EPA-600/1-78-035
May 1978
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CADMIUM AND
OTHER METALS IN HUMAN TISSUE
by
D.E. Johnson, R.J. Prevost, J.B. Tillery and R.E. Thomas
Southwest Research Institute
P.O. Drawer 28510
San Antonio, Texas 78284
Contract No. 68-02-1725
Project Officer
Warren Galke
Population Studies Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 277" L
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
The many benefits of our modern, developing, industrial society
are accompanied by certain hazards. Careful assessment of the relative
risk of existing and new man-made environmental hazards is necessary
for the establishment of sound regulatory policy. These regulations
serve to enhance the quality of our environment in order to promote the
public health and welfare and the productive capacity of our Nation's
population.
The Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
conducts a coordinated environmental health research program in toxicology,
epidemiology, and clinical studies using human volunteer subjects.
These studies address problems in air pollution, non-ionizing
radiation, environmental carcinogenesis and the toxicology of pesticides
as well as other chemical pollutants. The Laboratory participates in
the development and revision of air quality criteria documents on
pollutants for which national ambient air quality standards exist or
are proposed, provides the data for registration of new pesticides or
proposed suspension of those already in use, conducts research on
hazardous and toxic materials, and is primarily responsible for providing
the health basis for non-ionizing radiation standards. Direct support
to the regulatory function of the Agency is provided in the form of
expert testimony and preparation of affidavits as well as expert advice
to the Administrator to assure the adequacy of health care and surveillance
of persons having suffered imminent and substantial endangerment of
their health.
Due to the severe neurologic and renal effects of cadmium observed
in Japan and its presence in cigarettes and wastewater sludges, increased
attention has been focused on this pollutant. Since little was known
about typical levels of cadmium in the tissues of americans not
occupationally exposed to cadmium, an epidemiologic study was designed
and conducted to provide an estimate of those levels as well as an
estimate of the daily intake of cadmium. This report presents the results
of that study.
F. G. Hueter, Ph. D.
Acting Director,
Health Effects Research Laboratory
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. General Information 1
B. Role of this Project in Cadmium
Knowledge 2
II. METHODS 4
A. Analytical Methods Development 4
1. Cadmium Methodology 4
2. Instrumentation 4
3. Reagents 5
4. Contamination Control 6
5. Methodology Studies 7
6. Methodologies 10
a. Sample Preparation of Autopsy
Tissues 10
b. Sample Preparation of Live-
Volunteer Samples 14
c . Sample Analysis of Autopsy
Tissue Samples 15
d. Sample Analysis of Live-
Volunteer Samples 23
7. Quality Control 23
B. International Cadmium Study Group's
Round Robin 24
1. Purpose 24
2. Samples 24
3. Procedures 24
4. Results 25
C. Design of the Study 30
1. Components of the Study 30
2. Data Collected 31
-IV-
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Table of Contents (cont'd.)
D. Selection of Study Location 31
1. Location Selected for Study 31
a. Selection Criteria 31
b. Selection of the Study Site 32
E. Design of Autopsy Study 32
1. Specification of Target Population 32
2. Arrangements with the Medical
Examiner's Office 33
3. Sample Collection, Storage, and
Analysis 33
a. Collection 33
b. Storage and Shipping 35
c. Analysis 35
4. Background Information 35
a. Requirements for Information 35
b. Information Collection Methods 36
5. Statistical Methods 36
F. Design of Live-Volunteer Study 40
1, Specification of Target Population 40
2. Recruitment of Volunteer Participants 40
3. Sample Collection, Storage, Shipping
and Analysis 46
a. Collection 46
b. Storage 47
c. Shipment 47
d. Analysis 47
4. Questionnaire 48
a. Questionnaire Form Development 48
b. Questionnaire Administration 48
5. Statistical Methods 51
-v-
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Table of Contents (cont'd. )
III. RESULTS
A. Autopsy Study
1. Target Cell Size 52
2. Questionnaire Data 52
3. Single Tissue Results 53
a. Kidney 53
i. Cadmium 53
ii. Lead 55
iii. Mercury 60
iv. Zinc 63
v. Summary of kidney
results 66
b. Liver 66
i. Cadmium 66
ii. Lead 70
iii. Mercury 73
iv. Zinc 73
v. Summary of liver
results 77
c. Muscle 80
i. Cadmium 80
ii. Lead 80
iii. Mercury 84
iv. Zinc 88
v. Summary of muscle
results 91
d. Pancreas 91
i. Cadrrmim 91
ii. Lead 95
iii. Mercury 98
iv. Zinc 98
v. Summary of pancreas
results 102
-vi-
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Table of Contents (Cont'd)
Page
e. Fat 105
i. Cadmium 105
ii. Lead 108
iii. Mercury 108
iv. Zinc 113
3. Multi-Tissue Results 116
a. Cadmium 116
b. Lead 116
c. Mercury 117
d. Zinc 117
B. Live Volunteer Study 117
1. Recruitment Activities 117
2. Questionnaire Data 118
3. Living Subjects 120
a. Feces 120
b. Urine 123
4. Interrelationship Between Feces
and Urine for Cadmium Content 126
IV. DISCUSSION 127
A. Comparison of this Study to Other
U.S. Studies 127
B. Comparison with Foreign Studies 128
C. Body Burden of Cadmium 129
V. CONCLUSIONS 137
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS 139
-vu-
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Table of Contents (Cont'd)
Pace
Appendix A - EPA Cadmium Study 140
Protocol for Collection of Urine & Feces
Sample s
Appendix B - Volunteer's Informed Consent Form 148
Appendix C - Justification of Cadmium Questionnaire 151
Appendix D - International Cd Study Group's 159
Collaborative Test Eesuits
Appendix E - SwRI's Cd Data and Methodologies 171
Submitted to International Cd Study Group
Collaborative Test
Appendix F - Autopsy Tissue Cadmium Raw Data 181
Appendix G - Autopsy Tissue Lead Raw Data 192
Appendix H - Autopsy Tissue Zinc Raw Data 203
Appendix I - Autopsy Tissues Mercury Raw Data 214
Appendix J - Living Subjects Cd Raw Data 225
References 231
-via-
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Page
1, Cadmium Standards for Muscle Tissue
HGA-2000 Graphite Furnace Peak Height vs
Concentration 17
2. Lead Standards for Kidney Tissue. HGA-2000
Graphite Furnace. Peak Height vs Concentration 18
3. Cadmium Standards for Kidney Tissue. Air-
Acetylene Flame. Peak Height vs Concentration 19
4. Zinc Standards for Kidney. Air-Acetylene Flame.
Peak Height vs Concentration 20
5. Mercury Standards for Kidney Tissue. Cold-
Vapor Technique. Peak Height vs Concentration 21
6. Project Information Sheet 37
7. International Cadmium Study 41
8. Sample Information Sheet for Volunteer
Recruitment 42
9. More Participants Needed Sheet 45
10. Cadmium Questionnaire 49
11. Cadmium Concentration in Kidney vs Age Group 56
12. Lead Concentration in Kidney vs Age Group 58
13. Mercury Concentration in Kidney Tissue vs
Age Group 61
14. Zinc Concentration in Pancreas vs Age Group 64
15. Cadmium Concentration in Liver vs Age Croup 68
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List of Figures (Cont'd. )
Figure Numb"" Page
16. Lead Concentration in Liver vs Age Group 71
17. Mercury Concentration in Liver vs Age Group 74
18. Zinc Concentration in Liver vs Age Group 76
19. Cadmium Concentration in Muscle vs Age
Group 81
20. Lead Concentration in Muscle Tissue vs
Age Group 83
21. Mercury Concentration in Muscle Tissue vs
Age Group 86
22. Zinc Concentration in Muscle Tissue vs Age
Group 89
23. Cadmium Concentration in Pancreas vs. Age
Group 93
24. Lead Concentration in Pancreas Tissue vs
Age Group 96
25. Mercury Concentration in Pancreas Tissue vs
Age Group 99
26. Zinc Concentration in Pancreas Tissue vs
Age Group 101
27. Cadmium Concentration in Fat Tissue vs
Age Group 106
28. Lead Concentration in Fat Tissue vs Age
Group 109
29. Mercury Concentration in Fat Tissue vs
Age Group 111
30. Zinc Concentration in Fat Tissue vs Age
Group 114
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List of Figures (Cont'd)
Figure Number Page
31. Cadmium Concentration in Feces vs Age
Group 121
32. Cadmium Concentration in Urine vs Age
Group 124
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Page
1. Cadmium: Comparison of Direct vs Extracted
Analysis of Tissue Digest Solutions 8
2. Cadmium: Comparison of Low Temperaturing
Ashing with Teflon Bomb Digestion of Tissues 9
3. Cadmium: Comparison of Teflon Bomb Digest
vs Wet Digest of Non-Homogenized Fat Tissue 11
4. Cadmium: Comparison of Homogenized vs
Non-Homogenized Fat Tissue 12
5. Analytical Parameters 16
6. Sensitivity, Limit of Detection and Precision of
each Metal-Matrix Combination 22
7. Laboratories Participating in the International
Collaborative Cadmium Study 26
8. Laboratory Variation and Relative SwRI
Agreement in International Collaborative
Cadmium Study 27
9. Laboratory Variation and Relative SwRI Agree-
ment by Sa.mple Block 28
10. Summary of Chronic Illnesses Reported for
Autopsy Cases 54
11. Statistical Summary for Cadmium in Kidney
Tissue 57
12. Statistical Summary for Lead in Kidney Tissue 59
13. Statistical Summary for Mercury in Kidney
Tissue 62
14. Statistical Summary for Zinc in Kidney Tissue 65
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List of Tables (cont'd)
Table Number Page
15. Summary of Results on Kidney Tissue 67
16. Statistical Summary for Cadmium in
Liver Tissue 69
17. Statistical Summary for Lead in Liver Tissue 72
18. Statistical Summary for Mercury in Liver
Tissue 75
19. Statistical Summary for Zinc in Liver Tissue 78
20. Summary of Results on Liver Tissue 79
21. Statistical Summary for Cadmium in Muscle
Tissue 82
22. Statistical Summary for Lead in Muscle Tissue 85
23. Statistical Summary for Mercury in Muscle
Tissue 87
24. Statistical Summary for Zinc in Muscle Tissue 90
25. Summary of Results on Muscle Tissue 92
26. Statistical Summary for Cadmium in Pancreas
Tissue 94
27. Statistical Summary for Lead in Pancreas
Tissue 97
28. Statistical Summary for Mercury in Pancreas
Tissue 100
29. Statistical Summary for Zinc in Pancreas
Tissue 103
30. Summary of Results on Pancreas Tissue 104
31. Statistical Summary for Cadmium in Fat
Tissue 107
XI ll
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List of Tables (cont'd.)
Table Number Page
32. Statistical Summary for Lead in Fat Tissue 110
33. Statistical Summary for Mercury in Fat
Tissue 112
34. Statistical Summary for Zinc in Fat Tissue 115
35. Summary of Chronic Illnesses Reported for
Living Subjects 119
36. Statistical Summary for Cadmium in Feces 122
37. Statistical Summary for Cadmium in Urine 125
38. Body Burden of Cadmium for Standard Man
Ages 10-19 131
39. Body Burden of Cadmium for Standard Man
Ages 20-29 132
40. Body Burden of Cadmium for Standard Man
Ages 30-39 133
41. Body Burden of Cadmium for Standard Man
Ages 40-49 134
42. Body Burden of Cadmium for Standard Man
Ages 50-59 135
43. Comparative Body Burdens of Cadmium for
Smokers and Non-smokers, Standard Man
Between 30 and 49 Years of Age 136
XIV
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A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The cooperation of the Southwestern Institute of Forensic
Sciences of Dallas, Dr. Charles S. Petty, M. D., Director, is
gratefully acknowledged. We are particularly indebted to Ms.
Mildred Odell, Administrative Assistant for her cooperation in
the collection and shipment of tissue specimens for this project.
XV
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I. INTRODUCTION
A. General Information
The health effects of exposure to cadmium have received con-
siderable attention over the past several years. Cadmium has been
n ? \
shown for many years to be highly toxic to man* ' '. The risk from
occupational exposiire to cadmium emissions has been documented and
studied for several years' ''. These efforts have included the develop-
ment of methodology to monitor and laws to regulate the maximum
exposure to cadmium. The effects of exposure of cadmium in the
general population have received considerable attention because of
the occurrence of Itai-Itai disease and the high prevalence of proteinuna
in areas of Japan with high exposures to cadmium^' '. Cadmium has
also been suggested as a cause of cardio-vascular diseases and hyper-
tension' ' '. Acute exposure to relatively high levels of cadmium in
air can produce a lethal pneumonitis whereas chronic exposure to lower
air levels may produce primarily emphysema and proteinuria'"/. The
acute exposure to this metal via food causes vomitting, diarrhea and
abdominal pain'°/. The production of tubular proteinuria in man has
been shown to occur following long term daily cadmium levels in food
of the order of 200 to 300 ng/day(°). Estimates of daily dietary intake
of cadmium in the United States have been reported to range between
20 and 130 |J.g(10' n)«
It has been reported that the body burden of humans for cadmium
increases with age from virtually none at birth to about 30 mg in the
fifth decade of life' ^'. It has also been reported that only approximately
5 per cent of the cadmium taken orally is absorbed, while up to 50 per
cent may be absorbed when inhaled. Tobacco smoking contributes some
additional quantities of cadmium via the respiratory route. Cadmium
tends to accumulate in renal tissue and to lesser extent in liver. It
has been proposed that measurement of cadmium in these two tissues
should provide a useful indicator of total cadmium exposure and accumu-
lation during life. This apparently is valid so long as renal and hepatic
diseases are excluded and correction for age is considered* ).
Measurement for cadmium in urine and blood provides a useful indicator
of recent exposure to cadmium. Measurement of cadmium in feces pro-
vides a useful indication of the quantities of cadmium consumed daily since,
as mentioned above, only about 5 per cent of the oral dose is absorbed with
the remaining 95 per cent carried through in the feces. An excellent review
of the health effects and biological involvement or cadmium can be found in
the book by Friberg, Piscator, and Nordberg entitled, Cadmium in the
Environment^ '. This book documents the available data as of 1971 on
cadmium regarding its analysis, metabolism, tissue distribution and toxicity.
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B. Role of this Project in Cadmium Knowledge
At a meeting held in Hawaii in 1971 between Japanese and United
States scientists, cadr ium health effects research was discussed.
Because a Swedish research group was at that time reviewing the health
effects of cadmium under a contract from the Environmental Protection
Agency, the concept of a three-country cooperative study on cadmium
was initiated. A detailed protocol for this cooperative study was
designed at a subsequent meeting in Tokyo in 1972. The effort in this
report is a part of this cooperative study between research institutes in
Japan, Sweden, and the USA (EPA and SwRI). When the study was
planned, little valid data on the daily intake of cadmium were available.
However, it was known that the industrial usage of cadmium in the United
States had doubled every decade since the beginning of this century. It
is also known that very little cadmium is recycled, which indicates a high
percentage of it is probably lost to the environment. The participation
of this laboratory in the cooperative study involved:
1. the validation of analytical methods for measure-
ment of cadmium in a variety of biological matrices
2. estimation of body burdens based on measurements
of liver, kidney cortex, pancreas, muscle, and fat
from autopsy specimens of cases of sudden and
accidental decith
3. examinations of the relationships between daily
intake and urinary cadmium by measurement of
cadmium in feces and urine of study participants.
Studies involving autopsy tissue from accidental deaths are much
more meaningful than those involving autopsy cases of deaths from natural
cases. The latter approach suffers from bias since it generally results in
an older population being studied. The incidence of disease among those
individuals is higher, also, and there is frequently the involvement of
medication. As a result, this group could not be considered as representa-
tive of the general population as the cases from accidental causes.
This study was designed to examine the relationship between cadmium
body burdens and age in five tissues collected at autopsy and in the same
metropolitan area living subjects with similar age, sex, and socioeconomic
characteristics were to be examined for cadmium in urine and feces samples.
The study was to include an estimate of individual variability. The autopsy
samples were to be collected following sudden or accidential death of
individuals living in a single metropolitan area with no known point sources
of cadmium. The living participants were to be recruited from those
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individuals without occupational exposure to cadmium. The study as
mentioned above also includes an examination of the methodologies used
in a collaborative test program involving both Japan and Sweden. The
results presented here will form a portion of the collaborative study to
be reported elsewhere.
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II. METHODS
A. Analytical Methods Development
1. Cadmium Methodology
There are a number of atomic absorption spectrophotometric
(AAS) procedures in the literature for determining Cd and other metals in
biological tissues. Although some of these methods have attempted to
determine the metal directly in the tissue--without any pretreatment--
the more successful procedures rely upon some type of pretreatment to
release the metals from the tissue matrix. This preparation usually
consists of either wet or dry ashing of the sample matrix followed by
solubilization. The resulting solution is homogeneous with respect to the
analyte metals.
Both wet and dry ashing have advantages but a relatively new
technique has been examined for preparing the various tissues examined
in this study for trace metal analyses. This technique is low temperature
ashing using an excited 02 plasma under reduced pressure to oxidize
the biological matrices to a powdered ash containing the analytical metals
of interest. The most advantageous feature of low temperature ashing is
the fact that during the ashing process the temperature of the sample never
gets above 200°C; this very effectively prevents losses of the more volatile
metals (Cd) associated with other wet and dry ashing procedures.
Because this low temperature ashing technique is relatively
new, several other studies were made to determine how it compared with the
more conventional wet ashing techniques used in preparing biological tissues
for trace metal analyses.
Another technique of AAS has become very popular in recent
years and that is the "flameless" mode of analysis using an electrically
heated graphite furnace. Some work has been done with determining Cd
and other metals in biological matrices using this flameless AAS technique.
It appears to be the method of choice for particular tissues (e.g. muscle)
where the trace metal concentrations are extremely low.
2. Instrumentation
All analyses were performed on either a Perkin-Elmer model
503 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) or a Perkin-Elmer model
306 AAS. The Model 306 AAS is modified (Perkin-Elmer modification kit
No. 040-0286) to reduce "stray light" from reaching the photomultiplier
tube during operation of the flameless sampling devices.
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Both AAS units are equipped with a Deuterium-arc background
corrector which corrects for non-specific absorption. The background
corrector was routinely used on all analyses. There was no difference in
analytical data produced on either of these instruments.
Absorption peaks were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Model
056 Recorder with a lOmv range.
Flameless analyses were performed with the following graphite
tube furnaces: (1) a Perkin-Elmer HGA-2100 with the Model 503 AAS,
(2) a Perkin-Elmer HGA-2000 with the Model 306 AAS, and (3) an Instru-
mentation Laboratory IL-455 with the Model 306 AAS. Flame analyses on
both AAS units were by air-acetylene flames using a single-slot, 10-cm
Burner Head (Perkin-Elmer Model 303-0418).
A LFE Corp. (Waltham, Mass.) Model LTA-505 Low Temperature
Asher was used to ash the tissue samples using an oxygen plasma under
reduced pressure.
Calculation of analytical curves, regression analysis and con-
centrations were performed on a Hewlett-Packard Programmable Calculator
Model 9810A.
A Virtis "45" Homogenizer (Fischer Scientific, Houston, Texas)
with stainless steel blades was used to homogenize the tissue samples.
Mercury analyses were performed with a UV Monitor Model
1235 (Laboratory Data Control, River Beach, Florida).
3. Reagents
Nitric acid (65%) used for sample preservation and ash
solubilization is of the highest purity (Suprapur TM, EM. Laboratories, Inc. ,
Elmsford, N.Y.). All other acids used are analytical grade (J. T. Baker Co.,
Phillipsburg, N. J.) unless otherwise noted.
Metal standard solutions (1000 ppm) are from Fischer Scientific
(Houston, Texas) and Ventron Corp. (San Leandro, Calif. ).
Organic solvents decane and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)
are from Eastman Kodak (Rochester, N. Y. ).
The chelating reagent, ammonium py: rolidinedithiocarbamate
(APDC) is from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis. ).
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Triton X-100 surfactant is from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg,
New Jersey).
Other reagents or chemicals used in this study are all analytical
grade.
4. Contamination Control
A major problem in trace metal analysis is contamination of
glassware, reagents and samples with the metal(s) being analyzed. Mini-
mizing this problem requires an extensive control program involving glass-
ware cleaning, protection, and quality control measures.
Cleaning - all glassware and polyethylene containers that
come in contact with samples or reagents are cleaned by the following
procedure: Items are washed thoroughly with a laboratory detergent
(Alconox, Inc., New York) in tap water. The clean glassware is rinsed
with deionized water and placed in an acid vat containing HNO3(1:1) and
allowed to soak for 6 to 18 hours. Clean polyethylene containers are also
placed in the acid vat but are removed after 4 to 6 hours. After acid soak-
ing, the items are rinsed thoroughly with deionized water and placed in a
drying oven until dry. The dry items are placed in a dust-free area and
allowed to cool. Polyethylene containers are capped and sealed in poly-
ethylene bags until ready for use. Glassware is returned to its proper
container (see below) and stored in glassware cabinets until ready for use.
Protection - all glassware items are kept in polyethylene
containers to minimize exposure to dust in the laboratory. Each container
is numbered and contains one type of glassware (i.e. watchglasses, 5-ml
volumetric flask, etc. ). When all the glassware in a container has been
used, it is returned to that container and carried through the washing
procedure (see above) as a unit. While the glassware is being washed
the container is also washed. Once the glassware has completed the wash
cycle and dried, it is returned to the proper container. Several items
(3 to 7) of glassware are removed from the container at this time for quality
control checks.
Quality Control - the number of each container of glassware
going through the wash cycle is entered into a log book. Other information,
such as name of technician performing washing procedure, type of glassware,
length of acid-soaking, etc. , are also recorded in this log book. This allows
the glassware removed for quality control checks to be identified with a
particular set of glassware being used in the laboratory. The glassware
removed for quality control purposes is checked by rinsing with a known
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volume of 0. IN HNC>3 and comparing with the same acid that has not been
used for rinsing. Normally one metal (Cd) is used for quality control checks
but other metals may also be included if needed. The graphite furnace (AAS)
is used for quality control analysis. Glassware which shows a significant
difference between the used and unused rinsing acids metal content is
referred back to the container number from which it came. That container
is then returned to the washroom and the wash cycle repeated on all its
glassware.
5. Methodology Studies
Interferences from high salt concentration on Cd determinations
by flame (air/acetylene) AAS have been reported in the literature for some
biological samples.
To determine the effect of indigenous salt concentrations in
each of the tissues upon their Cd determinations, a study was designed to
compare the direct analysis of the ashed tissue solution with an extracted
aliquot of those solutions. Seven samples from each tissue-type (except
fat) were analyzed for Cd by the procedures detailed later. Also a 5-ml
aliquot of the ashed tissue solution was extracted 1:1 with an APDC-MIBK
extration procedure, which includes a pH adjustment to 7. Table 1 summarizes
the results. The extracted Cd mean for each tissue is slightly less than the
direct Cd mean. Applying a t-test to these means indicates there is no
significant difference between them. Therefore, there is no interference
on the Cd determinations by the natural concentration of salt in the tissues
when analyzed by these procedures.
To determine if the low temperature ashing method would provide
consistent results for a volatile element like Cd, an evaluation of the low
temperature ashing procedures (described later) used for the preparation
of the autopsy tissue samples was performed. Replicate, homogenized
samples of each tissue type (except fat) were analyzed for Cd after being
prepared by (1) the low temperature ashing procedures and (2) by -wet-
digestion in a closed Teflon bomb system using HNC"3 acid. The results
are given in Table 2. For each tissue type the between-replicate variation
is higher with the Teflon bomb digestion. Muscle, liver, and kidney by the
Teflon bomb gave consistently lower Cd values than the low temperature ash-
ing method. The results for pancreas tissue are the same using either method.
Since there is less between-replicate variation with the low
temperature ashing procedure and fewer procedural steps involved, the low
temperature ashing provides 2. more efficient system for preparing tissue
samples for trace metal analysis.
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Of the five types of tissue examined in this project only the
fat tissue resisted oxidation in the low temperature asher (LTA). After
48 hours, a 0. 5 gram portion of fat tissue showed no signs of ashing with
a forward power setting on the LTA of 450-500 watts (maximum).
Therefore, a study was made comparing an "open" digestion
procedure with a "closed" Teflon bomb digestion to determine which method
would be more suited to this project. The wet digestion procedure used is
detailed later under Methodologies. The Teflon-bomb procedure consisted
of weighing 0. 5 gm of fat tissue into a Teflon-bomb and adding 5-ml of
HNO3 (Suprapur) and heating on a hot plate (100°C) for 2 hours. The
digestate is filtered and the filtrate made up to 10-ml with 0. 01N HNO3.
The results are summarized in Table 3. Two different fat samples were
used in this study.
Even though the relative Cd concentrations for each tissue are
significantly different, the precisions are relatively close. If one outlie:
(0. 026) in the wet digestion is discarded, the CV for this procedure beco nes
47.6% which is the same as the Teflon bomb procedure (47.8%). The Teflon
bomb did not give a completely digested sample even after extensive digestion
times (6 to 8 hours) and the use of HC1O4. The bomb digestion method was
discarded in favor of the wet digestion procedure since the time required
by either method was similar and the wet procedure gave a completely
digested sample.
Another problem encountered with the fat tissue was the time
required to obtain a homogeneous sample with the Virtis "45" homogenizer.
Homogenization of the fat tissue required approximately 4 hours per sample.
This time was not acceptable to meet contract completion dates and the
stress placed on the homogenizer was too great (overheating and motor
failure). To evaluate the amount of precision in the analytical data that
would be lost by using non-homogenized fat tissues, a comparison study
was performed using Cd as the analyte. Table 4 gives the results of this
study. There is a significant difference between the homogenized and non-
homogenized fat samples with respect to Cd.
6. Methodologies
a. Sample Preparation of Autopsy Tissues
Preparation of kidney, liver, muscle, and pancreas
tissues followed the same basic procedure for all metals except Hg. The
frozen tissue was allowed to thaw completely before a 5- to 15-gram portion
was removed using stainless steel surgical scissors. The tissue was weighed
directly into a Pyrex homogenization flask (10 to 50-ml) and an equivalent
volume of metal-free water was added to aid the homogenization.
10
-------
TABLE 3 . CADMIUM: COMPARISON OF TEFLON BOMB DIGEST vs
WET DIGEST OF NON-HOMOGENIZED FAT TISSUE
Teflon Bomb Wet Digest
mean
st. dev.
CV%
0.085
0.049
0.027
0.085
0.152
0.101
0.130
0.090
0.043
47.8%
0.009
0.016
0.017
0.009
0.008
0.004
0.026
0.013
0.007
53.8%
11
-------
TABLE 4 . CADMIUM: COMPARISON OF HOMOGENIZED vs
NON-HOMOGENIZED FAT TISSUE
Homogenized Non-Homogenized
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Mean
SD
RSD
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
47
085
049
027
085
152
101
130
090
043
.78%
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
70
017
058
047
096
035
005
093
050
035
.0%
12
-------
Various homogenization times were required for each
type of tissue. They range from 3 minutes for liver tissue to 4 hours for
fat tissue. An aliquot of the homogenate (1 to 3 grams) was weighed into
a tared Pyrex ashing-boat and placed in a vacuum oven at 75 °C until the
sample was completely dry. Then it was placed in a dessicator, allowed
to cool, and weighed before being placed in the low temperature asher
(LTA-505).
Each tissue type required different ashing times to
completely ash the sample. The optimum ashing times for each tissue
matrix were determined by ashing a series of tissue samples for specific
time intervals until a constant ash weight was obtained and the ash had a
uniform appearance. A safety time-factor was added to that time interval
required for complete ashing. This became the ashing time used for that
sample matrix. If sample weight or asher parameters were varied, then
a new ashing time was determined by this procedure.
Ashing parameters were maintained at 35cc per minute
03 and 400 to 500 watts forward power, depending upon the sample matrix
being ashed. Periodic checks were made upon the low temperature ashers
performance by ashing a carbon rod of known weight and determining the
weight loss after prescribed ashing time. The manufacturer's manual
gives the weight losses necessary for correct operation of the asher unit.
Once the samples had ashed for the prescribed length
of time, they were removed from the asher chamber and 1 ml of 65%
HNO3 (Suprapur) was added to dissolve the ash. The dissolved ash was
quantitatively filtered through a pre-washed (0. 01N HNO3) glass-fiber
f.lter (Reaves Angel, Whatman, Inc., Clifton, N. J. ) and the filtrate
collected in 10 ml volumetric flask. The sample was made to 1 0 mis
with 0. 01N HNO3 and analyzed by AAS.
Fat samples -were not homogenized. Approximately 1 gm
of fat was removed from the bulk sample with stainless steel scissors and
weighed directly into a 250 ml Vycor beaker. Twenty-five milliliters of
65% HNO3 (Suprapur) were added and the sample was placed on a hot plate
(90°C) and allowed to digest for approximately 3 to 4 hours just below the
boiling point of the solution. The sample was placed on another hot plate
(150°C) and the digestion continued while the volume was reduced by evapora-
tion. When approximately 5 to 10 ml of sample remained, the beaker was
removed from the hot plate and 5 ml of 70% HC1C>4 (Suprapur) was carefully
added. The sample was returned to the hotplate (15°°C) and the digestion
continued for 1 to 2 hours.
13
-------
If a clear, amber -colored digest solution, was not evident
at this point, another 5 mis of HC1O4 was added and the digestion continued
for another hour. If a cl^ar, amber-colored solution did not result from
this second addition of HC1O4, the sample was removed from the hot plate,
allowed to cool, and 25 ml of HNO3 added. The digestion procedure was
then repeated.
After the sample was digested and had been evaporated
to approximately 5 ml (never allowing sample to go to dryness) it was allowed
to cool and quantitatively transferred to a 25 ml volumetric flask. Nitric acid
(0. 01N) was used to make the volume to 25 mis. At this point, the sample was
ready for analysis by AAS.
Preparation of the autopsy tissues for Hg analysis started
with the homogenized sample for all tissues except fat. Mercury determina-
tions were made on non-homogenized fat samples.
A 1 - to 4-g portion of the homogenized tissues or Ig of fat
tissue was weighed into a 2. 5-cm x 13. 0-cm digestion tube with a 24/40
ground glass joint. Five nils of HC1O4: HNC>3 (5:1) were added followed by
1 ml of KMnO^ (5%). The sc.mple was mixed and placed in a water bath
(75 °C) for 20 minutes. Fat samples were left in the water bath for 2 hours.
Tissue samples, other than fat, were removed and allowed
to cool before adding 10 ml of deionized water and 1 ml of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride (50%). Fat samples were maintained at 75 °C in the water
bath while 10 ml of deionized water and 1 ml of hydroxylamine hydrochloride
(50%) were added. The digestion tubes were swirled to mix the reagents.
The samples (including fat) were ready for Hg determination by the cold
vapor technique.
b. Sample Preparation of Live-Volunteer Samples
Feces sa,mples were prepared for Cd analysis by digesting
with H;>SO4 - H^O?. A 5-g portion of the well-mixed feces sample was weighed
into a 250-ml Pyrex beaker and 30-ml of H2SO4 added. The sample was
digested for 15 to 20 minutes at room temperature (exothermic reaction)
before 10 ml of H2C>2 (30%) was added. After a few minutes, the feces was
completely digested (clear {solution).
The beaker was placed in an ice bath to cool for several
minutes then the digest was quantitatively transferred to a 100-ml volumetric
flask. Deionized water was; used touring the volume to 100 mis. The flask
was cooled in an ice bath, and 10 mis of diluted digest was pipetted into a 20-ml
14
-------
screw cap centrifuge tube and 05 mis of 0.5M KI solution added. One
milliliter of Amberlite LA-2 (Rohm & Haas, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.)
in decane (1%) was added and the sample was vigorously shaken for 30
seconds. The sample was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2500 RPM and the
organic solvent (top layer) removed to a small glass vial. Cadmium
analysis was performed on this extract using flame (air-acetylene) AAS.
Urine samples acidified (1% v/v) with HNC>3 (analytical
grade) at the time of collection were thoroughly mixed and a 10-ml aliquot
removed for Cd analysis.
The 10-ml urine aliquot was placed in a 20-ml screw
cap centrifuge tube and the pH adjusted to 7 with NtLjOH. One ml of 0. 05M
Trizma buffer (pH 7. 0) (Sigma Chemical Co. , St. Louis, Mo. ) was added
and the sample was mixed on a Vortex shaker for 1 minute. The Cd was
chelated by adding 1 ml of a chelating solution consisting of 2% A PDC in
2% Triton X-100. Next, 1 ml of MIBK (water saturated) was added and the
sample was shaken vigorously for 1 minute, then centrifuged at 2500 RPM
for 10 minutes. The MIBK solvent (top layer) containing the chelated Cd
was removed and placed in a small glass vial. This extract was then ready
for Cd analysis by flameless AAS.
c. Sample Analysis of Autopsy Tissue Samples
The prepared autopsy samples were analyzed for Cd,
Pb, and Zn by flame AAS or flameless AAS. The cold-vapor AAS technique
was used for all Hg determinations.
Table 5 gives the method of AAS analysis and the parameters
for each metal-matrix combination.
Autopsy tissue samples were quantitated by analyzing
aqueous spiked standards containing the same acid concentration as the
diluted ash samples. An analytical curve was determined by least squares
regression of peak height vs. concentration using a Hewlett-Packard Model
981 OA programmable calculator. Figures 1 through 5 illustrate the analytical
curves used to calculate the sample concentrations.
The calculator program allows the reagent blank to be
automatically subtracted out and the peak heights and weights of the unknown
samples (autopsy tissue and feces) entered so that the concentration of analyte
metal will be expressed as fig/gram of wet weight.
Table 6 gives the sensitivity, limit of detection, precision,
and recovery for each metal-matrix combination using each of the analytical
techniques developed above.
15
-------
TABLE 5 . ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS
Tissue Parameters
AAS Technique
Kidney Type of Sample
Dilution Factor
Cadmium
= Z28.8nm
flame
aqueous
none
Lead
= Z83.3nm
flame less
aqueous
none
Zinc
__= 213.9nm
flame
aqueous
6 & 11
Mercury
__= 253. 7nm
cold-vapor
aqueous
none
AAS Technique flameless flameless
Muscle Type of Sample aqueous aqueous
Dilution Factor none none
flame
aqueous
41
cold-vapor
aqueous
none
AAS Technique flame
Liver Type of Sample aqueous
Dilution Factor none
flameless
aqueous
none
flame
aqueous
21
cold-vapor
aqueous
none
Pancreas
Fat
AAS Technique
Type of Sample
Dilution Factor
AAS Technique
Type of Sample
Dilution Factor
flame
aqueous
none
flameless
aqueous
none
flameless
aqueous
none
flameless
aqueous
none
flame
aqueous
11
flame
aqueous
none
cold-vapor
aqueous
none
cold-vapor
aqueous
none
AAS Technique flame
Feces Type of Sample extract
Dilution Factor none
AAS Technique flameless
Urine Type of Sample extract
Dilution Factor none
16
-------
FIGURE 1 . CADMIUM STANDARDS FOR MUSCLE TISSUE,
HGA-2000 GRAPHITE FURNACE, PEAK HEIGHT vs CONCENTRATION
240
-210..
.03
17
-------
FIGURE 2 . LEAD STANDARDS FOR KIDNEY TISSUE. HGA-2000
GRAPHITE FURNACE. PEAK HEIGHT vs CONCENTRATION.
2401
210
180
150..
m.m.
120
90
30
2.5
3.0
18
-------
FIGURE 3 . CADMIUM STANDARDS FOR KIDNEY TISSUE. AIR-
ACETYLENE FLAME. PEAK HEIGHT vs CONCENTRATION.
210..
180
1.50
19
-------
FIGURE 4 . ZINC STANDARDS FOR KIDNEY. AIR-ACETYLENE
FLAME. PEAK HEIGHT vs CONCENTRATION. -
240 J.
210
30
1.50
20
-------
FIGURE 5 . MERCURY STANDARDS FOR KIDNEY TISSUE.
COLD-VAPOR TECHNIQUE. PEAK HEIGHT vs CONCENTRATION.
160 --
140 --
120--
100-
0. 125 0. 150
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22
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Sensitivity is defined as that concentration of analyte in
the digest solution which will give an absorption of 0. 0044 absorbance
units (Ifo absorption).
Limit of detection is defined as that concentration of
analyte which will give an absorbance that is twice the standard deviation of
a series of solutions the analyte concentration of which is distinctly detect-
able above the background absorbance.
Precision is based upon repetitive determinations of the
analyte in a sample matrix using 4 to 1 0 samples.
Recoveries are based upon NBS bovine liver samples in
all procedures except urine. For urine the recovery is based upon spiked
samples.
d. Sample Analysis of Live-Volunteer Samples
Prepared excretia samples - feces and urine - were
analyzed for Cd by flame and flameless AAS respectively.
Quantitation of feces extracts for Cd were done by
extracting acid (1:1 H^SO^) standards using the same procedure given for
extracting the feces. Analytical curves from these standards and calcula
tions of Cd concentrations in the unknown samples were performed or, the
Hewlett-Packard Model 981 OA as described above and the results expressed
in H-g/g wet weight.
Urine samples were measured by spiking urine samples
with known amounts of Cd and extracting by the procedure given earlier.
These spiked urines were used to calculate an analytical curve as described
for the autopsy samples except no weight factor was used. The results
are expressed in jj.g of Cd/liter of urine.
7. Quality Control
A major consideration of any analytical methodology involving
a large number of analyses is the control of factors which decrease the
accuracy and precision of the data generated. In trace metal determina-
tions, where ppm and ppb quantities are being determined, control of these
factors becomes critical and must be monitored continuously.
23
-------
Autopsy tissues were monitored by analyzing spiked samples
that had previously been calibrated against NBS bovine liver reference
standard. Also, the duplicate analysis performed on each tissue sample
served as a quality control.
A large, homogeneous, composite feces sample was prepared
and routinely analyzed as a quality control for the feces samples.
The analytical procedure for Cd analysis of urine was not
adequate for the NBS bovine liver. Therefore, spiked urine was used for
quality controls rather than the NBS bovine liver. Six spiked urine quality
controls were prepared and analyzed for each 30 urine samples analyzed.
JP
B. International Cadmium Study Group's Round Robin
1. Purpose
A cooperative study between Sweden, Japan and the USA was
organized to obtain baseline data on the body burdens, organ burdens, and
daily intake/excretion of Cd in non-exposed populations of these countries.
Another area of concern to which the Study Group addressed
itself was an evaluation of the methodologies used to produce the Cd data.
This was accomplished by each participant analyzing a series of various
sample matrices for Cd and comparing the results.
The final report of this three-year cooperative study is being
prepared. Interlaboratory evaluations of the methodologies are available
at this time and have been included in this report (Appendix D).
2. Samples
Samples from Sweden and from Japan were received in our
laboratories for Cd analysis. Swedish samples were water (40), rice (10),
wheat (5), flour (5), feces (6), urine (8), blood (8), and liver (10). Japanese
samples consisted of kidney (10) and liver (10). All of these samples were
received in our laboratory in excellent shape except for the urine. Even
though the urine samples had been acidified prior to shipment, a fine,
granular precipitate was observed in each of the eight samples received.
3. Procedures
The methods used to prepare and analyze the feces, liver, and
urine samples were not the same as those used on the Dallas samples.
24
-------
Following the October, 1976, meeting of the Study Group, another series
of samples was distributed to the participants for Cd analysis. Our
laboratory analyzed this second series of samples using the same method-
ologies that were used to prepare and analyze the Dallas samples (liver,
feces, urine).
This second series of samples included six freeze-dried
muscle tissue composites based upon six different age groups collected
in Dallas. These samples were distributed to the laboratories in Sweden
and Japan for Cd analysis. Our laboratory also performed Cd determina-
tions on these samples. Urine samples (10) were also collected in our
laboratory and aliquots sent to Sweden and Japan for Cd analysis.
The interlaboratory evaluation of this latest series of samples
has not been reported at this time.
Procedures for the Cd analysis of the first series of Swedish
samples and the results are'given in Appendix E.
4. Results
The data from the interlaboratory Cd study (Appendix D) is
summarized in Table 7. Included are the instrumental method each
laboratory used, the type of samples analyzed, and the acceptability of
the data. Laboratory number 6 is our laboratory designation. Only four
of the 20 laboratories performed Cd analyses on all sample matrices.
Cadmium analysis of the water samples -were performed by all 20 labora-
tories. This sample matrix allows the accuracy of the final stages of
analysis to be evaluated thereby eliminating this as a factor of variability
in the biological samples.
Tables 8 and 9 illustrate how each laboratory performed
in relation to each other on the interlaboratory Cd study. Our results on
the low Cd-concentration biological samples are 29 per cent (urine) to 60
per cent (blood) lower than the other laboratories, w hile at the higher
Cd-concentration of biological samples our values are 3 per cent higher
(liver) to 55 per cent lower (blood) than the other 19 laboratories.
The low results for blood is thought to be caused by an inade-
quate digestion of the whole blood. Without complete digestion, the Cd
would not be released from the protein components of the blood and there-
fore not be available for extraction. This procedure has proven adequate for
Fb analysis of whole blood.
25
-------
Table 7. Laboratories Participating in the International
Collaborative Cadmium Study
Laboratory
Identif icat ion
1. LAB 1
2. LAB 2
3. LAB 3
4. LAB 4
5. LAB 6 (SwRI)
6. LAB 7
7. LAB 9
8. LAB 10 PPG
9. LAB 10 AAS
10. LAB 11
11. LAB 12
12. LAB 13
13. LAB 14
14. LAB 15
15. LAB 17 WET
16. LAB 17 DRY
17. LAB 18
18. LAB 19
19. LAB 20 FLAME
20. LAB 20 FLESS
21. LAB 21
22. LAB 22
23. LAB 22 EXTR
Method of
Cadmium Analysis
Flame AAS
AAS
Extraction AAS
AAS
Pulse polarography
AAS
Flameless AAS
Flame AAS
AAS - Wet
AAS - Dry
Flame AAS
Flameless AAS
Direct AAS
Extraction AAS
Number of Accepted Laboratories
Tissues Analyzed
Blood
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
14
Feces
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7
Liver
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
Urine
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
R
X
X
X
, R
X
11
Rice
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
22
Wheat
Wheat . i lour
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
LEGEND:
X - Accepted Analysis Results
R - Rejected Analysis Results
Z6
-------
Table 8. Laboratory Variation and Relative SwRI Agreement
in International Collaborative Cadmium Study
Sample
Medium
TISSUES
Blood
Feces
Liver
Urine
FOODS
Rice
Water
Wheat
Wheat Flour
Number
of
Collab-
orating
Labs
14
7
8
11
8
22
8
8
Range of
Cadmium
Concentration
Sample
Means
Ug/ 100ml
0.12 to 0.18
0.26 to 0.36
Ug/g
0.43 to 0.86
Ug/g
1.3
3.0 to 9.9
Ug/1
0.50 to 0.58
0.66 to 0.79
Ug/g
0.07 to 0.11
0.12 to 0.18
0.24 to 0.73
ug/1
3
6 to 15
22 to 92
105 to 165
181 to 203
Ug/g
0.04 to 2.4
Wg/g
0.02 to 0.06
Coefficients of Variation
Between
Laboratory
C.V., %
6b
91Z
52Z
24Z
26Z
11Z
66Z
26Z
100Z
54Z
27Z
160Z
44Z
21Z
14Z
12Z
39Z
42Z
Within
Laboratory
C.V., %
A
6
42Z
37Z
21Z
7Z
32Z
18Z
22Z
13Z
.
24Z
15Z
9Z
7Z
HZ
21%
Relative Agreement
(SwRI-Other Labs) ,
Other Labs
-60%
-55%
-8Z
-32Z
+3Z
-29Z
+2Z
-62Z
-44Z
-43Z
-69%
+6%
+2Z
-12Z
-4Z
-58Z
+43Z
2?
-------
Table 9._ Laboratory Variation and Relative SwRI Agreement
By Sample Block
Sample
Medium
TISSUES
Blood
Feces
Liver
Urine
FOODS:
Rice
Samples
Comprising
the
Block
A.C.B.F
B,H
D,C
A,B,D
E,F
C
A
E
I
D,G,J
C,H
F
B
C,D,G,H
A,B
E,F
C.D.F
E
B,H
A
G
J
I
Range of
Cadmium
Concentration
Sample
Means
jig/lOOml
0.12 to 0.18
0.26
0.34 to 0.36
Ug/g
0.43 to 0.45
0.50 to 0.55
0.66
Ug/g
1.3
3.0
3.3
3.7 to 3.8
5.1 to 5.5
7.5
9.8
ug/1
0.50 to 0.58
0.66 to 0.67
0.73 to 0.79
Ug/g
0.07 to 0.11
0.12
0.15 to 0.16
0.18
0.24
0.46
" 0.73
Coefficients of Variation
Between
Laboratory
C.V., %
*b
91%
52Z
52%
212
28%
26Z
26%
10%
15%
11%
14%
6%
9%
66%
25%
27%
100%
44%
56%
60%
28%
28%
25%
Within
Laboratory
C.V., %
e
42%
33%
42%
18%
27%
5%
11%
32%
21%
15%
22%
13%
Relative Agreemer.
(SwRI-Other Labs) ,
Other Labs
-60%
-56%
-53%
-15%
+12%
-18%
-32%
-10%
-5%
+8%
+11%
+12%
-14%
-29%
-17%
+25%
-62%
-37%
-47%
-42%
-36%
-47%
-45%
28
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Table 9. Laboratory Variation and Relative SwRI Agreement
By Sample Block (Continued)
Sample
Medium
Water
Wheat
Wheat Flour
Samples
Comprising
the
Block
31
11
21,26
1,2,32,36
3,4
12
22,27,33,37
5
13
14,15,23,28,34,
38
6,7
16
17
8
18,19,24,29,39
9,35
10
20,25,30,40
D
C,E
B
A
B
A
C.D.E
Range of
Cadmium
Concentration
Sample
Means
»g/l
3
6
11
13 to 15
22
27
30 to 34
50
70
82 to 92
105
114
127
138
148 to 157
160 to 165
181
196 to 203
Ug/g
0.04
0.07 to 0.08
0.10
2.40
Ug/g
0.02
0.04
0.05 to 0.06
:
Coefficients of Variation
Between
Laboratory
C.V., %
*b
160%
37%
42%
47%
18%
26%
27%
23%
15%
18%
13%
13%
14%
15%
14%
13%
12%
12%
44%
35%
37%
432
44%
39%
42%
Within
Laboratory
C.V., %
A
e
15%
27%
8%
17%
15Z
8%
9%
10%
7%
11%
21%
Relative Agreemen
(SwRI-Other Labs) ,
Other Labs
-69%
+15%
+23%
-3%
+9%
+7%
+9%
+14%
-8%
-5%
-11%
-25%
-9%
-7%
-13%
-11%
-13%
-1%
-56%
-62%
-64%
-44%
+113%
+38%
+21%
29
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Low Cd values for the urine may be caused by the non-
homogeneous urine samples received. Recovery values for spiked
urine appear to be adequate (see Table 6) with the extraction procedure used
on the Dallas samples which is similar to the one used here.
The samples originally sent from Sweden for this interlabora-
tory Cd evaluation were analyzed by procedures that were more expedient
for a small number of samples. These procedures are different from
those used on the large quantity of samples from Dallas. To eliminate this
additional variable, another set of freeze-dried liver and feces samples
from Sweden were analyzed in our laboratories using the procedures
developed for this project.
It was also decided at the October, 1976, meeting of the
International Cd Study Group that more collaborative analyses should be
performed on urine and muscle samples. Ten urine samples were collected
in our laboratory and acidified with 1% HNC>3 (Suprapur). Aliquots of these
10 samples were shipped to Sweden for Cd analysis. Also these samples
were analyzed for Cd in our laboratory using the extraction procedure
developed for the Dallas urine samples.
Muscle tissue composites from six different age groups (Dallas
autopsy samples) were freeze-dried and each divided into four parts.
Two of the muscle tissue sets (6 samples each) were retained in our
laboratory for Cd analysis. One set of the muscle tissue samples were
sent to Sweden and another set was sent to Japan.
Evaluation of these additional samples (feces, liver, urine and
muscle tissue composites) ha.s not been reported at this time.
C. Design of the Study
1. Components of the Study
The study was designed to obtain information on the body burden
of Cd and on the daily intake of Cd from a population not exposed to a point-
source of the metal. To accomplish this, samples were taken and informa-
tion collected on two categories of subjects: autopsy cases and live volunteers,
As discussed ea.rlier, the autopsy cases were selected to be
victims of accidental death to minimize the bias which could be present if
natural cause deaths were used. This bias would result if the
disease process or medication taken for it would affect the trace metal
pattern of the body. The subjects were to be selected to
conform to a rigid set of selection criteria, including race, sex, and location
of residence. This was done to minimize the variables which affect the con-
centration ot Cd in the body.
30
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To obtain corresponding data on daily intake and excretion,
voluntary participants were recruited for the study. These individuals
were matched as nearly as possible to the autopsy cases to allow compari-
son between the two sets of data.
2. Data Collected
Five tissues were sampled in the autopsy victims: kidney,
liver, muscle, pancreas, and fat. Each of these tissues was to be analyzed
in duplicate for Cd and for three other metals; Pb, Hg and Zn.
Clinical specimens were taken from the voluntary participants
consisting of feces and urine samples. These were analyzed for Cd content
to indicate the exposure levels to Cd and daily intake of the metal.
Two questionnaires were prepared for obtaining information
on the subjects which could be useful in evaluating the results. The data
to be collected included smoking history, current cigarette smoking habits,
presence of air-conditioning in the home, occupation, medical history and
diet. Friends or relatives of the autopsy cases were contacted to obtain
the necessary information, to the extent possible, while the volunteer
subjects were interviewed to obtain the information.
D. Selection of Study Location
1. Location Selected for Study
a. Selection Criteria
The study site selected for this study had to meet three
principal criteria. First, the site required a sufficient population and a
sufficient number of autopsies performed for traumatic injury deaths to
support the study. Second, because the study was designed to provide a
baseline for cadmium, zinc, lead, and mercury levels in a normal popula-
tion, the area selected needed to be one with no outstanding levels of these
metals in the general environment; further, the area selected should be free
of industries known or expected to release significant amounts of these metals
into their surroundings. Third, cooperation with the local medical examiner's
office was required for any area selected. This is due to the dependence on
that office for collection of the required autopsy samples and the delivery
of those samples to the study team for analysis.
31
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In selecting the study site, a fourth and obvious con-
sideration was also accounted for: distance from San Antonio, Texas.
This consideration was due to the location of the laboratories to which all
samples must be shipped for analysis and at which the principal personnel
involved in the study are based.
b. Selection of the Study Site
Of a number of areas considered to be potentially
acceptable for study sites, 1:wo areas were selected as outstanding: San
Antonio, and Dallas, Texas,. Discussions with medical examiner's offices
in each of these sites and data regarding the numbers of autopsies performed
annually led the study team to conclude that Dallas, Texas would provide an
optimum setting for the study. The Medical Examiner's Office, under the
direction of Dr. Charles S. Petty, M.D., has responsibility for performing
autopsies for sudden or accidental deaths for all of Dallas County. The
county has a population in excess of one million persons and in 1973 more
than 1300 autopsies of the type of interest to this study were performed by
the Medical Examiner's office.
Dallas County is highly industrialized, with major
industries in the fields of electronics, aircraft, merchandising, and bank-
ing. There is very little heavy industry such as steel, oil, and chemicals.
As expected from, analysis of the types of industry present, the resulting
pollution levels are low for a major metropolitan center. This is particularly
true of the background level for the metals of interest to this study. Contacts
with the Medical Examiner's Office showed enthusiasm for the study proposed
and a willingness to cooperate. The nearness of Dallas to the San Antonio
laboratories and the frequency of airline connections between the two cities
during the day and night provided the final ingredient for selection of that
city as the study site. Dallas was selected and final arrangements for
autopsy samples were begun with the Medical Examiner's Office.
E. Design of Autopsy Study
1. Specification of Target Population
The study specified samples of five tissues to be collected
from 150 white males, with 30 cases in each of the decades of age 10 through
59. In addition to the tissue samples, information regarding cause of death,
age, occupation, length of residence in the study area, smoking history, and
incidence of certain diseases was to be collected for each case. The approach
taken in this study was to arrange for the samples to be taken by the Medical
Examiner's Office, packaged, stored, and transmitted to the San Antonio
Laboratories for analysis when sufficient samples were in storage to make a
reasonable package for shipment.
32
-------
An information sheet was designed to collect the necessary
background data for each case. Because of the sensitivity of these data,
it was decided by the Medical Examiner's Office that collection of the
background information would be accomplished by that office. It was
decided that the best and most effective method for obtaining the back-
ground information would be telephone interviews with members of the
family or friends of the deceased parson.
2. Arrangements with the Medical Examiner's Office
After initial contacts with ths Medical Examiner's Office
to determine the feasibility of performing the proposed study, a staff
member of the project team visited the Medical Exa.miner's Office to
make final arrangements. In Dallas County, the Medical Examiner's
Office is maintained at the Institute of Forensic Sciences, Parkland
Memorial Hospital. Dr. Petty, Medical Examiner for Dallas County,
assigned to Mrs, Mildred O'-Iell the task of coordinating the planned study
activities.
It was decided that the Medical Examiner's Office would be
compensated for the time and effort spent in obtaining, packaging, labeling,
and shipping the sample tissues. To this purpose, it was agreed that the
Medical Examiner's Office would receive $10 tor each case, and all other
costs encountered, such as Cry ice packaging materials, and airline
transportation costs, would be reimbursed.
For each investigation to determine the necessary background
information on a. autopsy case, the stafi member performing the investiga-
tion would receive $15, pa.id directly to him. No formal contract was
required to establish the relationship "jclween the project team and the Medical
Examiner's Office. T!ie details of the agreement were formalized by a letter
from the Project Director ,.? '_e Medical Examiner.
3. Sample Collection. Storage, and Analysis
?. Collection
Procedures for collection of the autopsy samples were
discussed with the Medical Examiner's staff. The basic approach was
designed to minimize contamination of the tissue samples during collection
and to ensure that sufficient quantities of each tissue specimen would be
collected.
33
-------
It was requested of the Medical Examiner's staff that
a minimum of 25 grams of tissue be collected from the following anatomical
areas of each case:
- Abdominal fat from the umbilical area
- Psoas muscle
- Right lobe of the liver
- Tail of the pancreas
- Cortex of the kidney
The Medical Examiner's staff was instructed about
minimizing contamination of the sample during the collection process. The
following guidelines were discussed:
- Avoid contaminating sample with other body fluids
- Avoid contaminating sample with extraneous material on
body (dirt, oil, etc.)
- Use only stainless steel instruments
- Do not use sample known to be contaminated
- Do not rinse tissue sample with water
- Rinse gloved hands with deionized water when contaminated
with other body fluids and prior to actually handling tissue
sample
- Prefer to have assistant help - only one person actually
handle tissue specimen though
- Place tissue into polyethylene bag directly from subject
- Have assistant immediately seal polyethylene bag once
sample has been introduced into it
- Once sample is in bag, assistant should label it with autopsy
number, tissue type, and date sample taken
- Sample should be placed into freezer within 30 minutes after
removal from the; body - the sooner the better.
34
-------
b. Storage and Shipping
Discussions with the Medical Examiner's staff about
storage precautions and shipping arrangements were made. The points
covered in these discussions included:
- Maintain the samples in the frozen state
- Do not allow samples to become contaminated during shipment
- Prefer to have all tissues from one subject shipped in the
same mailer - or at least at the same time
- Enough dry ice should be included in mailer to last for two
days
- Styrofoam containers should be well sealed before shipment
- In each mailer there should be a list including: the number
of tissue samples in that mailer, the total number of samples
shipped at that time, the name of the subjects or autopsy
number, and the type of tissues.
- Notify SwRI personnel when tissue samples are being f hipped
Shipment by air freight was used for all the tissue
samples and there were no problems encountered with those arrangements
throughout the collection phase of the project.
c. Analysis
All tissues were analyzed by atomic absorption spectro-
photoinetry for Cd, Pb, Zn and Hg.
The preparation procedures and the instrumental pro-
cedures used are given in the "Methods" section of this report.
4. Background Information
a. Requirements for Information
The study required samples of five specific types of tissues
to be collected from autopsies of 150 white male persons from the study area.
Desired for study purposes were autopsy samples from sudden or accidental
deaths, excluding poison cases, with 30 cases in each of the following age
ranges: 10 - 19; 20 - 29; 30 - 39; 40 - 49; 5C - 59. In each case, the
35
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name of the person was held in confidence by staff of the Medical Examiner's
Office. To the project staff, the autopsy cases were identified only by a
numerical code assigned routinely to each autopsy case performed.
To obtain the additional information required for each
autopsy case, an information sheet was devised. The form of the informa-
tion sheet is shown in Figure 6. The sheet provided the person working
the case a list of the information items necessary to sufficiently identify
the background of the person from whom the autopsy sample was taken.
Verified on the form are cause of death, sex, race, length of residence,
and occupation of the subject. These had to meet the study criteria or the
case was rejected from further analysis. Age is recorded because a
specific spectrum of ages was required for the study, and once the quota
was met within a given age group, no further cases were developed for
that group. Additional information items include further occupational
and residence questions, smoking history, and incidence of certain chronic
illnesses.
b. Information Collection Methods
Using the information sheets provided by the project
team, a member of the Medical Examiner's Office telephoned the family
of the deceased person within one month after the autopsy was pe rformed.
During a brief telephone conversation, the necessary background data were
obtained. For some cases, more than one telephone call was required to
obtain all the background data. The data obtained in this manner were
recorded directly on the forms and the forms were transmitted to the
San Antonio laboratories for analysis with the tissue samples collected.
Each form was identified by the Dallas County Autopsy Number, and the
name of the deceased person was held in confidence by the staff of the
Medical Examiner's Office. The person who actually collected the back-
ground information was compensated at the rate of $15 per each complete
and acceptable case.
5. Statistical Methods
The statistical! analysis of the data generated on this program was
designed to determine the pattern of the distribution of the metals under study
in the body, to estimate the concentration in people of varying ages, to
determine if differences exist which can be related to the smoking habits of
the individual, and to investigate in a limited fashion the distributional nature
of the determined concentrations for the population under study.
36
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Figure 6.
SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Project C1-4005 Information Sheet
Cols
Dallas County Autopsy Number
i
i
I
Race 1 - White 2 - Non- White
Sex 1 - Male 2 - Female
Age
Cause of Death.
Occupation
1
4
J>_.
0
1-6
J.J "'-10
11
12
13-14
15-16
17-18
Name of Employer
Number of times changed jobt, during past five ye?rs
Number of children
Length, cf residency at present address
Length of residence in Dallas area
Status of air-conditioning at present address: 0 - none,
1 - window unit, 2 - central
Number of times changed place of resider.ce during past
five years
Has deceased ever smoked as many as five packs of cigarettes,
that is, as many as TO'i cigarettes during au entire life? 1 - no 2 - yes
Did deceased smoke regularly pri^r to his death? 1 - nc 2 - yes
Has deceased ever been dlagrosed as having any one of the following
chronic illnesses:
D
19
20
21-22
23-24
25
26
27
28
1 - No
2 - Yes
tuberculosis
malignancies
asthma-hay fever
diabetes
heart conditions
hypertension
chronic sinusitis & bronchitis
arthritis & rheumatism
rheumatic hc-~rt disease
thyroid disease (speciiy typo)
liver disease (specify type)
kidney disease i specify :ypc"
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38-40
41-43
44-46
Revised 18 October 1074
79-80
37
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The occupations of the individuals were screened for possible
occupational exposure to Cd prior to conducting the statistical analyses.
The rationale behind this was to determine if any of the subjects could be
considered to be non-representative of the population under study, that of a
non-exposed group. The screen produced no individuals who could be
considered to have a work- related exposure.
For each metal-matrix combination, the data are presented
first in two ways. The geometric means for each age group are graphed
and displayed. Next, the percentiles of the distribution of the subjects are
calculated.
To investigate the distributional nature of the data, all the
concentrations are used, irrespective of age or smoking habits. A frequency
distribution is formed using these data and percentiles of the distribution
estimated according to the formula, ' '
k - CFk-l
kth percentile =
FRk
where
k = 5, .25, 50, 75, 95
j= cumulative frequency of the class preceding
the class of the k percentile
= frequency of the k percentile class
W = width of the interval
= lower limit of the k*"*1 percentile class
The 5 and 95 percentiles are used to estimate the normal range of values
expected in a white male of the overall age bracket, while the 25tn and 75
represent the range for the middle 50 per cent of the population. Since the
distribution of the concentrations is unknown, the 50th percentile, or median,
represents the center of the distribution and provides a comparative figure
for the mean value obtained.
There were modifications made to the data set prior to the
conduct of the statistical analyses. After a preliminary investigation, and
based upon treatment of data in other reports using similar data, it was deter-
mined to transform the data using a natural logarithm transformation to
achieve greater homogeneity of variance for the ANOVA. Since the majority
of the concentrations were less than one, the constant one was added to the
38
-------
concentration prior to the transformation' '. This reduces the total
variability for values between 0 and I. The transformation was:
Y = In ( 1 + X )
where
Y = transformed concentration
X = original concentration
This was used on all determinations except Zn, where the values were
large enough to make it unnecessary to add the constant. To return the
values to the fig/g scale, the formula:
x = ey - i
was used for all except the Zn, and
x - eY
for Zn. It is easily verified that this produces the desired result.
Many of the determinations fell below the detection limit
for the method, and a substitution was necessary for these values. The
rule, was to replace a "less than" value with one-half of the detection lirnic.
The rationale behind this is that the limits are sufficiently low that there
is little potential effect on the results.
For each metal-matrix combination, an Analysis of Variance
(.ANOV.A) is conducted which has between-age group and within-age group
factors, and a component for the sampling and analysis variation estimated
from the duplicate samples. From the A NOVA, it is determined if age is a
significant factor, and appropriate means and confidence intervals are
generated. When the results specify that age is a significant factor, separate
confidence intervals are calculated for each age group, except for the 60+
group in which there is only one individual.
If age is significant, the hypothesis of a linear trend is tested
using an orthogonal contrast among the means, and a t- statistic is calculated
to determine significance. The contrast is stated as:
H0: - 5jii - 3^-2 - 1^3 + M-4
where the coefficients afe taken from a table in Snedecor and Cochran' "'
-------
The sample means are substituted, and the test statistic is calculated.
The test statistic follows Student's t distribution under the hypothesis,
and the significance is determined by comparing this to a table of t with
the degrees of freedom ta.ken from the within-groups mean square.
From the da.ta, separate means are determined across age
groups for smokers and non-smokers, and a t-test is used to determine
if there is a significant difference between the two groups. The sampling
and analysis mean square is used for the sampling error term in these
comparisons.
The results of these analyses on the autopsy data are shown
in Section III. A below.
F. Design of Live-Volunteer Study
1. Specification of Target Population
The study specified two 24-hour samples of urine and feces
to be collected from 80 white males, 20 in each of the age groups: 1-10;
20 - 30; 40 - 50; and 514 years. These samples were to be collected from
volunteer persons living in the study area who were not occupationally
exposed to the metals being studied. To aid in the recruitment of volunteers,
a questionnaire form was designed. The form directs itself to background
information on volunteer individuals such as age, sex, smoking history,
occupation, dietary habits, and health. Volunteer individuals meeting the
residence, age and occupational requirements were offered $20 for
delivery of the required excretia samples.
2. Recruitment of Volunteer Participants
The design approach was to recruit volunteer participants
through organizations. Persons from the project team arranged meetings
with officials of various organizations to establish cooperation with the study
and to determine specific dates for recruitment activities. Information
sheets were devised to distribute to the organizations and to potential recruits.
Examples of the information sheets are presented in Figures 7 and 8. A
description of the protocol to be used in collecting the excretia samples was
also developed for use by the organizations in evaluating their desire to
participate in the study and for use in describing to individuals the proper
methods for sample collection. The protocol description is presented in
Appendix A.
The general approach used to recruit participants for the study
was as follows:
40
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FIGURE 7. INTERNATIONAL CADMIUM STUDY
PURPOSE OF STUDY
To determine the present exposure levels of the population to the element
cadmium. This is part of an international study in living persons and in
autopsy samples.
PARTICIPANTS
Males, without occupational exposure to cadmium who live in the Dallas
Metroplex, are required for this portion of the study.
SPECIMENS NEEDED
Two 24-hour urine samples
Two 24-hour stool samples
COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS
Collected during a one-week period. Instructions and specimen collection
containers will be provided.
PAYMENT FOR SPECIMENS
$20 will be paid to ea.ch participant when specimens have been collected.
QUESTIONNAIRE FORMS
Each volunteer will complete a short questionnaire form. Based on the turnout
of volunteers, participants will be selected. Distribution of ages will be the
principal criterion for selection.
NOTIFICATION OF SELECTION
Participants will be notified by mail of th^ir selection. A date, time, and
place for an initial meeting will be specified in the notification to participants.
41
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FIGURE 8. SAMPLE INFORMATION SHEET FOR VOLUNTEER
RECRUITMENT
HOW ABOUT AN EXTRA $20
SUMMARY
To determine the present exposure levels of the population to
the element cadmium, Southwest Research Institute is per-
forming a study for the Environmental Protection Agency.
The population to be studied are males, without occupational
exposure to cadmium, who live in the Dallas metro area.
Toward this purpose, samples of urine and feces will be
obtained and analyzed chemically for the presence of cadmium.
PARTICIPANTS NEEDED
80 males - 20 in each of the following age groups:
1-10 years ~\
20-30 years I 20 persons
40-50 years I in each
50+ years J
All employees, medical staff, and families (male) are
. eligible.
SAMPLES NEEDED FROM EACH VOLUNTEER PARTICIPANT
Two 24-hour urine samples
Two 24-hour feces samples
SAMPLE COLLECTION
These samples will be collected during a one-week period
and each volunteer will be paid $20 when the samples have
been collected. Volunteers will be asked to complete a
short questionnaire form. Sample collection containers
will be provided.
PAYMENT FOR VOLUNTEER PARTICIPANTS
$20 for services rendered paid to each volunteer.
Complete Information Regarding this Program will be Given Out
Where: Assembly Room - Veal Building
When: Wednesday, September 24, 1975, 1-5 p.m.
42
-------
(1) Information sheets were provided to prospective
volunteers and detailed information regarding the
study was presented by a member of the project
staff.
(2) A questionnaire form was obtained from all individuals
volunteering to participate.
(3) The questionnaire forms were examined and a set
of qualified participants were selected.
(4) The participants were notified of their selection
and a time and place established for provision of
sample collection containers and instruction to the
participants, and the obtaining of a signed informed
consent document from each participant.
(5) Samples were then collected by the individuals and
provided to the project staff (in the sample collection
containers).
(6) Each individual completing his sample delivery was
given $20 in compensation for his service to the project.
(7) The samples were prepared and shipped under refrigera-
tion to the San Antonio Laboratories for analysis.
Initial arrangements were made for recruitment of volunteer
participants through the Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston
Avenue. Contacts were made ^ith Mr. Herman Walker, Associate Director,
Personnel; Dr. George Race, Head, Department of Pathology; and Mr.
Clarence Borgens, Director, Out- Patient Clinic. Mr. Borgens administers
various research activities at the hospital and he was given the duty of
serving as principal contact for this study.
Borgens provided information that 923 male persons were
employed at the Center at that time, of -which 609 were white. The distri-
bution of ages was heavy on the younger side. In the recruitment activities
no mention was made to the individuals of the racial requirement. Volunteers
were to be recruited from all males and some non-whites were to be selected
as volunteers. Analysis of the samples collected was to remain at the dis-
cretion of the study team. Borgens suggested that recruitment information
should be distributed with pay envelopes. This would maximize attention
to the study. Background materials provided to Mr. Borgens were rewritten
and were to be attached to pay envelopes on a prescribed payday. Mr. Borgens
43
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then made arrangements to inform the administrative and supervisory
staff of the Center in the biweekly administrative meeting preceding the
distribution of study information with pay envelopes.
At the appointed time and place, volunteer participants
were recruited at Baylor University Medical Center. The initial date of
recruitment was Wednesday, September 24, after paychecks (and study
information) were distributed the previous Thursday. The results of the
initial recruitment were far from a complete success: 29 potentially
acceptable participants were obtained out of the 80 required. Considera-
tion of the reasons for the: poor showing led the study team to conclude
that a longer than optimum length of time had passed between the distri-
bution of study literature and the actual recruitment activities. A second
phase of recruitment activity was then planned for the next distribution of
paychecks, Thursday, October 2, 1975. A member of the project team
was made available both that same afternoon (October 2) and the next day
in the meeting room to talk with potential volunteers.
A revised information sheet was developed (Figure 9) and
distributed with pay envelopes. Results of this second phase of recruit-
ment activities were still insufficient for performance of the study. The
age group 20-30 was more than filled (34 volunteers, 20 needed), but the
other age groups were lacking. At the end of the recruitment activities
at Baylor, only 40 of the necessary 80 volunteers of specified ages were
in hand.
It was then decided to attempt to recruit volunteers from the
ranks of men's service organizations. The Downtown Lions' Club was
approached with the idea and they agreed to have one of the study team
delivery a recruitment pitch to a regularly scheduled meeting. The result
was an additional five volunteers, or a total of 45 of the necessary 80.
Simultaneous to the recruitment activities of the Cadmium
Study, another study was being accomplished in Dallas by the study team:
"Epidemiologic Study of the Effect of Exposure to Automobile Traffic on
the Blood Lead Levels of Persons in Selected Age Groups, " EPA Contract
68-02-2227. In that study, household surveys were being performed in
certain areas of the city. Members of the survey team were asked to
distribute information sheets to more than 100 residences and the follow-
ing day by interviewers who went door-to-door to recruit volunteers.
Results of this phase of recruitment were such that all age groups but the
oldest (50+ years) were complete.
44
-------
Figure 9.
MORE PARTICIPANTS NEEDED
Your help is needed for a research study which involves a determination
of the present exposure levels of men in the Dallas Metroplex to the
element cadmium. Baylor University Medical Center has previously agreed
to cooperate with Southwest Research Institute in performing this
research project for the U.S. Government Environmental Protection Agency.
The study involves analysis of urine and stool specimens with no risk to
those participating. Thirty volunteers have been obtained and an additional
ninety volunteers are needed to accomplish the study goal. Such research
studies are entirely dependent on participation by persons .such as yourselves
Participation is entirely voluntary. Those who are selected will receive
$20 each for their part in the study. All male members of the employee
staff, house staff and medical staff are eligible to participate and male
family members of all employees are also welcome, especially children ages
1-10 years.
Representatives from Southwest Research Institute will be in the Braniff
Room on Thursday afternoon, October 2, 1975, from 2:00-4:00 P.M., and on
Friday, October 3, 8:00-10:30 A.M. for the purpose of recruiting volunteers.
HOW ABOUT AN EXTRA $20
45
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The remaining volunteers (approximately 10) in the 50 +
age group were recruited by screening the questionnaires obtained in the
lead study mentioned pr ~ v'ioxisly to determine the likelihood of a male
person residing at the Household who fit the required age category.
Telephone calls were made to those families seeming to meet ';he criteria
and the remaining volunteers were obtained.
3 Sample Collection, Storage, Shipping and Analy_sis
a. Collection
The initial meeting with the volunteers selected for
this study covered a number of points. The purpose of the study was
explained in full to each participant and their questions were answered by
members of the SwRI survey team. Each participant was then asked to
fill out a "Volunteers Informed Consent" a copy of which is found in
Appendix B. It w£is explained to each volunteer that their participation in
this research study was stri.ctly voluntary and that at any time they could
withdraw from the study. The benefits, inconveniences, hazards, discom-
forts, or risks of their participation in this study were explainer to them.
At this point, each volunteer was asked to sign the Informed Consent. The
signature was witnessed and signed.
Instructions were next given on the types of samples to
be collected and the precautions to be observed. Two 24-hour urine and
feces samples were to be collected from each participant. There was no
restriction placed on food or drink during the collection of samples. Each
participant "was given a shopping bag that contained pre-labeled two-liter
urine collection containers (two each) and one-liter feces containers (two
each). An extra urine container was also provided. In addition, a portable
camping toilet with disposable plastic bags was alsc loaned to each family
of volunteers to fcicilitate feces collection.
The volunteers were instructed to begin collection of the
first 24-hour urine and feces specimen upon arising in the morning. Collec-
tion of the first specimen continued until the following morning in containers
labeled "first sample, " It was stressed that all of th,: urine a.ad feces
eliminated during this time period be collected-. At .'he end of the first 24-hour
sample, the containers marked "second sample" wer° ased to continue r.ue
urine arid feces collection. The volunteers were instructed not to contaminate
their samples of urine with feces. tap water, etc. Similarly, feces samples
should not be contaminated with urine or toilet paper. This avoidance of
contamination of the samples was reinforced when the participants were told
that they would receive a summary of the results.
46
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b. Storage
Participants were asked to keep their specimens cool,
if pos sible, after collection and prior to delivery to the survey team. For
those participants selected from the local hospital, instructions were
given where to bring the samples when they reported for work. For
those participants recruited either from organizations or from house-to-
house surveys, instructions were given as to the time that a member of
they survey team v/ould come to their home to pick up the samples.
Some participants recruited from the hospital collected
their samples during the week. Thus these people carried their containers
with them during their working hours. Most participants found this too
inconvenient and collected their specimens at home over a weekend. Other
than short trips to neighborhood stores, the participants remained home
during the weekend and so had easy access to their containers.
After the second set of samples were collected from
each participant, each was paid twenty dollars and thanked for their
cooperation in the study. They were reminded that when all the analyses
were complete they would receive a summary of the results.
After the 24-hour samples were collected from the
participants, the total volume of the urine collected for each of the two
days was measured. A 150-ml aliquot of a thoroughly mixed 24-hour urine
sample was transferred to a 175-ml polyethylene container. The contents
were then acidified to make the urine 1% nitric acid (Reagent Grade). The
urine sample was then placed on dry ice and kept frozen until analyzed.
The total feces sample from a 24 hour period was also weighed and placed
on dry ice and kept frozen until analyzed.
c. Shipment
All feces and urine samples were frozen with dry ice
and packed in insulated ice chest. Sufficient dry ice was added to each ice
chest to keep the samples frozen for two days.
The insulated ice chests were shipped by air freight
to the San Antonio Laboratories. Feces and urine samples were placed in
a walk-in freezer until ready for analysis.
d. Analysis
Urine and feces samples were analyzed for Cd by atomic
absorption spectrophotometry using the procedures given in the Methods section.
47
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4. Questionnaire
a. Questionnaire Form Development
To properly recruit volunteer participants for use in
the study, a number of items of background information were required.
These include age, sex, race, length of residence in the area, and
occupation. In addition, other background characteristics of the volunteer
participants were desired. These included smoking history, incidence of
certain chronic illnesses, and certain dietary habits which might relate
to intake of the metals of interest to this study.
To accomplish the gathering of the required and desired
background information, a questionnaire form was developed as shown in
Figure 10. The first step in development of the form was development
of the information content of the form. A set of questions was then generated
which, when answered, would provide the required information. These
questions were formatted to fit the design of a one-page (both sides) form
intended for self-administration with instructions from a person familiar
with the form. All questions except that for race were to be answered
directly by the volunteer. The race question was coded on the reverse
side of the form with the initials IMNOWO (Indian, Mexican, Negro, Oriental,
White, Other). The form is designed for the person administering the
recruitment activities to observe and record the information regarding race
by marking the appropriate initial after collecting the form from the individual.
After the form was designed, a draft version of the form
was submitted to OMB for clearance to use the form with the general public.
A justification document (Appendix C) was prepared and submitted with the
draft form. OMB clearance was obtained, and the clearance number
(158-S75007) was placed on the final version of the Cadmium Questionnaire
form.
b. Questionnaire Administration.
At the meetings with potential volunteers the purpose of
the study was explained and ';he type of samples to be collected were described.
A question and answer period followed. Those individuals still interested in
participating were then given the Cadmium Questionnaire form (Figure 10),
The SwRI staff member conducting the meeting would then describe the form,
its purpose, and answer any questions about it.
The potential volunteer filled out the form and it was
reviewed by a SwRI staff member. The volunteer was then told if he met
the requirements and if was accepted to participate. Those not selected
were told the reason why and thanked for the interest.
48
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Figure 10.
OMB#I58-S75007
STAFF
ID#
CADMIUM QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Name:
(Last Name) (Initials)
2. Address: Street
City State
Zip Code
Telephone, Residence
Telephone. Work Ext.
3. How old were you on your last birthday? years
4. What is your present occupation?
5. How many times have you changed occupations during the past five years? times
6. Your present employer is:
7. How long have you been employed by vour present employer? years
8. How many years have you lived in your present city or town? years
9. Have you ever smoked as many as five packs of cigarettes, that is as many as 100
Cigarettes during your entire life?
(I) Yes (2) No
10. Do you nosv smoke cigarettes? (I) Yes (2) No
1 1. If you are a current or ex-cigarette smoker, how many cigarettes do (did) you smoke
per day?
USE ONLY
Cols. 1-4
5-30
31-50
51-65
66-70
71-77
LJ[
\ 79-80
:>-!>
16-17
18-19
20
21-23
24
25
26
27
28
(1) 1-5 cigarettes pei day
(2) 6-14 cigarettes per day
(3) 15-25 cigarettes per day
(4) 26-34 cigarettes per day
(5) 35 or more cigarettes per day
If you are a current or an ex-cigarette smoker, how old were you when yr first stalled
smoking? >eais
II you jie an ex-cigarette smoker, how old weie you when \ ou Ijst gave up smoking?
years
29-30
49
-------
14. Have you ever been diagnosed as having any one of the following chronic illnesses:
(1) No (2) Yes Type
Malignancies
Diabetes
Heart conditions
Hypertension
Arthritis and rheumatism
Rheumatic heart disease
Thyroid disease (specify type)
Liver disease (specify type)
Kidney disease (specify type)
15. Are you presently following any of the dietary regimens listed below:
(Check all that apply.)
(1) Bland food ulcer diet
(2) Diabetes
(3) Weight-watchers/reducing
(4) Organic food diet
(5) Vegetarian
(6) None of these
16. How often do you eat shellfish such as shrimp, oysters, crabs, lobster or clams?
(1) More than once a week
(2) About once a week
(3) About once every two weeks
17. How often do you eat liver or kidney?
(1) More than once a week
(2) About once a week
(3) About once every two weeks
(4) About once a month
(5) Less than once a month
(6) Never
(4) About once a month
(5) Less than once a month
(6) Never
33
34
35
48
49
50
YOU HAVE COMPLETED THE QUESTIONNAIRE.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION.
Revised 7 August 1975
IMNOWO 123456
51
70-80
50
-------
5. Statistical Methods
The statistical analyses of the participant data follow the
format of the autopsy cases shown above. The geometric means for
each age group are graphed and percentiles of the entire sample under
study are presented to describe the data set.
The A NOVA is conducted on the transformed data, as before,
and significant results reported. The difference between the two sets of
analyses comes in the treatment of the effect of smoking. For these data,
three subgroups were separated: current smokers, individuals who had
smoked previously but did not do so currently (labeled current non-smokers),
and non-smokers. The differences between the smoking group and each of
the other groups are tested.
For the participant data, only the results from the individuals
ages 20 and over were used in these comparisons. The reason behind this
is that no smokers were reported in the first two age groups. Since age
can be a significant variable relating to Cd concentration, it was determined
that only those groups be used which had both smokers and non-smokers
among the participants.
51
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III. RESULTS
A. Autopsy Study
1. Target Cell Size
Acceptable background information was collected for 164 cases.
The spectrum of ages for which the information was collected and the tissue
samples provided to the study team are as follows:
Age (years) No. of Cases
10-19 33
20-29 38
30-39 33
40-49 28
50-59 31
60-69 1
More than the required number of cases were collected in
all of the age groups except one. In the 40-49 age group there were two
cases which could not be used because the information sheets indicated
one of these individuals had not lived within the Dallas area for the required
length of time and the other did not belong in that age category.
There was a lag time between receiving the samples and
receiving the information sheets from the Medical Examiner's office. In
some cases the age information supplied with the tissues would not be the
same as recorded on the information sheets. The Medical Examiner's Office
indicated the information recorded on the data sheets was the correct one.
In these two cases, the information sheets did not arrive in time to collect
other cases in the 40-49 age group.
2. Questionnaire Data
The autopsy subjects selected for this study were all white
males, residing in the Dallas area. Other information obtained on the
subjects by the questionnaire discussed previously is summarized below.
The individuals were selected to be from a non-exposed
environment, and as a result, their length of residence at both their current
residence and in the city or town was investigated. Of the total of 164 cases,
72 or 44 per cent had resided at their current address two years or less, 24
or 15 per cent had lived at the same residence for two to five years, and the
remainder over five years.
52
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The years of residence within the same community showed
26 cases or 16 per cent being residents three years or less, another 12
individuals or 7 per cent residents from three to six years, and the
remaining 77 per cent as residents for over six years. Thus, the majority
of the cases could be classified as non-exposed for a period in excess of
s ix years.
The presence of air-conditioning in the home can reduce the
exposure of individuals to trace metals, since it tends to remove particles
from the air being drawn through the system into the home. The subjects
were classified as having no air-conditioning, window unit, or central system.
There were 10 cases where no information could be obtained on air-conditioning,
but of the remaining 154, only 11 were reported to have no air-conditioning
in the home. Central systems were reported in 93 cases, while the remain-
ing 50 were reported to have window units.
A limited medical history was requested on these individuals,
and the results are summarized in Table 10. The chronic illnesses of
interest, the frequency of a positive response, and the percentage of the
total sample represented are shown. The most frequently occurring
illnesses were hypertension and chronic sinusitis and bronchitis. The
respondents were asked to specify type on the last three illnesses. The
thyroid diseases reported were one case of Graves disease and one low
thyroid. Seven diagnoses of cirrhosis, two of alcoholism, and two of acute
infectious hepatitis were reported for the liver diseases. For kidney
diseases, three cases of kidney stones, one of bladder problems, and one
of congenital absence were reported.
The smoking habits of the individuals were examined and 116
oi the cases were reported to smoke cigarettes regularly. Of the remaining
4i., 14 had been reported to have smoked cigarettes (at least 100 in lifetime)
previously.
3. Single Tissue Results
The trace metal data obtained in this study are presented as
appendices to this report. These data were submitted to statistical analysis
according to the procedures outlined in Section II. E. 5 above and the results
are presented below for each tissue under study.
a. Kidney
i. Cadmium
The raw data on Cd concentration is presented in
Appendix F. The geometric means were calculated for each age group and
53
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TABLE 10. SUMMARY OF CHRONIC ILLNESSES
REPORTED FOR AUTOPSY CASES
Illne s s
Tuberculosis
Malignancies
Asthma-Hay Fever
Diabetes
Heart Conditions
Hypertension
Chronic Sinusitis and
Bronchitis
Arthritis and Rheumatism
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Thyroid Disease
Liver Disease
Kidney Disease
Positive Responses
2
7
13
8
17
27
25
3
8
2
11
5
Percent
1.2
4.3
7.9
4.9
10.4
16.5
15.2
1.8
4.8
1.2
6.7
3.0
54
-------
are plotted in Figure 11. As can be seen, the concentration tends to increase
with age through the 40-49 group, then level off.
The statistical analyses are summarized in Table 11
for Cd in kidney tissue. Percentiles of the distribution of the entire 164
subjects were calculated and these are presented in the table. The median
of the data set was 20. 03 (J.g/g, compared to an overall mean of 17. 96 |ag/g.
The range of the data with upper and lower five per cents removed was
54.65 Hg/g (60. 84 - 6. 19), and the interquartile range was calculated to
be 19- 94, where the middle 50 per cent of the concentrations could be
expected to be found.
From the ANOVA table, the F-ratio for significance
of the age factor is 9. 02 and is significant beyond the one per cent level.
From the transformed means shown in the table, an apparent linear trend
exists, and this hypothesis is tested using an orthogonal contrast among the
means. The calculated t-statistic is 12. 15, and this trend is found to be
significant beyond the one per cent significance level.
For each age group, a confidence interval was
calculated using the within group mean square and translated back to the
fig/g scale. These intervals are presented in the summary table.
The sampling and analytical variation for these
data is estimated by a standard deviation of 0. 124 in the logarithmic scale
which gives 1. 132 upon exponentiating.
To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on Cd
concentration in kidney tissue, means are calculated separately for the
smoking and non-smoking individuals. These are 3. 009 and 2. 595 in the
transformed scale, respectively, and the calculated t has a value of 19.40.
This is significant beyond the 0. 1 per cent level, and the conclusion is that
the smokers have significantly higher concentrations of Cd. The difference
between the two groups is 6. 87 (JLg/g average concentration.
ii. Lead
The concentrations of Pb in kidney tissue are shown
in Appendix G. The geometric means were calculated and are presented in
Figure 12 plotted against the age groups. There is no apparent tendency
for any increase or decrease related to the age of the subject.
The summary of the statistical analysis is contained
in Table 12. The percentiles of the observed distribution are calculated, and
indicate a median value of 0.47 ng/g, with an expected range of 0. 19 to 1. 19
H-g/g. The interquartile range is estimated as 0.33 10 0.73, for the middle
50 per cent of the concentrations.
55
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TABLE 11. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR CADMIUM
IN KIDNEY TISSUE
Percentile 5th
Value, |j.g/g 6.19
Percentiles
25th 50th
11.09
20.03
75th
31.03
95th
60.84
A NOVA Table
Source
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis
Total
df
164
SS
31.1829
158 109.2498
2.5471
327 142.9798
MS
6.2366
0.6915
0.0155
9.02
Significance
Level
0.01
Mean ! In(l-fx) i 2 , 160
Sample size
Age G r o up
2 3
2.160
35
2.63S
38
3.136
33
3 .292
28
3.271
31
3.302
1
Age Group
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
Mean
7.671
12,985
22.012
25.897
26.172
Confidence Interval
" .527 - 10.519
9.740 - 17.211
16.322 - 29.569
18.767 - 35.598
18.648 - 34.504
57
-------
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TABLE 12, STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR LEAD
IN KIDNEY TISSUE
Pe re entile
5th
Value, fjig/g 0.19
Percentiles
25th 50th
0.33
0.47
75th
0.73
95th
1.19
ANOVA Table
Source df
Between Groups 5
Within Groups 158
Sampling and 164
Analysis
Total 327
SS
11 5104
MS
0.3407 0.0681
10.7735 0.0682
0.3962 0.0024
1.00
Significance
Level
N.S.
Mean Jj.n(l+x)~} 0.383
Sample size 33
Age Group
2 3
0.45-i
38
33
0.446 0,401
28
0.408
31
0.401
Age Group
10-69
Mean
0.523
Confidence Interval
0.464 - 0.586
59
-------
The A NOVA gives an F-value of less than one
for between age groups and the age factor is not determined to be signifi-
cant. The highest concentrations tend to be in the 20-39 age brackets,
after which a slight decrease is observed, and the average values remain
fairly constant.
The overall mean of 0.421 in the transformed
scale is used to calculate a confidence interval on average Pb concentra-
tion in kidney tissue of 0.464 to 0. 5S6 |J.g/g since no age effect is noted.
The variation between duplicate samples is
estimated by a standard deviation of 0. 049 in the transformed scale,
which gives 1.050 upon exponentiating. This indicates relatively good
agreement between the duplicate samples.
The mean for the 116 smokers was 0.636
compared to 0. 582 for non-smokers in the transformed scale. The
calculated t-statistic was 5. 33, significant beyond the 0.1 per cent level.
This represents a difference in average concentration of 0.099 l^g/g
between the two groups.
iii. Mercury
The results of the Hg analyses on kidney tissue
are shown in Appendix I. The geometric means for each age group are
calculated and plotted in Figure 13. The highest mean is in the 20-29 age
group, then a levelling off is noted for the next three ages. The last
point represents only a single individual and is not necessarily indicative
of a trend.
The summary of the statistical analyses is
contained in Table 13 for Hg in kidney. The percentiles of the distribu-
tion are estimated from the 164 autopsy cases and these are shown in the
table. The median concentration was 0.430 ng/g, and the range of normal
concentrations was from 0.052 to 2.597 p-g/g. The interquartile range was
from 0. 224 to 0. 781
The A NOVA of the data gives an F- ratio for
significance of less than one, and the between groups factor is again
determined to be nonsignificant. The means of the transformed data for
each group are shown in the table for comparison purposes.
The overall mean of 0.467 is used to calculate a
confidence interval on the true mean of the population. The 95 per cent
limits are from 0.462 to 0.742 ^/.
60
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61
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TABLE 13. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR MERCURY
IN KIDNEY TISSUE
Percentile
Value, |Jig/g
5th
Percentiles
25th 50th
0.052 0.224
0.430
T5th
0.781
95th
2.597
A NOVA Table
Source
df
SS
Analysis
Total
327
52. 2867
MS
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
5
158
164
0,6102
51., 5695
0,. 1070
0.1220
0.3264
0.0007
Significance
Level
N.S.
Age G ro up
2 3
Mean fin (1+xjl
Sample size
Age Group
10-69
0.380
33
Mean
0.595
0.542
38
0.491 0.486
33 28
0.432 0.185
31 1
Confidence Interval
0.462
- 0.742
62
-------
The expected variation between two samples of
the same kidney tissue is estimated from the sampling and analyeis term
of the A NOVA. The estimated standard deviation is 0. 026 in the trans-
formed scale, which gives a value of 1. 026 upon taking the antilog. This
implies good precision in the duplicate results.
The mean for the smokers in the sample was 0.441
versus 0.532 for the non-smokers, in the transformed scale. The calculated
t-statistic is -153.08, which indicates that significantly lower concentrations
of Hg were observed in the smokers. The difference translates to 0. 148
jjLg/g in average concentration.
iv. Zinc
The final analyses on kidney tissue were for zinc
content. The geometric means for each age group are plotted in Figure 14
with the means taken from the summary table in Appendix H.
The statistical analyses are summarized in Tab?e
14. The percentiles of the distribution were estimated from the entire 164
individuals. The median of the data set was 46. 91 M-g/g with an interquartile
range of 37.54 to 54.22 fJLg/g. The 5tn to 95tn percentile range was from
28. 36 to 80. 50 f-ig/g.
The A NOVA on the transformed data is also she vn
in Table 14. The F-ratio for between age groups is significant a+ th.3 oie
per cent level and age is determined to have an effect on these data.
t-test for the linear contrast proved nonsignificant, but it appearec. to b
unduly affected by the value for group six. Rerunning the contrast usinc
only the five groups with substantial numbers gives a t-statistic ci 3,60,
which exceeds the one per cent level of the t-distribution. This result is
more realistic in view of the observed means, and age is a significant.
factor, with the tendency for the concentration to increase concurrently
with age.
Since age is a. significant factor, separate confi-
dence intervals are calculated for each age group using the within ^roup
mean square for the error term.
The sampling and analytical error associated with
these results is determined from the ANOVA. The mean square A'or sampling
and analysis gives a standard deviation estimate of 0. 124 in the trt asforrued
scale. Transforming this to the original scale gives 1. 132, and the esti-
matec1 variability between duplicate samples is 13.2 per cent.
63
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TABLE 14. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR ZINC
IN KIDNEY TISSUE
Percentile 5th
Value, jjLg/g 28.36
Percent lies
25th 50th
37.54
46.91
75th
54.22
95th
80.50
ANOVA Table
Source
df
SS
MS
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis
Total
5
158
164
327
2.0871
20.9918
2.5213
25.6002
0.4174
0.1329
0.0154
3.14
Significance
Level
0.01
Mean (Inx)
Sample size
Age G r o up
2 3
3.639
33
3.735
38
3.852
33
3.922
28
3.914
31
3.424
Age Group
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
Mean
38.05
41.89
47.09
50.50
50.10
Confidence
33.62 -
37.30 -
41.60-
44.12 -
44.08 -
Interval
43.12
47.04
52.30
57.80
56.94
65
-------
The transformed means for the smoking and
non-smoking groups, respectively, were 3.85 and 3.73. The t-statistic
for this comparison is calculated as 5. 39, which indicates a significantly
higher average concentration among smokers. The difference is calcu-
lated as 5.31 fig/g average concentration between the two groups.
v. Summary of Kidney Results
The results for kidney tissue are summarized
in Table 15. Cadmium and zinc showed an increase with age, while
lead concentrations peaked at the 20-39 ages, and the mercury results
showed no age tendency.
The smoking group had significantly different
concentrations on all metals. Higher concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn
were observed and lower levels of Hg.
b. Liver
i. Cadmium
The analytical results for Cd in liver samples
are contained in Appendix F. Using the geometric means presented for
each age group, a graph is constructed and presented in Figure 15. The
tendency is noted for Cd concentration to increase through the 30-39
group, followed by a levelling off for the 40-49 and a drop-off at 50-59.
The 60-69 group result is based on only one individual and is not considered
representative.
The statistical summary is shown in Table 16.
The percentiles of the distribution of the 164 values are presented. The
median of the data set is estimated as 1. 14 fJLg/g with a range of 2.45
(0.22 to 2.67) between the 5^ and 95t'1 percentiles, and an interquartile
range (25th to 75th) of 1. 01 ng/g.
The A NOVA table along with the transformed
means are also down in the table. The F-ratio for between age groups
is 3. 30, which is significant beyond the one per cent level with 5 and 158
df. The test for linear trend is significant, and the tendency for concen-
tration to increase with age is confirmed.
On this basis, confidence intervals are calculated
for each age group (except 60-69), and are presented in the summary
statistics portion of Table 16.
66
-------
TABLE 15. SUMMARY OF RESULTS ON
KIDNEY TISSUE
Metal
Cadmium
Age Effect
Significant
Linear Trend
yes, increasing
to 40-49 group
Smoking Effect
Higher concentration
among smokers
Lead
Not significant
Highest in 20-39
groups
Higher concentration
among smokers
Mercury
Not significant
Lower concentration
among smokers
Zinc
Significant
yes
Higher concentration
among smokers
67
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TABLE 16. STATISTICAL, SUMMARY FOR CADMIUM
IN LIVER TISSUE
Percentiles
Pe re entile 5th
Value, |ig/g 0.22
A NOVA Table
Source df
Between Groups 5
Within Groups 158
Sampling and
Analysis 164
Total 327
1
Mean[Tn(l+x}] 0.598
Sample size 33
Age Group Mean
10-19 0.818
20-29 1.028
30-39 1.300
40-49 1.286
50-59 1.203
25th 50th 75th 95th
0.65 1.14 1.66 2.67
Significance
SS MS F Level
3.5467 0.7093 3.30 <0.01
33.9395 0.2148
1.1105 0.0068
38.5967
Age G r o up
23456
0.707 0.833 0.827 0.790 2.259
38 33 28 31 1
Confidence Interval
0. 553-1. 130
0. 751-1. 349
0. 964-1.694
0. 925-1. 716
0. 872-1.593
69
-------
The sampling and analysis mean square gives
an estimated standard deviation of 0. 082 in the transformed scale.
Taking the antilog gives a value of 1. 085 for relatively good precision.
As the name indicates this is attributable to differences both between
samples from the same tissue and to sample preparation and analysis.
The smoking and non-smoking means are
calculated in the transformed scale as 0.785 and 0.686, respectively,
for the two groups. This results in a calculated t-statistic of 6. 94
which is significant beyond the 0. 1 per cent level. The conclusion is,
then, that smokers exhibit higher average concentrations of Cd in liver
tissue than non-smokers. The estimated difference in average concen-
tration is 0.207
ii. Lead
The Pb determinations are shown in Appendix
G. The means for each age group are plotted and shown in Figure 16.
For these data, the highest values occur in the 20-39 ages, with some
decrease after that point.
The summary table is shown as Table 17.
The percentiles of the distribution are calculated and presented for
the 164 individuals. The median concentration was 0. 81 M-g/g> and the
5^h to 95"1 percentile range was 0. 166 |J.g/g. The interquartile range,
by comparison was estimated to be 0.64 |Jtg/g.
From the A NOVA table it is determined that
the age group differences do not exceed expected variation among
individuals and that age is not a significant factor in these determined
concentrations. The transformed means are shown in the table and
indicate that no tendency does exist to increase with age.
A single confidence interval is presented for
these data using the overall transformed mean of 0.620, and transform-
ing the calculated limits ba.ck to the (J-g/g scale.
The variation between duplicate samples is
estimated from the ANOVA table. The sampling and analysis mean
square gives an estimated standard deviation of 0. 184 in the transformed
scale. This gives an exponentiated value of 1.202.
The means in the transformed scale for the
smoking and non-smoking groups were 0. 375 and 0. 334, respectively.
The t-statistic for the effect of smoking was 5. 52, and again is signifi-
cant beyond the 0. 001 level. The difference between the two groups is
estimated to be 0. 058 1-Lg/g average concentration.
70
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TABLE 17. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR LEAD
IN LIVER TISSUE
Pe re entile 5th
Value, ug/g 0.25
Percentiles
25th 50th
0.53
0.81
T5th
1. 17
95th
1.91
ANOVA Table
Source df
Between Groups 5
Within Groups 158
Sampling and
Analy sis 164
Total 327
SS
0.6141
22.4921
0.5600
23.6652
MS
0.1226
0.1424
0.0034
Significance
Level
N.S.
Age G r o up
2 3
Mean ln(l+x)
Sample size
Age Group
10-69
0.605
33
Mean
0.859
0.675 0.690 0.593 0.521 0.551
38 33 28 31 1
Confidence Interval
0.754-0.970
72
-------
iii. Mercury
The Hg analyses are shown in Appendix I. The
geometric means are plotted against age group and presented in Figure
17. The means for the first four groups are nearly equivalent, with a
decrease in the 50-59 bracket. The high mean for 60-69 represents only
one individual and is not necessarily indicative of the age group.
The statistical summary is shown in Table 18.
The percentiles are calculated as before and give a median value of
0.059, with a range of 0. 01Z and 0.213 V-g/g omitting the high values.
The first and third quartiles are 0. 035 and 0. 098 ug/g, respectively.
The A NOVA table is used to evaluate age effects.
The F-ratio for bet-ween age groups is less than one and no significant
difference can be detected. From the means of the transformed data, no
apparent trend exists in the data. There is little difference from age
groups 1 to 4, with age group 5 somewhat lower.
The confidence interval for the population mean
is calculated using the overall mean of 0. 078 and the mean square for
within groups. The 95-per cent confidence limits are from 0. 066 to
0.097
The mean square for sampling and analysis
gives an estimated standard deviation of 0. 01, which implies good pre-
cision in the duplicate samples for Hg analysis.
The 116 smokers had an average concentration
ir the transformed scale of 0. 077 compared to 0. 080 for non-smokers.
T,ie resulting t-statistic was calculated as -0.64 and is clearly non-
sigaificant. A s in the kidney tissue, no discernable effect of smoking
on the Hg concentration was observed.
iv. Zinc
The analytical results for Zn in liver tissue are
shown in Appendix H. The means for each age group are plotted in
Figure 18. As can be seen, there is little difference among age groups
with the exception of the single individual in the 60-69 group. The highest
values are in the 20-39 groups, and then there is a tendency for a slight
decrease over age.
73
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TABLE 18. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR MERCURY
IN LIVER TISSUE
Percentile 5th
Value, |j.g/g 0. 012
Percentile s
25th 50th
0.035
0. 059
75th
0.098
95th
0.213
A NOVA Table
Source df
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis
Total 327
SS
MS
5
158
164
0. 0290
1. 3935
0. 0169
0.0058
0.0088
0.0001
Significance
Level
N.S.
1.4394
Age G ro up
2 3
Mean [In (l+xfl
Sample size
Age Group
10-69
0. 081
33
Mean
0. 081
0.091 0.080 0.081
38 33 28
Confidence Interval
0. 066-0.097
0.052 0.109
31 1
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The statistical summary is shown in Table 19.
The percentiles of the distribution are estimated, and the median con-
centration is 55. 28, with an expected range of 30. 52 to 85. 93 (Jtg/g
extreme values omitted. The middle 50 per cent of the data range from
44.65 to 68. 92 ng/g.
The A NOVA table is used to evaluate the age
differences. The F-ratio to test for significance of the age factor is
less than one, and no differences can be detected between age groups.
The means of the transformed data are shown, along with the sample
sizes.
The overall mean of the transformed data, 4. 01,
is used to calculate a confidence interval for the population mean, and
the estimated limits of a 95 per cent interval are from 51.42 to 59. 15 \±g/g.
The sampling and analysis component for these
data gives an estimated standard deviation of 0. 154 in the logarithmic
scale. Taking the antilog gives 1. 166, or 16.6 per cent variation between
the duplicate samples.
The 116 smokers had an average concentration
of 4. 00 in the transformed scale versus 4. 04 for the non-smokers. The
t-statistic is calculated as 1.67, which does not exceed the tabled value
at the 5 per cent level. The conclusion is, then, that no effect of smoking
on concentration was evident in these data.
v. Summary of Liver Results
A summary of the findings in samples of liver
tissue is shown in Table 20. The results of the effect of increasing age
showed a similar pattern to the kidney data. There was an increase in
Cd concentration to ages 40-49, while Pb values were highest in the 20-39
bracket. No age effects -were noted in either Hg or Zn.
The effect of smoking cigarettes was to raise
both Cd and Pb levels, but no difference was detectable in either the Hg
or Zn levels.
77
-------
TABLE 19. STATISTICAL. SUMMARY FOR ZINC
IN LIVER TISSUE
Percentile 5th
Value, jj.g/g 30.52
Perc entiles
25th 50th
44.65
55.28
?5th
68.9^-
95th
85. 93
A NOVA Table
Source
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis
Total
df
164
SS
0.9275
158 30.5073
3. 8774
327 35.3122
MS
0. 1855
0. 1931
0. 0236
Significance
Level
N.S.
Age Group
2 3
Mean (In x )
Sample size
Age Group
10-69
4. 00
33
Mean
55. 15
4.08 4.06 3.96
38 33 28
Confidence Interval
51.4?.-59. 1-
3.90 4.44
31 1
78
-------
TABLE 20. SUMMARY OF RESULTS ON LIVER TISSUE
Metal
Age Effect
Linear Trend
Smoking Effect
Cadmium Significant
Yes, levelling off
at 40-49 group
Significant. Higher
concentration among
smokers
Lead
Not significant
Highest in 20-39
groups
Significant. Higher
concentration among
smokers
Mercury Not significant
Zinc
Not significant
Not significant
Not significant
79
-------
c. Muscle
i. Cadmium
The analytical results for Cd in muscle tissue
are shown in Appendix F. The means for the age groups are plotted in
Figure 19, and show a strong tendency to increase with age. Through
the 50-59 group, an increase is noted with no levelling off or decrease
as was noted for Cd concentration in other tissues.
The statistical analyses are summarized in
Table 21. The percentiles of the Cd concentration determined for the
164 cases collectively are shown. The median concentration is estimated
to be 0. 06 M-g/g. The 5th to 95th percentiles have a range of 0. 01 to 0. 18
H-g/g, while the middle 50 per cent range from 0. 02 to 0. 10 |J.g/g.
From the ANOVA table the age group factor has
an F-ratio of 16.93. significant beyond the one per cent level. From the
transformed mean values, the hypothesis of linear trend is tested using a
Student's t-statistic. The calculated t is 8.68 with 158 df from the error
term, which indicates that a strong tendency does exist for the means to
increase with age.
U«ing the Within-Groups mean square from the
ANOVA confidence intervals are calculated for each group and are pre-
sented in the summary statistics in Table 21.
The sampling and analysis variation is estimated
from the bottom line of the ANOVA. The mean square -within individuals
is estimated to be 0. 0002, which gives a standard deviation of 0. 014 in
the transformed scale. This implies good precision between the duplicate
samples.
The transformed mean for the smokers was
determined to be 0. 072 as opposed to 0. 052 for the non-smokers. The
t-value for these data is 9. 16, and again far exceeds the tabled values.
The conclusion, then, is that for muscle as for the previous tissues, the
smokers had higher observed concentrations. The estimated difference
in average concentration between the two groups is 0.021 p-g/g.
ii. Lead
The analytical results for Pb in muscle tissue
are shown in Appendix G. The geometric means for the varying age
groups are plotted in Figure 20. The age group 10-19 data are somewhat
lower, then the next four groups are scattered.
80
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TABLE 21. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR CADMIUM
IN MUSCLE TISSUE
Percentile
5th
Value, (.ig/g 0. 01
percantiles
25th
0. 02
50th
0. 06
75th
0. 10
95th
0. 18
A NOVA Table
Source
Between Groups
Within Groups
df
5
158
SS
0. 364 G
0 . 6 ~ 3 0
MS
0, 0726
0. 0043
Sampling 2ind
Analysis
Total
164
327
0. 026"
1.06 J3
0.0002
Significance
Level
16. 93 < 0. 01
Mean [In (.i-rxjj
Sample size
Age Group
2 3
0. 031
33
0. 053
38
0.053 0.082
33 Z8
0. 102
31
0.580
1
Age Group
Mean
Confidence Interval
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
0. 031
0. 054
C. 054
0. 085
0. 107
0. 009-0. 054
0. 033-0. 077
0. C31-0. 078
0. 060-0. 112
0. 082-0. 133
82
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For the muscle tissue, the summary of tue
statistical analyses is contained in Table 22. Tne percautiles of the
distribution show a median, value of 0. 06S H-g/g, with a a expected, range
of 0. 033 to 0,232 M-g/g. The middle 50 per cent of 'he concentration range
from 0. 049 to 0. 091.
The A NOVA table indicates "hat ^0 significant
differences exist dat to the age of the subject?. -lie transformed mean
values for each age group as shown iu the table reing? from 0. 062 to
0.092, with the one 60+ individuals omitted, which -^.preseits L. narrow
range 0.1 concentrations. By inspection, there is no '..nficitiori oC an
increasiag Trend with age due to the fact that tr^e 20-29 and 40-49 means
are nearly equal as are the .iO-39 and 5° -59. -A sin/ie confidence interval
is presented as a result, using the overall n,ean uf C. 07° in th° tiansforrr. ec.
scale and the within groups mean square, with the ceT_ul2 lea l:i ^i'~3 CG.J.
verted back to the H-g/ scale,
The samp-ing and analysis mean square from the
A NOVA gives an estimated standard deviation of 0. 022, which gAvas a
value of 1 . 022 upon caking the a:itilog.
The smoking group had a mean concentration, of
0.081 in the transformed .scale, while the non-smokers mean w&s 0. ')75,
The test statistic for these -data is 1.45, and the difference is not ?igniii-
cant. Although somewhat higher levels were observed for rhe s makers,
it was insufficient to detect a difference when the variability among
?amples is considered.
iii. Mercury
The analytical determinations for Hg in muscle
tissue are shown in Appendix I. The geometric means for the age groups
are calculated and shown in Figure 21, No difference is observed in these
from ages 10 through 59, with only the individual over 60 shewing a higher
result.
The statistical analyses are summarized in Table
23. The percentiles of the distribution give an estimated median of 0, CGI 5,
with an expected range of 0. 0005 to 0. 0047 fig/g. The interquartile range
is from 0. 0010 to 0. 0023 ng/g.
From the A NOVA, the F- ratio for between, groups
is less than one, and the age factor is clearly non-significant. As can be
seen from the transformed means shown in the table, all age groups except
group six had the same mean concentration to three places.
84
-------
TABLE 22. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR LEAD
IN MUSCLE TISSUE
Percentile 5th
Value, |j.g/g 0. 033
Percentiles
25th 50th
0.049
0. 066
75th 95th
0.091 0.232
ANOVA Table
Source df
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis 164
Total 327
SS
0. 0753
1.5357
MS
5
158
0. 0207
1.4397
0. 0041
0.0091
0.0005
< 1
Significance
Level
N.S.
Mean{7n(l+x;T] 0.063
Sample size
Age G r o up
2 3
0. 063
33
0. 074
38
0.091
33
0. 075
28
0. 092
31
0. 108
1
Age Group
10-69
Mean
0. 082
Confidence Interval
0. 066-0.099
85
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TABLE 23. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR MERCURY
IN MUSCLE TISSUE
Percentile
Value, |j.g/g
5th
0.0005
Percentiles
Z5th 50th
?5th
95th
0. 0010
0.0015
0.0023 0.0047
ANOVA Table
Source df
Between Groups 5
Within Groups 158
Sampling and
Analysis 164
Total 327
Mean [ln(l+x]| 0.002
Sample size 33
Age Group
10-69
Mean
0. 0020
Significance
SS MS F Level
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0000 0.00000 0.00 N.S.
0018 0.00001
0001 0.00000
0019
Age Group
2345
002 0.002 0.002 0.002
38 33 28 31
Confidence Interval
6
0. 004
1
0.0015-0.0025
87
-------
The confidence interval for the true mean of the
population is calculated using the overall mean of 0. 0020 and the within
groups mean square. The 95 per cent limits are 0. 0015 and 0. 0025 v-g/g.
The sums of squares for sampling and analysis
was negligible for these data, and good precision was obtained between
duplicate samples for the Hg determination.
The smoking group had a mean transformed value
of 0. 0021 compared to a mean of 0. 0018 for the non-smokers. The t-
statistic for these data is 0. 14 and is clearly not significant. Thus, no
effect of smoking on the concentration of Hg in muscle tissue could be
observed.
iv. Z inc
The analytical results for Zn in muscle tissue are
shown in Appendix H. The geometric means are plotted for the age groups in
Figure 22 and show a similar pattern to previous data. The highest results are in
the 20-39 group, and there is a slight decreasing trend after that point.
The summary of the statistical analyses on the
determined concentrations of Zn in muscle tissue is shown in Table 24.
The percentiles of the distribution are estimated
and yield a median value of 99. 71 (J.g/g. The range of the middle 90 per-
cent of the data is from 54. 07 to 139. 80 ng/g> while the interquartile
range is from 84.8 to 113.01.
From the ANOVA, the F-ratio for between groups
is less than one and the age group factor is determined to be nonsignificant.
The transformed means differ by 0. 09 or less, -with the exception of the
60+ individual.
Using the overall mean of 4. 55 in the transformed
scale, a 95 per cent confidence level is calculated as 88.21 to 99. 38 |ag/g
for the true mean of the population under study.
The sampling and analysis standard deviation is
0. 154 in the transformed scale. Exponentiating gives 1. 166
The smoking group had a mean transformed con-
centration of 4. 55 as did the non-smoking group. As a. result, the t-statistic
has a value of zero and no significant difference exists between the two groups.
88
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TABLE 24. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR ZINC
IN MUSCLE TISSUE
Pe re entile 5th
Value, jig/g 54.07
Percentiles
Z5th 50th
84.80
99.71
75th
113.01
95th
138.80
ANOVA Table
Source
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis
Total
df
164
SS
0.1194
158 23.3104
3. 8744
327 27. 3042
MS
0.0239
0. 1475
0.0236
<1
Significance
Level
N.S.
Age G ro up
2 3
Mean (In x)
Sample size
Age Group
10-69
4. 55
33
Mean
94.63
4.59
38
4.57 4.51
33 28
4.50 4.37
31 1
Confidence Interval
88. 21-99.38
90
-------
v. Summary of Muscle Results
The results of the investigations on muscle tissue
follow a similar pattern to the liver tissue, and are summarized in Table
25. There was no discernable age tendency except for Cd data. For these
results, the increase with the age of the subject was observed, and a
linear trend detected through all age groups.
The smokers showed significantly higher levels
of Cd and higher, though insignificant, levels of Pb than the non-smokers.
There were no differences between the groups for the remaining two metals
studied.
d. Pancreas
i. Cadmium
The analytical results for Cd in pancreas tissue
are shown in Appendix F. The geometric means for the age groups are
plotted in Figure 23 and show a similar pattern to previous Cd results. The
average concentration increases through the 40-49 group, then levels off.
The statistical summary is shown in Table 26.
Percentiles relating to the 164 individuals are used to summarize the
distributional pattern of the observed concentrations. The median is
estimated to be 0. 52 (Jtg/g, with a normal range of 0. 18 to 1. 28, and an
interquartile range of 0.40 jig/g (0. 33 to 0. 73). The geometric mean for
all the observations is 0. 557 H-g/g, which indicates good agreement between
the two sets of statistics.
The results of the A NOVA on the Cd concentrations
in pancreas tissue are also shown in Table 26. The F-ratio for between
groups is calculated to be 9. 20, -which is again significant beyond the one
per cent level. Using the transformed means as shown, the hypothesis of
a linear trend is tested, and the resultant t-statistic is calculated to be
5. 32. Since this far exceeds the tabled value at the one per cent level,
the tendency to increase with age is again strong.
Since an age group dependency exists, separate
confidence intervals are calculated for each age group and presented in
Table 26. The within age group is used for the error term, and the limits
are then translated back to (ig/g for the table.
From the sampling and analysis component the
variability between duplicate samples is estimated. The standard deviation
is estimated as 0. 032 in the transformed scale which gives 1.033 when
exponentiated.
91
-------
TABLE 25. SUMMARY OF RESULTS ON
MUSCLE TISSUE
Metal
Age Effect
Linear Trend
Smoking Effect
Cadmium Significant
Yes
Significant, higher
concentration among
smokers
Lead
Not Significant
Not significant, but
higher among smokers
Mercury Not Significant
Not significant
Zinc
Not Significant
Not Significant (no
difference)
92
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TABLE 26. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR CADMIUM
TN PANCREAS TISSUE
Percentile 5th
Value, |j.g/g 0. 18
Percentiles
25th 50th
0.3:
0.52
75th
0.73
95th
1.28
A NOVA Table
Sampling and
Analysis
Total
Significance
Source
Between Groups
Within Groups
df
5
158
SS
3.6848
12.6536
MS
0. 7370
0. 0801
F
9.20
Level
<0.01
164
327
0. 1686
16.5070
0. 0010
Mean [in (1+xJ) 0.282
Sample size
Age G r o up
2 3
0.282
33
C. 350
38
0.440
33
0.577
31
0.569
28
1.670
1
Age Group
Mean
Confidence Interval
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
0.326
0.419
0.553
0. 781
0. 766
0.203-0.461
0.297-0.553
0.409-0. 711
0.611-0.968
0. 590-0.962
94
-------
The 116 smokers had a mean value, in the
transformed scale, of 0.476 compared to 0.363 for the non-smokers.
This results in a t-value of 20. 76 and once again an extremely signifi-
cant result is observed in the Cd data. The difference between the
means is estimated as 0. 172 (J-g/g.
ii. Lead
The analytical results for Pb in pancreas
tissue are shown in Appendix G. The geometric means for the age
groups are plotted and presented in Figure 24. The highest values are
observed in the 20-29 age groups, with a slight decreasing trend after
that.
The statistical summary is shown in Table 27.
The percentiles of the distribution are estimated and give a median of
0.40 (J.g/g, with a normal range of 0. 18 to 0.96 omitting extreme values.
The interquartile range is estimated as 0. 24 H-g/g, from 0. 30 to 0. 54.
The A NOVA is summarized in the table along with
the transformed means. As in the previous tissues, no significant age
group effect is noted. The tendency in the mean values in pancreas tissue
for a slight decrease over age is not significant when the within group
variability is considered.
The overall mean in the "transformed scale is
0. 363, which gives a confidence interval of 0. 392 to 0.484 ng/g, using
the mean square for within groups for the calculation.
The variation attributable to duplicate samples
is estimated from the sampling and analytical component of the A NOVA
table. The estimated transformed standard deviation is 0. 044, which
gives 1. 045, which is a relatively precise determination.
The 116 smokers had a mean concentration in
the transformed scale of 0.426 versus 0.409 for the non-smokers. The
resultant t-statistic is 2. 03, which has a significance level of approxi-
mately 0.05. The conclusion is, then, that significantly higher concen-
trations of Pb were observed among the smoking group. The difference
between the two groups is estimated to be 0. 026 (J-g/g average concentra-
tion.
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TABLE 27. STATISTICAL, SUMMARY FOR LEAD
IN PANCREAS TISSUE
Pe re entile 5th
Value, fjig/g 0. 18
Percentiles
25th
0. 30
50th
0.40
75th
0.54
95th
0.96
ANOVA Table
Source df
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis
Total 327
SS
MS
Significance
Level
5
158
164
0. 1194
7. 0930
0. 3187
0.0239 <1 N.S.
0. 0449
0.0019
7. 5311
Sample size
Age Group
10-69
Age G r o up
2 3
0. 369
33
Mean
0.415 0.
38
Confidence
391 0.335
33 28
Interval
0.287 0.264
31 1
0.438
0. 392-0.484
97
-------
iii. Mercury
The analytical determinations for Hg in pancreas
tissue are shown in Appp. dtx I. The geometric means for the tables are
used to plot concentration versus age and are presented in Figure 25.
The highest concentration was observed in the 20-29 group, but all age
groups have similar means.
The statistical summary is shown as Table 28.
Percentiles are calculated for the distribution using the mean concentra-
tions for the 164 individuals. The median is estimated to be 0. 009 M-g/g.
with a range of 0. 0029 to 0. 0281 from the 5th to 95th percentiles. The
range of the middle 50 per cent of the data is from 0. 0057 to 0. 0141.
The A NOVA table shows an F-ratio for between
groups of less than one and the conclusion is that there is no tendency for
Hg concentration to differ according to age. From the means of the
transformed data, there is no visible tendency toward increasing or
decreasing concentration with age.
The overall mean of the transformed data, 0. Oil,
is used with the within group mean square to estimate the limits of a 95~
per cent confidence interval on the true mean of the population under study.
The calculated interval is from 0. 009 to 0. 013 ng/g.
The sampling and analysis sums of squares is
again negligible for these cor.centrations. The variability between analytical
determinations on duplicate samples is small.
The transformed mean of the smoking group is
0. 0114 versus 0. 0105 for the non-smoking group. The calculated t for
these data is 6.48, which exceeds the tabled value at the 0. 1-per cent
level. The difference is significant, then, and the average difference is
estimated to be 0. 0004 M-g/g.
iv. Zinc
The results of the analyses on pancreas tissue
for Zn content are shown in Appendix H. The geometric means are plotted
by age group in Figure 26. These tend to rise gently with age until the
40-49 group, then to level off for the 50-59 group.
98
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TABLE 28. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR MERCURY
IN PANCREAS TISSUE
Percentile
Value, |xg/g
5th
0.0029
Percentiles
25th 50th
0.0057
0. 0090
75th
0.0141
95th
0.0281
ANOVA Table
Source df
Between Groups 5
Within Groups 158
Sampling and
Analysis 164
Total 327
SS
0.0006
0.0261
0.0002
0.0269
MS
0.00012 <1
0.00017
0.0000012
Significance
Level
N.S.
Mean [ln(l+xf|
Sample size
Age Group
10-69
Age Group
2 3
0. 010
33
Mean
0.014 0.
38
Confidence
009 0.011
33 28
Interval
0.010 0.007
31 1
0.011
0.009-0.013
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The statistical analyses are summarized in
Table 29. The percentiles are calculated using the complete set of con-
centration determinations. The median is estimated as 25.22 M-g/g, with
a normal range of 16.29 to 37. 38 M-g/g. omitting extreme values. The
middle 50 per cent of the concentrations ranged from 21. 98 to 27. 92 u-g/g.
The age factor is significant for the concentration
of Zn, since the F-ratio is significant at the 5 per cent level. The contrast
for linear trend gives a t-statistic of -3.26, when the mean for group six
is excluded. This value would unfairly impact the contrast and is disre-
garded for the trend analysis since it is based upon only one observation.
The conclusion is that the concentration of Zn in the kidney tended to
decrease with age.
Since age was significant, a separate confidence
interval is calculated for each age group using the mean square for within
groups. The 9&-per cent level was used and the intervals are shown in the
summary table.
The variability due to duplicate determinations is
estimated from the sampling and analysis term. The estimated standard
deviation is 0. 140 for the transformed data, which gives 1, 150 upon
exponentiating. This implies that the variability between duplicate samples
due to sample-to-sample differences and analytical variability was 15.0
per cent for these data.
For :zinc in. pancreas tissue, the smokers had a
mean of 3. 21 in the transformed scale a.nd the non-smokers had a mean
value of 3.24. The t-statistic for this comparison is -1. 12, and does not
indicate that a significant difference exists. Asa result, the two groups
are considered to have equal aiverage concentrations.
v. bummary of Pancreas Results
The summary of the investigations on pancreas
tissue is contained in Table 30. Age effects v/ere noted for Cd and Zn, -with
Cd concentration showing an increase with age and Zn concentration a
decrease. No difference among age groups was detected for either Pb or Hg.
The smoking group had significantly higher con-
centrations of Cd, Pb and Hg in the pancreas tissue than did the non-smoking
group, but no difference in Zn content wa s detected.
J 0"
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T^IC/L S'JMVLASY TCP. ;:
P ere entile
Value,
5th
f- e r e *; t i 1 e s
25th 50th 75th
25. 2
2 /. ?
95th
A NOVA Table
Sourc;
Total
df
SS
MS
Significai.ee
F Level
Betvv-een Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis
5 1.5108
158 18.5870
164 ?. 1969
0.3022 2.57 < 0. 05
0. 1176
0.0195
32'
23. ^947
Age Group
Msan. (in ::)
Sample size
Age Group
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-5Q
-t
3, 366
33
Mean
28. 962
25.483
24.878
23. 831
21.628
23456
^.238 3.214 3.171 3.074 3.478
38 33 28 31 1
Confidence Interval
24. 765-31.557
21. 851-27.417
21. 131-26.966
19.989-26. 058
18. 163-23.410
103
-------
:ABLE 30. SUMMARY OF RESULTS ON PANCREAS TISSUE
Metal Age Effect Linear Trend
Smoking Effect
Cadmium Significant
Yes, increasing
with age.
Significant. Higher
concentrations in
smokers.
Lead
Not significant
Significant. Higher
concentrations in
smokers.
Mercury Not significant
Not significant
Zinc
Significant
Yes, decreasing
with age.
Significant. Higher
concentrations in
smokers.
104
-------
Fat
'}. no re-ult-s oi :,h e Cd analyses, '...i i.<. f I'«GUP a.-:;.
shown in Appendix F. Onlj U8 cf v-v. autopsy cises were . ^ea =1.::". c <- o."
these was analyzed only in a single de'cermina'aor,. The geometric .leans
for the age groups are plotte-i ia Figure 27, A ^ ca..i be ^een, "^e mean 3
rise up to age group 40-49- then decrease slightly. The Baltic fc.. .i'cup
six is bas«. d on oae i 'idf.vii.ua \ ' i_d , ~'. considered re^e -.-ruatr"0 .
The s-;a,ti£f.ca.s summary is shcvn in .T>ole : ' .
The percentiles are calculaj-id .'-.-- ueio- _ and er.ow 5. median of 0. 03r- i'.^' j;
with an expected r^nge of G. C'J ic 0, 1 i ~, M-g/g, excluding vne upper e.nc
lower five per cent oi the distribution. The interquartile range is r. ; 4'-
(0. 065-0, 016) \vhere ''ne middle £'? cr-r cent of the "loncoctrati. ns -"a I1.
JTrctri .he r- NOV^ tabl"-, the F--ratjo resting
significance of the apje group fa-jjor :.s 25.21, \vhi^h is clearly .cij-:i'iicani .
The transformed means mdicatj ^ linaar t; ei^d does exis1", and the ccn.trast
is again tested. The t-statistic i-^-r ".he linear hypothec js is cr, Icula-. e- to
be 1.775 v- nich indicc-.es ;"; llr.ec^.r ccvipon^nt does exist at a significance
level of about sever., oer cer_ , a ad t.h^t there is a randercy to inci c. se v. ith
age.
Sinue the ^,-e group factor is significant, the means
for each age group are used tc :alc~:lete confidence intervals oa the true
mean concentration, ior jacli tvg<-. grocp, and thc-sc an. displaytu 1.1 the table.
TLr- sarrpling and analysis component of "he deter-
minations in fa.; is ca,t cnla" ea f:-:, TJ r'le ANOV/\. The n ear* square for samp-
ling and i_nalysivS is 0 J012, vLi.^1. giv=s a str.nda-'-cl cevia'-icn of 0 U^5 in -jhc
transformed scale, ^'ypcrcnti.atLig triv.^s a v-lu'= ot J.036, which implies
3.fc per cen": variation in vhe results due to duplicate, samples and analytical
variation,
~~h.~- effect of smoking on Cd in fat tissue is evaluated
using the trausiorriiod. 'neaie ot' 0, 054 for the smokers a ad 0. 029 for the non-
smokers. The t-statistic '-vat' c; Icuiated a? 3.05, which exceeds the 0.1-per
cent level. The conclusion is, then, that the smokers had higher concentra-
tions of Cd in their i'at tissue than the non-smokers. 1 he estimated difference
is 0,026 ^g/g average concentration, between the two groups,
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IJ^ELE 31. STA TJSTICAL SUMMARY FOR CADMIUM
IN FAT TISSUE
Fercentile
5th
Value, ja.g/g 0. 005
Percentiles
Z5th 50th
0. 016
0. 039
7 5th
0. 365
A NOVA Table
Source df
Between Group? o
Within Groups 92
Sampling and
Analvsis
Total i°4
SS
0. 1764
0. 1283
97 0,1194
MS
0. 0153
0. 0014
0.0012
significance
L^vel
<0. 01
0.4241
Mean jjLri(l4-xj]
Cample size
0 0284
17
Age Group
2 3
0.0307
22
0.0403
24
0.0504
16
0. 0454: 0, 3269
Age Group
Mean
Confidence Interval
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
0.0288
0.0312
0.0411
0.0517
0. 0444
0.0107-0.0473
0.0152-0.0474
0.0256-0.0569
0.0326-0.0711
0.0264-0.0626
107
-------
ii. Lead
The analytical results for Pb in fat tissue are
shown in Appendix G. Tissues from 98 subjects were analyzed for Pb,
all but one in duplicate. The geometric means of the age groups were
plotted and are presented in Figure 28. As can be seen, there is little
difference among the results; with the exception of the individual in the
60-69 group.
The summary of the statistical analyses is shown
in Table 32. The percentiles of the distribution are presented in the table
and a median concentration of 0. 141 is estimated from the 164 cases. The
interquartile range is from 0. 061 to 0.293 Kg/g, while the range of the
middle 90 per cent of the data was from 0. 012 to 0.686
The ANOVA yields an F-ratio of less than one
for between age groups and no significant differences are noted. The
highest Pb concentration is in the 30-39 group, and the results are con-
sistent with the previous tissues.
The overall mean for these data is 0. 230 in the
transformed scale and gives a confidence interval of 0. 193 to 0. 326 H-g/g
for the true mean of the population under study.
The sampling and analysis component gives a
standard deviation of 0. 190 in the transformed scale. Taking the antilog
gives 1.209, and implies a 20.9 per cent variability between concentra-
tion determinations in fat tissue.
The smoking group had a mean value of 0. 270 in
the transformed scale based on 61 subjects. The non-smokers mean was
0.223 in the transformed scale from 27 subjects. The resulting t-statistic
was 1.08, which is not significant. Thus, no effect of smoking on the
observed Pb levels could be detected.
iii. Mercury
The analyses of fat tissue for Hg content are shown
in Appendix I. There were 163 cases run for Hg, all in duplicate. The
geometric means for the age groups are graphed in Figure 29. The mean
concentrations are scattered and no trend is noticeable.
The results of the statistical analyses are shown
in Table 33. Percentiles of the distribution are estimated from the 163
cases. The median concentration was 0. 0052 Kg/g, with a 5 to 95 percen-
tile range of 0. 0012 to 0. 0124 |JLg/g. The middle 50 per cent of the distri-
bution ranged from 0. 0027 to 0. 0074
108
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TABLE 32. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR LEAD
IN FAT TISSUE
Pe re entile
Value, [jig/g
Percentiles
5th
0. 012
25th
0.061
50th
0. 141
75th
0.293
95th
0.686
A NOVA Table
Source
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis
Total
df
SS
0. 2601
92 6.5484
97 3.5160
MS
0.0520 < 1
0.0712
0.0362
Significance
Level
N.S.
194 10.3245
Mean |In(l4xjj 0.222
Sample size
Age G r o up
2 3
0.222
17
0.213 0.274 0.235
22 24 16
0. 183
18
0.421
1
Age Group
10-69
Mean
0.259
Confidence Interval
0.1933-0.3262
110
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TABLE 33. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR MERCURY
IN FAT TISSUE
Percentile
Value, |j.g/g
Percentiles
5th 25th 50th
0.0012 0.0027 0.0052
75th
95th
0.0074 0.0124
A NOVA Table
Significance
Source
Between Groups
Within Groups
^Sampling and
Analy si s
Total
df
5
157
163
325
' SS
0. 0003
0. 0045
0. 0002
0. 0050
MS F
0.00006 2.0
0. 00003
0. 00000
Level
N.S.
Age Group
2 3
Mean Qn(l+xjj
Sample size
Age Group
10-69
0. 0067
32
Mean
0. 0056
0.. 0057
38
'0.0040 0.0062
33 28
0.0054 0.0108
31 1
Confidence Interval
0.
0097-0. 0120
112
-------
From the F-ratio for between groups, it is
determined that no significant differences exist among the mean values.
Frctr. the means shown in the table, it is apparent that no trend exists,
since the values go from higher to lower with no regularity from group
to group.
The overall mean of 0. 0056 is used to calculate
a confidence interval in the transformed scale, using the mean square
for within groups. The limits of the 95-per cent confidence interval 0,1
the true mean of the population are from 0. 0097 to 0. 0120
The sampling and analysis component has a
negligible sum of squares for mercury, and the variability between dupli-
cate samples is minimal.
The smoking group had a transformed mean of
C.013 as compared to 0.006 for the non-smokers. The t-statistic for these
data was 4. 28, and is significant beyond the 0. 1-per cent level. The con-
clusion is that higher concentrations of Hg were present in the smokers.
The estimated difference is 0. 007 M.g/g average concentration.
iv . Z inc
The results of the analyses for Zn content of fat
Lissue are shown in Appendix H. There were 98 subjects analyzed for Zn,
all but one in duplicate. The geometric means are plotted in Figure 30 for
the age groups.
The summary of the statistical analyses is shown
in Table 34. The percentiles of the distribution are estimated from the
average for each of the 98 cases. The median was determined to be 2. 650
;~g/g> with values from 0.400 to 15. 150 between the B^1 and 95tn percentiles.
The central 50 per cent of the data, ranged from 1.44 to 4.68 M-g/g.
The ANOVA table in the summary gives an F-ratio
for between groups of 1. 02 and is clearly nonsignificant. The conclusion
is that age did not affect the observed levels of Zn in fat tissue to any great
extent. The transformed means as shown in the table do not indicate any
tendency to either increase or decrease with age.
A single confidence interval is calculated for these
data using the overall mean of 1.409 for the transformed data. The 95-psr
cent confidence limits are estimated to be 2^425 to 3. 885 M-g/g for the true
mean concentration.
113
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TABLE 34. STATISTICAL, SUMMARY FOR ZINC
IN FA T TISSUE
Percentile 5th
Value, jj.g/g 0.400
Percentiles
25th 50th
1.440
2.650
?5th
4.680
95th
15.150
ANOVA Table
Source
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis
Total
df
SS
97 14.7913
194 92.9087
MS
5 4. 1001
92 74.0173
0.8200
0.8045
0. 1525
1. 02
Significance
Level
N.S.
Mean [Tn(l+xjj 1.396
Sample size
Age G ro up
1. 396
17
1.377
22
1.452
24
1.504
16
1.251
18
2.586
1
Age Group
10-69
Mean
3. 092
Confidence Interval
2.425-3.885
115
-------
The sampling and analysis standard deviation
for these data is estimated to be 0. 391 in the transformed scale, which
gives 1.478 when the antilog is taken.
The mean of the smoking group was 1.66 in
the transformed scale as compared to 1. 35 for the non-smokers. The
t-statistic was calculated as 3,. 46, which exceeds the 0. 1-per cent
level of the t distribution. The conclusion is that smokers had higher
concentrations of Zu, estimated to be 1.40 |a.g/g on average.
3. Multi-Tissue Retsults
a. Cadmium
The highest mean concentration of Cd was observed
in kidney tissue, followed in order by liver, pancreas, muscle, and
fat tissues. For all tissues, age was determined to have a significant
effect on the observed levels for Cd, and a linear trend was detected
in all cases. The tendency was observed for the concentration to rise
up until ages 40-49, then to level off.
In each tissue, the results of the test for the effect
of smoking on Cd concentration in the body revealed that the group which
regularly smoked cigarettes had significantly higher average concentra-
tions, and that the significance level exceeded the 0. 5-per cent value in
all cases. Thus, there is strong evidence that cigarette smoking results
in higher body burdens of Cd.
b. Lead
The concentration of Pb was highest in the kidney
tissue, followed in order by pancreas, liver, fat, and muscle tissues.
No significant age effect could be determined, but there was a tendency
for the greatest concentration to occur between the ages of 20 and 39.
The results of the investigations on smoking paralleled
the results for Cd. Significantly higher values were reported for the con-
centration of Pb in liver, pancreas, and kidney tissues, anda nearly signi-
ficant difference was reported for muscle tissue. The difference was
insignificant for fat tissue, but a higher mean was observed for the smok-
ing group. There was considerable variability between fat determinations
which meant that a greater difference between means was required for
significance in fat than in the other tissues. The indication is, then,
that cigarette smoking results in higher body burdens of Pb.
116
-------
.vie r cur y
Ihe highest levels cf llg were observed ::r. "-h.r ki;~
tissue, followed in cr-der by !'.-->-r, pancreas, i'at and muscle tissues.
The age group cf the ird.vid-., '_ -;-:-- not uo.r ~rn.:i:ec.. IT hs--c " .-
effect on the observed c'j'icr-r.'. ri-Ai-'.-i for cny cf thv ricsues srucied.
i .ie r'isnivt ct Tit.; crtc.rr;::. t:r- .;: 10.- a ;r.~:t_'::.-
effect \vere interestir_7 in th;-r no co"5~3t;,rit ^?rte: r. 'ixistod. Tt:
and muscle ti-;jue£ t:- J;ff(_--vr.o; v/aD detected c ',-',:\,xen tl^-, t\/c ^roup;;
The pancreas tissue a::.c zat tissue results s>Loved, r. higher 'og ccticentra
tion among smokers. The kidney tissue, bov/r-v.-;. revealed thc.t Signifi-
cantly lower ccacent-'attcns v/ere- observed amcviji tht snioker" T-.cti
among the noa-smokers.
The highest concentrations of Zu were obdcr\ed ia
muscle tissue, followed by liver, kidney, pancreas, and tat tissues.
No age effect \vas detectable for liver, muscle, or fat concentrations.
A linear increase v/as observed with age in kidney tissue, ana a linear
decrease with age in p_ncr^as tissue.
Ths investigation into the effetta of cigarette arnoking
revealed that hirher cone-- utrations of Zn could be expected in kidtiey and
fat tissues, but that p.o effect was discernable in liver, n-uscle, ii"
pancreas. Thus, cipv,i-ette smoking is indicated tc affect the bouy burde.i
of Zn in these two fitesues.
B . Live Volunteer Study
i. R e c r u i cry e nt A c ti v it i e s
Using the methods described, questionnaire forms were
obtained for sufficient volunteers, and the following numbers of qualified
participants were selected for u,°e Ln the study:
Age (years) No. of Participants
10-19 S
ZO-29 16
30-39 7
40-49 16
50+ 24
117
-------
Examination of the possible reasons to explain the diffi-
culties encountered in recruitment leads to the following observations.
The requirement for 24-hour samples is the most frequently criticized
characteristic by potential volunteers. They complain of the necessity
of carrying sample containers away from home, or being constrained
to stay at home for a specific 24-hour period. Overnight samples offer
many times less resistance from potential volunteers than do 24-hour
samples. A second observation adds to the result of that stated first,
This is the necessity of recruiting males rather than females, or a
mixture of these sexes. It is the observation of the study team that
males do not relate to or respond to the giving of urine or feces samples
for study purposes nearly as easily as females. This observation possibly
relates to such things as diapers, bathroom cleaning, etc. , being con-
sidered "woman's work" in the minds of some. In any case the double
requirement of all male participation and 24-hour excretia samples
resulted in a very difficult recruitment effort.
2. Questionnaire Data
The questionnaire data was used to describe the individuals
who participated in the survey and to verify that the subjects could be
considered non-exposed. The results obtained which are pertinent to
this study are summarized below.
The length of residency in the city or town was used to
verify that the individuals could be considered to be living in a non-exposed
environment. Of the 72 individuals over the age of 10, 38 had resided in
the same city or town for nine years or more and only 10 had been resi-
dents for one year or less. The environmental non-exposure criterion
thus appears satisfied for these subjects.
The occupation of the individual was screened to ensure that
occupational exposure was not indicated. The length of time the subject
had worked for the same employer was used to reaffirm the non-exposure
status. The individuals over 19 were used since they constitute the
working sector of the sample under study. Twenty-six of these individuals
had been with the same employer for at least nine years, and 14 of them
for one year or less. The majority of the individuals had been with the
same employer for at least four years, and the criterion of non-occupationally
exposed can be stated to be satisfied.
As mentioned above, the autopsy cases were selected to be
not excessive users of medication in order not to bias the results. The
living subjects were questioned concerning certain cnronic illnesses and
the summary of these results is presented in Table 35.
113
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1ABLE 55, SUMMARY GJ CHRONIC II I ^:ESH~-C:
REPORTED FOR LIVING SULir -"I,
Per cc c^
Ivialig nancies i 1 . Z
Di'betes 2 .. 3
Heart Ccndiii-:n& fc ;'.C
i-fyper tens ion 6 7.0
Ari'iiritis and Rheumatism o 5.8
R'.i3un'.atic Heart Disease 1 1.2
Thyroid Disea^ 1 ' - 2
Liver Disease - L 'J
Kidnev Disease .' ' -
119
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The highest frequency was reported for heart conditions
and hypertension, but only amounted to seven per cent of the sample.
For the thyroid, liver, arid kidney diseases, the subject was requested
to specify the type of disease if he gave a positive response. The thyroid
disease was reported to be low thyroid. There were four cases of liver
disease, two of acute infectious hepatitis and two of jaundice. The reported
kidney disease was not specified.
The 63 subjects over 19 were divided into three groups based on
their smoking habits. The current smokers comprised 14 subjects,
while people who had smoked but did not at the time of the study, referred
to as current non-smokers, numbered Zl and the remaining 28 had not
smoked as many as 100 cigarettes in their lifetime.
3. Living Subjects
The feces aid urine samples from the volunteer participants
were analyzed for their Cd concentration and the results are included in
Appendix J to this report. These data were used in the statistical analysis
referred to Section II. F. 6 above and the results are shown below for
each medium separately.
a. Feces
The geometric means for each age group are graphed
and presented as Figure 31. As can be seen, the highest concentrations
are observed in the two lowest age groups, after which an almost constant
average is observed.
The summary of the statistical analyses is shown in
Table 36. The percentiles of the distribution are calculated using the
average values for all 86 subjects. The median is estimated to be
0. 097 HLg/g, with a normal range, excluding high values, of 0. 052 to
0.205 |J.g/g. The interquartile range for these data was from 0. 083 to
0. 132.
The ANOVA is used to test for the presence of an age
factor. The F-ratio for significance of the between group term is 1.20
which does not exceed a tabled value. As can be seen from the means of
the transformed data, there is a slight drop in average concentration
after group 2, and then the means remain fairly constant over the remain-
ing groups.
120
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W
u
w
O
Q
-------
TABLE 36. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR CADMIUM
IN FECES
Percentile 5th
Value, jjLg/g 0.052
Percentiles
25th 50th
0.083
0.097
75th
0. 132
95th
0.205
ANOVA Table
Sampling and
Analysis
Total
Significance
Source
Between Groups
Within Groups
df
5
80
SS
0.012
0. 163
MS
0.0024
0.0020
F
1.20
Level
N.S.
79
164
0.199
0.0025
Age G r o up
2 3
Mean
Sample size
Age Group
0-50+
0.131
15
Mean
0.119
0. 130
8
0.103 0.098
16 7
0.109 0.106
16 24
Confidence Interval
0. 108-0.129
122
-------
The overall mean of 0.112 in the transformed scale
is used to construct a 95-per cent confidence interval on thf true mean
cf 0. 108 to 0. 139 l-ig/g. ^he 86 mean values for individuals arc used
to construct a frequency distribution for Cd concentration.
The sampling and analysis variation is estimated
from the A NOVA. There are less than the nominal 86 degrees of free-
dome due to several samples which were insufficient to run duplicate
analyses. The mean square for those with duplicate samples gives a
standard deviation of 00 050, which translates into a value of 1. 051 in
the original scale.
The effect of smoking on observed Cd levels is tested
by comparing the smokers within the sample against first the non-smokers,
then the current non-smokers. The calculated means are 0. 109, 0.099.
and 0. 106 for non-smokers, current non-smokers, and smokers, respec-
tively, in the transformed scale. Using a t-test as before, no difference
can be detected for the smoking group against either non-smokers or
current non-smokers. The calculated t's are -0. 18 and 0.41, respec-
tively. It is concluded, then, that no difference in the con<~entratioi of.
Cd in feces occurred as a result of smoking cigarettes.
b. Urine
The geometric means for the six age groups are plotted
and presented in Figure 32. There is a tendency for these values to rise
with age and tr reach a maximum in the 40-49 group. This is consistent
with the results for the tissues discussed above,
The summary of the statistical analyses i? shown in
Table 37. The percentiles are calculated for the distribution as a whole.
The median concentration, is estimated to be 0. 533 fig/1, with a 5th to
95 pcrcenti!e rang-; of 0. 118 to 1.293 |J-g/l. The interquartile range is
from 0. 329 to 0. 696 ug/1.
The A NOVA is also summarized in the table. For
these data, the between age group factor has an F-ratio which is signifi-
cant beyond the on^-per cent level. A t-statistic IF used to test the hypo-
thesis of a linear trend, and the calculated value of 5. 30 is significant at
the 0. 1-per ceat level. Thus, v/e can say that a strong tendency do^s exist
for the concentration to increase with age.
Since the age factor was significant, a separate con-
fidence interval is calculated for each mean value.
12?
-------
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-------
TABLE 37. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR CADMIUM
IN URINE
Percentiles
Percentile
Value, ng/1
A NOVA Table
Source
Between Groups
Within Groups
Sampling and
Analysis
Total
Mean[Tn(l+x[]
Sample size
Age Group
0- 9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
5th
0. 148
df
5
80
84
169
1
0. 347
15
Mean
0.415
0.334
0.422
0.496
0.797
0. 704
25th 50th 75th 95th
0.329 0.533 0.696 1.293
Significance
SS MS F Level
0.994 0.199 5.85 < 0. 01
2.757 0.034
1.855 0.022
Age Group
23456
0.288 0.352 0.403 0.586 0.533
8 16 7 16 24
Confidence Interval
0. 289-0.553
0. 174-0.516
0. 300-0.556
0. 305-0.716
0.642-0.966
0.582-0.835
125
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The sampling and analytical variation has 84 degrees
of freedom with two of the individuals not having duplicate samples analyzed.
The mean square for sampling and analysis from the A NOVA gives an esti-
mated standard deviation of 0. 148 in the transformed scale, which represents
reasonably wide variation between duplicates.
The effects of smoking are evaluated using the same
approach as for the feces. The urine data provided a quite different result.
however. The significance level of the test for differences in non-smokers
and smokers was less than one per cent, and the smokers showed signifi-
cantly higher levels of Cd in their urine. The means for smokers, cvrrent
non-smokers and non-smokers were 0.564, 0.544, and 0.404, respectively.
The t-statistics for the two comparisons were 3. 30 for smokers vs non-
smokers, and 0. 39 for smo'kers vs current non-smokers.
Of some curiosity is the fact that the smokers were not
significantly different from the current non-smokers. Of the 21 individuals
falling into this group, only five had quite smoking within the previous five
years, and the longest time was reported to be 32 years. A possible
explanation for this comes from the average age of the subjects. The
current non-smokers had an average age of 48 compared to 40 for the
smokers. Since the age factor was determined to be significant and this
represents nearly one age bracket's difference, this could explain this
result.
4. Interrelationship Between Feces and Urine for Cadmium Content
The analytical results for Cd in feces show the highest con-
centrations in the two lowest age groups. After ages 10-19, there is a drop-
off and the concentration is essentially constant for the remaining age groups
There were no observable differences between the smoking group and either
former smokers or non-smokers. As such, the concentration of Cd in feces
may be taken to be an indicator of the amount of Cd ingested, and not related
to body burden of the metal.
Urine, on the other hand, provided the same type of informa-
tion as was available from the autopsy tissues. The concentration tended to
increase in a linear fashion with age up to ages 40-49, then decrease slightly.
Among cigarette smokers, higher concentrations were observed than in non-
smokers but equivalent concentrations to former smokers. These results
indicate that Cd in urine may be indicative of total body burden of the metal
as opposed to daily intake.
126
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IV. DISCUSSION
A. Comparison of this Study to Other U.S. Studies
As mentioned in the Introduction, the estimates of daily dietary
intake of cadmium in the United States have been reported to range
between ZO and 130 (igt10^11). The earlier data of Schroeder, et al.(20)
and Tipton and Stewart had much higher values than this in that they
estimated the daily intake of cadmium to be between 200 and 500 jag.
Also, Murthy, Rhea, and Peeler' have reported relatively high values
with a mean of about 90 |o.g per day. Speculation is that sodium chloride
interfered with the cadmium determinations in the above-mentioned
investigations such that much higher values were obtained. Schroeder
and Balassa(**) analyzed cadmium using the dithiozone method and esti-
mated that the daily intake of cadmium could vary between 40 and 60 jj.g
depending on foods chosen. Bostrom and Wester ' °' reported that
the probable daily intake of cadmium was around 12 |ag per day. The
results from our study indicate that the average daily intake of cadmium
as estimated from fecal excretion range somewhere between 15 and 20 |ag
per day. These values are consistent with the data obtained in recent
years utilizing atomic absorption procedures.
A number of investigators have reported that cadmium tends to
increase in tissues with age. This study tended to confirm this result
in that cadmium in five tissues (kidney cortex, liver, pancreas, fat, and
muscle) tended to increase with age, with the most pronounced increase
kidney cortex. The recent study by Gross, et al.' ', is one of the most
comparable to the program to this study. Gross utilized autopsy samples
from accidental death and from natural death but he emphasized the normal
deaths from those who died suddenly so that the total comparison should.
be valid. Gross1 data on kidney cortex cadmium levels showed median
concentrations from a low of 7.5 in young age groups to a high of 30 fig/g
wet weight in older groups, while in the study reported here, the medians
ranged from 7.4 to a high of 23.6 |o.g/g wet weight. Thus the values for
kidney cortex in our study were very similar for the lower age groups,
but tended to be lower in our studies than in Gross' study for the age gio ups
30 and above. A similar pattern is seen in liver tissue.in which there was
very good agreement in the younger age groups and slightly lower amounts
in our study in older age groups. For example in the 40 to 50 age group,
their values were approximately 1.7 fJig/g wet weight while in our study it
was 1.3 p.g/g wet weight.
127
-------
As mentioned in the Introduction, it was reported in the literature
that body burden of cadmium increases with age from virtually none at
birth to about 30 mg in the fifth decade of life'"'. Our calculation of total
body burden for a man age 50 is 15 mg, which is one-half that used in
the previous estimate. Thus, the total body burdens from age 10 to 19
are 5.83, 9.04 in age 20-29, age 30-39 it was 12.22, age 40-49 it was
15.04, and age 50-59 it was 14.77 mg. There is little information in
the literature for comparison with tissue levels of lead, mercury, and
zinc comparable to this investigation.
Previous estimates of the contribution of cadmium from cigarette
smoking ranged from 2 to 10 jog per day. Since cigarette smoking results
in respiratory exposure to Cd, it is likely that some 50 per cent of this
cadmium would be absorbed. Our study found consistently higher levels
of cadmium in cigarette smokers than in non-smokers. Calculation of
body burden of 30-49 year old male smokers vs. a non-smoker provides
the following numbers: 44.9 mg smoker vs. 10.3 mg non-smoker. These
calculations imply that cigarette smoking is a major contributor to cadmium
intake.
B. Comparison with Foreign Studies
Elinder, et al. helped perform a large scale study of the
cadmium burden in a Swedish autopsy population. They reported on 290
subjects autopsied for presence of cadmium and zinc in kidney cortex,
liver, and pancreas. The levels of cadmium in the three tissues (liver,
kidney and pancreas) are slightly lower than similar values obtained in
this autopsy study performed in the United States. Similarly, levels of
cadmium in urine and feces appear to be slightly lower in the Swedish
study than in this study. Much higher values of cadmium had been reported
from Japan, Tsuchiya, et al.'22)_ por example, in kidney cortex the
levels in the United States ranged from means of 7.3 to a high of 26.3 ng/g
wet weight. The range in Japan was 21 to 70 ug/g wet weight. Higher values
are also seen in liver and pancreas. Feces levels in Japan appear to be
more than twice those seen in populations in the United States. Urinary
values for cadmium are also more than twice the values seen in the U.S.
studies. Overall, the data from this investigation performed in the
United States are very close to the values reported in Sweden with slightly
higher tissue values in most instances. Fecal levels are also slightly
higher which indicates that intake is higher. Japanese levels appear to be
substantially higher than both Swedish and U.S. populations in tissues and
in intake as measured by cadmium in feces.
128
-------
The results in this study for zinc are similar to that reported by
Elinder et al . ' ' for Z92 subjects autopsied in Sweden They reportr-d
that zinc accumulated in kidney cortex with age L>ut not in liver or pancreas.
We found the same relationship. The me ans for zinc in kidney cortex in
our study ranged from 38.05 to 50.50 while f_>r the Swedish study they were
28 to 38. For liver, their mean for all aged xvas about 45 while our samples
yielded a mean of approximately 55. Iii pancreas samples, the mean levels
tended to decrease with age in both studies although not significantly. The
mean for zinc in the Swedish study was 'yZ while in ours it was e-pproximately
25. Thus, zinc levels in the United States autopsies were lower than those
from Sweden with the exception jf -3ii<'. r -er. L- where the reverse was found,
The results of these two studies fur ~zinc are in agreement with
Tipton (1960), Schroeder, et al.(20/, Anke JL^U Schneider (24), Plscator and
Lind('-3)] and Hammer, et al.^ '. Increasing levels of zinc and cadmium
in kidney cortex were also seen in these studies.
C. Body Burden of Cadmium
The total body burden of Cd is estimated for a "standard man. "
The definition of a standard man was developed for this study from the
existing literature' '» ^u' and is defined as a man of total weight equal
to 70 kg, apportioned according to the following scheme:
Tissue Weight, kg
Muscle
Kidney
Pancreas
Fat
Remaining tissues
Total 70.00
To estimate the body burden, the rne^n conce nt ration of Cd in each
type of tissue is multiplied by the estimated weight of that tissue to determine
total |j.g oi" Cd expected. The average cf the .nascle and fat means is used
as the .average concentration of the remaining tissues.
Since age diffei ences \vert- noted for -11 tissues for Cd content,
separate body burdens are calculated xor each a.ge group except 60-69.
-------
These are presented in Tables 38 through 42. The totals for each
group can be compared to existing literature'"' to indicate the relative
magnitude of the body burdens calculated for these individuals. For
all age groups, the calculated total mg for Cd is consistent with the
expected ranges for countries with known low exposure to Cd. The
first three groups are comparable to data from W. Germany, which
has an expected range of 5.1 to 1Z. 9 mg for males from 19-62. The
two older groups correspond to United Kingdom data for males from
49-56, where the range was from 13.5 to 16.6 mg ,
To investigate the effects of cigarette smoking on body burden,
the individuals in the 30-39 and 40-49 groups were pooled for compari-
son of smokers and non-smokers. These age groups were selected
since they represent the highest probable body burdens based upon the
tissue results above. There were 48 smokers and 13 non-smokers in
the combined results and these were used to obtain separate mean concen-
trations for each group in each tissue except fat. The reduced data set
for fat gave 29 smokers and 11 non-smokers. Separate body burdens
were calculated for each group and the results presented in Table 43.
As can be seen, the estimated total Cd for smokers was 14.90 mg
as opposed to 10.31 mg for non-smokers. This represents an increase
of 45 per cent over the non-smoking group. The implication is, then,
that there is a marked effect of cigarette smoking on the expected body
burden of Cd.
130
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TABLE 38.. BODY BURDEN OF CADMIUM FOR STANDARD MAN
AGES 10-19
Mean Concentration Total Total
Tissue Type Tissue Weight, kg |ag/g jig/kg |jg mg
Muscle 30 0.032 32 96U 0.96
Liver 1.7 0.819 819 139?- 1.39
Kidney 0.3 7,671 7671 2301 2.30
Pancreas 0,07 0.326 326 22.82 0.02
Fat 10 0.029 29 290 0,29
Remaining 27.93 (0.031)* 31 865.8 0.87
Total 70.00 5.53
--' Average of Musclo and Fat
131
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TABLE 39, BODY BURDEN OF CADMIUM FOR STANDARD MAN
AGES 20-29
Tissue Type
Muscle
Liver
Kidney
Pancreas
Fat
Remaining
Total
Tissue Weight, kg
30
1.7
0.3
0.07
10
27.93
70.00
Mean Concentration Total
Hg/g
Total
mg
0.054 54
1.028 1028
12.985 12985
0.419
0.0411
(0.048)'
419
41.1
48
1620 1.62
1747.6 1.75
3895.5 3.90
29.33 0.03
411 0.4
1341 1.34
9.04
* Average of Muscle and Fat
132
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TABLE 40. BODY BURDEN OF CADMIUM FOR STANDARD MAN
AGES 30-39
Mean Concentration Total
Tissue Type
Muscle
Liver
Kidney
Pancreas
Fat
E emaining
Total
Tissue
Weight, kg
30
\
0
0
10
27
70
.7
.3
.07
.93
.00
JJLg/g
0.054
1.300
22.012
0.553
0.041
(0.048)*
M£/kg
54
1300
22012
553
41
48
1620
2210
Total
mg
1.62
2.21
6603.6 6.60
38.71 0.04
410
0.41
1340.6 1.34
12. Z2
* Average of Muscle and Fat
133
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TABLE 41. BODY BURDEN OF CADMIUM FOR STANDARD MAN
AGES 40-49
Tissue Type
Muscle
Liver
Kidney
Pancreas
Fat
R ernaining
Total
Mean Concentration Total
Tissue
Weight, kg
30
,
1.7
W
0.
1.
'/£
>' o
086
286
jig/kg
86
1286
(JLg
2580
2186
Total
mg
2.58
2.19
0.3
0.07
10
27.93
70.00
25.900 25900
0.781
0.052
(0.069)*
781
52
69
7770
7.77
54.67 0.05
520
0.52
1927.2 1.93
15.04
* Average of Muscle and Fat
134
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TABLE 42. BODY BURDEN OF CADMIUM FOR STANDARD MAN
AGES 50-59
Mean Concentration Total
Tissue Type
Muscle
Liver
Kidney
Pancreas
Fat
R emaining
Total
Tissue Weight, kg f^g/g Hg/kg
30
1.7
0.3
0.07
10
27.93
70.00
0.107
0.790
25.338
0.767
0.044
(0.076)*
107
790
25338
767
44
76
3210
1343
Total
mg
3.21
1.34
7601.4 7.60
53.69 0.05
440
0.44
2122.7 2.12
14.77
* Average of Muscle and Fat
135
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TABLE 43. COMPARATIVE BODY BURDENS OF CADMIUM FOR
SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS, STANDARD MAN
BETWEEN 30 AND 49 YEARS OF AGE
Tissue
Type
Muscle
Liver
Kidney
Pancreas
Fat
R emaining
Total
Tissue
Weight, kg
30
1.7
0.3
0.07
10
27.93
70.00
Mean Concentration, fig/g
Non-smokers
0.057
1.076
16.69
0.539
0.038
(0.048)*
Smokers
0.072
1.342
27.50
0.686
0.048
(0.060)*
Total mg
Non- smoker s
1.71
1.83
5.01
0.04
0.38
1.34
10.31
Smokers
2.16
2.28
8.25
0.05
0.48
1.68
14.90
* Average of muscle and fat.
136
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V. CONCLUSIONS
1. Cadmium concentrations of white male autopsy samples are
highest in kidney cortex followed by liver and pancreas. The
levels are much lower in muscle and fat tissue. These results
are similar to data reported in the literature. The distribution
of cadmium within tissues was consistent in the five age groups
examined (10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59).
2. Cadmium levels in the five tissues examined tended to increase
with age. The most pronounced increase was seen with kidney
in which the age group 10-19 had a mean of 7 .67 (J.g/g of cadmium
while the 50-59 age group had 25.34 |J.g/g.
3. Urinary excretion of cadmium increased slightly with age while
levels present in feces were similar in all age groups with slightly
lower levels present in older males. It would, therefore, appear
that the increased levels of cadmium seen in the tissues with age
is not due to an increased consumption of cadmium with age.
Fecal cadmium measurements provide a useful assessment of
the dietary consumption of cadmium.
4. A preliminary comparison of cadmium levels found in this study
with data from Sweden and Japan indicates that the Japanese tissue,
urine, and feces levels are substantially higher, while the Swedish
levels are slightly lower.
5. Concentrations of lead were highest in liver followed by kidney,
pancreas, fat, and muscle. This distribution was similar for all
age groups. No age related trend was observed for any of the
tissues tested.
6. The highest concentrations of zinc were found in muscle followed
by liver, kidney, pancreas, and fat. Only kidney cortex showed
an increase in concentration of zinc with age.
7. Concentrations of mercury in all tissues were low with kidney
being highest, followed by liver, pancreas, fat, and muscle. The
distribution within tissues was consistent for all age groups tested
and no age related trends in mercury cone-nitrations were found.
137
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8. Current cigarette smokers had higher levels of cadmium in
all the tissues tested. The lead concentration was significantly
higher in liver, pancreas, and kidney tissues, and slightly higher
for muscle and fat tissues than the non-smokers. Zinc and
mercury concentrations were significantly higher in pancreas
and fat tissues for the smokers, but lower in kidney tissue than
the non-smoker.
9. Non-smokers had lower levels of cadmium in their urine than
both current and past cigarette smokers. The cadmium levels
in feces, however, were unrelated to smoking habits.
10. Low temperature ashing of autopsy tissue samples followed by
direct analysis of the dissolved ash with flame or flameless atomic
absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) provides an accurate and
reliable means to determine Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in
human tissues.
11. Extraction of Cd as the iodocadmate complex from digested feces
(tLjSO, - H_O2) using LA-2 in decane and flame AAS provides a
rapid and quantitative 3-nethod to measure Cd-feces levels.
12.
Mercury determinations in digested tissues (HNO-j - HCIO^) by
the cold-vapor AAS technique is quantitative .
13. Estimates of total body burdens of cadmium are lower than for
other studies in the United States. Body burden estimates ranged
from means of 5.83 to 15.04 mg of cadmium.
14. The contribution of cigarette smoking to total body burdens of
cadmium appears to be quite significant. Non-smokers' body
burden was calculated to be 10 .3 mg while smokers had 14. 9
mg of cadmium.
15. Results of this study for zinc are in agreement with findings of
other investigators in that zinc levels in kidney cortex increase
with age while other tissue levels remain fairly constant with age.
138
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VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The Environmental Protection Agency should conduct more
programs aimed at examining tissue levels of environmental
pollutants collected from participating medical examiners in
metropolitan areas of the United States. The approach used
in this study of examining several tissues from a. range of age
groups of accidental death autopsies could be used for other
pollutants, both sexes, other ethnic groups, and other metro-
politan areas. These types of programs would provide the
Environmental Protection Agency with an accurate assessment
of current body burdens of environmental pollutants in a cross-
section of the general population.
It is recognized that the availability of autopsy material and
supportive personal data on the deceased is difficult to obtain
in many cities. Every effort should be made by the EPA and
other organizations to make the maximum usage of these samples,
2. Cooperative efforts between the United States and other countries
should be encouraged, especially the type performed under this
contract. Standardized sampling and analysis protocols were
established prior to the collection of the data, thus the compara-
bility of data between laboratories and countries is feasible.
Valuable insight into the assessment of possible health effects
of environmental pollutants can be obtained in this manner.
3. Increased efforts should be made within this country and other
countries to standardize the analytical methodologies used to
generate trace metal data. This would allow direct comparison
of environmental data produced world-wide.
4. Additional efforts should be undertaken to assess the contribution
of cigarette smoking to the accumulation of toxic metals such as
cadmium.
139
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APPENDIX A
EPA Cadmium Study
Protocol for Collection of Urine and Feces Samples
140
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EPA CADMIUM STUDY
PROTOCOL FOR COLLECTION OF URINE AND
FECES SAMPLES
Urine and fecal samples will be collected from 80 white males,
without occupational exposure to cadmium, living in the same metropolitan
area from which the autopsy samples are .being.collected. The 80 subjects
shall consist of 20 subjects from each of four age groups; 10 years or less,
20-30 years, 40-50 years and greater than 50 years. Each individual will
be sampled twice for 24-hour samples of urine and feces. The following
information will be recorded on each of these individuals: age, sex, occupation,
chronic diseases, length of residency in study area, smoking history and
dietary history.
Contacts with Volunteers
It is suggested that one or more hospitals or medical schools be
contacted as a potential source of volunteers. Employees of these
institutions would have some knowledge of medical, procedures; thus, they
should be able to collect authentic 24-hour specimens. The head of the
hospital or medical school should be contacted to obtain permission to solicit
employees and their families for the study. Arrangements should be made
to advertise the study by announcements at staff meetings, etc. and by
posting information on bulletin boards. This information should include a
brief description of the objectives of the study, the types and numbers of
volunteers needed and the time and location of an indoctrination meeting.
w~»
The meeting should be held at a time and place convenient to the volunteers,
perhaps during lunch or after work.
141
-------
A member of the project team familiar with all aspects of the
project should be present to answer questions. Individuals wishing to
volunteer (also members of their family) will fill out an information sheet
such as that shown in Figure 1. It is suggested that $20 be paid to each
volunteer for the completion of the study. After the specific study group
is selected (80 white males, 20 in each of the four age groups), each should
be notified of his selection and provided with a time schedule for collection
of samples. Approximately two weeks should be provided between the first
meeting and the collection of samples. Those individuals who completed
the information sheet and were not selected for the study should be notified
of their non- selection-
Collection of Samples
The initial meeting with the selected volunteers should include the
following:
4) Completion of an informed consent form on each volunteer,
2) Instruction of each volunteer on the sampling requirements,
3) Handing out of sample containers for collection of
urine and feces.
The informed consent is a requirement of the U.S. Government for
studies involving human volunteers. A suggested form is shown in Figure 2,
The purpose of this form is to provide a record that the Project Team was
present on the day specified to answer all questions about the study for
each volunteer and that the volunteer understood the objectives of the study
and his part in the study and that he agreed to participate . This form must
142
-------
FIGURE 1
CADMIUM QUESTIONNAIRE
OMB4I58-S75007
STAFF US!-; ONLY
CoN. 1-4
ID# |
1 1
Name:
(Lust Name)
2. Address: Street _
City
(Initials)
Zip Code
Telephone, Residence.
Telephone, Work
State.
Ext.
3. How old were you on your last birthday?.
4. What is your piesent occupation?
.years
5. How many times have you changed occupations during the past five years? times
6. Youi present employer is:
5-30
How long have you been employed by your present employer?_
How many yea is have you lived in your present city or town?_
years
years
24
10.
Have you ever smoked as many as five packs of cigarettes, that is as many as 100
cigarettes during your entire life?
(1) Yes (2) No
Do you now smoke cigarettes? (1) Yes (2) No
If you aie a current or ex-cigarette smoker, how many cigarettes do (did) you smoke
per day?
(I) 1-5 cigarettes per day
(2) 6-14 cigarettes per day
(3) 15-25 cigarettes per day
(4) 26-34 cigarettes per day
(5) 35 01 more cigarettes per day
If you are a cuirent 01 an ex-cigarette smoker, how old were you when you fiist started
smoking9 years
It \ ou aie an ex-cigaiette smoker, how old weie you when you last gave !ip smokum'.'
years
26
27
28
29-30
143
-------
14. Have you ever been diagnosed as having any one of the following chronic illnesses:
(1) No (2) Yes Type
Malignancies
Diabetes
Heart conditions
Hypertension
Arthritis and rheumatism
Rheumatic heart disease
Thyroid disease (specify type)
Liver disease (specify type)
Kidney disease (specify type)
15. Are you presently following any of the dietary regimens listed below:
(Check all that apply.)
(1) Bland food ulcer diet
(2) Diabetes
(3) Weight-watchers/reducing
(4) Organic food diet
(5) Vegetarian
(6) None of these
16. How often do you eat shellfish such as shrimp, oysters, crabs, lobster or clams?
(I) More than once a week
(2) About once a week
(3) About once every two weeks
17. How often do you eat liver or kidney?
(1) More than once a week
(2) About once a week
(3) About once every two weeks
(4) About once a month
(5) Less than once a month
(6) Never
(4) About once a month
(5) Less than once a month
(6) Never
33
34
35
36
37
38
39-41
42-44
45-47
48
49
50
YOU HAVE COMPLETED THE QUESTIONNAIRE.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION.
Revised 7 August 1975
IMNOWO 123456
51
79-80
144
-------
Figure 2.
VOLUNTEER'S INFORMED CONSENT
I,
residing at
hereby acknowledge and certify to the following:
1. That I hereby volunteer and consent to participate as a
human test subject in an experiment designed to determine exposure to
environmental pollutants.
2. That I have been given, in my opinion, an adequate explanation
of the nature, duration and purpose of the experiment, the means by which
the experiment will be conducted and any possible inconveniences, hazards,
discomforts, risks, and adverse effects on my health which could result
from my participation therein;
t
3. That I have been informed of all appropriate alternative
procedures, if any exist, that might be advantageous to me;
4. That I understand my questions concerning procedures which
affect me will be answered fully and promptly;
5. That I understand that I have the right to withdraw my consent
and to discontinue participation in this experiment at any time without
prejudice regardless of the status of the experiment and regardless of the
effect of such withdrawal on the objectives and results which the experiment
is designed to achieve; and I also understand that my participation in the
experiment may be terminated at any time by the investigator in charge of
the project or the physician supervising the project regardless of my wishes
in the matter;
6. That I hereby understand and agree that the samples collected
from me will be analyzed for their content of cadmium, and that these are
the only tests that will be made on these samples and that no medicinal
compounds will be analyzed.
7. That I attained the age of years on my last birthday which
was i and that I am executing this
Volunteer's Informed Consent as my free act and deed.
Executed this th day of »
19 .
over
145
-------
Volunteers Informed Consent
Executed in my presence and in
the presence of each other.
Witness Volunteer
Person informing volunteer and
obtaining volunteer's consent
If subject is a minor, complete the following:
Subject is a minor - age .
Father ' Mother
Guardian Other person and relationship
146
-------
be signed by the volunteer (if the volunteer is a minor, a parent or
guardian must sign) prior to his participation in the sample collections.
Each volunteer should be given sample containers for collection
of two 24-hour urine and fecal samples. He should be told that there are
no restrictions on food or drink during the test. It is suggested that these
containers be given out in a paper shopping bag. An instruction sheet
should be included in the bag. The sample containers should be pre-labeled
with the volunteer's name and a coded number for the volunteer and for
sample identification. A portable toilet with disposable plastic bags should
be provided to each family of volunteers for assistance in collection of fecal
samples. Experience has shown that these portable toilets will improve
the chances of collecting authentic 24-hour fecal samples. The volunteers
should be instructed not to contaminate their samples of urine with feces,
tap water, etc. Similarly, feces samples should also not include
contamination.
The volunteers should begin collection of the first 24-hour urine and
feces samples upon arising the next morning. Collection should continue
until the following morning in the containers labeled "Sample 1". It should
be stressed that all of the urine and feces eliminated during this period should
be collected. At that time, collection of the second set of urine and feces
samples should begin (use containers marked "Sample 2"). Collected samples
should be delivered to the Project Team as soon as possible. As the samples
are received, they should be logged in. Each volunteer will be paid upon
receipt of all his sample collections.
147
-------
APPENDIX B
Volunteer's Informed Consent Form
148
-------
SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
8500 CULEBRA ROAD POST OFFICE DRAWER 28510 SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78284
VOLUNTEER'S INFORMED CONSENT
I,
residing at
hereby acknowledge and certify to the following:
i
1. That I hereby volunteer and consent to participate as a
human test subject in an experiment designed to determine exposure to
environmental pollutants entitled, "Study to Determine Distribution of
Cadmium in Human Tissue".
2. That I have been given, in my opinion, an adequate
explanation of the nature, duration and purpose of the experiment, the
means by which the experiment will be conducted and any possible
inconveniences, hazards, discomforts, risks, and adverse effects on
my health which could result from my participation therein;
3. That I have been informed of all appropriate alternative
procedures, if any exist, that might be advantageous to me;
4. That I understand my questions concerning procedures
which affect me will be answered fully-and promptly;
5. That I understand that I have the right to withdraw my
consent and to discontinue participation in this experiment at any time
without prejudice regardless of the status of the experiment and
regardless of the effect of such withdrawal on the objectives and results
which the experiment is designed to achieve; and I also understand that
my participation in the experiment may be terminated at any time by
the investigator in charge of the project or the physician supervising
the project regardless of my wishes to the matter;
6. That I hereby understand and agree that the samples
collected from me will be analy2-,ed for their content of trace metals,
and that these are the only tests that will be made on these samples
and that no medicinal compounds will be analyzed.
over...
149
SAN ANTONIO, HOUSTON, CORPUS CHRISTI. TEXAS. AND WASHINGTON. D.C
-------
Volunteer's Informed Consent
7. That I attained the age of
which was
years on my last birthday
, and that I
am executing this Volunteer's Informed Consent as my free act and
deed.
Executed this
19
th day of
Executed in my presence and in
the presence of each other.
Witness
Volunteer
Person informing volunteer and
obtaining volunteer's consent
If subject is a minor, complete the following:
Subject is a minor - age .
Father
Mother
Guardian
Other person and relationship
150
-------
APPENDIX C
Justification of Cadmium Questionnaire
151
-------
A. Supporting Statement
1. This new questionnaire is required to obtain information
on a population of human volunteers living in a major metropoXitan
area (Dallas, Texas). The primary objective of this program is to
determine body burden levels of cadmium in populations of a major
metropolitan area without occupational exposure to cadmium. The
project includes the determination of cadmium in tissue samples from
autopsy cases and examination of urine and feces from living populations
within the area. No forms of this type are currently available within
the Environmental Protection Agency or known from other agencies
that meet the requirements of this design form. This questionnaire
is to be utilized on EPA Contract No. 68-02-1725 entitled "Study to
Determine the Distribution of Cadmium in Human Tissue".
It has been shown that the levels of cadmium in body burdens
of populations are related to factors such as age, sex, race, cigarette
smoking, certain states of disease, and diet. This questionnaire form
would provide the necessary information to assist in the final statistical
evaluation of collected data that would guide the EPA in its assessment
of potential health effects associated with body burdens of cadmium.
This questionnaire will solicit personal information from some 160
individuals living within the study area with regard to age, sex, diseases,
152
-------
smoking habits, occupation, and dietary habits. From, the 160 subjects
completing the questionnaire, 80 will be selected to provide the following
four age groups: 10 years or less, 20-30 years, 40-50 years, and
greater than 50 years. Each of these individuals would then be sampled
twice for 24-hour samples of urine and feces. These samples would
be analyzed for concentrations of cadmium. The mean concentrations
of each of the four age groups will be calculated along with standard
deviations and confidence limits for the means. Additional statistical
correlations will be made to determine the possible relationship
between concentrations of cadmium and the covariate information
collected on the questionnaire.
This project will be conducted as a contract with SwRI
under the technical direction of Dr. Donald E. Johnson. The attached
statement from Southwest Research Institute provides more details
on the plans for this survey.
2. The data collected using this survey instrument and the
follow-up statistical analysis will be utilized by the Environmental
Protection Agency to assess the potential health effects associated
with body burdens of cadmium.
3. There are some preliminary data in the literature which
indicate that parameters such as age, sex, ethnic origin, smoking
history, diseases, etc. , are associated with body burdens of cadmium.
This in-depth survey of human subjects and autopsy samples will
provide more definitive information about these relationships.
153
-------
B. Description of Survey Plan
1. The survey is designed to determine the body burdens of
cadmium in urine and feces of populations living within the
metropolitan area of Dallas, Texas. Four age groups are to be
studied with the intent to correlate the levels of cadmium found in
certain age groups of white males. This information will also be
used for comparison with the information collected via the autopsy
examinations.
2. Contacts will be made within the Dallas, Texas, area
with emphasis on medical schools or major hospitals for solicitation
of white male volunteers. It is anticipated that employees of these
types of institution will have some knowledge of medical procedures;
thus, they should be able to collect authentic 24-hour specimens.
Arrangements will be made to advertise the study by announcement
at staff meetings, etc. , and by posting information on bulletin boards.
This information will include a brief description of the objectives of
the study, types and number of volunteers needed, and the time and
location of an orientation meeting. At this orientation meeting, each
volunteer will be asked to complete the questionnaire. It is antici-
pated that at least 160 subjects will be required to complete the original
questionnaire such that four age groups can be selected. Each subject
will be sent a letter announcing that they have been selected or rejected
for the survey, and a time and place will be specified as to when those
154
-------
selected should report for a meeting and for sampling dates. Each
subject will be paid $20 for his participation in the study.
A pre-test of the questionnaires has been conducted.
This pre-test was conducted with five representative individuals
from the staff of Southwest Research Institute, and no difficulty was
encountered. The question of non-respondents for this particular
survey does not appear to represent a problem since the burden for
the individuals to respond to this request is minimal and the number
of respondents is expected to be very low. Preliminary contact with
representatives of this community indicates that this type of response
will be obtained.
3. The statistical design of this project will come primarily
from Mr. David Camann with Southwest Research Institute. The
EPA statistician, , has reviewed
this protocol.
4. Name of the contractor: Southwest Research Institute,
Contractor's role: The primary role is to collect information and
provide a final report to include statistical evaluation of data and
conclusions regarding the relationship of covariate information and
body burdens of cadmium.
Southwest Research Institute guarantees confidentiality of the
collected data to.the subject surveyed. No direct reference to the
collected data using the subject's name or address will be made.
155
-------
The subject's name and address will be maintained in a confidential
file and will not be directly related to any collected data. Each
subject surveyed will be assigned a code number and the coded
number with the individual! s name will be maintained only in the
files of Dr. Donald E. Johnson, principal investigator at So.uthwest
Research Institute.
C. Time Schedule for Data Collection and Publication
The contract is scheduled for two-year completion including
monthly reports followed by a comprehensive final report to be
submitted on completion of the two-year study. It is estimated that
the elapsed time between the completion of data collection and the
issuance of the first published reports will be approximately one
year.
D. Consultations Outside the Agency
E. Estimation of Respondent Reporting Burden
The estimation of respondent reporting burden for this ques-
tionnaire is five minutes. This estimate is based on a preliminary
pre-test survey of randomly selected Southwest Research Institute
employees.
F. Sensitive Questions
Note: The cadmium questionnaire should have the questions
156
-------
numbered so that we can refer to them. Questions 1 through 3
provide background information on individuals necessary for cor-
relation of variables with regard to cadmium. Questions 4, 5, 6,
7,and 8 are in reference to the subject's occupation. This informa-
tion is required since certain occupations can contribute to the body-
burdens of cadmium. Question 8 asks for length of residence in
study area. This is necessary for the study in order to relate the
body burdens of cadmium with the particular metropolitan area.
Ideally, the subject -will have spent a major portion of his life within
this metropolitan area. Questions 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 refer to
the smoking habits of the individual. It has been shown that cigarette
smoking does provide a portion of the cadmium intake and will affect
body burdens. Question 14 asks about chronic illnesses. It is
necessary to obtain information regarding chronic illnesses in order
to provide an assessment of the type of population being surveyed,
with comparison to populations in other areas of the country, and,
in addition, it is necessary since other studies have indicated that
certain chronic diseases such as hypertension \vill affect body burdens
of cadmium. Questions 15,J6, and 17 refer to the dietary habits
of the individual. It has been shown that the major source of
cadmium for an individual originates from food, and it is also shown
that certain foods such as liver and kidney (organ foods) and shellfish
can contain significantly higher levels of cadmium than do other types
of foods. These questions are designed to determine whether or not
157
-------
the individuals derive a significant portion of their diet from these
sources of .food.
158
-------
APPENDIX D
International Cd Study Group's Collaborative Test Results
159
-------
RICE SAMPLES .ug/g
(
\
Laboratory 1
Laboratory 2
Laboratory 3
Laboratory A
Laboratory 6
Laboratory 7
Laboratory 1 1
Laboratory 13
Laboratory J8
Laboratory 19
A
0.15
0.43
0.132
0.175
0.1016
0.177
0.182
0.103
B
6.14
0.3!
0.126
0.154
0.0886
0.142
).117
C
0.055
0.19
0.052
0.068
0.0369
0.055
0.048
0.036
D
0.058
0.46
0.064
0.08
0.0152
0.055
0.046
E
0.11
0.24
0.105
0.138
0.0754
0.105
0.11
0.083
F
0.058
0.21
3.044
3.073
3.0335
3.05
3.056
3.042
G
0.24
0.35
0.203
0.292
0.1579
0.235
0.191
H
O.lf
0.38
0.142
0.148
O.0744
0.125
0.173
0.103
I
0.74
0.96
0.642
0.88
0.4265
0.675
0.793
J
0.45
0.64
0.425
0.572
0.2543
0.487
0.52
0.337
METHODS USED
Flame MS: Laboratory 1
AAS Laboratories 2 - 4 (af.ter DDTC-MIBX extraction)-6
160
-------
FECES SAMPLES
1
Laboratory 1
Laboratory 3
Laboratory 6
Laboratory 7
Laboratory 12
Laboratory 13
Laboratory 14
Laboratory J8
A
0.56
0.44
0.20
0.352
0.4641
0.52
0.45
0.41
B
0.53
0.52
0.21
0.27
0.2752
0.65
0.45
0.54
0.54
C
0.77
1 .22
0.7064
0.71
0.72
0.79
1.11
I)
0.38
'0.52
0.27
0.5
0.4124
0.42
0.46
0.55
0,37
E
1.65
0.6-i
0.42
0.502
0.6242
0.36
0.48
0.56
0.45
F
0.45
0.48
0.38
0.387
0.5115
0.74
0.52
0.47
0.44
1KETHODS USED
Flame AAS
AAS
Laboratory 1
Laboratory 6
Flatr.eles's AAS _ Laboratory 12
161
-------
LIVKU SAMPL; :. .ug/£
_
(
Labor n tor y 1
Laboratory 2
Laboratory 6
Laboratory 7
Laboratory 13
X,
Laboratory 17
XX
Laboratory 18
A
1.5
1.39
0.883
0.67
1.57
1.44
1.52
1.36
B
10.3
9.03
8.565
8.8
10.8
10.16
10.69
10.1
C
5.8
3.4
5.42
6.336
3.75
6.1
5.73
6.09
4 . 64
D
3.9
3.4G
4.289
3.36
3.9
3.70
3.89
3.52
E
3.2
3.09
2.75
2.66
3.5
3.05
3.20
2.78
F
7.6
6.79
8.233
7.66
7.6
7.25
7.69
7.11
G
4.0
3.78
3.88
3.54
4.4
3.70
3.98
3.31
H
5.0
4.75
5.284
4.05
6.0
5.10
5.30
5.66
I
5.8
3.4
3.34
3.133
2.47
4.1
3.43
3.60
3.05
J
.i^__
3.48
3.927
3.43
4.8
3.53
3.71
3.05
METHODS USED
Flame AASJ Laboratory 1
AAS Laboratories 2-6-17 (*) wet
(xx) dry
162
-------
WHEAT SAMPLED ,ug/g
(
Laboratory 1
Laboratory 2
Laboratory 3
Laboratory 4
Laboratory 6
Laboratory 7
j
Laboratory j j
Laboratory 13
Laboratory 18
Laboratory 19
A
3.1
2.61
2.74
3.35
1.2549
0.478
2.54
3.09
B
0.13
0.105
0.112
0.0412
0.147
0.096
C
0.090
0.107
0.064
0.072
0.0268
0.091
0.063
D
0.04
0.077
0.034
0.035
0.0179
0.035
0.037
0.036
E
0.095
0.116
0.075
0.077
0.0354
0.092
O.OS4
0.052
j
METHODS USED
Flame AAS
AAS '
. Laboratory 1
Laboratories 2-6
AAS after DDTC-MIBK extraction: Laboratory 4
163
-------
WHEAT-FLOUR SAMPLES ,ug/g
f
\
Laboratory 1
Laboratory 2
Laboratory 3
Laboratory 4
Laboratory 6
Laboratory 7
Laboratory 11
Laboratory 13
Laboratory 18
{Laboratory 19
A
0.035
0.057
0.037
0.044
0.0508
0.016
0.029
0.024
B
0.024
0.018
0.021
0.017
0.0325
3.005
D.01S
5.014
C
0.046
0.082
0.04
0.039
0.0565
0.047
O.C42
0.037
D
0.054
0.073
0.04
0.042
0.0564
0.039
0.041
0.018
E
0.049
0.069
0.05
0.042
0.0533
0.132
0.043
0.024
,
METHODS USED
Flame AAS: Laboratory 1
AAS laboratories 2-4 (after DDCT-HIBK extration) - 6
164
-------
UKINK SAMPLES ,ug/i
(
Laboratory 1
Laboratory 2
Labor a tor y 4
Laboratory 6
, *«x
Laboratory 10
XX
Laboratory 10
Laboratory 13
: Lab oratory 14
Laboratory 18
1 . . .
Laboratory 19
Laboratory 20 *
*.XK
Laboratory 21
Laboratory 22
A
0.79
1 .0
0.5
0.6
0.53
O.A8
0.78
4>.5
16
0.5
0.68
0.63
A. 7
0.78
B
0.'53
0.7
0.5
0.5
1 .10
0.85
0.5
0.8
<°-9
5
0.5
0.77
0.59
6
J0.72
C
0.35
0.7
0.4
0.1
l.A
1 .0
0.38
4°-8
6
0.3
0.44
0.27
7.2
0.54
D
O.AA
0.6
0.3
0.9
0.49
0.44
0.35
4
12
0.46
0.23
0.33
6.85
0.72
E
O.G3
1 .1
0.5
0.9
1.5
1.1
0.7
:8
0.57
1,01
0.56
3.95
0.63
F
0.68
1.0
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.65
40.7
4
0.62
0.85
0.60
3.9
0.69
G
0.36
0.6
0.3
0.7
1.4
0.93
0.42
12
0.32
0.99
0.30
4.3
C.66
i
H
0.29
0.5
0.3
0.2
2.1
2.0
0.35,
0.30
^0.8
<*
0.33
0.37
0.30
3.7
0.50
METHODS USED
Flame AAS _.
AAS
Flameless AAS (D2 corrector)
Lab. 2-6-10
Lab. 20 (.-o
HGA determination after dithhizone-chlorof orm: Lab. 4
extration
Pulse polarography _ Lab. 10
- 22
165
-------
BLOOD SAMPLES .ug/lOO ml
(
Laboratory 1
Laboratory 6~-
Laboratory 7
Laboratory 9
xvx*
Laboratory 10
XX
Laboratory .10
Laboratory 13
Laboratory 14
Laboratory 15
I
Laboratory 18
XX
Laboratory 20
X
Laboratory 21
Laboratory 7.2
A
0.28
\
-------
Doc. V/F/1348/75
AQL'EOOS _ S.WPLES Cd ,ug/l
123 A
L{ .-atory 1
[Laboratory 2
Laboratory 3
Laboratory 4
Laboratory 6
Laboratory 7
Labora tory 9
xx*x
Laboratory 10
Laboratory 10
XX
Laboratory 11
./
(
Laboratory 12
Laboratory 13
Laboratory j 4
Laboratory 15
Laboratory 17
Laboratory is
Laboratory J9
X
Laboratory 20
nex
Laboratory 21
( oratory 22
-
20
0
16
12
11
10
11
II
13
18
8
28
1!
IS
20
11.2
11
9.6
9.9
10.5
10
not de-
tected
20
J#>
15
J6.6
12
10
9.5
9.0
17
14
10
41
10
9
10
H.2
11
13.9
10.2
6.6
11
trace
30
20
26
24
20
20
17.4
13;13.5
21
19
19
22
22
30
2.1.8
23
19
23.1
20.9
14.75
23
20
30
20
25
23.1
21
2O
21
18
28
35
21
18
22
30
21.7
20
18
20.3
20. S
21.65
20
40
60
49
50
53.5
- 50
50
46
37; 40
55; 62
78; 72
50
51
46
54
60
52.4
52
48.6
61.5
50.00
64.25
10
90
110
95
105
88.4
92
98
99
97
120;126
115
no
1J8
120
101
100
101.7
114. 0
122.5
88
80
120
l$> '
100
98.7
93
92
104; 104
127
16; I 22
132
132 -
88
100
130
105
90
101
94. &
101.7
121
130
150
154
140
127.5
159
114
143
I29;130
157
138
165
J25
153
170
147
139
137.1
ICO
90
136
170
170
W)
165
180
t
190
«)
185
141.9 j 15S.3
1
102
184
118
133
161; 187
176
190
145
211
200
168
155
180
172
220 j
5
185
152
166 177
200
166
158
152
159.0
160.0
200
2OO
(1 80',
220
179
t
176
174.6
1SO.O
ISO
140
^K)Damaged by transport
METHODS USED
Flaac AAS ; Lab. 1-15-20 (<)
AAS
.'Lab. 2-4-6-10 (v,K)
22 x Direct determination
(x) Deter, after extraction
Flanelcss AAS : Lab. 12-20
Pulse polarograpJvy: Lab. 10
Anodic stripping vol trjyetry : Lab. 10
(Hanging mercury)
167
-------
AQUEOUS SAMPLES Cd .ug/1
13
11
12
14
15 16"
17
18 19
20
I
L'aooratory 1
Laborarory 2
Laboratory 3
Laboratory 4
Laboratory 6
Laboratory 7
Laboratory 9
Laboratory 10
VXv'X
Laboratory 10
yy
' -^oratory 1 1
Laboratory 12
Laboratory 13
Laboratory 14
Laboratory 15
Laboratory 17
Laboratory 18
Laboratory 19
Laboratory 2p
Laboratory 21
'laboratory 22
ot de-
ccted
10
4
10
6.5
6
2.0
22**
27
7; 27tf
7
5
5
0
10
6
6
6.8
5.1
3.5
5
(fl
trace
40
V*)
26
27.7
26
26
i
22
24
40
35
22
42
15
30 .
26.2
27
23
28.1
24.2
18.5
1
21
1
1
60
70
(*1
70
63.7
53
82
63
68
102;91
SO
66
71
57
90
70.8
70
61
67.0
75.5
60
64
1
75
75
(fc)
80
74
84
82
69
83; 78
83
102
68
71
84
1OO
81.5
76
73
82.6
80.5
10O
93
1
80
105
(*>
100
80.2
93
98
67 ; 1 06 *
52;U1*J
125 **
130 #*
115
106
SI
90
110
92.8
89
97.4
95.2
50
80
110
120
108
110
86.3
117
no
128
- 113
26;142
166
135
96
120
140
IOS
109
109.5
108.5
120.5
100
130
130
121
112
115.1
127
172
123
108
155; 143
168
150 .
108
120.
124
150
125
121
109
120.1
107.0
142.5
110
160
150
149
150
135.7
159
188
143
142
188
136
ISO
125
152
I 126
180
150
147
1 !35
1 154.!
| 134.0
t
159
! 124
!
t
1 40
160
(*J
150
115.1
145
172
115
113
154;177
170
130
134
136
180
148
147
180
143.5
146.0
147.5
133
190
200
1
179
200
197.4
215
196
172
184
214
224
235
!90
192
1S3
230
202
192
!°o
191.6
202.0
185.5
(2001
;
i
\
1
!
i
i
i
(.X.) Damaged by transport fc* contaainated
METHODS USED Flaaicless AAS ; Lab, 12-20 (**>;)
Flame AAS : Lr.b. 1-15-20 (X) Fulse polarography ; Lab. 10 <>fc.VX)
AAS rLab. 2-4-6-10 (xx)-17 Anodic stripping voltanctry Lab. 10
22 x Direct dcltemir..'iiio!i
(x) Dot. al'ccr extraction
168
irg irercury)
-------
ircj u
21
23 24
27 28
30
--
-
- ^oratory 1
Laboratory 2
Laboratory 3
Laboratory 4
Laboratory 6
Laboratory 7
Laboratory 9
Laboratory 10
«*
Laboratory 21
i
. -boratory 22
trace
10
8
12
14.8
8
8.0
9.2
10
12.5
12
4
10
10
14
20
11.5
8
15.3
7.5
10
10
20
30
32
35
32.3
29
40
30
32
37
44
10
31
34
35
50 .
33.2
30
28
34.4
20.2
5.25
22
70
90
80
90
78.1
61
88
100
81
105
91
88
76
76
73
110
80.5
80
85.4
70.1
110
150
160
I*-)
160
131.6
157
188
170
173;17S
160
215
200
216
189.1
204
200
218
194
I79;169}>63;240
154 226
152
180
141
162
190
158
154
MO
!52.0
125.0
165
124
210
210
203
217
250
203
205
1S2
206.5
170.0
142.5
144
lot de-
tected
10
10
10
10.2
10
10
9.5
8
13
18
4
13
18
30
11.8
9
10
14.6
6.6
10J25
8
.<".) _
35
35
25
30
32.2
25
34
35
33
36
17 .
28
38
50
32.5
31
26
41.5
20.3
30
30
55
90
74
85
84.3
69
92
112;106
73; 72
115
14O
85
80
83
110
76
£1
75
84
55.5
70
64
._J2Z1_
150
155
153
160
143.9
146
182
216
196
176
200
I 50
210
190
200
195.3
193
200
210
183 i
255 j
208 |
!
162 1209
140
121
200
153
155
146
159
132
180
mo
185
214
260
:
207
204 |
1
i
206.5 !
163
160
150
(*} Damaged by transport
METHODS USED
Flaraeless AAS ;Lab. 12-20 (fji*
Pulse polarogmpliy: Lab. 10 (:
; Lab. 2-4 Rafter DUTC-HIBK extraction) Anodic scrij)p{ns v^ltsa!Ctry Lab. ,0
Florae MS ; Lab. 1-15-20 (*'
AAS
IV °x'7 Direct dcterninatio-.!
fx) Dot. pftor R rt. Trie t ion
(hanciur, n-.ercury)
169
-------
C AXfT»T T70 . .~ M
"""""" rb"
31
32 33 34
35
36
37
38
39
40.
1
i' oratory 1
Laboiatory 2
Laboratory 3
Laboratory 4
Laboratory 6
Laboratory 7
Laboratory 9
Laboratory 10
v j> */"
,aboratory 10
XX
Laboratory 11
Laooratory 12
Laboratory 13
Laboratory 14
Laboratory 15
Laboratory 17
Laboratory 18
Laboratory 19
^
Laboratory 20
Laboratory 21
* oratory 22
l^
trace
0
0
<2
0
1
Kil
erre-
neous
results
0
N.D.
<^0.8
12
20
<1
^0.4
6.8
0
2.2
2
W
trace
10
^)
20
12
15
10
12
J3.5
13
16
8
9
21
20
13.1
9
21.7
12.4
11.3
(14)
35
40
23
40
35.1
33
32
39
34
37
43
24
.45.
31
35
50
33.7
32
41.5
30.4
24.5
20
(25)
90
95
&2
95
84.3
87
90
71
70
134
160
60
112
74
110
80.8
75
66
93.2
84
105
54
L(5°)
140
165
158
170
148
162 '
188
151
130;136
161
145
164
145
153
200
153
162
161.2
180
175
' 120
not du-
tccted
15
118
31
10.2
12
6.0
11.2
11.5
14.8
9
10
31
30
11.6
11
10
29.5
10.1
13.5
not dt;-
ta'ole
(8)
35
35
34
50
33.2
28
32
31; 32
47
23 .
27
32
44
50
31.6
29
29
47.2
32.3
23.75
20
(19.5)
75
95
(X)
108
78.1
76
88
78
78
77
85
64
82
87
100
110
80.8
78
93.9
90
92.5
80
120
160
140
170
141.9
147
182
118
169;! 62
188;1S3
159
156
140
132
-
166
190
145
154
139
166.1
160'
185
120
i
j
.50
210
92
215
99.4
217
204
166
80;18
206;22'
256
208 \
200
175
210
260
192
205
1S7
212.1
221 .0
230
1?0
i
i
Damaged by transport
METHODS USED
AAS -.Lab. 1-15-20
Flameless AAS : Lab. 12-2O
Pulse polarography: Lab. 10
(xxx)
AAS rLab. 2-4 Rafter DUTC-HIBt; extraction) Anodic stripping voltacetry. Lab
6-10-17 (hanging mercury)
22 x direct detornir.r.tion
(x) dcier. after extraction
10
170
-------
APPENDIX E
SwRI's Cd Data and Methodologies Submitted to
International Cd Study Group
Collaborative Test
171
-------
CADMIUM ANALYSIS: FECES
Lab #6
SAMPLE
NO.
F06
Flo
F51
F80
F83
F97
ANAL. 1
H8/g
'0. 9044
0. 2062
0.4202
0. 7647
0.6108
0. 6716
ANAL. 2
H8/S
0.4138
0. 3447
0. 3842
0. 2097
0. 5945
0. 4834
ANAL. 3
Hg/g
0.8070
0. 2748
0. 4327
0. 5600
0.6674
0. 2373
MEAN
Hg/R
0.7084
0. 2752
0.4124
0. 5115
0. 6242
0. 4641
STD. DEV.
y-g/g
0. 2597
0. 0693
0. 0252
0. 2807
0. 0383
0. 2178
C. V.
%
36.66
25. 18
6. 11
54.88
6. 14
46. 93
1. Procedure: 0. 5 grams of the feces was digested in 10 ml of HNOj and 1 ml of
HCIO4 , filtered, then brought up to a total volume of 50 ml.
2. Analysis: A 10 ml aliquot of the digest solution was adjusted to pH 7. 0 with
NaOH; 1 ml of NDDC (2'*'j) was added and the Cd extracted into 1 ml
of MIBK.
The organic solvent was aspirated into an air /acetylene flame to
determine the Cd concentration.
172
-------
CADMIUM ANALYSIS: LIVER
Lab 7/6
SAMPLE
NO.
L01
L16
L29
L32
L42
L56
L68
L70
L85
L99
ANAL. 1
F^g/g
'«. 452
3.845
2. 597
6.426
2.893
4.288
0.883
5.593
3. 189
8. 944
ANAL. 2
Hg/S
S. 678
4. 009
2.902
6. 246
4. 867
4. 290
0.882
4. 975
3. 077
7. 522
MEAN
H-£/g
8. 565
3.927
2. 750
6.336
3.880
4. 289
0.883
5.284
3. 133
8. 233
STD. DEV.
HS/fi
0. 160
0. 116
0. 216
0. 127
1.396
0. 002
0.000
0.437
0. 079
1. 005
C. V.
%
1.87
2.95
7.85
2. 01
35.98
0. 04
0. 01
8. 28
2. 53
12. 21
1. Procedure: 0. 5 grains of the liver sample was digested in 10 ml of HNO-j and
1 ml of HClOd , filtered, then brought up to a total volume of 100 ml,
2. Analysis: A 10 ml aliquot of the digest solution was adjusted to pH 7.0 with
NaOH; 1 ml of NDDC (2%) was added and the Cd extracted into 1 ml
of MIBK
The organic solvent was aspirated into an air/acetylene flame to
determine the Cd Concentration.
173
-------
CADMIUM ANALYSTS: FLOUR
Lab
SAMPLE
No.
WF37
V/F52
WF68
WF87
WF95
ANAL. 1
l-g/g
0.0565
0. 0299
0. 0567
0. 0500
0. 0450
ANAL. 2
H-g/g
0. 0563
0. OJ-JO
0. 0564
0.0566
0. 0567
ME AX
M-g/g
0. 0564
0. 0325
0. 0565
0. 0533
0. 0508
STD. DEV.
Hg/8
0. 0001
0. 0035
0. 0002
0.0047
0. 0083
C . V .
%
0. 24
10.93
0. 32
8.83
16. 28
1. Procedure: 3 grams of flour was digested with 10 ml cone. HNC>3 anc^
, filtered , then brought up to a total volume of 25 ml.
2. Analysis: A 10 ml aliquot of the digest solution was adjusted to pH 7.0 with
NaOH ; 1 ml of NDDC (2^) was added and the Cd extracted into
1 ml of MIBK.
The organic solvent was aspirated into an air /acetylene flame to
determine the Cd concentration.
174
-------
CADMIUM ANALYSTS: URINE
Lab
SAMPLE
NO.
UOZ
U03
U13
U46
U49
U63
U77
U88
ANAL. 1
ug/ml
0. 0007
0. 0001
0. 0006
0. 0009
0. 0004
0.0005
0. 0009
0.0007
ANAL. 2
Hg/ml
0. 0005
0. 0002
0. 0005
0. 0010
0. 0001
0. 0008
0. 0010
0. 0011
MEAN
Hg/ml
0. 0006
0. 0001
0. 0005
0. 0009
0.0002
0.0007
0. 0009
0. 0009
-
STD. DEV.
ug/ml
0. 0002
0. 0001
0. 0002
0.0004
0.0002
0. 0005
0. 0004
0. 0005
C. V.
>if
/»
36. 0
66.0
33.6
40. 0
88. 2
77. 1
40.0
50. 2
1. Procedure: 10 ml of urine was extracted using a NDDC (2%)/ Triton X-100 (1%)
solution and 1 ml of MIBK.
2. Analysis; The organic extract was analyzed for Cd by injecting into a graphite
tube furnace .
3. Notes: The urine samples were all at pH 7.0 when received. There was a
fine precipitate in all the samples.
175
-------
CADMIUM ANALYSTS- RTCE
Lab ?f6
SAMPLE
NO.
R08
R09
R20
R27
R29
R47
R56
R64
R6S
R78
ANAL. 1
^g/g
0.0606
0. 0135
0. 0931
0.2266
0.0350
0.0366
0, 0655
0.0936
0. 1485
0.3920
ANAL. 2
HS/g
0.0882
0. 0168
0. 0840
0. 2820
0.0319
0.0372
0. 0852
0. 1095
0. 1672
0. 4610
MEAN
^g/8
0. 0744
0. 0152
0. 0886
0. 2543
0. 0335
0.0369
0. 0754
0.1016
0. 1579
0. 4265
STD. DEV.
Hg/g
0. 0195
0. 0023
0. 0064
0. 0392
0. 0022
0. 0004
0. 0139
0. 0112
0. 0132
0. 0488
C. V.
%
26. 21
15. 13
7.22
15.41
6.57
1.08
18.44
11.02
8.36
11.44
1. Procedure: Approximately 3 grams of rice was leached lor 25-28 hrs. with
10 ml of 1% HNO3.
2. Analysis: A 10 nil aliquot of the leach solution (1% HNC>3) was adjusted to
pH 7. 0 with NaOH and NDDC (2%) added. The Cd-NDDC complex
was extracted into 1 ml of MIBK. s
The organic solvent was aspirated into an air/acetylene flame to
determine Cd.
176
-------
CADMUJM ANALYSIS: WHEAT
Lab #
SAMPLE
N.a
Wll
W15
W68
W72
W96
ANAL. 1
M-g/g
0. 0356
0. 0394
0. 0164
0. 0239
1. 1616
ANAL. 2
Hg/g
0. 0468
0.0313
0.0194
0.0297
1.3482
MEAN
l-Lg/g
0. 0412
0. 0354
0. 0179
0. 0268
1. 2549
STD. DEV.
Hg/g
0.0079
0.0057
0.0021
0. 0041
0. 1319
C. V.
%
19. 17
16. 10
11.73
15.30
10. 51
1. Procedure: Approximately 3 grams of \vheat was leached for 25-28 hr. with
10 mi of 1% HNO3
2. Analysis: A 5 ml aliquot of the leach solution ( 1% HNC>3) was adjusted to
pH 7. 0 with NaOH and NDDC (1%) added. The Cd - NDDC complex
was extracted into 1 ml of MIBK.
The organic solvent was aspirated into an air/acetylene flame to
determine Cd.
177
-------
CADMIUM ANALYSIS: WATER
SAMPLE
NO.
1
2
3
5
6
7
10
11
13
18
20
21
25
27
28
31
32
35
37
42
CONCENTRATION*
jig /ml
0. OS43
0. 0148
0. 1151
0. 0802
0. 0277
0. 1419
0. 0231
0. 0863
0. 0740
0. 0166
0. 0535
0. 0637
0.0120
0. 0102
0. 1974
0. 1275
0. 0323
0. 1439
0.0240
0.1419
SAMPLE
NO.
44
48
49
55
58
59
64
65
66
67
68
69
71
74
75
82
83
86
92
9S
CONCENTRATION
H.g /ml
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1891
1357
1316
0332
0332
0120
1953
1994
0884
0351
1480
1151
0065
1583
0843
0102
0000
0987
0781
0781
Water samples wore extracted using NDDC (1 r'j) and MIRK. The organic solvent
\vas aspirated into an air/acetylene flame.
178
-------
CADMIUM A
LYSIS: BLOOD
Lab
NO.
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
10
27
29
31
35
48
69
.87
COIs'CEN
H-g/1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
N.
Is7.
0.
TR.ATION
00 ml
146
055
122
181
079
D.*
D.*
041
#N.D. - below the detection limit of the
procedure
1. Procedure; 2 ml of whole blood is hemolyzed and chelated withO. 7 ml
of NDDC (2%) / Triton X-100 (1%) solution and the Cd is
extracted into MIBK.
2. Analysis: Organic solvent (MIBK) containing Cd is injected into a
graphite tube furnace.
'79
-------
Instrumentation:
All analyses were performed on a Perkin-Elmer Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer Model 306. A Deuterium Arc
Background Corrector was utilized to reduce background absorption.
Peak heights were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Recorder Model 056.
Samples were either aspirated into an air/acetylene flame
or analyzed with a Perkin-Elmer HGA-200 Graphite Tube Furnace.
Reagents:
(1) HNOo aad HCIO^ acids were Suprapur Quality.
(2) NDDC (Diethyldithiocarbamic Acid Sodium Salt)
from Eastman Organic Chemicals, Stock No. 2596.
(3) MIBK (Methyl Isobutyl Ketone) from Eastman
Organic Chemicals, Stock No. 13033.
(4) All water used in sample preparation was deionized.
180
-------
APPENDIX F
AUTOPSY TISSUE
CADMIUM RAW DATA
181
-------
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLE TISSUE, jug/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age Group
1674-74
1840-74
1924-74
* 1990-74
* 2137-74
* 2223-74
* 2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
* 2576-74
* 2-75
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
* 1138-75
* 1224-75
1265-75
* 1312-75
1317-75
* 1402-75
* 1505-75
* 1570-75
* 1571-75
* 1679-75
* 1689-75
1876-75
1975-75
* 1995-75
Age Group
1564-74
* 1671-74
1716-74
* 1785-74
1828-74
* 1836-74
1861-74
* 1888-74
* 1903-74
1923-74
Concentiation
1
10-19 (Mean
0.0224
0.1120
0.0437
0.0246
0.0246
0.0280
0.0392
0.0627
0.0381
0.0526
<0.0213
0.0773
0.0280
0.0459
<0.0213
<0.02 1 3
0.0213
0.0235
0.0224
0.0302
0.0269
0.0269
0.0302
<0.0213
0.0560
0.0829
<0.0213
<0.0213
<0.0213
<0.0213
<0.0213
0.0224
0.0235
20-29 (Mean
0.0683
0.0806
0.0806
0.0235
0.1120
0.0504
0.1120
0.1120
0.448
0.0280
~)
0.0315)
0.1120
0.1120
0.0358
0.0280
<0.0213
0.0258
0.0280
0.0560
<0.0213
0.0538
<0.02 1 3
0.0885
0.0224
0.0302
<0.02 1 3
<0.0213
0.0291
<0.0213
,<0.0213
<0.0213
0.0358
0.0246
0.0392
<0.0213
0.0426
0.0862
<0.02 1 3
<0.0213
0.0235
<0.0213
<0.0213
0.0235
0.0213
0.0544)
0.0851
0.0661
0.1019
0.0269
0.1120
0.0448
0.1120
0.1120
0.0638
0.0291
Autopsy
No.
Age Croup 20-2
* 1936-74
* 1989-74
* 2190-74
* 2201-74
* 2261-74
* 2313-74
* 2376-74
24 1 9-74
243 1-74
2563-74
* 2577-74
* 2590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335 75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 601-75
* 786-75
* 1272-75
Age Croup
* 1682-74
1706-74
* 1830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
* 21 12-74
* 21 2 1-74
2122-74
* 2132-74
* 2140-74
* 2175-74
2184-74
* 2220-74
* 223 8-74
Concentration
I
9 (Mean 0.0544)
0.0358
0.1042
0.0302
0.0269
0.0482
0.0336
0.0829
0.0414
0.0694
0.1008
0.0706
0.0594
0.0224
0.0280
0.0426
<0.0213
0.0246
0.0426
<0.0213
0.0235
0.1478
0.0302
<0.0213
0.0280
0.0627
0.0986
0.0235
0.0291
>
(Conl'd)
0.0235
0.0862
0.0246
0.0370
0.0526
0.0582
0.0885
0.0616
0.0515
0.0896
0.0739
0.0526
<0.0213
0.0269
0.0246
<0.0213
0.0269
0.0482
<0.0213
<0.0213
0.1557
0.0269
<0.0213
0.0482
0.0728
0.1411
0.0314
0.0347
30-39 (Mean -0.0544)
0.1243
0.0246
0.0235
0.0392
0.0997
0.0302
0.1501
0.1008
0.0818
0.1019
0.0403
0.0605
0.0526
0.0526
0.0549
0.1344
0.0302
0.0291
0.0414
0.1030
0.0235
0.1120
0.1019
0.0941
0.0941
0.0627
0.0448
0.0515
0.0571
0.0448
* denotes cigarette smoker
182
-------
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLE TISSUE, /ug/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
Age
2273-74
* 240 1-74
* 2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
* 1519-75
Age
* 1565-74
* 1570-74
* 1575-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-74
* 1872-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2129-74
* 2131-74
* 2143-74
* 2301-74
* 2367-74
» 2379-74
* 2414-74
* 2432-74
* 2469-74
* 2476-74
* 2477-74
2598-74
* 1 84-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
Concentration
1
Group 30-39 (Mean-
0.0526
0.0426
0.0650
0.0840
<0.0213
0.0515
<0.0213
0.0246
0.0291
0.0302
0.0493
0.0370
0.0538
0.0672
0.0358
0.0739
0.0426
0.0336
Group 40-49 (Mean
0.0762
0.0448
0.1266
0.0717
0.1086
0.0549
0.0829
0.0974
0.1736
0.1702
0.0414
0.0616
0.0683
0.0549
0.0986
0.2509
0.0795
0.0549
0.0773
0.0605
0.0829
<0.0213
0.0941
0.0504
0.0885
i
0.0544) (Cont'd)
0.0605
0.0370
0.0560
0.0627
<0.0213
0.0459
<0.0213
0.0235
0.0347
0.0280
0.0594
0.038 1
0.0571
0.0594
0.0470
0.0795
0.0392
0.0392
0.0855)
0.0739
0.0414
0.1434
0.1064
0.0594
0.0661
0.0706
0.1568
0.1344
0.1266
0.0347
0.0515
0.0616
0.0627
0.0795
0.1378
0.0717
0.0829
0.0773
0.0795
0.1210
0.0269
0.0851
0.0538
0.1131
Autopsy
No.
Concentration
I
"}
Age Group 40-49 (Mean 0.0855) (Cont'd j
* 439-75
1335-75
*1417-75
Age Group
*1562-74
* 1694-74
1696-74
1 742-74
* 1770-74
* 1898-74
1920-74
* 1945-74
* 1953-74
*2024-74
* 203 1-74
* 204 2-74
* 205 5-74
2156-74
*2 170-74
* 2278-74
* 23 17-74
* 2334-74
* 2354-74
2427-74
* 2443-74
2536-74
* 2578-74
* 2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
Age Group
* 2182-74
0.0851
0.0907
0.1064
50-59 (Mean
0.0952
0.1691
0.0504
0.1490
0.1086
0.1243
0.0358
0.0818
0.1187
0.0851
0.1053
0.1008
0.1658
0.0874
0.0549
0.1098
0.1814
0.1366
0.1019
0.0930
0.1075
0.1243
0.1165
0.0952
0.0482
0.1467
0.0448
0.1221
0.1042
0.0874
0.1926
60+ (Mean 0.
0.7851
0.0538
0.0907
0.0874
0.1074)
0.0795
0.1915
0.0885
0.1400
0.1165
0.1008
0.0549
0.0851
0.1187
0.0694
0.1400
0.0974
0.1826
0.0638
0.0784
0.1008
0.2094
0.1232
0.1422
0.1176
0.0952
0.1333
0.0818
0.0515
0.0280
0.1434
0.0336
0.1154
0.0907
0.0829
0.1960
7860}
0.7862
483
-------
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVER TISSUE, fig/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age Group
1674-74
1840-74
1924-74
* 1 990-74
*2137-74
* 2223-74
*2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
*2576-74
* 2-75
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
*1 138-75
* 1224-75
1265-75
*13 12-75
1317-75
*1402-75
*1 505-75
*1 570-75
*1571-75
*1 679-75
*1 689-75
1876-75
1975-75
*1995-75
Age Group
1564-74
*1 67 1-74
1716-74
*1 785-74
1828-74
*1 836-74
1861-74
*1 888-74
*1 903-74
1923-74
Conce
1
10-19 (Mean
1.0504
0.7676
0.4848
0.3131
1.7372
1.3130
2.2725
0.6868
1.1009
1.5554
0.3636
1.2322
0.2222
0.5959
0.7171
1.5049
<0.1717
1.2019
0.9191
0.9595
0.6868
0.2121
0.3131
0.4949
0.1717
2.1917
0.5858
0.5353
1.2726
0.8383
0.2626
0.9292
1.1514
20-29 (Mean
1.1615
1.9493
0.8686
1.3332
1.3231
1.1716
1.1615
1.2827
0.7272
1 .8483
nlration
-i
0.8185)
\ .0706
1.3837
0.4747
0.1919
1 .9796
1.3231
2.1816
0.6464
1 .4746
1.5554
0.3434
1.1211
0.2424
0.6161
0.8080
1.3534
<0.1717
1.2827
0.8181
1.5150
0.6464
0.3232
0.3737
0.4040
<0.1717
2.3634
0.7070
0.5858
1.5655
0.7777
0.2626
0.9292
1.1716
1.0279)
1.1312
1.8180
0.8787
1 .2524
1.1716
0.9595
1.1615
2.0200
0.7272
1.8180
Autopsy
No.
Age Group 20-29
* 1936-74
* 1989-74
*2 190-74
*220l-74
* 226 1-74
*23 13-74
*2376-74
2419-74
2431-74
2563-74
* 25 7 7-74
*2590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 601-75
* 786-75
*1272-75
Age Group
* 1682-74
1 706-74
*1 830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
*21 12-74
*2121-74
2122-74
*2132-74
*2 140-74
*2175-74
2184-74
*2220-74
*2238-74
Concentration
1
(Mean 1.0279)
1.1312
0.6464
1 .4847
0.9990
1 .6564
2.1008
0.9191
0.6666
2.0099
0.8383
0.9797
0.7474
0.5555
1 .0605
2.5149
1 .3433
1.3736
2.1513
0.3333
0.5757
0.4242
0.2929
0.2121
0.5656
0.9292
0.4747
0.5 1 5 1
1 .4645
30-39 (Mean- I.
1 .4342
0.7373
1 .4544
1 .9998
1.3736
0.6060
3.1714
1.9089
0.9292
1.8786
0.4848
3.4542
1.2625
1.1615
2.1816
t
(Cunt'J)
\ .0504
0.6060
1.3332
0.4141
1 .6362
2.5351
1 .9897
0.6363
1 .9897
0.8383
0.9999
0.8181
0.5959
1.3332
1 .8685
1.3029
1.4241
2.2220
0.3131
0.6262
0.4848
0.4242
0.1717
0.6767
0.9494
0.3939
0.5151
0.9595
3002)
1.1514
0.6868
1.4342
1.7271
1.4140
0.5858
3.3532
1.6867
1.2019
1.5857
0.5959
2.7371
1.1716
1.1312
2.2119
184
-------
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVER TISSUE, jug/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
Age Group 30-39
2273-74
* 240 1-74
* 2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
*1519-75
Cuncentiation
1
^
(Mean 1.3002) (Cont'd)
1.6463
1.1817
1.5554
2.7876
0.4545
1.7473
0.8787
0.2323
1.1009
0.5555
0.8989
1.3332
1.2221
1.9695
2.2321
2.1513
0.9292
0.9898
Age Group 40-49 (Mean
* 1565-74
* 1570-74
* 1575-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-74
* 1 872-74
* 1972-74
*2089-74
2129-74
*2131-74
*2 143-74
*2301-74
*2367-74
*2379-74
*2414-74
*2432-74
*2469-74
*2476-74
*2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
0.9696
0.4747
\ .828 1
1.1615
1 .2625
1.3534
0.8787
2.5351
1.2423
0.5959
1.1009
1.5958
1 .9998
3.7067
0.4242
2.4442
2.1917
1.1817
1 .4039
1.2322
0.5555
1.2322
0.2929
0.5353
3.4946
0.8080
1.1918
1.3635
2.7674
0.3535
1.7877
0.7474
0.2323
0.8080
0.5959
0.8181
1.1514
1.2221
2.3735
2.4240
2.0200
1.1817
0.6060
1.2864)
0.8686
0.4444
1.8180
1.5756
1.2625
1.1413
2.1008
2.7270
0.9696
0.4949
1 .3029
1.6160
1 .9392
3.6461
0.4141
2.5250
2.2220
1 .3736
1.1110
1.1211
0.5959
1.2120
0.2222
0.5757
3.6057
Autopsy
No.
Age Group 40-49
* 439-75
* 1335-75
* 141 7-75
Cone
1
cut rut urn
)
(Mean- 1.2864) (Cont'd)
0.8383
1 .7069
0.9696
Age Group 50-59 (Mean
*IS62-74
* 1694-74
1696-74
1742-74
* 1770-74
* 1898-74
1920-74
* 1945-74
* 1953-74
* 2024-74
* 203 1-74
* 2042-74
* 205 5-74
2156-74
*2 170-74
* 2278-74
* 23 17-74
*2334-74
* 2354-74
2427-74
* 2443-74
2536-74
*2578-74
* 2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
1 .7069
0.2525
0.7979
3.6663
1.7776
1.7271
2.9290
0.5757
0.2727
0.3333
2.3129
2.6563
0.9090
0.4444
1 .4948
1.7069
2.1816
1.5756
1 .4948
2.3129
1.1009
1 .0504
0.6363
0.3030
0.3535
1.7170
0.7878
0.6262
1.7978
0.8686
2.6866
1.2120
1.0706
1.0302
0.7900}
1 .3029
0.3131
0.8181
3.2017
1 .8988
1.7271
1.2120
0.6767
0.2020
0.1919
2.3836
2.6159
0.8282
0.4848
1 .4544
1.5857
2.2018
1.5251
1 .2423
2.4341
1.1312
0.9393
0.6363
0.3434
0.3131
1.3938
0.9494
0.5656
1.8584
1.4140
2.6967
Age Group 60+ (Mean 8.5735)
:2182-74
7.6154
9.6455
185
-------
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN PANCREAS TISSUE, Mg/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age Group
1674-74
1840-74
1924-74
* 1990-74
*21 37-74
*2223-74
*2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
*2576-74
* 2-75
1 83-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
* 1138-75
* 1224-75
1265-75
* 131 2-75
1317-75
* 1402-75
* 1505-75
* 1570-75
*1571-75
* 1679-75
* 1689-75
1876-75
1975-75
* 1995-75
Age Group
1564-74
* 1671-74
1716-74
* 1785-74
1828-74
* 1836-74
1861-74
* 1888-74
* 1903-74
1923-74
ConceiUiatiou
1
10-19 (Mean
0.3172
0.2153
0.4038
0.2802
0.3821
0.3533
0.4707
0.1648
0.2266
0.4429
0.1638
0.3502
0.4522
0. 1 926
0.2410
0.4099
0.1566
0.3i2i
0.4295
0.5346
0.5562
0.2894
0.6932
0.2431
0.3646
0.4450
0.1586
0.1813
0.4563
0.2513
0.1370
0.3420
0.3770
20-29 (Mean
0.2935
0.6345
0.2050
0.2874
0.4068
0.6077
0.2369
0.3821
0.1823
0.3420
>
0.3258)
0.3172
0.2153
0.2853
0.2297
0.3821
0.3533
0.3533
0.1648
0.2709
0.5541
0.1638
0.3729
0.4295
0.1710
0.1926
0.4367
0.2019
0.3121
0.4099
0.5346
0.6005
0.3141
0.6932
0.2431
0.3646
0.4892
0.1360
0.1586
0.4563
0.2503
0.1597
0.3420
0.4223
0.4191)
0.3141
0.5892
0.1823
0.2874
0.4068
0.6077
0.1895
0.4058
0.1823
0.3420
Autopsy
No.
Age Group
* 1936-74
* 1989-74
*2 190-74
* 220 1-74
* 226 1-74
* 23 13-74
* 2376-74
2419-74
2431-74
2563-74
*2577-74
* 2590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 601-75
* 786-75
* 1272-75
Coiicciiliadon
1
>
20-29 (Mean 0.419]] (Cont'd)
0.6293
0.6777
0.3389
0.5037
0.6108
0.6510
0.5634
0.3770
0.6108
0.2266
0.6530
0.3636
0.3636
0.5171
0.4892
0.3028
0.4923
0.3729
0.1555
0.2668
0.8199
0.6674
0.4882
0.3698
0.3059
0.2668
0.4666
0.2884
Age Group 30-39 (Mean
* 1682-74
1706-74
* 1 830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
*21 12-74
*2121-74
2122-74
*2 132-74
*2 140-74
*2 175-74
2184-74
*2220-74
*2238-74
0.9836
0.551!
0.5511
0.4316
0.4553
0.3543
1 .0640
0.5511
0.8497
0.5274
0.3904
0.8961
0.2390
0.8703
0.4522
0.6705
0.6777
0.2493
0.4800
0.4295
0.6757
0.5912
0.2585
0.6788
0.2493
0.5830
0.4274
0.4707
0.5171
0.5366
0.2802
0.4923
0.3729
0.1555
0.2441
0.7416
0.6005
0.5325
0.3698
0.3059
0.2225
0.5778
0.2884
-0.5527)
1.1330
0.4800
0.5995
0.5263
0.4789
0.3543
0.9280
0.6891
0.8724
0.5511
0.4367
0.8497
0.1669
0.8240
0.4295
186
-------
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN PANCREAS TISSUE, jug/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
Age Group 30-39
2273-74
* 240 1-74
* 2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
* 1519-75
Concentration
1
i
(Mean 0.5527) (Cont'd)
0.8734
0.6293
0.5366
0.9620
<0.1051
0.6489
0.2122
0.2544
0.5274
0.2111
0.5593
0.5006
0.6211
0.6231
0.7560
0.6839
0.3111
0.6571
Age Group 40-49 (Mean-
* 1 565-74
* 1570-74
* 1575-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-74
* 1872-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2129-74
*2131-74
*2143-74
* 2301-74
* 2367-74
* 2379-74
* 2414-74
* 243 2-74"
* 2469-74
*2476-"74
* 2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
0.7756
0.5449
0.6293
0.7025
0.4079
0.9105
1.1227
0.9579
0.7879
0.9836
1.1021
0.5057
0.8384
0.9002
0.1885
2.0487
0.6757
0.6994
0.5881
1 .7767
0.5830
0.4666
0.5181
0.7220
1 .95 1 9
0.8724
0.6067
0.5830
0.9847
<0.1051
0.6489
0.2111
0.2338
0.449 1
0.1885
0.5819
0.5006
0.7550
0.6231
0.8673
0.6839
0.3327
0.5438
0.7807)
0.8436
0.6499
0.6087
0.7251
0.3399
0.8621
1 .4090
1 .2999
0.8116
0.9836
0.9589
0.6231
0.8384
0.9013
0.2122
1 .7644
0.6633
0.6304
0.4975
1.7963
0.4202
0.4429
0.5171
0.7220
1.9292
Autopsy
No.
Age Group 40-49
* 439-75
* 1335-75
* 14 17-75
Concentration
1
1
(Mean-0.7807) (Cont'd)
0.4233
0.7014
0.6159
Age Group 50-59 (Mean
* 1562-74
* 1 694-74
1 696-74
1742-74
* 1770-74
* 1898-74
1920-74
* 1945-74
* 1953-74
* 2024-74
* 203 1-74
* 2042-74
*2055-74
2156-74
*2 170-74
*2278-74
*23 17-74
* 2334-74
* 2354-74
2427-74
* 2443-74
2536-74
* 2578-74
* 2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
0.7066
0.3399
0.3626
1.2226
0.9857
1 .7984
0.2740
0.6211
0.8765
0.6211
1.3256
1.1732
0.2966
0.1916
1.1464
1.1989
0.9888
0.6262
0.8868
0.9888
0.5057
1 .0969
0.4429
0.4192
0.2688
1.2751
0.2462
0.7457
0.8394
1.1958
1.2514
0.3533
0.6746
0.6159
0. 7665)
0.7756
0.4079
0.4759
1.3421
0.8 1 78
1 .7500
0.2966
0.5974
1.0475
0.6684
0.9260
1.1732
0.3646
0.1916
1.2896
1 .3802
0.8703
0.6953
0.8868
0.9651
0.4130
1 .0496
0.3729
0.4429
0.3584
1.3648
0.2235
0.7457
0.8384
1 .3699
1.2803
Age Group 60+ (Mean-4.3122)
*2182-74 4.2158 4.4146
187
-------
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN KIDNEY TISSUE, /.ig/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
CoueetUuUiou
1
Age Group 10-19 (Mean
1674-74
1840-74
1924-74
* 1990-74
*21 37-74
*2223-74
*2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
*2576-74
* 2-75
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
*1 138-75
*1 224-75
1265-75
*1 3 12-75
1317-75
* 1402-7 5
*1 505-75
*1 570-75
*1571-75
*1679-75
*1 689-75
1876-75
1975-75
*1995-75
Age Group
] 564-74
*1671-74
1 7 1 6-74
*1 785-74
1828-74
*1 836-74
1861-74
*1 888-74
*1 903-74
1923-74
5.8464
8.6800
14.6048
8.3104
4.1664
8.8368
8.8144
6.4736
8.8704
15.4224
3.1024
7.6944
16.1952
3.5616
4.8496
8.7360
2.4752
6.3728
7.4928
16.1616
16.6544
6. 1 600
18.2000
5.4768
5.4768
13.3952
3.7744
3.4496
13.0368
8.1760
4.9056
6.0144
8.5904
20-29 (Mean
10.8528
28.3920
13.9776
16.3408
14.2912
26.7680
7.5936
1 1 8944
10.4608
1 1.9728
i
7.6711)
6.1264
8.8592
IS. 1200
7.9520
7.5040
9.0048
10.3488
6.8992
8.7042
15.5568
2.8336
7.1232
16.2848
2.4304
5.4992
8.8144
3.6288
6.7312
7.9520
1 4.6720
17.3152
6.5296
22.5680
5.5776
6.5968
15.5344
3.7744
3.2704
10.5616
7.4144
3.3936
5.9248
1 1,4128
I2.9XJ2)
10.6512
29.2656
147056
16.9008
14.2128
26.532X
7.7056
12.1632
10.4720
1 1 .8496
Aulops\
No.
Age Group 20-29
*1 936-74
*1 989-74
*2 190-74
*2201-74
*2 26 1-74
*23 13-74
*23 76-74
2419-74
2431-74
2563-74
*2577-74
*2 590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* (.('I-/5
* 786-75
* 1272-75
Age Group
* 1682-74
1 706-74
* 1830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
* 21 12-74
*2121-74
2122-74
* 21 32-74
* 2 1 40-74
* 2175-74
2184-74
* 2220-74
* 2 23 8-74
Conconli.il
1
(Mean- 129852)
31.3376
186368
7.7168
1 1 .49 1 2
24.3376
17.8192
9.6656
16.4192
20.0928
9.2400
25.7824
15.0976
4.1328
9.3632
21.6160
10.4608
14.8624
19.4880
4.4016
6.3056
27.2832
2 1 .48 1 6
12.5328
7.9632
7.0784
14.1568
11.8608
14.6048
1011
>
(Confd)
28.2912
19.3760
7.44X0
1 1 .68 1 6
26.3760
12.5776
10.7520
16.4304
21.2128
10.9312
33.2080
18.4352
3.7744
1 1 .4688
22.3440
1 1.5584
16.7328
20.7872
4.8608
5.8240
27.7088
25.3008
10.9984
6.3728
6.8992
13.8992
15.7584
13.5408
30-39 (Mean 22.0116)
30.1392
h.05 28
42.3920
33.1072
20.8768
12.0400
15.3664
20.2160
15.0192
48.0368
13.9104
30.0384
11.2112
50.4560
43 1088
29.7248
7.6720
42.3472
33.4656
24.5504
11.7712
17.3488
27.9552
1 1 .8496
30.5760
22.3216
29.1984
10.7632
52.7744
42.2576
188
-------
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN KIDNEY TISSUE, ^g/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
Age Group 30-39
2273-74
* 240 1-74
* 2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
*1519-75
Concentration
1
(Mean- 22.0 1 16)
20.4288
51.0272
39.7376
16.6096
8.6688
23.2736
7.5264
10.1920
13.7536
7.8736
29.0080
18.5136
49.7840
31.5952
18.4352
30.9008
32.7264
20.6752
*>
(Cont'd)
17.9200
5 1 .6096
39.2672
28.7840
8.9600
3 1 .8080
6.8880
9.3632
11.0656
14.5152
3 1 .6064
20.6752
47.6336
27.2720
25.1216
28.7504
26.7008
26. 1 744
Age Croup 40-49 (Mean 25.89661
* 1565-74
* 1570-74
*1575-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-74
*1 872-74
*1972-74
*2089-74
2129-74
*2131-74
*2 143-74
*2301-74
*2367-74
*2379-74
*24 14-74
*2432-74
*2469-74
*2476-74
*2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
31.4272
34.9216
27.4736
27.6080
13.4960
46.3008
38.4048
49.7840
1 8.7040
26.0064
26.1856
15.8032
34.4512
20.7088
25.7376
44.4976
49.8848
27.3504
17.3488
3 1 .4496
37.7664
3.9536
5.3984
23.3856
57.1424
33.3984
24.7296
46.3792
40.8352
13.4960
35.1344
36.2544
42.0784
26.6 1 1 2
25.4688
22.3216
18.6704
34.8992
1 8.4240
26.6112
44.9456
51.1952
28.9072
19.5104
33.6336
35.4144
3.7856
9.3520
23.8112
55.8544
Aulopsy
No.
Conix'iiliulion
Age Croup 40-49 (Mean- 25.8966) (Cont'd)
* 439-75
*1335-75
*1417-75
12.8240
24.8976
32.3008
10.5616
38.4384
38.7632
Age Croup 50-59 (Mean-25.3377)
*1562-74
*1694-74
1696-74
1742-74
*1700-74
*1898-74
1920-74
*1945-74
*1953-74
*2024-74
*2031-74
*2042-74
*2055-74
2156-74
*2170-74
*2278-74
*2317-74
*2334-74
*23 54-74
2427-74
*2 443-74
2536-74
*2578-74
*2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
25.8832
39.7152
17.1696
22.6464
34.6304
108.4720
15.0080
28.3248
27.2720
27.8992
15.5120
39.6256
21.9856
11.1328
19.2752
33.8576
41.6416
19.7904
17.5616
31.9760
36.0192
16.2064
15.0080
23.6992
13.5408
49.3584
8.3216
27.2720
30.3184
24.8640
64.1984
34.5744
32.2784
24.4272
31.8640
33.5664
108.8528
14.6608
33.4768
27.2384
25.3232
14.6720
24.9872
21.4480
9.6992
16.7440
32 2224
39.4800
I 7.0800
26.1632
31.5056
37.4304
20.0816
12.3536
26.8128
12.0288
48.9216
8.8480
24.2480
24.8976
22.2544
53.7264
Age Croup 60+ (Mean 26.1669)
*2182-74 27.5184 24.8976
189
-------
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FAT TISSUE, Mg/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age
* 21 37-74
* 2327-74
2521-74
* 2576-74
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
* 1138-75
* 1224-75
1265-75
* 1312-75
1317-75
* 1402-7 5
* 1 505-75
Age
* 1989-74
* 21 90-74
* 220 1-74
* 23 13-74
* 2376-74
2563-74
* 2577-74
* 2590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 786-75
* 1272-75
Age
\ 706-74
1978-74
Concentration
1
Group 10-19 (Mean-
0.0326
0.0220
<0.0132
0.0185
0.0550
0.0194
0.0387
<0.0132
0.0167
<0.0132
0.0387
0.0607
<0.0132
0.0273
0.0282
0.0238
0.0827
Group 20-29 (Mean
0.0686
0.0288)
0.0370
0.0299
0.0158
0.0229
<0.0132
0.0405
<0.0132
0.0202
<0.0132
0.0255
0.0264
<0.0132
0.0528
0.0414
0.0801
0.043 1
0.0312)
0.0801
<0.0132
0.0396
0.0783
0.0581
<0.0132
0.0194
<0.0132
0.0167
0.0185
0.065 1
<0.0132
0.0238
0.0422
<0.0132
0.0493
0.0167
0.0299
0.0317
0.0176
0.0528
0.0326
i).04ll)
0.0387
0.4638
Autopsy
No.
Concentration
1
i
Age Group 30-39 (Mean- 0.0411) (Cont'd)
2059-74
*2 11 2-74
*2 121-74
2122-74
*2 132-74
*2 140-74
*2 175-74
2184-74
2273-74
* 60-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
Age
1647-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2129-74
* 21 3 1-74
* 2143-74
* 230 1-74
* 2367-74
* 2379-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
* 439-75
* 1335-75
* 141 7-75
Age
* \ 694-74
* 2024-74
0.0176
0.0616
0.0757
0.0202
0.0854
0.0695
0.0290
<0.0132
<0.0132
0.0810
0.0299
0.0334
-------
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FAT TISSUE, /ug/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy Concentration Autopsy Concentration
No. 1 2 No.
Age Group 50-59 (Mean-0.0444) (Cont'd)
* 203 1-74
* 2042-74
*2055-74
2156-74
*2 170-74
* 23 17-74
*2334-74
*2354-74
2536-74
*2578-74
*2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
0.0528
0.0484
<0.0132
0.0132
0.0898
0.1082
0.0519
0.0783
0.0414
0.0510
0.0282
<0.0132
0.0273
0.0211
0.0458
0.0264
0.0634
0.0414
0.0158
<0.0132
0.0510
0.1241
0.0431
0.0713
0.0607
0.0370
0.0167
<0.0132
0.0141
0.1206
0.0396
0.0537
Age Group 60+ (Mean-0.3867)
*2182-74 0.3652 0.4083
191
-------
APPENDIX G
AUTOPSY TISSUE
LEAD RAW DATA
192
-------
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLE TISSUE, jug/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age Group,
1674-74
1840-74
1924-74
* 1990-74
*2137-74
*2223-74
*2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
*2576-74
* 2-75
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
* 1138-75
* 1224-7 5
1265-75
*1312-75
1317-75
* 1402 -75
* 1505-75
* 1570-75
*1571-75
* 1679-75
* 1689-75
1876-75
1975-75
* 1995-75
Age Group,
1 564-74
*167l-74
1716-74
*1785-74
1828-74
* 1 836-74
1861-74
* 1888-74
* 1903-74
1923-74
Concentration
1
10-19 (Mean
0.0857
0.0870
0.0394
0.1931
0.0639
0.0966
0.1210
0.0707
0.0843
0.0598
<0.023 1
0.0544
0.0490
0.0993
0.0694
0.0422
0.0435
0.0381
0.0612
0.0925
0.0653
00408
0.0503
0.0367
0.0612
0.0707
0.0258
0.0462
0.0544
0.0354
0.1 170
0. 1 1 56
0.0476
20-29 (Mean
0.0435
0.0707
0.1006
0.0490
0.0422
0.0435
0.0299
<0.023I
0.0490
0.0558
7
0.065J
0.0440
0.057 1
0.0408
0.1578
0.0408
0.0626
0.0898
0.0802
0.0354
0.0626
0.0530
0.0762
0.0530
0.1170
0.0476
0.0394
0.0408
0.06 1 2
0.0653
0.09 1 1
0.0843
0.0775
0.0680
0.0639
00666
0.09 1 1
0.0394
0.0340
0.0354
0.0476
0.0490
0.0721
0.0653
0.0768)
0.0626
0.1455
0.1020
0.0408
0.0639
0 0367
0 0394
<0.023 1
0.0326
0.0816
Autopsy
No.
Age Group. 20-29
* 1936-74
* 1989-74
*2 1 90-74
*2 20 1-74
*226l-74
*23 13-74
*2376-74
2419-74
2431-74
2563-74
*2577-74
*2590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 601-75
* 786-75
* 127 2-75
Concentration
1
(Mean
0.0435
0.0802
0.0666
0.2353
0.0680
0.0680
0.0911
0.0938
0.1061
0.0707
0.0993
0.0666
0.0666
0.0734
0.0789
0.1822
0.0408
0.0530
0.0748
0.0585
0.0408
0.0462
0.0993
0.1102
0.1170
0.0530
0.0408
0.0517
i
0.0768) (Cont'd)
0.08 1 6
0.1074
0.0666
0.3441
0.1632
0.1006
0.1428
0.1115
0.0680
0.0340
0.1224
0.0340
0.1020
0.1020
0.0802
0.0979
0.0503
0.0394
0.0530
0.0816
0.0802
0.0435
0.0979
0.0925
0.0503
0.0694
0.0490
0.0476
Age Group, 30-39 (Mean -0.0953)
* 1682-74
1706-74
* 183 0-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
*21 12-74
*2!21-74
2122-74
*2 132-74
*2 140-74
*2l75-74
2184-74
*2220-74
*2238-74
0.0476
0.0802
0.0354
0.0340
0.1034
0.0517
0 1278
0.0870
0 2434
0.0802
0.02 86
0.0680
0.0530
0.0503
0 05 1 7
0.0313
0.0680
0.0231
0.0326
0.1822
0.0802
0.1578
0.1346
0.1686
0.0870
0.0571
0.0707
0.0544
0.0816
0.0490
* denotes cigarette smoker.
193
-------
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLE TISSUE, Mg/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
Concentration
1
->
Age Group, 30-39 (Mean 0.0953) (Cont'd)
2273-74
* 240 1-74
* 2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
* 1519-75
Age Group,
* 1565-74
* 1 570-74
* 157 5-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-74
* 1872-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2 ! 29-74
*2131-74
*2 143-74
* 2301 -74
* 2367-74
* 2379-74
* 24 14-74
* 243 2-74
* 2469-74
*2476-74
*2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
0.0762
0.0680
0.0449
0.0721
0.2149
0.0721
0.0762
0.0490
0 1020
0.0462
0.0530
0.0381
0 1 102
00653
0.0490
00734
0.0680
1.0050
40-49 (Mean
0.0476
0.0966
0.0381
0.0775
0 1401
0.0354
0.0354
0.0503
0.0612
0.0462
0.0598
<0 023 1
0.0666
0.131 9
0.1795
0.1020
0.0571
0.0422
0.1142
0.0354
0.0585
00612
0.1958
0.0666
0.0802
0.0734
0.0435
0.0843
0.0734
0.2067
00530
0.0503
0.0299
0.1142
00462
0.0354
0.0422
0.0734
0.0884
0.0449
00775
0.0666
08786
0.0779)
0.091 1
0.1646
0.0789
0.0571
0.0925
0.0381
0.0354
0.0313
0.0598
0.0272
0.0707
0 0422
0.0816
0.0830
0.2829
0.0966
0.08 1 6
0.0626
0.0721
0.0843
0.0802
0.0558
02720
0 0666
0.1292
Autopsy
No.
Concciilr.
1
llluil
->
Age Group. 40-49 (Mean 0.0779} (Cont'd)
* 439-75
* 133 5-7 5
*i417-75
Age Group.
* 1562-74
* 1694-7 4
1696-74
1742-74
* 1770-74
* 18" 8-7 4
1920-74
* 1945-74
*! 953-74
*2()24-74
* 203 1-74
*2042-74
*2055-74
2150-74
*2 170-74
*2278-74
*23 17-74
*2334-74
*2354-74
2427-74
* 244 3-7 4
2536-74
*2578-74
* 2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
0 0544
0.0544
00422
50-59 (Mean 0
0.0952
0 1251
0 0966
0.0340
0.0245
0 0802
00734
0.1428
0 03 1 3
0.06 1 2
0 3087
0 0694
0.0408
0.3210
0.0476
0.0462
0 2693
0.3223
0.0653
00122
0.0830
0.0598
0.0748
0.0639
0.0381
0.0898
0 0503
0 0449
0.0544
0 1387
0.0476
0 0843
00571
00326
0964)
0.1333
0.1360
00517
0.0544
0.0462
00721
0 0666
0.0571
0.0612
0 0639
0 3346
0.0422
0.0367
0.4488
0.0544
0.0408
02462
0.3930
0.0952
0.0408
0.0884
0.06 1 2
0.0449
0.047(»
0.0694
0.0598
0.0952
0.0530
0.0470
0.0993
0.0245
Age Group. hO+ (Mean -0.1140)
*2182-74 01034 0.1251
194
-------
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVER TISSUE, pig/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age Group,
1674-74'
1 840-74
1924-74
"1990-74
*2 137-74
*2223-74
*2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
*2576-74
* 2-75
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
*1 138-75
* 1224-7 5
1265-75
*1312-75
1317-75
* 1402-7 5
* 1505-7 5
* 1570-75
*1571-75
*1 679-75
*1 689-75
1876-75
1975-75
*1995-75
Age Group,
1 564-74
*167I-74
1716-74
*1785-74
1828-74
*1 836-74
1861-74
*1 888-74
*l 903-74
1923-74
Concentration
1
10-19 (Mean
0.6090
1.8183
0.4002
1.0875
0.6177
06612
2.5752
0.59 1 6
0.5481
0.2088
0.8874
0.5394
0.9396
0.6612
0.2436
0.3393
0 2262
1.3572
1.0440
1.9314
0.4698
0.5481
0.9918
0.5829
0.5307
1 .4790
0.7395
1.9314
1.1484
1 .4529
0.5916
0.7134
0.9657
2
0.8313)
0.7395
1.7748
0.3132
1.1745
1 .2006
0.6699
3.0885
0.6612
0.7134
0.2349
0.7308
0.6090
0.9831
0.6786
0.3915
0.3741
<0.2001
1.5399
1 .0266
1 .2789
0.4002
0.3654
1 .2006
0.3915
0.5829
.4964
.0701
.3746
.2006
.7487
0.5655
0.6699
0.7569
20-29 (Mmn-0.9640)
1 . 1 1 36
1.3572
0.6525
1.4355
1.4181
0.6177
0.9048
0.7134
0 3045
1 .4094
1.0788
1.2702
0.6525
1 .3746
1.4181
0.6438
0.9048
1 .0440
0.3393
1 4268
Autopsy
No.
Age Group, 20-29
* 1936-74
* 1989-74
*2 190-74
*2201-74
*2 26 1-74
*23 13-74
*2376-74
2419-74
2431-74
2563-74
*2577-74
*2 59 0-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-74
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
*-601-75
* 786-75
* 1272-7 5
Age Group,
* 1682-74
1706-74
* 1830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
*21 12-74
*2121-74
2122-74
*2 132-74
*2 140-74
*2 175-74
2184-74
*2220-74
* 2238-74
Concentration
1
(Mean 0
1.7748
1 .9662
0.6003
3.8193
0.7743
1 .2006
0.9048
1.6791
0.9396
1 .9749
0.6351
0.7308
0.5046
1.2876
1 .3833
1.3137
0.5655
0.6264
0.4089
0.5742
0.6525
0.6264
0.2697
1.5051
0.8874
0.2697
0.4698
0.7569
1
96401 (Gmt'dl
1.7574
1 .26 1 5
0.6090
3.2625
0.7656
.3572
.0962
.7313
.1745
.9836
0 9048
0.6003
0.4785
1 3659
1.6704
1.3920
0.5655
0.6525
0.461 1
0.5481
0.9744
0.7395
<0.2001
1 .5399
0.9570
0.5133
0.4263
1.0179
30-39 (Mean-0.9937)
0.4350
2.8101
1 .0266
0.8091
2.9145
1.5312
0.4350
0.8265
1.6095
0.8700
0.5829
2.7318
1.0092
1.4877
1 .6530
0.3828
2.6709
1.0701
0.7482
3.0363
1 .5486
0.5133
0.66 1 2
1.2876
0.8613
0.6351
3 0537
1 1 1 36
1 .6878
1.6095
195
-------
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVER TISSUE, jug/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
Age Group, 30-39
2273-74
*240l-74
*2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
*1519-75
Age Group,
* 1 565-74
* 1570-74
* 1575-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1733-74
* 1 829-74
* 1 872-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2129-74
*2131-74
* 2143-74
* 230 1-74
* 2367-74
* 2379-74
* 24 14-74
* 2432-74
* 2469-74
* 2476-74
* 2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
Concentration
1
(Mean 0.9937)
0.6264
0.8439
0.9048
1 1484
0.4002
1 .0266
0.8439
<0.2001
<02001
0.4176
1.2528
1.1571
0.5742
1.4355
2.2098
0.7830
0.4002
0.6264
40-49 (Mean 0.
0.9135
1.3833
0.4350
1 .4442
1.6791
1.7574
0.9744
1.0179
0.3828
0.2436
0.6786
1 .2093
1.2789
0.7569
0.8265
1 .5399
1.0092
0.6177
0.7221
0.20XK
0 3054
0.9048
07395
0.2784
0.3132
2
(Cont 'd)
I.I! 36
0.9222
1 .0266
1.2528
0.3828
1 .0527
0.8526
<0.2001
0.2175
0.4176
1.2006
1.1571
0.8004
1 .2093
2.0358
0.8352
0.6003
0.8091
80941
0.9048
1.4094
0.4959
2.0184
1.6095
1.7139
1 .0266
0.983 1
0.4089
0.2262
0.5481
1.1484
1 .2267
0.7743
0.6960
1.5747
1 .0788
0.7395
0.4698
0.2088
0.2784
0.8874
0.8265
0.3654
0.3654
Autopsy
No.
Age Group,
* 439-75
*I335-7S
*1417-75
Age G
* 1562-74
* 1694-74
1696-74
1742-74
* 1770-74
* 1898-74
1920-74
* 1945-74
* 1953-74
* 2024-74
* 203 1-74
* 2042-74
* 205 5-74
2156-74
* 2 170-74
* 2278-74
* 23 17-74
* 2334-74
* 2354-74
2427-74
* 2443-74
2536-74
* 2578-74
* 2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
Age
* 21 82-74
Concentration
1
2
40-49 (Mean -0.8094) (Cont'd)
0.6264
0.8265
0.9396
roup, 50-59 (Mean-
09048
0.3654
0.9831
0.9309
0.6177
0.5916
0.7656
0.3567
0.4263
0.4524
0.5220
0.9135
0.6264
0.5916
1.1397
0.2871
0.6525
0.4698
2.3142
1.1484
0.7830
<0.2001
0.2784
1.0179
0.6438
0.7395
1 .0440
0.8265
0.6351
0.6873
0.8526
Group, 60+ (Mean
0.7047
0.5046
0.7569
0.9483
-0.6837)
0.8265
0.3480
0.9309
0.8961
0.6525
0.6264
0.8178
0.3393
0.3654
0.3828
0.5220
0.7743
0.6351
0.7308
1.0527
0.3132
0.6612
0.5307
2.2968
1.1136
0.5394
<0.2001
0.3306
1 .0005
0.5394
0.8178
1.2006
0.5307
0.6612
0.4785
0.9396
0. 7350)
0.7656
196
-------
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN PANCREAS TISSUE, jug/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age Group,
1674-74
1840-74
1924-74
* 1990-74
*2l37-74
*2223-74
*2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
* 2576-74
* 2-75
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
* 1138-75
* 1224-7 5
1265-75
*1312-75
1317-75
* 1402-7 5
* 1505-75
* 1570-75
*I571-75
* 1679-75
* 1689-7 5
1876-75
1975-75
* 199 5-7 5
Age Group,
\ 564-74
*1671-74
1716-74
* 1785-74
1828-74
* 1836-74
1861-74
* 1888-74
* 1903-74
1923-74
Concentration
1
10-19 (Mean
0.3348
06210
0.2160
0.6858
0.4687
0.3964
1 0660
0.4752
0 2398
0.3488
0.5702
02851
0.4763
0.6458
0.3856
0.2452
03769
0.7430
0 8024
0.7387
0.3564
0.2441
06815
0.2981
0 3856
0.5908
0.3391
0.4460
0 5098
0.3920
0.2830
0.2970
0.5627
20-29 (Mean
0.2635
0.339 1
0.1782
02117
1 0044
0.3316
0 3467
0.4050
0 ] 642
0.3305
">
0.4463)
0.3294
0.6156
0.2484
0.6059
0.5378
0.5033
1.1740
0.5087
0.2668
0.4039
0.4795
0.2452
0 433 1
0.6134
0.2819
0.2322
04201
0.4979
0.7517
0.5044
03197
0.2322
0.5432
0.2484
0.4201
0.7139
0.3607
0.3294
0.3715
0.3456
0.2981
0.2754
0.6469
0.5144)
0.2214
0.3715
0.1782
0.3240
1 .0994
0.2743
0.3996
0.5184
0 1966
0.4817
Autopsy
No.
Age Group. 20-29
* 1 436-74
* 1989-7 4
*2 190-74
*2201-74
*2261-74
*2313-74
*2376-74
2419-74
2431-74
2563-74
*2577-74
* 2 590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 601-75
* 786-75
* 1272-75
Age Group, .
* 1082-74
! 706-74
* 1830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
*2112-74
*2121-74
2122-74
* 21 32-74
*2140-74
*2175-74
2184-74
* 2220-74
* 2238-74
Concentration
1
T
(Mean 0.5144) (Cont'd)
0.6 1 34
1 .0066
0.4072
1 1610
0.4342
0.7949
0.3542
0.8132
0.4406
0.5238
0.3823
0.2041
0.6134
0.7884
0 7333
1.1416
0.3715
03661
0.2354
0.6664
1 .0055
0.3035
0.6415
0.699X
0.4406
0 3002
0.3931
0.2981
JO-39 (Mean
0.2084
0.6145
0.2333
0.4050
0.6340
0.4558
0.3931
0.3931
1.2452
0.5551
0.3251
0.8100
0.4374
0.5648
0.6070
0.7279
0.8338
0.4288
1.1977
0.4288
0.7830
0.3845
0.8014
0.4234
0.6512
0.4374
0.3629
0.5486
1.1210
0.7538
1.41 16
0.3132
0.3942
0.2614
0.3942
1.3576
0.5152
0.4903
0.6350
0.5108
0.4201
0.3294
0.3672
04785)
0.3024
0.7376
0.1685
0.3791
0.5486
0.4007
0.4450
0.4687
1.2398
0.6091
0.3035
0.7657
0.4104
0.5648
0.5065
197
-------
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN PANCREAS TISSUE, jug/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
Age Group, 30-39
2273-74
* 240 1-74
*2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
*1519-75
Age Group,
* 1565-74
* 1570-74
* 1575-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-74
* 1872-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2129-74
*2131-74
* 2 143-74
*2301-74
* 2367-74
* 2379-74
* 24 14-74
* 2432-74
* 2469-74
* 2476-74
* 2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
Conccntra
1
(Mean 0.4785)
0.4795
0.5544
0.4730
0.4882
0.1663
0.4363
0.4028
0.2052
0.4028
0.3737
04255
0 5 1 84
0.5162
06901
0.4568
0.2862
02549
1.6232
40-49 (Mean 0
06448
0.2851
<0.1436
0.2257
0.4115
0 4644
0.7387
0 2776
0 1620
0.2506
0.5281
03510
0.3953
0.4439
0.2948
0.7906
0.6815
0.2743
0.3845
0.4601
0.2279
0.3251
05551
0.3 2 2l>
0.4536
tion
2
(Cmt'd)
0.5011
0.5357
0.4396
0.6059
0,1868
0.4568
0.4093
0.1987
0 2765
0.3996
0.3445
0.4730
0.4007
0.5627
0.4936
0.2657
0.1685
1 9094
3979}
0.5908
0.3834
0.1436
0.2711
0.4568
0.7020
0.6232
0.2538
0.2084
0.4331
04687
0.4957
0.3899
0.3521
0.3510
08024
0.7150
0.2624
0.3337
04158
03704
0.3931
0 5486
0 2603
0.4471
Autopsy
No.
Concentration
Age Group, 40-49 (Mean -0.3979) (Cont'd)
* 439-75
*1335-75
*1417-75
0.4644
0.3035
0.3650
0.3089
0.2614
0.3596
Age Group. 50-59 (Mean - 0.3324)
*1 562-74
* 1694-74
1696-74
1742-74
* I 770-74
* 1898-74
1920-74
* 1945-74
* 1953-74
* 2024-74
*2031-74
* 2042-74
*2055-74
2156-74
*2170-74
* 227 8-74
*2317-74
* 2334-74
*2354-74
2427-74
* 2443-74
2536-74
* 2578-74
* 2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
62-75
70-75
71-75
63-76
02581
0.3499
0.3326
04050
0.1555
0.2063
0 3359
<0 1436
0.1955
0.2942
<0.1436
04104
0.1836
0.2144
0.5432
0.3618
0.7679
0.4568
0.4223
0.4698
0.5508
0.1652
03100
0.5702
0.2538
0.5324
0.4471
0.3931
0.2052
0.5130
0.3845
0.2678
0.4666
0.3769
0.3197
0.2063
0.2333
0.2711
0.1717
<0.1436
0.2678
<0.1436
0 3575
0.2279
0 2938
0.5486
0.4072
0.8132
0.4450
0.3769
0.4190
0.3640
<0.1436
0.2603
0.4039
0.2948
0.5800
0.37 1 5
0.2322
0.2376
0.4730
0.4234
Age Group, 60+ (Mean-0.5200)
* 2182-74 0.4784 0.5627
198
-------
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN KIDNEY TISSUE,
wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age
1674-74
1 840-74
1924-74
* 1990-74
*2137-74
*2223-74
*2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
*2576-74
* 2-75
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
*] 138-75
* 1224-75
1265-75
*1312-75
1317-75
* 1402-75
* 1505-75
* 1570-75
*I571-75
* 1679-75
* 1689-7 5
1876-75
1975-75
* 1995-75
Age
1 564-74
* 1 67 1 -7.4
1716-74
* 1785-74
1828-74
* 1 836-74
1861-74
* 1888-74
* 1903-74
1923-74
Concentration
1
Croup, 10-19 (Mean
0.4025
0.3220
0.3335
1.4260
0.3680
0.2990
1.1615
0.2530
0.2300
0.4830
0.39 1 0
0.2875
0.3450
0.2760
<0.1035
0.1380
0 1840
0.6900
0.6095
09200
0.3450
0.5980
0.4485
0.4370
0.3795
1 3570
0.2760
0.4025
0.7360
0.4485
0.2760
0.3335
1.1270
Croup, 20-29 (Mean
0.2875
09545
0.5060
0.6095
1.1845
0.5865
0 6440
0.5750
0.3680
0 3910
2
0 466 7)
0.4715
0.3105
0.2760
1 .2995
0.4485
0.4255
1.2535
0.4025
0.3220
0.47 1 5
0.4830
0.3105
0.2645
0.1725
<0.1035
0.1495
0.1840
0.5520
0.6210
1.0810
0.4140
0.4600
0.5060
0.4255
05175
1.2190
0.2990
0.3910
0.8050
0.4600
0.2645
0.3105
0.8510
05699)
0.4025
0.9085
0.5865
0.5750
1.1040
0.4370
0.4945
0.5980
0 3220
0.4025
Autopsy
No.
Age Group, 20-29
* 1936-74
* 1989-74
*2 190-74
*2201-74
*2261-74
*2313-74
*2376-74
2419-74
243 1 -74
2563-74
*2577-74
*2590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 601-75
* 786-75
* 1272-75
Concentration
1
->
(Mean- 0.5699) (Cont'd)
0.9430
1.0465
0.5175
1.6100
0.4600
0.6785
0.2530
0.4830
0.8050
0.7820
0.5290
0 3565
0.2990
0.8740
0.8050
1.0465
0.4485
0.3795
0.3105
0.2415
0.4370
0.6095
0.6785
0.6785
0.5980
0.2300
0.2415
0.47 1 5
Age (iroitp. 30-39 (Mean
* 1682-74
1706-74
* 1830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
* 21 12-74
*2121-74
2122-74
* 21 32-74
* 2 140- 74
*2175-74
2184-74
* 2220-74
* 2 23 8-74
0.4485
1.2765
0.2760
0.2760
0.7935
0.6095
0.2875
0.7015
1.7020
0.6670
0.2990
0.9085
0.5520
0.5060
1.0120
1.0350
1.1500
0.6210
1.5065
0.47 1 5
0.8280
0.3450
0.4945
0.8050
0.8395
0.4370
0.4255
0.3105
0.6670
1.0925
1.3455
0.4715
0.3910
0.2760
0.2415
0.4370
0.4370
0.6095
0.8050
0.5635
0.2300
0.1955
0.5520
0.5621)
0.3910
1.4950
0.4485
0.3795
0.8280
0.7245
0.3450
0.7015
1.5985
0.5520
0.3105
1.2420
0.5060
0 5635
0.8395
199
-------
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN KIDNEY TISSUE, mg/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No
Age Group. 30-39
2273-74
*2401-74
*2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
*!519-75
Age Group,
* 1565-74
* 1570-74
* 1575-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-7 4
* 1872-74
* 1972-74
* 2089 -7 4
2129-74
*2131-74
*2143-74
*2301-74
* 2367-74
* 2379-74
* 24 14-74
* 2432-74
* 2469-74
* 2476-74
* 2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
Concentration
1
(Mean 0.5621)
06555
0.7590
0 4025
0.8050
0 1840
09085
0.4830
02070
0.2415
0.5060
0 2990
0 3220
05290
0.6670
07475
04715
03105
0 2530
40-49 (Main 0
1 0120
0.5290
0.5750
07245
04025
1 1270
0.6095
0.1840
0.4255
0 2760
0.2760
0 2070
07130
0 2990
0.4140
1.2420
0.4600
0 4370
0.4830
02070
0.1610
0.9200
0.5405
0.1725
0 3680
2
(Cont'd)
06555
0.6555
0.4600
0.8050
0.2875
08280
0.5520
0.3450
0.2070
0.2760
02875
04255
0.5750
0.8050
06670
0.4025
0.47 1 5
0.2990
4933)
0.6670
0.5175
0.5635
0.7590
0.4485
1.1040
0.6095
0.2530
0.4370
03335
0.3450
0.2760
0.7245
0.2760
0.4945
1 3225
0.4945
0.4370
0.5060
0.2300
0.1150
0.6095
08165
0.1380
0.3795
Autopsy
No.
Age Group,
* 439-75
*1 335-75
*1417-75
Concentrat
1
40-49 (Mean-0.4933)
0.2300
0.7130
0.5865
ion
2
(Cont'd)
04025
0 8855
0.4715
Age Group, 50-59 (Mean 0.5038)
* 1562-74
* 1694-74
1696-74
1742-74
* 1770-74
* 1898-74
1920-74
* 1945-74
* 1953-74
* 2024-74
*2031-74
*2042-74
* 2055-74
2156-74
*2170-74
* 227 8-74
* 23 17-74
* 2334-74
* 2354-74
2427-74
* 2443-74
2536-74
* 2578-74
* 2608-74
1 75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
Age
* 2182-74
0.6440
03565
0.6440
02875
0 1380
0.2300
0.2530
0.1955
04140
1.0695
0.2530
1.0005
04370
1 1040
0.6785
0.2070
1.4720
0.7820
0.3795
0.1725
0.4140
0.5405
0.3565
0.5520
0.9545
0.6325
07360
0.2415
02185
0.4370
0.7360
0.4830
0.3910
0.8625
0.2760
0 1955
04140
0 39 1 0
0.1955
0.3l>10
1.1845
0.1725
0 4485
0.4715
0.9545
0.7935
0.3105
1.4720
0.9660
0.4025
0.1035
04370
0.5865
0.3335
0.4945
0.8050
0 5325
0.6785
0.2530
0.2415
0.4140
0.7360
Group, 60+ (Mcan-0.4933)
0.5405
0.4485
200
-------
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN FAT TISSUE, /ig/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age
*21 37-74
* 2327-74
2521-74
* 2576-74
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
* 1138-75
* 1224-75
1265-75
* 1312-75
1317-75
* 1402-75
* 1505-75
Age
* 1989-74
* 21 90-74
* 2201 -74
* 23 13-74
* 2376-74
2563-74
* 2577-74
* 2590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 786-75
* 1272-75
Age
1 706-74
1978-74
Concentration
1
Group 10-19 (Mean
<0.0449
2.1701
0.1069
<0.0449
0.4224
0.0832
0.1954
<0.0449
0.0739
<0.0449
1 .0349
<;0.0449
0 708X
<0.0449
0.1096
0.2878
0.1426
Group 20-29 {Mean
0.0568
<0.0449
0.1135
0.7867
1 .49 1 6
0.1650
0.2930
<0.0449
0.4158
0.1280
0.0713
<0.0449
<0.0449
0.2191
0.1214
0.4844
0.0911
0.1280
0.4158
<0.0449
0.5570
0.2561
Group 30-39 (Mean
0.3590
0. 1 86 1
2
-0.2486)
0.5386
0.7220
<0.0449
<0.0449
<0.0449
0.1280
0.0449
0.1597
0.0449
0.7260
0.1043
0.6834
0.2666
0.4699
0.3643
0.0713
0.2373)
0.0990
<0.0449
0.6877
0.7352
2.5093
0.0475
0.2561
0.0607
0.3498
0.091 1
<0.0449
<0.0449
<0.0449
0.4633
0.1544
0.2534
0.0752
<0.0449
0.2152
0.0766
0.1742
0.2336
0.3146)
0.0607
<0.0449
Autopsy
No.
Concentration
1
i
Age Group 30-39 (Mean- 0.3146) (Cont'd)
2059-74
*21 12-74
*2121-74
2122-74
*2 132-74
*2 140-74
*2 175-74
2184-74
2273-74
* 60-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
Age Group
1647-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2129-74
* 21 3 1-74
* 2 143-74
* 230 1-74
* 2367-74
* 2379-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
* 439-75
* 1335-75
* 1417-75
Age Group
* 1694-74
* 2024-74
0.1452
0.1188
0.2270
0.6046
0.5359
0.7616
0.5438
0.0713
0.5887
0.2323
<0.0449
0.3181
0.9768
0.0700
<0.0449
0.0950
0.4805
1.7543
0.3155
0.4435
0.3907
0.0884
40-49 (Mean
<0.0449
1.0415
0.3617
0.2442
0.3564
<0.0449
<0.0449
<0.0449
U.3274
1 .0283
0.1386
0.2851
0.1320
0.0964
0.3023
0.2640
50-59 (Mean
0.1544
0.3630
0.0449
0.1861
0.4765
0.2653
0.5623
1.1418
0.3828
<0.0449
0.4211
<0.0449
<0.0449
0.2297
0.8039
0.5333
<0.0449
0.1742
0.4726
0.3300
<0.0449
0.1742
0.4567
0 1333
0.2645)
<0.0449
0.9438
<0.0449
<0.0449
0.2125
0.0990
<0.0449
<0.0449
0.9913
0.4475
0.2257
0.2838
<0.0449
0.9570
0.4462
0.1650
0 2005)
0.0858
0.2996
201
-------
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN FAT TISSUE, //g/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
Age Group
*2031-74
*2042-74
*2055-74
2156-74
*2 170-74
*23 17-74
*2334-74
*2354-74
2536-74
*2578-74
*2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
Concentration
1
50-59 (Mean 0.2005)
0.0964
0.0554
0.2244
0.0607
0.4250
0 1756
0.06oO
0.1280
0 1003
0.5795
! 2144
<0.0449
<0.0449
0.5597
05161
0 2336
T
(Coilt'd)
<0.0449
0.0700
0.7300
0 1122
0.0554
0.1030
<0.0449
0.1940
0.2125
0.6389
0.0911
<0.0449
00581
0.1043
<0 0449
0.1478
Age Group f>0+ (Mean 0 5233)
*2182-74 0.7498 0.3260
Autopsy
No.
Concentration
202
-------
APPENDIX H
AUTOPSY TISSUE
ZINC RAW DATA
203
-------
ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLE TISSUE, /zg/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No
Age Group
\ 674-74
1 840-74
1924-74
*ll>90-74
*2 13 7-74
*2223-74
*2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
*2576-74
* 2-75
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
*! 138-75
*1 224-75
1265-75
*l 3 12-75
1317-75
1 402-75
*1 505-75
*l 570-75
*l 571-75
*! 679-75
*1 689-75
1876-75
1975-75
*1995-75
Age Group
\ 564-74
*1 67 1-74
1716-74
*! 785-74
1828-74
*l 836-74
1 86 1 -74
*1 888-74
*1 903-74
1923-74
Concei
1
itration
2
10-19 (Mcan-95.01)
114.8
103.8
82.7
1 24.9
133.8
73.4
104.9
71.1
64.0
98.3
40.2
50.8
122.9
107.6
153.3
99.7
96.6
108.5
104.0
94.6
1 12 7
109.0
96.6
85.8
94.0
74.2
79.6
136.4
106.6
89.0
103.7
1 10.9
127.3
20-29 (Mean
133.3
132.9
1 12.4
94.7
1 16 7
95 7
88 !
1004
65.8
103 1
1112
103.8
65.1
107 1
96.4
77.8
79.6
71.1
46.2
74.4
47.6
54.8
122.9
122.4
1 16.7
86.8
105.7
88.6
100.4
170.8
87.3
143.6
857
1 16.7
94.0
101.3
86.8
98.2
89.7
125.4
83.7
163.6
1147
98.X9)
169.8
1 14.2
104.5
98.8
89.3
87.5
82.7
1 12.6
56.2
94.8
Autopsy
No.
Age Group 20-29
*1936-74
*1 989-74
*2 190-74
*2201-74
*2261-74
*23 13-74
*2376-74
2419-74
2431-74
2563-74
*2577-74
*2590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 601-75
* 786-75
"1272-75
Age Group .
*1682-74
1706-74
* 1830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
*2 11 2-74
*2121-74
2122-74
*2 13 2-74
*2 140-74
*2l75-74
2184-74
*2220-74
2238-74
Concentration
!
(Mean- 98.89)
112.4
99.8
105.5
89.9
66.8
71 3
87.3
100.4
73.4
51.0
70.3
58.6
103.7
132.7
102.0
121.4
95.3
109.4
132.5
128.9
H3.2
89.0
1 14.8
111.1
109.4
114.9
132.7
100.4
0
(Cont'd)
977
. 101.9
80.1
106.9
90.0
107.1
150.8
160.1
73.4
728
70.3
55.0
121.9
140.0
105.8
93.4
99.1
113.1
106.9
106.6
74.8
104.0
107.5
118.4
98.4
94.9
143 6
111.3
30-39 (Mean- 96. 26)
147.6
101.3
103.8
102.4
140.7
100.1
113.8
97.1
102.6
125.5
55.3
92.8
1 50.9
65.9
58.1
151.3
119.3
91.6
66.4
129.5
78.3
170.5
88.9
95.3
120.0
85.7
91 1
128.6
76.9
76.0
*dcnotes cigarette smoker.
204
-------
ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLE TISSUE, ,ug/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
C
1
Age Group 30-39 (Mean
2273-74
*2401-74
*2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677.75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
* 1519-75
Age Group
* 1565-74
* 1570-74
*1575-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-74
* 1872-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2129-74
*2131-74
*2 143-74
*2301-74
* 2367- 74
* 23 79-74
* 24 14- 74
*2432-74
* 2469-74
* 2476-74
* 2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
* 439-75
86.8
41.0
92.2
85.9
89.0
93.4
68.4
106.4
121.1
81.4
95.3
92.9
107.3
96.5
103.7
89.7
94.6
87.2
'oncentration
i
96.26) (Cont'd)
77.8
44.0
83.3
85.9
89.0
123.3
67.1
110.3
122.9
85.0
106.6
89.3
129.3
138.3
116.5
82.2
120.0
154.5
40-49 (Mean 90.83)
97.1
90.8
130.2
109.9
149.4
1 09 9
89.1
877
95.2
92 2
78.8
87.5
63.7
79.5
92.8
52.1
44.0
73.3
109.1
80.4
72.5
43.3
117.1
76.1
89.3
1 10.8
110.8
109.9
%.2
94.2
118.4
115.2
80.8
109.9
119.1
118.2
71.6
98.2
76.5
71.5
78.6
56.9
58.7
132.9
176.2
80.4
72.5
36.1
121.1
96.5
113.0
96.0
Autopsy
No.
Concentration
Age Group 40-49 (Mean- 90.83) (Cont'd)
* 1335-75
* 1417-75
12"1 2
129.5
120.2
107.6
Age Group 50-59 (Mean-90.29)
* 1562-74
* 1694-74
1696-74
1742-74
* 1770-74
* 1898-74
1920-74
* 1945-74
* 1953-74
* 2024-74
* 2031-74
* 2042-74
*2055-74
2156-74
*2170-74
* 2278-74
* 23 17-74
* 2334-74
* 2354-74
2427-74
* 2443-74
2536-74
* 2578-74
* 2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
77.3
136.5
131.2
110.6
141.9
73.8
79.7
130.2
119.5
117.6
82.4
87.5
74.6
109.8
69.5
69.7
101.8
81.3
68.8
102.7
152.5
35.0
84.8
54.3
96.5
104.9
121.4
82.0
100.1
54.3
71.6
69.1
117.0
100.2
106.4
114.7
117.5
108.5
155.1
98.9
156.1
109.3
92.9
80.1
102.0
63.6
76.8
101.7
95.7
68.8
85 1
93.9
37.4
97.3
32.5
109.1
112.1
102.7
100.2
120.1
52.4
75.6
Age Group 60+ (Mean-79.20)
* 2182-74 66.8 93.9
205
-------
ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVER TISSUE, Mg/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age Group
1 674-74
1 840-74
1924-74
* 1 990-74
*2137-74
*2223-74
*: 127-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
*2576-74
* 2-75
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
*1 138-75
* 1 224-75
1265-75
*1312-75
1317-75
*] 402-75
*1 505-75
*1 570-75
*1571-75
*1679-75
*1 689-75
1876-75
1975-75
*1995-75
Age Group
1564-74
*1671-74
1716-74
*1785-74
1828-74
*1 836-74
1861-74
*1 888-74
*1 903-74
1923-74
* 1936-74
I ,l|K'C
1
10-19 'Hh-an
570
81 :
606
72 8
63 5
77.4
87 3
5l).5
78 8
40.8
44.4
45 4
40.1
86 7
50.5
47.0
->-r 7
84.4
43.1
44.=;
37.2
48.2
37. (
62 0
45.7
81.3
45.2
59.5
64.5
59.1
38.3
58.3
47.!
20-29 I, \k-an
79 V
88.0
112.5
75. C
78>
47 2
80.7
67 1
U>.2
81.4
520
II; 1.1(1' i|)
--)
54.44)
547
82.2
564
69.!
59.6
744
68.2
58.1
55.4
42.4
52.2
44.2
43.4
65.6
86.9
52.-..
46.6
85.5
43.3
698
26.3
50.4
69.2
43.0
34.3
98.7
36.8
40.5
56.7
63.5
52.5
46.4
38.5
59.21)
78.3
78.5
125.4
87.9
76.8
45.6
808
38.6
34.6
81.9
51.0
Autopsy
No
Age Group
*1 989-74
*2 190-74
*2201-74
*2261-74
*23 ! 3-74
*2376-74
2419-74
2431-74
2563-74
*2577-74
*2590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 601-75
* 786-75
*1272-75
ConccntKilion
1
~>
20-29 (Mean-59.21j (Cont'd)
51.3
91.2
56.1
61.7
60.6
48.7
59.4
52.9
55.4
45.7
50.1
48.3
54.5
56.7
54.9
80.0
53.8
62.4
71.8
40.6
34.9
47.7
88.9
67.8
21.2
122.2
49 1
38.8
59.6
57.1
59.5
bS.O
50 1
58.3
54.6
53.7
45.7
89.4
66.2
56.6
51.2
61.5
66.8
56.0
62.4
69.6
39.4
45.7
47.7
64.8
57.0
37.8
91.3
43.5
Age Group 30-39 (Mean -58.32)
*1682-74
1706-74
* 1830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
*2 11 2-74
*2121-74
2122-74
*2 13 2-74
*2 140-74
*2175-74
2184-74
*2220-74
*2238-74
2273-74
*240 1 -74
35 6
97.7
72.1
77.5
73.4
43.8
56.4
25.7
55.1
60.4
41.6
80.6
88.1
55.6
71 1
80.2
51.4
32.7
76.3
71.7
645
66.7
65.8
91.2
20.6
54.1
64.1
43.4
75.4
76.0
59.5
71.9
71 4
524
Z06
-------
ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVER TISSUE, Mg/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Coiicend .ilion
Autopsy
No.
Age Group 30-39
* 2409-7 4
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
*1519-75
Concenli
1
(Mean -58. 32)
83.9
58.0
65.0
88.2
73.7
45.6
60.5
45.2
44.7
65.7
64.5
43.0
76.6
55.3
73.7
29.9
:ilion
i
(Cont'd)
65.9
49.3
61.8
77.9
71.3
64.0
51.4
46.2
48.2
59.1
58.9
46.6
77.8
51.0
57.4
31.1
Age Group 40-49 (Mean 52.56)
* 1565-74
* 1570-74
* 1575-74
* j 634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-74
* 1 872-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2129-74
*2131-74
* 2 143-74
* 230 1-74
* 2367-74
* 2379-74
* 24 14-74
* 2432-74
* 2469-74
* 2476'-74
* 2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
* 439-75
* 1335-75
*1417-75
42.1
47.1
52.6
72.1
82.4
70.9
21.6
45.3
47.7
59.9
86.8
63.4
40.6
65.7
52.0
4S.8
54.4
48.9
79.2
80.9
27.4
60.5
39.0
42.3
61.8
53.6
59.2
37.6
41.6
49.9
75.0
98.4
73.5
70.2
46.4
44.9
35.3
33.1
152.5
64.2
37.7
64.1
51.2
38.7
56.4
57.9
58.5
73.9
28.5
67.3
27.0
38.8
61.8
56.9
46.9
35.3
Aulopsv
No.
I
Age Group 50-59 (Mean 49.40)
* 1562-74
* 1694-74
1696-74
1742-74
* 1770-74
* 1898-74
1920-74
* 1945-74
* 1953-74
*2024-74
* 2031-74
*2042-74
*2055-74
2156-74
*2170-74
*2278-74
* 2317-74
*2334-74
* 2354-74
2427-74
* 2443-74
2536-74
* 2578-74
* 2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
43.0
41.1
81.6
52.1
42.4
36.0
48.3
31.7
60.2
24.6
55.9
80.8
74.6
45.5
45.8
46.7
43.4
57.8
35.0
51.2
82.6
38.2
61.4
47.5
43.3
38.5
74.6
30.8
111.2
62.5
87.0
40.6
25.7
75.0
42.5
44.4
33.7
49.3
31.4
57.1
20.5
69.6
77.1
60.1
530
46.9
46.9
56.3
56.2
29.1
52.1
83.1
35.8
45.3
40.4
44.2
38.5
52.9
27.9
94.6
63.5
87.0
Age Group 60+ (Mean -85.03)
* 2182-74 84.2 85.9
207
-------
ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN PANCREAS TISSUE, jug/gm we: weight
Vnopsv
No
Age Group
1674-74
1 840-74
1924-74
* 1990-74
*2 13 7-74
*2223-74
*23 27-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
*2 5 76-74
* 2-7^
183-7-
225-75
568-75
6" 1-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
*! 138-75
!:1 124-7 5
1265-75
*13l2-75
1317-75
* 1402-7 5
* 1505-75
* 1570-75
* 157 1-75
* 1679-75
* 1689-75
1876-75
1975-75
* 1995-75
Age Group
1 564-74
* 1671-74
1716-74
* 1785-74
1828-74
* 1836-74
1 S6 1 -74
* 1888-74
* 1 903-74
1^)23-74
Concentration
1
10-19 (M: an
25 5
29.5
32.0
25 2
30.9
37.5
32.1
234
30.7
24.4
23 1
2si 0
24.0
40 5
26.5
3 VI
377
28 3
27 2
29 5
TJ 1
34.6
33.3
40.4
244
23.5
245
21.3
38.0
29 3
270
26 2
28.8
20-29 (Mean
26.0
20.9
14.6
23.7
22.5
21.6
28.3
33.9
28.5
2(1.7
<
28. 96)
26.1
35.0
320
25.8
426
45.2
2^.3
30.0
290
26 7
23 '»
28.2
25 8
?68
29.5
24.9
77 7
26.2
28.2
29.1
294
28.1
29.0
40.9
267
26 2
25 1
280
28.2
25.3
29.5
23.8
26.1
25 48)
243
26.4
165
21.2
22.5
->-i 7
25.9
^90
47.9
28 5
Autopsy
No
Age Grou/i
*!«36-74
*19H')-74
*2' 90-74
* 2 20 1-74
*226l-74
* 23 13-74
* 23 76-74
2419-74
243 ! -74
2563-74
* 2577-74
* 2590-74
* i 04-7 5
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 601-75
* 786-75
* 1272-75
Age (
* 1682-74
1 706-74
* 1830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
* 21 12-74
* 2121-74
2122-74
* 2132-74
* 2140-74
* 2175-74
2 1 84-74
* 2220-74
* 2218-74
(
!
20-29 (Mean
23.4
224
194
279
26.1
23 2
25.')
248
30<->
18 !
21.5
">> i
2X.7
41.9
28.8
294
17.1
248
24.5
3 3 7
31.7
26 1
31.4
27.0
31.5
19.0
24.9
16.2
.'oncentnition
2
25 48) (Com ~d)
22.2
23.1
18.8
27.4
266
22.6
30.0
30.5
33.2
19.3
18.6
22.7
23.2
41.9
28.8
31.0
32.8
25.4
245
28.2
24.4
29.2
23.6
25.6
31.5
22.3
22.7
22.9
iroup 30-39 (Mean -24.88)
17.7
22.9
25.5
19.4
23.3
34.0
140
23.5
34.8
28.7
25.1
32.9
21.8
26.0
-»»->
25.5
21.0
26.7
18.8
14.1
340
17.3
25.7
304
21.5
22 3
29.0
18.2
24.3
239
208
-------
ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN PANCREAS TISSUE, /ug/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
1
Age Group 30-39 (Mean
2273-74
* 240 1-74
* 2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-74
* 794-75
* 899-75
*1519-75
Age Group
* 1565-74
* 1570-74
* 1575-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-74
* 1872-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2129-74
*2!31-74
*2 143-74
*2301-74
* 2367-74
* 2379-74
* 24 14-74
* 2432-74
* 2469-74
* 2476-74
* 2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
31 2
25.1
20.7
249
28 2
25 4
28.7
34.9
240
22.7
27.4
27 5
33 9
22.9
27.8
20.1
25 3
31 0
40-49 i
209
27.3
13.3
20.6
26 1
21 8
38 9
24 3
24.3
21 1
22 1
23 2
36.6
21 0
17.5
14.4
31.7
228
21.6
53 9
14.5
32.5
207
21.1
34 3
Concentration
->
24.88) (Cont'd)
31.8
22.3
20.1
27 5
282
22.4
28.2
36.0
27.8
27.4
24.9
22.6
19.3
19.3
23.5
36.6
21.0
30.6
Mean 23.83)
19.0
23.4
13.3
22.8
28.9
23.1
37.1
30 4
23 2
3« 7
22.9
21.6
20 1
20.6
18.5
18.9
28.9
26 1
29.4
46.8
17.3
35 5
20.7
22.8
33.8
Autopsy
No.
Concentration
Age Group 40-49 (Mean -23 83) (Com 'd)
* 439-75
*1335-75
*1417-75
31.4
13.7
19.4
15.6
20.0
Age Croup 50-59 (Mean -21.63)
*1562-74
* 1694-74
1096-74
1742-74
* 1770-74
* 1898-74
1920-74
* 1945-74
*1953-74
*2024-74
*2031-74
*2042-74
*2055-74
2156-74
*2170-74
*2278-74
*2317-74
* 2334-74
*2354-74
2427-74
* 2443-74
2536-74
*2S78-74
*2d08-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
20.1
11.7
15.7
26.7
20.0
17.8
16.5
17.6
27.7
16.2
24.4
48.6
17.7
9.4
24.5
22.2
22.7
18.8
20.6
17.5
19.4
42.7
14.6
24.8
128
24.4
33.9
23.9
20.2
333
49.7
18.9
13.4
15.7
24.3
22.1
19.0
18.9
23.6
25.4
18.6
22.7
28.2
17.7
16.6
25.6
23.3
21.0
23,5
20.6
15.0
25 5
28 2
21.0
26.0
14.0
200
23.9
26.2
15.5
30.9
65.2
Age Group 60+ (Mean -32.40)
* 2182-74 31.5 33.3
209
-------
ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN KIDNEY TISSUE, /ng/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age
1674-74
1 840-74
1924-74
* 1 990-74
*2 137-74
* 2223 -74
*2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
249(>-74
2521-74
* 2576-74
* 2-75
183-75
225-75
368-75
071-75
* 6S8-75
* 886-75
* 1 J 38-75
* 1224-75
1265-75
*1312-75
1317-75
* 1402-7 5
* 1505-75
* 1570-75
*1571-75
* 1679-75
* 1689-75
1876-75
1975-75
* 1995-75
Age
1564-74
* 1671-74
1716-74
* 1785-74
1828-74
* 1836-74
1861-74
* 1888-74
* 1903-74
1923-74
* 1936-74
Conce
1
Group 10-19 (Mean
260
49 1
49.6
50.8
34.0
450
40.5
41.3
38. 8
41.6
23.2
3C».6
55.4
14 7
20.8
31.5
2K.2
40.5
35 0
6 1 .0
49.6
38.3
42 1
40.0
34.2
43.0
27.3
24.5
48.6
34.0
31 »
60.0
357
Group 2H-29 (Mean
51.2
44.0
40.5
59 8
48 L>
489
47.4
48.3
49.6
48 0
47.0
itration
"i
"8.05 j
31.7
49.9
49.6
50.8
51.5
52 2
439
38.6
40.7
3-) 9
35 3
424
49.6
20.7
26.7
37.5
29.2
3 1 .9
36 7
58.3
47.8
39.1
38.2
40.8
335
40.4
290
32.5
48.6
32.7
26.0
75.3
34.4
41.891
44.3
43.5
43.9
55 1
51.4
48.0
47.8
44.2
44.5
45.9
47.0
Autopsy
Mr.
Age Group
*198
(Cont'ti)
38 6
37 5
32.4
61.2
32.9
27.8
57.0
63.0
32.8
101.0
47.0
33.2
41.3
45.2
47.4
370
33.«
302
27.3
58.9
60.3
43.5
40.8
48.6
45.8
40.5
56.2
Age Group 30-39 (Mean 47.09)
* 1682-74
1706-74
* 1830-74
* 1900-74
1978-74
2059-74
*21 12-74
*2121-74
2122-74
* 21 32-74
* 2 140-74
*2175-74
2184-74
* 2220-74
* 2238-74
2273-74
* 240 1-74
41.1
27.9
68.1
35.4
28.5
43.0
32.9
59.7
44.7
43.9
39.7
67.5
31.5
60.0
64.7
55.0
72 1
38.5
25.9
68.7
38.0
34.4
46.3
37 I
53.0
42.2
50.5
42.2
52.3
36.1
39.7
66.2
46.6
73.4
Z10
-------
ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN KIDNEY TISSUE, jug/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy
No.
Concentration
1
Age Group 30-39 (Mean 47.09)
* 2409-74
* 60-75
156-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
*!519-75
Age
* 1 565-74
* 1570-74
*1 575-74
* 1634-74
1647-74
1773-74
* 1829-74
* 1872-74
*1972-74
*2089-74
2129-74
*2131-74
*2 143-74
* 230 1-74
*2367-74
*2379-74
* 24 14-74
*2432-74
*2469-74
*2476-74
*2477-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
* 439-75
* 1335-75
* 141 7-75
52.2
57.0
35.0
43.8
50.4
55.0
40.8
47.8
59.3
49.0
703
39.4
44.9
42.2
43.5
53.4
i
(Cont'd)
63.8
68.2
34.4
43.1
41.3
58.1
38.0
51.2
54.5
43.8
68.4
49.1
40.1
46.7
46.7
64.5
Group 40-49 (Mean 50.50)
56.0
48.0
50.7
65.7
65.2
69.6
45.3
85.3
46.6
51.3
45.0
46.3
52.8
56.6
49 ')
77.4
55.2
48.3
52.0
49.6
31.2
28.5
29.2
61.4
56.4
32.2
453
48.5
56.9
66.4
55.0
60.0
53.9
73.0
47.5
81.9
57.6
68.1
33.4
45.5
71.5
32.5
52.0
55.0
57.2
47.7
53.0
53.0
34.6
34.6
41.3
66.5
57.0
26.0
50.4
42.6
Autopsy
No.
* 1562-74
*1694-74
1696-74
1742-74
* 1770-74
* 1898-74
1920-74
* 1945-74
*1953-74
*2024-74
*2031-74
*2042-74
*2055-74
2156-74
*2170-74
*2278-74
*2317-74
*2334-74
*2354-74
2427-74
*2443-74
2536-74
*2578-74
*2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
CoilCClllKlllOll
i :
59 (Mean -50.10)
50.6
61.6
49.1
51.6
48.8
79.6
36.1
76.9
55.7
49.9
44.3
67.3
53.9
35.3
32.5
56.0
25.3
54.5
38.6
43.1
49.2
46.2
48.1
56.5
36.3
56.5
36.7
60.5
58.1
49.5
71.6
51.1
6S.4
50.1
48.0
56.0
74.4
35.0
79.9
49.9
52.6
41.7
50.3
50.1
43.7
32.0
60.8
38.9
86.0
30.6
5 1 .8
48.0
52.1
42.2
57.2
37.4
50.4
34.6
58.4
55.0
69.7
68.1
Age Group 60+ (Mean -30.6V/
*2182-74 28.8 32.S
211
-------
ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN FAT TISSUE, jug/gm wet weight
Autopsy
No.
Age
*2 137-74
*3327-74
2521-74
* 25 76-74
183-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
* 1138-75
* 1224-75
1265-75
* 131 2-75
1317-75
* 1402-7 5
* 1505-75
Age
* 1989-74
* 2190-74
* 220 1-74
* 23 13-74
* 2376-74
2563-74
* 2577-74
* 2590-74
* 104-75
* 117-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
582-75
* 786-75
* 1272-75
Age
1 706-74
1978-74
Concentiution
1
(iron/) 10-19 (Mean
5.6
34.5
3.7
7.0
2.0
0.9
1.2
0.9
4.0
1.0
66
J 1 7
4.7
1.7
2.2
1.8
4.7
Group 20-29 (Mean
3.0
1.2
4.0
7.9
16.0
3.8
2.0
1.4
12.8
5.6
5.0
1.5
3.5
1.3
1 6
2.9
0.9
2.0
2.1
1.0
2.0
1.5
Group 30-39 (Mean
1.5
1 1
->
4.04J
2.7
6.2
1.5
3.2
0.9
1.1
0.3
5.4
2.4
10.8
09
3.7
2.3
3.5
2.4
2.5
3.96)
4.8
2.0
2.6
16.0
32.1
2.1
3.3
l.l
9.2
4.4
20.8
0.9
1.2
2.3
1.1
2.1
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.6
1.7
30
4.27;
1.7
0.7
Autopsy
No.
Concontiutiuii
1
Age Group 30-39 (Mean -4.2 7)
2059-74
*2 11 2-74
*2121-74
2122-74
2132-74
*2 140-74
*2175-74
2184-74
2273-74
* 60-75
257-75
* 360-75
* 393-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 635-75
* 677-75
* 733-75
* 740-75
* 753-75
* 794-75
* 899-75
Age Group
1647-74
* 1972-74
* 2089-74
2129-74
*2131-74
* 2143-74
* 230 1-74
* 2367-74
* 2379-74
2598-74
* 184-75
* 219-75
* 336-75
* 439-75
* 1335-75
* 1417-75
Age Group
* 1694-74
* 2024-74
1.2
2.7
7.1
8.3
9.3
17.8
1.2
2.5
6.1
4.5
2.3
1.5
2.1
6.8
0.8
7.3
1.0
2.2
4.2
1.9
35.4
3.7
40-49 (Mean
<0.5
18.5
2.9
6.7
3.8
1.9
1.8
1.4
12.4
4.0
3.6
3.8
3.2
4.0
2.6
1.1
50-59 (Mean-
's .3
<0.5
>
(Cunt '
-------
ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN FAT TISSUE, /ig/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Autopsy Concentration Autopsy ('oiicentiaUo
No. I 2 No. I
Age Group 50- 59 (Mean 3 -4V) (Gmt 'd)
1.5
1.6
3 5
2.1
3.7
I 3
1.0
7.3
5.8
54
2.0
1 0
47
08
30
5.4
* 2031-74
* 2042-74
' 2055-74
2156-74
* 21 70-74
* 23 1 7-74
* 23 34-74
* 2354-74
2536-74
* 2578-74
* 2608-74
1-75
* 35-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
i."7
! 5
!0.4
1.7
T T
0.6
1 7
47
2.5
5 3
1.8
20
1 7
<0 5
79
3 1
Age Group 60+ {Mean Li 27)
* 2182-74 152
213
-------
APPENDIX I .
AUTOPSY TISSUES
MERCURY RAW DATA
214
-------
-------
-------
-------
-------
MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS IN PANCREAS TISSUE, jug/gn; wei weight
Au: >ps\
No.
A&
1674-74
1 840-74
1924-74
* 1990-74
*2137-"74
*2223-74
*2327-74
2398-74
2408-74
2499-74
2521-74
*25 76-74
* 2-75
R3-75
225-75
368-75
671-75
* 688-75
* 886-75
*t 138-75
* 1224-75
1265-75
*1 3 12-75
' 3 ! 7-75
*1402-75
*1 505-75
*1570-~5
*1571-75
*1679-75
*1689-75
1876-75
1975-75
*1 995-75
Age
1 5 o4-74
"1671-74
\ 1 \ 6-74
*1 785-74
1828-74
*1836-74
1 86 1 -74
* 1888-74
*1->OV,4
192.1-7.!-
( o ,a
Group 10-19 .Mean
0.00-J9
0.0189
0.0045
0.0172
0.0079
0.0378
0.0064
0.0093
0.0071
0.0066
0.0157
0.0039
0.0116
0.0093
O.OOSo
0.00^7
0.0196
0.0051
0.0040
0.0088
O.HQ72
0.0252
0.0064
0.0269
O.U120
O.OC72
0.0063
0.0103
0.005 7
0.0102
J.0042
O.OC58
0.0040
Group 20-29 (Mean
0.0032
0.01 26
0.0160
OOOil
0 0477
0.0150
0.0179
0.0189
Q.0'47
o.o:c<7
:lltlatll.',
_
It. dt(
0.0105
00189
0.0045
0.018';
0.0102
0.03-1
0.005 !
0.0094
0.006«
0.0064
0.0136
0.0048
0.0103
0.0096
0.0066
0.0046
0.0192
0.0053
U0030
0.0071
0.0058
0.02:2
0.0060
0.0217
0.0 i i7
0.007'J
0.00" 3
0.0! 17
C.0076
0.01 1 i
0.0045
0.0049
0.0038
0 014]
0.0030
0.012Q
0.0162
O.OCC7
0.0537
0.0139
0.0150
0.0172
0.0 12'"1
vj.0343
AuU>pSv
No.
tcr Gn.'i
*!936 74
* 1989-74
*2 1 OQ-74
*2 20 1-74
*2 26 1-74
*2 11 3-74
*2376-74
24 1 (?-74
2431-74
2563-74
*2577-74
*2590-74
* 104-75
* ! 17-75
* 218-75
* 279-75
* 286-75
* 296-75
298-7.'
* 305-75
* 324-75
* 335-75
* 472-75
548-75
5S2-75
* 601-7f
* 786-75
* 1272-75
Age
*! 682-^4
1 70o-74
* 1 830-74
* 1 900-74
(978-74
2059-74
*21 12-74
*2121 74
2122-74
*2 1 32-74
*2 140-74
*2 175-74
3184-74
*2220-74
* 22.i8-74
22~ -"-4
( or '.i.
>n 20-2'-} i.Mccn 0.0
0.0043
0.0060
0.0456
00181
0.0212
0.0145
0.0142
0.0111
0.0058
0.002S
0.0040
00081
0.0240
0.0129
0.0196
0.0116
0.0093
0.0038
0.0181
0.0181
0.0108
0.01 11
0.0205
0.0060
0.0142
0.0127
0 0 1 66
00078
Group 30-39 (Mean
0.0145
0.0234
00175
0.0071
0.0043
0.0216
0.0042
0.0071
0.0027
0.0023
0.0090
0.0072
0.008!
0.0150
0.007"1
0.0130
rtul'OM
:
14 1 lC,'!:'u,
0 0033
0.0075
0.04/3
0.01 SI
0 >)23 1
0.0160
0.0109
0.0108
0 0060
0.0030
0.0040
0.0081
0.0225
0.0126
0.0196
0.0108
0.00'j
0.0034
00175
0.020"
0.01 :4
0.0' .-i
0.0. -i
0.006<->
0.0141
01); '
;,.° -~
Q ot: i
0.009 /
0.0150
0 0234
0021:
0 008'-
0.0039
00!7I
0.0042
0.0084
0 0027
1 U02.i
G0103
0 0069
i,.00v-,
0 ' ' i 6l>
oc":;
v<.0i 3^
-------
MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS IN PANCREAS TISSUE, Mg/gm wet weight (Cont'd)
Concent iat ion
*2401-74
* 2400-74
* 60-75
15'-75
25~-75
* 360-75
* 303-75
* 425-75
514-75
* 035-75
* 677 75
* 7 .' 7S
* 740-75
* 7^-"75
* -71)4-75
* 8'iO-~?5
*1 510-75
157--74
* 1634-74
1647-74
'"'73-74
* 1820-74
*1 8^2-74
= ^0-2-74
*2080 74
> 12-)-74
1=21 ^-74
*2143-74
-'2301-74
*23o"-74
*23"1o.74
*24 14-74
*247(v74
*2477-^4
* 336-75
* 4">0-75
!
(Mean O.WW)
0.0042
O.OQoi
O.OOoO
0.0070
C0.0015
0.0120
0.0135
0.00 "'O
0.0000
0.0086
00204
0.00"?"
0 0040
0.0(P5
0 0 1 54
0.0033
0.0043
f(i-4<> (\L<;n 0
0.0204
0.0042
0.0042
0.0033
0.0321
0.0470
o 0004
0.0064
0.0075
0 0078
0.0223
00132
0 0020
0.0123
0.0105
0 0073
0.0244
0.0000
0.0076
0.0157
0.0048
0.0048
- 0 0015
0 004d
0 004 S
0 0040
-)
(Cont'd)
0.0054
0.0003
0.0061
0.0073
0.0015
0.01 12
0.0130
0.0006
0.0000
0.0078
0.0202
0.0025
0.0045
0.0084
0.0162
0.0078
0.0046
01 1 1
0.0234
0 0046
0.0038
0.0033
0.0333
0.0402
0 0000
0.0060
0.0006
0.0086
0.0244
00144
0.0024
0.0108
O.J084
0.0084
0.0202
0 0004
0.0087
0.0147
0.0042
0 005"
O.OOId
0.0048
0 0046
0.0036
Autopsy
No.
Age Group 40-4L>
*1 335-75
*1417-75
Age (Iroup 5
* 1562-74
* 1 604-74
1000-74
1742-~74
* 1770-74
* 1808-74
1020-74
* 1045-74
* 1053-74
* 2024-74
* 203 1-74
*2042-74
* 205 5- 74
2156-74
*2 170-74
*2278-74
* 23 17-74
*2334-74
* 23 54-74
2427-74
*2443-74
2536-74
*2578-74
* 2008-74
1-75
* 35-75
43-75
* 62-75
* 70-75
* 71-75
* 63-76
Concentr
1
(Mean 0.0 11 ,
0.0048
0.0151
fVo'y (Mean 0.
0.0101
0.0145
0.0154
0.0048
0.0136
0.0000
0.0000
0.0071
0.0058
0.0042
0.0615
0.0135
0 0045
0 0048
0.0003
0.0032
0.0001
0.007 1
0.0025
0.0162
0.0030
0.0034
0.0036
0.0080
0.0068
0.0000
00120
0.0134
0.0060
0.0000
0.0076
'ation
-i
) /Cont'd)
0.0061
0.0116
OKI)
0.0 1 10
0.0168
0.0150
0.0040
00138
0 0000
0.0088
0.0071
0.0060
0.0054
0.0667
0.0138
0.0034
0.0051
0.0003
0.0030
0.0070
0.0060
0.0030
0.0140
0.0043
0.0045
0.0040
0.000!
0.0058
0.0064
0.0003
0 0 1 20
0.0060
0.0000
0.0072
\gi- (,nmp M>+ (Mean 0.0071
*2182-74 0.0070 0.0066
220
-------
-------
-------
|