, F. J. and J. H. A. Butler, "Chemistry of Humic Acids and
Related Pigments," In G, Ellington and J. T. Murphy (eds.) Organic
Geochemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York,
pp 534-557 (1969).
148. Stevenson, F. J. and K. M. Goh, "Infrared Spectra of Humic Acids
and Related Substances," Geochim. et. Cosmochim. Acta (1970).
149. Stevenson, F. J.; Q. Van Winkle, and W. P. Martin, " Physicochemical
Investigations of Clay-Adsorbed Organic Colloids. II.," Soil Sci.
Proc., 17, pp 31-34 (1953).
150. Stone, A. R., "Disposal of Sludges on Land," Institute of Sewage
Purifirai-inn, .Tour. and Proc. Part 5, pp 424-430 (1962).
151. Sullivan, J. C. and J. Hindman, "An Analysis of the General Mathe-
matical Formulation of Association Constants of Complex Ion Systems,"
J. Amer. Chem. Soc., ^74, pp 6091-6096 (1952).
152. Tanford, C., "Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules," John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York, N.7., pp 526-587 (1961).
368
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153. Toerien, D. F. and W. H. Hattlngh, "Anaerobic Digestion. I. The
Microbiology of Anaerobic Digestion," Water Rp.search? 3, No. 6,
p 385 (1969).
154. Trocme, S. and G. Barbier and J. Chabannes, "Chlorosis, Caused by
" Lack of Mn, of Crops Irrigated with Filtered Water from Paris
Sewers," Biol. Abstracts., 25, Part 4, Abstract Number 34985 (1951).
155. Utilization of Sewage Sludge as Fertilizer, Federation of Sewage
Works Associations, Manual of Practice No. 2, (1946).
156. Van Donsel, D. J., E. E. Geldreich, and N. A. Clarke, "Seasonal
Variations in Survival of Indicator Bacteria in Soil and Their
Contribution to Storm-Water Pollution," Appl. Microbiol, 15,
pp 1362-1370 (1967)
157. Van Kleeck, L,, "Sludge as Fertilizer in the War Emergency," Water
Works and Sewerage, 90. PP 177-178 (1943).
158. Van Kleeck, L. W., "Use of Sewage Sludge as Fertilizer," Transaction
of ASCE, 110, pp 208-217 (1945).
159. Vatthauer, R. J., F. C. Hinds, and U. S. Garrigus, "Continuous
in Vitro Culture System for Ruminant Research," Jour. An. Sci.,
313, No. 4, pp 618-623 (1970).
160. Viets, F. G., "The Plant's Need for and Use of Nitrogen. Soil
Nitrogen," American Society of Agronomy Monograph No. 10, pp 508-554,
(1965).
161. Viraraghavan, T., "Digesting Sludge by Aeration," Water Works and
Wastes Engineering., 2_, No. 9 p 86 (1965).
162. Von Zuben, F. J., L. J. Ogden, and R. E. Peel, "House Fly Breeding
at Sewage Treatment Plants in Texas," Sewage and Industrial Wastes,
24, No. 10, p 1303 (1952).
163. Waksman, S. A., "Soil Microbiology," J. Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
New York, N.Y. (1952).
164. Walker, W. M., "Interpretation of Plant Analyses Data," Proc. 111.
Pert. Indus. Assoc. Conf., pp 14-15 (1969).
165. Walker, W. M., T. R. Peck, S. R. Aldrich, and W. R. Oschwald,•
"Nutrient Levels in Illinois Soils," Illinois Research, 10, No. 3,
pp 12-13 (1968).
166. Weast, R. C., "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics," The Chemical
Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio, p A248 (1968).
369
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167. Webb, J. R. , A. J. Ohlrogge, and S. A. Barber, "The Effect of
Magnesium Upon the Growth and the Phosphorus Content of Soybean
Plants," Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. , Proc. . 18_, pp 458-462 (1954).
168. Weber, C. W. and B. L. Reid, "Effect of Dietary Cadmium on Mice,"
Toxic and Appl. Pharm., 14, pp 420-425 (1969).
169. Wirts, J. J., "Pipeline Transportation and Disposal of Digested
Sludge," Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 28, No. 2, p 121 (1956).
170. Wolf, H. W., "Housefly Breeding in Sewage Sludge." Set-rage and
Industrial Wastes, 2_7_, No. 2, p 172 (1955).
171. Wood, J. C., S. E. Moschopedis, and R. M. Elofson, "Studies in
Humic Acid Chemistry. I. Molecular Weights of Humic Acids in
Sulpholane," Fuel, XL pp 193-201 (1961).
172. Yatsimirskii, K. B., and V. P. Vasil'ev, "Instability Constants
of Complex Compounds," Consultants Bureau, New York, N.Y. (1960).
173. Yuan, T. L., "Comparison of Reagents for Soil Organic Matter Ex-
traction and Effect of pH on Subsequent Separation of Humic and
Fulvic Acids," Soil Sci., 98_, pp 133-141 (1964).
370
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SECTION X
PUBLICATIONS GENERATED BY THE PROJECT
Publications
1. Braids, 0. C., M. Sobhan-Ardakani and J. A. E. Molina, "Liquid Di-
gested Sewage Sludge Gives Field Crops Necessary Nutrients," Illinois
Research, 12, No. 3, pp 6-7 (1970).
2. Hinesly, T. D., "Agricultural Application of Digested Sewage Sludge.
Municipal Sewage Effluent for Irrigation," Edited by C. W. Wilson
and F. E. Beckett. Louisiana Polytechnical Institute, pp 45-48 (1968).
3. Hinesly, T. D., "City Waste and Soil Management," Illinois Fertili-
zer Conference Proceedings, pp 40-42 (1969).
4. Hinesly, T. D. and B. Sosewitz,. "Digested Sludge Disposal on Crop
Land," J. Water Pollution Control Federation, 4.1, pp 822-828 (1969).
5. Hinesly, T. D., "The Utilization and Disposal of Municipal Sewage
Wastes," Illinois Research, 12, No. 4, pp. 6-7 (1970).
6. Hinesly, T. D. and R. L. Judson, "Yields of Corn and Soybeans in
Response to Applications of Heated Anaerobically Digested Sludge,"
Illinois Fertilizer and Chemical Assoc. Proc., pp 25-26 (1971).
7. Hinesly, T. D., R. L. Jones, and B. Sosewitz, "Complementary Rela-
tionships Between the Reclamation of Surface-Mined Land and Sludge
Disposal," Accepted for Publication in Mining Congress Journal, (1972).
8. Hinesly, T. D., R. L. Jones, and E. L. Ziegler, "Effects on Corn by
Applications of Heated Anaerobically Digested Sludge," Compost Science,
13_, No. 4, pp 26-30 (1972).
9. Lynam, B. T., B. Sosewitz, and T. D. Hinesly, "Liquid Fertilizer to
Reclaim Land and Produce Crops," Water Research, 6^, pp 545-549 (1972).
10. Meyer, R. C., F. C. Hinds, H. R. Isaacson, and T. D. Hinesly, "Procine
Enterovirus Survival and Anaerobic Sludge Digestion," Proceeds of
Int. Symp. on Livestock Wastes, Amer. Soc. of Agr. Engineers, pp 183-184
(1971).
11. Molina, J. A. E., "The Ecology of Soil Bacteria," Inter. Symp.
Edited by Gray and Parkinson. BioScience, 19, p 184 (1969).
371
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12. Molina, J. A. E., 0. C. Braids, T. D. Hinesly and J. B. Cropper,
"Aeration-Induced Changes in Liquid Digested Sewage Sludge," Soil
Sci. Soc. Araer., Proc., 35, pp 60-63, (1971).
13. Molina, J. A. E., 0. C. Braids, and T. D. Hinesly, "Observations
on Bactericidal Properties of Digested Sewage Sludge," Environmental
Science and Technology, _6, pp 448-450 (1972).
14. Schwing, J. E., "Environmental Contamination Resulting from Land
Reclamation with Anaerobically Digested Sludge," Civil Eng. Studies,
Sanitary Engineering Series #56, 32 pp (1970).
15. Sobhan-Ardakani, M. and F. J. Stevenson, "A Modified Ion Exchange
Technique for the Determination of Stability Constants of Metal-Soil
Organic Matter Complexes," Presented at the Amer. Soc. Agron. meetings,
Tucson, Arizona, 1970 and accepted for publication in the Soil Sci.
Soc. Amer. Proc. in 1971 (1971).
Reports
1. Braids, 0. C., T. D. Hinesly and J. A. E. Molina, "Trace Element
Uptake by Several Field Crops Grown Under Digested Sludge Irrigation,"
Agron. Abstr., A.S.A. Annual Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, p 80 (1969).
2. Braids, 0. C., and L. F. Welch, "Nitrate in Drainage Water from Soil
Receiving Sludge and Fertilizer," Amer. Soc. Agri. Eng., Winter
meeting, December 8-11, Chicago, Illinois (1970).
3.' Cropper, J. B., L. F. Welch, and T. D. Hinesly, "The Effect of Pb,
• Cu, Cr, Zn and Ni on Nutrient Uptake and Growth of Corn," Special
Project Report, (1970).
4. Hinesly, T. D., 0. C. Braids, R. I. Dick, and J. A. E. Molina, "Disposal
of Digested Sludge on Farm Land," (D-7) Solid Waste Research and De-
velopment, II. Engineering Foundation Research Conf., Beaver Dam, Wise.
(1968).
5. Meyer, R. C., F. C. Hines, H. R. Isaacson and T. D. Hinesly, "Porcine
Enterovirus Survival and Anaerobic Sludge Digestion," Int. Symp. on
Livestock Wastes. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, April 19-22,
(1971).
6. Mioduszewski, W. and T. D. Hinesly, "Digested Sludge Dewaterlng on
Soils," Paper presented at Amer. Soc. Civil Engineering Annual Meeting,
Chicago, IL, 14 pp (1969).
372
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7. Molina, J. A. E., 0. C. Braids and T. D. Hinesly, "Digested Sludge
for Agricultural Benefits and Land Reclamation," Agronomy Abstr.,
Amer. Soc. Agron. Annual Meetings, New Orleans, p 133 (1968).
8. Molina, J. A. E., 0. C. Braids and T. D. Hinesly, "Bactericidal
Properties of Digested Sewage Sludge Toward Fecal Coliforms,"
American Society for Microbiology Abstracts, Miami, Florida, p 17
(1968).
9. Braids, 0. C., M. Sobhan-Ardakani, T. D. Hinesly, and J. A. E. Molina,
"Disposal of Digested Sewage Sludge on Farm Land as Evaluated by a
Lysimeter Study," Agron. Abstr., Amer. Soc. Agron. Annual Meeting,
New Orleans, p 132 (1968).
10. Stevenson, F. J. and M. Sobhan-Ardakani, "Organic Matter Reactions
Involving Micronutrients in Soils," Invitational Paper, Conference of
Micronutrients in Agriculture, National Fertilizer Development Center,
T.V.A., Muscle Shoals, Alabama, April 20-22 (1971).
Theses
1. Cropper, J. B./'Greenhouse Studies on Nutrient Uptake and Growth of
Corn on Sludge-Treated Plots," M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois,
Dept. of Agronomy, Urbana, Illinois (1969).
2. Gossett, R. G., "Ammonia Volatilization from Digested Sewage Sludge
as Related to Land Application," M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois,
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Urbana, Illinois (1972).
3. Schwing, J. E., "Environmental Contamination Resulting from Land Re-
clamation with Anaerobically Digested Sludge," M.S. Thesis, University
of Illinois, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Urbana, Illinois (1970).
4. Sobhan-Ardakani, M., "Stability Constants of Metal-Polyelectrolyte
Complexes Occuring Naturally in Soil and Sewage Sludge," Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Illinois, Dept. of Agronomy, Urbana, Illinois (1971).
Bibliographies
1. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Arsenic in Agricul-
tural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through 1971'
Draft Copy in Review, prepared May, 1973.
373
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2. Jor.es, R. L., T. D. Hincsly, and R. J. Johnson, ';3nriua and Beryl-
liuu in Agricultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature
1950 Through 1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared August, 1973.
3. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Boron in Agricul-
tural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared October, 1973.
4. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Cadniiuia in-Agri-
cultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared May, 1972.
5. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Chromium in Agri-
cultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared July, 1973.
6. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Cobalt in Agri-
cultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared October, 1973.
7. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Copper in Agri-
cultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared February, 1974.
8. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Iron in Agricul-
tural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared February, 1974.
9. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Lead in Agricul-
tural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared September, 1973.
10. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Manganese in
Agricultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950
Through 1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared January, 1974.
11. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Mercury in Agri-
cultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared May, 1973.
12. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Molybdenum in
Agricultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950
Through 1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared September, 1973.
13. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Nickel in Agri-
cultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared July, 1973.
374
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14. Jones. R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Selenium in Agri-
cultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared August, 1973.
15. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Silver in Agricul-
tural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared September, 1973.
16. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Tin in Agricultural
Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through 1971,"
Draft Copy in Review, prepared September, 1973.
17. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Zinc in Agricul-
tural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared May, 1972.
18. Jones, R. L., T. D. Hinesly, and R. J. Johnson, "Zirconium in Agri-
cultural Ecosystems: A Bibliography of the Literature 1950 Through
1971," Draft Copy in Review, prepared September, 1973.
1063
375
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