SELF-MONITORING  PROCEDURES:
BASIC  PARAMETERS  FOR MUNICIPAL EFFLUENTS
    This course is designed for the treatment plant operator or
    technician who is required to monitor effluent discharges
    under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
    (NPDES) Permit, and who has had little or no previous
    experience in wastewater  analysis or flow measurement.

    Parameters included in this course are BOD5,  pH,  Fecal
    Coliform,  Residual Chlorine, Suspended Solids, and Open
    Channel Flow.  At the conclusion of this  training the student
    will be familiar with the standard test procedure for each
    parameter, will have performed each analysis, and will
    be able to  use a parshall flume or weir to measure effluent
    flow.  He will also know what equipment  and supplies are
    needed in connection with  each procedure.
       U.  S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                  Water Program Operations
                  TRAINING   PROGRAM

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                DISCLAIMER







Reference to commercial products, trade names, or




manufacturers is for purposes of example and illustration.




Such references do not constitute endorsement by the




Office of Water Program Operations, U. S. Environmental




Protection Agency.

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                                     CONTENTS
Title or Description                                                 Outline Number
Determination of Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen                               1
 Demand
Winkler Determination of Dissolved Oxygen-Azide                            2
 Modification
Determination of Dissolved Oxygen Using A                                  3
 Dissolved Oxygen Meter
Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in                                       4
 Wastewater: Polarographic Probe Method
pH Determination of Wastewater and Wastewater                              5
 Treatment Plant Effluents
Collection and Handling of Bacteriological                                  6
 Samples from a Wastewater Treatment Facility
Fecal Coliform Test by the Multiple Dilution                               7
 Tube Method
Fecal Coliform Test by the Membrane Filter                                  8
 Method
Calculation of the Geometric Mean of Coliform                              9
 Counts by the Use of Logarithms
Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel  by                                 10
 Parshall Flume
Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel  by                                 11
 Sharp-Crested Weir
Amperometric Determination of Free and                                     12
 Combined Residual  Chlorine in Water
Amperometric Determination of Total  Residual                              13
 Chlorine in Wastewater
Determination of Total Suspended                                          14
 (Non-Filterable) Solids, mg/liter
Reporting of Self-Monitoring Data                                         15
164.1.9.74

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                           A  PROTOTYPE  FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                           ROUTINE OPERATIONAL  PROCEDURES

                                        for the
                        DETERMINATION OF  FIVE-DAY  BIOCHEMICAL
                                 OXYGEN DEMAND  (BOD5)
                                      as  applied  in

                            WASTEWATER TREATMENT  FACILITIES
                                      and in  the
                           MONITORING OF  EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                                        Developed  by  the

                                    National Training Center
                          Municipal  Permits and Operations Division
                              Office of Water Program Operations
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
H.O.bod.EMP.lc.il.74                                                   Page No.  1-1

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Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Determination of Five-day Biochemical
                                Oxygen Demand (BOD5)

This process was developed by:
   NAME      Charles R.  Feldmann
   ADDRESS   EPA-WPO-National  Training Center, Cincinnati, OH 45268
   POSITION  Chemist-Instructor
   EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
             B.S. - Chemistry
             M.S. - Chemistry
             1-1/2 years Industrial  Chemist
             4 years additional Graduate School
             4 years college Chemistry Instructor
             1-1/2 years DHEW - Air  Pollution Program,  Chemist
             4-1/2 years DI - EPA, Chemist-Instructor
                                                                     Page No.  1-3

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   Effluent  Monitoring  Proce  Procedure:  Determination of Five-day Biochemical
                                        Oxygen Demand  (BODJ
   1.  Analysis  Objectives:
      The  learner will determine the five-day biochemical oxygen demand of a
      sewage sample.

   2.  Brief Description  of Analysis:

      The  sample is diluted with a  high quality distilled water containing
      nutrient  salts  and a buffer.  Two biochemical oxygen demand  (BOD) bottles
      are  filled with the diluted sample.  The dissolved oxygen (DO) content
      of the first bottle is determined, and expressed as mg of DO/liter.  The
      second bottle is stored  in the dark at 20°C for five days.   During the
      five-day  period, microorganisms  in the sample break down complex organic
      matter in the sample, using up oxygen in the process.  At the end of the
      five-day  period, the DO  content  of the second BOD bottle is  determined,
      and  again expressed as mg of  DO/liter.  The depletion in oxygen content,
      divided by the  percent of sample used (expressed as a decimal fraction)
      is the five-day biochemical oxygen demand expressed as milligrams of BOD
      per  liter of sample.  6005 is the symbol for the five-day biochemical
      oxygen demand.
Page No.  1-4

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Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Determination of Five-day Biochemical
                                Oxygen Demand
General Description of Equipment Used in the Process

A. Capital

   1. Trip balance, 100 g. capacity
   2. Still, or other source of distilled water
   3. Incubator capable of maintaining a temperature of 20°C +_ 1°C,
      and large enough to hold four 300 ml BOD bottles and a 3 liter
      jug or bottle

B. Reusable

   1. Brushes (for cleaning glassware)
   2. Brush (for cleaning balance)
   3. Laboratory apron
   4. Safety glasses
   5. One spatula (medium size)
   6. One distilled water plastic squeeze bottle
   7. One pen or pencil
   8. One notebook (for recording data)
   9. Seven plastic weighing boats (2-3 inches square)
  10. Sponges (for cleaning of laboratory table tops)
  11. One 3 liter jug or bottle with narrow neck
  12. One powder funnel, about 3 inch diameter
  13. One 1 liter volumetric flask
  14. Four 1 liter glass stoppered bottles
  15. Two 1 liter graduated cylinders
  16. One siphon (long enough for use with the 1 liter graduated cylinder)
  17. Four 1 ml  volumetric pi pets
  18. One 10 ml  volumetric pi pet
  19. One 20 ml  volumetric pi pet
  20. One plunger type mixer (for use with the 1 liter graduated cylinder)
  21. Four 300 ml BOD bottles
  22. Equipment for doing a Winkler DO determination-azide modification,
      see EMP CH.O.EMP.l .8.74, Winkler Determination of Dissolved Oxygen-Azide
      Modification, or
  23. One dissolved oxygen meter, see EMP CH.O.do.EMP.l .8.74, Determination
      of dissolved Oxygen Using a Dissolved Oxygen Meter
  24. One 2 liter beaker  (for preparing cleaning solution)
  25. One 12 inch stirring rod (for preparing cleaning solution)

C. Consumable

   1. Small wad of cotton (to plug the 3 liter jug or bottle)
   2. 8.5 g. of potassium di hydrogen phosphate, KHoP04
   3. 21.75 g.  of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, K2HP04
   4. 33.4 g. of disodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate, Na2HP04-7HoO
   5. 1.7 q. of ammonium chloride. NH/iCl
   6. 22.5 g. of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate,
   7. 27.5 g. of anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2
                                                                        Page No.  1-5

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   Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Determination of Five-day Biochemical
                                  Oxygen Demand (6005)


   C. Continued

      8. 0.25 g. of ferric chloride hexahydrate, FeCl3'6H20
      9. Reagents for doing a Winkler DO determination-azide modification,
         see EMP CH.O.EMP.la.9.74, Winkler Determination of Dissolved Oxygen-Azide
         Modification
      10. Reagents for use with a dissolved oxygen meter, see EMP CH.O.do.EMP.la.9.74,
         Determination of Dissolved Oxygen Using a Dissolved Oxygen Meter
      11. Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2$04
      12. Potassium dichromate, K?Cr?0 7
      13. Soap

         (Items 11, 12, and 13 are for cleaning glassware.  The quantities
         needed will therefore vary).

         All reagents should be of high quality.  Different chemical
         manufacturers may have different ways of indicating a high quality
         reagent.  While no endorsement of one chemical manufacturer over
         another is intended, the following are some designations used  in
         four chemical catalogs to indicate high quality reagents.

         Catalog                          Designations

         Thomas                           Reagent, ACS, Chemically
                                          Pure (CP)

         Matheson, Coleman & Bell         Reagent, ACS

         Curtin Matheson                  Primary Standard, ACS, AR
         Scientific, Inc.

         Fisher                           Certified, ACS
Page No.  1-6

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-------
    15.  BODr in mg/1  (line 14 divided
        by Tine 4)
                                  Example Data Sheet
                      Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (6005)

     1. Sample number or other
        identification                             	
     2. ml of sample used                          	
     3. % dilution (divide line 2 by 10;
        assumes dilution to 1,000 ml)              	
     4. Decimal equivalent of %
        dilution (move the decimal
        point in line 3 two places
        left)                                      	
     5. Initial sample DO in mg/1                  	
     6. ml of titrant to titrate
        initial blank                              	
     7. Date of initial DO determination           	
     8. Time of initial DO determination           	         (ADDITIONAL COLUMNS
                                                                  MAY BE ADDED)
     9. Sample DO after 5 days in mg/1             	
    10. ml of titrant to titrate
        5th day blank                              	
    11. Date of 5th day DO determination           	
    12. Time of 5th day DO determination           	
    13. Line 6 minus line 10*                      	
    14. Line 5 minus line 9
     *The number here must not be greater than 0.2.
Page No.  1-12

-------
                               TRAINING GUIDE

SECTION                          TOPIC
   I                      Introduction
  II                      Educational Concepts - Mathematics
 III                      Educational Concepts - Science
  IV                      Educational Concepts - Communications
   V*                     Field & Laboratory Equipment
  VI                      Field & Laboratory Reagents
 VII                      Field & Laboratory Analysis
VIII                      Safety
  IX                      Records & Reports
   *Training guide materials are presented here under the headings marked *.
                                                                      Page No. 1-13

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Determination of Five-Day Biochemical
                                Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
                                                                        Section V
                        TRAINING GUIDE  NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  A.1.1
 If the glassware is especially dirty and cannot be
 cleaned with ordinary detergents,  chromic acid
 cleaning may be required.

 1. Pour 35 ml  of distilled water in a 250 ml  beaker.

 2. Add about 1/8 teaspoon  (simply  estimate this
    quantity) of potassium  dichromate,
    to the water.

 3. Swirl the beaker until  the potassium dichromate
    has dissolved.

 4. Keep repeating steps 2  and 3 until no more
    potassium dichromate will  dissolve.

 5. Pour the solution into  a 2 liter beaker.

 6. Slowly pour 1 liter of  concentrated  sulfuric
    acid, H2S04, into the 2 liter beaker.

    Caution:  Use eyeglasses and
              protective clothing.

 7. Stir the mixture throughly.

 8. Store it in a glass stoppered bottle.

 9. The cleaning solution should be at a temperature
    of about 50°C when it is used.

10. It may therefore be necessary to weirm the
    cleaning solution.

11. When using  the warm cleaning solution, fill  the
    piece of glassware with the solution.

12. Allow it to soak for 2-3 minutes (or longer).

13. Pour the cleaning solution back into the  storage
    bottle.

14. Rinse the piece of glassware ten times with
    tap water.

15. The cleaning solution may be reused  until  it
    turns green.

16. It should then be discarded.
                                                                    13th Standard Methods
                                                                    p. 135, section 2.c.2
   Page No. 1-14

-------
                            A PROTOTYPE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                            ROUTINE OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
                                        for the


             HINKLER DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN-AZIDE MODIFICATION
                                    as  applied in

                            WASTEWATER  TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                     and in the
                           MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                                   Developed  by  the

                               National  Training Center
                      Municipal  Permits  and Operations Division
                          Office of Water  Program Operations
                         U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency


;H.O.EMP.lb.ll.74                                                       Page  NO.  2-1

-------

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Winkler Determination of Dissolved Oxygen-
                                Azide Modification
This process was developed by:

   NAME      Charles R. Feldrnann

   ADDRESS   EPA-WPO-National Training Center, Cincinnati, OH 45268

   POSITION  Chemist-Instructor

   EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

             B.S. - Chemistry

             M.S. - Chemistry

             1-1/2 years Industrial Chemist

             4 years additional Graduate School

             4 years college Chemistry Instructor

             1-1/2 years DHEW - Air Pollution Program, Chemist

             4-1/2 years DI - EPA, Chemist-Instructor
                                                               Page No.  2-3

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    Effluent Monitoring Procedure:   Winkler Determination of Dissolved Oxygen-
                                    Azide Modification
    1. Analysis Objectives:

       The operator will be  able to perform a Winkler dissolved oxygen
       determination, using  the azide modification,  on a sewage sample.


    2. Brief Description of  Analysis:

       A solution of manganous sulfate is added to the sample.   A solution
       containing sodium hydroxide, sodium iodide and sodium azide is next
       added.  If oxygen is  present in the sample, a brown flocculent pre-
       cipitate forms.  If no oxygen is present,  a white precipitate forms.
       Sulfuric acid is then added to the sample, and the precipitate dis-
       solves.  The solution is titrated with sodium thiosulfate using
       starch indicator.  At the end point of the titration, the color of
       the solution changes  from pale blue to colorless.  The milliliters of
       sodium thiosulfate used, is equal to the milligrams of dissolved
       oxygen per liter of sample.
Page No. 2-4

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iffluent Monitoring  Procedure:   Winkler  Determination  of  Dissolved Oxygen-
                                Azide  Modification
5eneral  Description  of  Equipment  Used  in  the  Process

\.  Capital  Equipment

   1.  Analytical  balance,  200  g.  capacity
   2.  Trip  balance,  500 g.  capacity
   3.  Oven,  temperature controlable  to  +_2°C,  large enough  to  hold a
      small  evaporating dish
   4.  Refrigerator,  large  enough  to  hold  three 1  liter bottles
   5.  Still,  or  other source of distilled water

5.  Reusable

   1.  Hot plate,  large  enough  to  hold  a 2 liter Erlenmeyer  flask
   2.  Kemmerer sampler
   3.  APHA  sampler
   4.  Laboratory  apron
   5.  Safety  glasses
   6.  Brushes (for cleaning glassware)
   7.  Brush  (for  cleaning  balance)
   8.  One 1  liter volumetric flask
   9.  One 300 ml  BOD bottle
  10.  One 1  liter graduated cylinder
  11.  One 100 ml  graduated  cylinder
  12.  One 50  ml  graduated  cylinder
  13.  One 10  ml  graduated  cylinder
  14.  Six 1  liter glass stoppered bottles
  15.  One rubber  stopper (to fit  a 1 liter glass  stoppered  bottle)
  16.  One 150 ml  glass  stoppered  bottle
  17.  One spatula (medium  size)
  18.  One spatula (small  size)
  19.  One 2  liter Erlenmeyer flask
  20.  One 500 ml  wide mouth Erlenmeyer  flask
  21.  One 100 ml  pi pet
  22.  One 50  ml  pi pet
  23.  One 20  ml  pi pet
  24.  One pipet  bulb
  25.  Three  5 ml  graduated  pipets
  26.  One desiccator (large enough to  hold a  small evaporating dish)
  27.  One evaporating dish  (large enough  to hold  about  10 g. of solid)
  28.  One 25  ml  buret
  29.  One ring stand
  30.  One buret  clamp
  31.  One distilled  water  plastic squeeze bottle
  32.  One pen or  pencil
  33.  One notebook (for recording data)
  34.  Eight plastic  weighing boats (2-3 inches  square)
                                                                     Page  No.  2-5

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   Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Winkler Determination of Dissolved Oxygen-
                                   Azide Modification
   B. Continued

     35. Sponges  (for cleaning of laboratory table tops)
     36. One stirring rod (about 6 inches long)
     37. One powder funnel, about 3 inch diameter

   C. Consumable

      1. Potassium dichromate, l<2Cr207
      2. Concentrated sulfuric acid, ^$04
      3. Soap
         (These three reagents are for cleaning glassware.  The quantities needed
         will therefore vary.)
      4. 480 g. manganous sulfate tetrahydrate, MnSO^I^O
         400 g. manganous sulfate di hydrate, MnS04-2H20, or 364 g. manganous
         sulfate  monohydrate, MnSO/pF^O may also be used.
      5. 500 g. sodium hydroxide, NaOH
      6. 135 g. sodium iodide, Nal
      7. 10 g. sodium azide, NaN3
      8. 10 g. soluble starch
      9. 15 ml chloroform, CHC13
     10. 186.15 g. sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, Na2S203«5H20
     11. 6 g. potassium biiodate, KH(I03)2
     12. 3 g. potassium iodide, KI
     13. 10 ml concentrated sulfuric acid, H2S04


  The quantities  given in 4 through 11 above will suffice for approximately

  may *l ^rl^ °* d*"°lved ^^  ^"^ °" USa9e' Eler quantities
   All  reagents  should  be of  high quality.  Different chemical manufacturers
   may  have  different ways of indicating a  high quality reagent.  While no
   endorsement of  one chemical manufacturer over another is  intended, the
   following are some designations used in  four chemical catalogs to indicate
   high quality  reagents.


   Catalog                             Designations

   Thomas                              Reagent, ACS, Chemically
                                      Pure (CP)

   Matheson, Coleman &  Bell            Reagent, ACS

   Curtin Matheson                    Primary Standard, ACS, AR
   Scientific,  Inc.

   Fisher                              Certified, ACS
Page No.  2-6

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                               TRAINING GUIDE

SECTION                          TOPIC
   I                      Introduction
  II*                     Educational Concepts - Mathematics
 III                      Educational Concepts - Science
  IV                      Educational Concepts - Communications
   V*                     Field & Laboratory Equipment
  VI                      Field & Laboratory Reagents
 VII                      Field & Laboratory Analysis
VIII                      Safety
  IX                      Records & Reports
   *Training  guide  materials  are  presented  here under the headings marked *.
                                                                      Page No. 2-15

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Winkler Determination of Dissolved
                                Oxygen-Azide Modification
                                                                             Section II
                        TRAINING GUIDE MOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  C.3.1
The formula used is:

normality of sodium thiosulfate x ml of sodium
thiosulfate = normality of potassium biiodate x ml
of potassium biiodate.

Three of the four values are known:

ml of sodium thiosulfate is read from the buret.

ml of potassium biiodate = 20.0

normality of potassium biiodate = 0.0375

After rearranging the formula to solve for the
normality of sodium thiosulfate, and inserting the
known values:

Normality of sodium thiosulfate =
20.0 x 0.0375/ml of sodium thiosulfate =
0.75/ml  of sodium thiosulfate
  Page No. 2-16

-------
[FFLUENT  MONITORING  PROCEDURE:   winkler Determination of Dissolved
                                Oxygen-Azide Modification
                                                                        Section  V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  A.1.1
If the glassware is especially dirty and cannot be
cleaned with ordinary detergents, chromic acid
cleaning may be required.

1. Pour 35 ml of distilled water in a 250 ml beaker.

2. Add about 1/8 teaspoon (simply estimate this
   quantity) of potassium dichromate,
   to the water.

3. Swirl the beaker until the potassium dichromate
   has dissolved.

4. Keep repeating  steps 2 and 3 until no more
   potassium dichromate will dissolve.

5. Pour the solution into a 2 liter beaker.

6. Slowly pour 1 liter of concentrated  sulfuric
   acid, H2$04, into the 2 liter beaker.
                Caution:  Use eyeglasses and
                          protective clothing.

             7. Stir the mixture throughly.

             8. Store it in a glass stoppered bottle.

             9. The cleaning solution should be at a temperature
                of about 50°C when it is used.

            10. It may therefore be necessary to warm the
                cleaning solution.

            11. l-.'hen using the warm cleaning solution, fill the
                piece of glassware with the solution.

            12. Allow it to soak for 2-3 minutes (or longer).

            13. Pour the cleaning solution back into the storage
                bottle.

            14. Rinse the piece of glassware ten times with
                tap water.

            15. The cleaning solution may be reused until it
                turns green.

            16. It should then be discarded.
                                                                    13th  Standard  Methods,
                                                                    p.  135,  section  2.C.2
                                                                             Page No.  2-17

-------

-------
                           A  PROTOTYPE  FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                           ROUTINE OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

                                        for the
                      DETERMINATION  OF  DISSOLVED OXYGEN USING
                              A  DISSOLVED OXYGEN METER
                                   as  applied  in

                         WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                   and  in  the
                        MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                                Developed by the

                             National Training Center
                    Municipal Permits and Operations Division
                        Office of Water Program Operations
                       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CH.O.do.EMP.lb.il.74                                                 Page No. 3-1

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Determination of Dissolved Oxygen Using A
                                Dissolved Oxygen Meter
This process was developed by:
   NAME      Charles R. Feldmann
   ADDRESS   EPA-WPO-National  Training Center, Cincinnati, OH 45268
   POSITION  Chemist-Instructor
   EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
             B.S. - Chemistry
             M.S. - Chemistry
             1-1/2 years Industrial Chemist
             4 years additional Graduate School
             4 years college Chemistry Instructor
             1-1/2 years DHEW - Air Pollution Program,  Chemist
             4-1/2 years DI - EPA, Chemist-Instructor
                                                                     Page No. 3-3

-------
    Effluent Monitoring Procedure:   Determination  of Dissolved  Oxygen Using  A
                                    Dissolved Oxygen Meter


    1.  Analysis Objectives:

       The learner will use  the attached EMP to place the Weston and Stack
       Model 300 Dissolved Oxygen Meter into operation,  including electrode
       cleaning, membrane installation, calibration, and use  of the meter to
       make a dissolved oxygen measurement.

    2.  Brief Description of  Analysis:

       The Winkler determination of dissolved oxygen-azide modification  is
       subject to many interferences.   In the case of a  BODg  determination,  the
       problem is minimized  to some extent because of sample  dilution.   If it
       is felt, however, that appreciable amounts  of interferring materials  are
       present, a dissolved  oxygen  meter should be used.
      Mention of a particular brand name does not constitute endorsement
      by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Page No. 3-4

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Determination of Dissolved Oxygen  Using  a
                                Dissolved Oxygen Meter


General Description of Equipment Used in a Process

A. Capital

   1. Weston and Stack Model 300 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Meter with  Model
      A-30 Probe, accessory kit and manufacturers instruction book
   2. Still, or other source of distilled water
   3. Trip balance, 100 g.  capacity

B. Reusable

   1. One 100 ml graduated  cylinder
   2. One 250 ml Erlenmeyer Flask
   3. One 100 ml glass stoppered bottle
   4. One 200 ml plastic bottle
   5. One teaspoon
   6. Small blade screwdriver
   7. One 250 ml beaker
   8. Five cc syringe or eyedropper with tapered end
   9. Small pocket knife
  10. Four 300 ml BOD bottles
  11. Equipment for performing a Winkler DO determination-azide modification,
      see EMP CH.O.EMP.l.8.74, Winkler Determination of Dissolved  Oxygen-Azide
      Modification

C. Consumable

   1. Potassium iodide, KI, 50 g.
   2. Sodium sulfite, ^$203, 25 g.
   3. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 10 g.
   4. One rubber band
   5. Paper towels
   6. Silicone lubricant
   7. Source of distilled water
   8. One 1 inch long piece of scotch tape
   9. Reagents for performing a Winkler DO determination-azide modification,
      see EMP CH.O.EMP.l.8.74, Winkler Determination of Dissolved  Oxygen-Azide
      Modification
  10. Potassium dichromate, I^C^Oy
  11. Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2S04
  12. Soap
      (Items 10, 11, and 12 are for cleaning glassware.  The quantities
      will therefore vary.)
  13. Brushes (for cleaning glassware)
  14. Brush (for cleaning balance)
  15. Sponges (for cleaning of laboratory table tops)
                                                                        Page  No.  3-5

-------
    Effluent  Monitoring  Procedure:   Determination of Dissolved Oxygen Using  a
                                    a  Dissolved Oxygen Meter
    C.  Continued

          All  reagents  should  be  of  high  quality.   Different chemical
          manufacturers may  have  different ways of  indicating a  high quality
          reagent.   While  no endorsement  of one chemical manufacturer over
          another  is intended,  the following are  some designations  used  in
          four chemical catalogs  to  indicate high quality  reagents.

          Catalog                          Designations

          Thomas                           Reagent, ACS, Chemically
                                          Pure (CP)

          Matheson,  Coleman  &  Bell         Reagent, ACS

          Curtin Matheson                  Primary  Standard, ACS, AR
          Scientific,  Inc.

          Fisher                           Certified, ACS
Page No.  3-6

-------
                           FRONT VIEW  OF METER
meter scales
(HI, LO, temp)
function switch


zero check switch-

temp test button




           zero
  on off/chg
 /switch

 )0 probe
attachment
-cal
                                                                     Page  No.  3-7

-------
                                    REAR VIEW OF METER
0 probe attachment
                Xtf
                                  tubes for
                                  accessory
                                  storage
                                                                  temp  test button
                                                                 AC power cord attachment
  Page No. 3-8

-------
      CUT-AWAY VIEW OF  PROBE,  SHELL,  AND STIRRING  MECHANISM
cord to meter
PROBE
            anode rim


            thermister pins  in well

            lead coil anode



            flange
            nipple and "0"  ring
            (seats in thermister
            pin well)
    spring clip
    platinum cathode
   SHELL
                                                  holes
                                                  (two)
                                                            service cap
                                                            0" rings
                                                               electrolyte filling
                                                               screw (and washer)
                                                             battery box
                                                             long screw
                                                    tf
                                                                   micro switch
                                                         micro  switch actuator a>m
                       shield (to protect
                       .membrane)
                                                                     Page  No. 3-9

-------
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                               TRAINING GUIDE

SECTION                          TOPIC
   I                      Introduction
  II                      Educational Concepts - Mathematics
 III                      Educational Concepts - Science
  IV                      Educational Concepts - Communications
   V*                     Field & Laboratory Equipment
  VI                      Field & Laboratory Reagents
 VII                      Field & Laboratory Analysis
VIII                      Safety
  IX                      Records & Reports
   *Training guide materials are presented here under the headings  marked *.
                                                                      Page No. 3-21

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Determination of Dissolved  Oxygen  Using  a
                                Dissolved Oxygen Meter
                                                                        Section V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCE!
  A.1.1
If the glassware is especially dirty and cannot be
cleaned with ordinary detergents, chromic acid
cleaning may be required.

1. Pour 35 ml  of distilled water in a 250 ml  beaker.

2. Add about 1/8 teaspoon (simply estimate this
   quantity) of potassium dichromate, I^C^Oj,
   to the water.

3. Swirl the beaker until the potassium dichromate
   has dissolved.

4. Keep repeating  steps 2 and 3 until no more
   potassium dichromate will  dissolve.

5. Pour the solution into a 2 liter beaker.

6. Slowly pour 1 liter of concentrated  sulfuric
   acid, h^SO/}, into the 2 liter beaker.
                 Caution:  Use eyeglasses and
                           protective clothing.

              7. Stir the mixture throughly.

              8. Store it in a glass stoppered bottle.

              9. The cleaning solution should be at a temperature
                 of about 50°C when it is used.

             10. It may therefore be necessary to werm the
                 cleaning solution.

             11. When using the warm cleaning solution,  fill  the
                 piece of glassware with the  solution.

             12. Allow it to soak for 2-3 minutes (cr longer).

             13. Pour the cleaning solution back into the storage
                 bottle.

             14. Rinse the piece of glassware ten times  with
                 tap water.

             15. The cleaning solution may be reused until  it
                 turns green.

             16. It should then be discarded.
                                                                    13th Standard Methoc
                                                                    p. 135, section 2.c.
  Page No. 3-22

-------
                          A PROTOTYPE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                          ROUTINE OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

                                      for the

                       DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN
                      WASTEWATER:  POLAROGRAPHIC PROBE METHOD
                                  as applied in

                         WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                   and in the
                       MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                                 Developed by the

                             National Training Center
                    Municipal Permits and Operations Division
                        Office of Water Program Operations
                       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
:H.O.do.EMP.3.9.74                                                       page

-------

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Determination of Dissolved Oxygen:
                                Polarographic Probe Method (YSI Model
                                54 Oxygen Meter)
This instructional  sequence was prepared by:
   NAME      Paul  F.  Hall bach
   ADDRESS   EPA-WPO-National Training Center, Cincinnati, OH 45268
   POSITION  Chemist-Instructor
   EDUCATION & TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
             BS -   Chemistry
             14 years Industrial  Chemist
             16 years HEW-FWPCA-EPA-Chemist
                                                                     Page No. 4-3

-------
   Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Determination of Dissolved Oxygen:
                                  Polarographic Probe Method (YSI Model
                                  54 Oxygen Meter)
   1. Analysis Objectives:

     The operator will be able to set up, calibrate and use a YSI oxygen
     meter  for  the determination of dissolved oxygen in a sample of waste-
     water  treatment plant effluent.

   2. Brief  Description of Analysis*:

     The meter  is set up and calibrated and the polarographic probe is
     inserted into the appropriate sample.  A reading is obtained from the
     meter  which correlates the dissolved oxygen concentration in the
     sample.
   *Standard  Methods  for  the  Examination of Water and Wastewater,  13th  Ed.,
    1971,  APHA,  Washington, DC, p. 484
Page No. 4-4

-------
iffluent Monitoring  Procedure:   Determination of Dissolved Oxygen:
  1                              Polarographic Probe Method (YSI  Model
                                54 Oxygen Meter)
Seneral  Description of Equipment Used in the Process
\.  Capital  Equipment
   1.  Dissolved oxygen meter and polarographic probe assembly - Yellow
      Springs  Instrument Company
5.  Reusable
   1.  B.O.D.  bottle (300 ml)
   2.  One plastic squeeze bottle
   3.  Eyedropper bottle
   4.  Scissors
   5.  Small  screwdriver
:.  Consumable
   1.  Standard membranes (0.001" -  YSI  #5352)
   2.  Probe Service Kit (YSI  #5034)
                                                                      Page No.4-5

-------
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-------
                       A  PROTOTYPE  FOR  DEVELOPMENT OF
                       ROUTINE  OPERATIONAL  PROCEDURES

                                    for  the

           pH  DETERMINATION  OF WASTEWATER AND  WASTEWATER  TREATMENT
                              PLANT EFFLUENTS
                                as  applied  in

                       WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                 and  in  the
                     MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                               Developed  by  the

                           National  Training Center
                 Municipal  Permits  and  Operations  Division
                      Office  of Water Program Operations
                     U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
:H.pH.EMP.1.4.74                                                   Pa9e No-

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Measurement of pH
This instructional sequence was developed by:
   NAME      Paul F. Hall bach
   ADDRESS   EPA-WPO-National Training Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
   POSITION  Chemist Instructor
   EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
             B.S. Chemistry
             14 years Industrial Chemist
             16 years HEW-FWPCA-EPA-Chemist
                                                                    Page No. 5-3

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:   Measurement of pH


1.  Analysis Objectives

2.  Brief Description of Analysis*


1.  WWTP operator will set up,  calibrate and operate portable  type  pH  meter
    for the pH measurement of wastewater and WWTP effluent.

2.  A portable type, battery operated pH meter,  equipped  with  a  glass  electrode
    system is used to measure the pH of wastewater treatment plant  samples.
*Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,  13th Ed.,
 1971, APHA, Washington, D.C., p. 500
  Page No.  5-4

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Measurement of pH

General Description of Equipment Used in the Process

A. Capital Equipment
   1. pH Meter IL Model 175 PORTO-matic*
      The IL Model 175 PORTO-matic pH meter is a small, solid state, battery
      operated, portable instrument for the measurement of the pH of aqueous
      solutions.  Manufacturer's Specifications are as follows:

      pH range:  0-14

      pH Scale:  7.2", 1/2% zero centered

      Readability:  0.01 pH

      Electrical Accuracy:   better than 0.035 pH

      Drift per Day:  less  than 0.01 pH

      Battery Life:  2000 hours

B. Reusable
   1. Wash bottle, plastic
   2. Beakers, 250 ml, 150  ml, 25 ml

C. Consumable
   1. Buffer Solution pH 4
   2. Buffer Solution pH 9
   3. Buffer Solution pH 6.9
   4. Buffer Solution pH 7.4
   5. Saturated KC1 Solution
*Mention of a specific brand name does not constitute endorsement by the
 U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
                                                                      Page No.  5-5

-------

-------
                 EQUIPMENT - PORTO-MATIC pH METER
OPERATING CONTROLS  FRONT PANEL, 175 PORTO-MATIC pH  METER

     HANDLE
    METER -
 SCALE pH 0-14
  POWER SWITCH
   - OFF/ON

      BALANCE
        KNOB
                               PORTO-MATIC
                                pH METER
                                MODEL 175
   TEMPERATURE
   COMPENSATION
   CONTROL
                                FIGURE 1
               REAR PANEL, 175 PORTO-MATIC pH METER
                         SPRING  CLIP              pH ELECTRODE
          INPUT
       CONNECTOR\
        PLASTIC
     ELECTRODE CAP
LOCK NUTS
                                                       PLASTIC
                                                        CASE
                                FIGURE  2
                                                             Page No. 5-7

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-------
 Effluent Monitoring  Procedure:   pH  Determination of Wastewater and
                                 Wastewater Treatment  Plant  Effluents
                                   TRAINING GUIDE
              SECTION.                          TOPIC,
                I                        Theoretical  Concepts
                V                        Laboratory Analysis
                VIII                    Maintenance Practices
Page No. 5-12

-------
FFLUENT MONITORING .PROCEDURE:
pH Determination of Wastewater and
Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents
                                                                             SECTION I
                       TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                    REFERENCES/RESOURCES
            Theoretical Concepts

            1.  pH General Considerations

              pH is a term used to describe the in-
              tensity of the acid or alkaline condition
              of a solution.  The concept of pH evolved
              from a series of developments that led to
              a fuller understanding of acids and alka-
              line solutions (bases).  Acids and bases
              were originally distinguished by their
              difference in physical characteristics
              (acids-sour, bases-soapy feel).  In the
              18th century it was recognized that acids
              have a sour taste (vinegar-acetic acid),
              that they react with limestone with the
              liberation of a gaseous substance (carbon
              dioxide) and that neutral substances
              result from their interaction with alka-
              line solutions.

              Acids are also described as compounds
              that yield hydrogen ions when dissolved
              in water.  And that bases yield hydroxide
              ions when dissolved in water.  The pro-
              cess of neutralization is then considered
              to be the union of hydrogen (H+) ions and
              hydroxyl (OH~) ions to form neutral  water
              (H+ + OH—*H20).

              It has been determined that there are
              1/10,000,000 grams of hydrogen ions  and
              the same quantity of hydroxyl ions in one
              liter of pure water.  The product of the
              H+ and OH- ions equal  a constant value.
              Therefore, if the concentration of the H+
              ions is increased there is a corresponding
              decrease in OH" ions.   The acidity or
              alkalinity, hydrogen ion concentration
              of a solution is given in terms of pH.
              The pH scale extends from 0 to 14 with
              the neutral  point at 7.0.
                           Nebergall,  W.  H.,  Schmidt,  F.  C.  and
                           Holtzclaw,  Jr.,  HF.,  College Chem.,
                           2nd  Ed.  Heath  &  Co.,  Boston, 1963
                                                                         Page No. 5-13

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
pH Determination of Wastewater and
Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                   REFERENCES/RESOURCES
              2.  Electrode  Design

                 About  1925 it  was  discovered  that  an
                 electrode  could be constructed  of  glass
                 which  would develop a  potential  related
                 to the hydrogen-ion concentration  with-
                 out interference from  most  other ions.
                 The glass  pH electrode is the nearest
                 approach to a  universal  pH  indicator
                 known  at present.   It  works on  the
                 principle  of establishing a potential
                 across a pH sensitive, glass  membrane
                 whose  magnitude is proportional  to the
                 difference in  pH of the solution
                 separated  by this  membrane.

                 All glass  pH indicating electrodes have
                 a similar  basic design.  Contained on
                 one side of an appropriate  glass membrane
                 is a solution  of constant pH.   In  contact
                 with the other side of this pH  sensitive
                 glass  is the solution  of unknown pH.
                 Between the surfaces of the glass  mem-
                 brane, a potential is  established  which
                 is proportional to the pH difference of
                 these  solutions.   As the pH of  one
                 solution is constant,  this  developed
                 potential  is a measure of the pH of
                 the other.

                 To measure this potential,  a  half-cell
                 is introduced  into both the constant,
                 internal solution  and  into  the  unknown,
                 external solution.  These half-cells are
                 in turn connected  to your pH  meter. The
                 internal reversible half-cell sealed
                 within the chamber of  constant  pH  is
                 almost exclusively a wire of  silver-
                 silver chloride.   The  external  re-
                 versible half-cell is  often silver-
                 silver chloride.   If both the internal
                 and external electrodes are combined  in
                 a common  pH measuring  device, the
                 electrode  is a combination  pH electrode.
                          Sawyer, C.N., and McCarty, P.L.
                          Chem. for San. Eng. 2nd Ed.
                          McGraw-Hill, NY, 1967

                          Instruction-Manual
                          IL 175 PORTO-matic
                          pH meter Instrumentation
                          Laboratory, Inc.
                          Lexington, Mass.
   Page  No.  5-14

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                    pH  Determination of Wastewater and
                    Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents
                                                              Sections I, V, & VIII
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  VIII
   As  the function of  these half-cells  is to
   provide a  steady  reference voltage
   against which voltage changes at the
   glass pH sensitive  membrane can be re-
   ferred, they must be protected from con-
   tamination- and dilution by the unknown
   solutions.  This  is accomplished by
   permanently sealing the internal half-
   cell in a  separate  chamber which makes
   electrical contact  to the unknown solu-
   tion through a porous ceramic plug.  This
   ceramic plug allows current to flow, but
   does not permit exchange of solution to
   this chamber.  Gradually the KC1 solution
   is  slowly  lost, therefore a filling port
   is  placed  in this electrode so that addi-
   tional saturated  potassium chloride can
   be  added.

Laboratory Analysis

1. Instrument Calibration

   The pH balance control, by adding a
   voltage in series with the pH electrode
   system, allows the  operator to adjust
   the meter readout to conform to the pH
   of  the calibrating  buffer.   In general,
   calibrate the meter in the general  range
   of  the unknown solutions.   Appropriate
   buffers can be selected (pH 4.0, 6.8,
   7.4 and 10.0).  Always set the tem-
   perature compensator on the instrument
   to  the temperature  of the standard  buffer
   solution.

   For most accurate analysis  the pH of the
   sample should be determined,  and then
   buffered solutions of a pH  above and be-
   low the determined  pH should  be selected
   to re-calibrate the instrument and  the
   determination of the pH of  the sample
   repeated for a final reading.

Maintenance Practices

1.  The reference chamber of the  pH elec-
   trode system should always  be kept
   nearly full of saturated KC1  solution.
   Routinely  check the level  and  saturation '
                                                                         Page No. 5-15

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
pH Determination of Wastewater and
Wastewater Treatment PI ant"Effluents
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                   REFERENCES/RESOURCES
                 of  potassium  chloride  in  this reference
                 chamber and add  saturated  KC1 if
                 necessary.

              2.  The pH sensitive glass membrane dehy-
                 drates when removed  from  water, and
                 thus it is  imperative  that dry electrodes
                 be  soaked in  buffer  or water for  several
                 hours before  use.  To  avoid this  break-
                 in  period always keep  the  glass pH sensi-
                 tive membrane wet between  periods of use.

              3.  The buffers are  pH standards; do  not
                 contaminate them.

              4.  The meter is  a battery operated instru-
                 ment. To conserve the battery life,
                 turn the  instrument  off when not  in use,,
  Page No. 5-16

-------
                    Table 144(1):  Preparation of pH Standard Solutions
Standard Solution (Molality)                 pH at 25 C

Primary standards
  Potassium hydrogen tartrate
    (saturated at 25 C)                        3.557

  0.05 potassium dihydrogen citrate            3.776

  0.05 potassium hydrogen phthalate            4.008

  0.025 potassium dihydrogen
    phosphate + 0.025 disodium hydrogen
    phosphate

  0.008695 potassium dihydrogen
    phosphate + 0.03043 disodium hydro-
    gen phosphate                              7.413

  0.01 sodium borate decahydrate
    (borax)                                    9.180

  0.025 sodium bicarbonate + 0.025
    sodium carbonate                          10.012
Secondary standards
  0.05 potassium tetroxalate dihydrate         1.679

  Calcium hydroxide (saturated at 25 C)       12.454
           Weight of Chemicals Needed per 1,000
              ml of Aqueous Solution at 25 C
                       6.4gKHC4H406*

                      n.41gKH2C6H507

                      10.12gKHC8H404



6.865      3.388gKH2P04t + 3.533gNa2HP04t*



           1.179gKH2P04t + 4.302gNa2HP04t*


                  3.80gNa2B407-10H20*


                2.092gNaHC03 + 2.640gNa2C03



                 12.61gKH3C408'2H20

                        1.5gCa(OH)2*
*Approximate solubility
tDry chemical at 110-130 C for 2 hr.
^Prepare with freshly boiled and cooled distilled water (carbon dioxide-free)
                                                                                Page No.  5-17

-------

-------
SAMPLE
                                                 NAME
                            LABORATORY RESULTS
pH RESULT
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Buffer 4
Buffer 9
                                                                       Page No. 5-19

-------

-------
                           A PROTOTYPE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                           ROUTINE OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

                                      for the

                     COLLECTION AND HANDLING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL
                    SAMPLES FROM A WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
                                    as applied in

                           WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                      and in the
                         MONITORING OF  EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                                  Developed by the

                              National Training Center
                      Municipal Permits and Operations Division
                         Office of Water Program Operations
                        U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
W.BA.sa.EMP.1.6.74                                                   Page No. 6-1

-------

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Collection and Handling of Bacteriological
                                Samples
This Procedure was developed by:

     Name       Rocco Russomanno

     Address    EPA, OWP, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268

     Position   Instructor, National  Training Center

     Education & Technical Background
                B.S. University of Massachusetts
                5 years Enforcement Action, Raritan Bay Project, PHS & DI
                6 years Instructor, NTC, MDS, WPO, EPA
     Name
Harold L. Jeter
     Address    EPA, OWP, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268

     Position   Director, National  Training Center

     Education & Technical Background
                A.B. James Millikin University
                M.S. Ohio University
                4 years US Army, Clinical  Laboratories, specializing
                  bacteriology
                3 years College Instructor - Bacteriology
                6 years Research in Sanitary Microbiology
                18 years Training of Federal, State and local  personnel  in
                  principles and practices of sanitary bacteriology of water
                                                                  Page No.  6-3

-------
 EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Collection  and  Handling  of  Bacteriological
	Samples	

 General  Description of Equipment Used  in  the  Process
 Sample Bottle
       Bacteriologically inert;  resistant  to sterilizing  conditions;  capacity
       at least 100 ml  plus  air  space;  containing dechlorinating agent  if  a
       sample containing chlorine is  anticipated.
 Label
       Clean and unused; non-smearing if wet;  sufficient  size  for  needed
       information; can be attached securely to  sample  bottle.
 Marking  Device
       Non-smearing if  wetted; permanent marking.
 Sampler
       Unnecessary if bottle can be hand dipped; line,  wire, etc.,  if distance
       to sample water  is short; special apparatus  if distance to  sample water
       is sufficient to make line unwieldy as  a  sampler or if  sample  water is
       reached with difficulty as through  manholes,  ports, etc.
 Germicide and Sponge
       Disinfecting agent.
 Rubber Gloves
       Undamaged condition of proper  size  for  use,.
 Container
       Ice chest with cover.
 Refrigerator (at laboratory)
       Set for 2°-10°C.
 Page No.  6-4

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Collection and Handling of Bacteriological
                                Samples
1.  Analysis Objectives

2.  Brief Description of Analysis
1.  Proper technique for the collection and handling of a sample for
    bacteriological examination taken from a wastewater treatment facility.

2.  After assembly of necessary equipment and travel to the sample site,
    the sample is collected in a manner which does not bias the sample.

    Proper handling of collected sample precedes the examination test pro-
    cedures and are designed to preclude extreme sample changes from
    occurring.
                                                                Page No   6-5

-------
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-------

-------
                         A PROTOTYPE  FOR  DEVELOPMENT  OF
                         ROUTINE OPERATIONAL  PROCEDURES
                                     for  the

                               FECAL  COLIFORM TEST

                                     by the

                           MULTIPLE DILUTION TUBE METHOD
                                  as  applied  in

                         WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                  and  in  the
                        MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                               Developed  by  the

                            National  Training  Center
                   Municipal  Permits  and  Operations   Division
                      Office of Mater Program  Operations
                     U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
.BA.EMP.la.il.74                                                       Page No. 7-1

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Fecal Coliform Test by the Multiple
                                Dilution Tube Method
This Procedure was developed by:
   NAME      Harold L. Jeter
   ADDRESS   EPA-WPO-National Training Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
   POSITION  Director, National Training Center, MPXOD, WPO. EPA
   EDUCATION & TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
             AB - James Millikin University
             MA - Ohio University
             4 years - US Army; Clinical Laboratories; specializing
                 bacteriology
             3 years College Instructor - Bacteriology
             6 years Research in Sanitary Microbiology
            18 years Training of Federal, State and Local  personnel
                 in principles and practice of sanitary bacteriology water.
NAME         Rocco Russomanno
ADDRESS      EPA-WPO-National Training Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
POSITION     Instructor, National Training Center, MP&OD, WPO, EPA
EDUCATION & TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
          BS - University of Massachusetts
          5 years Enforcement Action, Raritan Bay Project, PHS & DI
          6 years Instructor, NTC, MP&OD, WPO, EPA
                                                                     Page No.  7-3

-------
             FECAL COLIFORM TL'.ST

       Multiple Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
                   Flow Sheet
                                                                5 tubes of each of a decimal series of
                                                                3 or more sample volumes.   (Each
                                                                successive volume is 1/10 the previous
                                                                volume.)
                                     Incubate 24 + 2 hrs. at 35°C + 0. 5°C
                 Gas (+)
                                                                         Gas (-)
Incubate in water bath 24 hrs.  + 2 hrs.
         * AA  c.°r- j. n  9
-------
 Effluent Monitoring Procedure:   Fecal  Coliform Test by the Multiple
                                 Dilution Tube Method

 1.  In wastewater effluent quality control,  the objective  of the  test may  be
    one or both  of the  following:

    a. To determine whether the  bacteriological  quality of the  effluent meets
       quality requirements set  by law  or by regulatory authority.

    b. To determine overall efficiency  of the treatment process in  reducing
       the bacterial  content of  the wastewater being treated.


 2.  Brief Description of Analysis:

    Three or more decimal  series dilutions of a sample  (for example: five
    fermentation tubes  with 10-ml  portions,  another  five tubes  with 1-ml
    portions, etc.) are inoculated into lactose lauryl  sulfate  trytose
    broth (1ST)  and incubated at 35°C +. 0.5°C.   After 24 hours  and  again after
    48 hours the 1ST cultures are examined and results  recorded for gas pro-
    duction.   Cultures  showing gas are  transferred at each examination time
    to EC Broth  (EC)  fermentation tubes and  incubated at 44.5°  +_  0.2°C in  a
    water bath.   EC cultures are examined for evidence  of  gas production after
    24 hours. At the end  of the overall  incubation  period,  results are
    summarized as positive or negative  and coded to  represent the number of
    EC gas-positive tubes  for each series.   A Table  of  Most Probable Numbers
    (MPN) is used with  the coded results  to  determine an MPN Index. This
    index is corrected  (if necessary, since  the table is for 5-tube, 10, 1.0,
    and 0.1  ml series only) to agree with the actual  sample volumes indicated.
    The final result is recorded as Fecal  Coliforms  per 100 ml  of sample.
This procedure conforms to the fecal  coliform test as described in
Standard Methods for the Examination  of Water and Wastewater, 13th
Ed. (1971), p. 669 ff.
                                                                          Page No. 7-5

-------
   Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Fecal Coliform Test by the Multiple
                                   Dilution Tube Method

   General description of equipment and supplies used in the test analysis

   Capital Equipment

      Autoclave, providing uniform temperatures up to and including 121°C,
      equipped with an accurate thermometer, pressure gauges, saturated
      steam power lines and capable of reaching required temperature within
      30 minutes.

      Balance, 0.1 g sensitivity at load of 160 g.

      Air incubator to operate at 35°C +_ 0.5°C

      Incubator, waterbath, to operate at 44.5° +_ 0.2°C and to accommodate
      tube racks as described separately.

      Oven, *hot-air sterilizing, to give uniform temperatures and with  suitable
      thermometer to register accurately in range of 160-180°C.

      pH meter, accurate to at least 0.1 pH unit, with standard  pH reference
      solution(s).

      Water distillation apparatus (glass or block tin), or source of distiTled water
      suitable for bacteriological culture media.

   Reusable Supplies
      Apron or coat suitable for laboratory

      Baskets, wire for discarded cultures

      Bottles, dilution*, 6-oz. screw caps, with 99ml volume level etched on
      one side.

      Bottles, sample*, 250 ml (6-8 oz.), wide mouth, glass stopper preferred.

      Bottle, squeeze type^ with disinfecting solution

      Burner, gas, Bunsen burner type

      Cans, pipet, aluminum or steel; not copper.  (If plastic,  or other type
      of disposal pipets are used this item is unnecessary.)

      Metal caps* to fit 20 x 150 mm culture tubes

      Jar, to receive discarded pipets.

      Inoculation loop, 3 mm diameter loop of nichrome or  platinum-iridium  wire,
      26 B&S gauge, in holder.

      Pipets*, 1 ml, with 0.1 ml graduations, Mohr type preferred, sterile,
      cotton plugged, glass or disposal plastic.
Paae No.  7-6

-------
   Racks, culture type* 10x5 openings,  to accept tubes  at  least  20  mm
   in diameter.

   Sponge, for cleaning desk top.

   Tubes, culture*, 150 x 18 mm.

   Tubes, fermentation*, 75 x 10  mm vials to be inverted  in  culture tubes.

Supplies Used Up in the Analysis  (must be replaced when  stocks  get low)

   Distilled water, suitable for  bacteriological  cultures (note distillation
   apparatus required in capital  equipment).

   EC Broth, Dehydrated (recommend purchase of 1-lb units).

   Lactose Lauryl Sulfate Tryptose Broth, Dehydrated (recommend purchase  of
   1-lb. units).

   Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (K^PO.)  (recommend  purchase  of  1-lb. units).

   Disinfectant, for bench tops.   (Use household  bleach  solution prepared
   according to  instructions on bottle.)

   Wax pencils (recommend soft wax equivalent to  Blaisdell 169T)
*Items marked are needed in quantities or require size or  space  allowances
which cannot be specified here, as they vary according to  the daily  analysis
schedule.   As a rule-of-thumb,  space/size or quantity requirements should be
at least 3 times the normal  daily requirements.   For further  information on
specifications for equipment and supplies, see the Microbiology  Section of
the current edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination  of  Water  and
Wastewater."
                                                                         Page No.  7-7

-------

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-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:   Fecal  Coliform Test by the Multiple
                                Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
                                  TRAINING GUIDE

           SECTION                     TOPIC
             I*                   Introduction
             II*                  Educational Concepts - Mathematics
             III*                 Educational Concepts - Science
             IV                   Educational Concepts - Communications
             V*                   Field & Laboratory Equipment
             VI*                  Field & Laboratory Reagents
             VII*                 Field & Laboratory Analyses
             VIII                 Safety
             IX                   Records and Reports
*Training guide materials are presented here under the headings marked *.
 These standardized headings are used through this series of procedures.
Page No.7-28

-------
:FFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                   Fecal  Coliform Test by the Multiple
                   Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
 INTRODUCTION
                                                                SECTION  I
                        TRAINING GUIDE MOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 F.l-6
           BASIS Of MULTIPLE TUBE TESTS

I  Quantitative Aspects o'f Test

   1. These methods for determining bacterial  numbers
      are based on the assumption that the bacteria
      can be separated from one another (by shaking
      or other means)  resulting in a suspension  of
      individual bacterial cells, uniformly distri-
      buted through the original  sample when the pri-
      mary inoculation is made.

   2. Multiple dilution tube tests for quantitative
      determinations apply a Most Probable Number
      (MPN) technique.  In this procedure  one  or
      more measured portions of each of a  series of
      decreasing sample volumes is inoculated  into
      the first-stage culture medium.   Through
      decreasing the sample increments, eventually  a
      volume is reached where only one cell  is intro-
      duced into some  tubes.  Each of the  several
      tubes of sample-inoculated  first-stage medium
      is tested independently, according to the
      principles previously described in the
      qualitative aspects of testing procedures.

   3. The combination  of positive and negative re-
      sults is used in an application of probability
      mathematics to secure a single MPN value for
      the sample.

   4. To obtain MPN values, the following  conditions
      must be met:

      a. The testing procedure must result in  one or
         more tubes in which the  test organism i_s_
         demonstrated  to be present; and

      b. The testing procedure must result in  one or
         more tubes in which the  test organism is not
         demonstrated  to be present.

   5. The MPN value for a given sample is  obtained
      through the use  of MPN Tables.  It is empha-
      sized that the precision of an individual  MPN
      value is not  great when compared with most
      physical  or chemical determinations.

   6. Standard practice in water  tests made by this
      organization  is  to plant five tubes  in each of
      a  series of sample increments, in sample
      volumes decreasing at decimal  intervals.
EPA Course Manual
"Current Practices in
Water Microbiology"
Outlines 1, 9, 10, 11,
                                                                              Page No.  7-29

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
 Fecal  Coliform Test by the Multiple
 Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
  INTRODUCTION
                                            SECTION I
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                    REFERENCES/RESOURCES
             il  Qualitative Aspects

                 1.  For purely qualitative aspects  of  testing  for
                    indicator organisms,  it is  convenient  to con-
                    sider the tests applied to  one  sample  portion,
                    inoculated into a  tube of culture  medium,  and
                    the follow-up examinations  and  tests on results
                    of the original  inoculation.  Results  of test-
                    ing procedures are definite:  positive
                    (presence of the organism-group is demonstrated]
                    or negative (presence of the  organism-group  is j
                    not demonstrated).

                 2.  Test procedures are based on  certain funda-
                    mental  assumptions:

                    a.  First, even if  only one  living  cell of  the
                       test organisms  is  present  in the sample,  it
                       will  be able to grow when  introduced into
                       the primary inoculation  medium;

                    b.  Second, growth  of  the test organism in  the
                       culture medium  will  produce  a result which
                       indicates presence of the  test  organism;
                       and;

                    c.  Third, unwanted organisms  will  not  grow,  or
                       if they do grow, they will not  limit growth
                       of the test organism; nor  will  they produce
                       growth effects  that will be  confused with
                       those of the bacterial group for which  the
                       test is designed.

                 3.  Meeting these assumptions usually  makes it
                    necessary to conduct  the tests  in  a series of
                    stages.

                 4.  Features of a full, multi-stage test:

                    a.  First stage:  The  culture  medium usually
age:
"ima
                       serves  primarily  as  an  enrichment medium
                       for  the group  tested.   A good first-stage
                       growth  medium  should support growth of all
                       the  living  cells  of  the group tested, and
                       it should  include provision for  indicating
                       the  presence of the  test organism being
                       studied.   A first-stage medium may include
                       some component which inhibits growth of
                       extraneous  bacteria, but this feature never
                       should  be  included if it also inhibits
                       growth  of  any  cells  of  the group for which
   Page No.  7-30

-------
FFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
Fecal Co1iform Test by the Multiple
Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
 INTRODUCTION
                                           SECTION  I
                       TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                   REFERENCES/RESOURCES
                      the test is  designed.   The  Presumptive Test
                      for the coliform  group  is a good  example.
                      The medium supports  growth, presumably, of
                      all  living cells  of  the coliform  group; the
                      culture container has a fermentation vial
                      for demonstration of gas production re-
                      sulting from lactose fermentation by
                      coliform bacteria, if present;  and sodium
                      lauryl  sulfate may be included  in one of the
                      approved media for suppression  of growth of
                      certain noncoliform  bacteria.   This additive
                      apparently has no adverse effect  on growth
                      of  members of the coliform  group  in the
                      concentrations used.  If the result of the
                      first-stage  test  is  negative, the study of
                      the culture  is terminated,  and  the result is
                      recorded as  a negative  test.  No  further
                      study  is made of  negative tests.   If the
                      result  of the first-stage test  is  positive,
                      the  culture  may be subjected to further
                      study  to verify the  findings of the first
                      stage.
                                                                             Page No. 7-31

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Fecal Coliform Test by the Multiple
                                Dilution Tube  (MPN) Method
  EDUCATIONAL  CONCEPTS  -  MATHEMATICS
SECTION II
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE










































Table of Most Probable Numbers (MPN)
No of Tubes Giving Positive
Reaction out of


5 of 10
ml Each
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5

5 of 1
ml Each
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
1
2
3
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
0
0
0

5 of 0.1
ml Each
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
2
MPN
Index
per
100 ml


<2
;?
;?
4
;?
4
4
(5
15
5
7
7
9
9
12
8
11
11
14
14
17
17
13
17
17
21
26
22
26
27
33
34
23
31
43
REFERENCES/RESOURCES










































  Page No.  7-32

-------
"FLUENT MONITORING  PROCEDURE:   Fecal  Coliform  Test  by  the  Multiple
                               Dilution  Tube (MPN)  Method
EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - MATHEMATICS
SECTION II
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE




























Table of Most Probable Numbers (MPN)
No. of Tubes Giving Positive
Reaction out of


5 of 10
ml Each
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

5 of 1
ml Each
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5

5 of 0.1
ml Each
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
MPN
Index
per
100 ml


33
46
63
49
70
94
79
no
140
180
130
170
220
280
350
240
350
540
920
1600
;2400
REFERENCES/RESOURCES




























                                                                            Page No. 7-33

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE: Fecal Coliform Test by the Multiple
                               Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
 EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - MATHEMATICS
                                                                 SECTION II
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 F.I
 F.2


 F.3
 5.4
 5.5
 G.I
1. As indicated above, the middle digit is 2;  and it
   represents a sample portion of 0.01  ml.  An MPN
   Index of 49 divided by'0.01 is 4900.  Therefore
   the MPN per 100 ml  would be 4900.

1. In the above example, the Total  Coliforms per
   100 ml would be recorded as 4900.

   For interpretation  of test results,  study the
   example shown below:

1. As an example, assume that all tubes were positive
   for a sample portion of 1.0 ml,  all  five tubes
   were positive on the portions of 0.1 ml, two of
   the five 0.01 ml portions were positive, and none
   of the five 0.001 ml  portions were positive.

1. The numbers, on the above example, would be
   5-5-2-0.

1. Pursuing the above  example, the code would  be
   5-2-0.

2. Selection of codes  is sometimes  complicated.  For
   further information study training guide notes
   and cited references.

1. Appears on MPN Table (attached).

2. Pursuing the above  example, the MPN Index for MPN
   Code 5-2-0 would be 49.

1. As indicated above, the middle digit is 2;  and it
   represents a sample portion of 0.01  ml.  An MPN
   Index of 49 divided by 0.01 is 4900.

1. In the above example, the Fecal  Coliforms per 100
   ml would be recorded as 4900.
   Page No.  7-34

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                  Fecal Coliform Test by the Multiple
                  Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
 EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - SCIENCE
                                                                            SECTION  III
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 C.3.3
 C.4.2
Interpretation of results on LLSTB:

Development of gas in this medium indicates that the
lactose has been fermented.  Fermentation of lactose
with gas production is a basic characteristic of
coliform bacteria.  To meet the definition of coli-
forms, gas must be produced from lactose within 48
hours after being placed in the incubator.  If a
culture develops gas only after more than 48^ hours
incubation, then by definition it is not^ a coliform.

Transfer of gas-positive LLSTB Tubes to EC Broth:

This is done in order to find out if the organisms
which produced gas from the lactose in LLSTB also
can produce gas from a slightly different culture
medium (it also contains lactose), and can do so at
an elevated temperature (44.5° + 0.5°C.) in a water
bath.  Practically all coliforms which came from
intestinal wastes are able to produce gas from
lactose at the elevated temperature of the second
medium; and practically all bacteria which produce
gas from lactose, but which do not come directly
from intestinal wastes, are unable to perform at
elevated temperature.
                                                                              Page No.  7-35

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                  Fecal Coliform Test by the Multiple
                  Dilution Tube (MPN) Method'
  FIELD AND  LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIED
                                                               SECTION V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  A.1.1
  A.1.2
  A.1.3
  A.1.5
 A.1.6
  A.3.1-5
  A.4.1
  A.5.1-2
Incubator should be kept out of drafts or direct
sunlight in order to prevent temperature inside the
incubator from changing outside the temperature
range specif-ied (35° + 0.5°).

Power supply should be selected so that there won't
be too many pieces of equipment on the same circuit.
Otherwise circuits will be blown repeatedly.

Mercury bulb therometer usually used in most incu-
bators.  Recording thermometer is acceptable, but,
it should be calibrated against a mercury bulb
thermometer which has been certified by National
Bureau of Standards.

Saturated relative humidity is required in order to
make the incubation more efficient (heat is trans-
ferred to cultures faster than in a dry incubator).
Furthermore, culture medium may evaporate too fast
in a dry incubator.

Allow enough time after each readjustment to permit
the incubator to stabilize before making a new
adjustment.  At least one hour is suggested.

Incubator temperature can be held to much closer
adjustment if operated continuously.  Temperature
records should be kept in some form of permanent
record.  A temperature record book is suggested.
If a recording thermometer is used
be kept as permanent record; if so
                                                  the charts may
                                                  be sure that
Standard Methods for
the Examination of
Water and Wastewater
                                                                   13th ed. APHA, WPCF,
                                                                   AWWA, p. 639.
                                                                   (Hereafter referred to as:
                                                                   Std. Meth. 13:(page no.)
the charts are properly labeled to identify the
incubator and the period covered.

Since electric sterilizer will  be operated inter-
mittently, care should be taken that it is on a
circuit which will not be overloaded when it is
turned on.

Autoclaves differ greatly in design and in method
of operation.  Some are almost like home-style
pressure cookers; others are almost fully automatic.
This is a subject which requires separate instruc-
tion; and should be related to the exact make and
model of equipment you will use in your own
laboratory.

Distilled water in a bacteriological laboratory must
not contain substances which will  prevent any
bacteria from growing in culture medium in which the
distilled water is used.  There are procedures for
Std. Meth. 13:639-40
Std. Meth. 13:640
   Page No. 7-36

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                   Fecal Coliform Test by the Multiple
                   Dilution Tube  (MPN) Method
  FIELD  AND  LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
                                                            SECTION V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  A.5.1-2
  (Cont'd)
  A.6.1

  A.7.1-4


  A.9.1-5
 A.10.1-6
 A.10.7
 A.11.1
 A.11.3
testing quality of distilled water; but these should
be undertaken only by professional bacteriologists
or in laboratories where this is done regularly.
Use only glass stills or block tin lined stills.
pH Meter:  see cited reference

Glassware:  See cited reference on pipets and
graduated cylinders, media utensils, bottles.

Sample bottles:

Wide-mouthed glass-stoppered bottles suggested, but
other styles acceptable.

If glass-stoppered bottles are used, a strip of
paper should be placed in the neck of the bottle
before placing the stopper in place in preparation
for sterilization.  This prevents the glass stopper
from "freezing" in place during sterilization.  The
paper strip is discarded at the time of sanple
collection.

Pipets:

This procedure is described in terms of reusable
glass pipets.  However, single-service glass or
plastic pipets may be purshased and used, if
preferred.  In case of use of single-service
pipets, they will be sterile when purchased, are
used one time, and discarded immediately after use.
Accordingly,  in the step-by-step procedures disre-
gard any instructions about preparation of pipets
for reuse in case of using single-service pipets.

Passing the opened can of pipets through a flame
burns off excess cotton wisps sticking out of the
mouthpiece of the pi pet.  If this is not done, it
is almost impossible to control  sample measurement
accurately.

See cited reference.  In time, this solution will
become mold-infested.  At this time it should be
discarded and a new stock solution prepared.

Dilution  water preparation:

Measurement of dilution water into bottle with a
100 ml  graduated cylinder is time-consuming, but
Std. Meth. 13:645-49

Training Manual (EPA)
Current Practices in
Water Microbiology
1973.  Outline No. 23.

Std Meth. 13:640

Std. Meth. 13:640


Std. Meth. 13:641
Std. Meth. 13:641
Std. Meth.  13:650
                                                                              Page  No.  7-37

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                  Fecal  Co1iform Test by the Multiple
                  Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
 FIELD AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIED
                                                             SECTION V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 A.11.4
 A.11.5
 A.11.7
effective.  An automatic pipetting machine can be
considered a luxury, but is a real time-saver.

If caps are not placed on bottles of dilution water
loosely, they may explode in autoclave;  furthermore,
steam  will not be able to get in contact with the
material being sterilized.

Always pack material loosely in autoclave when
preparing to sterilize.  Steam must flow freely
around materials being sterilized.

After sterilization, tightening caps on  bottles of
distilled water will permit them to be kept for
long periods.  If water should evaporate noticeably,
the bottle of distilled water should be  discarded.
   Page  No. 7-38

-------
[FFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Fecal Coliform Test by the Multiple
                                Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
 FIELD AND LABORATORY ANALYSES
                                                         SECTION VIT
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 B.3.1
 B.3.2
There is no such thing as a "standard" data sheet
for bacteriological tests.  A simplified data sheet
is shown below:

In this procedure, it is recommended that the worker
learn to select a series of 4 sample volumes in de-
creasing amounts as indicated.

It is possible to use as few as three sample volumes,
but often the worker will fail to get a measurable
result.   On the other hand, one could have 5, 6,  or
even more sample volumes in decreasing amounts.

              Fecal Coliform Test
     Multiple Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
             Sample Type

             Station
                                Lab.  No.
             Collection  Date

             Received 	

             pH 	
                    Description 	

                   	Time	APM.   Temp.
                    APM.  Examined
                                 APM.
               Observations
            Amount
            Sample
              ml
       'resumtive
          LS
       24  hr
48 hr
      Fecal
       EC
24 hr
            Results:
                  Fecal coliform MPN
                                                                             Page No. 7-39

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                  Fecal  Coliform Test by the Multiple
                  Dilution Tube (MPN) Method
  FIELD AND LABORATORY ANALYSES
                                                            SECTION VII
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  B.5.2
  B.6.2-3
Suggested labeling code for tubes:

1. Every tube shows the laboratory bench number
   (323 in example shown on sample data sheet).

2. Below the laboratory bench number on each tube
   will be found a coded symbol  which represents  the
   sample volume and the tube of each series of five,
   Thus:

Sample volume, ml   Tubes are labeled
                 1.0
                 0.1
                 0.01
                 0.001
                 0.0001
                 0.00001
                 0.000001
                 0.0000001
                    a, b, d, d, e
                    a, b_, £, d_, e,
                    Ta, Ib, Ic, Td,  le
                    2a, 2b, 2c, 2d,  2e
                    3a, 3b, 3c, 3d,  3e
                    4a, 4b, 4c, 4d,  4e
                    5a, 5b, 5c, 5d,  5e
                    6a, 6b, 6c, 6d,  6e
                           etc., etc.
              3. For example, a tube might look something like
                 this, to represent sample No. 323, with the •
                 middle tube of a series of five, representing
                 0.1 ml:
                                    323

                                     C
Sample dilutions and inoculations:   See table below
as another way to represent sample dilution and
inoculation.  Note that sample dilutions are made
as needed during the inoculation procedure; they
are not made up before starting to inoculate tubes
of culture medium.
   Page  No.7-40

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                   Fecal Coliform Test  by the Multiple
                   Dilution Tube (MPN)  Method
  FIELD  AND LABORATORY ANALYSES
                                                              SECTION  VII
                         TRAINING  GUIDE NOTE
                                                       REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 C.4.2
Transfers  of  LLSTB

Instructions  given here provide for  transfer of all
gas-positive  tubes of LLSTB.  When two  or  more
series of  five  tubes of LLSTB are all gas-positive
then it  is  permissible to exercise an option of
transferring  to BGLBB only the five  tubes  of the
smallest volume of sample in which all  tubes were
gas-positive, plus any tubes representing  smaller
sample volumes  in which some, but not all  tubes
were gas-positive.
                                                                       Std, Meth. 13:665
      Dilution Ratios:
             Figure 2. PREPARATION OF DILUTIONS


                      1-100                       1:10000
                                                   1 ml
    Actual volume
    of sample in tube
        1 ml
  Petri Dishes or Culture Tubes

0.1 ml  0.01 ml  0.001 ml
                                               P. 0001 ml  0.00001 ml
                                                                                 Page No. 7-41

-------

-------
                              A PROTOTYPE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                              ROUTINE OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

                                          for the

                                    FECAL COLIFORM TEST

                                          by the

                                   MEMBRANE FILTER METHOD
                                        as applied in

                               WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                         and in the
                             MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                                      Developed by the

                                  National Training Center
                          Municipal Permits and Operations Division
                              Office of Water Program Operations
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency


W.BA. EMP.3.6.74                                                          Page No.  8-1

-------

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Fecal Coliform Test by the Membrane
                                Filter Method
This Procedure was developed by:
   NAME      Rocco Russomanno
   ADDRESS   EPA-WPO-National Training Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
   POSITION  Instructor, National Training Center, MP&OD, WPO, EPA
   EDUCATION & TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
             BS - University of Massachusetts
             5 years Enforcement Action, Raritan Bay Project, PHS & DI
             7 years Instructor, NTC, MP&OD, WPO, EPA
   NAME      Harold L.  Jeter
   ADDRESS   EPA-WPO-National Training Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
   POSITION  Director,  National Training Center, MP&OD, WPO, EPA
   EDUCATION & TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
             AB - James Mi Hi kin University
             MA - Ohio  University
             4  years - US Army; Clinical Laboratories; specializing
                bacteriology
             3 years College Instructor - Bacteriology
             6 years Research in Sanitary Microbiology
             19 years Training of Federal, State and Local personnel in
                principles and practice of sanitary bacteriology of water
                                                                          Page No. 8-3

-------
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Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Membrane Filter Test Method


1. In wastewater effluent quality control, the application of this methodology
   can be for one or both of the following:

   a. To determine whether the bacteriological quality of the effluent meets
      quality requirements set by law or by regulatory authority;  and,

   b. To determine the bacteriological effects of effluent water on the
      bacteriological quality of the receiving water.

2. Brief description of analysis:

   A series of measured sample portions is filtered through membrane filters.
   Bacteria in the samples are held on the upper surfaces of the filters,  while
   the water passes through and is discarded.

   The membrane filters are placed on a special culture medium,  called M-FC
   Broth, in plastic petri dishes.  The petri  dishes are placed  in a leakproof
   plastic bag, and incubated totally immersed in a water bath at 44.5° +_ 0.2°C
   for 24 hours +_ 2 hours.  On M-FC Broth, fecal coliform bacteria will grow and
   develop blue or blue-tinted colonies.  Colonies lacking this  color characteristic
   are non-fecal coliforms.  The blue color may appear only in the centers of the
   colonies, or entire colonies may be colored.  Very few other  colonies will  de-
   velop on the medium at the stated incubation temperature.

   One or two membranes are selected for colony counting on the  basis of suitable
   colony density, and colonies are counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting
   microscope at a magnification of 10X or 15X.  After colonies  are counted, a
   calculation is made in order to report fecal coliforms per 100  ml  of sample.

Analytical Method:  Standard Methods for the Examination of Uater  and
   Wastewater, 13th Edition, 1971, Pg. 684
                                                                          Page  No.  8-5

-------
  Effluent Monitoring Procedure:   Fecal  Coliform Test by the  Membrane
                                  Filter Method


  General description of equipment and  supplies  used  in  the test  analysis

  Capital Equipment

     Autoclave, steam - providing  uniform temperatures up to  and  including  121°C
        and equipped with an accurate thermometer,  pressure gauges,  saturated
        steam power lines and capable of reaching required temperatures  within
        30 minutes.

     Balance - having a sensitivity of  0.1  gram  at  a  load of  150  grams.

     Incubator, waterbath -  having forced circulation and provided with  a cover.
        Must be capable of providing an  incubation  temperature  of 44.5 j^0.2°C.

     Oven, hot-air - providing uniform  temperatures within the  range of  160 - 180°C.

     Meter, pH - accurate to within 0.1  pH  unit, with suitable  standard  pH  re-
        ference solution(s).

     Apparatus, water distillation - suitable  for bacteriological culture media
        (alternately, a suitable source  is  permissible).

     Microscope, stereoscopic - 10X - 15X magnification  with  fluorescent lighting
        is preferred.  Alternately, a small  fluorescent  lamp  with magnifier is
        acceptable.

     Refrigerator - Set for  less than 10°C  but above  the freezing temperature.   If
        sample cannot be run within 1  hour  refrigeration will be  necessary.

     Vacuum Source - preferably a  pump assembly  with  suitable hoses  and  shut-off
        clamp or valve provided.   As an  alternate method an aspirator or hand
        pump with the same provisions are acceptable.

     Filtration Unit, MF - a seamless funnel attached to a receptacle bearing a
        porous plate (screen, porous disc,  etc.), stainless steel, glass, porcelain
        or other suitable material.

  Reusable Supplies

     Apron - suitable for laboratory operations.

     Bottle, sample - 250 ml, wide-mouth, glass  stopper, with tag (used  for
        sampling operations).

     Bottle, squeeze type -  containing disinfecting solution.

     Burner, gas - suitable  for laboratory  operations

     Can, pipet - non-toxic  and sterilizable material  (if pre-sterilized dis-
        posable-type pipets  are used, this  item  is  unnecessary).

     Jar, discard - receives contaminated pipets.


Page No. 8-6

-------
   Pipets, microbiological - 1.0 ml, with 0.1 ml graduations, sterile,  cotton
      plugged, glass or disposable types (the disposable types are for  one
      time use and may be glass or plastic).
   Pipets, microbiological - 10 ml,  with 1  ml  graduations,  sterile,  cotton-plugged,
      glass or disposable types (the disposable types  are for one  time  use and may
      be glass or plastic).
   Thermometer (water bath)  - must indicate within the 40°  -  50°C  range and have
      increments of 0.1°C,  NBS (National  Bureau of Standards)  or calibrated
      against NBS thermometer.   Full  immersion type preferred.
   Thermometer (oven) - must indicate within the 160-180°C  range and have  incre-
      ments at least 1.0°C.
   Glassware, borosilicate
      beaker, 50 ml (for measuring  pH, rosolic acid
      flask, volumetric, 1 liter capacity (for stock solution of phosphate
      buffer)
      flask, Erlenmeyer, 500 ml capacity (for holding  buffered distilled
      rinse water)
      flask, sidearm, 1 liter size (for reservoir of MF apparatus, proper  size,
      bored, rubber stopper  is  needed to connect MF filtration flask to flask).
      flask, Erlenmeyer, 250 ml (for preparing MFC medium)
   Forceps, curved end, round tip
   Bottle, small, Methanol or Ethanol volume to cover  ends  of forceps
   Sponge, small, to spread  and wipe germicide
   Dessicator, media storage.  Ideally opaque or darkened and containing
      dessicating agent to remove moisture.
Supplies Used up in the Analysis (replace when needed)
   Dish, petri, disposable,  tight fitting plastic, 50  x 12  mm, sterile
   M-FC Broth medium, dehydrated, fecal coliform.  Distributors Difco,  BBL or
      other equivalent preparation
   Rosolic Acid reagent, 50  gram bottle, Allied Chemical, Olin Matheson
      Difco or equivalent
   Filter, membrane, 47 mm,  0,45 y pore size, white, grid marked,  sterile.
   Pad, absorbent, 48 mm, sterile (usually included with membrane  packet)
   Bag, plastic,  water-proof,  closure provided or method of  sealing bag
      necessary for water immersion
                                                                          Page  No.  8-7

-------
     Disinfectant,  dilute iodine aqueous  (water)  solution.   Commercial  preparation
        or 1  gram iodine crystals and  2 grams  potassium  iodide  to  a  liter  of  dis-
        tilled water

     Ethanol  or Methanol, absolute, (for forceps disinfection)

     Water, distilled,  buffered, sterile  (for  MF  funnel  rinsing)

     Stock solution, buffer,  potassium dihydrogen phosphate

     Water, distilled,  suitable for  bacteriological  operations

     Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate  (Kt^PCty) reagent,  1  Ib.  unit

     Data sheet suitable for  fecal coliform procedures (has  pertinent field
        information [location,  time, sampler,  etc.];  lab information  [sample,
        mis filtered, colony  counts,' etc.]; and effluent monitoring  required
        data [fecal coliforms/100 ml]).

  Expendable laboratory supplies also  required include the following:

     Marker, glass  or plastic

     Glass Wool

     Non-absorbent  Cotton

     Paper, kraft wrapping

     Tape, autoclave pressure-resistant

     Foil, aluminum, heavy duty

     Matches or striker

     Toweling, paper
  Item needs in quantities or required size or space  allowances  cannot be specified,
  as they vary according to the daily analysis schedule.   As  a rule-of-thumb,
  space/size or quantity requirements should be at least  3 times the normal  daily
  requirements.  For further information on specifications for equipment and supplies,
  see the Microbiology Section of the current edition of  "Standard  Methods for the
  Examination of Water and Wastewater."
Page No.  8-8

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                       A  PROTOTYPE  FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                       ROUTINE OPERATIONAL  PROCEDURES

                                    for the
                       CALCULATION OF THE GEOMETRIC MEAN
                              OF COLI FORM COUNTS

                                    by the

                              USE OF LOGARITHMS
                                as applied in

                       WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                 and in the
                     MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                               Developed by the

                           National Training Center
                  Municipal  Permits and Operations Division
                      Office of Water  Program Operations
                     U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
ST.EMP.1.4.74                                                          Page No.  9-1

-------

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Calculation of the Geometric Mean of
                                Coliform Counts by the Use of Logarithms
This procedure was developed by:
   NAME       Joseph F.  Santner
   ADDRESS    EPA-WPO, National Training Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
   POSITION   Mathematical  Statistician
   EDUCATION & TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
              BS - St. Louis University
              MS - St. Louis University
              4 years -  U.S. Army
              3 years -  Operations Research Analyst
              7 years -  University Professor - Mathematics
             12 years -  Statistical  consultant and training of Federal,
                        State, and Local personnel in the principles and
                        practice of statistical  analysis
                                                                          Page  No. 9-3

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Calculation of the Geometric Mean of
                                Coliform Counts by the Use of Logarithms


1.  The object of this procedure is the calculation of the geometric mean of
    fecal coliform counts when using logarithms,

2.  Brief description of the procedure.

    How to use logarithms (or logs) and find the geometric mean (or GM) of
    n fecal coliform counts, where each count is greater than or equal to one.

         Let the first fecal coliform count = N-j

         Let the second fecal coliform count = N2

             etc.

         Let the last fecal coliform count = Nn

         Let n equal the total number of such fecal coliform counts or
         n = sample size.  The formula for the GM when using logs is:
             GM (of N], N2	Nn) = anti-log
log MI  + log N? + .  .  .  + log Nr
    In order to complete the calculations on the right hand side of the
    equation, four operations are necessary.

         A.  Determine the log for each of the n fecal coliform counts.
         B.  Add or sum the n logs
         C.  Divide the sum by sample size equal to n
         D.  Find the anti-log of the answer to step C.
Page No.  9-4

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-------
               —Common logarithms of numbers—
N.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
N.
L. 0
00 000
04 139
07 918
11 394
14 613
17 609
20 412
23 045
25 527
27 875
30 103
32 222
34 242
36 173
38 021
39 794
41 497
43 136
44 716
46 240
47 712
49 136
50 515
51 851
53 148
54 407
55 630
56 820
57 978
59 106
60 206
61 278
62 325
63 347
64 345
65 321
66 276
67 210
68 124
69 020
69 897
L. 0
1
00 432
04 532
08 279
11 727
14 922
17 898
20 683
23 300
25 768
28 103
30 320
32 428
34- 439
36 361
38 202
39 907
41 664
43 297
44 871
46 389
47 857
49 276
50 651
51 983
53 275
54 531
55 751
56 937
58 092
59 218
60 314
61 384
62 428
63 448
64 444
65 418
66 370
67 302
68 215
69 108
69 984
1
2
00 860
04 922
08 636
12 057
15 229
18 184
20 952
23 553
26 007
28 330
30 535
32 634
34 635
36 549
38 382
40 140
41 830
43 457
45 025
46 538
4H 001
49 415
50 786
52 114
53 403
54 654
55 871
57 054
58 206
59 329
60 423
61 490
62 531
63 548
64 542
65 514
66 464
67 394
68 306
66 197
70 070
2
3
01 284
05 308
08 991
12 385
15 534
18 469
21 219
23 805
26 245
28 556
30 750
32 X38
34 830
36 736
38 561
40 312
41 996
43 616
45 179
46 687
48 144
49 554
50 920
52 244
S3 529
54. 777
65 991
57 171
58 320
59 439
60 531
61 595
62 634
63 649
64 640
65 610
66 558
67 486
68 396
69 286
70 157
3

01
05
09
12
15
18
21
24
26
28
30
33
35
36
38
40
42
43
45
46
48
49
51
52
53
54
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

4
703
690
342
710
836
752
484
055
482
780
963
Oil
025
922
739
483
160
775
332
835
287
693
055
375
656
900
110
287
433
550
638
700
737
749
738
706
652
578
485
373
243
4
5
02 119
06 070
09 691
13 033
16 137
19 033
21 748
24 304
26 717
29 003
31 175
33 244
35 218
37 107
38 917
40 654
42 325
43 933
45 484
46 982
48 430
49 831
51 188
52 504
53 782
55 023
56 229
57 403
58 546
59 660
60 746
61 805
62 839
63 849
64 836
65 801
66 745
67 669
68 574
69 461
70 329
5
6
02 531
00 446
10 037
13 354
16 435
19 312
22 Oil
24 551
26 951
29 226
31 387
33 445
35 411
37 291
39 094
40 824
42 488
44 091
45 637
47 129
48 572
49 969
51 322
52 634
53 908
55 145
56 348
57 519
38 659
59 770
60 853
61 909
62 941
63 949
64933
65 896
66 839
67 761
68 664
69 548
70 415
6
7
02938
06 819
10 380
13672
16 732
19 590
22 272
24 797
27 184
29 447
31 597
33 646
35 603
37 473
39 270
40 993
42 651
44 248
45 788
47 276
48 714
50 106
51 455
52 763
54 033
55 267
56 467
57 634
58 771
59 879
60 959
62 014
63 043
64 048
65 031
65 992
66 932
67 852
68 753
69 636
70 501
7
8
03 342
07 188
10 721
13 988
17 026
19 866
22631
25 042
27 416
29 667
31 806
33 846
35 793
37 658
39 445
41 162
42 813
44 404
45 939
47 422
48 855
50 243
51 587
52 892
54 158
55 388
56 586
57 749
58 883
59 988
61 066
62 118
63 144
64 147
65 128
66 087
67 025
67 943
68 842
69 723
70 586
8
9
03 743
07 558
11 059
14 301
17 319
20 140
22 789
25 285
27 646
29 885
32 015
34 044
36 984
37 840
39 620
41 330
42975
44 660
46 090
47 567
48 996
50 379
51 720
53 020
54 283
55 509
56 703
57 864
58 995
60 097
61 172
62 221
63 246
64 246
65 225
66 181
67 117
68 034
68 931
69 810
70 672
9
TM 5-236
War Department
July 10,  1940
                                                          Page No.  9-11

-------
                            -Common logarithms of numbers—
N.
50
61
52
53
54
65
66
57
58
69
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
N.
L. 0
69 897
70 757
71 600
72 428
73 239
74 036
74 819
75 587
76 343
77 085
77 815
78 533
79 239
79 934
80 618
81 291
81 954
82 607
83 251
83 885
84 510
85 126
85 733
86 332
86 923
87 506
88 081
88 649
89 209
89 763
90 309
90 849
91 381
91408
92 428
92 942
93 450
93 952
94 448
94 939
95424
95 904
96 379
96 848
97 313
97 772
98 227
98 677
99 123
99 564
00 000
L. 0
1
69 984
70 842
71 684
72 509
73 320
74 115
74 896
75 664
76 418
77 159
77 887
78 604
79 309
80 003
80 686
81 358
82020
82 672
83 315
83 948
84 572
85 187
85 794
86 392
86 982
87 564
88 138
88 705
89 265
89 818
90 363
90 902
91 434
91 960
92 480
92 993
93 500
94 002
94 498
94 988
95 472
95 952
96 426
96 895
97 359
97 818
98 272
98 722
99 167
99 607
00 043
1
2
70 070
70 927
71 767
72 591
73400
74 194
74 974
75 740
76 492
77 232
77 960
78 675
79 379
80 072
80 754
81 425
82 086
82 737
83 378
84 Oil
84 634
85 248
85 854
86451
87 040
87 622
88195
88 762
89 321
89 873
90 417
90 956
91 487
92 012
92 531
93 044
93 551
94 052
94 547
95 036
95 521
95 999
96 473
96 942
97405
97 864
98 318
98 767
99 211
99 651
00 087
2
3
70 157
71 012
71 850
72 673
73 480
74 273
75 051
75 815
76 567
77 305
78 032
78 746
79449
80 140
80 821
81 491
82 151
82 802
83 442
84 073
84 696
85 309
85 914
86 510
87 099
87 679
88 252
88 818
89 376
89 927
90 472
91 009
91 540
92 065
92 583
93 095
93 601
94 101
94 596
95 085
95 569
96047
96 520
96 988
97 451
97 909
98 363
98 811
99 255
99 695
00 130
3

70
71
71
72
73
74
75
75
76
77
78
78
79
80
80
81
82
82
83
84
84
85
85
86
87
87
88
88
89
89
90
91
91
92
92
93
93
94
94
95
95
96
96
97
97
97
98
98
99
99
00

4
243
0%
933
754
560
351
128
891
641
379
104
817
518
209
889
558
217
866
506
136
757
370
974
570
157
737
309
874
432
982
526
062
593
117
634
146
651
151
645
134
617
095
567
035
497
955
408
856
300
739
173
4
5
70 329
71, 181
72 016
72 835
73 640
74 429
75 205
75 967
76 716
77 452
78 176
78 888
79 588
80 277
80 956
81 624
82 282
82 930
83 569
84 198
84 819
85 431
86 034
86 (329
87 216
87 795
88 366
88 930
89 487
90 037
90 1
-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Calculation of the Geometric  Mean  of
                                Coliform Counts by the Use  of Logarithms


An example of the calculations for operating procedure A, B,  C,  and D follows,
           GM (23, 122, 17100) = Anti-log
          log  23  +  log  122 +  log  17100~1
        L            3             J
                              I
                                 (see A5a,  5b,  5c)
           GM (23, 122, 17100)  = Anti-log
          1.36173  +  2.08636  +  4.23300
                              1
(See procedure  B  and  C)
           GM (23, 122, 17100)  = Anti-log 2.56036
                                 (See D6c)
           GM (23, 122, 17100)  = 363.

The following practice problems should be solved  to  make  sure  that  the  program
of action is mastered.

     1) GM (1, 4) = *L

     2) GM (1, 10, 100) = 10

     3) GM (10, 10, 10) = 10

Some checks for gross errors.

     1) GM lies between the largest and smallest  value.   For the  problem
        GM (23, 122, 17100) =  363 the  largest  =  17,100 and  the smallest = 23.
        Since 363 lies between  these two, there  is  no gross error.

     2) GM is less than the arithmetic mean*  (AM).   AM =  23 +  122 + 17100 = 5748.3
                                                                 3
        GM = 363 is less than  AM - 5748.3.  Hence,  there  is no gross error.
*GM=AM if all  coliform counts are equal  as  illustrated  in  practice problem
 number 3.
                                                                         Page No. 9-13

-------

-------
                       A PROTOTYPE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                       ROUTINE OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
                                   for the
                  MEASUREMENT OF FLOW IN AN OPEN CHANNEL BY

                               PARSHALL FLUME
                               as applied in

                      WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                 and in the
                     MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                             Developed by the

                         Mational Training Center
                 Municipal  Permits and Operations Division
                    Office of Water Program Operations
                   U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EN.FM.EMP.2.4.74                                                   Page No.  10-1

-------

-------
 EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Flow Measurement in an Open Channel by
                                Parshall Flume
"his Procedure was developed by:

    Name      Charles E. Sponagle

    Address   EPA, WPO, National Training Center
              Cincinnati, Ohio 45268

    Position  Sanitary Engineer

    Education and Technical Background

              B.C.E - Manhattan College, 1943

              M.S. in C.E. - University of Minnesota, 1948

              Professional Registration:  State of New York

              With Federal Water Pollution Control Program since 1948, with
              various assignments at Program Headquarters, Regional Offices,
              and Field Stations, including positions as

                Staff Engineer, then Chief, Water Quality Section
                Denver Regional Office

                Staff Engineer, then Regional Construction Grants Program
                Director, Denver Regional Office

                Regional Construction Grants Program Director,
                Cincinnati Regional Office

                Director, Colorado River Basin Water Quality Control Project,
                Denver Colorado

                Industrial Wastes Consultant, Technical Advisory and
                Investigations Branch, Cincinnati, Ohio

                Participation in and Direction of numerous in-plant industrial
                waste surveys and stream studies in New York, Colorado,
                New Mexico, Maine, Utah

                With National Training Center, September 1969 to date.
                                                                      Page No. 10-3

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Flow Measurement in  an Open  Channel  by
                                Parshall  Flume

1.  Objective:   To enable the student to  obtain  the  flow rate in an  open
    channel by means of a pre-installed Parshall  Flume.

2.  Description of Procedure:

    The depth of liquid is measured at a  stipulated  point (or points)  within  the
    Flume.  This measurement is then used to obtain  the rate of flow in the
    channel.

    a.  This  Procedure deals specifically with 6-inch  through 8-foot flumes,
        since practically all wastewater  treatment plant influent and  effluent
        flows can be measured by flumes of this  size.   Operating principles of
        larger and smaller size flumes are exactly the same.   For these latter
        however, some differences in procedures  are  involved, consisting  of a
        change of location for measurement of the downstream head, and use of
        different discharge tables.

    b.  Flows obtained by visual observation of  liquid depth are considered
        herein.  Use of devices which automatically  provide  a continuous  record
        of either head or flow is not included.
General Description of Equipment used in the Procedure:

        1)  Parshall  Flume.

        2)  Means for visually observing depth of flow,  such as a staff gage
            or a float gage.
Page No.  10-4

-------
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EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Flow Measurement in an Open Channel  by Parshall  Flume
                                   TRAINING GUIDE


                           SECTION                TOPIC

                               I*          Introduction

                              II*          Educational Concepts  - Mathematics

                             III*          Educational Concepts  - Science

                              IV           Educational Concepts  - Communications

                               v*          Field & Laboratory Equipment

                             VI           Field & Laboratory Reagents

                            VII           Field & Laboratory Analysis

                           VIII           Safety

                             IX          Records & Reports
 *Training  guide  materials  are presented  here  under  the  headings marked*.
  These  standardized  headings  are  used  throughout  this series  of procedures
                                                                         Page No. 10-9

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EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE: Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel by Parshall Flume
   INTRODUCTION
                                                                             Section I
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  A.2
     Flow of a liquid in an open channel  can be
measured in many cases by means of a specially-
shaped section known as a Parshall  Flume.   The flume
can be constructed as part of the channel,  or
installed later either temporarily or permanently.
The depth of the flowing liquid is determined at a
specific point, or points, in the flume.  The
measured depth, or depths, can then be used to
obtain the rate of flow of the liquid in  the channel.
1. Handbook of Hydraulics,
   King, H. W., McGraw-Hill
   NY, 3rd Ed., 1939

2. Water Measurement Manual
   US Dept. of the Interior
   Bureau of Reclamation,
   Denver, CO, 2nd Ed., 196

3. Hydrographic Data Book,
   Stevens, J. C., Leupold
   & Stevens, Inc.,
   Portland, OR, 8th Ed.
  Page No.   10-10

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LFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel by Parshall Flume
    EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - MATHEMATICS
                                                               Section  II
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 A.I
            Flows - Units of Expression

 I.  Flow, or Flow Rate,  or Discharge.

    All  of these terms are commonly used  to  refer
    to the quantity of liquid passing  a point  in
    a certain time interval.

II.  Quantity of liquid can be expressed in a number
    of ways.  Common units are the  gallon (Gal) and
    the cubic foot (cu.ft., ft.3).   To change  from
    one of these measures to another,  use the  table
    below:
                     Multiply

                     cu.ft.
                     Gal.
                   7.5
                   0.134
 To obtain

    Gal.
    cu.ft.
             III. Flow is usually expressed in these units:

                     Gallons per minute (GPM)
                     Million gallons per day (MGD)
                     Cubic feet per second (cfs, Sec.-ft.)

                  To change from one of these units to another,
                  use this table:
                     Multiply

                       cfs
                       MGD
                       cfs
                       GPM
                   0.646
                   1.55
                 448.8
                   0.0022
To obtain

   MGD
   cfs
   GPM
   cfs
              IV. Flow data is needed to calculate the quantity
                  of constituents discharged in a plant effluent.
                  Formulas are--

                       Ib/day = MGD x mg/1  x 8.34
                       Kg/day = MGD x mg/1  x 3.78
                                                                            Page No. 10-11

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EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Measurement of Flow 1n an Open Channel by Rarshall
    EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - MATHEMATICS
                                                              Section II
                       TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                    REFERENCES/RESOURCES
   C.I
     The head Ha  is the vertical distance from  the
crest of the flume  (floor of the converging  section)
to the liquid surface, at the stipulated point  in the
converging section.  Head H^ is the corresponding
distance, as measured at the stipulated point in the
throat of the flume.  Both of these measurements are
referenced to the same point, i.e., the elevation of
the crest of the  flume.  Consequently,  all equipment
and devices used  to measure these heads roust also be
referenced to the crest elevation.

     When a staff gage is used to obtain these  heads,
it may be attached to the inside face of the flume,
or placed in a stilling well.  In the former case,
only an approximate head determination  is usually
possible, because of waves and rapid water level
fluctuations at the upstream gage,  and  turbulent
conditions at the downstream gage.

     Determination of head using the staff gage is
illustrated below for the various conditions which
will be met.

Case I - Initialgage mark 0.00 ft.
                  The gage may  be installed in either of  three
             positions, as shown in Fig. 1.
               LIQUID
               SURFACE
                CREST
                                        -0.20
                                                   ///?
                                              0.40

                                              0.20
                           A.           B.             C.

                     FIG.  1 - STAFF GAGE SETTINGS
Page No.  10-12

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FFLUENT MONITORING  PROCEDURE:   Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel  by  Parshall Flume
   EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS  - MATHEMATICS
                                                             Section II
                      TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                    REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  C.I
  (cont.)
    In "A", the bottom of the gage is set at crest
elevation.   The intersection of the liquid surface
with the gage gives  a direct reading of the head.
Here, the head is  0.30 ft.

    In "B"  the bottom of the gage is set some dis-
tance "d" above crest elevation.  To obtain the
head, "d" must be  added to the gage reading.   For
example, if "d" in the Figure equals 0.25 ft., then
the head is 0.25 + 0.20,  equals 0.45 ft.

    In"C" the bottom of the gage is set some dis-
tance (say  0.20 ft)  below crest elevation.  This
must be subtracted from the gage reading to obtain
the head.  Thus, 0.40-0.20 = 0.20 ft., which is the
head.

Case II - Initial  gage mark other than 0_.0_0 ft.

    The mark at which the gage divisions start must
be taken into account in determining the head.  For
example, if a gage section starting at 3.33 ft.
instead of  0.00 ft.  is used, the calculations are
as follows  for the three conditions shown in
Fig. 2 (which correspond to tho.se of Fig. 1):
             LIQUID
             SURFACE
              CREST
                           3.63
                            3.33 j:
                        A.           B.            C.

                    FIG. 2 - STAFF GAGE SETTINGS
             In  "A", head = 3.63-3.33 = 0.30 ft.
             In  "B", assuming that "d" = 0.25 ft., head =
                (3.53 + 0.25)-3.33 = 0.45 ft.
             In  "C", head = 3.73-3.53 = 0.20 ft.
                                                                          Page No.  10-13

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-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE: Measurement of Flow in an Qpen  Channel  by Rarshall  Flume
    EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - MATHEMATICS
                                                                              Section  II
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  C.2
     With Ha determined, the flow can be obtained
from a Table such as that shown in Table 1.   (This
shows the head-discharge relationships for flumes
ranging in size from 6 to 24 inches.   Similar tables
for larger and smaller flumes will be found  in
References 1,2, and 3).

     The flow is obtained from this Table as follows

     1. Go vertically downward in the column titled
        "Head" until you reach the value for the Ha
        measured.   Note that values of Head  in this
        column are given both in feet, and in inches
        corresponding to the foot values.

     2. Proceed horizontally to the right until you
        reach the columns for the throat width of
        flume in use.

     3. Read the flow in the units to be reported.
        The flow is given in three units in  this
        Table:  sec.-ft.  (cubic feet per second);
        GPM (gallons per minute),  and MGD  (million
        gallons per day).   Example:

        For a 12"  flume, with Ha  = 0.86 ft.

        1.  Locate  0.86 ft.  in the  "Head" column.

        2.  Go over horizontally to the right to the
           columns under the "12"  throat width.

        3.  Read flow:  3.18  sec.-ft.,  or
                      1427  GPM,  or
                      2.06  MGD
4. Water and Sewage Works,
   Reference & Data Section,
   1954, p.  R-277
                                                                             Page No. 10-15

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EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Measurement of Flow in an Qpen channel  by parsha]1
 EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - MATHEMATICS
                                                                           Section II
                       TRAINING GUIDE  MOTE
                                                    REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  D.I
     A float gage is shown in Fig. 3, installed in a
stilling well for measurement of  HL.  To illustrate
the calculation of Ha it "is assumed that the floor
of the stilling well is at the same elevation as the
               PULLEY
              FLOAT
                                  INDEX
                               1 FOOT
                  FIG .3 - FLOAT GAGE INSTALLATION
             crest of the flume, and that the  liquid is flowing
             in the flume with a depth of one  foot.  The float
             will, of course, be resting on the  surface of the
             liquid in the well, and it is also  assumed that for
             the condition illustrated the tape  division opposite
             the float index reads 8-1/2 feet.

                  With the specific relations  established for
             this one condition, the gage can  now be "zeroed" so
             that Ha can be obtained for any other condition, as
             follows:

                  (a)  A reading of 8-1/2 feet  on the tape corre-
                      sponds to an Ha of one foot.  Consequently,
                      a reading of 7-1/2 feet  on the tape corre-
                      sponds to an Ha of zero  feet, or to the
                      crest elevation.

                  (b)  Therefore Ha can be obtained for any depth
                      of flow by subtracting 7-1/2 feet from the
                      observed tape division opposite the index.

                  The following points should  be noted in connec-
             tion with this procedure:

                  (a)  If the elevation of the  index is changed,
                      the gage must be re-zeroed.
  Page No.  10-16

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'.FFLUENT MONITORING  PROCEDURE:  Measurement of Flow in an Open  Channel  by  Parshall  Flume
  EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS  -  MATHEMATICS
                                                           Section II
                       TRAINING  GUIDE  NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  D.I
  (cont.)
  E.3.2
      (b) If the position of the tape on the pulley is
         changed, the gage must be re-zeroed.

      (c) The tape must be installed so that the
         numerical value of the tape reading
         increases as the depth of flow increases.

      Hfj can be obtained with the float gage in the
same manner as described above for Ha.
     Discharge through the flume is not reduced from
the free-flow value until the percent submergence
equals or exceeds the following values:

     60% for 6- inch and 9- inch flumes
     70% for 1 foot to 8-foot flumes

     When the submergence reaches these values, a
corrected flow must be calculated in the following
manner:

     For 6-inch and 9-inch Flumes

     The corrected flow can be obtained directly
from Fig. 4 for a 6-inch flume, and from Fig.  5 for
a 9-inch flume.  Example:  For a 6-inch flume,
                      = 0.8 ft.

                         x 100 = 80%
                 Ha =  1.0 ft. ,

                 % Submergence  =
                 Refer to  Fig. 4.  On  "Percent of submergence"
                 scale on  left-hand side, go up to the "80"
                 value.*  Move to the right along the "80"  line to
                 where it  intersects the "Ha = 1.0 feet" curve.

                 Drop vertically from  the point of intersection
                 to the  "Discharge, Second-feet" scale along the
                 bottom  of the chart.

                 Read 1.7  - this is the discharge in cubic feet
                 per second through the flume.  Convert flow to
                 other units if desired.

            Exactly the  same procedure would be followed for a
            9-inch flume, using Fig. 5.
                                                                    Ref. 1
                                                                            Page No. 10-17

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EFFLUENT MONITORING  PROCEDURE:  Measurement  of Flow  in an  Open Channel  by  Parshall  Flume
                                              UPSTREAM HEAD Ho, FEET
           0    02   04   06   08   1.0   12   14   16    18   20   2.2   24   26  2.8   1.0  J.Z   34  5.6   3.8   4.O
                                              DISCHARGE, SECOND-FEET
       FIG. 4 — Diagram for determining rate of submerged flow for a 6-inch Parshall flume.  103-D-897.  (Courtesy U.S.
                                            Soil Conservation Service.)
                                                UPSTREAM hE-AD Ha, FEET
                                             •a           9       t
         96
                        /r
                                                                          /4 i-
                                                                                -yU
                                                                                t
f___onjp_
                                                                                          *y
                          10      1.5     20      25      30      35
                                                DISCHARGE,  SECOND-FEET
                                                                         40      45
                                                                                                55      60
         FIG. 5 — Diagram for determining rate of submersed flow for a 9-inch Parshall flume.  103-D-898.  (Courtesy U.S.
                                              Soil Conservation Service.)
   Page No.  10-18

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EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Measurement of Flow in  an  Open  channel  by  Rarshall  F]ume
     EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS -  MATHEMATICS
                                                                Section  II
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
   E.3.2
   (cont.)
     For Flumes 1 foot to 8 feet wide

     Use Fig. 6.  This provides a correction factor
to be applied to the discharge obtained using Ha
and Table 1, the free-flow discharge table.   For
flumes larger than 1 foot a second correction, using
a "multiplying factor" is necessary.  Example 1.

     For a 1-foot flume,

     Hh = 0.8 ft., Ha = 1.0 ft.
                   Submergence =
                       x 100 = 80%
                                 1.0

                  Refer  to Fig.  6.  On  "Upstream Head Hfl" scale
                  at  left-hand side, go up to 1.0 ft.  Move to
                  the right along the "1.0 ft."  line to where
                  it  intersects  the "80% Submergence" curve.
                  Drop vertically from the point of intersection
                  to  the "Correction, second-feet" scale at the
                  bottom of the  chart.  Read "0.35 sec.-ft."

                  Refer  to Table 1.  For a 12-inch flume with
                  Ha  = 1.0 ft.,  discharge is 4.00 sec.-ft.  But
                  the actual discharge will be less than this,
                  since  submergence exceeds 70%.  To get actual
                  discharge, subtract correction obtained from
                  Fig. 6.  Then  the discharge is 4.00-0.35
                  = 3.65 sec.-ft.

                  Note that "Multiplying Factor" is 1.0, so the
                  correction factor obtained from Fig. 6 is
                  used directly.
                  Example 2
                  For a 24- inch flume,

                  Hb = 1.23 ft., Ha = 1.30 ft.
     Submergence =
                                 1.30
                                       x 100 = 95%
                  Refer to Fig. 6.  On left-hand scale go up to
                  1.30 ft., which is the Upstream Head Ha.
                                                                             Page  No.  10-19

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-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE: Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel  by Parshall  Flume
  EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - MATHEMATICS
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                   REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  E.3.2
  (cont.)
Proceed horizontally to the right along the
"1.30 ft." line.  The-point of intersection of
this line with the "95% Submergence" curve is to
be located.  Since no curve is drawn on Fig.  6
for this value of submergence, mentally locate a
point on the "1.30 ft."  line which is midway
between the "94% submergence" and the "96% sub-
mergence" curves.

Drop vertically from this point to intersect the
"Correction, second-feet" scale at the bottom of
the chart.  Read "2.7".

From the Table at right side of chart on Fig. 6,
read the "Multiplying Factor" for a 24-inch
flume.  This factor is 1.8.

Multiply.   2.7 x 1.8 = 4.9 sec.-ft.  This is  the.
correction factor to be used in this case.

From Table 1  obtain free-flow discharge of 12.0
sec.-ft. for a 2-foot flume  with Ha = 1.30 ft.

Subtract correction factor from this free-flow
value to obtain discharge with this degree of
submergence.

Discharge = 12.0 - 4.9 = 7.1 sec.-ft.
                                                                             Page No.  10-21

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EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Measurement of Flow in  an  Open  Channel by  Parshall Flume
   EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - SCIENCE
                                                                              Section  III
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
   B.I.I
   B.I.3
   B.I.4
     The Parshall Flume is intended for use- as an
in-line structure in an open channel  where reason-
ably smooth flow, uniformly distributed across the
cross-section-, is the normal condition.

     A good degree of accuracy cannot be maintained
if poor approach conditions exist in the approach
channel.  Experience has shown that Parshall  Flumes
should not be placed at right angles  to flowing
streams unless the flow is effectively straightened
and uniformly redistributed before it enters  the
flume.  Surges and waves of any appreciable size
should be eliminated.

     The liquid should enter the converging section
reasonably well distributed across the entrance
width, and the flowlines  should be essentially
parallel to the flume centerline.  Flow at the flume
entrance should be free of "white" water and  free
from turbulence in the form of visible surface
boils.  Only then can the flume measure flow  as
intended.
     The velocity of flow through the flume  will
generally be sufficiently great to virtually
eliminate any deposition of sediment within  the
structure.  If any such build-up is observed,
however, it should be eliminated.   Deposits  should
also be removed from the channel upstream  and  down-
stream of the flume.
     The flow condition can be determined  from
measurements of Ha and Hu.   Generally,  however,
these heads do not have to  be measured—the  condition
of flow through the flume can usually be determined
by visual observation.

     Three flow conditions  through the  flume are
shown in Fig. 7.
                                Ha
                         FIG. 7 - FLOW CONDITIONS
Page No.  10-22

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EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Measurement of  Flow in an Qpen Channel  by Rarshall
   EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - SCIENCE
                                                                Section III
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 B.I.4
 (cont.)
   B.I.5
     In flow condition 2, there is a drop in the
elevation of the liquid surface, followed by an
abrupt rise in the throat-.  This phenomenon is
referred to as a hydraulic jump or standing wave.
When the hydraulic jump is present, free-flow
conditions exist.

     In flow condition 1, there is a substantial and
smooth drop in the elevation of the liquid surface
as it passes through the throat and the diverging
section of the flume.  Free-flow conditions exist.
A hydraulic jump will be observed downstream of
the flume.

     Flow condition 3 illustrates the configuration
of the liquid surface for submerged-flow conditions.
Sometimes a series of waves or ripples will be noted
in the transition area between the upstream and
downstream liquid elevations.  These also indicate
that submerged-flow conditions exist.

     Flumes used in treatment plants are selected
to operate under free-flow conditions over the
range of flows handled at the plant.  The existence
of a submerged-flow condition would therefore be
most unusual, and might be due either to the flume
being too small, or to some obstruction in the
channel downstream of the flume which is raising the
water level.  In any case, it is important to
determine the reason for a submerged flow condition,
and take the appropriate steps to return the flume
to free-flow operation.
     For a stilling well to function properly, the
opening or pipe between the well  and the flume must
be kept free of deposits or materials which would
interfere with the free movement  of liquid.  This
should be checked occasionally, and any such inter-
ferences removed by flushing with clean water, or
by some other suitable procedure.  Deposits or
floating materials in the well  should also be
removed to maintain accurate head measurement.
                                                                            Page No. 10-23

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EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                                 Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel  by Parshall Flume
    FIELD & LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
                                                                Section V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
    A.3
     Two drawings of a Parshall Flume are shown in
Fig. 8.  The top (Plan) drawing shows the appear-
ance of the flume when viewed from above.  The
drawing labeled "Section L-L" is the way the flume
looks when viewed from the side, along the line
marked "L-L" in the top drawing.
           CONVERGING      DIVERGING
              SECTION        SECTION//-
                   THROAT SECTION ://
                   Ha,
                >


              L*L



                I
                             WING WALL

                                   PLAN

                                STILLING WELL
                         FLOW  CREST
                 ASLOPE '/4-t sIL-^gp
                                                  WATER SURFACE, S
                                SECTION L-L


                    FIG. 8 - PARSHALL FLUME
                   The  flume  structure  proper  consists of  three
              sections:

                   1. A converging  section
                   2. A throat  section  having  parallel walls
                   3. A diverging section

                   Wingwalls  are shown  in Figure 8  immediately
              upstream  and  downstream of the flume.  The function
              of  these  is to  provide a  gradual width transition
              between the channel and the flume.  The flume can  be
              made  of concrete, galvanized  steel, or other suitable
              material.  Flumes must be built  to specific  dimen-
              sions and close tolerances governed by throat width,
              for satisfactory  performance.  The floor of  the
              converging section must be level if the flume is to
              operate properly.
Page No.  10-24

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EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Measurement of Flow in  an  Open  Channel  by  Parshall  Flume
  FIELD & LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
                                                                 Section V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  A.4
 Throat Width
 Distance between the walls of the  throat  section.

 Flume Size
 Flumes are designated as to size by the throat width,
 as a "6-inch flume", a "10-foot  flume", etc.

 Flume Crest
 Floor of the converging section.   Sometimes  indicated
 as the junction point of the floor of the converging
 section with the throat section.

 Crest Elevation
 Elevation of the floor of the converging  section.

 Upstream Head  (Ha)
              Depth  of  liquid over the flume crest, measured back
              from the  crest of the flume at a distance equal to
              two-thirds of the length of the converging section. •
             Downstream Head
             Depth of  liquid over the flume crest, measured at a
             stipulated distance upstream of the beginning of the
             diverging section.  Varies with size of flume.  For
             flumes considered in this guide (i.e. 6-inch to-
             8-foot flumes), the point of measurement is two
             inches upstream of the beginning of the diverging
             section (dimension "x", Fig. 8).

             Stilling Well  (Float Well)
             A chamber connected by a small inlet to the liquid
             flowing in an open channel, which provides quiescent
             conditions so as to secure good records of water
             levels.  Waves and surges occuring in the flowing
             liquid do not appear in the well.   Liquid level  in
             the well does, however, follow all the steady
             fluctuations of the flowing liquid.

             Free Flow
             A condition of flow through the flume which occurs
             when the depth of liquid downstream of the crest is
             insufficient to reduce the discharge rate.

             Submerged Flow
             A condition of flow through the flume which occurs
             when the depth of liquid downstream of the crest is
             sufficient to reduce the discharge.
Submergence
The ratio Hb
                            usually expressed as a percentage.
                                                                             Page  No.  10-25

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EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Measurement  of Flow  In an Open  Channel by Parshall Flume
  FIELD & LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT
                                                                Section V
                        TRAINING GUIDE MOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  A.5
   A.6
     The Parshall Flume is a specially-shaped  flow
section, so constructed and installed that the rate
of flow through it depends only on its size (throat
width), and the depth of liquid over the crest.
Discharge through the flume can occur for two  condi-
tions of flow:

     1. Free Flow, in which the discharge depends
        only on the upstream head Ha.   When free-flow
        conditions exist, discharge through the
        flume can be obtained by measuring the
        upstream head only.

     2. Submerged Flow, in which the discharge is
        reduced due to the effect of the depth of
        liquid downstream of the flume.   Irt this
        case it is necessary to measure both the
        upstream head Ha and the downstream head H&
        in order to obtain the discharge.
     A staff gage (Fig.  9)  is a graduated  scale,
usually installed vertically, for obtaining  liquid
depth, or head.  An observer notes the scale
division at which the liquid surface intersects the
                                      7-=
                                      B-i
                                      5-f
                                      4-f
                                      3-5
                                      8-j
                                  FIG. 9 - STAFF
                                 GAGE SECTION


                                   The  head  and discharge can then
gage (gage height).
be calculated.
                   Commercially-available  gages  are made of  18-gage
              metal  coated  with  a  substantial  thickness of porce-
              lain enamel.   The  face  of  the  gage is white;
              numerals  and  graduations are black.  Gages are avail-
              able in several  styles;  in widths  from  2-1/2 to  4
              inches, in lengths from 1  to 5 feet, and with  gradua-
              tions of  0.1, 0.01,  or  0.02  feet.   A gage divided  in
              metric units  is  also commercially  available.
Page No.  10-26

-------
IFFLUENT MONITORING  PROCEDURE:  Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel by Parshall Flume
 FIELD  &  LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT
                                                                Section V
                        TRAINING GUIDE  NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
   A.7
     A float gage (Fig. 10) is a means of continu-
ously indicating liquid levels.  It consists of a
metal float, a pulley mounted on a standard, and a
counterweight.  A graduated stainless steel  tape is
                            Fig. 10 - Float Gage
             attached to the float and connected at the other
             end to the counterweight.  The float follows the
             rise and fall of the liquid surface and the level
             can be read from the tape and a pointer or reference
             mark.  Tapes are available in selected lengths,   and
             are graduated either in feet, tenths and hundredths
             for English measurements, or meters, decimeters  and
             centimeters for metric measurements.

                  The float gage is used extensively as a refer-
             ence gage in stilling wells to check the accuracy
             of automatic head or flow recording devices.
                                                                            Page No.  10-27

-------

-------
                           A PROTOTYPE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                           ROUTINE OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

                                      for the

                      MEASUREMENT OF FLOW IN AN OPEN CHANNEL BY
                                 SHARP-CRESTED WEIR
                                   as applied  in

                          WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                    and  in the
                         MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                                    Developed by the

                                National Training Center
                       Municipal Permits and Operations Division
                           Office of Water Program Operations
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EN.FM.EMP.1.11.74                                                     Page No.  11-1

-------

-------
Effluent Monitoring  Procedure:   Measurement of Flow  in  an  Open  Channel  by
                                Sharp-Crested  Weir

This Procedure was developed by:

   NAME          Charles E. Sponagle

   ADDRESS       EPA, WPO, National Training Center, Cincinnati, OH 45268

   POSITION      Sanitary Engineer

   EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

                 B.C.E. - Manhattan College, 1943
                 M.S. in C.E. - University of Minnesota, 1948
                 Professional registration, New York State

                 With Federal Water Pollution Control Program since
                 1948, with various assignments at Program Headquarters,
                 Regional Offices, and Field Stations,  including positions
                 as

                     Staff Engineer, then Chief, Water  Quality Section,
                     Denver Regional Office

                     Staff Engineer, then Regional  Construction Grants
                     Program Director, Denver Regional  Office

                     Regional Construction Grants Program Director,
                     Cincinnati Regional Office

                     Director, Colorado River Basin Water Quality
                     Control Project, Denver, Colorado

                     Industrial Wastes Consultant,  Technical Advisory
                     and Investigations Branch, Cincinnati, Ohio

                     Participation in and Direction of  numerous in-plant
                     industrial waste surveys and stream studies in New
                     York, Colorado, New Mexico, Maine, Utah

                     With National Training Center September 1969 to date.
                                                                    Page No. 11-3

-------
   Effluent  Monitoring  Procedure:  Measurement of Flow  in an Open Channel by
                                  Sharp-Crested Weir


   1.   Objective:

       The student  will  be able to make an acceptable measurement of flow rate
       in an open channel by means of a preinstalled sharp-crested weir and
       vertical  staff gage or a float gage.


   2.   Brief Description of Procedure:

       The depth of liquid producing flow over a weir is measured.  This measure-
       ment  is  used to  obtain the rate of flow in the channel at the time the
       observation  was  made.
   General  Description  of  Equipment  used  in the Procedure:

   1.   A Weir over  which the  liquid  flows.

   2.   Means  for  visually  observing  depth of  liquid flow, such as a staff gage or
       a float gage.
Page No.  11-4

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-------
•ffluent Monitoring Procedure;   Measurement of Flow in  an  Open  Channel
                                by Sharp-Crested  Weir
                                   TRAINING GUIDE

            SECTION                    TOPIC
              I*                Introduction
              II*               Educational  Concepts  -  Mathematics
              III               Educational  Concepts  -  Science
              IV                Educational  Concepts  -  Communication
              V*                Field  & Laboratory Equipment
              VI                Field  & Laboratory Reagents
              VII               Field  & Laboratory Analysis
              VIII               Safety
              IX                Records &  Reports
Training  guide  materials  are  presented  here  under  the  headings marked  *.
 These  standardized  headings are used  throughout  this series  of procedures.
                                                                      Page  No.  11-7

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                  Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel
                  by Sharp-Crested Weir
 Introduction
                                                              Section I
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 A.2
Flow of a liquid in an open channel  can often be
conveniently and accurately measured by means of a
sharp-crested weir installed in the  channel.   For a
weir of specific size and shape with free-flow
steady-state conditions and proper approach con-
ditions, only one depth of liquid can exist upstream
of the weir for a given flow.   The flow is determined
by measuring the vertical distance from the crest of
the weir plate to the upstream liquid surface and
then using a weir formula or weir table.   The weir
must have a standard shape and dimensions, and be
installed so that the system performs in a standard
manner.
1. Handbook of Hydrauli
King, H.W., McGraw-Hill
NY, 3rd Ed. 1939

2. Water Measurement
Manual, US Dept. Interi
Bur. Reclamation, Denve
CO, 2nd Ed. 1967

3. Hydrographic Data Bo
Stevens, J.C., Leupold
Stevens, Inc., Portland
OR, 8th Ed.
Page No.  11-8

-------
AFFLUENT  MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Measurement  of  Flow  in  an  Open Channel
                                by Sharp-Crested  Weir
 Educational  Concepts  -  Mathematics
                                                                             Section  II
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                   REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 A.I
      Flows - Units of Measurement

I.   Flow,  or Flow Rate, or Discharge.

    All  of these terms are commonly used  to  refer
    to the quantity of liquid  passing  a point  in a
    certain time interval.
               II,
    Quantity of liquid  can be expressed  in  a
    number of ways.   Common units  are  the gallon
    (Gal)  and the cubic foot (cu.  ft., ft.3).  To
    change from one  of  these measures  to another,
    use the table below:

        Multiply    by_    To obtain
                        cu. ft.
                        Gal.
                   7.5
                   0.134
Gal.
cu. ft.
              III.   Flow  is usually expressed in these units:

                       Gallons per minute  (GPM)
                       Million gallons per day (MGD)
                       Cubic feet per second (cfs)

                    To change from one of these units to another,
                    use this table:
                       Multiply

                         cfs
                         MGD
                         cfs
                         GPM
                      by_

                    0.646
                    1.55
                 448.8
                    0.0022
To obtain

   MGD
   cfs
   GPM
   cfs
               IV.  Flow data is needed to calculate the quantity
                   of constituents discharged in a plant effluent
                   Formulas are —

                       Ib/day = MGD x mg/1 x 8.34

                       Kg/day = MGD x mg/1 x 3.78
                                                                            Page No. 11-9

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING  PROCEDURE:  Measurement of  Flow in an Open Channel
                               by Sharp-Crested Weir
  Educational Concepts  - Mathematics
                                                            Section II
                       TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                   REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 C.I
 C.2
The head  on  the weir is calculated  from the staff
gage reading.  Either of two conditions nay exist,
depending on zero gage elevation:

Case I -  Zero gage elevation is at  "0" on the cage
                LIQUID
               SURFACE
                  GAGE
WEIR
CREST
                         FIG. 1-HEAD ON WEIR
              The  head on the weir corresponds to the gage division
              intersected by the surface  of  the liquid.  In the
              above diagram H=2 feet.

              Case II - Zero gage elevation  is at some gage
                       division other than  "0"
              The  diagram below illustrates  this case when the
              1-foot division on the gage  is at the same elevation
              as the weir crest.
                                                       WEIR
                                                       CREST
          FIG. 2 -HEAD ON WEIR

Since the  head on the weir is the  difference between
zero gage  elevation and the gage division intersected
by the liquid surface, H=3-l=2 feet.

Having determined the head on the  weir, the flow
rate can be  obtained from a weir table.  The proper
table for  the type of weir in use  must be selected.
The use of weir  tables is shown below.
Page No.  11-10

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Measurement of Flow in an Open  Channel
                                by Sharp-Crested Weir
 Educational Concepts - Mathematics
                                                                  Section II
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
C.2 (Cont'd)
Use of weir tables.
1. 90° V-notch weir - Table I
This table lists flows corresponding to weir heads
ranging from 0.10' to 2.09'.  The flow for any head
in this range can be read directly from the table.
Example:  For H=0.65'
   At intersection of values of 0.60 in left-hand
   head column and 0.05 in top column, read
   0=0.852 cfs or 0.550 MGD
2. Standard Contracted Rectangular Weir - Table II
   Flows are given for various heads and for weirs
   having different crest lengths.
   Example:  Weir crest=3'
   H=0.26'
   Read from table Q=1.30 cfs or 0.84 MGD
3. Standard Suppressed Rectangular Weir - Table III
   The format of this table differs from that of
   Table II, in that the flow is given per foot of
   weir crest length.  Values obtained from the
   table must therefore be multiplied by the
   crest length of the weir to obtain the total
   flow.
   Example:  Weir crest length=10'
             H-1.01
   From table,  Q=3.33 cfs or 2.15 MGD
   This is the flow per foot of weir length;  there-
   fore the total  flow over the weir is
   Q=3.33 x 10=33.3 cfs or 21.5 MGD
                                                                    Ref.  3
                                                                    Ref.  3
                                                                   Ref. 3
                                                                             Page  Ho.  11-11

-------
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-------
'fluent Monitoring Procedure:
Measurement of Flow  in an  Open  Channel
by Sharp-Crested Weir
                                       TABLE 2

                           FLOW THROUGH RECTANGULAR WEIRS
                               WITH END CONTRACTIONS

                   Formula CFS = 3.33(L-0.2H)H3/2      MGD = CFS X .646

Head
Ft.
01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
07
.08
.09
10
.11
.12
n
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
LENGTH OF WEIR CREST IN FEET
1
CFS
003
.009
.017
.026
.037
.048
.061
074
.088
103
.119
.135
152
.169
.188
.206
.225
.245
.266
.286
.308
.329
.350
.373
.395
.419
.442
.465
.489
.514
.539
.564
.589
.615
.642
MGD
002
.006
.011
.017
.024
.031
.039
048
.057
067
.077
.087
.098
.110
.121
.133
.146
.158
.171
.185
.198
.212
.226
.241
.255
.270
.285
.301
.316
.332
.348
.364
.381
.397
.414
IVi
CFS MGD
.005
.014
.026
.040
.055
.073
.091
.112
.133
155
.178
.204
.230
.256
.285
.313
.342
.372
.404
.435
.468
.501
.534
.569
.603
.640
.675
.712
.750
.788
.827
.866
.905
.945
.987
003
.009
.017
026
.036
.047
059
072
.086
101
.116
.132
149
.166
.184
.202
.221
.240
.260
.281
.302
.323
.345
.367
.390
.413
.436
.460
.484
.509
.534
.559
.585
.610
.637
2
CFS
.007
.019
.034
.053
.074
.097
.123
149
.178
208
.241
.273
308
.343
.382
.419
.458
.499
.542
.584
.629
.673
.717
.765
.811
.860
.909
.958
1.009
1.061
1.114
1.167
1.220
1.275
1.332
MGD
.004
.012
.022
.034
.048
.063
.079
097
.115
.135
.155
.177
.199
.222
.246
.271
.296
.323
.349
.377
.405
.434
.463
.494
.524
.555
.587
.619
.652
.685
.719
.754
.788
.824
.859
3
CFS
010
.028
.052
080
.111
.146
184
225
.268
313
.363
.411
464
.517
.576
.632
.691
.753
.818
.882
.950
1.017
1.084
1.157
1.227
1.303
1.376
1.451
1.529
1.608
1.689
1.770
1.851
1.935
2.022
MGD
.006
.018
.034
.052
.072
.094
.119
145
.173
203
.234
.266
.300
.335
.372
.408
.447
.487
.527
.569
.612
.656
.701
.746
.793
.840
.889
.938
.988
1.039
1.090
1.143
1.196
1.250
1.304
4
CFS
013
.038
.069
.106
.148
.195
.246
300
.358
418
.485
.549
.620
.691
.770
.845
.924
1.007
1.094
1.180
1.271
1.361
1.451
1.549
1.643
1.745
1.843
1.944
2.049
2.155
2.264
2.373
2.482
2.595
2.712
MGD
009
.024
.045
069
.096
.126
159
194
.231
271
.312
.355
401
.447
.496
.546
.598
.651
.706
.762
.819
.878
.938
.999
1.062
1.125
1.190
1.256
1.324
1.392
1.461
1.532
1.603
1.676
1.750
5
CFS
016
.047
.086
133
.186
.244
.308
375
.448
523
.607
.687
776
.865
.964
1.058
1.157
1.261
1.370
1.478
1.592
1.705
1.818
1.941
2.059
2.187
2.310
2.437
2.569
2.702
2.839
2.976
3.113
3.225
3.402
MGD
Oil
.030
.056
086
.120
.158
199
243
.289
339
.390
.445
501
.560
.621
.684
.748
.815
.884
.954
1.026
1.100
1.175
1.252
1.330
1.410
1.492
1.575
1.659
1.745
1.832
1.921
2.011
2.102
2.195
               LEUPOLD & STEVENS, INC.
               HYDROGRAPHIC DATA BOOK, 8th Ed.
                                                                              Page No. 11-13

-------
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-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                 Measurement of Flow in  an Open Channel
                 by Sharp-Crested Weir
 Educational  Concepts - Mathematics
                                                              Section II
                       TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                   REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 D.I
A float gage  is  shown in Fig. 3, installed  in a
stilling well  for measurement of the head on the
weir (H).   The floor of the stilling well is level
with the bottom  of the channel in which  the liquid
is flowing.   In  order to use the gage to measure
                                     INDEX
                              STILLING WELL
                                                WEIR
              FIG. 3 - FLOAT GAGE INSTALLATION.

              the head on the weir, it must be "zeroed" under a
              set of known conditions, which are, for purposes
              of illustration, assumed to be as shown in the
              figure.  These conditions are as follows:

                Height of the weir crest above the  channel
                   floor - 1 foot

                Depth of liquid at the gage site - 2 feet

                Tape reading opposite gage index - 3 feet

              Under these conditions,  it is known that the head
              on the weir equals one foot, i.e. liquid depth  at
              the gage (2 feet)  minus  the distance from the floor
              of the channel to  the weir crest (1 foot).   There-
              fore  2 feet must be subtracted from the gage tape
              reading to obtain  the head on the weir.  Conse-
              quently,  by subtracting  2 feet from the tape
              reading under any  other  condition, the head  on  the
              weir will  be obtained.

              The following points  should be noted in connection
              with this  procedure:

                (a) If  the elevation  of the gage index is
                    changed, the gage must be re-zeroed.

                (b) If  the position of the tape on the pulley is
                    changed, the gage must be re-zeroed.

                (c) The tape must  be  installed so that the
                    numerical value of the tape reading in-
                    creases as  the depth of the flow increases.
                                                                          Page No.  11-15

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel
                                by  Sharp-Crested Weir
  Field and Laboratory Equipment
                                                           SECTION V
                        TRAINING GUIDE  NOTE
                                                    REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  A.3
  A.4
A side view of  a  channel in which a weir has been
installed is shown  in Fig. 4.
                        LIQUID SURFACE
                                               WEIR CREST

                                                     t, NAPPE
        FIG. 4 - WEIR INSTALLATION

The following definitions apply:

   Weir -  A notch of regular form through which
   liquid  flows.

   Weir Crest -  The edge over which the liquid
   f1ows.

   Sharp-crested Weir - A weir with a sharp upstream
   edge so formed that the liquid springs clear of
   the crest

   Head on Weir  (H) - upstream depth of liquid over
   the crest of  the weir.  For a V-notch weir, the
   depth is measured from the bottom of the notch.

   Nappe - the overflowing sheet of liquid.

   Free Discharge (free-flow) - when nappe
   discharges into the air.

   Submerged Discharge (submergence) - when liquid
   level downstream of the weir is at a higher
   elevation, or the same elevation as the weir
   crest,  so that the nappe discharges partially
   under water.

   Zero Gage Elevation - The division on the staff
   gage which is at the  same level as the weir
   crest.

Weirs are designated according  to the shape of the
notch through which the  liquid  flows.  The types
of weirs most commonly used to  measure wastewater
flows are:
Page Ho.  11-16

-------
FFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel
                by Sharp-Crested Weir
Field and Laboratory Equipment
                                                           Section V
                     TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                 REFERENCES/RESOURCES
A.4 (Cont'd)
1.  The 90° V-notch  (triangular) weir, which  has
   sides inclined 45° from the vertical.
                    METAL
                                         SECT. A-A
                FIG. 5 -  90° V-NOTCH WEIR
            (NOTE:  Triangular  weirs having  notch angles other
            than 90° may also be used.  Angles of 22-1/2°,
            45°, and 60°, will  sometimes be  seen.  Procedures
            for using these weirs are exactly the same as for
            the 90° weir, except that different formulas and
            weir tables apply.   It is necessary that the
            proper formula  or table be selected for the specific
            weir being used.)

            2.  The standard contracted rectangular weir, or
               weir with end contractions.
                          CREST
                             L=CREST
                         -L    LENGTH


                             SEE FIG. 5
                             FOR SECT. A-A
             FIG. 6 - WEIR WITH END CONTRACTIONS
                                                                      Page  No. 11-17

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Measurement  of Flow in an Open Channel
                              by Sharp-Crested Weir
 Field and  Laboratory Equipment
                                                               Section V
                       TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                  REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 A.4 (Cont'dl
 A.5
 A.6
3. The standard suppressed rectangular weir, or
   weir without end contractions.
                                            L=CREST
                                               LENGTH


                                            SEE  FIG. 5
                                            FOR SECT. A-A
" CREST^
A-*
— ^-
1
• • ... . | .
A^
— " —m
  FIG. 7 - SUPPRESSED WEIR
The weir  notch or weir  crest, as shown in  the above
illustrations, is cut with a sharp upstream edge
into a  relatively thin  metal plate that is mounted
on a supporting bulkhead.  The crest should be 1-2 mr
thick,  (3/64 to 5/64 inch).

A standard staff gage,  used for obtaining  head
measurements, is illustrated below:
                                    9 HI
                                    B-|
                                    7-f{
                                    B-=
                                    5-|
                                    4-f
                                    3-1
                FIG. 8 - STAFF

                GAGE SECTION

Commercially-available gages are generally made of
18 gage metal coated with  a substantial  thickness of
porcelain  enamel.  The standard gage is  4" wide and
3-1/3'  long.  The face of  the gage is white;  numeral
and graduations are black.  Gages may be made to any
length desired, using similar details.

A float gage  (Fig. 9) is a means of continuously
indicating liquid levels.  It consists of a metal
float, a pulley mounted on a standard, and a
Page No.  11-18

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel
                                by Sharp-Crested Weir
 Field and Laboratory Equipment
                                                                              Section V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 A.6 (Cont'd)
 B.I.I
 B.I.2
             FIG. 9 - FLOAT GAGE

counterweight.  A graduated stainless steel  tape is
attached to the float and connected at the other
end to the counterweight.  The float follows the
rise and fall of the liquid surface and the level
can be read from the tape and a pointer or
reference mark.  Tapes are available in-selected
lengths, and are graduated either in feet, tenths,
and hundredths for English measurements, or meters,
decimeters and centimeters for metric measurements.

The float gage is used extensively as a reference
gage in stilling wells to check the accuracy of
automatic head or flow recording devices.

The measured head will be too low if leakage of the
liquid occurs along the sides or bottom of the
bulkhead.  All observed leaks should be immediately
eliminated.

The upstream face of the bulkhead should be in a
vertical plane perpendicular to the axis of the
channel, for accurate results.

The bulkhead should be perpendicular to the
direction of liquid flow, for accurate results.

The weir crest must be horizontal  for standard
formulas and weir tables to apply.  The crest
should be checked periodically, and leveled if
required.
                                                                             Page No.  11-19

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                  Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel
                  by Sharp-Crested Weir
  Field  and  Laboratory Equipment
                                                                Section V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  B.I.2
  (Cont'd)
 B.I.3
 B.I.4
The gage division which is at the elevation of the
weir crest will be referred to as the "zero gage
elevation."  Its value must be known in order to
calculate the head on the weir.  When a weir in-
stallation is made, the zero gage elevation is
determined, but, since this may change for some
reason, it should be checked from time to time and
a new zero elevation established, if necessary.

Small nicks and dents can reduce the accuracy of a
weir installation.  Those that do occur should be
carefully dressed with a fine-cut file or stone,
stroking only in the plane of the upstream weir
face, the plane of the weir crest or sides, or the
plane of the chamfers.  Under no circumstances
should the upstream corners of the notch be rounded
or chamfered; nor should the shape of the weir
opening be changed by attempting to completely re-
move an imperfection.  Instead, only those portions
of the metal  that protrude above the norme.1 surfaces
should be removed.  In extreme cases, replacement
of the weir plate may be required.

Build up of extraneous material on the weir crest
can cause inaccurate results.   Such material  should
be cleaned off the weir plate prior to a head
measurement.

If the liquid level  downstream of the weir rises
high enough so that there is no air space under the
nappe, use of standard formulas and weir tables will
produce inaccurate results.  The nappe mus,t be
ventilated, i.e., have an air space underneath it.
Do not attempt to use the weir as a measuring device
if it is operating under a condition of submerged
discharge.

If the nappe does not spring completely free of the
weir, but clings to the downstream side wholly or in
part, an inaccurate result will be obtained.   The
cause of such a condition must be determined, and
the condition corrected, if good data are to be
secured.

Any large submerged or floating objects in the
channel  upstream of the weir should be removed.

Sediment deposits behind the weir structure can
affect the accuracy of the installation.  Deposited
material must be cleaned out when the vertical  dis-
tance from the top of the deposit to the weir crest
Page No.  11-20

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                  Measurement of Flow in an Open Channel
                  by Sharp-Crested Weir
 Field and Laboratory Equipment
                                                              Section V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 B.I.5
is one foot or less.  More frequent cleaning is
desirable.

A disturbance of the normal flow pattern will  affect
the accuracy of a measurement made while such  dis-
turbance exists.  If the normal flow is disturbed
for any reason in connection with obtaining a  head
reading, adequate time should be allowed before
making the reading, so that normal conditions  may
be re-established.
                                                                             Page No. 11-21

-------

-------
                         A PROTOTYPE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                         ROUTINE OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

                                     for the
                AMPEROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF FREE AND COMBINED
                           RESIDUAL CHLORINE IN WATER
                                 as applied in

                        WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                  and in the
                       MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                                Developed by the

                             National Training Center
                    Municipal Permits and Operations Division
                        Office of Water Program Operations
                       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CH.A.CL.EMP.2a.ll.74

                                                                         Page No.  12-1

-------

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Amperometric Determination of Free and Combined
                                Residual Chlorine in Water
This instructional  sequence was developed by:

   NAME      Paul F. Hall bach

   ADDRESS   EPA-WPO-National Training Center, Cincinnati, Ohio

   POSITION  Chemist Instructor

   EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

             B.S. - Chemistry

             14 years Industrial Chemist

             16 years HEW-FWPCA-EPA-Chemist
                                                                   Page No. 12-3

-------
 Effluent Monitoring Procedure:   Amperometric Determination of Free and Combined
                                 Residual  Chlorine in Water
 1.  Analysis Objectives

 2.  Brief Description of Analysis*
 1.  The operator will  be able to perform an  amperometric titration for the
    determination of free and combined residual  chlorine in water.
 2.  Free available residual  chlorine and combined residual  chlorine are titrated
    successively using an amperometric titrator.   The free  available residual
    chlorine is titrated first.   The sample pH is then dropped to 4 by adding
    buffer solution pH 4 and then potassium iodide is added to the sample.   The
    first titration will represent the free available residual chlorine while  the
    second titration will represent the combined  residual  chlorine.
 *Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th Ed., 1971
 APHA, Washington, D.C., p. 112
Page No.   12-4

-------
 Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Amperometric Determination of Free and Combined
                                 Residual Chlorine in Water
 General Description of Equipment used in the Process

 A. Capital Equipment

    1. Amperometric Titrator Assembly - Wallace and Tierman*

 B. Reusable

    1. 1 pipette (1 ml capacity)
    2. 1 pipette (5 ml capacity)
    3. 1 sample cup (to contain 200 ml)
    4. 1 plastic squeeze bottle

 C. Consumable**

    1. 1 bottle phenylarsene oxide solution 0.00564 N_ (16 ounce)
    2. 1 bottle pH 4 buffer solution (4 ounce)
    3. 1 bottle pH 7 buffer solution (4 ounce)
    4. 1 bottle potassium iodide solution (4 ounce)
    5. 1 bottle sodium chloride electrolyte tablets (8 ounce)
 *Mention of a specific brand name does not constitute endorsement by the
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

**Consumable reagents listed are available from Wallace X Tierman Industrial
 Products Division, 25 Main St., Belleville, NJ  07109
                                                                           Page No. 12-5

-------
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-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure: Amperometric Determination of Free and
                               Combined Residual Chlorine in Water
                                   TRAINING GUIDE

              SECTION                   TOPIC

                 I*              Introduction

                II               Educational Concepts - Mathematics

               III               Educational Concepts - Science

                IV               Educational Concepts - Communications

                 V*              Field and Laboratory Equipment

                VI               Field and Laboratory Reagents

               VII*              Field and Laboratory Analysis

              VIII               Safety

                IX               Records and Reports
*Training guide materials are presented here under the heading marked *.
 These standardized headings are used throughout this series of procedures,
                                                                             Page No. 12-11

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                   Amperometric  Determination of Free and
                   Combined  Residual  Chlorine in Water
                                                                          Sections  I  & V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
   I.B.I
   V.A.8.8a
The fundamental chemical  procedure involved
in the amperometric titrator is the neu-
tralization of an oxidizing agent (free
available chlorine) in a  sample of water by
the addition of a reducing agent of known
strength.  Immersed in the sample cell  unit
which produces a small direct current which
is proportional to the free chlorine present
in the sample.  The current is indicated on
a microammeter which is connected to the
cell unit.  As the reducing agent is added,
the amount of free chlorine is reduced, the
cell current decreases, and the micro-
ammeter pointer moves down scale.  The end
point of the reaction occurs when enough
reducing agent has been added to just
neutralize all of the free chlorine in the
sample.  When this point is reached, the
further addition of a small amount of re-
ducing agent no longer deflects the pointer
to the left.  On the titrator, the sample
volume and the strength of the reducing
agent have been selected  to make 1 mini-
liter of reducing agent equivalent to one
milligram per liter of chlorine.  When the
endpoint is reached, therefore, the volume
of reducing agent used represents the
chlorine concentration in mg/1.

Under the conditions specified in the
titration procedure, the titration can be
used to distinguish between free available
residual chlorine and combined residual
chlorine because the reducing agent em-
ployed reacts readily with free chlorine
but does not react with combined chlorine.
If either combined or total residual
chlorine is to be measured, potassium
iodide is added to the sample to produce
an amount of free iodine which is equiva-
lent to the original residual chlorine.
The reducing agent reacts readily with free
iodine so that the titration can be carried
out in a manner similar to that used for
free available residual chlorine
determination.

The electrolyte used in the inner chamber of
the cell has a tendency to crystallize out
on the contact springs and in the terminals
of the cell unit.  This may slightly corrode
  Page No. 12-12

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                   Amperometric Determination of Free  and
                   Combined Residual  Chlorine in Water
                                                                       Sections V & VII
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  VII.C.4.4b
the electrical contacts between the various
units.  Improper electrical connections
cause erratic microammeter pointer readings
during the titration.  Should any crystals
accumulate on the plastic cell unit, these
parts should be washed off with warm water.
CAUTION:  Never use water warmer than
100°F, as hot water softens the plastic.
When the titrator is not to be used for
extended periods, the cell unit should be
washed out to remove all electrolyte
tablets and solution, and stored dry.

If free available residual chlorine de-
terminations are to be made after potassium
iodide has been used in preceding titrations
the cell unit should be rinsed off in
several sample cups of water to remove
traces of potassium iodide solution and
buffer solution pH 4.

Occasionally, when potassium iodide is added
to the sample, the pointer will drop to the
left and will not come back on scale even
though the poteniometer is turned com-
pletely clockwise.  Under these conditions,
the cell unit is said to have lost its
sensitivity to iodine.  This situation is
likely to arise if the titrator has been
used to determine free chlorine only for
extended periods of time, i.e., the cell
unit has not been exposed to iodine for
prolonged periods.

The sensitivity of the cell unit can be re-
stored by adding enough free iodine to the
distilled water in the sample jar to create
a yellowish color.  The free iodine may be
in the form of tincture of iodine or may be
obtained by adding potassium iodide to a
strong chlorine solution.  Agitate the
sample for two or three minutes and then
allow the cell unit to stand in the iodine
solution for 10 to 15 minutes.  After this
treatment, the cell  unit should be rinsed
off throughly to remove all traces of
iodine.
                                                                          Page No.12-13

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                   Amperometric  Determination  of  Free and
                   Combined  Residual Chlorine  in  Water
                                                                         Section VII
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  VII.A.6
The main requirement as far as electrolyte
tablets are concerned is to have saturated
electrolyte solution inside the cell  unit at
all times.  Theoretically, this requirement
is not as long as any tablets and water are
in the cell unit.  The actual water level
inside the cell unit cannot be controlled
since this level tends to equalize with
(or even go below) the water level in the
sample jar through the porous wickinq.
  Page No.  12-14

-------
                      A  PROTOTYPE  FOR  DEVELOPMENT  OF
                      ROUTINE  OPERATIONAL  PROCEDURES

                                   for  the

                   AMPEROMETRIC  DETERMINATION  OF TOTAL
                      RESIDUAL  CHLORINE IN  WASTEWATER
                                as  applied  in

                       WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                 and  in  the
                      MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                             Developed  by  the

                         National  Training Center
                Municipal  Permits  and Operations Division
                   Cffice  of  Water Program Operations
                 U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION  AGENCY
:H.A.CL.EMP.3.11.74                                                   Page No.  13-1

-------

-------
ffluent Monitoring Procedure:  Amperometric Determination of Total  Residual
                               Chlorine in Wastewater
'his  instructional sequence was developed by:

  NAME      Paul F. Hall bach

  ADDRESS   EPA-WPO-National Training Center, Cincinnati, Ohio

  POSITION  Chemist-Instructor

  EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

            B.S. - Chemistry

            14 years  Industrial Chemist

            16 years  HEW-FWPCA-EPA-Chemist
                                                                               Mo.  13-3

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Amperometric Determination of Total Residual
                                Chlorine in Wastewater
1. Analysis Objectives

2. Brief Description of Analysis*
1. The operator will be able to perform an amperometric titration for the
   determination of total  residual chlorine in a sample of wastewater
   treatment plant effluent.

2. Residual chlorine present in wastewater is in the form of combined
   chlorine.  A "Back-Titration" procedure is used to determine the
   phenylarsene oxide excess and a formula used to calculate the
   concentration of total  residual chlorine in the sample.
^Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th Ed., 1971
APHA, Washington, D.C., p.  112
Page Mo. 13-4

-------
Effluent Monitoring Procedure:  Amperometric Determination of Total
                                Residual Chlorine in Wastewater
General Description of  Equipment used  in the Process

A. Capital Equipment

   1. Amperometric Titrator Assembly - Wallace and "Herman*

B. Reusable

   1. 1 pipette  (1 ml capacity)
   2. 1 pipette  (5 ml capacity)  '
   3. 1 sample cup (to  contain 200 ml)
   4. 1 plastic  squeeze bottle

C. Consumable**

   1. 1 bottle phenyl arsene oxide solution 0.00564N_  (16 ounce)
   2. 1 bottle pH 4 buffer solution (4 ounce)
   3. 1 bottle pH 7 buffer solution (4 ounce)
   4. 1 bottle potassium iodide solution (4 ounce)
   5. 1 bottle sodium chloride electrolyte tablets (8 ounce)
   6. Standard iodine solution 0.1 N_
   7. Standard iodine titrant 0.0282 r[
   8. Potassium  iodide  crystals
   9. Iodine crystals,  purified
*Mention of a specific  brand  name does  not constitute endorsement by the
  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency

r*Consumable reagents  listed are available from Wallace & Tierman Industrial
  Products Division, 25  Main St., Belleville, NO 07109
                                                                             Page No.13-5

-------
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           EXAMPLE

           Total phenylarsene oxide =5 ml.
           ml.  iodine equal to 5 ml. phenylarsene oxide -1 ml. (0.0282N solution)
           ml.  iodine to reach end point of "Back Titration"  = 0.6
           Excess phenylarsene oxide (from chart)            ~  3.0
                                 or (from formula)         =  5 x 0.6 =3.0
           ppm chlorine residual                           ~  5 - 3 =2

           EXAMPLE
           Total phenyiarsene oxide -10 ml.
           ml.  iodine equal to 5 ml. phenyiarsene oxide -1.2 ml.
           ml.  iodine to reach end point of "Back Titration" -0.4
           Excess piK-nyiarsene oxide (from char1.)           H.6 (approximately)
           ppm chlorine residual                          =10 -  1.6=8.4
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-------
                           A  PROTOTYPE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                           ROUTINE OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

                                       for the

                         DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SUSPENDED
                         (NON-FILTERABLE) SOLIDS, mg/liter
                                   as applied  in

                          WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                    and  in  the
                         MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                                 Developed by the
                              National Training Center
                     Municipal  Permits and Operations Division
                        Office  of Water  Program Operations
                       U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
:H.SOL.SUS.EMP.1.11.74                                               Page  No.  14-1

-------

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE: Total Suspended (Non-Filterable)  Solids,  mg/liter

This Operational Procedure was developed by:
       Name        Audrey Donahue
       Address     EPA, WPO, National  Training Center, Cincinnati,  Ohio
       Position    Chemist-Instructor
       Education and Technical Background
                   B.A. Edgecliff College
                   1 year Industrial Research Chemist
                   8 years Secondary School  Chemistry Instructor
                   4 years DHEW-DI Water Quality Program Chemist
                   4-1/2 years DI-EPA  Chemist-Instructor
                                                                       Page No. 14-3

-------
       EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Total  Suspended  (Non-Filterable)  Solids,
                                       mg/liter
       1.   Objective - To determine total  suspended  (non-filterable)  solids  on  a weight
           (mg/liter)  basis.


       2.   Description of Analysis  - A  well-mixed  sample  is  filtered  through a  weighed,
           standard glass fiber filter  disc  in  a filtration  assembly.  The filter disc
           with retained residue is dried  in an oven  at 103°-105°C  until  a constant
           weight is obtained.   The difference  between the weight of  the  filter disc
           plus residue (g)  and the original  weight of the filter disc (g) is divided
           by the milliliters  of sample filtered,  then multiplied by  1,000,000.  The
           final  result is recorded as  total  suspended (non-filterable) solids, mg/lite
      *Source of Procedure:   Methods  for Chemical  Analysis  of  Water  and  Wastes,  1971,
       Environmental  Protection Agency,  Analytical  Quality  Control Laboratory,
       Cincinnati, Ohio  p.  278.
Page Mo.  14-4

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Total Suspended (Non-Filterable)  Solids,
                                mg/liter
Operating Procedures:

A.  Prepare the filter disc

                   60 minutes in oven at 103°-105°C
	20-30 minutes in a desiccator	

B.  Prepare to test the sample
C.  Weigh the filter disc
D.  Seat the filter disc
E.  Filter the sample
F.  Wash down walls of filter apparatus
G.  Dry filter disc and residue

    J.I.  Clean the filtration equipment

                   60 minutes in oven at 103°-105°C
	20-30 minutes in a desiccator	

H.  Weigh filter disc and residue
I.  Check for complete drying

                   30 minutes in oven at 103°-105°C
	20-30 minutes in a desiccator	

    Finish check for complete drying

    J.2  Clean filter disc support


K.  Calculate total suspended (non-filterable) solids, mg/liter
L.  Report the data
                                                                        Page  No.  14-5

-------
       EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Total  Suspended  (Non-Filterable)  Solids,
                                       mg/liter

       Equipment and Supply Requirements
       A.  Capital Equipment:
              Balance, analytical,  capable of weighing  to 0.1  mg  under  a 200mg  load
              Oven, drying, for use at 103°-105°C,,
              Vacuum source or pump drawing 15 inches mercury

       B.  Reusable Supplies:
              1 Cylinder, graduated, 25 or 50 ml
              1 Cylinder, graduated, volume equal  to or greater than  the volume  of
                   sample to be filtered.   (100 ml  is commonly used.  For sample
                   volumes less than 10 ml, a wide-tip  pipet can  be used with  a
                   pi pet bulb to draw sample into  pipet.)
              1 Desiccator (for storing filter discs on watch  glasses,  etc.)
              1 Flask, suction, with side  arm, 1000 ml
              1 Hose connection from suction flask to vacuum source
              1 Pinchcock clamp to  use on  hose
              1 Filter holder:  membrane filter holder  assembly or Buchner funnel  or
                   Hirsch funnel.  The filter holder should have  a stopper which fits
                   into the mouth of the 1000 ml  suction flask.   Gooch  crucibles may
                   be used—one for each sample plus one adapter  to hold the crucibles
                   in the mouth of  the 1000 ml suction  flask.
              1 Support for filter  disc during drying  (watch glasses, etc., number
                   depends on number of samples).   If Gooch crucibles are used,  omit
                   this item.
              1 Pair Tongs or gloves,  etc., to remove crucibles or watch glass from
                   the oven
              1 Pair Forceps (flat, to handle filter discs)
              1 Wash Bottle, squeeze type  for distilled water
              1 Set Cork Borers
Page No.  14-6

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Total  Suspended  (Non-Filterable)  Solids,
                                mg/liter               »
C.  Consumable Supplies:

       Filter discs, glass fiber,  without organic  binder,  Reeve Angel  type
            934H or 984H, Gelman type A,  Whatman GF/C  or equivalent.   Diameter
            should be large enough so disc will cover  openings in  the  filter
            holder to be used.

       Marking ink to permanently  mark glass  or porcelain.  A marking  tool can
            be used instead.

       Notebook, bound

       Tissues, soft (for balance  work)

       Water, distilled
                                                                       Page  No.  H-7

-------
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-------
    EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Determination of Total  Suspended (Non-Filterable)
                                    Solids, mg/liter
                                      TRAINING GUIDE



                   SECTION                      TOPIC

                   *I                  Introduction

                   *II                 Educational Concepts-Mathematics

                    III                Educational Concepts-Science

                    IV                 Educational Concepts-Communications

                   *V                  Field & Laboratory Equipment

                    VI                 Field & Laboratory Reagents

                   *VII                Field & Laboratory Analysis

                    VIII               Safety

                   *IX                 Records & Reports
     *0nly these sections are used  in this  procedure.
Page No.  14-24

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
Determination of Total Suspended (Non-Filterable)
Solids, mg/liter
                                                                      Section I
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                   REFERENCES/RESOURCES
              Suspended solids are insoluble solids that are in
              suspension or dispersed -in water, wastewater, or
              other liquids.  These are largely removable by
              standard filtering procedures in a laboratory.

              The term "suspended solids" is used here to refer
              to the quantity of material removed from wastewater
              under specified laboratory test conditions.  The
              test described in this instruction can be found in
              the EPA Methods Manual on page 278, entitled "Solids
              Non-Filterable (Suspended)."

              The amount of suspended solids in samples can be
              used to indicate the efficiency of primary and
              final settling tanks and the quality of plant
              effluent.   Thus the results of this test are used
              for plant control  and for regulatory requirements.

              Another procedure to determine suspended solids can
              be found in Standard Methods on page 537, entitled
              "Total  Suspended Matter (Nonfiltrable Residue)."
              This method differs from the EPA method described
              in this EMP because Standard Methods does not
              include the Check for Complete Drying (operating
              Procedure I in the EMP).
                                     Glossary Water & Wastewater
                                     Control  Engineering.  1969.
                                     WPCF,  Wash.,  DC  20016
                                     Methods  for Chemical
                                     Analysis of Water and
                                     Wastes.  1971.   EPA-NERC-
                                     AQCL,  Cincinnati, OH
                                     45268
                                     Standard  Methods  for  the
                                     Examination of Water  and
                                     Wastewater.   13th ed.,
                                     1971.   APHA,  New  York,  NY
                                     p.  537
                                                                             Page No.  1"-2E

-------
 EFFLUENT MONITORING  PROCEDURE:  Determination of Total Suspended (Non-Filterable) Solids
                                mg/liter
                                                                         Section II
                         TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 1.148.2)
 K.8a.
EXAMPLE of constant weights that differ only by a
possible balance error of ± O.OOOlg (0.1  mg)

 rue weight = 0.1286g

 st wt. obtained = 0.1287g (True + 0.1  mg)
2nd wt. obtained = 0.1285g (True - 0.1  mg)
      Difference = 0.0002g
          »
 hus to agree within possible balance error, the
difference between the two weights should not be more
than 0.0002g (0.2 mg).

[XAMPLE of an acceptable difference between succes-
 ive weights where the difference is not more than
O.OOOSg (0.5 mg):

 st wt.  obtained = 0.1287g
2nd wt.  obtained = 0.1283g
       Difference = 0.0004g (0.4 mg)
Use the 2nd wt.  obtained.

Rounding results to the nearest whole mg:  If the
ligit 0,1,2,3 or 4 is dropped, the preceding digit
is not altered.

EXAMPLE:  10.4 mg is rounded to 10 mg
               if the digit 5 is dropped, the preceding digit is
               ounded off to the nearest even number.

              EXAMPLES:  10.5 mg is rounded to 10 mg
                         11.5 mg is rounded to 12 mg

              If the digit 6,7,8 or 9 is dropped, the  preceding
               iigit is increased by one unit.

               EXAMPLE:  10.6 mg is rounded to 11  mg
Standard Methods for t
Examination of Water a
Wastewater. 13th ed.,
APHA, New York, NY  p.!
                                                       U.S.  EPA,  Handbook for
                                                       Analytical  Quality Cont
                                                       in Water and Wastewater
                                                       Laboratories.  1971.   N
                                                       AQCL, Cincinnati, OH
                                                       p. 7-2
Page No.  14-26

-------
 FFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                   Determination of Total Suspended (Non-Filterable) Solids
                   mg/liter
                                                                       Section V
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                       REFERENCES/RESOURCES
.4a.
\.lc.
J.
J.lf.
J.2c.
\.19a.
5.5a.
I.3a.
Gooch crucibles or filter disc supports (watch
glasses, etc.) should have identification marks which
will not be lost at the oven temperature of 103°-
105°C.  Gooch crucibles with this type marking can
be purchased from laboratory supply companies.  You
can permanently mark glass or porcelain surfaces with
an electrical marking tool or with marking ink
followed by firing in a flame.  You can purchase the
tool or ink, or you can make marking solutions of
ferric chloride or of ordinary blue-black ink forti-
fied with a few grams of dissolved iron-potassium
tartrate.  The marks are melted onto the surface by
firing in a flame or oven.

The suction flask does not require cleaning.  Using
a soft brush, clean all other equipment with soap
or detergent.  If stronger cleaning measures are
required, soak equipment in dilute acid or chromic
acid cleaning mixture.

After cleaning, rinse the equipment three times with
tap water and three times with distilled water.

The following do not have to be completely dry
before using:  Gooch crucibles, filter funnels,
filter holders, suction flasks.

The following should be completely dry before using:
graduated cylinders for measuring samples, filter
supports such as watch glasses.

Desiccants are hygroscopic materials capable of
absorbing moisture from air.   Silica gel (Si02) and
calcium sulfate (CaS04) are two commonly used
desiccants available from laboratory supply companies
These change color as they become saturated.   The
moisture can be removed from the desiccant by heating
it in an oven.
                                                                    Hamilton  and  Simpson,  Quan-
                                                                    titative  Chemical  Analysis.
                                                                    1958.  Macmillan,  NY, NY
                                                                    p.  40
U.S. EPA, Handbook for
Analytical Quality Control
in Water and Wastewater
Laboratories. 1972. AQCL-
NERC, Cincinnati, OH
                                                                             Page  No.  14-27

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Determination of Total Suspended (Non.F1lterable) Solids,
                                 mg/liter
                                                                       Section VII
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                      REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 B.2a.
COLLECTION OF SAMPLES FOB THIS TEST:

Samples shouTd be collected from a preagreed site
by a preagreed technique known to all  parties con-
cerned.  You should be familiar with  the following
information since you record most of  it on your
laboratory data sheet.  You may be responsible for
actually collecting the sample; consult your super-
visor.

LOCATION -
Plant control and self-monitoring requirements will
be the basis for selecting places to  collect samples
Final collection points should be such that samples
drawn there are as representative of  the entire
sample source as possible.  Consult your supervisor.

IDENTIFICATION -
Each collection location should be assigned a number
or simple identification code.  Use this to label
samples from that location and to record on the lab
data sheet.

TYPE -
Permit requirements determine whether a grab or a
composite sample will be collected; consult your
supervisor.  Mark type on sample container and on
laboratory data sheet.

TIME OF COLLECTION -
Mark time and date on sample container and on lab
data sheet.

CONTAINER -
The analyst should know what volume container is
required for each sample source.  Containers should
be capped, of resistant (to adsorption of solids)
glass or plastic.  Clean used containers by rinsing
with dilute hydrochloric acid solution, with tap
water (3 rinses) and with distilled water (3 rinses)
Shake out excess water.

COLLECTION -
Rinse container two or three times with sample, then
collect the sample.  Consult the analyst about the
volume required from each sample source.  Exclude
very large solids like leaves, sticks, fish, lumps
of fecal matter, etc.  Put cap on container.
                                                                     Standard Methods for the
                                                                     Examination of Water and
                                                                     Wastewater.  13th ed.,
                                                                     1971.  APHA, New York, NY
                                                                     p. 367
                                                                     Ibid.
                                                                     Ibid., p. 288.
                                                                     Methods for Chemical
                                                                     Analysis of Water and
                                                                     Wastes.  1971.  EPA-NERC-
                                                                     AQCL, Cincinnati, OH
                                                                     p. 278
Page No.  14-28

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  Determination  of Total Suspended  (Non-Filterable) Solids,
                                mg/liter
                                                                       Section VII
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 E.2b.
 G.3b.
 G.3c.
SIGNATURE -
Sample Collector should sign name on container or
label so this information can be recorded on the
lab data sheet.

STORAGE -
It is not practical to preserve and store these
samples.  Analyze promptly to minimize chemical
and/or physical changes.

You want to filter a volume of sample such that
prolonged drying times are not required but that
will yield a significant weight of residue (at least
0.0025g)  on the filter disc.

Experience with samples from the same locations will
help you choose such volumes.

One useful guide (except for samples containing a
very high concentration of suspended matter, or
which filter very slowly) is to select a sample
volume of 14 ml or more per square cm of filter
area. (Recall that for a circle, area = 3.14 times-
radius squared.)

You can also use turbidity to estimate sample size.
If the sample has a turbidity of 50 units or less,
filter a liter of sample.  For turbidity greater
than 50 units, filter sufficient sample to yield
up to 50 mg*and not more than 100 mg of residue.
(If you are using a Gooch crucible, 50 mg is the
practical limit due to drying requirements.)

The time required for complete drying depends on
the amount and nature of the solids on the filter
disc.  The drying time given in this procedure is
the MINIMUM time to be used.

1.  If the solids have a glassy, wet appearance
    after the MINIMUM drying time, increase this
    drying time.

    If you routinely run this test on samples from
    the same source and check them for complete
    drying (see I. in the procedure), you could
    choose a smaller sample volume for future
    determinations so that a longer drying time will
    not be necessary.
                                                                     Standard Methods for the
                                                                     Examination of Water and
                                                                     Wastewater.  13th ed.,
                                                                     1971.  APHA, New York, NY
                                                                     p. 537
                                                                     Ibid, p. 291
                                                                             Page No.  14-29

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                  Determination of Total  Suspended (Non-Filterable)
                  Solids, mg/liter
                                                                         Section VII
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
  I.
  K.2c.
The need to verify the complete drying of the filter
plus residue is important enough to warrant the
extra time required to make this check.   The weight
of traces of water allowed to remain in the residue
would contribute significant error to the final
results in this test.   The check for complete drying
presented in this section depends on obtaining a
constant (same) weight after repeating the heating,
cooling and weighing cycle for the filter plus
residue.

If the weight of the residue is less than 0.0025g,
there is not enough weight to be significant for
this direct weighing method.
Methods for Chemical
Analysis of Water and
Wastes.  1971. EPA-NERC
AQCL, Cincinnati, OH
p. 279
Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and
Wastewater.  13th ed.,
1971.  APHA, New York, NY
p. 291
Page Mo. 14-30

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:
                 Determination of Total Suspended (Non-Filterable)
                 Solids, mg/liter
                        TRAINING GUIDE MOTE
                                                    REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 B.2b.
 C.4b.
 E.la.
 H.6a.
 I.lOa.
 K.9b.

 B.2c.
 C.4d.
 E.lc.
 H.6c.
 I.lOc.
 K.lb.

 L.la.
All laboratory records must be kept for three
years, preferably in a-permanently bound notebook.
The time period is required by regulatory agencies.
Attached as the next page is a typical laboratory
data sheet for recording weights and for the
later calculation of final results for suspended
solids determinations.
Depending on your organizational set-up, it may
be your job responsibility to enter this data on
the plant operation record, state report form,
etc.  Check with your supervisor.
                                                                             Page No.  14-31

-------
                                    Typical Laboratory Data Sheet

                                                 for

                          TOTAL SUSPENDED (NON-FILTEKABLE) SOLIDS, ing/liter

                          Name of Plant
STEP
B.2
B.2
B.2
B.2
C.4
E.I
E.8
H.6
1. 10
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.14
C.7
K.3
K.5
K.7
K.9
1.15
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
Identification
Type (grab, etc.)
Date & Time Collected
Sample Collector
Filter Identification
Date & Time Analysis began
ml Sample Filtered
1st weight of Filter*
plus Residue (g)
2nd weight of Filter*
plus Residue (g)
Difference (lst-2nd)
3rd weight of Filter*
plus Residue (g)
Difference (2nd-3rd)
Final weight of Filter*
plus Residue (g)
Weight of Filter* (g)
Find Difference (g) by subtracting
Line 14 from Line 13
Divide to 7 decimal places:
pine 15) difference (g)
(line 7) ml sample filtered
Multiply Line 16 by 1000 000
(move decimal point 6 places Rt.)
Round answer on Line 17
to nearest whole number
Analyst
SAMPLE



















SAMPLE



















SAMPLE
INS #1
GRAB
5/1/74 0900
Tom Sampler
WG2
5/1/74 1100
67.0
0.1426
0.1416
0.0010
0.1413
0.0003
0.1413
0.1293
0.0120
0.0001791
179.1
179 mg/1
Mary Analyst

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
*"Filter" means the filter disc if a funnel type
 crucibles are used "filter" means the crucible
 filtration assembly is used.
containing a filter disc.
If Gooch
    Page No.  14-32

-------
                         A PROTOTYPE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
                         ROUTINE OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
                                     for the
                      REPORTING OF SELF - MONITORING DATA
                                 as applied in

                        WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                   and in the
                       MONITORING OF EFFLUENT WASTEWATERS
                                Developed by the

                            National Training Center
                  Academic and Direct Technical Training Branch
                    Municipal Permits and Operations Division
                       Office of Water Program Operations
                      U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WP.CH.EMP.2.11.74                                                  Page No.

-------

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:  REPORTING OF SELF-MONITORING DATA




This Procedure was developed by:

     Name      Charles E.  Sponagle

     Address   EPA, OWPO,  National Training  Center
               Cincinnati, Ohio 45268

     Position  Sanitary Engineer

     Education and Technical Background

               B.C.E.  - Manhattan  College,  1943

               M.S. in C.E.  - University of  Minnesota,  1948

               Professional  Registration:  State of New York

               With Federal  l.'ater  Pollution  Control Program since 1948,  with
               various assignments at Program Headquarters, Regional  Offices,
               and Field Stations, including positions  as

                 Staff Engineer, then Chief, Water Quality Section
                 Denver Regional Office

                 Staff Engineer, then Regional  Construction Grants Program
                 Director, Denver  Regional Office

                 Regional  Construction Grants Program Director,
                 Cincinnati  Regional  Office

                 Director, Colorado River Basin Water Quality Control  Project,
                 Denver Colorado

                 Industrial  Wastes Consultant,  Technical  Advisory and
                 Investigations Branch, Cincinnati, Ohio

                 Participation in  and Direction of numerous in-plant  industrial
                 waste surveys and stream studies in New  York, Colorado,
                 New Mexico, Maine, Utah

                 With  National  Training Center, September 1969 to date.
                                                                     Paqe No. 15-3

-------
  EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Reporting  of Self-Monitoring  Data

  1.   Objective:   To enable the student to complete  the NPDES Discharge
      Monitoring  Report,  EPA Form 1-40(4-74),  or EPA Form 3320-1(10-72).

  2.   Description of Procedure:

      Self-monitoring data  obtained  by a permit holder  under the  terms  of  his
      permit must be reported to the regulatory agency  periodically,  using the
      proper NPDES reporting form.   The manner in  which such data should be
      reported on EPA Form  T-40 is  illustrated in  this  procedure. Additional
      information required  to complete the form is also indicated.

           Assumed conditions used  to illustrate completion of  the form are:

                1.   Reporting of data on a  monthly  basis is required.

                2.   Self-monitoring data developed  over a period of  one
                     month  is as shown in Table I, Page 5

                3.   Effluent limitations specified  in  the permit are as
                     shown  on Table  II, Page 6

                4.   Monitoring requirements specified  in the permit  are
                     as shown in Table II,   Page 6

                5.   All  required data has been obtained in accordance
                     with permit requirements.
Page No.  15-4

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   Reporting  of  Self-Monitoring Data

                                          TABLE I
                                  SELF -  MONITORING DATA
                                      September 1974

Date

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Total
Average
SEWAGE FLOW RAW INFLUENT
Treated BOD,- T.S.S
D
gpd mg/1 mg/1
720,100
609,000
326,900 170 171
367,500
323,900
458,500 160 168
571,000
508,600
146,000 200 200
253,000
406,800
519,200 190 198
328,600
413,100
699,000
708,900 150 180
806,700
714,800
169,100
272,900 170 170
7T3.200
671,900
761,800 150 186
642,900
314,900
291,600 190 195
240,700
478,900
525,600 190 195
670,100
14,635,200
487,800
                                                       BOD5
                                                       mg/1
                                                        16
                                                        15
                                                        20
                                                        20
 FINAL EFFLUENT
T.S.S.      Fecal
          Coliform
 mg/1      N/100 ml
                                                        35
                                                        19
                                                        20
                                                        20
                                                        25
  12
  16
  25
  25
  60
  23
  20
  25
350
540
180
170
220
            240
110
130
280
PH


7.4
7.5
7.6
7.4
7.5
7.7
5.4
7.6
7.9
7.2
7.1
7.6
7.5
7.6
8.0
8.0
9.2
8.0
9.1
7.5
7.8
7.0
7.4
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.6
7.8
                                                                             Page No.  15-5

-------
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I certify that I am familiar with the information contained in this
report and that to the beat of my knowledge and belief such Infor-
mation ia true, complete, and accurate.
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-------
            EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   REPORTING OF SELF-MONITORING DATA
                                      TRAINING GUIDE

                SECTION                   TOPIC
                 *I                   Introduction

                 *II                  Educational  Concepts - Mathematics
                  III                 Educational  Concepts - Science
                  IV                  Educational  Concepts - Communication
                  V                   Field & Laboratory Equipment
                  VI                  Field & Laboratory Reagents
                  VII                 Field & Laboratory Analysis
                  VIII                Safety
                 *IX                  Records & Reports
             *Training guide materials are presented here under the headings marked*.
              These standardized headings are used throughout this series of procedures
Page No.  15-26

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   REPORTING OF SELF-MONITORING DATA
    INTRODUCTION
       Section I
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
REFERENCES/RESOURCES
               Holders of discharge permits issued by the U. S.
               Environmental Protection Agency are to report
               self-monitoring data either on EPA Form T-40
               (Fig. 10), or on EPA Form 3320-1 (Fig. 11).
               Form T-40 will be used temporarily, and will be
               furnished by EPA to municipalities for reporting
               purposes.  The T-40 form shown in Fig. 10 consists
               of the 3320-1 form, which has been overprinted
               for the reporting of data for basic parameters
               common to all municipal  wastewater discharges.
               As information for each  municipality is incor-
               porated into EPA's computer system, form 3320-1
               will  replace Form T-40.   For data reporting, a
               municipality will  then receive from EPA Form
               3320-1  on which the effluent parameters specific
               to that municipality will  be computer overprinted.
               Until  that time,  however,  data for any additional
               parameters to be  reported  which are not now in-
               cluded  in the overprint  on T-40 will  be entered
               by the  municipality, using as many additional
               blank copies of the form as are required.
               Completion of form T-40,  is illustrated in  this
               procedure for the  basic  parameters,  assuming that
               permit  conditions  are as  indicated  in Table II.
               Reporting of additional  parameters  would  be done
               in a  manner similar to that illustrated.
                                                                            Page No. 15-27

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-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   REPORTING  OF  SELF-MONITORING  DATA
     EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS -  MATHEMATICS
Section II
TRAINING GUIDE MOTE

E.I


















NOTE: In all of the calculations in this section,
rules for computation as given by Crumpler
and Yoe were followed. Crumpler, T. B. and
Yoe, J. H. Chemical Computations and Errors.
Wiley and Sons. N.Y. 1940.
Computation of Quantities of BOD discharged in Final
Effluent.
Pertinent reported data from Table I is listed in
the first three columns of the Table below. In
column 4 the flow has been converted from gpd
to MGD. The quantity of BODr is obtained by multi-
plying the value in column 3 (mg/1) by the value
in column 4 (MGD), and then multiplying the result
by the factor 3.78.
This is expressed in mathematical form as
Kg/day = MGD x mg/1 x 3.78
Example:
On September 3, Kg/day = 0.33 x 16 x 3.78 = 20
Date Flow BOD5 Flow BODR
gpd mg/1 MGD Kg/day
3 326,900 16 0.33 20
6 458,500 15 0.46 26
9 146,000 20 0.146 11.0
12 519,200 20 0.52 39
16 708,900 35 0.71 94
20 272,900 19 0.27 19
23 761,800 20 0.76 57
26 291,600 20 0.29 22
29 525,600 25 0.53 50
Total 190 338
1 QD
Average BOD5 = -~ = 21 mg/1
Average BOD,- = ^P- =37.5 Kg/day
0 -7
REFERENCES/RESOURCES
Crumpler, T. B. and Yoe,
J. H. Chemical Computat'
and Errors. Wiley and J
N.Y. 1940.



















Page No.  15-30

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   REPORTING  OF  SELF-MONITORING  DATA
    EDUCATIONAL  CONCEPTS  -  MATHEMATICS
                                                                        Section  II
                        TRAINING GUIDE MOTE
                                                                  REFERENCES/RESOURCES
F.I
               Computation  of  percent  BODg  removals.

               Pertinent  reported  data from Table  I  is  listed  in
               the first  three columns of the  Table  below.  The
               percent BOD5 removal  for each day appears  in
               column  4.

               The percent  removal  is  obtained by  subtracting  the
               concentration of BODs in the final  effluent from
               that in the  plant influent,  dividing  this
               difference by the concentration of  8005  in the
               influent,  and multiplying the result  by  100.  This
               can be  expressed in mathematical form as follows:
               «nn   Removal  -  Influent  BODt;  (mg/1) - Effluent BOD5
               %BOD5  Removal	Influint BODg  (mg/1}	5~


               Example:

                  On September 3,  %  BOD Removal = 170^016   x 100 = 91%
                                                                              x 100
                   Date

                     3

                     6

                     9

                    12

                    16

                    20

                    23

                    26

                    29

             Total          1,570       190

             Average         174       21

                 Average  BOD5  Removal =
BODc-mg/1
Inf. Eff.
170
160
200
190
150
170
150
190
190
16
15
20
20
35
19
20
20
25
                                                % Removal

                                                    91

                                                    91

                                                    90

                                                    89

                                                    77

                                                    89

                                                    87

                                                    89

                                                    87
                                                x 100 = 87.
                                                                             Page No.  15-31

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:    REPORTING OF SELF-MONITORING DATA
 EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - MATHEMATICS
Section II
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
.1














Computation of Quantities of Suspended Solids
Discharged in Final Effluent.
Pertinent reported data from Table I is listed in
the first three columns of the Table below. In
column 4 the flow has been converted from gpd to
MGD. The quantity of suspended solids is obtained
by multiplying the value in column 3 (mg/1) by the
value in column 4 (MGD), and then multiplying the
result by the factor 3.78. This is expressed in
mathematical form as:
KG/day = MGD x mg/1 x 3.78
Example: On September 3, Kg/day = 0.33 x 12 x 3.78
Date Flow T.S.S. Flow T.S.S.
gpd mg/1 MGD Kg/day
3 326,900 12 0.33 15
6 458,500 16 0.46 28
9 146,000 25 0.146 13.8
12 519,200 25 0.52 49
16 708,900 60 0.71 161
20 272,900 19 0.27 19
23 761,800 23 0.76 66
26 291,600 20 0.29 22
29 525,600 25 0.53 50
Total 225 424
Ai/o v* TI n/t T ^ ^ ~* *•'•*' _ 0 ^ n inn/I
nVcrayc 1 .0.0. ^ — £3.U iTly/ I
AOA
Awpranp T ^ ^ - - £7 1 Icn/Hav
rtVcrayc I .0*0. Q f/ . 1 Ky/udjr
REFERENCES/RESOURCES



= 15











Page No.  15-32

-------
IFFLUENT MONITORING  PROCEDURE:    REPORTING  OF  SELF-MONITORING  DATA

EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS - MATHEMATICS Section II
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
4.1
Computation of percent suspended solids removal.
Pertinent reported data from Table I is listed in
the first three columns of the Table below. The
percent suspended solids removal for each day
appears in column 4.
The percent removal is obtained by subtracting the
concentration of suspended solids in the final
effluent from that in the plant influent, dividing
this difference by the concentration of suspended
solids in the plant influent, and multiplying the
result by 100. This can be expressed in mathe-
matical form as follows:
„ T c o n , Influent T.S.S. (mq/1) - effluent
„ i.-.-. ucmovai Influent T.S.S. (mg/
Example:
fin ^an-t-nmKai- 1 V T t t i-omn\/;i 1 - ™ v 1 fifl
Date T.S.S. -mg/1 % Removal
Inf. Eff.
3 171 12 93.0
6 168 16 90.5
9 200 25 87.5
12 198 25 87.4
16 180 60 66.6
20 170 19 88.8
23 186 23 87.6
26 195 20 89.7
29 195 25 87.2
Total 1,663 225
Average 185 25
Average % Removal = ?Zf x 100 = 86.5%
REFERENCES/RESOURCES
T.S.S. (mg/1) ,QO
= 93.0%
                                                                            Page No. 15-33

-------
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE;    REPORTING OF SELF-MONITORING DATA
    EDUCATIONAL  CONCEPTS  -  MATHEMATICS
                                                           Section II
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 I.I
Computation of the Geometric Mean

Pertinent reported data from Table I is listed in
the first two columns of the Table below.  The
logarithm of the reported Coliform value appears in
column 3.  Note that two-place logarithms are used
in this calculation.  That is, the mantissa of the
logarithm (the numbers to the right of the decimal
point) contains only two numbers.  Two-place
logarithms are adequate since the coliform values
are reported only to two significant figures.

The logarithms in column 3 are added,  the total  is
divided by the number of values reported, and the
anti-logarithm of the quotient is obtained.  This
is the geometric mean.  It is reported to two
significant figures.
                  Date


                    3

                    6

                    9

                   12

                   16

                   20

                   23

                   26

                   29



                21.08
               Fecal  Coliform
                  N/100 ml

                    350

                    540

                    180

                    170

                    220

                    240

                    110

                    130

                    280
               Log of Fecal
                 Coliform

                   2.54

                   2.73

                   2.26

                   2.23

                   2.34

                   2.38

                   2.04

                   2.11

                   2.45
                         Total
                  21.08
                      = 2.34
                                           34
The antilogarithm of 2
is 220.  This is the
geometric mean.  If the
antilogarithm did not end
with a zero, the number
would be rounded to the
nearest ten for reporting
purposes.
Page No.  15-34

-------
TFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURE:   REPORTING  OF  SELF-MONITORING DATA
      RECORDS AND REPORTS
                                                            Section  IX
                        TRAINING GUIDE NOTE
                                                     REFERENCES/RESOURCES
 ,1.1.
:.1.3.3a
Reporting of minimum  and/or  maximum values may or
may not be required by  the permit-issuing author-
ity.  If not required,  a  dash  or an asterisk may
already be entered in either or both of these
spaces. The same  is true  for all  of the other
parameters shown, with  the exception of pH, for
which minimum and maximum values must be reported.
Overprinted forms may already  have either a dash
or an asterisk in this  space.   This also applies
to all other cases in this procedure where the
entry of a dash in a  space is  specified.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 197*1-657-588/5320 Region No. 5-11
                                                                Page No.  15-35

-------

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