EPA-600/1-78-054
August 1978
CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES
OF STUDENTS EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTANTS
by
Charles D. Scott and John A. Burkart
Utah Biomedical Test Laboratory
University of Utah Research Institute
Salt Lake City, Utah 94108
Contract No. 68-02-1730
Project Officer
Dorothy C. Calafiore
Population Studies Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 27711
.:i?:7.U PROTECT
OS317
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
-------
FOREWORD
The many benefits of our modern, developing, industrial society
are accompanied by certain hazards. Careful assessment of the relative
risk of existing and new man-made environmental hazards is necessary
for the establishment of sound regulatory policy. These regulations
serve to enhance the quality of our environment in order to promote the
public health and welfare and the productive capacity of our Nation's
population.
The Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
conducts a coordinated environmental health research program in toxicology,
epidemiology, and clinical studies using human volunteer subjects.
These studies address problems in air pollution, non-ionizing
radiation, environmental carcinogenesis and the toxicology of pesticides
as well as other chemical pollutants. The Laboratory participates in
the development and revision of air quality criteria documents on
pollutants for which national ambient air quality standards exist or
are proposed, provides the data for registration of new pesticides or
proposed suspension of those already in use, conducts research on
hazardous and toxic materials, and is primarily responsible for providing
the health basis for non-ionizing radiation standards. Direct support
to the regulatory function of the Agency is provided in the form of
expert testimony and preparation of affidavits as well as expert advice
to the Administrator to assure the adequacy of health care and surveillance
of persons having suffered imminent and substantial endangerment of
their health.
This report documents the results of a pilot study, supported by
EPA, to evaluate the mutagenicity of daily exposure to ozone concentra-
tions in ambient air. Previous clinical studies conducted under controlled
conditions had suggested a chromosome breaking potential of photochemical
pollutants. Those laboratory findings led to this pilot study's goal of
determining the feasibility and efficacy of chromosomal changes to serve
as biological indicators of community exposure. Results of the pilot
study offered EPA's Health Effects Research Laboratory a new method for
defining adverse, long-term effects of "smog" exposure upon healthy
individuals.
F. G. Hueter, Ph. D.
Acting Director,
Health Effects Research Laboratory
iii
-------
ABSTRACT
This research program was initiated with the overall objective of
determining whether or not photochemical air pollutants have the potential
to cause chromosome breakage in environmentally exposed individuals; if so,
could chromosomal changes be used as a biological indicator of exposure to
certain environmental conditions in the Los Angeles, California, Basin.
Two hundred fifty-six (256) incoming Freshmen students at the University
of Southern California were selected, matched, and grouped by home address
into in-basin males and females, and out-of-basin males and females. Blood
samples were collected from the selected students at the following times:
October 1974 (256 students); February 1975 (237 students); May 1975 (230
students); October 1975 (200 students); and May 1976 (random sample of 68
students). All samples were cultured in the Los Angeles Laboratory and
coded for analysis. All slides were analyzed at the Utah Biomedical Test
Laboratory, in a double blind fashion, with 100 cells per student per
sampling time being scored. All 100 cells were analyzed for chromosome
and chromatid aberrations; however, only 25 cells of this 100 were counted
for aneuploidy.
Additional blood samples were collected (68 students) for a comparison
of satellite association, as well as for rescanning the first three sampling
periods on the original group, in order to determine the overall reliability
of standard scoring procedures with a large scale study such as this one.
Overall, in-basin males had significantly more abnormal cells, breaks,
and gaps than out-of-basin males. Females showed the same trends but only
for abnormal cells were the results borderline statistically significant.
Differences between in- and out-of-basin students were more pronounced at
both October evaluations than at the February and May evaluations.
Chromosome abnormalities in general showed increases from October 1974
through May 1975 and then decreased by October 1975. These changes over
time followed similar trends in the levels of carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides with a lag of four months and followed similar trends in ozone
levels with a lag of eight months.
Satellite association variables showed no consistent differences
between in- and out-of-basin students nor among sampling periods.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1730 by
Utah Biomedical Test Laboratory under the sponsorship of the United States
Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers the period 1 July 1974
to 21 March 1978, and work was completed as of 30 June 1977.
IV
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Figures vii
Tables viii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction 1
A. Background 1
B. Scope of Work 2
Conclusions 4
Recommendations 5
Materials and Methods 6
A. Selection and Classification of Subjects 6
B. Specimen Collection and Preparation 7
C. Methods of Chromosome Analysis 8
D. Measurement of Air Pollutants 9
E. Methods of Data Analysis 10
Results of Data Analysis 12
A. Personal History Analysis 12
B. Analysis of Cell Abnormalities 12
C. Analysis of Rescan Data 13
D. Analysis of Satellite Association Data 15
E. Analysis of Pollutant Data 15
Discussion 46
References 49
Appendices:
A. Personal History Form 51
B. Home Addresses by Chromosome Study Group 65
C. Summary of Individual Samples Counted 74
D. Chromosome Analysis Scan Sheet 83
E. Satellite Association Chromosome Analysis 85
F. F-l. Coding Forms; F-2. Coding Guide; F-3. Coding
Sheets Aberrations and Satellites 88
G. Intergroup Comparisons of Background Variables 105
H. Abnormal Cells Versus Background Variables Which
Were Not Comparable Among Groups 135
I. Analysis of Variance of Cell Aberrations -
Total Group 139
-------
Table of Contents (continued)
Appendices (continued]:
J. Analysis of Variance of Cell Aberrations -
Rescan Group 148
K. Analysis of Variance of Satellite Association -
Rescan Group 157
VI
-------
FIGURES
Number Page No.
1 Percent Abnormal Cells 19
2 Mean Breaks per 100 Cells 20
3 Mean Gaps per 100 Cells 21
4 Mean Isogaps per 100 Cells 22
5 Percent Hypodiploid Cells 23
6 Percent Hyperdiploid Cells 24
7 Mean Stable Changes per 100 Cells 25
8 Mean Endoreduplications per 100 Cells 26
9 Percent Abnormal Cells - Rescan Group 27
10 Mean Breaks per 100 Cells - Rescan Group 28
11 Mean Gaps per 100 Cells - Rescan Group 29
12 Mean Isogaps per 100 Cells - Rescan Group 30
13 Percent Hypodiploid Cells - Rescan Group 31
14 Percent Hyperdiploid Cells - Rescan Group 32
15 Mean Stable Changes per 100 Cells - Rescan Group ... 33
16 Mean Endoreduplications per 100 Cells - Rescan Group . 34
17 Mean No. of D's Associated per Cell 35
18 Mean No. of G's Associated per Cell 36
19 Mean No. of 2 Chromosome Associations per Cell .... 37
20 Mean No. of 3 Chromosome Associations per Cell .... 38
21 Mean No. of 4 or More Chromosome Associations per
Cell 39
22 Mean No. of D-D Associations per Cell 40
23 Mean No. of D-G Associations per Cell 41
24 Mean No. of G-G Associations per Cell 42
25 Proportion of Cells with No Associations 43
26a Monthly Averages of 1-Hour Readings for Selected
Pollutants (CO, S02 , N02+N0) 44
26b Monthly Averages of 1-Hour Readings for Selected
Pollutants (03, H C , Particulates) 45
vii
-------
TABLES
Number Page No.
1 Agreement Between Rescan and Original Scan,
Frequency Distributions of Differences 14
2 Correlation Coefficients Between Pollutant
Concentrations and Chromosome Abnormalities 16
3 Data Used in Correlations of Pollutant Levels with
In-Basin Group Chromosomal Abnormalities 18
vni
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the helpful cooperation of Dr. Addie Klotz,
Director of the Student Health Center at the University of Southern Cali-
fornia in Los Angeles, California, and her capable staff in soliciting
the cooperation of both the students and the University for this study.
Dr. Dorothy Calafiore, the Project Officer, gave exceptionally valu-
able assistance and advice in the review of this report. We also acknow-
ledge the assistance given by the personnel of the EPA Exposure Assessment
Branch in abstracting pertinent information from the National Aerometric
Data Bank-Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric Data which allowed better
classification of out-of-basin students in relation to their Los Angeles
Basin exposure.
Finally, without the invaluable technical assistance of the following
staff at Utah Biomedical Test Laboratory, this project could not have been
realized: Richard J. Voss, Larry A. Castle, M. Ina Jordan, Sandra M. Stark,
Catherine A. Thornes, and Christiane F. Egleston.
IX
-------
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
In recent years, there has been increasing concern about the mutagenic
potential of a wide variety of drugs and chemicals to which the public is
exposed. Chromosomal aberrations are a frequent and significant cellular
response of individuals who are exposed to certain environmental pollutants
that are mutagenic. Recently, there has been increased concern expressed
that the inhalation of ozone by man might be mutagenic, the reason being that
high ambient ozone concentrations in some of our larger cities and certain
industrial situations where large number of individuals are exposed daily.
Recently published data have shown the mutagenic effect of ozone in the
form of chromosomal breakage, in circulating lymphocytes of Chinese hams-
ters exposed to doses of 0.2 ppm for 5 hours [1,2,3,4]. McKenzie found no
significant increase in the incidence of chromosomal aberrations in cultures
of human lymphocytes from healthy male volunteers before and at various
intervals after inhaling 0.4 ppm ozone for 4 hours [5]. The present
maximum recommended industrial level for occupational exposure is 0.1 ppm
per hour for a 40-hour work week [6]. Zelac et al. [3,4] calculated that a
1-week exposure to ozone at this level would produce chromosomal aberrations
in lymphocytes at a magnitude six orders greater than that expected from
the permitted average radiation exposure over the same period of time.
These observations have generated some concern due to the fact that human
populations are exposed to photochemical smog pollution at the same level
as the Chinese hamsters' exposure. Merz et al. [7] reported a significant
increase in chromatid-type aberration from six subjects who were exposed to
0.5 ppm of ozone for 6 and 10 hours during pulmonary function studies.
These observations differ with those of Zelac et al. [3,4] who reported
chromsome-type aberrations. However, the more recent data of Merz et al.
[7] agree qualitatively with those of Fetner [2], who reported the effects
of ozone on cultures of human fibroblast cells. Gooch et al. [8] recently
confirmed that exposure of cultures to high levels of ozone increased the
frequency of chromatid-type aberrations, thus agreeing, qualitatively, with
the data of Merz et al. [7] and Fetner [2].
This type of genetic damage is significant from the standpoint of
inherited human diseases. Evidence is now convincing that populations with
increased levels of chromosomal aberrations, from whatever source, are at
an increased risk in terms of the development of some forms of malignant
diseases [9,10,11,12], Chromosomal aberrations detected in an individual's
cultured lymphocytes, and the level of his in vivo exposure to the given
chemical agent being specifically tested may be complicated by other en-
vironmental contaminants and/or factors, making it difficult to clearly
associate these aberrations with the development of malignancy. For the
1
-------
purposes of monitoring and surveillance of new or undetected environmental
hazards, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of certain sub-popula-
tions should be considered. No such data exist at present, although pre-
sent day technological means to carry out such studies are available. Data
from additional well-designed studies are needed; for example, studies in
groups with previous or current exposure to prescribed and unprescribed
drugs, diagnostic or therapeutic radiation exposure, and viral infections
are indicated. It is, therefore, particularly important to collect ade-
quate data for each individual with regard to age, sex, occupational his-
tory, radiation and drug histories, exposure to toxic substance, e.g.,
organic solvents, insecticides.
B. Scope of Work
As part of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) multi-disciplin-
ary approach to protect man and his physical environment from the adverse
effects of a great variety of pollutants endangering the purity of air,
water, and land today, the Utah Biomedical Test Laboratory (UBTL), a divi-
sion of the University of Utah Research Institute (UURI), has been engaged
in a four-year program under EPA sponsorship. The purpose of this program
was to determine the chromosome breaking potential of photochemical pollu-
tants in humans and to assess the efficacy of observed chromosome changes
as biological indicators of exposure. To accomplish these goals, 256 in-
coming Freshman students at the University of Southern California in the
Los Angeles Basin were studied initially for development of structural
chromosomal damage while attending the University.
A summary of our progress toward fulfilling the contractual aims for
this study follows.
1. First Year Phase: Two hundred fifty-six (256) incoming Freshmen
students were selected, matched, and grouped into in-basin males and
females, and out-of-basin males and females. Blood samples were collected
from the selected students at the following times: October 1974, 256
samples; February 1975, 237 samples; May 1975, 230 samples. All samples
were cultured in the Los Angeles laboratory and coded for analysis. All
slides were analyzed at UBTL, in a double blind fashion, with 100 cells per
student per sampling time being scored. The data from a total of 72,800
cells were punched onto computer cards.
2. Second Year Phase: Two hundred (200) blood samples were collect-
ed during October 1975 and an OMB-approved questionnaire was administered
to 200 students to obtain personal background information, both past and
present. Sixty-eight students were randomly selected and slides were re-
read for the sampling periods of October 1974, February 1975, and May 1975,
and are referred to as the rescan group.
3. Third Year Phase: Sixty-eight (68) blood samples were collected
from the rescan group during May 1976 and analyzed for both chromosome break-
age and satellite association.
-------
4. Fourth Year Phase: A complete cross-sectional and longitudinal
analysis of all data collected was completed.
By prolonged follow-up of continuously exposed individuals, the present
study collected data which allow one to better quantitate the cytogenetic
risks of chronic exposure to photochemical pollutants in the Los Angeles
Basin.
-------
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, males whose home addresses were within the L. A. Basin had
significantly more abnormal cells, breaks, and gaps than males from outside
the L. A. Basin. Females showed the same trends but for only abnormal
cells were the results borderline statistically significant. Differences
between in- and out-of-basin groups were more pronounced at both October
evaluations than at the February and May evaluations. Chromosome abnormali-
ties in general showed increases from October 1974 through May 1975 and
then decreased by October 1975. Males did not differ from females with
regard to the occurrence of chromosome abnormalities.
In-basin and out-of-basin groups were comparable with regard to most
of the background variables. Variables for which there were differences
did not correlate with the presence of chromosome abnormalities.
Satellite association evaluated on the rescan group for nine para-
meters showed no consistent differences among groups or time periods.
Females showed more two and three chromosome associations and more asso-
ciations involving G chromosomes than did males.
Carbon monoxide levels and, to some extent, nitrogen oxide levels cor-
related positively with chromosome abnormalities, assuming a four-month lag
between exposure and sample collection. Ozone correlated negatively with
chromosome abnormalities assuming a four-month lag and positively assuming
an eight-month lag.
The results of this study support the hypothesis that chromosome ab-
normalities are related to living in the Los Angeles Basin; however, chromo-
somal changes do not seem to be an extremely sensitive indicator to environ-
mental air pollution exposure, especially when the type of pollutants at
fault and mechanisms of action are not known.
-------
RECOMMENDATIONS
Future investigations should seek to restrict more fully the subjects
utilized for in- and out-of-basin groups. Although the present groups were
well-defined, some in-basin and out-of-basin students most likely over-
lapped each other with regard to pollutant exposure. Students also did not
always return home or stay in one place during the summer months. The out-
of-basin groups should be composed of subjects having lived the last several
years in a relatively pollution-free environment and in-basin students
should have spent a like amount of time in the polluted environment. Only
subjects returning to their homes or a like environment for the majority of
the summer should be included. Subjects from areas bordering the polluted
area should not be used as out-of-basin subjects. If the above types of
study groups are feasible (our experience seems to indicate that this is
possible at a large university such as U.S.C.), then a sample size of 200
subjects should be adequate to evaluate major chromosome abnormality changes.
Utilizing such restricted groups from the present study (approximately
one-half to two-thirds of the subjects) a follow-up study of these students
and their reproductive history should be conducted at some time in the
future. This would provide additional information on genetic damage and
could be completed through the use of a questionnaire.
The significance of the time lag, as observed in this study, between
the exposure of the student and his subsequent development of chromosomal
abnormalities deserves further investigation. This basic research should
be directed toward the validation and quantification, if possible, of the
relationship of the exposure to that of the chromosomal abnormalities
observed.
-------
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Selection and Classification of Subjects
The University of Southern California (U~SC) was selected as the site
for this study because of its central location in the Los Angeles Basin and
its relatively high exposure to the basin air pollutants. Male and female
study subjects were chosen from incoming Freshmen students at the Univer-
sity of Southern California Campus. One hundred twenty-eight (128) males
and 128 females were selected and coded according to classification criteria
given below. No subject selected in this study was known to have an acute
illness, although many of the individuals were taking daily medications
(both prescribed and over-the-counter), e.g., birth control pills, diet
tablets, and aspirin. Also, many drank coffee and/or tea and several would
occasionally use alcoholic beverages at social gatherings. A questionnaire
was used to obtain both personal and medical information regarding their
summer employment, travel, and any toxic substance(s) to which they might
have been exposed (see Appendix A).
The Los Angeles Basin was roughly defined to be an area within approxi--
mately a thirty-mile radius of downtown Los Angeles. Subjects whose home
addresses were within this radius were classified as in-basin, while those
outside the boundaries were considered out-of-basin. A list of home addres-
ses of study subjects is given in Appendix B.
Few continental United States communities equal or exceed the oxidant
pollution levels frequently recorded in the Los Angeles Basin. To eliminate
the possibility, however, that some out-of-basin subjects may have had pre-
vious exposure equal to that of in-basin subjects, the pollution levels
associated with the home addresses of out-of-basin subjects were evaluated.
For this purpose, California Air Resources Board (CARB) 1974 oxidant
measurements were examined for those subjects who lived in California but
in communities outside the L. A. Basin. For students coming from out-of-
state homes, National Aerometric Data Bank-Storage and Retrieval of Aero-
metric Data (NADB-SAROAD) were used. The NADB-SAROAD data examined consis-
ted of Annual Frequency Distributions for 1973-1974 and Quarterly Frequency
Distributions for 1975 and 1976. When several monitoring sites were avail-
able in a given city, a few were selected to estimate the pollution level
for that city. For several home addresses where no SAROAD data were avail-
able, the data for the closest monitoring sites were used. For example,
Chicago data were used for Deerfield, Highland Park, and Kenilworth.
These evaluations revealed that, except for three students, the esti-
mated previous oxidant exposure of all out-of-basin subjects was lower, and
for most, considerably lower than the exposure of in-basin subjects. The
-------
three exceptions included one student from Redlands, California, and one
student from Riverside, California, whose homes were outside the defined LA
Basin. These subjects were reclassified to the in-basin group. The third
exception was a student who had lived in Tucson, Arizona, who was dropped
from the analysis because his exposure before coming to California was
probably at least equal to that of in-basin subjects; however, it was not
considered accurate to classify him as an in-basin subject.
B. Specimen Collection and Preparation
In order to investigate whether or not exposure to photochemical air
pollutants is associated with an increased number of chromosomal aber-
rations, the following times were utilized for obtaining blood samples for
analysis:
1. Initial sample was collected as soon as possible after the stu-
dents arrived for registration (October 1974). Half of the
samples were from students who had never lived in the Los Angeles
Basin and half were from students whose homes are in the Basin.
This initial early sampling date allowed for minimal, if any,
influence of photochemical exposure on out-of-basin students.
2. The second sample was drawn shortly after the Christmas-New Year
break (February 1975), thus following the end of the "smog season"
and allowing for 3 months exposure to elevated levels of oxidants.
3. The third sample was taken at the end of the school year (May
1975), immediately preceding the "smog season".
4. Blood samples were drawn from 200 of the original students after
they had returned back to school (October 1975) at the end of
summer vacation. During the study, there was an attrition of 56
students, dropping the original number of students from 256 to
200 students.
5. Blood samples were again collected in May 1976 from a randomly
selected group of 68 students from the original 256 students
studied.
In order to maintain consistency in handling and culturing of blood
samples, collection was accomplished in a laboratory on campus at the
Student Health Center for all sampling periods. Following collection, the
culturing of these blood samples and preparation of the slides were imme-
diately completed in the same laboratory as follows.
Forty-eight hour lymphocyte cultures were prepared from whole blood
[13] collected in a syringe containing 0.1 cc of sterile heparin solution.
The culture medium consisted of BBL media that contained 10% fetal calf
serum with 1% phytohemaglutinin as the mitogenic agent. Colchicine was
added to the cultures 2 hours before harvesting. Potassium chloride was
used as the hypotonic agent, the cells were fixed in acetic alcohol and
stained with giemsa.
7
-------
C. Methods of Chromosome Analysis
Slides were randomized, coded, and scored blind at 1000X magnification.
All 100 cells were analyzed for chromsome and chromatid aberrations; however,
only 25 cells of this 100 were counted for aneuploidy. The following table
summarizes the number of samples counted at each sampling period. Appendix C
presents an individual summary of samples counted.
Summary of Samples Counted by Subject Classification
10/74 2/75 5/75 10/75 5/76 Total
In-Basin Males
In-Basin Females
Out-of-Basin Males
Out-of-Basin Females
64
65
64
63
58
65
58
56
55
65
55
55
47
55
49
49
16
17
18
17
240
267
244
240
Total 256 237 230 200 68 991
The method of chromosome analysis was as follows: a metaphase cell
was determined suitable by scanning with the low power objective prior to
using the oil immersion objective. For purposes of documentation and
verification, the number of aneuploid metaphases and the occurrence of
structural chromosome and chromatid aberrations, including breaks and
fragments, were carefully recorded (see Appendix D). In addition to the
number of chromosomes, observations were made on the number of acrocentric
chromosomes with satellites associating and the frequency at various time
periods for the rescan group (see Appendix E).
For purposes of data analysis, the term "abnormal cells" includes
all cells containing breaks, isochromatid breaks, fragments, isofragments,
translocations, dicentrics, tricentrics, pericentric inversions, rings,
isodeletions, polyradials and endoreduplications. Because chromatid
breaks were observed to be the most common abnormality in this study,
they were not only included in the classification of abnormal cells but
were analyzed separately as well. Therefore, this separate category of
chromatid breaks includes isochromatid breaks, fragments and isofragments.
Gaps were scored separately and cells with gaps were not included in
the number of abnormal cells. A gap was defined as a complete interrup-
tion of the continuity of one or both chromatids not clearly exceeding the
width of a chromatid. However, if the discontinuity was larger than the
width of a chromatid, the aberrations was scored as a break, Isogaps and
isobreaks were scored as single aberrations and so were breaks of the
delayed isolocus type. Whenever the following conditions existed, an
aberration was scored as a single type chromatid break and not as a chromo-
some type aberration: 1) an acentric fragment in a metaphase spread,
2) a diploid chromosome count, and 3) whenever it appeared that the frag-
ment was derived from an isobreak in the same spread.
-------
Stable changes, endoreduplications, and aneuploid cells (hyperdiploid
and hypodiploid) were also recorded.
D. Measurement of Air Pollutants
Pollutant measurements in the Los Angeles Basin are continuously
recorded by the County of Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District. For
the period encompassing the study, measurements were obtained from the
downtown Los Angeles Station, Number One, located at 434 South San Pedro
Blvd., which is approximately three miles northeast of the USC campus
center. Data on ozone, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide,
hydrocarbons, and particulates were obtained to be used in correlating
exposure to air pollutants with chromosome abnormalities. For the purposes
of correlation, the monthly averages of one-hour readings were deemed the
most representative of pollutant levels.
Methods of pollutant measurement as given by the L. A. Air Pollution
Control District are as follows:
1. Ozone (Oa)(KI Method)(More correctly referred to as Oxidant)
The ozone analyzer utilizes a continuous air-liquid contacting
device to absorb the ozone from the air. It measures the ozone
by means of a chemical reaction involving the release of iodine
from a potassium iodide solution. The amount of iodine released
is proportionate to the ozone concentration. The depth of color
of the iodine is measured by a colorimeter and is recorded elec-
trically.
2. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
The CO analyzer measures the concentration of carbon monoxide
by means of infrared light absorption principles. The light
absorption responses are converted to electric signals for
recording.
3. Oxides of Nitrogen (N0/N02)
One instrument determines the separate atmospheric concentrations
of two contaminants. It employs two air-reagent continuous con-
tacting systems. The NOz (nitrogen dioxide) absorbed from the
air in the first column reacts with Saltzman's reagent to produce
a color, the depth of which represents the NOz concentration. The
color depth is measured by a colorimeter and is recorded electri-
cally. Potassium permanganate is used to oxidize NO (nitric
oxide) absorbed from the air to N02, which is taken up in the
second column, measured separately in the same manner, and recorded
as NO.
4. Sulfur Dioxide (S02)
This analyzer absorbs sulfur dioxide from the air in a wetted
column where the sulfur dioxide is oxidized in sulfuric acid,
after which the changes in the electrolytic conductivity of the
-------
solution are determined and recorded. Reagents used are dilute
sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
5. Hydrocarbons (H C )
Total hydrocarbons in the atmosphere are determined by flame
ionization. The sample is exposed to a hydrogen flame in an
electrostatic field, where the hydrocarbons are ionized. Ions
migrating to the electrodes produce a small electric current that
is detected and recorded to provide a continuous record of hydro-
carbon concentrations. By passing the sample stream through
activated carbon part of the time, hydrocarbons other than methane
are removed. In this way, the instrument is used to record both
total hydrocarbons and methane, alternately. The difference be-
tween two successive readings represents non-methane hydrocarbons.
6. Particulates (Km units)
"Km" values are measurements of the light reflecting (soiling)
properties of particulate matter collected on a paper filter. In
the instrument, a known volume of air is passed through a sepa-
rate spot on a filter paper each hour of the day. One Km unit
represents that deposit of particulate matter that produces an
optical absorbance of 0.1 when a volume of one cubic meter of air
is passed through one square centimeter of the filter. Readings
are recorded electrically.
E. Methods of Data Analysis
Data from the personal history questionnaire plus summary chromosome
abnormalities and satellite association data were transferred to data
coding forms, keypunched onto standard computer cards, and entered into
computer data files for analysis. Copies of the coding forms and instruc-
tions are given in Appendix F.
Comparability of the study groups on the personal history variables
was evaluated using chi square analysis. Where study groups were not
comparable with respect to a particular variable, the responses to that
variable within each group were evaluated by chi square analysis to see
whether the responses were related to the presence of cell abnormalities.
Cell aberrations and satellite association parameters were analyzed
using an analysis of variance for a repeated measures design, which tests
for differences among groups, among sampling periods, and for consistency
of group differences over the sampling periods Cgroup by period inter-
action) . Data were analyzed as a percent of possible occurrences and the
percentage was transformed by the Freeman-Tukey transformation [14] before
analysis. The transformed values were used in the calculation of statis-
tical significance but arithmetic means are utilized in the presentation of
summary figures and tables.
10
-------
The Freeman-Tukey transformation takes the observed number of occur-
rences x, the sample size n (number of cells or number of possible occur-
rences) , and transforms to 0 in degrees using the relationship
0 = 1/2 [arc sin /x/(n+1) + arc sin /C~xVl>/"(n+l)]
The efficiency in reducing heterogeneity of variance can be seen by compar-
ing the standard deviations of the transformed values and untransformed
values as given in this report. For cell abnormalities, the transformation
worked well; many significant findings would be masked without its use. For
satellite association, the heterogeneity of variance of untransformed values
was small so the use of the transformation gave only a slight increase in
accuracy.
Standard pairwise multiple comparison procedures for repeated measures
analysis [15] were used to evaluate in-basin versus out-of-basin differ-
ences at each time period for males and females separately. Duncan's
multiple range test [16] was used to test for pairwise differences among
sampling periods and orthogonal contrasts tested overall group and sex
differences.
The differences between the original scans and rescans for the rescan
group at each of the first three sampling periods were analyzed using
paired t-tests. Correlation techniques were used to relate mean cell ab-
normalities with air pollutant concentrations.
11
-------
RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS
A. Personal History Analysis
Appendix G presents tables of distributions of personal history vari-
ables tabulated by study group. Within each sex, the in-basin and out-of-
basin groups of students were comparable for all variables except for the
following statistically significant differences: in-basin males were
significantly older than out-of-basin males, but only by one year (median
ages 20 and 19 years, respectively). Out-of-basin males were currently
taking and routinely took more antihistamines than the in-basin males. In
the period from May to October, 1974, out-of-basin males received more
tetanus shots than in-basin males. In-basin females had more occurrences
of hay fever from October, 1974, to February, 1975, and also reported more
allergies to antibiotics than the out-of-basin females. Out-of-basin
females reported more x-rays to the lower extremities in the last five
years than did in-basin females, while in-basin females reported more x-
rays to the trunk. Even though the groups were not comparable on these
variables, tables in Appendix H show that there is no relationship between
the presence of abnormal cells and age, antihistamines, tetanus shots,
hayfever, allergies, or x-rays in the affected groups.
B. Analysis of Cell Abnormalities
The statistical analysis of the cell abnormality parameters was per-
formed on only 199 students because these were the only ones in whom four
consecutive samples were available out of the original group of 256. Based
on the classification of chromosomal aberrations as described on page 8 above,
analysis of cell abnormality parameters revealed the following results: For
abnormal cells (p<.10), breaks (p<.10), and gaps Cp<-01)> the in-basin males
had significantly higher values than out-of-basin males in October, 1974. At
the February and May, 1975, evaluations, these two groups were not signifi-
cantly different. In October, 1975, the in-basin males again had more abnor-
mal cells (p=.ll) and breaks (p<.10). Over all time periods, in-basin males
showed statistically significantly more abnormal cells (p<.05), more
breaks (p=.07), and more gaps (p<.05) than out-of-basin males. Females
also showed the same trends over all time periods, but the results were
not as significant as the male results: abnormal cells (p=.07), breaks
(p=.ll), gaps (p=.15). These findings are somewhat consistent with the
hypothesis that living in the basin is related to chromosome aberrations,
if the borderline statistical significances (p~.10) and only male results
are considered. The in-basin females had more gaps and isogaps than out-
of-basin females (p<.10) at the beginning of the study, but no significant
differences were evident during the other three sampling periods. No
differences between in- and out-of-basin students were found for aneuploid
12
-------
cells or stable changes. At the May 1975 evaluation, both in-basin groups
had more endoreduplications than the out-of-basin groups (p<.01) but these
differences were not evident at any other time. Endoreduplications and
stable changes occurred infrequently. For all cell abnormalities, no
differences were observed between males and females.
Statistically significant time trends over the four sampling periods
were found for all study groups. For abnormal cells, breaks, gaps, hyper-
diploid cells, and hypodiploid cells, the October 1974 values were the
lowest; February 1975 showed a significant increase over the previous
October; and May 1975 gave the highest values, significantly greater than
February. By October 1975, values for gaps had been reduced to the October
1974 levels and values for the other four parameters dropped to the Feb-
ruary 1975 levels. Isogaps were constant over the first three sampling
periods and then dropped significantly in October 1975. Endoreduplications
were higher in May 1975 than at any of the other times and stable changes
peaked in October 1975, after remaining somewhat constant for the first
three periods. Figures 1 to 8 (at the end of this section) present mean
levels over time, along with the means and standard deviations of the
untransformed data. The results of the analysis of variance are given in
Appendix I for transformed data.
C. Analysis of Rescan Data
The rescan group, composed of a random sample of 68 of the original
200 subjects, was re-evaluated for abnormalities using duplicate slides for
the first three sampling periods. Table 1 summarizes the differences
between the two scans. Of importance is that statistically significant
differences were found between the two scans for most of the variables;
however, the differences were distributed equally among the four study
groups, so all intergroup comparisons are still valid. Differences among
the sampling periods as described earlier were generally of larger magni-
tude than the differences between the two scans; the trends should be
similar but would change according to the rescan differences. More accu-
rate time trends can be seen by looking at only the rescan group data.
The rescan group was also evaluated for abnormalities at one addi-
tional time period, May 1976. Values in May 1976 were generally similar to
the October 1975 values. Intergroup differences were somewhat erratic with
in-basin females showing overall more abnormal cells, gaps, and isogaps,
and in-basin males showing more breaks than their out-of-basin counterparts.
Due to the effects of reduced sample sizes in the rescan groups, it is
suggested that intergroup differences be evaluated with respect to the
original groups. Figures 9 to 16 (at the end of this section) summarize
rescan group abnormalities over the five periods using the rescan values
for the first three periods; the results of the analysis of variance are
found in Appendix J. Trends depicted in these figures are more variable
due to fewer subjects but are likely more representative of real time
trends due to the differences between original scans and rescans. For
abnormal cells, breaks, and gaps, females showed statistically signifi-
cantly larger values than males, a finding not shown in the analysis of
original scans. This is basically due to large values in the in-basin
13
-------
TABLE 1. Comparison of Rescan and Original Scan,
Frequency Distributions of Differences
Variable
October 1974
February 1975
May 1975
No. of Abnormal Cells
Rescan greater
No difference
Rescan less
Mean Difference in Count
Breaks
Rescan greater
No difference
Rescan less
Mean Difference in Count
Gaps
Rescan greater
No difference
Rescan less
Mean Difference in Count
I sogaps
Rescan greater
No difference
Rescan less
Mean Difference in Count
Hyperdiploid
Rescan greater
No difference
Rescan less
Mean Difference in Count
Hypodiploid
Rescan greater
No difference
Rescan less
Mean Difference in Count
26
31
11
0.4
27
34
7
0.7***
37
19
12
0.6**
5
52
11
-0.3*
19
48
1
0.8***
56
4
8
6.2***
29
28
11
0.4*
30
26
12
0.7**
30
12
26
-0.1
2
53
13
-0.2**
5
41
22
-0.8*
42
3
23
3.8***
18
28
22
-0.2
24
25
19
-0.1
22
4
42
-1.0***
10
40
18
-0.2*
3
42
23
-2.0***
33
5
30
0.4
Statistically significantly different from zero p<.05, p<.0l,
p<.001.
14
-------
female group, and may be due to sampling selection.
With regard to the major variables of interest (abnormal cells, breaks,
gaps, isogaps), the original scan analyses and rescan analyses both show
similar differences between in- and out-of-basin subjects, although not
necessarily always statistically significant. The major difference between
analyses is in the magnitude of the time trends. Nevertheless, both
analyses show the May 1975 levels to be greater than either the October 1974
or October 1975 levels.
D. Analysis of Satellite Association Data.
Satellite association was analyzed on the rescan group. Nine para-
meters were evaluated: Number of D's associated, number of G's associated,
groups of two chromosomes, groups of three chromosomes, groups of four or
more chromosomes, number of D-D associations, number of D-G associations,
number of G-G associations, and number of cells with no associations.
These were all analyzed as a percent of the total possible occurrences.
There were no consistent differences between in- and out-of-basin students.
In February 1975, the in-basin males had more groups of three associations
than the out-of-basin males and in May 1975, the in-basin females had more
groups of four or more associations than out-of-basin females. There were
no consistent time trends in any of the parameters over the course of the
study. October 1975 evaluations gave the highest values for most of the
parameters. This does not correspond to the time trends for cell abnor-
malities. Figures 17-25 (at the end of this section) present mean values
and Appendix K gives the analysis of variance results. Overall, females
showed more satellite association than males involving G chromosomes and in
the number of two- and three-chromosome associations.
E. Analysis of Pollutant Data
The concentrations of six pollutants from the atmosphere were compared
with the percentage of abnormal cells, mean number of breaks, mean number
of gaps, and percent aneuploid cells. Values for the in-basin rescan
groups were used so that the correlations could be calculated over five
time periods rather than four and since the rescan values for the earlier
times were more consistently scored. Figures 26a and 26b (at the end of
this section) show the concentrations of particulates, hydrocarbons, nitro-
gen dioxide/nitric oxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone over
the course of the study. These curves did not correspond to the chromosome
abnormality curves of the same time periods but seemed to correlate with
the chromosome abnormality curves with a lag of about four months. For each
pollutant, four indices of pollutant concentrations, four months prior,
were correlated with the above four chromosome parameters. These four
indices were: (1) concentration four months prior to chromosome evaluation,
(2) mean concentration from three to five months prior, (3) mean concentra-
tion for one to four months prior, and (4) peak concentration (minimum for
ozone) during months one to four prior. Since ozone was negatively corre-
lated at four months, two additional ozone concentration indices were
evaluated, representing an 8-month lag, which gave positive correlations.
These indices were (5) concentration eight months prior to chromosomal
15
-------
TABLE 2. Correlation Coefficients Between Pollutant
Concentrations and Chromosome Abnormalities
Concentra-
Pollutant t**1011
Index
Ozone
Carbon Mon-
oxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide/
Nitric Oxide
Hydrocarbons
Particulates (n=4)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
% of Cells w/
Abnormalities
-.77
-.59
-.87C*)
-.87(*)
.84C*)
.79
.78
.90*
.84(*)
.88*
.05
.49
.36
.32
.64
.69
.81(*)
.87(*)
.20
.34
.49
.37
.69
.67
.61
.69
Mean Number Mean Number %
of Breaks/ of Gaps/
Cell Cell
-.82
-.60
-.79
-.80
.78
.64
.77
84(*)
.67
.72
-.02
.40
.16
.26
.62
.63
.64
.76
.19
.30
.43
.39
.57
.56
.55
.63
-.68
-.63
-.84(*)
-.81(*)
.79
.81(*)
.80
.91*
.82C*)
.98**
.35
.60
.40
.35
.72
.76
.76
.89*
.34
.40
.36
.25
.71
.66
.52
.59
Aneuploid
Cells
-.28
-.10
-.56
-.56
.47
.56
.35
.57
.90*
.78
-.29
.07
.79
-.11
.18
.27
.75
.61
-.29
-.14
.15
-.12
.18
.13
.00
.10
(*) Borderline statistically significant correlation p<.10
*,** Statistically significant correlation p<.05, p<.01
Concentration Index
1=4 months prior
2 = mean 3-5 months prior
3 = mean 1-4 months prior
4 = peak (minimum for ozone) during months 1-4
5=8 months prior - ozone only
6 = peak months 5-8 prior - ozone only
16
-------
evaluation and (6) peak concentration from five to eight months prior.
Table 2 presents the correlation coefficients between pollutants and
chromosome abnormalities over the five evaluation periods. Carbon monoxide
and, to some extent, nitrogen dioxide/nitric oxide gave significant posi-
tive correlations and ozone showed significant negative correlations with
abnormality variables, assuming a four-month lag between exposure and cell
abnormalities. Assuming an eight-month lag for ozone, the correlations of
abnormal cells and gaps with ozone were also positive (p<.10). These
results by no means indicate cause and effect relationships; they are only
presented for the purpose of generating hypotheses. Data used in the
correlations are given in Table 3.
17
-------
TABLE 3. Data used in Correlations of Pollutant Levels
with In-Basin Group Chromosomal Abnormalities.
Chromosome Variables
In-Basin Students (N=33)
% Abnormal Cells
Mean Breaks/100 Cells
Mean Gaps/100 Cells
% Aneuploid Cells
Pollutant Index
Oct 74 Feb 75 May 75 Oct 75
Index
1
2
3
4
5
6
Based on monthly averages of one hour readings
4 months prior
Mean 3-5 months prior
Mean 1-4 months prior
Peak (minimum for ozone) during months 1-4
8 months prior -- ozone only
Peak months 5-8 -- ozone only
May 76
0.76
1.15
1.88
10.30
1.30
1.64
2.70
15.88
1.33
1.76
3.00
13.64
0.88
1.42
1.36
9.46
0.97
1.39
2.06
8.42
Ozone
(pphm)
Carbon Monoxide
Cppm)
Sulfur Dioxide
(pphm)
Nitrogen Oxides
(pphm)
Hydrocarbons
(ppm)
Particulates
(Km unit x 10)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
4.5
4.1
4.5
4.0
1.3
3.7
2.9
3.0
3.9
5.6
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.2
8.3
9.3
9.8
12.4
22.0
20.7
22.3
25.0
19.8
19.0
20.4
23.3
3.0
3.2
2.2
1.7
4.5
4.8
5.5
6.2
7.5
8.5
1.6
2.1
2.2
2.4
16.5
18.9
27.2
32.5
21.0
25.0
27.9
31.6
--
--
--
2.0
1.8
2.2
1.8
4.8
4.8
8.4
7.6
5.5
8.4
2.4
2.3
1.9
2.4
32.1
27.3
17.6
32.1
31.6
28.9
25.2
31.6
40.7
36.9
27.1
40.7
3.7
3.9
4.3
3.7
1.8
3.5
3.3
3.0
3.3
4.1
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
7.1
7.3
8.1
10.1
19.5
20.5
24.2
29.4
18.4
19.2
22.3
28.1
2.4
1.9
2.5
2.0
4.6
4.6
6.7
5.9
4.5
6.7
2.7
2.5
1.8
2.7
28.3
26.1
17.7
28.3
37.9
35.9
29.1
37.9
44.8
41.8
30.0
44.8
18
-------
o
01
UJ
o
LJ CU
CL
IS
s
Figure 1. Percent Abnormal Cells
IBF
IBM
OCT 7U
FEB 75
MfiY 75
OCT 75
OCT 74 FEB 75 MAY 75 OCT 75
GROUPS:
TOTAL
Means
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
47
55
48
49
.489
.382
.188
.408
.723
1.030
.604
.755
1.383
1.327
1.562
1.020
.809
.836
.604
.673
.851
.886
.740
.714
TOTAL
199
.367
.779 1.322
.734
.806
Standard
Deviations
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
47
55
48
49
.748
.707
.532
1.019
1.097
1.186
.736
1.011
1.153
1.203
3.228
1.199
.900
.977
1.267
.922
1.034
1.086
1.849
1.057
TOTAL
199
.773 1.031 1.888 1.022
1.295
19
-------
cr
UJ
<9
s
s
Ol
fU
-------
a
IS
00
Figure 3. Mean Gaps per 100 Cells
\
OCT 74
FEB 75
MflY 75
OCT 75
Means
GROUPS:
TOTAL
199
OCT 74 FEB 75 MAY 75 OCT 75
1234
.940 2.472 3.809 1.025
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
47
55
48
49
1.255
1.127
.542
.816
2
2
1
2
.511
.655
.979
.714
3.
4.
3.
3.
723
145
521
796
1.106
1.127
.938
.918
2.
2.
1.
'2 .
149
264
745
061
2.062
Standard
Deviations
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
47
55
48
49
1
1
1
1
.539
.362
.031
.679
2.115
2.518
1.509
2.072
2
1
2
2
.050
.890
.032
.217
1
1
1
1
.478
.441
.040
.320
2.094
2.234
1.854
2.229
TOTAL
199
1.438 2.105 2.043 1.327
2.118
21
-------
00
0
IS
3-
CT
LU
r
(0
CD
IS
IS
-------
Figure 5. Percent Hypodiploid Cells
Ul
CJ
UJ S
ฐ- co
<&
-------
LU OJ
Q-
CO
IS)
-------
Figure .7. Mean Stable Changes per 100 Cells
0 DBF
IBM
OCT 74
FEB 75
MfiY 75
OCT 75
Means
GROUPS:
TOTAL
199
OCT 74 FEB 75 MftY 75 OCT 75
1234
TOTAL
IN MflLE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
p
3
4
47
55
48
49
.021
.000
.000
.000
.021
.036
.000
.600
.043
.018
.042
.000
.085
.036
.963
.102
.043
.023
.026
.026
.005
.015
.025
.070
.029
Standard
Deviations
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
47
55
48
49
.146
.000
.000
.000
.146
.270
.800
.000
.204
.135
.202
.000
.282
.189
.320
.306
.202
. 177
.190
.158
TOTAL
199
.071
.158
157
.275
. 182
25
-------
Figure 8. Mean Endoreduplications per 100 Cells
DOBF
OCT
FEB 75
MRY 75
IBM
OCT 75
Means
GROUPS:
TOTAL
199
OCT 74 FEB 75 MAY 75 OCT 75
1234
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
47
55
48
49
.021
.018
.000
.020
.000
.018
.021
.020
.128
.127
.021
.000
.006
.000
.021
.082
.037
.041
.016
.031
.015
.015
.070
.025
.031
Standard
Deviations
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
47
55
48
49
.146
.135
.000
.143
.000
.135
.144
.143
.397
.336
.144
.000
.608
.008
.144
.344
.216
.199
.124
.200
TOTAL
199
.122
122
.275
.186
. 188
26
-------
-------
Ol
o
cu
(X
-------
i .
UJ 03
IS
IS
Figure 11. Mean Gaps per 100 Cells - Rescan Group
OBM
I 1
FEB 75 MflY 75
<9
OCT
OCT 75
1
MBY 76
Means
Standard
Deviations
GROUPS:
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
68
16
17
18
17
OCT 74 FEB 75 MAY 75 OCT 75 MAY 76
12345 TOTAL
1.125
2.588
1.111
1.412
1.559 2.294 2.706 .971 1.868 1.879
1.562
3.765
1.722
2.118
2.375
3.588
1.778
3.118
.875
1.824
.778
.412
2.080
2.118
1.389
2.000
1.588
2.776
1.356
1.812
16
17
18
17
1.147
2.063
.963
1.372
1.209
2.927
1.179
1.166
1.544
1.839
1.166
1.764
1.544
1.879
.943
.712
2.503
2.288
1.420
1.732
1.711
2.316
1.183
1.637
TOTAL
68
1.539
1.955 1.711 1.414 1.992
1.827
29
-------
Figure 12. Mean Isogaps per 100 Cells - Rescan Group
OHM
IBM
OCT 74
FEB 75
MPY 75
OCT 75
MPY 76
OCT 74 FEB 75 MAY 75 OCT 75 MAY 76
GROUPS:
TOTAL
Means
Standard
Deviations
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
68
16
17
18
17
.063
.235
.111
.000
.103
.250
.437
.323
. 009
.125
.059
.008
.000
.044
.342
.243
.000
.000
.125
.235
.111
.176
.162
.342
.437
.323
.393
.063
,059
.000
.059
.044
.250
.243
.000
.243
.188
. 118
.222
.059
.147
.403
.332
.428
.243
.112
. 141
.889
.059
. 100
.318
.350
.286
.237
TOTAL
.306
.207
.371 .207
.357
.300
30
-------
UJ
<->
UJ
O.
Figure 13. Percent Hypodiploid Cells - Rescan Group
r-inr 72
IBM
1
r;nv vc
Means
GROUPS:
IN MflLE
IH FEMP.LE
OUT MflLE
OUT FEMALE
TOTAL
1 16
2 17
3 18
4 17
Standard
Devia-
tions
IN MflLE
IN FEMALE
OUT MflLE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
16
17
13
17
6.772
11. 114
4.563
4.091
6
5
5
OCT 74
1
12.008
7.176
10.3S3
6.118
8.882
6.772
11. 114
4.5153
4.091
FEB 75
2
15.125
15.76^
11. 66^
] 2 . 70G
i ?; . 76^
G.238
5 . 533
7.33.:
5.69G
MAY 75
3
11.125
15.647
1 1 . 444
13.647
12.971
7.830
6. 010
7 . 602
7 . 754
OCT 75
4
6 . 750
9.529
0.778
9.882
8 . 765
5.927
7.954
5 . 663
5.633
MAY 76
5
? ,'sr\
8. ',-.}&
8 . 222
3.353
8. '76
6.098
8 . 404
5.G94
4.7B3
TOTAL
10.475
i1.365
18.089
it). 141
7.153
O.GCo
b. 26fj
b.232
TOTAL
69
7.390 6.3)1 7.399 6.334
31
-------
z
UJ
o
a: s
LU ru
CL
CD
S
Figure 14. Percent Hyperdiploid Cells - Rescan Group
OEM
GROUPS:
OCT 74 FED 75 MAY 75 OCT 75 MAY 76
12345
TOTAL
68
1.519 1.363 1,460 2.430 1.521
TOTAL
Means
Standard
Devia-
tions
IN HALE
IN FEMALE
OUT HALE
OUT FEMALE
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
,
2
3
4
16
17
18
)7
68
16
17
18
17
1
i
2
1
1
,625
.94!
.000
.324
.853
.204
. 135
.414
.237
,375
.-171
, 000
.024
,412
1 ,080
1 , 323
.600
2. 128
.375
.008
, OL?9
.471
.441
1 , 088
.000
2.298
1.328
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
.875
.647
.66'
.059
. 059
.455
.823
.608
.135
,250
, -I? I
1.111
. nu
. 590
.633
.874
2.676
.485
.500
. 70C
.733
.659
-^
1. 125
2. 109
3 . 859
1 . 585
32
-------
Mean Stable Changes per 100 Cells - Rescan Group
OCT
FEB 75
MPV 75
OCT 75
MflY 76
Means
GROUPS:
TOTAL
68
OCT 74 FEB 75 MflY 75 OCT 75 MflY 76
12345
.044
.059
.044
.088
.147
TOTflL
IN MftLE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
.125
.059
.000
.000
.063
.059
.000
.118
.000
.000
.056
.118
.125
.059
.000
.176
. 125
.118
.167
.176
.088
.059
.044
.118
.076
Standard
Deviations
IN MftLE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
.500
.243
.000
.000
.250
.243
.000
.485
.000
.000
.236
.332
.342
.243
.000
.393
.342
.332
.383
.393
.326
.237
.207
.359
TOTAL
68
.270
.293
.207
.286
.357
.287
33
-------
Iroup
o i HF
OCT 74
FEB 75 MPY 75
OCT 75
MPY 76
Means
GROUPS:
IN HALฃ
IN FEMALE
OUT HALE
OUT FEf'ih'LE
Standard }H ?ฃ\_ฃ
Deviations IK rHi"i.-':^,'I
OUT ,-;:!..?
OUY rllilflL
V
ss
OCT 74 PER F5 MPY 75 UCT 75 MAY 76
,,003
TO^flL
. 800
.059
. 000
. ., JO
.d!5
qqg
.?<'. 5
._"iij
.'1C ij
.080
.683
, Ij'jb
.059
.329
.080
.080
.235
.243
.808
. 059
.OB8
,uea
.915
.800
.243
.630
.000
.012
.024
.011
.324
.018
.112
. 152
. 105
. IS!:
J ''J
173 .121
-------
Figure 17. Mean No., of D's Associated per Cell
z
tt CO
UJ CO
03
00
on
a OBF
O IBP
OBM
IBM
OCT
FEB 75
MRY 75
OCT 75
MfiY 76
GROUPS:
OCT 74 FEB 75 MAY 75 OCT 75 MAY 76
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMftLE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
1.950
1.873
1.680
1.762
1.668
1.706
1.520
1 . 798
1.800
1.894
1.644
1.675
1.825
1.941
1.789
1.936
1.385
1 . 734
1.571
1.809
1.725
1.830
1.641
1.796
Means
Standard
Deviations
IN MALE
IN FEMftLE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
68
16
17
18
17
1.812
.429
.590
.447
.437
1.671 1.751
.501
.620
.483
.547
.487
.558
.461
.502
1.372
.413
.499
.611
.412
.628
.445
.754
.642
.495
1.747
.485
.603
.531
.477
TOTAL
68
.481
.538
.502
.487
.608
.530
35
-------
r?i;'irre 18
ioan K-To. .;' <]'.-> \ssec luted per CelJ
FEB 75 MftY 75
00 T 75
MRY 76
Means
Standard
Deviations
GROUPS: ;'
in fir.Li i ,ฃ
IN r'cittt.:" c r,v
OUT ""K.Ji "i ^
OUT TEMf-Lt -t I/
OLV
FED 7b '1AY ?5 OCT 75 MAY 76
2 1, 4 5
FOTftL
307
<-Si'
!9S
fj!r>5
"365
339
481
345
3C2
3713
! . 3'2B
i . 3k'S
i , 128
5 . 395
l.?87
. 557
.376
.oSD
,48?
. 454
. . 303
1 . 383
1 . 264
1.419
i . 326
.429
,408
.414
.444
,430
-------
Z
cc
UJ
Figure 19. Mean No. of 2 Chromosome Associations per Cell
00
05
IS
0)
-------
(Figure 20, Mean No, of 5 Chromosome Associations per Cell
OBF
OCT 74
~EB 75 MHY 75
OC1 75
T
MflY 76
Means
GROUPS:
IN FEi-Pt-E
our rihtiF:
OUT FEMPL
Standard
Deviations
OLT
OC"1" 7-1 FEB 75 MflY 75 OCT 75 fWY 76
3;.'?
25
TOTflL
:j i i-i
.<23-'\
2271
?.-!0
242
.138
. I'Jl
- Id5
. 118
156
.262
.^32
.258
.^32
.296
.'19
. 1^9
.126
. ?45
.ns
. ..'85
. 207
.222
.^68
.226
.136
.116
. 130
.117
.125
.242
.266
. 2.29
.280
.254
. lie
. 132
. 127
. 129
.128
-------
Figure 21. Mean No. of 4 or More Chromosome Associations per
Cell
,0 IBF
OBF
OCT 74-
FEB 75 MRY 75
OCT 75
MOY 76
Means
GROUPS:
OCT 74 FEB 75 MAY 75 OCT 75 MflY 76
TOTAL
68
.081
.079
. 101
101
TOTflL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
.093
.875
.030
.875
.075
.087
.069
.887
.110
. 118
. Ill
.066
.093
.113
.098
.101
.078
.128
.084
.085
.090
. 183
.088
.083
.092
.091
Standard
Deviations
IN MALE 1
IN FEMALE 2
OUT MALE 3
OUT FEMALE 4
TOTAL
16
17
18
17
.081
.065
.058
.060
.060
.080
.063
.076
.086
.061
.079
.058
.075
.092
.075
.063
.093
. 183
.092
.876
.079
.932
.074
.867
68
.065
.069
.073
.076
.091
.876
39
-------
Figure 22, Mean No. of ,'i--D Associations per Cell
OCT 7'4
OCT 75
MfiY 76
Means
Standard
I levlations
GROUPS.'
IN MfiLE
IN f-Tซ;ru.r.
our iiftL?
our Ffn-ifiLt
T07'-";L
HflV 73 OCT 75 MfiY 76
345
TOTAL
, :?7Q
ฃ2 >,
, 5ti0
.433
, 645
.21?
, j;5i?
. 2b4
,592
. 723
. (-24
. G,2 \
,C42
,2G4
. -i'5 1
. :->?9
v'l (
,415
.558
.439
.511
I
. 494
.241
..}f!5
."'JS
..il"!^
.563
.610
,531
.551
.563
.263
.347
,301
7> '^ 1
i i_ i ,-iL
75
.298
-------
ftl
OJ
OJ
O)
Figure 23. Mean No. of D-G Associations per Cell
D OBF
OCT
FEB 75
MRY 75
OCT 75
MOY 76
OCT 74 FEB 75 MAY 75 OCT 75 MAY 76
GROUPS:
Means
Standard
Deviations
IN MflLE
IN FEMALE
OUT MflLE
OUT FEMflLE
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
68
16
17
18
17
TOTAL
68
1.043
.380
.333
.383
.445
.380
.966 1.059 1.101
.352
.359
.288
.358
.336
.426
.277
.235
.292
.308
.239
.279
.324
.285
.290
.994
.326
.428
.313
.275
.351
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
.995
1.054
1.038
1.882
.985
.984
.869
1.035
1.062
1.118
1.031
1.026
1.070
1.106
1.002
1.231
.888
1.033
.893
1.160
1.000
1.059
.967
1.107
1.033
.348
.335
.313
.336
.336
41
-------
Figure 24. Mean No, of (i-G Associations per Cell
-------
a
o
rl
4J
H
O
p-
o,
'H
D.
Figure 25. Proportion of Cells with No Associations
IBM
OEM
IBF
OCT 7H
FEB 75
MflY 75
OCT 75
MPY 76
GROUPS:
OCT 74 FEB 75 MAY 75 OCT 75 MAY 76
12345
Means
Standard
Deviations
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
68
16
17
18
17
TOTAL
68
.155
.092
.132
.088
.109
.106
.210
127
103
124
123
118
. 181
, 111
.092
, 108
.099
. 102
.150
.082
.083
.109
.079
.088
.205
. 137
. 130
.141
.091
.126
TOTAL
IN MALE
IN FEMALE
OUT MALE
OUT FEMALE
1
2
3
4
16
17
18
17
.120
.162
.178
.155
.190
.195
.233
.219
.197
.158
. 193
. 176
.143
.162
.149
.141
.222
.214
.216
.169
.176
.178
.194
. 172
. 180
115
109
117
10?
Ill
43
-------
E
o.
Q.
D.
c
cd
P
3
fI
II
O
O
CD
CD
CO
f-l
o
I/)
bO
cti
-------
5
M
O
D-
0)
(D
O
M-i
C
H
-d
ฃ
O
3^
"T
M-i
O
X
-p
c
O
\o
bO
H
tL,
8'S
0'S
ti'E
9'2
8' I
- ID
m
cu
. OJ
o>
oo
in
-------
DISCUSSION
This study of students who have been exposed to the photochemical air
pollutants in the Los Angeles Basin provides evidence that both in-basin
males and females show statistically significantly higher levels of cyto-
genetic aberrations than the out-of-basin males and females. The magnitude
of cytogenetic differences between in- and out-of-basin students was greater
for males than for females. There was also a statistically significant
association between aberrations and sampling periods.
The rescan group analyses revealed that there was a statistically
significant difference between the original scans and rescans. These dif-
ferences can be attributed to technical personnel and their continued
improvement of cytogenetic assessment, as well as different slides selected
at each scanning period by different technicians. The differences, however,
were distributed equally among the four study groups; so all intergroup
comparisons are still valid. With regard to the major variables of interest,
the original scan and rescan analyses both show similar differences between
in- and out-of-basin subjects.
The major difference between analyses is in the magnitude of the time
trends; a more accurate assessment of time trends can be observed if only
the rescan data are used. Although fewer subjects were analyzed and the
data are more variable, the data are likely to be a truer representation of
real time trends since the scoring procedures were more consistent at later
time periods when the data were rescanned.
The interpretation of the results is complicated by the complex nature
of the pollutants and the impossibility of incriminating specific pollu-
tants in a study such as this. For instance, it is not known whether
students are capable of developing a tolerance to oxidants (ozone), as has
been reported for animals [17]. If such a development of tolerance occurs
in the in-basin group, this could account for the greater difference between
in- and out-of-basin groups in cytogenetic aberrations for the initial
sampling period (October 74), and a lesser degree of damage between in-
basin and out-of-basin groups after several months of exposure. However,
there is no evidence to support such a hypothesis.
Our observation of cytogenetic damage correlated with the concentra-
tions of pollutants with a difference in time of 4 to 8 months is one of
the most puzzling and, hence, most interesting findings which is derived
from this study. It is difficult to separate the effects of each pollu-
tant, as well as consider the synergistic effects of several due to their
reactions in the atmosphere. It is significant to point out that carbon
monoxide and, to some extent, nitrogen dioxide/nitric oxide gave significant
46
-------
positive correlations and ozone showed significant negative correlations
with abnormality variables, assuming a four-month lag between exposure and
cell abnormalities. Also, if we assume an eight-month lag for ozone expo-
sure, there is a positive correlation for abnormal cells and gaps. These
results cannot be viewed as indicative of a cause and effect relationship,
but are presented only for the purpose of generating hypotheses.
Ottesen [18], using P32 as a DNA label, observed that lymphocytes can
be divided in two groups on the basis of life span, one with a short survi-
val time of up to 4 days and the other with a longer survival time of 100
to 200 days. He further reported that in man, about 11% to 22% of the
lymphocytes were short-lived, and 78% to 89% were long-lived. This survival
time for the majority of lymphocytes corresponds to the lag time of 4
months (120 days) by which lymphocyte changes followed similar changes in
pollutant levels in the Los Angeles Basin.
It should be kept in mind that cellular damage resulting in chromatid
breaks, chromatid gaps (at least those that represent break points), and
both free and terminal fragments probably represent events that occurred in
the cell cycle immediately preceding the metaphase that was observed.
Bender and Prescott [19] reported that when peripheral lymphocytes in
culture were harvested after 3 to 4 days, a great majority of mitosis was
still in their first division in vitro. A similar result was obtained by
MacKinney, et al. [20]. These reports suggest that most of the cells with
chromosomal aberrations were probably damaged in vivo and not associated
with culture techniques. There are many factors which influence the sensi-
tivity of the lymphocyte life span and divisional cycle. If ozone is
mutagenic, then its effect is unlikely to be limited to lymphocytes, but
may also encompass other tissues and organs including the gonads, with the
resultant danger in the form of "genetic deaths". Damage to the germ cells
may consist of mutations that could lead to an increased rate of genetic
disorders in subsequent generations. It is the opinion of some geneticists
that the induction of significant numbers of chromosomal aberrations is a
sign of potential genetic danger. As a rule, chemical mutagens known to
produce chromosome breakage also produce point mutations and may become
evident only after many generations.
It has been known and widely accepted that the percentage of aneuploid
(hypo- hyper-diploid) cells varies a great deal with the age of individuals
and can also be influenced by sex [21]. The fact that we did not observe
any differences in aneuploid cells within the between groups (males and
females) can probably be explained by the selection of perfectly spread
metaphases by our scanners and also because the ages of our study group
were relatively uniform. However, for the purpose of this paper, it is
enough to state that a time trend is correlated with the amount of aneu-
ploid cells observed. It has been reported by Verschaeve, et al. [22],
that occupationally exposed subjects to mercury had statistically signifi-
cant increased percentage of aneuploid cells as compared to nonexposed
subjects and, therefore, a measure of cellular changes caused by exposure.
A comparison of the chromosomal aberrations and the frequency of gaps
as related to the time of sampling of students appears to be related.
47
-------
However, gap counting in the evaluation of chromosomal aberrations may be
considered problematical. Nevertheless, some investigators show that gaps
represent a type of abnormality very characteristic of chemical mutagens.
Satellite association analysis revealed no consistent differences
between in- and out-of-basiri students or among time periods and does not
appear to be a significant parameter to measure as an indicator of cellular
response to environmental contaminants. Overall, females showed more
satellite association than males involving the "G" group chromosomes and in
the number of two- and three-chromosome associations, e.g., G-G, G-G-G, D-
G-G, D-G, and D-D-G associations.
In general, the differences in chromosomal aberrations observed be-
tween in- and out-of-basin students plus the relationship of chromosomal
aberrations to pollutant levels and time of the year indicate that living
in the Los Angeles Basin is related to higher than normal levels of chromo-
somal damage.
48
-------
REFERENCES
1. Fetner, R. H. Chromosome Breakage in Vicia Faba by Ozone. Nature
(London) 181:504, 1958.
2. Fetner, R. H. Ozone-induced Chromosome Breakage in Human Cell Cultures.
Nature (London) 194:793, 1962.
3. Zelac, R. E., H. L. Cromroy, W. E. Bolch, Jr., B. G. Donavant, and
H. A. Bevis. Inhaled Ozone as a Mutagen, II. Effect on the Frequency
of Chromosome Aberrations Observed in Irradiated Chinese Hamsters.
Environ. Res. 4:325, 1971.
4. Zelac, R. E., H. L. Cromroy, W. E. Bolch, Jr., B. G. Donavant, and
H. E. Bevis. Chromsomal Aberrations Induced in Chinese Hamster Lympho-
cytes. Environ. Res. 4:262, 1971.
5. McKenzie, W. H., J. H. Knelson, N. J. Ruirono, and D. E. House. Cyto-
genetic Effects of Inhaled Ozone in Man. Mutation Research 48:
95-102, 1977.
6. American Industrial Hygiene Association, Community Air Quality Guides.
Ozone. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29:299, 1968.
7. Merz, T., M. A. Bender, H. D. Kerr, and T. J. Kulle. Observations of
Aberrations in Chromosomes of Lymphocytes from Human Subjects Exposed
to Ozone at a Concentration of 0.5 ppm for 6 and 10 Hours. Mutat. Res.
31:299, 1975.
8. Gooch, P. C., D. A. Creasia, and J. G. Brewen. The Cytogenic Effects
of Ozone: Inhalation and In V-ltvo Exposures. Environ. Res. 12:188,
1976.
9. Miller, R. Relation Between Cancer and Congenital Defects: An Epi-
demiologic Evaluation. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 40:1079, 1968.
10. Miller, R. Persons with Exceptionally High Risk of Leukemia. Cancer
Res. 27:2420, 1967.
11. Todaro, G. J., and G. M. Martin. Increased Susceptibility of Down's
Syndrome Fibroblasts to Transformation by SV40. Proc. Soc. Expo.
Biol. Med. 124:1232, 1967.
12. Fralkow, P. J. Immunologic Oncogenesis. Blood 30:388, 1967.
49
-------
13. Moorhead, P. S., P. C. Nowell, W. J. Mellman, D. M. Battips, and
A. D. Hungerford: Chromosome Preparations of Leukocytes Cultured from
Human Peripheral Blood. Exp. Cell Res. 20:613, 1960.
14. Mosteller, F., and C. Youtz. Tables of the Freeman-Tukey Transforma-
tions for the Binomial and Poisson Distributions. Biometrika 48:
435-440, 1961.
15. Winer, B. J. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. New York,
McGraw-Hill, Chapter 7, 1971.
16. Duncan, D. B. Multiple Range and Multiple F-Tests. Biometrics 11:
1-42, 1955.
17. Stokinger, H. E., and L. D. Scheel. Ozone Toxicity. Arch. Environ.
Hlth. 4:327-333, 1962.
18. Ottesen, J. On the Age of Human White Cells in Peripheral Blood.
Acta. Physio1. Scand. 32:75, 1954.
19. Bender, M. A., and D. M. Prescott. DNA Synthesis and Mitosis in
Cultures of Human Peripheral Leukocytes. Exptl. Cell Res. 27:221-229,
1962.
20. MacKinney, A., F. Stohlman, and G. Brecher. The Kinetics of Cell
Proliferation in Cultures of Human Peripheral Blood. Blood 19(3):
349, 1962.
21. Matteri, M. S., and F. M. Salzano. Senescence and Human Chromosome
Changes. Humangenetik 27:1-8, 1975.
22. Verschaeve, L., M. Kirsch-Volders, C. Susanne, C. Groetenbriel,
R. Haustermans, A. Lecomte, and D. Roossels. Genetic Damage Induced
by Occupationally Low Mercury Exposure. Environ. Res. 12:306-316,
1976.
50
-------
APPENDIX A
Personal History Form
51
-------
APPENDIX A
Personal History Forn
Research Number
USC STUDENTS CHROMOSOME STUDY
PERSONAL HISTORY FORM
1. Name
Oast)
(first)
2. Date of Birth
3. Sex
(day)(month)(year)
(rm ddTe)
Male O
Female O
4. Local Address (for Fall 1975):
Street
Ci ty/Town
TT5~
Telephone Number
Is this address a dormitory or student housing? Yes O
No O
Approximate distance from local address to i_ jus
Mies
FOR OFFICE DSC ONLY
5. Interviewer
6. Editor
Initials
Initials
Date Edited
52
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
Research Number
STATEMENT OF PERMISSION
I agree to participate voluntarily in this study of the effect of
smog upon chromosomes. The purpose of the study has been exolained to me.
I have been informed that this study is being performed bv the Utah Biomedical
Test Laboratory of the University of Utah for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. I understand that the study is beinq nerformed with the
full apnroval and cooperation of the Student Health and Counseling Services
of the University of Southern California.
I understand that completion of this interview and a small venous
blood samnle will be asked of me. And I understand that I have the full
right to refuse cooperation, including the right to refuse to answer any
particular questions on this interview form.
I understand that no item of information collected directly from
me will become oart of my University record, that no items of information
about me will be released to any individual for any nuriroses other than the
scientific analysis of the data, that results will be reported as statistical
summaries of data on qrouos of persons only, and that this data will be
destroyed when its scientific usefulness is ended.
I understand that in the rare event that an iten of information of
medical importance to an individual is discovered, that item of information
and an explanation of its significance will be qiven to the individual as
soon as possiole, but that no other authorities or persons will be informed.
Signature
Name (Printed)
53
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
Research Number
7. Have you ever had radiation therapy for a medical condition? YES O
IF YES: Describe the medical condition for which NO O
therapy was administered, and the type and
dates of the therapy.
8. Have you ever been given radioactive substances for the diagnosis
of a suspected medical condition?
YES O
IF YES: Describe suspected medical conditions, test
substances if known, and dates of diagnostic NO O
procedures.
9. Have you ever had x-rays, other than routine chest and dental YES O
x-rays?
NO O
IF YES: Describe medical reason for x-ray(s), part of body
x-rayed, and dates of x-rays.
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
Research Nuirber
10. Have you ever undergone a diagnostic investigation YES O
of your thyroid gland?
NO O
IF YES: Were radioactive substances used in
diagnosis? And when did these diagnostic
procedures take place?
11. Have you ever had medical treatment for tuberculosis? YES O
IF YES: Describe treatment, including druos used NO O
if known. Give inclusive dates of treatment.
12. Have you ever taken drugs routinely for a oeriod of more YES O
than one rrcnth as part of the medical treatment for a
condition or as a preventive treasure against the recurrence NO O
of a condition? (Include purely preventive drugs such as
anti-malarials.)
IF YES: Name drug(s) and give inclusive dates of treatment.
55
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
=r
i t
>> o o
cu z
4-J O^ QJ rc
VI (0 C I- C_>
i- XJ ^^ h-
r> - QJ o
O Cr E E C CC
>> C E 10 O ZD
CU 3: XJ 4J
vi TO x> QJ ซo ^
>- t- on. vj co
ซ3 U O X3
c xj cu 4J cu LU
(O o O- in E XJ on
0 O , CU CX
-tr cr c- on
OJ U O **- C LU
jfCCD 4J-r- *r-QJ _JCO
QJ c ^: _cr a- ^r
TO tr 3 cucu- 4-> ซฃ ป
JCQJTO t*- F XT CT XI
4-> CJ i- QJCO CUC LUCO
5 x: s- E - JE - LU
>4-> TO s- 4-ป j*. c rL.
TOCUX! * x cj r3 :s cr
S .e o cr QJ C u-c h-
o c o tr
TT^D .^ O TO VIE" 5-1 ' '
_c o ou-x: cu - a:
U-r-4J E 43 ซ/14J SLU
3 i- vi m vi o ^r
l/lQJl- -I- QJ > ICO
C OJ X: O CC _J2T
i- .IT 4J cr ป u-
XC-C S-TOC TO LULU
QJO4-> TO-trr vi rcnr
o o -r- GJ
2 S- 4-J -j -M _n: -c- s- Q cu
C O */l in -C CU 3 13 LU
CJ S- "- _C -OLUO
OJ 33. QJ 00 cC
O QJ V- VlOZi Ot/l LUOO
4JQJC- >>O CQJ _J2I
i- - 2 cu cr a. o
O O -r- O 3 -r- CO
CCU'i _CCr>- U LU
jc i- TO c o cu r^
cr c. 2 cu *-)
O **- O TO ^! O >-
r-oj^ 4-ปi-o 4-***- r?:
4-) u xr -*-j ซ=;
vi x: 3 cr LJ C7J
3 TO T c on ^=ป
CTQJO t-OX i-LU csT
cni_4-> u-jnTO "4- =
cr o QJ QJ ID
2O TO OJ >-
o i/i <4- ui CTSL in u
QJ c c cr cu u.
O C TO * ~C QJ *ป~ i/l
<4~ O 4-> CU QJ 4J C
CJ VI r QJ QJ 4-> QJ
-iT-QJOJ r3i-QJ 3QJ
1 s- ? crcjn CrjT)
00
O
^^
h-
13
a:
h-
co
ป i
XI
OJ = 4->
4-J f TO
4~>
t-
O X) *-ป
U 1-
cu o cnjr
L. u c: 4->
QJ ซr- i i/i
QJ 1- S~ TO O QJ
V C- QJ 21 >
TO " v> _c:
QJ >-,
C-X) m E A*Q \ )
XJ >. J 4-J
OS- U
QJ QJ
t- > 4-J
QJ QJ >-, O
CL (D S-
QJ X) Ct ^v
CO (DO N.
TO E 4J s^-
C 0 U
i 4-J TO QJ (/I
O O E O CJ
= c E a >-
VI TO 3
QJ X l/)
r? I-- ฐ 0
- O O 4->
V) -r * QJ
QJ r 4->
4-> " O QJ
4J C O f
GJ CM jr: cr
s- u E ! !
TO n mo
D u in
-^ jr o c,'
u u cmr *r >-
TO *r- CJ |
CJ C. .C C
~o<: t- o n n
E - OJ 4-> LJ LJ ;
**- /
r-' > / .
l_ TO S- 4-> /i
TO X) QJ ZJ 1
3 ^"- E ^ xN
cr CJ rs - XJ
CJ c: v> >, /-o
^x aj-g ^6
- 0 jn to
3 -i^ ^J TO O QJ
>> C C7 vi ;
i^ C -X '
.r_ j_ ^ rj [j p
X! E Vi O
C 3 2
TO C CX.4J
- QJ cn
O tJ O ซ" CO
>! 1- O -^ LU
QJ 4J O *
o > E cr:
^ (/i
UJ O QJ
0 - H- *" ^
- or o
LU on a;*^ *-J
ID i" O
0- <ฃ 0
LU LU UJ
-J -J 1
CL a, ex.
on to on
"**-
>
X!
i_
CU
r;
3
^s^
^
TO
X5
i-
c.
ฃ
*ฃi
-
Jo
-c
OJ
-^
^
--.
fC
0
f~
^^
^
^
~ k
QJ
V
~*z
^
X)
o
o
u r^ cc
JL
i-
0
> CO i
TO'P-- cc
*~" x^
fc.
x:
o
c
-C LT^ ซ
QJ r^ cc
X"
c:
CXJ
X*
o
o
u r-. CQ
o
CO
TO r*>^
QJ r^
X XJ
r-- c QJ *x
i/) TO *~~ *
co NTv
o x > X:
r- o re ;
+J C S- i
1 ^~ 0
U E
u vi i-
TO CJ
E E
QJ 3
l_ QJ in 4J
> c
i. TO V) QJ
o cr-f- ?
JZ
in t- H- i-i
c: o
O 4-> QJ
^ u i-
4-J O 4V O
TO XI 0 M~
C -C QJ
r- >> V) _O
(J *
TO E 3 VI
> TO C 3
C >- QJ X
TO E t O
C
> O ป
ซ O 4-* TO
CJ -C O E
CJ CJ O;On
Qj V)
S_ XJ XT
jr cr c:
13 CT TO TO
o -i-
>, ^. en s-
>Lu
X 4J X1 O
QJ V> QJ t
4-ป OJ C r
VI E TO QJ
-.- CJ S- >-
V) U >-
VI 4-* ^
vi 4J o ;
x; vi * ซ cr
0 TO ..^
^ ^ s- x) X
i- QJ cr
QJ >> E w I N
o E E IN
ra TO
CJ ' in CJ
.c: TO -r-
r TO CJ
M- co _C E
_c'
>- C -T
C t- TO
TO TO QJ i-
57-1 cr 4-j cr ~j
^ cr o o co >*
t -i cj> LLJ
C. S- OJ V
O 0 0 -i- h^ """s
LU J
c5 H- V>
ป-i o: o >
ป LU LU
CO ~Z CC
LU co or
ZD ^r o
O1 ซฃ O
LU LU ' LU
_J J J
a. CL. a.
i:t n E
LO to on
\
x
^^
^ ;
\|
r
^
*,
N>
"^ t
'
f^_
n .
*ซ^
-^^
-
--
%,^^
X
C
c
4-> LOr-
u r^a
^ ^
4.
x
TO P**OL
*~ X
t.
x
c
c
.C Ulr-
U.
X
c
cs
X
o
o
V
txj'r*ป
QJ r^
LJ.
56
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
JC
in
.
I
10
O)
>
re
JC
I
T3
5
r- t/1
t VI
CD
(/I C
O 1^
S-
01 CD
O- .C
+J
OJ
cn 1/1
C LLI
t- >-
O
O
4-ป LO i
*, O I CC
00
o
O
I I
00
I
3
Q
OJ
c
o
c:
o
OJ
>-
00
o
c
c
ฃ
00
s-
01
00
S-
3
O
^3
Q
ฃ
^_> I.TI V
-X.
X
X
X
b
0 <
3Z ^^ ^"
00 ^
x
X
X
U! ><
o - ^
00 ^
X
X
" s
0 OJ ><
2Z >"
j r*- cc
^ ^r
4-'
^r
^^
Q
C
> Lf) r
<- ^~
u r^. cc
*-
,
00 ..->.-
l*~
X
X
.A X
*/l ซ
o
00 .
.0 -tj-
. ID .
-v.
G.
C
. . trt h-
CD O CJ
o n >-
XJ
I 00 .
*~D
I/)
iTJ
c a
0 ง
n: *
ซ^ t~
co O -
O
1 00 ,
t!
c
~*
S-
o
E
ฃ o
o; J
1/1 -
in i1"
E 00
0 = ^ 1
ป4-
b 00 ,
Vt-
*+-
3
t/1
3
O
>- e
-c ฃ <
^ i ;
T3 t/1
>
*- 00
O O 2- s- 1
OJ
*J LA
ฃ ! 00,
4-J
u^ O
-^ OJ
0 **-
f~ C
OJ
C "
CJ
QJ 0.
^: >,
4-> *-*
1/1 ,
i*- 0. 0 ^ h
o _> ~. >-
ป ! oo.
Cn t/1
^j r^ cc
4_J
Tt
"C
O
c
>,L.~1.
T3 r^ CC
X.
-c
u
ro
c
o
c
^ ^r> t
c r~cc
c
c
J^
)
1
1 -c
c
L^
^|^ r cc
irO
;
>
^ ซr
-.I r^ r-
^"
I!
"^i
~ i
)
i
L,
*^.i c,' r>*
u.
C LiJ
r- >-
3 li-
o
en
57
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
o
o
o
*j in .
in
O 01
=: >
in
QJ
C
r__]
1 oo
^
+J
10
*f_
U
C-
o
c vt
r- O QJ
_
VI
QJ
C
!-.
ฃ n n
f 00 .
ซ^.
.in -i<: -
-ซ> 01 -
- ป- a>
1 c
t s_ o
V
a: c
*-> to m
j O -C ^ OJ
W
VI
(U
*
!l 00 .
*O 1-
.c o
3
j O VI
o 4->
o >
13 o o a>
ai -
VI
V)
(U
C
1 .
4-1
= 1 00 .
VI O
t3 C
O
i-
L. 3
tu O m
0. >> in
aj
0) 4-> C
-C 3 f
4J O r
*^- Ot in
O C 4-> ^ oj
V)
in
QJ
C
r
t .
1 ^*i ^ป 'r~
C t- 1
ซ8 ฃ 00 .
u r-ป CD
O
o
o
o
> UD r
o
s-
CO
-c
c
o
T:
OJ
c
c
o r*^- co
4-J
V*
*
rtj r*ป
2-
QJ P^-
1 C UJ U.
! - E >-
i t. 5
{ 3 J- U-
j O. M- >-.
Q
c
C
c
c;
ฃ
-r- O Q)
*_ JT "^
in
C7
g
c^
1 00 .
VI
0
i.
Q)
cx
4_>
C.
*^*
OJ O Of
OJ
VI
*w
o
1-
cr
1 ao -
O-.
S- !_
QJ O
U- =
X, OJ
ro >! J^
3 in = o
งo
-^ H-J l^.
O 4-J U O OJ
s_ c. oj 3 i: >
^^^
V)
h..
C7
^
u- E -c o
>> 0 >>
^ " ฐ ซ 00 .
Z3 O ft3 i-
VI >j TD
13 i n3 OJ
O O E -C
>, t- x: -M
O C VI 4->
r- O rtl VI
T3 U -f-
QJ f
- O > vi
o *-ป!- o o a>
(1J -4-1 V) ZI >-
in
cr
o
4-J ^^ O t
vi o *o
XJ O H- -r-
o >,
r- -C QJ
t- en QJ T?
a; ^ j- -*~
Q. S~ QJ VI
-O M- QJ
QJ M _Q
4-j jn: vi =
**- ra E v>
O 4J 0 JC 0 OJ
Vi >,-ป- 2T >-
-_
c
^
o
>, -^ VI
cz i u- in t
*" "c
CO
-^
o
c
jn co f
QJ r- cc
"C
c
Cv
"c
c
c
4-"
VI
*~~
ro'r^-
QJ r->.
C UJ UJ U_
r- >- h-
s- o
13 U_ ^.
Q ป ซ
^
OJ
Research Number
-^
o
c
+J ID r-
V)
i
rz vi
5 O QJ
r: >-
-o
c
(O
V-
co
I 00 ^
o
o
-C
-*-)
r
-Q
cn
cz
*ฐ ฃ ฃ
-o
c
"3
cc
1 00
QJ
QJ
2
QJ
V)
i
tn
to 0 QJ
-a zr >-
c:
..,
C O QJ
-r- z: >-
-D
c
L_
CD
i_
00 .
1 TT
sr QJ
C1 en
l/l
n cz
c: s-
^ "ฐ VI
CO *-> O -
C
S-
cc
UJ ซ^-
~) _J
I j; 00.
u r*ป co
0
t> r^ cc
-o
L.
n
^
o
c
^D in .
QJ r*- cc
"C
c
OJ
o
o
M ^r f
u r-^co
4~)
VI
^S
s;
-O M"
GJ P*-.
U_ LU U-
^_
a:
O u.
u, -.
OJ
C\J
58
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
o
o
o
JQ
O . "*-
Vป
i.
o
.C
0
c
^
rd
CU
<0
3
f- r O
(/) 1 VI
ซ U QJ
i- S-
xi a; XJ
0 C C
f- 10
L. -
CU C
d~'r- V)
1 ^ ^
CJ 1- CT>
jr c- 3
4-* t/> i-
ro X)
M-
O " *-*
rr o- _j
* E
ro
^
*j mป
(j r-ป cc
O ^_
"T
T3
O
O
ra'r-- CO
c
n
c
c
o
QJ r* cc
c
c
-o
o
o
O f*ป CC
0
VI
v
Z-"
JD ซ
CU r^
1 1
C71 X IT)
C 0) UJ
i- L.
o ~
f>
OJ
o
o
0
c
o
^- .c
rO O
T_ -^*
CU 1
O 3
0 0
(O O
O^ t7^
C^- C C VI
(/) -r- ! i-
c s a. cu
o o o i
i- i O
(O O IS *O
C 14- 1 S-
'r- rO ^-^
U ^ 'i~
U O i- C
ro CU Cn
^r-^ 5' CO
(0 !- U-
i. i. O
0 *J "0
C d Q- C
"~ ฐ . >
'Jo o
C U 3
r- C QJ
U QJ ro ^3
U t- *->
ro O O >*
> *ฃ ^1
c x in
ro - O S-
c QJ
X r~ 4-J
r CJ > *o
>>.c c i-
a. o QJ
-r- Q> 6 *O
^ C 0 -C
> <~J t_)
-^r "^ ^""
aj 6 iw
4-J S- "O QJ
vi QJ >
>- rO > Ol
*+- Q)
i>i O u 2:
~o QJ o
O *-* i- '
r- t- f~~
L. fO t/1 QJ
QJ d- QJ >-
C- ~ C
l/> * > *
Q> rO (/l <_> O
^r c o -f-
*-> c: o ro r
O
U > i/i CX.
O1 t- ^n "O
>, JD - C
*ซ
C >> ro _J 03
c t_ -^,
cr o o on
4-t tfl *
u r^. co
4->
O
O
tj r-. an
* ^
c
o
c
^ lTปr-
QJ r-ซ. co
-c
c:
cv
"C
c
o
tj 1^ Q^
4_1
>
C 3
0 - 0
i- VI JC
| * QJ
ro > C
O O CU
Or- E
0 CX -
X *->
C CU
fO I.
1_ 3
"~ J3 CL
d) 3 X
El- - 0 C
0 -r- 3
C CU C
E -c ^:
QJ O
c u- ^
JZ X
ft! QJ
O Vป
O cr u
f C T-
QJ
T* o
ซ- a. m
r QJ -s^
c
in cj *-
Tr i- m
O 3 3
J- <_'
CU IO ^>
1 C->t- O
-Q rr
u_
-r- ฃ VI >-
w o +-*
3 O 3 U.
*i*
OJ C C*- QJ
-c: ro ป d j^
GJ *J CJ
4- QJ Tr 5
o -c: *- *->
i
1
-*J U Wl i-
?* frV- "iJ "^ ^ '
,
i
t
1
ro C U
r- CJ - ^
CT^ > VI t/>
C n~ C LU
u r^ CO
4->
X
c
c
> in
fa r^- cc
"" "C
s-
X
c
c
.ฃ3 u^ ป
O> r^ cc
X
c
c\
X
c
c
u r^ cc
V
ฃS
S.
-C ซa-
o r-.
ป- o - >-
L. >
3 C i- U-
o -^- o
in
CJ
59
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
o
o
o
4-ป in
*. ec
jc
4->
rj-
y
ao
o
u
in
- in
, I CH
s:.
T3
5-
ro
o
s_
o
o
(U
u
o
OJ
a
>.
o
o
. 01
c
i >
"
>-t CO
.^i
o
eซ- E
crt v)
O)
4-> 4->
4-> O
O) C
1--0
u
01 o
Jrf >
00
, ง
jo inH
c
CM
00
O
-o
c
fc. =
- i-
3 O
O
>>=_
"O t/1
O-
I "O
00
JO t
I ai r^
O O
O =
vc
CM
c
0
c
4-> ID i
*-*
VI
O OJ
21 >-
c-
V
t
TC
c
tj
c-
a
.^
a
00 ^
1/1
O OJ
z. >-
V
t
n:
c
t_:
r-
a
c
ex
00 ^
VI
o
O QJ
^: >-
c^
VI
T;
cr
t_j
c-
O QJ
H-Z >-
r-
VI
s~
TO
D
O
0-
-o
o
c
> LTJ r
n3 r- en
* "~ -^
V-
n
~c
c
_C LD r^
oj r-- cc
-c
c
cv-
"C
c
c
-U <^- .
CJ (^ CC
VI
>,-tr
i-o r^
x:
i
JD -a-
QJ r^
Research Numher
c
o
c
4-> t^ r
-*s.
X
X
M X
0 *" X
I?r >
5 ฐฐ -
o
'^
OJ
c
>)
c
(O
X
C X
"~ in X
_ ^ x
m ฐ ^; x
_^ s >-
HJ
s 00 ^
4-> ^
V)
o
E
t,
O
H-
J^
OJ X
OJ X
2 ,ซ >^
1/1 x;
s_ o ^ x
oj zr >-
c
e 00 ^
E
i_
O
QJ
O
C
0
rtl X
C X
m ^ x
ZJ 0 OJ x
-r~3 z: >- x
i 00^
O)
o
E
t/1
-
0 X
>, X
X
-o M x
'-5 ฐ ,0; **
T3
! oo ^
u r- Q3
^* x:
^>
-c
o
o
>,un
fo r- cc
"O
i.
n
"^
c
c
J2; LDr
GJ r-- CC
"C
C
C\J
ซ
"C
c
o
--> "CJ-r-
u r^c-j
c
4J
Irt
^~
>,^r
13 1
k
JD ^r
QJ r^
LL
3
o
>t
0
Q
00
CM
60
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
Research Number
29. Because we are concerned about chemicals to which you might have
been exposed, we would like you to list any full or part-time jobs
you have had at any time in the past which might have involved such
exposures.
Do not list office ,iobs, domestic service, or service .iobs such as
waitress, sales clerk, delivery boy, etc.
DO list any job in aoriculture, manufacturing, industry, or service
jobs at places like gasoline fillinq stations, dry cleaners, etc.,
where you might have been exposed to chemicals.
IF IN DOUBT, LIST JOB AND GIVE DETAILS
Job Duties; Tyoe of Business; flame and Dates (f'onth and
Chemicals Location of Emnloyer Year): Hours per
Week
Continue on Rear if Necessary
30. List the places in which you spent more than two weeks durina this summer
vacation just past. (It helns us if you can possibly give the zin code;)
Town, City, or Suburb and_ City State Zin Code
IF MORE THAN ONE PLACE, INDICATE NUMBER OF WEEKS IN EACH
61
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
Research Number
31. Please qive vour local address(es) during the 1974-1975 school vear
(September 1974 through May 1975).
a) From to
Month Month
NumberStreet
"City/TownZTp
Is this address a dormitory or student housing? Yes No
Approximate distance from local address to canons
Miles
b) From to
Month Month
Njmber Street
City/Town Zio
Is this address a dormitory or student housina? Yes No
Approximate distance from local address to cammis
MTTel
32. List the places in which you snent more than two -leeks durino the summer
vacation of 1974 (between hinh school and college).
Town, City, or Suburb and_ Citv State 7in Code
IF MORE THAN ONE PLACE, INDICATE NUMBER OF WEEKS IN EACH
62
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
tsearch Number
33. Beginning with your nermanent address at the time vnu entered USC (fall 1974),
please list each place you have lived for six months or more durinn
your lifetime. Work backwards in tine. It is not necessary to aive
street addresses. Please name major city if you resided in a suburb (it is
much easier for us to code "Ladue, St. Louis, Missouri" than "Ladue, '-'issouri"
for example).
L.
a.
-------
APPENDIX A (continued)
34. How would you describe your ethnic backqrounrt:
Black/Afro-American Q Mexican/Puerto Rican/
Other Latin American
White/Caucasian American Q Oriental American
Other American Q Non-Citizen
IF NON-CITIZEN:
Country of Origin
Ethnic Rrouo of Origin if relevant
WE THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND. COOPERATION:
64
-------
APPENDIX B
Home Addresses by Chromosome Study Groups
65
-------
Research No.
208
210
212
214
222
228
230
234
236
240
244
246
248
249
258
266
286
288
292
298
300
304
310
312
314
318
320
322
326
APPENDIX .B
TABLE B-l. HOME ADDRESSES OF OUT-OF-BASIN
Address
Fremont, Ca.
Berkeley, Ca.
Paramus , NJ .
San Francisco, Ca.
Oxnard, Ca.
Fresno, Ca.
Clovis, Ca.
Far Rockaway, NY.
Elm Grove, Wi.
Tows on, Md.
Colorado Springs, Co.
Seattle, Wa.
Strathmore, Ca.
El Centro, Ca.
National City, Ca.
San Carlos, Ca.
Cincinnati, Oh.
Oceanside, Ca.
Honolulu, Hi.
Ventura, Ca.
Kenilworth, 111.
San Diego, Ca.
Tampa, Fl.
Ft. Benning, Ga.
Hibbing, Mn.
Thousand Oaks, Ca.
Los Altos Hills, Ca.
Sacramento, Ca.
Belmont, Ca.
(continued)
66
FEMALES
Length of Time
at Address
11 yrs.
14 yrs.
13 yrs.
17 yrs.
8 yrs.
14 yrs.
5 yrs.
14 yrs.
18 yrs.
8 yrs.
9 yrs.
3 mos.
11 yrs.
18 yrs.
14 yrs.
6 yrs.
13 yrs.
3 yrs.
16 yrs.
18 yrs.
19 yrs.
2 yrs.
8 yrs.
12 yrs.
3 yrs.
12 yrs.
5 yrs.
1 yr.
12 yrs.
-------
Research No.
327
328
330
336
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
360
362
364
370
372
374
376
378
TABLE B-l (continued)
Address
Thousand Oaks, Ca.
Gary, Ind.
San Francisco, Ca.
Dallas, Tx.
West Hempstead, NY.
Port Washington, NY.
Escondido, Ca.
New York, NY.
Agena, Guam
Carmel, Ca.
Bloomfield Hills, Mi.
Youngstown, Oh.
Cupertino, Ca.
Palo Alto, Cal.
Pago Pago, Am. Samoa
Stanford, Ct.
Piedmont, Ca.
Wilton, Ct.
Columbia, Mo.
Piedmont, Ca.
Length of Time
at Address
13 yrs.
1 yr.
18 yrs.
13 yrs.
15 yrs.
12 yrs.
3 mos.
7 yrs.
14 yrs.
5 yrs.
10 yrs.
18 yrs.
18 yrs.
15 yrs.
3 mos.
18 yrs.
18 yrs.
18 yrs.
6 mos.
18 yrs.
67
-------
TABLE B-2, HOME ADDRESSES OF IN-BASIN FEMALES
Research No.
205
207
209
211
216
229
232
235
241
245
251
255
261
271
273
277
281
287
289
295
297
301
309
316
329
333
338
341
343
345
Address
Los Angeles, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Arcadia, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Redondo Beach, Ca.
Hollywood, Ca.
Upland, Ca.
Covina, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Torrance, Ca.
Northridge, Ca.
Covina, Ca.
Glendora, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Marina Delrey, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
North Hollywood, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Monterey Park, Ca.
Monterey Park, Ca.
Granada Hills, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Long Beach, Ca.
Riverside, Ca.
Whittier, Ca.
Arcadia, Ca.
Redondo Beach, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
(continued)
Length of Time
at Address
18 yrs.
18 yrs.
19 yrs.
1 yr.
12 yrs.
20 yrs.
7 yrs.
12 yrs.
6 yrs.
20 yrs.
19 yrs.
10 yrs.
10 yrs.
3 yrs.
2 mos.
12 yrs.
16 yrs.
15 yrs.
10 yrs.
17 yrs.
16 yrs.
9 yrs.
3 mos.
18 yrs.
2 yrs.
7 yrs.
18 yrs.
7 yrs.
24 yrs.
19 yrs.
68
-------
Research No.
347
357
358
361
363
366
367
369
373
377
379
383
385
391
393
397
399
401
403
405
407
409
411
413
415
TABLF R-2 (continued)
Address
Length of Time
at Address
Van Nuys, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Long Beach, Ca.
Covina, Ca.
Arcadia, Ca.
Redlands, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
San Marino, Ca.
Woodland Hills, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
San Marino, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
San Gabriel, Ca.
La Mirada, Ca.
Duarte, Ca.
Long Beach, Ca.
Newport Beach, Ca.
Whittier, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Pomona Valley, Ca.
Woodland Hills, Ca.
Long Beach, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Rosemead, Ca.
18 yrs.
2 yrs.
3 mos.
18 yrs.
18 yrs.
5 yrs.
2 yrs.
9 yrs.
6 yrs.
10 yrs.
17 yrs.
10 yrs.
18 yrs.
13 yrs.
13 yrs.
8 yrs.
17 yrs.
1 yr.
13 yrs.
8 yrs.
15 yrs.
1 yr.
3 yrs.
1 yr.
16 yrs.
69
-------
TABLE B-3. HOME ADDRESSES OF OUT-OF-BASIN MALES
Length of Time
at Ar1Hvf><;<;
Research No. Address at Address
2 Lancaster, Co. 8 yrs.
4 Elmira, NY. 17 yrs.
12 Maricopa, Ca. 2 yrs.
14 Idaho Falls, Id. 3 yrs.
16 San Diego, Ca. 5 yrs.
18 West Hempstead, NY. 17 yrs.
24 Scarsdale, NY. 17 yrs.
28 Simi Valley, Ca. 3 yrs.
30 Tucson, Az. 10 yrs.
32 Las Vegas, Nv. 3 yrs.
34 Scottsdale, Az. 10 yrs.
38 Darien, Ct. 12 yrs.
40 Grand Rapids, Mi. 21 yrs.
44 San Francisco, Ca. 17 yrs.
46 New York, NY. 2 yrs.
48 Freehold, NJ. 18 yrs.
64 Oxnard, Ca. 10 yrs.
68 Chicago, 111. 20 yrs.
70 Palm Springs, Ca. 1 yr.
74 La Jolla, Ca. 2 yrs.
78 San Francisco, Ca. 17 yrs.
80 San Diego, Ca. 18 yrs.
92 Santa Paula, Ca. 18 yrs.
94 Dallas, Tx. 17 yrs.
102 Hana, Hi. 17 yrs.
114 Deerfield, 111. 5 yrs.
120 Solvang, Ca. 4 yrs.
130 Hawthorne, Nv. 18 yrs.
132 San Diego, Ca. 15 yrs.
(continued)
70
-------
Research No.
134
136
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
162
170
172
176
178
182
184
188
190
192
TABLE B-3 (continued)
Address
San Diego, Ca.
San Francisco, Ca.
Ventura, Ca.
San Clemente, Ca.
Huntington, Ct.
Hellertown, Pa.
South Bend, In.
Colorado Springs, Co.
Las Vegas, Nv.
Novato, Ca.
El Cajon, Ca.
Boise, Id.
Turlock, Ca.
Stamford, Ct.
Honolulu, Hi.
Mariposa, Ca.
Honolulu, Hi.
Palatine, 111.
Scottsdale, Az.
Ventura, Ca.
Length of Time
at Address
6 yrs.
2 yrs.
12 yrs.
1 yr.
6 mos.
7 yrs.
18 yrs.
3 mos.
16 yrs.
18 yrs.
8 yrs.
10 yrs.
16 yrs.
5 yrs.
18 yrs.
10 yrs.
18 yrs.
11 yrs.
9 yrs.
2 yrs.
71
-------
TABLE B-4. HOME ADDRESSES OF IN-BASIN MALES
Research No.
1
5
9
11
13
15
19
20
23
39
47
51
53
65
75
77
81
82
85
97
99
108
109
111
115
117
127
131
133
135
Address
Gardena, Ca.
Gardena, Ca.
Monterey Park, Ca.
North Hollywood, Ca.
Gardena, Ca.
Santa Fe Springs, Ca.
Gardena, Ca.
Rolling Hills, Ca.
Gardena, Ca.
La Habra, Ca.
Santa Ana, Ca.
Arcadia, Ca.
El Monte, Ca.
Van Nuys, Ca.
Pomona Valley, Ca.
BelIflower, Ca.
Downey, Ca.
Long Beach, Ca.
Altadena, Ca.
San Fernando, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Corona del Mar, Ca.
Westminster, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Sepulveda, Ca.
Glendale, Ca.
San Pedro, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
North Hollywood, Ca.
(continued)
Length of Time
at Address
18 yrs.
20 yrs.
19 yrs.
9 yrs.
3 mos.
15 yrs.
20 yrs.
15 yrs.
8 yrs.
16 yrs.
20 yrs.
16 yrs.
18 yrs.
16 yrs.
6 yrs.
11 yrs.
17 yrs.
7 yrs.
4 yrs.
7 yrs.
14 yrs.
7 yrs.
3 yrs.
6 yrs.
19 yrs.
13 yrs.
4 yrs.
12 yrs.
17 yrs.
15 yrs.
72
-------
Research No.
137
149
155
157
159
161
164
169
171
181
183
185
187
193
195
197
501
TABLE B-4 (continued]
Address
Los Angeles, Ca.
South Gate, Ca.
Hermosa Beach, Ca.
Wilmington, Ca.
Granada Hills, Ca.
Arcadia, Ca.
Downey, Ca.
South Gate, Ca.
Pasadena, Ca.
Anaheim, Ca.
Rolling Hills, Ca.
Arcadia, Ca.
Arcadia, Ca.
Monterey Park, Ca.
Walnut, Ca.
Claremont, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Length of Time
at Address
12 yrs.
6 mos.
2 yrs.
11 yrs.
10 yrs.
11 yrs.
10 yrs.
5 yrs.
18 yrs.
11 yrs.
4 yrs.
10 yrs.
9 yrs.
2 yrs.
7 yrs.
3 mos.
7 yrs.
73
-------
APPENDIX C
Summary of Individual Samples Counted
74
-------
APPENDIX C
Code
No.
1
5
7
9
11
13
15
19
20
21
23
25
39
43
47
51
53
55
57
61
63
65
75
77
81
82
85
97
99
108
109
111
115
117
127
131
133
135
137
145
149
155
157
159
161
163
TABLE C-l. IN-BASIN MALE STUDENT SAMPLES COUNTED BY
DATE COLLECTED AND SUBJECT CODE NUMBER
10/74 2/75 5/75 10/75 5/76 Total
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
(continued)
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
-
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
X
-
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
X
X
-
-
-
5
5
2
4
5
5
4
4
5
2
4
2 *
5
3
4
4
5
3
3
1
3
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
4
5
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
5
4
1
4
5
5
4
4
3
75
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
Code
No.
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189 ,
191
193
195
197
199
501
10/74
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2/75
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
5/75
X
X
X
_
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
_
_
X
X
X
X
X
10/75 5/76
X X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
X X
-
-
X
X
X
-
X
Total
5
4
4
1
3
1
3
4
4
4
5
1
1
4
4
4
3
4
Total
64
58
55
47
16
240
76
-------
TABLE C-2. IN-BASIN FEMALE STUDENT SAMPLES COUNTED BY
DATE COLLECTED AND SUBJECT CODE NUMBER
Code
No.
203
205
207
209
211
216
229
232
235
241
245
251
255
261
269
271
273
277
278
281
285
287
289
295
297
301
309
315
316
329
333
337
338
341
343
345
347
357
358
359
361
363
366
367
369
10/74
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
5/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
10/75
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
5/76
-
-
-
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
X
-
X
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
Total
3
4
4
5
4
5
5
4
5
5
4
5
4
4
3
4
5
4
3
5
3
5
4
4
5
4
4
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
5
4
(continued)
77
-------
TABLE C-2 (continued)
Code
No.
377
379
381
383
385
387
389
391
393
397
399
401
403
405
407
409
411
413
415
10/74
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
5/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
10/75
X
X
X
_
X
X
_
_
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
5/76
_
_
_
_
_
X
_
_
_
_
X
_
-
_
_
X
X
X
X
-
Total
4
4
4
3
4
5
3
3
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
Total
65
65
65
55
17
267
78
-------
TABLE C-3. OUT-OF-BASIN MALE STUDENT SAMPLES COUNTED BY
DATE COLLECTED AND SUBJECT CODE NUMBER
Code
No.
2
4
10
12
14
16
18
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
38
40
44
46
48
52
56
58
60
64
68
70
74
76
78
80
92
94
100
102
104
114
116
120
122
124
130
132
134
136
140
10/74
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2/75 5/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
(continued)
10/75
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
-
X
-
_
X
X
X
X
X
5/76
-
X
-
X
-
-
-
-
X
_
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
X
-
X
-
_
-
-
-
-
X
Total
4
5
2
5
4
4
4
3
5
1
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
5
1
1
3
3
4
5
4
4
1
4
4
5
4
3
4
3
5
1
5
2
2
4
4
4
4
5
79
-------
TABLE C-3 (continued)
Code
No.
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
158
162
170
172
176
178
180
182
184
188
190
192
10/74
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
5/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
10/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
5/76
X
-
X
-
X
-
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
X
Total
5
4
5
4
5
4
5
3
4
4
5
5
5
1
4
4
4
4
5
Total 64 58 55 49 18 244
80
-------
TABLE C-4. OUT-OF-BASIN FEMALE STUDENT SAMPLES COUNTED BY
DATE COLLECTED AND SUBJECT CODE NUMBER
Code
No.
208
210
212
214
218
222
226
228
230
234
236
238
240
244
246
248
249
250
252
254
258
266
272
280
286
288
290
292
298
300
302
304
308
310
312
314
318
320
322
324
326
327
328
330
336
342
10/74
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
5/75 10/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
X
X
X
X
X
(continued)
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
X
X
X
X
X
5/76
-
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total
4
5
4
4
3
5
3
4
5
5
5
1
4
5
4
4
4
1
3
1
4
4
1
3
4
4
1
4
4
4
1
5
3
5
5
5
5
4
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
81
-------
TABLE C-4 (continued)
Code
No.
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
360
362
364
368
370
372
374
376
378
380
10/74
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
5/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
10/75
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
5/76
-
X
-
-
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
X
X
-
Total
4
5
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
4
5
4
5
5
2
Total 63 56 55 49 17 240
82
-------
APPENDIX D
Chromosome Analysis Scan Sheet
83
-------
I CM!
ป
a
x
>i
ง
W
a.
(X
II
g
E
X
i
z
84
-------
APPENDIX E
Satellite Association Chromosome Analysis:
E-l. Scan Sheet
E-2. Association Criteria
85
-------
I 1
1
tq
X
Q
UJ
0,
o,
IS
9
53
w
i-ป
ง
-!
ft,
8
1
u
ง
rt
+ป
8
X
c?
o
U
K
c"
U
*
to
c
jb
o
M
rt
o
ง
H
*J
2 Associa
v
H
.-4
O
*J
It
co
h
o
tt4
x
~3
2
t/3
I
1 J
14)
1
X t.
* CJ
C c
o '=
c. z
c.
** ง
^3
w:
V
&lj
<
X
01
v}
ซ
3
O
~*
y
^
r-
d>
3
ii
5
c
r3
o
"o
y
t-
o
g
z
u
0.
o
u
tn
g
0
rH
(T,
Lj -r-*
U I-.
CJ 01 4-ป
"w c i)
ฐ ฃฑ ^
Q
rt
ca
o cx
v, rt
a.
rt
u
-H U
ct o
4J in
o ซ
H <
a
O 0
i (/)
o
o o
O w
**
o
d O
1 1/1
d yi
i
o ^
O ^3
ฃ &
o 3
5
ซ
0
rt
^
T3
fc^
O
ro
^-t
O
o
^^
(N
fO
^>
I/)
>o
r^-
00
a.
o
r-i
r-i
(O
*
lA
O
r^-
00
o
o
~ซ
<^4
to
*t
in
CM
6
1
M
C
3
II
cr
I
s
s
II
a
a
a
H
U
,34
s
s
ฃ
X
=2
86
-------
APPENDIX E-2
Association Criteria
Two or more acrocentric chromosomes were considered 'associated' when
the following conditons were fulfilled:
(1) The distance between two acrocentric chromosomes did not exceed the
length of the long arm of the largest G chromosome of the mitosis
in question
(2) If the short arms of the chromosomes were connected by clearly
visible thread-like structures, larger distances were accepted
(3) Larger distances, up to the length of the long arm of a D-
chromosome, were also accepted when the associating partners lie
exactly on the same longitudinal axis
(4) The short arms of the second, or any further, associating
acrocentric chromosome, pointed towards those of the first and did
not lie below the 'centromere-line' of the first chromosome. We
defined 'centromere-line' as the line that crosses the centromere
perpendicular to the chromosomal longitudinal axis (Fig. 1).
87
-------
APPENDIX F
F-l. Coding Forms
F-2. Coding Guide
F-3. Coding Sheets -- Aberrations
and Satellites
88
-------
APPENDIX F-l
CODING FORMS - L.A. SMOG STUDY
Question
2
3
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
Research Group Rescan Record 1 Page 1 of 2
No. 1 3 * S 6
Date of Birth: Day Month Year Age
1011 1213 1 It 1 5 1617
Sex l=Male 2=Feraale
TT
Zip Code
19 23
Radiation Therapy l=Yes 2=No 9=Unknohn
2".
Radioactive Substance l=Yes 2=No 9=Unknown
-TT
X-rays Number When l=In last 5 years
2=More than 5 years ago
Upper Extremities 3=Both of the above
" ~~IT 9=Unknown
Lower Extremities
~3T TT
Head, Neck
~5T ~3T
Trunk
~rr -TT
Unknown, other
~3T ~TT
Thyroid Test l=Yes 2=No 9ซllnknown
Tuberculosis Treatment l=Yes 2=No 9=Unknown
-TT
Months Taken When Taken
1=<2 4*9-li 1-In Ust vear
No. of Drugs 2=2-4 5=>12 2=-,l Vcar ,n;o
Routine Drugs-Class Per Class 3=5-8 9=Unknown S=Both 9=Unknown
Amphetamines
Analgesics
Antibiotics
Antihistamines
Hormones
TO" rr TT
Tranquil izers
~rr ~rr ~TT
Other
89
-------
APPENDIX F-l (continued)
Research
No.
Group Rescan Record _1_ Page 2 of 2
Question
13
14
15
16
Asthma
Bronchitis
Drug Allergy-Class
Analgesics
Antibiotics
Other
Recent infection
Symptoms
Nasal congestion
Chest Congestion
Headache
G.I. Upset
i Other
' Current Drugs - Class
I Amphetamines
! Analgesics
; Antibiotics
Antihistamirius
Hormones
Tranquili zer-
Othor
l=Yes 2=No 9=Unkno\.n
l=Yes 2=No 3=Not Applicable
l=Yes 2=No 9=Unknown
-TT
-RT
l=Yes 2 = No i'=UnknoMi
l=Ves 2=No 3=Not .ipplicablo 9=l)ปknoun
iซ=Unkr.own
TT
No. of Drugs per Class
90
-------
APPENDIX F-l (continued)
Research
No.
Group
Rcscan
Record
1-3
Quest ion
17
18
19
20
22
Feb-May May-Oct Oct-F'eb
74 74 74 74 74 7S
Uasjj 1 = Drug Related
2 = Vir.il Origin 3 = Other
4 = None 9 = Unknown
Mnnomicleo.si.s 1 = Yes
2 - No 9 = Unknown
10
15
Hepatitis 1 = Yes. Serum
2=Ycs, Infectious 3=\cs, type unknown 20
4=No P=I'nknown
lllnass 1 = Viral
2 = Other
3 = None 9 = Unknown
ll.-iy I'cver 1 = Ye*, druj.;s taken
2 = Yi";, no drugs
3 * No 9 = Unknown
Birth Control 1 - Yes
Pills
_' No
3 = Not Applicable 9 = Unknown
Drugs Taken - Clas I = Yes
; - No/Unknown
Amphctnmines
Analgesics
Antibiotics
; 1
Ant ih i st.imitK";
llormono-.
Tr.inqu i 1 i ;ers
Other
16
21
31
12
17
Feb-May
"5 75
13
May-Oct
7S 75
n
91
-------
APPENDIX F-l (continued)
question
24
Research Group Rescan Record 3
No. 1-3 it 5 6
Feb-May May-Oct Oct-Feb Feb-May May-Oct
74 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 75
Vaccinations 1 = Yes
and Shots 2 = No /Unknown
Sraal Ipox
10 11 12 13 m
Tetanus
15 16 17 18 19
n-p-T
20 21 22 23 2<*
Polio
25 26 27 28 29
Yellow Fever
30 31 32 33 3it
Cholera
35 36 37 38 39
Flu
iป0 Ul H2 "ซ3 iป<ป
Mumps
i<5 U6 <ซ7 1*8 U9
Garamag lobu 1 in
50 51 52 53 51.
Allergy Shots
55 56 57 58 59
92
-------
APPENDIX F-l (continued)
Research
No.
Group
Rescan
Record
Question
Feb-May May-Oct Oct-Feb Feb-May May-Oct
74 74 74 74 74 75 75 7S 75 75
Chemical Exposure
1 = Known Mutagcns
2 - Suspected Mutagens
J - Non Mutancns 4 = None
1 - None
5 - 1-4
(> = 25 +
;) - Unknown
B_V Day
= < 1 - Not every day
ป S-14 5 = 15-24
= Unknown
15
11
If.
12
U
27
29
Pipe/Cigar 1 = Neither
2 = Pipe
3 = Cigar
Marijuana
t'.xposurc to
Hazards
4 = Both 9 = Unknown
1 = tes
2 = No 9 = Unknown
20
?6
1 = Yes : = No/Unknown
:2 23 2
27 28 F
I'ti 11 Timp 'lonths l-.x:pii'-iirc_
Aj; lllicmicals,
pesticides
\utomobile dasos & Fumes
Laboratory Chemicals
Radioactive Chemicals
Miscellaneous Dusts
Miscellaneous Gases d I'unies
Miscellaneous Other Clienn cals
93
-------
APPENDIX F-l (continued)
Research
No.
Group
Rescan
Record 5
Question
4
31
32
1975 Fall School
Residence
1975 Summer
Residences
1974-1975 School
Residences
1974 Summer
Residences
Zipcode
Student Housing
Miles _^_,_
n>rs
Zipcode
Zipcode
Zipcode
Zipcode
Til
Student Housing
Miles
-
-------
APPENDIX F-l (continued)
Question
33
Research Croup Rescan Record 6
Nฐ- 1-3 - 5 6
Permanent Addresses in last S Years - Code most recent first
Zipcode Months Type; l = Rural Varm 2 = iJural Non-1 arm
3 = City 4 = Suburb
10- 111 lr.-16 17
1 ii"- // ' , < -Tii"
26-30 -1-32 33
3i*-38 :9-i
-------
APPENDIX F-2
CODING GUIDE - LOS ANGELES SMOG STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE
Question
Research Number
Group
Rescan
Record
1 . Name
2. Birth Date
Age
3. Sex
Record
All
All
All
All
-
1
1
1
Columns
1-3
4
5
6
_
10-15
16-17
18
Explanation
3 digit research number assigned to subject
l = In basin male1 2=In basin female
3=0ut of basin male 4=0ut of basin fenale
l=Not in rescan group 2-ln rescan group
This is preceded on each coding fern
Not coded
Two digit day -lonth . and year
(include leading zeroes)
Compute age of October 1, 1975
l=Male 2=Female
4. Address
7. Radiation Therapy 1
8. Radioactive Substance 1
9. X-rays 1
10. Thyroid Test
11. TB Treatment
12. Routine Drugs Taken
19-2;
24
23
26-35
3S-5S
Code only 5 digit :ipcode. The rest
of the data should be entered on Record 5
If student hou3ing=Yes, miles=0
If student housing=No, 1 block*. 1 mile
l=Yes
l=Yes
2=No
2=No
9=Unknown
9-l'nknoivn
Code the total number of incidents of s-yiv
in eac.'i catoq<>r\ . If "or- th.:'i ^ cod.1 -.
unknown code 9, if :cvo code u .
Check whether the x-rays in c K-!I cat egory
occurred in the Kist S years, i/.oro th in
5 \-ears ac.o . or at bot'a t: nies. If no
x-n;"^ eccurrui in ,v cat^^or^ , leave t'ie
". '_"" colirin blank. (Shoulder recorded as
trunk) .
!=>, s :=No 9=Unkr.oi.n
(.rc'utir-/ t.,yrc.\in level test coded yes.l
If
Cl,:-~ify druc-~ >v dru;; class r:d code mrvber
in each cl.iss
(Reference: rh\ 1 year ago.
96
-------
APPENDIX F-2 (continued)
Question
Record Columns Explanation
12. Routine Drugs Taken
(continued)
13. Asthma
Bronchitis
14. Drug Allergy
59
60
1 61-63
15. Recent Infection 1 64-69
16. Current Drugs
1 70-76
17. Rash
10-M
18. Mononucleosis
19. Hepatitis
20. Illness
2 15-19
2 20-24
Coding decisions:
Antibiotics="face pills"
Ant ihistamines=histamine/ inhalant
Hormones =cortisone
Tranquil izer= ant i -spasmodic
Other=Vitamir.s .thyroid, anesthetic, cocaine,
tedral, allergy shots
l=Yes 2=Mo 9=Unknoซn
l=Yes 2=No 9=Unknown
Code 3=Not applicable when answer to pre-
vious question is yes.
Using the same drug classes as Question 12,
code YES if allergic to one or nore drug in
class. Code NO for each class if no drug
allergies are checked. UnVr.cvrs = 0
(Compa;ine, sodium-pentothal recorded as
other.)
l=Yes 2=No 9=Unknown
If answer is NO, code not applicable for
symptoms
If answer is unknown, code UNKNOWN' for
symptoms
If answer is YES, code YES or NO for
symptoms
Use drug classes for Question 12 and code
the number of drugs per class. Eight or
more drug.-, should be coded S. \o dnu;
should be coded zero. Unknown should ^e
coded 9. (Birth control coded hornone , if
indicated; thyroid, R^nese, NM;UI!, lonanin
coded other.)
Tor each period code whether r.ish was
caused by druji-1, of viral orit;in = 2
(reference: Dor land's Medical lUct iqr.arv) ,
of other or unknown etiology=j , noue=4, or
unknown=9. (Hives, pool infection, ?kin
infcction=othcr. )
For each period:
l=Yes 2=Nio
For rnch period :
y=Unknoun
hepatitis, 3=Yes, type not known, 4=No
hepatitis, 9=UnKnown
For each period:
Code 1 if illness is viv.il irerVro-vre. " "^\_.":
Medical [liction.irv
Code 2 if" illness is of any ot'.ier type
Code 3 if no illness, Code 9 if unknown
(Strep throat, ear infection, Voadachos=other)
97
-------
APPENDIX F-2 (continued)
Question
Record Columns
Explanation
21. Hay Fever
30-34
22. Birth Control Pills 2 35-39
23. Drugs Taker.
40-74
24. Vaccinations and 3 10-59
Shots
25. Chemical Exposure 4 10-14
26. Cigarettes
4 15-19
27. Pipe/Cigar
28. Marijuana
4 20-24
4 25-29
For each period:
l=Yes, drugs taken, 2=Yes, no drugs taken,
3=Xo , hay fever, 9=Unknown
(Allergy shots coded as dru^s taken)
For each period:
For males code 3=Not applicable
For females l=Yes 2*No 9=Unknown
Using thj drug classes frra Qiestion 12,
for each period Code 1 if any drug in a
class was taken, code 2 if no drugs in a
class were mentioned.
Coding decisions: (No-doz not coded)
Amphetamines=diet pills
Analgesics=Emphazil
Antihistamines=Emphazil , decongestants
Tranquilizers=Compazine
Other=Cocaine, vitamins, iron, cough syrup,
diuretics, anesthetics, N'yquii, Cxidrex
For each period, code a 1 if a vaccination
or shot was received and code 2 if no vac-
cination or shot was mentioned.
For each period, if employment involved:
Known mutagens code 1, suspected mutagens
code 2, non-mutagens code 5. (Reference:
Chemical Muta'.'one< i s , Divironmental Muta-
gen Information Center). If nothing is
mentioned code 4.
(Known mutagens: Formalin, mercuric chloride
Suspected mutagens: Lul> chenuc,U:>
Non-mutagens: Muratic acid, chlorine)
For each period, code .ivcr.-ige number of
ci ^.irettes smoked per day
l=' = 25 or more per day
I more than 1 packl
'jant Lty not gi\on
3- '-4 ;-OL- lav
5 = 15-24 jvr d l
(lp )
7=Srioker, but
9= Unknown
For each period , code item si.'.okcd
l=N'either pipe or cigar
2=l'ipe only 3=cignrs onlv
4=Pipe and cigars 9=Unknoun
For each period code 1 it" marijuana
smoked, code 2 if not smoked, code 9
unknown.
if
98
-------
APPENDIX F-2 (continued)
0jest ion
Record Columns Explanation
29. Employment Exposure 4
to Hazards
30-50
4. i .'.I 1 1975 School
kt ? i i!onee
50. 1976 Summer
Residences
10-18
19-39
For each das? of hazard, code 1 if per-
son had any occupational cxuosure and
then code nur.ber of nonths exposed (2
digits)
i or anything: .;re itcr thai: 1 ;>eel code
one month. Il ;'.c exposure is rvntioncd
code 1 and Ic.uv , loiuhs <, xposed blank.
If exposure 1- IMIMIOMI. code on,
(Mi seel Lull-nils other chei'ioals. x-ray
developer, I'Tininm chemicals, paint and
thinner, clr.innv, i'l..id, lentnl lab cnei.>u.il>
liciuid nitrogen, ruliber. urvlic i,ionome'-i
I'odi- dates t'l-cii first p i.,e of .)i;...-,t i onn.i i re .
I ode five Ji-j;: t _ i:-L.>.ie.
lode 1 if sriijent iious i:rj., coil, 2 if
pruate nous;-^, ^iijc a i'. iinkr,i>--;\.
Code ;iules to cc.--."Ur to t ,o ncarf't ter.ti:
of a Kile (xx.xl. 'L.e decnn.il is pie-
Code ป dia.it :.incodes for three rusideiiCef.
If more than -;-.roe, cede tae three with the
longest lengti of re?:Jc"ce. c>Jo Mexico
'.^.HI'.U , "an.iua '.''.".".12 , font > \ncricn 9l.10'.)3.
Europe ''909.1, ;/!ribocan ..r.d Ci-.rr-il \rneri^a
HiilOf, _ -.<: ".' , '.''.. ' ^ "r''
"aeific i'yi'l.'7, \fric.. '.'".'J-S.
I ode nu.'ihei of \ e^i..-. u - . eli hn, t ion. ' vie
the erf :-.- . ,.-;--I ; .. . r .- . L - -.vn
. oinj) I L ti4 in ! o! ..'..'i' . on. . ' : . t 11. 1 ! ucr* ' ''
iiiiknoun i. Jo "i. If :-.o ! M'or'.e IvaY" i . a'll
v'lde far:; Type.
l=kural :'..rr.
3=City
-.'-Not I.:-1 x en/ur.i no:.n
99
-------
APPENDIX F-2 (continued)
Question Record Columns hxplanation
33. Permanent 6 10-75 Code total nuinher of --ears oiit
Addresses 10 years that rerson 1 u-od 1,1 -
(continued) (> 1 , OOO.(K)i) iionni at i v>ni .1 ''. t'erv
K.uul McN.ill\ I'li'i'ii iii'.d'.-l.
If 10 year-, .in- not .ndi^.itod.
.14. Ithnit Biickjjrouiul h 76 (!ode 1 dij;it .'I iin i c ', 'cl," r. >und
'.^Unknown.
(Latin Amor ic.in-Sji,in i-.11 'irii'iii
("h i c.ino t
Or i cnta I ~A.s i ,111 oi' P.tc; fie ! ^ 1 ^L'
100
-------
X
ii
Q
W
Cu
TT
t*i
i
3" c
^ "? ฐ
.c u *j
i ฐ ? i
Z J ~
^i
3 "rt :5
3 v JT ;
Z u: -j j
-3
o
' ^
_>x
li
z
1
r>
u a.
CJ r;
*ฃ c-0
3 '/>
f- i
i> t/i
5 -"3
^ "^ '
o
CTi
101
-------
o
z
in
ง
ง- =
i TJ O
> (U T-t
J3 >H *J
"1 o a
.l-oo
Z C -H
UJ i
-------
"O
H
-P
c
o
to
I
0,
X
11
Q
X
UJ
(X
a,
01 Tt
o
2 -O
O f-c
i O
H u
5
r>3
O
1
<
-J
1
H
2
J75
s..
i t^>
J2 i
c *~^
I.J
JC
*-*
H
i c
ji
i/i ^i
-^ *C
1) O
u z
M-i
O
O
. 1
0 J
z
^
o
o
. 1
o
z
IM
ฐ9
o i
z
o ^
g. ~
0 0
U T
I
i
;/!
o."->
fc, O
'O
r- -.
3
^ o
u
o
o
O
z
t> e
^ i-
103
-------
u
c
10
CO
0)
C
H
M
O
O
to
I
u,
Q
tij
CL
(X
S
H
+-> '
H C
in <
"* -ฐ
0 'J
o
z
4-4
0 0
i
Q
O
CH
O Q
_O
CM o
O *H
c
ซ S
Cu
3 ^
0 0
O *
tn
d- ro
O ^-t
O cw
1- O
O t/>
cs
O t/1
0
c. a
WH
to
(M
1
fN
1
O
tN
O)
i-H
J,
r~ 1
r-
LO
to
i
r-i
i
O
CO
r--
r--
ซ'
104
-------
APPENDIX G
Intergroup Comparisons of Background Variables
Tables G-l to G-55
Symbol Definitions:
X2 = chi square test between in- and out-of-basin males
X f = chi square test between in- and out-of-basin females
*,**,*** = statistically significant difference between
in-basin and out-of-basin students
p<.05, p<.01, p<.001, respectively
105
-------
APPENDIX G
Age (years)
<19
19
20
21
>21
Total
Mean
Median
Range
X2m (4 df) -
Males
6
17
10
9
5
47
20.1
20.0
18-33
17.82**
TABLE n-1. AGR
In-Basin
Females
8
28
9
4
6
55
19.8
19.0
18-29
X2f (4
BY SEX OISTRIBUT
ION
Out-of-Basin
Males
10
32
2
1
3
48
19.1
19.0
18-22
df) = 3.35
Females
6
33
4
2
4
49
19.4
19.0
17-26
Total
30
110
25
16
18
199
19.6
19.0
17-33
TABLE G-2. RADIATION THERAPY/RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Exposure Males Females Males Females
No exposure 44 52 45 49
Exposure 3 5 3 0
Total
47
55
48
49
Total
190
9
199
X'm(l df) = 0.16
Xzf(l df) = 1.15
No. of X-rays
0
1
2
Unknown
TABLE G-3
In-Basin
Males
36
7
3
1
. X-RAYS
- UPPER
EXTREMITIES
Out-of-Basin
Females
45
10
0
0
Males
34
9
5
0
Females
57
7
5
0
Total
152
33
13
1
Total
47
55
48
49
199
Xzm(2 df) = 0.76
X2f(2 df) = 5.98
106
-------
No. of X-rays
0
1
>2
Unknown
Total
X2m (2 df) = 0
Males
29
12
5
1
47
.65
TABLE G-4. X-RAYS
In-Basin
Females
45
9
1
0
55
X2f(2 df) = 8
- LOWER EXTREMITIES
Out-of-Basin
Males Females
34 30
10 11
4 8
0 0
48 49
.33*
Total
138
42
18
1
199
TABLE G-5. X-RAYS - HEAD AND NECK
No. of X-rays
0
>1
Unknown
Total
X2mu df) = o.
No. of X-rays
0
1
>2
Unknown
Males
41
5
1
47
00
Males
37
7
2
1
In-Basin
Females
49
6
0
55
X2f(l df) = 1
TABLE G-6.
In-Basin
Females
46
4
5
0
Out-of-Basin
Males Females
44 38
4 11
0 0
48 49
.75
X-RAYS - TRUNK
Out-of-Basin
Males Females
39 41
9 8
0 0
0 0
Total
172
26
1
199
Total
163
28
7
1
Total
47
55
48
49
199
(z (2 df) = 2.26
X2f(2 df) = 6.30*
107
-------
Thyroid Test
TABLE G-7.
In-Basin
Males Females
THYROID TEST
Out-of-Basin
Males Females
Total
Yes
No
Total
X2m(i df) = o
T-B Treatment
Yes
No
Total
X2md df) = 0
0 4
47 51
47 55
.00 X2f(l df) =
TABLE G-8.
In-basin
Males Females
0 1
47 54
47 55
.00 x2fU df) =
0
48
48
0.71
T-B TREATMENT
7
42
49
11
188
199
Out-of-Basin
Males
0
48
48
0.00
Females
0
49
49
Total
1
198
199
TABLE G-9.. ROUTINE DRUGS - ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics
No
Yes
In-Basin
Males Females
41 43
6 12
Out-of-Basin
Males
42
6
Females
45
4
Total
171
28
Total
47
55
48
49
199
Xzm(l df) = 0.07
X2f(l df) = 2.74
108
-------
TABLE G-10. ROUTINE DRUGS - ANTIHISTAMINES
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Antihistamines
No
Yes
Total
X2mU df) = 4.
Males
47
0
47
34*
Females
51
4
55
X2f(l df) = 0.
Males
42
6
48
62
TABLE G-ll. ROUTINE DRUGS - OTHER
Other Drugs
No
Yes
Total
X2md df) = 1.
Asthma
Yes
No
Unknown
Total
X2 (1 df) = 0.
A m
Bronchitis
Yes
No
Not Applicable
Unknown
Total
X2m(l df) = 0.
Males
46
1
47
53
Males
6
.37
4
47
50
Males
3
31
6
7
47
01
In-Basin
Females
50
5
55
X2f(l df) = 1.
TABLE G-12
In-Basin
Females
2
49
4
55
X2f(l df) = 0.
TABLE G-13.
In-Basin
Females
1
41
2
11
55
X2,(l df) = 2.
Females
48
1
49
DRUGS
Total
188
11
199
Out-of-Basin
Males
43
5
48
20
. ASTHMA
Females
40
9
49
Total
179
20
199
Out-of-Basin
Males
3
40
5
48
03
BRONCHITIS
Females
3
41
5
49
Total
14
167
18
199
Out-of-Basin
Males
4
32
3
9
48
29
Females
5
30
2
12
49
Total
13
134
13
39
199
109
-------
TABLE G-14. DRUG
Drug^ Allergy
Yes
No
Unknown
Total
X2m(i df) = o.
Males
8
35
4
47
06
In-Basin
Females
11
40
4
55
X2fU df) =
TABLE G-15. DRUG
Drug Allergy
Yes
No
Unknown
Total
X2m(i df) = o.
Recent
Infection
Yes
No
Unknown
Total
X2 fl df) = 0.
Males
0
43
4
47
00
Males
15
28
4
47
05
In-Basin
Females
4
47
4
55
X2V(1 df) =
TABLE G-16.
In-Basin
Females
24
27
4
55
X%(1 df) =
ALLERGY -
ANTIBIOTICS
Out-of-Basin
Males
6
36
6
48
6.32*
ALLERGY -
Females
1
43
5
49
OTHER DRUGS
Total
26
154
19
199
Out-of-Basin
Males
0
42
6
48
0.57
Females
1
43
5
49
Total
5
175
19
199
RECENT INFECTION
Out-of-Basin
Males
17
26
5
48
0.38
Females
17
27
5
49
Total
73
108
18
199
110
-------
TABLE G-17.
In-Basin
RECENT INFECTION - NASAL CONGESTION
Out-of-Basin
Nasal
Congestion
Yes
No
Not Applicable
Unknown
Total
X2md df) = o.
Chest
Congestion
Yes
No
Not Applicable
Unknown
Total
X2m(i df) = o.
Males
14
1
28
4
47
41
TABLE
Males
3
12
28
4
47
32
Females
17
7
27
4
55
X2f(l df) = 0.
Males
16
1
26
5
48
22
G-18. RECENT INFECTION -
In-Basin
Females
2
22
27
4
55
X2f(l df) = 0.
TABLE G-19. RECENT
Headache
Yes
No
Not Applicable
Unknown
Total
X2 (1 df) = 0.
A m J
Males
4
11
28
4
47
02
In-Basin
Females
12
12
27
4
55
X2f(l df) = 0.
Females
10
7
27
5
49
CHEST CONGESTION
Total
57
16
108
18
199
Out-of-Basin
Males
6
11
26
5
48
82
Females
4
13
27
5
49
Total
15
58
108
18
199
INFECTION - HEADACHE
Out-of-Basin
Males
6
11
26
5
48
38
Females
6
11
27
5
49
Total
28
45
108
18
199
111
-------
TABLE G-20. RECENT INFECTION - G.I. SYMPTOMS
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
G.I. Symptoms
Yes
No
Not Applicable
Unknown
Total
X2m(i df) = o.
Other
Symptoms
Yes
No
Not Applicable
Unknown
Total
X2m(l df) = 0.
Analgesics
No
Yes
Unknown
Total
X2 (1 df) = 0.
Males
2
13
28
4
47
08
TABLE
Males
5
10
28
4
47
07
Y/\c
Males
43
0
4
47
00
Females
7
17
27
4
55
X2f(l df) = 0.
Males
4
13
26
5
48
11
G-21. RECENT INFECTION -
In-Basin
Females
10
14
27
4
55
X2f(l df) - 0.
ij.P G-??. niRRF.NT
In-Basin
Females
47
4
4
55
X%(1 df) = 1.
Females
5
12
27
5
49
OTHER SYMPTOMS
Total
18
55
108
18
199
Out-of-Basin
Males
6
11
26
5
48
16
Females
9
8
27
5
49
Total
30
43
108
18
199
DRUGS - ANALGESICS
Out-of-Basin
Males
42
1
5
48
92
Females
44
0
5
49
Total
176
5
18
199
112
-------
TARLF G-23. CURRENT DRUGS - ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics
In-Basin
Males Females
Out-of-Basin
Males Females
Total
Mo
Yes
Unknown
Total
X2m(i df) = o.
42
1
4
47
85
44
7
4
55
X2f(l df) = 0
TABLE G-24. CURRENT
Antihistamines
No
Yes
Unknown
Total
X2m(l df) = 6.
Males
43
0
4
47
75**
In-Basin
Females
46
5
4
55
X2f(l df) = 0
39
4
5
48
.15
DRUGS
40
4
5
49
- ANTIHISTAMINES
Out-of-Basin
Males Females
35
8
5
48
.34
42
2
5
49
165
16
18
199
Total
166
15
18
199
TABLE G-25. CURRENT DRUGS - HURMONES
Hormones
No
Yes
Unknown
Total
X2m(l df) = 0.
Males
43
0
4
47
00
TABLE H-26
Amphetamines or
Tranquilizcrs Males
No
Yes
Unknown
Total
X2m(l df) = 0.
42
1
4
47
00
In-Basin
Females
43
8
4
55
X2f(l df) = 0
. CURRENT DRUGS -
In-Basin
Females
49
2
4
55
X2f(l df) = 0
Out-of-Basin
Males Females
43
0
5
48
.00
38
6
5
49
Total
167
14
18
199
AMPHETAMINES OR TRANOUILIZERS
Males
43
0
5
48
.02
Out-of-Basin
Females
43
1
5
49
Total
177
4
18
199
113
-------
Other Drugs
No
Yes
Unknown
TABLE G-27
In-Basin
Males
42
1
4
. CURRENT DRUGS
- OTHER DRUGS
Out-of-Basin
Females Males
46 42
5 1
4 5
Females
39
5
5
Total
163
12
18
Total 47 55 48 49 199
df) = 0.51 X2f(l df) = 0.01
114
-------
TABLE G-28. RASH DURING STUDY
Time
Rash
In-Basin
Males Females
Out-of-Basin
Males Females
Total (for each
Time Period
Total
2/74 to 5/74
5/74 to 10/74
10/74 to 2/75
2/75 to 5/75
5/75 to 10/75
Yes
No
Unknown
xV
Yes
No
Unknown
xV
Yes
No
Unknown
xV
Yes
No
Unknown
xV
Yes
No
Unknown
*V
0
46
1
1 df)
2
44
1
1 df)
0
46
1
1 df)
0
46
1
1 df)
0
46
1
1 df)
1
49
5
= 0.00
1
49
5
= 0.24
2
50
3
= 0.00
1
51
3
= 0.00
4
48
3
= 0.00
1
46
1
X%(1 df)
2
45
1
X2f(l df)
0
47
1
X2fU df)
1
46
1
X2fU df)
0
47
1
X2f(l df)
0
49
0
= 0.00
0
49
0
= 0.00
1
48
0
= 0.00
1
47
1
= 0.43
1
46
2
= 0.64
2
190
7
5
187
7
3
191
5
3
190
6
5
187
7
47
55
48
49
199
115
-------
TABLE G-29. MONONUCLEOSIS DURING STUDY
In-Basin
Out-of-Basin
Time
2/74 to
5/74 to
10/74 to
2/75 to
5/75 to
Mononucleosis
5/74 Yes
No
Unknown
xV-
10/74 Yes
No
Unknown
x2 (
2/75 Yes
No
Unknown
x2 (
5/75 Yes
No
Unknown
v2 r
A ml
10/75 Yes
No
Unknown
"V
Males
0
46
1
1 df) =
0
46
1
1 df) =
0
46
1
1 df) =
0
46
1
1 df) =
0
46
1
1 dg) =
Females
0
51
4
0.49
0
51
4
0.00
2
51
2
0.00
1
52
2
0.00
0
53
2
0.00
Males
2
45
1
x2fd
0
47
1
x2fd
0
47
1
x2fd
1
46
1
"V1
0
47
1
X?fd
Females
0
49
0
df) = 0.00
0
49
0
df) = 0.00
1
48
0
df) = 0.00
1
47
1
df) = 0.42
1
47
1
df) - 0.00
Total
2
191
6
0
193
6
3
192
4
3
191
5
1
193
5
Total (for each
Time period
47
55
48
49
199
116
-------
TABLE G-30. ILLNESS DURING STUDY
In-Basin
Out-oฃ-Basin
Time
2/74 to 5/74
5/74 to 10/74
10/74 to 2/75
2/75 to 5/75
5/75 to 10/75
Illness
Yes
No
Unknown
2 f
~y (
Yes
No
Unknown
XV
Yes
No
Unknown
2, /
"Y (
Yes
No
Unknown
x2 (
x ml
Yes
No
Unknown
xV
Males
0
45
2
1 df) -
1
44
2
1 df) =
0
46
1
1 df) =
1
45
]
1 df) =
0
46
1
1 df) =
Females
1
50
4
0.00
1
50
4
0.00
1
52
2
0.00
1
52
2
0.00
4
49
2
0.00
Males
0
47
1
X2f(l df)
0
47
1
X2f(l df)
0
47
1
X2fd df)
0
47
1
X2f(l df)
1
46
1
X2f(l df)
Females
1
48
0
= 0.47
1
48
0
= 0.47
1
48
0
- 0.43
2
46
1
= 0.01
4
44
1
= 0.05
Total
2
190
7
3
189
7
2
193
4
4
190
5
9
185
5
Total (for each
Time Period
47
55
48
49
199
117
-------
TABLE G-31. HAY FEVER DURING STUDY
In-Basin
Out-of-Basin
Time
2/74 to 5/74
5/74 to 10/74
10/74 to 2/75
2/75 to 5/75
5/75 to 10/75
Hay Fever
Yes
No
Unknown
x2 (
Yes
No
Unknown
x2 (
Yes
No
Unknown
*v
Yes
No
Unknown
YZ (
A nr
Yes
No
Unknown
v2 (
* ml
Males
5
40
2
L df) =
8
37
2
1 df) =
3
43
1
1 df) =
6
40
]
1 df) =
8
38
1
1 df) =
Females
5
46
4
0.05
7
44
4
0.18
9
44
2
0.00
8
44
3
0.05
8
44
3
1.01
Hales
5
43
0
x2fd
6
42
0
x2fd
4
44
0
x2fd
6
42
0
x2fd
4
44
0
x2fd
Females
2
46
1
df) = 0.49
4
44
1
df) = 0.28
1
47
1
df) = 4.71*
3
44
2
df) =1.22
4
43
2
df) = 0.54
Total
17
175
7
25
167
7
17
17S
4
23
170
6
24
169
6
Total (for each
Time Period
47
55
48
49
199
118
-------
TABL1: G-32. BIRTH CONTROL PILLS DURING STUDY
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Time
2/74 to 5/74
5/74 to 10/74
10/74 to 2/75
2/75 to 5/75
5/75 to 10/75
Birth Control Pills
Yes
No
Unknown
X2f(l df)
Yes
No
Unknown
X2f(l df)
Yes
No
Unknown
X2fU df)
Yes
No
Unknown
X%U df)
Yes
No
Unknown
X2f(l df)
Females
9
41
5
= 0.27
12
38
5
= 1.58
14
39
2
= 1.61
16
37
2
= 0.72
14
39
2
= 0.03
Females
6
43
0
6
43
0
7
42
0
10
38
1
11
37
1
Total
15
84
5
18
81
5
21
81
2
26
75
3
25
76
3
Total (for each
Time Period)
55
49
104
119
-------
TABLE G-33. ANALGESICS DURING STUDY
Time
2/74 to 5/74
In-Basin
Analgesics Males Females
Yes 15 25
No 32 30
X2m(l df) = 0.01
Out-of-Basin
Males Females
16 17
32 32
X%(1 df) = 0.84
Total
73
126
5/74 to 10/74 Yes 14 25
No 33 30
X2m(l df) = 0.02
16 15
32 34
X2f(l df) = 1.83
70
129
10/74 to 2/75 Yes
No
15 25
32 30
X2m(l df) = 0.02
17 13
31 36
X%(1 df) = 3.24
70
129
2/75 to 5/75 Yes
No
16 25
31 30
X2m(l df) = 0.12
19 17
29 32
X2f(l df) = 0.84
77
122
5/75 to 10/75 Yes
No
21 30
26 25
X2m(l df) = 0.01
21 19
27 30
X2f(l df) = 1.99
91
108
Total (for each
Time Period)
47
55
48
49
199
120
-------
TABLE G-34. ANTIBIOTICS DURING STUDY
Time
In-Basin
Antibiotics Males Females
Out-of-Basin
Males Females
Total (For each
Time Period)
Total
2/74 to 5/74
5/74 to 10/74
10/74 to 2/75
2/75 to 5/75
5/75 to 10/75
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
0
47
X2md df)
1
46
x2rad df)
2
45
X2mU df)
5
42
X2md df)
7
40
X2m(l df)
3
52
= 2.28
6
49
= 1.53
3
52
= 0.00
3
52
= 0.00
12
43
= 0.00
4
44
5
43
3
45
4
44
6
42
6
43
X2f(l df) = 0.77
4
45
X2ฃ(l df) = 0.02
5
44
X2f(l df) = 0.29
4
45
X2f(l df) = 0.03
7
42
X2f(l df) = 0.54
13
186
16
183
13
186
16
183
32
167
47 55
48
49
199
121
-------
TABLE G-35. ANTIHISTAMINES DURING STUDY
Time
2/74
5/74
10/74
2/75
5/75
Antihistamines
to 5/74 Yes
No
x2
x m
to 10/74 Yes
No
*2m
to 2/75 Yes
No
x2
A m
to 5/75 Yes
No
x2
A m
to 10/75 Yes
No
x2
x m
Males
0
47
(1 df) =
0
47
(1 df) =
1
46
(1 df) =
4
43
(1 df) =
3
44
(1 df) =
Females
2
53
2.29
2
53
1 . 33
4
51
1.53
2
53
0.00
6
49
0.45
Males
4
44
X2f(l df)
3
45
X2f(l df)
5
43
X2f(l df)
5
43
X2fU df)
6
42
X2f(l df)
Females
1
48
= 0.01
1
48
= 0.01
3
46 '
= 0.03
5
44
= 0.89
4
45
= 0.02
Total
7
192
6
193
13
186
16
183
19
180
Total (For each
Time Period)
47
55
48
49
199
122
-------
TABLE G-36. AMPHETAMINES OR TRANQUILIZERS DURING STUDY
In-Basin Out-oฃ-Basin
Amphetamines or
Time
2/74
5/74
10/74
2/75
5/75
Tranquil izers
to 5/74 Yes
No
X'm
to 10/74 Yes
No
x2
x m
to 2/75 Yes
No
^
to 5/75 Yes
No
x2
x m
to 10/75 Yes
No
*'.
Males
0
47
(1 df) =
0
47
(1 df) -
0
47
(1 df) -
0
47
(1 df) =
0
47
(1 df) =
Females
2
53
0.00
4
51
0.00
4
51
0.00
3
52
0.00
4
51
0.00
Males
0
48
Y2 fl
X fU
1
47
x2fd
0
48
x2fd
0
48
x2f(i
0
48
x2f(i
Females
2
47
df) = 0.15
2
47
df) = 0.08
2
47
df) =0.08
2
47
df) = 0.02
2
47
df) =0.08
Total
4
195
7
192
6
193
5
194
6
193
Total (For
Each Period) 47 55 48 49 199
123
-------
TABLE G-37. OTtibk DRUGS DURING STUDY
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Time Other Drugs Males Females Males Females Total
2/74 to 5/74 Yes 0 4 0 2 6
No 47 51 48 47 193
X2m(l df) = 0.00 X2fU df) = 0.08
5/74 to 10/74 Yes 0403 7
No 47 51 48 46 192
X2m(l df) = 0.00 X2f(l df) = 0.03
10/74 to 2/75 Yes 0 5 0 4 9
No 47 50 48 45 190
X2m(l df) = 0.00 X2fU df) = 0.03
2/75 to 5/75 Yes 0 4 2 4 10
No 47 51 46 45 189
X2m(l df) = 0.48 X2f(l df) = 0.04
5/75 to 10/75 Yes 0 5 1 7 13
No 47 50 47 42 186
X2m(l df) = 0.00 X2f(l df) = 0.27
Total (For each
Time Period) 47 55 48 49 199
124
-------
TABLE G-38. TETANUS SHOTS DURING STUDY
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Time Tetanus Shots Males Females Males Females
2/74 to 5/74 Yes 1 2
No 46 53
X2m( i df) = o.oo
5/74 to 10/74 Yes 0 2
No 47 53
X2m(l df) = 4.34*
10/74 to 2/75 Yes 1 0
No 46 55
X2 (1 df) = 0.00
2/75 to 5/75 Yes 0 4
No 47 51
X2 (1 df) = 0.00
m
5/75 to 10/75 Yes
6
41
0
55
X2md
= 1.30
46
0
49
X%(1 df) = 0.40
6 2
42 47
X2f(l df) = 0.15
0 0
48 49
X2f(l df) = 0.00
1 0
47 49
X2f(l df) = 2.00
2 1
46 48
X2f(l df) = 0.00
Total
5
194
10
189
1
198
5
194
9
190
Total (For each
Time Period)
47
55
49
199
125
-------
TABLE G-39. ALLERGY SHOTS DURING STUDY
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Time Allergy Shots Males Females Males Females Total
2/74 to 5/74 Yes
No
5/74 to 10/74 Yes
No
10/74 to 2/75 Yes
No
2/75 to 5/75 Yes
No
5/75 to 10/75 Yes
No
1 1
46 54
X2m(l df) = 0.00
1 2
46 53
X2 (1 df) = 0.00
1 3
46 52
X2 (1 df) = 0.00
m
1 3
46 52
X2 (1 df) = 0.00
1 4
46 51
X2m(l df) = 0.00
0
48
X2f(l df)
0
48
X2fd df)
0
48
X%(1 df)
t
0
48
X2f(l df)
0
48
X%(1 df)
0
49
= o.oo
0
49
= 0.40
0
49
= 1.15
0
49
= 1.15
0
49
= 2.00
2
197
3
196
4
195
4
195
5
194
Total (For each
Time Period) 47 55 48 49 199
126
-------
TABLE G-40. OTHER SHOTS DURING STUDY
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Time Other Shots Males Females Males Females Total
2/74 to 5/74 Yes
No
5/74 to 10/74 Yes
No
10/74 to 2/75 Yes
No
2/75 to 5/75 Yes
No
5/75 to 10/75 Yes
No
0 0
47 55
X2m(l df) = 0.49
1 2
46 53
X2m(l df) = 1.53
0 1
47 54
X2m(l df) = 0.00
1 2
46 53
X2m(l df) = 0.24
1 3
46 55
X2md df) = o.oo
2
46
x2fd
5
43
x2fd
0
48
x2fd
3
45
x2fU
0
48
x2fd
2
47
df) = 0.64
2
47
df) = 0.15
1
48
df) = 0.40
0
49
df) = 0.40
5
44
df) = 0.29
4
195
10
189
2
197
6
193
5
194
Total (For each
Time Period) 47 55 48 49 199
127
-------
TABLE G-41. CHEMICAL EXPOSURE DURING STUDY
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Time Chemical
2/74. to 5/74
5/74 to 10/74
10/74 to 2/75
2/75 to 5/75
5/75 to 10/75
Exposure
Yes
No
Unknown
XV
Yes
No
Unknown
x2m
Yes
No
Unknown
x2
x m
Yes
No
Unknown
y2
x m
Yes
No
Unknown
x2m
Males
1
23
23
(1 df) =
1
23
23
(1 df) -
1
23
23
(1 df) =
2
22
23
(1 df) =
3
21
23
(1 df) =
Females
2
31
22
0.07
1
32
22
0.07
2
31
22
0.05
3
30
22
0.11
4
29
22
0.17
Males
2
30
16
x2fd
2
30
16
x2fd
3
29
16
x2fd
3
29
16
X2fd
4
28
16
x2fU
Females
1
33
15
df) = 0.01
1
33
15
df) = 0.48
2
32
15
df) = 0.24
2
32
15
df) = 0.00
4
30
15
df) = 0.11
Total
6
117
76
5
118
76
8
115
76
10
113
76
15
108
76
Total (For each
Time Period) 47 55 48 49 199
128
-------
TABLE G-42. CIGARETTE SMOKING DURING STUDY
In-Basin
Time
2/74
5/74
10/74
2/75
5/75
Cigarettes/Day
to 5/74 0
1-14
> 15
Unknown
to 10/74 0
1-14
> 15
Unknown
to 2/75 0
1-14
> 15
Unknown
to 5/75 0
1-14
> 15
Unknown
X'r
to 10/75 0
1-14
> 15
Unknown
*2r
Males
38
4
3
2
n(2 df) =
39
3
3
2
(2 df) =
38
5
2
2
(2 df) =
38
6
1
2
(2 df) =
38
6
1
2
(2 df) =
Females
44
4
3
4
3.21
43
4
4
4
3.54
44
5
4
2
0.08
44
4
5
2
0.66
47
4
2
2
1.11
Out-of-Basin
Males
41
5
0
2
X2f(2 df)
41
5
0
2
X2f(2 df)
38
6
2
2
X2f(2 df)
36
8
2
2
X2ฃ(2 df)
35
10
1
2
X2f(2 df)
Females
37
4
6
2
= 1.44
36
5
6
2
= 0.97
37
6
4
2
= 0.34
34
6
7
2
= 1.66
33
7
7
2
= 5.71
Total
160
17
12
10
159
17
13
10
157
22
12
8
152
24
15
8
153
27
11
8
Total (For each
Time Period)
47
55
48
49
199
129
-------
TABLH G-43. MARIJUANA SMOKING DURING STUuY
In-Basin
Time
2/74 to
5/74 to
Marijuana
5/74 Yes
No
Unknown
x2 (
10/74 Yes
No
Unknown
x2m<
10/74 to 2/75 Yes
2/75 to
5/75 to
No
Unknown
xV
5/75 Yes
No
Unknown
x2m
10/75 Yes
No
Unknown
x2n
Males
10
34
3
;i df) =
9
35
3
:i df) =
11
34
2
(1 df) =
10
35
2
(1 df) =
10
35
2
(1 df) =
Females
5
44
6
0.29
6
44
5
0.32
7
45
3
0.55
8
44
3
0.04
5
47
3
0.09
Out-of-Basin
Males
7
37
4
x2fd
6
38
4
x2fd
7
37
4
x2fa
10
34
4
x2fa
12
32
4
x2fd
Females
6
43
0
df) = 0.00
8
41
0
df) = 0.11
6
43
0
df) = 0.01
8
40
1
df) = 0.01
5
43
1
df) = 0.04
Total
28
158
13
29
158
12
31
159
9
36
153
10
32
157
10
Total (For each
Time Period)
47
55
48
49
199
130
-------
TABLE G-44. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE - AG CHEMICALS OR PESTICIDES
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Exposure Males Females Males Females Total
Yes 3 02 2 7
No 44 55 46 47 192
Total
47 55
X2m(l df) = 0.00
48 49
X%(1 df) = 0.64
199
TABLE G-45. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE - AUTOMOBILE GASES AND FUMES
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Exposure Males Females Males Females Total
Yes 5 02 1 8
No 42 55 46 48 191
Total
47 55
X2m(l df) = 0.66
48
49
199
X2f(l df) = 0
.00
TABLE G-46
Exposure Males
Yes 1
No 46
Total 47
X
TABLE G-47.
Exposure Males
Yes 2
No 45
. OCCUPATIONAL
In-Basin
Females
4
51
55
2m(l df) = 1.53
OCCUPATIONAL
In-Basin
Females
0
55
EXPOSURE -
LABORATORY CHEMICALS
Out-of-Basin
Males
5
43
48
x2
EXPOSURE -
Females
6
43
49
f(l df) = 0.28
RADIOACTIVE CHEMICALS
Total
16
183
199
Out-of-Basin
Males
0
48
Females
0
49
Total
2
197
Total
47 55
X2 (1 df) - 0.53
m
48 49
X%(1 df) = 0.00
199
131
-------
TABLE G-48. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE - MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS, DUSTS, FUMES
In-Basin
Out-of-Basin
Exposure
Yes
No
Total
TABLE G-49
Time in Basin
> 8 weeks
< 8 weeks/
unknown
Total
TABLE G-50.
Time out of
Basin
> 8 weeks
< 8 weeks/
unknown
Total
TABLE G-51.
Time in-
Basin
> 8 weeks
< 8 weeks/
unknown
Total
Males Females Males
8 38
39 52 40
47 55 48
X2mU df) = 0.05 X2f(l df)
. NUMBER OF SUBJECTS SPENDING > 8 WEEKS
Females
3
46
49
= 0.08
IN BASIN SUMMER
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Males Females Males Females
25 37 0
22 18 48
47 55 48
X2m(l df) = 31.96*** X2f(l df)
0
49
49
= 48.27***
Total
22
177
199
1974
Total
62
137
199
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS SPENDING > 8 WEEKS OUT OF BASIN SUMMER 1974
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Males Females Males Females
2 0 39
45 55 9
49 55 48
X2m(l df) = 54.29*** X2f(l df)
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS SPENDING > 8 WEEKS
45
4
49
= 85.33***
IN BASIN SUMMER
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Males Females Males Females
28 42 7
19 13 41
47 55 48
3
46
49
Total
86
113
199
1975
Total
80
119
199
X m(l df) = 18.77***
:(1
= 49.26***
132
-------
TABLE G-52. NUMBER OF SUBJECTS SPENDING > 8 WEEKS OUT OF BASIN SUMMER 1975
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Time Out
of Basin
^ 8 weeks
< 8 weeks/
unknown
Total
Males
2
45
49
Females
3
52
55
Males
31
17
48
X2m(l df) = 35.51*** X2
TABLE G-53. RESIDENCES IN
No. of Years
> 2 1/2 Years
Rural
> 2 1/2 Years
Urban
Unknown/ Incom-
plete
Total
Years
0
1-3
4-6
7-9
10
Unknown
Males
0
38
9
47
TABLE
In-Basin
Females
1
49
5
55
X2 (1 df) = 6.76**
G-54. YEARS LIVED
In-Basin
Males Females
0
0
0
1
36
10
0
1
0
6
43
5
Females
40
9
49
f(l df) = 58.91***
LAST 5 YEARS
Total
76
123
199
Out-of-Basin
Males
9
35
4
48
x2
IN SMS A
Females
7
39
3
49
f(l df) = 3.89*
IN LAST 10 YEARS
Total
17
161
21
199
Out-of-Basin
Males
16
5
2
2
17
6
Females
12
2
2
6
26
1
Total
28
8
4
15
122
22
Total
47
55
48
49
199
X ffl(2 df) = 29.01*** X2f(2 df) = 16.68***
133
-------
Background
Males
TABLE G-55.
In-Basin
Females
ETHNIC BACKGROUND
Out-of-Basin
Total
Males
47 55
X2m(3 df) =1.35
Females
48 49
X%(3 df) = 2.67
Total
White
Oriental
Black
Latin American
Other
Unknown
32
6
2
5
1
1
35
8
9
3
0
0
35
5
4
3
1
0
35
6
3
3
0
2
137
25
18
14
2
3
199
134
-------
APPENDIX H
Abnormal Cells Versus Background Variables
Which Were Not Comparable Among Groups
] 35
-------
APPENDIX H
TABLE H-l. ABNORMAL CELLS BY AGE - MALES
In-Basin Out-of-basin
Sampling Period
October 1974
February 1975
May 1975
October 1975
Total (For each
Abnormal Cells < 19
No 12
Yes 11
x2
No 12
Yes 11
x2
No 9
Yes 14
x2
No 14
Yes 9
x2
period) 23
TABLE H-2. ABNORMAL CELLS BY
Age
Age
> 19 Total
16
8
(1 df) =
12
12
(1 df) =
4
20
(1 df) =
8
16
(1 df) =
24
ROUTINE
28
19
0.51
24
23
0.02
13
34
1.95
22
25
2.56
47
< 19 >
35
7
X2U
22
20
X2U
19
23
x2d
30
12
X2U
42
19
6
0
df)
4
2
df)
1
5
df)
3
3
df)
6
Total
41
7
= 0.
26
22
= 0.
20
28
= 0.
33
15
= 0.
48
22
05
78
35
ANTIHISTAMINES
Out-of-Basin Males
Abnormal Cells
No
Yes
Routine No
Antihistamines Antihistamines
5
1
36
6
Total
41
7
Total
42
48
X2(l df) = 0.22
136
-------
TABLE H-3. ABNORMAL CELLS BY CURRENT ANTIHISTAMINES
Out-oฃ-Basin Males
Abnormal Cells
No
Yes
Total
TABLE H-4.
Abnormal Cells
No
Yes
Total
Current No
Antihistamines Antihist amines
7
1
8
X2(l df) =0.04
ABNORMAL CELLS BY TETANUS
Out-of-Basin
Tetanus Shots No
6
0
X2(l df) = 0.22
29
6
35
SHOTS, MAY TO OCTOBER,
Males
Tetanus Shots
35
7
Total
36
7
43
1974
Total
41
7
48
TABLE H-5. ABNORMAL CELLS BY HAY FEVER, OCTOBER, 1974, TO FEBRUARY, 1975
In-Basin Females
Abnormal Cells Hay Fever No Hay Fever Total
No 6 20 26
Yes 3 24 27
Total
44
53
X2(l df) = 0.63
TABLE H-6. ABNORMAL CELLS BY ANTIBIOTIC ALLERGIES
In-Basin Females
Allergy No Allergy Total
7 29 36
4 11 15
Abnormal Cells
No
Yes
Total
11
X2(l df) = 0.04
40
51
137
-------
TABLE H-7. ABNORMAL CELLS BY X-RAYS TO THE LOWER EXTREMITIES - FEMALES
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Abnormal GelIs X-rays No X-rays Total X-rays No X-rays Total
No 8 32 40 14 23 37
Yes 2 13 15 5 7 12
Total
10
45
55
19
30
49
X2(l elf) = 0.03
X2(l elf) = 0.01
TABLh H-8. ABNORMAL CELLS BY X-KAYS TO THE TRUNK - FEMALES
In-Basin Out-of-Basin
Abnormal Cells X-Rays No X-rays Total X-rays No X-rays Total
No 8 32 40 7 30
Yes 1 14 15 1 11
37
12
Total
46
55
41
49
X2(l df) = 0.61
X2U df) = 0.17
1 38
-------
APPENDIX I
Analysis of Variance of Cell Aberrations - Total Group
Symbol Definitions:
*,**,*** = Statistically significant F-Ratio p<.05, p<.01, p<.001,
respectively
(+) +,++,+++ = Statistically significantly greater values for this
than for its corresponding sex group p<.10, p<.05,
p<.01, p<.001, respectively
139
-------
X
H-1
a
tu
OH
OH
UJ
~3
ca
UJ
Q-'
z
uj a
ฃ cn
en
u. uj
o o:
E
LO O
uj a
L'J LU
-co
ci tn in
co 01
in r^-
u cn
I- XX
cn u
cu u) co co cn
^D "-5 UJ UJ UJ
O CD ฃ ฃ ฃ
CL' 3
U tn K I- I-
CO
Z
cc
in
IV
(-
8
in
iv
5-
in
CD
UJ
u_
M
>X
K
O
O
in
N.
LJ
o
in
r^
>_
Z_
in
r-
CD
UJ
u.
rr
itV
O
~J
cc
1
p
ro
C\J
_j
cc
1-
0
t-
M-
ro
ro
z
cn
O,
B
&
in ~ OD -tf
in r*. uj uj
CO (Ti (\J OD
rvj c\j ro CM
o-i oo 0*1 cn
^3" O"i CTt 's.
(X- r^v. cn UD
CV! C\J CM CM
co ru cn CM
tn 1*0 tji "
CM CM 't ro
03 TT CTi
CM ro CM CM
cn rv in
Kป CM rv m
CM CM <-ซ fM
+ -f
in (rr'm
ro rv- N- in
IJD ^D CTi
in in M" in
CM ro ^t in
in >JD ^o
in in ^ in
ฉ CM rn -^
CD O"i) fv. CSJ
Is- IJ3 US kD
CM ซ us ro
in CD ~ -^t
f\i cn CD CM
in in in in
4-
rv ^r m
^r co fy nj
UD tn
*^ ^J ro ^~
IN- in co cn
\r tn \r M
-H CM ro ^r
UJ
UJ _)
LU g- y 5
a LJIJ ฃ u.
1- K
^ s ง ง
ro
ra
o
ro
T
CD
CM
cn
ro
L0
00
fM
(.0
in
CM
CM
>v
"D
ro
in
ro
in
CM
in
CM
fs-
ui
CM
ro
in
cn
^
*
cn
cn
*~*
_j
I-
c
o
0
v'
v^
o
O
A
l/>
r^
+->
o
0
in
r-~
JO
o
u.
A
in
X
a
si
o
V
&
c
o
to
H
a
!
o
CJ
H
C
03
(_j
H
H
q
DO
H
C/)
140
-------
00 j ^
s. -i ry
UJ
o:
UJ UJ LU
a CQ i_ ^- 2-
Oi ID "* "~* **
CD cn H K H-
z
o
1-
ro
oj in r^- oj
Cn UD L"J
oj ro CM ro
^ oj in oj
co 01 r^
r^ ^r is- in
OJ C\J IM
in in ro u)
CD in ro oo
cn m 04 ro
in in in in
ui in oj r-
ซ ro uj
ro cn co
to vo T in
Xf - C"! O1
CTi ^" OJ "^
*-* ^ ro
r^ rJ is- \D
ro co U)
ro cn oj
ro oj si ro
in uj in in
v_-
fs. V OJ CO
r\- c\i in GI
*\T ^f r*j <^-
rv in co cn
^r in "st ^
-* CM ro ^f
UJ "
j LU a:
LO it _J H
g: uj C cu
^- " |_ (_
r.^ ^3^3
" O 0
CJ
in
ro
tv,
in
si
in
eg
"*
cn
t\j
ro
CO
^r
rg
cn
og
VD
in
^
CO
in
E
CO
^
CD
fvj
in
in
CO
in
^j
cn
cn
-------
ป ^ ro
i
o
<ฃ
S
O
B
CK
O
LL
(/)
Z
LU LU
Oฃ LU
LJ LL
O
Z
O
I
n
gง
t3 in
MJ in
crป
oo co
ซj) N- m
^T en u?
ro en in
CO
in
CO
a.
r>
o
ct:
(3
2:
[2
C/J LJ
Q. LJ
3 1
o ca
CK n
CO CO
X X
CO CO CO
ซis ฃ
1- 1- h-
in
CO
ro
in
m
IV
~
CO
z
o
H
"
g
in
N.
m ~
HI
u_
n
N.
(
O
O
00 CO !V N- CD
LO
r^
4->
O
O
*
*3-
r-
4->
U
O
A
LO
r~~
^i
0)
UU
A
irt
t--
in
t-
o
o
in
1
in
CD
LU
LL
tf
U
a
CM ^r o ^
-^ tn -^ co
^f ca c\j en UT
^D *^ in in
in in CM w
in ro en
ro PO en ro
^ OJ CD -^
in r^ GO co
ซj) in, TT iv
oj -^ GJ ro in
en en co en
+ +
ro iv oj in
in ^ co ro
^r in o
u> ui ^ in"
iv in co en
z ^fr m ^qr TT
_ .
LO
in
en
in
ro
CO
ro
CD
en
CO
in
in
en
m
i
(U
ง
2:
^-^
LA
O
V
p.
^ 1
I/I
CL>
U
C
O
H
-------
00 -
TT 01 en
o rg N- tn
tn i^- r^ si
fM fM - CO
CD
ID
CD
CO
t-
cc
a:
cn
u>
in
|L 01
ro GO
tf r-
in
(vi h.
in
2
O
rซ- ro ro
CM UD in
ro in -*
GJ ro -* <
ro in oj IN.
G> 0"> CTi CA
-^ CM IO (T^ CTl
in s K) in -jf
ง0 GO O^ GO
tr> s> CD
ivj ro in to i
o
CK
1-
Ol U
a. iu
O CO
(JJ U)
X X
01 C/t r/l
tij iy 1 1 1
I t 1
in
l-
LJ
o
in
rv.
1
in
r^
on
UJ
Lu
^r
r^
r^ us ^J ro
ro ro ro M
s> rv ro u>
ro ป' -tf ^
vo ro ฎ
ro in r*- CD
cvj cn co co co
ro ro 10 ro
+
cn r- ro cn
cn co u~) r>-
*- [^- ro ko U3
cn
in
s>
ro
in
in
*'
TJ
u>
CO
ro
cn
CO
-------
(Ti *! r>-
W ro CD
in o ID r-_
isD oj cn in
ID rv in in
(D PJ CTi
O CM
-------
OJ CD C5
(T) Iv -H CD
- 03 10
nj ^ in
e> ro oo ro
rsi rs. ซ
CD in
co rg o
rg CD js TT ro
(E 03 CD U3 m
ro us ro
ซj ro -
^T ro CD in
\D
03 >si ' * tr\ ~*
'fj o N. cfi rvj
ro r- :i ^ en ro
CM oo
ua
cd
I
Qi
5
CD (ft
>t xx
. ui in en in
Srg ij3 .
PO in en
I
145
-------
e
p
CH Tf OD en
CM UD rn
- T CM (--
^ us in ro
-. rv co CM
CM
1C
ID
en
U)
CM CO
U) CM
rv CM
ro CM
-
CM Tr
CD in CD
I-
LU
O
O en O CO
en \j CD o
in CD E ea
z -
_j
a:
z
en
U. UJ
O Cฃ
cr
z: rj
3 a
en en
U-
o
r
en o
UJ O
UJ UJ
a: uj
cJ a:
gu.
ง
t-
5
1
s
LU
U
a:
r)
o
w
in in ^J
>Ji r^
cn ^J cr> cn
co N. cn cn.
U3 CO CO
cn in N.
co r^- ro oj
ro in ro
cn
CO
a.
3
o
o;
u
2
C/>
P
tn o
a. LU cn
ง3ฃ
IX ~5
CD U) K-
cn in
CD
in
cn
CL
3
o
ft
CD
z:
ฃ
tn cj
a. LU
Z) "1
o m
a: Z3
u cn
X X
tn 01
ฃฃ
K P
ro
rr
UJ
r~
ro
in
en
fซ
g
P
1
ฃ
P
in
rs_
,_ *
ej
o
in
N.
> M
2
in
N.
OJ
CD
LU
U.
TT
N-
Y
O
O
rv co -ซ co
oj ro in in
ra en en 0"i
ro oj oj oj
C3 Aj CO CO
CO S> U) - in in
^t 'JD in in
en en co co
OJ OJ CVI OJ
*- in in in
^T in in in
en cj co co
OJ OJ OJ OJ
r\-
(D
en
OJ
GJ
ro
ro
r\-
in
en
OJ
(N.
ง
CM
UJ
rv
ca
CM
en
z
-------
h- w ro en vo
CD O CD
rw CD in is. r\-
IT)
CD
in
01
z
D
cr> co fl' is
-^ ui OD co
TT m in o
>
LU
Q
a)
tu
U-
in M" CD
T co i^-
in ID in
.-. GO -H
^3- KI o
do r--
-
o
O
CO
ro en N-
rg o ^T
in co &
s
g
o
UL
in
z
u.
o m %:
ca cn t
cn in m
co cn
in c^-
o? _J
ง H
o; p
CJ V-
2:
^^
CO
cn u
(1- LU
13 " i
CD CO
X X
co cn
21 21
1 h-
in
r*-
ฃD
_1
a:
H
P
^
ro
CJ
^
U) CO 01
cn o-j -ซ UD
en a en en
CM ro CM CM
+
in '/> CD VO
in in "^ v
a< a cn
CM cvj rvi ro
+
+ +
CD c5 sj in
ro ro cn co
ro ro CM (M
in cn o co
in CM T 1*0
CD 0") cn cn
PJ tM ro CM
^ cn in co
o*\ cn 'io cr,
t^-
h-
cn
C\J
^
c^
OJ
CD
ro
-*
m
U)
cn
CM
UJ
a.
ง
a:
13
~- CM M 1
IU
-
00
147
-------
APPENDIX, J,
Analysis of Variance of Cell Aberrations - Rescan Group
Symbol Definitions:
(*),*,**,*** = Statistically significant F-Ratio p<.10, p<.05,
p<.01, p<.001, respectively
(+),+,++,+++ = Statistically significantly greater values for
this group than for its corresponding sex group
p<.10, p<.05, p<.01, p<.001, respectively
148
-------
CD CO r^ U3
CM CM CM CM
- in -0- in
G> CO '.0
on ro UD "vT
CO
U3
CM
ro co ro
co CM in
CM CD in 'T
X
I!l
Q'
i-ij
s
a
1 I
1
f-5
UJ
,__J
h 1
uC
<
H
ID
_J
s
Z
_l
cc
z
cc
1-
cc
a:
i
u_
LU
Oฃ
Z CC
Ul a
!c to
tn
LL LU
o ce
Eง
3 a
tn cn
o
tn o
LU O
LU LU
Ck; LU
(j) Q/
LULL
z
o
p
cc
a
ง
u.
o
LU
o
a:
r>
o
to
^ to
co in
in ro
cvj cn in
sss
. co
co r>-
^r m oj
OJ Is- *T
^ IN- -+
*- in ro
oj ro co
^ -^ -
ro ^T -^
VD
cn
CL
Z)
ง
z
p
tn LJ
Q_ LU CO
n -> LU
o co S
Cf Z) p
LD tn H
js.
cn
UJ ^
CTi ^f
in QO
on
'J3
U3
in
ro
CO
OJ
LO
CL
3
O
a:
CD
X
tn
fi
H
in
r^
U3
5
cn
in
in
rj
to
a.
=j
o
K.
e>
z
cn
1
CJ
LU
"-I
CO
r>
to
X
t/)
g
l-
in
g
to
OJ
en
ro
ro
a!
H
p
h-
m
UJ
u.
ฃ
CO ^T CD f^
N CM JO CM
CO M C
in
cn <
bo
r^
CM
in ^f in
ro o co
to CM r~ T
CO t^ tv. U3 T
in ปฃ oj - ro
to r-- OD co
to
r^
g
in
r~
H
CJ
o
in
tv.
>
g
tn
r\-
CO
LU
^r
r>-
i
CJ
o
is. ^r >& CD
ro ^r in CM
in r*- in N. co
in ID TT m
is. in cn Tf
in *~ no ^J
^ is- K in oj
^ UD ro in
CD cn oj S)
^r oj co ro
ro -ซ ~* co
r*- r- '^D VD
+
in m ^J ^*
cn CD -t in
(XJ CO MJ J kD
in fป "J3 in
[^ IB G)
IT in rvj ro
r*_ r^ *- ro
*J in in U)
UJ r- co N-
z
- oj ro M
CD
CD
r-
m
ro
TT
CD
in
U)
Q
ia
U)
ro
CM
ro
UD
cn
cn
'j
in
CO
U)
Ul
a>
3
s:
A
(/I
O
r-H
rt
E
CD
U.
in
o
V
P.
1 '
tn
0)
u
c
0)
^
^
nJ
2:
LO
o
v
cu
c
o
Ul
rt
ง
o
u
s
g
H
t-
4->
c
a
o
-r*
u-i
*H
C
00
LU a: _i ฃ
to _i z: cc LU
a. cc LU ฃ u-
=D ฃ LL
ง1- H-
z z 3 r>
CD o o
149
-------
.
in ro ^ ro
0"! in in in
CM
gj -3-
*~* t*)
tM U)
in
CM
cn
:-)
O
C3
Z
P
cn cj
CL LU
O CD
ui cn
X X
'/i cn
1- h-
^
*
o\
in
cn
PO
PO
a
t-
o
e
P
CO
in
IP
ro in nj
o UJ cn CD
PW cn u) cn
co r- in ro
PO ^r co u>
UJ U) PO "tf
pv- co ro Tt
CD -
-------
*t CO CM in
tM r^- CM >>-
u> o 01 u)
If) TT
- - ro
in u> TT r>-
CD
SI
i
H
CJ
o
'T 01
CTl .
in
tv
CD
CD co ^ cn
in a CJ
CM \ฃ> ro ro
CO
5
ro
cn
LU
_J
ff
Z
CJ
CO
LU
ffi
U
^_,
CO
cn
D
D;
CO
cn . f
in
CM r-
in u>
<^> CM
ts>
ro (X-
ro ^
to
cc
=)
o
Q.'
C3
jL
p.
CO CJ
CL LJJ
ca tn
o -
CM in cn
. . CD
CM in in
T fM CO
ij) -ซ CM
^ CM \D
-K m
tn
Q_
n
o
Di
ca
z
P
cn cj
a. LU
:3 ^~>
O CO
C2 3
ca cn
X X
LO cn cn
t- 1- h-
CD
in
ID
cn
ro
ro
_j
fs. CD
cn CA oj ca
ID ro s> in CD
r^ cn cn co
in N- (
N- CD '
fo f^. '
7 ซ s> VD m
^l G) in CM ro
CM ro ro rv
CM ccJ'ro CM
r*- ro tn cvj co
'tf' cn -* cn co
ro CD in *~
N. u~) in ro ro
ro ^r in cn ro
Q
x
O I
ct z z :
u ซ ซ (
151
-------
N-
CD V ^ ^J
ro
^ in in rs.
^o cn ro ^ CD
U3 IV Ul CD
CO - CD
cn ro ซ N.
in ro ro
ro 1 ^r CM vc
u> in
CM
in
ง
z
in
a.
g P
Oฃ CO CJ
u 3jU,
z a CD
o: 3
to UIW
F- xx
in u
Q. uj in in in
u in I- K H
S
s
CO
in
cn
ro
ro
_!
O
*"* Clt CO ro Q3
UJ CO TO ro
CD N. rO CD CM
CD uo in ro
-* oj en
fO ^ CM CD
c -tf ro
*-* ro in en
ro ro ro ro ro
UJ
UJ _J
_j LJ a
j cc _a 2-
jS
S*
^^
LO
O
V
c.
Ul
c
o
VI
l-l
rt
tx
e
o
u
-------
LO
I
Z 1
a rj
uj o
T. uo
04
_4
CQ
CD
Ul
LU
3
LO
tf
A
fc
LU
a.
ซ
o
LU
UJ
CO
a:
\
Ul
z
a
LO cn
U_
co o
UJ 0
UJ UJ
SSf
o
(-
-------
(M r\j ID in
ca f\j t-~) r--
in (\i r*j cr.
TT co r-
ro ^ ro ro
I
LU
Qฃ
g
(
cu
t/i a
UJ O
UJ UJ
g
CK
s
i m rj cr
J N- ^r c\j '^
ri o en
~
* in ซ
- *t co uj
f1- |v CD IV
U) rv CD fv
;c *-" -^ -" ซ^
ซ oj ro ^r
LU
ฃ ^ฃ^1
IV
U)
en
^r
r.
h-
CTx
en
rr
UJ
in
UJ
^
u>
ro
en
in
IV
CO
U)
_i
-------
(VJ ro Ot M
ro ro m in *r
CM ro er> IV.
f> 2
tn
a.
o
Cฃ
Z
^
to o
OL UI
ง
U3 tn
in
CO Ol
in 01
en in tn
(M *
. U3 .
(\j .
CD CM
co in
iv, in
en iv. ro
^ CM m
in
CM
ฃ
3
O
to.
o
z
S"
P-
in u
0. ui
o "~>
o m
o; =3
u tn
X X
tn in co
ฃ S S
1 h- t
$
in
'dr
01
ro
ro
_,
^
i-
P
in
z
o
1
0
cr
ฃ
in
in
rs.
>
i
in
rv
m
UI
u.
*j
IS.
1-
U
O
ro ro ro ro
co co in TT
ro co o 01 ro
"*
~- ro CM
^* CO O 0")
CM O O! S) ^
co ro ro
ro co CD co
""*
rv.
ro
CO
^.
g
^
CO
00
ซ ฃ7^ ffJ
W M W U)
M ro in to
-* ro in en
U) on in VD
ro Q co in
in in m
in in oo m
CD CO (D f*7
CD ro in .N.
m en tn
< o co oj
G) ro in in
^ 01 in in
C\J S> 00 CD
OJ
ro
ro
C
o
z
a
s.
155
-------
.
in CM
^r u> TT UD
ro - ro ro
_, CO CO Gl
UJ
o
in
r^
^
U
O
in
N.
> "
s
in
(V
CM
CD
Ul
ro ro ro
ro CD in oo
ro co en en
ro ^ ro ro
ฉ co ro ro
ro ro to ro
ro ro co CD
CO
CD
UD
*
en
%
ro
CO
(S
co ro <
CM OJ
o
ex.
L9
cฃ tn cj
U Cu UJ
Z O CO
ซ a: 13
L3 tn
K XX
tn u
a. ui tn tn tn
ซ ro ro -H
*-; CD o co
-^ ro CD co en
?
ฃ
in
CD
K
o
a
tn
z
in cs in
en en en en
in ro in in
in en in in
oj ro oj oj
in in co ro
in in co T>
in ro in in
in en in in
ro co co co co
in tn tn tn
in in in in
co co eo co
co tn tn ro
CD in tn en
* eo co co
z
in
tn
OJ
en
OJ
in
en
oj
tn
in
co
co
u>
o
z
o
10
(J .-. . o O
156
-------
APPENDIX K
Analysis of Variance of Satellite Association - Rescan Group
Symbol Definitions:
(*),*,** = Statistically significant F-ratio p<.10, p<.05, p<.01,
respectively
(+),+ = Statistically significantly greater values for this group
than for its corresponding sex group p<.10, p<.05,
respectively
157
-------
-
-- ro N. en
in us in *tf
N. N- LTJ ffl
CM CO r\- in
cn rj cc* "
o
in
in
z:
o
m CM in !};
Ifl LO U3 *T
U3 CO (M
t-
^
X
1 1
Q
2
PJ
P-
ซ
^.j*
H
lO
CL
ง
ft:
CO
"X.
a
u
a)
ct
re
o
Li.
CK
O
Li.
Cn
^
pi
UJ
_J
CD
cn
tn
o
CL
6?
ป-*
K
in
u.
o
ง
X
13
to
UI
a
CO
UJ
rs
tn
UD --in
-)
2: O Q3
a r)
P XX
in o
Q- LU cn cn cn
^3 "~1 LU UJ UJ
C3 Ul h- t~ f
t-
o
o
tn in N-
-^ cn OD us
^r in co in
CD cs
ro -^f
co cn IJD ^
^r cn m -M
UD cn CD o
r\) cn in ro
oj cn in UD
rv f^- co iv
sr ro -^ oj
ro io ro ro
to
ฃ
P
tn
-z.
cr
z
to
a.
UJ IV CO IV
CM ro -sr
LU
UI _l
_i LJ a
LU cr _j ฃ
-J " <ฃ UI
CD
U)
_l
-------
co in CD
en uj CM
en
up en oj T (
M" ซ- iV f
l-J
CC
"
tn
UI UJ
ง
X
^
tn
UJ
ot
o
u.
A
CD
W
j (M rv
U3 (M G) ro U3
in us (^j ro rs-
ro
01
Q.
o-
ta
en
CL
Q
tD
Z
-*
P
LJ
LU t/1
in I-
CM U3
* in
(M
UJ
Q
Q
OL
g
in
rv
j__
C)
o
in
K
S
ฃ
in
iv
CD
UJ
1 1
tf
.%.
H
U
O
U)
g
in
CJ
o
in
N-
g
in
CD
UJ
Lu
Tf
IV
LJ
a
a!
H-
P
in
^f
ro
oa
_j
N- ^ ID in
Is- UJ ro uj
in in ^ in
uj h- uj r-
1 ro ^ co
in in u)
in rs- N. iv
r^- us -^ ro
CD CO Ch CO
^f in ro us
ro ro ro ro
CO G*l U) O^
N uj co ro
uj co N- en
^ in in
ro ro ro ro
en in UJ CD
CM U) UD ro
co OJ CD in
tf uj ro co
ro ro ro ro
in in T o
CM co ^ ro
in in M> s)
M r- \n uj
ro ro ro ro
in ^T ro en
in co in r^
ro ro ro ro
co en TJ co
en co ro -^r
in ^r ^ u>
ro ro ro ro
u> r*- co TV
^ _ ^
ซ oj ro ^T
UJ
LU -J
ui cc _i E
_j S a ui
a uj z! u.
ro
in
UJ
U)
^
IV
|V
TJ
IV
in
CD
ro
\D
en
(V
CO
IV
fs.
GJ
fv
m
^
ro
in
rg
ro
ro
rv
UJ
in
ro
tf
N-
in
ro
ro
m
r\.
ri
ro
TT
ro
in
ro
CO
UJ
-J
<ฃ
K
O
l_
o
v
E
H
H
159
-------
CM S> UD ^T
TJ- -7 CM ro
ซ> U> CM CO
CM ro m r*-
cr> in LO 1
s
U3
f. O) I\-
t cn i co
GO LTJ UD h-
. .
S> N.
r- <\j
mm
>
UJ
C3 S3 ^ "3
ro jj> ro f\j
CO LD ro if)
1
U5 UD ^f F
rn "& in
ro i^ co
1
^
U4
oa
<^
E '
tn
DL
o
K.
-
5
ex
LU
tv:
z
g
oo Ci ro r-
Ui IT) .FV7 C3
tJl CM CD CO
Cl CO '-' C5
o u) m cn
ro in CM
- r^ N- ro
en ro i\-
CD >xi -^ en
- to oj tn CD
iv r*>- t/i r^_
(M C\i n
-00
a)
I1
o
B
<-4
t-
160
-------
ro N. co oj
co in in oo
o
in
oj r*- in CM
(M ff\ (M CO to
^T ro ^f ^r ^t
ro CM co en
in in CM i^.
^ CS CTl *-
c\j ^ r^ in GD
in "5 cvj co co
OJ ' " 0s. <ฃ) Cft
-- U) ~ kD (M
ro -^ * ^ rr
LU
or
: sO fVJ U3 CO
CTt N. CO Pv
Sco ro co
in f\i
ป CTI) r*- N.
O U) (M
ID ro s co
to
o
0ฃ
CD
Z
g
in
Ul
Of
ฃ
O
B
in
P
%
UJ
ฃ
in
in
o
Q_
in
r-
Of.
UJ
o_
ro
u.
o
in
u
in
UJ
cn
UJ
0ฃ
in
er
A
UJ
CL
oe.
0
u.
UJ
_J
m
UJ
u
0ฃ
fฃ
fe
in
_j
i
5
fe
UJ
LJ
Oi
o
in
^s, _ i^ ^
ro cn ro
CD vo lo es
CM CM ^r
VD *~ in
CM
en
o
10
z
O r"
OL 10 o
U O. In
Z O CD
13 Ul
P XX
in u
o. ui in in cn
3 " ) tjj UJ Uj
is in t- I t-
^
^
CD
\0
M
ro
_j
fc
^
M 00 CM UJ CD
ro in in CD 10
in - CM co in en
ui in in r- in
in
r-
u
0
in
2
in
L3
rr
i-
LJ
O
evi CM ro es
^ oo in oo
^f ro in -^ ro
r^ cn rป- cn
in u) ro ro
ro co N. in
ro u3ro en in
in co in ID
4- +
-> ro ro r-
co in ID in
CM in u) ro CM
^ '^ ^ ff>
ro in ro r~
T u) T in
ro cn N- ro
r VD \D ID
^i ซ I .
^>
in
ro
00
W
>D
U)
u>
cn
U)
3
CO
U)
~~*
0)
fl)"
A
WV
O
i_r
rt
U.
tn
o
V
ฃ?
tn
0
u
c
J_
o
o
, H
LO
o
V
On
CA
c
o
Wl
(4
ฃX
I
CJ
1
H
H
C
ซ
Q
X
161
-------
a
Of.
i
in rป in
CD (M U)
cr> iv
in i
ID at in ro
ro in CD <\j I'D
in r>- rs. CM UD
in oo r-- CD in
CM r^ ro -* cj
LO
X
w
CO
^^
H
tn
CL
O
CD
2
U
tn
g
LL
O
CK
O
tn
z
LU
s
cn
8
&
Of
LU
CL
Ul
1
K
O
U.
0
1
$
IS
tn
Ul
o
tn
Ul
to
CT
3C
O
t
^
UD in
OJ
tn
Q_
:D
a
ct
LD
z:
CO
CL
Z> CO
0 h-
CK CO CJ
LD Q. LU
ID *-l
z am
- Di ID
CO CO
P XX
cn cj
Q_ LU CO CO CO
u *~i LU ly LJJ
(J CO h- H h-
^
ง
cn
cn
ro
ro
j
cc
H
P
tn
ZI
o
^
cc
LU
A
Q
CK
CT
o
z
ฃ
in
is.
^_
CJ
a
in
^
1
in
IS.
CD
LU
U-
1
r-
^_
LJ
O
1C
>
ฃ
in
r-
I-
o
in
r*.
>
ฃ
tn
iv
CD
UJ
LL
V
rv
u
o
tn
S
P
P
P
in
*t
ro
CM
^
_i
ฃ
P
in
ro
rvj
*
z:
tn
ci-
ts
cn
OJ
OJ
'
to
CD
CM
cn
^
to
GJ
ro
cn
in
""
U3
CM
N.
,
OD
to
_l
-------
oj uj ro to
en iv. r-- oj en
in ro r-- en
in t CM
in co vT in
in CD o '0
UD in co
w
o
s en rx. o
CM ro co ID
M M ro IN
co
OJ
co en co
-- CO J"l
CM
^
en
UJ Qj
CO S
< "
H z
^
UJ
a:
g
L.
f^
O
tf
g
Z
co
Z> **l U4 LU UJ
sss^s
(J 01 r- 1- t-
CM
CM
S
a>
.0
ro
^
^
h-
CO
UI
u.
rv- in CT> oj r-
_j co ro in en en
I- ~ _4 BJ CO
U) oj in
~* rv. rv. en
in in in co ro
CD ro
ro en o
oj T ro ^
in (v. ro oj
CO (V. ID CD
CO UJ OJ ^t
en in in en
-< ro ? co rv.
ซ cvj ro
01
o-
-
a
CO
en
CO
X
-------
in CM o in M
CTI co tn d
CM ~ 'ซ t\j
in in fr\ in
^T m in co in us
CD TT ป ^ U3
i r\j r\j M" N-
ro M" in sT PV- f-w
F-Rfl
>
IU
cu
UJ
u.
r-i r^i UD co N-
OJ --. CD CD CU
OJ r-J r~* nj r\i
co CD o ro ff1!
M CD m in
"x> en cvj in ro
eg t cvj f\j CM
J CM -* CM ^
o
tn
1U
0
CD
Ja^ fi
ro PO CM en
ro ua ro
ai TT tn CM
m co CD a rv
UJ
_J
CO
B
o
tn
i
r^- cvj CM en
03 \n CM CM
in o en ป-
>-< cvt -- rj
UD fv CD fv
Z ' -
KJ
01
Ul
B
-------
tD OD \D CD U>
tn in m N- N.
CD OH ^ 0 -*
5
in
co uj r-_ CM
ro yj in ^r
co uj -ซ
ro 01 ro
UJ 01 O1
CD
CO
CD
ro CM CD uj
^^ ro *-< iv
ro CM rr *t
in
IV
co
o
P
cc
CD 03 -
N. ro TT
ro ซ CD
CD IO UJ
u
13 n 1 1 1
13 -)
Z O CO
ce 3
u in
P XX
in u
Q. in en en in
o; o "- ' i
u tn t- i- 1-
01
01
in
CO
ro
ro
_i
c
o
tn
H
)<
CD
D,
E
0
O
e
H
*J
C
a
u
H
t4H
H
C
00
H
to
165
-------
CO CD CO N. 03
u) ro en uo
ro in N.
m r^- ro on
en
co
N. oj m T CD
en ป- -H ro in
^ ฉ ro in ro
g
cn ^ in IN. en
IT) CO IN- CM ^T
en ro in en uป
U-
>
UJ
A
TT co in co
cvj in -ซ oo
Oi
1
UJ
CQ
H
en
a.
a
a:
L3
z
-
ro iv oj ro U)
f ro in ro
en to CM
oo in CM "7 CM
o iv CM r--
ro ^ ^ CM MD
lo in
OJ
in
n
n
o
m
z
in -
a.
ID in
o H
oc in u
UJ ฃi_ UJ
z o ca
i a; :D
is en
P XX
in o
a. ui in en in
U r-) Ul UJ UJ
CD CD Z ฃ E
in in 1- 1- j-
^
rv
OJ
en
ro
ro
?
P
fo CD co en
iv ro ci in
in N. en in
rvi
en
ID
j.
^
in
u
CD
in
IV
5-
ฃ
in
CD
LU
U.
(V
CJ
o
jV en co
tn en co ro
in UD co ^t m
rป- j\- 1>- ^d~
OJ OJ OJ OJ
IN. en CD ^~
^ en en
^ en co *- *7
oj ro CM o-f
OJ OJ OJ OJ
oj in ro CM
en co us
ro ro m co
us ro* in tn
Od OJ OJ CM
ป>- t CM CSD
ro en o o
CM ^ ฉ CTl CO
in tu co co
OJ CM OJ OJ
*tf XT CO CM
ro en in ro
^ ^j- o o is-
is ro in CM
OJ PJ CM CM
S
U3
U)
CM
ro
in
CO
CM
OJ
en
CM
in
OJ
en
in
r^
CM
CO
en
CD
OJ
(U
o
2:
.-
tf>
o
V
&
l/>
(O
o
c
-r-4
f-l
to
ฃ*
e
o
(U
P
-H
H
+->
c
rJ
CO
U)
ฃ
P
X
(1)
CO
166
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA SHEET
BY EPA
167
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on ilie reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/1-78-054
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Chromosomal Aberrations in Peripheral Lymphocytes of
Students Exposed to Air Pollutants
5. REPORT DATE
August 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
7. AUTHOR(S)
Charles D. Scott and John A. Burkart
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Utah Biomedical Test Laboratory
University of Utah Research Institute
520 Wakara Way
Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA601
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1730
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
RTP,NC
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-600/11
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This research program was initiated with the overall objective of determining
whether or not photochemical air pollutants have the potential to cause chromosome
breakage in environmentally exposed individuals; if so, could chromosomal changes be
used as a biological indicator of exposure to certain environmental conditions in the
Los Angeles, CA basin.
256 incoming Freshmen students at the University of So. California were selected,
matched, and grouped by home address into in-basin males and females, and out-of-basin
males and females. Blood samples were collected from them at the following sampling
time: October 1974, February, May and October 1975, and May 1976. All slides were
analyzed in a double blind fashion, with 100 cells per student per sampling time being
scored. All 100 cells were analyzed for chromosome and chromatid aberrations; however,
only 25 cells of this 100 were counted for aneuploidy. Overall, in-basin males had
significantly more abnormal cells, breaks, and gaps than out-of-basin males. Females
showed the same trends but only for abnormal cells were the results borderline statis-
tically significant. Differences between the two groups of students were more pronoun-
ced at both October evaluations than at the February and May evaluations. Chromosome
abnormalities in general showed increases from October 1974 through May 1975 and then
decreased by October 1975. These changes followed similar trends in levels of carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
carbon monoxide
nitrogen oxides
ozone
chromosome abnormalities
air pollution
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
students
Los Angeles
California
06, F
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Reportj
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
177
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
168
------- |