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Road Map to Understanding Innovative
Technology Options for Brownfields
ivestigation and Cleanup, Fourth Edition
NEW AND UPDATED
RESOURCES
SPOTLIGHT ON
TECHNOLOGY ISSUES
New in the
Fourth Edition
To Access the Brownfields Road Map
and obtain periodic updates online, visit
the Brownfields and Land Revitalization
Technology Support Center at:
www.hrownfieldstsc.org
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September 2005
EPA-542-B-05-001
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS
INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP, FOURTH EDITION
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation
Washington, DC 20460
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
NOTICE
Preparation of this document has been funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under
Contract 68-W-02-034. The document was subjected to the Agency's administrative and expert review and
was approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The EPA Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation acknowledges and thanks the
individuals who reviewed and provided comments on draft documents. The reviewers included
representatives of business, community and grassroots organizations, EPA Headquarters and regional offices,
local government and city planning offices, and public interest groups.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CONTENTS
NOTICE i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii
BACKGROUND 1
INTRODUCTION 4
How to Use The Road Map 7
BEFORE YOU BEGIN 10
ROAD MAP OUTLINE 18
SITE ASSESSMENT 20
SITE INVESTIGATION 39
ASSESSMENT OF CLEANUP OPTIONS 58
CLEANUP DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 82
SPOTLIGHTS
51 OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES:
Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfields Sites 30
52 SUPERFUND REDEVELOPMENT 32
53 ALL APPROPRIATE INQUIRY:
Standards and Practices to Provide CERCLA Liability Protections 34
54 UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES 36
55 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES AND REVITALIZATION TOOLS - ELECTRONIC
(SMARTe) 38
56 KEYS TO TECHNOLOGY SELECTION AND ACCEPTANCE 51
57 THE TRIAD APPROACH:
Streamlining Site Investigations and Cleanup Decisions 52
58 DATA QUALITY AND REPRESENTATIVENESS:
Keys to Cost-Effective Site Investigation 53
59 SUPPORTING TRIBAL REVITALIZATION EFFORTS 54
510 INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT AND CLEANUP OF MINING SITES 56
511 STATE DRYCLEANER REMEDIATION PROGRAMS:
An Innovative Approach to Cleanup 77
512 REMEDIATING MANUFACTURED GAS PLANT SITES:
Emerging Remediation Technologies 78
513 PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:
A Growing Field 79
514 CLEANUP OF DENSE NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS:
A Widespread Challenge 81
515 VAPOR INTRUSION
An Emerging Concern at Brownfields Sites 90
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
S16 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:
Major Concepts and Issues 91
APPENDICES
A GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES A-1
B LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS B-1
C LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS C-1
D HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS D-1
INDEX OF RESOURCES 1-1
iv
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Q A IX A n AI IKI r\ Section 101 of the Comprehensive Environmental
D/\ w l\0 r\U U IN IJ Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
defines brownfields sites as "real property, the
expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be
complicated by the presence or potential presence of a
hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant."
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
established its Brownfields Economic Revitalization
Initiative to empower states, communities, and other
stakeholders in economic revitalization to work
together to accomplish the redevelopment of
brownfields sites. With the enactment of
the Small Business Liability Relief and
Brownfields Revitalization Act in 2002,
EPA assistance was expanded to provide
greater support for brownfields cleanup
and reuse (see the inset box on page 2).
Many states and local jurisdictions also
help businesses and communities adapt
environmental cleanup programs to the
special needs of brownfields sites.
Preparing brownfields sites for productive
reuse requires integration of many
elementsfinancial issues, community
involvement, liability considerations,
environmental assessment and cleanup,
regulatory requirements, and moreas well
as coordination among many groups of
stakeholders. The assessment and cleanup
of a site must be carried out in a way that
integrates all these factors into the overall
redevelopment process. In addition, the
cleanup strategy will vary from site to site.
At some sites, cleanup will be completed
before the properties are transferred to new
owners. At other sites, cleanup may take
place simultaneously with construction
and redevelopment activities.
Regardless of when and how cleanups are
accomplished, the challenge to any brownfields
program is to clean up sites in accordance with
redevelopment goals. Such goals may include cost-
effectiveness, timeliness, avoidance of adverse effects
to site structures and neighboring communities, and
redevelopment of land in a way that benefits
communities and local economies.
Regulators and site managers are increasingly
recognizing the value of implementing a more
dynamic approach to streamline assessment and
cleanup activities at brownfields sites. This
approach, referred to as the Triad, is flexible and
recognizes site-specific decisions and data needs.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 1
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act
Since its inception in 1995, EPA's Brownfields Program
has grown into a proven, result-oriented initiative that has
changed the way contaminated property is perceived,
addressed, and managed. Through passage of the Small
Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization
Act (Public Law 107-118; H.R. 2869) in January 2002,
effective policies that EPA had developed over the years
were passed into law. The Brownfields Law expanded
EPA's assistance by providing new tools that the public
and private sectors could use to promote sustainable
brownfields cleanup and reuse.
The law modified EPA's existing brownfields grants and
technical assistance program by:
Increasing the funding authority up to $200 million per
year
Providing grants for assessments, revolving loan
funds, direct cleanups, and jobtraining
Expanding the entities, properties, and activities
eligible for brownfields grants
Expanding the Brownfields Program's applicability to
sites with petroleum contamination such as
abandoned gasoline stations
Providing authority for brownfields training, research,
and technical assistance
Allowing up to 10 percent of the grant funds to be used
to monitorthe health of exposed populations and
enforce any instutional controls
Brownfields grants continue to serve as the foundation of
EPA's Brownfields Program by funding environmental
assessment, cleanup, and job training activities.
Brownfields Assessment Grants provide funding for
brownfields inventories, planning, environmental
assessments, and community outreach. Brownfields
Revolving Loan Fund Grants provide funding to capitalize
loans that are used to clean up brownfields sites.
Brownfields Job Training Grants provide environmental
training for residents of brownfields communities.
Brownfields Cleanup Grants provide direct funding for
cleanup activities at certain properties with planned
green space, recreational, orother nonprofit uses.
The law changed and clarified Superfund liability:
Clarified Superfund liability for prospective
purchasers, innocent landowners, and contiguous
property owners
Provided liability protection for certain small-volume
waste contributors and contributors of municipal solid
waste
The law created a strong, balanced relationship between
the federal government and state and tribal programs:
Authorized up to $50 million peryearfor building and
enhancing state and tribal response programs and
expanded the activities eligible forfunding
Provided protection from Superfund liability at sites
cleaned up under a state program
Preserved the federal safety net by detailing the
circumstances in which EPA can revisit a cleanup
Clarified the state role in adding sites to the Superfund
National Priorities List (NPL)
EPA's investment in the Brownfields Program has
resulted in many accomplishments, and the momentum
generated by the program is leaving an enduring legacy.
EPA's Brownfields Program continues to look to the
future by expanding the types of properties it addresses,
forming new partnerships, and undertaking new
initiatives to help revitalize communities across the
nation. Additional information on the Brownfields Law is
available at www.epa.gov/brownfields/sblrbra.htm.
The Triad approach focuses on management of decision
uncertainty by incorporating (1) systematic project
planning; (2) dynamic work planning strategies; and (3)
use of real-time measurement technologies, including
innovative technologies, to accelerate and improve the
cleanup process. The Triad approach can reduce costs,
improve decision certainty, expedite site closeout, and
positively affect regulatory and community acceptance.
This approach is well aligned with brownfields site
priorities, which are affected by the economics of
redevelopment, community involvement, and liability
considerations.
Numerous technology options are available to assist
those involved in brownfields cleanup. EPA's Office of
Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation
(OSRTI) encourages use of smarter solutions for
characterizing and cleaning up contaminated sites by
advocating more effective, less costly technological
approaches. Use of innovative technologies to
characterize and clean up brownfields sites provides
opportunities for stakeholders to reduce cleanup costs
and accelerate cleanup schedules. Often, innovative
approaches are also more acceptable to communities.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA defines an innovative technology as one that has
been used in the field but that does not yet have a
long history of full-scale use. In addition, data about
the cost and performance of innovative technologies
may not be sufficient to encourage decision-makers to
select those technologies over established
technologies. A primary area of interest to EPA is
documenting and disseminating information about
the cost and performance of innovative technologies.
EPA, through its work with the Federal Remediation
Technologies Round table (FRTR), has seen significant
progress in this area. Innovative technologies are
being used in many cleanup programs to assess
contamination and to clean up sites.
Comprehensive information about the range of
innovative technologies and their use as well as
technical expertise pertinent to them, is available from
EPA's Brownfields and Land Revitalization
Technology Support Center (BTSC). The BTSC is
coordinated through OSRTI and is supported by
EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD).
The center works closely with EPA's Office of
Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in
partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL).
Established in 1999 as a pilot program, the BTSC
assists brownfields decision-makers by presenting
strategies for streamlining site assessment and
cleanup, identifying information about technology
options, evaluating plans and documents, describing
complex technologies for communities, and providing
demonstration support (see page 14 for more
information about the BTSC).
An emerging technology is an innovative technology that
is currently undergoing bench-scale testing in which a
small version of the technology is tested in a laboratory.
An innovative technology is atechnology that has been
field-tested and applied to a hazardous waste problem at
a site but that lacks a long history of full-scale use.
Information about its cost and how well it works may be
insufficientto support prediction of its performance
under a wide variety of operating conditions.
An established technology is a technology forwhich
cost and performance information is readily available.
Only after a technology has been used at many different
sites and the results have been fully documented is that
technology considered to be established.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 3
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
INTRODUCTION
The "Road Map to Understanding Innovative
Technology Options for Brownfields Investigation and
Cleanup," Fourth Edition, includes new and updated
resources to assist in identification and selection of
innovative site characterization and cleanup
technologies for brownfields redevelopment. The
Road Map provides a general outline of the steps in
the investigation and cleanup of a site slated for
redevelopment and introduces brownfields
stakeholders to the range of innovative technology
options and resources available to them. The Road
Map provides valuable information for a wide range
of stakeholders involved in or affected by
redevelopment of brownfields sites, whether through
public projects, private developments, or
public-private partnerships. The Fourth
Edition has been expanded significantly to
include new and updated resources and
supplemental information.
The First Edition of the Road Map, which was
published in 1997, provided a broad overview
of EPA's Brownfields Program and an outline
of the steps involved in the cleanup of a
brownfields site. Designed primarily for
stakeholders who were unfamiliar with the
elements of cleaning up a brownfields site, the
Road Map built awareness of the advantages
offered by innovative technologies. As the
Brownfields Program matured, the Second and
Third Editions were published in 1999 and
2001, respectively, to update information and
resources associated with the program and
innovative technologies. Those editions were
accompanied by a CD-ROM to provide easier
access to the wide range of information and
resources included in the Road Map.
The new Fourth Edition has been developed to
continue to serve audiences who are new to the
Brownfields Program as well as provide new and
updated technical information to audiences with
more experience and technical qualifications.
Updated with 71 new resources and one-page
descriptions of technologies, processes, and
initiatives that affect the consideration and use of
innovative technologies, the newest edition of the
Road Map will help:
New and less experienced stakeholders learn about
EPA's Brownfields Program and site cleanup in
general.
Decision-makers who are familiar with the
Brownfields Program but are also interested in
obtaining more detailed information about
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
technologies. The Road Map provides these users
with up-to-date information about the
applicability of innovative technologies and ready
access to the latest resources that can assist them
in making their technology decisions.
Stakeholders who hire or oversee site cleanup
professionals (such as environmental consultants,
cleanup contractors, technology vendors, or
analytical laboratories). The Road Map provides
these stakeholders with a detailed understanding
of the different phases of cleanup of a brownfields
site and presents information about the role that
cleanup professionals play in the process and
about how to encourage consideration of use of
innovative technologies.
Regulators by increasing their understanding of
the advantages that innovative technologies and
approaches may provide throughout the cleanup
process. The Road Map also serves as a resource
that regulators can use to provide site owners,
service providers, and other stakeholders with
useful information about the Brownfields
Program.
Community members by providing information
about the general site cleanup process as well as
guidelines and mechanisms that ensure that they
are involved in the decision-making process.
Other stakeholders, such as financial institutions
and insurance agencies, by providing information
for their use in assessing and minimizing the risk
associated with brownfields redevelopment.
It is important to understand that the site
characterization and cleanup process may not occur in
the sequence outlined in the following sections. At
many sites, several activities may be undertaken
concurrently, and some steps may recur throughout
the process. For example, many technologies that are
used for characterizing sites during the preliminary
phases of a brownfields project may be appropriate for
use in later stages of a site cleanup. Understanding the
logical progression of the process is crucial to ensuring
that the proper groundwork is laid for future phases
and in determining whether activities can be combined
or implemented concurrently.
The Road Map is not an official guidance document.
Rather, it draws upon EPA's experiences with
brownfields and Superfund sites, corrective action
sites under the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA), and underground storage tank (UST)
sites. Specific conditionssuch as the kinds and
amounts of contamination, the proposed reuses of the
property, the financial resources available, and the
level of support from neighboring communitiesvary
from site to site.
New in the Fourth Edition
Addition of 71 new resources identified with a "new
resource" icon
Updates of 18 resources identified with an "updated
resource" icon
Removal of approximately 40 resources that have been
discontinued or are no longer available
Updates and additions to the one-page spotlights on specific
topics that identify and describe key technologies,
processes, and initiatives that affect the use and
consideration of innovative technologies at brownfields sites
Updates to programmatic information and organizational
changes resulting from the passage of the Small Business
Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act
Revision of Appendix A to provide additional information
about typical contaminants found at brownfields sites
and the technologies used to investigate and remediate
these sites
Expansion of Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary
of Key Terms
Updates to brownfields and technical support contacts
identified in Appendix C
Updates to document ordering information included in
Appendix D
Elimination of the Road Map CD-Rom. With improved
Internet access and the opportunity to provide more
frequent updates, all publications and links are available
online at www.brownfieldstsc.org
How to Submit Comments
EPA invites comments from the members of the
brownfields community to help ensure that any future
versions of the Road Map meet their needs. Please
submit comments to:
Dan Powell
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Superfund Remediation and
Technology Innovation
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
E-mail: powell.dan@epa.gov
Telephone: (703) 603-7196
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 5
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
How to Obtain Additional Copies
Portable document format (pdf) and HTML versions
of the Road Map are available for viewing or
downloading at the Brownfields and Land
Revitalization Technology Support Center Web site at
iviviv.broivnfieldstsc.org. A printed or hard copy
version can also be ordered directly from that site.
If you do not have access to the Internet, a printed or
hard copy version of this document can be obtained
from the following source:
National Service Center for
Environmental Publications
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419
Telephone: (800) 490-9198 or (513) 489-8190
Fax: (513)489-8695
When ordering the Road Map, refer to document
number EPA 542-B-05-001.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
How to Use the Road Map
The Road Map and the resources described in it have been organized into sections corresponding to the
general phases of site characterization and cleanup, from early planning through implementation of the
remedy.
The first section, Before You Begin, discusses important factors that set the stage for the characterization and
cleanup of brownfields sites and lists applicable resources. Regulatory guidelines for the process are
introduced, and innovative technologies are discussed within the overall framework of the selection of site
characterization and cleanup technologies.
ฆ Before You Begin
The remaining four sections of the Road Map summarize the general phases of the
characterization and cleanup of potentially contaminated sites: Site Assessment, Site
Investigation, Assessment of Cleanup Options, and Cleanup Design and Implementation.
Each section:
Describes the objectives to be accomplished
Outlines the key questions to be answered
Summarizes the activities to be undertaken
Lists information resources available to
assist in selecting technologies. Within
each section, the resources are listed in
alphabetical order in three categories:
A Technology resources relevant to the phase provide general information about
technologies and their application in the four phases delineated in the Road Map.
B. Site-specific resources provide information about the application of innovative
technologies to specific contaminants and site types.
C Technology-specific resources present detailed information about specific
technologies and their application to specific contaminants and media.
Indicates specific actions to be taken at
the completion of the phase
The graphic on page 18 provides an overview of the general phases of the site
characterization and cleanup process, identifies some of the factors and questions
potentially affecting the course of the process, and directs users to relevant sections of the
Road Map.
Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 7
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Resources: Components of Each Entry
Title of resource
Title of resource
This icon denotes resources newly
included in the Fourth Edition.
Publication number
Clarifying DQO Terminology Usage to
Support Modernization of Site Cleanup
Practices (EPA 542-R-01-014) ^
This report, which was developed by EPA, addresses
the need to clarify DQO terminology use in order to
support modernization of environmental restoration
activities. The document presents a basic conceptual
understanding of DQO-related terms in a way that
facilitates systematic project planning in the context
of site cleanups. A list of descriptions of DQO-
related terms and concepts appears first in the report,
followed by a more detailed discussion of the
interrelationships among the concepts.
This icon denotes resources
updated in the Fourth Edition.
ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental
Site Assessments: Phase II
Environmental Site Assessment Process
(E1903-97(2002))
Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses a
framework for employing good commercial and
customary practices in the United States during
Phase II environmental site assessments of
commercial property with respect to the potential
presence of a range of contaminants within the
scope of CERCLA as well as petroleum products.
The guide, which is available at a cost, can be
ordered online at www.astm.org.
onlii
/
Description of the resource
** Please note that in the Fourth Edition, the information about where to download the resource is no longer
included with the entry. All resources may be accessed through iviviv.broivnfieldstsc.org
The Road Map is intended to identify and answer questions related to selection of technologies rather than
questions related to other brownfields issues. Please note that the key questions and discussions of activities
to be conducted are intended to guide the reader in identifying issues that should be addressed. To serve as
guideposts in the cleanup process, the questions take the point of view of the various groups involved in the
process. The questions ask what stakeholders as a group working togetherthe "we" of each questionmust
do as assessment and cleanup progress.
c UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS AT
BROWNFIELDS SITES
Spotlights
Like the previous edition, this edition of the Road Map
includes brief descriptions that "spotlight" key technologies,
processes, and initiatives that affect the use and consideration
of innovative technologies for the characterization and
cleanup of brownfields sites. The spotlights are included in
the sections of the Road Map that are most relevant. Each
spotlight also includes information about additional
resources, as appropriate. The following spotlights have been updated for the Fourth Edition:
"Other Redevelopment Initiatives" "Underground Storage Tanks at Brownfields Sites"
"Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance" "Phytoremediation Technology"
"The Triad Approach" "Cleanup of Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids"
"Data Quality and Representativeness" "Understanding the Role of Institutional Controls
"State Dry Cleaner Remediation Programs" at Brownfields Sites"
"Remediating Manufactured Gas Plant Sites"
Six new spotlights have been added to the Fourth Edition of the Road Map:
"Superfund Redevelopment Initiative" "Vapor Intrusion"
"All Appropriate Inquiry" "Innovative Approaches to Assessment and
"Sustainable Management Approaches and Cleanup of Mining Sites"
Revitalization Tools - electronic (SMARTe)" "Supporting Tribal Revitalization Efforts"
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Appendices
Four appendices are included in the Road Map to help stakeholders understand technical issues and terms
related to site cleanup.
Appendix A, Guide to Contaminants and Technologies, identifies the types of contaminants found at
brownfields sites and the range of technologies that may be appropriate for investigating and remediating
those contaminants at brownfields sites.
Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, defines acronyms and specialized terms used in
discussing and describing brownfields cleanup efforts. Because of the technical nature of the resources
contained in this publication, acronyms are used throughout the Road Map. Consult Appendix B as necessary
to identify acronyms and obtain definitions of unfamiliar terms.
Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts, provides information about state and EPA
regional and technical points of contact.
Appendix D, How to Order Documents, provides information about ordering the documents identified in the
Road Map.
Index of Resources
The Index of Resources located at the back of the document provides a complete list of the resources in the
Road Map sorted alphabetically by title. The Index is a useful tool for screening the list of resource titles and
identifying new and updated resources.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 9
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
BEFORE YOU BEGIN
What is the Planned End Use? A Word About
Redevelopment
It is important to consider potential redevelopment
plans from the outset of any brownfields project. The
redevelopment plan (or lack thereof) will govern most
brownfields projects, from the identification of site
investigation and cleanup standards and the ability
to obtain financing to the ultimate affordability or
profitability of the project.
Defining and understanding the long-term goals of
the brownfields project and the decisions to be
made throughout the project is a crucial
element in identifying appropriate
technologies for site investigation and
cleanup. Technology tools, when carefully
selected, will assist those responsible for the
brownfields project in collecting the data
necessary to support such decisions and
accomplish the established goals. During
the many phases of a brownfields project, it
is important to keep in mind that
technology options are an effective means of
achieving the desired result at a site, rather than an
end in themselves.
Brownfields projects may be initiated for a number of
reasons. A landowner may want to sell a property to a
prospective purchaser for development. A municipality
may want to clean up a parcel or area that has become
an eyesore, create space for business development, or
create a park in a disadvantaged area. A local
comprehensive plan may call for infill development of a
certain type in a brownfields area. The brownfields
process will be tailored to the specific end use, if that use
is known. For example, if the redevelopment plan calls
for the construction of a light industrial facility, it may
be appropriate, depending on state and local
regulatory requirements, to apply industrial
investigation and cleanup standards that are less
stringent than those applicable to property that is to be
redeveloped for residential use. The standards required
will affect every aspect of the project, from its overall cost
(which is generally greater as the standards become
more conservative) to the applicability of innovative
characterization and cleanup technologies. Keep in
mind, however, that new information about
contamination or cleanup may require that reuse plans
be altered; develop flexible plans so that revised cleanup
needs can be incorporated into them.
If the end use is not known at the beginning of the
project, the individuals involved should make every
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
attempt at least to identify the general type of desired
development, whether industrial, commercial, or
residential or a mixed-use development of some sort.
Absent that information, the most conservative
assumptions will be made at every stage of the
brownfields project, a circumstance that could
increase significantly the time and expense of the
project and may even make it infeasible.
Understanding Regulations and Regulatory
Guidelines and Standard Industry Practices
The redevelopment of brownfields sites maybe subject
to a variety of federal, state, and local laws, regulations,
policies, and guidelines with respect to the
characterization and cleanup of the site. Such sites also
may be governed by the standard practices of other
government, nongovernment, and private institutions.
The applicable laws, regulations, policies, and
guidelines will vary by site, depending on the
regulatory authority that manages the cleanup.
Therefore, it is important to research this information at
the outset and to work closely with the regulatory
authority throughout the cleanup process. For
example, state or local regulatory authorities may
manage the cleanup of brownfields sites. These
agencies should be consulted to determine what, if any,
site-specific requirements or permits are applicable.
Many of the standard practices are designed to help
the brownfields redevelopment project obtain
financing from public programs and private banks
and institutions. Guidance and standards are issued
by government and nongovernment organizations,
such as the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM), the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC), and state and local economic
development authorities, and even private lenders.
EPA also can be a valuable resource for brownfields
stakeholders by providing regulatory and policy
support to facilitate selection of technologies (see
Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical
Support Contacts, for information about EPA regional
and technical points of contact).
Although compliance with regulations and official
policy directives issued under other federal
regulatory and cleanup programs such as Superfund
may not be required, some of the information gathered
under such programs may be useful in the
investigation and cleanup of brownfields sites. For
some sites, existing information provides a basis of
understanding of site activities and conditions.
Additionally, lessons learned about site
characterization strategies help to refine the process. For
example, in the past, a number of sampling events and
field mobilizations have been required at many RCRA
and Superfund sites to gather sufficient information to
characterize the sites adequately. Additional sampling
was necessary to assess all potential contaminants, to
adequately analyze all pathways of exposure, to obtain
representative samples of wastes and environmental
media, and to obtain analytical results of the
appropriate accuracy to enable regulatory authorities to
make cleanup decisions with confidence. Streamlining
the process may decrease costs and reduce the decision-
making period for selecting options for site cleanups.
EPA has shown its support for the adoption of
streamlined approaches to sampling, analysis, data
review, and data evaluation during site assessment,
characterization, and cleanup in a number of technical
and guidance documents. Brownfields sites are well
suited for use of the Triad approach (see Spotlight 7 on
page 52), as limited funding and plans for reuse
strongly influence decisions about cleanup. Inherent in
the Triad approach is the need for cooperation and
collaboration among the many stakeholders in the
process. The Triad approach and the Brownfields
Initiative reinforce each other in their emphasis on a
common-sense approach in which barriers are removed
and dollars are leveraged to provide the most cost-
effective and streamlined strategy for monitoring and
measurement activities. Use of real-time measurement
technologies as well as a rigorous planning process to
understand and control sources of uncertainty is
inherent to the Triad approach and helps stakeholders
improve the reliability of risk-related decisions.
Recognizing that rigorous planning is important, the
approach should remain flexible and dynamic and
should allow for adjustments in the field in light of
actual site conditions observed and sample analytical
results. Such a dynamic approach usually requires a
well-rounded technical team that has a broad range of
technical expertise and use of field analytical
technologies, including an on-site mobile laboratory,
to provide quick-turnaround analyses.
Seeking and Procuring External Professional
Support
Most decision-makers for brownfields sites will
require technical and legal assistance to fully
understand the complexities of investigating and
cleaning up contaminated sites. Depending upon the
complexity of a particular site, decision-makers may
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
request the assistance of environmental consultants,
cleanup contractors, technology vendors, or
analytical laboratories in performing the many
activities required to investigate and clean up the site.
The inclusion of these professionals and other experts
as members of the brownfields team is recommended.
Some states may require the participation of certified
or licensed professionals to help guide the site
investigation and cleanup process. To obtain the
services of such professionals (individuals or a firm),
a request for proposal (RFP) is often used as the
procurement mechanism. The RFP addresses the
approach, qualifications, and cost estimate for the
services requested and includes specifications that
encourage prospective bidders to think "outside the
box" and consider nontraditional approaches.
Selection criteria outlined in the RFP should include
the demonstrated experience of the individuals or
firm in developing valid options for using
streamlined strategies and innovative technologies at
brownfields sites and in successfully implementing
the selected options.
To ensure that those individuals or firms responding
to an RFP propose approaches that are valid for the
site, the RFP also should include, or make readily
available, all studies and reports that provide site-
specific information that can be used as the basis for
making technology decisions. Individuals preparing
RFPs may wish to be proactive and provide
suggestions for the use of specific strategies and
technologies that appear to be valid for the particular
site. When reviewing proposals and interviewing
firms, the evaluation team must be prepared to ask
pointed, detailed questions about the selection and
use of technologies to be assured that the individual
or firm chosen to perform the work is qualified to
complete the project successfully. Described in this
Road Map are many excellent resources that will
assist brownfields decision-makers in preparing
specifications to be included in RFPs, selecting the
criteria for evaluating proposals, and developing
questions for interviews of those responding to the
RFP. For example, see EPA's Brownfields Technology
Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals That
Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation
and Cleanup on page 42 for more information.
Community Involvement
It is important that brownfields decision-makers
encourage acceptance of redevelopment plans and
cleanup alternatives by involving members of the
community early in the decision-making process
through community meetings, newsletters, or other
outreach activities. For an individual site, the
community should be informed about how the use of
a proposed technology might affect redevelopment
plans or the adjacent neighborhood. For example, the
planting of trees for the use of phytoremediation may
create aesthetic or visual improvements; on the other
hand, the use of phytoremediation may bring about
issues related to site security or long-term
maintenance that could affect access to the site.
EPA can assist members of the brownfields
community by directing its members to appropriate
resources and providing opportunities to network
and participate in the sharing of information. A
number of Internet sites, databases, newsletters, and
reports provide opportunities for brownfields
stakeholders to network with other stakeholders to
identify information about cleanup and technology
options. As noted in the preceding section, EPA's
Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology
Support Center is a valuable resource for brownfields
decision-makers (see page 14 for more information).
Comparing Innovative Technologies to Other
Characterization and Cleanup Options
In addition to innovative site characterization and
cleanup technologies, the use of established treatment
and containment technologies also should be
considered. Examples of established treatment
technologies include solidification/stabilization, soil
vapor extraction, thermal desorption, incineration, and
pump-and-treat. (For a complete list and description of
the technologies, see the Treatment Technologies for
Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition).
The document is available online at http://clu-in.org/
asr/.) Examples of containment include containing
contaminated soil on site using a cap and limiting
migration of contaminants using a vertical engineering
barrier such as a slurry wall. In either case,
containment does not involve actively treating the
waste to recover or degrade contaminants. When
deciding between innovative and established
technologies or between treatment and containment
technologies, or other options, brownfields decision-
makers should consider the specific needs of the
individual site and stakeholders. It also is important
that brownfields decision-makers consider both the
current effects of the selected technology approach and
its future effects on potential development of the site.
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Selecting and Accepting Technologies
The successful cleanup of a ^
brownfields site depends
on the selection and
acceptance of a specific
technology or technology
approach. Identified in the
box below are the key
elements to ensure that a
proposed technology will
be accepted by all stakeholders, whether site owners,
potential buyers, financial service providers,
investors, regulators, or affected citizens. Spotlight 6,
Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance, on
page 51, describes in detail these key elements.
Information Centers, Training, and Other
Resources
Described on the next four pages are some of the
resources available to brownfields projects from
government and nongovernment institutions,
including the various EPA hotlines for statutory and
regulatory programs that may affect brownfields
projects. The resources provide more general
information than the technology resources identified
in the chapters that follow. Training courses and
programs provided by EPA, as well as other
organizations, also are identified. Information about
state and local resources can be obtained from the
contact for each state listed in Appendix C, List of
Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts.
Focus on the decisions
that support site goals
Build consensus
Understandthetechnology
Allow flexibility
INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES
Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50-State Study, 2001 Update
The report, which was prepared by the Environmental Law Institute (ELI) in association with EPA, provides an analytical
overview of state Superfund programs and includes information about statutes, program staffing and organization, sites,
cleanup activities, cleanup policies and standards, requirements for public participation, funding and expenditures, and
enforcement tools. The report also discusses the voluntary remediation and Brownfields Programs established by the
states and presents detailed program information arranged in tables that facilitate comparisons among the states. A copy of
the report can be downloaded from ELI's Web site at www.eli.org, the report can be found underthe topic "Contaminated
Sites" under "Research Reports" in the ELI Store section of the site.
Brownfields: A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property, Second Edition
The book, which was published by the American Bar Association (ABA), is aimed at an audience of real estate and environmental
attorneys, property owners and developers, environmental regulators and consultants, and state and local government leaders. The
book provides an overview of and background information about brownfields issues as well as explanations of the federal and state
laws governing brownfields. Legal, business, financial, and political issues associated with redeveloping contaminated property also
are addressed. The book presents the scientific concepts used to clean up contaminated property, describing risk assessment and
remediation strategies. Comprehensive information about state voluntary cleanup programs also is provided. Originally published in
1997, the Second Edition of this bookwas released in 2002. The bookcan be purchased through ABA's Web site atwww.abanet.org
orat bookstores across the country. The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) forthe book is 1 -57073-961 -7.
Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center
EPA established BTSC to ensure that brownfields decision-makers are aware of the full range of technologies available for
conducting site assessments and cleanup actions and can make informed decisions fortheir sites. The center helps government
decision-makers evaluate strategies to streamline the site assessment and cleanup process, identify and review information about
complex technology options, evaluate contractorcapabilities and recommendations, explain complex technologies to
communities, and plan technology demonstrations. BTSC is coordinated through EPA's OSRTI and works through EPA's ORD
laboratories. The center works closely with EPA's Office of Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in partnership with the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Localities can submit requests forassistance:
Through their EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinator
- Online at www.brownfieldstsc.org
- By calling 1 (877) 838-7220 (toll free)
For more information about BTSC, contact Dan Powell of EPA's OSRTI at (703) 603-7196 orpowell.dan@epa.gov.
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INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES
Brownfields Handbook: How to Manage Federal Environmental Liability Risks (EPA 330-B-01-001)
In November 1998, EPA issued "The Handbook of Tools for Managing Federal Superfund Liability Risks at Brownfields and
Other Sites." The handbook provided a compilation of tools and a discussion of how to use them for evaluating the benefits
of reusing a brownfields property. The updated edition of the handbook published in November 2002 summarizes the tools
available to clarify and address barriers to site cleanup and reuse posed by RCRA. In addition, the handbook summarizes
the tools and initiatives that have been implemented since 1995. These include the Superfund Redevelopment Initiative
(SRI), the UST-related initiatives, RCRA reforms, and improvements in the prospective purchaser agreement process. The
handbook also provides updated lists of brownfields policies and guidance documents and EPA contacts. An electronic copy
of the handbook is available at www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/cleanup/brownfields/handbook. In
addition, this site contains policies and guidance documents issued since the publication of the 2002
CLU-IN Studio
CLU-IN Studio, which is coordinated by EPA'sOSRTI, ITRC, and other partners, provides free and unlimited access to Internet
technical seminars, live conference Webcasts, and videotapes. The three types of media provide information about and resources
relevant to innovative site characterization and cleanup technologies. The 2-hour Internet seminars are live, Web-based slide
presentations, each of which has a companion audio portion available by telephone line or RealAudio simulcast. The conference
Webcasts are live events that combine Web-based presentation materials with a companion live audio stream. The videotapes,
whose viewing time ranges from 6 to 28 minutes, may be viewed or ordered online. Descriptions and registration information for
upcoming events as well as links to archived seminars and Webcasts are provided at www.clu-in.org/studio.
EPA Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment Internet Site
This Internet site coordinated by EPA's Office of Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment provides extensive information
about EPA's Brownfields Program, including the Brownfields Law, EPA brownfields grants, and technical tools and resources
as well as information about brownfields projects across the country. Descriptions of EPA's brownfields pilot projects and
points of contact in each of the EPA regional offices are provided, as are descriptions of publications, regulations, and other
documents. Brownfields stakeholders involved in selection and use of technologies for environmental cleanup may have
particular interest in learning more about EPA's brownfields grant programs, which offer assessment grants, revolving loan
fund grants, cleanup grants, and job training grants. Information is also provided on EPA's Targeted Brownfields
Assessments (TBA) Program as well as state and tribal response programs. The site also contains routinely updated
announcements related to grants and information on pilot projects and success stories. The site provides links to the Web
sites of different cleanup programs managed by offices within the EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
(OSWER). For additional information, vlsliiheWebslie aiwww.epa.gov/brownfields.
EPA Dockets
Dockets, electronic dockets, and information centers serve as the repositories for information related to particular EPA
actions. When a rulemaking or nonrulemaking action is announced, a docket is established in EPA Dockets (EDOCKET)
with an assigned tracking numberto accumulate materials throughout the process. Dockets may contain Federal
Register documents, a variety of supporting documentation, and public comments. Publicly available docket materials
are available either electronically in EDOCKET or on hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, EPA West Building, Room B102,
1301 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC. This facility is open from 8:30 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday,
excluding federal holidays. The telephone numberforthe Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone
numberforthe OSWER Docket is (202) 566-0276. All documents in the docket are listed in the EDOCKET index at
www.epa.gov/edocket.
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INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES
Guidance for Preparing Standard Operating Procedures (EPA 240-B-01-004)
The document provides guidance on the preparation and use of a standard operating procedure (SOP) within a quality
system. An SOP is a set of written instructions that document a routine or repetitive activity that an organization carries out.
The development and use of SOPs are an integral part of a successful quality system because SOPs provide individuals with
the information needed to perform a job properly and facilitate consistency in the quality and integrity of a product or end
result. SOPs describe both technical and administrative operational elements of an organization that would be managed
under a work plan, a quality assurance project plan, or a quality management plan. A copy of the guidance document can be
viewed at the online version of the Road Map at www.brownfieldstsc.org.
Hazardous Substance Research Centers
The Hazardous Substance Research Centers (HSRC) provide a national program of basic and applied research, technology transfer,
and outreach. Five multi-university centers focus on different aspects of hazardous substance management and serve different
regions of the country. The HSRCs receive financial support from EPA and additional funding from academia, industry, and other
federal and state agencies. Research projects involve laboratory and field experiments as well as mathematical and physical
modeling. Technologytransferand training activities facilitate information exchange with government agencies, industry, and other
academic participants. The HSRCs operate three outreach programs that provide free, nonadvocacy technical assistance to
communities. Technical Outreach Services for Communities (TOSC) uses university educational and technical resources to help
community groups understand the technical issues associated with the hazardous waste sites in their midst. TOSC aims to empower
communities to participate substantively in the decision-making process regarding their hazardous substance problems. An affiliate of
TOSC is Technical Outreach Services for Native American Communities (TOSNAC), which provides technical assistance to Native
Americans dealing with hazardous substance issues. Technical Assistance to Brownfields Communities (TAB) helps communities to
clean up and redevelop properties that have been damaged or undervalued because of environmental contamination. The main
audiences for TAB assistance are community groups, municipal officials, developers, and community leaders, with lending institutions
constituting a secondary audience. More information on the HSRCs and their brownfields initiatives is available at ivww.terc.org.
Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise
Coordinated through USACE, the Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Centerof Expertise (HTRW-CX) provides technical
assistance and information regarding use of innovative technologies for cleanup of contaminated properties. Detailed
information about a variety of innovative technology resources, points of contact at the HTRW-CX, and upcoming training
courses and workshops is provided on the center's Web site. More than 50 case studies of successful applications of
innovative technologies also are described on the site. Visit the HTRW-CX Web site at www.environmental.usace.army.mil/
info/technical/it/it.html\or more information on the center's innovative technology programs.
Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council
ITRC is a state-led coalition working with industry and other stakeholders to achieve regulatory acceptance of environmental
technologies. ITRC consists of 43 states, the District of Columbia, multiple federal partners, industry participants, and other
stakeholders, cooperating to breakdown barriers and reduce compliance costs, making iteasierto use new technologies, and helping
states to maximize resources. ITRC brings together a diverse group of environmental experts and stakeholders from both the public
and private sectors to broaden and deepen technical knowledge and to streamline the regulation of new environmental technologies.
ITRC has established a team of experts specifically focused on redevelopment issues. ITRC accomplishes its mission in two ways:
it develops guidance documents and training courses to meet the needs of both regulators and environmental consultants, and it works
with state representatives to ensure that ITRC products and services have maximum impact among state environmental agencies and
technology users. ITRC was originated in 1995 based on a previous initiative conducted by the Western Governors' Association
(WGA). In January 1999, ITRC became affiliated with the Environmental Research Institute of the States (ERIS). ERIS is a 501 (c)3
nonprofit educational subsidiary of the Environmental Council of the States (ECOS). ITRC receives regional support from WGA and the
Southern States Energy Board (SSEB) and receives financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Department of
Defense (DoD), and EPA. Brownfields decision-makers will find success stories, guidance documents, training materials, and other
information related to the use of innovative technologies developed by ITRC on its Web site at www.ITRCweb.org.
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INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES
RCRA Online
RCRA Online is an online database that provides users access to thousands of letters, memoranda, and questions and
answers issued by EPA's Office of Solid Waste (OSW). The documents indexed in the database represent past EPA
Headquarters interpretations of the RCRA regulations governing management of solid, hazardous, and medical wastes.
Users can retrieve documents through topical, full text, and advanced search functions and can view the actual text of
documents identified in a search. Detailed instructions on how to use the database are provided, as are tips for conducting
searches. RCRA Online is available online at www.epa.gov/rcraonline. An updated pdf version of the RCRA Online
brochure (EPA 530-F-03-011) is provided on the Road Map at www.brownfieldstsc.org.
Superfund and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Call Center
The Superfund and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Call Center is a publicly accessible
service that provides up-to-date information on several EPA programs. The Call Center responds to factual questions about
federal regulations related to the following program areas:
-EPCRA
- Risk Management Program regulations underthe Clean Air Act (CAA)
- CERCLA orSuperfund
- Spill prevention, control, and countermeasure (SPCC) plans and oil pollution prevention regulations underthe Clean Water
Act (CWA)
The Call Center operates Monday through Friday, 9:00 am to 5:00 pm Eastern Standard Time (EST). The center can be
reached by telephone at (800) 424-9346 from all nongovernment locations outside the Washington, DC, metropolitan local
calling area or at (703) 412-9810 from all locations in the Washington, DC, metropolitan local calling area.
Tax Credits and Deductions for Expensing Environmental Remediation Costs (Section 198)
Section 198 of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S. C. ง198 (A)(1 )(B)(VI)) describes the expensing of costs related to
environmental remediation of qualified contaminated sites. As the code specifies, taxpayers are permitted to treat any
qualified environmental remediation expense as an expense that is not chargeable to a capital account; such an expenditure
can be treated as a deduction forthe taxable year in which it is paid or incurred. In general, a qualified remediation
expenditure is an expenditure paid or incurred in connection with abatement or control of hazardous substances at a qualified
contaminated site. The specific terms and qualifications are described in Section 198 of the Internal Revenue Code.
TechDirect
TechDirect, which is hosted by EPA's OSRTI, is a free e-mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest
for site assessment and remediation professionals. At the beginning of every month, the service e-mails a message
describing the availability of publications and announcing events. For publications, the message explains how to obtain a
hard copy or how to download an electronic version. Interested persons may subscribe online aiwww.clu-in.org/techdrct.
Toxic Substances Control Act Assistance Information Service
The information service provides technical assistance and information regarding programs implemented underthe Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA), the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA), the Asbestos Hazard Emergency
Response Act (AHERA), the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act (ASHARA), the Residential Lead-Based
Paint Hazard Reduction Act (TitleXof TSCA), and EPA's 33/50 program. The information service operates Monday through
Friday, 8:30 am to 5:00 pm EST. The information service can be reached bytelephone at (202)554-1404, by fax at (202) 554-
5603, orbye-mailattsca-hotline@epa.gov.
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INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES
Training Information
Training courses and programs that can be useful for brownfieids stakeholders, particularly those involved in technology
selection, are identified below.
EPA's Training-Exchange (TRAINEX), an Internet site that provides a range of training information for representatives of
federal, state, local, and tribal agencies, is intended primarily for individuals involved in hazardous waste management
and remediation. The site provides information about more than 65 classroom and Internet-based classes as well as
schedules fortheir delivery. Visit the TRAINEX Web site at www.trainex.org for additional information.
EPA's "Streamlined Investigation and Cleanups Using the Triad Approach" training course is a moderate to advanced-
level training program that provides participants an introduction to a wide array of innovative technologies and
approaches that can be used to characterize hazardous waste sites. The class stresses the importance of the planning
process and the use of field-based measurement technologies and on-site data assessment techniques. Participants
will be introduced to the Triad approach and methods for better understanding, planning, and implementing monitoring
strategies to improve cleanup at lower costs. In addition, participants will be provided an overview of several of the field
analytical and rapid sampling technologies that can support streamlined measurement approaches. For information
about the program and the schedule for its delivery, visit the TRAINEX Web site at www.trainex.org; select "CERCLA
Education Center (CEC)."
Information about upcoming courses provided by a variety of federal and nonfederal organizations is provided on
OSRTI's CLU-IN Web site at www.clu-in.org; select "Courses and Conferences" under "What's Hot? What's New?"
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) also offers many technical and professional training
opportunities, such as training on environmental site assessment processes, that may be of interest to brownfieids
decision-makers. For more information, visit ASTM's Web site at www.astm.org/TRAIN.
Triad Resource Center
The Triad is an innovative approach to decision-making for hazardous waste site characterization and
remediation. The Triad approach employs new characterization and treatment tools, using work strategies
developed by innovative and successful site professionals. The Triad Resource Center provides the
information that hazardous waste site managers and cleanup practitioners need to implement the Triad
approach effectively. The Triad Web site provides an overview of Triad; information on its management, regulatory, and
technical components; user experiences; and references and resources for additional information. For additional
information on Triad, visit the Web site at www.triadcentral.org.
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SITE ASSESSMENT
Collect and Assess Information Ai
About the Brownfields Site /
The purpose of this step is to evaluate the potential
for contamination at a particular site by collecting
and reviewing existing information. The site
assessment, typically referred to as an ASTM Phase I
environmental site assessment, is an initial
investigation usually limited to a search of historical
records. The data collected also includes
information about past and current environmental
conditions and historical uses of the site. The site
assessment is the most crucial step in the
brownfields process, because any further
environmental investigation and cleanup will hinge
on whether potential environmental concerns are
identified during that phase.
During the site assessment phase, it is important to
consider the activities and requirements described in
the subsequent chapters and determine how they
will be affected by the initial site assessment.
Because the information obtained in this phase will
determine whether any future work must be done at
the site, the site assessment must be thorough and
tailored to meet specific data objectives. As
discussed in the section Before You Begin, decisions
made about the end use of a site and the long-term
goals of the brownfields project will determine the
types and quantity of data that must be collected, as
well as the level of quality the data must attain. The
data quality objectives (DQO), in turn, will serve as
the basis upon which the best decisions will be
made about the most appropriate technologies and
techniques to be used in collecting and analyzing
the data at a particular site (see Appendix B, List of
Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, for a
definition of DQO).
The Triad approach is applicable to many elements
of monitoring and measurement activities that occur
on site - from early investigations aimed at risk
estimation, through designing, implementing, and
monitoring the implementation of a remedy. The key
to the Triad approach, and the benefit to brownfields
sites, is that decisions are made with the full
consideration of existing information developed
during past site use and cleanup activities, and with
a thorough understanding of how the site might be
reused. Using this approach, activities are
performed that target the principal sources of
uncertainty that can affect the confidence of site
decisions. Use of the Triad approach for site
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assessments at brownfields sites allows decision-
makers to economically collect the volume and
quality of data necessary to reassure regulators and
communities that a property is safe for reuse.
The data collected during this initial step of the
cleanup process is extremely important for use in
identifying and evaluating the applicability of site
assessment and cleanup technologies, as well as in
determining whether the property can be cleaned up
to the level necessary for its intended reuse. If it is
carefully planned, some of the follow-on work, such
as limited sampling, may also be accomplished
during this phase. The site assessment also can
provide a preliminary indication of what types of
cleanup technologies might be available. It also is
essential to assess and address the needs and
concerns of the community (for example, the
development of social and economic profiles and the
identification of acceptable environmental risk).
Technologies that detect possible contamination in
the air may be applicable at this stage as well as
some analytical sampling technologies useful for
assessing contamination in soil or groundwater.
Examples of sampling and analysis technologies
that may be applicable during this phase are
presented in Appendix A, Table A-2, Technologies
for Analyzing Contaminants at Brownfields Sites.
However, the use of technologies may be somewhat
limited, since much of the work at this stage
involves a search of paper and electronic records.
The following section is intended as a general planning
guide and is not a comprehensive listing of assessment
activities required under state and federal regulations.
For a better understanding of these requirements, users
should consult the references identified and work with
their appropriate regulatory authority.
What Do We Need to Know?
Factors that should be considered during this phase
include:
1. Has a redevelopment plan been prepared or a
proposed end use identified? Is the site located in
an area targeted for redevelopment? Is the site
located in an industrial area? Will it remain
industrial or be rezoned for commercial use? Is a
residential development planned? Will
community members who use the property be
exposed directly to the soil or sediment?
2. What data are needed to support the long-term
goals of the project, address concerns related to it,
and ensure its acceptability? What decisions
need to be made, and what data should be
collected to support those decisions? What level
of quality is necessary and what level of
uncertainty is acceptable to meet those goals?
3. What is known about the site? What records
exist that indicate potential contamination and
past use of the property? Have other
environmental actions occurred (such as notices
of violation)? Has an environmental audit been
conducted? What information is needed to
identify the types and extent or the absence of
contamination?
4. If the site is located in an area targeted for
redevelopment, is the site being considered for
cleanup under a federal or state Superfund
cleanup initiative?
5. Will the site be entered into a Voluntary Cleanup
Program (VCP)? If not, what agency (federal, state,
local, or tribal) would be responsible for managing
oversight of cleanup? Are there other federal,
state, local, or tribal regulatory requirements for
site assessment? (See the definition of a VCP in
Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of
Key Terms)
6. What are the special needs and concerns of the
community? How can community involvement be
encouraged and meaningful? How will
community views be solicited?
7. What environmental conditions will the
community find acceptable? What environmental
standards should be considered to ensure that
community stakeholders are satisfied with the
outcome of the cleanup, in light of the identified
and proposed reuse?
8. If the site shows evidence of contamination, who
and what will be affected? Who will pay for the
cleanup? Who will be responsible for long-term
monitoring and oversight, particularly if residual
contamination is left in place?
The following figure depicts the linkages among the
decisions to be made, the data to be collected, and the
selection of technologies to expedite the collection of
data.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 21
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
How Do We Find the Answers?
ฉ
Linking the Decision, Data, and Technologies
NO YES
TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION
Based on the decision made or question answered.
Activities to be conducted during the initial survey of
a site include:
Establish the technical team and take advantage of
the team's expertise to determine the adequacy of
existing site information and identify potential
data gaps
Ensure that the brownfields decision-makers (such
as regulators; citizens; property owners; and
technical staff, such as chemists and toxicologists)
are involved in the decision-making process
Develop the conceptual site model (CSM). The
CSM is the planning tool that organizes existing
site information, provides a framework to identify
project goals and data gaps, and directs site
activities and team communications.
Identify future plans for reuse and redevelopment
and goals of the site
Identify data that must be collected to support the
goals of the site
Determine whether contamination is likely
through the conduct of an ASTM Phase I
environmental site assessment or its equivalent. A
records search is performed and the site is visited,
but no sampling of soil or groundwater occurs.
The effort includes the following activities:
- Identify past owners and the uses they made of the
property by conducting a title search and reviewing
tax documents, sewer maps, aerial photographs, and
fire, policy, and health department documentation
related to the property
- Review and analyze city govern men t and other
historical records to identify past use or disposal of
hazardous or other waste materials at the site
- Reviao federal and state lists that iden tify sites that my
have en viron men tal con tamination; such lists include,
but are not limited to: (1) EPA's Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Information System (CERCLIS) of potentially
con taminated sites, (2) the National Pollutan t Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) of permits issued for
discharges into surface water, and (3) state records of
"emergency removal" actions (for example, the removal
of leaking drums or the excavation of explosive waste)
- In terview property owners, occupan ts, and others
associated with the site, such as previous employees,
residents, and local planners
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- Perform a physical or visual examination of the site,
including examination of existing structures for
structural in tegrity and asbestos-containing material
- Test for the presence of various contaminants; for
example, lead-based paint, asbestos, and radon in
structures
The practice of conducting site assessments, or all
appropriate inquiries, is intended to satisfy one
requirement for obtaining protection from CERCLA
liability. To obtain protection from CERCLA liability
as a bona fide prospective purchaser, an innocent
landowner, or a contiguous property owner;
prospective property owners must conduct all
appropriate inquiries, or a phase I site assessment,
prior to acquiring a property. The Brownfields Law
requires EPA to promulgate federal standards and
practices governing the conduct of all appropriate
inquiries. The Law also established interim
standards for conducting "all appropriate inquiry"
to determine the environmental condition of a
property prior to its acquisition. The interim
standard for properties purchased after May 31,
1997, which remains in place until EPA promulgates
a final rule establishing federal standards for all
appropriate inquiries, is the ASTM E1527-97 or
ASTM E1527-00, entitled "Standard Practice for
Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I
Environmental Site Assessment Process." Spotlight
3 on page 34 provides additional information on the
requirements for all appropriate inquiries.
Review the applicability of government oversight
programs:
- Determine whether there is a state VCP and consult
with the appropriate federal, state, local, and tribal
regulatory agencies to include them in the decision-
making process as early as possible
- Determine the approach (such as redevelopmen t
programs, the Superfund program, property transfer
laws, or a state Brownfields Program) that is required
or available to facilitate the cleanup of sites (see the
section, Before You Begin, for an overview of
applicable regulations and regulatory guidelines)
- Iden tify whether economic incen tives, such as benefits
from state Brownfields Programs, or federal
brownfields tax credits, can be obtained
- Con tact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to
identify and determine the availability of EPA support
programs and federal financial incentives (see Appendix
C, List ofBrownfields and Technical Support Contacts)
Determine how to incorporate and encourage
community participation:
- Identify regulatory requirements for public
involvement (see page 15 in the section, Before You
Begin, for a description of community services
provided by HSRCs)
- Assess commun ity in terest in theproject
- Iden tify community-based organizations
- Review any community plans for redevelopment
Identify factors that may impede redevelopment
and reuse
Begin identifying potential sources for funding site
investigation and cleanup activities at the site, if
necessary
Examine unacceptable environmental conditions in
terms of initial costs for site improvement and long-
term costs for operation and maintenance include
potential cleanup options and constraints that may
affect redevelopment, such as project schedules,
cost, and potential for achieving the desired reuse
Conduct work at the site and collect data as
necessary to define site conditions or to resolve
uncertainties related to the site
Where Do We Find Answers to Our
Technology Questions?
Examples of technology resources that are available to
assist in assessing a site are listed below. The
resources are listed alphabetically under the
following categories
A. Resources for Site Assessment
B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Assessment
C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site Assessment
Although many of the resources are more applicable in
later stages, it may be useful to begin thinking now
about options and tools for investigation and cleanup.
Access the Road Map online at
iviviv.broivnfieldstsc.org to view or download the
following resources electronically or to obtain a link
that provides complete ordering information.
A. Resources for Site Assessment
The documents listed below are resources that
provide general information about the availability of
technology resources in the form of bibliographies,
status reports, and user guidelines.
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Archived Internet Seminars
Through the CLU-IN Web site, EPA has
presented numerous Internet Seminars
covering a wide variety of technical topics
related to hazardous waste characterization,
monitoring, and remediation. For each seminar topic,
EPA has selected the highest-quality offerings and
placed them in archives that are accessible on the site.
The seminars are Web-based slide presentations with
an accompanying audio portion. Examples of archived
seminars include the following:
- Application of Transport Optimization Codes to
Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems;
- Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring - Parts 1
and 2;
- Dynamic Data Collection Strategy Using Systematic
Plan ning and Innovative Field-Based Measuremen t
Technologies;
- In Situ T reatment of Groundwater Contaminated with
Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid (NAPL) Contamination:
Fundamentals and Case Studies (In Situ Chemical
Oxidation);
- InSituTreatment ofGroundwater Contaminated with
NAPL Contamination: Fundamentals and Case Studies
(NAPL Characterization and Related Clean up Issues).
Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined
Site Investigations (EPA 542-R-00-001)
Developed by EPA's BTSC, the resource will assist
decision-makers on brownfields projects in evaluating
the capabilities of contractors who are being
considered to perform work in support of site
investigations. The resource also identifies potential
activities that contractors can perform to enhance the
site investigation process through innovative
approaches. A comprehensive series of questions that
decision-makers can use in interviewing contractors
and evaluating those contractors' qualifications is
presented, followed by information about the relevance
of the questions and potential answers to them.
ASTM Standard Guide for Process of
Sustainable Brownfields Development
(E1984-03(2003))
The guide, which was developed by ASTM,
discusses redevelopment of a brownfields
property and is intended for all stakeholders. It
identifies impediments to such redevelopment and
suggests solutions that can facilitate completion of a
successful project. It describes a flexible process of
sustainable brownfields redevelopment that actively
engages property owners, developers, government
agencies, and the community in conducting corrective
action, economic evaluation, and other efforts that
promote the long-term productive reuse of a brownfields
property. The guide, which is available at a cost, can be
ordered online aiwww.astm.org.
ASTM Standard Practice for
Environmental Site Assessments: Phase
I Environmental Site Assessment Process
(E1527-00(2003))
The purpose of the practice, which was
developed by ASTM, is to define commercial and
customary practices in the United States for conducting
Phase I environmental site assessments of commercial
real estate with respect to the range of contaminants
within the scope of CERCLA, as well as petroleum
products. Research and reporting requirements also
are identified. The practice, which is available at a
cost, can be ordered online at www.astm.org.
Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad
Approach to Streamline Brownfields Site
Assessment and Cleanup (EPA 542-B-03-002)
This document, which was prepared by EPA's BTSC,
provides an educational tool for site owners, project
managers, and regulators to help streamline
assessment and cleanup activities at brownfields
sites. The primer also discusses strategies to reduce
costs, decrease time frames, positively affect
regulatory and community acceptance, and improve
the economics of redevelopment at brownfields sites.
The primer is organized in three sections: an
introduction; a description of the three elements of the
Triad approach, with examples describing the use of
each element; and a discussion of the role of the
technical team in managing a project, procurement
considerations when a project is being planned, and
decision-support software and other tools that are
available to help brownfields site managers.
Clarifying DQO Terminology Usage to
Support Modernization of Site Cleanup
Practices (EPA 542-R-01-014)
This report, which was developed by
EPA, addresses the need to clarify DQO
terminology use in order to support modernization of
environmental restoration activities. The document
presents a basic conceptual understanding of DQO-
related terms in a way that facilitates systematic
project planning in the context of site cleanups. A list
of descriptions of DQO-related terms and concepts
appears first in the report, followed by a more
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detailed discussion of the interrelationships among
the concepts.
Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World
Wide Web (CLU-IN)
The Internet site, which was developed by EPA, provides
information about innovative treatment technologies and
site characterization technologies to the hazardous waste
remediation community. CLU-IN describes programs,
organizations, publications, and other tools for EPA and
other federal and state personnel, consulting engineers,
technology developers and vendors, remediation
contractors, researchers, community groups, and
individual citizens. Information about issues related to
remediation and site characterization also is provided:
technology verification and evaluation; technology
selection tools; contaminant-specific information,
guidance and application support; case studies;
regulatory development; and publications.
Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous
Waste Site Investigations (EPA 600-R-00-007)
The document focuses on the DQO process as the
appropriate systematic planning process to support
decision-making. The DQO process is an important
tool for project managers and planners to use in
defining the types, quality, and quantity of data
needed to make defensible decisions. The document
is based on the principles and steps developed in
Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but
is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites.
The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality
Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final
Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance:
User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document
focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is
applicable to programs at the state and local levels.
Data Quality Objectives Web Site
The DQO Web site, which is sponsored by DOE, is a
helpful resource for those responsible for preparing a
data collection design. The Web site defines the DQO
process and explains its role in ensuring that a data
collection activity produces results of sufficient quality
to support decisions based on those results. The Web
site provides step-by-step procedures for the DQO
process. It also provides a decision process flow chart,
describes purposes and goals related to the use of the
DQO process, and reviews relevant DOE and contractor
directives. It also provides information on data quality
assessment (QA); describes a number of available
training courses; lists contacts; and provides glossaries
of relevant terms, as well as links to related sites.
Directory of Technical Assistance for Land
Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B-03-001)
EPA's BTSC has prepared the directory to
provide information about technical
assistance that is available from federal
agencies to assist regional, state, and local government
personnel in assessment and cleanup decision-making
for brownfields reuse and revitalization. This directory
includes information about 37 organizations within 10
federal agencies that provide different types of support
to help with site assessment and cleanup, including
technical support and funding sources. Profiles are
included for the agencies and organizations and
contain the following types of information: background
and location information, relevancy to revitalization,
description of the areas of expertise available,
discussion of the types of services available, types of
funding available and eligibility, contact information
and the process for requesting assistance, and examples
of specific instances where the organization has
previously provided support for site revitalization.
Information in the profiles is believed to be current as of
March 2003. To help maintain current information, the
directory is available as an online searchable database
c&iviviv.broivnfieldstsc.org!directory.
Engineering and Design: Requirements for the
Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans (EM
200-1-3)
Developed by USACE, the manual provides guidance
for the preparation of project-specific sampling and
analysis plans (SAP) for the collection of
environmental data. In addition, the manual presents
default sampling and analytical protocols that may be
used verbatim or modified based in light of the DQOs
for a specific project. The goal of the manual is to
promote consistency in the generation and execution
of sampling and analysis plans and therefore to help
investigators generate chemical data of known quality
for the purpose to which those data are to be used.
EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative
Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable
Database
The EPA REmediation And CHaracterization
Innovative Technologies (EPA REACH IT) online
searchable databases sponsored by EPA's OSRTI is a
service provided free of charge to both users and
technology vendors. EPA REACH IT is accessible
only through the Internet. This database provides
users comprehensive, up-to-date information about
more than 256 characterization technologies and 481
remediation technologies and their applications. It
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
combines information submitted by technology
service providers about remediation and
characterization technologies with information from
EPA, DoD, DOE, and state project managers about
sites at which innovative technologies are being
deployed. During the preliminary phase of a
brownfields project, EPA REACH IT will assist
brownfields stakeholders to learn about and become
familiar with the range of available technology
options that can be employed during the investigation
and the cleanup phases that follow, as well as data
about various types of sites. Information about
analytical screening technologies that may be useful
for initial sampling of a site also is provided. EPA
updates all of the information available in the system
about every six months. Technology vendors may
also add or update information in EPA REACH IT at
any time through the Data Entry System, or by
submitting information by mail. You can search the
EPA REACH IT system in several ways. Various
search options are available for a user on the home
page, including Custom Search; Spotlight; Most
Common Searches; Saved Searches; Guided Search;
and Vendor, Technology, and Site Index. For
questions about whether a technology is eligible for
listing in EPA REACH IT, the user may contact the
EPA REACH IT help line at (800) 245-4505 or (703)
390-0713 or send an e-mail to epareachit@ttemi.com.
Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) Method
(Ames Laboratory Environmental Technologies
Development Program)
This Web site, which was developed by DOE, provides
information about demonstrations of the ESC method
conducted by the Ames Laboratory Environmental
Technology Development Program. The ESC
demonstrations employ several technologies such as
hydrological technologies to better understand the
properties and physical characteristics of groundwater
movement; geophysical and geotechnical technologies
to improve understanding of the subsurface geology
and predict "fate and transport" of the target
contaminants; analytical technologies designed to
detect and quantify the target contaminants; and data
fusion technologies to integrate site information into a
conceptual site model. The ESC demonstrations
include characterization work performed by
commercial contractors at existing contaminated sites.
Public sessions provide a forum for citizens, media,
state and local government officials, EPA and state
regulators, technology providers, environmental
scientists, engineers and educators to offer input on
this new approach and its role within the
environmental cleanup process.
Improving Decision Quality: Making the Case for
Adopting Next-Generation Site Characterization
Practices
This paper, which was published in Remediation in
spring 2003 as a joint effort of EPA OSRTI and the
Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association
(NEWMOA), addresses developments in site
characterization and the barriers that hinder
improved decision-making. The paper discusses the
need for the site cleanup industry to continue its
technical advancement by using next-generation
models based on current scientific understanding. It
addresses data quality assessments and the impacts
of matrix heterogeneity on analytical results. The
paper also discusses the use of the Triad approach -
systematic project planning, dynamic work planning
strategies, and real-time data generation - as a means
of moving beyond existing data paradigms.
IV. Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data
Management for Site Investigation and
|j.|l|3M||| Cleanup (EPA 542-F-04-001a)
The document, which was published by
Iฎ EPA, describes the three-pronged Triad
approach that forms the basis of EPA's national
strategy for site characterization and assessment.
This streamlined approach to site assessment focuses
on systematic planning to ensure the effective use of
resources; preparation of a dynamic work plan to
support decision-making in the field; and use of on-
site analytical tools, rapid sampling platforms, and
on-site data interpretation. Following the discussion
of the Triad approach to site investigation, the
document briefly reviews a number of recent
developments that promise marked benefits for
cleanup efforts and sets forth the EPA's vision of
defensible decisions at an affordable cost that is the
goal of the national strategy. The document can be
downloaded from CLU-IN under "Publications." See
Spotlight 7, "The Triad Approach," for a more
detailed description of the approach.
In Search of Representativeness:
Evolving the Environmental Data Quality
ffifftinrBfa Model
This paper, which was published by EPA
' OSRTI, discusses the need to update the
environmental data quality model to recognize and
manage the uncertainties involved in generating
representative data from heterogeneous environmental
matrices. It discusses issues associated with data
quality despite improvements in environmental
analytical capabilities. The paper also discusses the
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gradually increasing acceptance of new technologies
and dynamic work plan strategies by regulators and
cleanup practitioners. The complete reference for the
paper is as follows: Quality Assurance, Volume 9
(2001/2002), Pages 179 through 190.
OnSite Online Tools for Site Assessment
Developed by EPA's ORD and EPA Region 9, the Web
site offers a set of online tools for site assessment,
including calculators for formulas, models, unit
conversion factors, and scientific demonstrations for use
in assessing the effects of contaminants in groundwater.
Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting
Brownfields Site Assessments (EPA 540-R-98-038)
The document informs brownfields site managers about
concepts and issues related to QA and provides step-
by-step instructions for identifying the type and quality
of environmental data needed to present a clear picture
of the environmental conditions at a given site.
Sustainable Management Approaches
and Revitalization Tools - electronic
(SMARTe)
The SMARTe web-based decision support
tool is a cooperative effort of EPA, ITRC,
and the German Federal Ministry for Education and
Research. It is designed to aid stakeholders in
identifying, applying, and integrating tools and
technologies to facilitate the revitalization of
potentially contaminated sites in the United States.
Currently, SMARTe contains information and
databases that allow project stakeholders to assess
both market and non-market costs and benefits of
redevelopment options, clarify private and public
financing options, evaluate and communicate
environmental risks and opportunities, and access
relevant state-specific information. By October 2007,
SMARTe will use expert system technology to
integrate environmental, social and economic issues
in a multi-criteria decision analysis so that
stakeholders can evaluate alternative reuse scenarios.
Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX)
SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange information
about sensor technologies and needs. The purpose of
the Web site is to serve as a tool to assist those working
in the environmental field in cleaning up hazardous
waste. The submit and search functions of SenTIX can
assist users who are looking for a sensor technology to
meet a specific need. The discussion forum also
matches developers, vendors, and users. Users can
provide sensor-related information online. The site
was developed by WPI, a nonprofit organization,
under a cooperative agreement with EPA.
Superfund Representative Sampling
Guidance
In this December 1995 EPA Superfund
guidance, readers learn about the variables
that relate to site-specific conditions,
sampling design approaches, and techniques for
collection and preparation of representative samples.
The guidance also discusses the importance of the
conceptual site model (CSM). Accuracy of sampling
data is critical for project managers and field personnel
to accurately characterize actual site conditions when
identifying threats, delineating the sources and extent
of contamination, and confirming the achievement of
cleanup standards. The guidance is available in five
volumes covering soil (EPA 540-R-95-141), water
(publication number not available), waste (EPA 540-R-
95-141), air (EPA 540-R-95-140), and biological
materials (EPA540-R-97-028).
Technical and Regulatory Guidance for
the Triad Approach: A New Paradigm for
Environmental Project Management
This document, which was prepared by
ITRC's Sampling, Characterization and
Monitoring (SCM) Team, introduces the Triad
approach as an integrated package of concepts
leading to modernized practices for conducting
contaminated site work. It explains the relationship
of the Triad to existing approaches such as the DQO
process, lists the advantages and disadvantages of
the Triad, and notes regulatory and organizational
barriers that may present obstacles to its use.
B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Assessment
Listed below are survey reports and online tools
pertaining to the application of innovative
technologies to specific contaminants and site types.
EPA Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance Industry Sector
Notebooks
Developed by EPA's Office of Enforcement
and Compliance Assurance (OECA), the
sector notebooks provide extensive profiles of selected
major industries. Each profile includes information
about an industrial process, information about
pollution prevention techniques, pollutant release
data, pertinent federal statutes and regulations,
compliance and enforcement data, information on
government and industry partnerships, descriptions
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
of innovative programs, and bibliographic references.
Profiles are available online and on hard copy for the
following industry sectors:
- Aerospace (EPA 310-R-98-001)
- NEW! Agricultural chemical, pesticide and fertilizer
(EPA 310-R-00-003)
- NEW! Agricultural crop production
(EPA 310-R-00-001)
- NEW! Agriculturallivestockproduction
(EPA 310-R-01-002)
- Air transportation (EPA 310-R-97-001)
- Dry cleaning (EPA 310-R-95-001)
- Electronics and computer (EPA 310-R-95-002)
- Fossil fuel electronic power generation
(EPA 310-R-97-007)
- Ground transportation (EPA 310-R-97-002)
- Inorganic chemical (EPA 310-R-95-004)
- Iron and steel (EPA 310-R-95-005)
- Lumber and wood products (EPA 310-R-95-006)
- Metal casting (EPA 310-R-97-004)
- Metal fabrication (EPA 310-R-95-007)
- Metal mining (EPA 310-R-95-008)
- Motor vehicle assembly (EPA 310-R-95-009)
- Nonferrous metals (EPA 310-R-95-010)
- Nonfuel, nonmetal mining (EPA 310-R-95-011)
- Oil and gas extractions (EPA 310-R-99-006)
- UPDATED! Organic chemical (EPA 310-R-95-012)
- Petroleum refining (EPA 310-R-95-013)
- Pharmaceutical (EPA 310-R-97-005)
- Plastic resins and mamnadefibers (EPA 310-R-97-006)
- UPDATED! Prin ting (EPA 310-R-95-014)
- Pulp and paper (EPA 310-R-95-015)
- Rubber and plastic (EPA 310-R-95-016)
- Shipbuilding and repair (EPA 310-R-97-008)
- Stone, clay, glass, and concrete (EPA 310-R-95-017)
- Textiles (EPA 310-R-97-009)
- Transportation equipment cleaning (EPA 310-R-95-018)
- Water transportation (EPA 310-R-97-003)
- Wood furniture and fixtures (EPA 310-R-95-003)
EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets
Developed by EPA Region 3, the fact sheets are
designed to assist in the initial planning and
evaluation of sites that are under consideration for
remediation, redevelopment, or reuse. The fact sheets
provide general descriptions of site conditions and
contaminants commonly found at selected industrial
sites. Each fact sheet provides information about the
processes conducted in the industry, raw materials
characteristic of the industry, environmental media
that could be affected, sampling strategies, and
suggested parameters for analysis. Fact sheets on the
following subjects are available online:
- Abandoned chemical facilities
- Abandoned laboratories
- Abandoned oil facilities
- Asbestos piles
- Automobile body facilities
- Battery reclamation facilities
- Bethlehem asbestos and tailing mine
- Drum recycling facilities
- Dye facilities
- Electroplating
- Glass manufacturing facilities
- Gasoline stations
- Infectious wastes
- Man ufactured gas plan ts and coal tar sites
- Municipal landfill
- Ordnance
- Paint industry
- Pesticide facilities
- Petroleum recycling facilities
- Plastics
- Print shops
- Quarry sites
- Radiation
- Railroad yard facilities
- Salvage yards
- Scrap metal
- Steel man ufacturing - electric arc/coke
- Tanning facilities
- Tirefires
- Wood treating facilities
Frequently Asked Questions about Dry Cleaning
(EPA 744-K-98-002)
The EPA fact sheet addresses a number of issues related
to dry cleaning, including EPA's interest in dry cleaning,
the process of dry cleaning, the human health and
environmental risks associated with chemical solvents
used in the dry cleaning process, what dry cleaners and
the government are doing to reduce those risks, and other
methods of cleaning clothes. The document lists
additional sources of information about dry cleaning
and EPA's Design for the Environment Program.
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Ordnance and Explosives Mandatory Center of
Expertise (MCX) and Design Center
The mission of the Ordnance and Explosives MCX
and Design Center, which is hosted by the U.S.
Army Engineering and Support Center in
Huntsville, Alabama, is to safely eliminate or
reduce risks posed by ordnance, explosives, and
recovered chemical warfare materials at current or
formerly used defense sites. The Internet site
provides links to information about technical
requirements for contracting; fact sheets on
ordnance and explosives programs; frequently
asked questions related to ordnance response
actions; innovative technologies, presentations,
and technical papers; and technical guidance and
procedures related to ordnance and explosives.
Points of contact also are identified.
of responses to questionnaires sent to entities involved
in such cleanups in 1999. The report presents those
results in detail. An appendix in the report provides
descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment
technologies frequently used at dry cleaner sites.
Underground Storage Tanks and Brownfields Sites
(EPA 510-F-00-004)
The fact sheet focuses on EPA's "USTfields" Initiative
for addressing brownfields properties at which
redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived
environmental contamination originating from
federally regulated USTs. The fact sheet describes the
50 pilot projects implemented or to be implemented
under the two phases of the initiative.
C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site
Assessment
The documents listed below provide detailed
information about specific innovative technologies
and the application of those processes to specific
contaminants and media in the form of engineering
analyses, application reports, technology
verification and evaluation reports, and technology
reviews.
Dry Cleaner Site Assessment &
Remediation- A Technology Snapshot
In this report, the State Coalition for
Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD)
evaluates trends in the use of technologies
to address dry cleaner sites across the country over
the last 3 years. The analysis is based on the
responses of 28 states to a 2002 SCRD survey and
comparison of these responses to those from a
similar survey conducted in 1999. SCRD gathered
information on technologies that states have used or
evaluated for assessment and remediation of
solvent-contaminated dry cleaning sites as well as
program- and project-specific information
concerning contaminant types, general costs,
technologies, cleanup standards, guidance
documents, and lessons learned.
Study of Assessment and Remediation
Technologies for Dry Cleaner Sites
Prepared by SCRD with the support of EPA's OSRTI,
the report presents the results of the coalition's
evaluation of assessment and remediation
technologies commonly used in cleaning up dry
cleaner sites. The evaluation was based on the results
Where Do We Go from Here?
Kitii-i
Next Steps
Result of Site Assessment
Course of Action
No evidence of I
contamination is found
and there is no reason to
suspect other media are
contaminated. Concerns
of stakeholders have
been addressed
adequately.
Discuss results with
appropriate regulatory officials
before proceeding with
redevelopment activities.
Contamination is found I
that poses a significant
risk to human health or
the environment.
Contact the appropriate federal,
state, local, or tribal
government agencies
responsible for hazardous
waste. Based on feedback of
government agency, determine
what cleanup levels are
required for redevelopment,
and proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION phase.
Contamination possibly I
exists.
Proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION phase.
Contamination definitely
exists, BUT no site
investigation has been
conducted.
Proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION phase.
Contamination
definitely exists,
AND a site
investigation has been
performed.
Proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION phase if
additional investigation is
needed; otherwise, proceed to
the CLEANUP OPTIONS
phase.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 29
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES:
Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfields Sites
In partnership with states, tribes, territories, and a broad
range of stakeholders, EPA is undertaking the Land
Revitalization Initiative to restore land to productive
economic and green space uses. In April 2003, EPA
announced an action agenda to serve as a blueprint for
incorporating land reuse into its Superfund, RCRA,
brownfields, and UST hazardous waste cleanup
programs. Land Reuse Coordinators and Land Reuse
Teams have been established in each of EPA's 10
regional offices to ensure
coordination among the cleanup
programs in implementing the
Land Revitalization Agenda.
Additional information is
available at www.epa.gov/
oswer/landrevitalization. EPA
has published the Directory of
Technical Assistance for Land
Revitalization (EPA542-B-03-
001) to provide information about
technical assistance that is
available from EPA and other
federal agency programs. The
document is available at
www.bro wnfieldstsc. org.
A Superfund Redevelc"
ฆ Initiative
RCRA Brownfields
Prevention Initiative
^ TSE Initiative
^USTFields Initiative
^^BRAC Program
f
A Quick Look
The Superfund
Redevelopment
Initiative (SRI) reflects
EPA's commitmentto
consider reasonably
anticipated future land uses
when making remedy decisions for
Superfund sites so that these sites can be cleaned up to be
protective for future users of the land. Because Superfund
and brownfields sites are often co-
located, there are many
opportunities to share information,
experiences, and lessons learned
at the site level in addition to
opportunities for transfer of ideas
between programs at other levels.
Spotlight 2 provides more detailed
information about Superfund
Redevelopment.
EPA's Land Revitalization Initiative was
established to incorporate land reuse into
the Agency's cleanup programs.
The One Cleanup Program establishes
activities to improve the pace, efficiency,
and effectiveness of EPA's cleanup
programs through improved
communication and coordination.
At the same time that EPA began
its Land Revitalization Initiative,
the Agency also announced the
One Cleanup Program, a long-
term initiative designed to support
the ongoing planning and quality
improvement efforts of EPA's
cleanup programs. The goal of
the program is to improve the
coordination, speed, and ^
effectiveness of cleanups at RCRA and Superfund,
brownfields, leaking UST, federal facility, and other
contaminated sites. By encouraging improved
coordination among EPA programs and with government
at all levels, the One Cleanup Program supports the
transfer of ideas, experiences, and innovations across all
programs as well as effective coordination and
communication with the public. More information about
EPA's Once Cleanup Program is available at
www.epa.gov/swerrims/onecleanupprogram.
EPA is addressing redevelopment of
Superfund sitesthrough SRI.
The purpose of the RCRA Brownfields
Prevention Initiative is to prevent creation
of future brownfields and ensure
successful cleanup and long-term,
sustainable reuse of RCRA facilities.
Under EPA's RCRA Brownfields
Prevention Initiative, pilot projects
are designed to test approaches that
better integrate reuse considerations
into the corrective action cleanup
process. The initiative also
addresses concerns that application
of RCRA to cleanup activities at
brownfields sites may be slowing
the progress of cleanup efforts.
Although no grant money is
associated with the pilot projects,
EPA has engaged contractors to
help find ways to expedite cleanup
at the pilot sites. Additional
information about the RCRA
Brownfields Prevention Initiative is provided online at
www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/rcrabf.htm.
The RCRA Brownfields Prevention Targeted Site Efforts
(TSE) Initiative is intended to focus short-term attention and
support on sites at which cleanup has been delayed or
slowed and to serve as a catalyst to initiate cleanup at such
sites in order to prevent them from becoming brownfields
sites. Implemented at the regional level, the TSE program
will apply to sites that have significant potential for
Continued on next page
Underthe RCRA Brownfields Prevention
TSE Initiative, selected sites will receive
concentrated, short-term support to prevent
them from becoming brownfields sites.
EPA's OUST supports the cleanup and
redevelopment of petroleum-contaminated
sites.
Sharing of lessons learned can benefit the
BRAC and Brownfields Programs.
30
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Continued ...
OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES:
Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfieids Sites
redevelopment and reuse and that require a limited amount
of EPA support to achieve the next level of cleanup,
consensus, or site closure. EPA will offer a small amount
of funding to support TSE efforts in each region. For more
information about the program, visit www.epa.gov/
swerosps/rcrabf/tse.htm.
EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST),
focuses on how to improve the cleanup of sites affected
by petroleum contamination, thereby fostering the
redevelopment of those sites (see Spotlight 4,
Underground Storage Tanks at Brownfieids Sites, for
more information about the USTFields Initiative).
Additional details about the initiative also are available
online at www.epa.gov/oust/rags/ustfield.htm.
Many aspects of DoD's Base Realignment and Closure
(BRAC) Program and EPA's Brownfieids Program are
similar. Significant issues common to both programs
include eliminating disincentives and providing
assurances to developers and financiers, considering
future land use in cleanup decisions, and implementing
institutional controls. Because federal facility and
brownfieids cleanups can have similar effects on
communities, EPA and DoD are exploring methods of
coordinating BRAC and brownfieids activities. Visit the
BRAC Internet site at www.dtic.mil/envirodod/brac/tor
online access to relevant policies and initiatives,
publications, and points of contact.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 31
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
SUPERFUND REDEVELOPMENT
EPA's Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (SRI)
reflects its commitment to consider reasonably
anticipated future land uses when making remedy
decisions at Superfund hazardous waste sites so that
these sites can be cleaned up to be protective of human
health and the environment under future uses. Through
case studies, fact sheets, an online database of sites, and
an Internet site, SRI is providing information about reuse
options and the lessons learned through these projects.
It is forming partnerships with
states, local government agencies
citizen groups, and other federal
agencies to restore previously
contaminated properties as
valuable assets for communities.
Some of SRI's most valuable
partnerships are with private
groups with national
memberships. For example, the
U.S. Soccer Foundation provides
free design and engineering
services and sports equipment to
communities that want to build
soccer fields on Superfund land
that has been cleaned up, and
where EPA has determined that
recreational use is appropriate.
The Academy of Model
Aeronautics also has an
agreement with SRI to provide
services, such as mowing and
fence maintenance, on cleaned-up land in return for
SRI's help in identifying suitable Superfund land that can
used by their membership for flying model airplanes.
SRI is exploring similar arrangements with partners that
want to make agreements with local communities for
appropriate use of cleaned-up properties. These partners
contribute their services and expertise to communities in
exchange for use of the land. SRI contributes
information about suitable sites and contacts with
Regional staff and local stakeholders. EPA also is
committed to the ongoing evaluation of its policies and
practices to determine whether changes are needed to
further the effort to reuse sites.
Passage of the Brownfields Law in January 2002 clarified
CERCLA liability provisions for landowners and potential
property owners including the requirement to conduct all
appropriate inquiries into
the previous ownership,
uses, and environmental
conditions of a property.
Spotlight 3 provides
additional information on
All Appropriate Inquiry.
On November 10, 2004, EPA
announced a new
k. phase of SRI, the "Return to
Use" initiative. The Initiative
focuses on National Priorities List
sites that were cleaned up before
EPA's current emphasis on
considering reuse during
response activities. Many of these
sites have remained vacant.
Returning these sites to beneficial
use will provide local
communities with valuable green
space, recreational amenities, or
commercial property. Removing
the stigma associated with fenced
and vacant Superfund sites may
also increase local property values
and the tax base. As part of the
Initiative, EPA is committed to
reviewing remedies in place to
determine whetherthere are
relatively modest ways to remove
barriers to reuse that are not
necessary for the protection of human health and the
environment or the remedy. Such actions might include
modifying fences that are no longer necessary, issuing
Ready for Reuse (RfR) Determinations that identify how a
site can be used while maintaining protection of people
and the environment, eliminating misleading signs and
unnecessary obstacles when conditions at the site no
longer merit them, and ensuring that institutional controls
are appropriate and effective.
As a starting point for the Initiative, EPA is establishing
demonstration projects through partnerships with
communities to overcome obstacles to reuse. For its part, EPA
will:
Perform appropriate risk and remedy analyses to
support decisions that consider reuse of sites.
Issue RfR Determinations.
Continued on next page
A Quick Look
For several years EPA has supported
community efforts to return Superfund
sitestousethroughtheSRI.
The "Return to Use" initiative focuses on
National Priorities List sites that were
cleaned up before EPA's current
emphasis on considering reuse during
response activities.
EPA will review remedies in place to
identify alterations to the remedy to
encourage reuse.
EPA's new Ready for Reuse
Determination is a tool that is used to
indicate to the marketplace a property's
suitability for reuse.
EPA will establish demonstration projects
through partnerships with communities to
overcome obstacles to reuse.
32
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Continued
SUPERFUND REDEVELOPMENT
Ready for Reuse Determinations
On February 18,2004, EPA issued its new Guidance for
Preparing Superfund Ready for Reuse Determinations at
Superfund sites). A RfR determination is a newtype of
document developed by the Agency to provide potential
users of Superfund sites with an environmental status
report that documents atechnical determination by EPA, in
consultation with states, tribes, and local governments, that
all or a portion of a real estate property at a site can support
specified types of uses and remain protective of human
health and the environment. With this new guidance, EPA
provides its staff with the information needed to make and
document these determinations, and thus takes a major
step forward in its effort to facilitate the reuse of Superfund
sites. With the creation of the RfR determination, potential
users and the real estate marketplace will have an
affirmative statement written in plain English and
accompanied by supporting decision documentation, that a
site identified as ready for reuse will remain protective as
long as all required response conditions and use limitations
identified in the site's response decision documents and
land title documents continue to be met.
A copy of this guidance is available at www.epa.gov/
superfund/programs/recycle/rfrguidance.pdf.
Direct communities to tools and resources, such as
comfort letters and involuntary acquisition fact
sheets, which relate to liability issues.
Connect communities with EPA's national reuse
partners, such as the U.S. Soccer Foundation.
Work with communities that are creating site reuse
plans to ensure that the remedies will support the
planned activities.
The expectation for local communities is a commitment
to the reuse of the Superfund site. Additional
contributions will depend on the site's needs and the
community's resources.
The Superfund Redevelopment Help Desk at
(434) 817-0470 provides Regional Superfund
Redevelopment coordinators, RPMs, site attorneys,
Key Resources
Visit EPA's SRI Web site at www.epa.gov/superfund/
programs/recycle foradditional information on
Superfund Redevelopment and the Return to Use
Initiative. Related publications available on the site
include:
Land Use in the CERCLA Remedy Selection Process:
OSWER9355.7-04. May25,1995.
Reusing Superfund Sites: OSWER 9230.0-85.
March, 2001
Reusing Cleaned Up Superfund Sites: Recreational
Use of Land Above Hazardous Waste Containment
Areas: OSWER9230.0-93: April 12,2001.
Reuse Assessments: A Tool To Implement the
Superfund Land Use Directive: OSWER 9355.7-06P.
June 4,2001.
Reusing Superfund Sites: Commercial Use Where
Waste is Left on Site: OSWER 9230.0-100, February
26,2002.
Reusing Cleaned Up Superfund Sites: Golf Facilities
Where Waste is Left on Site: OSWER 9230.0-109.
November20,2003.
Guidance for Preparing Superfund Ready for Reuse
Determinations: OSWER9365.0-33. February 12,
2004. (JointOSRTI/OSREguidance).
Guidance for Documenting and Reporting the
Superfund Revitalization Performance Measures:
OSWER9202.1-26. November5,2004.
Superfund Redevelopment: Realizing Possibilities:
Video
Frequently Asked Questions: Superfund
Redevelopment Program
Frequently Asked Questions: Return to Use
Program
OSCs, CICs and other staff with information and
assistance in carrying out Superfund reuse-related
activities. It operates from 8 am to 5 pm, Monday
through Friday, with voice mail service after hours.
For more information see the resources numbered
75, 77, 93, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130,
131,141,147,152,153,154, and 173 in the
Index of Resources beginning on page 1-1.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 33
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
ALL APPROPRIATE INQUIRY:
Standards and Practices to Provide CERCLA Liability
Protections
On January 11, 2002, President Bush signed the Small
Business Liability Relief and Revitalization Act ("the
Brownfields Law"). The Brownfields Law clarifies
CERCLA liability provisions for landowners and
potential property owners. It provides liability
protections for certain property
owners, if the property owners
comply with specific provisions,
including conducting all
appropriate inquiry into present
and past uses of the property and
the potential presence of
environmental contamination on
the property. The all appropriate
inquiry standards and practices
are relevant to:
A Quick Look
department records
and land-use
records, to
determine previous
uses and occupancies
of the real
k
The innocent landowner
defense to CERCLA liability
(ง101(35))
The contiguous property
exemption to CERCLA liability (ง107 (q))
The bona fide prospective purchaser exemption to
CERCLA liability (ง107 (r)(1) and (ง101 (40))
The brownfields site characterization and assessment
grant programs (ง104 (k)(2))
The Brownfields Law amends Section 101 (35)(B) of
CERCLA to include an interim standard for conducting
all appropriate inquiry and requires EPA to promulgate
regulations that establish federal standards and
practices for conducting all appropriate inquiries.
Congress directed EPA to include, within the
standards for all appropriate inquiry, the ten criteria
shown below:
All appropriate inquiry refers to the
requirements for assessing the
environmental conditions of a property
priorto its acquisition.
All appropriate inquiry provides CERCLA
liability protections for certain landowners
and potential property owners.
The Brownfields Law amends Section
101 (35) (B) of CERCLA to include an
interim standard for conducting all
appropriate inquiry.
EPA proposed regulations forstandards
and practices for all appropriate
inquiries on August26,2004.
property since the property was
first developed
Searches for recorded
environmental cleanup liens
against the facility that are filed
under federal, state, or local law
Reviews of federal, state, and local
government records; waste
disposal records; underground
storage tank records; and
hazardous waste handling,
generation, treatment, disposal,
and spill records concerning
contamination at or near the facility
Visual inspections of the facility and adjoining
properties
Specialized knowledge or experience on the part of the
defendant
The relationship of the purchase price to the value of
the property if the property was not contaminated
Commonly known or reasonably ascertainable
information about the property
The degree of obviousness of the presence or likely
presence of contamination at the property and the
ability to detect the contamination by appropriate
investigation
The results of an inquiry by an environmental
professional
Interviews with past and present owners, operators,
and occupants of the facility for the purpose of
gathering information regarding the potential for
contamination at the facility
Reviews of historical sources, such as chain of title
documents, aerial photographs, building
EPA's Proposed Rule: Standards and Practices for All
Appropriate Inquiries was signed by the EPA Administrator
and published in the Federal Register on August 26, 2004
(69 FR 52542). The proposed rule would establish
specific regulatory requirements for conducting all
appropriate inquiries into the previous ownership, uses,
and environmental conditions of a property for the
purposes of qualifying for certain landowner liability
protections under CERCLA. EPA developed the proposed
Continued on next page^
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Continued ... ALL APPROPRIATE INQUIRY:
Standards and Practices to Provide CERCLA Liability Protections
rule using a Negotiated Rulemaking process. The
proposed rule retains the regulatory language developed
by the Negotiated Rulemaking Committee. The public
comment period for the proposed rule closed on
November 30, 2004. Currently, EPA is reviewing the
comments received in response to the proposed rule
and considering the issues raised by commenters. After
considering all issues raised within the public
comments, EPA will respond to the comments and
develop a final rulemaking.
The interim standard for properties purchased after May 31,
1997, which remains in place until EPA promulgates a final
rule establishing federal standards for all appropriate
inquiries, is the ASTM E1527-97 or ASTM E1527-00,
entitled "Standard Practice for Environmental Site
Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment
Process.
Key Resources
Visitthe EPA Web site athttp://www.epa.gov/brownfields/regneg.htm for copies of the proposed rule, a fact sheet,
and supplemental information on all appropriate inquiry.
For detailed information on specific aspects of the proposed rule, contact Patricia Overmeyer of EPA's Office of
Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment at (202) 566-2774 oraiovermeyer.patricia@epa.gov.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 35
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
USTs AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:
Technology Options for Tank Remediation
Of the estimated 450,000 brownfields sites in the United
States, approximately 100,000 to 200,000 contain
abandoned USTs or are affected by leaks of petroleum
from such tanks. EPA and many state and local leaders
are committed to achieving sustainable development and
preserving green space by cleaning up and reusing these
petroleum brownfields, which are often located on corner
lots and in other prime locations. Reusing abandoned
gasoline stations helps to preserve green space, reduce
urban sprawl, and reduce the
distance that people have to
travel, thus decreasing air
pollution. Such sites as the West
Ogden Pocket Park, a former
service station, had been used for
illegal dumping and were
eyesores to the Chicago
community. Cooperation
between the Chicago Department
of Buildings, Department of the
Environment, and Department of
Transportation led to tank
removal, site remediation, and
site restoration. In summer 2001,
the West Ogden Pocket Park
opened, adding much needed
green space to its neighborhood.
A Quick Look
USTs are present at many brownfields
sites because the owners have closed
their businesses and do not have the
funds necessary to remove the tanks or
properly clean up the tanks.
Contaminants likely to be found at UST
sites include petroleum hydrocarbons,
gasoline, dieselfuel, MtBE, BTEX, JP-4 jet
fuels, and solvents.
innovative site
assessment and
cleanup technologies,
such as field
measurementtechniques,
soil vapor surveying,
vacuum-enhanced free product
recovery, active and passive bioremediation, and MNA.
OUST continues to encourage scientifically sound, rapid,
and cost-effective corrective action
at UST sites. It also encourages the
use of expedited site assessments
as a means of streamlining the
corrective action process,
improving data collection, and
reducing the overall cost of
remediation. The May 2004
publication Technologies for
Treating MtBE and Other Fuel
Oxygenates, (available at
www.epa.gov/tio/download/
remed/542r04009/
542r04009.pdf) is an example of
new informational materials that are
relevant to UST remediation.
With so many UST sites requiring
remediation, EPA is promoting
faster, more effective, and less
costly alternatives to established cleanup methods. EPA
and states are continuing their legacy of developing and
disseminating innovative tools to address petroleum
brownfields. A Ready-for-Reuse Determination is one
such tool. It is being used in Sayre, Oklahoma and other
places to acknowledge that the site has been cleaned up
and is ready and available for a particular type of reuse.
Site inventories are helping bring property owners
together with end users who may want to use the
properties.
Although established technologies such as P&T systems
or excavation and disposal in a landfill, have proven
effective and are frequently used, innovative technologies
may be applicable for cleanup of USTs. EPA's OUST has
worked with EPA's ORD to foster development of
The USTFields Initiative focuses attention
on abandoned or underused industrial and
commercial properties at which
redevelopment is complicated by
environmental contamination originating
from USTs.
The Brownfields Law allocates funding
each year to assess and clean up
petroleum-contaminated brownfields sites.
Prior to the enactment of the Small
Business Liability Relief and
Brownfields Revitalization Act or
Brownfields Law, petroleum-
contaminated sites were not eligible
for traditional brownfields funding. Therefore, in 2000, to
encourage the reuse of abandoned properties contaminated
with petroleum from USTs, OUST created the USTFields
Initiative. A total of 50 projects were awarded up to
$100,000 each to assess, clean up, and restore high-priority
petroleum-impacted sites. Although no additional USTFields
pilot projects will be awarded funds, opportunities to
address relatively low-risk petroleum sites are now available
through the brownfields assessment, cleanup, and revolving
loan fund grants. In addition, high-priority and high-risk
sites can be addressed by states through the Leaking
Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund.
The Brownfields Law expanded the original EPA
Brownfields Program by making relatively low-risk
Continued on next page
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Continued
USTs AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:
Technology Options for Tank Remediation
petroleum sites eligible for brownfields assessment and
cleanup grant funding and by allotting 25 percent of the
funding strictly for petroleum brownfields assessment
and cleanup. Previously, petroleum sites were ineligible
for brownfields grants funding. In 2004, EPA awarded
close to $23 million in brownfields grants to assess and
clean up petroleum-contaminated sites. Recipients
included abandoned sites such as gasoline stations,
industrial properties, and retail properties that contain or
are perceived to contain petroleum contamination.
For more information, see the resources numbered
14,17, 27, 56, 80,102,103,162,171, and 173 in
the Index of Resources beginning on page 1-1.
Key Resource
EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site
View online at www.epa.gov/oust.
Hosted by EPA's OUST, the Internet site provides resources
and tools to help owners and operators of UST sites and
brownfields stakeholders better assess their options for
operation, maintenance, and cleanup of USTs. Information
and guidance about technologies suitable for cleaning up
releases from UST systems are provided, as are details
about currentfederal UST regulations and UST program
priorities, including specific details about the USTFields
Initiative. Points of contact in each of the EPA regional
offices also are identified. An extensive numberof UST
publications can be viewed online or downloaded at no
charge. In addition, information about state-sponsored UST
programs, including links to state Internet sites, is provided
on OUST's site at www.epa.gov/oust/states/index.htm.
Some of the more recent publications available at
www.epa.gov/oust/pubs/index.htmmclu6e:
How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for
Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective
Action Plan Reviewers (EPA510-R-04-002), May 2004
Underground Storage Tanks: Building on the Past to
Protect the Future (EPA 510-R-04-001), March 2004
Reuse of Abandoned Gas Station Sites (EPA-510-F-
04-001), February 2004
Continued on next page
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 37
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
AND REVITALIZATION TOOLS - ELECTRONIC
(SMARTe)
Revitalization of contaminated sites is a global concern
that requires an integrated approach to mitigate the risks
to human health and the environment. Many countries
have committed extensive resources to addressing
environmental, social, and economic issues related to the
cleanup and revitalization of brownfields sites. The
challenge is to determine how to capitalize on the
available resources, expertise, and knowledge and
effectively share and transfer that information to the
organizations and individuals responsible for making
decisions and implementing revitalization efforts.
EPA and the German Federal Ministry for Education and
Research Bundesministerium Fur Bildung und
Forschung (BMBF) have initiated a cooperative effort to
share such information and evaluate new solutions for
the revitalization of potentially contaminated sites.
Sustainable Management Approaches and Revitalization
Tools - electronic (SMARTe) is a Web-based information
source and decision support tool. The purpose of
SMARTe is to aid stakeholders in identifying, applying,
and integrating tools and technologies to facilitate the
revitalization of potentially contaminated sites in the
United States. SMARTe is intended to be a living Web-
based system that can be updated as new tools,
technologies, and approaches become available for
revitalization.
SMARTe will provide a decision support tool for
developing and evaluating plans for land revitalization.
Its decision analysis capabilities are intended to be used
by brownfields project stakeholders for:
Assessing both market and non-market costs and
benefits of revitalization options
Comparing alternative reuse scenarios
Clarifying both private and public financing options
Evaluating and communicating environmental risks
Easing access to pertinent state specific information
related to specific projects
SMARTe is the umbrella
providing entry points for
tools and information at
the level of detail desired by
the user. SMARTe contains
four components:
An electronic document that provides information on
the revitalization process
A screening tool that leads the user through the
revitalization process
A tool box to analyze and solve revitalization issues
A search engine for information tools, and best
practices
SMARTe will provide the analytical tools needed to
implement and integrate each component of the decision
process. In the future, SMARTe will use expert system
technology to integrate environmental, social and
economic issues in a multi-criteria decision analysis so
that stakeholders can evaluate alternative reuse scenarios.
The goal of SMARTe is to not only provide the tools and
information needed by a user to solve a revitalization
issue, but also to integrate these tools and information
into an assessment that facilitates sustainable
revitalization.
SMARTe is accessible at www.smarte.org.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
SITE INVESTIGATION
^0
Identify the Source, Nature, and tk
Extent of Contamination /
The site investigation phase focuses on confirming
whether any contamination exists at a site, locating
any contamination, and characterizing the nature
and extent of that contamination. It is essential that
an appropriately detailed study of the site be
performed to identify the cause, nature, and extent of
contamination and the possible threats to the
environment or to any people living or working
nearby. For brownfields sites, the results of such a
study can be used in determining goals for cleanup,
quantifying risks, determining acceptable and
unacceptable risk, and developing effective cleanup
plans that minimize delays or costs in the
redevelopment and reuse of property. To ensure that
sufficient information is obtained to support future
decisions, the proposed cleanup measures and the
proposed end use of the site should be considered
when identifying data needs during the site
investigation.
A site investigation, also referred to as an ASTM
Phase II environmental site assessment, is based on
the results of the site assessment, which is discussed
in the preceding section of the Road Map. The site
investigation phase may include the analysis of
samples of soil and soil gas, groundwater, surface
water, and sediment. The migration pathways of
contaminants also are examined during this phase,
and a baseline risk assessment may be needed to
calculate risk to human health and the environment.
Examples of sampling and analysis technologies that
may be useful during this phase are presented in
Appendix A, Table A-2, Technologies for Analyzing
Contaminants at Brownfields Sites.
During site investigation, use of the Triad
approach allows decision-makers to implement a
strategy that is flexible and meets the needs of the
site. Use of systematic planning can result in lower
overall project costs. Use of dynamic working
strategies can reduce or eliminate the need for
multiple mobilizations on a site to reach closeout.
For brownfields sites, where decision-making is
closely tied to economic constraints and public
acceptance, increased information value obtained
using real-time measurement technologies
collaboratively with definitive fixed laboratory
methods for data collection will provide
stakeholders with the confidence they need at a
reduced cost. Reducing project costs and schedules
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 39
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
to obtain closure means that more dormant or
abandoned sites may become economically viable
for redevelopment.
What Do We Need to Know?
Factors that should be considered during the site
investigation, if there is evidence of potential or actual
contamination include:
1. Will the site be entered into a state voluntary
cleanup program (VCP)? If so, will the
investigation plan be reviewed through the VCP? If
not, are there federal, state, local, and tribal
regulatory requirements applicable to the site
investigation? What agency will be responsible for
managing oversight of this phase? What is to be
done if the appropriate agency has not developed
standards or guidelines that are suitable for the
proposed redevelopment?
2. What technologies are available to facilitate site
investigation and to support data collection
relevant to the goals of the project? Has the
technical team explored the full range of
technologies that can produce data of the quality
necessary? Can the technologies selected limit the
number of mobilizations at the site?
3. Can the need for cleanup be assessed fully and
accurately from the information gathered during the
site assessment or from a previous site investigation?
4. What issues has the community raised that may
affect the site investigation?
5. What are the potential exposure pathways? Who
or what could be affected by the contamination or
the efforts to clean up the contamination?
6. What happens if significant contamination is
found? What happens if contamination poses a
"significant threat" to local residents?
7. What happens if the contamination is originating
from an adjacent or other off-site source? What
happens if background sampling indicates that
contamination is originating from a naturally
occurring source?
8. Are the infrastructure systems (roads, buildings,
sewers, and other facilities) contaminated? Could
they be affected by efforts to clean up
contamination?
The following table describes field analytical
technologies and mobile laboratories.
Highlights of Field Analytical Technologies and Mobile Laboratories
Field Analytical Technologies: Field analytical technologies, often
referred to as "field analytics," can be used on site without the
absolute need for a mobile laboratory. Some field analytical
technologies are very sophisticated and can yield quantitative results
that are comparable to those obtained by analysis in mobile or off-site
laboratories. Some field analytical measurements can be made
quickly, allowing a high rate of sampling. Under certain conditions,
data can be collected in a short period of time. Field analytical
technologies are implemented through the use of hand-held
instruments, such as the portable gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry and the x-ray fluorescence analyzer, as well as the use
of bench procedures, such as colorimetric and immunoassay tests.
Mobile Laboratories: A variety of technologies can be used in a
mobile laboratory. Such technologies differ from field analytical
technologies because they may require more controlled
conditions (such as temperature, humidity, and source of
electricity) or complex sample preparation that uses solvents or
reagents that require special handling or protective equipment that
require the handling and storage of chemical standards.
Technologies adaptable to mobile laboratories include those used
to analyze soil and water samples for inorganic analytes (such as
anodic stripping voltammetry) and organic compounds (such as
gas chromatography with a variety of detectors). When operated
properly and with adequate quality assurance (QA) and quality
control (QC), the technologies can achieve quantitative results
equal to those achieved by off-site analytical laboratories.
How Do We Find the Answers?
ฉ
Typical activities that may be conducted during the
site investigation phase include:
Identify the proper mix of technologies (such as
field measurement technologies that characterize
the physical and chemical aspects of the site and
fixed laboratory sampling methods) that can
facilitate site investigations and meet the required
level of data quality:
- Ensure that the laboratory has appropriate detection
limits for analytes
Determine the environmental conditions at the site
(for example, by performing an ASTM Phase II
environmental site assessment or equivalent
investigation that includes tests to confirm the
locations and identities of environmental hazards):
- Conduct sampling and analysis to determine the
nature, extent, source, and significance of the
con tamination that may be presen t at the site
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
- Cond uct sampling and analysis to fully assess the
physical, geophysical, and ecological conditions and
characteristics of the site
- Interpret the results of the analysis to characterize site
conditions
- Determine whether and how (if applicable) the
infrastructure systems (including existing structures)
are affected by con tamination
Assess the risk the site may pose to human health
and the environment. Consider the exposure
pathways of direct contact, ingestion, or
inhalation of soil and dust, water, and air.
Depending on state regulatory requirements,
consider the use of a site-specific risk assessment
to identify cleanup levels when that approach
may result in more reasonable cleanup standards
or when cleanup standards have not been
developed
Examine unacceptable environmental conditions
in terms of initial costs for site improvement and
long-term costs for annual operation and
maintenance include potential cleanup options
and constraints that may affect redevelopment
requirements, such as project schedules, costs, and
potential for achieving the desired reuse
Revise assumptions about the site based on data
collected at the site
Begin consideration of sources of funding for site
investigation and cleanup activities such as state
Brownfields Programs and federal tax credits:
- Con tact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to
identify and determine the availability of EPA
support programs and federal financial incentives
Continue to work with appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are being properly addressed:
- Identify and consult with the appropriate federal,
state, local, and tribal agencies to include them as
early as possible in the decision-making process
Educate members of the community about the site
investigation process and actively involve them in
decision-making; consider risk communication
techniques to facilitate those activities
Where Do We Find Answers to Our
Technology Questions?
Listed below are examples of resources that assist in
identifying the environmental condition of a site. The
resources are listed alphabetically under the
following categories:
A. Resources for Site Investigation
B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Investigation
C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site Investigation
Access the Road Map online at
zvzvzv.brozvnfieldstsc.org to view or download the
following resources electronically or to obtain a link
that provides complete ordering information.
A. Resources for Site Investigation
ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site
Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected
Petroleum Releases (E1912-98(2004))
Developed by ASTM, the guide describes accelerated
site characterization (ASC), a process used to rapidly
and accurately characterize confirmed or suspected
releases of petroleum. The guide provides a
framework that responsible parties, contractors,
consultants, and regulators can use to streamline and
accelerate site characterization. The guide is
available at a cost and can be ordered online at
zvzvzv.astm.org.
ASTM Standard Guide for
Environmental Site Assessments: Phase
II Environmental Site Assessment
Process (E1903-97(2002))
Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses
a framework for employing good commercial and
customary practices in the United States during Phase
II environmental site assessments of commercial
property with respect to the potential presence of a
range of contaminants within the scope of CERCL A
as well as petroleum products. The guide, which is
available at a cost, can ordered online at
zvzvzv.astm.org.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Brownfields and Land Revitalization
Technology Support Center
EPA established BTSC to ensure that
j brownfields decision-makers are aware of
the full range of technologies available for
conducting site assessments and cleanup and can
make informed decisions for their sites. The center
helps government decision-makers evaluate strategies
to streamline the site assessment and cleanup
process, identify and review information about
complex technology options, evaluate contractor
capabilities and recommendations, explain complex
technologies to communities, and plan technology
demonstrations. The center is coordinated through
EPA's OSRTI and works through EPA's ORD
laboratories. BTSC works closely with EPA's Office of
Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in
partnership with USACE and ANL. Localities can
submit requests for assistance through their EPA
Regional Brownfields Coordinator, online at
iviviv.broivnfieldstsc.org, or by calling (877) 838-7220
(toll free). For more information about BTSC, contact
Dan Powell of EPA's OSRTI at (703) 603-7196 or
powell.dan@epa.gov.
Brownfields Technology Primer:
VlaWifc. Requesting and Evaluating Proposals
that Encourage Innovative Technologies
IfcAJlglSfllf for investigation and Cleanup (EPA 542-
I R-01-005)
BTSC prepared this primer to assist site
owners, project managers, and others preparing RFPs
to solicit support in conducting activities to
investigate and clean up contaminated sites. It is
specifically intended to assist those individuals in
writing specifications that encourage contractors and
technology vendors to propose options for using
innovative characterization and remediation
technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also
provides information, from a technology perspective,
to guide review teams in their evaluations of
proposals and the selection of qualified contractors.
Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad
Approach to Streamline Brownfields Site
Assessment and Cleanup (EPA 542-B-03-002)
BTSC prepared this document to provide an
educational tool for site owners, project managers,
and regulators in order to help streamline assessment
and cleanup activities at brownfields sites. Strategies
that reduce costs, decrease time frames, and positively
affect regulatory and community acceptance also can
improve the economics of redevelopment at
brownfields sites. Increased attention to brownfields
sites and the manner in which they are redeveloped
places greater importance on the approach to site
cleanup. This primer is one in a series that will
address specific cleanup issues.
Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing
the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001)
The guide is one in a series of publications designed to
assist communities, states, municipalities, and the
private sector to address brownfields sites more
effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used
with the three guides for specific types of sites -
Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning
Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields
Initiative, Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the
Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches to
Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites
Under the Brownfields Initiative - provides
information about cost estimating tools and resources
for addressing cleanup costs at brownfields sites.
Many decision-makers at brownfields sites may choose
to assign the preparation of cost estimates to
consultants who are experienced in the cleanup of
hazardous waste sites; however, it benefits those
decision-makers to be able to provide guidance to their
consultants and to understand the process sufficiently
well to provide an informed review of the estimates
prepared. The guide provides general information
about the cost estimation process and includes
summaries of various types of estimates. The guide
also outlines the process of developing "order of
magnitude" cost estimates. Information about
resources, databases, and models also is provided.
Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous
Waste Site Investigations (EPA 600-R-00-007)
The document focuses on the DQO process as the
appropriate systematic planning process to support
decision-making. The DQO process is an important
tool for project managers and planners to use in
defining the types, quality, and quantity of data
needed to make defensible decisions. The document
is based on the principles and steps developed in
Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process but
is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites.
The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality
Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final
Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance:
User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document
focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is
applicable to programs at the state and local levels.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Directory of Technical Assistance for Land
Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B-03-001)
BTSC prepared this directory to provide
information about technical assistance that
is available from federal agencies to assist
regional, state, and local government personnel in
making assessment and cleanup decisions for
brownfields, reuse, and revitalization sites. This
directory includes information about 37
organizations within 10 federal agencies that provide
different types of support to help with site assessment
and cleanup, including technical support and
funding sources. Profiles are included for these
agencies and organizations and contain the following
types of information: background and location
information, relevancy to revitalization, description of
the areas of expertise available, discussion of the
types of services available, types of funding available
and eligibility, contact information and the process
for requesting assistance, and examples of specific
instances in which the organization has previously
provided support relevant to site revitalization.
Information in the profiles is believed to be current as
of March 2003. To help maintain current information,
the directory is available as an online database at
www.brozvnfieldstsc.org/directory /directory, cfm.
Engineering and Design: Requirements for the
Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans (EM
200-1-3)
Developed by USACE, this manual provides guidance
for the preparation of project-specific SAPs for the
collection of environmental data. In addition, the
manual presents default sampling and analytical
protocols that may be used verbatim or modified
based in light of the DQOs for a specific project. The
goal of the manual is to promote consistency in the
generation and execution of sampling and analysis
plans and therefore to help investigators generate
chemical data of known quality for the purpose to
which those data are to be used.
fl|^ EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Online:
SSMjrajj Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes,
Physical/Chemical Methods
Developed by EPA'sOSW, the Web site
W provides test procedures and guidance that
EPA recommends for use in conducting the
evaluations and measurements needed to comply
with requirements established under RCRA. The
online manual presents state-of-the-art methods of
routine analytical testing that have been adapted for
use under the RCRA Program. All the documents
found in the Third Edition of SW-846, as updated by
updates I, II, IIA, IIB, III, and IIIA, are located at the
Web site. It presents procedures for field and
laboratory QC, sampling, identification of hazardous
constituents in wastes, determination of the
hazardous characteristics of wastes (toxicity,
ignitability, reactivity, or corrosivity), and
determination of the physical properties of wastes. It
also provides guidance on selecting appropriate
methods. The methods can be downloaded from the
SW-846 Web site at no cost.
EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative
Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable
Database
The EPA REACH IT online searchable databases
sponsored by EPA's OSRTI is a service provided free
of charge to both users and technology vendors.
This database provides users comprehensive, up-to-
date information about more than 256
characterization technologies and 481 remediation
technologies and their applications. It combines
information submitted by technology service
providers about remediation and characterization
technologies with information from EPA, DoD, DOE,
and state project managers about sites at which
innovative technologies are being deployed. During
the preliminary phase of a brownfields project, EPA
REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to
learn about and become familiar with the range of
available technology options that can be employed
during the investigation and the cleanup phases
that follow, as well as data about various types of
sites. Information about analytical screening
technologies that may be useful for initial sampling
of a site also is provided. EPA REACH IT is
accessible only through the Internet.
Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision
Support Software (DSS)
Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental
Management, the report evaluates DSS, computer-
based systems that facilitate the use of data,
models, and structured decision processes in
making decisions related to environmental
management. The report evaluates 19 such systems
through the application of a rating system that
favors software that simulates a wide range of
environmental problems. It includes a glossary of
terms and a statement of the rationale for the
selection of various aspects of the performance of
the DSS for evaluation.
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Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE)
The online encyclopedia provides information about
technologies that investigators can use in the field to
characterize contaminated soil and groundwater;
monitor the progress of remedial efforts; and, in
some cases, perform confirmation sampling and
analysis to support closeout of a site. The
encyclopedia emphasizes the systematic planning
component of the Triad as a necessary step to
identify factors and issues that contribute to
decision uncertainty. The site also provides a
searchable function to enable the user to find an
appropriate technology based on the contaminants
at a site and the media to be treated, and provides
site summaries, links to relevant resources, and
training modules. The encyclopedia serves a wide
range of users, from engineering students to field
technicians and site managers.
Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix,
Version 1.0
The matrix, an online tool, will assist brownfields
stakeholders to obtain information about and screen
technologies applicable for site investigation. Each
site characterization technology is rated in a number
of performance categories, such as detection limits,
applicable media, selectivity, and turnaround time.
Other useful information provided includes
technology descriptions; data on commercial status,
cost, and certification; and evaluation reports. The
matrix is extremely helpful to users who are not
familiar with specific characterization technologies,
but who know baseline information about a site, such
as contaminants and media; for such users, the matrix
can identify and screen technologies for potential use
at a site.
Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field
Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective Site
Characterization and Cleanup
Developed by Tufts University in cooperation with
EPA, the document provides users with information
about the many factors that are to be considered in
incorporating field analytical instruments and
methods into an adaptive sampling and analysis
program for expediting the site investigation
process. The guidance is intended to assist federal
and state regulators, site owners, consulting
engineers, and remediation companies understand
how to develop, maintain, and update a dynamic
workplan.
Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous
Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring
The report introduces a new standard promoted by
EPA's OSWER and OSRTI that encourages more
effective and less costly strategies for characterizing
and monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new
approach uses an integrated triad of systematic
planning, dynamic work plans, and on-site analysis
for data collection and technical decision-making at
hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the
concepts in the Triad approach is new, but it has been
demonstrated that the integrated approach completes
projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory
and client satisfaction than the traditional phased
approach. The report includes a list of additional
resources regarding innovative technologies and site
characterization.
Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series
The case studies provide cost and performance
information about the innovative technologies that
support less costly and more representative site
characterization. The purpose of the case studies is to
analyze and document the effectiveness of new
technologies proposed for site cleanup. They present
information about the capability of the technologies
in analyzing and monitoring cleanup, as well as
information about costs associated with the use of the
technologies. The following case studies are
available:
- Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum
Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-003)
- Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites
(EPA 542-R-00-003)
- Hanscom Air Force Base, Operable Unit 1
(EPA 542-R-98-006)
- Site Cleanup of the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Test Plot
Site Using a Dynamic Work Plan (2000)
(EPA 542-R-00-009)
- NEW! Technology Evaluation: Real-time VOC
Analysis Using a Field Portable GC/MS
(EPA 542-R-01-011)
Innovative Remediation and Site
Characterization Technologies Resources
(EPA 542-C-04-002)
Produced by EPA's OSRTI, this CD-ROM
contains resources that provide information
to help federal, state, and private sector site managers
evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives. The
ability to gain access to resources that provide
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information about innovative site characterization and
remediation technologies will increase the
understanding of those technologies and of the cost and
performance factors related to them. Such
understanding is essential to the consideration of those
technologies for use in addressing contamination at
hazardous waste sites. The information on the CD-
ROM is broken down into seven categories: bulletins,
fact sheets, journals, and newsletters; community
involvement support; electronic resources;
organizations, programs and partnerships; publication
clearinghouses; publications; and regulatory resources.
Several resources included on the CD-ROM also are
available at the Road Map online. Copies of the CD-
ROM can be ordered through the NSCEP at P.O. Box
42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419 or by calling (800)
490-9198 (toll free).
Managing Uncertainty in Environmental
Decisions
This paper was published in Environmental
Science and Technology, a publication of the
American Chemical Society, in October
2001. The preparation of this paper was coordinated
through EPA OSRTI and included input from USACE.
The paper discusses the relationship between data
quality concepts and improved decision-making for
environmental site investigation and cleanup projects.
It addresses the context and use of site investigation-
related terminology, conventional data quality
approaches, and the use of the Triad approach.
Relationship Between SW-846, PBMS,
and Innovative Analytical Technologies
(EPA 542-R-01-015)
This paper, which was developed by EPA
OSRTI in collaboration with EPA OSW,
explains and documents EPA's position regarding
testing methods (such as SW-846) used in waste
programs and the relationship between regulatory
flexibility regarding analytical methods and the use
of on-site measurements to improve the cost-
effectiveness of contaminated site cleanups. The
paper also explains the advantages of a performance-
based approach to analytical methods and the use of
performance-based measurement systems (PBMS)
within EPA programs. The Triad approach to site
investigation and characterization, which is based on
PBMS principles, also is briefly discussed. This
paper will assist brownfields stakeholders by
providing information and references that address
flexibility and more affordable approaches to
performing analyses at contaminated sites.
Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and
Monitoring (EPA 542-F-01-030B)
The document is a concise guide to resources, both
existing and planned, that support new, streamlined
approaches to site investigation and monitoring. It
describes training courses available, including some
that are downloadable; lists sources of information
about available technologies and guidance
documents available through EPA programs; and
provides sources of information about technology
verification and demonstration efforts. The guide
also lists a number of Web sites from which related
publications and software can be downloaded. The
document can be downloaded from CLU-IN under
"Publications."
Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX)
SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange information
about sensor technologies and needs. The purpose of
the Web site is to serve as a tool to assist those working
in the environmental field in cleaning up hazardous
waste. The submit and search functions of SenTIX can
help match users looking for a sensor technology to
meet a specific need. The discussion forum also
matches developers, vendors, and users. Users can
provide sensor-related information online. The site
was developed by (WPI), a nonprofit organization,
under a cooperative agreement with EPA.
Site Characterization Library, Version 3.0
(EPA 600/C/05/001)
The Site Characterization Library (Library),
which was created by EPA's ORD,
National Exposure Research Laboratory
(NERL), Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) in Las
Vegas, Nevada, provides a centralized, field-portable
source for site characterization information. EPA has
compiled this compendium in electronic form on both
CD-ROM and DVD. The resources contained in the
Library were recommended by experts in the field of
site characterization and are classified into the
following four types: Web sites, audiovisual resources,
documents, and software. Version 3.0 of the Library
contains over 36,000 pages of guidance in the form of
pdf files, software programs, video files, and Web links.
It includes 400 documents, 80 Web links, 54 software
programs, and 11 audiovisual files. The audio and
video files are new to Version 3.0 and contain Internet
training seminars relating to site characterization and
monitoring technologies and approaches. An
alphabetical index of all the resources in this Library is
included to enable users to locate resources by title. A
section on the Triad approach provides easy access to
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
information on this innovative site characterization
methodology. A limited number of copies of Version
3.0 of the Library are available free of charge by mail
from either of the following locations: EPA NSCEP,
P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419,
telephone: (513) 489-8190 or (800) 490-9198, fax: (513)
489-8695; or EPA NERL, ERD/ORD, P.O. Box 93478,
Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478, telephone: (702) 798-
2365 or (702)798-2207, e-mail: support.cmb@epa.gov.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program Demonstration Reports
An extensive inventory of reports of the evaluation of
measurement and monitoring technologies in the
SITE Program is available to assist decision-makers in
reviewing technology options and assessing a
technology's applicability to a particular site. The
reports evaluate all information about a technology;
provide an analysis of its overall applicability to site
characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices; and
present testing procedures, performance and cost
data, and QA/QC standards. The Demonstration
Bulletins provide summarized descriptions of
technologies and announcements of demonstrations.
The Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports
provide full reports of the demonstration results,
including technical data useful to decision-makers.
The Emerging Technology Program Reports describe
emerging innovative technologies and are developed
under the terms of a cooperative agreement between
the technology developer and EPA.
Sustainable Management Approaches
and Revitalization Tools - electronic
(SMARTe)
The SMARTe Web-based decision support
tool is a cooperative effort of EPA, ITRC, and
the German Federal Ministry for Education and
Research. It is designed to aid stakeholders in
identifying, applying, and integrating tools and
technologies to facilitate revitalization of potentially
contaminated sites in the United States. Currently,
SMARTe contains information and databases that
allow project stakeholders to assess both market and
nonmarket costs and benefits of redevelopment
options, clarify private and public financing options,
evaluate and communicate environmental risks and
opportunities, and access relevant state-specific
information. By October 2007, SMARTe will use expert
system technology to integrate environmental, social
and economic issues in a multi-criteria decision
analysis so that stakeholders can evaluate alternative
reuse scenarios.
Triad Resource Center
The Triad Resource Center, a multiagency
collaboration of EPA, USACE, ITRC, DOE,
the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force, and the
State of New Jersey, is maintained by
ANL. The center provides information about
effective implementation of the Triad approach in
decision-making during hazardous waste site
characterization and remediation. It also provides
an overview of the Triad principles and describes
changes in regulatory functions that are required
when the Triad approach is used at hazardous
waste sites. Also available are descriptions of
projects in which Triad principles have been
successfully implemented. A reference and resource
section includes general reference material, training
resources, and information about upcoming
conferences and workshops.
Using Dynamic Field Activities for On-
Site Decision-Making: A Guide for
Project Managers (EPA 540-R-03-002)
This document, which was developed by
EPA, provides environmental cleanup
professionals with guidance on how to use an on-site
decision-making process to streamline field work at
contaminated sites. This guidance focuses on how
project managers can use dynamic work planning
and field-based analytical methods to meet project
goals and streamline site activities. Also included are
examples of sites where this process has been
successfully implemented.
B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Investigation
Listed below are survey reports on the application of
innovative technologies to specific contaminants and
site types.
Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in
the W ater front V oluntary Setting
This report investigates the reasons voluntary action
to redevelop potentially contaminated property is
subject to market constraints and other pressures that
differ vastly from those that affect corrective action
programs. It sets forth in detail the current level of
application of field-based characterization tools at
115 waterfront brownfields sites and sites being
addressed under VCP programs.
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Characterization of Mine Leachates and the
Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring
Strategy for Mine Sites (EPA 600-R-99-007)
The objective of the research project was to develop a
better understanding of the composition of mine
waste leachates and to identify cost-effective
groundwater monitoring parameters that could be
incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably
detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock
mining operations.
Resource for MGP Site Characterization and
Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and
Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas
Plant Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005)
The document provides current information about
useful approaches and tools being applied at former
manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites to the regulators
and utilities that are engaged in characterizing and
remediating these sites. The document outlines site
management strategies and field tools for expediting
site characterization at MGP sites; presents a
summary of existing technologies for remediating
MGP wastes in soils; provides sufficient information
about the benefits, limitations, and costs of each
technology, tool, or strategy for comparison and
evaluation; and provides, through case studies,
examples of the ways in which those tools and
strategies can be implemented at MGP sites.
Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated
Sediments
The report, prepared by the National Research
Council's Committee on the Remediation of PCB-
Contaminated Sediments under an EPA grant,
reviews the nature of the challenge involved in the
management of sediments contaminated with PCBs;
provides an overview of current knowledge about the
inputs, fates, and effects of PCBs; recommends a risk-
based framework for use in assessing remediation
technologies and risk-management strategies; and
elaborates on the framework as it is applicable
specifically to sediments contaminated with PCBs.
C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site
Investigation
The documents listed below provide detailed
information about specific innovative technologies
and the application of those processes to specific
contaminants and media in the form of engineering
analyses, application reports, technology verification
and evaluation reports, and technology reviews.
A User's Guide to Environmental Immunochemical
Analysis
Developed by EPA's ORD, the document facilitates
transfer of immunochemical methods for the analysis
of environmental contaminants to the environmental
analytical chemistry laboratory. Field personnel who
may have a need to employ a measurement
technology at a monitoring site also may find this
manual helpful. The document instructs the reader in
the use and application of immunochemical methods
of analysis for environmental contaminants. It
includes a general troubleshooting guide, along with
specific instructions for certain analytes. The guide is
written in a manner that allows the user to apply the
information presented to immunoassays that are not
discussed in the manual.
Adaptive Sampling and Analysis
Program (ASAP), ANL
Developed by the Environmental
Assessment Division (EAD) of ANL, an
adaptive sampling and analysis program
(ASAP) is an expedited approach to collecting data
in support of hazardous waste site characterization
and remediation. ASAPs rely on "real-time" data
collection techniques and in-field decision-making
to keep data collection as inexpensive, focused, and
efficient as possible. The Web site provides links to
related fact sheets and identifies sites where the
ASAP approach has been successfully used.
Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids
(DNAPLs): Review of Emerging
Characterization and Remediation
Technologies
This document, which was developed by
ITRC, is an educational tool for regulators
and project managers who work with DNAPL-
contaminated sites. The emerging characterization
technologies discussed in the document include
geophysical and direct-push technologies, and in situ
tracers. Emerging remediation technologies described
in the document include in situ flushing, dynamic
underground stripping, six-phase heating, and in situ
chemical oxidation. The document also presents
stakeholder concerns about application of these
emerging technologies.
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Environmental Security Technology
Certification Program (ESTCP)
DoD's ESTCP Program promotes
innovative, cost-effective environmental
characterization and remediation
technologies through their demonstration and
validation at DoD sites. Successful demonstration
leads to acceptance of innovative technologies by
DoD end-users and the regulatory community. The
Web site provides access to detailed reports about
completed demonstration projects that have verified
cost and performance of a technology, and fact sheets
about ongoing projects where innovative technologies
are being tested. Some of the areas under which these
demonstrations are being conducted include
chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, perchlorate,
petroleum hydrocarbons and related compounds and
contaminated sediments. Reports about site
characterization, monitoring and process
optimization are also available. The user can also use
the online library to search for reports and fact sheets
based on keywords.
Environmental T echnology Verification
Reports
Produced by EPA's ORD, the
Environmental Technology Verification
(ETV) Program reports provide extensive
information about the performance of commercial-
ready, private sector technologies. The reports are
intended for buyers of technologies, developers of
technologies, consulting engineers, and state and
federal agencies. The documents verify the
environmental performance characteristics of these
technologies based on pilot project results. The
reports as well as other information about the ETV
Program are available on the ETV Web site.
Approximately 100 ETV reports and verification
statements about the performance of various
technologies are available. Examples of these
technologies include ambient ammonia sensors,
mercury continuous emission monitors, arsenic test
kits, rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
technologies, laser-induced fluorescence sensors,
cone penetrometer-deployed sensors, environmental
DSS, explosives detection, field-portable gas
chromatograph/mass spectrometer, field-portable X-
ray fluorescence analyzer, groundwater sampling,
PCB field analysis technologies, portable gas
chromatograph/mass spectrometer, soil and soil gas
sampling, wellhead monitoring for volatile organic
compounds (VOC), and soil sampling technologies.
EPA Dynamic Field Activities Internet Site
Hosted by EPA's OSRTI, the Internet site provides
resources to assist decision-makers to streamline
activities conducted at hazardous waste sites using
real-time data and real-time decisions. Descriptions
of the specific elements of dynamic field activities
are provided, as well as related guidance documents
and publications, including links to relevant Internet
sites. Information about on-site analytical tools
suitable for use during dynamic field activities also
is provided.
EPA Technical Support Proj ect
EPA's OSWER, regional waste
management offices, and ORD established
the Technical Support Project (TSP) in
1987 to provide technical assistance to
regional remedial project managers (RPM), corrective
action staff, and on-scene coordinators (OSC). The
TSP consists of a network of Regional Forums and
specialized Technical Support Centers in ORD, Office
of Radiation Programs (ORP) laboratories, and
OSWER's Environmental Response Team. The three
technical forums within the TSP include the
Engineering Forum, the Ground Water Forum, and
the Federal Facilities Forum. Members of these forums
work to improve communication and assist in
technical transfer between the regions and the
centers. The Forums also act as technical resources
and disseminate TSP information to their regional
colleagues. TSP issue papers and fact sheets, which
are available online, provide information on
remediation technologies or technical issues of
concern. Technical assistance requests may be
directed to any of the Technical Support Center
contacts or to the regional forum representative.
Contact information can be found on the TSP Web site
atzvzvzv.epa.gov/tio/tsp.
Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field
Sampling and Selecting On-Site
Analytical Methods for Explosives in
Water (EPA 600-S-99-002)
This paper was prepared by members of
the Federal Facilities Forum, a group of EPA scientists
and engineers representing EPA regional offices who
are committed to identification and resolution of
issues affecting federal facility Superfund and RCRA
sites. The purpose of the paper is to provide guidance
to RPMs about field sampling and on-site analytical
methods for detecting and quantifying secondary
explosive contaminants in water. The paper is
divided into the following sections: (1) purpose and
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scope, (2) background information, (3) overview of
sampling and analysis of explosives, (4) DQOs, (5)
sampling and analysis for explosives in water, (6) a
summary of on-site analytical methods and (7)
summary of EPA reference analytical methods for
explosives in water.
National Environmental Technology Test
Sites
The National Environmental Technology
Test Sites (NETTS) Program was
established by the Strategic
Environmental Research and Development Program
(SERDP) in 1993 to facilitate the transition of
environmental remediation technologies to full-scale
use by overcoming the barriers that presently inhibit
commercialization of such technologies. SERDP
projects focus on five key areas: cleanup, compliance,
conservation, pollution prevention, and UXO. The
program provides sites for applied research and
comparative demonstration and evaluation of
innovative and potentially cost-effective cleanup,
characterization, and monitoring technologies. These
test sites are located at Naval Construction Battalion
Center, Port Hueneme, California; Dover Air Force
Base, Delaware; and McClellan Air Force Base,
Sacramento, California. The NETTS locations offer
unique environmental settings, media, and
contaminants for field demonstrations at well-
characterized test sites as well as the infrastructure
and site support required for technology
demonstrations. The program provides infrastructure
(site preparation, access roads, test pads, offices,
laboratories, analytical equipment, drill rigs, field
vehicles, utilities, lighting, fencing, and security) and
site support (site characterization, demonstration
oversight, permitting assistance, and technology
transfer assistance). Information about funding
opportunities is available at zvzvzv.serdp.org/funding/
funding.html.
New England Waste Management
Officials (NEWMOA)
NEWMOA is a nonprofit, nonpartisan
interstate association that has a
membership composed of the hazardous
waste, solid waste, waste site cleanup, and pollution
prevention program directors for the environmental
agencies in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island,
and Vermont. The Web site includes information on
pollution prevention, solid and hazardous waste
management, waste site cleanup, and brownfields.
NEWMOA's waste site cleanup program focuses on
issues of interest to state programs that have
responsibility for investigation and remediation of
contaminated sites. The waste site cleanup program
is working on issues surrounding the redevelopment
and reuse of contaminated property and the use of
innovative site characterization and remediation
technologies. The waste site cleanup program area of
the Web site contains NEWMOA waste site cleanup
technology advisory opinions, conference
presentations and surveys, research briefs,
workgroup information, and links to other sites. This
resource assists states in developing effective
strategies for improving the effectiveness of voluntary
site cleanups and the redevelopment of brownfields
sites and increases understanding of methods to meet
the state program requirements of the new
brownfields legislation.
Remedial Technology Development
Forum (RTDF)
RTDF, which was established in 1992, is a
public-private partnership that undertakes
research, development, demonstration,
and evaluation efforts focused on finding innovative
technologies to remediate and to characterize
contaminated sites. RTDF includes partners from
industry, several federal and state government
agencies, and academia who voluntarily share their
knowledge, experience, equipment, facilities, and
even proprietary technology to achieve common
cleanup goals. The RTDF includes eight action teams:
Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Consortium,
In-Place Inactivation and Natural Ecological
Restoration Technologies (IINERT) Soil Metals Action
Team, NAPL Cleanup Alliance, Phytoremediation of
Organics Action Team, Permeable Reactive Barriers
(PRB) Action Team, Sediments Remediation Action
Team, Lasagna Partnership (inactive), and In Situ
Flushing Action Team (inactive). RTDF provides
updated information on the technologies addressed
by these teams and other innovative approaches to
site characterization and treatment.
Site Characterization Technologies for
DNAPL Investigations (EPA 542-R-04-017)
Compiled by EPA's OSRTI, this resource
provides a summary of information about
the current state of technologies available
for locating and characterizing DNAPL contaminated
sites. This report may be used by remediation site
managers to identify suitable characterization
technologies for potential or confirmed DNAPL
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
contamination, screen the technologies for potential
application, learn about technology applications at
similar sites, and locate additional information on
these technologies. The report describes both
geophysical and non-geophysical characterization
technologies as well as characterization technologies
under evaluation.
Where Do We Go from Here?
Next Steps
After you have completed your investigation of the
environmental conditions at the site, you may take
one of the following courses of action:
Tri-Service Site Characterization and Analysis
Penetrometer System-SCAPS: Innovative
Environmental Technology from Concept to
Commercialization
The report, which was published by the U.S. Army
Environmental Center, summarizes the development,
field demonstration, and regulatory acceptance
activities associated with the SCAPS technologies that
are used to detect, identify, and quantify subsurface
contamination in soil and groundwater.
U.S. Department of Defense: Strategic
Environmental Research and
Development Program (SERDP)
SERDP is an environmental research and
development program planned and
executed and in full partnership with DOE and EPA
with the participation of numerous other federal and
nonfederal organizations. Within its broad areas of
interest, the program focuses on cleanup, compliance,
conservation, pollution prevention, and UXO
technologies. SERDP provides demonstration
opportunities through the NETTS Program and
encourages technology transfer through an annual
technical symposium and workshop. SERDP funds
environmental research and development by both
government and private sector parties. Additional
information about SERDP funding may be obtained at
www.serdp.orglfundinglfunding.html. Users can
access detailed performance and cost information for
completed demonstrations at the SERDP Web site.
Users may also subscribe to a mailing list for
quarterly SERDP updates.
Results of the Site
Investigation
Course of Action
No contamination is
found.
Consult with
appropriate regulatory
officials before
proceeding with
redevelopment
activities.
Contamination is
found BUT does not
pose a significant
risk to stakeholders'
human health or the
environment.
Consult with
appropriate regulatory
officials before
proceeding with
redevelopment
activities.
Cleanup of the
contamination
found probably will
require a small
expenditure of funds
and time.
Proceed to the
CLEANUP OPTIONS
phase.
Cleanup of the
contamination
found probably will
require a significant
expenditure of funds
and time. However,
contamination
does not pose a
significant threat
to local residents.
Determine whether
redevelopment
continues to be
practicable as planned,
or whether the
redevelopment plan
can be altered to fit the
circumstances; if so,
proceed to the
CLEANUP OPTIONS
phase.
Contamination is
found that poses a
significant threat
to local residents.
Contact the
appropriate federal,
state, local, or tribal
government agencies
responsible for
hazardous waste. If
contamination exists at
considerable levels,
compliance with other
programs, such as
RCRA and Super fund,
may be required.
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KEYS TO TECHNOLOGY SELECTION
ANDACCEPTANCE
As described throughout the Road Map, innovative
technologies and technology approaches offer many
advantages in the cleanup of brownfields sites. Stakeholders
in such sites, however, first must accept the technology.
Brownfields decision-makers should consider the following
elements to increase the likelihood that the technology will be
accepted, thereby facilitating the cleanup of the site.
1 Focus on the Decisions that Support Site Goals
As discussed in Spotlight 7, The Triad approach (see next page),
systematic planning is an important element of all cleanup
activities. Clear and specific planning to meet explicit decision
objectives is essential in managing the process of cleaning up
contaminated sites: site assessment, site investigation, site
monitoring, and remedy selection. With good planning,
brownfields decision-makers can establish the cleanup goals for
the site, identify the decisions necessary to achieve those goals,
and develop and implement a strategy for addressing the
decision needs. Technology decisions are made in the context of
the requirements for such decisions. All cleanup activities are
driven by the project goals. An explicit statement of the decisions
to be made and the way in which the planned approach supports
the decisions should be included in the work plan.
2 Build Consensus
Investing time, before the site work begins, in developing
decisions that are acceptable to all decision-makers will foster
more efficient site activities and make successful cleanup more
likely. Conversely, allowing work to begin at a site before a
common understanding and,
acceptance of the decisionsj
have been established
increases the likelihood that1
the cleanup process will be
inefficient, resulting in delays
and inefficient use of time and
money. Further, decision-makers must
understand that there is uncertainty in all scientific and technical
decisions (see below for more information about uncertainty).
Clearly defining and accepting uncertainty thresholds before
making decisions about the site remedy will build consensus.
Decisions also should be made in the context of applicable
regulatory requirements, political considerations, budget
available forthe project, and time constraints.
3 Understand the Technology
A thorough knowledge of atechnology's capabilities and
limitations is necessary to secure its acceptance. All
technologies are subject to limitations in performance. Planning
forthe strengths and weaknesses of atechnology maximizes
understanding of its benefits and its acceptance. "Technology
approvers," typically regulators, community groups, and financial
service providers are likely to be more receptive of a new
approach if the proposer provides a clear explanation of the
rationale for its use and demonstrates confidence in its
applicability to specific site conditions and needs. This latter point
underscores the importance of carefully selecting an experienced,
multidimensional team of professionals who have the expertise
necessary to plan, present, and implement the chosen approach.
4 Allow Flexibility
Streamlining site activities, whether site assessment, site
investigation, removal, treatment, or monitoring, requires a
flexible approach. Site-specific conditions, including various
physical conditions, contamination issues, stakeholder needs,
uses of the site, and supporting decisions, require that all
decision-makers understand the need forflexibility. Although
presumptive remedies, standard methods, applications at other
sites, and program guidance can serve as the basis for
designing a site-specific cleanup plan and can help decision-
makers avoid "starting from scratch" at each site, decision-
makers should be wary of depending too heavily on "boilerplate
language" and prescriptive methodologies, as well as standard
operating procedures and "accepted" methods. While such
tools provide excellent starting points, they lack the flexibility to
meet site-specific goals. To ensure an efficient and effective
cleanup, the actual technology approach, whether established
or innovative, must focus on decisions specific to the site.
Managing Uncertainty
Managing uncertainty is the unifying
theme of the Triad approach, and it is
a crucial aspect of the effective use of field analytical methods (see
Spotlight 7, The Triad Approach, on the next page). Although not
all field analytical technologies employ screening methodologies (for
example, field-portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry [GC/
MS] is a definitive analytical methodology), many such technologies
(for example, immunoassays) do. In general, data produced by
screening analytical methods will present more analytical uncertainty
than data produced by definitive methods. However, that fact in
itself does not make definitive methods necessarily "better" than
screening methods. Definitive methods are not fool-proof -
interferences or other problems can cause a marked increase in their
analytical uncertainty. On the other hand, a number of strategies can
be used to minimize the analytical uncertainty inherent in screening
methods. Such strategies include the selection of appropriate OA/
QC procedures to ensure that the data are of known and
documented quality. Most important, field analytical technologies
offer the unique ability to cost-effectively manage the largest single
source of decision errorsampling representativenessan ability
that is not available when requirements to use fixed laboratory
methods discourage proactive management of sampling uncertainty.
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THE TRIAD APPROACH:
Streamlining Site Investigations and Cleanup Decisions
The modernization of the collection, analysis, interpretation,
and management of data to support decisions about hazardous
waste sites rests on a three-pronged or "triad" approach. The
introduction of new technologies in a dynamic framework
allows project managers to meet clearly defined objectives.
Such an approach incorporates the elements described below.
Systematic planning is a common-sense approach to assuring
that the level of detail in project planning matches the intended
use of the data being collected. Once cleanup goals have been
defined, systematic planning is undertaken to chart a course for
the project that is resource effective, as well as technically
sound and defensible to reach these project-critical goals. A
team of multidisciplinary, experienced technical staff works to
translatethe project's goals into
realistic technical objectives. The
CSM is the planning toolthat
organizestheinformationthat already
is known about the site; the CSM
helps the team identify the additional
information that must be obtained.
The systematic planning process ties
project goals to individual activities
necessary to reach these goals by
identifying data gaps in the CSM. The
team then uses the CSM to direct the
gathering of needed information,
allowing the CSM to evolve and
mature as work progresses at the site.
tools are a broad category
of analytical methods and
equipmentthatcanbe
applied atthe sample
collection site. They include
methods that can be used
outdoors with hand-held, portable
equipment, as well as more rigorous
methods that require the controlled environments of a mobile
laboratory (transportable). Duringthe planning process, the team
identifies the type, rigor, and quantity of data needed to answerthe
questions raised bythe CSM. Those decisions then guide the
design sampling modifications and the selection of analytical tools.
The Triad approach enables project
managers to minimize uncertainty while
expediting site cleanup and reducing
project costs. Forexample, EPA
collaborated with the Town of
Adynamic working strategy
approach relies on real-time data to
reach decision points. The logic for decision-making is
identified and responsibilities, authority, and lines of
communication are established. Dynamic work strategy
implementation relies on and is driven by critical project
decisions needed to reach closure. It uses a decision-tree and
real-time uncertainty management practices to reach critical
decision points in as few mobilizations as possible. Success of
adynamic approach depends on the presence of experienced
staff in the field empowered to make decisions based on the
decision logic and their capability to deal with new data and any
unexpected issues, as they arise. Field staff maintain close
communication with regulators orothers overseeing the project
during implementation of dynamic work plans.
The use of on-site analytical tools, rapid sampling platforms, and
on-site interpretation and management of data makes dynamic
work strategies possible. Such real-time measurement tools are
among the key streamlined site investigation tools because they
provide the data that are usedforon-site decision-making. The
A Quick Look
Integrates systematic planning, dynamic work
strategies, and real-time measurement
technologies to meet project and program goals.
Takes advantage of real-time results and data
assessment to guide additional sampling and to
minimize mobilization to reach decision points.
Focuses site activities on project goals, rather
than on analytical methods, thereby saving time
and money and fostering better decisions.
Demonstrated to complete projects faster,
cheaper, and with greater regulatory
satisfaction than the traditional phased
approach to data collection.
Greenwich, Connecticutto implement
the Triad approach to characterize a
former power plant site scheduled for
redevelopment as a waterfront park.
The Triad approach yielded an
estimated cost savings of 50 to 60
percent when compared with a
traditional approach involving two
mobilizations and comprehensive
analytical methods at a fixed laboratory.
The City ofTrenton, New Jersey began
implementing the Triad approach in
2001 as part of its program to redevelop a large number of
abandoned industrial sites. Overall, the Triad approach
eliminated costs associated with follow-on investigation activities
while accelerating the redevelopment schedule and reducing
decision uncertainty. Additional details about these and other
examples are available in the July 2004 edition of EPA's
Technology News and Trends newsletter at
www.epa.gav/tio/download/newsltrs/tnandt0704.pclf.
EPA published Using the Triad Approach to Streamline Brownfieids
Site Assessment and Cleanup in June 2003. This document can
be obtained from EPA's Brownfieids and Land Revitalization
Technology Support Centerat www.brownfieldstsc.org.
The Triad Resource CenterWeb site at www.triadcentral.org
provides information on the Triad approach.
For more information, see the resources numbered 9,
24, 48, 63, 79,140,159,167, and 174 in the Index of
Resources beginning on page 1-1.
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DATA QUALITY AND REPRESENTATIVENESS:
Keys to Cost-Effective Site Investigation
The information value of data depends heavily upon the
interaction among sampling and analytical designs in
relation to the intended use of the data, the site-specific
context surrounding that intended use, and the associated
quality control. When this concept is understood, on-site
analytical tools can play a major role in making
environmental decision-making more efficient, defensible,
and cost-effective. In today's industrial and regulatory
climate, practitioners are often required to make immediate
decisions that are based on
dependable, representative data. A
The term "representative data"
means that there is some stability in
the samples and assurance of data
density. On-site analytical
techniques offer that type of
decision-making assurance to the
user of the data.
A Quick Look
Data quality is the function of the data's
information content and its ability to
represent the true state of a site.
Brownfields investigations require
innovative approaches that are
faster, cheaper, and better than
common practices. The faster
approach reduces sample
turnaround times, facilitates in-field
decision-making, and minimizes deployment time of crew
and equipment. The more cost-effective approach is used
to reduce analytical costs, field-labor costs, and completion
times. The better approach results in data quality that is as
accurate as that attained by fixed off-site laboratories and
refined data analysis based on the results of on-site
screening. Brownfields sites are essentially industrial sites
at which people will want to take measurements, determine
the extent of contamination, and institute a plan. The
sampling designs for such sites will be dynamic in nature;
therefore, the real-time analytical capability offered by field-
portable instruments will be essential in successful
sampling. Data representativeness will become
increasingly important in site characterization and
remediation projects in the near future because it supports
the dynamic approach by providing real-time feedback.
With liability an important consideration at brownfields
sites, managing uncertainties and having representative
data that reflect the true site conditions is critical to property
transactions. Data representativeness can be used
successfully to generate scientifically sound data that are
able to support defensible project decisions at substantial
Data representativeness is the measure
of the degree to which samples can be
used to estimate the characteristics of
the true state of a hazardous waste site.
Brownfields are considered an "up-and-
coming" application in which data
quality and representativness will play
an important role.
cost savings overthe
cost of current practices.
Increased sampling
efficiencies, fostered by
the use of innovative
technologies, allow more
targeted sample collection efforts
that minimize the handling of samples that provide little value
in meeting site-specific data quality objectives. Increased
field analytical productivity is
obtained when the type of analysis
performed is targeted so that more
samples can be analyzed each day,
thereby bringing about more rapid
site characterizations and verification
of cleanup. When data needs are
articulated clearly, and when a
number of modern sampling and
analytical options are available, it is
possible to optimize data collection
so that the information produced is
accurate for its intended purpose
y while still being less costly than
previously possible. When applied
carefully, on-site analytical methods offer representative and
decision-quality data with the added benefits of increased
sampling density and real-time availability of results.
Although traditional approaches have tended to focus
heavily on the capabilities of definitive analytical methods,
the effect of sampling error on the representativeness of
monitoring and measurement activities also should be
considered. It is important to determine how data obtained
from quality assessment samples can be used to identify
and control in the measurement process sources of
sampling error and uncertainties.
By increasing sampling density, made possible and cost-
effective with the use of new sampling and analytical tools,
decision-makers can reduce uncertainty and increase
understanding of the true conditions of a site. This should
increase comfort among site owners, buyers, regulators, and
surrounding communities, as well as reduce the likelihood of
errors and omissions that could negatively affect the site later.
For more information, see the resources numbered
30, 35, 36, 79, 86, and 154 in the Index of
Resources beginning on page 1-1.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 53
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SUPPORTING TRIBAL REVITALIZATION
EFFORTS
State and tribal response programs oversee assessment
and cleanup activities at most of the brownfields sites
across the country. EPA provides technical assistance
and other support to states and tribes in order to help
them implement more effective approaches to attaining
productive reuse of sites. Two examples of tribal
revitalization efforts in partnership with EPA that are
based on the use of the Triad approach involve the
Tohono O'odham Nation in Arizona and the Crow Creek
Sioux Nation in South Dakota.
Further assessing
vertical migration of
contamination and
potential
groundwater impacts
(if the joint two tasks
indicated a potential t
to groundwater).
The soil gas and soil boring investigations were to be
conducted in a single mobilization.
In October 2002, the Tohono O'odham Nation requested
that EPA's BTSC provide support for planning an
environmental investigation for the former Minerec
Mining Chemical facility. The
Minerec facility was constructed
in 1990 on native desert in the
San Xavier Business Park on
land leased from the Tohono
O'odham Nation. In 1991,
Minerec began limited
production of sulfur-containing
chemicals that are used in the
mining industry to separate ore
and a pesticide for agricultural
use. Although known locations
of chemical releases to facility
soil have been investigated,
studies have concluded that
further investigation is needed.
Investigations would be
conducted to address uncertainties regarding
undocumented, undiscovered releases that may have
impacted the facility and to further define areas of known
releases to support site cleanup planning.
Systematic planning involved developing a CSM to
incorporate existing information and to help design and
direct data collection activities supporting reuse plans.
The three main tasks identified by BTSC for the
investigation included:
Conducting a soil gas survey using direct-push
drilling methodology for sample collection and an on-
site laboratory for analysis
Collecting and analyzing subsurface soil samples to a
depth of 20 feet using direct-push drilling
methodology and an on-site laboratory
The use of a CSM enabled the Tohono O'odham Nation to
establish a course for the project that is resource-effective,
technically sound, and defensible.
The systematic planning process
made use of a decision tree and
real-time uncertainty management
practices to reach critical decision
points in a single mobilization.
At the Ft. Thompson landfill, the
Crow Creek Sioux Nation worked
with EPA Region 8 to apply the
Triad approach in order to develop
a model for landfill closure. Tribal
concerns about the landfill site
involved impacts on residences
and recreational areas, surface
water impacts, the ability to reuse
land for grazing and other habitat
purposes, and official site closure.
The Ft. Thompson landfill, a 12.5-acre community dump
used from the 1960s through 2000 for waste burning and
disposal, was used primarily by homeowners and small
businesses. The potential existed for disposal of
pesticides, petroleum products, batteries, and metals. A
soil cover had been placed over the dump; some pits and
burn areas remained visible.
BTSC assisted EPA Region 8 in formulating an initial CSM that:
Focused data needs on surface soil and surface water
(runoff) pathways instead of the landfill
Improved data density through use of field-based
methods and a dynamic work strategy
Helped Region 8 develop a model for landfill
inves'igaticins Continl,eJ
on next page J
A Quick Look
EPA provides technical assistance and
other support to states and tribes that are
interested in implementing more effective
approaches to attaining productive reuse
of sites.
The use of a CSM enabled the Tohono
O'odham Nation to establish a course for
its projectthat is resource-effective,
technically sound, and defensible.
Careful planning and the use of creative
field-based technologies helped EPA
Region 8 and the Crow Creek Sioux Nation
to produce a higher density of data and
affordably manage uncertainty.
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Continued ...
SUPPORTING TRIBAL REVITALIZATION
EFFORTS
Based on BTSC recommendations, the project team:
Eliminated the need to drill into and beneath the
landfill (potentially creating new pathways)
Selected field-based methods to characterize soil and
sediment for metals (X-ray fluorescence), total
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (colorimetrictest kits),
and chlordane and other chlorinated pesticides
(immunoassay test kits)
Careful planning helped to ensure that the data
collected would meet the intended use. Creative field-
based technologies were used to affordably manage
uncertainty, producing a higher density of data and
more defensible decisions. The end result is that
decisions made about the site were supported by better
information, thus providing a model for future
investigations of this type.
The two examples summarized above demonstrate the
benefits of improved decision-making through systematic
planning. For more information, visit
www.brownfieldstsc. org.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 55
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INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT
AND CLEANUP OF MINING SITES
Background
The enactment of the Small Business Liability Relief and
Brownfields Revitalization Act expanded the definition of
brownfields to include mine-scarred lands (MSL),
making these properties eligible for the benefits of the
Brownfields Program. MSLs are defined as lands,
associated waters, and surrounding watersheds where
extraction, beneficiation, or processing of ores and
minerals (including coal) has occurred. It is estimated
that there are more than 500,000
abandoned mining sites ^
composed of hard rock and coal
mines located on both public and
private land across the United
States that involve complex
economic, social, and
environmental issues. MSLs have
become a persistent problem in
many communities because of the
economic and environmental
challenges of cleaning up and
reusing the lands.
The inclusion of MSLs in the
Brownfields Program
strengthens existing mine
reclamation programs
administered by the U.S. Department of Interior's (DOI)
Office of Surface Mining. The Surface Mining Control
and Reclamation Act governs surface coal mining
activities and established the abandoned mine land
reclamation fund. The MSL Working Group, which is
composed of six federal agencies, is co-chaired by
EPA's Office of Brownfields Cleanup and
Redevelopment and DOI's Office of Surface Mining.
The MSL Working Group was established to
collaboratively address the challenges of MSL cleanup
and revitalization.
Hard Rock Mining - Remediation Through Addition of
Residuals
Several EPA Superfund sites were contaminated by hard
rock mining. At some of these sites, contaminated soils
are being addressed through use of residuals. Examples
of processes that generate potentially useful residuals
include dairy, swine, and chicken farming; wastewater
treatment; drinking water treatment; phosphorus
production; pulp and
paper production; sugar
beet processing; and
energy production from
coal or wood. The
residuals can readily
contribute to rebuilding soil
through their ability to re-establish
structure and function by adding organic matter and
nutrients to the disturbed soils. As
a result of recreating a fertile soil
horizon, the soil microbial
community, invertebrates, and
plants will be re-established and it
will be possible to attain a self-
sustaining system. More
importantly, in the proper
amendment ratios, residuals can be
used to address problems of metal
toxicity and acidity. In addition to
residual use at upland sites,
materials such as wood ash, log
yard debris, and biosolids compost
have been used to correct toxicity in
a tailings pond in order to re-
establish wetland functions.
A Quick Look
The inclusion of MSLs in the
Brownfields Program strengthens
existing mine reclamation programs.
The addition of residuals to soils at
abandoned mine sites can help to
rebuild the soils in support of further
revitalization.
The Triad approach has proven useful in
addressing various types of
contamination presenton abandoned
mine lands.
Other innovative approaches are being
demonstrated to support remediation of
abandoned mine lands.
Use of Triad Approach
Various types of contamination associated with coal
mining may be addressed using the Triad approach,
including contamination related to waste and ash disposal
areas, on-site industrial facilities, chemical and solvent
storage equipment, buildings and electrical transformers,
petroleum storage and usage equipment, and acid mine
drainage. Systematic planning, dynamic work strategies,
and real-time measurement were applied to several
aspects of the investigation.
BTSC provided technical assistance for a pilot project at
the Dark Shade Brownfields Site in Somerset County,
Pennsylvania. The project focused on applying the Triad
approach to investigation activities. The planning was
based on a reuse scenario that includes reclamation of the
buildings located on site as office space or for other
industrial applications. The objectives for the Phase II
investigation are as follows:
Continued on next page
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Continued
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT
AND CLEANUP OF MINING SITES
Identify whether contaminants are present at
concentrations above Act 2 industrial reuse levels in
soil and surface water inside and outside the existing
structures
Identify whether disposal or recycling restrictions
must be considered prior to removal of existing
equipment from the buildings
Identify whether the configuration of the groundwater
flow regime in the area suggests that basement
flooding has resulted from groundwater infiltration or
an influx of surface water
Identify options for removal and disposal of the water
currently present in the flooded basements of the
existing structures
Identify whether groundwater sampling and analysis
activities need to be performed and, if so, for what
constituents
Determine what remediation, if any, should be considered
The following areas were identified for application of the
Triad approach:
Collecting wipe, surface water, soil, and groundwater
samples to evaluate the potential presence of PCB-
containing oil in or on the existing transformers and
other machinery
Evaluating whether the water in flooded basements is
contaminated with PCBs, solvents, polynuclear
aromatics, or petroleum hydrocarbons (concentrations
contaminants of potential concern) at concentrations
that would require special handling of water during its
disposal or could indicate the presence of a source
Establishing the lateral and vertical extent of
contaminants of potential concern in unsaturated soil
Estimating the direction of groundwater flow and depth
to groundwater beneath the site
Other Innovative Approaches
EPA and other organizations continue to demonstrate and
evaluate innovative technologies for the reclamation of
mining sites. EPA is developing a primer on mining that
will include an overview of innovative approaches that are
suitable for consideration for mining sites.
Additional information is available at www.epa.gov/
superfund/programs/aml.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 57
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ASSESSMENT OF
CLEANUP OPTIONS
Evaluate Applicable Cleanup
Alternatives for the Site
The review and analysis of cleanup alternatives relies
on the data collected during the site assessment and
investigation phases, which are discussed in the
preceding sections of the Road Map. The purpose of
evaluating various technologies is to identify those
technologies with the capability to meet specific
cleanup and redevelopment objectives. For
brownfields sites, it also is important to consider
budget requirements and to maintain a work schedule
so that the project remains financially viable.
Institutional controls also are an important
consideration during this phase. Examples of such
legal and administrative requirements include
easements, covenants, zoning restrictions, and the
posting of advisories to increase community awareness
of the environmental conditions and cleanup activities
at the site. See Spotlight 16, Understanding the Role of
Institutional Controls at Brownfields Sites, for more
information about institutional controls.
What Do We Know?
Factors that should be considered during the
evaluation of cleanup options include:
1. How do we determine the appropriate and feasible
level of cleanup? Are there federal, state, local, and
tribal requirements for cleanup? Should risk-based
approaches be considered as an option for
assessing exposure (see the definition of risk-based
corrective action [RBCA] in Appendix B, List of
Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms)? Are there
prescribed standards for cleanup? Are there
provisions for using presumptive remedies?
2. What factors are associated with the implementation
of cleanup options? Will the cleanup facilitate or
hinder the planned redevelopment? How long will
cleanup take? What will cleanup cost? What are the
short-term and long-term effects of the cleanup
technologies under consideration?
3. Are the cleanup options compatible with regional
or local planning and development goals and
requirements? Can redevelopment activities (such
as construction or renovation of buildings) be
conducted concurrently with cleanup?
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
4. How can the community participate in the review
and selection of cleanup options? Are the options
acceptable in light of community concerns about
protection during cleanup and reuse of the site?
What environmental standards should be
considered to ensure that community stakeholders
are satisfied with the outcome and process of
cleanup, given the intended reuse?
5. Is there a need for institutional controls after
cleanup? Are proposed institutional controls
appropriate in light of community concerns and
access to and use of the property? Will
institutional controls facilitate or hinder
development? What plans, including financial
assurances, are being made to ensure that
institutional controls remain in place as long as
contamination is present?
6. What options are available to monitor the
performance of cleanup technologies?
How Do We Find the Answers?
The process of reviewing and analyzing cleanup
options and technology alternatives usually follows
these steps:
Establish goals for cleanup that consider the end
use and use applicable standards, published state
or federal guidelines, RBCAs, or site-specific risk
assessment results
Educate members of the community about the site
cleanup selection process and actively involve
them in decision-making
Review general information about cleanup
technologies to become familiar with those that
may be applicable to a particular site:
- Use the resources in this publication
- See Appendix A, Table A-3, Technologies for
Treating Con taminan ts Found at Broumfields Sites,
for examples of technologies that are appropriate for
specific types of contaminants
- Cond uct searches of existing literature that further
describes the technology alternatives
- Analyze detailed technical information about the
applicability of technology alternatives
Narrow the list of potential technologies that are
most appropriate for addressing the
contamination identified at the site and that are
compatible with the specific conditions of the site
and the proposed reuse of the property:
- Network with other brownfields stakeholders and
environmen tal professionals to learn about their
experiences and to tap their expertise
- Determine whether sufficien t data are available to
support identification and evaluation of cleanup
alternatives
- Evaluate the options against a number of factors,
including toxicity levels, exposure pathways,
associated risks,future land use, and economic
considerations
- Analyze the applicability of a particular technology
to the contamination identified at a site
- Determine the effects of various technology
alternatives on redevelopment objectives
Continue to work with appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are addressed properly:
- Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local, and
tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the
decision-making process as early as possible
- Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to
iden tify and determine the availability of EPA
support programs
Integrate cleanup alternatives with reuse
alternatives to identify potential constraints on
reuse and time schedules and to assess cost and
risk factors
To provide a measure of certainty and stability to
the project, investigate environmental insurance
policies, such as protection against cost overruns,
undiscovered contamination, and third-party
litigation, and integrate their cost into the project
financial package
Select an acceptable remedy that not only achieves
cleanup goals and addresses the risk of
contamination, but also best meets the objectives
for redevelopment and reuse of the property and is
compatible with the needs of the community
Communicate information about the proposed
cleanup option to brownfields stakeholders,
including the affected community
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 59
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Where Do We Find Answers to Our
Technology Questions?
Examples of resources that will assist in reviewing
and analyzing cleanup options are listed on the
following pages. Resources are listed alphabetically
under the following categories:
A Resources for Cleanup Options
B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Options
C. Technology-Specific Resources for Cleanup Options
Access the Road Map online at
zvzvzv.brozvnfieldstsc.org to view or download the
following resources electronically or to obtain a link
that provides complete ordering information.
A. Resources for Cleanup Options
The documents listed below are resources that
provide general information about the availability of
technology resources in the form of bibliographies,
status reports, and user guides.
ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective
Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites (E1739-
95el(2003))
The purpose of the guide is to define RBCA as a
process for assessing and responding to a petroleum
release in a manner that ensures the protection of
human health and the environment. The guide will
assist brownfields decision-makers who wish to
become familiar with another approach that can be
used to assess environmental risk at a site, in
conformity with applicable federal, state, local, and
tribal regulations. The diversity and flexibility of a
RBCA approach is defined and discussed, and the
tiered approach of the process is summarized.
Although the RBCA process is not limited to a
particular site, the guide emphasizes the use of RBCA
in response to releases of petroleum. Examples of
RBCA applications also are provided. The guide,
which is available at a cost, can be ordered online at
zvzvzv.astm.org.
Breaking Barriers to the Use of Innovative
Technologies: State Regulatory Role in Unexploded
Ordnance Detection and Characterization
T echnology Selection
The report, which was published in 2000 by the ITRC,
contains an analysis of case studies from states
having experience in remediating UXO-contaminated
sites. The report supports early and meaningful state
regulatory involvement in the selection of innovative
UXO characterization and remediation technologies.
The report also offers recommendations to ensure the
appropriate participation of states in the selection of
technologies for characterizing and remediating
UXO-contaminated sites.
Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and
Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative
Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA
542-R-01-005)
BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners,
project managers, and others preparing RFPs to
solicit support in conducting activities to
investigate and clean up contaminated sites. It is
specifically intended to assist those individuals in
writing specifications that encourage contractors
and technology vendors to propose options for
using innovative characterization and remediation
technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also
provides information, from a technology
perspective, to guide review teams in their
evaluations of proposals and the selection of
qualified contractors.
Citizen's Guides to Understanding
Innovative Treatment Technologies
The guides are prepared by EPA to provide
site managers with nontechnical outreach
materials that they can share with
communities in the vicinity of sites. The guides
present information on innovative technologies that
have been selected or applied at some cleanup sites,
provide overviews of the technologies, and present
success stories about sites at which innovative
technologies have been applied. Both English and
Spanish versions of the guides are available. The
guides contain information on the following subjects:
- NEW! Activated carbon treatmen t (EPA 542-F-01-020)
- NEW! Air stripping (EPA 542-F-01-016)
- NEW! Bioremediation(EPA542-F-01-001)
- Capping (EPA 542-F-01-022)
- NEW! Chemical dehalogenation (EPA 542-F-01-010)
- Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013)
- Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015)
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- In situflushing (EPA 542-F-01-011)
- NEW! In situ thermal treatment methods
(EPA 542-F-01-012)
- Incineration (EPA 542-F-01-018)
- Monitored natural atten uation (EPA 542-F-01-004)
- NEW! Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01-005)
- NEW! Phytoremediation(EPA542-F-01-002)
- Pump and treat (EPA 542-F-01-025)
- NEW! Soil excavation (EPA 542-F-01-023)
- NEW! Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-008)
- Solidification/stabilization (EPA 542-F-01-024)
- Solvent extraction (EPA 542-F-01-009)
- NEW! Soil vapor extraction (SVE) and air sparging
(EPA542-F-01-006)
- Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003)
- Vitrification (EPA 542-F-01 -017)
Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World
Wide Web (CLU-IN)
The Internet site, which was developed by EPA,
provides information about innovative treatment
technologies and site characterization technologies
to the hazardous waste remediation community.
CLU-IN describes programs, organizations,
publications, and other tools for EPA and other
federal and state personnel, consulting engineers,
technology developers and vendors, remediation
contractors, researchers, community groups, and
individual citizens. Information about issues
related to remediation and site characterization
also is provided: technology verification and
evaluation; technology selection tools;
contaminant-specific information, guidance and
application support; case studies; regulatory
development; and publications.
Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing
the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001)
The guide is one in a series of publications
designed to assist communities, states,
municipalities, and the private sector to address
brownfields sites more effectively. The guide,
which is designed to be used with the three guides
for specific types of sites - Technical Approaches to
Characterizing and Cleaning Up Automotive
Repair Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative,
Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the
Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches
to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing
Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative - provides
information about cost estimating tools and
resources for addressing cleanup costs at
brownfields sites. Many decision-makers at
brownfields sites may choose to assign the
preparation of cost estimates to consultants who
are experienced in the cleanup of hazardous waste
sites; however, it benefits those decision-makers to
be able to provide guidance to their consultants
and to understand the process sufficiently well to
provide an informed review of the estimates
prepared. The guide provides general information
about the cost estimation process and includes
summaries of various types of estimates. The guide
also outlines the process of developing "order of
magnitude" cost estimates. Information about
resources, databases, and models also is provided.
iw. Directory of Technical Assistance for
Land Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B-
j.iSBa 03-ฐ01)
BTSC has prepared this directory to
provide information about technical
assistance that is available from federal agencies to
assist regional, state, and local government personnel
in making assessment and cleanup decisions for
brownfields, reuse, and revitalization sites. This
directory includes information about 37
organizations within 10 federal agencies that provide
different types of support to help with site assessment
and cleanup, including technical support and
funding sources. Profiles are included for these
agencies and organizations and contain the following
types of information: background and location
information, relevancy to revitalization, description of
the areas of expertise available, discussion of the
types of services available, types of funding available
and eligibility, contact information and the process
for requesting assistance, and examples of specific
instances in which the organization has previously
provided support relevant to site revitalization.
Information in the profiles is believed to be current as
of March 2003. To help maintain current information,
the directory is available as an online searchable
database at www.brownfieldstsc.org!directory.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 61
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EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative
Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable
Database
The EPA REACH IT online searchable databases
sponsored by EPA's OSRTI, is a service provided free of
charge to both users and technology vendors. EPA
REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet. This
database provides users with comprehensive, up-to-
date information about more than 254 characterization
technologies and 484 remediation technologies and
their applications. It combines information submitted
by technology service providers about remediation and
characterization technologies with information from
EPA, DoD, DOE, and state project managers about sites
at which innovative technologies are being deployed.
During the preliminary phase of a brownfields project,
EPA REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to
learn about and become familiar with the range of
available cleanup technology options that can be
employed during the investigation and the cleanup
phases that follow, as well as data about various types
of sites. EPA updates all of the information available in
the system about every six months. Technology
vendors may also add or update information in EPA
REACH IT at any time through the Data Entry System
or by submitting information by mail. You can search
the EPA REACH IT system in several ways. Various
search options are available for a user on the home
page, including Custom Search; Spotlight; Most
Common Searches; Saved Searches; Guided Search; and
Vendor, Technology, and Site Index. For questions
about whether a technology is eligible for listing in EPA
REACH IT, the user may contact the EPA REACH IT
help line at (800) 245-4505 or (703) 390-0713 or send an
e-mail to epareachit@ttemi.com.
Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision
Support Software (DSS)
Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental
Management, the report evaluates DSS, computer-
based systems that facilitate the use of data, models,
and structured decision processes in making
decisions related to environmental management. The
report evaluates 19 such systems through the
application of a rating system that favors software
that simulates a wide range of environmental
problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a
statement of the rationale for the selection of various
aspects of the performance of the DSS for evaluation.
Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at
Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005)
The report provides a national retrospective analysis of
the field performance of barrier systems, as well as
information that could be useful in developing guidance
on the use and evaluation of such systems. The report
contains information about the design, application, and
performance of subsurface engineered barriers.
Ifck. Federal Remediation Technologies
Roundtable Case Studies
The case studies provide the user with
information about specific characterization
and remediation technology optimization
applications. Four focus areas have been established by
FRTR for providing performance and cost information on
technology applications: remediation case study reports,
characterization and monitoring case study reports,
technology assessment reports, and long-term
monitoring/optimization case study reports. FRTR case
studies are developed by DoD, US ACE, the U.S. Navy, the
U.S. Air Force, DOE, DOI, and EPA. The case studies
focus on full-scale and large field demonstration projects
and include site background information, technology
descriptions, cost and performance information, and
lessons learned. The technologies include innovative
and conventional treatment technologies for
contaminated soil, groundwater, and solid media. Users
can search the case studies by groups of contaminants,
media, waste management practices that contribute to
contamination, and treatment systems.
Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and
Performance Information for Remediation Proj ects
(EPA 542-B-98-007)
The document recommends the types of data that
should be collected to document the performance and
cost of future cleanups. The guide specifies data
elements for 13 conventional and innovative cleanup
technologies: soil bioventing, soil flushing, soil vapor
extraction, groundwater sparging, in situ groundwater
remediation, pump-and-treat technologies,
composting, incineration, land treatment, slurry-phase
soil bioremediation, soil washing, stabilization, and
thermal desorption. The document provides site
managers with a standard set of parameters for
documenting completed remediation projects. A
number of federal agencies have made commitments to
using the guidance to collect data for full-scale
cleanups, demonstrations, and treatability studies.
Innovative Remediation and Site
Characterization Technologies Resources
(g!]fg|fa (EPA 542-C-04-002)
Produced by EPA's OSRTI, this CD-ROM
' contains resources that provide information
to help federal, state, and private sector site managers
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives. The
ability to gain access to resources that provide
information about innovative site characterization and
remediation technologies will increase the
understanding of those technologies and of the cost and
performance factors related to them. Such
understanding is essential to consideration of those
technologies for use in addressing contamination at
hazardous waste sites. The information on the CD-ROM
is broken down into seven categories: bulletins, fact
sheets, journals, and newsletters; community
involvement support; electronic resources; organizations,
programs, and partnerships; publication clearinghouses;
publications; and regulatory resources. Several
resources included on the CD-ROM also are available at
the Road Map online. Copies of the CD-ROM can be
ordered through NSCEP at P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45242-2419 or by calling (800) 490-9198 toll free.
Innovative RemediationTechnologies: Field-Scale
Demonstration Proj ects in N orth America, 2nd
Edition (EPA 542-B-00-004)
EPA's publication, Completed North American Innovative
Technology Demonstration Projects, is available in an
online, searchable database of ongoing and completed
field demonstrations of innovative remediation
technologies sponsored by government agencies
working in partnership with private technology
developers to bring new technologies into the
hazardous waste remediation marketplace.
Rapid Commercialization Initiative Final Report for
an Integrated In Situ Remediation Technology
(Lasagna) (DOE/OR/22459-1)
This report describes demonstration results for the
Lasagna process, a process which uses established
geotechnical methods to install degradation zones in
contaminated soil and electrosmosis to move the
contaminants back and forth through these zones
until treatment is completed.
RemediationTechnologies Screening
Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 4.0
mffngg The document, which was developed by
FRTR, is intended to help site remediation
W project managers to narrow the field of
remediation alternatives and identify potentially
applicable technologies for more detailed assessment
and evaluation before remedy selection. The document
is divided into five sections: Introduction,
Contaminant Perspectives, Treatment Perspectives,
TreatmentTechnology Profiles, and References. The
document summarizes the strengths and weaknesses
of innovative and conventional technologies for
remediation of soils, sediments, sludges, groundwater,
surface water, and air emissions and off-gases; it
focuses primarily on demonstrated technologies.
Treatment, containment, separation of wastes, and
enhanced recovery technologies are covered.
Additional information resources also are included.
Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement the
Superfund Land Use Directive (OSWER Directive
9355.7-06P)
This memorandum, which was signed on June 4,2001,
by EPA's OERR, presents information that supports
the development of assumptions related to future land
use when making remedy selection decisions for
response actions conducted at Superfund sites. The
Reuse Assessment guide, which provides information
about the collection and evaluation of information for
developing assumptions, and the Superfund Land Use
Directive, which provides basic information about
developing and using future land use assumptions to
support Superfund remedial actions, are included as
attachments to the directive.
Site Remediation Technology InfoBase: A Guide to
Federal Programs, Information Resources, and
Publications on Contaminated Site Cleanup
Technologies, Second Edition (EPA 542-B-00-005)
Prepared by the member agencies of FRTR, the guide
identifies programs, resources, and publications of
the federal government related to technologies for the
cleanup of contaminated sites.
Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles,
fTTfBrmjW Eleventh Edition
Developed by EPA's SITE Program, these
W documents (contained in three volumes)
provide profiles of more than 150 demonstration,
emerging, and monitoring and measurement
technologies currently being evaluated. Each
technology profile identifies the developer and
process name of the technology, describes the
technology, discusses its applicability to waste, and
provides a project status report and contact
information. The profiles also include summaries of
demonstration results, if available. The following
volumes are available: Demonstration Program,
Volume 1 (EPA 540-R-03-501); Emerging Technology
Program, Volume 2 (EPA 540-R-03-501A); and
Monitoring and Measurement Program, Volume 3
(EPA540-R-03-501B).
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TechKnow Database
Developed by the Global Network of Environment
and Technology (GNET), TechKnow is an online,
interactive database that allows users to gain access
to and provide information about innovative and
sustainable technologies. For each technology
profiled, a summary, development information,
status, and cost is provided. The Internet site also
provides contact information for the technologies.
Users may access the TechKnow database at
www.techknow.org. There is no cost to use
TechKnow, but users are required to register on
GNET.
TreatmentTechnologies for Site Cleanup:
Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition)
(EPA 542-R-03-009)
This report, which was developed by EPA,
documents the status and achievements
(as of March 2003) of treatment technology
applications for soil, other solid wastes, and
groundwater at Superfund sites. The data in this
report were gathered from Superfund records of
decision (ROD) from fiscal years (FY) 1982 through
2002, close-out reports (COR) from FYs 1983 through
2002, and project managers at Superfund remedial
action sites. The report examines in situ and ex situ
treatment technologies for soil, sludge, sediment,
other solid matrix wastes, and NAPLs; in situ and ex
situ P&T groundwater treatment technologies;
vertical engineered barriers (VEB); and the selection
of MNA remedies for groundwater. This edition of
the annual status report summarizes 1,811
technology applications identified for Superfund
remedial actions. EPA created a searchable, online
system to allow access to the data that form the basis
for this report. This searchable system is available at
http://cfpub.epa.gov/asr/.
B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Options
Listed below are survey reports on the application of
innovative technologies to specific contaminants and
site types.
Air Sparging: Technology Transfer and
Multi-Site Evaluation (CU-9808)
Developed by ESTCP, this document
presents an evaluation of the Air Sparging
Design Paradigm implemented at 10 field
sites. The goal of the study was to determine the
effectiveness of the paradigm and to modify it as
necessary based on the results of the evaluation. The
document explains the technology and demonstration
design and provides an assessment of the
performance and cost of the technology in field
applications.
Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil,
Waste, and Water (EPA 542-R-02-042)
This report, which was prepared by EPA,
contains current information on treatment
technologies for wastes and
environmental media containing arsenic. The
intended audience for the report includes hazardous
waste site managers, generators and treaters of
arsenic-contaminated waste and wastewater, owners
and operators of drinking water treatment plants,
regulators, and the interested public. The report
summarizes information on 13 technologies used to
treat arsenic, identifies sites and facilities where
arsenic treatment has been used, and provides
references to more detailed arsenic treatment
information.
Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ
Technique for Cleaning Oil-Contaminated Sites
The document, which is based on a review of the
relevant literature, provides examples of the
phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and
discusses the key mechanisms of that process, as well
as the special considerations involved in
phytoremediation of petrochemicals. The document
also discusses the benefits, limitations, and costs of
phytoremediation, compared with alternative
approaches, including natural attenuation,
engineering, and bioremediation.
Catalog of EPA Materials on USTs (EPA 510-B-00-001)
The booklet provides an annotated list of UST
materials and includes ordering information. Many
of the informational leaflets, booklets, videos, and
software items listed are designed to provide UST
owners and operators with information to help them
comply with the federal UST requirements.
DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects
Approaching Regulatory Closure - Status
Update (EPA 542-R-04-016)
This paper, which was prepared by EPA's
OSRTI, is a status update on the use of
DNAPL source reduction remedial technologies. The
document provides information about recent projects
in which regulatory closure has been reached and
projects that are approaching regulatory closure
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following source reduction. Information is presented
about the challenges associated with DNAPL
remediation and the types of in situ technologies
used, and data and findings are included concerning
the relative effectiveness of field applications of these
technologies. Project profiles for eight field
applications are provided that illustrate some of the
findings presented in the paper.
EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical
Approaches to Characterizing and
WJJgffflh Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites
Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA
W 625-R-98-007)
The Brownfields Guides, which were developed by
EPA ORD, are designed to help communities, states,
municipalities, and the private sector address
brownfields sites more effectively. EPA has
developed this "Iron and Steel" guide to provide
decision-makers such as city planners, private sector
developers, and others involved in redeveloping
brownfields with a better understanding of the
technical issues involved in assessing and cleaning
up iron and steel mill sites so they can make the most
informed decisions possible. This guide provides the
user with an understanding of common industrial
processes at iron and steel mills and the relationship
between these processes and potential releases of
contaminants to the environment. The guide also
includes a discussion of site assessment, screening
and cleanup levels, and technologies that can be used
to assess and clean up the types of contaminants
likely to be present at iron and steel mill sites. A list
of relevant acronyms, a glossary of key terms, and an
extensive bibliography are also provided.
|w EPA ORD Brownfields Guides-
Technical Approaches to Characterizing
[WnSrata and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites
Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA
w 625-R-98-006)
The Brownfields Guides, which were developed by
EPA ORD, are designed to help communities, states,
municipalities, and the private sector address
brownfields sites more effectively. EPA has
developed this "Metal Finishing" guide to provide
those involved in redeveloping brownfields with a
better understanding of the technical issues involved
in assessing and cleaning up metal finishing sites so
they can make the most informed decisions possible.
This guide provides the user with an understanding
of common industrial processes at metal finishing
facilities and the relationship between these
processes and potential releases of contaminants to
the environment. It also provides information on the
types of contaminants likely to be present at these
sites. The guide includes a discussion of a
conceptual framework for pathways by which
contaminants may migrate off site and environmental
and human health concerns to be considered when
cleanup options for these sites are evaluated. In
addition, a list of relevant acronyms, a glossary of key
terms, and an extensive bibliography are provided.
Groundwater Cleanup: Overview of Operating
Experience at 28 Sites (EPA 542-R-99-006)
The report summarizes information about the
groundwater remediation systems at 28 sites
throughout the United States at which completed or
ongoing groundwater cleanup programs are in place.
It includes details about design, operation, and
performance of the systems; capital, operating, and
unit costs of the systems; and factors that potentially
affect the cost and performance of the systems. The
report compares and contrasts data from the case
studies to assist those involved in evaluating and
selecting remedies for groundwater contamination at
hazardous waste sites. Of the 28 projects presented
in the case studies, 24 are Superfund remedial
actions, one is a Superfund removal action, one is a
cleanup conducted by state authorities, and two are
corrective actions taken under RCRA. The sites
represent a range of site types and hydrogeological
conditions.
How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup
Technologies for Underground Storage
ffifffiinHn Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action
lilJiHlJiii Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-R-04-002)
The guide was developed by EPA to assist
state regulators in efficiently and confidently
evaluating corrective action plans (CAP) that
incorporate alternative technologies. The guide,
which was written in nontechnical language, takes
the reader through the steps involved in reviewing a
CAP. Earlier versions of the guide (1994 and 1995)
covered technologies such as SVE, air sparging,
biosparging, landfarming, biopiles, bioventing, low-
temperature thermal desorption, natural attenuation,
dual-phase extraction, and in situ groundwater
bioremediation. The revised version (2004) has two
new chapters on enhanced aerobic bioremediation
and chemical oxidation and two revised chapters: the
introduction and a chapter on MNA. Each
technology chapter presents a comprehensive
description of a technology, an explanation of how it
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works, and a flow chart that illustrates the decision
points in the process; information that will help the
regulator evaluate whether a given technology will
clean up a given site successfully; a discussion and
instructions to help the regulator evaluate whether a
CAP is technically sound; a checklist to assist the
regulator in determining whether a CAP includes all
the steps necessary; and a list of references.
Impact of Landfill Closure Designs on
Long-Term Natural Attenuation of
ffSffCTjBfl Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Developed by ESTCP, this landfill closure
W evaluation document is intended to help
users develop alternative landfill closure designs and
management strategies that can enhance the long-
term natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents in
landfills and landfill leachate-contaminated
groundwater. The design approach proposed in this
document maximizes the use of natural remediation
and management techniques for landfill closures.
Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study
Series
The case studies, which were developed by EPA,
provide cost and performance information about the
innovative technologies that support less costly and
more representative site characterization. The
purpose of the case studies is to analyze and
document the effectiveness of new technologies
proposed for site cleanup. They present information
about the capability of the technologies in analyzing
and monitoring cleanup, as well as information about
costs associated with the use of the technologies. The
following case studies are available:
- Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum
Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-003)
- Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites
(EPA 542-R-00-003)
- Hanscom Air Force Base, Operable Unit 1
(EPA 542-R-98-006)
- Site Cleanup of the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Test Plot
Site Using a Dynamic Work Plan (2000) (EPA 542-
R-00-009)
- NEW! Technology Evaluation: Real-time VOC
Analysis Using a Field Portable GC/MS
(EPA 542-R-01-011)
Inter Agency DNAPL Consortium Home Page
The Web site is sponsored by the Interagency DNAPL
Consortium (IDC). IDC is an alliance of five federal
agencies, including the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA), EPA, DOE, the U.S.
Navy, and the U.S. Air Force. It reports on the IDC's
effort to evaluate and compare the cost and
performance of three innovative remediation
technologies for the treatment of DNAPLS. The three
technologies are being applied for the treatment of
trichloroethene (TCE) at Launch Complex 34 at Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The three
technologies being demonstrated in side-by-side plots
at the launch area are chemical oxidation with the use
of potassium permanganate, six-phase heating, and
dynamic underground stripping.
MtBE Fact Sheet #2: Remediation of MtBE-
Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
(EPA 510-F-98-002)
Developed by EPA's OUST, the fact sheet describes
the physical and chemical characteristics of methyl
tertiary butyl ether (MtBE) and identifies alternative
technologies for remediating it.
hk. North Atlantic Treaty Organization/
Committee on the Challenges of Modern
jww^|Lป Society (NATO/CCMS) Pilot Study
IfcAJiWIilil Evaluation of Demonstrated and
Emerging Technologies for the
Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater
(Phase III) 2002 Annual Report (EPA 542-R-02-010)
This document reports on the fourth meeting for the
Phase III Pilot Study on the Evaluation of Demonstrated
and Emerging Technologies for the Treatment and
Clean Up of Contaminated Land and Groundwater.
The Phase III study, which concluded in 2002, focused
on technologies for treating contaminated land and
groundwater. The study addressed issues of
sustainability, environmental merit, and cost-
effectiveness with continued emphasis on emerging
remediation technologies. The objectives of the study
were to critically evaluate technologies, promote
appropriate use of technologies, use information
technology systems to disseminate study products, and
foster innovative thinking about contaminated land.
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Resource for MGP Site Characterization and
Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and
Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas
Plant Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005)
The document provides current information about
useful approaches and tools being applied at former
MGP sites to the regulators and utilities that are
engaged in characterizing and remediating these
sites. The document outlines site management
strategies and field tools for expediting site
characterization at MGP sites; presents a summary of
existing technologies for remediating MGP wastes in
soils; provides sufficient information about the
benefits, limitations, and costs of each technology,
tool, or strategy for comparison and evaluation; and
provides, through case studies, examples of the ways
in which those tools and strategies can be
implemented at MGP sites.
State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners
(SCRD) Internet Site
The SCRD Internet site, which is supported by EPA's
OSRTI, provides extensive information about state
remediation programs and resources related to the
remediation of dry cleaner sites. Descriptions of state
programs and points of contact in each of the member
states are provided. Publications, regulations, and
other documents are identified as well. Brownfields
stakeholders involved in the assessment and cleanup
of dry cleaner sites in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida,
Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North
Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
and Wisconsin may be particularly interested in the
detailed information provided about programs in
those states. Profiles of the remediation of specific
sites throughout the United States are intended to
assist users, particularly state officials, in making
more informed decisions related to the remediation of
sites in their states, and, when possible, to provide
additional resources. Publications developed by the
SCRD, as well as state and federal resources pertinent
to issues associated with dry cleaner sites, can be
viewed online or downloaded at no charge.
The Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of
Pesticide-Contaminated Sites
The technology assessment report discusses the use of
bioremediation and phytoremediation for the cleanup
of sites contaminated with pesticides. It provides
information about the current status of the two
technologies to federal and state agencies, consulting
engineering firms, private industries, and technology
developers.
Treatment Experiences at RCRA Corrective Actions
(EPA 542-F-00-020)
The fact sheet summarizes information about the use
of treatment technologies at 30 RCRA corrective
action sites. It focuses on ongoing or completed
cleanups of contaminated soil or groundwater at
RCRA sites for which key information, such as the
type of technology used and the point of contact, was
available. The sites illustrate the types of cleanups
conducted at RCRA corrective action sites; they are
not intended to be representative of all cleanups
conducted under RCRA.
Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund,
RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage
Tank Sites
The policy directive, which was issued on April 21,
1999, provides guidance to the staff of EPA, the
public, and the regulated community on how EPA
intends to exercise its discretion in implementing
national policy on the use of monitored natural
attenuation for the remediation of contaminated soil
and groundwater at sites regulated under the
programs of EPA's OSWER.
C. Technology-Specific Resources for Cleanup
Options
The documents listed below provide detailed
information about specific innovative technologies
and the application of those processes to specific
contaminants and media in the form of engineering
analyses, application reports, technology verification
and evaluation reports, and technology reviews.
iw. Air Sparging Design Paradigm
This design guidance resulted from
research and development efforts
sponsored by the U.S. Air Force
Armstrong Laboratory and the U.S. Naval
Facilities Engineering Research Center and from field
research and data analysis conducted by Battelle
Memorial Institute, Arizona State University, Oregon
Graduate Institute, Parsons Engineering-Science, and
Colorado State University. The guidance provides
details on air sparging principles; site
characterization; pilot testing; system design,
installation, and operation; and system monitoring.
Use of the design paradigm is illustrated in
descriptions of field studies and by using the results
of controlled physical model studies. The guidance is
organized in sections that provide an overview of air
sparging in general and the specific design paradigm
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followed by a discussion of site characterization, air
sparging application, pilot testing, and system design
and monitoring.
Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor
Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007)
The report provides an engineering analysis of and
status report on, selected enhancements for SVE
treatment technologies. The report is intended to
assist project managers who are considering an SVE
treatment system by providing them with an up-to-
date report on the status of enhancement technologies
in an evaluation of each technology's applicability to
various site conditions, a presentation of cost and
performance information, a list of vendors that
specialize in the technologies, a discussion of the
relative strengths and limitations of the technologies,
recommendations of factors to be kept in mind when
considering the enhancements, and a compilation of
references. The five enhancement technologies
discussed in the report are air sparging, dual-phase
extraction, directional drilling, pneumatic and
hydraulic fracturing, and thermal enhancement.
Application Guide for Bioslurping -
Volume I
This application guide, which was
developed by Battelle for NFESC, is
presented in two volumes. Volume I
provides principles and practices of bioslurping to
assist project managers in preliminary decision-
making. Based on Volume I, a site manager may
determine whether this technology is feasible for a
site contaminated with light nonaqueous phase
liquid (LNAPL).
Application Guide for Bioslurping -
Volume 2
This application guide, which was
developed by Battelle for the Naval
Facilities Engineering Service Center
(NFESC), is presented in two volumes. Volume I
provides principles and practices of bioslurping to
assist project managers in preliminary decision-
making, and Volume II contains a detailed
description of the bioslurper system; testing
procedures; system design, installation, operation,
and monitoring; and an approach for site closure.
Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent
Contaminated Groundwater
The report is intended to provide a basic summary of
in situ treatment technologies for groundwater
contaminated with chlorinated solvents. It includes
information gathered from a range of currently
available sources, including project documents,
reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal
communication with parties involved in the use of the
technologies.
Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and
Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative
Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA
542-R-01-005)
BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners,
project managers, and others preparing RFPs to solicit
support in conducting activities to investigate and
clean up contaminated sites. It is specifically
intended to assist those individuals in writing
specifications that encourage contractors and
technology vendors to propose options for using
innovative characterization and remediation
technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also
provides information, from a technology perspective,
to guide review teams in their evaluations of
proposals and the selection of qualified contractors.
Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and
Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup (EPA 542-
R-01-006)
BTSC developed this document to provide an
educational tool for site owners, project managers,
and regulators to help evaluate the applicability of
the phytoremediation process atbrownfields sites.
The primer explains the types of biological processes
involved in phytoremediation; provides examples of
the sites and contaminants where phytoremediation
has been applied; and discusses technical
considerations in selecting and designing
phytoremediation systems, activities necessary to
operate and maintain phytoremediation systems, and
examples of estimated potential cost savings from
using phytoremediation versus more conventional
treatment processes. The primer also provides a
comprehensive list of other resources that are
available to assist decision-makers in evaluating
phytoremediation as an option for cleaning up
contaminated sites.
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Capstone Report on the Application,
Monitoring, and Performance of
Permeable Reactive Barriers for Ground-
Water Remediation: Volume 1 (EPA 600-
R-03-045a)
This report, which was developed by EPA, discusses
geochemical and microbiological processes within
zero-valent iron PRBs that may contribute to changes
in iron reactivity over time and decreases in reaction
zone permeability. Two full-scale PRBs are evaluated
in this report. Detailed water sampling and analysis,
core sampling, and solid-phase characterization
studies were carried out to: (1) evaluate spatial and
temporal trends in contaminant concentrations and
key geochemical parameters, (2) characterize the type
and nature of surface precipitates forming over time
in the reactive barriers, and (3) identify the type and
extent of microbiological activity within and around
the reactive barriers.
Capstone Report on the Application,
Monitoring, and Performance of
Permeable Reactive Barriers for
Ground-Water Remediation: Volume 2
(EPA 600-R-03-045b)
This report, which was developed by EPA, discusses
soil and groundwater sampling methods and
procedures used to evaluate the long-term
performance of PRBs at two sites: one in Elizabeth
City, North Carolina, and the other one in Denver
Federal Center near Lakewood, Colorado. Both PRBs
were installed in 1996 and have been monitored and
studied since their installation to determine their
continued effectiveness in removing contaminants
from groundwater. The report points out that an
effective monitoring program requires appropriate
soil and groundwater sampling techniques.
CLU-IN Technology Focus
The Technology Focus, a section of EPA
OSRTI's CLU-IN site, provides a
compilation of the most relevant
information sources for a range of
remediation technologies. Grouped by specific
technologies, the resources provide technology
descriptions, information about applications and use
of technologies, relevant engineering and regulatory
guidance, and links to training sources and
additional references. Information about the
following technologies is available: air sparging,
bioreactor landfills, bioremediation of chlorinated
solvents, bioventing and biosparging, electrokinetics,
fracturing, groundwater circulating wells, in situ
flushing, in situ oxidation, multiphase extraction,
natural attenuation, PRBs, phytoremediation, solvent
extraction, SVE, soil washing, thermal desorption,
and thermal enhancements.
Cost Analyses for Selected Groundwater Cleanup
Projects: Pump-and-Treat Systems and Permeable
Reactive Barriers (EPA 542-R-00-013)
Developed on the basis of case studies prepared by
EPA, other members of FRTR, and the Remediation
Technologies Development Forum, the report presents
the results of an analysis of groundwater cleanup
costs for P&T systems and PRBs at 48 sites. Targeted
for site managers, technology developers, and users,
as well as others involved in groundwater
remediation efforts, the report provides detailed
information about the costs of groundwater cleanup
technologies and factors that affect those costs. Of the
48 sites, 32 had P&T systems and 16 had PRBs.
Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field
Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008)
The report provides an overview of in situ
bioremediation for the remediation of chlorinated
solvents in contaminated soil and groundwater. It
describes mechanisms for the degradation of
chlorinated solvents, enhancements of such
mechanisms by the addition of various materials and
chemicals, design approaches, and factors to consider
when selecting and using the technology. The report
also presents a list of vendors of the technology and
nine case studies of field applications.
Engineering and Design: Adsorption Design Guide
(DG 1110-1-2)
The guide, published by USACE, provides practical
guidance for the design of liquid- and vapor-phase
devices for the adsorption of organic chemicals. The
adsorptive media addressed include granular
activated carbon (GAC) and other alternative
adsorption media, such as powdered activated
carbon (PAC) and non-carbon adsorbents. It
addresses various types of adsorption media,
applicability, use of various adsorption process
technologies, design of equipment and ancillary
components, availability, advantages, disadvantages,
regeneration methods, costs, and safety
considerations.
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Engineering and Design: Soil Vapor
Extraction and Bioventing (EM 1110-1-
4001)
This guide, which was published by
USACE to provide practical guidance for
design and operation of SVE and bioventing (BV)
systems. It discusses all aspects of the engineering of
SVE and BV systems, including site characterization,
technology selection; bench- and pilot-scale testing,
design, installation, operation, and closure.
EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks
Internet Site
Hosted by EPA's OUST, the Internet site provides
resources and tools to assist owners and operators of
USTs and brownfields stakeholders to better assess
their options for the operation, maintenance, and
cleanup of USTs. Information and guidance about
technologies suitable for cleaning up releases from
UST systems are provided, as well as details about
current federal UST regulations and UST program
priorities, including specific details about the
USTFields Initiative. Points of contact in each of the
EPA regional offices also are identified. An extensive
number of UST publications can be viewed online or
downloaded at no charge. In addition, information
about state-sponsored UST programs, including links
to state Internet sites, is provided on OUST's site at
zvzvzv.epa.gov/szvenistl/states/index.htm.
Evaluation of Performance and Longevity
at Permeable Reactive Barrier Sites (CU-
9907)
Developed by ESTCP, this report presents
an evaluation of short- and long-term
performance issues associated with PRBs installed at
several DoD sites. The report assesses the longevity
of PRBs made from iron and the hydraulic
performance of various PRBs in terms of their ability
to meet groundwater capture zone and residence time
requirements. The report describes PRB technology
and provides an assessment of the performance and
cost of the technology when implemented in the field.
It also addresses implementation issues such as scale-
up, regulatory constraints, and monitoring.
Evaluation of Permeable Reactive Barrier
Performance - Revised Report
This document, which was prepared for
FRTR by DoD, DOE, and EPA, summarizes
field performance evaluations of several
PRBs installed at sites under the purview of DoD,
DOE, and EPA. The evaluations focus on the
longevity and hydraulic performance of the PRBs in
various geologic settings. The results of these studies
are being provided to RPMs at government-owned
sites to aid in decision-making. The document also
discusses compliance and monitoring issues related
to PRBs.
Evaluation of Phytoremediation for
Management of Chlorinated Solvents in
Soil and Groundwater (EPA 542-R-05-001)
This document, prepared by the RTDF, is
designed to briefly introduce various
phytotechnologies; identify potential applications of
phytoremediation to control, transform, or manage
chlorinated solvents in soil and groundwater; show
how to conduct a preliminary assessment to
determine if a particular site is a good candidate for
phytoremediation; and describe monitoring options
and show how to assess the effectiveness of
phytoremediation at full-scale field implementation.
It is intended to aid regulators, site owners,
consultants, and other stakeholders in understanding
the proper application of phytotechnology to
remediate groundwater contaminated with
halogenated solvents.
Evapotranspiration Landfill Cover
Systems Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-03-015)
This fact sheet, which was prepared by
EPA, provides a summary of an
innovative landfill final cover design
called evapotranspiration (ET) covers. The
information in this fact sheet was obtained from
currently available technical literature and from
discussions with site managers. The general ET
cover concept involves use of one or more vegetated
soil layers to retain water until it is either
transpired through vegetation or evaporated from
the soil surface. The fact sheet discusses general
considerations of ET cover design, performance,
monitoring, cost, status, and limitations and
provides project-specific examples. Final cover
systems are used as part of the remediation and
final closure for landfills, contaminated areas at or
near the ground surface, and other waste disposal
sites. As of September 2003, ET covers have been
proposed, tested, or installed at 64 sites throughout
the United States, generally from Georgia to
Oregon.
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Field Applications of In Situ Remediation
Technologies: Chemical Oxidation (EPA 542-R-98-008)
The document describes recent pilot demonstrations
and full-scale applications of chemical oxidation
processes that treat soil and groundwater in place or
increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants
to improve their removal by other remediation
technologies.
Field Applications of In Situ Remediation
Technologies: Ground-Water Circulation Wells
(EPA 542-R-98-009)
The report is one in a series of reports that document
recent pilot demonstrations and full-scale
applications that treat soil and groundwater in situ or
increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants
to improve their removal by other remediation
technologies. It is hoped that the information
provided will facilitate more frequent consideration of
new, less costly, and more effective technologies to
address the problems associated with hazardous
waste sites and petroleum contamination.
Field Applications of In Situ Remediation
Technologies: Permeable Reactive Barriers
(EPA 542-R-99-002)
One of a series of reports that summarize pilot
demonstrations and full-scale applications of
technologies that treat soil and groundwater, the
document presents profiles of a number of
applications of PRBs. Each profile identifies, to the
extent the information is available, the name of the
site, its location, its characteristics, the principal
contaminants present, the installation date of the
PRB, the type of construction, the costs of design and
construction, the reactive materials used, and the
results achieved. The profiles also discuss lessons
learned and lists a point of contact for obtaining
further information. A bibliography of articles and
documents related to PRBs also is included.
Geophysical Techniques to Locate DNAPLs: Profiles
of Federally Funded Projects (EPA 542-R-98-020)
The document provides to researchers and
practitioners a status report on federal projects that
are using noninvasive geophysical techniques to
locate DNAPLs in the subsurface.
IJtgk^ Groundwater Pump and Treat Systems:
Summary of Selected Cost and
ffjnjjfjfflh Performance Information at Superfund-
Financed Sites (EPA 542-R-01-021a and
W EPA 542-R-01-021b)
This report, which was published by EPA, summarizes
Phase 1 (the data collection phase) of the Nationwide
Fund-lead Pump and Treat Optimization Project. The
first phase of this project identified a total of 88 Fund-
lead (EPA-lead and state-lead with Fund money) P&T
systems within the Superfund Program. System
identification was accomplished through use of online
databases and discussions with project liaisons in each
region. The number of Fund-lead P&T systems in EPA
regions ranged from zero in Region 8 to 22 in Region 2.
The report identifies the 88 Fund-lead P&T systems,
summarizes the information submitted by RPMs, and
presents the screening and selection of those systems to
receive remediation system evaluations (RSE). The EPA
542-R-01-021a report does not contain data appendices.
The "b" version of the report includes all appendices.
Ground-W ater Remediation Technologies
Analysis Center Technology Reports
DevelopedbytheGround-Water
Remediation T echnologies Analysis Center
' (GWRTAC), various reports about
groundwater technologies and how they work are
available to assist decision-makers in reviewing
technology options and assessing a technology's
applicability to a particular site. The Technical
Overview Reports are intended to provide general
overviews of and introductions to selected groundwater
technologies. More detailed information and technical
analyses are provided in the Technical Evaluation
Reports. Each of these reports provides a comprehensive
description of a specific technology, performance
information, information about its applicability and cost,
a discussion of regulatory and policy requirements and
issues, and a summary of lessons learned. The
Technology Status Reports are summary documents that
provide information about the status of and current
development efforts for specific emerging groundwater
technologies or address related topics. Examples of some
of the topics covered include air sparging, chlorinated
solvents, DNAPL remediation, electrokinetics, hydraulic
and pneumatic fracturing, in situ bioremediation, in situ
chemical treatment, in situ soil flushing, permeable
reactive wells, phytoremediation, groundwater
circulation wells, in situ S/S, in situ vitrification, LNAPL
remediation, perchlorate remediation, remediation of
metals, SVE and dual -phase extraction, thermal
enhancements, and treatment trains.
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Groundwater Remedies Selected at
Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-01-022)
1 EPA prepared this report to document the
w selection of groundwater treatment and
MNA remedies for Superfund remedial
action sites. The report presents data on groundwater
treatment and MNA remedy decisions and analyzes
trends in these decisions over time. The focus of this
report is on groundwater treatment and MNA
remedies that result in reduction of contaminant
concentrations or mobility. Groundwater
containment and other remedies are not addressed in
this report.
Hydraulic Optimization Demonstration for
Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems
The report, contained in two separate volumes,
presents a screening analysis that users can use to
determine whether they can achieve significant cost
savings by altering key aspects of an existing or
planned P&T system. The first volume, intended for a
broad audience, describes the screening analysis,
which uses spreadsheets to allow quick and
inexpensive cost comparison of alternatives under
consideration for use at a site, in terms of net present
value (NPV). The second volume, intended for a more
technical audience, provides case study examples of
the application of hydraulic optimization at three
sites. Site-specific factors, as well as the steps
involved to conduct the analysis, are described in
detail. The following volumes are available:
- Volume I: Pre-Optimization Screening Method and
Demonstration (EPA 542-R-99-011A)
- Volume II: Application of Hydraulic Optimization
(EPA 542-R-99-011B)
In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal
Contaminated Soils Technology Status Report
(SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-99022)
The report, which was published by the U.S. Army
Environmental Center for ESTCP, provides an
overview of the current developmental status of
electrokinetic remediation for metals-contaminated
soils. The report identifies concerns about the in situ
application of the technology and issues that require
further investigation. It also presents the results of a
field demonstration conducted at Naval Air Weapons
Station at Point Mugu to illustrate concerns about the
in situ application of the technology at its current
stage of development.
In Situ Treatment of Chlorinated
Solvents: Fundamentals and Field
Applications (EPA 542-R-04-010)
M This report, which was prepared by EPA,
contains information about the use of in
situ thermal treatment technologies to treat
chlorinated solvents in source zones containing free-
phase contamination or high concentrations of
contaminants that are either sorbed to soil or
dissolved in groundwater in the saturated or
unsaturated zone. The information in this report may
be helpful to site managers, site owners, treatment
technology vendors, regulators, consulting firms, and
others involved in the cleanup of sites contaminated
with chlorinated solvents. The report describes three
in situ thermal technologies: steam-enhanced
extraction, electrical resistive heating, and electrical
conductive heating. The report also discusses overall
applicability issues and engineering considerations
for the use of these technologies in the field.
In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments
The document provides a technology assessment
about in situ treatment technologies applicable for
cleanup of contaminated sediments. It is intended to
provide federal agencies, states, consulting
engineering firms, private industries, and technology
developers with information on the current status of
this technology.
Introduction to Phytoremediation (EPA 600-R-99-107)
The document provides a tool for regulators, owners,
neighbors, and managers to use in evaluating the
applicability of phytoremediation to a site. The
document defines terms and provides a framework for
use in developing an understanding of
phytoremediation applications. It is a compilation of
information obtained through research and
remediation work that has been done to date.
ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree
The document, which was produced by the ITRC
workgroup, provides a tool that can be used to
determine whether phytoremediation can be effective
at a given site. It is designed to complement existing
phytoremediation documents. It allows the user to
use basic information about a specific site, through a
flow chart layout, to decide whether
phytoremediation is feasible at that site.
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Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview of Tools
for Vadose Zone Monitoring (EPA 542-R-98-019)
The report provides a basic summary of tools in
current use for detection of leaks in landfill liners. It
includes information gathered from a range of
currently available sources, including project
documents, reports, periodicals, Internet searches,
and personal communication with parties involved in
such efforts.
Long-Term Performance of Permeable
Reactive Barriers Using Zero-Valent
Iron: An Evaluation at Two Sites
(Environmental Research Brief) (EPA
600-S-02-001)
This environmental research brief, which was
developed by EPA ORD, presents findings over the
past 4 years at two sites where detailed EPA
investigations have focused on the long-term
performance of PRBs. The document also examines
the field performance of multiple PRBs across the
United States.
Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated
Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022)
The fact sheet, which was written for a nonscientific
audience and intended to assist federal, state, and
local regulators in educating the public about
complex environmental issues, explains what the
term "monitored natural attenuation" means when it
is used to describe a potential strategy for remediating
a contaminated site. It also describes the various
physical, chemical, and biological processes of
natural attenuation that may take place at a site
contaminated with chlorinated solvents and explains
how decision-makers evaluate the role of MNA at a
contaminated site.
MtBE Treatment Profiles
This Web site is sponsored jointly by
EPA's OSRTI and OUST. The searchable
Web site contains data on almost 400
completed and ongoing applications of
MtBE treatment for drinking water and contaminated
media. The treatment profiles describe sites at which
technologies (both in situ and ex situ/aboveground)
have been used to treat MtBE in groundwater, soil,
and drinking water. The technologies include air
stripping and sparging, carbon adsorption,
bioremediation (in situ and ex situ), in situ chemical
oxidation, SVE and dual-phase extraction, and P&T.
The profiles include active links to 18 case studies
that present more in-depth information about the
treatment sites. EPA encourages project managers,
site owners, and technology vendors to add new
MtBE treatment profiles to the Web site. Once
information is provided, it may be updated to add
more recent data, add data for more fields, or correct
errors in existing data.
Multi-Phase Extraction: State of the Practice (EPA
542-R-99-004)
The report describes the use of multi-phase extraction
(MPE) for the remediation of contaminated soil and
groundwater, focusing primarily on the application of
MPE at sites at which contamination with
halogenated VOCs is present. The report describes
MPE technology and the various configurations used
for it, indicates the types of site conditions to which
MPE is applicable, and discusses the advantages and
potential limitations of the use of MPE at such sites.
In addition, the report provides information about
vendors of MPE and case studies that summarize cost
and performance data on applications of the
technology at three sites.
Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021)
The fact sheet, which was written for a nonscientific
audience and intended to assist federal, state, and
local regulators in educating the public about
complex environmental issues, explains what the
term "monitored natural attenuation" (MNA) means
when it is used to describe a potential strategy for
remediating a contaminated site. It also describes the
various physical, chemical, and biological processes
of natural attenuation that may take place at a site
contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and
explains how decision-makers evaluate the role of
MNA at a contaminated site.
Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in
Groundwater: Principles and Practices
The industrial members of the Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Solvents Consortium (bioconsortium) of
the RTDF prepared the document to disseminate up-
to-date scientific information about natural
attenuation of chlorinated solvents. The mission of
the RTDF bioconsortium is to accelerate the
development of cost-effective bioremediation
processes for degrading chlorinated solvents and to
achieve public and regulatory acceptance of those
processes as safe and effective. The document
provides a framework to be used in evaluating
natural attenuation of chlorinated VOCs.
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Natural Attenuation of MtBE in the Subsurface
under Methanogenic Conditions (EPA 600-R-00-006)
The document presents a case study conducted at the
former Fuel Farm Site at the U.S. Coast Guard Support
Center at Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The case
study is intended to answer several questions: Can
MtBE be biodegraded under methanogenic conditions
in groundwater that was contaminated by a fuel
spill? Will biodegradation produce lower
concentrations of MtBE than those required under
regulatory standards? Is the rate of degradation in
the laboratory adequate to explain the distribution of
MtBE in the groundwater at the field site? What is the
relationship between the degradation of MtBE and the
degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylene (BTEX) compounds? What is the rate of
natural attenuation at the source area?
Overview of the Phytoremediation of Lead and
Mercury
The report assesses the current state of
phytoremediation as an innovative technology and
discusses its usefulness and potential in the
remediation of lead- and mercury-contaminated soils
found at hazardous waste sites. The advantages and
disadvantages, limitations, current status, projected
market, and environmental concerns associated with
this new and innovative technology are discussed.
Case studies involving the phytoremediation of lead
and mercury detailing bench and full-scale projects
are also provided.
Permeable Reactive Barrier Technologies for
Contaminant Remediation (EPA 600-R-98-125)
The document provides information about PRBs in
terms of treatable contaminants, designs, feasibility
studies, and construction options. Summaries of
several current installations also are provided.
Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics
The report provides a summary of information about
PRBs for inorganics and a discussion of the current
status of such barriers. It contains information
gathered from a range of currently available sources,
including project documents, reports, periodicals, the
Internet, and personal communication with parties
involved in projects that use the barriers.
Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground
Water at Hazardous Waste Sites (EPA 540-S-01-005)
The issue paper was developed for the EPA Regional
Ground Water Forum. The paper provides a concise
discussion of the processes associated with the use of
phytoremediation as a cleanup or containment
technique for remediation of hazardous waste sites,
sediment, groundwater, surface water, and
wastewater.
Phytoremediation Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-99-003)
The document aids decision-makers in reviewing the
applicability of phytoremediation extraction
treatment technologies. The document also provides
access information on electronic resources and
hotlines; cites relevant federal regulations; and
provides abstracts of more than 100 pertinent
resources, such as bibliographies, guidance
documents, workshop proceedings, overview
documents, study and test results, and test designs
and protocols. Included is a phytoremediation
treatment technology resource matrix that compares
the documents by technology type, affected media,
and contaminants. The guide also provides detailed
information on how to obtain the publications listed.
Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory
Guidance (Phyto-2)
The document, which was published by ITRC,
provides technical and regulatory guidance to help
regulators understand, evaluate, and make informed
decisions about phytotechnology proposals. The
document includes a description of
phytotechnologies and discussions of regulatory and
policy issues, technical requirements for
phytotechnologies, and concerns on the part of
stakeholders. It also provides case studies and
technical references.
Proven Alternatives for Aboveground
Treatment of Arsenic in Groundwater
(EPA 542-S-02-002)
This issue paper, which was developed
for EP A's Engineering Forum, identifies
and summarizes experiences with proven
aboveground treatment alternatives for arsenic in
groundwater and provides information on their
relative effectiveness and cost. The four technologies
included in the report are precipitation/
coprecipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, and
membrane filtration. The report describes the theory
and operation of each technology, provides available
project-specific performance and cost data, and
discusses limitations. The report also discusses
special considerations for retrofitting systems to meet
the lower arsenic maximum contaminant level (MCL)
of 10 micrograms per liter (|_ig/L).
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Remediation Technology Cost Compendium
- Year 2000 (EPA 542-R-01-009)
This cost compendium, which was
prepared by EPA's OSRTI, captures current
information about the costs of the following
six remediation technologies: (1) bioremediation, (2)
thermal desorption, (3) SVE, (4) on-site incineration, (5)
groundwater P&T systems, and (6) PRBs. Cost data
were obtained from federal agency sources, including
case studies and reports prepared by the FRTR; DOE's
Los Alamos National Laboratory; the USACE
Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center for
Expertise; and the U.S. Air Force Center for
Environmental Excellence (AFCEE). The report
includes six sections, each of which describes the cost
analysis for one of the six technologies. Each of the
sections includes a brief description of the technology,
a discussion of the methodology used in the cost
analysis, and the results of the cost analysis.
Solidification/Stabilization Use atSuperfund Sites
(EPA 542-R-00-010)
The report provides to interested stakeholders, such
as project managers, technology service providers,
consulting engineers, site owners, and the general
public, the most recent information about S/S
applications at Superfund sites as well as information
about trends in the use of the technology, specific
types of applications, and costs.
Study of Assessment and Remediation
Technologies for Dry Cleaner Sites
Prepared by SCRD, with the support of
EPA's OSRTI, the report presents the
results of the Coalition's evaluation of
assessment and remediation technologies commonly
used in cleaning up dry cleaner sites. The evaluation
was based on the results of responses to
questionnaires sent to entities involved in such
cleanups in 1999. The report presents those results in
detail. An appendix in the report provides
descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment
technologies frequently used at dry cleaner sites.
Subsurface Containment and Monitoring Systems:
Barriers and Beyond (Overview Report)
The document provides a summary of information
about subsurface barriers - vertical and horizontal -
with an emphasis on emerging and innovative
vertical barrier technologies. It also presents a
discussion of the current status of such barriers. The
report is not intended to be inclusive; it merely
provides an overview of the current work in the field
on subsurface barrier technologies drawn from
information gathered from a range of sources,
including project documents, reports, periodicals, the
Internet, and personal communication with parties
involved in projects that use such barriers.
Subsurface Remediation: Improving Long-Term
Monitoring and Remedial Systems Performance
Conference Proceedings, June 1999 (EPA 540-B-00-002)
The document, which was compiled by EPA's OSRTI,
summarizes the presentations made and workshops
conducted during a conference on improving long-term
monitoring (LTM) and the performance of remedial
systems. The conference, sponsored and developed by
FRTR, took place in St. Louis, Missouri, from June 8
through 11,1999. The conference provided up-to-date
information about LTM and system optimization
through presentations and topical workshops.
Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer
Remediation (SEAR) Implementation
Manual (TR-2219-ENV)
This implementation manual, which was
prepared by Intera Inc. and NFESC, is
designed to familiarize RPMs, engineers, and scientists
working on environmental remediation projects with
the major tasks and planning parameters involved in
implementing an in situ surfactant flood or SEAR
project to remove DNAPLs. The manual is intended to
help users understand basic design and
implementation issues, attain remedial objectives, and
follow risk management methodologies and
approaches in order to avoid misapplication of
surfactant flooding for DNAPL removal.
A Systematic Approach to In Situ
Bioremediation in Groundwater,
Including Decision Trees for In Situ
Bioremediation of Nitrates, Carbon
Tetrachloride, and Perchlorate
This document, which was prepared by ITRC, provides
guidance for the systematic characterization, evaluation,
design, and testing efforts associated with implementing
in situ bioremediation (ISB) for a biotreatable
contaminant. It serves as guidance for regulators,
consultants, responsible parties, and stakeholders when
an ISB technology is being considered. This document
presents decision trees for reviewing, planning,
evaluating, and approving ISB systems for the saturated
subsurface and defines site parameters and appropriate
ranges of criteria for characterization, testing, design,
and monitoring efforts. The information provided in
this document will support ISB evaluation.
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Technical and Regulatory Guidance for
Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of DNAPL
Source Zones
This guidance, which was prepared by
ITRC, provides technical and regulatory
information for those involved in selecting and
implementing surfactant and cosolvent flushing as a
remedial action for DNAPLs. The guidance describes
the technology and discusses the major factors that
need to be considered in evaluating design and
implementation work plans for surfactant and
cosolvent flushing of DNAPLs.
Technical and Regulatory Requirements for
Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated
Solvents in Groundwater
The report, which was published by ITRC, describes
enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB) and examines
the circumstances under which its application is
appropriate. It also discusses related regulatory and
policy issues, such as the ban under RCRA on land
disposal and technical requirements for
implementation of EISB.
Technologies for Treating MtBE and Other
Fuel Oxygenates (EPA 542-R-04-009)
This report, which was developed by EPA's
OSRTI, provides an overview of the
treatment technologies used to remediate
groundwater, soil, and drinking water contaminated
with MtBE and other fuel oxygenates. The treatment
methods discussed include air sparging, SVE, MPE, in
situ and ex situ bioremediation, in situ chemical
oxidation, P&T, and drinking water treatment.
Information in the report can be used to help evaluate
these technologies based on their effectiveness at
specific sites. The report summarizes available
performance and cost information for these
technologies, provides examples of where each has been
used, and identifies additional sources of information.
Technology Status Review: In Situ
Oxidation
This report, which was published by
ESTCP, provides a survey of sites where in
situ oxidation (ISO) has been used. The
overall objective of the project summarized in the report
was to assess the current status of ISO and determine
what additional information is needed to understand
the site conditions for which ISO is appropriate.
Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program
The federal UIC Program works with state and local
governments to prevent contamination of drinking
water resources caused by the underground injection
of waste. Among the wastes the UIC program
regulates are more than nine billion gallons of
hazardous waste every year; more than two billion
gallons of brine from oil and gas operations every
day; and automotive, industrial, sanitary and other
wastes that are injected into shallow aquifers.
Use of Field-Scale Phytotechnology for
Chlorinated Solvents, Metals, Explosives/
Propellants and Pesticides - Status
Update (EPA 542-R-05- 002)
This status report, which was published
by EPA OSRTI, provides information about 79
phytotechnology projects conducted at sites in the
United States and Canada, including Superfund sites
and federal and military sites that are being
addressed under state, local, or voluntary cleanup
programs. These projects involved treatment of soil or
groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents,
metals, explosives and propellants, and pesticides.
The document is meant to be a networking tool for
federal, state, and industrial employees to share
lessons learned from and practical experiences with
field-scale applications of phytotechnology.
Where Do We Go from Here?
Kitii-i
Next Steps
After you have reviewed options for cleanup, you may
take any of the following courses of action:
Result of the Review of
Cleanup Options
Course of Action
The proposed cleanup
option appears feasible.
Proceed to the CLEANUP
DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION phase.
No cleanup option
appears feasible in light
of the proposed
redevelopment and
land reuse needs (such
as project milestones
and cost and intended
reuse).
Determine whether revising
the redevelopment plan
remains a practicable option;
if so, proceed to the
CLEANUP DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION phase.
If contamination exists at
considerable levels,
compliance with other
programs, such as RCRA and
Super fund, may be required.
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STATE DRYCLEANERREMEDIATION PROGRAMS:
An Innovative Approach to Cleanup
State-mandated programs have had a major impact in turning
former dry cleaner sites into marketable properties. Soil and
groundwater contaminated by dry cleaning solvent are
associated with many of these sites. Resource and budget
constraints pose challenges to states as they undertake
assessment and pursue remediation of these properties. With
support from EPA's OSRTI, the State Coalition for
Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) was established in
1998 to (1) provide a forum for exchange of information and
discussion of implementation issues related to established
state dry cleaner programs, (2) share information and lessons
learned, and (3) encourage the use
of innovative technologies in the
remediation of dry cleaner sites. The
coalition is made up of
representatives of states that have
established dry cleaner remediation
programs, including Alabama,
Connecticut, Florida, Illinois,
Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North
Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin.
A subgroup of the coalition has
focused its efforts on conducting
research about state programs and
use of innovative technologies to
assess and remediate sites
contaminated with dry cleaning solvents. In its 2004 report,
Drycleaner Site Assessment and Remediation - A Technology
Snapshot (2003) the coalition reports the results of a 2002
survey performed to evaluate changes in use of innovative
technologies. Surveys such as these provide information in
KEY RESOURCE
the search for cost-
efficient and technically
effective assessment and
remediation technologies.
Such studies as the one
performed at the Armen
Cleaners site in Ann Arbor,
Michigan, will continue to generate new information about
innovative analytical approaches. That study was successful in
building a collaborative data set to confirm the completeness of
vapor intrusion and ambient air pathways. The study also
better defined the extent of indoor air
contamination and identified potential
residential receptors of concern.
Overall, although EPA's investigation
built upon previous data to delineate
significant sources of PCE at the site, it
also found that vapor and ambient air
concentrations oftetrachloroethene
(PCE) were fairly localized, dropping
quickly with distance from the site.
The project was unique in its
application of a number of innovative,
real-time analytical approaches as well
as its use of the Triad approach to
stress systematic planning and
dynamic work strategies in order to
expedite and improve site characterization and cleanup.
For more information, see the resources numbered
41, 72,148, and 149 in the Index of Resources
beginning on page 1-1.
A Quick Look
Dry cleaners use chlorinated solvents,
particularly PCE, in their operations and
have contributed to contamination of soil
and groundwater at many brownfields sites.
SCRD provides a forum for exchange of
information and lessons learned
regarding the use of innovative
technologies in the assessment and
remediation of dry cleaner sites.
Innovative technologies are of particular
benefit at small dry cleaner sites because
limited funding for cleanup of such sites
is often an issue.
State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) Internet Site
View on line at www.drycleancoalition.org
The SCRD Internet site, which is supported by EPA's OSRTI, provides extensive information about
state remediation programs and resources related to remediation of dry cleaner sites. Descriptions of
state programs and points of contact in member states are provided. Relevant publications,
regulations, and other documents are identified as well. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the
assessment and cleanup of dry cleaner sites in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Kansas,
Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin may
be particularly interested in the detailed information provided about programs in those states.
Profiles of the remediation of specific sites throughout the United States are intended to assist users,
particularly state officials, in making more informed decisions regarding remediation of sites in their
states. Publications developed by SCRD, as well as state and federal resources that are pertinent to
issues associated with dry cleaner sites can be viewed online or downloaded at no charge.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 77
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
REMEDIATING MANUFACTURED GAS PLANT SITES:
Emerging Remediation Technologies
From the early 1800s through the mid-1900s,
manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites were operated
nationwide to produce gas from coal or oil for lighting,
heating, and cooking. The gas manufacturing and
purification processes conducted at the plants yielded
gas plant residues that included tars, sludges, lampblack
light oils, spent oxide wastes, and other hydrocarbon
products. Although many of the by-products were
recycled, excess residues remained at MGP sites. The
residues contain polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
petroleum hydrocarbons,
benzene, cyanide, metals, and
phenols. The base
contaminant, coal tar, is
composed of a complex mixture
of PAHs that generally exhibit
low volatility, low solubility, and
low biodegradability.
Consequently, those
components are difficult to treat.
to apply innovative
approaches that benefit
from economies of
scale. Former MGP sites
offer an ideal opportunity
to apply tools and
technologies that expedite site
characterization and source remediation.
A Quick Look
Although MGPs have closed and most
have been demolished, such facilities
have left a legacy of environmental
contamination.
Releases of coal tars, oils, and
condensates produced in MGP plants
contributed to a wide range of
contamination with PAHs, phenols,
benzene, and cyanide.
There are an estimated 3,000 to
5,000 former MGP sites across
the country; some of those sites
still are owned by the
successors to the utilities that
founded them. MGPs typically
were built on the outskirts of
cities that since have grown.
Today, therefore, the under-
used sites often are located in inner city areas, many of
which are being considered for redevelopment under the
Brownfields Program. The redevelopment of MGP sites
for reuse can help the utility industry turn potential
liabilities into assets. For example, in the city of Fort
Myers, Florida, a former MGP site was redeveloped into a
private, nonprofit museum and aquarium called the
Imaginarium.
As the business environment has spurred companies to
reassess land holdings and better manage environmental
concerns, the MGP sites have become a central focus.
Many companies are investigating and remediating such
sites. The similarities in the configuration of the sites and
in the contaminants found at them provide opportunities
As utilities discover more MGP sites,
they are faced with the need to identify
cost-effective, environmentally safe, and
innovative approaches forthe
characterization and remediation of
those sites.
Thermal desorption has been used successfully to
remediate soils that contain MGP
wastes (for example, lampblack and
coal tar), achieving reductions of
more than 98 percent in
concentrations of PAHs; total
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH);
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylene (BTEX) compounds; and
cyanide. Performance data have
demonstrated that less than 10 parts
per billion (ppb) of residual PAHs
and cyanides can be achieved
through the application of thermal
desorption. Other technologies that
have proven successful in
remediating MGP wastes include co-
burning in utility boilers, recycling in
road beds, in situ bioremediation,
landfarming, and soil washing.
Because former MGP sites are
prevalent and represent a large area of unused land with
complex remedy needs, new technologies are being
encouraged and field-tested to demonstrate their technical
feasibility. Opportunities exist to demonstrate and refine
new assessment and remediation technologies that can
assist in expediting cleanup processes that can place
these contaminated sites back into productive use.
For more information, see the resource numbered
139 in the Index of Resources beginning on page 1-1.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:
A Growing Field
Phytoremediation includes the use of plants and natural
processes to remediate or stabilize hazardous wastes in
soil, sediments, surface water, or groundwater. By acting
as filters or traps, plants can degrade organic pollutants,
extract metal contaminants, or contain and stabilize the
movement of contaminants. Phytoremediation first was
tested actively at waste sites in the early 1990s, and use of
the approach has been increasing. Phytoremediation has
been implemented on a full or demonstration scale at
more than 200 sites nationwide. As the number of
projects grows, new information about the cost and
performance of phytoremediation
will become available.
A Quick Look
Phytoremediation provides many
advantages because it has the
potential to work at a broad variety
of sites and on myriad
contaminants involving potentially
less costs than other options.
Types of sites at which
phytoremediation has been
applied with some degree of
success in cleaning up the sites
include pipelines, industrial and
municipal landfills, agricultural
fields, wood treatment sites,
military installations, fuel storage
tank farms, army ammunition plants, sewage treatment
plants, and mining sites.
Phytoremediation is being tested and evaluated for its
effectiveness in treating a wide array of contaminants
found at brownfields sites. Current results indicate that
plants have the potential to enhance remediation of
petroleum hydrocarbons, BTEX, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), PCBs, chlorinated solvents, heavy
metals, and pesticide waste. In addition to providing a
long-term solution, phytoremediation is an excellent
option for providing an interim solution for containing the
spread of contaminants and beginning the treatment
process. Phytoremediation does not require the
excavation of soil, and its application may require only
minimal material handling. Further, phytoremediation can
have a positive effect on the aesthetic character of a site,
may be an attractive alternative for use at large sites at
which other methods of remediation are not cost-effective
An aesthetically pleasing, passive
cleanup technology powered by solar
energy.
A technology that is most useful at sites
at which shallow, low levels of
contamination are present.
A cost-effective technology that has the
potential to clean up a wide variety of
brownfields sites.
Can also be used for otherfunctions
related to site cleanup, such as erosion
control and runoff control.
or practical, and can
be used in
conjunction with
other technologies
when the
redevelopment and land
use plans for the site include
the use of vegetation.
Decision-makers at brownfields sites at which there are
relatively low concentrations of contaminants (that is,
organics, nutrients, or metals) over a
large cleanup area and in shallow
soils, streams, and groundwater
should consider the use of
phytoremediation. Phytoremediation
also may be considered for use in
conjunction with other technologies
when redevelopment and land use
plans for a site include the use of
vegetation. Among the types of
plants used for phytoremediation are
hybrid poplar, willow, and
cottonwood trees; rye, Bermuda,
sorghum, and fescue grasses;
legumes (clover, alfalfa, and
cowpeas); aquatic and wetland
plants (water hyacinth and bullrush);
and hyperaccumulators for metals (such as alpine
pennycress for zinc oralyssum for nickel). If levels of
contamination are so high that the concentrations of
contaminants are toxic to plants (phytotoxic),
phytoremediation may not be an effective treatment option.
Because phytoremediation has been used more frequently
on a demonstration-scale basis, site owners may find it
necessary to show its potential applicability and efficacy
on a site-specific basis. Doing so may require an up-front
commitment of time and resources to demonstrate that the
performance of phytoremediation is comparable to the
performance of traditionally accepted technology options.
However, such an investment ultimately could save site
owners significant amounts of money when they clean up
their properties for redevelopment. In recent years, EPA
has compiled new information to assist site decision-
makers who may be reluctant to use phytotechnology
Continued on next page
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Continued
PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:
A Growing Field
because of the limited amount of information about its use
at actual field-scale projects. In a recent paper, Use of
Field-Scale Phytotechnology for Chlorinated Solvents,
Metals, Explosives and Propellants, and Pesticides
STATUS UPDATE (April 2005), EPA provides information
on phytotechnology applications and identifies such
examples as the Edward Sears property that was used from
the mid-1960s to the early 1990s for the repackaging and
sale of paints, adhesives, paint thinners, and various
military surplus materials. Groundwater at the site was
contaminated with a variety of solvents, including
methylene chloride, trimethylbenzene, TCE, and xylenes.
A field demonstration of phytotechnology using hybrid
poplars to clean up shallow groundwater at the site was
performed beginning in 1996. Substantial reductions in
contaminant concentrations have been reported. For
example, data covering the period from 1995 to 2004
shows that concentrations of methylene chloride was
reduced from as high as 6,700 ig/L to below detection;
trimethylbenze from as high as 1,890 to 730 ig/L; and TCE
from as high as 510 to 46 ig/L. Groundwater monitoring is
ongoing at the site.
In addition to the document discussed above, other
resources are available at www.epa.gov/tio/
pubitech.htm including:
Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using
Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup (EPA 542-R-01-006),
July 2001
Phytoremediation Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-99-003),
June 1999
For more information, see the resources numbered
13, 23, 29, 32, 59, 95, 96, 115, 118,119,120, and
164 in the Index of Resources beginning on page 1-1.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CLEANUP OF DNAPLS:
A Widespread Challenge
It is estimated that billions of dollars will be spent by
the private and public sector to clean up sites
contaminated with DNAPL. Denserthan water,
DNAPLs tend to sink through the water table and form
a product pool on top of such impermeable soil layers
as clay. DNAPLs also can sink and migrate laterally
through fractures in bedrock. Numerous variables
influence fate and transport of DNAPLs in the
subsurface, and it can be difficult to predict the path
DNAPLs will take.
Because of these properties,
DNAPLs act as a continuing
source of contamination.
DNAPLs may cause serious,
long-term contamination of
groundwater and pose a
significant challenge to cleanup
of the site, especially for
established technologies such
as pump-and-treat. At sites
with significant DNAPL
contamination, pump-and-treat
systems may require several
hundreds of years to clean up
the groundwater.
risk associated with
innovative
technologies. The
interagency
agreement supports
the testing of new and
existing technologies in side-
by-side demonstrations to compare cost and
performance data that will be used to expedite
regulatory acceptance and use of innovative remedial
technologies at other sites.
Sites likely contaminated with
DNAPLs include dry cleaning
facilities, wood preservation
sites, MGP sites, and solvent sites (industrial
operations using large quantities of solvents as well as
solvent disposal and recovery sites).
To accelerate the development and implementation of
innovative technologies for remediating DNAPLs in
groundwater, the Interagency DNAPL consortium
(IDC) was formed. The consortium has developed a
national action plan that proposes collaborative
efforts among federal agencies, private sector
entities, and responsible parties in research and
development, technology demonstrations, and full-
scale technology deployment to reduce the perceived
A Quick Look
Most commonly occurring DNAPLs
typically are industrial chlorinated solvents
such as TCE, PCE, and carbon tetrachloride
(CCI4). Other prevalent DNAPLs include
creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and
PAH coal tars.
DNAPLs are present at 60 to 70 percent of
theSuperfund NPL sites.
Among the number of innovative
technologies that are demonstrating
success and providing promising results
in reducing DNAPL contamination are in
situ thermal treatment, in situ chemical
oxidation, and ISB.
EPA continues to support the
evaluation and application of
technologies forthe assessment
and remediation of sites
contaminated with DNAPLs. In
DNAPL Remediation: Selected
Projects Approaching Regulatory
Closure STATUS UPDATE (EPA
542-R-04-016) (November
2004), EPA provides information
on the challenges of DNAPL
characterization and remediation,
and overview of DNAPL
remediation technologies, a
description of DNAPL
remediation projects, and a
summary of findings.
For more information, see the resources numbered
30, 40, 73, 90 (specifically the case study titled
"Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste
Sites"), 94, and 158 in the Index of Resources
beginning on page 1-1.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CLEANUP DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
Develop and Carry Out Detailed
Cleanup Plans for the Site
The cleanup design and implementation phase
focuses on developing and carrying out a cleanup
plan to prepare the property for redevelopment and
reuse. The design of the cleanup plan and
implementation of the technology options selected in
the previous phase involves close coordination with
all other redevelopment efforts in the immediate
vicinity of the site.
Factors that should be considered during the design
and implementation of cleanup activities include:
1. Are there federal, state, local, and tribal
requirements for the design, installation, and
monitoring of cleanup activities?
2. How will cleanup be monitored so that work can
be stopped when cleanup goals are reached?
3. How best can the community participate in the
design and implementation of the cleanup plan?
4. What can be done to protect the community and
other property during cleanup?
5. What are the tradeoffs between cost and meeting
redevelopment project deadlines? Can
redevelopment activities (such as renovation of
existing buildings and construction of roads and
sewage systems) be performed concurrently with
cleanup activities?
6. What are the long-term effects of the selected
technology on the liability or on the future use of
the site? What are the effects of a catastrophic
change to the environment (for example, a
hurricane or changes to the subsurface)?
7. Will long-term monitoring be required? If so, how
will it be managed?
8. Will institutional controls facilitate or hinder
redevelopment? Now? In the future?
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
How Do We Find the Answers?
0
Typical activities that may be conducted during this
phase include:
Review all applicable federal, state, local, and
tribal regulatory guidelines and regulations to
determine all specific requirements, including
guidelines for state VCPs
Continue to work with the appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are being properly addressed:
- Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local, and
tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the
decision-making process as early as possible
- Con tact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to
identify and determine the availability of EPA
support programs
Develop conceptual plans for cleanup and
subsequent monitoring that incorporate
technology options and consider the effect of any
cleanup activities on the proposed reuse of the
property and the schedule for project design or
construction:
- Develop or review the schedulefor completion of the
project
- Obtain a final amount for the funds available for
project developmen t
- Coordinate the renovation and construction of
infrastructure with clean up activities
- Coordinate activities with developers, financiers,
construction firms, and members of the local
community
Establish contingency plans to address the
discovery of additional contamination during
cleanup, including tools such as environmental
insurance policies
Develop procedures for community participation,
for example, by working with community advisory
boards or local redevelopment authorities
Implement and monitor the cleanup plan and
performance of the technology selected
Work with the state VCP, if applicable, and/or
county or local officials to facilitate the placement
and implementation of institutional controls
Where Do We Find Answers to Our
Technology Questions?
Listed below are examples of technology resources
that provide information about cleanup designs and
implementations including regulatory guidelines and
community outreach materials. In addition,
technologies identified during the site investigation
phase may be appropriate to monitor cleanup
performance and close-out. The Resources are listed
alphabetically for the following categories:
A. Resources for Cleanup Design and Implementation
B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Design and
Implementation
C. Technology-Specific Resources for Cleanup Design
and Implemen tation
Access the Road Map online at
iviviv.broivnfieldstsc.org to view or download the
following resources electronically or to obtain a link
that provides complete ordering information.
A. Resources for Cleanup Design and
Implementation
The documents listed below are resources that
provide general information about the availability of
technology resources in the form of bibliographies
and status reports. Online searchable databases also
are included.
Characterization of Mine Leachates and the
Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring
Strategy for Mine Sites (EPA 600-R-99-007)
The objective of the research project was to develop a
better understanding of the composition of mine
waste leachates and to identify cost-effective
groundwater monitoring parameters that could be
incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably
detect the migration of contaminants from hard rock
mining operations.
Citizen's Guides to Understanding
Innovative Treatment Technologies
The guides are prepared by EPA to provide
site managers with nontechnical outreach
materials that they can share with
communities in the vicinity of sites. The guides
present information on innovative technologies that
have been selected or applied at some cleanup sites,
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 83
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
provide overviews of the technologies, and present
success stories about sites at which innovative
technologies have been applied. Both English and
Spanish versions of the guides are available. The
guides contain information on the following subjects:
- NEW! Activated carbon treatment (EPA 542-F-01-020)
- NEW! Air stripping (EPA 542-F-01-016)
- Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-01-001)
- NEW! Capping (EPA 542-F-01-022)
- NEW! Chemical dehalogenation (EPA 542-F-01-010)
- Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013)
- Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015)
- In situ/lushing (EPA 542-F-01-011)
- In situ thermal treatmen t methods (EPA 542-F-01-012)
- NEW! Incineration (EPA 542-F-01-018)
- Monitored natural atten uation (EPA 542-F-01-004)
- Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01-005)
- Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-01-002)
- NEW! Pump and treat (EPA 542-F-01-025)
- NEW! Soil excavation (EPA 542-F-01-023)
- Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-00S)
- NEW! Solidification/Stabilization(EPA542-F-01-024)
- NEW! Solven t extraction (EPA 542-F-01-009)
- Soil vapor extraction and air sparging
(EPA542-F-01-006)
- Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003)
- NEW! Vitrification (EPA 542-F-01-017)
flhw Design Solutions for Vapor Intrusion and
Indoor Air Quality (EPA 500-F-04-004)
This fact sheet, compiled by EPA OSWER,
provides an overview of technical and
health issues regarding vapor intrusion
into indoor air and its effect on land redevelopment.
The fact sheet discusses how to anticipate the
potential for vapor intrusion; evaluate the extent of
the problem; and prevent or correct the problem.
fhs. Directory of Technical Assistance for Land
Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B-03-001)
nflFSmfc BTSC has prepared this directory to
provide information about technical
W assistance that is available from federal
agencies to assist regional, state, and local
government personnel in making assessment and
cleanup decisions for brownfields, reuse, and
revitalization sites. This directory includes
information about 37 organizations within 10 federal
agencies that provide different types of support to
help with site assessment and cleanup, including
technical support and funding sources. Profiles are
included for these agencies and organizations and
contain the following types of information:
background and location information, relevancy to
revitalization, description of the areas of expertise
available, discussion of the types of services
available, types of funding available and eligibility,
contact information and the process for requesting
assistance, and examples of specific instances in
which the organization has previously provided
support relevant to site revitalization. Information in
the profiles is believed to be current as of March 2003.
To help maintain current information, the directory is
available as an online searchable database at
www.brownfieldstsc.orgl directory.
EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative
Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable
Database
The EPA REACH IT online searchable databases
sponsored by EPA's OSRTI is a service provided free
of charge to both users and technology vendors. EPA
REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet.
This database provides users with comprehensive,
up-to-date information about more than 254
characterization technologies and 484 remediation
technologies and their applications. It combines
information submitted by technology service
providers about remediation and characterization
technologies with information from EPA, DoD, DOE,
and state project managers about sites at which
innovative technologies are being deployed. During
the preliminary phase of a brownfields project, EPA
REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to
learn about and become familiar with the range of
available technology options that can be employed
during the investigation and the cleanup phases that
follow, as well as data about various types of sites.
Information about analytical screening technologies
that may be useful for initial sampling of a site also is
provided. EPA updates all of the information
84
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
available in the system about every six months.
Technology vendors may also add or update
information in EPA REACH IT at any time through
the Data Entry System or by submitting information
by mail. You can search the EPA REACH IT system
in several ways. Various search options are available
for a user on the home page, including Custom
Search; Spotlight; Most Common Searches; Saved
Searches; Guided Search; and Vendor, Technology,
and Site Index. For questions about whether a
technology is eligible for listing in EPA REACH IT,
the user may contact the EPA REACH IT help line at
(800) 245-4505 or (703) 390-0713 or send an e-mail to
epareachit@ttemi.com.
(K. Federal Remediation Technologies
Roundtable Case Studies
[WTjTSffli* The case studies provide the user with
information about specific characterization
Iฎ and remediation, technology optimization
applications. Four focus areas have been established
by FRTR for providing performance and cost
information on technology applications: remediation
case study reports, characterization and monitoring
case study reports, technology assessment reports,
and LTM/optimization case study reports. FRTR
case studies are developed by DoD, USACE, the U.S.
Navy, the U.S. Air Force, DOE, DOI, and EPA. The
case studies focus on full-scale and large field
demonstration projects and include site background
information, technology description, cost and
performance information, and lessons learned. The
technologies include innovative and conventional
treatment technologies for contaminated soil,
groundwater, and solid media. Users can search the
case studies by groups of contaminants, media, waste
management practices that contribute to
contamination, and treatment systems.
IjN^ Federal Remediation Technologies
Roundtable Remediation Optimization
WebSite
Y Remediation process optimization (RPO)
" involves systematic monitoring and
evaluation to detect and respond to changes in
remedial system performance. System optimization
offers benefits that include enhanced protectiveness,
reduced cost, shortened cleanup times, and the
increased likelihood of site close-out. The Web site
includes a searchable database of optimization case
studies, meeting and conference materials from events
related to remediation system optimization, general
optimization tools and processes, descriptions of
broad-based optimization projects, definitions of
optimization acronyms, and a list of RPO points of
contact. Monitoring optimization includes
approaches for increasing efficiency, reducing cost,
identifying uncertainty, and increasing reliability of
long-term monitoring. Simulation optimization
involves the use of mathematical optimization
techniques coupled with groundwater simulation
models to determine optimal pumping locations and
rates for plume containment and/or cleanup.
Treatment technology optimization includes
information on specific in situ and ex situ remedial
technologies.
Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous
Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring
The report introduces a new standard promoted by
EPA's OSWER and OSRTI that encourages more
effective and less costly strategies for characterizing
and monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new
approach uses an integrated triad of systematic
planning, dynamic work plans, and on-site analysis
for data collection and technical decision-making at
hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the
concepts in the Triad approach is new, but it has been
demonstrated that the integrated approach completes
projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory
and client satisfaction than the traditional phased
approach. The report includes a list of additional
resources regarding innovative technologies and site
characterization.
Institutional Controls: A Site Manager's Guide to
Identifying, Evaluating, and Selecting Institutional
Controls at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action
Cleanups (EPA 540-F-00-005)
The fact sheet provides site managers and decision-
makers at Superfund and RCRA corrective action
sites with an overview of the types of institutional
controls that commonly are used or implemented and
outlines the factors that generally should be
considered when evaluating and selecting
institutional controls as part of the remedy. The fact
sheet also provides guidance to the public and the
regulated community in the matter of how EPA
intends to evaluate and implement institutional
controls as part of cleanup decisions. Detailed
descriptions of the different types of institutional
controls are provided, as are a glossary and a
checklist for implementing institutional controls.
Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 85
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
OS WER Draft Guidance for Evaluating
the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air
Pathway from Groundwater and Soils
(Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance)
This draft guidance, issued by EPA
OSWER, provides current technical and policy
recommendations on determining if the vapor
intrusion pathway poses an unacceptable risk to
human health at cleanup sites. At the time of issuing
this draft guidance, OSWER has recommended its use
at RCRA Corrective Action sites, Superfund sites and
brownfields sites, but not for UST sites. The draft
document is intended to serve as an aid in evaluating
the potential for human exposure from the vapor
intrusion pathway given the state-of-the-science at
this time. EPA believes that the document provides
relevant information and guidance currently
available on the issue of vapor intrusion.
Vapor Intrusion Issues at Brownfields
Sites
This background document, prepared by
the ITRC, is designed to help stakeholders
involved with redevelopment projects to
develop a consistent approach to vapor intrusion
evaluation, regulatory approval, and deployment of
specific technologies at specific sites. The document
provides an overview of vapor intrusion, the type of
contaminants that may have vapor intrusion potential,
the possibility of brownfields sites to have indoor air
exposure from vapor intrusion, and the steps that can
be taken to limit such exposure. The document
provides an international perspective on the problem
by including information about vapor intrusion
problems and case studies of affected sites in Germany.
B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Design
and Implementation
Listed below are case studies and other resources that
provide information and lessons learned from the
application of innovative technologies to specific
contaminants and site types.
Naval Air Station Pensacola,
Optimization of RAO to Treat
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in
Groundwater
This summary report, which was
prepared by NFESC, describes LTM cost reductions
associated with reducing sampling frequency and the
number of constituents being analyzed for. The U.S.
Navy, in conjunction with regulators, optimized
remedial action operation (RAO) at a former sludge
drying bed and surge pond site at Naval Air Station
(NAS) Pensacola in Florida. The RAO resulted in
improvements in the monitoring program, a
modification to the remedial strategy, accelerated site
cleanup, and significant cost savings.
Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay (In
Situ Chemical Oxidation)
During the early 1990s, a plume of
chlorinated solvents was discovered in
groundwater moving toward a residential
area located near Site 11, Old Camden County
Landfill, Naval Submarine Base (NSB), Kings Bay,
Georgia. To prevent further off-site contamination, a
P&T system was designed and installed to
hydraulically contain the plume at the perimeter of
the landfill and adjacent to the residential area. An
RAO modification reduced long-term P&T for
hydraulic containment to a period of less than 2
months after chemical oxidation treatments.
Additionally, this modification resulted in savings of
more than several million dollars over the life of the
remedy. NFESC compiled the summary report to
describe system optimization, such as implementing
in situ chemical oxidation in addition to P&T in order
to reduce contaminant concentrations in source areas.
MNA was implemented to address residual
concentrations.
Pilot Project to Optimize Superfund-
Financed Pump and Treat Systems:
Summary Report and Lessons Learned
(EPA 542-R-02-008 a-u)
This report, which was compiled by
EPA, summarizes Phase II (site optimization) of the
Nationwide Fund-lead Pump and Treat
Optimization Project. This phase included
conducting RSEs at the 20 sites selected in Phase I
with the purpose of providing recommendations to
improve remedy effectiveness, reduce remedy costs,
improve technical operations, and gain site close-
out. RSEs at 4 of the 20 P&T systems (two in
Region 4 and two in Region 5) were previously
conducted as part of a demonstration project
completed in 2000. The RSE process was
developed by USACE.
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Pump and Treat and Air Sparging of
Contaminated Groundwater at the Gold
Coast Superfund Site, Miami, Florida,
September 1998
Gold Coast Oil Corporation operated as a
spent oil and solvent recovery facility from 1970 to
1982 near Miami, Florida, and discharged chlorinated
solvents directly onto the soil. DNAPL was also
observed in groundwater at this site. The case study
report prepared by EPA describes modifications to the
P&T extraction system, including enlarging two
extraction wells, shutting down the system for 4
months, conducting air sparging in source areas, and
adding peroxide to wells for a certain period of time.
The report describes the results and cost of
implementing these modifications at the site.
Cleanup standards were met at this site within
approximately 4 years after the system modifications.
Pump and Treat and In Situ
Bioremediation of Contaminated
Groundwater at French Limited
Superfund Site, Crosby, Texas,
September 1998
The French Limited site was used as a disposal site
for industrial waste material that included
chlorinated solvents and organic contaminants such
as benzene and chloroform. Active remediation was
conducted at the site from January 1992 through
December 1995 using groundwater extraction and
above-ground treatment; enhanced aquifer flushing
through pressure injection of clean water; and
accelerated ISB through the addition of oxygen,
phosphorus, and nitrate. Source control was
achieved through installation of sheet-pile walls
around lagoon and DNAPL source areas. The case
study report prepared by EPA describes modifications
to the treatment system, including adding a second
sheet-pile wall around DNAPL. The report also
describes the results and cost of implementing these
modifications at the site.
Pump and Treat and In Situ
Bioremediation of Contaminated
Groundwater at the Libby Groundwater
Superfund Site, Libby, Montana,
September 1998
The Libby site is a former wood-treating facility where
widespread creosote and PCP contamination was
observed. The remedial strategy at this site was to
address the source area by removing the NAPL and to
stimulate bioremediation in the downgradient upper-
aquifer plume. The three components of the aquifer
remedial system included a source area extraction
system, an intermediate injection system, and a
boundary injection system. The case study report
prepared by EPA describes modifications to the
extraction and treatment system, including converting
to low-shear pumps, abandoning four extraction
wells and constructing a new one, and replacing a
peroxide aeration system for ISB of source water with
a bubbleless system. The report also describes the
results and cost of implementing these modifications
at the site.
Pump and Treat and Permeable
Reactive Barrier to Treat Contaminated
Groundwater at the Former Intersil,
Inc. Site, Sunnyvale, California,
September 1998
The Former Intersil, Inc., site housed a semiconductor
manufacturer that caused groundwater in the area to
be contaminated with chlorinated solvents. A P&T
system was operated at this site from 1987 until 1995.
After the mass removal by the P&T system had
asymptotically declined, a PRB was selected as an
alternative technology. The case study report
prepared by EPA describes modifications to the P&T
system, including upgrading the system and
switching to a PRB in 1995. The report also describes
the results and cost of implementing these two
technologies at the site.
Pump and Treat of Contaminated
Groundwater at the Mid-South Wood
Products Superfund Site, Mena,
Arkansas, September 1998
The Mid-South Wood Products site was
contaminated with PCP, PAHs, and heavy metals.
DNAPL and LNAPL were observed in groundwater
at the site. The case study report developed by EPA
describes modifications to the site extraction and
treatment system, including removing five extraction
wells, continuously adjusting the pumping schedule
for the extraction wells, and adding a carbon
treatment system for 1 year. The system optimization
was performed after 8 years of systems operation, and
groundwater contamination was reduced to one
localized area of concern. The report also describes
the results and cost of implementing P&T at the site.
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Pump and Treat of Contaminated
Groundwater at the SCRDI Dixiana
Superfund Site, Cayce, South Carolina,
September 1998
The SCRDI Dixiana site, a former
industrial waste storage facility contaminated with
chlorinated solvents, provided a cleanup challenge
because of its complex hydrogeology. The case study
report compiled by EPA describes modifications to the
site extraction and treatment system, including
adding a collection trench, reducing the number of
extraction wells by five, and replacing the tower air-
stripper with a shallow air stripper. The report also
describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at
the site.
Pump and Treat of Contaminated
Groundwater at the Solid State Circuits
Superfund Site, Republic, Missouri,
September 1998
The Solid State Circuits site is a former
manufacturing facility contaminated with chlorinated
solvents. The groundwater, which was characterized
as a leaky artesian system occurring in karst
formations with shallow and deep bedrock zones,
posed a cleanup challenge. A P&T system was
operated at the site for several years, but cleanup
goals were not achieved. Hence, the system had to be
modified in order to enhance its performance. The
case study report prepared by EPA describes
modifications to the extraction and treatment system,
including adding three extraction wells off site to
contain the plume and electronically linking the air
stripper blower to transfer pumps so that the blower
would shut off when the pumps were not operating.
The report also describes the results and cost of
implementing P&T at the site.
Pump and Treat of Contaminated
Groundwater at the United Chrome
Superfund Site, Corvallis, Oregon,
September 1998
The United Chrome Superfund site is a
former industrial hard chrome plating facility where
chromium contamination was widespread. The case
study report prepared by EPA describes modifications
to the site extraction and treatment system, including
turning off some extraction wells, flushing some
areas, sending untreated water to a Publicly Owned
Treatment Works (POTW), and injecting deep aquifer
water into the upper aquifer. The report also
describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at
the site.
Pump and Treat of Contaminated
Groundwater at the Western Processing
Superfund Site, Kent, Washington,
September 1998
The Western Processing site was operated
as a waste processing facility from 1961 to 1983. Over
400 businesses transported industrial wastes to the
site to be stored, reclaimed, or buried. The original
approach to groundwater treatment at this site was
an aggressive effort to fully restore the site to its
original condition within 7 years. Restoration was a
priority, and high costs were incurred to achieve this
goal, including high P&T system operating costs.
After 8 years of P&T, the goal of restoration was
changed to containment based on the technical
impracticability of achieving full restoration. This
case study report prepared by EPA describes
modifications to extraction and treatment system,
including discontinuing operation of 210 shallow
well points, installing deep wells, and adding metal
precipitation to the treatment system. The report also
describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at
the site.
Remedial Action Operation Optimization
Case Study: Eastern Groundwater
Plume, New Brunswick, Maine
This case study report, which was
prepared by NFESC, includes an
effectiveness evaluation for the Eastern Groundwater
Plume P&T system at NAS Brunswick in Maine. The
primary purpose of the evaluation is to assess the
ongoing RAO program for this system and to provide
recommendations for attainment of site remedial
action objectives and site closure.
Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural
Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in
Ground Water (EPA 600-R-98-128)
The report provides guidance for
environmental managers about the steps
that must be taken to understand the rate and extent
to which natural processes are reducing contaminant
concentrations at sites that are contaminated by
chlorinated solvents. Data collected with this
protocol can be used to evaluate natural attenuation
through biological processes as part of a protective
overall site remedy. The protocol is the result of a
collaborative field and laboratory research effort
involving researchers from EPA ORD, the U.S. Air
Force, and the U.S. Geological Survey.
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Where Do We Go from Here?
Next Steps
After you have completed cleanup, you may take one
of the following courses of action:
Result of Cleanup
Course of Action
Contamination has
been removed,
contained,
or controlled.
Consult with the
appropriate regulatory
officials before proceeding
with redevelopment
activities.
Additional
contamination has
been discovered.
Continue cleanup
activities. However, you
may have to return to the
SITE INVESTIGATION
phase to determine the
extent and nature of
the contamination.
Long-term
monitoring of
cleanup and
performance of the
technology is
required.
Return to the SITE
INVESTIGATION phase
to collect after-performance
samples for monitoring
cleanup.
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VAPOR INTRUSION
Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance
Vapor intrusion is the migration of volatile chemicals from
the subsurface into overlying buildings. Vapor intrusion
is typically associated with releases of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) such as petroleum products and
chlorinated solvents to soil and groundwater from former
gas stations, dry cleaners, automobile repair shops, and
industrial facilities. VOCs in
buried wastes and contaminated
groundwater can emit vapors that
may migrate through the
subsurface into airspaces of
overlying buildings through
foundation cracks, holes in
concrete floors, and small gaps
around pipes and utility lines.
Certain site characteristics such as
the presence of a high water table
or fractured bedrock can increase
the likelihood of vapor intrusion.
cases, however, the
chemical concentrations
are low, or depending on
site-specific conditions,
vapors may not be present at
detectable concentrations.
ฆ ฆ ฆ ฆ
Vapor intrusion is an emerging
concern at brownfields sites. The
underground contaminant vapors
can act as hidden sources of contamination that may not be
detected during the due diligence process for property
transfers. Redevelopment of older buildings with damaged
foundations can increase the potential for vapor intrusion. In
extreme cases, the vapors may accumulate in dwellings or
occupied buildings to levels that may pose near-term safety
hazards, acute health effects or aesthetic problems. In most
Some states along with EPA have
developed methods to screen for
sites with potential vapor
intrusion concerns. Several
strategies have been developed to
reduce or eliminate indoor air
contaminant concentrations
including source remediation, as
well as building-specific
engineering (e.g., improved
ventilation) and land use controls.
While all exposure controls may
need ongoing operation,
maintenance and monitoring,
considerable savings can be
realized when controls such as
vapor barriers, or active and passive venting systems, are
included prior to redevelopment.
For additional information, visit: www.epa.govl
epaoswer/hazwaste/ca/eis/vapor.htm,
www.itrcweb.org/Documents/BRNFLD-1.pdf,
and http://iavi.rti.org.
A Quick Look
Vapor intrusion is the migration of volatile
chemicals from the subsurface into
overlying buildings.
Vapor intrusion is an emerging concern at
brownfields sites.
Several strategies have been developed to
reduce or eliminate indoor air contaminant
concentrations using source control of the
contaminant of concern, improving
ventilation in buildings, airtreatment
methods, and land use controls.
Savings can be realized when controls are
addressed priorto redevelopment.
EPA Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance
On November 29,2002 (67 FR 71169), EPA published the Draft Guidance For Evaluating The Vapor Intrusion to Indoor
Air Pathway From Groundwater And Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance). The draft guidance is intended to
provide a tool to conduct a screening evaluation as to whether or not the vapor intrusion exposure pathway is complete
and to determine whether it poses an unacceptable riskto human health. It is not intended to provide
recommendations for delineating extent of risk or eliminating risk. The draft guidance provides a three-tiered approach
to evaluating the vapor intrusion pathway: Primary Screening, Secondary Screening, and Site-Specific Pathway
Assessment. Each tier contains a set of questions that aid in the determination of whether a vapor intrusion pathway is
complete. A complete pathway means that humans are exposed to vapors originating from site contamination. For
those sites determined to have a complete pathway, the draft guidance provides ways to evaluate whetherthe pathway
poses a potential significant riskto human health. If a site is determined to have an incomplete vapor intrusion
pathway, further consideration of the current site situation generally should not be needed. In addition to brownfields
sites, this draft guidance is suitable for use at RCRA Corrective Action and Superfund sites.
A copy of the draft guidance, a fact sheet, and other background information is available at: www.epa.gov/epaoswer/
\hazwastelcaleislvapor.htm.
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UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL
CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:
Major Concepts and Issues
Institutional controls (ICs) are administrative and legal
restrictions or limitations placed on the use of a site to
minimize potential exposure to chemicals of concern or to
prevent activities that might interfere with the effectiveness of
a response action. Institutional controls are vital elements of
response alternatives because they influence and
supplement the physical component of the remedy to be
implemented. On one hand, the right combination of ICs is
necessary to ensure the protectiveness of the remedy and
may be critical for obtaining the liability protections under the
Brownfields Law; on the other hand, the wrong combination
of institutional controls can be a real or perceived
impedimenttoreuseofasite. ICs
provide an added measure of
protectiveness at contaminated sites
and are not a substitute for
thorough investigation and cleanup.
The use of ICs must be carefully
considered when weighing
remedial options as their use may
entail a long-term financial and
administrative burden to ensure
effectiveness and may be a
disincentive to prospective
purchasers and developers.
A Quick Look
mechanisms for creating
ICs can be divided into
four categories:
Proprietary controls
Governmental controls
Enforcement and permit mechanisms
with IC components
Informational tools
Proprietary controls are unique because they are based on
real property law. Examples of proprietary controls include
covenants, which are written contracts that can prohibit
specific types of development or
construction on the land, and
easements, which can grant
property access or restrictthe
owner to land uses that are
compatible with the intended use.
Institutional controls are administrative and
legal mechanisms that are intended to reduce
exposure to residual contamination and
protect the integrity of a remedy at a former
industrial facility or waste disposal sites.
The role of institutional controls is an
important consideration during the cleanup
of a brownfields site.
Examples of institutional controls include
covenants, recorded deed notices,
restrictions, and advisories.
The Small Business Liability Relief
and Brownfields Revitalization Act addresses ICs at
brownfields sites in two sections. First, in Section 104,
Subtitle A, local governments are permitted to use up to 10
percent of a grant to enforce institutional controls or monitor
population health effects. Thus, local governments can now
use EPA funds to enforce ICs. The Act also makes
compliance with ICs and land use restrictions a prerequisite
for landowner liability protection. Subtitle B of the Act
establishes three landowner liability defenses: the bona fide
prospective purchaser defense, the contiguous landowner
liability defense, and the innocent landowner defense. To
qualify for any of these defenses, the landowner must
demonstrate its compliance with land use restrictions that
were part of or connected with a response action. A
landowner must also show that it has not impeded the
effectiveness or integrity of ICs established in connection
with a response action to qualify for liability protection.
The term "institutional control" can be applied to a wide
spectrum of legal and administrative measures. In general,
Governmental controls involve
restrictions that generally fall within
the traditional police powers of
state and local governments.
Examples of governmental controls
include zoning, by which
restrictions can be imposed
through the local zoning or land
use planning authority that limit property access and prohibit
disturbance of the response action; well drilling
prohibitions; and ordinances for building permit processes
and master planning activities.
Another common type of IC is enforcement mechanisms.
Such ICs include administrative orders, consent decrees, and
RCRA permits that require a landowner, usually a potentially
responsible party (PRP), to limit certain activities at a site. These
ICs are used most frequently for CERCLA and RCRA cleanups.
The final category of ICs is informational tools.
Informational tools provide information about residual or
capped contamination or provide notification that such
contamination may remain on site or that a remedy has
been undertaken. Typical examples of these tools include
state registries of contaminated properties, deed notices,
and advisories. Informational tools are used most
frequently as a secondary measure to help ensure the
overall reliability of other institutional controls.
Continued on next page
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Continued ...
UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL
CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES:
Major Concepts and Issues
ICs are designed to ensure that the postremediation use of a
property is compatible with the level of cleanup. ICs,
however, have several limitations. For example, deed notices
are informational, not enforceable. An easement cannot be
established unless a party is willing to hold the easement.
Some state governments cannot hold easements, and other
parties may be unwilling to do so. Zoning laws may not be
fully effective unless they are monitored and enforced over the
long term, and local governments may not have the resources
for such oversight. Furthermore, zoning ordinances are not
necessarily permanent; they can be repealed, or local
governments can grant exceptions after public hearings.
Concern has been expressed about the long-term viability of
ICs as a remediation tool. For example, they may be
forgotten, enforcement agencies may not effectively review
properties or land users' actions, or land users simply may
ignore the controls and take their chances. To ensure
successful implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of
ICs, EPA is developing and issuing policies and guidance.
In February 2003, EPA issued the draft guidance
Institutional Controls: A Guide to Implementing,
Monitoring, and Enforcing Institutional Controls at
Superfund, Brownfields, Federal Facility, UST and RCRA
Corrective Action Cleanups. The purpose of this guidance
is to (1) provide Superfund, brownfields, federal facility,
UST, and RCRA corrective action site managers and site
attorneys with an overview of their responsibilities for
implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of
institutional controls at their sites and (2) discuss some of
the common issues that site managers and site attorneys
may encounter when carrying out these responsibilities.
This guidance is the second in a series of guidance
documents on the use of ICs. The first guidance,
Institutional Controls: A Site Manager's Guide to
Identifying, Evaluating and Selecting Institutional Controls
at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action Cleanups
(OSWER 9355.0-74FS-P, EPA540-F-00-005) (September
2000), provides direction for identifying, evaluating, and
selecting ICs. This guidance is available on the Internet at
lvlvlv. epa.gov/superfund/action/ic/index.htm.
In September 2004, EPA issued OSWER Directive 9355.0-
106 to set forth its Strategy to Ensure Institutional Control
Implementation at Superfund Sites. The strategy will assist
EPA regional and Headquarters personnel in preparing
region-specific action plans and in conducting the work
necessary to ensure the proper implementation of ICs at
Superfund sites. This work includes gathering information
and entering it in the Institutional Controls Tracking System
(ICTS), evaluating the data generated by the ICTS, prioritizing
and conducting site-specific follow-up activities, building
the capacity to better manage and review institutional control
information, and coordinating with other interested parties.
Because land use remains the principal domain of local
governments, those governments play a significant role in
the management and oversight of ICs. However, it is not
always clear what that role will be. Many local governments
do not yet have the capacity and resources necessary to meet
the challenges of long-term stewardship. With an improved
understanding of the terms and issues related to ICs, local
governments and brownfields stakeholders will be in a better
position to respond effectively to the long-term challenges of
using ICs to promote site reuse while ensuring that public
health and the environment are protected.
An indication of the significance of IC issues to local
governments is the establishment of LUCs.org
(iwww.lucs.org) through cooperative agreements between
the International City/County Management Association
(ICMA) and EPA. LUCs.org is part of ICMA's continuing
effort to enhance the effectiveness of local government
through professional management practices. ICMA and its
partner agencies and organizations have come to understand
the importance of providing a clearinghouse of information
on the subject for the use of all stakeholder groups.
In addition to their designated implementing role in
regulatory programs, states may also have broader
authorities affecting their ability to implement ICs. A
number of states are establishing specific requirements as
part of VCPs that address the use of ICs.
ICs are a mechanism for providing a certain degree of safety in
the absence of technology that could clean up contaminated
sites thoroughly. Decision-makers should weigh the full costs
of such options, including capital costs, costs of long-term
sampling and analysis, and costs of replacing equipment, as
well as concerns about potential long-term risks associated
with contaminants left in place against the costs of options that
would remove the contaminants permanently.
For more information, see the resource numbered
93 in the Index of Resources beginning on page 1-1.
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Background Introduction Before You Begin Site Assessment Site Investigation Cleanup Options Cleanup Design and Implementation 93
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A
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AppendixA
GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
The tables provided in this appendix are intended to help brownfields stakeholders better understand the types
of contaminants typically found at brownfields sites and the range of technologies that may be appropriate for
assessing and remediating those contaminants during the various phases of a site cleanup.
What Are the Causes of Contamination at Brownfields Sites?
Section 101 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCL A) defines
brownfields sites as "real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the
presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant." Almost any former
property, industrial or nonindustrial, where chemicals were used, produced, or reclaimed is a potential
brownfields site. Over the operational history of the site or through its current use, contamination may have
resulted from use, storage, or disposal of various products or chemicals. Some of the products commonly used
or generated at the sites that may have resulted in contamination of structures, soils, or groundwater include the
following:
Acids and bases
Batteries
Cleaning products
Coal tar
Degreasing agents
Diesel fuel
Dyes, pigments, and inks
Electrical equipment
Explosives and ordnance
Fertilizers
Gasoline
Hydraulic fluids and lubricants
Insulation
Motor oil
Oil sludge and waste oil
Paints
Pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides
Plastics
Polymers and epoxy compounds
Refrigerants and coolants
Soaps
Solvents
Surfactants
Waxes
A wide variety of chemical contaminants may be present at brownfields sites. The following tables present
information on the sites, typical contaminants, and investigative and remedial technologies:
Table A-l lists common site types, activities that may have lead to contamination, and contaminant groups
typically associated with the site types
Table A-2 lists technologies used to analyze contaminants commonly found at brownfields sites
Table A-3 lists technologies used to treat contaminants commonly found at brownfields sites
Seven general contaminant groups are included in Tables A-l, A-2, and A-3. Descriptions of the seven
contaminant groups have been included at the end of this appendix to provide supplemental information about
them. In addition, supplemental information about treatment technologies described in Table A-3 also has been
included at the end of this appendix.
The information in this appendix was obtained from various U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sources. The appendix is intended to provide general information on brownfields sites, contaminants, and
technologies and is not intended to be all-inclusive. Contaminants and activities associated with common
brownfields site types may not be relevant to every site. Additionally, investigation and remediation
technologies may not be appropriate for the listed contaminants in all situations. Stakeholders should consult
EPA or state officials, qualified professionals, and other sources of information when proceeding with
redevelopment activities.
APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
A-1
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What Types of Contaminants Are Found at Brownfields Sites?
Various contaminants potentially may be present at brownfields sites. Table A-l lists common brownfields site
types, activities that may have lead to contamination over the operational history of these sites, and the
contaminant groups typically associated with these activities. In this appendix, contaminant groups are
presented rather than the specific contaminants. Information about the contaminant groups is included
beginning on page A-ll. Please note that if a contaminant group is listed, it does not imply that all the
contaminants within a particular group are associated with each site type.
Table A-l. Typical Contaminants Found at Brownfields Sites
Agricultural
Feed supply and other agricultural chemical distribution
points may be contaminated with fertilizers, pesticides,
and herbicides. Groundwater, drainage area sediments,
soils, and nearby surface waters may be contaminated
with pesticides and herbicides and could exhibit elevated
levels of nitrate from fertilizer runoff. Contamination at
agricultural sites may also arise from chemicals used to
operate, clean, and maintain farm equipment such as fuel,
oil, grease, and solvents.
X
X
X
X
X
Battery recycling and
disposal
Battery recycling and disposal facilities regenerate,
reclaim, and dispose of used batteries. Many batteries
contain toxic constituents such as lead, mercury, and
cadmium. The metal in used batteries is separated from
other battery constituents and processed for reuse.
Lead-acid automobile batteries must be "broken" to
reclaim the lead within. In battery breaking, the top of
the battery casing is removed, the sulfuric acid solution
inside is drained, and the lead components are separated
from the casing. The remaining battery casing may be
rinsed prior to disposal in order to remove residual lead
oxide. Discarded acid and rinse water may be stored in
lagoons or tanks. Chemicals may be released to soil and
groundwater by leaking tanks or through spillage during
the breaking process. Discarded casings may be buried.
Any metal remaining on buried, discarded casings may
leach into soil and groundwater. The extracted metal
must be smelted prior to reuse. Particulate matter emitted
by the smelter may contaminate nearby surface soil.
X
Chemical and dye
manufacturing
A wide range of chemicals are used and generated in
facilities that manufacture, reformulate, and package
various chemicals and dyes for commercial and industrial
use. The types of contaminants released depend on the
raw materials, processes, equipment and maintenance
practices used. Environmental contamination resulting
from chemical and dye manufacturing may persist in
nearby or downstream surface waters or sediments long
after operations have ceased. Moreover, chemical
operations can change over time or involve multiple
processes; therefore, the sites may be overlaid with several
generations of wastes from a variety of products or
processes. Many chemical facilities also have quality
assurance and research laboratories that use small
quantities of toxic chemicals that could contaminate
isolated locations.
X
X
X
X
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Site Type
Chlor-alkali
manufacturing
Cosmetics
manufacturing
Drum recycling
Dry cleaning
Gasoline stations
Site Activities
Chlor-alkali plants produce a variety of chemicals, including
chlorine, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, sodium hypochlorite,
sodium hydrosulfite, salt, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, and spent
sulfuric acid. Three basic processes are used for the
manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda from brine: the
mercury cell, diaphragm cell, and membrane cell processes.
The mercury cell process uses elemental mercury as the
cathode and produces mercury-contaminated wastewater,
solid waste, and gaseous emissions. The process and waste
streams must be carefully controlled to prevent the release of
mercury to the environment. The diaphragm cell process may
use lead or graphite anodes and asbestos diaphragms and
may generate chlorinated hydrocarbons as a by-product. The
membrane cell process is the most modern and has economic
and environmental advantages. The primary by-product of the
membrane cell process is dilute hydrochloric acid, which must
be neutralized before it is discharged into the environment.
Cosmetics are mixtures of surfactants, oils, and other
ingredients. Cosmetics may contain mineral or metallic and
nonmetallic additives. In sunscreen, for example, titanium and
zinc are used as sun blockers. The color of makeup is detennined
by the concentrations and ratio of black or red iron oxide,
titanium dioxide, and/or zinc oxide. Metal dyes are used in
fingernail polish. The uses and concentrations of heavy metals
play an important role in cosmetics production and a primary
environmental concern at these site types.
Drum recycling facilities clean used drums for reuse. Soil
and groundwater contamination at these facilities may
result from leaking and spilling of residual chemicals and
oils. The variety of chemicals stored in drums makes
characterizing potential contaminants difficult. Contaminants
could include acids, bases, corrosives, reactive chemicals,
flammable materials, and oils. Spillage of paint, paint thinners,
and solvents can also contaminate drum recycling facilities.
The dry cleaning industry provides garment cleaning and
related services such as clothes pressing and finishing. The dry
cleaning process is physically very similar to the home laundry
process except that clothes are washed in dry cleaning solvent
instead of water. Dry cleaning sites may become contaminated
because of leaks, spills, and improper disposal of solvents.
Gasoline stations consist of pump islands, underground
storage tanks (UST) for fuel, small storage areas, and service
areas (which typically contain either hydraulic lifts or pits) for
changing automobile engine oil and other maintenance
activities. Gasoline and diesel fuel are transferred from bulk
tank trucks to large USTs. Spills at the transfer areas and
pumps along with overfilling of and leakage from the USTs
are likely sources of contamination at gasoline stations. The
primary contaminants of concern at gasoline stations include
petroleum hydrocarbons; Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and
Xylenes (BTEX); and fuel oxygenates such as methyl tertiary
butyl ether. Service areas typically have small containers of
ethylene glycol (coolant), hydraulic oils, lubricants, automotive
batteries (lead and acid), and compressed gas especially
acetylene and oxygen cylinders for welding operations.
Surface soils may be contaminated because of historical spills
or dumping of used lubricants, coolants, and cleaning
solvents generated during service activities. Subsurface soils
and groundwater, especially in the vicinity of USTs, may also
be contaminated because of spills, overfilling, and leaks.
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Continued on next page
ฆ APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
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Site Type
Site Activities
/i///i/// /i/iA
Av^7y///tA//A
Glass manufacturing
The glass industry consists of firms engaged in primary
glass manufacturing and of others that create products
using purchased glass. The primary contaminants associated
with glass manufacturing are metals such as lead, arsenic,
chromium, and others. Other chemicals used in the glass
manufacturing process include hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric
acid, and various organic and inorganic solvents.
Contaminants may be released to the environment through
spills and leaks of raw materials and plant maintenance
waste as well as insufficiently treated air emissions.
X
Hospitals
Hospitals use a variety of toxic chemicals for diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures as well as for cleaning and sterilization
Hazardous materials used include chemotherapy and
antineoplastic chemicals, formaldehyde, photographic
chemicals, radionuclides, solvents, mercury, anesthetic gases,
and other toxic or corrosive chemicals. These substances may
be released to the environment through leaks and spills,
improper disposal of wastes, and insufficient treatment of
wastewater. In addition, medical waste incinerators may
release mercury into the air.
X
X
X
Incinerators
An incinerator is an enclosed device that uses controlled
flame combustion to therenally break down waste to an ash
residue that contains little or no combustible material.
Incinerators may accept specific wastes such as municipal
solid waste, sewage sludge, or medical waste. Contamination
from incinerators may be associated with storage and
handling of waste materials prior to incineration as well as
disposal of ash and other by-products of the combustion
process.
X
X
X
Landfills, municipal and
industrial
Landfills are now restricted to household garbage, yard
wastes, construction debris, and office wastes. Prior to 1970,
however, landfills could accept industrial wastes. Therefore,
older landfills are more likely to be contaminated with
hazardous chemicals. Even modem landfills can contain a
host of chemicals from household wastes such as oils, paints,
solvents, corrosive cleaners,batteries, and gardeningproducts.
Illegal dumping at landfills can also cause serious
contamination. Improperly designed landfills have a higher
likelihood of surface soil and groundwater contamination
and may trap explosive levels of methane gas and hydrogen
sulfide in the soil.
X
X
X
X
X
X
Leather manufacturing
Leather tanning is the process of converting raw hides or skins
into leather. Hides and skins absorb tannic acid and other
chemical substances that prevent them from decaying,
make them resistant to wetting, and keep them supple and
durable. Tarming is essentially the reaction of collagen fibers
in the hide with tannins, chromium, alum, or other chemical
agents. The most common tanning agents used in the
United States are trivalent chromium and vegetable
tannins extracted from certain tree barks. Alum, syntans
(manmade chemicals), formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde,
and heavy oils are also used as tanning agents.
X
X
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Site Type
Site Activities
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Machine shops and
metal fabrication
The fabricated metal product industry has facilities that
generally perform two functions: forming metal shapes and
performingmetal finishing operations, including surface
preparation. Metal fabricators produce ferrous and
nonferrous metal products. Machining and other metal
working may generate waste metals, lubricants, cleaners,
and other materials. These substances may impact soil,
groundwater, and surface water if they are spilled, leaked,
or improperly disposed.
X
X
X
X
Manufactured gas plants
and coal gasification
Manufactured gas has been produced as a fuel source from
coal and oil since the early 1800s. Typically, coal or oil is
heated and the resulting volatilized gases are distilled to
produce natural gas. Depending on the process design,
various by-products canbe recovered, including anthracene,
benzene, cresol, naphthalene, paraffin, phenol, toluene, and
xylenes. Waste products from manufactured gas operations
include coal fines, coal tar, cyanide salts, hydrogen sulfide
gas, ammonia, and wastewater. Leakage and spillage from
storage drums or tanks may contaminate surface and
subsurface soils, sediments, surface water, and groundwater.
X
X
X
X
Marine maintenance
Marine maintenance industry establishments engage in
general painting and repair of ship or boat structures and
engines or power plants. Activities may include painting,
servicing engines, structural repairs, engine or power plant
maintenance, electroplating, air conditioning and refrigeration
service, electrical repair, and other cleaning and repair services.
A number of chemicals may be used at marine maintenance
facilities, including chemical paint strippers, blast media,
antifouling paints, solvents, carburetor cleaner, cutting
fluids, acids and alkalis, cyanide, heavy metal baths,
fiberglass and reinforcement, resins, and mold release agents.
X
X
X
Metal plating and finishing
Metal plating operations improve a product's performance
(for example its durability or corrosion resistance) or
appearance. Metal components are first cleaned (using
solvents and/or water-based detergents) to remove dirt and
oils from manufacturing operations. The metal components
are subsequently etched, plated, and finished in a series of
vats or baths. Common plating metals include cadmium,
chromium, copper, gold, nickel, silver, and their alloys.
Spillage during plating and cleaning operations and
leakage or overflows from storage tanks and process vats
may contaminate concrete floors and underlying soils.
Groundwater may also be contaminated by heavy metals,
cyanide, and solvents.
X
X
X
X
X
Metal recyclingand
automobile salvage
Automobile salvage yards recover usable parts, scrap metal,
and other recyclable materials from old or wrecked
automobiles. Nonrecyclable materials are stored on site or sent
to a municipal landfill. Metal recyclers purchase metal from a
variety of sources and sort and process the scrap metal for
resale. Metals commonly salvaged by these facilities include
iron, steel, copper, brass, and aluminum. Sites may contain
non-recyclable wastes and contaminated materials.
Contaminated "auto fluff", a fibrous residue containing
plastics, fabrics, and other materials, may be present at
sites that perforen shredding. Depending on the type of
recycling operation conducted at a site, the surrounding soils
may be contaminated with heavy metals, asbestos,
polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCB) oils,hydraulic fluids,
lubricating oils, fuels, and solvents.
X
X
X
Continued on next page
APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
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Site Type
Site Activities
/Ww*/Wa
Munitions manufacturing
and ordnance sites
Ordnance sites typically include facilities that manufacture,
assemble, store, or dispose of a variety of military munitions
such as bombs, shells, grenades, mines, small arms
ammunition, and specialty explosives. Potential
contaminants in structures and surrounding property include
di- and tri-nitro substituted phenols and benzenes,
nitroglycerin, metals, ethers, fonnaldehyde, and ammoniated
compounds. Unexploded ordnance (UXO) may be buried
along with other waste materials. Groundwater may be
contaminated with solvents such as formaldehyde and
toluene. Furthennore, because of the age of some facilities,
asbestos-containing materials may be found in abandoned
buildings and demolition debris.
X
X
Mining
There are three general steps in the miningprocess: extraction,
beneficiation, and processing. Extraction of the mineral value
from the rock or matrix is the initial step in the operation.
Beneficiation is the processing of extracted materials to clean
or concentrate the product either for use as a final product or in
preparationforfurtherprocessing. Beneficiation may involve
physical (such as milling) or chemical (such as leaching)
separation processes or both. Processing is conducted
foliowingbeneficiation to further extract or refine the material
and prepare it for specific uses. Processing may include a
variety of operations such as smelting, refining, roasting and
digesting. Chemical contamination at mining sites may result
from acidic, metal-laden mine drainage. Spilled, leaked, or
improperly disposed of petroleum, lubricants, and other
industrial chemicals may also result in site contamination.
X
X
X
Painting and automobile
body repair
Paint shops and automobile body repair shops paint various
plastic and metal products and fix truck and automobile
body parts. Damaged automobile body parts are replaced
or repaired with fillers and are then sanded, primed, and
painted. The shops may use cutting torches, welding
equipment, solvents and cleaners, fiberglass, various polymers
and epoxy compounds, and sand or grit blasting. Gasoline
and diesel from vehicle fuel tanks, solvents, cleaners, acids,
and paints may be leaked or spilled, contaminating soils
and groundwater. Typical contaminants include toluene,
acetone, perchloroethylene, xylene, gasoline and diesel fuel,
carbon tetrachloride, and hydrochloric and phosphoric acids.
X
X
X
X
Pesticide manufacturing
and use
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances
intended forpreventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating
any pest. The term pesticide also applies to herbicides,
fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests.
Spillage, leakage, and improper storage or disposal of
pesticides may result in their release to the environment. Sites
may also be contaminated with properly applied but
persistent pesticides. Because of the wide variety of pesticides
and applications, facilities manufacturing or using pesticides
may be contaminated with a broad range of chemicals.
X
X
X
X
X
X
Petroleumrefining
and reuse
Oil production facilities consist of oil drilling, refining, storage,
transfer, transport, and recycling facilities. Typical materials
present at these facilities include crude, fuel, and motor oils as
well as waste oils. Production processes at these facilities may
contaminate soils with sludges, acids, and waste oil additives
as well as co-contaminants such as PCBs when spills, leaks or
improper disposal practices occur. In some cases,disposal
pits may contain thick tarry sludges with very high pH values.
Groundwater and deeper soil may be contaminated with
metals and lighter oil fractions such as BTEX.
X
X
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Site Type
Site Activities
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Pharmaceutical
manufacturing
The pharmaceutical industry manufactures bulk
pharmaceutical intermediates and active ingredients, that
are further processed into finished products. Chemicals used
in the manufacturing process vary according to the desired
product and the process type. Equipment must be thoroughly
cleaned between processing operations for different products.
VOCs are used as solvents at various stages of the
manufacturing process. Because of the purity required for
products, spent solvent is not usually reused in
pharenaceutical manufacturing. It may be sold for
nonpharmaceutical use or destroyed via incineration. The
ten contaminants most commonly discharged in
pharmaceutical wastewater are methanol; ethanol; acetone;
isopropanol; acetic acid; methylene chloride; formic acid;
ammonium hydroxide; N,N-dimethylacetamide and toluene.
X
X
X
Photographic film
manufacturing and
development
Photographic film is coated with an emulsion containing
light-sensitive silver halide crystals. Once film has been
exposed, it must go through a series of chemical processes
to bring out the images. Various chemicals are used as
developers and fixing solutions, including hydroquinone,
catechols, aminophenols, acetic acid, muriatic (hydrochloric)
acid, and sodium or ammonium thiosulfate. Silver solutions
are often generated during the photographic development
processes.
X
X
X
X
Plastic manufacturing
Almost all plastics are made from petroleum. Plastics are
polymers, which are very long chains of molecules that
consist of subunits (monomers) linked together by chemical
bonds. Monomers of petrochemical plastics are not typically
biodegradable. Wastes generated by the industry include
polymers, phthalates, cadmium, solvents, resins, chemical
additives, and VOCs.
X
X
X
X
Printing and ink
manufacturing
The printing industry consists of firms engaged in printing
using one or more common processes such as lithography,
letterpress, flexography, gravure, and screenprinting.
Contamination may result from spills, leaks, and improper
disposal of excess chemicals and wastes, including ink
constituents such as metals, cleaners, and solvents used
during printing and production processes.
X
X
X
X
Railroad yards
Railroad yards may consist of any combination of track and
switching areas, engine maintenancebuildings, engine fueling
areas, bulk and container storage and transfer stations, and
storage areas for materials used in track and engine
maintenance. Materials used at railroad yards include
diesel fuel, paint, solvents and degreasing agents, PCB oils,
and creosote. Spills, leaks, or dumping of these compounds
may contaminate soil and groundwater. Chemical spills
and leaks during loading and unloading of tanker and
freight cars can also contaminate a railroads yard.
Because of the variety of chemicals used at and transported
through railroad yards, virtually any type of chemical
contamination could be present.
X
X
X
X
X
X
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APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
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Site Type
Site Activities
/Ww*/Wa
Research and educational
institutions
Academic institutions are often similar to small cities, as
they may have research laboratories, automobile repair
facilities, power plants, wastewater treatment plants,
hazardous waste management and trash disposal activities,
asbestos management activities, drinking water supply
facilities, grounds maintenance activities and incineration
facilities. Educational institutions typically generate small
quantities of a variety of wastes, including inorganic acids,
organic solvents, metals and metal dust, photographic
waste, waste oil, paint, heavy metals, and pesticides.
X
X
X
X
Semiconductor
manufacturing
The semiconductor manufacturing industry is a subset of
the electronics manufacturing industry and produces
integrated circuits or "chips." Contamination on
semiconductor chips is one of the primary reasons that they
fail; therefore, chips are cleaned before and after many of the
manufacturing steps. Chemicals used in the manufacturing
process include various acids, ethylene glycol, hydroxide
solutions, halogen gases, fluorocarbons, chlorine, and
various organic solvents.
X
X
X
Smelter operations
The primary use of smelting is to produce iron and steel
from iron ore. Smelting is also used to extract copper and
other base metals from raw ores. Contamination from
smelting operations often takes the form of deposition of
airborne metals, asbestos, and sulfur compounds in areas
surrounding smelters. Contamination may also result from
improper storage and disposal of raw ores or by-product slag.
X
Underground storage tanks
A UST is a tank and any underground piping connected to
a tank where at least 10 percent of the combined volume is
under the ground. USTs often contain petroleum products,
gasoline, or other chemicals. Faulty installation or inadequate
operating and maintenance procedures can cause USTs to
release their contents into the environment. The greatest
potential hazard from leaking USTs is that petroleum fuels,
fuel additives, or other hazardous substances can seep
into soil and contaminate groundwater.
X
X
X
X
V ehicle maintenance
Vehicle maintenance involves handling and managing a wide
variety of materials and wastes, including oils, batteries,
refrigerants, antifreeze, solvents, asbestos, and fuels.
Improper management and disposal of wastes as well as
leaks from fuel and waste storage containers may result in
contamination of vehicle maintenance facilities.
X
X
X
X
Wood preservation
Wood preservation sites typically consist of wood preparation
facilities, chemical storage tanks, chemical treatment areas
(including high-pressure vessels in many cases), drip or
drying areas, and wood storage areas. Wood is treated with
preservative chemicals either by dipping the wood into a
chemical bath or by injecting chemicals into the wood under
pressure. Storage tanks at wood preservation sites could
contain creosote, pentachlorophenol, or chrome-copper-
arsenate (CCA) solutions for wood treatment. These chemicals
could enter the environment if the tanks were overfilled or
leaked. Contaminated water squeezed from wood during
processing and retort sludge may have spilled on the ground,
causing soil and ground water contamination. As treated
wood is transferred from the treatment area to the drying
area, chemicals may drip onto soil and contaminate the soil
and groundwater. Likewise, drippage in drying areas,
especially in older operations where pressure treatment may
not have been used, could result in soil contamination Runoff
from site could also contaminate nearby surface waters.
X
X
X
X
X
Continued on next page
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Site Type
Site Activities
MW///
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Wood pulp and paper
manufacturing
The pulp and paper industry produces commodity grades
of wood pulp, printing and writing paper, sanitary tissue,
industrial-type paper, containerboard, and boxboard using
cellulose fiber from timber or purchased or recycled fibers.
The two steps involved are pulping and paper or paperboard
manufacturing. Pulping is the process of dissolving wood
chips into individual fibers using chemical, semichemical,
or mechanical methods. Pulping is the major source of
environmental impacts in the industry. Chlorinated
organic compounds in pulp plant wastewater sludge are
of particular concern because of their tendency to partition
from effluent to solids. Improper treatment or disposal of
wastes may result in contamination being released to the
environment. Spills and leaks of process and waste
chemicals are other common sources of contamination at
pulp mills. Air emissions are also problematic at pulp mills,
which are typically noted for their unpleasant odors.
X
X
Notes:
SVOC = Semivolatile organic compound
VOC = Volatile organic compound
What Technologies May Be Used to Investigate Contamination at Brownfields Sites?
Various analytical technologies may be used to investigate contamination at brownfields sites. Table A-2
contains information on analytical technologies that are available for investigating the contaminant groups
presented in Table A-l.
Table A-2. Technologies for Analyzing Contaminants at Brownfields Sites
MW/fy
Amperometric and Galvanic Cell Sensor
X
X
X
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
X
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
X
Catalytic Surface Oxidation
X
X
Chemical Colorimetric Kits
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Chemical Reaction-Based Test Papers
X
X
X
X
X
Detector Tubes
X
X
Electrochemical Detector Kits
X
X
X
Electromagnetic
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Explosimeter
X
X
Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors
X
X
X
Field Bioassessment
X
X
X
X
X
X
Flame-Ionization Detector
X
X
X
X
Continued on next page
APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
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/$/////*/ av/a
Fluorescence Spectrophotometry
X
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
X
X
X
Free Product Sensors
X
X
X
Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ground Penetration Radar
X
X
X
X
Immunoassay Colorimetric Kits
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
X
Infrared Spectroscopy
X
X
X
X
X
Ion Chromatography
X
Ion Mobility Spectrometer
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
X
X
X
X
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
X
Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer
X
X
X
X
X
Magnetometry
X
Near Infrared Reflectance/Transmittance Spectroscopy
X
X
Particle-Induced X-Ray Emissions
X
Photo Ionization Detector
X
X
X
X
X
Piezoelectric Sensors
X
X
Raman Spectroscopy / Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
X
X
X
X
X
Resistivity/ Conductivity
X
X
Room-T emperature Phosphorimetry
X
X
Scattering / Absorption LIDAR
X
X
Semiconductor Sensors
X
X
Soil-Gas Analyzer Systems
X
X
X
X
X
X
Solid/Porous Fiber Optic
X
X
X
X
Synchronous Luminescence/Fluorescence
X
X
X
X
X
Thin-Layer Chromatography
X
Toxicity Tests
X
X
X
X
X
X
Titrimetry Kits
X
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
X
X
X
Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometry
X
X
X
X
X-Ray Fluorescence
X
X
X
X
What Technologies May Be Used to Remediate at Brownfields Sites?
Various treatment technologies may be used to remediate contamination at brownfields sites. Table A-3
contains information on treatment technologies that are available for remediating the contaminants presented in
Table A-l. Descriptions of the remedial technologies are included at the end of this appendix beginning on
page A-15.
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Table A-3. Technologies for Treating Contaminants Found at Brownfields Sites
Air Sparging
G
G
G
Bioremediation
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
Chemical T reatment
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
Electrokinetics
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
Flushing
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
Incineration
S
S
S
S
S
S
In-Well Air Stripping
G
G
Mechanical Soil Aeration
S
Multi Phase Extraction
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
Open Burn/ Open Detonation
S
Permeable Reactive Barrier
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Physical Separation
S
S
S
Phytoremediation
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
Pump and Treat
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Soil Vapor Extraction
S
S
S
Soil Washing
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Solidification/Stabilization
s
s
S
S
s
S
S
Solvent Extraction
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Thermal Desorption
s
s
s
s
s
s
Thermal Treatment (in situ)
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
S/G
Vitrification
S
S
S
S
S
s
Notes:
S and G indicate the media that can be treated using each technology type
S = Soils, sediments, and sludges
G = Groundwater, leachate, and surface water
What Are the Contaminant Groups Presented in Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3?
The following general contaminant groups are included in Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3:
Halogenated V OCs
Nonhalogenated V OCs
Halogenated SVOCs
Nonhalogenated SVOCs
Fuels
Metals and metalloids
Explosives
Descriptions of the seven contaminant groups are included below to provide supplemental information about
the characteristics and specific constituents of the groups.
APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
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HalogenatedVOCs
VOCs are hydrocarbon compounds that evaporate readily at room temperature A halogenated VOC is a VOC
that has a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to it. Locations where halogenated VOCs
may be found include burn pits, chemical manufacturing plants and disposal areas, contaminated marine
sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas,
hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed
waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, dry cleaning shops, grain storage sites, paint stripping and
spray booth areas, pesticide and herbicide mixing areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface impoundments, and
vehicle maintenance areas. Typical halogenated VOCs encountered at many sites include those listed below.
l-ChIoro-2-propene
Carbon tetrachloride
Hexachlorobutadiene
1,1 -Dichloroethane
Chlorodibromomethane
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
1,1-DichIoroethylene (Vinylidene chloride)
Chloroethane
Hexachloroethane
1,1,1-T richloroethane
Chloroform
Monochlorobenzene
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Chloromethane
Neoprene
1,1,2-T richloroethane (V iny 1 trichloride)
Chloropropane
Pentachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (Acetylene tetrachloride)
(Perchloroethylene)
Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene
T etrachloroethy lene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cis-1,3-dichloropropene
Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene dichloride)
Dibromochloropropane
T rans-l,3-dichloropropene
1,2,2-Trifluoroethane (Freon 113)
Dibromomethane
T richloroethylene
2-Butylene dichloride
Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)
T richlorotrifluoroethane
Bromodichloromethane
Ethylene dibromide
Vinyl chloride
Bromoform
Fluorotrichloromethane (Freon 11)
Bromomethane
Glycerol trichlorohydrin
Nonhalogenated VOCs
A nonhalogenated VOC is a VOC that does not have a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached
to it. Locations where nonhalogenated VOCs may be found include burn pits, chemical manufacturing plants
and disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal
finishing shops, firefighting training areas, hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits,
leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, paint
stripping and spray booth areas, pesticide and herbicide mixing areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface
impoundments, and vehicle maintenance areas. Typical nonhalogenated VOCs (excluding fuels, BTEX, and
gas-phase contaminants) encountered at many sites include those listed below:
1-Butanol (n-Butyl alcohol)
Carbon disulfide
Methanol
4-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl isobutyl ketone)
Cyclohexanone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Acetone
Ethanol
Styrene
Acrolein
Ethyl acetate
T etrahydrofuran
Acrylonitrile
Ethyl ether
Vinyl acetate
Aminobenzene
Isobutanol
Halogenated SVOCs
SVOCs are hydrocarbon compounds with boiling points greater than 200PC. A halogenated SVOC is an SVOC that has
a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to it. Locations where halogenated SVOCs may be found
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
include burn pits and other combustion sources, chemical manufacturing plants and disposal areas, contaminated
marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas,
hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste
disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, dry cleaning shops, grain storage sites, pesticide and herbicide mixing
areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface impoundments, vehicle maintenance areas and wood preservation sites.
Typical halogenated SVOCs (excluding fuels and explosives) encountered at many sites include those listed below:
l,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy) ethane
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine
Chlorobenzilate
l,2-Dichlorobenzene(o-Dichlorobenzene)
4-Bromophenyl phenylether
Chlorphenothane
1,2,4-T richlorobenzene
4-Chloroaniline
Hexachlorobenzene
l,3-Dichlorobenzene(m-Dichlorobenzene)
4-Chloropheny 1 phenylether
Hexachlorobutadiene
l,4-Dichlorobenzene(p-dichlorobenzene)
Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ether
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
p-Chloro-m-cresol
2-ChIorophenol
Bis(2-chloroethoxy)phthalate
Pentachlorobenzene
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
Pentachlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
Polychlorinatedbiphenyls
2,4,5-T richlorophenol
Chlordane
Quintozene
2,4,6-T richlorophenol
Chlorobenzene
T etrachlorophenol
Pesticides are a subgroup of halogenated SVOCs. Typical pesticides encountered at many sites include those
listed below.
Aldrin
4,4'-DDD
Endosulfan sulfate
Heptachlor epoxide
BHC-alpha
4,4'-DDE
Endrin
Malathion
BHC-beta
4,4'-DDT
Endrin aldehyde
Methylparathion
BHC-delta
Dieldrin
Ethion
Parathion
BHC-gamma
Endosulfan I
Ethyl parathion
Toxaphene
Chlordane
Endosulfan II
Heptachlor
Nonhalogenated SVOCs
A nonhalogenated SVOC is an SVOC that does not have a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine)
attached to it. Locations where nonhalogenated SVOCs may be found include burn pits, chemical
manufacturing plants and disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields,
electroplating and metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas, hangars and aircraft maintenance areas,
landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds
and lagoons, pesticide and herbicide mixing areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface impoundments, and
vehicle maintenance areas and wood preservation sites. Typical nonhalogenated SVOCs (excluding fuels and
explosives) encountered at many sites include those listed below:
1-Aminonaphathalene
Anthracene
Diphenylenemethane (Fluorene)
1,2-Benzacenaphthene
Benzidine
Ethion
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Benzo(a)anthracene (T etraphene)
Ethyl parathion
2-Aminonaphthalene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Isophorone
2-Nitroaniline
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Malathion
2-Nitrophenol
Benzoic acid
Methylparathion
Continued on next page
APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
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Continued
2,3-Phenylenepyrene
Benzyl alcohol
Naphthalene
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
n-N itrosodimethy lamine
3-Nitroaniline
Butyl benzyl phthalate
n-N itrosodi-n-propylamine
4-Nitroaniline
Chrysene
n-Nitrosodiphenylamine
4-Nitrophenol
Dibenzofuran
Parathion
4,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol
Diethyl phthalate
Phenanthrene
Acenaphthene
Dimethyl phthalate
Phenyl naphthalene
Acenaphthylene
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Pyrene
Allyldioxybenzene methylene ether
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Fuels
Fuels are a general class of chemicals created by refining and manufacturing petroleum or natural gas for use in
combustion processes to generate heat or other energy. Fuels include nonhalogenated VOCs, nonhalogenated
SVOCs, or both. Sites where fuel contamination may be found include aircraft, storage and service areas, burn
pits, chemical disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, firefighting
training areas, hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, solvent
degreasing areas, surface impoundments, and vehicle maintenance areas. Typical fuel contaminants
encountered at many sites include those listed below:
1-Pentene
2,3,4-T rimethy lhexane
Benzo (k)fluoranthene
n-Decane
1,2,3,4-T etramethylbenzene
2,3,4-T rimethylpentane
Chrysene
n-Dodecane
1,2,4-T rimethylbenzene
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Cis-2-butene
n-Heptane
l,2,4-Trimethyl-5-ethylbenzene
2,4,4-T rimethylhexane
Creosols
n-Hexane
1,2,4,5-T etramethylbenzene
3-Ethylpentane
Cyclohexane
n-Hexylbenzene
1,3,5-T rimethylbenzene
3-Methyl-l-butene
Cyclopentane
n-Nonane
2-Methy 1-1,3-butadiene
3-Methyl-l-pentene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
n-Octane
2-Methyl-2-butene
3-Methyl-l,2-butadiene
Dimethylethylbenzene
n-Pentane
2-Methyl-butene
3-Methylheptane
Ethylbenzene
n-Propylbenzene
2-Methylheptane
3-Methylhexane
Fluoranthene
n-Undecane
2-Methylnaphthalene
3-Methylpentane
Fluorene
o-Xylene
2-Methylpentane
3,3-Dimethy 1-1 -butene
Ideno (1,2,3-c ,d)pyrene
Phenanthrene
2-Methylphenol
3,3,5-T rimethylheptane
Isobutane
Phenol
2,2-Dimethylheptane
4-Methylphenol
Isopentane
Propane
2,2-Dimethylhexane
Acenaphthene
Methylcyclohexane
p-Xylene
2,2-Dimethylpentane
Anthracene
Methylcyclopentane
Pyrene
2,2,4-T rimethylheptane
Benzene
Methylnaphthalene
Pyridine
2,2,4-T rimethylpentane
Benzo(a)anthracene
Methylpropylbenzene
Toluene
2,3-Dimethylbutane
Benzo(a)pyrene
m-Xylene
Trans-2-butene
2,3-Dimethylpentane
Benzo (b )f luoranthene
Naphthalene
T rans-2-pentene
2,3,4-T rimethylheptane
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
n-Butane
Vinyl benzene
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Metals and Metalloids
Metals are one of the three groups of elements distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along
with metalloids and nonmetals. Metals have certain characteristic physical properties: they are usually shiny,
have a high density, are ductile and malleable, usually have a high melting point, are usually hard, and
conduct electricity and heat well. Metalloids have properties that are intermediate between those of metals and
nonmetals. There is no unique way of distinguishing a metalloid from a true metal, but the most common way
is that metalloids are usually semiconductors rather than conductors. Locations where metals and metalloids
may be found include artillery and small arms impact areas, battery disposal areas, burn pits, chemical disposal
areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal finishing
shops, firefighting training areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste
disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, paint stripping and spray booth areas, sand blasting areas,
surface impoundments, and vehicle maintenance areas. Typical metals and metalloids encountered at many
sites include those listed below.
Aluminum
Calcium
Mercury
Tin
Antimony
Chromium
Molybdenum
Titanium
Arsenic
Cobalt
Nickel
Vanadium
Barium
Copper
Potassium
Zinc
Beryllium
Iron
Selenium
Zirconium
Bismuth
Lead
Silver
Boron
Magnesium
Sodium
Cadmium
Manganese
Thallium
Explosives
Most commonly, artificial explosives are chemical explosives manufactured for use as explosives and
propellants. Sites where explosive contaminants may be found include artillery impact areas, contaminated
marine sediments, disposal wells, leach fields, landfills, burial pits, and TNT washout lagoons. Typical
explosive contaminants encountered at many sites include those listed below.
2,4-DNT (2,4-Dinitrotoluene)
Nitroglycerine
2,6-DNT (2,6-Dinitrotoluene)
Nitroguanidine
AP (Ammonium perchlorate)
Picrates
DNB (Dinitrobenzenes)
RDX(Cyclo-l,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine)
HMX (l,3,5,7-Tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetraazocyclooctane)
T etryl (N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitrobenzeneamine)
Nitroaromatics
TNB (Trinitrobenzenes)
Nitrocellulose
TNT (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene)
What Are the Treatment Technologies Identified in Table A-3?
Table A-3 contains information on treatment technologies for remediating brownfields sites. Descriptions of
these remedial technologies are presented below.
Air Sparging involves injection of air or oxygen into a contaminated aquifer. Injected air traverses horizontally
and vertically in channels through the soil column, creating an underground stripper that removes volatile and
semivolatile organic contaminants by volatilization. The injected air helps to flush the contaminants into the
unsaturated zone. Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) usually is implemented in conjunction with air sparging to remove
the generated vapor-phase contamination from the vadose zone. Oxygen added to the contaminated groundwater
and vadose zone soils also can enhance biodegradation of contaminants below and above the water table.
APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
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Bioremediation involves use of microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in soil, sludge, solids, and
groundwater either in situ or ex situ. It can also be used to make metals or metalloids less toxic or mobile. When
organic contaminants are being treated, the microorganisms break down contaminants by using them as a food source
by cometabolizing them with a food source. Aerobic processes require an oxygen source, and the end products
typically are carbon dioxide and water. Anaerobic processes are conducted in the absence of oxygen, and the end
products can include methane, hydrogen gas, sulfide, elemental sulfur, and nitrogen gas. Ex situ bioremediation
technologies for groundwater typically involve treating extracted groundwater in a bioreactor or constructed wetland.
In situ techniques stimulate and create a favorable environment for microorganisms to grow and use contaminants as
a food and energy source or to cometabolize them. Generally this process involves providing some combination of
oxygen, nutrients, and moisture and controlling the temperature and pH. Microorganisms that have been adapted for
degradation of specific contaminants are sometimes applied to enhance the process. For treatment of metals and
metalloids, the process involves biological activity that promotes formation of less toxic or mobile species by creating
ambient conditions that will cause such species to form or by acting directly on the contaminant. The treatment may
result in oxidation, reduction, precipitation, coprecipitation, or another transformation of the contaminant.
Chemical treatment, also known as chemical reduction/oxidation (redox), typically involves redox reactions
that chemically convert hazardous contaminants into compounds that are nonhazardous, less toxic, more
stable, less mobile, or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another.
Specifically, one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one reactant is reduced (gains electrons). The
oxidizing agents used for treatment of hazardous contaminants in soil include ozone, hydrogen peroxide,
hypochlorites, potassium permanganate, Fenton's reagent (hydrogen peroxide and iron), chlorine, and chlorine
dioxide. This method may be applied in situ or ex situ to soils, sludges, sediments, and other solids and may
also be applied to groundwater in situ or ex situ chemical treatment using pump and treat technology.
Chemical treatment may also include use of ultraviolet (UV) light in a process known as UV oxidation.
Electrokinetics is based on the theory that a low-density current will mobilize contaminants in the form of
charged species. A current passed between electrodes is intended to cause aqueous media, ions, and
particulates to move through soil, waste, and water. Contaminants arriving at the electrodes can be removed by
means of electroplating or electrodeposition, precipitation or coprecipitation, adsorption, complexing with ion
exchange resins, or pumping of water (or other fluid) near the electrodes.
For Flushing, a solution of water, surfactants, or cosolvents is applied to soil or injected into the subsurface to treat
contaminated soil or groundwater. When soil is being treated, injection is often designed to raise the water table into
the contaminated soil zone. Injected water and treatment agents are recovered together with flushed contaminants.
Both on-site and off-site Incineration involves use of high temperatures (870 to 1,200ฐC or 1,600 to 2,200ฐF) to
volatilize and combust (in the presence of oxygen) organics in hazardous wastes. Auxiliary fuels are often used
to initiate and sustain combustion. The destruction and removal efficiency of properly operated incinerators
exceeds the 99.99 percent requirement for hazardous waste and can meet the 99.9999 percent requirement for
PCBs and dioxins. Off-gases and combustion residuals generally require treatment. On-site incineration is
typically a transportable unit; for off-site incineration, waste is transported to a central facility.
For In-well air stripping, air is injected into a double-screened well, causing the VOCs in the contaminated
groundwater to be transferred from the dissolved phase to the vapor phase in air bubbles. As the air bubbles
rise to the surface of the water, the vapors are drawn off and treated by a SVE system.
Mechanical soil aeration involves agitation of contaminated soil by using tilling or other means to volatilize
contaminants.
Multi-phase extraction involves use of a vacuum system to remove various combinations of contaminated
groundwater, separate-phase petroleum product, and vapors from the subsurface. The system typically lowers
the water table around a well, exposing more of the formation. Contaminants in the newly exposed vadose zone
are then accessible for vapor extraction. Once above ground, the extracted vapors or liquid-phase organics and
groundwater are separated and treated.
Open burn (OB) and Open detonation (OD) operations are conducted to destroy excess, obsolete, or unserviceable
(EOU) munitions and other items containing explosives, propellants, and other energetic materials. In OB
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
operations, materials are destroyed by self-sustained combustion, which is ignited by an external source, such as a
flame, heat, or a detonation wave. In OD operations, materials are destroyed by detonation, which generally is
initiated by an energetic charge.
Permeable reactive barriers, also known as passive treatment walls, are installed across the flow path of a
contaminated groundwater plume, allowing the water portion of the plume to flow through the wall. These
barriers allow passage of water while prohibiting movement of contaminants by means of treatment agents
within the wall such as zero-valent metals (usually zero-valent iron), chelators, sorbents, compost, and
microbes. The contaminants are either degraded or retained in a concentrated form by the barrier material,
which may need to be replaced periodically.
Physical separation processes use physical properties to separate contaminated and uncontaminated media or
to separate different types of media. For example, different-sized sieves and screens can be used to separate
contaminated soil from relatively uncontaminated debris. Another application of physical separation is
dewatering of sediments or sludge.
Phytoremediation is a process in which plants are used to remove, transfer, stabilize, or destroy contaminants in
soil, sediment, or groundwater. The mechanisms of phytoremediation include enhanced rhizosphere
biodegradation (which takes place in soil or groundwater immediately around plant roots), phytoextraction (also
known as phytoaccumulation, the uptake of contaminants by plant roots and the translocation and accumulation
of contaminants into plant shoots and leaves), phytodegradation (metabolism of contaminants within plant
tissues), and phytostabilization (production of chemical compounds by plants to immobilize contaminants at the
interface of roots and soil). The term phytoremediation applies to all biological, chemical, and physical processes
that are influenced by plants (including the rhizosphere) and that aid in the cleanup of contaminated substances.
Phytoremediation may be applied in situ or ex situ to soils, sludges, sediments, other solids, or groundwater.
Pump and treat involves extraction of groundwater from an aquifer and treatment of the water above the
ground. The extraction step is usually conducted by pumping groundwater from a well or trench. The
treatment step can involve a variety of technologies such as adsorption, air stripping, bioremediation, chemical
treatment, filtration, ion exchange, metal precipitation, and membrane filtration.
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is used to remediate unsaturated (vadose) zone soil. A vacuum is applied to the soil
in order to induce a controlled flow of air and remove volatile and some semivolatile organic contaminants from
the soil. SVE usually is performed in situ; however, in some cases, it can be used as an ex situ technology.
For Soil washing, contaminants sorbed onto fine soil particles are separated from bulk soil in a water-based system
based on particle size. The wash water may be augmented with a basic leaching agent, surfactant, or chelating
agent or by adjustment of pH to help remove contaminants. Soils and wash water are mixed ex situ in a tank or
other treatment unit. The wash water and various soil fractions are usually separated by means of gravity settling.
Solidification/stabilization (S/S) reduces the mobility of hazardous substances and contaminants in the
environment through both physical and chemical means. The S/S process physically binds or encloses
contaminants within a stabilized mass. S/S can be performed both ex situ and in situ. Ex situ S/S requires
excavation of the material to be treated, and the treated material must be disposed of. In situ S/S involves use of
auger or caisson systems and injector head systems to add binders to contaminated soil or waste without
excavation, and the treated material is left in place.
Solvent extraction involves use of an organic solvent as an extractant to separate contaminants from soil. The
organic solvent is mixed with contaminated soil in an extraction unit. The extracted solution is then passed
through a separator, where the contaminants and extractant are separated from the soil.
For Thermal desorption, wastes are heated so that organic contaminants and water volatilize. Typically a
carrier gas or vacuum system transports the volatilized organics and water to a gas treatment system, usually a
thermal oxidation or recovery system. Based on the operating temperature of the desorber, thermal desorption
processes can be categorized in two groups: high-temperature thermal desorption (320 to 560ฐC or 600 to
1,000ฐF) and low-temperature thermal desorption (90 to 320ฐC or 200 to 600ฐF). Thermal desorption is an ex situ
treatment process. In situ thermal treatment is discussed below.
APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
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In situ thermal treatment is an in situ treatment process that uses heat to facilitate contaminant extraction
through volatilization and other mechanisms or to destroy contaminants in situ. Volatilized contaminants are
typically removed from the vadose zone using SVE. Specific types of in situ thermal treatment include
conductive heating, electrical resistive heating, radio frequency heating, hot air injection, hot water injection,
and steam-enhanced extraction. In situ thermal treatment is usually applied to a contaminated source area but
may also be applied to a groundwater plume.
Vitrification involves use of an electric current to melt contaminated soil at elevated temperatures (1,600 to
2,000ฐC or 2,900 to 3,650ฐF). Upon cooling, the vitrification product is a chemically stable, leach-resistant, glass
and crystalline material similar to obsidian or basalt rock. The high-temperature component of the process
destroys or removes organic materials. Radionuclides and heavy metals are retained within the vitrified
product. Vitrification may be conducted in situ or ex situ.
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APPENDIX B
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Appendix B
LIST OF ACRONYMS and GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
)ig/L Microgram per Liter
ABA American Bar Association
AFCEE Air Force Center for Environmental
Excellence
AHERA Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
ANL Argonne National Laboratory
ASAP Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program
ASC Accelerated Site Characterization
ASHAA Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act
ASHARA Asbestos School Hazard Abatement
Reauthorization Act
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BRAC Base Realignment and Closure
BTEX Benzene, T oluene, Ethylbenzene, and
Xylene
BTSC Brownfields and Land Revitalization
Technology Support Center
BV Bioventing
CAA Clean Air Act
CAP Corrective Action Plan
CC14 Carbon Tetrachloride
CEC CERCLA Education Center
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act
CERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability
Information System
CLU-IN EPA Hazardous Waste Clean-up
Information Web Site
COR Close-Out Report
CSM Conceptual Site Model
CWA Clean Water Act
DNAPL Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid
DoD Department of Defense
DOE Department of Energy
DOI Department of Interior
DQO Data Quality Objective
DSS Decision Support Software
EAD Environmental Assessment Division
ECOS Environmental Council of the States
EDOCKET EPA's Online Public Access and Comment
System
EISB Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation
ELI Environmental Law Institute
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA REACH IT EPA REmediation And CHaracterization
Innovative T echnologies Online
Searchable Database
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act
ERIS Environmental Research Institute of the
States
ESC Expedited Site Characterization
ESD Environmental Sciences Division
EST Eastern Standard Time
ESTCP Environmental Security Technology
Certification Program
ET Evapotranspiration
ETV Environmental Technology Verification
FATE EPA Field Analytic Technologies
Encyclopedia
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FRTR Federal Remediation Technologies
Roundtable
FY Fiscal Year
GAC Granular Activated Carbon
GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
GNET Global Network of Environment and
Technology
GWRTAC Ground-Water Remediation Technologies
Analysis Center
HRS Hazard Ranking System
HSRC Hazardous Substance Research Center
HTRW-CX Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste
Center of Expertise
ICMA International City/County Management
Association
ICTS Institutional Controls Tracking System
IDC Interagency DNAPL Consortium
IINERT In-Place Inactivation and Natural
Ecological Restoration Technologies
ISB In Situ Bioremediation
ISBN International Standard Book Number
ISO In Situ Oxidation
ITRC Interstate Technology and Regulatory
Council
LNAPL Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid
LTM Long-Term Monitoring
LUST Leaking Underground Storage Tank
MCL Maximum C ontaminant Level
MCX Mandatory Center of Expertise
MGP Manufactured Gas Plant
MNA Monitored Natural Attenuation
MPE Multi-Phase Extraction
MSL Mine-Scarred Land
MtBE Methyl tertiary Butyl Ether
NAPL Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid
NAS Naval Air Station
NASA National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS B-1
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NATO/CCMS
North Atlantic Treaty Organization/
Committee on the Challenges of Modern
Society
NERL
National Exposure Research Laboratory
NETTS
National Environmental Technology Test
Sites
NEWMOA
Northeast Waste Management Officials'
Association
NFESC
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System
NPL
National Priorities List
NPV
Net Present Value
NSB
Naval Submarine Base
NSCEP
National Service Center for
Environmental Publications
OB
Open Burn
OD
Open Detonation
OECA
Office of Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance
OERR
Office of Emergency and Remedial
Response
ORD
Office of Research and Development
ORP
Office of Radiation Programs
OSRTI
Office of Superfund Remediation and
Technology Innovation
OSW
Of f ic eofSolidWaste
OSWER
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response
OUST
Office of Underground Storage Tanks
P&T
Pump and Treat
PAC
Powdered Activated Carbon
PAH
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
PBMS
Performance-Based Measurement System
PCB
Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PCE
Tetrachloroethene
PCP
Pentachlorophenol
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
PDF
Portable Document Format
POTW
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
PRB
Permeable Reactive Barrier
PRP
Potentially Responsible Party
QA
Quality Assurance
QC
Quality Control
RAO
Remedial Action Optimization
RBCA
Risk-Based Corrective Action
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
redox
Reduction/Oxidation
RFP
Request for Proposal
RfR
Ready for Reuse
ROD
Record of Decision
RPM
Remedial Project Manager
RPO
Remedial Process Optimization
RSE
Remedial System Evaluation
RTDF
Remedial Technology Development
Forum
SAP
Sampling and Analysis Plan
SCAPS
Site Characterization and Analysis
Penetrometer System
SCM
Sampling, Characterization and
Monitoring
SCRD
State Coalition for Remediation of
Drycleaners
SEAR
Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation
SenTIX
Sensor Technology Information Exchange
SERDP
Strategic Environmental Research and
Development Program
SITE
Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation
SMARTe
Sustainable Management Approaches
and Revitalization T ools electronic
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
SPCC
Spill Prevention, Control, and
Countermeasures
SRI
Superfund Redevelopment Initiative
s/s
Solidification/Stabilization
SSEB
Southern States Energy Board
SVE
Soil Vapor Extraction
SVOC
Semivolatile Organic Compound
TAB
Technical Assistance to Brownfields
Communities
TBA
Targeted Brownfields Assessments
TCE
Trichloroethene or Trichloroethylene
TOSC
Technical Outreach Services for
Communities
TOSNAC
Technical Outreach Services for Native
American Communities
TPH
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
TRAINEX
Training Exchange
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
TSE
Targeted Site Efforts
TSP
T echnical Supp ort Project
UIC
Underground Injection Control
USACE
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
UST
Underground Storage Tank
UV
Ultraviolet
UXO
Unexploded Ordnance
VCP
Voluntary Cleanup Program
VEB
Vertical Engineered Barrier
VOC
Volatile Organic Compound
WGA
Western Governors' Association
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Following is a list of specialized terms that pertain to the cleanup of brownfields sites.
Adsorption
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid,
or dissolved solids to a surface. The term also refers to
a method of treating wastes in which activated carbon
is used to remove organic compounds from
wastewater. See also Carbon Adsorption.
Air Sparging
In air sparging, air is injected into the ground below a
contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and
carry trapped and dissolved contaminants to the
surface. Air sparging is often used in conjunction
with soil vapor extraction systems. See also Soil Vapor
Extraction.
Air Stripping
Air stripping is a treatment technology that removes or
"strips" volatile organic compounds (VOC) from
contaminated groundwater or surface water. As air is
forced through the water, VOCs are volatilized. See
also Volatile Organic Compound.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
ASTM sets standards for many services, including
methods of sampling and testing of hazardous waste
and media contaminated with hazardous waste.
Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground rock formation
composed of such materials as sand, soil, or gravel
that can store groundwater and supply it to wells and
springs.
Aromatics
Aromatics are organic compounds that contain 6-
carbon ring structures, such as creosote, toluene, and
phenol, that often are found at dry cleaning and
electronic assembly sites.
Baseline Risk Assessment
A baseline risk assessment is an assessment
conducted before cleanup activities begin at a site to
identify and evaluate the threat to human health and
the environment. After remediation has been
completed, the information obtained during a baseline
risk assessment can be used to determine whether the
cleanup levels were reached.
Bedrock
Bedrock is the rock that underlies the soil; it can be
permeable or non-permeable. See also Creosote.
Biopile
Biopile is an aerated static pile composting process in
which soil is mixed with amendments on a treatment
area that includes leachate collection systems and
aeration with blowers or vacuum pumps. It is used to
reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents
through the use of biodegradation. Moisture, heat,
nutrients, oxygen, and pH can be controlled to
enhance biodegradation.
Bioreactor
Bioreactors use microorganisms in attached or
suspended biological systems to degrade contaminants
in water. In suspended biological systems, such as
activated sludge, fluidized beds, or sequencing batch
reactors, contaminated water is circulated in an aeration
basin where microbes aerobically degrade organic matter
and produce carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. In
attached systems, such as rotating biological contactors
and trickling filters, a microbial population is
established on an inert support matrix. The cells form a
sludge, which is settled out in a clarifier and is recycled
to the aeration basin and disposed of.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to treatment processes that use
microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi to break
down hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic
substances. Bioremediation can be used to clean up
contaminated soil and water. In situ bioremediation treats
contaminated soil or groundwater in the location in
which it is found. For ex situ bioremediation processes,
contaminated soil is excavated or groundwater is pumped
to the surface before they can be treated.
Biosensor
A biosensor is a portable device that uses living
organisms, such as microbes, or parts and products of
living organisms, such as enzymes, tissues, and
anitbodies, to produce reactions to specific chemical
contaminants.
Bioslurping
Bioslurping is the adaptation of vacuum-enhanced
dewateringtechnologiestoremediatehydrocarbon-
contaminated sites. Bioslurping combines elements of
bothbioventingand free-product recovery to
simultaneously recover free product and bioremediate
soils in the vadose zone. Bioventing stimulates the aerobic
bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and
vacuum-enhanced free-product recovery extracts light
nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) from the capillary
fringe and the water table. See also Vadose Zone.
APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
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Bioventing
Bioventing is an in situ remediation technology that
stimulates the natural biodegradation of aerobically
degradable compounds in soil by the injection of
oxygen into the subsurface. Bioventing has been used
to remediate releases of petroleum products, such as
gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, and diesel fuel. See also
Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction.
Brownfields
Brownfields sites are abandoned, idled, or under-used
industrial and commercial facilities where expansion
or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived
environmental contamination.
Brownfields Cleanup Grants
Brownfields Cleanup Grants provide direct funding
for cleanup activities at certain properties with
planned green space, recreational, or other nonprofit
uses.
Brownfields Job Training Grants
Brownfields Job Training Grants provide funding for
environmental training for residents of brownfields
communities.
Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund Grants
Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund Grants provide
funding to capitalize loans that are used to clean up
brownfields sites.
BTEX
BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene, which are volatile aromatic
compounds typically found in petroleum products
such as gasoline and diesel fuel.
Carbon Adsorption
Carbon adsorption is a remediation technology that
removes contaminants from air or water through
physical adsorption into the carbon grain. Carbon is
"activated" to improve adsorption through a process
that creates porous particles that have large internal
surface areas. A number of commercial grades of
activated carbon are available to meet the
requirements of specific applications.
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless, highly volatile
liquid that has a strong ethereal odor similar to that of
chloroform. It mixes sparingly with water and, when
heated to decomposition, emits highly toxic fumes of
phosgene. Carbon tetrachloride is used primarily as a
chemical intermediate in the production of the
refrigerants Freon 11 and 12. It also has been used as
a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations
and as an industrial solvent in the manufacture of
cables and semiconductors.
Chemical Dehalogenation
Chemical dehalogenation is a chemical process that
removes halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical
contaminant, rendering the contaminant less
hazardous. The chemical dehalogenation process can
be applied to common halogenated contaminants such
as PCBs and dioxins, which may be present in soil and
oils. Dehalogenation can be effective in removing
halogens from hazardous organic compounds, such as
dioxins, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB), and certain
chlorinated pesticides. The treatment time is short,
energy requirements are moderate, and operation and
maintenance costs are relatively low. This technology
can be brought to the site, eliminating the need to
transport hazardous wastes. See also Polychlorinated
Biphenyl and Dioxin.
Chemical Reduction/Oxidation
Chemical treatments typically involve chemical
reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions that chemically
convert hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or
less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile,
or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of
electrons from one compound to another. Specifically,
one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one is
reduced (gains electrons). The oxidizing agents most
commonly used for treatment of hazardous
contaminants are ozone, hydrogen peroxide,
hypochlorites, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide. In
cyanide oxidation, organic cyanides are oxidized to
less hazardous compounds through chemical
reactions. This method can be applied in situ or ex situ
to soils, sludges, sediments, and other solids and also
can be applied for the in situ treatment of groundwater.
Clean Air Act (CAA)
The CAA is a federal law passed in 1970 that requires
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to
establish regulations to control the release of
contaminants to the air to protect human health and
environment.
Clean Water Act (CWA)
The CWA is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic
structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to
U.S. waters. This law gave EPA the authority to set
wastewater discharge standards on an industry-by-
industry basis and to set water quality standards for
all contaminants in surface waters.
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Cleanup
Cleanup is the term used for actions taken to deal with
a release or threat of release of a hazardous substance
that could affect humans and or the environment. The
term sometimes is used interchangeably with the
terms remedial action, removal action, response
action, or corrective action.
Colorimetric
Colorimetric refers to chemical reaction-based indicators
that are used to produce reactions to individual, or
classes of compounds. The reactions, such as visible
color changes or other easily noted indications, are used
to detect and quantify contaminants.
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
CERCLA is a federal law passed in 1980 that created
a special tax that funds a trust fund, commonly
known as Superfund, to be used to investigate and
clean up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites. CERCLA required for the first time that
EPA step beyond its traditional regulatory role and
provide response authority to clean up hazardous
waste sites. EPA has primary responsibility for
managing cleanup and enforcement activities
authorized under CERCLA. Under the program, EPA
can pay for cleanup when parties responsible for the
contamination cannot be located or are unwilling or
unable to perform the work, or take legal action to
force parties responsible for contamination to clean
up the site or reimburse the federal government for
the cost of the cleanup. See also Superfund.
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Information System
(CERCLIS)
CERCLIS is a database that serves as the official
inventory of Superfund hazardous waste sites. CERCLIS
also contains information about all aspects of hazardous
waste sites, from initial discovery to deletion from the
NPL. The database also maintains information about
planned and actual site activities and financial
information entered by EPA regional offices. CERCLIS
records the targets and accomplishments of the
Superfund program and is used to report that
information to the EPA Administrator, Congress, and the
public. See also National Priorities List and Superfund.
Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
A CSM, a key element used in facilitating cleanup
decisions during a site investigation, is a planning tool
that organizes information that already is known about
a site and identifies the additional information necessary
to support decisions that will achieve the goals of the
project. The project team then uses the CSM to direct
field work that focuses on the information needed to
remove significant unknowns from the model. The CSM
serves several purposes - as a planning instrument; as a
modeling and data interpretation tool; and as a means of
communication among members of a project team,
decision-makers, stakeholders, and field personnel.
Cone Penetrometer
The cone penetrometer is a truck-mounted device that
rapidly penetrates the ground to collect samples. It
has been used for approximately the last 50 years for
geotechnical applications, but its use for site
characterization is relatively new.
Contaminant
A contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological,
or radiological substance or matter present in any
media at concentrations that may pose a threat to
human health or the environment.
Corrosivity
Corrosive wastes include those that are extremely
acidic or alkaline and capable of corroding metal such
as tanks, containers, drums, and barrels.
Creosote
Creosote is an oily liquid obtained by the distillation of
wood that is used as a wood preservative and
disinfectant and often is found at wood preserving sites.
See also Aromatics and Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.
Data Quality
The term data quality refers to all features and
characteristics of data that bear on its ability to meet the
stated or implied needs and expectations of the user.
Data Quality Obj ective (DQO)
DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements
specified to ensure that data of known and appropriate
quality are obtained. The DQO process is a series of
planning steps, typically conducted during site
assessment and investigation, that is designed to ensure
that the type, quantity, and quality of environmental data
used in decision making are appropriate. The DQO
process involves a logical, step-by-step procedure for
determining which of the complex issues affecting a site
are the most relevant to planning a site investigation
before any data are collected.
Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)
A DNAPL is one of a group of organic substances that
are relatively insoluble in water and more dense than
water. DNAPLs tend to sink vertically through sand
and gravel aquifers to the underlying layer.
APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
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Detection Limit
The lowest concentration of a chemical that can be
distinguished reliably from a zero concentration.
Dioxin
A dioxin is any of a family of compounds known
chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. They are chemicals
released during combustion. Concern about them
arises from their potential toxicity and the risk posed
by contamination in commercial products. Boilers
and industrial furnaces are among the sources of
dioxins.
Disposal
Disposal is the final placement or destruction of toxic,
radioactive or other wastes; surplus or banned
pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and
drums containing hazardous materials from removal
actions or accidental release. Disposal may be
accomplished through the use of approved secure
landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep
well injection, or ocean dumping.
Dual-Phase Extraction
Dual-phase extraction, also known as multi-phase
extraction, is a technology that uses a vacuum system
to remove various combinations of contaminated
groundwater, separate-phase petroleum product, and
vapors from the subsurface. The system lowers the
water table around a well, exposing more of the
formation. Contaminants in the newly exposed
vadose zone then are accessible to soil vapor
extraction. Once above ground, the extracted vapors
or liquid-phase organics and groundwater are
separated and treated. See also Soil Vapor Extraction.
Dynamic Underground Stripping
Dynamic underground stripping is a process that
employs vapor extraction during underground
steaming and electrical heating. The heat, supplied by
steam and electricity, vaporizes contaminants trapped
in the soil. Once vaporized, the contaminants are
removed by vacuum extraction. The process is
monitored and guided by underground imaging.
Dynamic Work Plan
A dynamic work plan is a work plan that allows
project teams to make decisions in the field about how
site activities will progress. Dynamic work plans
provide the strategy for the way in which dynamic
field activities will take place. As such, they document
a flexible, adaptive sampling and analytical strategy.
Dynamic work plans are supported by the rapid
turnaround of data collected, analyzed, and
interpreted in the field.
Easement
An easement is a right to use the land of another for a
specific purpose, such as a right-of-way or a utility.
Emergency Removal
An emergency removal is an action initiated in
response to a release of a hazardous substance that
requires on-site activity within hours of a
determination that action is appropriate.
Emerging Technology
An emerging technology is an innovative technology
that currently is undergoing bench-scale testing.
During bench-scale testing, a small version of the
technology is built and tested in a laboratory. If the
technology is successful during bench-scale testing,
it is demonstrated on a small scale at field sites. If
the technology is successful at the field
demonstrations, it often will be used full scale at
contaminated waste sites. As the technology is used
and evaluated at different sites, it is improved
continually. See also Established Technology and
Innovative Technology.
Environmental Audit
An environmental audit usually refers to a review or
investigation that determines whether an operating
facility is in compliance with relevant environmental
regulations. The audit may include checks for
possession of required permits, operation within
permit limits, proper reporting, and record keeping.
The typical result is a corrective action or compliance
plan for the facility.
Environmental Risk
Environmental risk is the chance that human health or
the environment will suffer harm as the result of the
presence of environmental hazards.
Established Technology
An established technology is a technology for which
cost and performance information is readily available.
Only after a technology has been used at many
different sites and the results fully documented is that
technology considered established. The most
frequently used established technologies are
incineration, solidification and stabilization, and
pump-and-treat technologies for groundwater. See also
Emerging Technology and Innovative Technology.
Ex Situ
The term ex situ, or "moved from its original place,"
means excavated or removed.
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Ex Situ Bioremediation
Ex situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to
degrade organic contaminants in excavated soil,
sludge, and solids. The microorganisms break down
contaminants by using them as a food source. The
end products typically are carbon dioxide and water.
Ex situ bioremediation includes slurry-phase
bioremediation, in which the soils are mixed with
water to form a slurry to keep solids suspended and
microorganisms in contact with the soil contaminants;
and solid-phase bioremediation, in which the soils are
placed in a cell or building and tilled with added
water and nutrients. Land farming and composting
are types of solid-phase bioremediation.
Exposure Pathway
An exposure pathway is the route of contaminants
from the source of contamination to potential contact
with a medium (air, soil, surface water, or
groundwater) that represents a potential threat to
human health or the environment. Determining
whether exposure pathways exist is an essential step
in conducting a baseline risk assessment. See also
Baseline Risk Assessment.
Filtration
Filtration is a treatment process that removes solid
matter from water by passing the water through a
porous medium, such as sand or a manufactured filter.
Gas Chromatography
Gas chromatography is a technology used for
investigating and assessing soil, water, and soil gas
contamination at a site. It is used for analysis for
VOCs and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC).
The technique identifies and quantifies organic
compounds on the basis of molecular weight,
characteristic fragmentation patterns, and retention
time. Recent advances in gas chromatography that are
considered innovative are portable, weather-proof
units that have self-contained power supplies.
Groundwater
Groundwater is the water found beneath the earth's
surface that fills pores between such materials as
sand, soil, or gravel and that often supplies wells and
springs. See also Aquifer.
Halogenated Organic Compound
A halogenated organic compound is a compound
containing molecules of chlorine, bromine iodine, and
fluorine. Halogenated organic compounds were used
in high-voltage electrical transformers because they
conduct heat well, are fire resistant, and are good
electrical insulators. Many herbicides, pesticides, and
degreasing agents are made from halogenated organic
compounds.
Hazard Ranking System (HRS)
The HRS is the primary screening tool used by EPA to
assess the risks posed to human health or the
environment by abandoned or uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites. Under the HRS, sites are
assigned scores on the basis of the toxicity of
hazardous substances that are present and the
potential that those substances will spread through
the air, surface, water, or groundwater, taking into
account such factors as the proximity of the substance
to nearby populations. Scores are used in determining
which sites should be placed on the NPL. See also
National Priorities List.
Hazardous Substance
As defined under CERCLA, a hazardous substance is
any material that poses a threat to public health or the
environment. The term also refers to hazardous
wastes as defined under Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA). Typical hazardous substances
are materials that are toxic, corrosive, ignitable,
explosive, or chemically reactive. If a certain quantity
of a hazardous substance, as established by EPA, is
spilled into the water or otherwise emitted into the
environment, the release must be reported. Under the
legislation cited above, the term excludes petroleum,
crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids, or synthetic
gas usable for fuel.
Heavy Metal
The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic metals
including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury,
silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are present at
industrial sites at which operations have included
battery recycling and metal plating.
Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing
only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in
petroleum, natural gas, and coal.
Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, including
its origin, occurrence, movement, and quality.
Hyperaccumulator
A hyperaccumulator is a metallophyte that
accumulates an exceptionally high level of a metal to a
specified concentration or to a specified multiple of the
concentration found in nonaccumulators. The term is
used in reference to plants used in Phytoremediation.
See also Phytoremediation.
APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
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Ignitability
Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain
conditions. Examples include liquids, such as solvents
that readily catch fire, and friction-sensitive substances.
Immunoassay
Immunoassay is an innovative technology used to
measure compound-specific reactions (generally
colorimetric) to individual compounds or classes of
compounds. The reactions are used to detect and
quantify contaminants. The technology is available in
field-portable test kits.
In Situ
The term in situ, "in its original place" or "on site,"
means unexcavated and unmoved. In situ soil
flushing and natural attenuation are examples of in
situ treatment methods by which contaminated sites
are treated without digging up or removing the
contaminants.
In Situ Bioremediation
In situ bioremediation techniques stimulate and create
a favorable environment for microorganisms to grow
and use contaminants as a food and energy source.
Generally, this means providing some combination of
oxygen, nutrients, and moisture, and controlling the
temperature and pH. Sometimes, microorganisms
adapted for degradation of the specific contaminants
are applied to enhance the process. Bioventing is a
common form of in situ bioremediation. Bioventing
uses extraction wells to circulate air with or without
pumping air into the ground.
In Situ Oxidation
In situ oxidation is an innovative treatment
technology that oxidizes contaminants that are
dissolved in groundwater and converts them into
insoluble compounds.
In Situ Soil Flushing
In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment
technology that floods contaminated soils beneath the
ground surface with a solution that moves the
contaminants to an area from which they can be
removed. The technology requires the drilling of
injection and extraction wells on site and reduces the
need for excavation, handling, or transportation of
hazardous substances. Contaminants considered for
treatment by in situ soil flushing include heavy metals
(such as lead, copper, and zinc), halogenated organic
compounds, aromatics, and PCBs. See also Aromatics,
Halogenated Organic Compound, Heavy Metal, and
Polychlorinated Biphenyl.
In Situ Thermal Treatment
In situ thermal treatment is a treatment process that
involves heating contaminated soil in place to
vaporize organic contaminants in the soil. The
surface area to be treated is usually covered with
silicone rubber mats to provide insulation and to form
a vapor barrier.
In Situ Vitrification
In situ vitrification is a soil treatment technology that
stabilizes metal and other inorganic contaminants in
place at temperatures of approximately 3,000ฐF. Soils
and sludges are fused to form a stable glass and
crystalline structure with very low leaching
characteristics.
Incineration
Incineration is a treatment technology that involves
the burning of certain types of solid, liquid, or gaseous
materials under controlled conditions to destroy
hazardous waste.
Infill Development
Infill development is new construction on previously
developed land in cities or developed suburbs. The
term often refers to redevelopment of small residential,
commercial, or industrial properties. An important
aspect of many infill development projects is the
enhancement of the built environment with open
space and parks.
Innovative Technology
An innovative technology is a process that has been
tested and used as a treatment for hazardous waste or
other contaminated materials, but lacks a long history
of full-scale use and information about its cost and how
well it works sufficient to support prediction of its
performance under a variety of operating conditions.
An innovative technology is one that is undergoing
pilot-scale treatability studies that usually are
conducted in the field or the laboratory and require
installation of the technology, and provide
performance, cost, and design objectives for the
technology. Innovative technologies are being used
under many federal and state cleanup programs to treat
hazardous wastes that have been improperly released.
See also Emerging Technology and Established Technology.
Inorganic Compound
An inorganic compound is a compound that generally
does not contain carbon atoms (although carbonate
and bicarbonate compounds are notable exceptions)
and tends to be more soluble in water. Examples of
inorganic compounds include various acids,
potassium hydroxide, and metals.
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Institutional Controls
An institutional control is a legal or institutional
measure which subjects a property owner to limit
activities at or access to a particular property. They
are used to ensure protection of human health and the
environment, and to expedite property reuse. Zoning
and deed restrictions are examples of institutional
controls.
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange, a common method of softening water,
depends on the ability of certain materials to remove
and exchange ions from water. These ion exchange
materials, generally composed of unsoluble organic
polymers, are placed in a filtering device. Water
softening exchange materials remove calcium and
magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium ions.
Lampblack
Lampblack is a finely divided, bulky, black soot, at one
time the most important black pigment used in the
manufacture of printing inks. It is one of several gas
plant residues found at manufactured gas plant
(MGP) sites. See also Manufactured Gas Plant.
Landfarming
Landfarming is the spreading and incorporation of
wastes into the soil to initiate biological treatment.
Landfill
A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site for
nonhazardous solid wastes at which the waste is spread
in layers compacted to the smallest practical volume.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer
Laser-induced fluorescence/cone penetrometer is a field
screening method that couples a fiber optic-based
chemical sensor system to a cone penetrometer mounted
on a truck. The technology can be used for investigating
and assessing soil and water contamination.
Land Revitalization Initiative
The Land Revitalization Initiative was undertaken by
EPA in partnership with states, tribes, territories, and
a broad range of stakeholders to restore land to
productive economic and green space uses. In April
2003, EPA announced the Land Revitalization
Agenda to incorporate land reuse into the RCRA,
brownfields, and underground storage tank (UST)
hazardous waste cleanup programs.
Leachate
A leachate is a contaminated liquid that results when
water collects contaminants as it trickles through
wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers. Leaching
may occur in farming areas and landfills and may be a
means of the entry of hazardous substances into soil,
surface water, or groundwater.
Lead
Lead is a heavy metal that has been used in the
manufacture of gasoline, paints, and other substances.
See also Heavy Metal.
Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (LN APL)
An LNAPL is one of a group of organic substances
that are relatively insoluble in water and are less
dense than water. LNAPLs, such as oil, tend to
spread across the surface of the water table and form a
layer on top of the water table.
Long-Term Monitoring (LTM)
LTM typically is performed to verify that
contaminants at a site pose no risk to human health
or the environment and that natural processes are
reducing contaminant levels and risk as predicted.
Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP)
MGPs were operated nationwide from the early 1880s
through the mid-1900s. MGPs produced gas from coal
or oil for lighting, heating, and cooking. The gas
manufacturing and purification processes conducted
at the plants yielded residues that included tars,
sludges, lampblack, light oils, spent oxide wastes, and
other hydrocarbon products. Although many of the
byproducts were recycled, excess residues containing
polycyclic acromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), petroleum
hydrocarbons, benzene, cyanide, metals, and phenols
remained at MGP sites.
Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis
in which the substance to be analyzed is heated and
placed in a vacuum. The resulting vapor is exposed
to a beam of electrons that causes ionization to occur,
either of the molecules or their fragments. The
ionized atoms are separated according to their mass
and can be identified on that basis.
Medium
A medium is a specific environment - air, water, or soil
- that is the subject of regulatory concern and activities.
Mercury
Mercury is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the
environment and is found in thermometers, measuring
devices, pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals,
chemical manufacturing, and electrical equipment.
See also Heavy Metal.
APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
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Methanogenic
The term methanogenic refers to anaerobic oxidation
of petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as fermentation of
hydrocarbons to methane.
Methyl tertiary Butyl Ether (MtBE)
MtBE, a synthetic chemical, is a volatile, flammable,
colorless liquid. MtBE has a relatively high vapor
pressure and is water soluble to a significant degree.
MtBE usually is produced in a refinery by mixing a
feedstock of isobutylene with methanol. The
isobutylene is derived by steam-cracking during
production of olefin and fluid-cracking during
production of gasoline. Concern about them arises
from its potential contamination of groundwater as a
result of releases from underground storage tanks of
gasoline that contains oxygenates. See also Oxygenates.
Mine-Scarred Lands (MSL)
MSLs are lands, associated waters, and surrounding
watersheds where extraction, beneficiation, or
processing of ores and minerals, including coal, has
occurred. MSLs have become a persistent problem in
many communities because of the economic, social,
and environmental challenges of cleaning up and
reusing such lands. The Brownfields Law expanded
the definition of brownfields to include MSLs, making
these properties eligible for benefits under the
Brownfields Program.
Mobile Laboratory
A mobile laboratory refers to a collection of analytical
instruments contained in a vehicle that can be
deployed to a project site. A mobile laboratory offers
many of the advantages of a fixed laboratory, such as
protection from the elements, a power supply, and
climate control, while still providing the advantages of
analyzing samples on site while the project is in
progress. A mobile laboratory may even allow the use
of laboratory-grade instruments which otherwise
could not be taken into the field. Configurations can
vary in sophistication from a single instrument
mounted in a sampling van, to large truck trailers and
recreational vehicles equipped with multiple
instruments and laboratory-grade support equipment.
Monitored N atural Attenuation
The term MNA refers to the remedial approach that
allows natural processes to reduce concentrations of
contaminants to acceptable levels. MNA involves
physical, chemical, and biological processes that act to
reduce the mass, toxicity, and mobility of subsurface
contamination. Physical, chemical, and biological
processes involved in MNA include biodegradation,
chemical stabilization, dispersion, sorption, and
volatilization.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)
NPDES is the primary permitting program under the
Clean Water Act, which regulates all discharges to
surface water. It prohibits discharge of pollutants into
waters of the United States unless EPA, a state, or a
tribal government issues a special permit to do so.
National Priorities List (NPL)
The NPL is EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled
or abandoned hazardous waste sites identified for
possible long-term remedial response under Superfund.
Inclusion of a site on the list is based primarily on the
score the site receives under the Hazard Ranking
System (HRS). Money from Superfund can be used for
cleanup only at sites that are on the NPL. EPA is
required to update the NPL at least once a year. See also
Hazard Ranking System and Superfund.
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL)
NAPLs are organic substances that are relatively
insoluble in water. See also Dense Nonaqueous Phase
Liquid and Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.
Organic Chemical or Compound
An organic chemical or compound is a substance
produced by animals or plants that contains mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Oxygenate
Oxygenates are chemicals derived from hydrocarbons
that are added to fuels to increase the oxygen content
of those fuels to improve combustion, thereby reducing
emissions, such as carbon monoxide and other
pollutants. Examples of oxygenates include methyl
tertiary butyl ether (MtBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether,
tertiary amyl methyl ether, ethanol, and other ethers
and alcohols. See also Methyl tertiary Butyl Ether.
Ozone
Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally which
provides a protective layer in the stratosphere
shielding the earth from the harmful health effects on
human health and the environment from ultraviolet
radiation. Ozone also is a chemical oxidant and a
major component of smog in the troposphere, the
earth's atmospheric layer below the stratosphere
extending 7 to 10 miles from the earth's surface.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
PCP, a chemical compound containing carbon,
chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen, is a chemical now
used primarily as a wood preservative but which was
previously used as a herbicide, defoliant, algicide,
fungicide, and disinfectant.
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Performance-Based Measurement System (PBMS)
EPA defines a PBMS as a set of processes through
which the data needs or limitations of a program or
project are specified and serve as criteria for selecting
appropriate methods to meet those needs in a cost-
effective manner. EPA uses the term to convey what
must be accomplished, but not prescriptively how to
do it. The PBMS initiative places regulatory emphasis
on obtaining analytical results that provide adequate
information to support the regulatory decision, but
leaves the choice of analytical procedures up to the
user. The PBMS approach gives regulators and
members of the regulated community increased
flexibility in selecting technologies, while still meeting
mandated monitoring requirements. The use of PBMS
is intended to reduce barriers to the use of new
monitoring technologies.
Permeability
Permeability is a characteristic that represents a
qualitative description of the relative ease with
which rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid
(liquid or gas).
Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB)
PRBs, also known as passive treatment walls, are
installed across the flow path of a contaminated
plume. As groundwater flows through the PRB,
contaminants are either degraded or retained in a
concentrated form by the reactive material. Examples
of reactive media include zero-valent metals, chelators,
sorbents, and microbes.
Pesticide
A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances
intended to prevent or mitigate infestation by, or
destroy or repel, any pest. Pesticides can accumulate
in the food chain and or contaminate the environment
if misused.
Phase I Environmental Site Assessment
Environmental site assessments, or all appropriate
inquiries, are conducted to evaluate existing
environmental problems from past operations and
potential environmental problems from current or
proposed operations at a site. The practice of
conducting site assessments is intended to satisfy one
requirement for obtaining protection from CERCL A
liability for potential property owners. Most
environmental site assessments are called Phase I
assessments because they are conducted in
conformance with ASTM E1527-00 Standard Practice
for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 1
Environmental Site Assessment Process. Phase I site
assessments include:
An inspection of the property
A review of pertinent records for evidence of
current and past use of the property and adjacent
properties
Interviews with current owners and occupants as
well as local government officials
Evaluation of information gathered and
development of a report
In some cases, samples are collected of building
materials to determine if PCBs, asbestos, or lead are
present
The need for additional sampling to confirm
contamination or to determine the nature and extent of
contamination leads into a "Phase II" assessment.
Phase II Environmental Site Assessment
Environmental site assessments are conducted to
evaluate existing environmental problems from past
operations and potential environmental problems
from current or proposed operations at a site. The
primary objective of conducting a Phase II assessment
is to confirm and evaluate the environmental
conditions identified in the Phase I environmental site
assessment or transaction screening process. During
the Phase II, additional investigation and sampling is
needed to determine the nature and extent, source, and
significance of contamination following a Phase I
environmental assessment for the purpose of
supporting subsequent cleanup and reuse decisions.
Phenol
A phenol is one of a group of organic compounds that
are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning, and
textile, dye, gas, and resin manufacturing.
Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation is an innovative treatment
technology that uses plants and trees to clean up
contaminated soil and water. Plants can break
down, or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize
metal contaminants by acting as filters or traps.
Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals,
pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil,
polyaromatic carbons, and landfill leachates. Its use
generally is limited to sites at which concentrations
of contaminants are relatively low and
contamination is found in shallow soils, streams,
and groundwater.
Phytotechnology
The term phytotechnology refers to technologies that
use living plants. See also Phytoremediation.
APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
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Phytotoxic
The term phytotoxic is used to describe a substance
that is harmful to plants.
Plume
A plume is a visible or measurable emission or
discharge of a contaminant from a given point of
origin into any medium. The term also is used to refer
to measurable and potentially harmful radiation
leaking from a damaged reactor.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
PCBs are a group of toxic, persistent chemicals
produced by chlorination of biphenyl that once were
used in high-voltage electrical transformers because
they conducted heat well while being fire-resistant
and good electrical insulators.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
A PAH is a chemical compound that contains more
than one fused benzene ring. They are commonly
found in petroleum fuels, coal products, and tar.
Potassium Permanganate
Potassium permanganate is a crystalline compound
that is soluble in water, acetone, and methanol, but is
decomposed by ethanol. It is used widely as a
powerful oxidizing agent, as a disinfectant in a variety
of applications, and as an analytical oxidant reagent
in redox titrations.
Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)
A PRP is an individual or company (such as owners,
operators, transporters, or generators of hazardous
waste) that is potentially responsible for, or
contributing to, the contamination problems at a
Superfund site. Whenever possible, EPA requires
PRPs, through administrative and legal actions, to
clean up hazardous waste sites they have
contaminated. See also Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and Superfund.
Presumptive Remedies
Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for
common categories of CERCL A sites that have been
identified through historical patterns of remedy selection
and EPA's scientific and engineering evaluation of
performance data on technology implementation.
Pump and Treat (P&T)
P&T is a general term used to describe remediation
methods that involve the pumping of groundwater to
the surface for treatment. P&T is one of the most
common methods of treating polluted aquifers and
groundwater.
Quality Assurance (QA)
QA is a system of management activities that ensure
that a process, item, or service is of the type and
quality needed by the user. QA deals with setting
policy and implementing an administrative system of
management controls that cover planning,
implementation, and review of data collection
activities. QA is an important element of a quality
system that ensures that all research design and
performance, environmental monitoring and
sampling, and other technical and reporting activities
conducted by EPA are of the highest possible quality.
Quality Control (QC)
QC refers to scientific precautions, such as
calibrations and duplications, that are necessary if
data of known and adequate quality are to be
acquired. QC is technical in nature and is
implemented at the project level. Like QA, QC is an
important element of a quality system that ensures
that all research design and performance,
environmental monitoring and sampling, and other
technical and reporting activities conducted by EPA
are of the highest possible quality.
Radioactive Waste
Radioactive waste is any waste that emits energy as
rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles. Sources
of such wastes include nuclear reactors, research
institutions, and hospitals.
Radionuclide
A radionuclide is a radioactive element characterized
according to its atomic mass and atomic number,
which can be artificial or naturally occurring.
Radionuclides have a long life as soil or water
pollutants. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or
degraded; therefore, applicable technologies involve
separation, concentration and volume reduction,
immobilization, or vitrification. See also Solidification
and Stabilization.
Radon
Radon is a colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive,
inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of
radium atoms. See also Radioactive Waste and
Radionuclide.
Reactivity
Reactive wastes are unstable under normal
conditions. They can create explosions and or toxic
fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with water.
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Ready for Reuse (RfR) Determination
An RfR is a new type of document developed by EPA
to provide potential users of Superfund sites with an
environmental status report that documents a
technical determination made by EPA in consultation
with states, tribes, and local governments. The
environmental status report indicates whether all or a
portion of a property can support specific types of
uses and remain protective of human health and the
environment. The RfR guidance was issued by EPA in
February 2004.
Record of Decision (ROD)
A ROD is a legal, technical, and public document that
explains which cleanup alternative will be used at a
Superfund NPL site. The ROD is based on
information and technical analysis generated during
the remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/
FS) and consideration of public comments and
community concerns.
Release
A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,
emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, leaching,
dumping, or disposing into the environment of a
hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous
substance, as defined under RCRA. See also Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act.
Removal Action
A removal action usually is a short-term effort
designed to stabilize or clean up a hazardous waste
site that poses an immediate threat to human health or
the environment. Removal actions include removing
tanks or drums of hazardous substances that were
found on the surface and installing drainage controls
or security measures, such as a fence at the site.
Removal actions also may be conducted to respond to
accidental releases of hazardous substances.
CERCLA places time and money constraints on the
duration of removal actions. See also Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
Representative Sampling
The term representative sampling refers to a portion of
material or water that is as nearly identical in content
and consistency as possible to that in a larger body of
material or water being sampled. To prevent
segregation and to provide a level of accuracy, the
sample is representative of the volume and nature of
the material being sampled.
Resin
Resins are solids or semi-solids, originally of plant
origin, used principally in lacquers, varnishes, inks,
adhesives, synthetic plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
Man-made resins, also called synthetic plastics, have
a wide range of applications from manufacturing of
household goods to architectural and industrial uses.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA is a federal law enacted in 1976 that established
a regulatory system to track hazardous substances from
their generation to their disposal. The law requires the
use of safe and secure procedures in treating,
transporting, storing, and disposing of hazardous
substances. RCRA is designed to prevent the creation
of new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
RCRA Brownfields Prevention Initiative
The RCRA Brownfields Prevention Initiative supports
the design of pilot projects to test approaches that
better integrate reuse considerations into the corrective
action cleanup process. The initiative also addresses
concerns that application of RCRA to cleanup
activities may slow the progress of cleanup efforts.
RCRA Brownfields Prevention Targeted Site Efforts
(TSE) Initiative
The RCRA Brownfields Prevention TSE Initiative is
intended to focus short-term attention and support on
sites where cleanup has been delayed or slowed and
to serve as a catalyst for completing the cleanup at
such sites in order to prevent them from becoming
brownfields sites. The initiative applies to sites where
significant potential for redevelopment and reuse
exists and where limited EPA support would be
required to bring the Sites to the next level of cleanup.
Response Action
A response action is a short-term removal action or a
long-term remedial response, authorized under
CERCLA that is taken at a site to address releases of
hazardous substances.
Return to Reuse Initiative
The Return to Reuse Initiative was announced by EPA
on November 10,2004. This initiative focuses on NPL
sites that were cleaned up before EPA's current
emphasis on considering reuse during response
activities, many of which remain vacant. Under this
initiative, EPA is committed to reviewing remedies in
place to determine whether there are relatively modest
ways to alter the remedy, without triggering changes
to the ROD, to encourage reuse of these sites.
APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
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Reuse Assessment
A reuse assessment involves the collection and
evaluation of information to develop assumptions
about reasonably anticipated future land uses at
Superfund sites. It provides a tool for implementing
the Superfund land use directive and can involve a
review of available records, visual inspections of the
site, and discussions with local government officials,
property owners, and community members about
potential future land uses.
Risk Communication
Risk communication, the exchange of information
about health or environmental risks among risk
assessors, risk managers, the local community, news
media and interest groups, is the process of informing
members of the local community about environmental
risks associated with a site and the steps that are
being taken to manage those risks.
Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA)
As defined by EPA, RBCA is a streamlined approach
through which exposure and risk assessment
practices are integrated with traditional components
of the corrective action process to ensure that
appropriate and cost-effective remedies are selected
and that limited resources are allocated properly.
RBCA refers specifically to Standard Guide E1739 for
Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied At Petroleum
Release Sites, published by ASTM. The RBCA process
can be tailored to applicable state and local laws and
regulatory practices. See also American Society for
Testing and Materials.
Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP)
A SAP documents the procedural and analytical
requirements for a one-time or time-limited project that
involves the collection of samples of water, soil,
sediment, or other media to characterize areas of
potential environmental contamination. A SAP contains
all the elements of a quality assurance project plan and a
field sampling plan that must be provided to meet the
requirements for any project funded by the EPA under
which environmental measurements are to be taken.
Saturated Zone
The saturated zone is the area beneath the surface of
the land in which all openings are filled with water.
Seismic Reflection and Refraction
Seismic reflection and refraction is a technology used to
examine the geophysical features of soil and bedrock,
such as debris, buried channels, and other features.
Semivolatile Organic Compound (SVOC)
SVOCs, composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen
atoms, have boiling points greater than 200ฐC.
Common SVOCs include PCBs, PAHs, and phenols.
See also Phenol and Poly chlorinated Biphenyl.
Significant Threat
The term refers to the level of contamination that a
state would consider significant enough to warrant an
action. The thresholds vary from state to state.
Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer
System (SCAPS)
SC APS was developed by the Division of the Naval
Command, Control, and Ocean Surveillance Center, in
collaboration with the U.S. Army and the U. S. Air
Force. SCAPS, a cone penetrometer testing system,
coupled with laser-induced fluorescence, measures
fluorescence with optical fibers. The measurement is
made through a sapphire window on a probe that is
pushed into the ground with a truck-mounted cone
penetrometer testing platform. See also Cone
Penetrometer and Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone
Penetrometer.
Six-Phase Soil Heating
Six-phase soil heating is an in situ thermal
technology for the remediation of contamination of
soil and groundwater. The process splits
conventional electricity into six electrical phases for
the electrical resistive heating of soil and
groundwater. Each electrical phase is delivered to
one of six electrodes placed in a hexagonal array.
The voltage gradient between phases causes an
electrical current to flow through the soil and
groundwater. Resistivity causes the temperature to
rise. As the soil and groundwater are heated
uniformly to the boiling point of water, the water
becomes steam, stripping volatile and semivolatile
contaminants from the pore spaces. In addition,
removal of the soil moisture increases the air
permeability of the soils, which can further increase
the rate at which contaminants are removed.
Sludge
Sludge is a semisolid residue from air or water
treatment processes. Residues from treatment of metal
wastes and the mixture of waste and soil at the bottom
of a waste lagoon are examples of sludge, which can
be a hazardous waste.
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Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields
Revitalization Act
The Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields
Revitalization Act - also known as the Brownfields
Law - was passed in January 2002. With the passage
of this act, EPA assistance was expanded to provide
greater support for brownfields cleanup and reuse.
The law modified EPA's brownfields grants and
technical assistance program by increasing EPA
funding authority up to $200 million per year;
providing grants for assessments, revolving loan
funds, direct cleanups, and job training; expanding
the entities, properties, and activities eligible for
brownfields grants; expanding the Brownfields
Program's applicability to sites with petroleum
contamination such as abandoned gas stations; and
providing authority for brownfields training, research,
and technical assistance. In addition, the Brownfields
Law changed and clarified Superfund liability for
prospective purchasers, innocent landowners, and
contiguous property owners. The law also provided
liability protection for certain small-volume waste
contributors and municipal solid waste contributors.
Soil Boring
Soil boring is a process by which a soil sample is
extracted from the ground for chemical, biological, and
analytical testing to determine the level of
contamination present.
Soil Flushing
In soil flushing, large volumes of water, at times
supplemented with treatment compounds, are applied
to the soil or injected into the groundwater to raise the
water table into the zone of contaminated soil.
Contaminants are leached into the groundwater, and
the extraction fluids are recovered from the underlying
aquifer. When possible, the fluids are recycled.
Soil Gas
Soil gas consists of gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between particles of the
earth and soil. Such gases can move through or leave
the soil or rock, depending on changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
SVE is a process that physically separates
contaminants from soil in a vapor form by exerting a
vacuum through the soil formation. SVE removes
VOCs and some SVOCs from soil beneath the ground
surface.
Soil Washing
Soil washing is an innovative treatment technology that
uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined with
chemical additives) and a mechanical process to scrub
soils, removes hazardous contaminants, and
concentrates the contaminants into a smaller volume.
The technology is used to treat a wide range of
contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils, and
pesticides. Soil washing is a relatively low-cost
alternative for separating waste and minimizing volume
as necessary to facilitate subsequent treatment. It is often
used in combination with other treatment technologies.
The technology can be brought to the site, thereby
eliminating the need to transport hazardous wastes.
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and stabilization are the processes of
removing wastewater from a waste or changing it
chemically to make the waste less permeable and
susceptible to transport by water. Solidification and
stabilization technologies can immobilize many heavy
metals, certain radionuclides, and selected organic
compounds, while decreasing the surface area and
permeability of many types of sludge, contaminated
soils, and solid wastes.
Solubility
Solubility is a measure of the amount of solute that will
dissolve in a solution. It is the ability or tendency of one
substance to dissolve into another at a given temperature
and pressure and is generally expressed in terms of the
amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of
solvent to produce a saturated solution.
Solvent
A solvent is a substance, usually liquid, that is
capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other
substances.
Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is an innovative treatment
technology that uses a solvent to separate or remove
hazardous organic contaminants from oily-type
wastes, soils, sludges, and sediments. The technology
does not destroy contaminants, but concentrates them
so they can be recycled or destroyed more easily by
another technology. Solvent extraction has been
shown to be effective in treating sediments, sludges,
and soils that contain primarily organic
contaminants, such as PCBs, VOCs, halogenated
organic compounds, and petroleum wastes. Such
contaminants typically are generated from metal
degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline,
and wood preserving processes. Solvent extraction is
a transportable technology that can be brought to the
site. See also Halogenated Organic Compound,
Polychlorinated Biphenyl, and Volatile Organic
Compound.
APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
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Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
An SOP is a step-by-step procedure that promotes
uniformity in operations to help clarify and augment
such operations. SOPs document the way activities
are to be performed to facilitate consistent
conformance to technical and quality system
requirements and to support data quality. The use of
SOPs is an integral part of a successful quality system
because SOPs provide individuals with the
information needed to perform a job properly and
facilitate consistency in the quality and integrity of a
product or end result. SOPs also provide guidance in
areas in which the exercise of professional judgment is
necessary and specify procedures that are unique to
each task.
Steam Injection
Steam injection is a remediation technology that uses
the addition of steam to the subsurface to heat the soil
and groundwater and drive off contaminants. The
technology was developed by the petroleum industry
to enhance recovery of oils from reservoirs, and has
been adapted by the remediation industry for use in
the recovery of organic contaminants from the
subsurface.
Strategic Environmental Research and Development
Program (SERDP)
SERDP is an environmental research and
development program headed by the U.S. Department
of Defense in partnership with the U.S. Department of
Energy and EPA. The program focuses on cleanup,
compliance, conservation, pollution prevention, and
unexploded ordnance technologies. SERDP also
provides demonstration opportunities at national test
sites and conducts annual symposia and workshops
to encourage technology transfer.
Subsurface
Underground, beneath the surface.
Superfund
Superfund is the trust fund that provides for the
cleanup of hazardous substances released into the
environment, regardless of fault. The Superfund was
established under the Comprehensive Environmental
Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)
and subsequent amendments to CERCLA. The term
Superfund also is used to refer to cleanup programs
designed and conducted under CERCLA and its
subsequent amendments. See also Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program
The SITE Program is an effort established by EPA in
1986 to advance the development, evaluation, and
commercialization of innovative treatment technologies
for assessing and cleaning up hazardous waste sites.
The program provides an opportunity for technology
developers to demonstrate their technologies' ability to
successfully process and remediate hazardous waste.
The SITE Program has four components: the Emerging
Technology Program, the Demonstration Program, the
Measurement and Monitoring Program, and the
Technology Transfer Program.
Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (SRI)
The SRI reflects EPA's commitment to consider
reasonably anticipated future land uses when making
remedy decisions for Superfund hazardous waste
sites so that sites can be cleaned up to be protective of
human health and the environment under the future
uses of the land.
Surface Water
Surface water is all water naturally open to the
atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams,
and seas.
Surfactant Flushing
Surfactant flushing is a technology used to treat
contaminated groundwater. Surfactant flushing of
NAPL increases the solubility and mobility of the
contaminants in water so that the NAPLs can be
biodegraded more easily in an aquifer or recovered for
treatment aboveground. See also Nonaqueous Phase
Liquid.
Systematic Planning
Systematic planning is a planning process that is
based on the scientific method. It is a common-sense
approach designed to ensure that the level of detail
in planning is commensurate with the importance
and intended use of the data, as well as the available
resources. Systematic planning is important to the
successful execution of all activities at hazardous
waste sites, but it is particularly important to
dynamic field activities because those activities rely
on rapid decision-making. The data quality objective
(DQO) process is one formalized process of
systematic planning. All dynamic field activities
must be designed through the use of systematic
planning, whether using DQO steps or some other
system. See also Data Quality Objective.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
"Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/
Chemical Methods" (SW-846)
SW-846 refers to an EPA guidance and reference
document, "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods," which is intended to
assist analytical chemists and other users in the
RCRA and Superfund programs by suggesting
procedures that analysts have found to be successful
when applied to typical samples. The SW-846
methods are analytical and sampling methods that
have been evaluated and approved for use in
complying with RCRA regulations. The methods are
not intended to be prescriptive, nor are all
technologies or methods that may be used identified.
T etrachloroethene
Tetrachloroethene is a nonflammable manufactured
chemical widely used for dry cleaning fabrics and in
metal degreasing operations. It also is used as a
starting material (building block) for the production of
other manufactured chemicals. Other names for
tetrachloroethene include PERC, tetrachloroethylene,
perchloroethylene, and PCE.
Thermal Desorption
Thermal desorption is an innovative treatment
technology that heats soils contaminated with
hazardous wastes to temperatures from 200 to 1,000ฐF
so that contaminants that have low boiling points will
vaporize and separate from the soil. The vaporized
contaminants then are collected for further treatment
or destruction, typically by an air emission treatment
system. The technology is most effective for treating
VOCs; SVOCs; and other organic contaminants such
as PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides. It is effective in
separating organics from refining wastes, coal tar
wastes, waste from wood treatment, and paint wastes.
It also can separate solvents, pesticides, PCBs, dioxins,
and fuel oils from contaminated soil. See also
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Poly chlorinated
Biphenyl, Semivolatile Organic Compound, and Volatile
Organic Compound.
Toluene
Toluene is a colorless liquid chemical with a sweet,
strong odor. It is used as a solvent in aviation
gasoline and in making other chemicals, perfumes,
medicines, dyes, explosives, and detergents.
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)
TPH refers to a measure of concentration or mass of
petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a
given amount of air, soil, or water.
Toxic Substance
A toxic substance is a chemical or mixture that may
present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the
environment.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
TSCA was enacted in 1976 to test, regulate, and screen
all chemicals produced or imported into the United
States. TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches
the consumer marketplace be tested for possible toxic
effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any existing
chemical that poses health and environmental
hazards is tracked and reported under TSCA.
Toxicity
Toxicity is a quantification of the degree of danger
posed by a substance to animal or plant life.
Triad Approach
The Triad approach is a three-pronged approach
designed to encourage modernization of data
collection, analysis, interpretation, and management in
order to support cleanup decisions for hazardous
waste sites. The three parts of the Triad approach
include systematic planning, a dynamic work strategy,
and use of real-time measurement tools to allow on-site
analysis of samples. The Triad approach enables
project managers to minimize uncertainty while
expediting site cleanup and reducing project costs.
Systematic planning is a common-sense approach used
to ensure that the level of detail of project planning
matches the intended use of the data being collected.
The dynamic work strategy relies on real-time data to
reach decision points. The logic for decision-making is
identified, and responsibilities, authority, and lines of
communication are established. Real-time
measurement is made possible by use of on-site
analytical tools and rapid sampling platforms, on-site
interpretation and management of data, and supports
on-site decision-making.
Trichloroethene (TCE)
TCE is a stable, low-boiling point, colorless liquid that
is used as a solvent, as a metal degreasing agent, and
in other industrial applications. TCE is also known as
trichloroethylene.
Uncertainty
The term uncertainty refers to the inherent unknown
quantities present in all scientific and technical
decisions. Uncertainties can arise from incomplete
knowledge of the nature and extent of contamination,
an inability to predict a technology's performance
under site-specific conditions, or new or changing
regulatory requirements.
APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Underground Inj ection Control (UIC)
UIC is the prevention of contamination from fluids
disposed through underground injection. Regulated
under the Safe Drinking Act, the UIC program was
established to prevent contamination of underground
sources of drinking water. In addition to banning
certain types of injection, the program establishes
minimum requirements for the siting of injection wells
and the construction, operation, maintenance,
monitoring, testing, and closure of wells.
Underground Storage Tank (UST)
An UST is a tank and any underground piping
connected to a tank that is used to contain gasoline or
other petroleum products or chemical solutions and
that is placed in such a manner that at least 10 percent
of its combined volume is underground.
USTFields Initiative
The USTFields Initiative undertaken by EPA's Office
of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST) focuses on
improving cleanups at sites affected by petroleum
contamination and encouraging redevelopment of
these sites.
Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)
The term exploded ordnance refers to any munition,
weapon delivery system, or ordnance item that
contains explosives, propellants, and chemical agents.
UXO consists of the same items after they: (1) have
been armed or otherwise prepared for action; (2) have
been launched, placed, fired, or released in such a
manner as to constitute a hazard to operations,
installations, personnel, or material; and (3) remain
unexploded by design, by malfunction, or for any
other reason.
Unsaturated Zone
The unsaturated zone is the area between the land
surface and the uppermost aquifer (or saturated zone).
The soils in an unsaturated zone may contain air and
water.
Vadose Zone
The vadose zone is the area between the surface of the
land and the surface of the water table in which the
moisture content is less than the saturation point and
the pressure is less than atmospheric. The openings
(pore spaces) also typically contain air or other gases.
Vapor
Vapor is the gaseous phase of any substance that is
liquid or solid at atmospheric temperatures and
pressures. Steam is an example of a vapor.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
A VOC is one of a group of carbon-containing
compounds that evaporate readily at room temperature.
Examples of VOCs include trichloroethane;
trichloroethene; and benzene toluene ethylbenzene and
xylene (BTEX). These contaminants typically are
generated from metal degreasing, printed circuitboard
cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving processes.
Volatilization
Volatilization is the process of transfer of a chemical
from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase.
Solubility, molecular weight, and vapor pressure of
the liquid and the nature of the gas-liquid affect the
rate of volatilization.
Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP)
A VCP is a formal means established by many states to
facilitate assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment of
brownfields sites. VCPs typically address the
identification and cleanup of potentially
contaminated sites that are not on the National
Priorities List (NPL). Under a VCP, owners or
developers of a site are encouraged to approach the
state voluntarily to work out a process by which the
site can be readied for development. Many state VCPs
provide technical assistance, liability assurances, and
funding support for such efforts. See also National
Priorities List.
Wastewater
Wastewater is spent or used water from an individual
home, a community, a farm, or an industry that
contains dissolved or suspended matter.
Water Table
A water table is the boundary between the saturated
and unsaturated zones beneath the surface of the
earth, the level of groundwater, and generally is the
level to which water will rise in a well. See also Aquifer
and Groundwater.
Zoning
Zoning is the exercise of the civil authority of a
municipality to regulate and control the character and
use of property.
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APPENDIX C
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
The lists included in this appendix identify contacts at the state and EPA regional levels, as well as EPA
technical support staff in the Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation and the Office of
Research and Development. The individuals are available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts at
brownfields sites.
The points of contact listed are current, according to information available at the time of publication.
State Brownfields Contacts
C-2
EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinators
An online list of regional contacts is available at
www .epa.gov/siverospslbfl regcntct.h tin
C-7
a
EPA Technical Support Contacts
C-8
APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS
C-1
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
State
Brownfields
Contacts
ALABAMA
www.adem.state.al.usl
Dan Cooper
Land Division
AL Department of Environmental
Management
1751 Congressman WL Dickinson
Drive
Montgomery, AL 36109
Phone: (334) 271-7711
Fax: (334) 279-3050
ALASKA
www.dec.state.ak.ns/
Jill Taylor
Spill Prevention and Response
AK Department of Environmental
Conservation
410 Willoughby Avenue
Juneau, AK 99801
Phone: (907) 465-5209
Fax: (907) 465-5262
E-mail: Jill.taylor@dec.state.ak.us
ARIZONA
immv2.ev.state.az.us/index.html
A1 Roesler
Voluntary Sites Unit
AZ Department of Environmental
Quality
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85012
Phone: (602) 207-4166
Fax: (602) 207-4236
E-mail: roesler.al@ev.state.az.us
ARKANSAS
www.adeq.state.ar.us/hazwaste/
Mike Bates
Hazardous Waste Division
AR Department of Environmental
Quality
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Phone: (501) 682-0831
Fax: (501) 682-0565
E-mail: bates@adeq.state.ar.us
Daniel Clanton
Hazardous Waste Division, Active Sites
Branch
Department of Environmental Quality
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Phone: (501) 682-0834
Fax: (501) 682-0565
E-mail: clanton@adeq.state.ar.us
CALIFORNIA
www.calepa.ca.gov/
Steven Becker
Sacramento Regional Office
Department of Toxic Substances Control
8800 Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, CA 95826
Phone: (916) 255-3845
Email: sbecker@dtsc.ca.gov
Megan Cambridge
Statewide Brownfields Coordinator
Department of Toxic Substances Control
8800 Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, CA 95826
Phone: (916) 255-3727
Email: mcambridge@dtsc.ca.gov
Tina Diaz
Glendale Regional Office
Department of Toxic Substances Control
1011 North Grandview Avenue
Glendale, CA 91201
Phone: (818) 551-2862
Fax: (818) 551-2832
Email: tdiaz@dtsc.ca.gov
Janet Naito
Berkeley Regional Office
Department of Toxic Substances Control
700 Heinz Avenue
Suite 200C
Berkeley, CA 94710
Phone: (510) 540-3833
Fax: (510) 540-3819
Email: jnaito@dtsc.ca.gov
Lynn Nakashima
Berkeley Regional Office
Department of Toxic Substances Control
700 Heinz Avenue
Suite 200C
Berkeley, CA 94710
Phone: (510) 540-3839
Fax: (510) 540-3819
Email: lnakashi@dtsc.ca.gov
Kevin Shaddy
Clovis Field Office
Department of Toxic Substances Control
1515 Tollhouse Road
Clovis, CA 93611
Phone: (559) 297-3929
Email: kshaddy@dtsc.ca.gov
Rania Zabaneh
Cypress Regional Office
Department of Toxic Substances Control
5796 Corporate Avenue
Cypress, CA 90630
Phone: (714) 484-5479
Email: rzabaneh@dtsc.ca.gov
COLORADO
ximmistate.co.us/gov_dir/cdplK_dir/hm
Daniel Scheppers
Hazardous Waste Materials and Waste
Management Division
CO Department of Public Health and
Environment
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80246-1530
Phone: (303) 692-3398
Fax: (303) 759-5355
E-mail: daniel.scheppers@state.co.us
CONNECTICUT
http://dep.state.ct.us/
Doug Zimmerman
CT Department of Environmental
Protection
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106-5127
Phone: (860) 424-3800
Fax: (860) 424-4057
E-mail:
douglas.zimmerman@po.state.ct.us
DELAWARE
http://sirb.aivm.dnrec.state.de.us/
Steve Seidel
Department of Revenue
820 North French Street
Wilmington, DE 19801
Phone: (302) 577-8455
Fax: (302) 577-8656
E-mail: sseidel@de.state.us
FLORIDA
www.dep.state.fl.us/
Joe McGarrity
Bureau of Waste Cleanup
FL Department of Environmental
Protection
Tallahassee, FL
Phone: (904) 488-3935
E-mail: mcgarrity_j@dep.state.fl.us
Roger Register
Brownfields Liaison
FL Department of Environmental
Protection
MS 4505
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Phone: (850) 488-0190
Fax: (850) 922-4368
E-mail: register_r@dep.state.fl.us
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
GEORGIA IOWA
www. dm. state.ga.us/dnr/environ
Darren Meadows
Environmental Protection Division
GA Department of Natural Resources
Suite 1462
205 Butler Street, SE
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone: (404) 657-8600
Fax: (404) 657-0307
E-mail:
darren_meadows@mail.dnr.state.ga.us
HAWAII
wwwMwaii.gov/health
Bryce Hatoaka
Environmental Management Division
HI Department of Health, Hazard
Evaluation and Emergency Response
919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 206
Honolulu, HI 96814
Phone: (808) 586-4248
Fax: (808) 586-7537
E-mail: bhatoaka@eha.health.state.hi.us
IDAHO
Zimmi2.state.id.ns/deq
Dean Nygard
Division of Environmental Quality
ID Department of Health and Welfare
1410 North Hilton Street
Boise, ID 83706
Phone: (208) 373-0276
Fax: (208) 373-0576
ILLINOIS
ximmiepa.state.il.us/
Rick Lucas
Division of Land Pollution Control
IL Environmental Protection Agency
1021 North Grand Avenue East
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
Phone: (217) 782-6761
Fax: (217) 782-3258
E-mail: epa4155@epa.state.il.us
INDIANA
www.ai.org/idem/oer/index.html
Peggy Dorsey
Voluntary Remediation Program
IN Department of Environmental
Management
P.O. Box 6015
100 North Senate Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
Phone: (317) 234-0428
E-mail: pdorsey@dem.state.in.us
www.state, ia.ns/epd
Stuart C. Schmitz
Contaminated Sites Section
IA Department of Natural Resources
Wallace State Office Building
Des Moines, IA 50319
Phone: (515) 242-5241
Fax: (515) 281-8895
E-mail: stuart.schmitz@dnr.state.ia.us
KANSAS
www.kdhe.state.ks.ns/ber/
Frank Arnwine
1000 SW Jackson, Suite 410
Topeka, Kansas 66612-1367
Phone: (785) 296-1665
Fax (785) 296-7030
E-mail farnwine@kdhe.state.ks.us
KENTUCKY
www.kxjeqc.net/
Jeffrey Pratt
Division of Waste Management
KY Department of Environmental
Protection
14 Reilly Road
Frankfurt, KY 40601
Phone: (502) 564-6716
Fax: (502) 564-4049
E-mail: pratt@nrdep.nr.state.ky.us
LOUISIANA
www.deq.state.la.ns/
John Halk
Department of Environmental Quality
Inactive & Abandoned Sites Division
P.O. Box 82178
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178
Phone: (504) 765-0487
Fax: (504) 765-0484
MAINE
www. state, me. us/dep/rwm/home. htm
Nicholas Hodgkins
Bureau of Hazardous Materials & Solid
Waste Control
ME Department of Environmental
Protection
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333-0017
Phone: (207) 287-2651
Fax: (207) 287-7826
E-mail: nick.hodgkins@state.me.us
MARYLAND
www.mde.state.md.ns/
Karl Kalbacher
MD Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
Phone: (410) 631-3437
Fax: (410) 631-3472
E-mail: kkalbacher@mde.state.md.us
Jim Metz
MD Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
Phone: (410) 631-3437
Fax: (410) 631-3472
E-mail: bdemarco@charm.net
MASSACHUSETTS
www. state.ma.ns/dep/bwsc/bwschome. htm
Betsy Harper
Office of the Attorney General
MA Environmental Protection Division
200 Portland Street
Boston, MA 02114
Phone: (617) 727-2200
Fax: (617) 727-9665
Catherine Firtneran
Brownfields Coordinator
Waste Site Cleanup
MA Department of Environmental
Protection
One Winter Street Floor # 7
Boston, MA 02108
Phone: (617) 556-1138
Fax: (617) 556-1049
MICHIGAN
www.deq.state.mi.ns/
James Linton
Site Reclamation Unit
MI Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 30426
Lansing, MI 48909
Phone: (517) 373-8450
Fax: (517) 373-9657
E-mail: lintonj@state.mi.us
APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS
C-3
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
MINNESOTA NEVADA
www.pca.state.mn.iis/cleamip/index.html
Greg Ruff
Groundwater & Solid Waste Unit
MN Pollution Control Agency
520 Lafayette Road
St. Paul, MN 55155-4194
Phone: (651) 296-0892
Fax: (651) 296-9707
E-mail: joseph.otte@pca.state.mn.us
Meredith Udoibok
Department of Trade and Economic
Development
St. Paul, MN
Phone: (651) 297-4132
MISSISSIPPI
www.deq.state.ms.ns/
Tony Russell
MS Department of Environmental
Quality
Hazardous Waste Division
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
Phone: (601) 961-5171
Fax: (601) 961-5300
E-mail: tony_russell@deq.state.ms.us
MISSOURI
ximmidnr.state.ino.us/deq/homedeq.htm
Jim Belcher
Voluntary Cleanup Section
MO Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
Phone: (573) 526-8913
Fax: (573) 526-8922
MONTANA
zimmi.deq.state.mt.ns/index.asp
Carol Fox
Site Remediation Division
MT Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
Phone: (406) 444-0478
Fax: (406) 444-1901
E-mail: cfox@mt.gov
NEBRASKA
www.deq.state.ne.us/
Ted Huscher
NE Department of Environmental
Quality
1200 N Street
The Atrium Building, Suite 400
Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
Phone: (402) 471-2214
Fax: (402) 471-2909
E-mail: ted.huscher@ndeq.state.ne.us
www.state.nv.us/
Robert Kelso
Bureau of Corrective Actions
NV Division of Environmental
Protection
333 West Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89706
Phone: (702) 687-5872
Fax: (702) 687-6396
E-mail: us.ndepl@govmail.state.nv.us
NEW HAMPSHIRE
www.state.nh.us/des/hwrb/
Gary Lynn
Waste Management Division
NH Department of Environmental
Services
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03304
Phone: (603) 271-6778
Fax: (603) 271-2456
NEW JERSEY
www.state.ni.us/dep/srp/index.htm
Gary Greulich
Bureau of Field Operations
NJ Department of Environmental
Protection
2 Babcock Place
West Orange, NJ 07052
Phone: (973) 669-3960
George Nicholas
Bureau of Ground Water Pollution
Abatement
NJ Department of Environmental
Protection
P.O. Box 413
Trenton, NJ 08625-0413
Phone: (609) 984-6565
Mark Pederson
Case Assignment Section
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
P.O. Box 028
Trenton, NJ 08625-0434
Phone: (609) 292-1928
Fax: (609) 292-2117
NEW MEXICO
www.nmenv.state.nm.us/
Christine Bynum
Voluntary Remediation Program,
Ground Water Quality Bureau
NM Environmental Department
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe,NM 87502
Phone: (505) 827-2754
Fax: (505) 827-2965
E-mail:
chris_bynum@nmenv .state .nm .us
NEW YORK
www.dec.state.ny.us/
Christine Costopoulos
Division of Remedial Response
NY Department of Environmental
Conservation
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233-7010
Phone: (518) 457-5861
Fax: (518) 457-9639
E-mail: cjcostop@gw.dec.state.ny.us
NORTH CAROLINA
http://ivastenot.ehiir.state.iic.us/
Charlotte Jesneck
Division of Waste Management, Site
Cleanup Bureau
NC Department of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources
401 Oberlin Road
P.O. Box 29603
Raleigh, NC 27611-7687
Phone: (919) 733-2801
Fax: (919) 733-4811
E-mail:
jesneckc@wastenot.ehnr.state.nc.us
NORTH DAKOTA
iinmv.ehs.health.state.iid.us/ndhd/eiiviron/
wm/index.htm
Kurt Erickson
Division of Waste Management
ND Department of Health and
Consolidated Labs
P.O. Box 5520
Bismark, ND 58506-5520
Phone: (701) 328-5166
Fax: (701) 328-5200
E-mail:
ccmail.cerickso@ranch.state.nd.us
OHIO
www.epa.state.oh.us/derr/
Jennifer Kwasniewski
Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency
1800 Watermark Drive
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43266-0419
Phone: (614) 644-2279
Fax: (614) 644-3146
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
OKLAHOMA PUERTO RICO
www.deq.state.ok.us/waste.html
Rita Kottke
Waste Management Division
OK Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 1677
707 N. Robinson
Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677
Phone: (405) 702-5127
Fax: (405) 702-5101
E-mail: rita.kottke@deqmail.state. ok.us
Amil Lyon
Department of Environmental Quality
Waste Management Division
707 North Robinson
Oklahoma City, OK 73102
Phone: (405) 702-5140
Fax: (405) 70205101
E-mail: amil.lyon@oklaosf.state.ok.us
OREGON
www.deq.state.or.us/wmc/cleanup/
clean.htm
AlanKiphut
Waste Management and Cleanup
Division
OR Department of Environmental
Quality
811 S.W. Sixth Avenue
Portland, OR 97204
Phone: (503) 229-6834
Fax: (503) 229-6977
E-mail: kiphut.alan@deq.state.or.us
PENNSYLVANIA
ximmidep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/
airwaste/wm/defaidt.htm
Scott Dunkelberger
Grants Office
Department of Community and
Economic Development
494 Forum Building
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Phone: (717) 787-7120
Fax: (717) 772-2890
E-mail: sdunkel@doc.state.pa.us
David Hess
Department of Environmental
Protection
Philadelphia, PA
Phone: (717) 783-7509
E-mail: hess.david@al.dep.state.pa.us
James Shaw
Bureau of Land Recycling & Waste
Management
Department of Environmental
Protection
400 Market Street
P.O. Box 8471
Harrisburg, PA 17105
Phone: (717) 787-7120
Fax: (717) 787-1904
E-mail: landrecyclng@al.dep.state.pa.us
EnidVillegas
Chief Superfund Core
Puerto Rico Environmental Quality
Board
P.O. Box 11488
Santure, PR 00910
(787) 767-8181
Fax: (787) 766-0150
RHODE ISLAND
www.state.ri.us/dem
Greg Fine
Office of Waste Management
RI Department of Environmental
Management
235 Promenade Street
Providence, RI 02908
Phone: (401) 222-2797
Fax: (401) 222-3812
SOUTH CAROLINA
www.state.sc.us/dhec
Gail Jeter
Bureau of Land and Waste
Management
SC Department of Health and
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: (803) 896-4069
Fax: (803) 896-4001
E-mail:
jetergr@columb34.dhec.state.sc.us
SOUTH DAKOTA
www.state.sd.us/state/executive/denrl
denr.html
Mark Lawrenson
Division of Environmental Regulation
SD Department of Water and Natural
Resources
523 East Capitol, Foss Building
Pierre, SD 57501
Phone: (605) 773-5868
Fax: (605) 773-6035
TENNESSEE
www.state.tn.us/environment/dsfl
home.htm
Andrew Shivas
Division of Superfund
TN Department of Environment and
Conservation
401 Church Street
14th Floor, L&C Annex
Nashville, TN 37214
Phone: (615) 532-0912
Fax: (615) 532-0938
E-mail: ashivas@mail.state.tn.us
TEXAS
www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/homepgs/oprr.html
Chuck Epperson
Voluntary Cleanup Section
TX Natural Resource Conservation
Commission
P.O. Box 13087-MC221
Austin, TX 78711-3087
Phone: (512) 239-2498
Fax: (512) 239-1212
E-mail: cepperso@tnrcc.state.tx.us
UTAH
www.eq.state.ut.us/EQERR/errhmpg.htm
Brent Everett
Division of Environmental Response
and Remediation
168 North 1950 West
1st Floor
Salt Lake City, UT 84116
Phone: (801) 536-4100
Fax: (801) 536-4242
E-mail: beverett@deq.state.ut.us
VERMONT
www.anr.state.vt.us/
George Desch
Department of Environmental
Conservation
VT Agency of Natural Resources
103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05671-0404
Phone: (802) 241-3491
Fax: (802) 244-3296
E-mail: georged@dec.anr.state.vt.us
VIRGINIA
www.deq.state.va.us/
Erica Dameron
VA Department of Environmental
Quality
629 E. Main Street
Richmond, VA 23219
Phone: (804) 698-4201
Fax: 804 698-4234
E-mail: esdameron@deq.state.va.us
WASHINGTON
www.ecy.wa.gov/
Curtis Dahlgren
WA Department of Ecology
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
Phone: (360) 407-7187
Fax: (360) 407-7154
E-mail: cdah461@ecy.wa.gov
APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS
C-5
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Angelo Tompros
Department of Consumer and
Regulatory Affairs
Environmental Regulation
Administration
2100 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, SE
Room 203
Washington, DC 20020
Phone: (202) 645-6080
Fax: (202) 645-6622
WEST VIRGINIA
iuiuiu.dep.state.iuv.ns/
Ken Ellison
Office of Waste Management
WV Division of Environmental
Protection
1356 Hansford Street
Charleston, WV 25301
Phone: (304) 558-5929
Fax: (304) 558-0256
E-mail: kellison@mail.dep.state.wv.us
WISCONSIN
www.dnr.state.wi.ns/org/aw/rr
Darsi Foss
Division of Environmental Quality
WI Department of Natural Resources
101 South Webster Street
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707-7921
Phone: (608) 267-6713
Fax: (608) 267-2768
E-mail: fossd@dnr.state.wi.us
WYOMING
http://deq.state.iuy.us/
Carl Anderson
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
WY Department of Environmental
Quality
122 West, 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: (307) 777-7752
Fax: (307) 777-5973
E-mail: cander@missc.state.wy.us
C-6
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA Regional * .
Brownfields jlFltee
Coordinators
An online list of regional contacts is
available at www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/
regcntct.htm.
REGION 1
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Vermont
www.epa.gov/region01/Brownfields/
U.S. EPA Region 1 Brownfields Office
One Congress Street (HBT)
Boston, MA 02114-2023
Phone: (617) 918-1221
Fax: (617) 918-1291
REGION 2
New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands
www.epa.gov/r02earth/superfnd/
brownfld/bfma inpg. h tm
U.S. EPA Region 2 Brownfields Office
290 Broadway
18th Floor
New York, NY 10007-1866
Phone: (212) 637-3000
Fax: (212) 637-4360
REGION 3
Delaware, Washington, D.C.,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
West Virginia
www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/brownfld/
hmpagel.htm
U.S. EPA Region 3 Brownfields Office
1650 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Phone: (215) 814-3129 or (800) 814-5000
Fax: (215) 814-3254
REGION 4
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee
www.epa .go vl regi on4lindex.html
U.S. EPA Region 4 Brownfields Office
Atlanta Federal Center
61 Forsyth Street
Atlanta, GA 30303
(404) 562-8684
Fax: (404) 562-8566
REGION 5
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Wisconsin
www.epa.gov/R5Brownfields/
U.S. EPA Region 5 Brownfields Office
77 West Jackson Boulevard (SE-4J)
Chicago, IL 60604-3507
Phone: (312) 886-7576 or (800) 621-8431
Fax: (312) 886-7190
REGION 6
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, Texas
www.epa.gov/earthlr6/6sf/bfpages/
sfbfltome.htm
U.S. EPA Region 6 Brownfields Office
1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Phone: (214) 665-6736
Fax: (214) 665-6660
REGION 7
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
http://www.epa.gov/region07/
Brownfieldslindex.html
U.S. EPA Region 7 Brownfields Office
901 North 5th Street
Kansas City, KS 66101
Phone: (913) 551-7066 or (800) 223-0425
Fax: (913) 9646
REGION 8
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
www.epa.gov/region08/land_waste/
bfltome/bfltome.html
U.S. EPA Region 8 Brownfields Office
999 18th Street, Suite 300
Denver, CO 80202-2406
Phone: (800)-227-8917
Fax: (303) 312-6067
REGION 9
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
American Samoa, Guam
www.epa.gov/region09/waste/brown/
index.html
U.S. EPA Region 9 Brownfields Office
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415) 972-3188
Fax: (415) 947-3528
REGION 10
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/
index.It tin l#otlier
U.S. EPA Region 10 Brownfields Office
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98011
Phone: (800)424-4372
Fax: (206) 553-0124
EPA - HEADQUARTERS
www.epa.gov/brownfields
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (202) 260-6837
Fax: (202) 260-6066
APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS C-7
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
SPECIFIC TECHNICAL SUPPORT:
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES
Ed Barth
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Phone: (513) 569-7669
Fax: (513) 569-7676
E-mail: barth.ed@epa.gov
Joan Colson
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Phone: (513) 569-7501
Fax: (513) 569-7676
GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
David Burden
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 1198
Ada, OK 74821-1198
Phone: (580) 436-8606
E-mail: burden.david@epa.gov
GROUNDWATER INFORMATION
Richard Steimle
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology
Innovation
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-7195
E-mail: steimle.richard@epa.gov
REGULATORY INFORMATION
See page C-6 for information about EPA regional
points of contact.
SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING
Deana Crumbling
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology
Innovation
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-0643
E-mail: crumbling.deana@epa.gov
EPA Technical <
Support Contacts
k
BROWNFIELDS AND LAND REVITALIZATION
TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT CENTER
Online: iuiuiu.broumfieldstsc.org
Phone: (877) 838-7220 (Toll Free)
EPA Contact: Dan Powell
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Superfund Remediation and
Technology Innovation
Phone: (703) 603-7196
E-mail: powell.dan@epa.gov
GENERAL INFORMATION:
OFFICE OF SUPERFUND REMEDIATION AND
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION
CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES
John Kingscott
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology
Innovation
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-7189
E-mail: kingscott.john@epa.gov
C-8
-------
APPENDIX D
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Each resource described in this document can either be viewed or downloaded online at
www.brozvnfieldstsc.org. Many of the documents are provided in portable document format (pdf). Printed or
hard copy versions of the publications are available from a variety of EPA sources. Visit the EPA
Information Sources Web site for publications at www.epa.gov/epahome/publications.htm to obtain additional
information on sources of publications. Some of the information contained on the Web site is included
below.
EPA's National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) is a central repository for all EPA
documents, with more than 7,000 titles in paper and electronic format. The documents are available free of
charge, but supplies may be limited. You may order one copy each of as many as five documents within any
two-week period. Documents may be ordered on line, by telephone, by facsimile, or by using the order form
on the following page. Please include the EPA document numbers of all publications ordered.
NSCEP publications may be ordered:
Online: www.epa.gov/ncepihom/index.htm
Some EPA publications also may be available on EPA's National Environmental Publications Internet Site
(NEPIS), EPA's online repository of more than 10,000 documents. Visit the NEPIS Web site at www.epa.gov/
nepis/ to search for, view, and print documents. The collection may include documents that no longer are
available in print.
Since some EPA offices make selected documents available through their own Web sites, you may wish to
visit the EPA Web site at iviviv.epa.gov/epahome/piiblications2.htm for more information about obtaining
documents from specific EPA offices.
Publications that have numbers beginning with PB, or publications that are out of stock at NSCEP, may be
purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). NTIS publications may be ordered
online at www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.asp. NTIS also provides ordering by mail, fax, and e-mail. Visit the
Web site to obtain additional information regarding document availability and cost before ordering by those
methods. For additional information or telephone orders call the Sales Desk at 1-800-553-6847 or (703) 605-
6000 8 a.m. - 6 p.m.; EST, Mon-Fri.
APPENDIX D: HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS D-1
By mail:
U.S. EPA/NSCEP
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-0419
By fax:
Send your order via FAX, 24-hours a day, 7-days a week.
(513) 489-8695
Bye-mail:
By phone:
ncepimal@one.net
Call 1-800-490-9198 or (513) 489-8190 (Speak to an operator Monday through Friday,
7:30 AM - 5:30 PM, E.S.T.). Leave an order 24-hours a day.
-------
NATIONAL SERVICE CENTER
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLICATIONS
ORDERFORM
EPA publications may be available through the National Service Center for Environmental
Publications (NSCEP). Single copies are available free of charge while supplies last.
Mail to: U.S. EPA/NSCEP
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419
Fax to: (513)489-8695
Document No. Document Title
Customer Information
Name
Company
Street Address
City State Zip Code
Daytime Telephone Number
-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
Place
Stamp
Here
U.S. EPA/NSCEP
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419
FOLD HERE
-------
INDEX OF RESOURCES
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Index No. Title of Resource Page
NEW 1 A Systematic Approach to In Situ Bioremediation in Groundwater, Including
Decision Trees for In Situ Bioremediation of Nitrates, Carbon Tetrachloride, and
Perchlorate 75
2 A User's Guide to Environmental Immunochemical Analysis 47
NEW 3 Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program (ASAP), ANL 47
NEW 4 Air Sparging Design Paradigm 67
NEW 5 Air Sparging: Technology Transfer and Multi-Site Evaluation (CU-9808) 64
6 Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007) 68
NEW 7 Application Guide for Bioslurping - Volume 2 68
NEW 8 Application Guide for Bioslurping-Volume I 68
9 Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in the Waterfront Voluntary
Setting 46
NEW 10 Archived Internet Seminars 24
NEW 11 Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, Waste, and Water (EPA 542-R-02-042) 64
12 Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined Site Investigations
(EPA 542-R-00-001) 24
13 Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ Technique for Cleaning
Oil-Contaminated Sites 64
14 ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or
Suspected Petroleum Releases (E1912-98(2004)) 41
UPDATED 15 ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II
Environmental Site Assessment Process (E1903-97(2002)) 41
UPDATED 16 ASTM Standard Guide for Process of Sustainable Brownfields Development
(E1984-03(2003)) 24
17 ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum
Release Sites (E1739-95el(2003)) 60
NEW 18 ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I
Environmental Site Assessment Process (E1527-00(2003)) 24
19 Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Groundwater 68
20 Breaking Barriers to the Use of Innovative Technologies: State Regulatory Role in
Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Characterization Technology Selection 60
UPDATED 21 Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center 42
22 Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals that
Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup
(EPA 542-R-01-005) 42, 60, 68
23 Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site
Cleanup (EPA 542-R-01-006) 68
24 Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad Approach to Streamline
Brownfields Site Assessment and Cleanup (EPA 542-B-03-002) 24, 42
NEW 25 Capstone Report on the Application, Monitoring, and Performance of Permeable
Reactive Barriers for Ground-Water Remediation: Volume 1 (EPA 600-R-03-045a) 69
INDEX OF RESOURCES 1-1
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Index No. Title of Resource Page
NEW 26 Capstone Report on the Application, Monitoring, and Performance of Permeable
ReactiveBarriersforGround-Water Remediation: Volume 2 (EPA 600-R-03-045b) 69
27 Catalog of EPA Materials on USTs (EPA 510-B-00-001) 64
28 Characterization of Mine Leachates and the Development of a Ground-Water
Monitoring Strategy for Mine Sites (EPA 600-R-99-007) 47, 83
UPDATED 29 Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative Treatment Technologies 60, 83
NEW 3 0 Clarifying DQO Terminology Usage to Support Modernization of Site Cleanup
Practices (EPA 542-R-01-014) 24
31 Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World Wide Web 25, 61
UPDATED 32 CLU-IN Technology Focus 69
33 Cost Analyses for Selected Groundwater Cleanup Projects: Pump-and-Treat
Systems and Permeable Reactive Barriers (EPA542-R-00-013) 69
34 Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing the Brownfields Initiatives
(EPA 625-R-99-001) 42, 61
35 Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous Waste Site Investigations
(EPA 600-R-00-007) 25, 42
36 Data Quality Objectives Web Site 25
NEW 37 Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs): Review of Emerging
Characterization and Remediation Technologies 47
NEW 38 Design Solutions for Vapor Intrusion and Indoor Air Quality (EPA 500-F-04-004) 84
NEW 39 Directory of Technical Assistance for Land Revitalization (BTSC)
(EPA 542-B-03-001) 25,43, 61, 84
NEW 40 DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects Approaching Regulatory Closure-
Status Update (EPA 542-R-04-016) 64
NEW 41 Dry Cleaner Site Assessment & Remediation - A Technology Snapshot 29
4 2 Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents:
Fundamentals and Field Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008) 69
43 Engineering and Design: Adsorption Design Guide (DG1110-1-2) 69
44 Engineering and Design: Requirements for the Preparation of Sampling and
Analysis Plans (EM 200-1-3) 25, 43
NEW 45 Engineering and Design: Soil Vapor Extraction and Bioventing (EM 1110-1-4001) ....70
NEW 46 Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) 48
UPDATED 47 Environmental Technology Verification Reports 48
48 EPA Dynamic Field Activities Internet Site 48
UPDATED 49 EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks .... 27
UPDATED 50 EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Online: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid
Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods 43
NEW 51 EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative
(EPA 625-R-98-007) 65
1-2
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Index No. Title of Resource Page
NEW 52 EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative
(EPA 625-R-98-006) 65
53 EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets 28
54 EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies
(REACH IT) Online Searchable Database 25, 43, 62, 84
NEW 55 EPA Technical Support Project 48
56 EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site 70
NEW 5 7 Evaluation of Performance and Longevity at Permeable Reactive Barrier Sites
(CU-9907) 70
NEW 58 Evaluation of Permeable Reactive Barrier Performance -Revised Report 70
NEW 59 Evaluation of Phytoremediation for Management of Chlorinated Solvents in
Soil and Groundwater (EPA 542-R-05-001) 70
60 Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision Support Software (DSS) 43, 62
61 Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005) 62
NEW 62 Evapotranspiration Landfill Cover Systems Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-03-015) 70
63 Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) Method (Ames Laboratory Environmental
Technologies Development Program) 26
NEW 64 Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical
Methods for Explosives in Water (EPA 600-S-99-002) 48
UPDATED 65 Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Case Studies 62, 85
NEW 66 Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Remediation Optimization
WebSite 85
67 Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE) 44
68 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical Oxidation
(EPA 542-R-98-008) 71
69 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Ground-Water
Circulation Wells (EPA 542-R-98-009) 71
70 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Permeable Reactive
Barriers (EPA 542-R-99-002) 71
71 Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix, Version 1.0 44
72 Frequently Asked Questions about Dry Cleaning (EPA 744-K-98-002) 28
73 Geophysical Techniques to Locate DNAPLs: Profiles of Federally Funded Projects
(EPA 542-R-98-020) 71
74 Groundwater Cleanup: Overview of Operating Experience at 28 Sites
(EPA 542-R-99-006) 65
NEW 75 Groundwater Pump and Treat Systems: Summary of Selected Cost and
Performance Information at Superfund-Financed Sites (EPA 542-R-01-021a and
EPA 542-R-01-021b) 71
UPDATED 76 Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center Technology Reports 71
NEW 77 Groundwater Remedies Selected at Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-01-022) 72
INDEX OF RESOURCES |-3
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Index No.
Title of Resource P
age
78
Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for
Remediation Projects (EPA542-B-98-007)
62
79
Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective
Site Characterization and Cleanup
44
UPDATED
80
How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage
Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-R-04-002)
65
81
Hydraulic Optimization Demonstration for Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems
72
NEW
82
Impact of Landfill Closure Designs on Long-Term Natural Attenuation of
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
66
NEW
83
Improving Decision Quality: Making the Case for Adopting Next-Generation Site
Characterization Practices
26
UPDATED
84
Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data Management for Site Investigation and
Cleanup (EPA 542-F-04-001a)
26
85
Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous Waste Site Characterization and
Monitoring 44,
,85
NEW
86
In Search of Representativeness: Evolving the Environmental Data Quality Model....
26
87
In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils Technology Status
Report (SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-99022)
72
NEW
88
In Situ Treatment of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field Applications
(EPA 542-R-04-010)
72
89
In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments
72
90
Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series 44, 66
UPDATED
91
Innovative Remediation and Site Characterization Technologies Resources
(EPA 542-C-04-002) 44, 62
92
Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in
North America, 2nd Edition (EPA 542-B-00-004)
63
93
Institutional Controls: A Site Manager's Guide to Identifying, Evaluating, and
Selecting Institutional Controls at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action
Cleanups (EPA 540-F-00-005)
85
94
Inter Agency DNAPL Consortium Home Page
66
95
Introduction to Phytoremediation (EPA 600-R-99-107)
72
96
ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree
72
97
Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview of Tools for Vadose Zone Monitoring
(EPA 542-R-98-019)
73
NEW
98
Long-Term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Using Zero-Valent Iron:
An Evaluation at Two Sites (Environmental Research Brief) (EPA 600-S-02-001)
73
NEW
99
Managing Uncertainty in Environmental Decisions
45
100
Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022)
73
101
Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021)
73
102
MtBE Fact Sheet #2: Remediation of MtBE-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
(EPA 510-F-98-002)
66
1-4
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Index No. Title of Resource Page
NEW 103 MtBE Treatment Profiles 73
104 Multi-Phase Extraction: State of the Practice (EPA 542-R-99-004) 73
NEW 105 National Environmental Technology Test Sites 49
106 Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and
Practices 73
107 Natural Attenuation of MtBE in the Subsurface under Methanogenic Conditions
(EPA 600-R-00-006) 74
NEW 108 Naval Air Station Pensacola, Optimization of RAO to Treat Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
in Groundwater 86
NEW 109 Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay (In Situ Chemical Oxidation) 86
NEW 110 New England Waste Management Officials (NEWMOA) 49
UPDATED 111 North Atlantic Treaty Organization/Committee on the Challenges of Modern
Society (NATO/CCMS) Pilot Study Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging
Technologies for the Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater
(Phase III) 2002 Annual Report (EPA 542-R-02-010) 66
112 OnSite OnLine Tools for Site Assessment 27
113 Ordnance and Explosives Mandatory Center of Expertise (MCX) and Design Center .... 29
NEW 114 OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway
from Groundwater and Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance) 86
115 Overview of the Phytoremediation of Lead and Mercury 74
116 Permeable Reactive Barrier Technologies for Contaminant Remediation
(EPA 600-R-98-125) 74
117 Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics 74
118 Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground Water at Hazardous Waste
Sites (EPA 540-S-01-005) 74
119 Phytoremediation Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-99-003) 74
120 Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance (Phyto-2) 74
NEW 121 PilotProjecttoOptimizeSuperfund-FinancedPumpandTreatSystems: Summary
Report and Lessons Learned (EPA 542-R-02-008 a-u) 86
NEW 122 Proven Alternatives for Aboveground Treatment of Arsenic in Groundwater
(EPA 542-S-02-002) 74
NEW 123 Pump and Treat and Air Sparging of Contaminated Groundwater at the Gold
Coast Superfund Site, Miami, Florida, September 1998 87
NEW 124 Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater at
French Limited Superfund Site, Crosby, Texas, September 1998 87
NEW 125 Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater at
the Libby Groundwater Superfund Site, Libby, Montana, September 1998 87
NEW 126 Pump and Treat and Permeable Reactive Barrier to Treat Contaminated
Groundwater at the Former Intersil, Inc. Site, Sunnyvale, California, September 1998 .... 87
NEW 127 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Mid-South Wood Products
Superfund Site, Mena, Arkansas, September 1998 87
INDEX OF RESOURCES |-5
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Index No. Title of Resource Page
NEW 128 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the SCRDI Dixiana
Superfund Site, Cayce, South Carolina, September 1998 88
NEW 129 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Solid State Circuits
Superfund Site, Republic, Missouri, September 1998 88
NEW 130 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the United Chrome
Superfund Site, Corvallis, Oregon, September 1998 88
NEW 131 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Western Processing
Superfund Site, Kent, Washington, September 1998 88
132 Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting Brownfields Site Assessments
(EPA 540-R-98-038) 27
133 Rapid Commercialization Initiative Final Report for an Integrated In Situ
Remediation Technology (Lasagna)(DOE/OR/22459-l) 63
NEW 134 Relationship Between SW-846, PBMS, and Innovative Analytical Technologies
(EPA 542-R-01-015) 45
NEW 135 Remedial Action Operation Optimization Case Study: Eastern Groundwater
Plume, New Brunswick, Maine 88
NEW 136 Remedial Technology Development Forum (RTDF) 49
UPDATED 137 Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 4.0 63
NEW 138 Remediation Technology Cost Compendium-Year 2000 (EPA 542-R-01-009) 75
139 Resource for MGP Site Characterization and Remediation: Expedited Site
Characterization and Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas Plant
Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005) 47, 67
140 Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and Monitoring (EPA 542-F-01-030B) 45
141 Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement the Superfund Land Use Directive
(OSWER Directive 9355.7-06P) 63
142 Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments 47
143 Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX) 27, 45
UPDATED 144 Site Characterization Library, Version 3.0 (EPA 600/C/05/001) 45
NEW 145 Site Characterization Technologies for DNAPL Investigations (EPA542-R-04-017).... 49
146 Site Remediation Technology Info Base: A Guide to Federal Programs, Information
Resources, and Publications on Contaminated Site Cleanup Technologies, Second
Edition (EPA 542-B-00-005) 63
147 Solidification/Stabilization Use at Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-00-010) 75
148 State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) Internet Site 67, 77
149 Study of Assessment and Remediation Technologies for Dry Cleaner Sites 29, 75
150 Subsurface Containment and Monitoring Systems: Barriers and Beyond
(Overview Report) 75
151 Subsurface Remediation: Improving Long-Term Monitoring and Remedial
Systems Performance Conference Proceedings, June 1999 (EPA 540-B-00-002) 75
152 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration
Reports 46
1-6
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Index No. Title of Resource Page
UPDATED 153 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles,
Eleventh Edition 63
NEW 154 Superfund Representative Sampling Guidance 27
NEW 155 Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) Implementation Manual
(TR-2219-ENV) 75
NEW 156 Sustainable Management Approaches and Revitalization Tools - electronic
(SMARTe) 27, 46
157 TechKnow Database 64
NEW 158 Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of
DNAPL Source Zones 76
NEW 159 Technical and Regulatory Guidance for the Triad Approach: A New Paradigm for
Environmental Project Management 27
160 Technical and Regulatory Requirements for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater 76
NEW 161 Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in
Ground Water (EPA 600-R-98-128) 88
NEW 162 Technologies for Treating MtBE and Other Fuel Oxygenates (EPA 542-R-04-009) 76
NEW 163 Technology Status Review: In Situ Oxidation 76
164 The Bioremediation and Phy to remediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Sites 67
165 Treatment Experiences at RCRA Corrective Actions (EPA 542-F-00-020) 67
UPDATED 166 Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition)
(EPA 542-R-03-009) 64
NEW 167 Triad Resource Center 46
168 Tri-Service Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System-SCAPS:
Innovative Environmental Technology from Concept to Commercialization 50
NEW 169 U.S. Department of Defense: Strategic Environmental Research and Development
Program (SERDP) 50
170 Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program 76
171 Underground Storage Tanks and Brownfields Sites (EPA 510-F-00-004) 29
NEW 172 Use of Field-Scale Phytotechnology for Chlorinated Solvents, Metals, Explosives /
Propellants and Pesticides - Status Update (EPA 542-R-05- 002) 76
173 Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and
Underground Storage Tank Sites 67
NEW 174 Using Dynamic Field Activities for On-Site Decision-Making: A Guide for Project
Managers (EPA 540-R-03-002) 46
NEW 175 Vapor Intrusion Issues at Brownfields Sites 86
INDEX OF RESOURCES |-7
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