EPA-600/2-77-029b
June 1977
REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF
DEEP-WELL INJECTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
Volume II - Appendices A, B, & C
by
Louis R. Reader
James H. Cobbs
John W. Field, Jr.
William D. Finley
Steven C. Vokurka
Bernard N. Rolfe
Louis R. Reeder and Associates
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74135
Contract No. 68-03-2013
Project Officer
Carlton C. Wiles
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Division
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
ft tr
PROTECTION
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that
the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
The Environmental Protection Agency was created because of
increasing public and government concern about the dangers
of pollution to the health and welfare of the American
people. Noxious air, foul water, and spoiled land are
tragic testimony to the deterioration of our natural en-
vironment. The complexity of that environment and the
interplay between its components require a concentrated
and integrated attack on the problem.
Research and development is that necessary first step in
problem solution and it involves defining the problem,
measuring its impact, and searching for solutions. The
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory develops new
and improved technology and systems for the prevention,
treatment, and management of wastewater and solid and
hazardous waste pollutant discharges from municipal and
community sources, for the preservation and treatment of
public drinking water supplies, and to minimize the ad-
verse economic, social, health, and aesthetic efforts of
pollution. This publication is one of the products of
that research; a most vital communications link between
the researcher and the user community.
This contract was supported by the EPA to provide a compre-
hensive review and data compilation of deep-well injection
as a control and disposal technology for hazardous waste.
Because of the large amount of information resulting from
this contract, the report is divided into four volumes.
Readers interested only in the general information about
deep-wells are referred to Volume I. Those interested in
the detailed data compiled during this work are referred
to the remaining volumes in addition to Volume I. The in-
formation is providing input into the EPA's program for
assessing control technologies available for managing the
Nation's large quantities of hazardous materials.
Francis T. Mayo, Director
Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory
111
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ABSTRACT
A review and analysis of the available information related
to deep-well injection, and an assessment as to the adequacy
of this method for managing hazardous wastes and ensuring
protecting the environment was made.
One hundred-five deep-well related research projects were
identified and hazardous waste research projects numbered
186. More than 1,000 papers related to deep-well injection
of industrial waste were reviewed.
Geologic and engineering data are available in many areas
to locate, design and operate a deep-well system receiving
hazardous wastes. The most serious problems encountered are
because of failure to use available geologic information and
accepted and proven engineering practices in design and com-
pletion. A small group of waste chemicals with high human
and ecological hazard ratings, little known degradability
characteristics or long persistence times are identified as
undesirable for injection unless containment within the host
reservoir is certain.
There is a paucity of information on salaquifer chemistry,
and the chemical and microbiological reactions of waste
within a receiving salaquifer. Monitoring of deep-well
systems needs to be developed into a predictive tool to
be fully effective.
State statutes and regulations vary greatly on deep-well
injection. To alleviate any problems arising from the
use of interstate aquifers for injection, and for more
effective management and control of deep-well systems,
a standardization of regulations is considered necessary.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of EPA Contract
68-03-2103. The report is comprised of 4 volumes; the
main, text, Appendices A through C, Appendix D, and
Appendices E through J. This volume is comprised of
Appendices A, B, and C. Appendix A is the Bibliography
of literature used during the study. Appendix B is a
compilation of patents related to deep-well systems.
IV
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Appendix C provides available chracterization profiles of
chemical wastes being injected into deep-wells. Other
volumes provide the main text and additional appendices of
detailed data.
As a result of EPA review of this document, there were a
number of questions and issues raised as to the conclusions
made versus those warranted based upon available information.
The user is referred to Appendix J for additional information
resulting from this review and the contractors' response to
that review.
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Appendix A - Bibliography 187
Appendix B - Patents Related to Deep-Well Systems 294
Appendix C - Waste Characterization Profiles 296
VII
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SECTION XI
APPENDIX A - BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbott, W. G., "Organization and Operation of Cooperative
Salt Water Disposal Systems," West Texas Oil Lifting Short
Course, 7th Annu. Proc.: Lubbock, Texas, Texas Technol.
Univ., Dep. Petrol. Eng., pp 103-104, 1960.
Abbott, W. G., "Salt Water Disposal System Design Consid-
erations, " West Texas Oil Lifting Short Course, 9th Annu.
Proc.: Lubbock, Texas, Tex. Technol. Univ., Dep. Petrol.
Eng., pp 183-184, 1962.
Abbott, W. G., "Salt Water Disposal System—Design, Con-
struction, and Operation," West Texas Oil Lifting Short
Course, 10th Annu. Proc.: Lubbock, Texas, Tex. Technol.
Univ. Dep. Petrol. Eng., pp 17-18, 1963.
Abbott, W. G., "The Operation of Salt Water Disposal
Systems," Southwestern Petroleum Short Course, 13th Annu.
Proc.: Lubbock, Texas, Tex. Technol. Univ., Dep. Petrol.
Eng., pp 141-143, 1966.
Abegglen, D. E., et al, The Effects of Drain Wells on the
Ground Water Quality of the Snake River Plain, Idaho Bur.
Mines Geol. Pamphlet 148, 51 pp, 1970.
Adams, J. R., "Dispersion in Anisotropic Porous Media,"
Michigan State Univ. Ph.D. thesis, 100 pp, 1967, Piss. Abs.,
Vol. 28, No. 1, pp 190B-191B, 1967.
Adinoff, A. M., "Disposal of Organic Chemical Wastes to
Underground Formations," Industrial Waste Conference, 9th
Lafayette, Ind., 1954, Proc.: Purdue Univ. Eng. Bull,
Vol. 39, No. 2, pp 32-38, 1955.
Alciatore, A. F., et al, "Diatomaceous Earth Filtration of
Water for Subsurface Injection," Petrol. Eng., Vol. 27,
No. 5, pp B57-B58, B60, B62, 1955.
Alcorn, I. W., "Salt Water Disposal Injection Systems,"
Oil Weekly, Vol. 110, No. 13, p 20, 1943.
Allen, D. R., Environmental Aspects of Oil Producing Opera-
tions, Long Beach, California, 46th Annu. SPE of AIME Fall
Mtg., (New Orleans, Oct. 3-6, 1971) Preprint, No. SPE-3450,
11 pp, 1971.
187
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Allen, M. J., and S. M. Morrison, "Bacterial Movement
Through Fractured Bedrock," Ground Water, Vol. 11, No. 2,
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Alverson, R. M., Deep Well Disposal Study for Baldwin,
Escambia, and Mobile Counties, Alabama, Ala. Geol. Surv.
Circ., No. 58, 53 pp, 10 PI., 1970.
Alverson, R. M. (See Henry, H. R.)
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Radioactive
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Reconnaissance Study, U. S. Atomic Energy Comm., San Fran-
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American Petroleum Institute, Subsurface Salt-Water Disposal,
Div. Prod. Publication, 92 pp (Book 3 of the Vocational
Training Ser.), 1960.
American Petroleum Institute, Recommended Practice for
Biological Analysis of Subsurface Injection Water,Div. Prod.
R. P. 38, 2nd ed., 7 pp, 1965.
Ames, L. L., Jr., and B. F. Hajek, Statistical Analysis of
Cesium and Strontium Sorption on Soils, Battelle Memorial
Inst. Pacific Northwest Lab. Rep., BNWL-CC-539, 11 pp, 1966.
Ames, L. L., Jr. (See Nelson, J. L.)
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pp 296-298, 1964.
Anderson, J. R., and J. N. Dornbush, Investigation of the
Influence of Waste Disposal Practices on Ground Water
Qualities, S. Dak. State Univ. Water Resources Inst. Tech.
Completion Rep., 41 pp, 1968.
Andresen, K. H., and F. T. Gardner, "The Use and Require-
ments of Subsurface Injection Water in Oil Production,"
Oil Gas J., Vol. 49, No. 18, pp 72-76, 1950.
Angerman, T. W., Deep-Well Disposal A New Field for Oil and
Gas Techniques, API Drilling Prod. Pract., 1969, pp 169-174,
1970.
188
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Anonymous, An Act to Prohibit the Surface Discharging Salt-
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those who Discharge Saltwater: and for other Purposes,
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(Saskatoon, Sask., 10/22-26/72) Program and Abstr. of P.,"
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Anonymous, "Automatic System at Rio Bravo Features Salt-
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1952.
Anonymous, "Basic Techniques (Water Pollution Control),"
Chem. Eng., Vol. 77, No. 9, pp 63-70, April 27, 1970.
Anonymous, "California Acts to Cut Water Pollution," Oil Gas
J._, Vol. 55, No. 28, pp 66-67, 1957.
Anonymous, "Coaters go to the Well," Chem. Week, Vol. 100,
No. 6, pp 79-80, 1967.
Anonymous, "Control of Underground Waste Disposal," J. Amer.
Water Works Ass. / Vol. 44, No. 8, pp 685-689, 1952.
Anonymous, "Cooperative Salt Water Disposal System Serves
Earth Operators," Oil Weekly, Vol. 123, No. 6, pp 28-29,
1946.
Anonymous, "Crack Down on Oil Field Pollution," Petrol. Eng.,
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Anonymous, "Deep Injection Wells," Water Well J., Vol. 22,
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Anonymous, "Deep-Well Disposal Gaining Favor," J. Water
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March 1973.
Anonymous, "Deep Well Injection is Effective for Waste
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1968.
Anonymous, Disposal of Brines and Mineralized Waters, Kans.
Statutes Ann. Sees. 55-1003 thru 55-1007, 1964.
189
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Anonymous, "Disposal of Oil Field Brines in the Arkansas
River Drainage Area in Western Kansas," Amer. J. Public
Health, Vol. 27, No. 1, p 49, 1937.
Anonymous, Disposal of Oil Wastes, Oklahoma Statutes Ann.,
Title 52, Sees. 296, 309 thru 319, 1969 as amended (Supp.
1970) .,
Anonymous, "The Disposal Well Act," Texas Water Quality Bd.
Publication No. 72-01, 16 pp, Feb. 1972; Abstr. No.
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1973.
Anonymous, "Dowell Demonstrates Techniques for Sealing Bore-
holes in Salt Formations," Dowell Xtra, Vol. 26, No. 3,
pp 4-5, March 1974.
Anonymous, "East Texas Water Disposal,," Oil Gas J. , Vol. 37,
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Anonymous, Environmental Research, API Publication No. 4206,
75 pp, Jan. 1974.
Anonymous, "Fiberglass Reinforced Epoxy Tubing Rising in
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pp 20-21, 1967.
Anonymous, "56th Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas
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66 pp, 6 PI., 1970.
Anonymous, "Findings and Recommendations on Underground
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Anonymous, General Rules and Regulations Relating to Wells,
Utah Dept. of Natural Resources, Div. of Oil and Gas Conser-
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Anonymous, Industrial Waste Conference, 22nd, 1967 Proc.,
Purdue Univ. Eng. Bull., Vol. 52, No. 3, Pt. 1, pp 1-552,
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Anonymous, Industrial Waste Conference, 23rd, 1968 Proc./
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190
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Anonymous, "Information Sources on Water Pollution Control,"
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pp 125-153, March 1973.
Anonymous, Injection Well Act, Texas Civil Statutes Ann.
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Anonymous, Injection Well-Earthquake Relationship-Rocky
Mountain Arsenal, Denver, Colorado, U. S. Army Corps Eng.,
Omaha Dist. Rep. Invest., 54 pp, 1966.
Anonymous, "How to Bury a Major Pollution Problem," Water
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Anonymous, "Injection Well Incorporates Many Safeguards,"
Ground Water Age, Vol. 2, No. 10, pp 34-37, 1968.
Anonymous, "Injection Wells Pose a Potential Threat,"
Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 6, No. 2, pp 120-122, Feb. 1972.
Anonymous, "Joint Disposal Plant for Salt Oil Well Water,"
Nat. Petrol. News, Vol. 29, No. 47, p 23, 1937.
Anonymous, "Learning to Whip Well Woes," Chem. Week, Vol. 96,
No. 15, pp 113, 115, 1965.
Anonymous, "Looking for Water? There's Plenty in the Ground"
Chem. Week, Vol. 104, No. 8, pp 77-78, Feb. 22, 1969.
Anonymous, "Metropolitan Drillsite Offers Optimum Economics"
Petrol. Eng., Vol. 41, No. 13, pp 51-54, Dec. 1969.
Anonymous, "Movements of Contaminants Through Geologic For-
mations," Water Well J., Vol. 16, No. 3, pp 12-13, 1962.
Anonymous, Plugging Oil and Gas Wells, Indiana Statutes Ann.
Sees. 46-1733 thru 46-1740 (1970 Supp).
Anonymous, "Production Waste Goes Underground at Holland-
Suco," Civil Eng., Vol. 36, No. 5, p 92, 1966.
Anonymous, "The Protection of Groundwater Resources," Water
Well J., Vol. 24, No. 7, p 31-33, July 1970.
Anonymous, Regulation of Oil and Gas Wells, Kans. Statutes
Ann. Sees. 55-115 thru 55-142, 1964.
191
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Anonymous, "Replenishing the Aquifer with Treated Sewage
Effluent," Ground Water Age, Vol. 2, No. 8, pp 30-35, 1968.
Anonymous, Rules and Regulations for Subsurface Disposal
Systems, Colo. Dept. Health, Water Pollut. Contr. Comim. ,
1970.
Anonymous, "Salt Water Disposal," Nat. Petrol. News, Vol. 21,
No. 37, p 67, 1929.
Anonymous, "Salt Water Disposal at Midale-Shell Lays 92,000
Feet of Field Gathering Lines," Oil Can., Vol. 9, No. 51,
pp 13-14, 1957.
Anonymous, "Salt Water Disposal and Oilfield Water Conser-
vation," Petrol. Equip. Serv., Vol. 30, No. 4, pp 22, 24-26,
28, 1967.
Anonymous, "Salt Water Disposal System," Oil Weekly, Vol. 99,
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Anonymous, "Spent Pulping Liquors to be Discharged Under-
ground," Chem. Eng. News, Vol. 41, No. 35, pp 128-129, 1963.
Anonymous, Subsurface Water Pollution - A Selective Anno-
tated Bibliography, Ft. 1. Subsurface Waste Injection—
Unnumbered Pub1^, U. S. Environ. Protect. Agency,
Washington, D. C., 164 pp, March 1972.
Anonymous, "Tested Scale Control Unit Shows Promise in SWD
(salt-water disposal) Wells," Kans.-Okla. Oil Reporter,
Vol. 6, No. 5, pp 58-59, 1963.
Anonymous, "There's a New 'Brine Line" for East Texas Field
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1966.
Anonymous, "Underground Waste Disposal and Control,"
J. Amer. Water Works Ass. , Vol. 49, No. 10, pp 1334-1342,
1957.
t
Anonymous, "Underground Waste Disposal and Groundwater
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pp 619-622, 1960.
Anonymous, "University Scientists Study East Texas Oil Field
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192
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Anonymous, Waste Disposal in Deep Wells, Nat. Ind. Pollut.
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Anonymous, "Waste Disposal in Deep Wells," (Unnumbered
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pp 23, Feb. 1971, Com-71-50242; Abstr., Gov. Rep. Announce.,
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versitaires de France, pp 21-23, 1963, (In French with
Engl. abstr.).
Ardzhevanidze, G. Sh. (See Smolyaninov, V. G.)
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193
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194
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and Predicting Well Impairment, 46th Annu. SPE of AIME Fall
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196
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Barr, E. J., Jr., Feasibility Study of a Seismic Reflection
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Artificial Recharge Symp. (New Orleans, Sept. 26-30, 1973)
Preprints, Vol. 1, pp 207-218, 1973.
Barraclough, J. T., "Waste Injection into a Deep Limestone
in Northwestern Florida," Ground Water, Vol. 4, No. 1,
pp 22-24, 1966.
Barraclough, J. T., et al, Hydrology of the National Reactor
Testing Station, Idaho, 1966, U. S. Geol. Surv. open-file
Rep. (IDO-22049), 95 pp, 1967 (Also AEC Rep. TID-4500).
Barraclough, J. T. (See Morris, D. A.)
Barraclough, J. T. (See Robertson, J. B.)
Bartilucci, N. J. (See Baffa, J. J.)
Battle, J. L. (See Jessen, F. W.)
Batz, M. E., "Deep Well Disposal of Nylon Waste Water,"
Chem. Eng. Progr., Vol. 60, No. 10, pp 85-88, 1964.
Baumann, E. R. (See Huang, J. Y. C.)
Baumgartner, A. W. (See Holben, J. H.)
Bayazeed, A. F., and E. C. Donaldson, Deep Well Disposal of
Steel Pickling Acid, 46th Annu. SPE of AIME Fall Mtg. (New
Orleans, Oct. 3-6, 1971), Preprint No. SPE-3615, 8 pp, 1971.
Bayazeed, A. F., and E. C. Donaldson, Subsurface Disposal of
Pickle Liquor, U. S. Bur. Mines Rep. Invest. No. 7804,
35 pp, 1973.
Bazhenov, Yu. M. (See Sobolev, I. A.)
Bear, J., and M. Jacobs, "On the Movement of Water Bodies
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212
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286
-------
Verigin, N. N., and B. S. Sherzhukov, Some Questions Con-
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Volek, C. W. (See Chappelear, J. E.)
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Wagner, W. R. (See Kelly, D. R.)
Wainerdi, R. E., "The Disposal of Radioactive Waste," Prod.
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Walker, H. D. (See McMaster, W. M.)
287
-------
Wallace, A. T. (See Abegglen, D. E. )
Wallin, W. E. (See Alciatore, A. F.)
WAPORA, Inc., Compilation of Industrial and Municipal Injec-
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Warde, J. M., and R. M. Richardson, "Waste Disposal - Vital
to Atomic Power Development," Mining Eng., Vol. 7, No. 5,
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Warner, D. L., "Deep-Well Disposal of Industrial Wastes,"
Chem. Eng., Vol. 72, No. I, pp 73-78, 1965.
Warner, D. L., Deep-Well Injection of Liquid Waste—A Review
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Natural Gas, Coal, Ground Water - Exploring New Methods and
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Warner, D. L., and L. F. Doty, Chemical Reaction Between Re-
charge Water and Aquifer Water, Int. Ass. Sci. Hydro. Pub-
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Warner, D. L., et al, "Injection Wells for Pollution Control
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Warner, D. L., Deep-Wells for Industrial Waste Injection in
the United States, Summary of Data, Fed.. Water Pollut. Contr.
Admin., Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. Publication WP-20-10,
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Warner, D. L., Subsurface Disposal of Liquid Industrial
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Spons. by U. S. Geol. Surv., 2036 pp, 1973.
288
-------
Warner, D. L., and D. H. Orcutt, Industrial Wastewater-Injec-
tion Wells in United States - Status of Use and Regulation,
1973, 2nd Int. AAPG-USGS-IAHS Underground Waste Manage. &
Artificial Recharge Symp. (New Orleans, Sept. 26-30, 1973)
Preprints, Vol. 2, pp 687-697, 1973.
Warner, D. L. (See Cleary, E. J.)
Watkins, J. W., "Corrosion and Chemical Testing of Waters
for Subsurface Injection," Prod. Mon., Vol. 14, No. 4, pp
15-19, 1950 (Additional installments in Vol. 14, No. 5, pp
30-31, and Vol. 14, No. 6, pp 25-31).
Watkins, J. W., Analytical Methods of Testing Waters to be
Injected into Subsurface Oil Productive Strata, U. S. Bur.
Mines Rep. Invest. 5031, 29 pp, 1954.
Watkins, J. W., "Design and Operation of Plants for the
Preparation of Water for Injection into Oil Reservoirs,"
J. Petrol. Technol., Vol. 7, No. 4, pp 17-23, 1955.
Watkins, J. W., "New Trends in Treating Water for Injection,"
World Oil, Vol. 146, No. 1, pp 143, 145, 146-150, 1958.
Watkins, J. W., and E. S. Mardock, "Use of Radioactive Io-
dine as a Tracer in Water-Flooding Operations," Trans. Amer.
Inst. Mining Met. Petrol. Eng., Vol. 201, pp 209-216, 1954
(Tech. Pap. 3894).
Watkins, J. W., and J. Wright, "Corrosive Action on Steel by
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pp B50-B51, B53, B55, B57, 1953.
Watkins, J. W., et al, "Feasibility of Radioactive Waste
Disposal in Shallow Sedimentary Formations," Nucl. Sci. Eng.,
Vol. 7, No. 2, pp 133-143, 1960.
Watson, K. K. (See Pilgrim, D. H.)
Watson, L. C., "Mineral Exchange in Canada's Waste Treatment
Program," The Use of Inorganic Exchange Material for Radio-
active Waste Treatment—A Working Meeting Held in Washington,
D. C., Aug. 13-14, 1962, U. S. At. Energy Comm. Div. Tech.
Inform. Rep., TID-7644, pp 75-82, 1963.
289
-------
Wayasan, C. H., "Absorption on Clay Mineral Surfaces,"
Principles and Applications of Water Chemistry—Rudolfs Res.
Conf., 4th, Rutgers Univ., Proc.„ John Wiley and Sons, Hew
York and London, pp 127-167, 1967.
Webster, D. S., et al, Two-Well Tracer Test in Fractured
Crystalline Rock, D. S. Geol. Surv. Watear-Supply Pap. 1544-1,
22 pp, 1970.
Weeren, H. O. , "Pipe Radioactive Wastes to Shale Beds,"
Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp 122-
123r 1964.
Weeren,, H. O., "Design of OREL'S Shale-Fracturing Plant,"
Nucl. Eng. Design, Vol. 4, 2io. 5, pp 108-117, 1966.
Weeren, a, O. (See de Laguna, W.}
Weimerr R. J. (See Hollisterr J. C.}
Weisflog, D. (See Schwille, F.)
Helsch, W. F. (See Lieber, M.)
Wen, W. W. (See Smith, R. W.)
Wesner, G. M., and D. C. Baier, "Injection of Reclaimed
Wastewater into Confined Aquifers," J. Amer. Water Works
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Wesner, G. M., and D. C. Baier, "Injection of Wastewater in-
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D379, 1961.
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jection in the Grants Area, Valencia County, New Mexico,U.S.
Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., No. 386-D, 32 pp, 4 PI., 1973..
Wheeler, C. T., Jr., "Tip Top Gas Field, Sublette County,
Wyoming," Earth Sci. Bull., Vol. 4, No. 1, 12 pp (Mid-Bull.
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White, W. A. {See Bredehoeft, J. D.)
290
-------
White, W. A., and S. M. Bremser, Effects of a Soap, a Deter-
gent, and a Water Softener on the Plasticity of Earth Mate-
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1966.
Wiebenga, W. A. (See Ellis, W. R.)
Wiese, A. F. (See Schneider, A. D.)
Wilding, M. W., and D. W. Rhodes, Removal of Radioisotopes
from Solution by Earth Materials from Eastern Idaho, Phillips
Petrol. Co., At. Energy Div. Rep., Conf-179-5, 12 pp, 1964.
Wilhelm, C. J., and L. Schmidt, Preliminary Report on the
Disposal of Oil-Field Brines in Ritz-Canton Oil Field,
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3297, 20 pp, 1935.
Wilhelm, C. J., et al, Disposal of Oil-Field Brines in the
Arkansas River Drainage Area in Western Kansas, U. S. Bur.
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Wilhelm, C. J. (See Schmidt, L.)
Wilhelm, C. J. (See Taylor, S. S.)
Williams, B. F. , "Salt of the Earth—A Pollution Problem,"
Water Works Eng., Vol. 93, No. 19, pp 1165-1167, 1194, 1940.
Williams, G. F., "Formation Cleaner Increases Stimulation
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Williams, N., "Preventing Water Pollution," Oil Gas J.,
Vol. 35, No. 48, pp 153-154, 156, 1937.
Williams, R. E., and R. N. Farvolden, "The Influence of
Joints on the Movements of Ground Water Through Glacial
Till," J. Hydrol., Vol. 5, No. 2, pp 163-170, 1967.
Williams, R. E. (See Abegglen, D. E.)
Willis, D. G. (See Hubbert, M. K.)
Wilmoth, B. M., "Changes in Ground Water Quality from Pres-
sure Injection of Waste Brine in West Virginia," Annu. Geol.
Soc. Amer. & Ass. Soc. Mtg. (Washington, D. C., Nov. 1-3,
1971) Program, v. 3, No. 7, p 752, Oct. 1971 (Abstr. only).
291
-------
Wilson, J. E. (See McCann, T. P.)
Wilson, J. L. (See Gelhar, L. W.)
Wilson, W. E., et al, Hydrologic Evaluation of Industrial^-
Waste Injection at Mulberry, Florida, 2nd Int. AAPG-USGS-
IAHC Underground Waste Manage. & Artificial Recharge Symp.
(New Orleans, Sept. 26-30, 1973) Preprints, Vol. 1, pp 552-
564, 1973.
Winar, R. M., The Deepest Underground Sewer in Michigan,
Amer. Petrol. Inst. Div. Prod. Pap. 826-37-C (Postprint),
8 pp, 1966.
Winar, R. M., "Underground Disposal of Waste Water," Ind.
Water Eng., Vol. 4, No. 3, pp 21-24, 1967.
Winston, G. 0. (See Puri, H. S.)
Witherspoon, P. A., and S. P. Neuman, "Hydrodynamics of Fluid
Injection," AAPG & USGS Underground Waste Manage. & Environ.
Implications Symp. (Houston, Dec. 5-9, 1971) Pap.; Abstr.,
Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., Vol. 55, No. 11, (Pt. 1),
p 2092, Nov. 1971.
Witherspoon, P. A. (See Freeze, R. A.)
Witkowski, E. J., and J. F. ManneSchmidt, "Ground Disposal of
Liquid Wastes at Oak Ridge National Laboratory," Ground Dis-
posal of Radioactive Wastes Conference, 2nd, At. Energy Can.
Ltd. and U. S. At. Energy Comm., Div. Tech. Inform. Rep.,
TID-7628, pp 506-512, 1962.
Witherspoon, P. A. (See Noorishad, J.)
Woodard, H. J. (See Garcia-Bengochea, J. I.)
Woodfork, L. D. (See Hidalgo, R. V.)
World Health Organization, "Pollution of Ground Water," J.
Amer. Water Works Ass., Vol. 49, No. 4, pp 392-396, 1957.
Wright, C. C., "Water Quality Control for Subsurface Injec-
tion," Prod. Mon., Vol. 24, No. 12, pp 30-34, 1960.
Wright, C. C., and D. W. Davies, The Disposal of Oil Field
Waste Water, Amer. Petrol. Inst. Drilling and Prod. Prac.,
1966, pp 191-197, 1967.
292
-------
Wright, J. (See Watkins, J. W.)
Wright, J. L., "Underground Waste Disposal," Ind. Water Eng.,
Vol. 6, No. 5, pp 24-27, 1969.
Wycoff, R. D., and H. G. Botset, "The Flow of Gas-Liquid
Mixtures through Unconsolidated Sands," J. Appl. Phys., Vol.
7, No. 9, pp 325, 345, 1936.
Yeh, G-T. (See Li, W-H)
Young, A., and J. E. Galley, (Eds.), Fluids in Subsurface
Environments—A Symposium, Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 4,
414 pp, 1965.
Yudin, F. P., et al, Experience in Burial of Liquid Radio-
active Wastes in Deep Geological Formations, U. S. Joint
Publication Res. Serv. Publication 46535, 10 pp (Transl.
from Atomnaya Energia, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp 128-133), 1968.
Yudin, F. P. (See Mal'tsev, E. D.)
Yudin, F. P. (See Spitsyn, V. I.)
Zabelin, N. V., and Yu. I. Baranov, "Well Head Equipment De-
signed for Water Injection," Chem. Petrol. Eng., Nos. 3-4,
pp 189-192, March-April, 1970 (Transl. of Khim. Neft.
Mashinostr., No. 3, pp 1-3, March 1970, In Russian).
Zajic, J., "Geolgogische Untersuchungen Ueber Moeglichkeiten
Der Einlagerung Radioaktiver Abfaelle in Der CSSR (Geologi-
cal Studies on the Possibility of Storing Radioactive Waste
in Czechoslovakia)," Kernenergie (Berlin), Vol. 10, pp 312-
318, 1967 (In German).
Zakharov, S. I., et al, "Nekotorye Rezul'taty Ekspluatatsii
Opytno-Promysklennoy Ustanovki Po Udaleniyu Zhidkikh Radio-
aktivnykh Otkhodov V Glubinnye Formatsii Zemnoy Kory (SM-
93/42) (Some Results of Operation of Pilot Scale Installation
for Disposal of Liquid Radioactive Wastes in Deep Formations
of Earth's Crust)," Disposal of Liquid Radioactive Wastes in-
to the Ground—Int. At. Energy Agency and Europe. Nucl.
Energy, Agency, 1967 Symp. Proc., Int. At. Energy Agency
(STI/PUB/156), pp 577-590, 1967 (In Russian).
293
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SECTION XI
APPENDIX B - PATENTS RELATED TO DEEP-WELL SYSTEMS
Colburn, W. A., (Atomic Storage Corp.), "Method of Storing
Toxic Fluids and the Lime," U. S. 3,526, 279, c. Sept. 1,
1970, f. Dec. 8, 1966 (Appl. 600, 152), 1970.
Culpepper, G. 0., Jr., asr., J. W. Kendall and J. W. Pitts,
"Method and Apparatus for Cleaning Solids for Pollution Free
Disposal," U. S. 3,736, 774, c. May 22, 1973, f. Jan. 29,
1971 (Appl. 110,826), 1973.
Dreher, K. D., R. D. Sydansk, asrs., (Marathon Oil Co.),
"Inhibiting Salt Water Intrusion into Fresh Water Aquifers,"
U. S. 3,642,067, c. Feb. 15, 1972, f. July 23, 1970 (Appl.
57,827), 1972.
Eck, J. C., asr., "Method for the Removal of Suspended Mat-
ter in Waste Water Treatment," Can. 857,344, c. Dec. 1, 1970,
f. Jan. 30, 1968 (Pr. U. S. June 15, 1967, Appl. 646,188),
Abstr., Can. Pat. Office Rec., v. 98, No. 48, p 5058,
Dec. 1, 1970.
Levens, F. T., "Well System," U. S. 3,768, 555, c. Oct. 30,
1973, f. Feb. 3, 1972 (Appl. 223,191), 1973.
Lienau, R., and W. Franz, asrs., "Apparatus with Tubing for
Introducing Liquids into Suitable Geologic Formations,"
Ger. 1,300,088, c. July 31, 1969, f. Jan. 22, 1968, (Appl.
114,277)," (Sued Chemie AG), Abstr., Auszuege Pat. (Ger.),
v. 15, No. 31, 1 2364, July 31, 1969, (In German).
Means, J. O., "Method of Killing Organisms by Use of Radio-
active Materials," U. S. 3,489,218, c. Jan. 13, 1970, f.
Aug. 22, 1966, Dow Chemical Company.
Nebolsine, R., "Apparatus for Effecting the Filtration of
Fluids for Example Water and Charging Underground Formations,"
Gr. Brit. 1,286,877, c. Aug. 23, 1972, f. Dec. 9, 1969
(Appl. 60, 150).
Oleen, D. C., asr., "Waterflood Process using Organic Phos-
phate Esters," U. S. 3,480,083, c. Nov. 25, 1969, f. Mar.
27, 1968 (Appl. 716-312), (Nalco Chemical Co.).
294
-------
Parks, C. F., and E. Goddard, asrs., (Dow Chemical Co.),
"Plugging of Permeable Materials," U. S. 3,583,167, c.
June 8, 1971, f. May 8, 1969, (Appl. 823, 159).
Perkins, L. E., asr. (Halliburton Co.), "Filter Apparatus
for Well Tool String," U. S. 3,515,210, c. June 2, 1970,
f. June 20, 1968 (Appl. 738,459).
Poettmann, F. H., "Limiting Contamination of Waste Disposal
Wells," U. S. 3,606,925, c. Sept. 21, 1971, f. Nov. 3, 1969
(Appl. 873,669), (Marathon Oil Co.).
Tosch, W. C., "Prevention of Salt Water Encroachment into
Fresh Water Aquifers," U. S. 3,587,737, c. June 28, 1971,
f. Nov. 5, 1969, Marathon Oil Company.
295
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SECTION XI
APPENDIX C
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION PROFILES
The information contained in these profiles was obtained
from various sources1'2'3'1*. They contain detailed infor-
mation, where available, about the chemicals which are
contained in waste streams being injected into deep-well
disposal systems. The chemicals are listed alphabetically
in the Table of Contents for this Appendix.
The hazard ratings which have been used in these profiles
were developed by Booz-Allen Research, Inc.1 The key to
the rating system is:
3 - Severely hazardous
2 - Slight to moderate hcizard
1 - Minimal hazard
U - Effects unknown
296
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CONTENTS
APPENDIX C
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION PROFILES
CHEMICAL PAGE
Acetaldehyde 304
Acetic acid 307
Acetone 304
Acetylene 311
Acrolein 319
Adipic Acid 322
Adiponitrile 324
Allyl Alcohol 325
Aluminum Oxide 331
Amides 336
Ammonia 337
Ammonium Chloride 339
Ammonium Chromate 343
Ammonium Bichromate 343
Ammonium Hydroxide 337
Ammonium Nitrate 339
297
-------
CHEMICAL PAGE
Ammonium Thiocyanate 350
Amyl Alcohol 325
Aniline 351
Arsenic Trioxide 353
Benzene 313
Benzoic Acid 356
Boron 358
Boron Chloride 359
Butane 311
Butanol 326
Butyl Bisulfide 361
Butyl Mercaptan 362
Butyl Phenol 367
Butyric Acid 372
Cadmium 373
Cadmium Chloride 373
Calcium Chloride 377
Calcium Hydroxide 377
Calcium Oxide 378
Caprolactum 381
298
-------
CHEMICAL PAGE
Carbon Disulfide 382
Chlorine 385
Chloroform 388
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons j88
Chromic Acid 391
Copper Chloride 393
Cresol 367
Cumene 313
Cumene Hydroperoxide 395
Cyclohexane 312
Diazinon 396
Diethy^stilbestrol 369
Dinitrobenzene 397
Dinitrotoluene 400
Dioxane 402
Diphemyl Amine 406
Epichlorohydrin 388
Ethane 312
Ethers 403
Ethyl Acetate 409
299
-------
CHEMICAL PAGE
Ethyl Bisulfide 414
Ethylene 312
Ethylene Glycol 327
Ethyl Mercaptan 363
Ethyl Phenol 367
Ferric Chloride 415
Ferrous Chloride 416
Ferrous Sulfate 417
Formaldehyde 307
Formic Acid 419
Glycerin 328
Gold Chloride 421
Hexamethylenediamine 422
Hexanol 425
Hydrochloric Acid 426
Hydrogen Cyanide 428
Hydrogen Peroxide 431
Magnesium Oxide 331
Mercury 433
Mercuric Chloride 433
300
-------
CHEMICAL PAGE
Mercuric Diammonium Chloride 434
Mercuric Nitrate 433
Mercuric Sulfate 434
Methane 445
Methyl Acetate 409
Methyl Cellulose 446
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 304
Methyl Mercaptan 363
Methyl Methacrylate 410
Nitric Acid 447
Nitrobenzene 449
p-Nitrophenol 451
Phenol 368
Phosphorous Oxychloride 453
Phosphorous Pentachloride 453
Phosphorous Trichloride 454
Polyvinyl Alchol 457
Potassium Chromate 343
Potassium Bichromate 344
Potassium Sulfate 378
301
-------
CHEMICAL PAGE
Propanol 458
Propargyl Alcohol 460
Propylene Oxide 403
Radium - 226 461
Silica 464
Silicon Tetrachloride 466
Silver Chloride 468
Sodium Carbonate 340
Sodium Chromate 344
Sodium Dichromate 345
Sodium Ferrocyanide 469
Sodium Fluoride 470
Sodium Formate 308
Sodium Hypochlorite 473
Sodium Monoxide 475
Sodium Nitrate 340
Sodium Nitrite 477
Sodium Sulfate 479
Sodium Sulfite 480
Stannic Oxide 482
302
-------
CHEMICAL PAGE
Sulfuric Acid 483
Terephthalic Acid 485
Thorium - 230 486
Toluene Diamine 487
p-Toluic Acid 489
Uranium 490
Urea 422
Valeric Acid 492
Vanadium Pentoxide 332
Vinyl Acetate 410
Xylene 313
Xylenol 369
Zinc Oxide 332
303
-------
ACETALDEHYDE, ACETONE, METHYL ETHYL KETONE
ACETALDEHYDE
/0
CHEMICAL, FORMULA: CH-j-c'-H
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, fuming, flammable liquid. IUC Name:
Ethanal. Also called acetic aldehyde and aldehyde.
Molecular Wt.; 44.05 Melting Pt.: -123.5°C Boiling Pt.; 20.8°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.7827 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 1.52 g/1
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt..: -36° F (CC) Autoignition Temperature: 365° F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 4.0% Upper 57%
Solubility:
Hot Water: Miscible Cold Water; Miscible Ethanol; Miscible
Other:
DOT Classification: Flammable liquid, red label
Coast Guard Classification: Red label
ACETONE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, flanmable liquid. IUC Name: 2-Propanone.
Also called dimethyl ketone.
Molecular Wt.: 58.08 Melting Pt. ; -94.6°C Boiling Pt.: 56.48°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.7972 g/cc @ 15° C (Gas) 2.00 g/1 __
Vapor Pressure: 400 mm @ 39.5°C
Flash Pt. : 0° F (CC) _ Autoignition Temperature; 1000° F _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 2.6% __ Upper 12 . 8% __
Solubility:
Hot Water: _ Miscible Cold Water : Miscible Ethanol : _ Miscible
Other : Miscible DMF, chloroform, ether
DOT Classification: Flammable liquid, red label
Coast Guard Classification; Red label MCA warning label
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid, IUC Name: 2 Butanone. Also called
MEK and ethyl methyl ketone.
304
-------
Molecular Wt.: 72.10 Melting Pt.; -85.9°C Boiling Ft.: 79.57°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.806 g/cc @ 20° C (Gas) 2.41 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 71.2 mm @ 20° C
Flash Pt.: 22° F (IOC) _Autoignition Temperature: 960° F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 1.8% Upper 10%
Solubility:
Hot Water: 19 g/100 ml @ 90°C Cold Water: 35.3 g/100 ml @ 1Q°C
Ethanol: Infinitely soluble Other: Ether
DOT Classification: Flammable, red label
Coast Guard Classification: Red label
MANUFACTURE: Catalytic oxidation or dehydration of the corresponding
alcohol.
USE: Solvents and intermediates in the manufacture of chemicals and syn-
thetic resins.
TOXICOLOGY. Narcotic and anesthetic. Highly irritating to the eyes and
the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. May affect the lungs. In-
gestion causes nausea, vomiting, headaches and dizziness and has irritating
effect.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Maximum Allowable Concentrations
(MAC are:
MATERIAL TLV MAC
ppn mg/M-3 ppm
Acetaldehyde 100 180 200
Acetone 1000 2400 1000
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 200 590 250
The Booz-Allen Ratings for these materials are:
COMPOUND HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Acetaldehyde 222 332 212
Acetone 221 212 21U
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 211 111 212
OTHER HAZARDS: Potential fire hazards.
HANDLING, STORAGE TRANSPORTATION: These materials should be handled in a
well ventilated area and protective clothing and respirators are recommended.
In case of accidental contact, all contaminated clothing should be removed
and the skin washed thoroughly with soap and water.
305
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DISPOSAL/REUSE: In seme processes recycling is possible in others the ma-
terials are not recoverable. Many processes result in dilute waste streams
which have a high chemical and biological oxygen demand. They can be treat-
ed on-site or discharged into municipal sewers.
Recommended Provisional Limits for these carbonyl compounds are as follows:
Contaminant in Air
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Contaminant in
Water and Soil"
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Provisional Limit
1.0
10
2
1.8
24
5.9
Provisional Limit
ppm (mg/l~
9.0
60.0
29.5
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Basis for Recommendation
Stokinger & Woodwaird
Method
Stokinger & Woodwaird
Method
Stokinger & Woodwaird
Method
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
Recycling is the best practice when possible.
DISPOSAL METHODS
Treatment to reduce chemical and
bilogical oxygen demand. Discharge
into sewers.
Incineration
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES:
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
These aliphatic carbonyl compounds are not considered to be candidate
waste stream constituents for National Disposal Site treatment.
306
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ACETIC ACID, FORMALDEHYDE, SODIUM FORMATE
ACETIC ACID
P
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH3-C-OH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless corrosive liquid. IUC Name; Ethanoic Acid.
Also called vinegar acid, methane carboxylic acid.
Molecular Wt.: 60.05 Melting Pt.; 16.7°C Boiling Pt.: 118°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.049 g/cc @ 25° C (Gas) 2.07 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 11.4 mm @ 20° C
Flash Pt.: 109° F (CQ _Autoignition Temperature; 800° F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 5.4% Upper 16.0% @ 212°F
Solubility:
Hot Water: Miscible Cold Water: Miscible Ethanol: Miscible
Other: Miscible glycerol, carbon tetrachloride, very slightly soluble
in carbon disulfide.
IATA Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label
Coast Guard Classirication: Combustible liquid
MANUFACTURE: From acetaldehyde by catalytic oxidation in either batch, con-
tinuous batch or gas phase processes, by catalytic gas phase oxidation of
butane or by the destructive distillation of wood.
USES: To make cellulose acetate (47%), vinyl acetate (25%), and other ace-
tates (16%), miscellaneous uses (12%),
FORMALDEHYDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Hcf H
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless gas. IUC Name: Methanal. Also called
oxomethane.
Molecular Wt.: 30.03 Melting Pt.: -92°C Boiling Pt.: -19.5°C
Density: (Liquid) Q.815 g/cc @ 20° C (Gas) 1.067 g/1
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Auto-ignition Temperature: 572° F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: 55% Ethanol; Soluble
Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: By the catalytic oxidation of methanol at 300 to 600° C using
a silver-copper or iron-^tolybdenum-vanadium catalyst. Gaseous formaldehyde
307
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polymerizes readily and is sold only in aqueous solutions.
USES: To make resins (60%), pentaerythritol (9%),, ehylene glycol (12%),
hexamethylenetetraamine (5) and miscellaneous items (14%)
SODIUM FORMATE
CHEMICAL, FORMULA: H-c'-ONa
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline solid., Neutral, pH 7, .in aq-
eous solution.
Molecular Wt.:_68^02 Melting Ft.; 253°C Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid)' 1.92 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Very soluble Cold Water; Very Sol. Ethanol: Slightly
Other: Soluble in glycerol
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: By the reaction of carbon monoxide with sodium hydroxide at
100 to 150 psi.
USES: Major use is to make formic acid which is used for textile dyeing and
finishing, chemical synthesis and in the leather industry.
TOXOCOLOGY: Acetic acid and its derivatives are irritants and corrosive on
contact with tissue, particularly the eyes and upper respiratory tract. In-
gestion causes a burning sensation pain in the stomach followed by nausea
and vomiting. Contact with the skin causes reddening followed by wrinkling
and peeling. Repeated contact can cause dermatitis.
Formaldehyde solution causes irritation. If swallowed, it causes violent
vomiting and diarrhea which can lead to collapse and death. Repeated skin
contact can cause dermatitis.
Sodium formate dust causes irritation of the eyes and the upper respiratory
tract. Continued contact may cause ulcerations of the respiratory tract and
skin lesions characterized by cracking and fissuring of the skin.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Maximum Allowable Concentrations
(MAC) are:
308
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COMPOUND
Acetic Acid
Formaldehyde
Sodium Formate
TLV MAC
ppm mg/lyp ppm
10 25
56 5
59
(as free acid)
The Booz-Allen Ratings on these compounds are as follows:
HUMAN
ECOLOGICAL
EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Acetic Acid
Formaldehyde
Sodium Formate
22 213 221 U
33 323 U21 2
33 3U2 Ull 1
OTHER HAZARDS: No others known.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Handle in a well ventilated area. Pro-
tective clothing and respirators are recommended. In case of contact, all
contaminated clothing should be removed instantly and the skin washed thor-
oughly with soap and water. Showers and eye fountains must be available
for serious accidents. In case of eye contact wash with large amounts
of water.
Store in a cool, dry, well ventilated area, away fron fire hazards.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: The uses of these materials are such that there is a high
degree of utilization due to recycling of unreacted materials. The main
source of waste being scrubbing to remove trace amounts.
Recommended Provisional Limits for these compounds are:
Contaminant in Air
Acetic Acid
Formaldehyde
Sodium Formate
Contaminant in
Water and Soir
Acetic Acid
Formaldehyde
Sodium Formate
Provisional Limit
ppm mg/frt-*
0.10 0.25
0.05 0.06
0.09
(as free acid)
Provisional Limit
ppm or mg/1
1.25
0.15
0.45
(as free acid)
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Basis for Recommendation
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
309
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EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT:
DISPOSAL METHODS EVALUATION
Recycling Best choice when possible
Treatment of waste water to reduce biological
and chemical oxygen demand. On site or at Satisfactory
municipal waste treatment systems.
Incineration Satisfactory
Process modifications in production have substantially reduced the amounts
of wastes produced.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Acetic acid, formaldehyde and
sodium formate can be adequately treated by common industrial and 'munici-
pal techniques. They are not considered to be candidate waste stream con-
stituents for National Disposal Sites.
310
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ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATIC
ACETYLENE, BUTANE, CYCLOHEXANE, ETHANE, ETHYLENE
AROMATIC
BENZENE, CUMENE, XYLENE
ACETYLENE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH 2CH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, flammable Gas, garlic like odor, IUC Name:
Ethyne. Sublimes at -84.0°C Forms explosive compounds with copper and sil-
ver.
Molecular Wt.; 26.04 Melting Pt.: -81.6°C Boiling Pt.: -84.Qgc_ sublimes
Density: (Liquid) ~ (Gas) 1.173 g/1 @ 0° C ~
Vapor Pressure: 40 atm @ 16.8°C
Flash Pt. : 0°F (CC) Autoignition Temperature: 571°F_
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 2.5% Upper 80%
Solubility:
Hot Water: - Cold Water: Slightly Ethanol;
Other: Ether, benzene, acetone
DOT Classification: Flammable gas, red gas label
Coast Guard Classification: Red gas label
BUTANE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, flammable gas. IUC Name: n-Butane.
Molecular Wt.: 58.1 Melting Pt.: -138.6°C Boiling Pt.: -0.5°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.599 g/cc @ 0° C (Gas) 2.046 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 2 atm @ 18.8°C
Flash Pt. :-76° F (CC) Autoignition Temperature: 761°F
Explosive Limits in Air ~(Wt%) :Lower 1.9% Upper 8.5%
Solubility:
Hot Water; Insoluble Cold Water: Insoluble Ethanol: Soluble
Other: Ether, chloroform.
DOT Classification: Flammable, r.ed gas label
Coast Guard Classification: Red gas label
311
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CYCLOHEXANE
,H12' 0
CHEMICAL FORMULA.: C,.
D
GENERAL, DESCRIPTION: Colorless, flaimiable gas. Also called hexamathylene.
Molecular Wt.; 84.16 Melting Ft.; 6.5°C Boiling Pt.: 80.7°C
Density: (Liquid) -.7791 g/cc @ 20° C (Gas) 2.90 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 100 mm @ 60.8°C
Flash Pt.: -4° F Autoignition Tenperature: 500° F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 1.3% Upper 8.4%
Solubility:
Hot Water: Insoluble Cold Water: Insoluble Ethanol: Soluble
Other: Ether
DOT Classification: Flammable red label
Coast Guard Classification: Red label
ETHANE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH3CH3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, flammable gas. Also called dimethyl
Molecular Wt.: 30.07 Melting Pt.; -172°C Boiling Pt.; -88.6°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.561 g/cc @ -100°C (Gas) 1.04 g/1
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Tenperature: 959°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 3.0% Upper 12.5%
Solubility:
Hot Water; Insoluble Cold Water: Insoluble Ethanol;Slightly
Other:
DOT Classification: Flammable, red label
Coast Guard Classification: Red gas label
ETHYLENE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH2 = CH2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, flammable gas. IUC Name: Ethene. Also
called etherin.
Molecular Wt.: 28.05 Melting Pt.: -169.4°C Boiling Pt.; -103.9°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.566 g/cc @ -102°C (Gas) 1.26 g/1
Vapor Pressure:
Flash It.: Autoignition Tenperature: 842°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 3.1% Upper 32%
312
-------
Solubility:
Hot Water;
Other: Ether
Insoluble Cold Water: Insoluble Ethanol: Slightly
_
DOT Classification: Flamnable, red label
Coast Guard Classification: Red label
BENZENE
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Flammable liquid. Also called benzol and coal naphtha.
Molecular Wt. ; 78.11 Melting Pt. : 5.51°C Boiling Pt. : 80.093°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.8794 g/cc @ 20° C (Gas) 2.77 g/1 _
Vapor Pressure: 100 nm @ 26.1°C
Flash Pt. ;
12°F (CC)
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) :
Solubility:
Hot Water: Insoluble
Autoignition Temperature;
Upper
1044° F
Lower 1. 3%
7 . 1%
Cold Water: Insoluble Ethanol; Miscible
_
Other; Chloroform, ether, acetone.
DOT Classification: Flamnable , red label
Coast Guard Classification : Red label
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CgHgCH(CH3)2,
CUMENE
KCH3)2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Liquid. IUC Name: Isopropylbenzene. Also called
cumol, 2-phenylpropane.
Molecular Wt. : 120.19 Melting Pt. ; -96.0°C Boiling Pt. : 152° C
Density: (Liquid) 0.864 g/cc @ 20° C (Gas) 4.1 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 10 nm @ 38.3° C _
Flash Pt. :
_ 111° F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) :
Solubility:
Hot Water: Insoluble
Other:
Autoignition Temperature :
Upper
795° F
Lower 0.9%
6 . 5%
Cold Water; Insoluble Ethanol: Soluble
DOT Classification : ' '
Coast Guard Classification:
XYLENE
Three isoners exist, meta-xylene, ortho-xylene and para-xylene
313
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m - XYLENE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CgH4 (CH3) 2,
CK3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless flammable liquid. IUC Name: 1,3 - dimethyl
benzene. Also called m-xytol.
Molecular Wt.: 106.2 Melting Pt.: -47.9°C Boiling Pt.: 139°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.864 g/cc @ 20° C (Gas) 3.66 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 10 mm @ 28.3°C
Flash It.: Autoignition Temperature: 982° F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 1.1% Upper 7.0%
Solubility:
Hot Water; Insoluble Cold Water: Insoluble Ethanol: Miscible
Other: Ether ~
DOT Classification: Flanmable, red label
Coast GJuard Classification: Red label
o-XYLENE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C6H4(CH3)2/
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless flammable liquid. IUC Name: 1,2 -dimethyl
benzene. Also called o-Xytol.
Molecular Wt. : 106.2 _ Melting Pt. : -29.5°C Boiling Pt.: 144. 4CC
Density: (Liquid) Q^ggQq/fcc @ 32.1°C _ (Gas) 3.66 g/1 __
Vapor Pressure: 10 mm @ 32.1°C _ __
Flash Pt. ; 90°F _ Autoignition Temperature: 867° F _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 1 . 0% __ Upper 6 . 0% __
Solubility:
Hot Water; Insoluble _ Cold Water: insoluble Ethanol: Miscible
Other: Ether _
DOT Classification: Flammable, red label
Coast Guard Classification: Red label
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CgH4(CH3)2,
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless flammable liquid. IUC Name: 1,4 dimethyl
bezene. Also called p-xytol.
314
-------
Molecular Wt.:_ _J 06^2 _ Molting Pt.: 13.2°C Boiling Pt. :_1_3 8.3 °_C
Density: (Liquid) J^8^_2nv/cc_|_20^_C_ '_ _ "(Gas) ____ _1-_6JL2/1. ______________
Vapor Pressure: _ 10_JIEn_@_21il!£ _ ^ _
Flash Pt. : __ 103^ F_ (_ OC) ______ Autoignition Temperature: ______________
Explosive jTimTtsTin Air ~(Wt%T: "Tower __1_.1_% __________ Upper __ 7_._0% ______________
Solubility:
Hot Water: __!nsoluble_ _ Cold Water :_lnsoluble_ Ethanol:So]uble_
Other: __ Ether__J ___ ^ __
DOT Classification:
__ —
Coast Guard Classification: Red label
MANUFACTURE: Saturated hydrocarbons and small amounts of ben/ene and
-------
The Booz-Allen Ratings for these hydrocarbons are:
HUMAN
ECOLOGICAL
EXPLOSION
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Acetylene
Butane
Cyclohexane
Ethane
Ethylene
1 1
2 1
1 1
2 1
2 1
HUMAN
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
L
3
U
3
1
U
U
U
U
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
EXPLOSION
2
2
2
1
2
AroTBtic Hydrocarbons Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Benzene
Cumene
Xylene
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
U
U
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
OTHER HAZARDS: All are Flaimable and explosive. The actylene is especially
so, and dry salts of acetylene are very prone to spontaneous detonation.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Care must be exercised in handling, stor-
ing, and transporting to prevent container leakage. The pure materials have
very little odor, adding to the danger. Keep away from fire hazards and in a
cool well-ventilated area. Areas where these materials are used should be
equipped with spark proof electrical equipment. Protect from heat ajid
sudden temperature rise.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Most unused or unreacted material is recycled. Main sources
of waste are dilute aqueous solutions resulting from washing procedures.
These wastes are discharged into the sewer after skimming and primary treat-
ment to reduce the hydrocarbon content.
Some waste is discharged directly into rivers and streams. Sludges are
landfilled. Some liquid waste is incinerated.
Some waste from, small users is picked up by scavangers who dispose of it by
reclaiming, landfill, ocean burial, open burning or any other method that
seems appropriate.
For disposal of the compounds into the environment the following Provisional
Limits are recommended:
316
-------
Constituent in Air
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Acetylene
Butane
Cyclohexane
Ethane
Ethylene
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Benzene
Cumene
Xylene
Constituent in
Water and Soil
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Acetylene
Butane
Cyclohexane
Ethane
Ethylene
Aronatic Hydrocarbons
Benzene
Cumene
Xylene
Provisional Limit
EE1
5
3
22
12
10.5
9
22
0.25
0.5
1.0
0.80
2.45
4.35
Provisional Limits
ppm (mg/1)
110
60
52.5
45
110
3.5
12.25
4.35
Basis for
Recommendat ion
Based on Similar
Compounds
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on Similar
Compounds
Based on Similar
Compounds
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Basis for
Recommendation
Based on Similar
Compounds
Stokinger & Wood-
ward Method
Stokinger & Wood-
ward Method
Based on Similar
Compounds
Based on Similar
Compounds
Stokinger & Wood-
ward Method
Stokinger & Wood-
ward Method
Stokinger & Wood-
ward Method
317
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EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT:
DISPOSAL METHODS
Recycling
Discharge of dilute aqueous streams. into
the municipal or industrial sewer after
preliminary treatment
Incineration
Landfill of residue, sludges and hydro-
carbon mixtures obtained during manu-
facture and use
Uncontrolled disposal by local sca-
vangers
EVALUATION
Best Choice when pos- ible
Satisfactory
Sat isfactory
Not satisfactory due to long
term threat to underground
water supplies
Potentially good due to con-
centrating of wastes at few
sites
APPLICABLE TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: All of these materials can. be hand-
led easily and safely locally by cannon industrial techniques, therefore,
they are not considered candidates for National Disposal Sites.
318
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ACROLEIN
,=OK
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH2=CHCH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, volatile unstable, flammable liquid. IUC
Name: 2-propenal. Also called aerylaldehyde, acrylic aldehyde, allyl alda-
hyde.
Molecular Wt.: 56.06 Melting Ft.: -87.7°C Boiling Ft.: 52.5°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.841 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 1.44 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 760 mm @ 52.5°C; 215 mm @ 20°C; 678.5 mm @ 50°C
Flash Pt. : A.utoignition Temperature: 532°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 2.8% Upper 31%
Solubility:
Hot Water: 24.0% (wt) Cold Water: 20.8% (wt) @ 20°C
Other: Soluble in ether Ethanol: Soluble
Coast Guard Classification: Flammable
DOT Classification; 28, 29
MANUFACTURE: By the direct oxidation of propylene or by the cross-conden-
sation of acetaldehyde. Large scale commercial facilities for the manufac-
ture of acrolein are operated by Union Carbide and Shell Chemical.
USES: In the manufacture of Pharmaceuticals, amino acids, odorants, dye-
stuffs, textile finishing, resins, paper chemicals, polyesters, and poiyur-
ethanes.
TOXICOLOGY: Acrolein is highly toxic and is poisonous by ingestion, inhala-
tion, and absorption through the skin. It is intensely irritating to the
eyes, respiratory tract and lungs. The liquid can cause severe burns to the
eyes and skin. The Threshold Limit Value quoted in the current Occupational
Safety and Health Standards is 0.1 ppm. The TRW assessment of the toxicologi-
cal information reconmends a limit in air of 0.001 ppm (0.0025 mg/M ) for 24
hour exposure.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for Acrolein are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
33 2 23 22U 2
OTHER HAZARDS: Acrolein monomer is a dangerous substance due to its flamma-
bility and high reactivity. In addition to it being explosive between 2.8
and 31 percent by volume in air it may be subject to explosive polymeriza-
tion if inadequately inhibited.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Acrolein requires special methods of
handling. All processing equipment and storage facilities should be located
319
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outdoors to provide adequate ventilation. All electrical equipment, includ-
ing flashlights, used around acrolein should be vapor tight or explosion
proof. All equipment should be properly grounded. Static electricity should
be guarded against. Copper metal or its alloys is reccmnended in distillation
systems because of the inhibiting effect afforded by these metals, although
iron and steel are satisfactory construction materials for handling inhibited
acrolein. Acrolein should be stored under an oxygen-free atmosphere as an a-
cid to prevent explosive polymerization. Large quantities should be stored
in nan-draining, diked areas. Acrolein is shipped under an oxygen-free at-
mosphere and inhibited with hydroquinone.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: The products formed in the neutralization of dilute streams
must be considered when disposing of acrolein in aqueous waste streams. The
reaction with the carbon-carbon double bond is catalyzed by base.
Current techniques use neutralization of acrolein with base and lagooning.
Waste acrolein streams are too dilute for incineration, therefore, secondary
treatment or deep well disposal is presently used.
In releasing acrolein to the environment the following Recommended Provision-
al Limits should be considered:
Acrolein as a
Contaminant in
Air
Water and Soil
Provisional Limit
0.001 ppn (0.0025 mg/M3)
0.01 ppm
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: Acrolein appears in waste streams
in low concentrations and only rarely as concentrated waste.
METHODS OF DISPOSAL
Return to a manufacturer for repro-
cessing when possible
Incineration in two stages to con-
vert acrolein to C02 and water.
DILUTE AQUEOUS WASTE
Secondary treatment
Deep well disposal
EVALUATION
Best Choice
Satisfactory
Insufficient information to evaluate
Inadequate due to lack of assurance
that a deep-well will operate satis-
factorily over a long period; little
research into long-term effective-
ness and deep-veil injection in real-
320
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METHODS OF DISPOSAL
Combustion after evaporative
concentration.
EVALUATION
ly long term storage of hazardous
materials, as opposed to conversion
to a non-hazardous material.
Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Due to its high chemical reactivi-
ty, toxicity, flammability and difficulties in processing it is anticipated
that acrolein waste will require treatment at National Disposal Sites.
321
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ADIPIC ACID
CHEMICAL FORMULA: H02C(CH2)4C02H
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline solid. IUC Name: 1,6 - hexane-
dioic acid. Also called 1,4 - butane dicarboxylic acid.
Molecular Wt. : 146.14 Melting Pt. : 152°C Boiling Pt. : _ 337. 5 °C
Density: (Solid) 1.360 g/cc @ 25°C (Gas) 5.04 q/1
Vapor Pressure: 1 nm @ 159. 5°C _
Flash Pt,. : 385°F (CC) _ Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower_ ___ Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Soluble Cold Water; Soluble _ Ethanol : Soluble
Other : Methanol, acetone
MANUFACTURE: Catalytic oxidation of cyclohexanol
USES: In the production of nylon 6/6 (88%), esters for plasticizers and
synthetic lubricants and in urethans.
TOXICITY:: Very low.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for adipic acid are as follows:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
UUU 12U 111
OTHER HAZARDS: No hazards.
HANDLING STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION: No particular hazards
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Any unused material is recycled. Dilute waste streams
can be treated on site or discharged into the municipal sewer after pH
adjustment.
Recommended Provisional Limits for adipic acid are:
Adipic Acid as Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
Contaminant in ppm
Air - 0.25 Based on Similar Compounds
Soil and water 1.25 - Based on Similar Compounds
322
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EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
Disposal Methods Evaluation
Recycling Best choice when possible
Treatment of waste to reduce chemical Satisfactory
and biological oxygen demand, and
discharge into municipal sewers
Incineration Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Adipic acid can best be handled
by municipal or industrial disposal methods and is not considered a candi-
date waste stream constituent for National Disposal Sites.
323
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ADIPONITRILE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CN (CH2)4CN
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Water-white liquid, practically odorless. Also caller
1,4 dicyanobutane and tetramethylene cyanide.
Molecular Wt.; 108.14 Melting Pt.: 23°C Boiling Ft.; 295°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.965 g/cc @ 2Q°C (Gas)^
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.; 199.4°F Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Ethanol:
Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: Toxic since the nitrile group will behave like a cyanide when
ingested or absorbed into the body by contact. It produces disturbances
of the respiration and circulation,irritation of the stomach and intestines
and loss of weight.
OTHER HAZARDS: Combustion products may contain hydrocyanic acid. It is a
moderate fire hazard when exposed to heat or flames. When heated to decom-
position, it emits highly toxic fumes. It can react with oxidizing mater-
ials.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Handle with care in a well ventilated
area. Store away from heat, open flames and oxidizing materials. Wear
protective equipment to prevent inhalation, ingestion or skin contact.
324
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ALCOHOLS
(Allyl Alcohol, Amyl Alcohol, Ethylene Glycol, Butanols, Glycerin)
ALLYL ALCOHOL
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH2=CH-CH2OH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid. Pungent odor. Polymerizes slowly
on storage to a thick syrup. IUC Name: 2-Propen-l-ol
Molecular Wt.: 5.8.08 Melting Pt.: -129°C Boiling Pt.: 96-97°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.8540 gm/ml @ 20°C (Gas) 2.00 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 10 mm @ 10.5°C
Flash Pt.: 70°F (O.C.) Autoignition Temperature: 713°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 2.5% _ Upper 18%
Solubility:
Hot Water: Miscible Cold Water: Miscible Ethanol; Miscible
Other: MisciJble chloroform, ether, petroleum ether
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
AMYL ALCOHOL
Two Iscmers are Listed Here
n-Amyl Alcohol
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2~CH2~OH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid. IUC Name: 1-Pentanol. Also called
pentyl alcohol, n-butyl carbinol
Molecular Wt.: 88.15 Melting Pt.; -79°C Boiling Pt.: 138.1°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.824 g/cc @ 20° C (Gas) 3.04 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm @ 13.6° °C ip mm @ 44.9°C
Flash Pt.: 100° F (C.C.) Autoignition Temperature: 572°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 1.2% Upper 10% @ 100°C
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: 2.7 q/j 00 ml @ 22°C Ethanol: Miscible
Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification: Combustible liquid
sec - Amyl Alcohol
9H
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3
325
-------
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid. IUC Name: 2: Pentanol. Also
called methyl propyl carbinol
Molecular Wt.; 88.15 Melting Pt.; -50°C Boiling Pt.; 119.3°C
0.811 g/cc @ 20° C
Density: (Liquid)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.:
(Gas) 3.04 g/1
105° F (O.C.)
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower
Solubility:
Cold Water: 16.6 g/100 ml 0 20° C Hot Water:
Other: Miscible in ether.
DOT Classification:
Autoignition Temperature:650 to 725°F
~ Upper 9.0%
Ethanol: Miscible
Coast Guard Classification:
BUTANOL
(There are three isomers)
1- BUTANOL
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless flammable liquid. Also called n- butyl
alcohol, propyl carbinol.
Molecular Wt. ; 74.12 Melting Pt.: -90°C Boiling Pt.; 117-118°C
Density:
(Liquid)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.:
0.810 g/cc @ 2Q°C
5.5 ran @ 20°C
(Gas) 2.55 g/1
36-38°C
(Wt%)
Lower
Explosive Limits in Air
Solubility:
Cold Water: 9.1 ml/100 ml |_25°C
Other:
Autoignition Temperature: 689°F
1.4% Upper 11.2% "
Hot Water:
Ethanol: Miscible
Miscible in ether and many other organic solvents
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MCA warning label
2- BUTANOL
OH
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless flammable liquid.
alcohol, methyl alkyl carbinol.
Molecular Wt.; 74.12 Melting Pt.; -89°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.808 g/oe @ 20°C
(Liquid)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.:
(Gas)
Also called sec-butyl
Boiling Pt.:
2.55 g/1
99.5°C
10 mm @ 20°C
75° F (C.C.)
763°F
Autoignition Temperature:_
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%)~: Lower 1.7% @100°C Upper 9.8% @100° C"
326
-------
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water; 10 wt% Ethanol: miscible
Other; MiscJble in ether and other organic solvents
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MCA warning label
tert-BUTANOL
OH
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH
CH3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid or crystalline solid. IUC Name: 2-
Methy 1- 2-propanol
Molecular Wt. : 74.12 Melting Pt.: 25.3°C Boiling Pt. : 82.41°C ___
Density: (Liquid) 0.7887 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 2.55 g/1 _____
Vapor Pressure: 40 ntn @ 24.5°C _
Flash Pt.: _ 52°F (c.C.) _ Autoignition Temperature : 892 °F __
Explpsive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lover 2 . 4% _ Upper 8 . 0% __ ~_
Solubility:
Hot Water: Soluble _ Cold Water: Soluble Ethanol: Miscible
Other: Miscible in ether
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MCA warning label
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
CHEMICAL FORMULA: HO-CH2~CH2~°H
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless very hygroscopic liquid. IUC Name: 1,2-
ethanediol. Also called glycol and glycol alcohol
Molecular Wt.: 102.1 Freezing Pt.; -13°C Boiling Pt.: 197.5°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.113 g/cc @ 25°C (Gas) 214 q/1 '
Vapor Pressure: 0.05 nm @ 20°C
Flash Pt.: 232° F (CC) Autoignition Temperature: 775° F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 3.2% Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Miscible Cold Water: Miscible Ethanol:Miscible
Other: Soluble in lower alcohols, acetic acid, acetone, pyridine.
Insoluble in benzene and its honiologues, chlorinated hydrocarbons.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
327
-------
GLYCERIN
OH OH OH
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH-,~CH-CH2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid or crystalline solid. IUC Name:
1,2,3-Propanetriol. Also called glycerol. Absorbs water, H2S, HCN and
SO2 readily.
Molecular Wt.; 92.09 Melting Pt.; 17.9"C Boiling Pt.: 290°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.260 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 3.17 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 0.0025 mm '? 50°C
Flash Pt.; 320° F Autoignition Temperature; 739°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Miscible Cold Water: Miscible Ethanol: Miscible
Other: Soluble in ethyl acetate, ether; insoluble in benzene, chloro-
form, petroleum solvents.
DOT Classification: ^ ~"^~
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Hydraticn of alkenes, synthesized Irani propylene and trigly-
cerides, oxo process or hydroformulation of the alkenes.
USES: As solvents and chemical intermediates. Glycerin arid ylycols are
used as anti-freeze: and in cosmetics.
TOXICOLOGY: All arc relatively non toxic exctpt allyl alcohol. All are ir-
ritants to mucous membranes, particularly the eyes, nose and respiratory
passages. Ingestion causes headache, nausea, vcrniting and delerium. Re-
peated exposure can cause damage to the kidneys, liver and blood vessels.
Allyl alcohol is a strong irritant and damage to the kidneys and liver
occurs at much lower concentration.
The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) and Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC)
are as follows:
Compound TLV .MAC
ppm mg/M^ ppm
Allyl Alcohol 25 2
Amyl Alcohol -
Butanols 100 300 100
Ethylene Glycol -
Glycerin 400 980 400
328
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The Booz-Allen Ratings are as follows:
COMPOUND HUMAN ECOLOGICAL
EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Allyl Alcohol
Amyl Alcohol
Butanols
Ethylene Glycol
Glycerin
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
3
2
3
1
1
U
u
U
u
u
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
OTHER HAZARDS: All are flammable to some degree.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Handle in a well ventilated area. Pro-
tective clothing and respirators are reconmended. In case of contact all
contaminated clothing should be removed and the skin washed thoroughly.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: In some processes, materials are recycled as much as pos-
sible. Many processes result in dilute waste streams. They can be treated
on site or discharged into the municipal sewer.
For -release into the environment, the following Provisional Limits are
listed below:
Contaminant in Air
Allyl Alcohol
Amyl Alcohol
Butanols
Ethylene Glycol
Glycerin
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Allyl Alcohol
Amyl Alcohol
Butanols
Ethylene Glycol
Glycerin
Provisional Limits Basis for Recommendation
ppm
0.02
1.0
mg/M-3
0.05
3.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Provisional Limits Basis for Reconmendation
PP"
0.23
15
15
.0
.0
1.
1.
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT:
DISPOSAL METHODS
Recycling
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on Similar Compounds
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on Similar Compounds
Based on Similar Compounds
EVALUATION
Best choice when possible
329
-------
Treatment, of waste water to reduce chemi-
cal and biological oxygen demand. Dis- Satisfactory
charge to sewer
Incineration Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES:
These compounds can be handled by municipal and industrial disposal methods.
They are not considered waste stream candidates for National Disposal Sites.
330
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ALUMINUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, VANADIUM PENTOXIDE, ZINC OXIDE
ALUMINUM OXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: A1203
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline powder. Also called alumina.
Molecular Wt.: 101.96 Melting Pt.: 2045°C Boiling Pt.: 2980°C
Density: (Solid) 3.965 g/cc @ 25°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water; Insoluble Cold Water: Insoluble
Ethanol: Insoluble Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACrURE: From aluminum hydroxide such as bauxite. The Bayer process is
one method used.
USES: As an absorbent and desiccant for drying gases and liquids, as a cata-
lyst for various chemical reactions, as abrasives, in the manufacture of re-
fractories, in absorption chromatography, as filler for paints and varnishes,
in the manufacture of alloys, ceramic materials, electrical insulators and
resistors, dental cements, glass, artificial gems and in coating for metals.
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: MgO
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline powder. It takes up CO2 and wa-
ter from the air.
Molecular Wt.: 40.32 Melting Pt.: 2800°C Boiling Pt.: 360Q°C
Density: (Solid) 3.58 g/cc ~(Gas)_
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 0.0086 g/100 ml @ 30°C Cold Water: 0.00062 g/100 ml
Ethanol: Insoluble Other: Soluble in acids and ammonium
salts.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
331
-------
MANUFACTURE: It occurs in nature as the mineral perclase. It is manufac-
tured by calcination of magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide or by de-
composition of magnesium chloride.
USES: In the manufacture of refractories, magnesium metal and oxychloride
cements, as an ingredient in mixed fertilizer, in the manufacture of magne-
sium salts, as a neutralizing agent and vulcanization accelerator in the
compounding of neoprene and other rubbers, as a decolorizing agent for sol-
vents in the dry cleaning industry, as an absorbent and a catalyst, as an
ingredient of various pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations such as den-
tifrices and powders, as an antacid and laxative for man and as a laxative
for young foals, calves, pigs and dogs.
VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: V2 05
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Yellow to red crystalline solid.
Molecular Wt.; 181.88 Melting Pt.; 690°C Boiling Pt.:1750°C d
Density: (Solid) 37357 g/cc @ 18°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.; Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: 0.8 g/cc @ 20°C
Ethanol: Insoluble Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MMQUFACTURE: By carefully igniting ammonium vanadate and by slightly acidi-
fying an alkaline, aqueous solution of ammonium vanadate.
USES: As a catalyst for various chemical reactions, particularly those in-
volving oxidation such as the oxidation of S02 and SO-j in making sulfuric
acid, in the manufacture of yellow glass, and for inhibiting ultraviolet
light transmission in glass, as a developer in photography, and in the man-
ufacture of aniline black.
ZINC OXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Zn 0
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White or yellowish powder. Also called Chinese white
and flowers of zinc.
Molecular Wt.; 81.37 Melting Pt.; 1975°C Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) 5.47 g/cc (Gas)
332
-------
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: 0.00016 g/100 ml @ 29° C
Ethanol: Insoluble Other: Soluble in acids, alkalis,
NH^Cl
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: By the vaporization of metallic zinc by indirect heating in
the presence of CO gas and oxidation of the zinc vapor with preheated air.
It can also be produced from the zinc ore, franklinite or from zinc blende.
It occurs naturally as the mineral zincite.
USES: As a pigment in white paints, in cosmetics, driers, quick-setting
cements, in dental cements, in the manufacture of opaque glass and certain
types of transparent glass, in the manufacture of enamels, automobile tires,
white glue, matches, white printing inks, porcelains, zinc green, as an
analytical chemical reagent, as an astringent, antiseptic, protective in
skin diseases; in veterinary applications as a dressing in moist eczema and
on wounds and otorrhea in dogs.
TOXICOLOGY: The materials included in this report are non-toxic. However
inhalation of the solid particles could cause some physical damage.
Aluminum oxide is non-toxic, but it has been reported that inhalation of
finely divided particles can cause physical damage to the lung.
Inhalation of freshly formed magnesium may cause metal fume fever. There is
no evidence that it can produce any true systemic poisoning.
Vanadium compounds act chiefly as irritants to the conjunctivae and respira-
tory tracts. Prolonged exposures may lead to pulmonary involvement. Re-
sponses are acute, but never chronic.
Inhalation of fresh fumes of zinc oxide can cause a disease known as "brass
founders' ague" or "brass chills". However, there is no cumulative effect
to the inhalation of zinc fume. The zinc oxide dust which is not freshly
formed is virtually innocuous, but it can block the ducts of the sebaceous
glands and give rise to a papular, pustular eczema in men engaged in pack-
ing this compound into barrels.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Lethal Doses or Concentrations are as
follows:
Contaminant in Air TLV Lethal Dose or Concentration
Aluminum Oxide *
Magnesium Oxide 15 mg/M3 (fume)
333
-------
Contaminant in Air
TLV
Lethal Dose or Concentration
Vanadium Pentoxide 0.5 mg/M3 (dust)
0.1 mg/M3 (fume)
Zinc Oxide 5 mg/M3 (fume)
in 1C : 2500 mg/M3 rat
* The proposed TLV is 10 mg/M3 or 30 million particles /ft whichever is
smaller.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN
ECOLOGICAL
EXPLOSION
Air Water Land
211
311
211
Air Water Land
1 U 3
3 U 3
3 3 U
Air Water Land
211
211
111
CONTAMINANT
Aluminum Oxide
Magnesium Oxide
Vanadium Pentoxide
Zinc Oxide
OTHER HAZARDS: No other hazards known.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: The chief concern in handling and storage
is to maintain adequate ventilation of the dust and fume by workers. Dusty
materials must be shipped in plastic-coated bags to prevent pollution during
transportation.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Contaminated materials are usually disposed of rather than
reprocessed for reuse. The following Provisional Limits should be considered
before disposal into the environment:
Contaminant in Air Provisional Limit
Aluminum Oxide
Magnesium Oxide
Vanadium Pentoxide 0.005 mg/M3 (fume)
0.001 mg/M3 (dust)
0.1 mg/M or
0.3 millign particles/ft3*
0.10
Zinc Oxide
0.5
*Whichever is the smaller
Provisional Limit
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Aluminum Oxide
Magnesium Oxide
Vanadium Pentoxide
3 ins Oxide
0.5 ppm (mg/1)
125 ppm (mg/1) as Mg
0.05 ppm (mg/1) as V
5 ppm (mg/1) as Zn
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Basis for Reoammendation
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Drinking Water Standard
Chronic toxicity
Drinking Water Standard
334
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EVALUATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHODS E\^LUATION
Landfill Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Since landfill provides a conven-
ient and adequate method of disposal for these materials they are not con-
sidered to be candidates for disposal at National Disposal Sites.
335
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AMIDES
CHEMICAL FORMULA: The general formula for amides is R - c'- NH2 where R is
an alkyl or aryl group.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Neutral compounds which are closely related to the or-
ganic acids.
TOXICOLOGY: Most of the saturated amides have low toxicity. The unsaturated
and N-substituted amides are frequently irritants and may be absorbed through
the skin. In animal experiments, the unsaturated and ^substituted .amides
have caused injury to the liver kidney and brain.
336
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AMMONIA, AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
Arrmonium hydroxide is essentially ammonia dissolved in water. This report
will cover ammonium hydroxide.
CHEMICAL FORMULA: NH4OH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid. Also called aqua ammonia, water of
ammonia, aqua ammonium, ammonium hydrate.
Molecular Wt.: 35.05 Melting Pt.: -77°C Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Liquid) (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water; Soluble Ethanol:
Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MCA Warning Label
MANUFACTURE: Ammonia is produced in large tonnage by the Haber process in
which hydrogen and nitrogen gases react catalytically under elevated tempera-
tures and pressure.
USES: The weaker solution (10%) is used as a reflex stimulant
The stronger solution (28-29%) may be used for the following purposes:
(1) as a detergent and in removing stains, bleaching, calico
printing and extracting plant colors and lakaloids.
(2) in the manufacture of ammonium salts and aniline dyes.
(3) as a chemical reagent and in a variety of other uses.
TOXICOLOGY: Irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes.
Corneal ulcers may be caused by the splashing of ammonia water in the eye.
Emits toxic fumes upon heating. Edema of the respiratory tract, spasm of
the glottis, and asphyxia result from inhalation of concentrated fumes.
The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) is 35 mg/M3(NH3)
The Lethal Dose (LD) is 250 mg(NH3)/Kg rat.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for ammonia are:
337
-------
Air
2
HUMAN
Water
ECOLOGICAL.
Air
Water
Land
Air
EXPLOSION
Water
Land
32 U
HAZARDS : No other haza/cuj
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Contact with the skin and inhalation of
the fume should be avoided. Ammonia should be kept tightly closed.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: For the safe disposal of ammonia .into the environment, the
following Provisional Limits are recommended:
Contaminant in Air
Ammonium Hydroxide
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Ammonium Hydroxide
Maximum Exposure Limit Basis for Recommendation
0.2 mg/M3 as NH3 0.01 TLV for NaOH
Provisional Limit
0.01 ppra (mg/1)
EVALUATION OF WASTE MAllAGEhENTT PRACTICES
METHOD OF DISPOSAL
Neutralize to ammonium nitrate with nitiic
acid and use as a fertilizer
APPLICABILITY TO NATIOtjAL DISPOSAL SITES:
Basis For Recommendation
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
11VAHIATTOH
Satisfactory
Ammonium hydroxide as a waste stream constituent is not considered to be a
candidate for disposal at a National Disposal Site.
338
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AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, AMMONIUM NITRATE, SODIUM CARBONATE, SODIUM NITRATE
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: NH Cl
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystaline solid. Also called sal ammoniac.
Molecular Wt.: 53.50 Melting Pt.: Boiling Pt.: 35Q°C
Density: (Solid) 1.54 g/cc (Gas) (sublimes)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 29.7 g/100 ml @ 0°C Cold Water; 75.8 g/100 ml @ 100°C
Ethanol; Slightly soluble Other: Soluble in NH4OH
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: The commercial grade is usually produced by the Solvay Ammonia-
Soda process. It is also made by reacting ammonium sulfate with sodium chlo-
ride.
USES: In soldering flux, washing powders, pickling agents for zink coating
and tinning, electroplating and medicine and in the manufacture of dyes, var-
ious ammonia compounds, fertilizer and cement for pipe joints.
AMMONIUM NITRATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: NH4NO3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline material. Also called Norway
Saltpeter.
Molecular Wt.: 80.05 Melting Pt.: 169.6°C Boiling Pt.: 210°C
Density: (Solid) 1.725 g/cc @ 23°C (Gas) (decomposes)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water :87/cr/100q @ 10Q°C Cold Water:118g/100q@00CEthanol:2.8g/100q@2Q0C
Other: Soluble in alkaline
DOT Classification: Oxidizing material, yellow label
Coast Guard Classification: Oxidizing material, yellow label
MANUFACTURE: There are four basic processes for the manufacture of ammonium
nitrate: Prilling or spraying, the Stengel process, crystallization and
graining. All ammonium nitrate is made by neutralizing nitric acid with
amnonia.
339
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USES: Important as a nitrogen fertilizer. In the manufacture of many expK
sives, and nitrous oxide, an anesthetic.
SODIUM CARBONATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Na_C
°3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White, hygroscopic crystalline powder. Also called
soda ash.
Molecular Wt.; 106.00 Melting Pt.: 851°C Boiling Ft.: decomposes
Density: (Solid) 2.509 g/cc @ 0°C (Gas)_
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 45.5 g/100 ml @ 100°C Cold Water: 7.1 g/100 ml @ 0°C
Other: Ethanol: Insoluble
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Over 90% of the worlds soda-ash is made by the Solvay Ammonia
Soda process. The re,;t is recovered from natural deposits or brines. Tho
raw materials for the Solvay process are coke, salt, lime and oiinonia.
USES: By the glass, soap, water treatment, chemical, pulp and paper, po<-ro-
le-urn, nonferrous metals and textile industries.
SODIUM NITRATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: NaNO3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, transparent, odorless, cj-yotauiae soiiu.
Also called Chile Saltpeter, soda niter, nitratine.
Molecular Wt.: 85.Ql Melting Pt.:^08^C boiling Pt.:Decomposes
Density: (Solid) 2.267 g/cc (Gas)_"
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Auto ignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air .(Wt%): Lower Upper_ ~^~^^^~_^^~
Solubility: ~
Hot Water; 1EO q/100 ml @ 100°C Cold Water: 73 g/IOQ n.1 _<* 100".; _
Ethanol: Slightly Soluble Other: Gly'cerol soluble ^_
DOT Classification: Oxidizing material ~
Coast Guard Classification: Oxidizing material
MANUFACTURE: By reacting sodium carbonate with nitric acid or by recrystal-
lization of Chile Saltpeter, which is impure sodium nitrate.
340
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USES: In fertilizers and in explosives.
TOXICOLOGY: These materials are not particularly toxic. Soda ash, because
of its alkalinity is irritating to the skin and respiratory tract. Threshold
Limit Values have not been established for these materials. The Lethal Doses
are:
Contaminant
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Nitrate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Nitrate
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
Lethal Dose
im LD •• 30 rag/kg, rat
or LDcjQ:4200 mg/kg, rat
ip LD5Q:326 mgAg/ rat
Contaminant
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Nitrate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Nitrate
Air
1
1
2
2
HUMAN
Water
1
1
2
2
ECOLOGICAL
EXPLOSION
Land
1
1
2
1
Air Water Land Air Water Land
__ __ ____ ___ ____
U 2 U 213
13 1 111
31 U 212
OTHER HAZARDS: Ammonium and sodium nitrate are fire hazards when in con-
tact with organic materials or other readily oxidizable substances. Ammon-
ium nitrate may explode under confinement at high temperature. A mixture
of diesel oil and ammonium nitrate is used industrially as an explosive. Up-
on heating, ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate give off toxic fumes of ni-
trogen oxides.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Store in a dry place protect from mois-
ture, keep ammonium and sodium nitrate away from reducing agents. Sodium
carbonate is alkaline and in water will attack aluminum.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Industrially contaminated materials may on occasion be re-
processed for reuse. If disposal is to be carried out, the following recom-
mended provisional limits should be considered:
Contaminant in Air Provisional Limit
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Nitrate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Nitrate
0.10 mg/M3
0.05 mg/M3
0.02 mg/M3
0.05 mg/M3
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Data for similar compounds
Data for similar compounds
Data for similar compounds
341
-------
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Anmomum Chloride
Ammonium Nitrate
Sodium Carbonate
•Sodium Nitrate
Provisional Limit
250 ing/1 as Cl
45 mg/1 as NO
O.i mg/1 J
45 mg/1 as NO3
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHODS
Dilute to provisional limits and discharge
into sewers or natural streams
Treat ammonium nitrate and ammonium chlo-
ride with NaOH to liberate ammonia and
soluble salts. Recover the ammonia and
dilute the salts to the Provisional
Limits then discharge the salts into
streams or sewers
Incineration after water dilution. Use
gas cleaning devices for the effluent
gases.
Basis for Recommendation
Drinking Water Standard
Driving Water Standard
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Drinking Water Standard
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: The materials discussed in this
report have been classified as probable waste stream constituents for muni-
cipal disposal and are not considered candidates for disposal at National
Disposal Sites.
342
-------
HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
(AMMONIUM CHROMATE, AMMONIUM BICHROMATE, POTASSIUM CHROMATE,
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE, SODIUM DICHROMATE, SODIUM CHROMATE)
AMMONIUM CHROMATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: (NH.) CrO4
4 z H
GENERAL DESCRIPTION": Yellow crystalline solid. Aqueous solution is alka-
line.
Molecular Wt.: 152.09 Melting Pt.: d Boiling Pt.:____
Density: (Solid) 1.91 g/cc .@ 12°C (Gas) ——
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: d Cold Water: 40.5 g/100 cc 0 1Q°C
Ethanol: Insoluble Other: Slightly soluble in NHj
DOT Classification: Flanmable Solid, yellow label
Coast Guard Classification: Flammable solid, yellow label.
MANUFACTURE: Sodium chromate is combined with ammonium sulfate.
AMMONIUM DICHROMATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: (NH4)2 Cr2 Oy
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Orange crystalline solid. Aqueous solution is acid.
Molecular Wt.: 252.10 Melting Pt.: d Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) 2.15 g/cc @ 25°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt. : Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 89 g/100 cc @ 3Q°C Cold Water: 30.8 g/100 cc @ 15°C
Ethanol: Soluble Other: ~~~~~~
DOT Classification: Flammable^ solid, yellow label
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Sodium dichromate is combined with atmonium sulfate.
POTASSIUM CHROMATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
343
2
-------
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Yellow crystalline solid. Aqueous solution is alkaline.
Molecular Wt.: 194.20 Melting Pt.: 968_.^_C Boiling Pt.:
Cier.sj.i-.". (Solid) 2.732 q/cc 'I 20PC ~' (Gas;" ] "
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: ~ Auto ignition i'-jrperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 79.2 g/100 cc 100°C Cold Water: 62.9 g/100 cc @ 2Q°C
Ethanol: Insoluble Other: '_ ^_
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Reacting potassium chloride and sodium chromate, or rcasting
the ore with potassium carbonate.
POTASSIUM BICHROMATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: K2Cr207
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Red crystalline solid. Aqueous solution is acid.
Molecular Wt.: 294.19 Melting Pt.;398°C Boiling Pt.; d 500°C
Density: (Solid) 2.68 q/cc Q 25°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt,.: Autoignition Temperature;
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 102 g/100 cc @ 1QO°C Cold Water: 4.9 g/100 cc @ 0°C
Ethanol: Insoluble Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Potassium dichromate can be produced by chrome ore roasting
with potassium carbonate. Reacting potassium chloride and sodium chronate
is a preferred method.
SODIUM CHROMATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Na2CrO4
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Yellow crystalline solid.
Molecular Wt.; 162 Melting Pt.: Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) 2.710 - 2.736 q/cc (Gas)J ~
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in A±r (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: 87.3 g/100 cc @ 30°C
344
-------
Ethanol: Slightly soluble Other: Soluble in ethyl alcohol
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Roasting chrcrne ore with soda ash and/or lime.
SODIUM DICHROMATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Na2Cr2O7
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Red crystalline solid anh. 356.7°C M.P.
Molecular Wt.: 298.1 Melting Pt.:-2H2O 100°C Boiling Pt.: 400°C
Density: (Solid) 2.52 g/cc @ 13°C (Gas) (deconposes)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water; 508 g/100 cc @ 80°C Cold Water: 238 g/100 cc @ 0°C
Ethanol: Insoluble Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
IATA Classification: Class A, No label, no limit
MCA Requires warning label
MANUFACTURE: Roasting chrome ore with soda ash and/or lime. The resulting
sodium chromate is processed further to yield the dichromate.
USES: The distribution of Na2 Cr2 Oy used in 1968 was: Pigments 40%-, lea-
ther tanning 18%, chromic acid (plating) 17%, metal treatment 10%, textiles
and dyes 6%, export and other 9%. The estimate for use made in 1968 for
1972 was 145,000 tons.
SOURCES AND TYPES OF CHROMATE WASTE: All of the industries mentioned above
with the possible exception of the pigment industry. Almost all cooling
towers. About 32,000 tons of chromium waste, calculated as chromic acid,
from the metal finishing industry, most of this is reduced to Cr . See
Table 17.
TOXICOLOGY: Very corrosive when in contact with skin or mucous membranes.
Produce ulcerous lesions which heal slowlv. Tlave been associated with lung
cancer. The TLV for hexavalent chrcmates is o.l mcr/to in air while that
for chromate ions is 0.5 rng/M3 in air. Very toxic to rarinp and plant
life.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for these compounds are:
345
-------
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346
-------
c
•H
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347
-------
HUMAN
ECOLOGICAL
EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Arnmonium Chromate
Ammonium Dichromate
Potassium Chrotiate
Potassium Dichromate
Sodium Chromate
Sodium Dichromate
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
U
2
3
U
3
U
2
2
3
3
2
3
U
U
3
3
U
U
2
2
1
1
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
OTHER HAZARDS: Powerful oxidizing agents and should not be mixed with re-
ducing agents or organic materials. Concentrated aqueous solutions will at-
tack metals at high temperatures.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Avoid storing at high temperature. A-
void contact with reducing agents. Avoid creation of dust during handling,
transfer and storage. Workers must be protected against contact of these ma-
terials with eyes, skin and internal organs. DOr classifies ammonium chro-
mate and dichromate as flanitiable solids which require yellow labels.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Discharge into open water ways is severly restricted. U.S.
Public Health Service recommends 0.05 ppm as upper limit for potable water.
Discharge of Cr into municipal sewage is normally set at near 5 ppm. For
safe disposal of chrcttiates, the following Provisional 'Limits for release in-
to the environment are recommended:
Contaminant in Air
Anmonium Chromate
Ammonium Dichromate
Potassium Chronate
Potassium Dichromate
Sodium Chromate
Sodium Dichromate
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Anmonium Chromate
Aimionium Dichromate
Potassium Chromate
Potassium Dichromate
Sodium Chromate
Sodium Dichromate
Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
0.001 mg/M3 as CrO3
0.001 mg/M3 as CrO3
0.001 mg/M3 as
0.001 mg/M as CrO3
0.001 mg/M3 as
0.001 mg/M3 as
01 TLV
01 TLV
01 TLV
01 TLV
01 TLV
0.0.1 TLV
Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
0.05 ppm (mg/1) as Cr
0.05 ppm (mg/1) as Cr
0.05 ppm (mg/1) as Cr
0.05 ppm (mg/1) as Cr
0.05 ppm (mg/1) as Cr
0.05 ppm (mg/1) as Cr
Drinking Water
Drinking Water
Drinking Water
Drinking Water
Drinking Water
Drinking Water
Standard
Standard
Standard
Standard
Standard
Standard
Reclamation of chromium from waste sludges is seldom practiced.
348
-------
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
Reduction and precipitation as hydroxides, with
disposal of sludges in either approved landfills
or by incineration. Ion exchange electro chem-
ical reduction.
Direct precipitation
by use of barium or lead salts
Ion flotation, electrcdialysis, activated-
carbon absorption, liquid-liquid extraction,
activated carbon reduction, and reverse osmosis
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Not satisfactory due to
potential handling pro-
blems due to poisonous
heavy metals.
Promising method in var-
ious stages cf development
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: The chromates discussed here are
considered as candidate waste stream constituents for National Disposal
Sites.
349
-------
AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Nt^SCN
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless solid. Also called ammonium sulfocyanate
Molecular Wt.; 76.1 Melting Pt.: 149.6°C Boiling Pt.; 170°C
Density: (Solid) 1.305 g/cc (Gas) decomposes
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignitio:i Tenperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower_ Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water:
Ethanol: \ Bother:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: Prolonged absorption may produce various skin eruptions, runn-
ing nose, and occasionally dizziness, cramps, nausea, vomiting and mild or
severe disturbances of the nervous system. Thiocyanates have a low acute
toxicity..
The Booz-Allen Ratings for thiocyanates are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
112UUU 211
OTHER HAZARDS: Dangerous. Thiocyanites emit highly toxic fumes of cyanides
when heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or acid fumes.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Store in a cool, dry, well ventilated
area, away from heat or open flames.
350
-------
ANILINE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CgH5NH2 ,,
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless oily liquid. Also called phenylamine, ami-
nobenzene.
Molecular Wt. : 93.12 Melting Pt.: 6.2°C Boiling Pt. : 184. 4°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.02 @ 20°C __ (Gas) 3.22 g/1 _
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm @ 35°C 10 mm @ 70°C
Flash Pt. 168°F _ Autoignition Temperature : 6 17 ° C __
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower - _ Upper _
Solubility :
Hot Water: 6.4 g/1 00 ml Cold Water: 3.9g/100 ml Ethanol: soluble
Other: Benzene, miscible in chloroform
DOT Classification: _ _
Coast Guard Classification:
MAMJFACTURE: By the reduction of nitrobenzene or by the amination of
chlorobenzene. Total U.S. production of analine for 1970 was 398,362,000#.
MANUFACTURERS OF ANILINE ARE:
Allied Chemical Corporation
American Cyanaitiid Company
E.I. duPont de Nemours & Company, Incorporated
First Chemical Corporation
Mobay Chemical Company
Rubican Chemicals, Incorporated
Uniroyal, Incorporated
USES: In the manufacture of dyes, rubber chemicals, sulfa drugs and synthe-
tic sweetening agents.
TOXICOLOGY: Highly toxic. May enter the body through the lungs, the gas-
tro intestinal tract or skin. Long and continued exposure to even small a-
mounts may produce tumors and cancer of the bladder. May produce anoxemia
and depression of the central nervous system. Acute exposures produce
methemoglobinaemia and anoxemia. Less acute exposure over weeks or months
produce hemolysis of the red blood cells followed by stimulation of the
bone marrow and attempts at regeneration. The liver may be affected witn
the production of jaundice.
The Threshold Limit value for aniline is: 5 ppm (19 mg/M3).
The Booz-Allen Ratings for aniline are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
3 " 3 "1 ~2 " U ~T ~T~ ~2~~
351
-------
OTHER HAZARDS: Seme fire hazard.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Should be handled in a way to prevent
contact. Keep containers closed and prevent leakage. Store in a cool,
well-ventilated area away from fire hazards.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Contaminated or degraded materials which cannot be recycled
must be disposed of in a safe manner. The following are Recommended
Provisional Limits for release into the environment:
Provisional Limits Basis for Recommendation
Contaminant in Air 0.05 ppm (.019 mg/M3} 0.01 TLV
Contaminant in Soil 0.95 ppm (mg/1) Stokinger and Woodward Method
and Water
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
All possible waste aniline should be recycled.
DISPOSAL METHODS EVALUATION
Incineration with oxides of nitrogen removed Recommended
from effluent gases by scrubber, catalytic
and/or thermal devices
Activated sludge treatment Satisfactory
Activated carbon treatment Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL SITES: Aniline is satisfactorily treated at in-
dustrial sites and is not considered a candidate for National Disposal
Site Treatment.
352
-------
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMUAL: As2 03
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Highly toxic colorless crystal. Also called white
arsenic
Molecular Wt.: 197.82°C Melting Pt.: Sublimes 193°C Boiling Ft.; 4572°C
Density: (Solid) 3.738 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure: 1 irm @ 212°C, 10 mm @ 259.7°C, 100 ram @ 332.5°C
Flash Pt. None Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower None Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 11.46 g/100 cc @ 100°C Cold Water: 2.04 g/100 cc @ 25°C
Ethanol: Soluble Other: Alkal. and HCl
DOT Classification: Poisonous solid, Class B
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Occurs in nature as ores containing various arsenic compounds.
The ores are not mined and processed for the arsenic, but arsenic is a ma-
jor by-product of the copper, lead, zinc and gold smelting industries.
American Smelting and Refining Company produced 14,000 tons (12,700,000kg)
of arsenic trioxide in 1970.
USES: The major use of arsenic trioxide is in the production of agricultu-
ral pesticides. These are used in cattle and sheep dip solutions, applied
to foliage or to the ground and for wood perservatives. Arsenic trioxide
is also used in the glass industry.
TOXICOLOGY: Arsenic trioxide is a powerful poison. The systemic effects
are usually caused by ingestion. As little as 0.1 gram ingested can be
fatal. It can also be absorbed by inhalation of the dust. Skin contact
can cause dermititis, but normally will not cause systemic symptoms. The
acute poisoning symptoms include difficulty in swallowing, severe abdomi-
nal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, pain in the limbs, muscle cramps, cold damp
skin, rapid weak pulse, shock, unconciousness, convulsions, and death. The
symptoms of chronic low level arsenic exposure are difficult to diagnose
due to the wide variety of unpredictable symptoms which may arise.
Arsenic trioxide is highly toxic to most forms of animal life. Adverse
effects on vegetation have been observed in areas downwind from where ar-
senic trioxide trash has been burned, but detailed information on plant ef-
fects is not available.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for aresenic trioxide are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
353
-------
OTHER HAZARDS: Arsenic trioxide is noncxanbustibL;, nonexplosive and as
a dry solid is noncorrosive to steel. It should lye considered a hazard if
heated, since it sublimes at 193°C
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Because of its highly toxic nature, spe-
cial care must be taken to prevent contact with personnel in the storage,
handling, transportation and disposal of arsenic trioxide. Arsenic trioxide
should be stored away from food produ<~ts and combustible materials. It
should be stored in containers which are siftproof. Spills should be clean-
ed up immediately in such a way so as not to generate dust. It should be
shipped in steel drums or tight wooden drums. Steel hop; or boLtorn out-
let, siftproof, self clearing railcars equipped with wea lerproof covers
are also used.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: American Smelting and Refining is accepting crude As_ O.,
from the smelting industry on a broad scale. Flue dust from other smelters
is sent to ASARCO for residual metals recovery and AS2 0., purification. For
release of arsenic trioxide to the environment the following Provisional
Limits are recorcnended:
Arsenic Trioxide as
a Contaminant in Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
Air 0.005 mg/M as As 0.01 TLV for As
Water and Soil 0.05 ppm (rng/1) as As Drinking Water Standard
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
Recycling/reprocessing. Acceptance of Most satisfactory
flue dust from other smelters by
American Smelting and Refining Co.
Land burial Satisfactory, but expensive
and As2 O., is lost.
Long term storage Satisfactory
Abatement in Flue Streams
Multistage electrostatic Precipitators Less than adequate
Filter/bag house Adequate but expensive
TFW charged droplet scrubber Adequate
Wet vacuum filtering Very little information, but
reported to be 100% effective
354
-------
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Arsenic trioxide is considered
as a candidate for National Disposal Sites for the following reasons: (1)
It is highly toxic and nondegradable; (2) As2 0-, waste is present in
large quantities; (3) As^ 0-, waste is widely distributed and comes from
a large number of industries; and (4) the feasibility of a centrally loca-
ted facility has already been shown by the treatment of flue dust from o-
ther smelters at ASARCO in Tacoma, Washington.
355
-------
BENZOIC ACID
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C6H5CQ2HX
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline solid. IUC Name: Benzene carboxy-
lic acid. Also called phenylformic acid.
Molecular Wt.; 122.12 Melting Pt.; 121. 7°C Boiling Pt. : 249°C
Density: (Solid) 1.316 g/cc _ (Gas) 4.21 g/1 __
Vapor Pressure: l mm @ 96.0°C _
Flash Pt. ; 250° F (C.C.) _ Autoignition Temperature: 1065° F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower _ ___ Upper __
Solubility:
Cold Water; 0.18 g/100 ml @ 4°C Hot Water 2.2 g/100 ml @ 75°C _
Ethanol : Soluble _ Other Ether, acetone __
DOT Classification: ___
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: By catalytic oxidation of toluene.
USES: As a food additive (44%), as a plasticizer (36%) in alkyd resins (10%)
and in Pharmaceuticals, flavorings and miscellaneous uses (10%).
TOXICOLOGY: Low toxicity. It can be ingested.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for benzoic acid are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
111 12U 111
OTHER HAZARDS: Slight fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame, it can re-
act with oxidizing materials.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: No special handling requirement. It
should be stored in a cool place, away from oxidizing materials.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Most benzoic acid is used in such a way that it is not re-
coverable. Dilute waste streams may be treated on site or discharged into
the municipal sewer after pH"adjustment.
Recarmended Provisional Limits for disposal of benzoic acid are:
Benzoic acid in Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
Air1 0.25 mg/M^ Based on Similar Compounds
Water and Soil 1.25 mg/1 Based on Similar Compounds
356
-------
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT:
PRACTICES:
As much material as possible is recycled. This is the best method of hand-
ling contaminated material.
METHODS OF DISPOSAL EVALUATION
Discharge into sewer after pH adjustment Satisfactory
to 6.0 to 9.0 for treatment in the muni-
cipal sewage plant
Incineration Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Benzoic acid waste can be treated
by industrial or municipal disposal methods and is not considered to be a
candidate for National Disposal Sites.
357
-------
BORON
CHEMICAL FORMULA: B
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Crystals or yellow or brown amorphous powder,,
Atomic Wt.: 10.82 Melting Pt.: 2300°C Boiling Pt.: 2550°C
Density (Solid): 3.33 g/cc @ 20°C
TOXICOLOGY: Boron compounds arc not highly toxic and are not considered in-
dustrial poisons. Boron affects the central nervous system. Boron poison-
ing causes depression of the circulation, persistent vomiting and diarrhea
followed by profound shock and coma. The temperature is subnormal and the
body may be covered by a scarletina-form rash. Poisoning can be caused by
absorbtion from ointments applied to burned areas or wounds. It is not ab-
sorbed through intact skin.
OTHER HAZARDS: Boron is a moderate fire hazard in the form of dust when
exposed to air or by reaction with oxidizing materials. It is also an ex-
plosion hazard in the form of dust.
358
-------
BORON CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: BC13
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless fuming liquid. Also called boron trichloride.
Molecular Wt.: 117.17 Melting Pt.:-107.3°C Boiling Pt.: 12.5°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.349'g/cc @ 11°C (Gas) 4.03 g/1
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): ~Lower Upper' ~
Solubility:
Hot Water: decomposes Cold Water: Ethanol:decomposes
Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: By chlorination of a mixture of boron trioxide and carbon at
a temperature range of from 1600 to 1800°F Also by the following reactions:
80Q-1000°C
a) 7 B7 03 + NaCI * 2 BC13 -t- Na2 B4 07
500-1000°C
(2) 2 Na BF4 + 3 MgCl2 > 2 BC1, + Na F + 3 Mg F,,
600-1000°C
(3) 2 B2 03 + 3 SiCl3 > 4 BC13 +3Si 02
USES: In the manufacture of boron compounds, as an acidic catalyst for or-
ganic reactions, in the purification of aluminum, magnesium, zinc and copper
alloys and to remove nitrides, carbides and oxides.
TOXICOLOGY: The toxic effect of boron chloride is not too well known. How-
ever, when heated to decomposition, it will emit toxic fumes of chlorides.
The reported lethal Concentration is "ih LCca: 20 ppm rat".
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Arc Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
222 2UU 222
OTHER HAZARDS: Boron chloride hydrolyzes readily in moist air or water to
yield corrosive hydrochloric acid.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Contact with skin and inhalation of
fumes should be avoided. It should be kept away from food. The container
should be kept tightly closed.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Boron chloride probably could not be economically reproces-
359
-------
sed for reuse when it ia contaminated or ^resent ;u a waste stream. For its
safe disposal the following Provisional Limits should be considered before
releasing it into the environment:
BClo as a Contaminant
in air
BC1-, as a Contaminant
in Soil and Water
Maximum
Exposure Lind t.
0.03
Provisional
Limit
0.15 ppm (mg/1)
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD
Neutralization with soda ash-slaked
lime solution. The neutral solution
of sodium or calcium chloride and
borate are formed and can be discharg-
ed to streams.
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV for BF3
Bds.i£ for Recommendat ion
Stokinger and Woodward Method
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Boron chloride as a waste stream
constituent can be adequately disposed of in the industrial sites by conven-
tional means and is not considered to be a candidate for disposal at Nat-
ional Disposal Sites.
360
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BUTYL DISULFIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH
GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: Colorless liquid. IUC Name: 1-butyldithiobutane.
Molecular Wt.: 178.4 Melting Pt.: Boiling Pt.; 103°C @ 15
Density: (Liquid) (Gas) /nm Hg
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Insoluble Cold Water: Ethanol: Infinitely
Other: Infinitely soluble in ether /soluble
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: Animal experiments suggest that alky! disulfides are dangerous
and may cause hemolytic anemia. They may also produce allergic dermatitis.
OTHER HAZARDS: Dangerous when heated to decomposition, it emits highly
toxic fumes of sulfides. It probably reacts strongly with powerful oxidi-
zers. It is probably a moderate fire hazard.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Store in a cool, dry well ventilated
area away from heat and open flame. Avoid breathing fumes.
361
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MERCAPTANS
(BUTYL MERCAPTAN, ETHYL MERCAPTAN, METHYL MERCAPTAN)
BUTYL MERCAPTAM
There are three isomers
n - BUTYL MERCAPTAN
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH3(CH2) ?CH2SH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid, skunk-like odor. IUC Name: J-Bu-
tanethiol. Also called normal butyl thioalcohol and thiobuty]. alcohol.
Molecular Wt. ; 90.19 __ Melting Pt. ; -115. 9°C Boiling Pt. :_98_._2°C
Density: (Liquid) __ 0.8365 g/cc @ 25°C ____ (Gas) 3.1 g/1 _____ ^"
Vapor Pressure: ______
Flash Pt. :35£F ___ Autoignitio.i Tanperature: ___ _ ____
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : lower ___ _____ Upper
Solubility: ~~"
Hot Water: ____ Cold Water: Slightly Ethanol : Very sol .ab.V
°ther : Very soluble in ether, liquid hyjfx'ogen sulf ide _ _____ '_
DOT Classification: ____ _ ___ ^L __L __ "" .........
Coast Guard Classification: Flanitvabl_e liquid. ___
sec - BUTYL
QffiMICAL FORMULA: CH3CH2CH(SH)CH3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Mobile liquid, skunk-like odor, IUC Name: 2-Butane
thiol. Also called sec-butyl thioalcohol
Molecular Wt.: 90.19 Melting Pt.: -165°C Boiling Pt.:_84;^5^C_ _
Density: (Liquid) 0.83 @ 17°C (Gas)_^ __'_^
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt,: Autoignition Temper at ure:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower_ Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: slightly Ethanol: Very
Other: Very soluble in ether, liquid hydrogen sulfide
DOT Classification: _, _
Coast Guard. Classification:
362
-------
tert - BUTYL MERCAPTAN
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Liquid, skunk like odor. IUC Name: 2-Methyl-2-propane-
thiol.
Molecular Wt.: 90.19 Melting Pt.: -0.5°C Boiling Pt.: 63.7-64.2°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.79-82 g/cc @ 15°C (Gas) 3.1 g/1
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: -15°F Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%7: Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Slightly Ethanol: Very
Other: Very soluble in ether, liquid hydrogen sulfide.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
ETHYL MERCAPTAN
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH3CH2SH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid, penetrating garlic-like odor. IUC
Name: Ethanethiol. Also called ethyl thioalcohol, ethyl hydrosulfide, e-
thyl sulfhydrate.
Molecular Wt.: 62.13 Melting Pt.;-121 -140°C Boiling Pt.: 34 - 37°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.83907 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 2.14 g/1
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: <80° F (CC) Autoignition Temperature: 570°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 2.8% Upper 18.2%
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: 67 parts Ethanol: Soluble
Other: Soluble in ether
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
METHYL MERCAPTAN
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH..SH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Liquid or gas. IUC Name: Methanethiol.
Molecular Wt.: 48.10 Melting Pt.: -121°C Boiling Pt.: 7_.6°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.868 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 1.66 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 43.7 psi @ 100°F; 2 atm @ 26.1°C; 5 atm @ 55.9°C
363
-------
Flash Pt.: 0°F _Autoignit;ioA Tatiperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper__
Solubility: ~
Hot Water; Slightly Cold Water: f'reeJy Ethanol: Very
Other: Very soluble in methanol, very soluble in ether ~I__
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification: Flammable gas.
NC^JUFACTLIRE: Reaction of hydrogen sulfide with olefins or alcohols. Methyl
mercaptan is manufactured by Air Products and Chemical Inc., and Pennwalt
Corp. n-Butyl and ethyl mercaptan are manufactured by Pennwalt Corp. and
Phillips Petoleum Company.
USES: Ethyl and butyl mercaptan are used as intermediates in the manufac-
ture of various agricultural chemicals. Methyl mercaptan is used in the
first step of a commercial synthesis of methionine, an amino acid feed sup-
plement.
TOXICOLOGY: Butyl, ethyl and methyl mercaptan are moderately toxic when in-
gested, inhaled or come in contact with the skin, n-Butyl mercaptan may
cause nausea from its odor and may be narcotic in high concentrations. Etlv/J
mercaptan may cause neusea, headache and irritability. Methyl mercaptan
poisoning is somewhat similar to that of hydrogen sulfide, although less
severe.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Maximum Allowable Concentrations for
these compounds are:
MERCAPTAN TLV MAC
Butyl 0.5 ppm 10 ppm for 8-hour exposure
Ethyl 0.5 ppm 250 ppm for 8-hour1 exposure
Methyl 0.5 ppm 50 ppm for 8-hour exposure
The Booz-Allen Ratings for thse mercaptans are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Butyl 2221UU 212
Ethyl 222UUU 222
Methyl 22223U 222
OTHER HAZARDS: All of the mercaptans listed in this report are flammable.
Ethyl mercaptan has known explosive limits. They emit highly toxic fumes
when heated to decomposition.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Steel, stainless steel and copper-free
364
-------
steel alloys are the preferred materials of construction for mercaptan ser-
vice. Stainless steel should be used for any vessel or line which is to be
open and exposed to air frequently.
Aluminum is also suitable for mercaptan use provided the pressure rating of
aluminum equipment or piping is sufficient to meet pressure requirements of
the application.
Venting of storage tanks in order to reduce pressure should be to a scrub-
ber to remove the mercaptan. Only hermetically sealed pumps should be used.
Plastic gloves and chemical goggles should be worn to protect the skin and
eyes when handling mercaptans. A self-contained breather type mask is re-
commended for protection when working in areas of high vapor concentration
or for prolonged exposure to lower concentrations of vapor.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: When mercaptans are disposed of by release to the environ-
ment, the acceptable criteria for releasing HJ=> and SCL must be considered.
The Provisional Limits for releasing the mercaptans, I^S and SC>2 are:
Contaminant in Air Provisional Limits
Butyl Mercaptan
Ethyl Mercaptan
Methyl Mercaptan
H^S released to
air outside plant.
H^S released to
air inside plant
S02
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Butyl Mercaptan
Ethyl Mercaptan
Methyl Mercaptan
t^S released to
water sources
0.005 ppm (0.01
0.005 ppm (0.01 mg/M3)
0.005 ppm (0.01 mg/M3)
0.1 ppm
10 ppm
2001b/hr of SO2 effluent
at a maximum stack con-
centration of 500 ppm.
Provisional Limit
0.05 ppm (mg/l)/24 hrs
0.05 ppm (mg/l)/24 hrs
0.075 ppm (mg/l)/24 hrs
0.1 mg/1
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Below odor detection l«_vel
TLV for repeated 8-hour
exposure
Los Angeles Air-Pollution
Control District Rule 53.2
Basis for Recommendation
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
To avoid fish kill and
water taste.
EVALUTAION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: Recycling of contaminated mercap-
tans is possible sometimes and this is the best means of liquid waste dispo-
sal.
365
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METHODS OF DISPOSAL EVALUATION
Incineration of both liquid and gaseous waste Satisfactory
with a scrubber for the effluent gas.
For small volume gas scrubbing can be used. Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Adequate methods for handling mer-
captan waste are available and are now being used, therefore, these material: ~
are not considered candidate waste stream constituents for National Disposal
Sites.
366
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PHENOLS
(Butyl Phenol, Ethyl Phenol, Carbolic Acid (Phenol),
Cresylic Acid (Cresol), Xylenol, Diethylstilbestrol)
BUTYL PHENOL
The description of one isoner, para-tertiary-butyl phenol, will be given
here.
OH
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C4H C tt^Ctl,
CH-^-C-CH,
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Practically white flakes or crystals. IUC Name 4-t
butylphenol. Also called butylphen and 4-(d,d-dimethylethyl)-phenol.
Molecular Wt.: 150.21 Melting Pt.: 98°C Boiling Pt.: 237°C
Density: (Solid) 0.9081 g/cc @ 114°C (Gas) 5.1 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm @ 70°C
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Insoluble
Ethanol: Soluble Other: Soluble in ether
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
ETHYL PHENOL
The description of one isomer ortho-ethyl-rhenol will be given here.
OH _,
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C2H Cg^OH, ^.-. '25
U
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid, phenol odor. Also called phlorol.
Molecular Wt.: 122.17 Melting Pt. <:18°C Boiling Pt.: 207°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.0371 g/cc @ 0°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt. •, Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper ~ ^'"""'
Solubility: ~~
Hot Water: Slightly Cold Water: Slightly _ Ethano 1:
Other: Soluble in ether, acetone and benzene
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
367
-------
PHENOL
OH
r~ -
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C,HCOH, x '-
fa ~>
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline solid which turns pink or red
if not perfectly pure. Burning taste. Distinctive odor. Also called car-
bolic acid and phenylic acid.
Molecular- Wt.; 94.11 Melting Pt.; 40.6°C Boiling Pt.: 181.9°C
Density: (Solid) 1.072 g/cc ~(Gas)^_
Vapor Pressure: 1 ram @ 40.1°C
Flash Pt.; 175°F (C.C.) Autoignition Temperature; 1319°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water; 1 g/15 ml @ 16°C
Ethanol: Soluble Other: Soluble in chloroform, ether
glycerol and carbon disulfide
DOT Classification: Poison B, poison label, 55 gallons
Coast Guard Classification; Poison B
MCA Warning Label
IATA Classification: Poison E, poison label
1 litre (passenger), 220 litres (cargo)
CRESOL
__ OH OH
3 ^"7'CH ' r
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH,C,H.OH, ^" >v 3 X(
J o 1 CH-,
ortho-cresol meta-cresol para-cresol
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless or yellowish to brown-yellow or pink liquid.
Phenol like odor. Mixture of the cresol isomers. Also called cresylic acid,
cresylol and tricresol.
Molecular Wt.: 108.1 Melting Pt.;10.9-35.5°C Boiling Pt.;191-203°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.030-1.038 g/cc @ 25°C (Gas) 3.72 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 1 inn @ 38-53°C
Flash Pt.: 110°F Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper 1.35% @300°F
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water; 50 parts Ethanol: rniscible
Other; Soluble in benzene, ether, glycerol/ petroleum ether & alkali
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification: Flammable liquid
MCA Warning Label
IATA Classification: Poison B, poison label
3 litre (passenger), 220 litres "(,-a.rgb) "
368
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XYLENOL
The description of 3,5-xylenol will be given here. The physical
constants are similar and the solubilities are the same for all
isomers.
OH.
CHEMICAL XDRMULA:
CH., 3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline solid. IUC Name: 3,5-dimethyIphe-
nol. Also called l-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-benzene, and 5-hydroxy-l,3-dimethyl
benzene.
Molecular Wt.: 122.16 Melting Ft.; 64°C Boiling Ft.: 219.5°C
Density: (Solid) (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Tenperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Slightly
Ethanol: Soluble Other; Soluble in chloroform, ether &
DOT Classification: /benzene.
Coast Guard Classification:
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
=. c =,
CHEMICAL FORMULA: ^H^O^HO-:^ }~t - C,-/ /-OH
C2H5
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Crystalline solid. Also called stilbestrol.
Molecular Wt.: 268.34 Melting Pt. : 169-172°C Boiling Pt.: _
Density: (Solid) _ (Gas) _
Vapor Pressure: _
Flash Pt. : _ Autoignition Temperature: _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower _ Upper _
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Almost insoluble
Ethanol: Soluble Other: Soluble in ether, chloroform,
fatty oils, dilute hydroxides.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Butyl and ethyl phenols are manufactured by alkylation of
phenol with the appropriate olefin in the presence of an acid catalyst.
369
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Phenol is manufacture principally by cumene peroxidation and by alkaline
hydrolysis of chlorobenzene.
Cresol, which exists as a mixture of three isaners, and xylenol, which ex-
ists as six isomers, are derived from coal tar.
Diethylstilbestrol is derived from a variety of methods and starting mater-
ials.
USES: Cresol is used in the manufacture of synthetic resins and as a local
antiseptic and disinfectant. Xylenol is used the preparation of disinfec-
tants and synthetic resins.
Butyl and ethyl phenols are used as antiozidants and in the manufacture of
antioxidants and synthetic resins.
Phenol: About 50% is used in the preparation of phenolic resins. The rest
is used in the synthesis of monomers for other resins.
Diethylstilbestrol is used in estrogenic hormone therapy in humans, as an
aid to increase weight in cattle, sheep and pigs and as a caponization agent
for poultry.
TOXICOLOGY: Phenol, cresol, xylenol and butyl and ethyl phenol principally
effect the nervous system causing headache, dizziness and muscular weakness
followed, in acute cases, by loss of conciousness, collapse and death. They
are corrosive to body tissues. Fatal doses may be absorbed thru the skin.
Diethylstilbestrol is corrosive to body tissue to a lesser degree than the
other phenols treated here. When used in hormone therapy is has shown such
side effects as gastrointestinal upset, dizziness, menstrual disturbances
and headache. Its use has been associated with cell damage. This indicates
the inadviseability of its use during pregnancy and lactation. There has
been a great deal of concern recently with birth defects possibly caused by
ingestion of meat containing trace amounts of diethylstilbestrol used to
fatten cattle.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Butyl Phenol 112 UUU 21' 2
Ethyl Phenol 1 1 U UUU 112
Cresol 222 23U 212
Phenol 333 23U 212
Diethylstilbestrol 222 1UU 111
Xylenol 333 23U 111
OTHER HAZARDS: All of these phenols are considered slight fire hazards.
Toxic fumes are emitted when heated to decomposition.
370
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HANDLING, STOrAGE, T;^J IMPORTATION: The most important considerations in
the hanoll-Lnc;, storage and transportation of these materials are provisions
for adequate ventilation in work areas and fire prevention procedures.
Wear protective equi;:niv.r to prevent skin and eye contact.
DISPOSAL/ REUSE: For uispcsal of contaminated material the following Provis-
ional Limits are roconmended:
Contaminant in Air
Phenol (Carbolic Acid)
Cresol (Cresylic Acia)
Ethyl Phenol
Butyl Phenol
Diethylstilbestrol
Xylenol
Contaminant, in
Water and Soil
Phenol i,Carbolic Acic >
Cresol (Cresylic Acid;
Ethyl Phenol
Butyl Phenol
Diethylst ilbestrol
Xylenol
Provisional Limit
pgn
0.05
0.05
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
Provisional Limit
ppm or mg/1 _
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD
Biological treatment of aqueous wastes
Controlled incineration of organic and
aqueous waste
Basis for Reconttiendation
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar ccrapounds
Based on similar compounds
Basis for Recommendation
Drinking
Drinking
Based on
Based on
Based on
Based on
Water Standard
Water Standard
similar compounds
similar compounds
similar compounds
similar compounds
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Wastes containing these materials
may be properly disposed of at industrial or municipal facilities. These
materials are not considered to be waste stream constituents for National
Disposal Sites.
371
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BUTYRIC ACID
,0
UiMlICAL FORMULA: CHCH, C'- OH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid. IUC Name: Butaiioic acid. Also
called ethyl acetic acid, propyl formic acid and n- butyric acid
Molecular Wt. ; 88.10 Melting Pt. ; -7.9° C Boiling Pt.; 163.5%
Density: (Liquid) 0.959 g/cc @ 20° C __ (Gas'i ___________ " ________ _
Vapor Pressure: 0.43 rrni @ 20° C _ \
Flash Pt.: _ 161 ° F __ Autoignition Temperature: 8460F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 2.0% ______ Upper 10.0% ___ "__
Solubility:
Hot Water: __ Cold Water: 5.62 cj/100 ml @ -1.1°C _____
Ethanol : Infinitely soluble Other : Infinitely soluble in ether ___
DOT Classification: ____ __
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: Butyric acid is not particularly toxic.
OTHER HAZARDS: Moderate fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. It can
react with oxidizing materials.
372
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CADMIUM, CADMIUM CHLORIDE
CADMIUM
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Cd
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Silver-white malleable metal.
Atomic Wt.: 112.41 Melting Pt.: 320.9° C Boiling Pt.: 767°C
Density: (Solid) 8.642 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure: 1 nm @ 394°C
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Insoluble Cold Water: Insoluble
Ethanol: Other: Hot sulfuric acid, amnonium nitrate
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Cadmium is not found as a free mineral in nature. It is pre-
pared contnercially as a by-product of primary metal industries, especially
the zinc industry. It is found in zinc, lead and copper ores and in other
ores which contain zinc minerals. It separates out with zinc when ores con-
taining several minerals are separated. Cadmium compounds contain cad-
mium mainly in the devalent state.
Cadmium ore is mixed with sodium chloride and coal or coke and heated in a
sintering furnace. The dust and chloride fume is digested with sulfuric
acid and then purified by distillation or electrolysis.
Cadmium is also produced from the purification of zinc sulfate solutions,
from zinc sulfide manufacter, from the purification of zinc solutions af-
ter electrolytic zinc manufacture and from lead smelting.
Large-scale comnercial manufacturing facilities for cadmium metal are:
Amax, Blackwell, Oklahoma; Asarco, Denver, Colorado; Asarco, Corpus Christi,
Texas; American Zinc Company, East St. Louis, Illinois: Anaconda, Great
Falls, Montana; and New Jersey Zinc, Depue, Illinois.
USES: The chief use is in electroplating iron and steel. Cadmium plating
operations include aircraft components, automobiles, electrical and elec-
tronic apparatus, household appliances, radio and television sets, hardware
and fasteners. Cadmium metal is also used in pigments, plastic alloys, ni-
ckel-cadmium batteries, fungicides, nuclear energy applications, phosphors
for television tubes, photography, lithography, process engraving, glass,
x-ray screens, and in compounds for curing rubber.
CADMIUM CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Cd C12
373
-------
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystals.
Molecular Wt.: 183.32 Melting Pt.; 568° C Boiling Pt.: 960° C
Density: (Solid) 4.047 g/cc @ 25°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure: 10 nm @ 656° C, 10 urn @ 797° C
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water; 147 g/100 g @ 100°C Cold Water:90 g/100 g @ 0°C
Ethanol: Slightly soluble Other; 1.52 g/100 ml @ 15°C, insoluble
DOT Classification: /in acetone & ether.
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: By dissolving the metal in aqueous hydrochloric acid and e-
vaporating in a stream of hydrogen chloride gas and by dissolving the oxide
or carbonate in hydrochloric acid.
Manufacturers of cadmium chloride are: Allied Chemical Corporation,
Harcus Hook, Pennsylvania; J.T. Baker Chemical Company, Phillipsburg, New
Jersey; Chemetron Corporation, New Brunswick, New Jersey; The Harshaw Chemi-
cal Co., Cleveland, Ohio; Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, St. Louis, Missouri.
USES: In photography, in dyeing and calico printing, in the vacuum tube
industry, in the manufacture of cadmium yellow, special mirrors, as an ice
necleating agent, in lubricants, and in the analysis of sulfides to absorb
the hydrogen sulfide.
TOXICOLOGY: The inhalation of cadmium dusts or fumes affects the respira-
tory tract primarily, and may also affect the kidneys. Even brief exposure
to high concentrations may result in pulmonary edema and death. In fatal
cases fatty degeneration of the kidneys have been noted. Ingestion of cad-
mium results in a gastrointestinal type of poisoning.
Inhalation of the dust or fumes may cause dryness of the throat, coughing,
headache, a sense of constriction in the chest, shortness of breath (dysp-
nea) and vcmiting. More severe exposure results in marked lung changes,
with persistent cough, pain in the chest, severe dyspnea and prostration
which may terminte fatally. X-ray changes are usually similar to those
seen in broncho-pneumonia. The urine is frequently dark. These symptoms
are ususally delayed for some hours after exposure, and fatal concentra-
tions may be breathed without sufficient discomfort to warn the workman
to leave the exposed area.
Ingestion of cadmium results in sudden nausea, salivation, vomiting, dia-
rrhea and abdominal pain. Symptoms begin almost iitnvediately after ingestion.
A yellow discoloration of the teeth has been reported in workers exposed
to cadmium.
374
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In fish oxygen inhibition occurs at levels as low as 0.0033 micromoles/ml
and can be of such severity as to cause the death of fish particularly the
bluegill. Expressed as cadmium, data indicates that the acutt. lethaJ le^el
for fish varies from about 0.01 to about 10 niq/Liter depending on the test
animal the types of water, temperature and tune of exposure. Cad-,iurn acts
synergistically with other substances to increase toxicity.
The relative oral LDcn value to the rat is 88 mg/kg for cadmium chloride.
The Threshold Limit value (TLV) in air is 0.2 mg/c;ubic meter for cadmium
and cadmium chloride. The permissable criteria for soluble Cddmium in pub-
lic water supplies is 0.01 mg/liter.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN
Air Water Land
ECOLOGICAL
Air Water Land
EXPLOSION
Air Water Land
Cadmium 331 3 U U 2 I
Cadmium Chlo-
ride 333 33321
OTHER HAZARDS: The fire and explosive hazard of cadmium metal in the form
of dust is moderate when exposed to heat or flame or by reaction with '-'Xj-
dizing materials.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORATION: Care should be exercised in handling ^atl
mium and its compounds because of their high toxicity. In case of skin con
tact wash with plenty of soap and water. Store away from food .and feeds or
any other material, intended for human or animal consumption.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: The major sources of cadmium waste are the electroplating
industry, nickel-cadmium battery manufacturers, paint manufacturers and
paintresidue left in old containers. The total amount of cadmium waste (.'r^
the electroplating industry is estimated to be 1.44 million pounds per year,
The greater portion of cadmium in air and water waste streams can be re-
covered for reuse. For the safe disposal of cadmium and cadmium chloride
into the environment, the following Provisional Limits are r«scattnended:
Contaminant in Air
Cadmium Metal (powder)
Cadmium Chloride
Contaminant in Water
and Soil
Cadmium Metal (powder)
Cadmium Chloride
Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
0.002 mg/M3
0.002 mg/M3
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
0.01 ppm
0.01 ppm
Drinking Water Standard
Drinking Water Standard
375
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EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT:
Removal from Air
For removal of cadmium from air electrostatic precipitators, bag houses
and cyclones are used for abatement, but there is little information known
about the specific application of these procedures for controlling cadmium
pollution.
Removal for Water
DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
Adsorption with activated-carbon bed Satisfactory
Coagulation and filtration Adequate
Ion exchange Adequate
Reverse Osmosis Not satisfactory,doesn't re-
duce the cadmium sufficiently
For concentrated cadmium waste disposal, coagulation with lime followed by
sedimentation and sand filtration is the only proven and adequate treatment
method.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Cadmium and cadmium compounds
are considered as candidate waste stream constituents for National Disposal
Sites due to the extremely high degree of toxicity of all cadmium ccnrpounds,
the nondegradable nature of the toxic cadmium component of all cadmium com-
pounds, cadmium wastes are present in sizable quantities, a significant a-
mount of cadmium waste is contributed by small plating shops where treatment
is either technically or economically infeasible and the cadmium hydroxide
waste should be disposed of in California Class 1 type landfills only and
are not being adequately handled at present.
376
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CALCIUM CHLORIDE, CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, POTASSIUM SULFATE, CALCIUM OXIDE
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CaCl2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, very hygroscopic, crystalline solid.
Molecular Wt.; 110.99 Melting Pt.: 772°C Boiling Pt.: >1160°C
Density: (Solid) 2.15 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper ____
Solubility:
Hot Water: 159 g/100 ml @ 100°C Cold Water: 74.5 g/100 ml @ 20°C
Ethanol: Soluble Other: Soluble in acetic acid-acetone
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: About 50-60% of the calcium chloride sold in the U.S. is manu-
factured from natural brines.
USES: As a dehydrating and drying agent for organic liquids arid in desicca-
tors, for drying gases, in refrigeration plants to make brine, in control of
snow and ice on highways and streets, in dust control on secondary roads, un-
paved streets and highway shoulders, in freezproofing of coal and ores, in
both shipping and stockpiling, and in concrete mixes to give quicker initial
set, high early strength and greater ultimate strength.
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Ca(OH)2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline solid. Also called hydrate lime
and slaked lime. Absorbs CO from the air.
Molecular Wt.: 74.09 Melting Pt.: -H_2O@580°C Boiling Pt.: Decomposes
Density: (Solid) 2.24 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt. : Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 0.077 g/100 ml @ 100°C Cold Water: 1.85 g/100 ml @ Q°C
Ethanol: Insoluble Other: Soluble in acids and anmonium
salts.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
377
-------
MANUFACTURE: Commercially prepared from brine.
USES: Manufacture of mortars, plastics, cements, soda ash by the Solvay
method, in dehairing hides, in water paints, as antiemetic and in infant
feeding formulas to decrease sizes of curds formed from cow's milk.
CALCIUM OXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CaO
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline solid. Also called unslaked lime,
quick lime and burnt lime. Absorbs CO 2 and water.
Molecular Wt.; 56.08 Melting Pt.:2580°C Boiling Pt.: 2850°C
Density: (Solid) 3.37g/cc (Gas) "
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Tanperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility: decomposes decomposes
Hot Water: 0.07 g/100 ml @ 80°C Cold Water: .13 g/100 ml @ 10°C
Ethanol: Other: Soluble in acids
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: From calcination of limestone in a kiln.
USES: In the manufacture of mortar and plastics, in various metallurgical
processes, in the manufacture of slaked lime, as a desicoant, in the manu-
facture of bleaching agents, pesticides, inorganic and organic salts of
calcium, and chlorinated lime, in water purification and treatment, in pa-
per pulp processing, in the manufacture of glass and ceramics, in deodoriz-
ing vegetable oils and .in dehairing hides.
POTASSIUM SULFATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: K2SO4
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless or white crystalline solid. Readily absorbs
C£>2 from air.
Molecular Wt.: 174.27 Melting Pt.: 1069°C Boiling Pt.: 1689°C
Density: (Solid) 2.662 g/cc (Gas)_~
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 24.1 g/100 ml Cold Water: 12 g/100 ml @ 25°C
Ethanol: Insoluble Other:
378
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DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Fran langbeinite ore, K2S0.2MgS04/ from Searles Lake brine, by
the reaction: 2KC1_H2SC>4 K2SO.-*-2HCl and by burning sulfur with excess
air mixed with steam and then passing the gaseous mixture through a bed of
porous KC1 briquets.
USES: As fertilizers, in the manufacture of potassium alum, potassium car-
bonate, glass, and SBR latex rubber, in smokeless powder and as an analyii-
cal reagent.
TOXICOLOGY: Generally speaking, calcium compounds are non-toxic. Calcium
chloride is completely innocous. Calcium hydroxide is irritating to the
skin and respiratory system. In the form of dust calcium hydroxide can
cause dermatitis and irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes. Potassium
sulfate is non-toxic.
The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) and Lethal Doses are as follows:
Contaminant TLV, mq/M? Lethal Dose
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Hydroxide
Potassium Sulfate
Calcium Oxide 5
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
or LD50 4000 mgAg rat
or LD5Q 7340 mgAg rat
sc IJ3ca 3000 mgAg guinea pig
Contaminant
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Hydroxide
Potassium Sulfate
Calcium Oxide
HUMAN
Air Water Land
ECOLOGICAL
1
1
3
EXPLOSION
Air Water Land
3
2
2
2
2
U
2
2
U
U
2
1
1
2
1
1
OTHER HAZARDS: Calcium chloride and calcium oxide generate much heat when
dissolved in water, due to the heat of solution and the reaction of calcium
oxide to calcium hydroxide.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: In storage, these materials must be kept
tightly closed and dry because most of them absorb moisture and/or carbon
dioxide from the air. Adequate ventilation and dust control should be main-
tained particularly for storing and handling calcium hydroxide.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Industrially, contaminated materials will not be considered
for reuse, based on economic considerations. If these materials are to be
released into the environment, the following Provisional Limits should be
considered:
379
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Contaminant in Air
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Hydroxide
Potassium Sulfate
Calcium oxide
Provisional Limit
0.07 mg/M3 as HC1
0.05 mg/M3
0.01 mg/M3 as H2S04
0.05 mg/M3
Basis for Recomtiendation
0.01 TLV for HC1
0.01 TLV for CaO
0.01 TLV for H2SO4
0.01 TLV
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Hydroxide
Potassium Sulfate
Calcium Oxide
Provisional Limit
250 ppm (mg/1) as Cl
0.25 ppm (mg/1)
250 ppm (mg/1) as 804
0.25 ppm (mg/1)
EVALUATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS:
DISPOSAL METHODS
Carbonate precipitation of the chlorides
with soda ash and recovery of the CaC03
and discharge of the brine to sewers or
any other waterways.
Neutralization with HC1 and carbonate
precipitation for contaminated CaO and
Ca(OH)2 and treatment of the chlorides
as above or diluted and discharged to
sewers or streams.
Basis for Recommendation
Drinking Water Standard
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Drinking Water Standard
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Potassium sulfate and calcium chloride
dilute streams may be discharged to
streams.
Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: The chemicals discussed in this
report are probable candidates for municipal disposal and are not consid-
ered waste stream candidates for National Disposal Sites.
380
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CAPPOLACTUM
NO
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CgH-^NO, j ~|
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline solid. Also called 2-oxohexamethyle-
nitnine.
Molecular Wt.: 113.16 Melting Pt.; 69°C _ Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) (Gas)
Vapor Pressure: 6 mm @ 120°C
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper_
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water:
Ethanol: Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: May be an irritant.
OTHER HAZARDS: It emits toxic fumes when heated to decomposition.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Store in a cool well ventilated place.
381
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CARBON DISULFIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CS2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Highly flairmable colorless liquid. Also called carbon
bisulfide, dicarbonic anhydride.
Molecular Wt.; 76.14 Melting Pt.; -112°C Boiling Ft.: 45°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.2628 gm/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 2.67 gm/1 @ 20°C
Vapor Pressure: 400 rrm @ 28°C 760 inn @ 26.5°C
Flash Pt..; -30°F; -22°F Autoignition Temperature: 1QQ°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper 50%
Solubility:
Hot. Water: Cold Water:Very slightlyEthanol; Miscible
Other: Soluble in chloroform, ether, benzene, carbon tetrachloride
and oils.
DOT Classification: Flammable liquid, red label
Coast Guard Classification: Flammable liquid, red label
MANUFACTURE: By the reduction of sulfur with metiiane in the presence of a
silica-gel catalyst at 570 to 620°C and 20 to 30 psig.
USES: Essential ingredient of xanthates used in the manufacture of viscose
rayon, cellophane, cellulose sponge, non-woven fabrics and others. It is
the raw material for carbon tetrachloride. Carbon disulfide is an excel-
lent solubilizer for oils, waxes, sulfur and sulfur compounds. Used for
removing paraffin from pipelines and oil well cas.Lngs. Used for extraction
of vegetable oils. Absorbent clays and petroleum catalysts are regenerated
with CS2- Used in emulsion polymerization, as nitrocellulose and polyvinyl
solvents, in recovery of sulfur ores, and as a solvent in vaporphase curing
of rubber sheets. Used in agriculture as grain fumigants, soil conditioners,
herbacides, rodenticides and nematocides. Used as insecticidal fumigant for
nursery stocks 'and soil treatment against beetles. Used in treatment of wood
to improve flexural strength, as a corrosion inhibitor and in deworming of
lives tock.
TOXICOLOGY: Carbon disulfide poisoning is usually caused by breathing the
fumes. Poisoning can be through the skin. Skin contact can cause local
inflammation.
The chief toxic effect is on the central nervous system, acting as a narco-
tic an anesthetic in acute poisoning with death following from respiratory
failure. In chronic poisoning, the effect on the nervous system is one of
central and peripheral damage, which may be permanent if the damage has
been severe. A secondary effect may be anemia. Neuritis and disturbance
of vision are the commonest early changes. Often there is pain in the af-
fected parts, particularly in the limbs. Increasing loss of strength fol-
lows. Wasting of muscles may occur. Mental symptoms vary from simple exci-
tation or depression irritability in mild cases to mental deterioration, Pa-
rkinsonian paralysis and even insanity. These changes are accompanied by
382
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insomnia, loss of memory and personality changes. Chronic fatigue is a very
cornrion complaint.
The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) and Maximum Allowable Concentration are
20 ppm and 60 mg/M3 respectively.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air' Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
333 232212
OTHER HAZARDS: Carbon disulfide is a highly flammable, volatile liquid with
a low flash point (~22°F), wide explosive range and an autoignition tempera-
ture of 100°C (212°F). Contact with exposed steam lines or the surface of
an ordinary electric light bulb may cause ignition. Carbon disulfide vapor'
when mixed with air or oxygen in certain concentrations, .is flanmable and
explosive. Carbon disulfide reacts violently or explosively with azides,
chlorine in the presence of iron, chlorine monoxide and fluorine.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Due to the high degree of flammabilily
and extreme volatility of carbon disulfide, strict TCC precautions regulate
the loading, handling, transporting and labelling of containers. Non-spark-
ing tools and hose connections must be used and the container should be
grounded to prevent accumulation of static electricity. Transfer is aocor:'-
pljshed by water padding, nitrogen displacement or pumping. Vapors should
be purged from empty drums with steam while empty tank cars must have four
"Dangerous Empty" placards in place.
Drums and other containers of carbon disulfide should be stored in a cool,
dry, and well-ventilated place away from acute fire hazards. Storage
should be limited to minimize the hazard and the storage area should be of
fire-resistant construction and equipped with sprinklers and/or portable
fire extinguishers.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: The major use (65?) of carbon disulfide is in the production
of cellophane and rayon by extraction of the desired compounds as xanthites.
After extraction, the carbon disulfide is regenerated and reused.
When carbon disulfide is used as a chemical intermediate in production, any
unreacted material is carefully recovered for reuse.
Carbon disulfide used as an extraction solvent in emulsion polymerizstior
and in extractive regeneration is recycled indefinitely.
In the agricultural field, mixtures of carbon disulfide escjpe direct,Jv i/>~
to the environment and cannot be recovered.
383
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Recomnended Provisional Limits for carbon disulf ide in the environment are
as follows:
Carbon Disulfide in Provisional Limit Basis for Reconrtiendation
Mr 0.2 ppm .01 TLV
Water and Soil 1.0 pptn (mg/1) Stokinger and Woodward Method
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: The industries that use carbon
disulfide as a chemical intermediate or as a solvent recycle as much mater-
ial as possible. This is the method of choice, whenever possible.
DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
Controlled incineration with S02 scrubber Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: The wastes generated in the man-
ufacture and use of carbon disulfide can best be handled and treated at or
near the site or generation by recycling or incineration. Since these me-
thods represent common industrial technology, carbon disulfide is not judg-
ed to be a candidate waste stream constituent for National Disposal Sites.
384
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CHLORINE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Cl-
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Greenish yellow gas, liquid or crystalline solid.
Molecular Wt.: 70.906 Melting Ft.: -101°C Boiling Pt.: -34.05°C
Density: (Solid) 1.468 g/cc 0 0°C (Gas) 3.214 g/1 @ 0°C
Vapor Pressure: 85.46 psia @ 70°F, 151.12 psia @105°F, 174.69 psia @ 115°F
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 0.54% @ 30°C Cold Water: 0.8% @ 10°C
Ethanol: Reacts Other: Soluble in alkaline water
DOT Classification: nonflammable gas, green label, 150 Ibs
Coast Guard Classification: non flammable gas, green gas label
MCA Warning Label
IATA Classification: Nonflammable gas, green label
Not acceptable (passenger) 70 kilograms (cargo)
MANUFACTURE: Diaphragm and mercury electrolytic cells and molten salt cells.
USES: Hydrochloric acid manufacture, organic chlorinations, pulp bleaching,
metallurgical processing and bleach manufacture:
TOXICOLOGY: (Human Toxicology)-Chlorine is an extremely powerful vessi-
cant and respiratory irritant. Its action is that of a severe irritant
rather than as a toxic agent; high concentrations cause pulmonary edema which
may be fatal. Lower concentrations cause coughing, smarting of the eyes,
chest discomfort, nausea, and vomiting. The effects of different concen-
trations are shown below:
EFFECT CHLORINE, ppm
Min. Gone, detectable by odor 3.5
Min. Cone, causing throat irritation 15
Min. Cone, causing coughing 30
Min. Cone, causing slight symptoms after several hours 1
Max. Cone, that can be breathed for one hour without
damage 4
Cone, dangerous in 30 minutes 40-60
Cone, likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths 1,000
TLV for 8-hour exposure 1
Liquid chlorine causes severe irritation and blistering of the skin.
(Aquatic Toxicology)-The toxicity of chlorine solutions in water is usually
not a problem. Dissolved chlorine reacts rapidly with organic and other
385
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oxidizable substances in natural streams and chlorine escapes fron water
at a pH of less than 7 at a rapid rate.
(Plant Toxicology)-At concentrations of 0.1 to 1.5 ppm of chlorine gas, the
most common symptoms of chlorine poisoning of plaints have been found to be
necrosis and bleaching of the foliage. Bleaching of the leaves occurs from
exposure to low concentrations of chlorine.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
321 23U 222
OTHER HAZARDS: Most chlorine is very corrosive to all of the common mater-
ials of construction except high silica iron, monel, hasteloy C, silver and
noble platinum metals. At low pressures wet chlorine can be handled in
chemical stoneware, glass, porcelain, and certain plastics.
Chlorine is capable of supporting combustion of many materials. It also
reacts very rapidly with many compounds, both organic and inorganic.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Adequate procedures for safe handling;
transportation and storage of chlorine are provided by Matheson in the
Matheson Gas Data Book. It is shipped in 100-lb and 150-lb. steel cylin-
ders, single unit tank cars of 30,000 Ibs and multi-unit tank cars of 15
one-ton units.
DISPOSAL REUSE: Current practice in chlorine disposal usually involves re-
cycling-, recovery, alkaline scrubbing, or venting. The safe disposal of
chlorine must take into account the safe release of chlorine to the environ-
ment. The Recortmended Provisional Limits for chlorine in the atmosphere,
in potable water sources, and in marine habitates are:
Chlorine as
Contaminant in Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
Air- 0.03 mg/M 0.01 TLV
Water and Soil 0.15 mg/i. Stokinger & Woodward Method
Marine Habitats 0.003 0.01 Fish Toxicity
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: in 1969, 9.5 million tons of
chlorine were produced with an estimated 78,200 tons being emitted to the
atmosphere. A summary of the chlorine emmissions and their sources is pre-
sented below:
386
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SOURCE
Chlorine Manufacture
Hydrochloric Acid Manufacture
Chemical and Industrial Processes:
Organic Chlorination
Pulp Bleaching
Metallurgical Processing
Bleach Manufacture
Miscellaneous
DISPOSAL METHODS
Recycling and recovery
Water scrubbing followed by alkaline scrubbing
of dilute streams
Silica gel absorption
Reaction with sulfur
CHLORINE EMMISSIQNS, TONS
47,000
800
8,500
18,000
2,000
900
1,000
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Not recorrmended due
to the disposal pro-
blem of sulfur chlo-
rides produced.
Not recommended due
to spi1Ls and losses
of caibon teh-taehlo-
ride.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Chlorine waste can be handled
adequately at industrial site. Some capacity will be needed at National
Disposal Sites to process occasional tank-car or smaller lots which are
required to be disposed of in a safe, pollution free manner arid for sc-cond-
ary gas streams generated within the National Disposal Site as a result of
processing other waste.
Carbon tetrachloride scrubbers
387
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HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
(Chloroform, Epichlorohydrin, and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in general)
CHLOROFORM
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CHC13
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid with a heavy, ethereal odor. IUC
Name: Trichloromethane.
Molecular Wt.: 119.38 Melting Pt.; -63.5°C Boiling Pt.: 61.2°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.4916 g/cc @ 18°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure: 15 psig @ 84°C; 60 psig @ 120° C
Flash Pt.: Nonflanrnable Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Slightly Cold Water: Slightly Ethanol: Miscible
Other: Miscible in all proportions in ethoy acetone, benzene;, and
ligroin.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
EPICHLOROHYDRIN
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, mobile liquid, irritating chloroform-like
odor. IUC Name: l-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane. Also called ^-epichlorohydrin,
y-chloropropylene oxide, chloromethyloxirane.
Molecular Wt.: 92.53 Melting Pt.: -25.fi°c Boiling Pt.: 116.5°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.1801g7cc @ 20°C (Gas) 3.29 q/1
Vapor Pressure: 10 mm @ 16.6°C 100 mm @ 62°C 400 mm @ 98°C
Flash Pt.: 1Q5°F (Q.C.) Autoighi1:rorr Temperature:__
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Decomposes Cold Water: Slightly Ethanol: *
Other: Soluble in benzene, ether (oo), chloroform, trichloroethy-
lene, carbon tetrachloride, iitiniscible in petroleum hydrocarbons.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MCA warning label
MANUFACTURE: Most chlorinated hydrocarbons are produced by addition and/or
substitution reactions..
USES: Chlorinated hydrocarbons are used as refrigerant propellants, as sol-
388
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vents, soil fumigants, insecticides, medical and veterinary uses and in
organic synthesis of other compounds.
Chloroform is one of the chlorinated hydrocarbons used in the medical and
veterinary field and to make refrigerants.
Epichlorohydrin is used in epoxy resins.
TOXICOLOGY: In aliphatic hydrocarbons the substitution of a chlorine atom
greatly increases the anesthetic action of the compound and the chlorine
derivative is usually less specific in it action and may affect other tissues
of the body in addition to the central nervous system. In many cases the
chlorine derivative is quite toxic. The chlorinated hydrocarbons are also
irritants to the eyes and mucous membranes. Repeated exposure to the skin
may cause dermatitis and may be absorbed through the skin. Chloroform, in
addition to its narcotic effect, may cause damage to the liver heart & kidneys.
It is hard to predict the toxicity of the aromatic hydrocarbons. In most
cases the aromatic chlorine compounds are no more toxic and are frequently
less toxic than the corresponding aromatic hydrocarbons.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Maximum Allowable Concentrations are:
TLV MAC
ppm mgM ppm
Chloroform 25 120 50
Epichlorohydrin 5 19
The Booz -Allen Ratings on these material are:
HUMAN ECOLOGY EXPLOSIVE
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Chloroform 311 23U222
Epichlorohydrin 333 23U212
OTHER HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition all chlorohydrocarbons give off
noxious and highly toxic fumes, including chloroacids, free chlorine and
phosgene. They will also react explosively when they come into contact
with alkaline and alkaline earth metals. They may be very corrosive to
aluminum.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Handle in a well-ventilated area. Wear
protective clothing and respirators when necessary, avoid skin contact and
inhalation. In cases of accidental contact, all contaminated clothing
should be removed instantly and the skin washed thoroughly with soap and
water.
Store in a dry, cool, well-ventilated area away from acute fire hazards.
389
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DISPOSAL/REUSE: In manufacture there is a residue left which needs dis-
posal although seme material is recycled or reclaimed. In most cases of
use however, the material. are lost to the atmosphere. Users of large volume
chemical intermediates, including chloroform and epichlorohydrin recycle
any unused materials. Usually these material do not come into contact with
aqueous media, so discharge of dilute aqueous streams is not a problati.
For disposal of these materials the following Provisional Limits are
recommended:
Contaminant in Air
Chloroform
Epichlorohydrin
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Chloroform
Epichlorohydrin
Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.25
0.05
1.2
0.19
Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
ppm or mg/1
6
0.95
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Stokinger & Woodward Method
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: Recycling or reclaiming is the
preferred method of handling waste from the chlorirated hydrocarbons when
possible.
DISPOSAL METHOD
Incineration with the use of an
acid scrubber.
Landfill of residue and sludges
EVAUIATION
Satisfactory
Not satisfactory unless totally
isolated from ground and sur-
face water due to long term
hazard.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: These materials can be handled
best at the site of generation by incineration. Except in extreme cases
these compounds are not considered candidates for National Disposal Site
disposal,.
390
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CHROMIC ACID
CHEMICAL FORMULA : Cr O3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Red crystalline solid. Poisonous, powerful oxidizer.
IUC Name: Chromium trioxide. Also called chromic anhydride
Molecular Wt.; 100.01 Melting Pt.: 197°C d Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) 2.70 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 206.7 g/100 g @ 100°C Cold Water: 164.9 g/100 g @ 0°C
Ethanol: ' Other: HpSO.
DOT Classification: Oxidizing material*
Coast Guard Classification; Oxidizing material
* In solution DOT classification is corrosive liquid, white label, 1 gallon
maximum.
MANUFACTURE: Produced by the reaction of sodium dichromate and sulfuric a-
cid and by sulfuric acid charged with sulfur dioxide.
USES: Almost exclusively in the metal finishing industry. About half of
this is used in direct decorative chromic plating. Annual consumption is
approximately 30,000 tons with 90% in the metal treating industry and the
remaining 10 percent used for catalyst manufacture, refractory or exported.
SOURCES AND TYPES OF WASTE: Large amounts from the metal finishing and
chrome plating industry.
TOXICOLOGY: Very corrosive and strong oxidizer. In contact with skin or
mucous membranes, it can cause ulcerous lesions which heal slowly. The
salts of chromic acid have also been associated with lung cancer. The
Threshold Limit Value for hexavalent chromates is 0.1 mg/M in air. Drink-
ing water should contain no more than 0.05 ppm. Should be kept away from
terresterial plant life. No exact information on aquatic plant and animal
life, but is probably very harmful.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for chromic acid are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land. Air Water Land Air Water Land
333 23U 212
OTHER HAZARDS: Should not be mixed with organic or reducing agents. Even
391
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dilute organic solutions can produce violent reactions if heated. Concen-
trated aqueous solutions will attack some metals.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Should be stored away from high tempera-
tures or reducing agents. The creation of CrO, dust must be avoided during
handling, storage and transportation. Workers should be adequately protected
from contact of chromium trioxide with skin, eyes or internal organs. Ade-
quate supervising control and employee education of the hazards is reoonmend-
ed.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Discharge into open waterways is severely restricted. U.S.
Public Health Service recommends 0.05 ppm as upper limit in drinking water.
The upper limits of hexavalent chromium discharge into municipal sewage sys-
tems is normally set at about 0.05 ppm.
For the safe disposal of chromic acid into the environment, the following
Provisional Limits are recommended:
Chromic Acid in
Air
Water and Soil
Provisional Limit
0.001 mg/M3 as CrO3
0.05 ppm (mg/1) as Cr
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHODS
Reduction and precipitation as hydroxides,
with disposal of sludges in either approved
landfills or by incineration.
Ion exchange
Electro chemical reduction
Direct precipitation by use of barium
or lead salts
Ion flotation, electrodialysis, activated
carbon absorptions, liquid-liquid extrac-
tion, activated carbon reduction, and re-
verse osmosis.
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Drinking Water Standard
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Not satisfactory, poten-
tial handling problems
due to poisonous heavy
metals.
Promising methods in var-
ious styles of development
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Chromic acid is considered as a
candidate waste stream constituent for National Disposal Sites.
392
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COPPER CHLORIDE
CUPRIC CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Cu C12
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Yellowish-brown, hygroscopic powder.
Molecular Wt.: 134.45 Melting Pt.: 498°C Boiling Pt.; 993° C
decomposes to CuCl
Density: (Solid) 3.054 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 107.9 g/100 ml@10Q°C Cold Water: 70.6 g/100 ml @ 0°C
Ethanol: 53 g/100 ml @ 15°C Other: 68 g/100 ml in methanol @ 15°C
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
IATA Classification: Other restricted articles class B, no label required
12 kilograms (passenger), 45 kilograms (cargo)
USES: Many copper containing canpounds are used as fungicides.
CUPROUS CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Cu Cl
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline solid. Also called nantokite.
Molecular Wt.: 99.00 Melting Pt.; 422°C Boiling Pt.: 1366°C
Density: (Solid) 3.53 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm at 546°C
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Insoluble
Ethanol: Other: Soluble in HCl and NH.OH.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
USES: Many copper containing compounds are used as fungicides.
TOXICOLOGY: May cause irritation of the skin and conjunctivae which may be
on an allergic basis. Inhalation of copper dust has caused, in animals,
hemolysis of the red blood cells, deposition of hemofuscin in the liver and
pancreas, and injury to the lung cells. Injection of the dust has caused
393
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cirrhosis of the liver and pancreas, and a condition closely resembling hem-
ochromatosis, or bronzed diabetes. However, considerable trial exposure to
copper compounds has not resulted in such disease.
OTHER HAZARDS: Chlorides when heated to decomposition or on contact; with
acids or acid fumes evolve highly toxic chloride fumes.
394
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CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless to pale-yellow liquid. Also called ^-dime-
thyl benzyl hydroperoxide.
Molecular Wt.: Melting Pt.: Boiling Pt.: 153°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.05 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: 175°F Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Ethanol:
Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
395
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DIAZINON
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C-^H^N^PS
GE3SIERAL DESCRIPTION: Liquid with faint ester-like odor. Also called G-24,
480, 0, O-diethyl-0, 2-isopropyl, 4-methyl-pyrimidyl thiophosphate.
Molecular Wt.; 304.4 Melting Pt.: Boiling Pt.; 84°C @O.OQ2
Density: (Liquid) 1.116 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) /ntn
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Tenperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Ethanol:
Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
IATA Classification: Other restricted articles, class A, no label required
no limit (passenger and cargo)
TOXICOLOGY: Very toxic by absorption through the skin inhalation or by in-
gestion. It is similar to parathion which can cause death from a small
amount being splashed on the skin if not washed off irtmediately and all con-
taminated clothing is not removed. All of the organophosphorus insecticides
function by cholinestrase inhibition. This enzyme is an essentieil consti-
tuent of the nervous system. Symptoms of parathion poisoning are headache,
giddiness, blurred vision, weakness, nausea, cramps, diarrhea, discomfort
of the chest, sweating, miosis, tearing, salivation, pulmonary edema, cyan-
osis, papilledema, convulsions, coma and loss of reflexes and sphincter con-
trol.
396
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DINITROBENZENE
Three isomers exist
O - DINITROBENZENE
-N02
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless to yellowish crystalline solid. IUC Name:
1,2 - dimitrobenzene
Molecular Wt.: 168.11 Melting Pt.: 118°C Boiling Pt.: 302.8°C
Density: (Solid) 1.571 g/cc at °C (Gas) 5.79 g/1 g770 Ft"1)'
Vapor Pressure: _^
Flash Pt.: 302°F Auto ignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Slightly Ethanol: Soluble
Other:Very soluble in chloroform and hot alcohol
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
m - DINITROBENZENE
°2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless to yellowish crystalline solid. IUC Name:
1,3 - dinitrobenzene
Molecular Wt.; 168.11 Melting Pt.: 90°C Boiling Pt.: 291°C
Density: (Solid) 1.571 g/cc @ 0°C _(Gas) £756 niu —
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Auto ignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Insoluble Ethanol:Very soluble
Other: Soluble in ether, chloroform. Very soluble in benzene.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
p - DINITROBENZENE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C6H4(N02)2,
N02
N02
397
-------
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless to yellowish crystalline solid. IUC Name:
1, 4 - dinitrobenzene.
Molecular Wt.; 168.11 Melting Pt.; 172°C 90°C Boiling Pt.: 299°C @
Density: (Solid) 1.625 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas)_~ /111 mm
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper '
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Insoluble
Ethanol; Slightly soluble Other; Soluble in chloroform and
acetic acid
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Meta-dinitrobenzene is made by direct nitration of benzene us-
ing nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Qrtho-and para-dinitrobenzene are pre-
pared by oxidation of primary aromatic amines.
USES: As explosives.
TOXICOLOGY: Dinitrobenzene is very toxic. It has an irritating effect on
the respiratory system and causes the skin to become bluish in color. It
produces anemia, jaundice, enlarged liver or yellow atrophy, digeneration of
kidneys and injury to the central nervous system. 1,2-Dinitrobenzene has a
Threshold Limit Value of 1 mg/M^ and it may be absorbed through the skin.
1, 4 dinitrobenzene has an oral LD in cats of 29.4 mg/kg.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for ortho-dinitrobenzene are as follows:
MATERIAL HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
o - dinitrobenzene 33 3 U 3 U322
OTHER HAZARDS: Severe explosion hazards. When heated to decomposition they
emit highly toxic fumes of nitrogen and explode.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: When handling avoid contact with the
skin. Use protective clothing. Protect from shock and heat. In the Code
of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Transportation, these material are classed
as Poison B.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Disposal or reuse of waste streams containing these compounds
must take into account their explosive and toxic nature.
Recommended Provisional Limits for dinitrobenzene are as follows:
Dinitrobenzene in Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
Air 0.01 mg/M3.01 TLV
Water and Soil 0.05 ppm (rog/1) Stokinger & Woodward Method
398
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EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
METHODS OF DISPOSAL EVALUATION
CONCENTRATED NITROBENZENE
Dilution with other combustible materials Satisfactory
which are not explosive and incineration
under controlled condition, using scrubbers
for the effluent gases.
DILUTE DINITROBENZENE
Concentrate waste streams and dispose of by Satisfactory
treating as discussed for concentrated
di nitrobenzene.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Dinitrobenzene can be treated at
the point of generation and is not considered to be a waste stream consti-
tuent for National Disposal Sites.
399
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DINITRDTOLUENE
There are five isoners of dinitrotoluene. The description will be given for
only 2, 4 - dinitrotoluene.
CH3
• NO
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CgH3CH3N02, "
GENERAL DESCRIPTIOSI: Yellow crystalline solid. Also called 1-methy 1-2-4 di-
nitrotoluene.
Molecular Wt.: 182.13 Melting Pt.; 69.5°C Boiling Pt.: 300°C
Density: (Solid) 1.521 g/cc (Gas) (slightly decomposes)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoighition Tettperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Cold Water 0.02 g/100 ml @ 22°C Hot Water Ethanol30.4 g/100 ml
@ 15°C Others Soluble in ether
DOT Classification: Explosive class 2, group D
Coast Guard Classification:
IATA Classification: Poison B, poison label.
1 litre (passenger), 220 litres (cargo)
MANUFACTURE: By the stepwise nitration of totuene with mixed acid (sulfuric
and nitric acids).
USES: In explosives, propellents polyurethanes and as a dye intermediate.
Much is reduced to the diamine and then reacted with phosgene to make toluene
diisocyanate
TOXICOLOGY: Dinitrotoluene can enter the body by inhalation, ingest ion and
absorption through the skin. Skin contact may result in staining of the
skin and dermatitis. It may cause irritation of mucous membranes and of
the eyes. Symptoms of dinitrotoluene poisoning are dermatitis, gastritis
and methernoglobinema which in turn give rise to cyanosis aplastic anemia
and toxic hepatitis. The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) is 1.5 rag/fa3 and the
Booz-Allen Ratings for 2-4 dinitrotoluene are:
HUMAN ECOLOGY EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
332 U3U 312
OTHER HAZARDS: Dinitrotoluene can be detonated by a very strong initiator.
400
-------
It may explode when involved in a fire. Fire fighting should be done by re-
note control. Water, carbon dioxide, dry sodium carbonate or carbon tetro-
chloride may be used to extinguish burning dinitrotoluene. Its hazard pro-
perties are:
Explosion temperature @ 5 seconds: 310°C
Vacuum Stability @ 120°C : 0.04 cc/hr
Friction @ 8 ft/sec : 950 Ih.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: When handling, protective clothing, ru-
bber gloves and eye protection should be worn. Avoid skin and eye contact
inhalation and ingestion. Dinitrotoluene is shipped in bottles, cans, metal
barrels, drums and wooden barrels or kegs with liners.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: For the disposal of dinitrotoluene waste, the following
Recommended Provisional Limits for dinitrotoluene in the environment are:
Dinitrotoluene as a
Contaminant in
Air
Water and Soil
Provisional Limit
0.05 ppn (0.015 mg/M3)
0.075 mg/1
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
METHODS OF DISPOSAL
Open burning
Controlled incineration using
or sand-soda ash mixture mixed with
the waste and using an afterburner
and an alkaline scrubber
Basis for Recontnendation
.01 TLV
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
EVALUATION
Unacceptable. This method re-
sults in liberation of NO.
x
Satisfactory
Controlled incineration using a solvent for Satisfactory
the waste and using an afterburner and
an alkaline scrubber
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: It is not anticipated that a Na-
tional Disposal Site will be necessary for dinitrotoluene. However, Nation-
al Disposal Sites will probably be necessary for small quantities of explo-
sive and propellant wastes containing dinitrotoluene.
401
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DIOXANE, PROPYLENE OXIDE, ETHERS
DIOXANE
There are two possible iscmers m-Dioxane and p-Dioxane.
m - DIOXANE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: OCH -0-CH CH -CH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid. Also called 1,3-dioxane, trime-
thylene glycol methylene ether; trimethylene methylene dioxide
Molecular Wt.: 88.10 Melting Pt.; Boiling Pt.: 105°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.03422 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: po Ethanol: oo
Other: c*> in ether
DOT Classification: •
Coast Guard Classification:
p - DIOXANE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: OCH2CH2-OCH2-CH2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid. Also called 1,4-dioxane; diethy-
lene oxide, diethylene dioxide, glycol ethylene ether.
Molecular Wt.; 88.10 Melting Pt.: 10°C Boiling Pt.: 101.1°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.0353 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 3.03 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 40 mm @ 25.2°C 100 mm @ 45.1°C
Flash Pt.; 54°F (C.C.) Autoignition Temperature; 45.1°C
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 1.97% Upper 22.2%
Solubility:
Hot Water; co Cold Water: oo Ethanol: o^
Other: Ether, Acetone, Organic solvents acetic acid.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MCA warning label
IATA: Flammable liquid, red label
1 lit max. (passenger), 40 lit max. (cargo)
MANUFACTURE: Amsco Division; Ashland Chemical Co.; J.T. Baker Chemical Co.;
402
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Corco Chemical Co.; Grant Chemical Co.; M C & B Manufacturing Chemists;
Southland Solvents and Chemical Co.; Stoney-Mueller, Inc.; Union Carbide
Corporation.
PROPYLENE OXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: OCH2CHCH3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid; etheral odor. Also called 1,2-
Epoxypropane, propane oxide.
Molecular Wt.: 58.08 Melting Pt.: -104.4° C Boiling Pt.; 33.9° C
Density: (Liquid) 0.8304 (Gas) 2.0 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 400 mm @ 17.8° C ^ 760 mm @ 33.9°C
Flash Pt.: -35°F (T.O.C.) Autoignition Temperature!
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 2.1% Upper 21.5%
Solubility:
Hot Water: Soluble Cold Water: Soluble Ethanol:
Other: c»o in ether.
DOT Classification: Flammable liquid, red label
Coast Guard Classification: Flaimable liquid, red label
IATA Classification: Flammable liquid, red label
1 litre max. (passenger), 40 litres(cargo).
ETHERS
There are many ethers. They will be treated generally in this report.
CHEMICAL FORMULA: R-O-R1 where R and R1 are the same or different alkyl
or aryl groups.
MANUFACTURE: Catalytic dehydration of alcohols is used principally for the
production of simple ethers. The Williamson ether synthesis may be used to
prepare either simple or mixed ethers (where R is not the same as R') .
USES: Ethers are used as solvents for organic reactions and extractions,
as plasticizers, as vehicles for other products, as solvents of many organ-
ic compounds, as varnish and paint removers, as high boiling point solvents
for gums resins waxes in lubricating oils, as insecticides, as cleaning sol-
utions, in leather finishing, as motor fuel additives, in the synthesis of
other organic compounds, and in the manufacture of Pharmaceuticals, smoke-
less powder, and rubber cements. Diethyl ether is used as a general anes-
thesia in surgery.
Dioxane is used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl
cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, oil and spirit-soluble dyes and many other
403
-------
organic and sane inorganic compounds.
Propylene oxide is used in the manufacture of alkanoamines, polypropylene
glycols, propylene glycol and in paint removers.
TOXICOLOGY: The principal hazard in industrial use and handling of the e-
thers is from inhalation of their vapors. As a class, they do not penetrate
the skin in harmful amounts nor are they irritating to the skin. The sim-
pler ethers such as ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, etc., are powerful nar-
cotics which in large doses can cause death.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for dioxane and propylene oxide are:
TLV
Dioxane 100 ppm
Propylene Oxide 100 ppm
The Booz-Allen Ratings are as follows:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSIVE
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Dioxane 332 1UU 21 2
Propylene Oxide 222 21U 21 2
Ethers 111 1UU 21 2
OTHER HAZARDS: The more voiitile ethers, such as ethyl and methyl ether are
particularly dangerous fire hazards because of their low ignition and flash
points. Peroxides, which form in ethers upon standing pose the additional
threat of detonation when an ether is heated after prolonged storage.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Store in a cool well-ventilated area
out of the direct rays of the sun and away from heat and open flair, and with
"NO SMOKING" signs posted. Remove all leaking containers to an isolated
well ventilated area or out doors and transfer to other suitable containers.
All spills should be flushed away promptly with water.
Before starting a process involving distillation or evaporation a standard
test must be passed and the peroxides removed fron ethers failing to pass
the test.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: The following Recommended Provisional Limits are given for
the safe disposal of dioxane and propylene oxide:
Contaminant in Air Provisional Limits Basis for Recommendation
Dioxane 1.0 ppm (3.6 mg/M3) 0.01 TLV
Propylene Oxide 1.0 ppm (2.4 mg/M3) 0.01 TLV
404
-------
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Dioxane
Propylene oxide
Provisional Limit
18 pprn (mg/1)
12 pptn (rag/1)
Basis for Recommendation
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
to recycle these materials when possible.
DISPOSAL METHOD
Controlled burning, at a safe distance, of
concentrated waste containing no peroxides.
Destroying filled containers of concen-
trated peroxide containing waste using rifle
fire at 100 feet or more away to perforate
the containers. This should be done a safe
distance away from habitation and where no
harm can come to the surroundings. A blast-
ing cap can be used instead of rifle fire.
In all cases it would be better
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Dilute organic waste can be incinerated if
the burning temperature is high enough to re-
duce the waste to CC^ and water.
Incineration of dilute aqueous waste at
1500° F
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Most of the wastes from these
materials can be handled and treated at the site of generation. They are
not considered to be candidates for National Disposal Sites.
405
-------
DIPHENYIAMINE
H
CHEMICAL FORMULA: (CgH ) NH,
-------
above 65°C may cause discoloration.
nLphenylamine is shipped in polypropylene lined paper bags, and 8,000 to
10,000 gallon tank cars. No labels are required.
L1SPOSAL/REUSE: Aqueous waste streams are not associated with the manufac-
ture of diphenylamine. The toxicity of the material and byproducts of dis-
posal must be considered when disposing of organic diphenylamine waste
streams. The Recommended Provisional Limits for releasing diphenylamine
into the environment are as follows:
Diphenylamine as
a Contaminant in
Air
Water and Soil
Provisional Limit
0.1 mg/M3
0.5 ppm (mg/1)
Basis for Recomaenclation
0.01 TLV
Stokinger and Woodward
Method.
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT: Diphenylamine waste will usually be found
in low concentrations in organic waste streams and rarely as concentrated
waste.
METHODS OF DISPOSAL
EVALUATION
CONCENTRATED WASTE
Recycling and purification
Controlled incineration with scrubbers
and/or thermal catalytic devices for
the effluent gases
Land burial
DILUTE ORGANIC WASTE STREAMS
Incineration
Plant Landfills
Best choice when possible
Satisfactory
Satisfactory if the site is ac-
ceptable from a geologic and
groundwater hydrology point of
view and meets California Class
1 Landfill requirements.
Satisfactory
Satisfactory if the site is ac-
ceptable from a geologic and
groundwater hydrology point of
view and meets California Class
1 landfill requirements.
407
-------
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Diphenylamine can be adequately
treated at the point of generation and as a waste stream constituent is not
considered to be a candidate for National Disposal Sites.
408
-------
ESTERS
(ETHYL ACETATE, METHYL ACETATE, METHYL METHACRYLATE, VINYL ACETATE)
ETHYL ACETATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless flammable liquid. IUC Name: Ethyl ethanoate.
Also called acetic ester.
Molecular Wt.; 88.10 Melting Pt.: -83.6°C Boiling Pt.: 77.15°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.8946 @ 25°C _ (Gas) 3.04 g/1 _
Vapor Pressure: 100 mm @ 27.0°C _
Flash Pt. ; 24° F _ Autoignition Temperature : 800°F _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 2.5% _ Upper 9% _
Solubility:
Hot Water: Slightly _ Cold Water: Slightly Ethanol:Miscible
Other; Acetone, chloroform, ether
DOT Classification: Flammable, red label _
Coast Guard Classification: Red label
MANUFACTURE: The most common method is the direct reaction of acetic acid
with ethanol.
METHYL ACETATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH3~C^-OCH3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, flammable liquid.
Molecular Wt.: 74.08 Melting Pt.: -98.7°C Boiling Pt.: 57.8°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.9274 g/cc @ 25° C (Gas) 2.55 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 100 mm @ 9.4°C
Flash Pt.: 14° F Autoignition Temperature: 935°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 3.1% Upper 16%
Solubility:
Hot Water: Soluble Cold Water; Soluble Ethanol: Miscible
Other: Ether
DOT Classification: Flammable, red label
Coast Guard Classification: Red label
MANUFACTURE: The direct reaction of acetic acid with methanol.
409
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METHYL METHACRYLATE
CH3/9
CHEMICAL, FORMULA: CH2=C -C-OCH3
GENERAL DESCRLPTION: Colorless flammable liquid. LUC Name: Methyl 2-
methyIpropenoate.
Molecular Wt.: 100.11 Melting Pt.; -50°C Boiling Pt.: 101.0°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.936 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 3.45 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 40 mm @ 25.5°C
Flash Pt..: 50° F (O.C.) Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 2.1% Upper 12.5%
Solubility:
Hot. Water: Cold Water: Ethanol:
Other:
DOT Classification: Flammable, red label
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACIURE: Reaction of carbon monoxide, acetylene and methanol.
VINYL ACETATE
O
CHEMLCAL FORMULA: CH3-C-OCH=CH2
GENERAL DESCRIPTLON: Colorless flammable liquid. IUC Name: Ethenyl etha-
noate.
Molecular Wt.; sfi.n^ Melting Pt.: -mn.2°r Boiling Pt.: 73°C
Density: (Liquid) Q.9335 & 20°r: (Gas) ~ -^ n (J/-|
Vapor Pressure: 1QQ mm 3 21.5° C
Flash Pt:.: 18° F Autoignition Temperature: 80Q°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 2.6% Upper 13.4%
Solubility:
Hot Water: Slightly Cold Water: Slightly Ethanol; Miscible
Other; Ether
DOT Classification: Flairmable, red label
Coast Guard Classification: Red label
MANUFACTURE: By the reaction of acetic acid with acetylene..
410
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USES: Esters are used as solvents, plasticizers, resins plastics and coat-
ings, lubricants, and in laquers, paints, perfumes, flavors, cosmetics,
soap and medicine.
TOXICOLOGY: Relatively non-toxic. Irritating to the mucous membranes, par-
ticularly the eyes, gums and respiratory passages. Prolonged contact can
cause conjunctiva 1 irritation and corneal clouding. Mildly narcotic.
Ehtyl acetate can produce secondary anemia, lucocystosis and cloudy swellinu.
and fatty degeneration of the viscera.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC)
are:
Material TLV MAC
ppm mg/M-3 ppm
Ethyl Acetate 400 1400 400
Methyl Acetate 200 610 200
Methyl Methacrylate 100 410
Vinyl Acetate 10 30
The Booz-Allen Ratings for these compounds are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
COMPOUND Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Ethyl Acetate 121 11U 212
Methyl Acetate 221 11U 211
Methyl Methacrylate 212 U2U 211
Vinyl Acetate 111 33U 211
OTHER HAZARDS: These esters are flammable and in the presence of oxygen or
other polymerization initiator, aerylate esters can polymerize violently.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Handle in a well-ventilated area. Wear
protective clothing and respirators when contact is likely. In case of con-
tact, remove clothing and wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Most of these materials are not recoverable, therefore
many processes result in dilute ester waste streams with high chemical and
biological oxygen demand. They can be treated on site or discharged into
the municipal sewers.
411
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Reconnended Provisional Limits for release of these materials into the
environment are:
Contaminant in Air
Ethyl Acetate
Methyl Acetate
Methyl MEthacrylate
Vinyl Acetate
Provisional Limits
ppm
4.0
2.0
1.0
0.1
mg/MJ
14
6.1
4.1
0.3
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Ethyl Acetate
Methyl Acetate
Provisional Limits
ppn (mg/1)"
70.0
30.5
Basis for Recommendation
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
in
Water and Soil
Methyl Methacrylate
Vinyl Acetate
Provisional Limits
or (mg/1)
20.5
1.5
Basis for Recommendation
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
RecyIcing is the best practice when possible.
DISPOSAL METHODS EVALUATION
Discharge to municipal sewers
Incineration
Treatment to reduce chemical and
biological oxygen demand
Best method if the discharge
is uniform.
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
412
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APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITE:
Municipal and industrial methods of disposal are adequate. These materials
are not judged to be candidates for National Disposal Sites.
413
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ETHYL DISULFIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION : Colorless oily liquid. TUC Name: Ethyldithioethane.
Also called diethyl disulfide.
Molecular Wt. ; 122.2 Melting Pt. : __ Boiling Pt.: 154°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.99267 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) __
Vapor Pressure: _
Flash 'Pt. : _ Autoignition Temperature: __ _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower __ Upper __
Solubility:
Water : Very slightly soluble _ Ethanol Infinitely soluble _
Other : Infinitely soluble in ether ___
DOT Classification: __
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: Animal experiments suggest that the; alkyl disulfides are dang-
erous and may cause hemolytic anemia. They may also produce dermatitis.
OTHER HAZARDS: Dangerous when heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic
fumes of sulfides. It probably reacts violently with powerful oxidizers and
is probably a moderate fire hazard.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Store in a cool, dry well ventilated
area, away from heat and open flames. Avoid breathing fumes.
414
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FERRIC CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: FeCl.,
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Black-brown solid.
Molecular Wt.; 162.2 Melting Pt.: 282°C Boiling Pt.: 319°C
Density: (Solid) 2.804 g/cc @ 11°F (Gas)__
Vapor Pressure: 1 im @ 194°C
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 535.7 g/100 ml @ 100°C Cold Water; 74.4 g/100 ml @ Q°C
Ethanol: Very soluble, Other: Very soluble in ether.
63 g/100 ml in acetone @ 18°C
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Brown-yellow, very deliquesent, crystalline solid.
Molecular Wt.; 270.32 Melting Pt.: 37°C Boiling Pt.; 28_Ojj_850C
Density: (Solid) (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper ~
Solubility:
Hot Water: Infinitely soluble Cold Water: 91.9 g/100 ml @ 20°C
Ethanol: Soluble Other: Soluble in ether ^17
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
IATA Classification: Other restricted articles, class B, no label required
12 kilograms (passenger), 45 kilograms (cargo)
OTHER HAZARDS: Dangerous. When heated to decomposition, it emits highly
toxic fumes of hydrochloric acid. It will react with water to produce tox-
ic fumes of hydrochloric acid. It will react with water to produce toxic
and corrosive fumes.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Store in a cool, dry place away from
heat and flames.
415
-------
FERROUS CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Fe
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Green to yellow deliquescent crystalline solid. Also
called Lawrencite.
Molecular Wt. ; 126.8 Melting Ft.: 670-674°C Boiling Pt. ; 1026°C
Density: (Solid) 2.98 g/cc _ (Gas) __
Vapor Pressure: 10 mm @ 700°C _
Flash Pt. : _ _ Autoignition Temperature: __
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower __ Upper __
Solubility:
Hot Water: 105. 7°g/100 me @100°C Cold Water; 64.4 g/100 ml @10°c
Ethanol : 100 g/100 ml _ Other : Soluble in acetone , insoluble
in ether.
CHEMICAL FORMULA: FeCl2'4H2o
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Blue green deliquescent crystalline solid.
Molecular Wt.: 198.83 Melting Pt.: _ Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) 1.93 g/cc (Gas) ~
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water; 415.15 g/100 ml @ 100°CCold Water: 160.1 g/100 ml @ 10°C
Ethanol: Soluble Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
OTHER HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes
of hydrochloric acid.
416
-------
FERROUS SULFATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: FeSCy 7H20
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Blue to green crystalline solid. Also called iron
sulfate, copperas and green vitriol
Molecular Wt.; 278.01 Melting Pt.; 64°C-6H?0 Boiling Pt.:300°C-7H?0
Density: (Solid) 1.898 g/cc @ 20°C (Gasf_
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autolghition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 48.6 g/100 ml @ 50°C Cold Water: 15.65 g/100 ml
Ethanol: Insoluble Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: As a by-product from production, direct reaction between di-
lute sulfuric acid and iron, and oxidation of pyrites in air followed by
leaching and treatment with scrap iron.
USES: Water purification, source for other iron salts and oxides, fertilizer,
feed additive, writing inks, pigments, medicine, deodorizer, metallurgy,
aluminum etching and in wood preservative compositions.
TOXICOLOGY: Ferrous sulfate has caused death when excessive quantities
have been ingested. The lowest.,lethal dose was 0.5 gm. The Threshold
Limit Value for FeSO, is 1 mg/M as Fe.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
111 23U 111
OTHER HAZARDS: Ferrous sulfate will corrode iron and most steels. It will
hydrolyze to produce an acid solution.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Ferrous sulfate etches iron and alumi-
num. Other than protection from moisture, no special care is needed.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: If the quality and quantity of the waste makes it economi-
cally feasible, it can be reprocessed for reuse. For disposal into the en-
vironment, the following Provisional Limits are recommended:
417
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Ferrous Sulfate as
a Contaminant in
Air
Water and Soil
Provisional Limit
0.01 rag/fa as Fe
0.03 ppm as Fe
Basis for Recomnendation
0.01 TLV for Fe
Drinking Water Standard
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHODS
Dissolve in a large excess of water and treat
with a slight excess of soda ash and slaked
lime. Let stand for 24 hours. The liquid is
decanted into another container and neutralized
with HC1. The liquid is diluted and discharged
into a sewer or stream. The sludge is added
to a landfill.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Ferrous sulfate waste can be ade-
quately treated at the point of generation and discharged into municipal
sewers or streams and are not considered to be candidate waste stream con-
stituents for National Disposal Sites.
418
-------
FORMIC ACID
.0
H^'-OH
CHEMICAL FORMULA: H-
GENERAL DESCRIPTICN: Colorless corrosive liquid. IUC Name: Methanoic
Acid.
Molecular Wt.: 46.03 Melting Ft.: 8.2°C Boiling Pt.: 100.8°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.2267 g/cc @ 15° C (Gas) 1.59 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 40 irni @ 24° C
Flash Pt.: 156° F (O.C.) Autoignition Temperature: 1114°F
Explosive Limits" in Air (Wt%): Lower 18% Upper 57%
Solubility: (90% Solution) (90% Solution)
Hot Water: Miscible Cold Water: Miscible Ethanol: Miscible
Other: Ether
DOT Classification: Corrosive, white label
Coast Guard Classification: White label
MANUFACTURE: Reaction of sodium hydroxide and carbon monoxide to produce
sodium formate which is then acidized to the acid.
USES: Textile dyeing and finishing. (50%) Chemical synthesis and in the
leather industry.
TOXICOLOGY: Vapor causes irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract
and skin lesions characterized by cracking and fissuring of the skin. Inges-
tion causes a burning pain in the stomach followed by nausea and vomiting.
The Threshold Limit Value (TLV)for formic acid is: 5 ppm or 9 mg/M3.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for formic acid are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Formic acid should be han-
dled in a well ventilated area. Protective clothing and respirators
are recomnended. In case of skin contact, all contaminated clothing should
be removed and the skin washed with soap and water.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Any unused material is recycled. Dilute waste streams can
be treated on site or discharged to municipal sewers after pH adjustment.
Recommended Provisional Limits for formic acid are:
419
-------
Formic Acid as a
Contaminant in
Air
Water and Soil
Provisional Limit
ppri~ r
0.05
0.45
0.09
EVALUATION OF WASTE..MANAGEMENT:
DISPOSAL METHODS
Recycling
Treatment of waste to reduce chemical and bio-
logical oxygen demand and discharge into mun-
icipal sewers
Incineration
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES:
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
EVALUATION
Best choice when possible
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Formic acid waste can be satisfactorily treated by municipal and industrial
methods and therefore is not considered a candidate waste stream constituent
for National Disposal Sites.
420
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GOLD CHLORIDE
AURIC CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Au Cl..
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Claret red crystalline solid. Also called gold chlo-
ride ."
Molecular Wt.: 303.57 Melting Pt.: 254°C d Boiling Pt.: 265°C sub-
Density: (Solid) 3.9 g/cc (Gas) /limes
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Very soluble Cold Water: 68 gm/100 ml
Ethanol: Soluble Other: Soluble in ether, slightly
soluble in NH-., insoluble in carbon disulfide.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
AUROUS CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Au Cl
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Yellow crystalline solid.
Molecular Wt.: 232.66 Melting Pt.: 170°C decomposes" to
Density: (Solid) 7.4 g/cc Boiling Pt.: 289.5°C decomposes
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt. : Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Ijower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: decomposes Cold Water; decomposes, very slightly
Ethanol: Other: Soluble in HC1 and HBr
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: Salts of gold may cause urticara (hives), itching, purpura and
other skin rashes, some of which may be severe. They may also cause damage
to the blood forming organs resulting in aplastic anemia. The liver, kid-
neys and nervous system may also be affected.
OTHER HAZARDS: Chlorides, when heated to decomposition or on contact with
acid or acid fumes, evolve highly toxic chloride fumes.
421
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HEXAMETHYIENEDIAMINE AND UREA
HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2~CH2CH2~NH2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystaline solid. IDC Name: 1,6-Hexanedia-
mine.
Molecular Wt.; 116.21 Melting Pt.: 39-40°C Boiling Pt.: 196°C
Density: (Liquid) (Gas) Sublimes *a£-?Q
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Very Ethanol: Slightly
Other: Slightly soluble in benzene
DOT Classification: ZZZI
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Displacement of a reactive functional group from the aliphatic
compound. By the following reaction: O^^H-CH3-^ GJ-3 •>C3CH2-CH=CH-CH20
Na™> NC-CH2-CH<:HH^H2-aSI-%-?NH2CH2CH2-CH2-CH2--CH2-CH2-NH2 and several
other processes.
USES: In the production of nylone 6, 6 and 6,10.
UREA
CHEMICAL FORMULA: H2N-CNH2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline solid. Also called carbamide,
carbonyl disamide.
Molecular Wt.; 60.06 Melting Pt.; 132.7°C Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Liquid) 1.335 gm/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air; Slightly dangerous when heated to decomposition.
Solubility:
Hot Water: Very soluble Cold Water: Soluble Ethanol: Soluble
Other: Slightly soluble in ether, soluble in methanol and glycerol
DOT Classification: None
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: By the reaction of carbon dioxide with ammonia at 150-200°C.
422
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and 150-300 atm. pressure.
USES: Used as a fertilizer, cattle feed and resins.
TOXICOLOGY: Not particularly systematically toxic. Amines can cause corro-
sive and damaging effect on tissue. Repeated exposure to diamines can
cause hypersensitivity, dermatitis and in sane people allergenic and asth-
matic reactions. Chronic ingestion of diamines can cause liver and kidney
damage.
The Threshold Limit Values for these compounds are not available.
The Booze-Allen Ratings for these compounds are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Hexamethylene Diamine ~~2~ 2 ~2 ~U~~ U U 1 1 1
Urea 111 U 1 U 1 1 1
OTHER HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition, aliphatic amines may emit
noxious, irritating and toxic fumes. Will react with some compounds to
form potentially explosive mixture. Urea has no hazards.
HANDLHSJG, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION: Handle in a well ventilated area.
Use protective clothing and respirators where necessary. Store in a cool,
dry, well ventilated place.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: In the manufacture of urea close to 100 percent of all law
materials and reaction products are used as feed and fertilizer. Heavy bott-
oms from purification of amines are disposed of by incineration, landfill,
deep well injection or is processed to reduce the biological and cheinical
oxygen demand. Some nitrogen containing materials are produced in dilute
waste streams in the manufacture of amines. These are usually discharged
into sewers or rivers with out pretreatment or by deep well disposal.
The Recommended Provisional Limits for release into the environment are:
Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
Contaminant in Air ppm mg/MJ
Hexamethylenediamine - 0.04 Based on similar compounds.
Urea - 0.06 Based on Similar compounds
Contaminant in Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
Soil and Water ppm or mg/1
Hexamethylenediamine 0.20 Based on simi-^u.- compounds
Urea 0,30 Based on similar compounds
423
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EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHODS
Reformulation of products to reduce environ-
mental impact, when necessary
Treatment of waste water and water soluble
by-products to reduce biological and chem-
ical oxygen demand at manufacturing site
or by municipal waste treatment system.
Incineration of badly contaminated amines
with scrubber
Landfill of residue and sludges obtained
during manufacture or use.
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Less satisfactory than in-
cineration due to long term
threat to underground water.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: These materials are not recom-
mended for disposal at National Disposal Sites, since they can be adequately
handled by industrial methods.
424
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1-HEXANOL
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH3(CH2)4CH2OH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid. Also called n-hexyl alcohol and
amyl carbinol
Molecular Wt.; 102.17 Melting Pt.; -51.6°C Boiling Pt.: 157.2°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.8186 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 3.52 g/1
Vapor Pressure: 1 ram @ 24.4°C
Flash Pt.: 145°F Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Insoluble Cold Water: Insoluble Ethanol: Infinitely
Other: Infinitely soluble in ether /Soluble
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: Highly toxic.
OTHER HAZARDS: Moderate fire hazard. When exposed to heat or flame it can
react with oxidizing materials.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: When handling hexanol wear protective
equipment to avoid contact. If there is accidental contact, wash the con-
tacted area with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing and wash be-
fore reuse. Store in a cool well ventilated place away from heat and open
flame.
425
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HYDROCHLORIC ACID
CHEMICAL FORMULA: HC1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless gas or colorless, poisonous fuming liquid.
Also called muriatic acid, chlorohydric acid and hydrogen chloride.
Molecular Wt.: 36.46 Melting Pt.: -114.8°C Boiling Ft.: -84.9°C
Density: (Liquid) (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility: @ 0°C
Hot Water:56.lg/10Qml@60°C Cold Water: 82.3g/100ml Ethanol; Soluble
Other:
DOT Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label (liquid)
Coast Guard Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label (liquid)
M2A Warning Label
IATA Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label.
1 liter (passenger) 5 liters (cargo)
Coast Guard (anhydrous) Classification: Nonflammable gas, green gas label
MANUFACTURE: Hydrochloric acid is produced from four major sources:
(1) as a by product in the chlorination of both the aromatic .and ali-
phatic hydrocarbons;
(2) from the reaction between sulfuric acid and salts of hydrochloric
acid;
(3) from the combustion of hydrogen and chlorine;
(4) from the Hargreaves type reactions such as: 4 NaCl + 2SO2 + Oo +
H20- ' -» 2Na2SO4 + 4HC1.
In 1969, 1.8 million tons were produced in the U.S.
USES:
(1) In the manufacture of pharmaceutical hydrochlorides, various inor-
ganic and organic chlorides and chlorine;
(2) In chlorination, isomerization, polymerization and alkylation pro-
cesses;
(3) as a chemical reagent.
TOXICOLOGY: Hydrochloric acid is strongly corrosive. It is an irritant to
the mucous membranes of the eyes and the respiratory tract. On contact con-
centrated solution causes severe burns; permanent visual damage may occur.
Inhalation of the fume causes coughing, choking and inflammation and ulcera-
tion of the respiratory tract.
The Threshold Limit Values (TL\T, and Lethal Concentrations for HC1, * are:
426
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TLV
Lethal Concentration
7 nig/M
The Booz Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN
ih !£„ : 1000 mg/MJ, rabbit
Air
Water
Land
3
Air
ECOLOGICAL
Water
j
333 1
OTHER HAZARDS: No other hazards known.
Land
U
Air
EXPLOSION
Water
Land
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Corrosive materials such as hydrochJoi .,;•
acid must be handled carefully. Contact with skin and inhalation of thu ftaar
must be avoided. It should be kept away from food. Containers snould be
kept tightly closed.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Provisional Limit for the safe dis]X)sal or hydrochloric aoad
into the environment are as follows:
As a Contaminant in
Air
Water and Soil
Maximum Exposure Limit
0.07 mg(Vapor)/M3
Provisional Limit
0.35 ppn (rng/1)
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD
Neutralization with soda ash-slaked
lime. Discharge after dilution
Basis tpr
0.01 TLV
Stok i i n|oi
Method
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Hydrochloric acid as a waste stream
constituent is not considered to be a candidate for disposal at National
Disposal Sites.
427
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: HCN
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless poisonous liquid. Faint odor of bitter al-
monds. Also called hydroorganic acid and prussic acid.
Molecular Wt.; 27.03 Melting Pt.; -13.2°C Boiling Pt.: 25.7°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.688 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 0.969 g/l@ 31°C
Vapor Pressure: 400 mm @ 9.8°C
Flash Pt. 0°F (CC) Autoignition Temperature: 100°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 6% Upper 40%
Solubility:
Hot Water:Miscible Cold Water: Miscible Ethanol: Miscible
Other; Miscible in ether
DOT Classification: Class "A" poison
Coast Guard Classification; Class "A" poison
MANUFACTURE: HCN is manufactured commercially by six different processes:
(1) by treating a cyanide with dilute sulfuric acid; (2) by catalytically
reacting ammonia and air with methane or natural gas; (3) by recovery from
coke oven gases; (4) decomposition of formamide: (5) from ammonia and hy-
drocarbons by electrofluid reaction in the presence of a platinum-rhodium
catalyst; and (6) by pyrolytic decomposition of residues from beet-sugar
molasses.
USES: Used in the manufacture of acrilonitrile, acrylates, adiponitrile,
cyanide salts, dyes, fumigants, chelates, rubbers and plastics.
TOXICOLOGY: (Human Toxicity) Hydrogen cyanide and the cyanides are true
protoplasmic poisons. They combine in the tissues with enzymes associated
with cellular oxidation. They thereby render oxygen unavailable to the
tissues, and cause death through asphyxia. This effect lasts only while
the cyanide is present; upon its removal, normal function is restored pro-
vided death has not already occurred. Hydrocyanic acid can be absorbed
through the skin. The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) is 10 ppm in air (11 mg/
M3).
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
U 3 2 3
(OTHER TOXICITY) Cyanides either as hydrogen cyanide or its salts are of-
ten found in industrial aqueous waste streams. Cyanide ion, for the most
part, is unaffected by the basic water treatment plant. Many lower animals
428
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and fish are able to convert cyanide to the thiocyanate ion which does
not inhibit respiratory enzyme activity. A permissible criterion has been
recarmended of 0.20 mg/1 for waste discharged into streams, and a desirable
criterion of complete absence from public waters was recommended by the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Water Quality Committee.
OTHER HAZARDS: When HCN is exposed to heat, flame or oxidizing materials,
a fire or explosion may occur. Under certain conditions, particularly con-
tact with alkaline materials, HCN can polymerize or decompose explosively.
The compressed gas is commonly stabilized by the addition of acids.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Liquid hydrogen cyanide is subject to
DOT regulations for the transportation of explosives and other dangerous
articles. It is packed in metal cylinders for interstate transportation.
The cylinders must have not more than 125 Ib water capacity. It is not
accepted for shipment by railway express.
Hydrogen cyanide should be stored in bulk, steel storage tanks and these
should be kept cool and protected from mechanical injury.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Hydrogen cyanide appears in both aqueous and gaseous waste
streams from several operations. Complete removal is difficult. Provision-
al Limits for public exposure resulting from the disposal of HCN are as
follows:
HCN in
Air
Water and Soil
Provisional Limit
0.11 mg/M3
0.01 mg/1 (as CN)
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD
Conversion to cyanate, then to carbon
dioxide and ammonia.
Removal from aqueous solution by passing
air through the solution, then passing
through an alkaline scrubber.
Incineration and passing the effluent
through an alkaline scrubber.
By passing air containing HCN through a
sodium or potassium hydroxide scrubber
The salts produced are recovered by e-
vaporating the water containing the
salts.
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Drinking Water Standard
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
429
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APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: The waste streams containing
hydrogen cyanide can be adequately treated at the source of waste genera-
tion and therefore are not considered candidates for National Disposal
Sites.
430
-------
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: H20?
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorlt ,s heavy liquid or at low temperatures a crystal-
line solid. Also called hydrogen dioxide and T-Stuff.
Molecular Wt.: 34.02 Melting Pt.: -89°C Boiling Pt.: 152.1°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.4649 g/cc @0°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm @ 15.3°C
Flash Pt. : Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in AJr (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: Infinitely Ethanol:
Other:
DOT Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label
Coast Guard Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label
MCA Warning label
MANUFACTURE:
(1) autoxidation of anthraquinone;
(2) oxidation of lower secondary alcohol to yield H202 and ketone;
(3) electrolysic through ammonium persulfate.
70,000 tons of H202 were produced in the United States in 1969,
USES:
(1) as a bleaching agent of cotton textiles;
(2) as an oxidizing agent for organic compounds;
(3) as an oxidizing agent for inorganic compounds;
(4) in the manufacture of organic and inorganic peroxides;
(5) in the plastic industry;
(6) in pharmaceutical preparations, mouth washes, dentifrices,
sanitary lotions.
(7) as a topical antiseptic;
(8) in rocket propulsions (using 90% solution).
TOXICOLOGY: Hydrogen peroxide is not a toxic material. However, strong
solutions can cause burns of the skin and mucous membranes.
The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for hydrogen peroxide is 1.4 mq/M^
The Booz-Allen Ratings for H2O2 over 52% are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water " Land Air ~Water~ Land
333 2 3 U 31'-!
431
-------
OTHER HAZARDS: Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidizer, particularly the
concentrated solution. Heat is generated during hydrogen peroxide decompos-
tion and therefore it is a fire hazard when heated or contacted with flam-
mable materials.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Powerful oxidizers such as hydrogen per-
oxide should be kept away from reducing agents or combustible materials.
Containers should be kept tightly closed.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Provisional Limits for the safe disposal of hydrogen per-
oxide into the environment are as follows.
HpOp as a Contaminant Maximum Exposure Basis for Recommendation
in Air 0.014 mg/M3 0.01 TLV
Provisional Limit
in Water and Soil 0.07 ppm (mg/1) Stokinger and Woodward
Method
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
Dilution with water to release the Satisfactory
oxygen. Then discharge.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Hydrogen peroxide as a waste
stream constituent is not considered a candidate for disposal at National
Disposal Sites.
432
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MERCURY AND INORGANIC MERCURY COMPOUNDS
MERCURY, MERCURIC CHLORIDE, MERCURIC NITRATE,
MERCURIC SULFATE, MERCURIC DIAMMONIUM CHLORIDE
MERCURY
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Hg
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Heavy metallic liquid. Commonly called quick-silver.
Highly reactive with halogens, hydrogen, sulfide and sulfur
Molecular Wb.; 200.59 Melting Pt.: -389°C Boiling Pt.; 356.6°C
Density: (Liquid) 13.594 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas)_
Vapor Pressure: 1.2 xlQ--* @ 20°C; 1 tan @ 126.2°C; 10 imi @ 184°C
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature :_J___
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility: 20-30 ppm in
Hot Water: Cold Water;deaerated H2OEthanol:
Other:
DOT Classification: Poison B
Coast Guard Classification:
MERCURIC CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Hg C12
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystals or powder. Also called corrosive sub-
limate. Highly toxic.
Molecular Wt.: 271.50 Melting Pt.; 276 °C Boiling Pt.: 302°C
Density: (Solid) 57530.g/cc. @_ 25 °C (Gas)_
Vapor Pressure: 1 nrn @ 136.2°C; 10 mm @ 180.2°C; 100 mm @ 237°C
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 48 g/100 cc @ 100°C Cold Water: 6.9 g/100 cc @ 20°C
E thanol: Soluble Other:
DOT Classification:Poison B
Coast Guard Classification:
MERCURIC NITRATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Hg(NO3)2. 1/2 H2O
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White yellowish deliquescent powder. Highly toxic.
433
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Molecular Wt.; 333.61 Melting Pt.: 79 °C Boiling Pt.: Decomposes
Density: (Solid) 4.39 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Decomposes Cold Water: Very soluble
Ethanol: Insoluble Other:visible in HNO3.NH3, acetone.
Also has Formula Hg (NC^K ' H20
Molecular Wt: 342.61 Colorless crystal or white powder, deliquescent.
Solubility:
Hot. Water: Cold Water: Soluble
Ethanol : Insoluble Other : soluble in
Coast Guard Classification:
DOT Classification:
MERCURIC SULFATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: HgS04
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline powder.
Molecular Wt.; 296.65 Melting Pt.: Decomposes Boiling Pt.
Density: (Solid) 6.47 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.:__ Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: ^^ Cold Water: Decomposes
Ethanol: Insoluble Other:Soluble in acids.
DOT Classification: Poison B
Coast Guard Classification: Poison B
MERCURIC DIAMMQNIUM CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Hg (NH3)2C12
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: RhoHibohedral crystal.
Molecular Wt.: 305.56 Melting Pt.: 300°C Boiling Pt.:_
Density: (Solid) (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Decomposes Cold Water: Insoluble
Ethanol: Other:
434
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DOT Classification: Poison B
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Mercury: Most coimonly by roasting cinnabar (mercuric sulfide)
in either mechanical furnaces or retorts to volatize the mercury, followed
by condensation of the vapor. Leaching with either sodium hypochlorite or
sodium sulfide. The major U.S. producers of mercury include the following:
Decoursey Mountain Mining Company; Anchorage, Alaska
Harold Braggini; Atascadero, California
COG Minerals Corp.; Denver, Colorado
New Idria Mining and Chemical Co.; Guerneville, California
Holly Minerals Corp.; Albuquerque, New Mexico
Rare Metals Corp. of America; Salt Lake City, Utah
Cordero Mining Co.; Palo Alto, California
Arentz-Comstock Mining Venture; Salt Lake City, Utah
Bonanza Oil and Mining Corp.; Sutherlin, Oregon
Mercuric Chloride: Produced commercially by the direct chlorination of mer-
cury. Older processes, based on the reaction between mercurous sulfate and
sodium chloride, are no longer extensively practiced in the United States.
Mercuric Nitrate: Made by dissolving mercury in an excess of hot concentrat-
ed nitric acid, followed by cooling to crystallize the hydrate.
Mercuric Sulfate: Prepared by reacting a paste of freshly precipitated and
washed yellow mercuric oxide with the calculated amount of sulfiiric acid,
followed by filtration of the white crystalline sulfate on a nutsch and sub-
sequent drying. It may also be prepared by heating mercury with an excess
of sulfuric acid; the formation is favored at high temperatures.
Mercuric Diammonium Chloride: Made by dissolving mercuric chloride in a
strong aqueous solution of ammonium chloride, and adding anmonia solution.
It may also be prepared by treating finely powdered dry mercuric chloride
with anhydrous ammonia vapor. The major U.S. producers of inorganic mercury
chemicals include the following:
Allied Chemical Corp.; Specialty Chemicals Division; Morristown,
New Jersey
City Chemical Corp.; Jersey City, New Jersey
Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, Industrial Chemical Division;
Jersey City, New Jersey
Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Chemical Division, Rahway, New Jersey
Troy Chemical Corp.; Newark, New Jersey
Ventron Corp., Alfa Products; Beverly, Massachusetts
Ventron Corp., Chemicals Division; Beverly, Massachusetts
USES: The major use of mercury is as a cathode in the electrolytic prepara-
tion of chlorine and caustic soda. Large quantities of mercury are also used
435
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in electrical apparatus, in industrial and control instruments, a.rd !n qe-n-
eral laboratory applications. These potentially recyclable uses of inercur
are for fluorescent and high pressure mercury Icirnps, arc rectifiers f nvrc
battery cells, switches, thermometers, barometers, diffusion pump, vacuur
gage, and. as a vibration damper.
The largest dissipative use of mercury is for mildewproofing paints. (Mer-
cury is no longer used in antifouling paints). Mercury compounds are also
widely used in agriculture as a result of their broad antifungal capabili-
ties, for catalytic purposes, and formulated into many of the over-the-
counter cosmetics (such as creams and lotions, liair preparations, and facial
make-up) and patent medicines (antacids, astringents, eye drops, laxatives,
nasal sprays, skin antiseptics, contraceptives).. Mercury is used in dental
amalgams, and to a decreasing extent, for the control of slime in the paper
and pulp mills.
Individual figures of mercury consumption by use from 1967 to 1971 have been
compiled by the Bureau of Mines (Table 18) , and indicate that declining levels
of consumption were noted for mercury uses in agriculture, catalysts, elec-
trolytic preparation of chlorine and caustic soda, installation and expan-
sion of chlor-alkali plants, and paper and pulp manufacture (Table 19) .
An estimate of the current and future use pattern of mercury over the next
few years has also been presented (Table 20) . Of the eleven major categories
represented, decreasing demands are forecasted .in five,, including agricul-
ture, electrolytic preparation of chlorine and soda, installation and expan-
sion of chlor-alkali plants, paints, and paper and pulp manufacture. The
other six major uses of mercury are expected to continue at about the same
level. These predicted trends in mercury consunption also point toward the
same direction where future efforts of mercury recovery and pollution con-
trol should be aimed.
Of the four inorganic mercury compounds included in this report, mercuric
diammonium chloride is of no ccmnercial significance; whereas mercuric
chloride is one of the most industrially important mercury compounds, as
a catalyst in vinyl chloride manufacture and other organic reactions, and
as a preservative for wood. In agriculture, it is used either as a dust or
spray for the control of certain fungus diseases on seeds. Solutions of
mercuric chloride are used medicinally as an antiseptic, and in photography
to intensify negatives.
Mercuric nitrate is used in the preparation of other mercury compounds, and
in particular, mercury fulminate. It is also used in the manufacture of
felt, and for the destruction of phylloxera.
Mercuric sulfate is mainly used as an electrolyte for primary batteries.
Aside from its occasional use as a catalyst, mercuric sulfate has been em-
ployed in conjunction with sodium chloride to extract gold and silver from
roasted pyrites.
436
-------
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437
-------
Table 19. TKENDfJ £N USES OF MERCURY OVER THE PERIOD 1967 to 1971
1971 Consumption
Use Flasks Percent of Total
Decreasing I,evel of Consumption
Agriculture 1,477 2.8
Catalysts 1,141 2.2
Electrolytic Preparation of Chlorine
and Soda 12,262 23.4
Other Uses* 2,300 4.4
Subtotal 17,180 32.8
No Significant Changes in Consumption
Dental Preparations 2,387 4.5
Electrical Apparatus 16,938 32.3
General Laboratory Uses 1,809 3.4
Industrial and Control Instruments 4,871 9.3
Paints 8,605 16.4
Pharmaceuticals 682 1.3
Subtotal 35,292 6771
Grand total 52,472 100.0
*Othor uses include mercury used for installation and expansion of
chlor-alkali plants, amalgamation, and in paper and pulp manufacture.
438
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ESTIMATED TRENDS IN CONSUMPTION OF MERCURY
Estimated Mercury
Consumption, flasks
Use 1971 1974-1975
Agriculture 1,477 0
Catalysts 1,141 1,141
Dental Applications 2,387 2,387
Electrical Apparatus 16,938 16,938
Electrolytic Preparation of Chlorine
and Soda 12,262 672*
General Laboratory Use 1,809 1,809
Industrial and Control Instruments 4,871 4,871
Paints 8,605 0
Paper and Pulp 10+ 0
Pharmaceuticals 682 682
Others f 2,290 300
Totals 52,472 28,800
*Based on Total mercury loss of 0.02 Ib/ton chlorine produced and a
chlorine production capacity of 7,000 tons per day.
4-Estimater'
•{•"Others" include mercury used for installation and expansion of chlor-
alxali plants and amalgamation.
439
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SOURCES AND TYPES OF WASTE: By far the single largest source of commercia'
discharges of mercury during 1968 was derived fraa inventory losses suffer--;.
by the chlor-alkali plants.
Of the mercury used in 1968 for other potentially recyclable uses, such as
electrical equipment, measurement and control apparatus, and general labora-
tory uses, 520 tons were recycled and 660 tons had an unknown disposition,
(in batteries, fluorescent tubes, switches, etc.) and probably ended up most-
ly in landfills, dumps, and incinerators.
The dissipative uses of mercury include paints, agriculture, dental fillings,
catalysts, paper and pulp manufacture, and Pharmaceuticals; a total of 26
percent (745 tons) of the mercury demand in 1968. Mercury from these various
uses enter the environment in a variety of ways and at different rates.
Other man-made sources of environmental mercury include mine tailings and
vapor released by the mining and smelting of mercury, and a stack loss of
three percent during the refining process would mean that 31 tons were emit-
ted into the atmosphere from smelting during 1968.. In addition, ore deposits
of heavy metals are generally surrounded by aureoles in which a notable
enrichment in mercury has occurred, and considerable mercury generally es-
capes from stacks during the smelting of tin, zinc, copper, and gold. A
single smelter handling 500 tons per day might emit as much as 10 Ibs mer-
cury vapor daily.
Another major source of airborne mercury is the combustion of paper products
and fossil fuel. A conservative estimate of 550 tons of mercury is released
annually in the United States by coal. It is believed that petroleum pro-
cessing and oil burning contribute a substantial amount of mercury polution
in the U. S.
Mercury also enters into the environment through natural sources: t^ercury
ore deposits and precious metal or copper ore deposits, underground waters,
oil field brines, hot springs, geothermal stream fields, and hot vapors
which stream up through fine-grained muds produce mud volcanoes and deposit
considerable quantities of mercury during condensation.
TOXICOLOGY: Inorganic merucy may enter into the body by adsorption through
inhalation of elemental mercury vapor or aerosols of mercuric salts and by
oral ingestion. Penetration through the skin, on the other hand, is rather
slow.
Inhalation of mercury in concentrations of 1,200 to 8,500 micrograris per
cubic meter in air results in acute intoxication, affecting primarily the
digestive system and kidneys, and is characterized by a metallic taste,
nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and sometimes album-
inuria. After a few days, the salivary glands swell, stomatitis and gingi-
vitis develop, and a dark line of mercuric sulfide forms on the inflamed
gums. Furthermore, teeth may loosen and ulcers may appear on the lips and
440
-------
cheeks. Severe exposure to mercury vapor produces tightness and pain in
the chest, difficulty in breathing, and coughing. Severe cases of acute
poisoning are char act or j zed :n iacer stages by hemolysis, sleeplessness,
headache, facial tic.-, -ijgii:al tremors, dolirium and hallucinations. Death
as a result of extiauc- exhaustion frequently occurr. with poisoning of this
degree of severity, la rd ld--:r cases of acute mercury poisoning, some pa-
tients recover witJiLi 10 to 14 days, but others may develop the chronic sym-
ptoms, such as muscular tremors or erethism.
Chronic poisoning of mercury is more cannon than the acute form. In the
case of chronic poisoning of inorganic mercury, symptoms and signs involving
the central nervous system are most commonly seen, the principal features
being tremors and phycholoyical disturbances. Symptoms related to the
mouth, such as gingivitis, stomatitis, and excessive salivation, may occur
along with a number of nonspecific symptoms such as loss of appetite, weight
loss, anemia, and muscular weakness. Intoxication from mercury vapor or
from absorption of mercuric salts may be due, in both cases, to the action
of the mercuric ion. Metallic mercury is able to diffuse much more exten-
sively into the blood cells and various tissues than inorganic mercury, but
once distributed, mo^i of it is oxidized to the mercuric form. In most
cases symptoms of mercury poisoning were observed only among workers who had
been exposed to mercury levels about 100 micrograms per cubit meter in air,
It has been reported that a 1 gm oral dose of mercuric chloride could cause
death in adults whereas a 0.1 gm dose would lead to chronic illness. The
acute oral LDcQ of mercuric chloride to rat is 37 mg/kg body weight, and that
mercuric nitrate to mouse is 4 mg/kg body weight.
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has
recommended as Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for 1971 a time-weighted average
concentration of 50 micrograms per cubic meter in air for metallic mercury
vapor and inorganic mercury compounds.
Mercuric chloride is toxic to aquatic life. No aquatic toxicity data are
available for mercury, mercuric sulfate, or mercuric diammonium chloride, as
mercuric sulfate decomposes in cold water into a yellow insoluble basic sul-
fate and free sulfuric acid, and both mercury and mercuric diammonium chlo-
ride are insoluble in cold water. It must be remembered, however, that mer-
cury and all inorganic mercury compounds discharged into the aquatic environ-
ment could eventually be biologically converted into the more toxic methyl
mercury by anaerobic microorganisms, which can then be concentrated through
food chains to fish living in both fresh water and marine environments,
thus leading to the present dimensions of the mercury pollution problem.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for these compounds are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Mercury 333 U3U211
441
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HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
Mercuric Chloride "-S3 3 33 U 2 1
Mercuric Nitrate 333U3U 13
Mercuric Sulfate 33 3 U U U ..11
Mercuric Diammonium 33 3 UU U 2 1 2
Chloride
OTHER HAZiARDS: All inorganic mercury compounds, with Lhf -'-table exceptio,
of the halides, decompose to give toxic fumes of mercury heating.
In addition to its toxic properties, mercuric nitrate also possesses somo
of the properties of nitrates. Acetylene forms a sensitive acetylide when
passed into an aqueous solution of mercuric nitrate. Alcohols should net
be mixed with mercuric nitrate, as explosive mercury fulminate may rv :x>rr.v
ed. Reactions of mercuric nitrate and phosphine give a yellow procipi f-,-^.o,
which explodes when heated or subjected to shock. Mercuric nitrate also re-
acts with unsaturates and aromatics with violence if given time to generate
enough heat, and could lead to explosions in its use for determining sulfur
in Ball's reaction.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Exercise care in handling to minimize
contact with the skin or the inhalation of airborne dust, as well as inges-
tion. Safety precautions should include adequate ventilation of all work
and storage areas, enforcing strict standards of housekeeping and psrsonal
cleanliness, and the use of protective equipment, Workers should be examin-
ed periodically by competent physicians, and referred to medical treatment
after any mishap that might give rise to an abnormally high intake of mer-
cury.
Store in tight containers. Mercury, mercuric chloride, and mercuric sulfate
are classified as Poison B by the Department of Transportation (DOT) . Al-
though mercuric nitrate and mercuric diammonium chloride are not on the DOT
list of hazardous materials, the same regulations for Class B poisons should
also be applied in the transportation of these compounds,
Spilled mercury and inorganic mercury compounds on floors can normally be
handled by several of the removal methods available. Sweeping with special
vacuum cleaners, followed by flooding with water, collection of the water
with suction pumps, and subsequent removal of the mercury from the contami-
nated water by chemical precipitation, chemical reduction, ion exchange, or
solvent extraction methods. For the chemical removal of mercury, a sub-
stance is generally applied to react readily with mercury at ambient temp-
eratures forming nearly nonvolatile mercury compounds, which can then be
swept up.
Methods suggested for treating water spills of mercury and inorganic mercury
compounds include adsorption with activated carbon and ion-exchangee masses.
442
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DISPOSAL/REUSE: The greater portion of mercury and inorganic mercury ca,-
pounds present in air and water waste streams can be removed and the mercory
recovered for its value. The safe disposal of mercury and inorganic mercury
compounds must be defined HI terms of Recommended Provisional Limits in the
atmosphere and potable water source and/or niarine liabitat. The Provisional
Limits are as follows:
Contaminant in Air
Mercury
Mercuric Chloride
Mercuric Nitrate
Mercuric Sulfate
Mercuric Diammonium
Chloride
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Mercury
Mercuric Chloride
Mercuric Nitrate
Mercuric Sulfate
Mercuric Diammonium
Chloride
Provisional Limits
0.0005
0.0005 mg/M as Hg
0.0005 nq/M as Hg
0.0005 mg/M as Hg
0.0005 mg/M as Hg
Provisional Limi ts
0.005 ppm (mg/1)
0.005 ppm (mg/1) as Hg
0.005 ppm (mg/1) as Hg
0.005 ppm (ntg/1) as Hg
0.005 ppm (mg/1) as !ig
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
REMOVAL FROM GASES:
DISPOSAL METHODS
Mist eliminators with second stage unit
to remove the last remaining traces.
Union Carbide purasiv Hg system
Absorption with activated carbon
Scrubbing with sodium hypochlorite
solution.
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Basis for Recommendation
U.S. Drinking Water
Standard
U.S. Drinking Water
Standard
U.S. Drinking Water
Standard
U.S. Drinking Water
Standard
U.S. Drinking Water
Standard
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Unsatisfactory, too expen-
sive and inefficient.
Satisfactory
443
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REMOVAL FROM LIQUIDS:
DISPOSAL METHODS EVALUATION
Chemical precipitation Unsatisfactory due to dif-
ficulty in removing preci-
pitate
Chemical reduction with zinc Satisfactory
Chemical reduction by the Ventron Satisfactory
sodium borohydride process.
Ion exchange by the OSAKA soda process Satisfactory
Ion exchange by the Artiebolaget Billings- Satisfactory
fors Langed process
Some other iron exchange processes are satisfactory in some cases.
Solvent extraction Shows promise for the
near future.
Chemical absorption Laboratory and pilot plant
data indicate satisfactory
results.
Adsorption with activated carbon Unsatisfactory does not re-
duce the mercury concentra-
tion below the recommended
level.
SOLID: No methods have been designed and placed into operation.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Some types of mercury could best
be treated at the site of generation. There are some however, where no sim-
ple method exists for adequate disposal or recovery, and these are prime can-
didate waste streams for National Disposal Sites.
444
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METHANE
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Also called marsh
gas and methyl hydride.
Molecular Wt. : 16.04 Melting Pt. ; -184°C Boiling Pt. ; -161. 5°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.415 g/cc @ -164°C (Gas) 0.7168 g/1 @ 0°C _
Vapor Pressure: _
Flash Pt.: __ Autoignition Temperature: 1000°F
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 5.3% _ Upper 14.0% _
Solubility:
Hot Water: 9 cc ij 20°G/10QmlCold Water: _ Ethanol : 60 cc/^OQ"
Other : 91 cc @ 20 °C in ether /100 ml
DOT Classification: Flamnable gas, red label, 300 pounds
Coast Guard Classification: Flammable gas, red label
IATA Classification: Flammable gas, red label _
not acceptable (passenger) , 140 kilograms (cargo)
TOXICOLOGY: Methane is a simple asphyxiant.
OTHER HAZARDS: Methane is a dangerous fire and explosion hazard when expos-
ed to heat or flame.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Avoid breathing the fumes. Store in a
well ventilated area away from heat and flames.
445
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METHYL CELLULOSE
CHEMICAL FORMULA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Grayish white fibrous powder. Also called cellulose
methyl ether
Molecular Wt.: Varies from 40,000 to 180,000. Melting Pt.:
Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.:_ Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water:
Ethanol: Insoluble Other: Soluble in acetic acid, in-
soluble in ether and chloroform
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
446
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NITRIC ACID
CHEMICAL FORMULA: HNO3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless to yellowish to red, turning corrosive and
poisonour liquid. Also called aqua fortis, hydrogen nitrate and azotic acid,
Molecular Wt.; 63.01 Melting Pt.; -42°C Boiling Pt.: 83°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.502 g/cc (Gas) ~
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Auto ignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Inf initely __ Cold Water: Irif in itely Ethanol:
Other: ~_
DOT Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label
Coast Guard Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label
MANUFACTURE: By the ammonia oxidation process.
USES: About 70 to 85% of HNO-j is used to produce ammonium nitrate which is
used as a fertilizer, approximately 5-10% is used to produce cyclohexanone
which is raw material for making the monomers for nylon, the rest is used
for making various nitrates and nitro compounds.
TOXICOLOGY: Nitric acid is very corrosive. Its vapor is highly irritating
to the skin and the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. Con-
tinued exposure to the vapor may cause chronic bronchitis and chemical pneu-
monia. Ingestion of nitric acid causes burning and corrosion of mouth, es-
ophagus and stomach, abdominal tenderness, shock and aeatn.
The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for nitric acid is 5 mg/M3.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for nitric acid are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
OTHER HAZARDS: Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent, and a moderate
fire hazard by chemical reaction with reducing agents. It can also r.xplode
on contact with powerful reducing agents.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Corrosive materials such as nitric acid
must be handled carefully. Contact with skin and inhalation of the fumes
should be avoided. It should be kept away from food. Since nitric acid is
a powerful oxidizer it should not be stored near reducing agents or combus-
tible materials. Containers should be kept tightly closed when not in use.
447
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DISPOSAL/REUSE: For the safe disposal of nitric acid into the environment,
the following Provisional Limits should be considered:
Nitric Acid as a Maximum
Contaminant in Exposure Limit Basis for Recommendation
Air 0.05 mg/M3 0.01 TLV
Provisional Limit
Water and Soil 0.25 ppm (mg/1) Stokinger and Woodward
Method.
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
Neutralization with soda ash-slaked lime Satisfactory
solution. The neutral solution of sodium
and calcium nitrate formed can be dis-
charged after water dilution.
Regeneration by steam distillation Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Nitric acid as a waste stream con-
stituent can be adequately handled at industrial sites and is not considered
a candidate for National Disposal Sites.
448
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NITROBENZENE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Cgl^NO ,
.jy»2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Bright yellow crystals or OoU. yoliuv. ln.pa.id with an
almond like odor. Also called nitrobenzol, oiJ ol" mirbane.
Molecular Wt.; 123.11 Melting Pt.: 5.7°C Boiling Pt.: 210.9°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.19867g/cc @ 25°C (Gas) 4.75 q/1
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm @ 44.4°C; 22 mm @ 10Q°C; 50 mm g 120°C~"~
Flash Pt. : 87.8°C (C.C.) Autoignition Temperature: 900*F ~T
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower 1.8% @ 200°F Upper ~~
Solubility: ~'"
Hot Water:Q.8 cc/100cc@80°C Cold Water:Very slight.lyl.thand : Very_
Other: Very soluble in ether, benzene and oils
DOT Classification: Poison B, poison label, 55 gal~max ^gntajjier
Coast Guard Classification: Poison B, poison label
MANUFACTURE: Direct nitration of benzene using mixed su If'uric arid nitric
acid. Large scale commercial manufacturers are Allied, Cyanamid, First
Chemical, Mobay, Monsanto and Rubicon.
USES: Manufacture of aniline for the symthesis of dyestutfs, rubber chemi-
cals, photographic chemicals and drugs.
TOXICOLOGY: Highly toxic. Readily absorbed through the; skin, by inhala-
tion or by ingestion. Nitrobenzene may be almost immediately fatal if
large areas of the body are in contact with the liquid or if massive con-
centrations are inhaled.
The Threshold Limit Value and Maximum Allowable Concentrations are 0.03 mg/1
and 1 ppm (5 mg/M3) respectively and acute aquatic toxicity occurs at about
30 mg/1. The lethal dose orally in rabbits is 700 mg/kg.
The Booz-Allen Ratings for Nitrobenzene are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSIVE
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water " Land
33 32313 ~~T~ ~T~
OTHER HAZARDS: Moderate fire and explosive hazard when exposed to heat or
flames.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Wear protective clothaig and respirators
when handling. Handle and store in a cool, well ventilated"place away from
heat or open flames. Ship according to DOT regulations.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Aqueous waste streams of nitrobenzene are given primary and
secondary treatment with lime and activated sludge digestion before being
449
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discharged into waterways.
For disposal of nitrobenzene into the environin&nt th-= following Provisional
Limits are recommended:
Nitrobenzene in
Air
Water and Soil
Provisional Limits
0.01 pjxn (0.05 mg/MJ)
0.25 pptn (0.05 mg/1)
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD
CONCENTRATED NITROBENZENE
Return to manufacturer when contaminated
Incineration under controlled methods.
Open Burning
Landfill
Dilution of small amounts followed by
secondary treatment.
DILUTE AQUEOUS WASTE
Primary treatment followed by lime to ad-
just the pH to 7. Mix with municipal
sewage. Let equilibrate one day then la-
goon for 20 hours with municipal aeration
Basis lor Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Stokinger & Woodward Method
EVALUATION
Best method
Satisfactory
Not acceptable, oxides of ni-
trogen and incomplete combus-
tion products may be generated.
Only if landfills meet Califor-
nia class 1 requirement.
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Secondary treatment with activated sludge Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Nitrobenzene waste can tie handled
adequately at the source of generation provided it can be recycled or incin-
erated in a safe manner. It is not considered to be a candidate for Nation-
al Disposal Sites.
450
-------
para-NITRQPHENOL
OH
CHEMICAL FORMULA: N02CgH OH,
N02
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless to slightly yellow crystalline solid. Also
called 4-nitrophenol.
Molecular Wt.; 139.1 Melting Pt.: 113-114° Boiling Pt.: 279°C d
Density: (Solid) 1.270 g/cc @ 120°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 29 gm/100ml@90°C Cold Water; 1.6 gin/100 ml @ 25°C
Ethanol Very soluble Other:Very soluble in chloroform & ether.
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: By the hydrolysis of the corresponding nitrochlorobenzene with
15 percent sodium hydroxide at 160°C.
USE: The nitrophenols are used as intermediates in the preparation of dye-
stuffs, plant sprays (parathion), aminophenols and photochemicals.
TOXICOLOGY: Nitrophenols are very toxic when ingested, inhaled or absorbed
through the skin. The characteristic effects of poisoning are an increased
metabolism with a rise in body temperature, headache, heavy sweating, thirst
fatigue and just before death a sudden rise in body temperature. Chronic
exposure is often characterized by hyperthemia, metheglobinemia, depression,
liver and kidney damage, cataracts, eczema, inflammation of the lymphatic
glands and degeneration of the nails. Paranitrophenol is the most toxic of
the three mononitrophenols.
The Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) for nitrophenol is 4 mg/M^. The
Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
331 33U312
OTHER HAZARDS: No other hazards than those mentioned under toxicology.
HANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION: Handle in a well-ventilated area.
Avoid all skin contact. Wear protective clothing and respirators when neces-
sary. In case of accidental contact, remove all contaminated clothing and
451
-------
wash the skin with soap and water. Bicarbonate solutions will help in the
removal of the nitrophenols.
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from acute fire hazards.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: A dilute aqueous waste stream and a small amount of dis-
tillation bottoms are produced in the manufacture of nitrophenols. The
Manufacturing Chemists Association suggests that small quantities be dis-
posed of by open burning or as a slurry by washing down the sewer. Dispo-
sal of large quantities by landfill in areas reserved for toxic wastes is
suggested.
Recommended Provisional Limits for release of nitrophenol waste into the
environment are as follows:
Nitrophenol in
Air
Water and Soil
Provisional Limit
0.002 mg/M3
0.010 ppm (mg/1)
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD
Treatment of waste water to reduce biological
and chemical oxygen demand.
Controlled incineration with the use of scrub-
bers and/or thermal or catalytic devices to con-
trol the effluent oxides of nitrogen.
Flushing small quantities down the sewer as a
slurry.
landfill of large quantities at special toxic
wastes landfill sites of the California Class
1 type.
Basis for Recommendation
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
EVALUATION
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Not satisfactory due to
hazard caused by accumula-
tion of vapors and damage
to activated sludges in
treatment plants due to
insufficient dilution.
Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Waste nitrophenols can best be
treated by industrial and municipal treatment, by incineration or by land-
fill at special sites. Nitrophenol as a waste stream constituent is not con-
sidered a candidate for National Disposal Sites.
452
-------
PHOSPHORUS CHLORIDES
(PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE, PHOSPHORUS PENTACHIDRIDE, PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE)
PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: POC13
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Clear colorless fuming liquid. Also called phosphoryl
chloride.
Molecular Wt.: 153.35 Melting Pt.; 122°C Boiling Pt.: 107.2°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.675 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 5.30 g/1 _____
Vapor Pressure: 40 inn @ 2.73°C; 100 itm @ 27.3°C; 400 irm @ 84.3°C
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Decomposes Cold Water;Decomposes Ethanol;Decomposes
Other: Carbon tetrachloride
DOT Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label, 1 quart
Coast Guard Classification; Corrosive liquid
MCA Warning Label
IATA Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label,
not acceptable (passenger), 1 litre (cargo)
MANUFACTURE: Phosphorus trichloride oxidized with pure oxygen and air.
PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: P
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A yellow white crystalline solid.
Under Pressure Sublimes at
Molecular Wt. : 208.3 _ Melting Pt. : 148°C Boiling Pt.: 160 ° C
Density: (Solid) 1.6 q/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 4.65 g/1 @ 296 °C _
Vapor Pressure: 1 irm Hg @ 55^50C; 10 ntn Hg @ 83.2°C; 100 mm Hg @ 117°C
Flash Pt. : _ Autoignition Temperature: _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower __ Upper _
Solubility:
Hot Water: ___ _ __ Cold Water : Decomposes _
Ethanol : _ Other : Carbon tetrachloride, carbon
disulfide; benzoyl chloride _
DOT Classification: Flammable solid _ _
Coast Guard Classification : Flaitinable Solid
MANUFACTURE: Phosphorus trichloride reacted with gaseous chlorine.
453
-------
PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: PCI 3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A colorless fuming liquid with pungent, irritating o-
dor resembling that of hydrochloric acid. Also called phosphorus chloride.
Molecular Wt . : 137 . 35 Melting Pt. : -118. 5°C Boiling Pt.: 75.5°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.575 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) 4.75 gA @ 20*0 _
Vapor Pressure: 400 mm Hg @ 56.9°C; 100 mm Hg @ 21°C
Flash Pt. ; Nonf laimvable _ Autoignition Temperature ; None _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower ____ Upper __
Solubility:
Hot Water; Decomposes _ Cold Water ; Decomposes Ethanol : Soluble
Other ; Chloroform, ether, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetxachloride
DOT Classification: Corrosive Liquid ____
Coast Guard Classification: Corrosive Liquid __
MANUFACTURE: Direct union of red or white phosphoms and gaseous chlorine.
Most phosphorus chlorides are manufactured by: Monsanto, Sauget, Illinois;
FMC, Nitro, West Virginia; Hooker, Niagara Falls, New York and Stauffer,
Morrisville, Pennsylvania.
USES: All three, POC13, PCls, and PCI 3, are used in manufacture of organic-
phosphorus compounds.
POC13; Organic synthesis of phosphate esters (tricresyl phosphate, a com-
mon plasticizer), in production of gasoline additives, insecticides, fire
resistant hydraulic fluids and flame retarders.
A chlorinating agent and catalyst in organic synthesis, catalyst in
icant additive production and insecticide manufacture.
^
lubr
PCl-^: Manufacture of organic acid chlorides, dye stuffs, organic antioxi-
dants, vinyl stabilizers and plasticizers .
SOURCE AND TYPES OF WASTE: Main source is the material remaining in contain
ers after' emptying. Essentially no production waste. No dilute waste, all
decomposes upon contact with water. Decomposition products are hydrochloric
and phosphoric acid.
TOXICOLOGY: Phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus pentachloride: Prompt
irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs (all raucous membranes) from
small amount in air, suffocation, bronchitis, edema and lung inflammation
from extended exposures. Severe exposure (600 ppm) is lethal in a few min-
utes. Vapors irritating to skin. Liquid and solid can cause immediate se-
vere skin burns. TLV for PC13 in air is 0.5 ppm or 3 mg/M^; and for PCl^ in
air is 1
454
-------
Phosphorus oxychloride: Vapors irritating to all mucous membranes and to
lungs. Liquid causes severe skin burns. Inhalation symptoms range from
coughing to delayed wheezing due to bronchial irritation or pulmonary edema.
0.1-10
Aquatic toxicity: None, all decompose to HCl aid f-^PC^ in water.
ppm FUPO4 affect fish. 1.0 ppm HCl will affect, fish,
The Booz-Allen Ratings for these phosphorous chloride compounds are:
HUMAN
Air Water Land
ECOLOGICAL
EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land
Phosphorus Oxychloride
Phosphorus Pentachloride
Phosphorus Trichloride
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
U
3
U
U
U
3
U
U
U
2
2
2
2
2
2
OTHER HAZARDS: PCl^j and PCI5 neither flammable nor explosive, Each reacts
violently with small amounts of water liberating heat, spontaneously flammable
phosphine gas, HCl, H3PO4 and spontaneously flanmable phosphorous POCl-3 neither
flammable nor explosive. Corrosive in pure state. Reacts violently with
water, giving off HCl, H3P04 and steam. Reacts violently with alkalies and
fibrous organic matter.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Protective clothing should be worn in-
cluding gas-tight safety goggles, face shields, rubber shoes, rubber gloves,
rubber apron and acid-gas canister type respirator. Use fume scrubbers
when loading drums, tank cars or tank trucks. Store in a well ventilated,
cool, dry area. Use ceramic-lined, lead-lined or nickel-lined drums and
keep sealed when storing the two liquids. Solid PC15 can be stored in or-
dinary steel carboys or steel drums. Keep containers tightly closed.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Recycle to plant production, decomposition with large a-
mounts of water. For large amountstadd phosphoric acid or add the phospho-
rous chloride to large amounts of water, neutralize and sewer.
Provisional Limits for Disposal:
In Air Provisional Limit
Phosphorus Oxychloride 0.07 mg/M3 as HCl
Phosphorus Trichloride 0.03 mg/M3
Phosphorus Pentachloride 0.01 mg/lVI3
In Water & Soil Provisional Limit
Phosphorus Oxychloride 0.35 ppm (mg/1)
Phosphorus Trichloride 0.15 ppm (mg/1)
Phosphorus Pentachloride 0,05 ppm (mg/1)
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV for
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
HCl
Basis for Recommendation
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
455
-------
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
Removal fron air by refrigerated condensa- Satisfactory
tion and by water decomposition
In water, they are not removed, only neu- Satisfactory
tralized and sent to sewer. Concentrated
waste is recycled, decomposed with water
or chemically degraded with H^PO^. The
decomposed and degraded products are neu-
tralized and sewered.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: These materials are not consid-
ered candidates for National Disposal Site disposal.
456
-------
POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
CHEMICAL FORMULA: -CH-CH(CH,CH) 9CH OH-
^OH OH * ZOH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, amorphous powder.
Molecular Wt.: Melting Ft.; decomposes over 200°C Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) 1.329 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt. 175° F (Q.C.) Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water:
Ethanol: Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: Not considered toxic. Details not known.
OTHER HAZARDS: Slight fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame, or by
reaction with oxidizing materials. Poly vinyl alcohol is a slight explosion
hazard when exposed to flame in the form of dust.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Store in a cool place away from heat
flame and oxidizing materials.
457
-------
PROPANOL
1 - PRDPANOL
CHEMICAL FORMULA.:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Clear, odorless liquid with an alcohol like odor. Al-
so called n-propyl alcohol and ethyl carbinol.
Molecular Wt. : 60.09 _ Melting Pt. : -127°C Boiling Pt. : 97.19°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.8044 g/cc @. 20°C (Gas) 2.07 g/1 __
Vapor Pressure: 10 nm @ 14.7°C _
Flash Pt.: 59°F (C.C.) _ Autoignition Temperature: 7000F _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower 2 . 1% ___ Upper 13 . 5 __
Solubility :
Hot Water: Infinitely sol. Cold Water: ___ Ethanol;Inf. sol.
Other : Infinitely soluble in ether
DOT Classification: ____
Coast Guard Classification:
2 - PROPANOL
CHEMICAL FORMULA: a
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Clear colorless liquid. Also called dimethy Icarbinol ,
sec-propyl alcohol, isopropanol and iso-propyl alcohol
Molecular Wt. ; 60.09 Melting Pt. ;-88.5 -89.5°C Boiling Pt.; 82.3°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.7854 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) ' 2.07 g/1 __
Vapor Pressure: 33.0 ntn @ 20° C _
Flash Pt.: 53°F _ Autoignition Temperature : 7 50 °F _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower _ 2.0% Upper 12% __
Solubility:
Hot Water: Inf. soluble Cold Water: Inf. sol. Ethanol: Inf. sol.
Other: Infinitely soluble in ether
DOT Classification: Flanmable liquid __
Coast Guard Classification:
MCA Warning Label
TOXICOLOGY: Isopropyl alcohol is a local irritant. It produces a narcotic
effect in high concentration.
It produces a mild irritation tc the eyes, nose and throat at concentration
levels of 400 ppm.
458
-------
The tentative Threshold Limit Value for n-propyl alcohol is 200 ppm (510
mgm/M ) in air.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
Air
1
2
Water
1
2
Land
1
1
Air
1
1
Water
2
2
Land
U
U
Air
2
2
Water
1
1
Land
1
f\
£
OTHER HAZARDS: Propyl alcohol is a fire and explosion hazard when fixposeu
to heat and flame. It can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Avoid eye and skin contact and breating
of vapors. Store in a cool well ventilated area away from heat, flame and
oxidizing materials.
459
-------
PRDPARGYL ALCOHOL
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A moderately volatile liquid with a geranium-] ike o-
dor. IUC Name: 2-propyn-i-ol. Also called ethynyicarbinol, -jctt.y !eny 1 ::ar-
binol and propiolic alcohol.
Molecular Wt. : 56.06 _ Melting Pt. : -17 °C Boiling Pt.: 115"C
Density: (Liquid) CJ971V g/pc (j 20_°F _ (Gas) 1.'J3 g/1 ' __
Vapor Pressure: 11.6 mm @ 20°C _
Flash Pt. : 97° F (O.C.) _ Autoignition Temperature: __
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower ___ Upper __
Solubility:
Hot Water: Soluble Cold Water; Soluble Ethanol: Infinitely
Other: Infinitely soluble in ether
DOT Classification: __
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: Very toxic by ingestion, inhalation and absorption tliromili the
skin.
OTHER HAZARDS: Moderate fire hazard when exposed to heat or flames. It can
react with oxidizing materials.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Wear protective equipment when handling.
In case of contact wash with soap and water. Remove all contaminated cloth-
ing and wash before reuse.
Store in a cool well ventilated place away from heat or flame.
460
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RADIUM-226
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
88
Ra
226
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Radium is a silver-white radioactive metal. It is
one of the most hazardous radionuclides.
Atomic Wt.; 226 Melting Pt.: 700°C Boiling Pt.: 1737° C
Density (Solid): 5 g/cc
Half-life: 1602 years
Type of Decay: Alpha _.
Specific Power: 1.3 x 10 watts/gm Specific Activity: J).99 curies/cgn
Solubility:
Cold Water: Reacts and evolves H00 Hot Water: Reacts ana evolves H00
Others: Reacts with acid
DOT Classification: Transport group 1, radionuclide
DECAY CHAIN:
Nuclide
Ra226
^222
Rn
86
84
218
82
83
,Pb'
214
i214
214
84
Po
I
210
83'
\
84
\
82
Name
Radium-226
Radon-222.
Polonium-218
Lead-214
Bismuth-214
Poloniurn-214
Lead-210
Bismuth-210
Half-Life
1602 years
3.8 days
3.5 minutes
26.8 minutes
19.7 minutes
64 micro seconds
21 years
5 days
Vo210
Polonium-210 138 days
Major Radiation
Alpha and gamma
Alpha and cTHnmia
Alpha
Beta and gamma
Alpha, betd, and gamma
Alpha
Beta and ganima
Beta
Alpha
Lead-206
Stable
MANUFACTURE: Radium-226 is a daughter of uranium-238 and occurs naturally
in the earths surface.
USES: Radium-226 is used in timepieces, electron tubes, record player
brushes, gauges, fire detectors, and in various self-luminous products. It
is used in medicine for the treatment of tumors, superficial skin lesions,
lymphoid tissue and other diseases. It is used at 2,300 facilities.
461
-------
TOXICOLOGY: The ingestion of the luminous dial paint prepared from radium
caused the death of many early dial painters.
RADIATION HAZARD: Radium-226 is one of the most hazardous radioactive ma-
terials known. It replaces calcium in the bone structure and is a source
of irridation to the blood forming organs. This along with its long half-
life and high radiation energies puts it in the highest radiotoxicity group.
The effects of radiation exposure is primarily dependent on the amount of
radiation and the portion of the body affected. The effects of whole-body
gamma radiation exposure are: (1) 5 to 25 rads, minimal dose detectable by
chromosome analysis or other specialized analysis,,but not by hemogram: (2)
50 to 75 rads, minimal acute dose readily detectable in a specific indivi-
dual (e.g., one who presents himself as a possible exposure case); (3) 75 to
125 rads, minimal acute does likely to produce vomiting in about 10 percent
of people so exposed; (4) 150 to 200 rads, acute dose likely to produce tran-
sient disability and clear hematological changes in a majority of people so
exposed; (5) 30 rads, median lethal dose for single short exposure. These
effects .are for a single large dose of radiation or a series of substantial
doses in a short interval of time to the total body. The dose delivered to
the bone following the inhalation of 1 microcurie of radium-226 is 300 rem.
The dose delivered to the bone following the injection of 1 microcurie into
the body via a wound is 1,000 rem.
Standards for prolonged exposure over a 50-year pesriod have defined the sin-
gle dose limit in terms of the maximum permissible dose accumulated in a
period of 13 weeks. The whole body exposure limit is 3 rem per quarter for
a radiation worker and the accumulated dose limit is 5(N - 18), where N is
the individual's age in years. Limits for the thyroid, bone, and other or-
gans have also been defined. Values of the total body burden for each ra-
dionuclide required to produce the maximum permissible dose rates defined
above have been compiled. For radium-226 the critical organ is the bone
and the maximum permissible body burden is 0.1 microcuries.
OTHER HAZARDS: The fire and explosive hazard is moderate.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Radium 226 is hazardous to man by inha-
lation, ingestion or direct radiation exposure. Great care should be ex-
ercised in handling it. Excessive exposure to personnel should be avoided.
Special procedures and adequate radiation shielding are required in handl-
ing it. To detect and control personnel exposure to radiation, everyone
working with radium 226 should wear dosimetry devices which directly indi-
cate the dose. Other devises used for this purpose are the film badge and
the thermoluminescent dosimeters.
Specially constructed containers in controlled areas should be used for
storing large quantities. They should be protected by both a primacy and a
secondary containment barrier. Special monitoring systems and proper warn-
ing signs should be located in the storage area. Stored radium-266 should
462
-------
be vented to prevent the build-up of radon gas.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: For the safe release of radium-226 to the environment, the
following Permissible Concentrations should not be exceeded:
MAXIMUM PERMISSABLE ODNCENTRATIONS
FORM
Soluble
Insoluble
Concentrations in Air
(microcuries/milliliter)
,-12
3 x 10
Concentration in Water
(microcuries/milliliter)
3 x 10~8
2 x 10
-12
3 x 10
-5
The release may be limited even further, if a suitable sample of the popu-
lation is exposed to one-third concentrations in air or water as specified
above.
The release in a sanitary sewage system is limited to 0.1 microcuries of
radium-226. Radium is exempt from ACE control and regulation and control
is a state function. Some states require licensing for possession and use
and in others no license is required. Therefore, the disposal, transporta-
tion and use of radium in some uses is not subject to the above regulations.
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD
Land burial
Near-surface solid storage
Salt Deposits
EVALUATION
Not Satisfactory. It has an extreme-
ly long half-life and a high radio-
toxicity
Satisfactory
satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Radium-226 is a candidate for a
National Disposal Site due to its large, cormercial use and high health ha-
zard.
463
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SILICA
CHEMICAL FORMULA: SiC>2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline solid. Also called silicon dio-
xide, silicic anhydride, cristobalite, quartz, lechatelierite, tridymite.
It also exists in amorphic form as opal, silica gel and fused silica
Molecular Wt.; 60.08 Melting Pt.: 1610°C Boiling Pt.; 2230°C
Density: (Solid) 2.64-2.66 g/cc ~ (Gas)_[
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Insoluble Cold Water:; Insoluble
Ethanol: Insoluble Other: Soluble in HF
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Occurs plentifully in nature as sand, quartz, flint, chalace-
dony, opal, agate and infusorial earth.
USES: In the manufacture of glass, ceramics, enamels, refractories, abra-
sives, concrete, bricks, building stones, water glass, and soluble silicates,
silicon and its alloys, silicon carbide, silicon-based chemicals and the
silicones. As a desiccant, an adsorbent or a catalyst.
TOXICOLOGY: Prolonged inhalation may result in a diffuse fibrosis known
and silicosis. This fibrosis may continue to develop for several years
after exposure is terminated. This condition is indicated by shortness of
breath, and a limitation of chest expansion. There may be a dry cough with
increasing susceptibility to tuberculosis. Further progress of the disease
results in more severe shortness of breath and cough, marked fatigue, ex-
treme dyspnea and cyanosis, loss of appetite, pleuritic pain and total in-
capacity to work. If tuberculosis does not supervene, the conditions may
eventually cause death from either cardiac failure or destruction of lung
tissue with resultant anoxemia.
The Threshold Limit Values and Lethal Dose are:
TLV Lethal Dose
or LD5Q:3160 mq/kg, rat
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air
1 U U U 1
464
-------
OTHER HAZARDS: None
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: In handling silica, avoid breathing
silica dust.
DISPOSAL: The Provisional Limits and safe disposal of silica into the en-
vironment are:
Silica as a
Contaminant in Provisional Limit )3asis for Recctmiendation
Air 0.1 mg/M3 0.01 TLV for Si
Water and Soil
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT:
DISPOSAL METHODS EVALUATION
Landfill Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES:
Silica is not a candidate for National Disposal Sites
465
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SILICON TETRACHLORIDE
CHEMICAL, FORMULA: SiCl4
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, faming liquid with a suffocating odor. Also
called silicon chloride.
Molecular Wt. : 169.90 Melting Pt.: -70°C Boiling Pt. : 57.57°C
Density: (Liquid) 1.483 g/cc @ 20°C (Gas) __
Vapor Pressure: _
Flash Pt.: _ Autoignition Temperature: __ _____
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower ___ Upper __
Solubility:
Hot Water: Decomposes _ Cold Water: Decomposes Ethanol: Decomposes
Other : ___
DOT Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label _
Coast Guard Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label
IATA Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label
1 liter (passenger) 5 liters (cargo)
MANUFACTURE : By reacting silicon carbide with chlorine gas.
USES: In producing smoke screens (fumed silica) in warfare, in the manufac-
ture of high purity silicon, in the synthesis of silicon esters and in making
special glass for the electronic industry.
TOXICOLOGY: Basically non -toxic, but is irritating to the eyes and respira-
tory tract. The Lethal Concentration for silicon tetra chloride is
ih LCca: 8000 ppm, rat.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
333 3UU 222
OTHER HAZARDS: Silicon tetrachloride emits toxic fumes of hydrochloric acid
when heated to decomposition. It will also react with water or steam to pro-
duce toxic and corrosive fumes.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Silicon tetrachloride should be handled
carefully. Contact with skin and inhalation of tine fumes should be avoided.
It should be kept away from heat. The container should be kept tightly
closed.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: For the safe disposal of silicon tetrachloride the following
Provisional Limits are recormended.
466
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SiCl4 as a Maximum Exposure
Contaminant in Limit Basis for Reoonmendation
Air 0.1 mg/M3 as Si 0.01 TLV for Si
Provisional Limit
Water and Soil 0.50 ppn Stokinger and Woodward
Method
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
Neutraliztion with soda ash-slaked lime Satisfactory
solution. The neutral solution of sodium
or calcium chloride is discharged after
dilution.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Waste streams containing silicon
tetrachloride can be adequately treated at the site of generation and are
not considered candidates for National Disposal Sites.
467
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SILVER CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: AgCl
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline powder.
Molecular Wt.: 143.34 Melting Pt.: 455°C Boiling Pt.: 1550°C
Density: (Solid) 5.561 g/cc (Gas)_
Vapor Pressure: 1 run @ 912°C
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Tenperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 0.0021g/100 ml@100°C Cold Water; Insoluble
Ethanol: Other: Soluble in ISffiLoH, Na2S2O.,&KCN
DOT Classification: _"
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOI£1GY: Silver conpounds absorbed into the circulation and then depo-
sited in various body tissues may produce a generalized greyish pigmentation
of the skin and mucous membranes, a condition known as argyria. The intro-
duction of fine particles of silver through breaks of the skin produces a
local pigmentation at the site of the injury. Once deposited there is no
known method by which the silver can be eliminated. The pigmentation is
permanent. There are no constitutional symptoms and no physical disability.
The Threshold Limit Value for silver is 0.01 mg/M .
OTHER HAZARDS. Chlorides, when heated to decomposition or on contact with
acid or acid fumes, evolve highly toxic chloride fumes.
468
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SODIUM FERROCYANIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Na^e (CN) g-^O
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Pale yellow crystalline solid. Also called yellow
prussiate of soda.
Molecular Wt.: 484.11 Melting Pt.: Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) 1.458 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water; 156.5 g/100 ml @ 98°C Cold Water: 31.58 g/100 ml @ 31.85°C
Ethanol: Insoluble Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
USE: As a food and drinking water additive for animals and for the treat-
ment of food producing animals. Permitted in food for human consumption ,
469
-------
SODIUM FLUORIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: NaF
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline solid. Also called villiaumite.
Molecular Wt.; 42.00 Melting Pt.: 993°C Boiling Pt.: 1704°C
Density: (Solid) 2.78 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water; 5 g/100 ml @ 1QO°C Cold Water: 4 g/100 ml @ 0°C
Ethanol: Very slightly soluble Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MCA Warning Label
MANUFACTURE: By reacting soda ash with 40 percent hydrofluoric acid.
USES: As an insecticide, in other pesticide formulations, in the fluorida-
tion of water, in soldering and metallurgical fluxes, in the manufacture of
rinmed steel, in electroplating, as a constituent of vitreous enamel and o-
pal glass mixes, in heat treating salts, for pickling stainless steel, as a
disinfectant in breweries and distilleries, as a glue and paste adhesive,
perservative, in the manufacture of coated paper's.
Sodium fluoride solution is applied topically to the teeth as a 2 percent
solution for prevention of dental cavities.
TOXICOLOGY: All alkali and ammonium fluorides can cause both acute and
chronic poisoning. It causes extreme nausea and vomiting, perspiration,
salivation, burning, cramp-like abdominal pains, diarrhea, dehydra.tion and
thirst, muscle weakness, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, central nervous de-
pression, cyanosis, shock, weak and thready pulse, shallow unlabored res-
piration, weak heart tones, paralysis of the muscles of deglutation, carpo-
pedal spasm, spasm of the extremities and in extreme cases, death. Chronic
contact can cause a crippling disease known as crippling fluorosis.
In animals fluoride poisoning can cause loss of appetite and starvation and
in general the same effects as in man. Chronic effects are dental lesions,
hypertosis, lameness, loss of appetite, decreased milk production and dimi-
nution in reproduction.
In plants fluoride poisoning causes necrosis, where injured portions of the
leaves die and become discolored, diminution in the growth or yield of fruit
or seeds, changes in physiological activities, metabolic activities and cel-
lular structure, and deposit or accumulation of fluoride in the plant with
470
-------
increasingly higher concentration of fluoride in the tissues.
The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for fluoride dust is 2.5 mg/M3. The Federal
Water Polution Control Administration Water Quality Criteria recommends per-
missible limit criteria for fluoride in drinking water ranging from 0.8 rag/1
to 1.7 mg/1, for average daily maximum temperature ranging from 50 to 90.5°F
and recommends that water for livestock use contain less than 2.4 mg/1 of
fluoride ion. It also indicates a quality requirement of a maximum of 1 mg/1
of fluoride ion in water intended for use by the canned, dried and frozen
fruit and vegetable industry.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
333332 211
OTHER HAZARDS: Sodium fluoride and all ammonium and alkali fluorides are
toxic to all life/yeast, other microorganisms, plant life, both harmful and
beneficial, insects, fish and all higher vertibrates.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Care must be exercised when handling so-
dium fluoride to prevent contact with the skin or eyes, and to avoid inrjes-
tion of dust by inhalation or other means. Food should not be handled near
any of the soluble fluorides. In case of contact the skin and eyes should
be flushed thoroughly and medical attention obtained. Contaminated cloth.mg
should be removed and washed before re-use.
Sodium fluoride is shipped in screw cap bottles for quantities up to 5 Ibs;
for quantities from 5 Ibs. to 400 Ibs., polyethylene bag-lined drums or fi-
ber drums are used. The containers should carry a "poison" warning label
containing information on treatment and antidotes. The containers should
be stored in a cool, dry area, and should be kept tightly closed.
In the disposal of sodium fluoride waste, the following Provisional Limits
should be considered:
NaF as a ContamiJiant Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
in Air 0.025 mg/M3 as F 0.01 TLV
in Water and Soil 0.6-1.7 ppm (mg/1) Drinking Water Standard
as F
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: EVALUATION
Two stage addition of lime slurry to waste Satisfactory
containing tin and fluoride from plating.
Discharge of fluoride stripped liquid to
sewers.
471
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DISPOSAL METHODS EVALUATION
Dilution and reaction with slaked lime and soda Satisfactory
ash and then neutralization with HC1, further di-
lution and discharge to sewers of the liquid
and the sludge is added to landfill.
Venting of fumes to the atmosphere. Undesirable due to the
pollution of the en-
vironment.
Direct discharge to sewers Undesirable due to the
pollution of the en-
vironment.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Sodium fluoride is not consid-
ered a candidate waste stream constituent for National Disposal Sites. The
above satisfactory procedures are not hazardous nor costly and are practical
for waste generation site use.
472
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SODIUM HYPOCHTORITE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: NaOCl
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Exists only in aqueous solution. Usually contains some-
sodium hydroxide. Strongly basic.
Molecular Wt.: 74.45 Melting Pt.: d Boiling Pt.: d
Density: (Liquid) — (Gas) —-
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water; d Cold Water: Soluble Ethanol:
Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: Reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and gaseous chlo-
rine; electrolysis of a salt solution.
USES: Disinfectant and deodorant in dairies, creameries, water supply and
sewage disposal; bleaching agent for cotton, linen, jute, paper pulp and
oranges.
TOXICOLOGY: Not particularly toxic. No TLV established. Irritating to
skin and mucous membranes.
OTHER HAZARDS: Oxidizing material. Contact with combustible material
should be avoided. May ignite or explode when contaminated with organics
or reducing agents.
HANDLING, STORAGE TRANSPORTATION: Avoid contact with reducing agents. A-
void exposure to heat. Skin contact should be avoided.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Usually not processed for reuse, due to danger involved.
Provisional Limits for Disposal:
Environment Provisional Limit Basis For Recommendation
In Air 0.02 mg/M3 0.01 TLV for NaOH
Water and Soil 0.01 ppm (mg/1) Stokinger and Woodward Method
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
Reduction by adding to large volume of Satisfactory
473
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DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
reducing agent. Release to sewer or
stream
Open burning Nat satisfactory, libe-
rates HC1, Nox-
Incinerator burning in qas flame. Vent
scrubber Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Satisfactory on site disposal.
Not a candidate for disposal at a National Disposal Site.
474
-------
SODIUM MONOXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Na2 0
GENEKAL DESCRIPTION: White-grey, deliquescent, crystalline solid. Also
called sodium oxide.
Molecular Wt.: 61.99 Melting Pt.: 920°C Boiling Pt.: 1275°C
Density: (Solid) 2.27 g/cc (Gas) (sublimes)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Decomposes Cold Water: Decomposes
E thanol: Decomposes Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification: Hazardous material
MANUFACTURE: By controlled burning of sodium in air at temperatures less
than 160°C
USES: No commercial use known.
TOXICOLOGY: Sodium monoxide is dangerous due to it caustic property. A
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) has not been reported for this material, but
NaOH which forms vigorously on contact of Na2 0 with moisture or human tis-
sue, has a TLV of 2 mg/M3. The hydroxide is caustic in concentrated form,
but neutralization with acid renders it harmless.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
23323 U122
OTHER HAZARDS: No other hazards known.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Sodium monoxide should be stored in cool
dry, well-ventilated and preferably fire-resistant areas. Containers should
be kept off of the floor, and away from any possible contact with water,
combustibles and organic or readily oxidizable materials. Sodium monoxide
being a strong caustic should be handled, loaded and shipped in the same man-
ner as sodium hydroxide.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: For the safe disposal of sodium monoxide into the environ-
ment the following Provisional Limits are recommended:
475
-------
Sodium Monoxide
as a Contaminant in Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
Air 0.02 mg/M3 as NaOH Provisional Limit for NaOH
Water and Soil 0.01 ppm as NaOH Provisional Limit for NaOH
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
Neutralized with H2S04 in settling ponds Satisfactory
and discharged into rivers
When Na20 is in streams containing Na me-
talf it is treated the same as the metal Satisfactory
which is dumped into the ocean in perfor-
ated drums or burned mixed with kerosene
in a closed chemical reactor
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Since sodium monoxide waste is
adequately handled at the industrial level, it is not considered a candidate
for disposal at National Disposal Sites.
476
-------
SODIUM NITRITE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: NaNO2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Yellowish or white crystalline solid. It oxidizes
upon exposure to air. Also called diozotizing salt.
Molecular Wt.: 69.01 Melting Pt.: 271°C Boiling Pt.: 320°C
Density: (Solid) 2.168 g/cc ~ (Gas)_ (decomposes)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water;163 g/100 ml @ 100°C Cold Water: 72 g/100 ml @ 0°C
Ethanol: Slightly soluble Other: 0.3 g/100 ml in ether @
20°C
DOT Classification: Oxidizing material, yellow label
Coast Guard Classification: Oxidizing material, yellow label
MANUFACTURE: By oxidizing into NO and passing the NO into a soda ash solu-
tion. The nitrate formed is separated by crystallization in lead lined e-
quipment.
USES: In making dyes, in the preparation of nitric oxide, in pickling metal,
in medicine, in rust proofing, in cutting oils and as food preservatives.
TOXICOLOGY: It_ is not highly toxic. In high concentrations in water it is
irritating to skin and mucous membranes. No Threshold Limit Values have
been recommended. The Lethal Dose is reported as "or LD5o 480 mg/kg rat".
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
33 1 23U UUU
OTHER HAZARDS: Sodium nitrite is both a reducing agent and an oxidizing a-
gent. It is a fire hazard when in contact with organic or other easily oxi-
dized material and is corrosive to most metals.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: May be handled or stored as strong solu-
tions in lead-lined containers.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: When in sufficient quantity, NaN02 can be reprocessed for
reuse. The Recommended Provisional Limits are:
477
-------
Sodium Nitrite in Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
Air 0.02* mg/M3 0.01 TLV*
Water and Soil 0.10* mg/1 Stokinger and Woodward
Method
* Estimated
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD EVALUATION
Dilution of the waste with large amounts Satisfactory
of water containing soda ash and then
adding calcium hypochlorite. Then neutra-
lization with HCl, diluted and discharged
to sewer or stream. Any sludge is added
to Class 2 type landfill.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: This material has been classed as
a probable waste stream constituent for municipal disposal and is riot consid-
ered a candidate for treatment at a National Disposal Site.
478
-------
SODIUM SULFATE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Na2SO.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White odorless crystals or powder.
Molecular Wt.: 142.06 Melting Ft.: 888°C Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) 2.67 g/cc (Gas) J
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: . Soluble Cold Water: Soluble
Ethanol: Insoluble Other: Soluble in glycerin
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
OTHER HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition sodium sulfate emits highly
toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur.
TOXICOLOGY: Unknown.
479
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SODIUM SULFITE
CHEMICAL, FORMULA: Na2SO3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline powder.
Molecular Wt.; 126.05 Melting Pt.:decomposes Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid ) 2.633 g/cc @ 15.4°C (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: 28.3 g/100 ml @ 80°C Cold Water: 12.54 g/100 ml @ 0°C
Ethanol: Slightly soluble Other:
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
MANUFACTURE: The most important commercial manufacturing process is the re-
action of sulfur dioxide with a solution of soda ash. Another commercial
source of sodium sulfite is as a byproduct from the preparation of phenol
by the fusion of sodium benzene sulfonate with sodium hydroxide. Sodium
sulfite is also recovered from paper mill cellulose waste liquors.
USES: It is used to bleach wool and silk and as an "antichlor" after bleach-
ing yarns, textiles and paper, as a preservative for foodstuff and to pre-
vent raw sugar solutions from coloring upon evaporation. It is also used in
photography, medicine and to remove oxygen from boiler water.
TOXICITY: Sodium sulfite is not highly toxic. High concentrations are ir-
ritating to the skin and mucous membranes. No Threshold Limit Values have
been established.
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Air Water Land Air Water land Air Water Land
2 2 12 2U222
OTHER HAZARDS: Sodium sulfite is corrosive to most metals.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Strong solutions of sodium sulfite can
be handled and stored in lead lined equipment.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: Industrially contaminated material when in sufficient quan-
tity can be reprocessed for reuse.
For safe disposal of sodium sulfite into the environment, the following
Provisional Limits are recommended:
480
-------
Contaminant in
Air
Water and Soil
Provisional Limit
0.02* mg/M3
0.01* mg/1
Basis for Recommendation
0.01* TLV
Stokinger and Woodward Method
*Estimated
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHODS
EVALUATION
Dilution with large volumes of water followed
by reaction with soda ash, calcium hypochlo- Satisfactory
rite and Hdl then discharge into the sewer system.
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Waste treatment for sodium sul-
fite can be handled adequately locally and is not considered to be a candi-
date for treatment at National Disposal Sites.
481
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STANNIC OXIDE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Sr£>2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline solid. \lso called cassiterite.
Molecular Wt.: 150.70 Melting Pt.; 1127°C d Boiling Pt.:
Density: (Solid) 6.95 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Insoluble Cold Water: Insoluble
Ethanol: Other: Decomposes in KOH & NaoH
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: The dust of tin oxides have been known to cause pneumoconiosis
which is usually benign.
482
-------
SULFURIC ACID
CHEMICAL FORMULA: H2SO4
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless, corrosive, oily liquid. Also called oil of
vitriol and dipping acid.
Molecular Wt.: 98.98 Melting Pt.;10.36°C(100)Boiling Pt.:338°C -(99.3%)
Density: (Liquid) 1.834 g/cc (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Infinitely Cold Water: Infinitely Ethanol: Decomposes
Other:
DOT Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label
Coast Guard Classification:
MCA Warning Label
IATA Classification: Corrosive liquid, white label;
1 liter (passenger) 5 liters (cargo)
MANUFACTURE:
USES: (1) 44% of the HJ30 produced in the U.S. is used to manufacture su-
perphosphate and phosphate-type fertilizers.
(2) 21% is used in the chemical industry.
(3) 10% is used in the petroleum industry.
(4) Other major uses are in the manufacture of titanium pigments,
steel pickling, rayon, dyes, detergents, etc.
TOXICOLOGY: Sulfuric acid is very corrosive to all body tissues. Contact
with eyes may result in total loss of vision and skin contact may produce
severe necrosis. Inhalation of concentrated vapor may cause serious lung
damage. Ingestion may cause severe injury and death.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Lethal Doses are:
TLV Lethal Dose or Concentration
1.0 mg/M3 ih LC50: 500 mg/M3, rat
or LD50: 2.40 mgAg/ rat
The Booz-Allen Ratings are:
HUMAN ECOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
Mr Water Land Air Water Land Air Water Land
3
U
483
-------
OTHER HAZARDS: Sulfuric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent and can ignite
upon contact with combustibles. It also has a strong affinity for water,
generating much heat in mixing.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATIONS: Corrosive materials such as sulfuric
acid must be handled carefully. Contact with the skin and inhalation should
be avoided. It should be kept away from feed and food products. Sulfuric
acid should be kept tightly closed.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: For the safe disposal of H2S04 into the environment the fol-
lowing Provisional Limits are recommended.
H2SO4 as a
Contaminant
in Air
Water and Soil
Maximum
Exposure Limit
0.01 mg/M3
0.05 ppm (mg/1)
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
DISPOSAL METHOD
Regeneration
Neutralization with soda ash-slaked
lime solution. The calcium sulfate
is then, removed by filtration.
EVALUATION
Best choice when economically
feasible
Satisfactory
APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES: Sulfuric acid as a waste stream
constituent is not considered to be a candidate for disposal at a National
Disposal Site.
484
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TEREPHTHALIC ACID
P
CUH
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C,H (COOH) „ ,
64 2 /
C-OH
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline solid. IUC Name: 1,4 benzenedicar-
borylic acid. Also called p-phthalic acid, TPA, and benzene-p-dicarboxylic
acid.
Molecular Wt.: 166.13 _ Melting Pt.; Sublimes Boiling Pt.: Sublimes
Density: (Solid) 1.510 g/cc _ (Gas) _ /approx 300°C
Vapor Pressure: _
Flash Pt.: _ Autoignition Temperature: _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower _ Upper _
Solubility:
Hot Water: 0.0016 g/100 ml Cold Water: _ _
Ethanol: Very slightly soluble Other: Very slightly soluble in e-
ther and chloroform. Soluble in alkali.
Coast Guard Classification:
DOT Classification:
485
-------
THORHJM-230
230
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Th
90
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Gray radioactive solid
Aronic Wt.: 23 Melting Pt.: 1845°C Boiling Pt.: 4500°C
Density: (Solid) 11.2 g/cc (Gas)
Type of Decay: Alpha Half-Life: 8 x 10 years
flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Insoluble Cold Water: Insoluble
Ethanol: Other: Soluble in HC1, H2SO., and
aqua regia. Slightly soluble in HNO-..
DOT Classification: Flammable solid,yellow label, 25 pounds
Coast Guard Classification: Flammable solid, yellow label
IATA Classification: Flammable solid, yellow label
Not acceptable (passenger)„ 12 kilograms (cargo)
Decays to radioactive radium-226 by emitting alpha particles.
OTHER HAZARDS: Moderate, in the form of dust, when exposed to heat or flame
or by chemical reaction with oxidizers.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Avoid, inhalation, ingestion or radiation
exposure.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: For the safe disposal of Thorium-230 into the environment
the following Permissible Concentrations should not be exceeded:
MAXIMUM PERMISSABLE CONCENTRATIONS
Concentrations in Air Concentration in Water
Form micorcuries/millileter microcuries/millileter
Soluble 8 x 10~^ 2 x 10 "^
Insoluble 3 x 10 3 x 10
486
-------
TOLUENEPIAMINE
2, 4-TOLUENDIAMINE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH-.C H (NHL) „, fj
J o j t. f. ^v-^
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline solid. Also called tolyenedia-
mine, 2,4-diaminotoluene and 2,4-toluylenediamine.
Molecular Wt.: 122.17 Melting Pt.; 99°C Boiling Pt.: 280°C
Density: (Solid) (Gas)
Vapor Pressure: 1 mmL@ 106.5°C
Flash Pt.: ' Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%):Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Soluble Cold Water: Soluble
Ethanol: Very soluble Other: Very soluble in ether
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
IATA Classification: Poison B, poison label
25 kilograms (passenger) 95 kilograms (cargo)
2, 5-TOIHENEDIAMINE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH-,C,H. (NHO) 0,
364 2 2 Nj
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline solid. Also called, 2,5-toly-
lenediamine, 2,5-diammotoluene and 2,5 toluylenediamine.
Molecular Wt.: 122.17 Melting Pt.: 64 °C Boiling Pt.;274°C
Density: (Solid) (Gas)
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.: Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Very soluble Cold Water: Very soluble
Ethanol Very soluble Other: Very soluble in ether
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: These materials can have a toxic effect upon the liver, caus-
ing fatty degeneration. They are though to be irritant. Upon contact
with the skin they can cause irritations and blisters. 2,5-T.oluenediamine
can also be toxic to the central nervous system, produce jaundice by its
487
-------
action on the liver and spleen and produce anemia. It can also produce
permanant injury to the eye.
OTHER HAZARDS: They are moderate fire hazards when heated they emit highly
toxic fumes.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Store in a cool, well ventilated area
away from heat and flames. Avoid contact with the skin or eyes. Avoid
inhalation and ingestion.
488
-------
para -TOLUIC ACID
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH-.C H.COOH,
J fa 4
COM
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: White crystalline solid. Also called para-methylben-
zoic acid.
Molecular Wt . : 136.14 Melting Pt.: 17b).6°C Boiling Pt.: 275°C
Density: (Solid) _ (Gas) _
Vapor Pressure: __
Flash Pt. : _ Autoignition Temperature : _
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%) : Lower _ Upper _
Solubility:
Hot Water: 1.26 g/100 ml @ 100°C Cold Water: 0.034 g/100 ml _
Ethanol : Very soluble _ Other : Very soluble in ether _
DOT Classification: _
Coast Guard Classification:
489
-------
URANIUM
CHEMICAL FORMULA: U
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Silver white or black crystals. There are four natur-
al isotopes; U232, U234, U235 and U238 and four artificial isotopes; U230,
U233, U236 and U240
Atomic Wt.: 238.07 Melting Pt.: Approximately 1133°C Boiling Pt.;Ignites
Density (Solid) 18.7 g/cc
Solubility:
Cold Water: Insoluble Hot Water: Insoluble Ethanol: Insoluble
Other: Soluble in acid, insoluble in alkali
The radioactive decay of the isotopes are:
Isotope Half-life Emissiona Particle
U230 29 days alpha
U232 74 years alpha
j- gaittna
U233 1.6 x 10,-years alpha
U234 2.5 x 10 years alpha
U235 7 x 10 years alpha
U236 2.4 x lOgyears alpha
U238 4.5 x 10 years alpha
U240 14 hours beta
Radiation Engergy Decays to
Level and Intensity
5.8-5.9 MeV
5.3 MeV
06 MeV
3 MeV
7-4.8 MeV
3-4.6 MeV
5 MeV
2 MeV
0.36 MeV
Th-226
Th-228
Th-229
Th-230
Th-231
Th-232
Th-234
Np-249
DOT Classification: Poison D, radioactive materials, red label.
IATA Classification: Radioactive material, red label
2000 millicuries (passenger and cargo)
TOXICOLOGY: The high chemical toxicity of uranium and its salts is largly
shown in kidney damage and acute necrotic arterial lesions. Relatively
large amounts tend to be taken in due to the rapid passage of soluble uran-
ium compounds through the body. The highly toxic effect of insoluble com-
pounds is largely due to lung irridation by inhaled particles.
This material is transferred from the lungs of -animals quite slowly.
OTHER HAZARDS: A fire hazard in the form of a solid or dust when exposed
to heat or flame and an explosion hazard when the dust is exposed to flame.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Avoid inhaling the dust,ingestion or
exposure to radiation. Store away from fire and flame in a way to prevent
exposure to personnel.
DISPOSAL/REUSE: For the safe release of uranium into the environment the
490
-------
following Permissible Maximum Concentrations should not be exceeded:
MAX i M< JM PEPMJSSA3U, CONCENTRATIONS
Isotope-
Uranium 230
Uranium 232
Uranium 233
Uranium 234
Uranium 235
Uranium 236
Uranium 238
Uranium 240
Uranium (nat)
Form
Concentrations in Air
Concentration in Water
(microcuries/niillileter) (microcuries/millileter^
Soluble
Insoluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Soluble
Insoluble
L >'
4 x 10
3 >;
9 x
~u
2
x
4 x:
2 x
4 x
9
10
10
4 x
4 x 10
3 x 10~
^ x 10
8 x JO
b x 10~
3 x 10"
2 x 10"
5 x
5 x
3 x
3 x
3 x
3 x
3 x
3 x
3 x
3 x
3 x
3 x
4 x
4 x
3 x
3 x
2 x
2 x
10
10
-
10 .
10":'
10"^
10", D
10-s
10-5
10.5
10-s
10-s
10 "
491
-------
VALERIC ACID
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH 3 (C\\2)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid. Unplesant odor. IUC Name: Penta-
noic acid.
Molecular Wt.: 102.13 Melting Pt.; -34.5°C Boiling Pt.: 181°C
Density: (Liquid) 0.942 g/cc @ 20°C (Gasj
Vapor Pressure:
Flash Pt.; 205°F (O.C.) Autoignition Temperature:
Explosive Limits in Air (Wt%): Lower Upper
Solubility:
Hot Water: Cold Water: 3.7 g/100 ml @ 16°C
Ethanol: Infinitely Other: Infinitely soluble in ether
DOT Classification:
Coast Guard Classification:
TOXICOLOGY: Probably a moderate toxic and high irritant based on animal ex-
periments.
OTHER HAZARDS: Fire hazard when exposed to heat and flame and can react
with oxidizing materials.
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION: Avoid breathing of fumes and skin con-
tact. Store in a cool well ventilated area, away from heat, flames and ox-
idizing materials.
492
-------
SECTION XI
APPENDIX C
REFERENCES CITED
1. Booz, Allen - Applied Research, Inc., Hazardous Waste
Materials: Hazardous Effects and Disposal Methods,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.C., Vol. 1, Sec. 4, 48 pp, 1973.
2. Hodgman, C. D., et al, Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland,
41st Ed., 3472 pp, 1968.
3. Sax, N. I., Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 3rd
Ed., 1251 pp, 1968.
4. Ottinger, R. S., et al, Recommended Methods of
Reduction, Neutralization, Recovery or Disposal of
Hazardous Waste, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA - 670/2/73-053 f, Washington, D. C.,
Vols. 6-13, 1973.
493
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-029b
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF DEEP-WELL
INJECTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
Volume II - Appendices A, B, & C
June 1977(Issuing Date)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORis) Louis R. Reader, James H. Cobbs,
John W. Field, Jr., William D. Finley,
Steven C. Vokurka, and Bernard N. Rolfe
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Louis R. Reeder and Associates
5200 South Yale
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74135
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1DC618. (SOS 2, Task 02
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-2013
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Gin.,OH
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory--
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Research
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final ReDort
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
*i
AG
EPA/600/14
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
See also Volumes I, III, & iv, EPA-600/2-77-029a,c,&d
Project Officer: Carlton C. Wiles, 684-7881
16. ABSTRACT This four volume report is a review and assessment of the ade-
quacy of deep-well waste injection systems to receive hazardous wastes
and to define what effects that these wastes will have upon the environ
ment when injected into subsurface reservoirs. All aspects of deep-wel
injection systems have been touched upon.
A comprehensive bibliography, chemical waste profiles, deep-well inven-
tory, case histories, microbiological research, deep-well and hazardous
waste research, legal aspects and an inventory of statues and regula-
tions governing waste injection are discussed in the text and detailed
in the appendices.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Waste Disposal
Deep-Wells
Hazardous Materials
Industrial Wastes
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Industrial Waste Dis-
posal
Underground Disposal
Deep-Well Disposal
Waste Disposal Wells
Hazardous Waste Injec
COSATI Field/Group
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
316
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLA53SIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
it IJ S GOVERNMENl PRINTING OFFICfc 1977- 757-056 /5616
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