EPA430/R-96-004
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and
Radiation
(6204-J)
430R96004
May 1996
Acid Rain Program
Update No. 3
Technology and Innovation
Recycled/Recyclable
\ Printed op paper that contain
1 at least 50% recycled fiber
PROGRAM
-------
T
he Acid Rain Program Overview
he Acid Rain Program was established under Title IV of the 1990 Clean
Air Act Amendments. The program calls for major reductions of sulfur
dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), the pollutants that cause acid
rain, while establishing a new approach to environmental management. The
program also sets a permanent cap on the total amount of sulfur dioxide that may
be emitted by electric utilities nationwide, about one half of the amount emitted
in 1980.
Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams and contributes to damage of
trees at high elevations. In addition, acid rain accelerates the decay of building
materials, paints, and cultural artifacts, including irreplaceable buildings, statues,
and sculptures. Prior to falling to the earth, SO2 and NOx gases and their particulate
matter derivatives, sulfates and nitrates, contribute to visibility degradation and
impact public health.
The first phase of the program began January 1, 1995, with 263 units at 110
electric power plants required to comply with emission limitations for SO2. An
additional 182 units have joined Phase I as substitution or compensating units.
The first phase of NOx reductions began January 1, 1996. The second phase for
both SO2 and NOx begins in 2000 and covers more than 700 additional plants,
which supply most of the fossil-fuel-fired electricity capacity in the United States.
The Acid Rain Program represents a dramatic departure from traditional command
and control regulatory methods that establish specific, static emission limitations.
Instead, the program introduces a trading system for SO2 that facilitates lowest-
cost emissions reductions and a cap that ensures the maintenance of the
environmental gain. The program features tradeable SO2 emissions allowances,
where one allowance is a limited authorization to emit one ton of SO2. Allowances
may be bought, sold or banked by utilities, brokers, or anyone else interested in
holding them.
The emissions cap and market-based aspects of the Acid Rain Program also
serve to promote pollution prevention, such as energy efficiency or renewable
energy generation. Because the tradeable allowances have a market value, utilities
have the financial incentive to emit less SO2 in order to conserve allowances.
-------
I
nnovation for Cleaner Air
\>
he third Acid Rain Program Update focuses on the innovation and
technological advances fostered by the first national emissions trading
program. This market-based system provides a strong incentive for
cleaner, more efficient technologies. The basic principle is simple: for every ton
of pollution reduced or avoided by compliance measures, an extra allowance is
saved.
Recent studies by Resources for the Future, the Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI), and Argonne National Laboratory have highlighted the efficiency and
innovation in pollution controls that have accompanied implementation of the
Acid Rain Program. For example, scrubber costs have dropped dramatically in
the past six years and are now 40 percent or more below 1989 levels. At the
same time, scrubber sulfur removal efficiencies have improved from 90-92 percent
in 1988 to 95 percent or more in retrofits to utility units affected by the first phase
of the Acid Rain Program. There have also been innovations in blending of
high- and low-sulfur coals. In the past, it was assumed that blending would cause
problems for utility boilers, but technical problems have been largely worked out
through experimentation prompted by Title IV compliance requirements.
Innovative responses to Title IV of the CAAA span several other areas as well.
The allowance market, for example, is increasingly resembling more established
commodities markets; both industry and EPA are developing sophisticated
computer tools to report and track emissions and allowances; and environmental
and other groups have used allowances in several unique transactions.
The results of the first year of implementation of the Acid Rain Program show
how all of this innovation is paying off. Recent statistics on emissions reductions
and allowance trading for 1995 are noted on pages 4-7. Emissions reductions
achieved in 1995 were 3.4 million tons greater than the target level for this first
year of the program. In addition, nearly 30 million allowances were transferred
in private transactions.
In the coming year, EPA and others will continue to assess the operation and
results of Title IV of the CAAA. Your suggestions and insights about the early
lessons learned from this innovative approach to environmental protection are
welcomed.
Director, Acid Rain Program
-------
s
ince the Last Update.
ermitting
State and local authorities with approved acid rain and Title V regulations
will be issuing Phase II acid rain permits. To date, 73 of the 79 state and
local authorities have EPA approved acid rain regulations. Ninety-seven percent
of Phase II sources required to submit permit applications have done so.
Continuous Emission Monitoring
As of late March, the Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) at 898
Phase II units had been fully certified; 696 coal-fired units and 202 oil/gas fired
units, bringing the total number of Phase I and II units with certified CEMS to
1,154.
Emissions Data
In 1995, EPA reviewed over 6,500 quarterly reports for Phase I and Phase II
units. Utilities are increasingly opting for electronic submittal of these required
quarterly reports, considerably increasing the efficiency of the reporting process.
In addition, EPA has completed a preliminary analysis of the Phase I emissions
and monitor performance data for 1995. See pages 4 and 5 for details.
Annual Reconciliation
January 30 of this year was the deadline for 1995 allowance transactions and
1995 fourth quarter emissions reports. Annual Compliance Reports for all Phase
I units were due to EPA by March 1. Preliminary national statistics regarding
SO2 emissions and allowance deductions are shown on page 4.
Pollution Prevention
On December 8, 1995, EPA announced the largest award ever from the Acid
Rain Program's Conservation and Renewable Energy Reserve, created to
encourage pollution prevention by electric utilities. In this, the fifth award to
date, 10 utilities were awarded 8,635 allowances for undertaking energy
conservation and renewable energy efforts, bringing the total number of bonus
allowances awarded under the program to 12,816. See page 14 for details.
Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Program
In January 1996, a rule governing Phase II, Group 1 and Group 2 boilers was
proposed. This rule would implement the second stage of the NOx program by
establishing emission limitations for certain coal-fired units and revising emission
limitations for others.
-------
Opt-in Program
The Opt-in Program has received its first four applications from combustion
sources seeking to enter the Acid Rain Program. The four applications received
to date are from the Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA), Dupont, Union
Camp, and the City of Dover. All are being reviewed by EPA. If the applications
are accepted, these sources will receive their own allowance allocations. By
undertaking emission reductions, opt-in units can generate extra allowances to
sell to utility units.
Enforcement
IBS Utilities of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, permanently surrendered 589 allowances
and paid a penalty of $25,630 under a consent order with the EPA in September
1995. IBS allegedly failed to complete timely certification testing of continuous
emission monitors required under the Acid Rain Program.
Early Reduction Credits
In November 1995, Union Electric was awarded 314,248 allowances under the
early reduction credit program. This program was created by Congress to provide
an additional source of allowances to utilities that had switched a substantial
portion of their generation to non-fossil fuel fired facilities during 1980-1985.
The two utilities eligible for this program, Union Electric and Duke Power, may
receive allowances if they reduce the emissions at their fossil fuel units before
they are required to under Title IV.
Small Diesel Refiners
In July 1995, 28,215 allowances were awarded to 19 refiners under the small
diesel refinery program. Allowances are awarded to small diesel refineries that
desulfurize fuel from October 1, 1993 through December 31, 1999. Because
refiners do not need the allowances to comply with any provision of the Clean
Air Act, they may receive a financial benefit by selling them.
-------
E
missions Data
S02 Emissions
445 Phase I Affected Utility Units
10.7
Annual SO2
Emissions
(Million Tons)
995 marked the first compliance year for Phase I of the Acid Rain
Program. Chart 1 shows that in 1995 emissions declined sharply at the
445 Phase I affected electric
utility units. Ninety-five
percent of these emissions
reductions came from the 263
original Phase I units listed in
the Clean Air Act
Amendments. Emissions at
these large, mostly coal-
burning facilities were nearly
5 million tons below 1980
levels. This represents a
decline in emissions at these
units of more than 50 percent
since 1980.
10.0
1980
1985
1990
1995
The additional 1995 reductions
came from 182 substitution and
compensating units. These are Phase II units that became affected by Phase I
through special provisions of a compliance plan for one or more of the original
263 Phase I units.
Chart 2 compares the total 1995 emissions reductions at the 445 Phase I affected
units and the total number of 1995 allowances. Phase I allowances are broken
into three categories: (1) the annual allocation for the original 263 Phase I units
plus additional allowances earned by those units under the "Phase I extension"
early scrubbing provision, (2) allowances at substitution and compensating units,
1995 Emissions and Allowances
Emissions were 3.4 million tons below allowable levels in 1995
Annual S02
Emissions and
Allowances
(in Millions)
10 n
8.7
Allowances
1995
5.3
i Other
I Substitution and Compensating Units
I Original 263 Phase I Units
Emissions
1995
-------
and (3) other allowances earned from special allowance reserves such as the
auction and the Conservation and Renewable Energy Reserve. As Chart 2 shows,
emissions were 3.4 million tons below the allowable level in 1995, which represents
extra emissions reductions of nearly 40 percent.
The EPA has also compiled data on emissions rates achieved by boilers involved
in the first stage of the NOx reduction program. Of the 33 boilers identified by
EPA and the Utility Air
Regulatory Group (UARG) as
having installed simple low NO
Performance of Low Nox Burners
Emissions rates achieved by installing low Nox burners are well below
levels needed for compliance.
Phase I Required
Emission Rate
Average Emission Rate
of Low Nox Burner
Tangentially
Fired Boilers
burners, all submitted data
showing that they met the Phase
I emission standard of 0.50 Ibs/
mmBtu for dry bottom wall-
fired boilers and 0.45 Ibs/
mmBtu for tangentially fired
boilers (see Chart 3).
In addition to analysis of the
emissions data, EPA has tracked
statistics on monitor perfor-
mance, validating the high
accuracy and reliability of
monitors that are used to collect the emissions data. Over 93 percent of all Phase
I and Phase II monitors achieved relative accuracies of less than 7.5 percent, well
below the required 10 percent standard. Furthermore, after the first two years of
operation, over 95 percent of the monitors at Phase I units have remained functional
90 percent of the time.
Finally, review and analysis of utility emissions data was greatly facilitated over
the past six months as more and more utilities opted to submit data by direct
electronic transfer. In the first quarter of 1995, a few did so as part of a pilot
program; in the second quarter, roughly 10 percent of all submissions were in
electronic form; by the third quarter, 25 percent of the data was reported
electronically; and by fourth quarter 1995, nearly 40 percent of emissions data
arrived at the EPA in this fashion.
-------
D
evelopments in Allowance Trading
Allowance Market Transactions
Private
Transfers 2oo
t/3M4 11/31/M J/J1/H
he allowance market is alive and well. Transactions have increased steadily
since 1994, and participants are developing innovative ways to structure
allowance deals. While EPA does not
track the trading of allowances, the
Agency does track in its Allowance
Tracking System (ATS) the transfer of
ownership of allowances that will be
used for compliance. By observing
these allowance transfers, one can
draw some conclusions regarding the
level of trading activity (see Chart 4).
ATS transfers began in March of 1994.
As of March 31, 1996, ATS had
recorded over 2,000 allowance
transactions involving the transfer of
over 40 million allowances (see Chart
5). Of those 40 million allowances,
nearly 30 million were transferred by
private parties. (The remainder were transfers from EPA to private parties
under various provisions of the Act.) Private transfers included trades
between companies, shifts of allowances within utility companies, and
reallocation of allowances between multiple owners of the same utility
units. All in all, nearly 90 percent of Phase I affected units have participated
in some sort of private allowance transfer.
MO/95 12/31/15 1/31/9C
Quarter Ending
Allowances Transferred
Nearly 30 million allowances have been transferred in private transactions.
3/94 6/94 9/94 12/94 3/95 6/95 9/95 12/95 3/96
-------
As of December 31, 1995, EPA estimates that electric utilities had acquired over
4.3 million allowances from brokers, fuel companies, and other utilities (see
Chart 6). An additional 0.5 million allowances were transferred between units
within the same utility company.
Allowances Acquired by
Utility Unit Accounts 3/94 -12/95
Utilities have acquired over 4.3 million allowances from other utilities, brokers, and
fuel companies, according to the ATS. An additional 0.5 million have been trans-
ferred between plants or units within the same operating company.
Intra Utility
10.6%
Fuel Co. to Utility
Broker to Utility 1-1%
10.6%
4,813,056 Allowances
Allowance prices have generally
dropped, according to two different
price indexes developed by allowance
brokerage companies (see Chart 7).
This trend was also apparent in the
recent allowance auction run by the
Chicago Board of Trade, where the
clearing price in the spot auction was
$66.05. The reported market price
rose slightly in April, however,
according to both price indexes.
Some market observers believe low
allowance prices are due primarily to
larger than expected emission
reductions, which have increased the
supply of allowances and depressed
prices. A key factor in the sharp drop
in emissions levels and allowance
prices may be the availability of low-
sulfur coal at lower than expected costs
(including lower than expected rail
transportation costs).
Allowance Price Trends
Allowance prices have dropped substantially since the Program's inception.
Allowance ieo
Price in
Dollars 140
120 -
100
80
60
9/94 11/94 1/95 3/95 5/95 7/95 9/95 11/95 1/96 3/96
Month/Year
-------
Developments in Allowance Trading (cont.)
Increasingly sophisticated transactions are occurring in the allowance market,
such as allowance swaps, fuel bundling, futures, forward contracts, and options
trading. Although EPA does not track prices or contract terms, conversations
with company officials have confirmed the existence of these transactions.
An example of an allowance swap, the exchange of allowances of different vintages
or years between two parties, was entered in the ATS in October of 1995.
Allegheny Power transferred a total of 20,200 vintage 1996 and 1997 allowances
to Duke Power Company. Duke Power in return transferred 20,000 1995
allowances to Allegheny Power. Assuming no cash was exchanged, this swap
would demonstrate that the market valued 1995 allowances at a premium over
1996 and 1997 allowances (the premium here is represented by the extra 200
allowances received by Duke Power).
An example of fuel bundling, combining the sale of fuel with allowances, was
recorded in ATS in November of 1995. Peabody Coal Sales Co. transferred
2,195 vintage 1995 allowances to Big Rivers Electric Company, presumably in
conjunction with the delivery of coal. Fuel bundling is often done to help the
utility comply with the Clean Air Act by providing allowances to offset the burning
of higher sulfur coal.
According to allowance brokers, both forward contracts and options to buy also
occur in the allowance market. In a forward contract, a purchaser can contractually
agree to buy a number of allowances for delivery in the future at an agreed upon
price. In an option to buy transaction, a party can negotiate to buy the right to a
specific number of allowances over some time period.
-------
c
ompanies Develop Innovative Software
anaging allowances and emissions is both an environmental and a business
endeavor. Several electric utilities and other companies have developed
software to help lower costs and improve efficiency as they track allowance
and emissions information. With these systems, utilities can check whether they
are meeting internal compliance goals well before the end of the year, when
emissions and allowances must be reconciled. This enables utilities to make
better informed and more efficient decisions on compliance and allowance purchase
strategies. Following are brief descriptions of some of these software systems:
(SCREEN <
Allowance Tracking Workstation
Cumulative Emissions vs Plan
05/30/95
Legend
Actual Emissions
Protected Emission*
Budgeted Allowances
Emissions Cap
Tons
ol
SO2
Allowance Tracking Workstation
The Allowance Tracking Workstation was
developed by Electric Software Products
Company with the collaboration often electric
utilities. The ATW provides a means for
utilities to track their allowance holdings and
transaction activity across a plant or plants.
Utilities use the software to track the history
and status of allowances, account for the
allowances internally and to the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC), and manage
units that are co-owned with other companies.
Allowances are compared to actual emissions
and emission goals set by management. The
ATW also produces an EPA reconciliation
report that compares the allowances recorded
in the software to the EPA database.
artti
information
Allowance Management System
Motivated by the
need for a comput-
erized means of in-
ternal allowance
tracking and ac-
counting, Ameri-
can Electric Power
Company (AEP)
developed a set of
computer applica-
tions to handle
functions including
the receipt and
storage of emis-
sions data, intelli-
gent management
Allowance Management System
-------
Innovative Software (cont.)
of the inventory of allowances, and automated accounting transactions. The
system can compare emissions year-to-date with management goals and can man-
age the review and submittal of emissions reports to the EPA. The software
provides for data quality control and for coordination of different internal data
systems and sources of information.
S0_ Easy
file Qplions £ystem Help
r1
f^ajiggement Rflporjjs
Contracts
ATS Account Table
Transfer History
Allowance
DispersaJ
Allowance
Acquisition
S02 EASY
SO2 Easy, developed by Wisconsin Electric
Power Company and offered by Sargent &
Lundy, automates the inventory management
and accounting process for SO2 allowances.
SO2 Easy is configured to automatically read
SO2 emissions from the CEMS database and,
per FERC guidelines, expense the appropriate
number of allowances at the average
allowance cost on a monthly basis.
Allowances are then retired with the EPA on
an annual basis to complete the compliance
cycle. Wisconsin Electric is currently using
this system to report its allowance transactions
to the EPA.
-------
PA Data Systems and Software Packages
Electronic storage, manipulation and analysis of data is crucial to the success of
the Acid Rain Program. The EPA must track and review hourly emissions data
from over 2,000 electric utility units and must store and transfer billions of dollars
worth of emission allowances. Data must be conveyed promptly and accurately
to both the regulated community and the public. Following is a summary of the
Acid Rain Program's data systems and software packages:
Allowance Tracking System (ATS): Provides a computerized database for all
allowances held under the Acid Rain Program. The system records all transactions
electronically and performs deductions from accounts for compliance purposes.
Emissions Tracking System (ETS): Quality assures each electric utility unit's
emissions. The system handles vast amounts of information and is the largest
data system ever used as an essential operating component of an environmental
program. Over 6,500 quarterly data files were received in 1995, containing
approximately 791 million pieces of data.
ETS-PC: Aids utilities in the preparation, review, and submittal of quarterly
emissions reports. This software allows utilities to review their data prior to
submission and then to send the data electronically to EPA's mainframe computer
via modem.
Annual Reconciliation System (ARS): Combines permitting, emissions and
allowance data to determine each unit's compliance status.
Certification Review Software (C-REV): Automatically records and reports the
results of a unit's continuous emission system certification test to the EPA. The
software checks that the monitors are accurately and continuously recording
emissions.
-------
I
nnovation in Environmental Advocacy:
small but growing number of environmental, non-profit, and student
organizations have purchased allowances with the goal of retiring them
and reducing pollution. Retiring an allowance ensures the emission of
one less ton of pollution into the air in a given year, since the total number of
allowances is fixed under the acid rain emissions cap.
One of the most active organizations in the allowance retirement movement is the
National Healthy Air License Exchange (INHALE), a group created with the
mission of acquiring and retiring SO2 allowances, and eventually expanding into
other developing market-based programs. INHALE'S philosophy is similar to
that of the Nature Conservancy, which purchases undeveloped land to preserve
its natural character. Under its allowance retirement program, INHALE purchased
an allowance at the first auction in 1993. According to Executive Director Daniel
Jaffe, the organization has raised about $100,000 in its three-year history, mostly
from individual contributions. Contributions are solicited through the sale of
Clean Air Certificates, which document the amount of pollution a given
contribution has prevented.
In the 1995 auction, INHALE purchased 156 allowances. The purchase of a
portion of these was made possible by the donation of over $3,000 raised by the
150 sixth grade students at Glens Falls Middle School in the Adirondack Mountains,
an area plagued by acid rain. This enabled INHALE to retire 21 allowances
(over 40,000 pounds of SO2) in the name of the children. This year, Glens Falls
and teacher Rod Johnson raised $18,000 to lead an effort of 15 elementary,
middle, and high school groups submitting bids in the 1996 auction. Glens Falls
took home 292 allowances, and INHALE bought a total of 454 in their biggest
purchase to date.
Several other student groups are involved in the allowance market. The Maryland
Environmental Law Society (MELS) bought and retired an allowance in the 1994
auction, and became the first student group to do so. Since then, several other
law schools have joined in the effort (see box on page 13).
Another organization that has raised funds to retire allowances is the Working
Assets Funding Source. This non-profit public-interest company regularly
contributes 1 percent of its revenues to public-service organizations and uses its
monthly bills to solicit charitable donations from customers for various featured
causes. A summer 1993 campaign asked the 80,000 customers of its long distance
telephone service to add a small donation when paying their bills to support "our
goal to reduce SO2 emissions by 300 tons . . . and spark a movement to do much
more." The result was $55,000 in donations, which enabled the group to purchase
289 allowances.
Allowances have also been retired through charitable donations. An agreement
between Arizona Public Service Company and Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation, for example, resulted in the donation of 25,000 allowances to the
-------
Allowance Retirement
Environmental Defense Fund. In another transaction, Northeast Utilities of
Connecticut donated 10,000 allowances to The American Lung Association. The
Lung Association has since contacted other utilities through its local chapters in
an effort to receive further donations to reduce pollution.
Advocates of retiring SO2 allowances believe that allowance retirement achieves
several benefits. The most obvious is a reduction of pollution resulting from the
availability of one less allowance to emit SO2. Another by-product is the possibility
of eventually driving up the price of allowances, thereby encouraging utility
purchase of pollution control equipment or energy efficiency for compliance. A
final impact is an increase of public participation and awareness of clean air
issues in particular, and the environment in general.
Although some utility companies have donated allowances to non-profit groups,
others have expressed concern about allowance retirement. For example, one
utility representative told National Public Radio in April 1995 that "if for whatever
reason sufficient emission allowances were not available for us to continue to use
our coal plants as they're currently configured, then we would have to invest in a
more expensive technology." Other observers have noted that extensive funds
would be required to purchase and retire enough allowances to impact the allowance
market.
Regardless of whether retiring allowances will have a significant impact on
emissions and compliance costs, some have argued that there is symbolic
importance to this new type of environmental advocacy. Supporters of this
approach suggest that the option to retire allowances democratizes pollution
abatement by empowering individuals and non-governmental organizations to
take direct action to reduce pollution.
American Lung Association (ALA)
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)
INHALE
Working Assets
Environmental Law Groups at
University of Maryland, Duke,
CUNY, Detroit, Hamline, New
England, University of Michigan,
Thomas M. Cooley, University of
Minnesota, Valparaiso and Catholic
University
Acid Rain Retirement Fund
NRDC
World Charitable Trust
10,000
25,000
611
289
48
16
1
1
Donation
Donation
Purchase
Purchase
Purchase
Purchase
Purchase
Purchase
This list of holdings may not be all-inclusive. The two donations to ALA and EDF are not documented in
ATS.
-------
c
onservation and Renewable Energy Reserve
onus Allowance Recipients to Date
The following table lists the utilities that have been awarded allowances from the Conservation
and Renewable Energy Reserve:
_. "JKff _? _ " ~ ~~S.
""" " *.-""_p7 ~ ww -.i^^iffi
: . . ; Name of
\ ' . "--~ f^p&ff ~
City of Austin
New England Electric System
(Naragansett Electric, Massachusetts
Electric, Granite State Electric)
Portland General Electric
Puget Sound Power and Light
Florida Power and Light (ESI
Energy)
Centerior Energy (Cleveland Electric
Illuminating Company, Toledo
Edison)
Connecticut Light and Power
Dayton Power and Light
Minnesota Power
Niagara Mohawk
Wisconsin Public Power, Inc.
Sierra Pacific
PSI Energy
Otter Tail Power Company
Rochester Gas and Electric
New York State Electric and Gas
Orange and Rockland
Western Massachusetts Electric
United Illuminating
Cincinnati Gas and Electric
Long Island Lighting Company
Consolidated Edison
Ohio Edison
Southern California Edison
Total Allowances
97
589
783
2,210
263
6
173
4
71
894
3
1,496
41
132
7
142
46
30
47
11
535
1,854
131
3,251
12,816
" - - ' '
Commercial, residential, and municipal efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, residential efficiency programs and a
landfill gas renewable energy project
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Geothermal energy
Commercial efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial and government efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and agricultural efficiency programs
Geothermal energy
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, residential, and agricultural
efficiency programs; biomass energy
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, and residential efficiency programs
Commercial, industrial, residential, and agricultural
efficiency programs
-------
N
ew Acid Rain Publications
m
Human Health Benefits from Sulfate Reductions Under Title IV of the
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (December 1995) This report finds that
by the year 2010, when the Acid Rain Program is fully implemented, the
estimated annual health benefits from sulfate reductions will be $12 to $40
billion or more, dwarfing the cost of the program.
Acid Rain Program Emissions Scorecard 1994, EPA 430/R-95-012,
(December 1995) This report examines SO2, NOx, Heat Input and CO2
emissions trends for the original 263 Phase I units.
Acid Deposition Standard Feasibility Study Report to Congress, EPA 430/
R-95-OOla, (October 1995) This study concludes that SO2 emissions
reductions will benefit sensitive surface waters, particularly in the eastern
U.S., and that the SO2 trading program, which is expected to reduce costs of
control by 50 percent, will not have detrimental environmental effects. The
study also finds that NOx emissions may play a larger role than was originally
believed in the acidification of sensitive lakes and streams.
Annual Reconciliation Fact Sheet, EPA 430/F-95-118, (September
1995) This fact sheet focuses on the process of Annual Reconciliation of
emissions and allowance holdings for the first year of the Acid Rain Program
(1995).
Nitrogen Oxides Emission Reduction Program Proposed Rule for Phase II,
Group 1 and Group 2 Boilers (January 1996) This proposal would
implement the second stage of the NOx Reduction Program by establishing
NOx emission limitations for certain coal-fired utility units and by revising
NO emission limitations for others.
Conservation Verification Protocols, Version 2.0, EPA 430/B-95-012, (July
1995) This document offers a method that utilities may use to verify energy
efficiency savings under the conservation incentives of the Acid Rain Program.
For copies of these and other Acid Rain Program documents, please call the
Hotline at 202-233-9620.
-------
------- |