vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Health Effects Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-600/1-78-053
August 1978
Research and Development
Biological Indicator
of Summational
Exposures to Lead
Tooth Lead
in Children Living
in Cleveland and its
Suburbs
\
\
EP 600/1
78-053
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RE-
SEARCH series. This series describes projects and studies relating to the toler-
ances of man for unhealthful substances or conditions. This work is generally
assessed from a medical viewpoint, including physiological or psychological
studies. In addition to toxicology and other medical specialities, study areas in-
clude biomedical instrumentation and health research techniques utilizing ani-
mals but always with intended application to human health measures.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/1-78-053
August 1978
BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF SUMMATIONAL EXPOSURES TO LEAD
Tooth Lead in Children Living in Cleveland and Its Suburbs
by
Margaret A. Kelsall and Ruth E. Hunter
Laboratory of Cytology
Ohio Mental Health and Mental Retardation Research Center
1708 Aiken Avenue
Columbus, Ohio
Grant No. R-804632
Project Officer
Warren A. Galke
Population Studies Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
n
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FOREWORD
The many benefits of our modern, developing, industrial society
are accompanied by certain hazards. Careful assessment of the relative
risk of existing and new man-made environmental hazards is necessary
for the establishment of sound regulatory policy. These regulations
serve to enhance the quality of our environment in order to promote the
public health and welfare and the productive capacity of our Nation's
population.
The Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
conducts a coordinated environmental health research program in toxicology,
epidemiology, and clinical studies using human volunteer subjects.
These studies address problems in air pollution, non-ionizing
radiation, environmental carcinogenesis and the toxicology of pesticides
as well as other chemical pollutants. The Laboratory participates in
the development and revision of air quality criteria documents on
pollutants for which national ambient air quality standards exist or
are proposed, provides the data for registration of new pesticides or
proposed suspension of those already in use, conducts research on
hazardous and toxic materials, and is primarily responsible for providing
the health basis for non-ionizing radiation standards. Direct support
to the regulatory function of the Agency is provided in the form of
expert testimony and preparation of affidavits as well as expert advice
to the Administrator to assure the adequacy of health care and surveillance
of persons having suffered imminent and substantial endangerment of
their health.
Lead is a toxic material which is present throughout the environment.
As such it is important to know which if any people have absorbed it into
their bodies. This report covers an epidemiologic study of the geographic
distribution of lead absorption in the Cleveland Metropolitan area by
measuring the amount of lead in the shed baby teeth of children. The
study also related levels of lead in teeth to various environmental
sources of lead.
F. G. Hueter, Ph. D.
Acting Director,
Health Effects Research Laboratory
m
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CONTENTS
Preface and Acknowl edgments i v
Summary vi i i
Figures Xiii
Tables xiv
1. Introduction 1
2. Methods 5
Field methodology of lead absorption study 5
Data gathered for lead absorption study 6
Field methodology for behavioral study 13
Map of schools and air stations 15
3. Results 16
Demographic variables 16
Lead absorption study 20
Neurological effects of lead 41
4. Discussion 47
Summary of results 47
Implications of results and recommendations 52
References 54
Sources of Data 57
Form Used for Teacher Evaluations 58
Tables 59-147
IV
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PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Health Effects Research Laboratory of the United States Environmental
Protection Agency awarded the Ohio Department of Mental Health and Mental
Retardation a grant to analyze data it had accumulated on tooth lead levels in
the Cleveland Metropolitan area. This study was to examine the geographical
distribution of tooth lead, its environmental sources, and its behavioral
effects. During the six-month period of the grant, Mrs. Ruth E. Hunter and
Dr. Margaret A. Kelsall collected and organized data on race, vehicle traffic,
industry, mean income, and air pollution levels.
The Ohio Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation sponsored the
research for the previous four-year period. The quantitation of lead in shed
or extracted teeth of 11,241 children who attended 254 elementary schools
in Cuyahoga County or who were treated at dental clinics and institutions;
determination of the percent lifespan of residency; tabulations by teachers of
children's school behavior in 52 schools; and other aspects of this report
were done during the years the research was sponsored by the Ohio Department
of Mental Health and Mental Retardation.
The cooperation of Mrs. Conella Coulter Brown and Mr. L. Barrett Smith
of the Cleveland Board of Education enabled us to distribute the parent con-
sent slips to obtain the tooth samples of children in the Cleveland Public
Schools and to distribute and collect the teacher evaluation sheets. Public
school systems which cooperated included the following: Cleveland Public,
Parma, Williamsfield, Rocky River, Brooklyn, Brecksville, Garfield Heights,
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Cuyahoga Heights, Maple Heights, Euclid, Lodi, Olmstead Falls, Lakewood, and
Cleveland Heights/University Heights. The County Board of Retardation also
assisted in collection of tooth samples. Dr. James Fintz of the Catholic
School system and Dr. E. F. Sagehorn of the Lutheran School system also
cooperated in the distribution of information and collection of samples.
The progress of this research was facilitated by the cooperation of
dentists in Cleveland. The Cleveland Dental Association passed a resolution
supporting the work and volunteered assistance. Eugene Rosewater, D.D.S;
Anthony J. Tomaro, D.D.S, of The Dental Clinic at Metropolitan General
Hospital; Daniel Verne, D.D.S, of Mt. Sinai Hospital and the dental clinics
at St. Lukes and Babies and Children's Hospitals cooperated by providing the
samples of extracted teeth. Earl Willhoit, D.D.S., and Richard Smithy D.D.S.,
at Cleveland Psychiatric Institute gave us information pertaining to techni-
que and equipment and also provided samples of extracted teeth. Howard
Kessler, D.D.S., encouraged and helped us by providing a collection center
for shed teeth from children in the schools of the Cleveland Public School
System. Dr. David Scott of Case Western Reserve Dental School gave advice on
information useful in dental research.
A number of organizations also assisted in presenting our program to
parents. The Cuyahoga County PTA included a notice of the project in a news-
letter to its chapters in the County. The Cleveland PTA assisted in the
distribution of forms requiring the signatures of parents and the information
on children. Nurses of the Cuyahoga County Board of Health informed parents
vi
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of the need for lead tests.
The press, TV and radio stations, and a number of organizations assisted
in presenting our program to parents. This assistance by the media provided
the public with information on the value of lead analysis of the teeth and
resulted in a well-distributed geographical response. The
Cleveland Plain Dealer ran a full page article by Paula Slimak describing the
purpose and value of the research on tooth lead. The Cleveland Press also
printed articles on the value of testing baby teeth for lead. TV stations
WUAB and WKBF interviewed Mrs. Hunter and gave her the opportunity to describe
the purposes of the research and the value of lead analysis of teeth. Radio
Station WCLV gave Mrs. Hunter air time to inform the public.
Specialized maps were required for determining the location of the
schools, housing risks, vehicle traffic, the socio-economic factors and other
variables. Mr. C. J. Thoren of the Maps Department of the U.S. Department of
Commerce, The Cleveland City Planning Commission, Cleveland Growth Board,
Regional Planning Board, Northeastern Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency, and
the Office of the Cuyahoga County Engineer were most helpful by providing
large scale maps designed for the special aspects of housing, census tracts
and other information.
The following individuals and hospital groups donated their services for
collecting blood samples of suburban children who had elevated tooth lead:
Dr. Robert Marshall of Lakewood Hospital, Mr. James Meyer and Mrs. Patricia
Moore of Parma Community Hospital, and Miss Maryann Harvan, Mrs. Barbara Ryan
vii
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and Mrs. Barbara Ryba of Suburban Hospital in Warrensville Heights. Dr. Gary
Davidson of the Ohio Department of Health did the blood lead analysis for the
suburban children who had elevated tooth lead. Dr. Jack Wilt, the Chief of
Community Hygiene, did the tests for blood lead on the Cleveland children who
had elevated tooth lead.
Mr. Robert King and Mr. J. S. Fordyce of the NASA Lewis Research Center
provided the data on air lead, cadmium, and antimony; and Mr. George Craig of
the Air Pollution Control Board gave us the data on particulate and SC^.
Without these data and their cooperation, air variables could not have been
related to tooth lead. Technical information was given to us by Dr. Eleanor
Berman, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois. The Ohio Environmental
Pollution Agency checked our lead standards for accuracy. Computer analyses
were done by Dr. Thomas Holland and Mr. Aharon Fein of the Human Resources
Laboratory of Case-Western University
We especially appreciate the assistance of Mrs. Kathleen Polak for typing
the tables, manuscript and other assistance in the preparation of this report.
VI11
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SUMMARY
Lead in shed deciduous teeth is an indicator of the lifetime accumu-
lated absorption of lead experienced by children in response to environ-
mental exposures. In contrast to this, lead in blood is known to be
transitory and reflects most commonly recent exposures.
The objectives of this research were analyses of lead burdens, as
indicated by lead in the teeth of children living in Cleveland and some
of its suburbs, in relation to geographical location, housing, vehicle
traffic, mean income, industry, and air lead; and the assessment of
accumulated tooth lead in relation to physical, emotional and learning
disabilities of children.
The amount of lead in the teeth of 11,241 children in Cleveland and
its suburbs which were located at varying radii and in all three direc-
tions from the center of Cleveland was determined by use of atomic
absorption spectroscopy. Tooth samples were obtained from children
enrolled in 135 elementary schools in the Cleveland public school system,
43 Catholic schools in Cleveland, 11 Lutheran schools, and 70 schools in
the suburbs.
Mean amounts of lead in the teeth of children living in some suburbs
were as high as those for children living within the City of Cleveland.
The mean amount of lead in incisor and molar teeth of 5,333 children in
the Cleveland public school system was 5.57 ± 2.05 mg Pb/100 grams of
tissue. The mean tooth lead for the suburbs was 5.45 mg Pb/100 g.
The percent frequency of children who had 8.0 or more mg Pb/100 g was
IX
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approximately the same for the Cleveland and suburban children. Elevated
tooth lead (8.0 or more mg Pb/100 g) was present in the teeth of 13.2% (834)
of the 6,326 Cleveland children and 12.6% (460) of the 3,653 children living
in the nine suburbs.
The percent occurrence of children having 8.0 or more mg Pb/lOOg was
determined for each school. The location of schools and the % occurrence of
elevated tooth lead showed the following:
1. The % occurrence of elevated tooth lead for schools did not follow
a radial pattern of decrease from the center of the city to the suburbs
and exurbs. Schools which had the highest frequencies of elevated tooth
lead were scattered in their geographical location throughout the City
of Cleveland and its suburbs.
2. The ranges in percent occurrence of elevated tooth lead varied more
between schools within Cleveland and within most suburbs than between the
City of Cleveland and it suburbs or between suburbs.
Shed crowns of incisor teeth which did not have a cavity or filling
represented 75% of the sample of the Cleveland children and 80% of the sample
bf children in the suburbs. The frequency of elevated tooth lead (8.0 or
more mg Pb/100 g) in shed incisor teeth which did not have a cavity or
filling was 15.2% of the 3,911 children in the Cleveland public schools and
15.5% of the 2,854 children in the nine suburbs.
Molar crowns without cavities and/or fillings comprised 17.6% of the
samples of children in the Cleveland public schools and 12.2% of the suburban
group. The incidence of elevated lead in molar crowns without cavities and/or
fillings was 4.3% for the Cleveland group; and 3.2% for the school systems in
the nine suburbs.
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Frequency distributions of the amounts of lead in shed incisor crowns
without cavities and/or fillings for the 3,911 children in the Cleveland
public schools were the following: 39% of the teeth had 0-4.9 mg Pb/100 g;
46%, 5-7.9 mg Pb; and 15.2%, 8.0 or more mg Pb/100 g. For the 2,854 children
in the 70 suburban schools, the % frequency distribution of lead in shed
incisor crowns without cavities and/or fillings were the following: 42%
had 0-4.9 mg Pb/lOOg; 42%, 5-7.9 mg Pb; and 15.5% were in the sange of 8.0 or
more mg Pb/100 g.
The amount of lead in incisor crown tissue of shed teeth which did not
have a cavity and/or filling decreased with the age at the time of tooth loss.
Coefficients of correlation between the amounts of lead in shed teeth and the
age at time of tooth loss were significant for each of the public and paro-
chial school systems. Greater amounts of tooth lead in the younger children
may be due to loss of less lead during a shorter period of resorption of the
roots of the deciduous teeth. However, the possibility that many of the
younger children were subjected to increased lead pollution during infancy and
the toddler stage should also be considered.
The occurrence of elevated tooth lead (8.0 mg Pb/100 g) was highest in
five-year-old boys and girls. For the 2,120 boys in the Cleveland public
schools, the incidence of elevated tooth lead decreased from 27.8% in five-
year-olds to 5.2% for the boys aged 9 through 12 years. The incidence of
elevated tooth lead was 24.7% for five-year-old girls and decreased to 5.2%
for girls aged 9 through 12.
A similar decrease of tooth lead with age occurred in boys and girls
living in the suburbs. The incidence of elevated tooth lead was 26.1% for
five-year-old boys and 1.4% for boys 9 through 12 years old. The incidence
XI
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of elevated tooth lead was 22.2% for five-year-old girls and 2.4% for girls
9 through 12 years old.
The percent occurrence of elevated tooth lead for children in 126 of the
Cleveland public schools was positively correlated with the number of indust-
ries within a one-half mile radius of schools in the Cleveland public school
system. However, the percent occurrence of elevated tooth lead was not
significantly correlated with any of the following: % pre-1950 houses in the
census tract of the school; the % white children in the school; mean income
of the census tract in which the school was located; or with the number of
vehicles passing through major intersections in a one-half mile radius of the
schools.
Risk of obtaining lead from household paint was estimated by using the
percent of pre-1950 built houses within the census tract. As expected, the
percent of pre-1950 built houses in the census tracts of the school was
negatively correlated with mean income for the Cleveland public and parochial
school systems. The percent of pre-1950 built houses was positively cor-
related with lead industries for the Cleveland public and parochial schools
and also for the suburban public schools. The number of lead industries had
significant negative correlations with mean income for all three groups of
school systems. The percent white children in the Cleveland public schools
correlated positively with mean income. However, the percent white children
in the suburban school systems was not significantly correlated with mean
income. The percent white children was significantly negatively correlated
with the percent pre-1950 housing and with vehicle traffic.
The incidence of elevated tooth lead in Cleveland public and parochial
schools was not related to air lead exposure when measured by the percent of
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air lead samples above 1,515 ng/m . Furthermore, the incidence of elevated
tooth lead was not related to air particulate levels, percentage of air
3
cadmium levels above 19.5 ng/m , percentage of air antimony levels above 217
3 3
ng/m , or percentage tests of S0_ levels above 80 ng/m .
3
The percent age of daily air lead levels above 1,515 ng/m was 10% or
more for 10 to 17 Cleveland air-collecting stations. For air station #10,
3
60% (15 of 25) of the samples were above 1,515 ng/m . Air station #14 did
not have any of 34 samples for air lead above 1,515 ng/m . Air cadmium data
were obtained at the same 17 air stations where the air lead was determined.
With the exception of air station #19, all air stations which had 10% or
3
more of the samples with air lead levels above 1,515 ng/m also had 10% to
3
24% of their samples with cadmium levels above the baseline of 19.5 ng/m .
Antimony in amounts above 217 ng/m was present in 40% and 54% of the samples
from two air stations. The air lead scores of percent samples above 1,515
3
ng Pb/m was not related to air suspended particulate, air cadmium, or S0_;
but had a significantly negative correlation with the percent of samples for
3
air antimony above 217 ng/m .
Air lead was significantly correlated with the teacher evaluation scores
of the physical and emotional symptoms, and the learning disabilities which
may be related to lead toxicity. The significance of Pearson coefficients
of correlation between the percent of air lead samples above 1,515 ng/m
and the scores of the teacher evaluations were the following: .028 for the
seven physical symptoms; .008 for the ten emotional characteristics; and
.019 for the seven learning disabilities. The Spearman correlations were
also significant.
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Percent Elevated Tooth Lead in Suburbs and Cleveland 22
2 Lead in Incisor Crowns of Teeth without Cavities/Fillings . . 24
3 Elevated Tooth Lead and Tooth Type 26
4 Frequency Distribution of Amounts of Tooth Lead 31
5 Age and Tooth Lead for Children in Cleveland 33
6 Age and Tooth Lead for Children in One Suburb 35
MAP
Location of Schools and Air Stations 15
xiv
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TABLES
Number Page
1-4 Vehicle Traffic and Schools 59
5-8 Pre-1950 Housing and Schools 63
9-12 Mean Income and Schools 66
13 Percent White Children and Schools 68
14 Lead Industries and Schools .69
15 Incidence above Baselines of Air Variables 70
16 Particulate Tests of Air Collecting Stations 71
17 Percent Tests 2X Mean of Air Lead 72
18 Percent Tests 5X Mean of Air Cadmium 73
19 Percent Tests 5X Mean of Air Antimony 74
20 Mean Tooth Lead by School System 75
21 Summary of Elevated Tooth Lead 76
22-26 Frequency Distribution of Amounts of Tooth Lead 77
27-35 Lead in Shed Incisor Crowns 82
36 Tooth Lead and % Life at Residence 100
37-38 Age at Tooth Loss and Tooth Lead 102
39-40 Sex, Age and Amounts of Tooth Lead 104
41-50 Demographic and Exposure Variables of Schools 106
51-52 Housing Risk and Elevated Tooth Lead 122
53-54 Vehicle Traffic and Elevated Tooth Lead 123
55-56 Mean Income and Elevated Tooth Lead 125
XV
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Number Page
57-58 Correlations of Elevated Tooth Lead and Variables 126
59 Air Stations and Demographic Variables 130
60-61 Elevated Tooth Lead and Air Variables 138
62-63 Learning, Behavioral and Physical Scores 142
64-65 Correlations of Teacher Evaluation Scores 145
66 Teacher Evaluations Scores and Race 147
67-68 Correlations of Learning, Behavioral, and Physical Scores . . . 149
69-70 Correlations of Air Variables and Teacher Evaluation Scores. . .150
71 Teacher Evaluations in Seven Suburbs 152
72 Age and Teacher Evaluations in Nine Suburbs 153
XVI
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This investigation on lead in shed deciduous teeth of children includes
consideration of the period of residency, lead content of air, and evaluations
by teachers of physical, emotional and learning disabilities of their
students. Earlier reports on tooth lead in children were based upon
very small samples of suburban children. This study included more than
7,000 children in Cleveland and 4,000 children in 11 suburbs located at vary-
ing radii and in all three directions from the City of Cleveland.
Our review of the literature indicated that the principal cause of lead
poisoning in children is considered to be lead based paint and that lead
poisoning was considered primarily a hazard for children living in the inner
cities. In the design of this project, therefore, we selected for the collect-
ion of tooth samples elementary schools within the City of Cleveland and
suburban schools located at varying radii in all three directions from the
center of Cleveland. We expected to find a higher prevalence of elevated
tooth lead in children living in the inner city than in those living in the
suburbs. However, our observations on lead in the teeth of the first 2,500
children showed pockets of a high prevalence of elevated tooth lead in delimit-
ed areas of the suburbs.
Since this observation showed the need for investigation of the sources
of lead in these "pockets" of the suburbs, we studied stationary source of
emissions, mobile source emissions as well as the housing risk. The percent
1
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of lifespan that the children lived in the house where residing when the tooth
was shed was determined for each child. This percent lifespan of residency
enabled us to relate data on tooth lead to housing and other environmental
sources of lead pollution. Data obtained from the survey of atmospheric
pollutants made by NASA for air collecting stations in the City of Cleveland
during August 1971 to August 1972 permitted us to relate tooth lead to atmos-
pheric lead, cadmium, and antimony. The Cleveland Air Pollution Center gave
us the data on air particulate and SCL from 1971-1972.
Teacher evaluations of student characteristics were used to determine
possible effects of accumulated lead on children in 24 schools in Cleveland
and 26 suburban elementary schools. The teacher evaluations of children's
performance were rated on a tridimensional scale which included physical,
emotional, and learning disabilities. After approximately half of the 11,241
samples of teeth from children living in Cleveland and in all of the suburbs
were analyzed, we selected those inner city and suburban schools which had
the highest prevalence of elevated tooth lead and matched these schools with
nearby schools having low prevalences of elevated tooth lead but having similar
socio-economic characteristics. Evaluations of children by teachers at the
end of the school term is an applicable method because some of the postulated
behavioral effects of lead absorption should be recognizable in the classroom.
ACCUMULATED LEAD IN TEETH
Lead in excess of the amount which can be eliminated accumulates in the
bones and teeth (Brudevold and Steadman, 1956). Shed baby teeth are excellent
indicators of a child's lifetime exposure to more lead than can be eliminated.
Dentine and enamel in the teeth are not subjected to remodeling as is bone be-
cause teeth do not undergo calcification except in cases of injury (Strehlow and
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and Kneip, 1969). In addition, shed deciduous teeth are readily and easily
available samples. Tests for blood lead are useful in detecting cases of
acute lead poisoning, but do not indicate chronic cases (Herman, 1966) or
previous summated exposures (Needleman, Davidson, Sewell and Shapiro, 1974).
In 1962, Altshuller, Halak, Landing and Kehoe showed the value of using
deciduous teeth as an index of accumulated lead. They found that the mean
tooth lead was 15.9 mg Pb per 100 g. in six children who died of lead poison-
ing and 11.6 mg Pb per 100 g. in nine children who survived acute lead poi<;on-
ing (Altshuller, Halak, Landing and Kehoe, 1962). Since 1972, shed and
extracted teeth have been used to determine the amounts of accumulated lead
in children in Philadelphia (Needleman, Tuncay and Shapiro, 1972); Shapiro,
Dobkin, Tuncay and Needleman, 1973), Charleston (Habercam, Reigart and Croft,
1974), and Belfast Ireland (Sewart, 1974).
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF LEAD ABSORPTION
Hyperactivity of children is perhaps the most difficult and prevalent
problem for teachers in elementary schools. More than half of a group of
hyperactive children were reported to have blood lead in the upper level of
the normal range (David, Clark and Voeller, 1972). Subclinical levels of
lead appear to produce short and long term effects on behavior and intelli-
gence (Bryce-Smith, 1972). However, indirect effects of visual motor deficit
also affect learning and may aggrevate hyperactivity. Werry (1968) states
that visual motor deficits are probably more directly responsible for learn-
ing disorders than hyperactivity or attention deficits. Hyperactive children
frequently have visual motor deficits which cause poor handwriting and inter-
fere with school work and participation in activities in the schoolroom
(Laufer, Denhoff and Solomons, 1957).
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Visual motor deficits were a permanent residual effect of lead poisoning
in all cases studied by Bradley and Baungartner (1958). Chelation treatments
used for removal of lead may differ in improvement of visual motor function.
Bradley and Baungartner (1958) found that use of EDTA produced better improve-
ment in visual motor tests than BAL. De laBurde and Choate (1972) state that many
lead-poisoned children who do not have clinical signs of encephalopathy show
subtle signs of brain injury on later evaluations. Behavioral and visual-
motor effects were the most frequent effects of lead poisoning and were
present in many individuals who had normal intelligence (De laBurde and Choate,
1972). Bryce-Smith (1972) states that supposedly "acceptable" exposures to
lead may be associated with adverse behavioral effects.
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SECTION 2
METHODS
FIELD METHODOLOGY OF LEAD ABSORPTION STUDY
Sample Frame
The sample frame for collection of tooth samples was elementary schools
and special institutions in Cuyahoga County of Ohio. Children in both the
public and parochial elementary schools in Cleveland and in the public and
parochial schools in the suburbs lived in the immediate area of their
elementary schools. Response to the initial request for participation result-
ed in the collection of teeth from 11,241 children. Since the Department of
Mental Health and Mental Retardation of Ohio advised us not to collect addi-
tional samples, follow-up of the first request was not done in order to
increase the response rate.
Within the context of Cuyahoga County, children were divided into three
major categories: a) Cleveland School System, b) Suburban School Systems,
and c) Special Institutions. Within the City of Cleveland, the first major
breakdown was the Cleveland public schools and the parochial schools. Parents
of children in 135 elementary schools in the Cleveland public school system
sent in the shed baby teeth of their children. Parochial schools included 42
elementary schools in the Roman Catholic school system in the City of
Cleveland, and 11 Lutheran schools in Cleveland and the suburbs. Suburbs
were selected to include those located at varying radii in all directions
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from the center of Cleveland. The total number of public elementary schools
was 70 for all of the suburban school systems. Six exurban schools were also
included.
Special institutions included six dental clinics, three institutions of
the Ohio Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, and institutions
for children with special disabilities. Three of the dental clinics were
located on the east side of the Cuyahoga River; and three, on the west side.
Collection of Samples
Parental permission slips and envelopes for enclosing the shed tooth were
distributed by school systems through classrooms of elementary schools to the
parents. When the child lost a tooth, the parent signed the parental permis-
sion slip for lead analysis and supplied the information requested (name, age,
sex, twin, address, number and age of siblings, birthplace, and number of
years of residency at current address). Children deposited the envelopes
which contained the shed tooth, signed slip, and information in collection
boxes at the schools. Periodically, schools sent these envelopes to a central
collection center for the school system.
DATA GATHERED FOR LEAD ABSORPTION STUDY
Information Obtained From Parents
Information on children included age and sex because preliminary analysis
indicated that elevated tooth lead was present in more teeth of five-year-olds
than in the teeth shed by older children. Sex is a variable in relation to
maturational development and the incidence of pica. The number and age of
younger siblings is a variable of socio-demographic significance. Information
on younger siblings was also obtained to provide a means for follow-up blood
6
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tests for younger siblings of the children who had elevated tooth lead.
The percent lifespan of residency was determined for each child by
using the age of the child and the period of residency at address where
living when the tooth was shed or extracted. The period of residency of
children who lived 80% to 100% of their life at an address was related to
environmental factors because tooth lead represents lifetime exposure to
more lead than can be eliminated. In contrast, blood lead levels fluctuate
(
daily and hair lead levels fluctuate monthly.
Tooth Lead
Preparation and Analysis of Samples
Each tooth was in an envelope with the consent slip signed by the parent
and the information on the children. This information was recorded according
to identification of the tooth, presence or absence of cavities and/or fill-
ings, and by school system, school, and individual child.
Precautions to exclude contamination of the tooth sample by extraneous
lead began by staining the plaque on the tooth. The tooth was then placed
into triple distilled water containing pumice and sonic cleaned. This clean-
ing step was followed by hand cleaning done by using a hand dental piece and
appropriate tips to eliminate debri on the surface and in crevices of the
teeth. All fillings and cavities were cut or drilled out. Only tooth enamel
and dentine were used for the sample.
The sample was cut and weighed, placed into a crucible which was capped
and ashed in a muffle furnace below 500° C to eliminate the organic compon-
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ents. The ash was picked up in concentrated nitric and perchloric acid. The
crucible and its cap were rinsed with acid solution. The sample was wet
digested for 24 hours; then diluted to a 10% solution with deionized distilled
water for aspiration into the flame of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
(AAS) (Harrison, Yurachek and Benson, 1969). The samples were warmed just
enough in a water bath to put the supersaturated material into solution,
Vortex mixed, and then aspirated into the AAS.
Quality Control Considerations--
To keep out contaminants, filters were placed on air vents of the
laboratory rooms used in preparing the tooth samples. The windows were seal-
ed. This room was used only for tooth preparations. No smoking was permitt-
ed. Teflon hand tools and diamond cutting tools were used. Since eentrifug-
ing causes loss of lead in the residue, this step was eliminated. All samples
were in solution when run on the AAS. Each sample was run in duplicate and
rerun if indicated.
All steps of tooth preparation (cleaning, cutting, weighing, wet ashing,
and spectroscopy) were done by random sampling. Each run contained samples
of boys and girls of various ages and of children enrolled in different
public and private, Cleveland and suburban school systems. This random
sampling was used at all steps to reduce variations of technicians and the
testing procedure by distribution throughout the analysis of the total tooth
sample. Fisher Standards were used. All chemicals were ACS Reagents. Nitric
acid had .00001% Pb; perchloric acid had .0001% Pb. Our standards were
checked by laboratories specializing in quantitative analyses of trace
elements and toxic metals.
-------
Traffic Density Score
The vehicle traffic or HWAY score represents the total number of
vehicles passing through the major intersections within a one-half mile
radius of a school during one 12-hour period from 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM on one
of the five work days of weeks in June, July or August in the years from 1957
to 1970 inclusive.
Source of Data--
The source of data for the HWAY score was the following: "Traffic at
Major Road Intersections in Order of Total Vehicles during the 12-hour
Period 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM. Revised to include 1970 Counts. Published, 1971,
Albert S. Porter, P.E., Cuyahoga County Engineer, 1928 Standard Building,
Cleveland, Ohio 44113".
There were 31 pages in the combined report and two sets of figures. The
first list consisted of 768 busiest intersections in Cuyahoga County during
the period of 1968, 1969, and 1970. The second list consisted of the inter-
sections on which vehicle counts were made during the period from 1957 to
1967 inclusive. These two lists contained 1,050 of the busiest intersections
in Cleveland, its suburbs and other parts of Cuyahoga County. The number of
vehicles passing through the intersections during a 12-hour period ranged from
85,596 to 200 vehicles for the 1,050 intersections.
Determination of Traffic Density Score--
All intersections in the above lists were located on maps for each of
the public and parochial elementary schools included in this study. The exact
number of vehicles passing through the intersections during the 12-hour period
was recorded on tabs placed on the intersections. A one-half mile radius
around each elementary school was the area included in determining the HWAY
9
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score. The total number of vehicles passing through all intersections within
the one-half mile radius of each elementary school was determined. This
number was rounded off to the nearest 100 after the total number of vehicles
in the one-half mile radius was determined. This number was the HWAY score.
A "0" score was given to those schools which did not contain a single inter-
section in the list of the 1,050 busiest intersections in Cuyahoga County.
Housing Risk Score
Source of Data--
The census tracts in which elementary schools were located were the basis
for obtaining information on housing risks and mean income. The map used to
identify the census tracts was the following: "Map Compiled, Published and
Copyrighted by Commercial Survey Company Map Publishers and Designers, 203
Caxton Building, 812 Huron Road, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115". The source of in-
formation for housing and income was the following: "Census Tracts, Cleveland,
Ohio, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area", U.S. Bureau of the Census
Population and Housing: 1970 Census Tracts. Final Report (PHC (l)-45)
Cleveland, Ohio, SMSA. After elementary schools were located on the exact
area of city blocks on the map showing census tracts, the census tract numbers
were recorded for each school.
Determination of Housing Risk Score--
The housing risk (HRISK) score for schools was the percent of year-round
constructed before 1950 for the census tract in which the schools were
located. Tables H-2 "Structural, Equipment, and Financial Characteristics of
Housing Units: 1970" in the PHC (l)-45 article listed above were used to
determine HRISK scores.
10
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The number under the heading "Number Year-Round Housing Units" was
recorded for each school. The number of housing units built in 1939 or
earlier was recorded for each school. The number of housing units built
during 1940-1949 was also recorded for each school. The number of units built
before 1939 was added to the number built during the period from 1940-1949.
This sum was divided by the number of all-year-round housing units to deter-
mine the percent of housing constructed prior to 1950. Percent figures were
rounded off to the nearest whole number; for example, 80.5% became 81%;
80.45%, 80%.
Income Score
The mean income (ECON) score was the mean annual income listed for the
census.tracts in which the schools were located. Tables P-4 "Income Charact-
eristics of the Population: 1970" in the U.S. Bureau of Census Population
and Housing: 1970 Census Tracts. Final Report (PHC (l)-45), Cleveland, Ohio,
SMSA were used to determine the mean annual income for the census tracts.
Lead Industry Score
Source of Data--
The industry score (IND) indicates the actual number of lead industries
within the one-half mile radius of the elementary schools. The source for
IND scores was the following: "1972 Directory of Ohio Manufacturers" by the
Bureau of Economic Research, Ohio Department of Development. 27th Edition.
Volume 1.
11
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Determination of Lead Industry Score--
Industries which use lead to process raw materials, treat products
during the process of manufacture or otherwise use lead in manufacturing a
product were marked. The selected industries were checked by a consultant
who corrected and verified the accuracy of the use of lead in these indust-
ries. The addresses of the lead industries were marked on maps. The number
of lead industries within a one-half mile radius of each of the elementary
schools was the IND score.
Air Pollution Levels
Determination of Air Pollution Exposure--
Air Lead.The air lead score was the percent occurrence of analyzed air-
lead samples which were above 1,515 nanograms of lead per cubic meter of air.
The baseline of 1,515 ng/rn^ was obtained by multiplying the mean of 757.8
3 3
ng/m by two. The mean of 757.8 ng/m was the arithmetic mean of the 16
annual geometric means for 16 air-collecting stations in Cleveland.
Air Cadmium.The air cadmium score was the percent occurrence of analyzed
air cadmium samples which were above 19.5 nanograms of cadmium per cubic meter of
air. The baseline of 19.5 ng/m^ was obtained by multiplying the mean of 3.9
by five. The mean of 3.9 ng/m^ was the arithmetic mean of the 16 annual
geometric means for the 16 air-collecting stations in Cleveland.
Air Antimony.The air antimony score was the percent occurrence of analyz-
ed air antimony samples which were above 217 nanograms per cubic meter of air.
The baseline of 217 ng/m^ was obtained by multiplying the mean of 43.4 ng/m
by five. The mean of 43.4 was the arithmetic mean of the 16 annual geometric
means for the 16 air-collecting stations in Cleveland.
12
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Air SO;..--Data on S02 for air-collecting stations within Cleveland for
the period of August 1971 to August 1972 were obtained from Mr. George Craig
of the Air Pollution Center for the City of Cleveland. The SC>2 score was the
percent occurrence of analyzed SO^ tests which were 80 micrograms or more
per cubic meter of air. The baseline of 80 ^ug SO^/m^ was used because this
amount of 862 is the Federal Annual Mean Standard (Bergman, H. G. 1960.
Comments on the USEPA Development of a Sulfur Dioxide Control Strategy for the
State of Ohio).
Air Particulate.--The air particulate score was the percent occurrence of
analyzed particulate tests which were above 125 micrograms of particulate per
cubic meter of air. The baseline used was 125 jug/m^ which is the arithmetic
mean of the annual arithmetic means of the 20 air-collecting stations in
Cleveland. These data were also obtained from Mr. George Craig of the
Air Pollution Center of Cleveland.
FIELD METHODOLOGY FOR BEHAVIORAL STUDY
Sample Frame
After contacting the superintendents of each school system, teacher eval-
uation sheets (one per child) were taken to those schools which had the high-
est percent prevalence of children with elevated tooth lead levels and
to schools having the lowest prevalence. Control schools were those which
had low prevalences and were located in a nearby area with similiar socio-
economic characteristics. These schools were selected on the data collected
at the time one-third of the tooth samples were analyzed.
13
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Sample Collection
Included in the packets of the evaluation sheets was a letter to
principals of the schools advising them of the project and letters for each
teacher. Teachers were invited to fill out an evaluation sheet for each child
in class. No name was required, just the grade book number, age and sex of
the child, room number, and the name of the school. Teachers evaluated their
classes at the end of the school year. The teachers did not know if their
school or class had a high or low prevalence of elevated tooth lead.
Determination of Teacher Evaluation of Child Score
Teacher evaluations were scored as five separate items (left-handed,
medication, physical, emotional and learning scores) for each elementary
school. Physical characteristics included gait, convulsions, tremors of the
hand, muscular incoordination, squinting of eyes, ambidexterous, and matura-
tion lag. Emotional evaluations included restlessness, cries easily,
aggressive behavior, impulsive, temper outbursts, emotional instability,
cruel behavior, withdrawn, bangs head, and unpopular with peers. Learning
characteristics included regressions in writing or drawing, reading, and
speech; poor memory, difficulty in arithmetic; and short attention span.
The physical evaluation score was the percent frequency of the "Yes"
response for the total seven physical measurements. The emotional score was
the percent frequency of the total ten emotional characteristics. The
learning score was the percent frequency of the total seven learning traits.
14
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15
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SECTION 3
RESULTS
DEMOGRAPHIC AND EXPOSURE VARIABLES
Vehicle Traffic
The frequency distribution of scores for vehicle traffic for the element-
ary schools is included in Tables 1-4. The frequency distribution
for suburban schools included the following suburbs: Brooklyn, Cleveland
Heights, Cuyahoga Heights, Euclid, Garfield Heights, Lakewood, Maple Heights,
Parma, Parma Heights, University Heights, Seven Hills, Rocky River, and
Olmstead Falls. The vehicle traffic counts for elementary schools ranged
from 0.0 to 160,000 vehicles passing through intersections during a 12-hour
period. The 0.0 score means that there was not a single intersection listed
among the 1,050 busiest intersections in Cuyahoga County within the one-half
mile radius of the school. It was not possible at this time for us to obtain
information on vehicle traffic through intersections not included in the
information provided by the Office of the Cuyahoga County Engineer.
Contrary to what one might expect, almost twice as many Cleveland public
as suburban public schools were located in the center of an area having
low vehicle counts. For example, 30% (39 of 131) of the schools in the
Cleveland public school system were in the center of a half-mile circle
which did not contain a single intersection listed amount the 1,050 busiest
intersections"in'Cuyahoga Caunfy. In contrast, only 14.0% (10 of 71) of the
16
-------
of the suburban public schools were located in this low range of vehicle
traffic counts.
Higher percentages of the Cleveland public and Roman Catholic schools
were also in the ranges above 50,000 vehicles per 12-hour period. Thirty-
seven percent (49 of 131) of the Cleveland public schools and 48% (20 of 42)
Roman Catholic schools were located in the center of circles having 50,000
or more vehicles through intersections. For the suburban public schools, 25%
(17 of 69) schools were in the range above 50,000 vehicles per 12-hour period.
Housing Risk
The percent pre-1950 housing for census tracts of the Cleveland public
and Roman Catholic schools were much higher than that of the Lutheran and the
suburban schools. Frequency distributions of the percents of pre-1950 houses
for Cleveland public, Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and suburban schools are given
in Tables 5-8. These tables show that 61.8% (81 of 131) of the Cleveland
public schools and 62.7% (27 of 43) of the Roman Catholic schools in
Cleveland were located in census tracts in which 90% or more of the housing
units were constructed before 1950. In the suburbs, however, only 16.17%
of the schools were located in census tracts in which 90% or more of the
housing units were constructed before 1950.
Mean Income
The frequency distributions of mean annual income show that many of the
Cleveland public and parochial schools are located in census tracts having low
annual incomes. For example, 59% (77 of 131) of the Cleveland public schools
and 40% (17 of 43) Roman Catholic schools in Cleveland were located in census
17
-------
tracts with mean annual incomes of less than $10,000. In contrast, only two
of the 68 suburban schools (2.9%) were located in census tracts having less
than $10,000 mean income (Table 12). Furthermore,-one of these two suburban
schools does not represent a low-income area because it is located in a census
tract which includes many housing units for college students. In the range
of $12,000 to $13,000 mean incomes were located 44% (30 of 68) of the suburban
schools (Table 12). Only 9.9% (13 of 131) Cleveland public schools were in
this range. None of the Lutheran schools within Cleveland were in census
tracts having less than $10,000 mean income (Table 11).
Racial Factor
The frequency distribution of the Cleveland public schools shows that 45%
(59 of 130) schools had 0 to 10% white children and that 34% (44 of 130) had
90% to 100% white children (Table 13). Ethnic composition of the entire
Cleveland public school system consisted of 57% black children; and 39% white
children. The American Indian/Alaskan Native and the Asian/Pacific Islander
groups were represented by 0.3%, and the Hispanic group included only 2.9%.
Most children in schools having low percentages of white children were black
children.
The frequency distribution of racial composition shows that 81% of the
suburban schools had 95% to 100% white children (Table 13). All of the public
schools in six suburbs had 95% to 100% white children. In the public school
systems of three suburbs, one elementary school included in our study had less
that 95% white children. The other schools in these three systems had 95% to
100% white children. Five of six schools in another suburb had 95% to 100%
white children and 74% white children in the sixth school. In another system
18
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one school had 95% white children; 6 of 11, 81% to 94% white children, and
one had 48% white children.
Lead Industries
The frequency distribution of Cleveland public, parochial, and suburban
public schools shows that 76% (54) of the 71 suburban schools were located
in areas which did not have a single lead industry within the half-mile
radius of the school (Table 14). Only 21% of the Cleveland public and 29%
of the parochial schools were surrounded by a half-mile radius which did
not contain a single lead industry. None of the suburban schools had an
industry score of more than four lead industries, but 24% (32 of 133) of the
Cleveland public schools and 23% (12 of 52) of the parochial schools had
more than five lead industries within the one-half mile radius of the
schools.
Ambient Air Pollution
Scores for particulate, lead, cadmium, antimony, and SO,, and data used
to determine these scores are given in Tables 15-19. The percent of the
air samples for total suspended particulate above the annual mean of 125.1
3
yg/m for the 20 air collecting stations ranged from 82.8% (48 of 58 tests)
for Air Station 1 to 12.2% (9 of 74 tests) for Air Station 12 (Table 16).
More than half of the analyzed samples for Air Stations 1, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17
o
and 21 had particulate counts above 125 yg/m during the year from August 1971
to August 1972.
The percent of samples with air lead above 1,515 ng/m was 10% or
more for 10 of 17 Cleveland air-collecting stations. (Table 17).
For air station 10, 29% (15 of 51) of the tests for air lead
19
-------
3
were above 1,515 ng/m . Air Station 14 did not have any of the 34 tests for
air lead above 1,515 ng/m .
Air cadmium levels were determined for the same 17 air stations included
in the lead results (Table 18). All air stations except 19 which had 10% or
o
more of the tests for air lead above 1,515 ng/m also had 10 to 24% of their
o
tests for cadmium above the baseline of 19.5 ng/m .
3
Antimony in amounts above 217 ng/m was present in greater than 45%
of the samples for two air stations in Cleveland (Table 19). The occurrence
of air lead levels above 1,515 ng was only 3% (1 of 33) for air station 13,
which had a 54.5% (18 of 33 tests) above 217 ng Sb/m3.
LEAD ABSORPTION STUDY
Tooth Lead Levels
All Tooth Types
The mean of lead in incisor and molar teeth of 5,333 children in the
Cleveland public school system was 5.57 + 2.05 mg/100 g of tissue (Table 20).
The means of tooth lead for 3,704 children in nine suburbs ranged from a
low of 4.70 + 1.78 mg/100 g for 386 children in an eastern suburb to a high
of 6.54 + 2.54 for 134 children in a western suburb. These means for Cleveland
and also for its suburbs are approximately the same as those reported by
Needleman, Tuncay and Shapiro (1972) for 69 children in the "lead belt"
of Philadelphia. Needleman and coworkers found 51.1 + 10.9 ppm for the 69
children in the "lead belt" of Philadelphia. -
The means of tooth lead of the 3,704 children in all nine suburbs of
Cleveland were considerably higher than the mean of 11.1 + 14.8 mg/100 g reported
20
-------
by Needleman and coworkers for 40 teeth from children living in a suburb of
Philadelphia. However, our means of 4.70 + 1.78 mg to 6.54+2.54 mg/lOOg
fall within the range reported by Needleman, Davidson, Sewall and Shapiro
(1974) for white children living in newer houses. This mean of 41.7 ppm for
lead in 304 white children was based upon samples of dentine tissue only. Our
samples included enamel as well as dentine (Table 20).
The percentages of children who had 8.0 or more mg/100 g of tooth tissue
also show that children living in the Cleveland suburbs are exposed to as
much lead as are children living within the City of Cleveland. Elevated tooth
lead of 8.0 or more ppm was present in the teeth of 13.0% (824) of the 6,326
Cleveland children and 12.6% (460) of the 3,653 children living in nine suburbs
(Table 21), (Figure 1).
Comparisons of the prevalence of elevated tooth lead (8.0 or more mg/100 g)
among school systems show that school systems in some suburbs had a higher
prevalence of elevated lead than did children in the Cleveland public school
system (Table 21). For example, 13.3% (712) of the 5,367 children in Cleveland
public schools had 8.0 or more mg/100 g of tooth tissue. For 134 children in one
suburb, the prevalence of elevated tooth lead was 27.6%. For 330 children in
another suburb, the prevalence was 17.3% (Table 21).
The locations of suburbs and the prevalence of elevated tooth lead were
not related to their distance from the inner city or to the location of the
suburban area. For example, a suburb on the east side had the lowest preva-
lence of elevated lead, 5.2% or 20 of the 386 children. Furthermore, 15.8%
or 28 of the 177 children living in the exurbs had 8.0 or more mg/100 g of
tooth tissue. The prevalence of elevated lead was 21.8% for the hospital
group. Many of the teeth from children in the hospital group, however,
21
-------
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were extracted molar teeth.
Incisor and Molars (mean and elevated)
Shed and Incisor Crowns--
All teeth collected from the school systems were shed deciduous teeth.
The use of incisor crowns for lead analyses was approximately the same for
the three school systems in Cleveland and the nine suburbs listed in Tables
22 to 25. Incisor crowns without cavities or fillings comprise 75% (3,911)
of the 5,203 teeth of children in the Cleveland public schools; 75% (620)
of the 828 teeth of children in the Catholic schools; 73% of the 114 teeth
in the Lutheran group; and 80% (2,854) of the 3,577 teeth from children in
the suburban group.
Flevatec tooth lead in incisor crowns of shed deciduous teeth which
did not have cavities or fillings also show that children living in the
suburbs of Cleveland are exposed to excess lead. The incidence of ele-
vated tooth lead was 15.2% for the 3,911 Cleveland children and 15.5% for
the 2,854 children in the nine suburbs (Tables 22-25, Figure 2).
Molar Crowns--
Molar crowns of teeth which did not have cavities or fillings comprised
17.6% (914) of the teeth of the children in the Cleveland public schools;
17.5% (145) of the Catholic group; 18.4% (21) of the Lutheran group; and
12.2% (435) of the suburban group. The prevalence of elevated tooth lead
in molar crowns without cavities or fillings for the Cleveland public
schools was 4.3%; for the Catholic schools, 6.9%; for the Lutheran schools,
14.3%; and for the suburban schools, 3.2% (Tables 22-25).
The frequency of elevated tooth lead was higher in molar crowns of
23
-------
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24
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teeth which had a cavity and/or fillings than in molar crowns of teeth which
did not have a cavity or filling for the Cleveland public schools and the
suburban schools. The frequency of elevated tooth lead was 9.3% for molar
crowns with cavities and/or fillings, but only 4.3% for molar crowns without
cavities or fillings for children in the Cleveland public schools (Table 22).
The frequency of elevated tooth lead was 11.0% for molar crowns with a cavity
and/or fillings, but only 3.2% for molar crowns without cavities or fillings
for children in the suburbs (Table 25, .Figure 3).
For the institution and hospital group, the incidence of elevated tooth
lead in 157 molar crowns without cavities and/or fillings was 9.1%, compared
with 9.3% for the Cleveland public schools and 11.0% for the suburban schools
(Tables 22, 25, 26).
Incisor and Molar Roots--
Lead analyses on roots of incisor and molar teeth were done on a small
percentage of the total tooth sample. Root tissue analyzed for lead included
only 3.9% of the sample from children in the Cleveland public schools and
2.4% of the samples from children in the suburban schools (Tables 22-25).
For the Cleveland public schools, the frequency of elevated lead was 19.2%
for th^ incisor root tissue from 99 children; and 18.5% for molar root tissue
from 54 children (Table 22). For the suburban public schools, the frequency
of elevated lead was 23.6% for incisor root tissue of 42 children, but only
2.3% for molar root tissue of 43 children (Table 25). For the institution
'and hospital group, elevated lead was present in 27% of 547 teeth (Table 26).
This incidence of elevated lead in molar root tissue (Table 26) is consider-
ably higher than the 2.3% for molar root tissue from suburban children
(Table 25).
25
-------
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Shed Incisor Crowns Without Cavities or Fillings
Cleveland Public Schools
The frequency distribution of tooth lead levels in incisor crowns without
cavities or fillings are listed for each school in the Cleveland public system
(TabZe 27). The number of teeth, which also represents the number of children
ranged from only one tooth to 94 in the various schools (Table 27). The
prevalence of elevated tooth lead for the five schools having 70 or more
samples ranged from 3.3% to 16.4%. The other three schools had 6.0%, 9.0%
and 12.8% elevated tooth lead in incisor crown tissue from teeth not having
a cavity or filling. The schools which had only 3.8% of elevated tooth lead
levels had 60.8% of the 79 incisor teeth in the lowest range of tooth lead
(0 to 4.9 mg Pb/100 g). The school which had 16.4% elevated tooth lead had
50.7% in the lowest range. The range in prevalence of elevated tooth lead
levels found among the individual schools in Cleveland indicates that sources
of lead exposures of children are related to local factors because children
were not bused and attended their neighborhood school The differences were
not due to variations in processing teeth because all steps in the preparation
and analyses were done by random sampling as stated in the section on controls
for error sources.
Catholic Schools
The number of children and the percent frequency distribution of lead in
shed incisor crowns of teeth not having cavities or fillings for 620 children
in the 43 Catholic schools in Cleveland are given in Table 28. The five
Catholic schools from which 30 or more samples were received ranged from 3.2%
27
-------
to 18.9% of children having 8.0 or more me Pb/100 g of incisor crown tissue
from teeth not having a cavity or filling (Table 28). The percent of 8.0 or
more Pb/100 g for the other three schools with 30 or more samples was 8.4%,
16.1% and 18.2%. One school with an incidence of 18.9% of elevated tooth
lead is in an area near the Cuyahoga valley and had a vehicle count of 58,000.
Another school with 8.4% occurrence of elevated tooth lead is in a western
location near the airport.
Comparison of frequency distributions of Catholic schools in Cleveland
with the Cleveland public schools shows that 46.5% of the 620 children in the
Catholic schools were in the lowest range of 0 to 4.9 mg Pb/100 g, but that
only 39.2% of the 3,911 Cleveland public school children were in this range.
Lutheran Schools--
The percent frequency distribution of lead in incisor crowns of teeth
not having cavities or fillings for the five Lutheran schools in Cleveland
and the five Lutheran schools in the suburbs are given in Table 29. This
table contains data showing that elevated tooth lead was present in as many
of the 44 children living in the suburbs as in the 39 children within
Cleveland (Table 29).
Suburban Schools --
Percent frequency distributions of the amount of lead in shed incisor
crowns of teeth not having cavities or fillings for children in the suburbs
are given in Tables 40-45. The summary (Table 30) shows that one suburb had
a 32.7% occurrence of elevated tooth lead for 110 children. This prevalence
of elevated tooth lead is approximately twice that of the other suburbs. The
range for these suburbs was 5.5% to 16.7% of elevated tpoth lead (Table 30).
28
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One elementary school in a suburb located near the industrial valley of
the Cuyahoga River had 15.2% occurrence of elevated tooth lead. The lowest
incidence of elevated tooth lead was 5.5% for 305 children living in an east-
ern suburb on the shore of Lake Erie.
The percent occurrence of elevated tooth lead in shed incisor crowns of
teeth not havin? cavities or fillings show that preater variations occur
between individual schools within a suburb than between the means of the
suburbs (Table 301. For example, 22.7% of 75 children in one school and 7.8%
of the 64 children in another school of one suburb (Table 31) had elevated
tooth lead in incisor crown tissue. Similar variations in the percent of
elevated are shown in the table for other suburbs (Tables 32-33).
Effects of Covariate Data on the Prevalence of Elevated Tooth Lead
Age has been considered a variable in the amounts of tooth lead.
Brudevold and Steadman (1956) stated that lead is present in the enamel of
unerupted and erupted teeth. Derise and Ritchey (1974) reported that lead in
the enamel of permanent caries-free teeth increased from 43.0 - 1.0 ppm for
39 children 10 to 12 years old to 48.8 - 0.9 ppm for 44 adults over 25 years
old. The amounts of lead in dentine also increased in these two groups from
38.9 * 1.4 ppm to 51.5 - 1.3 ppm in those who were over 25 years old.
Table 36 contains the percent frequency distribution of lead in teeth
by age at loss of tooth and by residential history. Residential history was
divided into two categories: children who had lived in the home where the tooth
was lost 80-100% of their lives and children who had lived at that address
less than 80% of their lives. In the 80-100% group are included 3,935 children
or 35% of the total sample. Six-year-old children (1,130) represented 28.7% of
29
-------
the sample in the 80-100% group. Children less than 5 years old, 9, 11, and
12 years old represented less than 10% of the 3,935 children (Table 36 and
Figure 4).
Tooth lead between the amounts of 4.0 to 5.9 mg Pb/100 g was present in
42.8% of the 80-100% lifespan group and in 44.2% of the 79% or less lifespan
group. The incidence of tooth lead above 8.0 mg Pb/100 g was approximately
the same for the two groups (Table 36 and Figure 4).
The percent incidence of elevated tooth lead was approximately the same
for the 2,120 boys and the 2,799 girls in the Cleveland public schools (Figure
5). The percent incidence of elevated tooth lead was also approximately the
same for the 770 boys and the 771 girls living in one suburb (Figure 6).
Comparisons of the decrease in tooth lead shows that the decreased incidence
of elevated tooth lead was the same for the Cleveland and suburban groups
(Figures 5 and 6).
Pearson and Speamian correlations of age at the time of tooth loss and
the amount of tooth lead show a significant decrease with age in tooth lead
for shed deciduous teeth of children in all public and parochial school
systems (Tables 37 arid 38). However, this decrease with age, is not present
in the "Hospital" group (Table 37). The "Hospital" group included a high
percentage of extracted teeth.
The decrease of lead with age of children in our study differs from the
reports of Derise and Ritchey (1974) for enamel and dentine of permanent
teeth. The cause or causes for higher tooth lead in younger children living
in the Cleveland metropolitan area are not known. The decrease with age may
30
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be related to a longer period for resorption of the teeth in the older
children. The possibility of resorption decreasing the tooth lead would also
account for the absence of a significant correlation between age and tooth
lead for children in the "Hospital" group (Table 37). However, the possible
factor of younger children being subjected to increased lead pollution during
infancy and early childhood should not be ruled out.
Cleveland Public Schools--
The percent occurrence of elevated lead was highest in 5-year-old boys
and girls and decreased with age (Tables 39-40) For 2,120 boys in the
Cleveland public school system, the percent frequency of teeth which had 8.0
or more mg Pb/100 g were the following: 27.8%, 5-year-old boys; 18.0%, 6
year-olds; 15.3%, 7-year-olds; 10.2%, 8-year-olds; and 5.2% for the boys aged
9 through 12. The decrease with age for the percent frequencies of 8.0 or
more mg Pb/100 g was the following for the 2,799 girls: 24.7%, 5-year-old
girls; 17.7%, 6-year-old; 13.0%, 7 year-old; 9.2% for 8-year-old; and 5.2%
for girls aged 9 through 12 (Table 39^ Figure 5).
Comparisons of boys and girls show that 42.5% of the boys and 43.1% of
the girls had tooth lead values in the range of 1.0 to 4.9 mg Pb/lOOg; 43.9%
of the boys and 44.2% of the girls, between 5.0 to 7.9 mg Pb/lOOg. The
percent frequency occurrence of elevated tooth lead (8.0+mg Pb/100 g) was
13.6% for the 2,120 boys and 12.6% for the 2,799 girls (Table 39). Therefore
sex was not found to be a determinant of tooth lead level in this study.
One Suburban School System
The percent occurrence of elevated lead (8.0+ mg Pb/100 g) was also
highest in 5-year-old boys and girls and decreased with age (Table 40).
In this one suburb, percent frequencies of teeth which contained 8.0+ mg Pb/
14
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100 g were the following for 710 boys: 26.1% of the 5-year-old boys; 21.2%
of the 6-year-old; 8.1% of the 7-year-old; 7.4% of the 8-year-old; and only
1.4% of the boys aged 9 through 12 years. The decrease in occurrence of
elevated tooth lead was similar to the 771 girls in this suburban school
system. The occurrence of elevated tooth lead for the girls was the
following: 22.2% of the 5-year-old girls; 21.1%, 6-year-old; 11.9%, 7-year-
old; 10.1%, 8-year-old; and 2.4% of the girls aged 9 through 12.
Frequency distribution by age was the following: 53.8% of the boys
and 57.0% of the girls had tooth lead in the range of less than 1.0 mg Pb to
4.9 mg Pb/lOOg. The prevalence of boys and girls in the lowest range is
10% higher for the children in the one suburb than for the children in the
Cleveland public schools (Table 40). Only 42.5% of the boys and 43.1% of the
girls in the Cleveland public schools were in the lowest range of tooth
lead (<1.0 to 4.9 mg Pb/100 g) (Table 39).
The incidences of elevated tooth lead (8.0+ mg Pb/100 g) were 11.7%
(83) for the 710 boys and 12.6% (97) for the 771 girls in this single suburb.
The 12.6% of elevated tooth lead for the girls was the same incidence as for
the 2,799 girls in the Cleveland public schools. However, the boys in the
suburb had a slightly lower occurrence (11.7%) than did the 2,120 boys in the
Cleveland public schools (13.6%) (Tables 39-40, Figure 6).
Elevated Tooth Lead and Lead Source
Data Description
Data for the various environmental sources of lead for each school based
on the methods described previously are presented in Tables 41-50.
The relation between the housing risk for the half mile radius around the
school and the amounts of tooth lead in shed teeth included only those
children who had lived the last 80% to 100% of their lifespan in the house
35
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where living when the tooth was shed. Tables 51 and 52 include the actual
number and the percent of schools in the housing risks categories which were
based upon the percent of pre-1950 housing units in the census tract in which
the schools were located.
Sixty-six (27.6%) of the 239 elementary schools did not have any
children with lead values above 8.0 mg Pb/100 g. Forty-two of these 65
schools were in census tracts in which 80% to 100% of the housing units were
constructed before 1950. In the 64 schools having a 15% to 30% occurrence
of elevated tooth lead, 38 of the 64 were in census tracts having 80% to
100 % pre-1950 housing (Tables 51-52).
Approximately one-fifth (47) of the 223 schools included in Table 53,
which pertains to lifespan residency and vehicle traffic, did not have a
single intersection listed among the 1,050 busiest intersections in Cuyahoga
County within a one-half mile radius of the school. The 47 schools included
19 schools with an incidence of 15% or more of the children having elevated
tooth lead. In the range of 35,000 to 69,000 vehicles per 12-hour period
were 65 schools with elevated tooth lead in 15% of the children tested. The
percent of schools with more than a 15% occurrence of elevated tooth lead
(8.0+ mg) was 8.4% for the 47 schools which did not have a single intersect-
ion listed among the 1,050 busiest intersections. The percent of schools
with more than a 15% occurrence of elevated tooth lead was 11.1% for the
65 schools which had vehicle counts in the range of 35,000 to 69,000 (Tables
53-54).
Approximately one-half (49.6%) of the 238 schools were, located in census
tracts having $6,600 to $10,900 mean annual income (Tables 55-56). In this
group of 118 schools, 47 schools had 15% or more children with elevated tooth
36
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lead. In the income range of $15,000 or higher, 7 of the 18 schools had 15%
or more children with elevated tooth lead. There was not, therefore, a
decrease in the prevalence of elevated tooth lead in children attend-
ing schools in census tracts with higher mean annual incomes. In fact, the
incidence was essentially the same: 39.9% of the 118 schools in the $6,600
to $10,900 range and 38.9% of the 18 schools in the $15,000 or higher mean
incomes (Tables 55-56).
Correlation Analysis--
The 126 Cleveland public and the 46 parochial schools in Cleveland had
significant negative correlations between housing risk and the mean annual
income. Both Pearson and Spearman coefficients of correlation show that
there was not significant correlations between the percent occurrence of 8.0
or more mg Pb/lOOg of tooth tissue for the school and the following scores
of the schools: % pre-1950 housing, % white children, mean annual income of
the census tract in which schools were located, and the number of vehicles
passing through major intersections within a half-mile radius of the school
(Tables 57-58). The number of lead industries within a one-half mile radius
of the 126 Cleveland public schools was significantly correlated with the
percent incidence of elevated tooth lead in children in these schools. The
parochial and suburban school systems did not have significant correlations
between the number of lead industries and the percent occurrence of elevated
tooth lead (Tables 57-58).
The housing risk (% pre-1950 houses) was significantly negatively
correlated with the mean annual income and the number of lead industries
within the half-mile radius of the 126 Cleveland public schools (Tables 57-
58). For the 46 parochial schools, there was also a significantly negative
37
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correlation between the % pre-1950 houses and mean income. The % pre-1950
housing was significantly positively correlated with the vehicle traffic and
the number of lead industries. For the 67 suburban schools, there was a
signficantly negative correlation between the % pre-1950 houses and the
%"white children. The correlation between the % pre-1950 houses and the
number of lead industries was signficantly positively correlated for the
67 suburban schools (Tables 57-58).
The % white children in the 126 schools of the Cleveland public schools
was, as expected, positively correlated with mean annual income and negative-
ly correlated with the number of lead industries. However, the 67 suburban
schools did not have significant Pearson coefficients of correlation between
the % white children and mean income or the expected negative correlation
between % white children and the number of lead industries. The % white
children was negatively correlated with vehicle traffic.
Two other correlations were signficant. Mean annual incomes of the
census tracts of schools were negatively correlated with the number of lead
industries for the three groups of schools: Cleveland public, parochial,'and
suburban. Secondly, the Pearson coefficients of correlation between vehicle
traffic and the number of lead industries were signficantly positive
correlations for the parochial and suburban schools. The correlation between
vehicle traffic and lead industries was not significant for the Cleveland
public schools (Tables 57-58).
38
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Relationship between Elevated Tooth Lead and Ambient Air Pollution
Tooth Lead and Air Scores--
The percent incidences of elevated tooth lead in schools within a mile
radius of each air station are listed in Table 59. Air stations are identi-
fied by the encircled numbers on the map. Schools are identified on the map
by two letters.
A wide range of differences occur in the percent occurrences of elevated
tooth lead of schools within the mile radius of an air station. For example,
the percent occurrence of 8.0+ mg Pb/100 g of tooth lead in schools within
the mile radius of the same air station ranged from 0 to 23% elevated tooth
lead for schools in air stations numbered 2, 4, 5, 14 and 15; and from less
than 7% to more than 20% for schools within a mile radius of air stations
numbered 1, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 17. Air station 3, which is near the industrial
valley, had four schools with the following percent occurrences of elevated
tooth lead: 14.6% of 96 children; 18.2% of 22; 16.7% of 30; 20.3% of 64; and
44.4% of 9 children. The % pre-1950 housing, % white children, and the mean
income for these four schools were approximately the same. The vehicle
traffic ranged from "0" to 100,000 vehicles for these four schools.
Some schools in the industrial valley of the Cuyahoga River had relative-
ly low percentage occurrences of elevated tooth lead. For example, in air
station 1, only 3.6% of the 28 children in one school had tooth lead values
above 8.0 mg Pb/100 g.
Vehicle Traffic and Air Scores--
The vehicle score of schools ranged from "0" to 50,000 or more vehicles
per 12 hour period for the mile radius around 6 of the 20 air collecting
39
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stations. Most schools within the mile radius of #2 and #7 air stations
were surrounded by a mile radius of very heavy traffic. Schools in
these two air stations, however, did not have higher percent occurrences
of elevated tooth lead.
Housing and Air Scores
The percent of pre-1950 houses for schools were approximately the
same for most schools within a mile radius of an air station. For
example, in air station 2, the percent pre-1950 housing ranged from 82
to 100%. For air station 4, the percent pre-1950 housing ranged from
89% to 100%.
Correlation Analysis
Pearson and Spearman correlations show that air lead scores were
not correlated with the scores for air particulate (Tables 60-61).
However, air lead was significantly negatively correlated with air
antimony for both the Cleveland public and parachial groups of schools.
Air lead and SO- for the parochial schools were negatively correlated by
both the Pearson and Spearman methods. However, the air lead and S0»
for schools in the Cleveland public school system were not significant.
Other significantly negative correlations occurred between air
cadmium and S02 for both groups of schools. Significantly positive
Pearson and Spearman correlations were present between air particulate
and air S0_ scores for both the Cleveland public and the parochial
schools (Tables 60-61).
Air lead levels were not found to be related to the prevalence of
elevated tooth lead levels (8.0 mg+/100 g) for either the Cleveland
public schools nor the parochial schools.
40
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NEUROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LEAD
Evaluations of physical, emotional and learning characteristics were done
by teachers on 6,480 children in 25 elementary schools in the Cleveland public
school system. Five of these schools had less than 10% occurrences of
elevated tooth lead and five had 25% or higher occurrences of elevated tooth
lead. The other 15 schools were in the range of 11% to 24.6% elevated tooth
lead. Lead toxicity has been postulated to be associated with the physical,
emotional, and learning disabilities some of which were included in the
teacher evaluations of children at the end of the school year.
Teachers' Evaluations
Table 62 presents the results of the teacher evaluations by school and
gives the prevalence of elevated tooth lead as well as the number of children
evaluated. Table 63 presents data from the 24 Cleveland schools which had
teeth lead data available which show that 8.1% of the 6,480 children evaluated
with tooth lead data available were left-handed. This percentage varied from
8.9 to 9.3% in children aged 7-12. Teachers reported that 1.3% (84) of the
6,480 children were known by them to be receiving medication. The percent
of children receiving medication was lowest in the 5-year-olds and highest
in 10 and 11-year-old children (Table 63).
Seven-year-old children had the highest index of learning disabilities
(13.7) and emotional symptoms (10.3) (Table 63). The learning difficulties
included regressions in writing and drawing, reading, and speech; confused,
poor memory; difficulty in arithmetic; and short attention span. The
emotional symptoms includes restlessness, cries easily, aggressive behavior,
impulsive, temper outbursts, emotional instability; cruel behavior, withdrawn,
bangs head, and unpopular with peers. The incidence of the physical
disabilities (5.2) observed by teachers was highest in 8-year-old children
(Table 63).
41
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Relationships of Variables to Teacher Evaluations
Pearson and Spearman coefficients of correlation between % white
children and the learning score were negatively significant (Tables 64-65).
Significantly negative Pearson correlations also occurred between race and
the emotional scores (Table 64). The Spearman correlations of % white children
with the physical as well as the emotional and learning scores were negatively
significant (Table 65).
Scores of the teacher evaluations for six schools having 96% to 100%
black children and eight schools having 96% to 100% white children are given
in Table 66. The mean for elevated tooth lead was 20.5% for the six schools
having black pupils and 21.4% for the eight schools having white children.
The percent occurrences of left-handedness and the use of medication, and the
emotional and physical scores showed greater variations between schools than
between racial composition of the schools (Table 66). The learning disabili-
ties had an index above 10 for 4 of 6 schools having black children and
above 10 for 2 of 8 schools having white children (Table 66).
The Spearman correlations between the number of lead industries and the
presence of physical symptoms was significant, but the Pearson correlations
between lead industries and physical symptoms was only of borderline (0.65)
significance (Tables 64-65). None of the Pearson and Spearman correlations
between % left-handed, % use of medication, and the physical, emotional,
and learning scores of the schools was significantly correlated with the
housing risk, mean income or vehicle traffic counts of schools (Tables 64-
65).
42
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Relations of Teacher Evaluation Subscores
Significantly positive correlations occur between the following items
of the teacher evaluations: % left-handed with % use of medication; % use
of medication with physical scores; physical scores with emotional and with
learning scores; and learning scores with the physical and emotional scores
(Tables 67-68). Left-handedness was included in the scoring by teachers because
of observations that left-handed children may have emotional symptoms more
frequently than do right-handed children. The Pearson coefficient of
correlation between the % left-handed and the emotional score was 0.56; and
the Spearman correlation was 0.06 (Tables 67-68).
Teacher Evaluation Scores and Ambient Air Exposures
Significantly negative Pearson and Spearman correlations occurred
between the % left-handed children in schools and the % S02 tests which were
above 80 ug S02/m^ (Tables 69-70). This negative correlation may mean that
more right-handed children lived in'areas of SO- pollution, rather than there
being any cause-effect relation between right-handedness and SC>2 pollution.
Use of medication was not correlated with particulate, air lead, air cadmium,
air antimony, or SC>2 (Tables 69-70).
Air antimony scores (% tests above 217 ng/m3) and the school scores for
% left-handed, use of medication, and the scores for physical, emotional,
and learning symptoms of lead toxicity were not significant in the Pearson
correlations (Table 69). However, the % left-handed and air antimony were
signficantly negative correlants in the Spearman correlations (Table 70).
o
Air lead samples above 1,515 ng/m during the year of August 1971-1972
were signficantly positively correlated with the physical, emotional, and
43
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learning scores of schools. Both the Pearson and Spearman correlations
3
between % of air lead tests above 1,515 ng Pb/m and the scores of the physical,
emotional, and learning disabilities were significant. Pearson coefficients
o
of correlation between % air lead tests above 1,515 ng Pb/m with the score
of physical symptoms was .028; with the emotional symptoms, .008; and with
the learning disability scores, .019. The Spearman correlations between %
o
air lead tests above 1,515 ng Pb/m with the physical symptoms was .019; with
emotional symptoms, .004; and with the learning disabilities associated with
lead toxicity, .003. These significant correlations indicate a need for
additional research on the effects of this level of air lead pollution on
physical, emotional, and learning symptoms and disabilities of lead toxicity.
A time lapse was involved in relating the data on teacher evaluations to the
air statistics for the period of August 1971 to August 1972. Lead has been
shown to have residual effects on emotional and learning abilities of children
(Bryce-Smith, 1972; De la Burde and Choate, 1972).
Teacher Evaluations for the Suburbs
Teachers in 26 elementary schools in seven suburbs scored 11,400
children for physical and emotional symptoms and for learning disabilities
associated with lead toxicity. These children were evaluated at the end of
the school year (Tables 71-72). Comparisons of the evaluations of children
in the seven suburbs with the 6,497 children in the 24 Cleveland public
schools indicate the following: The percent of suburban children who were
considered to be left-handed was 9.1%; the % for Cleveland children, 8.1%.
The percent occurrence of children known to be taking medication was 2.1% for
44
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for the suburban children and 1.1% for the Cleveland children (Tables 71,63).
Scores for physical symptoms were as high or higher than the physical
symptom score of Cleveland in three of the seven suburbs. Scores for the
emotional characteristics were as high in one suburb (10.8) as for the 24
schools in the Cleveland system (9.2). In six of the seven suburbs (Table 63),
the scores for learning disabilities were lower than for Cleveland (Table 71) .
In one suburb, the learning disability score was 10.0 compared with 10.2 for
the 25 Cleveland schoolr,.
Age was a factor in the number of learning disabilities reported in the
suburbs (Table 72). Eight-year-old children in one school system had the
highest index of learning disabilites (Table 72). The learning disability
score in this suburb was 7.2 for 4,497 of the children in this suburb. In
another suburb, five-fear-old children had the highest learning disability
score (22.0) and the seven-year-olds had 12.8. The learning disability
score for seven-year-olds in the Cleveland public schools was 13.7.
Comparison of teacher evaluations for the 26 individual schools show
that greater diversity occurs between individual schools of a single suburb
than between the means of suburban school systems or between the suburbs and
the Cleveland public schools (Tables 71,72). Variations in scores of the
learning disabilities ranged from 1.4 to 10.8 in one suburb (Table 63) and
from 3.7 to 15.3 in another suburb (Table 63). The ranges for emotional and
physical scores also show that there were greater differences in scores
between individual schools within a suburb than between means of the suburbs
or between the means of the suburbs and the Cleveland public schools. Since
data on air lead were not available for the suburbs, the % tests for air lead
'T
above 1,515 ng Pb/m , correlations could not be made to determine if the
45
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% air lead tests above 1,515 ng Pb/m were positively correlated with the
physical, emotional, and learning disabilities associated with lead toxicity
as were the correlations between air lead and the scores of the physical,
emotional, and learning disability scores for the Cleveland public schools.
46
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SECTION 4
DISCUSSION
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Lead Absorption Study
Analyses of data on lead in deciduous teeth show that as many suburban
children were exposed to excess lead as were children living within the City
of Cleveland. Elevated tooth lead (8.0 or more mg Pb/100 g) was present in
12.6% (460) of the 3,653 children who lived in nine suburbs located at varying
distances in all three directions from the center of Cleveland. This amount
of tooth lead (8.0+ mg Pb/100 g) was present in 13.2% (834) of the 6,326
children living within the City of Cleveland. Incisor crown tissue from
teeth which did not have a cavity and/or filling comprised 75% of the tooth
samples of the Cleveland children and 80% of the samples of the suburban
children. The incidence of elevated tooth lead (8.0+ mg Pb/100 g) in the
shed incisor crowns of teeth not having a cavity and/or filling was 15.2% of
the 3,911 Cleveland children and 15.5% of the 2,854 children who lived in the
nine suburbs.
Means of tooth lead show that suburban children were exposed to as much
lead as were the children living within the City of Cleveland. The mean
tooth lead was 5.57 mg Pb/100 g for the 5,333 children in the Cleveland public
schools. Means of tooth lead in four of the nine suburban school systems was
higher than the mean for Cleveland. The means for these four suburbs were
47
-------
6.54, 5.7, 5.68 and 5.7 mg Pb/100 g. The mean tooth lead for the other
five suburban school systems were only slightly lower than the mean for the
Cleveland schools. Needleman and coworkers quantitated lead in dentine of
the teeth of 761 Philadelphia school children. They reported that 174 black
children living in areas of deteriorated housing had a mean of 198 micrograms
per gram of dentine. This value (19.8 mg/100 g) of dentine is considerably
higher than our means because dentine samples were used.
Needleman, Tuncay and Shapiro (1972) also determined the amount of lead
in 69 teeth from children in the "lead belt" of Philadelphia and in 40 teeth
from children living in the suburbs. They found that tooth lead levels were
high in areas where lead eating by children is frequent. All of these teeth
were obtained from dentists. The mean tooth lead for the "lead belt" was
51.1^ 109 ppm and for the suburbs, 11.1- 14.8 ppm. Stewart (1974) studied
lead in extracted deciduous molars of 310 children who were 3 to 10 years old
and who lived in Northern Ireland. They found that the greatest amounts of
tooth lead occurred in children who lived in urban environments. The tooth
samples used by Stewart (1974) included 148 children in Belfast, Ireland,
91 suburban children and 71 rural children.
The frequency distributions of tooth lead in children included in our
study also show that suburban children are being exposed to as much lead as
are the Cleveland children. The frequency distributions of lead in the shed
incisor crown tissue of teeth which did not have a cavity and/or filling show
the following: In the low range of 0 to 4.9 mg Pb/100 g were 39% of the
3,911 Cleveland children and 42% of the 2,854 suburban children. In the
high range of 8.0 + mg Pb/100 g were 52.2% of the Cleveland children and 15.2%
of the suburban children.
48
-------
The percent occurrence of elevated tooth lead decreased with age at time
of tooth loss. For five-year-olds in Cleveland, 28% of the boys and 25% of
the girls had 8.0 or more mg Pb/100 g. For five-year-olds in the suburbs,
27% of the boys and 28% of the girls had 8.0+ mg Pb/100 g. The percent of
the eight-year-olds who had 8.0+ mg Pb/100 g was 10.7% for boys and 10.3%
for girls living in Cleveland; and 10.5% for boys and 8.3% for girls living
in the nine suburbs.
Coefficients of correlations between tooth lead and age show that the
tooth lead decreased with age at time of tooth loss. The negative correla-
tions between tooth lead and age were significant for each individual school,
for each of the nine suburban school systems, and for the Cleveland public
and parochial school systems. The cause or causes for greater amounts of
tooth lead in younger children are not known. Were the younger children
subjected to more lead during infancy and early childhood? Did these child-
ren as infants drink milk products containing greater quantities of lead?
Lamm, Cole, Glynn and Ullmann (1973) state that infants fed certain milks and
milk concentrates during the first three months of infancy probably had
positive lead balance. The decrease of tooth lead with age of the children
in our study, however, may be due to greater loss of lead during a longer
period for resorption of roots of the teeth shed by the older children.
The mean income of census tracts in which schools were located was not
related to the percent occurrence of 8.0 or more mg Pb/100 g of tissue from
the teeth of children attending the school. A 15% or higher occurrence of
elevated tooth lead for schools was present in 47 (38.8%) of the 118 schools
located in census tracts having a mean annual income in the range of $6,000
to $10,000. A 15% or higher incidence of elevated tooth lead occurred in
49
-------
7 (38.9%) of the 18 schools located in census tracts with mean annual incomes
of $15,000 or higher. However, mean income was negatively correlated with the
percent of pre-1950 housing, percent of white children, and the number of
lead industries for the Cleveland public and parochial schools. For the
suburban schools, mean income of the census tracts of schools was not related
to the percent occurrence of elevated tooth lead, percent of pre-1950 housing,
percent of white children, or to vehicle traffic. A significantly negative
correlation did occur between mean income of census tracts of schools and the
number of lead industries around the 67 suburban schools.
As expected, the housing risk ( % pre-1950 housing units in the census
tracts of schools) was greater for the Cleveland public schools than for the
suburban schools. For Cleveland, the housing risk was not related to the
occurrence of elevated tooth lead or to vehicle traffic around the 126
Cleveland public schools. The housing risk was positively correlated with the
number of lead industries and negatively correlated with the % white children
and the mean income. For the 67 suburban school, the housing risk was not
related to elevated tooth lead or to mean income, but was directly correlated
with vehicle traffic and the number of lead industries.
The number of lead industries in the half-mile radius around the
Cleveland public schools may be related the percent occurrence of elevated
tooth lead because the Pearson coefficient of correlation between elevated
tooth lead and lead industries was of borderline signficance. For the
suburban group of schools, however, the percent occurrence of elevated tooth
lead was not related to the number of lead industries in the half-mile radius
around the schools. As expected, the number of lead industries was directly
related to the % pre-1950 housing and indirectly related to mean income for
50
-------
both the Cleveland public and the suburban groups of schools.
The risk of vehicle traffic was not significantly correlated with the
percent incidence of elevated tooth lead for the Cleveland public and paro-
chial schools or for the suburban schools. Contrary to what might be expect-
ed, almost twice as many Cleveland public as suburban public schools were
located in the center of a half-mile radius having low vehicle counts. For
the Cleveland public schools, 39% were located in the center of a one-half
mile radius which did not contain a single one of the 1,050 busiest inter-
sections in Cuyahoga County. In contrast, only 14% of the suburban schools
were in the center of a radius which did not contain any of the 1,050 of the
busiest intersections.
Neurological Effects Study
The evaluations of the physical effects, emotional symptoms, and the
learning disabilities possibly related to lead toxicity by teachers at the
end of the school year included 6,497 children who attended 25 public schools
in the City of Cleveland. The scores for physical, emotional, and learning
symptoms of lead toxicity were not related to the percent occurrence of ele-
vated tooth lead in children attending these schools.
The percent of air lead tests which were 1,515 nannograms or above for
the air stations in which schools are located were significantly and directly
correlated with each of the three (physical, emotional, and learning scores)
measurements of lead toxicity. In addition, Pearson coefficients of correla-
tion between air lead and the physical, emotional, and learning scores were
significant and directly correlated. The significantly positive coefficients
of correlation between air lead and the physical, emotional, and learning
51
-------
scores for children in the City of Cleveland indicate that high levels of
atmospheric lead (1,515 ng Pb/myor above was related to the lead toxicity
symptoms included in the forms used by teachers to evaluate children at the
end of the school year.
IMPLICATIONS OF RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
These data on lead in shed deciduous teeth show that as many suburban
children were exposed to excess lead as were children who live within the
City of Cleveland. Furthermore, the percent occurrence of elevated tooth
lead decreased with age of children who lived in Cleveland and in the
suburbs. The exposure of suburban children to excess lead and the higher
occurrence of elevated tooth lead in the younger children indicate that
programs to prevent lead pollution and the harmful effects of lead toxicity
should not be limited to the City, but should be extended to include pre-
school children who live in the Cleveland suburbs.
This study on tooth lead included a sample of 3,653 suburban children.
Previous studies on tooth lead in Philadelphia and other metropolitan areas
included relatively small samples of suburban and rural children. It would
appear that tests for tooth lead and that blood-testing programs should be
considered for or extended to include preschool children who live in the
suburbs of other large cities.
The positive correlation between the percent of air lead tests above
1,515 ng Pb/m^ and the symptoms of the physical, emotional and learning
disabilities associated with lead toxicity applied only to children living
within the City of Cleveland. In order to establish the importance of air
lead in relation to the physical, emotional and learning symptoms of lead
52
-------
toxicity, the symptoms of lead toxicity which were included in our teacher
evaluation form should be related to the percent of tests for air lead
above 1,515 ng/m^ in another metropdlitan area.
The percent occurrence of 8.0 or more mg Pb/100 g in deciduous teeth of
children in schools was not correlated with school scores of mean income,
percent pre-1950 housing, and vehicle traffic. We did not have the opportun-
ity for follow-up research to determine if these socio-economic variables
applied to the individual child. There were 840 Cleveland children and 460
suburban children who had 8.0+ mg Pb/100 g of tooth tissue. The significance
of the proximity of lead industries in relation to tooth lead and the
location of homes of these individual children need also to be determined.
53
-------
REFERENCES
1. Brudevold, F., and L.T. Stedman. The Distribution o£ Lead in Human
Enamel. J. Dental Res., 35: 430-437, 1956.
2. Strehlow, C.D., and T.J. Kneip. The Distribution of Lead and Zinc in
the Human Skeleton. Am. J. Hyg. Assoc. J., 30: 372-379, 1969.
3. Berman, E. The Biochemistry of Lead: Review of the Body Distribution
and Methods of Lead Determination. Clin. Pediatrics, 5: 287-291, 1966.
4. Needleman, H.L., I. Davidson, E.M. Sewall, and I.M. Shapiro. Sub-
clinical Lead Exposure in Philadelphia Schoolchildren. N. Engl. J.
Med., 290: 245-248, 1974.
5. Altshuller, L.F., D.B. Halak, B.H. Landing, and R.A. Kehoe. Deciduous
Teeth as an Index of Body Burden Lead. J. Pediatrics, 60: 224-229,
1962.
6. Needleman, H.L., O.C. Tuncay, and I.M. Shapiro. Lead Levels in
Deciduous Teeth of Urban and Suburban American Children. Nature
(London), 239: 111-112, 1972.
7. Shapiro, I.M., B. Dobkin, O.C. Tuncay, and H.L. Needleman. Lead Levels
in Dentine and Circumpupal Dentine of Deciduous Teeth of Normal and
Lead Poisoned Children. Clin. Chim. Acta, 46: 119-123, 1973.
8. Shapiro, I.M., H.L. Needleman, and O.C. Tuncay. The Lead Content of
Human Deciduous and Permanent Teeth. Environ. Res., 5: 467-470, 1973.
54
-------
9. Habercam, J.W., J.E. Keil, J.P. Reigart, and H.W. Croft. Lead Content
of Human Blood, Hair, and Teeth: Correlations with Environmental Factors
and Growth. J. Dental Res., 53: 1160-1163, 1974.
10. Stewart, D.J. Teeth as Indicators of Exposure of Children to Lead.
Arch. Dis. Child., 49: 895-897, 1974.
11. David, 0., J. Clark, and K. Voeller. Lead and Hyperactivity. Lancet II,
900-903, 1972.
12. Bryce-Smith, D. Behavioral Effects of Lead and Other Heavy Metal
Pollutants. Chera. Britain, 8: 240-243, 1972.
13. Werry, J.S. Developmental Hyperactivity. Pediatr. Clin. N. Amer., 15:
581-599, 1968.
14. Laufer, M.W., E. Denhoff, and G. Solomon. Hyperkinetic Impulse Disorder
in Children's Behavior Problems. Psychosomat. Med., 19: 38-49, 1957.
15. Bradley, J.E., and R.J. Baungartner. Subsequent Mental Development of
Children with Lead Encephalopathy. J. Pediatr., 53: 311-315, 1958.
16. De la Burde, B., and M.S. Choate. Does Asymptomatic Lead Exposure
in Children Have Latent Sequelae? J. Pediatr., 81: 1088-1091, 1972.
17. Harrison, W.W., J.P. Yurachek, and C.A. Benson. The Determination of
Trace Elements in Human Hair by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Clin.
Chimica Acta, 23: 83-91, 1969.
18. Bergman, H.G. Comments on the USEPA Development of a Sulfur Dioxide
Control Strategy for the State of Ohio. Public Information Office,
Division of Air Pollution Control, 2735 Broadway, Cleveland Ohio, 1976.
19. Derise, N.L., and S.J. Ritchey. Mineral Content of Normal Human Enamel
and Dentine and the Relation of Composition to Dental Caries, II.
Microminerals. J. Dental Res., 53: 853-858, 1974.
55
-------
20. Lamm, S., B. Cole, K. Glynn, and W. Ullman. Lead Contents of Milks
Fed to Infants- 1971-1972. N. Eng. J. Med., 284: 574-575, 1973.
56
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SOURCES OF DATA
1. Traffic at Major Road Intersections in Order of Total Vehicles during
the 12 Hour Period 7:00 A.M. to 7: P.M. Revised to include 1970 Counts
Published 1971. Albert S. Porter, County Engineer, 1928 Standard
Building, Cleveland, Ohio, 44113.
2. U.S. Bureau of Census Population and Housing; 1970 Census Tracts. Final
Report PHC (l)-45, Cleveland, Ohio, SMSA. U.S. Dept. Commerce Publica-
tions.
3. Report Number 1.2. 1-001 of the State of Ohio Department of Education,
Division of Computer Services Statistical Reports of 1975-76. School
Enrollment during the First Full Week in October.
4. Map Prepared by Regional Planning Commission, Cuyahoga County, Ohio,
August 1975.
5. 1972 Directory of Ohio Manufacturers, Bureau of Economic Research, Ohio
Deptment of Development, 27 edition, vol. 1.
6. Extensive 1-year Survey of Trace Elements and Compounds in the
Airborne Suspended Particulate Matter in Cleveland, Ohio. R.B. King,
J.S. Fordyce, A.C. Antoine, H.F. Leibecki, H.E. Neustadter, and S.M.
Sidik, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44135. NASA Technical
Note TN, D8110, NASA, Washington, D.C. 1976.
57
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FORM USED-BY TEACHERS FOR EVALUATIONS OF SYMPTOMS OF LEAD TOXICITY
Please evaluate.this child for each condition in the left column by checking
"Yes", "Average", or "No" in the right columns. Any additional comments are
welcome.
Number in Grade, Book School
1. Restless
2. Cries easily
3. Awkward gait
4. Convulsions
5 . Aggressive behavior
6. Impulsive
7. Temper outbursts
8. Emotional instability^
9. Tremor of hand
10. Regression in writing or drawing
11. Regression in reading
12. Regression in speech pattern
13. Muscular incoordination
14. Confused
15. Cruel behavior
16. Withdrawn
17. Poor memory
18. Bangs head
19. Upopular with peers
20. Difficulty in arithmetic
21. Short attention span
22. Squints eyes
23. Left-handed
24 . Ambidextrous
25. Maturation lag
26. Medication
Room
YES
Sex
AVERAGE
Age
NO
Please use back of page for additional remarks.
58
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HWAY SCORES FOR THE 131 PUBLIC ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS WITHIN THE CITY OF CLEVELAND
RANGE OF
VEHICLES \
*0 -
200 -
10,000 -
20,000 -
30,000 -
40,000 -
50,000 -
60,000 -
70,000 -
80,000 -
90,000 -
100,000 -
110,000 -
120,000 -
130,000 -
140,000 -
150,000 -
160,000 -
199
9,999
19,999
29,999
39,999
49,999
59,999
69,999
79,999
89,999
99,999
110,999
119,999
129,999
139,999
149,999
159,999
173,000
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
39
2
11
9
13
8
12
8
5
6
2
6
3
2
2
0
0
3
% OCCURRENCE OF
SCHOOLS
29.77
1.53
8.40
6.87
9.92
6.11
9.16
6.11
3.82
4.58
1.53
4.58
2.29
1.53
1.53
0.0
0.0
2.29
* The "0" figure means that there were no intersections included in the
list of the 1,050 busiest intersections in Cuyahoga County within the
one-half mile radius around each elementary school.
59
-------
TABLE 2. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HWAY SCORES FOR k2 ROMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
WITHIN THE CITY OF CLEVELAND
RANGE OF
VEHICLES
*o -
200
10,000 -
20,000 -
30,000 -
40,000 -
50,000 -
60,000 -
70,000 -
80,000 -
90,000 -
100,000 -
110,000 -
120,000 -
130,000 -
140,000 -
199
9,999
19,999
29,999
39,999
49,999
59,999
69,999
79,999
89,999
99,999
109,999
119,999
129,999
139,999
Plus
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
6
2
5
3
4
2
5
4
1
3
4
1
0
0
1
1
% INCIDENCE OF
SCHOOLS
14.28
4.76
11.90
7.14
9.52
4.76
11.90
9.52
2.38
7.14
9.52 -
2.38
0.0
0.0
2.38
2.38
* The "0" figure means that there were no intersections included in the
list of the 1,050 busiest intersections in Cuyahoga County within the
one-half mile radius around each elementary school.
60
-------
TABLE 3. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FOR HWAY SCORES FOR 9 ELEMENTARY LUTHERAN
SCHOOLS IN CLEVELAND AND THE SUBURBS
RANGE OF
VEHICLES
0
200
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
199
9,999
19,999
29,999
39,999
49,999
59,999
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
4
0
2
0
0
1
2
% INCIDENCE IN
SCHOOLS
44.44
0.0
22.22
0.0
0.0
11.11
22.22
*The "0" figure means that there were no intersections included in
the list of the 1,050 busiest intersections in Cuyahoga County within
the one-half mile radius around each elementary school.
61
-------
TABLE h. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HWAY SCORES FOR 69 ELEMENTARY PUBLIC
SCHOOLS IN THE SUBURBS OF CLEVELAND
RANGE OF
*0-
200-
10,000-
20,000-
30,000-
uo,ooo-
50,000-
60,000-
70,000-
80,000-
90,000-
100,000-
VEHICLES
199
9,999
19,999
29,999
39,999
49,999
59,999
69,999
79,999
89,999
99,999
160,200
NUMBER OF SCHOOLS
10
3
12
16
6
3
2
8
2
2
2
1
% INCIDENCE
I'f.«*9%
«*.35%
17.39%
23.19%
11.59%
U.35%
2.90%
11.59%
2.90%
2.90%
2.90%
l.UH%
* The 0 Figure means that there were no intersections included in the list
of the 1,050 busiest intersections in Cuyahoga County within the one-half
mile radius around each elementary school.
62
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TABLE 5. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PERCENT HOUSING CONSTRUCTED BEFORE 1950
IN THE CENSUS TRACTS IN WHICH THE 131 CLEVELAND HJBLIC SCHOOLS WERE LOCATED
RANGE % OF
PRE 1950 HOUSING
0-19
20-29
30 - 39
Uo - U9
50 - 59
60 - 69
70 - 79
80 - 89
90 -100
TABLE 6. FREQUENCY OF
TO 1950 FOR THE CENSUS
SCHOOLS WERE LOCATED
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
2
2
3
6
6
U
12
15
81
% OF
SCHOOLS
1.52
1.53
2.29
fc.58
U.58
3.05
9.16
rufcs
61.83
DISTRIBUTION OF PERCENT OF HOUSING CONSTRUCTED PRIOR
TRACTS IN WHICH THE k$ ROMAN CATHOLIC
ELEMENTARY
RANGE % OF
PRE 1950 HOUSING
ko - 1*9
50 - 59
60 - 69
70 - 79
80 - 89
90 -100
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
3
1
3
3
6
27
.% OF
SCHOOLS
6.97
2.32
6.97
6.97
13.95
62.79
63
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TABLE 7 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PERCENT HOUSING CONSTRUCTED PRIOR TO 1950
IN THE CENSUS TRACT IN VHECH THE 10 ELEMENTARY LUTHERAN SCHOOLS IN CLEVELAND
AND THE SUBURBS WERE LOCATED
RANGE
PRE 1950
10 -
20 -
30 -
40 -
50 -
60 -
70 -
80 -
% Of
HOUSING
19
29
39
49
59
69
79
89
90 -100
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
1
0
3
1
1
0
2
1
1
% IN
SCHOOLS
10.0
0.0
30.0
JO.O
10.0
0.0
20.0
10.0
30.0
64
-------
TABLE 8. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE PERCENT OF HOUSING CONSTRUCTED BEFORE
1950 FOR THE CENSUS TRACTS IN WHICH THE 68 SUBURBAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS WERE
LOCATED
RANGE
PRE 1950
0 -
10 -
20 -
30 -
40 -
50 -
60 -
70 -
80 -
% OF
HOUSING
9
19
29
39
49
59
69
79
89
90 -100
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
10
8
4
10
4
7
4
6
4
11
% IN
SCHOOLS
14.71
11.76
5.88
14.71
5.88
10.29
5.88
8.82
5.88
16.17
65
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TABLE 9. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN ANNUAL INCOME FOR CENSUS TRACT OF
THE 131 CLEVELAND PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
RANGE OF
INCOME
2,000 - 3,999
4,000 - 5,999
6,000 - 7,999
8,000 - 9,999
10,000 -11,999
12,000 -13,999
14,000 -15,999
16,000 -17,999
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
2
11
20
44
38
13
1
2
TABLE 10. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN ANNUAL INCOME IN
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS WITHIN THE
CITY OF CLEVELAND
% OF
SCHOOLS
1.53
8.40
15.27
33.59
29.01
9.92
0.76
1.53
1*3 ROMAN CATHOLIC
RANGE OF
INCOME
2,000 - 3,999
4,000 - 5,999
6,000 - 7,999
8,000 - 9,999
10,000 -11,999
12,000 -13,999
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
0
1
3
13
21
5
66
% OF
SCHOOLS
0.0
2.32
6.97
30.23
48.83
11.62
-------
TABLE 11. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN ANNUAL INCOME IN 10 LUTHERAN
SCHOOLS IN CLEVELAND AND IN THE SUBURBS
RANGE OF
INCOME
10,000 - 11,999
12,000 - 13,999
14,000 - 15,999
16,000 - 17,999
18,000 - 19,999
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
2
4
1
2
1
%
OF SCHOOLS
20
40
10
20
1
TABLE 12. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN ANNUAL INCOME FOR CENSUS TRACTS
OF 68 PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE SUBURBS
RANGE OF
INCOME
8,000
10,000
12,000
lU,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
2^,000
- 9,999
- 11,999
- 13,999
- 15,999
- 17,999
- 19,999
- 21,999
- 23,999
- 25,000
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
2
UL
30
13
9
1
0
1
1
%
OF SCHOOLS
2.9k
16.18
UU.12
19.12
13.2lt
lM
0.0
1.1*7
1.47
67
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TABLE 13. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE PERCENT OF WHITE CHILDREN IN THF 110
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS WITHIN THE CITY OF CLEVELAND AND 70 SCHOOLS WITHIN THF SUBURBS
CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOLS
RANGE OP
% WHITE
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-94
95-100
NUMBER OF
SCHOOLS
59
1
2
2
4
3
3
'*
5
7
13
31
%
OF SCHOOLS
45.38
0.77
1.54
1.54
3.08
2.51
2.31
3.85
5.38
10.00
23.85
SUBURBAN SCHOOLS
NUMBER
SCHOOL
0
1
0
2
1
0
0
2
7
0
57
7,
OF SCHOOLS
0.0%
1.4%
0.0%
2.9%
1.4%
0.0%
0,0%
2.9%
10.0%
0.0%
81.4%
68
-------
TABLE lU. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF INDUSTRIES WITHIN A HALF-
MILE RADIUS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC AND PAROCHIAL
SCHOOL SYSTEMS AND IN THE SUBURBAN SCHOOL SYSTEMS
Number
Industries
Cleveland
Public
Number Percent
0
i
2
3
h
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
lit
15
22
TOTAL
28
31
19
llf
9
8
9
5
2
0
1
0
2
1
1
2
1
133
21.1
23-3
1U.3
10.5
6.8
6.0
6.8
3.8
1'5
0.0
0.8
0.0
1.5
0.8
0.8
1.5
0.8
Cleveland
Number
15
12
5
5
3
3
3
2
2
0
0
o
0
1
0
1
0
52
69
Parochial
Percent
28.8
23.1
9.6
9.6
5,8
5.8
5.8
3.8
3-8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
0.0
1.9
0.0
Suburban Public
Number
fr
12
'3
1
a
6
0
0.
o
0
o
o
' 0
o
0
o
0
7X
Percent
76.1
16,9
4.2
iJf
l.fc
0.0
0,0
0.0
0.0
0,0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0,0
-------
TABLE 15. PERCENT OF SAMPLES ABOVE THE MEAN AIR VALUE FOR THE 21 REPORTING
AIR MONITORING STATIONS
Air
Station
^
A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Particulate
82,3
21.3
HI. 2
23.5
31.6
22.2
19.0
22,1
8jL.O
78. 4
12,2
77.4
13,6
56.7
25.0
65.3
19. t
25* 5
jU.8
62»S
Pb%
15.2
7.5
17.2
12,2
18.2
19,2
18.8
4.3
29,4
6.0
3.0
0.0
19.2
26.7
. ,
5.6
15.0
Cd%
22.7
. ,
7.7
10.3
24,4
21.2
11.8
10.4
6.5
11.8
_
2.0
9.0
0.0
21.1
_,.,
2.2
___
13.9
12,5
Sb%
20 . 5
,
5.8
0,0
12.2
45.5
5.9
6.4
11.6
3.9
2.1
54,5
3.0
7.8
2.2
2.8
5.0
So2%
41,3
13.9
25.9
30,9
21 ,.G
20 ..5
21.8
19,2
36 »0
43,5
15.«l
5'U2
17.6
24 ,7
48.8
_
__-.
,_ .
70
-------
TABLE 16. JOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE FROM AIR COLLECTING STATIONS IN CLEVELAND
(PARTICULATE DATA FROM GEORGE CRAIG, CLEVELAND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL CENTER)
Air
Station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
TOTAL
Annual
Arithmetic
Mean ug/m3
198
124
123
97
100
100
100
102
211*
153
83
173
89
151
97
141
103
93
87
173
2501
Total
Samples
Analyzed
58
80
85
51
76
63
79
77
79
72
74
62
59
60
52
72
72
51
54
56
1332
71
Number
Samples
125 ug/m3
48
17
35
12
24
14
15
17
64
55
9
48
8
34
13
47
14
13
8
35
530
% Above
125 ug/m3
82.8
21.3
41.2
23.5
31.6
22.2
19.0
22.1
81.0
76.4
12.2
77.4
13.6
56.7
25.0
65.3
19.4
25.5
14.8
52.5
-------
TABLE 17. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF TESTS 2X THE ARITHMETIC MEM OF ATMOSPHERIC
LEAD FOR AIR STATIONS IN CLEVELAND. DATA ON LEAD IN SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
WAS OBTAINED FROM DR. ROBERT B. KING AND CO-WORKcRS OF THE LEWIS RESEARCH
CENTER AND WERE USED BY US TO PREPARE THIS TABLE FOR 6/1/71 to 7/31/72.
Air
Station
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
17
20
21
TOTAL
MEAN
Ajuius.1
Geometric
Mean-rig/m
850.6
723.2
843,7
695.9
856.6
864.1
777.1
682,4
1,064.6
576,6
523.6
441.9
754.3
1,197.8
457.7
811.9
12,125.0
757.8
Samples
Analyzed
46
53
29
41
33
52
48
46
51
50
33
34
52
45
36
40
689
43.1
Samples
Over ISIS
ng/jn3
7
4
s
5
6
10
9
2
15
3
1
0
10
12
2
6
97
6.06
% Samples
Over 1515
ng/m
15.2
7.5
17.2
12.2
18,2
19.2
18.3
4>3
29.4
6.0
5.0
0.0
3.9.2
26.7
S.6
15.0
-
14,1
72
-------
TABLE 18. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF 5 TIMES ANNUAL MEAN OF ATMOSPHERIC CADMIUM
FOR AIR COLLECTING STATIONS IN CLEVELAND. DATA ON CADMIUM IN SUSPENDED
PARTICUIATE OBTAINED IN SURVEY BY ROBERT B. KING AND CO-WORKERS OF LEWIS
RESEARCH CENTER WAS USED BY US TO PREPARE THIS TABLE (8/1/71 - 7/31/72)
Air
Station
1
3
k
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
lU
15
17
20
21
TOTAL
MEAN
Annual
Geometric
Mean ng/nP
5.7
3.2
2.3
*.7
5.8
k.O
3.2
3.*
^.3
1.7
^.7
1.8
5.6
3.9
3.*
1*.3
62.0
3.9
Total
Samples
for Cd
1*
52
29
Ul
33
51
W
1»6
51
50
33
3^
52
^5
36
Uo
685
U2.8
Samples
Over 19.5
ng/m3
10
U
3
10
7
6
5
3
6
1
3
0
11
1
5
5
80
5.0
% Samples
Over 19.5
ng/m3
22.7$
7.7%
10.3$
2^.14
21.2$
11.8$
10. U$
6.5$
11.8$
2.0$
9.0$
0.0$
21.1$
2.2$
13-9$
12.5$
11.7
73
-------
TABLE 19. PERCENT INCIDENCE OF 5X THE ANNUAL MEAN OF ATMOSPHERIC ANTIMONY
FOR AIR COLLECTING STATIONS IN CLEVELAND. DATA ON ANTIMONY IN SUSPENDED
PARTICULATE FROM THE SURVEY BY MR. ROBERT B. KING AND CO-WORKERS OF THE LEWIS
RESEARCH CENTER OF NASA WAS USED BY US TO PREPARE THIS TABLE.
Air
Station
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
17
20
21
TOTAL
MEAN
Annual
Geometric
Mean ng/m^
47.0
10.0
19.0
32.0
110.0
10.0
9.6
33.0
19.0
5.4
310.0
11.0
18.0
22.0
13.0
26.0
695.0
43.4
Total
Tests
for Sb
44
52
28
41
33
51
47
43
51
48
33
33
51
45
36
40
676
42.3
Tests
Over 217
ng/m3
9
3
0
5
15
3
3
5
2
1
18
1
4
1
1
2
73
4.6
% Tests
Over 217
ng/m
20.5%
"5.8%
0.0%
12.2%
45.5%
5.9%
6.4%
11.6%
3.9%
2.1%
54.5%
3.0%
7.8%
2.2%
2.8%
5.0%
10.8%
74
-------
TABLE 20. MEAN OF TOOTH LEAD IN 11,207 CHILDREN ATTENDING CLEVELAND PUBLIC
AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS, SUBURBAN SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS, AND MISCELLANEOUS
SOURCES
School
Cleveland Public
Parochial
Roman Catholic
Lutheran
Suburbs
I
II
III
IT
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Hospitals
Miscellaneous
Number
Children
5,333
8U3
116
1,602
51
13U
21*
U6
298
386
613
330
1,085
126
mg.Pb/lOOg.
Mean
5.57
5A7
5.79
5.17
5.19
6.51*
5.75
5.68
U.85
U.70
5.51
5.7P
6.13
5.95
Standard
Deviation
2.05
2.11*
1.80
2.13
1.58
2.51*
1.90
1.53
2.10
1.78
2.36
1.99
2.63
2.15
Variance
fy.19
~*.37
3.2k
ft. 52
2.51
6.li3
3.60
2.33
WO
3.17
5-56
3.9*
6.91
fu6i
75
-------
TABLE 21. SUMMARY TO SHOW THE OCCURRENCE OF 8.0 MG OR MORE OF LEAD PER 100
GRAMS OF TOOTH TISSUE FROM 11,241 CHILDREN IN CLEVELAND,, ITS SUBURBS AND
EXURBS. THE HOSPITAL GROUP INCLUDES TEETH EXTRACTED FROM CHILDREN LIVING IN
CLEVELAND.
School
System
CLEVELAND
Public
Catholic
Lutheran
TOTAL
% OCCURRENCE
SUBURBS
I
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
TOTAL
% OCCURRENCE
EXURBS
HOSPITALS
Number
Tested
5,367
854
105
6,326
1,602
134
244
46
298
386
613
330
3,653
177
1,085
Children
8.0+ mg Pb
712
91
21
824
194
37
30
6
26
20
90
57
460
28
236
% 8.0+ mg Pb
13.3%
10.7%
20.0%
13.0%
12.1%
27.6%
12.3%
13.0%
8.7%
5.2%
14.7%
17.3%
12.6%
15.8%
21.8%
76
-------
TABLE 22. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN SHED TEETH OF CHILDREN LIVING IN
CLEVELAND AND ATTENDING THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. THE NUMBER OF TEETH
ALSO REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN TESTED FOR ACCUMULATED LEAD.
Number
Tooth Type + Part Teeth 0 - U.9 5 - 7*9 &
Incisor Crowns
without cavities
or fillings 3,911 39.2 h$.6 15,2
Molar Crowns
without cavities
or fillings 9lU 60.1 . 35.7 %.3
Molar Crowns
with cavities
and/or fillings 225 *»8.0 te.7 9-3
Incisor Roots
with and without
cavities end/or
fillings 99 28.3 52*5 19-2
Molar Roots
with and without
cavities and/or
fillings $± 31.5 50.0 3.8.5
TOTAL 5,203
(ALL CHILDREN) U3.0 ^3.9 13.1
77
-------
TABLE 23. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN SHED TEETH OF CHILDREN LIVING IN
CLEVELAND AND ATTENDING CLEVELAND CATHOLIC SCHOOLS. THE NUMBER OF TEETH ALSO
REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN TESTED FOR ACCUMULATED LEAD.
PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN MG/100G
Number
Tooth Type + Part ' Teeth 0 - U.9 5 - 7-9 &-
Incisor Crowns
without cavities
or fillings 620 U5.Q h2.1 12.9
Molar Crowns
without cavities
or fillings 1^5 56.6 36,6 6.9
Molar Crowns
with cavities
and/or fillings 51 66.? 31.** 2.O
Incisor Roots
with and without
cavities and/or
fillings 6 50.0 50.0 0,0
Molar Roots
with and without
cavities and/or
fillings
TOTAL
6
828
83.3
16.7
0.0
-
% OCCURRENCE (ALL CHILDREN) U8.6? ^0.35 11,0
78
-------
TABLE 24. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN SHED TEETH OF CHILDREN LIVING IN
CLEVELAND AND ATTENDING CLEVELAND LUTHERAN SCHOOLS. THE NUMBER OF TEETH ALSO
REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN TESTED FOR ACCUMULATED LEAD.
Tooth Type + Part
Number
Teeth
PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN MG/100G
0 - *v.9 5 - 7.9
Incisor Crowns
without cavities
or fillings
Molar Crowns
without cavities
or fillings
Molar Crowns
with cavities
and/or fillings
Incisor Roots with
with and without
cavities and/or
fillings
Molar Roots
with and without
cavities and/or
fillings
21
8
3H-9
52 A
37.5
0.0
100.0
33.3
62.5
0.0
0.0
20.5
0,0
100.0
0.0
TOTAL
% OCCURRENCE (ALL CHILDREN)
37.7
U3.0
79
-------
TABLE 25. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN SHED TEETH OF CHILDREN LIVING IN
SUBURBS OF CLEVELAND. THE NUMBER OF TEETH ALSO REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF
CHILDREN TESTED FOR ACCUMULATED LEAD
Number Percent occurrence of lead in mg/lOOg
Tooth Type + Fart Teeth 0 - U.9 5 -7«9 8+
Incisor Crowns
without cavities
or fillings 2,85^ U2.1 U2.4 15.5
Molar Crowns
without cavities
or fillings ^35 62.9 33.9 3.2
Molar Crowns
with cavities
and/or fillings 203 56.5 32.5 11.0
Incisor Roots
with and without
cavities and/or
fillings k2 53.5 23.0 23.6
Molar Roots
with and without
cavities and/or
fillings U3 5^-5 ^3-0 2.3
TOTAL 3,577
OCCURRENCE (ALL CHILDREN) 36.2 1+2.3 21.6
80
-------
TABLE 26. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN SHED AND EXTRACTED TEETH OP
CHILDREN IN INSTITUTIONS OR TREATED AT 5 DENTAL CLINICS IN CLEVEIAND.
THE NUMBER OF TEETH REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN TESTED
Number1 percent occurrence of lead in mg/lOOg
Tooth Type + Part Teeth O - fr.9 5"'- 7-9 &*
Incisor Crowns
without cavities
and/or fillings 165 1*3.0 1*1.8 15.2
Molar Crowns
without cavities
end/or fillings
Molar Roots
157
5^7
50.1*
30.0
1*0.6
1*3.0
9.1
27.1
TOTAL 869
% OCCURRENCE (ALL CHILDREN) 36.2 ^2.3 21.6
81
-------
TABLE 27. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF AMOUNTS OF LEAD IN SHED INCISOR CROWNS OF
TEETH NOT HAVING CAVITIES AND/OR FILLINGS FOR CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
School
X- 2
X- 3
X- 4
X- 5
X- 6
X- 7
X- 8
X- 9
X-10
X-ll
X-12
X-13
X-14
X-15
X-16
X-17
X-18
X-19
X-20
Number
Teeth
20
32
35
39
84
19
23
73
29
38
36
25
28
94
38
13
34
40
26
0 - 4.9
mg Pb/lOOg
55.0
21.9
34.3
51.3
59.5
36.8
43.5
50.7
41.4
28.9
41.7
60.0
32.1
35.1
52.6
38.5
38.2
50.0
53.8
5 - 7.9
mg Pb/lOOg
30.0
43.8
57.1
35.9
34.5
42.1
52.2
32.9
55.2
52.6
44.4
32.0
67.9
52.1
34.2
38.5
47.1
37.5
30.8
8.0 + mg Pb
15.0
34.4
8.6
12.8
6.0
21.1
4.3
16.4
3.4
18.4
13.9
8.0
0.0
12.8
13.2
23.1
14.7
12.5
15.4
82
-------
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED)
School
X-21
X-22
X-23
X-24
X-25
X-26
X-27
X-28
X-29
X-30
X-31
X-32
X-33
X-34
X-35
X-36
X-37
X-38
X-39
X-40
Number
Teeth
12
57
27
5
35
2k
5
25
Hi
20
37
19
15
29
66
26
9
27
18
63
0 - 4.9
mg Pb/lOOg
33.3
56.1
55.6
100.0
1*2.9
29.2
60,0
52.0
57.1
25.0
35.1
21.1
66.7
2H.1
k2.k
61.5
33.3
1.0.7
3'°-. 9
17-5
5 - 7.9
mg Pb/lOOg
25-0
38.6
37.0
0.0
U2.9
58.3
IKXO
Ho.o
35-7
30.0
56.8
1,2.1
26 . 7
51-7
36. k
26,9
kk.k
1(8.1
55.6
65.1
8.0 + mg Pb
5-3
7-l|
0,0
1U.3
12.5
0.0
8.0
7-1
It 5 0
8.1
36.8
6.7
2U.1
21.2
11.5
22.2
11 . 1
5.6
17-5
eoni,i iiur.-d on nc/.l }i-j.:r,^.
-------
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED)
School
Cleveland public
X-41
X-42
X-43
X-44
X-45
X-46
X-47
X-48
X-49
X-50
X-51
X-52
X-53
X-54
X-56
X-57
X-58
X-59
X-60
Number
Teeth
18
17
16
9
35
15
lH
30
26
36
39
13
H2
21
66
3H
HH
20
28
0 - h.9
0.0
Ul . 2
6.3
11 '.1
77-1
U6.7
35-7
66 . 7
H6.2
HH.H
30.8
l^.H
H2.9
28.6
12.1
MM
Hj 2
H '; . 0
50.0
5 - 7-9
77-8
52.9
68.8
77.8
20.0
1.6.7
35-7
33-3
38.5
Hi. 7
59-0
8H.6
Ho. 5
52. H
60.6
'17.1
50.0
35.0
39.3
8.0 -H m- 1'b
22.2
5-9
25-0
11.1
2-9
6.7
28.6
0.0
15. H
13.9
10.3
0.0
16.7
19.0
27-3
8.8
6.8,
20 . 0
10.7
c:ou1-i
84
-------
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED)
School
Cleveland Public
X-61
X-62
X-63
X-66
X-67
X-68
X-69
X-70
X-71
X-72
X-73
X-74
X-75
X-76
X-77
X-78
X-79
X-80
Number
Teeth
25
11
38
5
16
19
23
140
ho
ho
h2
18
6
hh
9
36
31
1
0 - IK 9
mg Pb/lOOg
36.0
36. )|-
21.1
60.0
25.0
57-9
21.7
77-5
30.0
35-0
21 . h
55-6
33-3
'5.5
55-6
2^.0
61.3
0.0
5 - 7-9
mg Pb/lOOg
hh.o
27.3
55-3
20.0
62.5
26,3
60.9
17.5
55-0
57-5
5U.8
33-3
50.0
ltf.2
33-3
66.7
29.0
100.0
8,0 ^ mg pb
20.0
36. h
23-7
20.0
12.5
15.8
17-lt
5-0
15-0
7.5
23-8
11.1
16.7
11. ^
in .1
8.3
9.7
0.0
continued on next
85
-------
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED)
School
Cleveland Public
X-81
X-82
X-84
X-85
X-86
X-88
X-89
X-90
X-91
X-92
X-93
X-94
X-95
X-96
X-97
X-98
X-99
X-100
Number
Teeth
28
32.
59
22
21
18
62'
2k
29
9
),6
15
27
20
55
30
25
22
0 - 4.9
rug Pb/1003
28.6
3-1-3
15-3
31.8
19.0
11.1
29.0
25-0
10.3
55-6
.17. 'i
20.0
7H.1
50.0
29.1
33-3
32.0
36.ii
5 - 7-9
mg Pb/100e
50.0
56.3
50.8
'5.5
57-1
72.2
51.6
1,5-8
58.6
M< . n
60.9
66.7
22.2
H5-0
58.2
56.7
56.0
50.0
8.0+ rng Pb
21. k
12.5
33-9
22.7
23-8
16.7
19. h
29.2
31-0
0.0
21.7
13.3
3-7
5.0
12.7
:i o . o
12.0
L3-6
cent inn (.(! on nnxl. p:J ,"/?.
86
-------
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED)
School
X-101
X-102
X-103
X-104
X-105
X-106
X-107
X-108
X-109
X-110
X-lll
X-112
X-113
X-114
X-115
X-116
X-117
X-118
X-119
X-120
Number 0-4.9
Teeth mg Pb/lOOg
2*
79'
1
Ho
39
63
11
53
12
Ik
12
19
12
'sO
-J/>
36
22
33
78
39
5 - 7.9
mg Pb/lOOg
25.0 62.5
60.8 35. u
100.0 0.0
H2.5 Hj.o
H3-6 H3.6
HH.H 39.7
-10.2 5)1.5
'l7.2 28.3
66.7 25.0
50.0 28.6
25.0 58.3
31.6 H2.1
50 .0 50 . 0
) | I ' Q ) 1 O '
- -'
<><
HH.H Hi. 7
'10.9 1|5.^
H2.H H2.H
39.7 51-3
57-9 36.8
8.0 H- mg Pb
12.5
3.8
0.0
12.5
12.0
15.9
27-3
21;. 5
8.3
21. U
16.7
26.3
0.0
i O ( .
1 f. . _;
2, . .
1 J i)
1 3 . ( <
15-2
9.0
5-3
conlimuxl on next, pa/;o.
87
-------
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED)
School
X-121
X-122
X-123
X-124
X-125
X-126
X-128
X-129
X-130
X-131
X-132
X-133
X-134
X-135
TOTAL:
% .TNr.TDF.NrF.
Number
Teeth
52
33 ;
ia
27
53
51
38
39
6
32
17
7
39
15
3,911
0-4.9
mg Pb/lOOg
' 3^-6
h2.h
51.2
1U.8
73.6
29. h
23-7
17-9
50.0
37-5
17.6
28.6
28.2
33-3
39-2
. 5-7.9
mg Pb/lOOg
38.5
33-3
in. 5
kk.h
2k. 5
' U3-1
57.9
51-3
50.0
ho. 6
6^.7
71. k
H8.7
60.0
45. 6
8.0 + mg Pr
26.9
2U.2
' 7-3
U0.7
1-9
27.5
18. U
30.8
0.0
21.9
17-6
0.0
23.1
6.7
15-2
(All children)
-------
TABLE 28. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF AMOUNTS OF LEAD IN SHED INCISOR CROWNS OF
TEETH NOT HAVING CAVITIES AND/OR FILLINGS FROM CHILDREN IN THE CLEVELAND
PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS.
School
XI- 1
XI- 2
XI- 3
XI- 4
XI- 5
XI- 6
XI- 7
XI- 8
XJ- 9
XI-10
XI-11
XI-12
XI-13
XI-14
XI-15
XI-16
XI-17
XI-18
XI-19
XI-20
Number
Teeth
18
2
83
53
7
25
22
13
9
3
31
31
7
17
15
8
17
18
2
19
0 - 4.9
mg Pb/100 g
38.9
50.0
45.8
37.7
42.9
20.0
22.7
30.8
77.8
66.7
54.8
42.2
42.9
35.3
40.0
37.5
47.1
66.7
0.0
26.3
5 - 7.9
mg Pb/100 g
33.3
50.0
45.8
43.4
57.1
56.0
68.2
38.5
11.1
33.3
29.0
51.6
57.1
41.2
46.7
12.5
41.2
33.3
100.0
63.2
8.0+ mg Pb/lOOg
27.8
0.0
8.4
18.9
0.0
24.0
9.1
30.8
11.1
0.0
16.1
3.2
0.0
23.5
13.3
50.0
11.8
0.0
0.0
10.5
89
-------
TABLE 28 (CONTINUED)
School
XI-21
XI-22
XI-23
XI-2U
XI-25
XT-26
XI-27
XI-28
XI-29
XI-30
XI-31
XI -32
XI -33
XI -3^
Xl-35
xi -36
XI-37
XI -38
XI-39
XI -UO
XI -Ul
xi-te
XI-1^3
Number
Teeth
6
11
11
llf
h
12
11
10
1
5
7
1U
11
33
1
1
15
8
9
5
9
10
12
o - U.9
rag Pb/lOOg
66.7
9.1
27.3
61*. 3
25.0
66.7
U5.5
60.0
0.0
20.0
28.6
U2.9
U5.5
60.6
100.0
100.0
73.3
75.0
66.7
60.0
33.3
60.0
Ui.7
5 - 7.9
mg Pb/lOOg
16.7
81.8
1*5.5
21. ^
50.0
33-3
5U.5
to.o
0.0
80.0
57-1
50.0
U5.5
21.2
0.0
0.0
26.7
12.5
33.3
Uo.o
WA
30.0
33.3
8,0 +
mg Pb/lOOg
16.7
9.1
27.3
1U.3
25.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10O.O
0.0
1U.3
7.1
9.1
18.2
0,0
0.0
0.0
12.5
0.0
0.0
22.2
1O.O
25.0
TOTAL
620
90
-------
TABLE 29. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF AMOUNTS OF LEAD IN SHED INCISOR CROWNS
WITHOUT CAVITIES AND/OR FILLINGS IN LUTHERAN SCHOOLS OF CLEVELAND AND ITS
SUBURBS. THE ASTERISK INDICATES LUTHERAN SCHOOLS IN SUBURBS OR EXURBS
School
l
*XfcL- 1
XLI- 2
XII- 3
xii- h
*m- 5
*xn- 6
*xri- 7
xrtr 8
*XIL- 9
Kuciber
Teeth
13
18
9
11 -
7
ll»
3
1
7
0 - U.9
mg Pb/lOOg
30.8
72.2
33-3
36. U
28.6
0.0
33-3
0.0
28.6
5 - 7-9
rag Fo/lOOg
69.2
22.2
55.6
18.2
28.6
50.O
66.7
: loo.o
71. 'r
8.0 +
rcg Fo/lOOg
0.0
5-6
n.i
H5.5
It2.9
50.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL 83
% OCCURRENCE 3^.9 *&.6 20.5
91
-------
TABLE 30. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN SHED INCISOR CROWS OF TEETH WHICH
DID NOT HAVE A CAVITY AND/OR A FILLING IN 2,85U CHILDREN IN 8 CLEVELAND
SUBURBS. THE COLUMN "NUMBER OF TEETH" ALSO REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF
CHILDREN TESTED. FOR ACCUMULATED LEAD
School
I
III
IV
V
VI
VII
"VIII
IX
TOTAL
Number Percent occurrence of lead in mg/lOOg tooth tissue
Teeth 0 - U.9 5 - 7-9 &
1,238
110
196
33
212
30?
1190
. 268
2,85^
H8.4
23.6
3^.7
2U.2
58.0
, 59-6
hk.7
U3.6
36.9
1*3-6
52.6
60.6
31.6
3M
39.2
39>8
1U.7
32,7
12.8
15-2.
IDA
5-?
16.1
' 16.7
"to OCCURRENCE te.l kZ.k 15.5
92
-------
TABLE 31. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF AMOUNTS OF LEAD IN SHED INCISOR CROWNS
WITHOUT CAVITIES AND /OR FILLINGS IN THE SCHOOLS OF SUBURB I PUBLIC
SCHOOL SYSTEM
Suburb
and
School
;
1- I
I- II
I- III
I- IV
I- V
i- yi
I- VII
I -VIII
I- IX
I- X
I- XI
I- XII
I -XIII
I- XIV
I- XV
I- XVI
I -XVII
Number
' .Teeth
68
2k
50
&.
9k
68
56
73
3k
75
1°
36-
6k
88
81
31
6k
dp Occurrence
o - k.9
mg Pb/lOOg
30.9
83.3
kk.Q
>»7.5
27.7
57A
50.0
5U.8
6k.f
36.0
30.0
30.6
57.8
36 A
59-3
80.6
56.3
of amounts of tooth
5 - 7-9
. mg Pb/lOOg
Itf-l '
16.7
kk.O
39.0 -
50.0
23.5
39.3
31.5
23/5
la. 3
60.0
fcL.7
25.0
5^5
25.9
ia.9
35.9
lead (rog/lOOg)
8.0 + mg Pb
S2,X
0.0
X2cO
X3.6
22,3
X9.1.
3.0.7
3-3.7
OJ.,8
22.7
10.0
£7,8
'Jtl'K
9-3.
Ui.8
6.5
7.8
93
-------
TABLE 3] (CONTINUED)
Occurrence of amounts of tooth lead (mg/XOOg)
Suburb
and
School
i-xyin
i
I- XIX
X- XX
T- xxr
TOEAL
Number
.Teeth
7U
50,.
63
76
1,238
o - l*.9
wg pb/lOOg
52.7
l»6.o
U2.9
59.2
5-7*9
mg Pb/lOOg- 8,0 -j- wg Pb
33.8 ia.?
32,0 22vO
I»6.0 -. 3JL.X
. 3^.2 6.6
-
% OCCURRENCE **8.U 36,9 £!f,«r
94
-------
TABLE 32. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF AMOUNTS OF LEAD IN SHED INCISOR CROWNS
WITHOUT CAVITIES AND/OR FILLINGS
Suburb
and
School
SUBURB III
III- 1
III- 2
TOTAL
io OCCURRENCE
SUBURB IV
IV - 1
IV- - 2
IV - 3
iv - 4
IV - 5
TOTAL
% OCCURRENCE
SUBURB V
V - 1
TOTAL
% OCCURRENCE
Number
Teeth
63
47
no
.
34
41
66
49
6
196
33
33
% Occurrence
0 - 4.9
mg Pb/100g
22.2
25.5
-
23.9
44.1
41.5
40.9
18.4
0.0
32.7
24.2
24.2
of amounts of
5 - 7.9
mg Pb/100g
46.0
4o.4
43.2
38.2
56.1
51.5
55.1
100.0
52.6
60.6
60.6
tooth lead (mg/lOOg)
8.0 +
mg Pb/lOOg
31.7
34.0
32.9
17.6
2.4
7.6
26.5
0.0
-
12.8
15.2
15.2
95
-------
TABLE 32
Occurrence of amounts of tooth lead (mg/lOOg)
Suburb
and
School
Number
Teeth
0 - h.9
mg Pb/lOOg
5 - 7.9
mg Pb/lOOg
8.0 +
mg Pb/lOOg
SUBURB VI
VI
*
VI
VI
VI
VI
VI
- 1
- 2
- 3
- h
- 5
- 6
56
36
53
30
27
10
76.8
63.9
37.7
56.7
51-9
60.0
1^.3
27.8
49.1
36.7
33.3
30.0
8.9
8.3
13.2
6.7
1^.8
10.0
TOTAL
% OCCURRENCE
212
58.0
31.6
10. If
96
-------
TABLE 33. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF AMOUNTS OF LEAD IN SHED INCISOR CROWNS
WITHOUT CAVITIES AND/OR FILLINGS
Suburb
and
School
SUBURB VII
VII- 1
VII- 2
VII- 3
VII- U
VII- 5
VII- 6
VII- 7
VII- 8
vii- 9
VII-10
. vii-ii
Number
Teeth
ho
33
26
U9
18
2k
35
30
32
18
2
% Occurrence of
0 - 4.9
mg Pb/lOOg
57-5
U8.5
73-1
28.6
6l,l
70.8
65.7
86.7
62.5
77.8
0.0
amounts of tooth lead (mg/lOOg)
5 - 7,9
mg Pb/lOOg
37.5
*tf.5
23.3.
65,3
27-8
25-0
25/f
13.3
31.3
16 X
100,0
8.0 -h mg Ft
5.0
6.1
3.8
6.1
11,1
It.2
8,6
o.o
6.3
5.6
0,0
TOTAL:
% OCCURRENCE
307
59-6
5,5
97
-------
TABLE 34. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF AMOUNTS OF LEAD IN SHED INCISOR CROWNS
WITHOUT CAVITIES AND/OR FILLINGS
% Occurrence of ajnounts of tooth lead (mg/lOOg)
Suburb
and
School
SUBURB. VIII
-,VIII- 1
VIII- 2
VIII- 3
VIII- If
VIII- 5
VIII- 6
viii- 7
viii- 8
viii- 9
VIII-1Q...
TOTAL:
% OCCURRENCE
Number
Teeth
63
15
57
*9 '
81
23
61
1*6
39
56
1*90
o - i*.9
mg Pb/lOOg
27.0
60.0
75. **
1*6.9
32.1
52.2
1*9.2
**5.7
i*6.2
35.7
1*1*.7
5 - 7.9
mg Pb/lOOg
52A
26.7
21.1
3**.7
1*3.2
3^.8
1*1.0
^3:5
28.2
1*8.2
39.2- -
8.0 + mg Pb
20.6
13.3
3.5
18A
2l*,7
13.0
9.8
10.9
25,6
16.1
16.1
98
-------
TABLE "35. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN SHED INCISOR CROWNS WITHOUT CAVITIES
AND/OR FILLINGS
Suburb
and
School
SUBURB IX
IX- 1
IX- 2
IX- 3
IX- k
IX- 5
IX- 6
. ix- 7
ix- 8
ix- 9
IX-10
Number
Teeth
22
15
28 "
17
3.8
15
15
30.
5U
5^
% Occurrence
0 - U.9
mg Pb/lOOg
77.3
U6.7
32.1
16.5
W.I
Uo.o
U6.7
13-3
5.6
51.9
of amounts of tooth
5 - 7.9
mg Pb/lOOg
9^1
U6.7
50.0
23.5
38.9
26.7
53.3
66.7
6l.l
22,2
lead (mg/lOOg)
8,0 + mg Pb
13.6
6.7
17.9
0.0
16.7
33.3
0.0
20.0
33.3
25.9
TOTAL: 268
% OCCURRENCE
39.8
16,7
99
-------
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-------
TABLE 37. PEARSON COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION OF AGE AT TIME OF TOOTH LOSS
AND THE AMOUNT OF LEAD IN TEETH OF CHILDREN LIVING IN SUBURBS AND CLEVELAND.'
THE HOSPITAL GROUP INCLUDED CHILDREN IN INSTITUTIONS AND CHILDREN WHOSE
TEETH WERE EXTRACTED AT THE DENTAL CLINICS OF FIVE HOSPITALS WITHIN CLEVELAND
THE NUMBER REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN
Suburban School
Systems
T
II
\
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Cleveland Public Schools
Parochial Schools
Lutheran
Roman Catholic
Hospi'tals
Other
Correlation
- .3710
- .W#
- .1U53
- .2392
- .'5326
- .2803
- .1809
- .307^
- .1*399
- ,2392
- .2377
- .2799
.0206
- ,2306
Number
1,W
*3
128
223
h6
289
376
57S
325
U,9^9
116
786
1,007
122
Significance
-001
.001
.051
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.O01
.001
.005
' .001
,256
.005
102
-------
'.CABLE 38. SPEARMAN COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION OF AGE AT TIME OF TOOTH LOSS
AND AMOUNT OF LEAD IN TEETH OF CHILDREN LIVING IN SUBURBS AND CLEVELAND.
THE HOSPITAL GROUP INCLUDED CHILDREN IN INSTITUTIONS AND CHILDREN WHOSE
TEETH WERE EXTRACTED AT THE DENTAL CLINICS OF 5 HOSPITALS WITHIN CLEVELAND.
THE "NUMBER" COLUMN ALSO REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN
Suburban School
Systems
I
II
III
IV
V
"VI
VII
VIII
IX
Correlation
» »U03^
- .3087
- .1852
- .228k
' - .5396
- -3217
- .1690
- .31^2
- .U591
Number
1,1^7
*3
128
223
k6
289
376
575
325
SI gni.fi cane e
.001
.002
.018
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
103
-------
TABLE 39. PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TOOTH LEAD BY AGE FOR 2,120
BOYS AND 2,799 GIRLS IN THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. THE NUMBER
OF TEETH ALSO REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN
AJge
5
5
6
.6 .
7
7
Sex
Boys
Cirls
Boys
Girls
.
Boys
"Girls
Amount of
-1.0 - 4.9
No. %
56
86
167
259
181
181
27.9
27.3
30.1
36.6
38.4
35.3
lead in mg Pb/100g.-
5.0-7.9 8.0+
No . % No. %
89
151
287
323
218
265
44
47
51
45
46
51
.3
.9
.8
. 7
.3
,7
56
78
100
125
72
67
27.
24.
18.
17.
15.
13.
8
7
0
7
3
0
Total
No. %
201
315
554
707
471
513
9.
11.
26.
25.
22.
18.
5
2
1
3
2
3
8 Boys 129 45 5 126 44.4 29 10.2 284 13.4
8 Girls 181 35.3 16A 42,8 38 9.2 383 -13.7
9-12
9-12
Boys
Girls
368 .
500
60.3
56.8
210
335
34
38
.4
.0
32
46
5
5
.2
.2
610
881
28.8
31.5
Total Boys 901 42.5 930 43.9 289 13.6 2,120
Total Girls 1207 43.1 1228 44.2 354 12.6 2,799
104
-------
TABLE 40. PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TOOTH LEAD BY AGE FOR 710 BOYS
AND 771 GIRLS IN SUBURB I PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. THE NUMBER OF TEETH ALSO
REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN
Age
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9-12
9-12
Sex
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls'
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
Amount
-1.0 -
No. %
24
30
73
92.
64
66
48
58
173
194
34
3' 3
34
41
47
49
59
73
81
78
of Lead in mg Pb/lOOg.
4.9 5.0-7.9 8.0+
No. % No. %
.8
.3
.4
.6
.4
.3
.3
.4
.2
.5
27
40
94
82
60
52
27
13
37
47
39.
44.
44.
37.
44.
38.
33.
16.
17.
19.
1
4
3
1
4
8
3
5
4
0
18
20
45
47
11
16
6
8
3
6
26
22
21
21
8
11
7
10
1
2
. 1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.9
.4
.1
.4
.4
Total
No. %
69
90
212
221
135
134
81
79
213
247
9.
11.
30.
28.
19.
17.
11.
10,
30.
32.
7
7
0
7
0
4
4
2
0
0
Total Boys 382 53.8 245 34.5 83 ' 11.7 710
Total Girls 440 57.0 234 30.4 97 12.6 771
105
-------
TABLE 41. SUMMARY OF HRISK, RACIAL, ECOF., HWAY, AND IND. FOR 135 RJBLIC
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
SCHOOL
X- 1
X- 2
X- 3
x- h
X- 5
x- 6
x- 7
x- 8
X- 9
X-10
X-ll
X-12
X-13
X-l^
x-15
X-16
x-l?
X-18
x-19
X-20
HRISK
89.0
88.6
88.6
92.8
90.0
78.5
98.0
85.it
97.7
89.5
100.0
ifU.7
97.2
1^.9
52.2
98.9
97.3
35.9
97.0
97.0
RACIAL
U5.0
59.2
3.8
0.3
100.0
93.^
0.2
0.0
98.7
100.0
O.U
92.5
91.3
1.3
98.0
0.1
0.9
38.0
86.1
0.0
BOON
10.9
10.9
10.9
9.1
10.8
11.2
12.6
U.2
10.2
9*
-
11.2
9.3
ll.l
11. h
7.3
9.^
12. U
9.1
9.0
HWAY
116.0
13^.5
117.0
71.9
0.0
13.5
13.5
0.0
58.0
35.1
22.6
32.2
6h.h
26.8
la.o
35.5
39.1
1^
51.0
36.8
IND
6
l
6
1
1
2
0
2
1
1
2
0
3
0
1
h
2
2
3
1
106
-------
TABLE 4i (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL HRISK RACIAL ECON HWAY IND
X-21
X-22
X-23
X-24
X-25
X-26
X-27
X-28
X-29
X-30
X-31
X-32
X-33
X-3U
x-35
X-36
x-37
X-38
X-39
X-Uo
; 98.4
S7.3
81.7
89.0
63.1
94.0
44.9
99.1
97.2
97.3
51.4
97.6
94.1
83.2
81.7
74.5
98.5
54.1
97.5
97.5
74.3
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
89.5
0.0
0.5
0.8
0.2
0.0
98.4
97.0
0.0
0.2
97.9
0.8
4.2
10.0
9.5
12.1
5.4
5.3
9.4
11.1
9.0
7.2
9.5
11.9
5.3
7.6
10.7
9.4
3.4
7.9
12.9
5.1
9.5
0.0
77.7
0.0
57.7
22.6
0.0
0.0
51.3
0.0
30.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
88.6
29.0
0.0
0.0
8.4
66.3
57.0
16
I
I
3
3
0
0
4
1
0
0
12
0
3
3.
1
0
0
15
6
107
-------
SCHOOL
K-Ul
X-42
X-lf3
X-1A
X-^5
x-i*6
x-Vf
- x-W
x-^9
x-50
X-51
X-52
X-53
X-5^
X-55
X-56
X-57
X-58
x-59
x-6o
HRISK
83.5
99.6
78.6
15.4
71.5
97.9
84.7
9'7.9
44.7
54.1
99.3
99.5
98.4
97.5
65.2
99.1
78.6
98.0
76.3
97.0
TABLE 41 (CONTINUED)
RACIAL ECON HWAY
90.7
42,3
0.5
0.0
75.5
0.8
93.3
99.1
97.5
97.8
0.5
0.5
95.5
92.2
0.0
99.0
96.2
99.7
2.9
0.0
10.3
10.1
11.1
16.2
10.3
9.2
10.6
9.4
11.2
12.9
6.6
6.6
10.0
10.2
13.8
11.0
11.1
9.8
16.9
9.0
82.7
0,0 .
13.5
0.0
16.0
36.8
123.0
0.0
62.2
52.6 .
103.3
0.0
37.5
87.5
26.5
93.?.
83.0
21.2
120.4
36.7
IND
1
8
0
0
4
1
3
1
2
0
8
6
3
6
o"
1
6
3
X
1
108
-------
TABLE 4i (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL
X-61
X-62
X-63
x-6it
x-65
x-66
x-6?
x-68
x-69
X-70
X-71
X-72
X-73
X-71^
X-75
X-76
X-77
X-78
x-79
X-80
HRISK
90.3
22.3
99.6
89.0
95.3
95.6
99.0
96.7
98.9
98.2
94.0
90.1
97.1
46. 5
3.0
81.7
97.2
81.7
98.1
36.1
RACIAL
29.6
46.5
58.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.7
69.6
0.0
94.0
96.1
71.4
0.0
96.6
0.7
96.1
0.2
0.0
ECON
10.2
4.6
9.6
5.4
9*8
6.6
5.9
6.6
8.2
7.8
8.9
10.3
9.3
9.9
8.3
11.1
7.2
12.1
5.0
4.7
HWAY
38.0
133.4
0.0
0.0
55.6
36.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
81.1
53.9
173.9
107.8
54.3
0.0
39.7
0.0
160.0
103.3
0.0
IND
1
14
7
1
Z
Z
12
2
0
10 .
3.
2
6
0
J.
3.
0
1
*-6
6
109
-------
TABLE 4i (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL HRISK RACIAL ECON HWAY IND
X- 81
X- 82
x- 83
X- 8U
x- 85
X- 86
x- 87
- X- 88
X- 89
x- 90
x- 91
x- 92
X- 93
X- 9^
x- 95
X- 96
x- 97
X- 98
X- 99
X-100
70.9
96.7
99.3
71.2
76.5
83.9
98.8
98.2
98.3
67.7
97.2
96.3
91.6
99.1
72.0
97.8
99.1
97.9
78.6
58.2
98.8
0.7
0.6
98.2
90.2
97.9
29.0
0.1
93.8
0.5
99.1
0.6
0.4
72.0
94.0
0.0
80.9
0.0
96.0
63.1
12.6
6.6
6.9
11.6
10.3
11.1
9.4
9.1
9.3
10.3
9.3
10.4
8.6
9.5
12.1
8.3
9.0
9.8
11.1
8,2
24.8
0.0
0.0
67*3
55.3
100.8
118,4
0.0
108.0
33.6
40.3
6X.7
100 ,B
76,6
68.0
0,0
18.9
0.0
91.8
Cl.4
J.
5
0
Z
3
X
5
Z
1.
0
Z
0
0
3
Z
Z
6
0
5
4
110
-------
TABLE 4i (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL
X-101
X-102
X-103
X-10U
X-105
x-io6
X-107
'X-108
x-109
X-110
x-ni
X-112
X-113
X-llU
X-115
X-116
X-117
x-n8
x-ii9
X-120
HRISK
97.9
54.1
99,5
68.4
81.4
38,2
99.3
59 o7
97.5
100.0
98.3
94,0
85.2
98.5
46,0
99,0
98,8
54.1
23,8
97.5
RACIAL
0.3
82.6
0.0
96.1
0.0
97.5
0.4
87,2
53.8
6.0
48.6
0,0
0.0
95,5
94.9
64 o3
91.6
98,5
96.0
0.2
ECON
9.4
12.9
6.5
12.8
9.5
15.0
6.9
9.4
7.6
9.6
9.0
9,4
4.2
6.0
11.3
7.5
9o4
12.9
12.3
5.1
HWAY
6.4
0.0
17.3
44 .4
42.5
26.6
0,0
0.0
51.0
0.0
0.0
0,0
o»o
0.0
0.0
. 59,7
47 *3
0*0
78.3
0.0
IND
3
C
3
1
I
4
0
2
4
4
1A
0
8
4
0
7
3
0
0
5
111
-------
TABLE 41 (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL
X-121
X-122
X-123
X-12U
X-125
X-126
X-127
' - X-128
X-129
X-130
X-131
X-132
X-133
X-131*-
X-135
HRISK
97.5
96.6
91.4
97.2
97.1
95.6
90.1
67.9
94.6
98.?.
73.4
98.9
98.9
99.2
99.3
FACIAL
78.1
98.0
98.0
0.2
85.3
85.3
96.0
98.1
94.1
34.5
100.0
91.0
66.0
4.3
0.5
ECON
7.6
8.8
11.1
6.3
9.3
9.5
10.3
10.6
10.5
7.8
12.9
9.2
6.6
8.6
10 J.
WAY
40.6
31.8
47.5
17.3
66.7
71,9
69.3
17.2
20.6
1.62.7
13,8
13.4
53.9
20.7
0.0
IND
5
22
Z
6
4
7
1
3
7
13
1
5
2
7
Z
112
-------
TABLE 42 / SUMMARY OF HRIBK, ECON, HWAY, AM) IND FOR ^3 ROMAN CATHOLIC
PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS IN CLEVELAND
SCKQQL
XI- 1
XI- 2
XI- 3
XI- U
xi- 5
xi- 6
xi- 7
xi- 8
xi- 9
XI-10
xi -n
XI -12
xi-13
XE-lU
xi -15
xi-l6
xi -17
XI -18
xi -19
XI -20
XI-21
HRISK
73.4
97.8
54.1
97.0
99.3
68.4
46.5
81.7
98.4
46.5
44.7
68.4
98.6
84.7
86.4
99.7
78.6
100.0
88.6
90.8
92.4
ECON
12.9
8,3
12.9
10.9
6.6
12.8
11.3
11.1
10,0
11.3
11.2
12.8
7.2
10.6
10.1
9.4
11.1
9.8
9.8
10.2
10.2
WAY
13.8
35.2
0.0
58.8
98.2
53.0
0.0
62.9
-
0.0
63.5
8.8
17.3
89.1
18.9
0.0
86.2
34.1
98.6
63.8
44.2
IND
1
0
0
1
13
1
1
1
7
0
0
0
5
1
1
2
2
2
7.
3
0
113
-------
TABLE 42 (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL
XI-22
XI-23
XI-2U
XI--25
XE-26
XC-27
XI-28
XE-29
XC-30
XC-31
XE-32
XE-33
xt-3*
XE-35
XE-36
XE-37
XE-38
XE-39
xt-Uo
XE-lfl
XE-U2
XI -43
' HRISK
96.6
94.6
97.0
99.3
65.2
100.0
93.7
97.5
88.6
95.6
90.3
71.2
98.2
98.4
93.8
88.6
95.6
95.6
99.5
99.6
97.6
95.5
.ECON
10.3
10.5 '-.
9.0
10.1
13.8
8.9
8.7
9.5
10.4
9,9
9.5
11.6
7.8
10.0
5.2
10.9
9.5
9.5
9.9
10.1
9.8
10.2
HWAY
67.1
20.6
28.2
54.2
13.5
32.7
20.7
57.1
72.1
0.0
63.7
41.3
55.0
19.4
93.6
133.1
102.9
92.4
31,3
0.0
147.4
3.8
IND
6
4
1
6
;°
4
* 7
4
0
3
6
1
. 1
5
15
1
5
5
1
8
8
3
MEAN 87.2 10.1 U6.U 3.1
114
-------
TABLE 43. SUMMARY OF HRISK, ECON, HWAY AND IND FOR 10 LUTHERAN PA.ROCHIAL
SCHOOLS IN CLEVELAND AND THE SUBURBS
SCHOOL -
XII- 1
XII- 2
XII- 3
XII- ^
XII- 5
xii- 6
XII- 7
XII- 8
xii- 9
XII -10
HRISK
36.7
90.1
49.0
73.3
5.4
31.6
89.4
17.7
35.0
79.6
ECON
16.2
10.3
11.9
12.9
17.2
19 .3
12.1
13. 7
14.1
12.4
HWAY
~
50.3
47.9
13.8
0.0
0.0
14.2
0.0
0.0
51.5
IND
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
MEAN 50.8 14.0 17.8 0.8
115
-------
TABLE 44. SUMMARY OF HRISK, ECON, HWAY AND IND FOR 21 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
IN SUBURB I FJBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
SCHOOL
I- 1
I- 2
I- 3
I- If-
I- 5
I- 6
I- 7
I- 8
I- 9
I -10
l-ll
1-12
1-13
I-lU
1-15
1-16
1-17
1-18
1-19
1-20
1-21
MEAN
HRISK
7.9
30.7
9.9
8.7
8.7
50. 4
5.6
9.7
5.6
30.7
7.9
10.1
19.2
7.9
36.6
50.**
7.9
9.9
8.7
10.1
50.1
18.U
RACIAL
S7
53
97
97
99
100
100
97
93
95
100
100
99
99
99
99
99
90
99
99
9*
98.5
ECON
14.7
12.0
1C. 9
13.5
13.5
I'M
13.3
13.5
13.3
12.0
1U.7
14.1
12.3
14.7
12.7
12.9
14.7
16.9
13.5
1H.1
12.5
13-8
116
HWAY
23.2
26.3
0.0
18.7
15.7
0.0
35.3
0.0
64.6
16.9
18.3
53.7
10.5
9.S
69.4
72.5
16.7
O.-O
27. a
.22.6
60.7
27.2
IND
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
1
3.
0
0
0
' 0
0
0
1
0
.0
0.14
-------
TABLE 45. SUMMARY OF HRISK, RACIAL, ECON, HWAY AND IND FOR SUBURBS III, V,
XIII AND EXURBAN AREA ELEMENTARY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
SCHOOL
III- 1
III- 2
V - 1
xrii-i '
TABLE 46.
SCHOOLS IN
HRISK
9-5
9.5
58.7
52.3
SUMMARY OF
SUBURB IV
RACIAL
99
99
100
99
ECON
13.3
13.3
13.9
15.7
HRISK, RACIAL, ECON,
PUBLIC SCHOOL
SYSYEM
HWAY
33.7
39.2
5.7
2.7
HWAY AND
IMD
0
0
0
0
IBD FOR 5" ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL
IV- 1
IV- 2
IV- 3
iv- h
IV- 5
HRISK
3^.0
23.0
1*8.6
3^.0
5L.U
RACIAL
99
99
99
100
15
ECON
12.0
13.2
11.9
12.0
11.9
HWAY
28.lt
22.1
1*6.7
17.7
25.1
IND
0
0
0
0
0
MEAN
38.2
12.2
28.0
117
-------
TABLE 47. SUMMARY OF HRISK, RACIAL, ECON, HWAY AND IND FOR 6 ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS IN SUBURB VI PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
SCHOOL
VI- 1
VI- 2
VI- 3
VI- k
VI- -5
MEAN
HRT.SK
23.5
23.5
52.5
42.5
52.5
23.5
36.3
RACIAL
100
100
97
100
74
95
94.3
ECON
11.9
11.9
12.3
12.4
12.3
11.9
12.1
HWAY
23.8
15.2
0.0
26.1
67.5
38.7
28.6
IND
0
0
0
0 »
3
2
0.8 .
118
-------
TABLE 48. SUMMARY OF HRISK, RACIAL, ECON, HWAY AND IND FOR H ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS IN SUBURB VII 'PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
SCHOOL
VII- 1
VII- 2
VII- 3
VII- k
VII- 5
VII- 6.
t
VII- 7
VII- 8
VII- 9
VII -10
vii-n
MI-: AN
HRISK
73.4
66.4
73.4
37.3
17.7
37.3
31.3
37.5
31.3
66.4
66.4
48.9
RACIAL
100
100
99
99
96
100
100
97
83
99
100
97.5
ECON
13.8
11.3
13.8
14.0
13.7
14.0
12.3
11.7
12.3
11.2
11.2
12. 7
HWAY
12.5
0.0
10.7
21.8
26.6
8.0
17.7
0.0
95.0
28.6
53. -1
24.9
IND
0
1
0
o -
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
119
-------
TABLE 49. SUMMARY OF HRISK, RACIAL, ECON, HWAY AND IND FOR 11 ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS IN SUBURB VIII PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
SCHOOL
VIII- 1
VIII- 2
VIII- 3
VIII- h
VIII- 5
VIII- 6
VIII- 7
vili- 8
vin- 9
VIII-10
VIII -11
KRISK
89.4
47.0
84.7
77.4
99.0
97.6
91.9
77.4
91.6
84.7
94.0
RACIAL
99
98
99
99
98
99
99
99
98
100
99
ECON
12.1
17.1
14.4
17.0
12.9
8.7
11.7
17.0
11.3
14.4
22.7
HWAY
66.3
26.9
66.8
69.6
36.2
0.0
43.6
33.3
41.1
64.3
94.7
IND
2
0
0
0
2
1
4
0
1
1
1
MEAN. , 85.0 98.3 14.4 49.3 1.1
120
-------
TABLE 50. SUMMARY OF HRISK, RACIAL, ECON, HWAY AND IND FOR 11 ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS IN SUBURB IX PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
SCHOOL
IX- 1
IX- 2
ix- 3
IX- h
ix- 5
. IX- 6
ix- 7
IX- 8
ix- 9
IX-10
ix-n
HRISK
73.0
95.8
92.9
94.4
40.1
97.1
65.7
98.0
75.7
81.5
92.1
RACIAL
88
37
78
37
95
89
48
81
83
87
87
ECON
16.2
12.5
16.3
15.5
2.2
24.3
17.2
19.1
13.9
15.8
17.5
HWAY
0.0
160.3
13.3
14.9
0.0
21.7
30.9
33.7
72.4
86. B
85.9
IND
0
1
0
J.
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
MliAN 82.4 73.6 .15.5 47.26 -04
121
-------
TABLE 51. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING RISK PLOTTED AGAINST THE %
OCCURRENCE OF 8.0 + MG LEAD PER 100 GRAMS OF TOOTH TISSUE IN ONLY THOSE
CHILDREN WHO HAD LIVED 80 - 100$ LIFE SPAN AT THE SAME RESIDENCE. A TOTAL
OF 239 SCHOOLS IN THE CLEVELAND PAROCHIAL, AND SUBURBAN SCHOOL SYSTEMS ARE
INCLUDED IS THIS TABLE
Range $ of
8.0+mgPb
0
1 - Ik
15 - 29
30 - kk
U5 - 67
TOTAL
1ABEE 52.
Range of
3-19
1
11
9 "
0
i
22
*
Percent of
20 - 39
10
8
5
1
- 0
2U
Housing Units Constructed Before
ho - 59 60 - 79 80 - 100$
5 8 h2
17 15 35
5 7 38
0 3 12
015
27 3U 132
1950
Total
66
86
6k
16
7
239
PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTED!! 0? THS HOUSING RISK
.
.tenge % of
8.0+mgPb
0
1- oA
15- 29
30 - l&
1*5 - 6T
TOTAL .
Range of
3-19
O.i*
1*.6
3.8
0.0
o.U
9-2
Percent of
20 - 39
U.I
3.3
2.1
. - -OA
o.o
10.0
Housing Units Constructed Before 1950
A'
Uo - 59 6b - 79 80 - 100
2.1 3.3 17.6
7.1 6.3 lU,6
2.1 2.9 l6.0
0.0 1.3 5.0
O.O O.k 2.1
11.3 1^.2 55-2
122
Total
-------
TABLE 53. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE % OCCURRENCE OF TOOTH LEAD OF 8.0
OR MORE MG LEAD PER 100 GRAMS OF TISSUE AND THE VEHICLE TRAFFIC OF 223
SCHOOLS IN THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC, PAROCHIAL, AND SUBURBAN SCHOOL SYSTEMS.
THE CHILDREN INCLUDED IN THE TABLE WERE ONLY THOSE WHO HAD LIVED 80 TO 100$
OF THEIR LIFE IN THE SAME RESIDENCE WHERE LIVING WHEN THE TOOTH WAS SHED.
THE "0" COLUMN REPRESENTS SCHOOL TRAFFIC AREA WHICH DID NOT CONTAIN AN INTER-
SECTION IN THE LIST OF 1,050 HIGHEST TRAFFIC INTERSECTIONS IN CUYAHOGA
COUNTY
, 8.0 + rag Pb
0
1 - 1*4
15 - 29
30 - kk
k
-------
TABLE 54. PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TABLE 53 ON PERCENT OCCURRENCE
OF TOOTH LEAD OF 8.0 OR MORE MG LEAD PER 100 GRAMS OF TISSUE AND VEHICLE
TRAFFIC OF 223 SCHOOLS IN THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC, PAROCHIAL AND SUBURBAN
SCHOOL SYSTEMS
% 8.0 + mg Pb
0
o u.o
1 - Ik 8.5
15 - 29 5-8
30 - kk 1.3-
^5+ 1.3
Number of Vehicles in Thousands
1 - 3k
7.6
12.6
9.k
1.8
O.U
35 - 69 70 - 99
6.7 2.2
11.2 3-1
8.5 U.5
2.2 0,9
O.k 0.0
"100 - 139
1.8
1.8
0.0
0.9
O.k
11*0+
0.9
O.k
0.9
0.0
0.0
Total
23.2
37.6
29.1
7.1
2.5
TOTAL % 20.9 31.8 29.0 10.7 k.9 2.2 99.5
124
-------
TABLE 55. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF % OCCURRENCE OF 8.0 + MG PB/100 GRAMS
OF TOOTH TISSUE AND MEAN INCOME FOR 238 SCHOOLS IN THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC,
PAROCHIAL, AND SUBURBAN SCHOOL SYSTEMS. ONLY CHILDREN WHO HAD LIVED 80 TO
100$ OF THEIR LIFE AT RESIDENCE WHERE LIVING WHEN TOOTH WAS SHED WERE IN-
CLUDED IN THIS TABLE
$ 8.0 + mgPb Mean Annual Income for
2.2 - 6.5
0 8
1 - lU 3
15 - 2°, - 1
30-1*1* 3
1*5+ 0
Total 15
6.6 - 10.9
37
3l*
33
8
6
118
TABLE 56. PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
School in
11.0 - .1*
17
2k
1*1
1+
1
87
Thousands .
.9 15. U +
5
6
6
1
0
18
Total i
67
67
81
16
7
238
THE ABOVE TABLE
<$, 8.0 + mgPb Mean Annual
2.2 - 6.5
0 3.U
1 - 1U 1.3
15 - 29 0.1*
30 - I*** 1.3
1*5+ 0.0
Total g 6.U
Income for
6.6 - 10.9
15-5
ll*.3
13.9
3'.U
2.5
1*9.6
School in
11.0 - lU
'7-1
10.1
17.2
1.7
o.U
36.5
Thousands
9 15. U +
2.1
2.5
2.5
O.I*
0.0
7.5
Total <&
28.1
28.2
3**-0
6.8
2.9
100.0
125
-------
TABLE 57. PEARSON COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION FOR % OCCURRENCE OF 8.0 OR
MORE MG LEAD PER 100 GRAMS OF TOOTH TISSUE, HOUSING RISK (HRSIK), RACIAL
(io VIHITE), MEAN INCOME (ECON), VEHICLE TRAFFIC (HWAY), AND INDUSTRY (IND)
SCORES OF CLEVELAND PUBLIC, CLEVELAND PAROCHIAL, AND SUBURBAN SCHOOLS
Number
Schools
8.0 + $ LEAD
Cleveland 126
Parochial h6
Suburbs 6?
HRISK
Cleveland 126
Parochial U6
Suburbs 67
RACIAL
Cleveland 126
Parochial k6
Suburbs 67
HRISK RACIAL
.0569 - .011*0
s = .263 s = .1*1*9
- .01*71
s = .-378 -
.0712 - .0628
S = .28U S = .307
- .0651
S = .275
-
- .3183
s = .ooi*
- .0651
S = .275
-
- .3183
S = .00*1
ECON
.0637
S = .21+0
.1793
S = .117
- .0530
S = .335
- .3806
S = .001
- .8220
S = .001
.1301*
S = .11+6
.3392
S = .001
-
- .1053
S = .198
HWAY
.0876
s = .165
- .11+86
S = .162
.12ll8
S = .157
.0200
S = Al2
.UlUl
S'= .002
.27^3
S = .012
*f
1370
S « .103
-
- .2728
S = .013
IND
.1AS7
S = .OU8
- .1070
S = .2UO
.0079
S = A75
.2107
S = .009
.5301
S - .001
.3079
s = .006
- .1521
s = .080
- .0860
S = .2^5
126
-------
TABLE 57. (CONTINUED)
Number
Schools
ECON
Cleveland 126
Parochial U6
Suburbs
HWAY
Cleveland 126
Parochial U6
Suburbs 67
IMP
Cleveland 126
Parochial U6
Suburbs 67
HRISK
- .3806
.001
- .8220
S a .001
.130U
S a .li|6
.0200
S « .412
S a .002
v2743 "
S = . 012
,2107
S » .009
.5301
S » .001
.3079
SB .006
RACIAL
.3392
S a .001
-
- .1053
S a .198
.1370
S = .103
_
--.2728
S = -013
- .1521
S a .080
-
.0860
S a .2^5
ECON
-
-
.1366
S = .002
-.0239
S = .424
S a .001
- .5309
S a .001
- .2692
s = .oiU
HWAY
.1366
S = .061*
S a .002
- .0239
S a .U2U
-
-
-
-
.13*15
S » .067
' .3605
S = .007
,2150
s =AoUo
IMD
S a ,001
- .5309
S = .001
- .2692
s = .oil*
.13^5
s » .067
.3605
S a .007
.2150
s = .oUo
-
-
127
-------
TABLE 58. SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS FOR % OCCURRENCE OF 8.0 OR MORE MG LEAD PER
100 GRAMS OF TOOTH TISSUE, HOUSING RISK (HRISK), $ WHITE (RACIAL), MEAN IN-
COME (ECON), VEHICLE TRAFFIC (HWAY), AND INDUSTRY (IND) SCORES OF CLEVELAND,
PAROCHIAL, AND SUBURBAN SCHOOLS
Number
Schools r- HRISK RACIAL ECON
HWAY IND
8.0 + # LEAD
Clevelauid 126 .0336 .OVf3* -0931 .1220 .0^-77
S « .355 .332 S a ,151 S » .087 S « .298
Parochial W> ' '. - .3.662 ~ .2^20 - .0751 ~ .0572
S a .135 S = .053 S « .310 S « .353
'Suburbs 67 .0021 - .0938 - .0105 .1088 .0829
- . !S « .493 .225 S * .U66 S ^ .190 S = .252
HRISK
Cleveland 126 - - .2598* - .517^ - .1198 -36^9
s = .008 s « .001 s « .091 s » .001
Parochial 1|6 .8606 .36lU .6916
,S => .001 S a ,007 S = .001
Suburbs 67 - - .2205 --.0077 .1955 .2909
S = .037 S « .^75 . S « .056 S a .008
RACIAL
^Cleveland :.07 - .2598 - .^52* ,1265* - .1931
S--^ .008 - s « ..001 S « .037
Parochial U6 - - - -
Suburbs ' 67 - .2205 - - .1551 - -lOCA- - .0518
S a .037 - S = .105 S » .209 S » .338
128
-------
TABLE 58 '(CONTINUED)
Number
Schools *
ECON
Cleveland 126
Parochial H6
Suburbs 67
HWAY
Cleveland 126
t
Parochial U6
Suburbs 6?
IMP
Cleveland 126
Parochial U6
Suburbs 67
HRISK -
- -517U
S = .001
- .8606
S = .001
- .0077
s = M5
- .1198
s » .091
- .36iU
S = .007
.1955
s = .056
3649
S a .QOl
.6916
S = .001
.2909
S = .008
RACIAL
.1*1+52*
S » .001
-
- .1551
S =.105
.1265*
S a .122
_
- .100U
s = 209
- -1931
S » -037
_
- .0518
S = .338
ECON
-
_
.17^1
S « .026
- .M4-93
s = .001
- .080
S a .260
-4317
S = -001
- .6580
S = .001 -
- .2837
S = .010
HWAY
,1741
S = .026
- .M+93
S « .001
- .0800
s ~ .260
-
-
-
.16^5
S = .033
.3689
s =. . 006
.1807
s = .072
IKD
- .^317
S » .001
- .6580
S » .001
- -2837j
S = .010
.16)45
S = .033
.3689
S » .006
.1807
S « .072
-
-
-
* The asterisk indicates coefficients of correlation on only 87
Cleveland public schools instead of 126 schools used for other
coefficients for the Cleveland public school^system,
129
-------
TABLE 59. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF 8.0 MG OR MORE OF TOOTH LEAD PER 100G
TOOTH TISSUE IN RELATION TO HRISK, RACIAL, ECON, HWAY, IND FOR THE
CLEVELAND PUBLIC AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. THE COLUMN "NO" REPRESENTS THE
NUMBER OF CHILDREN WHOSE TEETH WERE ANALYZED FOR LEAD. THE COLUMN "8.0 MG"
REPRESENTS THE PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF TEETH CONTAINING 8.0 OR MORE MG PB/100G
OF TOOTH. TISSUE. SCHOOLS ARE ARRANGED ACCORDING TO AIR COLLECTING STATIONS
SCHOOL
Air Station 1
X- 8
X- 75
x-116,
xi- b$
Air Station 2
X- 1
X- -2
x- 3
X- 17
x- 59
X- 71
x- 92
X- 93
x-133
xi- 19
XI- 25
NO.
28
8
U8
12
-
29
U9
21
35
h6
12
70
12
2
6
5J8.Orr.g-t- HRISK
3:6
12.5
1U.6
25.0
-
10,3
28.6
1U.3
1H.3
13-0
0
22.9
16.7
0
16.7
85
3
99
96
89
89
89
97
76
94
96
92
99
89
99
RACIAL
0
0
64
-
45
59
4
1
3
0
1
0
66
-
_
ECON
4.2
8.3
7.5
10.2
10.9
10.9
10.9
9.4
16.9
8.9
10.4 .
8.6
6.6
9.8
10.1
HWAY
0.0
0.0
59.7
3.8
116.0
134.5
117.0
39.1
120.4
53.9
61.7
100.8
53.9
98.6
54.2
IND
2
1
7
3
6
1
6
2
1
1
0
0
2
2
6
130
-------
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL
XI- 30
XI- 37
Air1 Station 3
X- 35
x- ia
X- 86
X-108
XT- 16
Mr Station 4
x- 16
X- 2*f
X- 32
X- 52
x- 6U
X- 68
X- 82
X- 9^
X-103
X-120
X-12U
XI- 13
wo...
7
21
..96
22
30
6U
9
55
9
25
21
-
28
UU
20
-
35
1*0
16
.tfoB.OiTlK
1U.3
0
1U.6
-18.2
16.7
20.3
UH.H
9*1
0
32.0
0
-
10.7
18.2
10.0
-
5.7
27-5
6.3
HRISK
89
89
82
84
84
100
100
99
89
98
100
89
97
97
99
100
98
97
99
RACIAL
-
-
97
91
98
87
-
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
72
0
0
0
ECON
10.4
10.9
9.4
10.3
11.1
9.4
9.4
7.3
5*. 4
5.3.
6.6
5.4
6.6
6.6
9.5
6.5
5.1
6.3
7.2
HWAY
72.1
133.1
29,0
82.7
100. a
0.0
0.0
35.5
57.7
0.0
:0.0
. 0.0
0.0
0.0
76.6
17.3
0.0
17.3
17.3
IND
0
1 '
1
1
1
2
2
4
3
12
6
1
2
5
3
3
5
6
3
131
-------
TAKLE 59 (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL
NO.
i.Qmg+ HRISK RACIAL
ECON
HWAY
Air Station 5
x^ lf8
x- 58
'x- 87
X- 91
X-117
X-13U
XI- 27
XI- 28
XI- U2
Air Station 6
X- 1+0
x- 1+5
x- 61
x- 85
X-129
XI- 21
XI- 22
XI- 23
XT- 29
_
to
51
-
3*
U2
52
13
10
lU .
97
U2
^3
30
57
9
18
16
7
0
5.9
*
27^8
7.1
17.3
0
»
0
a
7.1
15.5
2.1+
.18.6
20.0
2U.6
11.1
5.6
18.8
lly.3
98
98
99
97
99
99
100
94
98
98
72
91
77
95
92
97
95
98
99
100
29
99
92
4
>.-,
4
76
30
90
94
-
-
_
9,4
9.8
9.4
9.3
9.4
8.6
8.9
8.7
9.8
-
9.5
10.3
10.2
10.3
10.5
10.2
10.3
10.5
9.5
0.0
#1.2
118.4
40.3
47.3
20.7
32.7
20.7
147.4
-
57.0
16.0
38.0
55.3
20.6
44.2
67.1
20.6
57.1
1
3
5
2
3
7
4
7
8
6
4
3
7
0
6
4
4
132
-------
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL
Air Station 7
X- H7
x- 56
x- 72 ,
X- 73
x- 78
X-125
X-127
xi- ih
XI- 3^
xi- 38
Air Station 8
X- 3^
X- 8l
xi- h
XT- 15
Air Station 9
X- 11
x- 13
x- 25
X-114
X-132
x-135
XI- 31
NO.' «
15
86
58
62
^3
56
-
30
U9
11
31
31
58
23
59
36
i*2
50
29
17
10
fcS.Omg-t-
33.3
26.7
6.9
19. u
9.3
1U.3
-
13.3
lU.3
9.1
25.8
22.6
17.2
8.7
16.9
11.1
11.9
10.0
13.8
5.9
10.0
HRISK
85
99
90
97
82
97
90
85
98
96
83
71
97
86
100
97
63
99
99
99
96
RACIAL
94
99
94
96
96
85
96
-
-
-
98
99
-
-
0
91
0
96
91
1
ECON
10.6
11.0
10.3
9.3
12.1
9.3
10.3
»
10.6
7.8
9.5
. 10.7
12.6
10.9
10.1
-
9.3
5.3
6.0
9.2
10.1
9.9
HWAY
123.0
93.2
173.9
107.9
160.0
66.7
69.3
89.1
55.1
102.9
88.6
24.8
58, a
18.9
22.6
64.4
22.6
0.0
13.4
0.0
0.0
IND
3
1
2
6
1
4
1
1
1
5
3
1
1
1
2
3
3
4
5
2
3
133
-------
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL NO. <0.0mK+ HRISK RACIAL ECON HWAY INP
Air Station 10
X- 21
X- 39
X- U2
x- 63
x- 67
x-ni
xi- Ui
Air Station 12
x- 50
X-118
Air Station 13
X- 5
Xi'- 18
XT- ho
Air Station 14
X- 7
X- lU
X- ^3
X- 55
x- 90
XI- 2
XI- 2o
22
19
23
51
27
13
11
53
36
H5
25
6
2k
ho
22
-
39
5
lU
31.8
5.3
M
17.6
ll.l
15.U
18.2
11.3
13.9
»
11.1
0
0
20.8
0
18.2
-
23.1
0
0
98
98
100
100
99
98
100
54
54
90
100
100
98
45
79
65
68
98
65
74 10.0
1 -5.1
42 ^ 10.1
58 9.6
1 5.9
49 9.0
10.1
98 12.9
99 12.9
100 10.8
9.8
9.9
0 12.6
1 11.1
1 11.1
0 13.8
1 10.3
8.3
13.8
0.0
66.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
52.6
0.0
0.0
34.1
31.3
13.5
26.8
-. 13,5
26.5
13,6
35.2
13.5
16
15
8
7
12
14
8
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
134
-------
SCHOOL
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)
NO. %8.0 mg+ HRISK RACIAL ECON
HWAY
IND
Air Station
X-19
X-62
X-70
X-97
X-100
X-109
X-121
X-130
XI-1
XI-9
XI-36
XI-39
Air Station
X-9
X-76
XI-8
15
58
17
48
76
36
19
73
9
24
12
3
11
16
94
59
27
14.0
29.4
4.2
14.5
13.9
5.3
19.2
0
20.8
8.3
0
0
16.0
8.5
14.8
97
22
98
99
98
98
98
98
73
98
94
96
98
82
82
86
47
70
81
63
54
78
35
-
-
-
-
99
97
_
9.1
4.6
7.8
9.0
8.2
7.6
7.6
7.8
12.9
10.0
5.2
9.5
10.2
11.1
11.1
51.0
133.4
81.1
18.9
81.4
51.0
40.6
162.7
13.8
-
93.6
92.4
58.0
39.7
62.9
3
14
10
6
4
4
5
13
1
7
15
5
1
1
1
135
-------
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL NO. l/08.0rr.g+ HRISK
RACIAL
ECON
HWAY IND
Lr Station 17
X- 26
x- 29
X- 33
X- 37 .
X- 69
X- 77
X- S3
X* 88
x- 98
X-107
x-no
X-112
tir Station
X- 4
X- 22
X- 30
X-101
30
17
21
16
28
14
-
38
42
12
24
22
18
49
86
25
38
10.0
5.9
4.8
31-3
14.3
7.1
-
' 7.9
9.5
25-0
16.7
22.7
6.1
4.7
36.0
7.9
94
97
94
99
100
97
99
98
98
99
100
94
93
97
97
98
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
1
0
9.4
7.2
7.6
7.9
8.2
7.2
6.9
9.1
9.8
6.9
9.6
9.4
9.1
9.5
9.5
9.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
71.9
77.7
30.5
6.4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
0
1
1
0
3
136
-------
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)
SCHOOL NO.
*.0rag HRISK
RACIAL
ECON
HWAY
IND
r Station
X-128
X-131
xr- 35
19
1*8
39
1
16.7
17.9
0
68
73
98
98
100
-
10.6
12.9
10.0
17.2
13.8
19.4
3
1
5
Air Station 20
X- 95 33
xi- 17 26
3-1
11.5
72
79
94
12.1
11.1
68.0
86.2
2
2
137
-------
TABLE 60 PEARSON COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION OF % OCCURRENCE OF 8.0 MG
LEAD PER 100 GRAMS OF TOOTH TISSUE; AND SCORES FOR ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE
(FT), LEAD (PB), CADMIUM (CD), ANTIMONY (SB), AND so2 OF CLEVELAND PUBLIC
AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS
8.0+mgPb particulate Air Pb Air Cd Air Sb Air SOp
j 8.0 nig Pb
Cleveland
Parochial
PARTICULATE .
Cleveland
Parochial
MR LEAD
Cleveland
Parochial
AIR CADMIUM
Cleveland
Parochial
- .0520
N = 88
S = -315
- .0119
N = 27
.1264
N = 70
.1017
N = 21
S = .331
- .0102
N a 70
S a .U66
.2012
N = 21
S a .191
- .0520 .1261+ -.0102
N « 88 N » 70 N = 70
s = .315 s = .11+9 s = .1+66
- .0119 -1017 -2012
N = 27 N a 21 N = 21
S a .^77 S = .331 S = .191
.1635 - .1821
N a 70 N = 70
S = .088 S - .066
- .2707 - -1305
N = 21 N » 21
S a .118 S a .286
.1635
N = 70
S = .088
- .2707
N a 21
S a .118
- .1821 - .1016
N = 70 N a 70
S a .066 S = .201
- .1305 .1985
N = 21 N a 21
S = .286 S = .19k
138
" - .1016
N = 70"
S - .201
.1985
N = 21
S = .
N = 6k N « 70
S = .357 S = .389
-,0537
N = 22 N = 25
S « .193 S = .399
- .0850 .7171*
N = 6U N » 70
S « .252 S = .001
N = 22 N « 25
S a .117 S a .001
- .2525 .1063
N = 60 N = 58
S - .026 S a ,21*»-
111
- ,3856 - .5007
N-a 20 N = 20
S - ,OU7 S = .012
- .2288
N a 60 N a 58
S = .001 S = .
.027^ - .^331
N = 20 N = 20
S = .U5U S a .028
-------
TABLE 60 * COOTIMJED )
8.0+mgPb particulate Air Pb Air Cd Air Sb Air SOp
MR ANTIMONY
Cleveland - .OU69 - .0850 - .2525 -^571 - .0856
N a 6k ' N = 6k N a 60 N a 60 - N ~ 53
S a .357 S a ,252 S » .026 S a .001 - S a . 2?1
Parochial .19UU .26Ul - .3856 ,027't - .^732
N = 22 N = 22 H a 20 N = 20 - N = 21
S.= .193 S = .117 S = .0^7 S = .U5U - S » .015
AIR SOp
Cleveland - .03^2 .717^ .1063 - .2288 .0856
N = 70 N = 70 N = 58 N a 58 N « 53
s = .389 s = .001 s a .21^ s = .ote s « .271
Parochial - ,0537 -7^^ - .5007 - .^331 ^732
N = 25 N = 25 N = 20 N = 20 N = 21
s » .399 s » .001 s = .012 s = .028 s = .015
139
-------
TABLE 61 SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS OF THE % OCCURRENCE OF 8.0 + MG LEAD PER
100 GRAMS OF TOOTH TISSUE; AND SCORES FOR ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE (PS),
LEAD (PB), CADMIUM (CD), ANTIMONY (SB), AND SULFUR DIOXIDE (S02) OF
CLEVELAND PUBLIC AND PARCHIAL SCHOOLS
8.0 + Pb
IN TEETH
Cleveland
Parochial
PARTICULATE
Cleveland
Parochial
AIR LEAD
Cleveland
Parochial
AIR CADMIUM
Cleveland
Parochial
Particulate Air Pb
- .1036
N = 88 N = 70
S « .168 S = .359
.0196 -0900
N a 27 N = 21
S = .U6l S
.0985
N = 70
S a .209
- .3089
N = 21
S = -087
,0985
N = 70
S = .209
- ..3089
N a 21
S - .087
- .1960 - -OU2U
N = 70 N = 70
s » .052 s = .361+
- .0382 -0^95
N = 21 N a 21
S a .^35 S = Jil6
Air Cd Air Sb Air SOP
- ,0078
N = 70
s = .
- .0313 - -0575
N =» 63 N = 70
s = .koh s = .318
.1030 .l&>3 - -0775
N =» 21 N = 22 N » 25
S = .328 S = .235 S = .356
- .I960 .1006 .7229
N a 70 N = 63 N a 70
S a .052 S a .216 S = .001
- .0382 .6381 .761+3
N a 21 N = 22 N a 25
S = .H35 S a .001 S =. .001
- .5278 .0752
N = 70 N = 59 N = 58
S a ,.36U S = .001 S a .287
.0^95
N rf 21
S - .
N a 20 N = 20
S a .002 S » .262
.7693 - .2667
N = 59 N a 58
S = .001 S a .022
.2^75 -
N = 20 N = 20
S a ,lU6 S a .035
140
-------
TABLE 61 (CONTINUED)
_ ^articulate _ Air pb Air Cd Air Sb Air SQg
i
AIR ANTIMONY
Cleveland .1006 - .5278 .7&93 - .00^1
N = 63 N = 59 N = 59 - N = 52
S = .216 S a ,001 S a .001 - S =..
Parochial .76^3 -.1517 - .taM .3123
N a 25 N = 20 N = 20 N « 21
S a .001 S a .262 S a . 035 S = ,08U
Parochial .'6381 - .6l5U .2^75 - .3123
N = 22 N = 20 N = 20 ~ N » 21
S = .001 S « .002 S « .ll|6 - S a
AIR SOo
Cleveland .7.229 .0752 - .2667
N = 70 N = 58 N « 58 N = 52
S « .001 S = .287 S = .022 S a .Ii8s
141
-------
§
8
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CM H H H H CM
t
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\J \ ^** t y t v OA % v ** A ^J ^Vi *3^ *w^
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142
-------
_
1
a
o
o
s
E
1
M
.H
O
O
.C
O
CO
J^
M
0^
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f
o
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O fc
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O W
(§
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C
H !
CM O\ CO O ^ CO CM
CM H 00 C\T H W ^*
»d- c\ o oo ca, o co
VO CO O CO VO VO VO
H H
w ' '
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H (A co o -d- m ^r
ON CO CO C~- t~- CJN CO
rH rn
VO H H OO ON CO ON
O OO CM CM O CM CM
vo in o- m t ON vo
vo" CO O CO in CO vO
H
-=J- VO ON CO ON O CM
ON CM C~- t>- CM O ON
H CM CM CM H H
CM H CO VO O O CO
vo oo oo oo c>- in f-
OO H CO H 00 ,* H
t-- CO CO ON ON H CM
' rn rH
II 1 1 i 1 I
XX X X X X X
<& C H CQ
H xr C\. H
O- VO .* ON
00 CM t- UN
H ON CO 00
VO t- t- CM
«H
CM »* CM OO
J- ITv CM OO
H rH i-«
VO CM C- VO
H O ^- H
in oo VD ov
in t~- ^j- \o
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t>- 1 VO ^f
CM H CM
O CO f-
J- i -C in
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CM CM CM CM
H H H H
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X X X X
t" w^ t
H t CO
OO CM H
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CM CM CM
ITV t~ ITx
oo jf CN
CO O VO
* * ft
^ CO H
H
co ^3- in
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t~- ^r «n
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C » ON CM
oo CM m
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H H H
11 1
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143
-------
ro
UD
rH
X
o
c
CJ
w +
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PL, f3
X
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ra c
d i--*t
0
H
4-*
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e -M
W -H
m
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fcO C
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C
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^J -H
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CM zt CM rH
CM CC CO O
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10 10 r^ CM
J.t O -H
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^- cn r^ co
in r- co cr>
rH
r~ co co o
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co cr c
in co in co
ID CO CM CO
O O -H rH
~\ 10 co in
co ID cr; co
in in co cn
co cn co in
co cn o
rH
<*"> H O CC
-3- ITN ,rr rH
rH VD O rH
r-T r-T
in 10 t~- co
cr> ^- 1 m
o n CM
r~ c< o
co cn in
CM rH rH
in o co
CO cn cn
CC O O
cn c m
cn co CO
co r- co
o c o
rH rH ^H
CM co m
CD t- CM
r*1* to IP
m r~ co
o 10 t^
rH rH rH
rH m in
rH -H ^H
CO -H CO
CO CO CO
(~~ d C<
co r- r^
l>- CO H
LTN rH NO
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r-T
O O -H
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ro
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CM
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CM
in
co
CO
CO
o
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rH
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in
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CN
co
m
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«
cn
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144
-------
TABLE 64 PEARSON COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION OF THE PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF
8.0 + MG LEAD PER 100 GRAMS OF TOOTH TISSUE; SCHOOL SCORES FOR PRE 1950
HOUSING (HRISK), % WHITE (RACIAL), MEAN INCOME (ECON), AND INDUSTRY (IND)
SCORES; AND TEACHER EVALUATIONS FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE CLEVELAND
PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
8.0+mgPb HRISK RACIAL ECOW HWAY I HP
- .313^ - .2008 - .0621 .1623 .1^55 -.2^97
',' Left Handed N = 25 N = 25 N = 19 N « 25 N » 25 N = 25
s = .o6U s = .168 s = ,1*00 s = .219 s = .;
- .31*08 - .2071 .01*82 .0003 .0166 - .0313
ledication N = 23 N = 23 N = 18 N « 23 N = 23 N = 23
s = .056 s = .172 s = A25 s = .if99 s - .'470 s = .UW4
- ,2300 - .1799 - .21487 .0733 .0285 .3119
'hysical N =* 25 N = 25 N = 19 N = 25 N a 25 N = 25
s = .13^ s = .195 s = .152 s = .36^ s = .Mi6 s = .065
'- .230^ .2UOU - .14-778 - .1766 .1253 .2811+
Motional N « 25 N = 25 N « 19 N = 25 N = 25 N = 25
S = .1-3^ S « .12^ S =- .019 S = .199 S = .275 S = .086
- .1615 - .0322 - .5556 - .091*3 - .1^37 .2737
Learning N = 25 N = 25 N = 19 N = 25, N = 25 N = 25
S = .220 S = .U39 S a .007 S = .327 S « .2U7 S = ,093
145
-------
TABLE 65 SPEARMANS CORRELATIONS OF THE PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF 8.0 + MG
LEAD PER 100 GRAMS OF TOOTH TISSUE; SCHOOL SCORES FOR PRE 1950 HOUSING
(HRISK), % WHITE (RACIAL), MEAN INCOME (ECON), AND INDUSTRY (IND) SCORES;
AND TEACHER EVALUATIONS FOR 25 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC
SCHOOL SYSTEM
^ 8.0mgPb
Left - .
landed N
S =
_
fedication N
. S =
*""
'hysical N
S a
^ _
""*
Smotional N
Q
**
Learning N
S =»
3132
= 25
,o6U
1*2^1-6
- 23
.022
155^
- 25
.229
1870
» 25
.185
1391
» 25
.25U
HRISK
- .0539
N a 25
S « .399
- .1721*
N = 23
S a .216
,1758
- N a 25
S - ,200
.31^6
N a 25
S = .063
.319^
N a 25
s = .060
RACIAL
- .1U29
N - 19
S a .280
.0021
N = 18
S a .U97
- A757
N a 19
S = .020
- .5697
N = 19
S a .005
- .6832
N a 19
S = .001
ECON
.22U5
N a 25
S a .lifO
- .01*61
N a 23
S a .1*17
.0073
N = 25
S a .1*86
- .1557
N ~ 25
s « .229
- .1*159
N » 25
S « .21*3
HV7AY
- -0354
N = 25
S - .1*33
.151*1
N = 23
S = .21*1
- .0930
N = 25
S a ,329
.1120
N = 25
S =. .297
- .096^
'N = 25
s = .326
IND
- -2763
N = 25
s = .091
.011*2
N a 23
S = ,1*7U
.3^53
N = 25
S = .01*5
.21*76
N'= 25
S « .116
.2323
N a 25
s = .132
146
-------
TABLE 66 TEACHER EVALUATIONS I IT 6 SCHOOLS COIITAINING LESS THAN 5°/0 WHITE
OR 95% BLACK CHILDREN AND 8 SCHOOLS CONTAIIilrTG 96 TO 100$ WHITE CHILDREN.
THESE SCHOOLS WERE IN THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
School
x-m
X- 32
X- 88
X- 93
K-12U
x- ho
MEAN:
Tooth Pb % Left
Racial %8.0+mgPb. handed'
4* "
0%
0% .
0%
0%
4%
1.3%
17.3
32.0
7.9
22.9
27.5,
15.5
20.5
7.5
7.3
10.7
5.7
5.5
10.2
7.8
% Medi- Learning
cation Score
0.5
0.6
2.1
0.9
1.6
3.0
1.5
11.6
5.2
13.3
,7.4
14.2
16.2
11.3
Emotional Physical
Scbre S'core
9.6
9.1
10.0
6.8
6.1
13.5
9.2 .
2.3
2.2
3.8
1.4
.3.0
5.0
3.1
x- 9
X- 81
x- 91
X-131
x- 56
X- 73,
X-128
X-127
MEAN
99%
*
99% '
99%
100%
99%
96%
98%
96%
98.3%
16.0
22.6
27.8
17.9
26.7
19.4 .
16.7
_
21.4
2.7
8.5
8.5
4.7
16.8
6.6
14.6
7.3
8.7
0.0
3.1
2.3 .
0.3
0.9
0.6
4.7
0.2 f
1.6
7.3 *
»
3.5
7.0
4.8
14.9
9.1
.12.2
5,4
8.0
5.9
&9.
.8.3
3.5
w
6.4 " -
7.8
7:9
7.3
2.S
. 3-9
2.0
2.0
6.6
i
2.2
7.4
2.6
3.4
147
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TABLE 67 PEARSON COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION OF THE 5 SCORES OF EVALUATIONS
OF LEFT HANDED (% LEFT), USE OF MEDICATION (% MED)j AND THE PHYSICAL,
EMOTIONAL, AND LEARNING SCORES OF SYMPTOMS OF LEAD POISONING FOR 25
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. A TOTAL OF
6,1*80 CHILDREN WERE INCLUDED IN THE TEACHERS EVALUATIONS OF THE SYMPTOMS
OF LEAD TOXICITY IN CHILDREN ATTENDING THESE 25 EIjEMENTARY SCHOOLS
Left Hand. Medication Physical - Emotional Learning
.3592 .2>a8 .325^ .1390
$ Left Handed - N = 23 N a 25 N « 25 N = 25
S « .01*6 S = .122 S a .056 S » .25*4-
".3592 - .k33k .1886 .2659
Medication N « 23 - N « 23 N » 23 N » 23
S = .OU6 - s = ,019 S = .19*4 S = .110
.6211 .7521
Physical N * 25 N - 23 - N = 25 N = 25
S = .122 S = .019 - S = .001 S = .001
.1390 .2659 .7521 ,7^58
Learning N a 25 N = 23 N = 25 N = 25
S - .25^ S = .110 S = .001 S = .001
.325^ .1886 .6211
Emotional N = 25 N = 23 N = 25 - N = 25
s = .056 s = .191* s = .001 - s - .001
148
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TABLE 68 SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS OF THE FIVE SCORES OF EVALUATIONS OF LEFT
HANDED (% LEFT), USE OF MEDICATION (MED), AND THE PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, AND
LEARNING SCORES OF SYMPTOMS OF LEAD POISONING FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE
CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. A TOTAL OF 6,1*80 CHILDREN WERE INCLUDED IN
THE TEACHERS EVALUATIONS OF THE SYMPTOMS OF LEAD TOXICITY IN CHILDREN IN
THESE 25 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
% Left Handed
Medication
Physical
Emotional
*
Learning
% Left
Handed
~
-
-.3377
N = 23
s = .058
.1895
N = 25
s = .182
,3188
N = 25
s = .060
.221*8
N = 25
S = ,ll*0
Medication
.3377
N = 23
s = .058
_
-
-
3591
N = 23
S = .OU6
.21*10
N = 23
s = .131*
.3591*
N = 23
S = ,014-6
Physical
.1895
N = 25
S = .182
3591
N = 23
S = .01+6
_
-
-
.6223
N = 25
S = .001
.7517
H = 25
S = .001
Emotional
.3188
N = 25
s = .060
.21*10
N = 23
s = .131*
.6223
N = 25
S = .001
_
-
-
^7337
N = 25
S = .001
Learning
.221*8
N = 25
S = .11*0
-.359^
N = 23
S = .01*6
.7517
N = 25
S = .001
.7337
N = 25
S = .001
_
-
-
149
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TABLE 69. PEARSON COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATIONS OF 8.0 + MG LEAD PER 100
GRAMS OF TOOTH TISSUE, OF TEACHER EVALUATIONS IN 25 CLEVELAND PUBLIC
SCHOOLS AND ATMOSPHERIC SCORES FOR THE AIR STATIONS IN WHICH THE SCHOOLS ARE
LOCATED. THE PERCENT OF LEFT HANDED AND MEDICATION, AND THE SCORES OF
PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, AND LEARNING SYMPTOMS OF LEAD POISONING WERE ITEMS
INCLUDED IN THE EVALUATIONS BY TEACHERS
% Left Handed
Medication
Physical
Emotional
8+ Tooth
Pb
- -313^
N = 25
- .31*08
N = 23
s = .056
- .2300
N = 25
S » .13!*
- .2301*
N = 25
S = .13^
Psrticulate
- -1393
N = 25
S = .253
.0203
N a 23
S = ,1*63
.0569
N = 25
S = .393
.1370
N = 25
S = .257
Air Pb
- .01*79
N » 19
S = ,1*23
.01*30
N » 19
S = A31
.i^56
N = 19
s = ,028
.5^85
N = 19
s = .008
Air Cd
--.2919
N » 19
S = .113
.27^3
N a 19
S = .128
.2697
N = 19
s = .132
N = 19
S a .036
Air Sb
-.1192
N s 18
s = .319
.2707
N = 18
S = .139
.1696
N « 18
s = .251
.2305
If = 18
s = .179
Air S02
- -399^
N = 21
s » .036
-.1682
N = 19
S = .2^6
- .0005
N o 21
S = .1*99
- .1099
N » 21
s = .318
- .1615 .2164 .U?79 .2008 - .0909 .073^
Learning N = 25 N = 25 N = 19 N » 19 N = 18 N » 21
S = .220 s = .1^9 S » .019 S = .205 S = .360 s » .376
150
-------
TABLE 70 SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS OF 8.0 + MG LEAD PER 100 GRAMS OF TOOTH
TISSUE, TEACHER EVALUATIONS IN 25 CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOLS, AND ATMOSPHERIC
SCORES FOR THE. AIR STATIONS IN TOUCH THE SCHOOLS ARE LOCATED. THE PERCENT
OF LEFT HANDED (% LEFT) AND MEDICATION (MED), AND THE SCORES OF PHYSICAL,
EMOTIONAL, AND LEARNING SYMPTOMS OF LEAD POISONING WERE ITEMS INCLUDED IN
THE EVALUATIONS BY TEACHERS
,
% Left Handed
Medication
Physical
4
Emotional
Learning
8.0 + mg
Tooth
- .3132
N a 25
S a .061+
- .i+2l+6
N = 23
S a .022
- .155*4-
N a 25
S a .229
- .1870
N a 25
S = .185
--1391
N a 25
S a .254
Parti culate Air Pb
- .1271
N a 25
S a ,272
- .1181
N a 23
S a ,296
.1692
N = 25
S a .209
.02^3
N = 25
S = .U5U
.1908
N a 25
S a .180
- .0631
N a 19
S a .399
- .01+81
N = 19
S = .1+23
MQ5
N = 19
S a ,019
.5881+
N = 19
S = .001+
.H313
N = 19
S = .033
Air Cd
- .3573
N a 1
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/1-78-053
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION" NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF SUMMATIONAL EXPOSURES TO LEAD
Tooth Lead in Children Living in Cleveland and its
Suburbs
5. REPORT DATE
August 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Margaret A. Kelsall and Ruth E. Hunter
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Ohio Mental Health and Mental Retardation Research Center
1708 Aiken Avenue
Columbus, Ohio
1AA601
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-804632
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.,S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
RTP, NC
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA 600/11
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
An epidemiologic study of the distribution of lead absorption in the Cleveland
Metropolitan Area was carried out by analyzing the lead content of shed or extracted
deciduous teeth of n,241 children. Mean amounts of lead in teeth of children
living in some suburbs were as high as those for children living within the city
of Cleveland. Levels of lead in teeth declined with increasing age at tooth loss.
Efforts were made to relate tooth lead levels to various environmental sources of
lead. Also teacher evaluations of children's school performance and behavior were
assessed in regard to tooth lead level and environmental exposure.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
lead
teeth
children
epidemiology
Cleveland
06 F, T
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
169
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
154
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