-------
•d
a)
D
-H
4-1
0
o
W
0)
ft
•rH
8
H
§
m
D
w
§
W
u
~ (Jl
L) >i 4J
M G M c:
in o id a)
id -H C 3
1£ 4J -rl 4-1
Id M 'rH
O M ft 4->
rl dl W
H G 13 G
o a> c, o
w o id u
H
J tt)
G .G
tt) -p
g O G H
G rd 0)
O -P .G 4-1
H 0 EH id
H id £
> ft
-* K
W H
to
-P
C
0)
•0 g
C QJ
Hi -rH
g
G
O
•rH
•P
m
-P tt)
G g
tt) -rH
6 EH
tt)
H
i*
H
W)
CO O
tt) -P
rH 'O fd
.Q G -P
O Id -r-l
CH -r)
>
10 -rl
rj* «— 1
4J -O-rH
id G J-3
•P Id «J
W -r)
I—I
tt)
1 »1
IK H rH W
W tt) id -P
> O G
tr> o) -H a)
G hH -P 0
•rH -H 4J
4J -P r) -rl
rH G O -P
3 0) W
cn 3 M G
PS UH <4H C
rH
o
n
4J *
si
o
^ rH
t W
G
rd U
rrj
•P 0
tt) -p
II
id
0)
*H
rH
id
C
O
•rH
t)
•O
S
O
0)
Vl
u
id
rH
in
.c
4J
c
CO
rH
1
•H
id
H
o
I
1
ft
•H
3
u
•d
u
Us
to
to
01
rH
id
'o
in
ft
0)
u
X
OJ
m
W 01 g
•HOW
HOC
•H 0) O
B vi o
c
O -rl
O Tl ~*
IN 3 4-1
r. -H
X L. ft
C
- -H OJ
0 H
O 4J Id
IN O O
"CW
C C
0 0 H
•H ft Id
operat
dent u;
chemic
c
Vl 01 T)
OJ ft O
•rt Hi O
>n T> tn
01
•Q •
•a
4J OJ
in c
3 -rl
S id
4-1 C
a -H
B 1
en
in i
rH VD
rH
•rl E
O ft
Vl O
•rl 3
U_j r\ y
•H O O
M id id
Id r* 43
rH
O O 4J
4J £
O 01
4-1 s tn
o
4J rH OJ
C I4H 4J
OJ Vl Id
in 0) vi
4-1 C rH
C 3 -rl
0) 4-1
rH 0) •-
IH -H 10
144 IH Vi
fl) -H 0)
4J Id rH
•rl rH -rH
ft U "H
S
r-t
C
5
c
•H
J^
01
system
larif i'
o
Tl
01 Tl
0) c
M-t id
i
c
8
§
•o •
S rH
0 0
3 -p
in •
id u
01 B
P 0)
Id 4-1
tO H
01
C
0
z
S
g
in
^5
4-1
C
fN
rH
in •
id o
01 5
B oi
id 4J
tO H
1
0) C
rH O
rd O
o
in in
13
rH -rl
rH rH
•rl O
a M
g
H
(N
*
I
r- O
01 Id
in A
o
rH rH
0 O
Vl
4-> 4J
in c
3 O
g U
rH
VI
OJ
—
i
c
VI
c
•H
•o
3
in
(•
•H
13
3
rH
U
C
•iH
4-1
O
C
•a
c
re
Cn
n
wash!'
tJ ft TJ
O O 01
01 1
M -rl
ss
VJ U
01
4-1
rH •
•rH 4-1
fc C
id
rH
C) Vl
H 0)
C 4-1
•H C
nH
01
H O
IH 4-1
•rH
id c
rH 01
u in
,
V4
OJ
U
B
4J
C
0)
in
S
0
rH
in
o>
O
0)
•H
IH
in •
id u
oj E
Id 4-)
tO H
o m
in rH
rH
tO -rl
O 1
4-< in
•rl
£„
01 —
P t3
rH 01
MH Vl
<4H -rl
0) 3
tJ1
4J 01
•rl Vl
ft
in
0) id
rH
id oj
u E
in 3
rH
a) IH
rH
U 0)
o id
0} O
(2 in
p
I
M>
W
ft
4-1
C
fflue
01
Vl
OJ
•H
•rl
M
rH
U
01
Vl
id
d
O Vl
tn ft
>t £
01 -rl
> ?
in o
fM rH
rH
Ul O
rH 01
Id rH
O O
'E tT
01 01
43 H
O
•a
4J C
ft id
01
0 Tl
X 01
01 T)
•O
Q id
oi o
4J -H
M 4-1
id
in rH
id p
o
01 O
B O
(0 i — 1
ui IH
w
Vl
id
0) O
4J in
in -«H
in
>i M
id cj
VI S
ft O
to 4-1
' • (
13
c
id
G 01
O Vl
•H
4-1 rH .
id O t!
S H 0)
O 4-1 H
4-1 C -rl
3 O 3
id u rji
.
c
rH
fl
.venes£
4J
o
0) .
Ill
m
o
tn
c
•H
(0
id
tt)
0
•rl
>4H
VI
0)
•O
0
C
•O
0)
4J
•H
rl
*
342
-------
TABLE 66
WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
PIPE AND TUBES
Treatment of Control Technologies
Identified under Item III of the
BPCTCA
BATF^
Scope of Work:
Investment $
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation & Maintenance
Sludge Disposal
Energy & Power
Oil Disposal
Chemical Costs
TOTAL $
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal. /ton
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Oil and Grease, mg/1
PH
A t B C D ' 1
182,658 $ 10,765 $ 331,392 $ 91,999 $
7,854 462 14,250 3,956
18,266 1,077 33,139 9,199
6,393 377 . 11,599 3,220
1,217 - 1,117
16,500 4,500
1,589
33,730 $ 3,505 $ 76,605 $ 20,875 $
Resulting Effluent Levels
2500 2500 2500 1250
100-200 100-150 50 50
50-100 20-50 15 15
6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9
510.966
21,971
51,097
17,884
18,750
4,680
114,382
150
25
10
6-9
343
-------
w
w
H
K
!* o
to & o
20 W
O >J DH
H O ff,
&H !3 U
S U D
W U 10
ft EH
0 Q
r^ o S3 r3]
ID 2 W
H a w
M W EH W
t-} rt! rt; H
m s w K
< i-3 P4 O
W M
EH Q EH
to 2 <
Q
2 p Q
< O H
*£§
024
K O H
H CJ K
O
/
/
01
a)
4J
n)
Vl
4J
c
01
c
0
u
i
43
U
4J
id
n
i
•a'
o
rt
o
•rl
IH
rH
3
Ul
I
Cn
C
•H
rH
0
•rl
Pi
d
o
H
EH
p
W
X
P!
0
o
H
•H
01
\-> I-!
U) O
id •« 1
T3 H
•H 0)
o fit
G t-«
•M H
(0
(^
<0
rH
£
I-j
ft
tn
4J
IS
4J
W
1 10
'4H rH
tn
ft 0)
r*
v8 6
U
C rH
id a)
4J us
»^
in
4J
C
0)
•0 g
R 0)
P -H
D1
K
C
O
•H
4-1
4-1 0)
C (5
Q) *H
01
"a
H
in
6
•H
i^J 4-1
R id
IS 4J
•rl
(^
•H
p
>
4-1
•H
rH
•a -H
R rQ
IS (S
••H
rH
0)
PJ
rH 0)
IS 4-1
o c
•H (a
4-1 D
•r) 4-1
(H-rH
O 4J
w
tH R
0 0
IH u
rH
O
rH
rreatment and/or cent
nethods err.oloyed*
_,..
o
id S
.C 01
0)
13 T3
0 H
h Ul
H
01
1 4J
c id
o s
t,
en
O -H
M id
01 C
en -H
n3 (9
D 4-1
>1
id
o
o •«
rH 0)
•p
X -rl
01
1
o c
in 0
in
A
V
c
i
VO
•s
o
H
01 Ul
> vi
•H 01
in •«
C ui
01 C
ft 10
H 4J
N
rH
•H
> 1
10 -H
01 rH
j3 01
W
C .C
ft4"
01 c
Q 0
1
C
o
o
4-> en
c
01 -H
en >
10 01
.c o
O 01
in n
•H
•O 01
4J
O -H
z in
rH
10
Ul iH
O O
Hauling to off-site disp<
area by private contract
<
01 4J
rH rH
ft 3
id o
JC -H
U IH
id IH
01 -rl
i — 1 T3
Cl T3
id id
01
rl
01
ft
3
0)
in
rH
01
^
rH
0
in
01
rl
01
01 01
VI 0!
0 rH
id 01
•- >i
01 fl
n
01 T3
43 01
S 4J
01 -H
01 E
rH -H
01 rH
1
O
oi id
5 i
KH O
O 0
'f r?
•rl -H
rH rH
•rl 3
f, Id
10 X
4J
id id
ft O
rH
01
>, 01
S 5
S rH
MH
U-l
• 01
S
id C
0> id
VI
01 O
•rl C
for combined treatment w
wastes from many dif fere
01
id
S
01
t)
0
J.
•rl
•O
01
rH
^f)
id
rH
•rl
id
id
^
O
4-1
S
d)
r{
3
01
Ul
rH
01
sources, including other
.
Ul
4-1
•rl
01
rH
id
in
o
a
industries.
rtj
in
id
m
01
0)
rH
|
'o
.r|
4J
O
01
n
o
^
f
o
rH
X
0
o
H
n
_r^
C
i
*
4J
O
ft
E
•H
&1
•rl
as
u
•rl
•O
OS
M
O
ft
w
,fc
Vl
o
o
IX
c^
00
o
0
rH
rH
o
w
01
3
Collect spent acid and
m
en
c
•H
rH
4-1
•a
01
0)
o
f
rH
in
c
•H
•H
0)
o
01
Vl
c
0
Si
o
id
X)
MH
O
Vl
4J
id
c
dp
CNJ
1
iH
0
01
Ul
W
•rl
P
•a
c
alkalis separately. Ble
01
01
caus
c
o
o
en
id
rH
o
c
,«
01
01
Vl
01
rH
rH
•rl
£
in
a
3
'O
in
•
ro
j-j
ft
3
equalized spent acid sol
in
g
01
rH
.a
o
n
ft
4J
•H
i-H
-rl
ft
•H
01
rH
<4H
01
•H
Cn
rH
01
VI
id
IH
Cn
C
•H
tions and alkaline clean
4J
id
0)
4J
O
4J
1
•H
"D
8
E
e
•H
4J
a
o
in
Vl
solutions; allow 4-8- hou
- ""•""*
.
'
»
•0
•rl
O
id
oi in
en id
•H O
in
g
•H
4J
S1
•H
-H
-P
to
344
-------
—X
'O
..
-M
O
H -P
0) CM w
c! r!
Q) >« O
O O
n
0)
'-p
0 C H
id oj
•P ^ J>
u JJ td
rd IS
q.
H
tn
•P
a)
•0 B
C Q)
rd M
"0
Cr1
0)
C
O
•r)
-P
(d
•P 0)
C B
(1) -rJ.
a)
rH
Pl
I-H
in
10 O
K "rl
OJ rd 4-
rH C (d
JQ IS -P
O -rl
rH -g
rH
>
4-^
Ul -rH
rj ,_4
•P 13 -H
id C4 .0
•P td 4-1
> 0 a
0) -rl OJ
,-J. -P 3
•H 4J
•P H -H
C! U -P
(l) tn
S M C
•HOD
IH IH u
o
.M
4J
R*
O TJ
U Q)
£>•(
VH O
O rH
X P,
•a t;
C 0
Kj
M
JJ 13
r: o
R 4->
jj (ij
'd ;;
OJ
t-i
rt
01
•0
OJ
(0
4H rH
OJ
•H O
tn jj
JJ
•H JJ
tn to
O (Tt
• 1
r — 1 VD
OJ
•
01
Ul
•H 03
J3_a
tr^
rH
to JJ
IB C
01
tn S
OJ JJ
JJ (0
01 OJ
10 rl
S -U
OJ OJ
C E
H -H
rH rH
IB
rH C
IB O
•H
TJ JJ
C IB
IB IH
Q)
Tl IB
H
U •-
n) m
!U
JJ
IB
!3
• H
E
•H
H
01
01
nanc
0.1
c
• H
B
g
OJ
Jj
1
tn
C
O
rH
C
O
•H
JJ
• H
•a
•o
iO
IH
polyme
n
0
r(
-rt
01
3
O
IH
01
UH
.
r;
settli
rH
3
01
01
rl
rl
CM
OJ
c
o
o
o
CN
X
O
o
H
01
43
4J
C
E
•*
(N
1
CO
rH
rH
IB
•H
JJ
•H
C
•rl
tn
•rH
33
C
(!)
rH
rH
0)
o
X
w
o
rH
o
tn
01
3
tn
jj
C
IB
r-t
>1
M
0
o
01
rl
T3
•H
O
10
0)
JJ-
•H
01
1
C
o
Q
1
10
Jj
ft
OJ
i
O
OJ
•
01
01
•H
Q
E
O
rl
IJH
13
•H
o
IB
C
•H
•H
iO
rH
U
•, -H
rH
rH
jj
o
r-;
TH >(
IB rl
U -H
01
JJ IB
-rl 0)
O «J
01 45
rH 0
tO rH C
10 -r-
U-, 01
13 'O rl
OJ G (U
Ifl ITS 43
3 rH S
01
01
• H
•A
OJ
JJ
OJ
IB
IB >H UH 1
3 43 O O
-U rl
C 13
01 01
> 0
0) C
10
JJ r-H
3 it!
43 45
1
0}
•rl
13
in in
3 OJ
o en
o n
3 (0
O1 43
ifl U
1
03
fit
13
C -
10 01
JJ
* C
tn 01
rH
O 43
0 10
OJ 01
rl 3
rH
10
(3 IH
•r| OJ
>, 0)
r-H 01
JJ
C JJ
OJ IB
In
•H OJ
S 01
U 3
43
01 u
3 >H
O 43
IH S
(U -
tH 01
rH
tn IB
IB JJ
01
0 rl
IH 0
•H
ID
4H JJ
O 10
x-o
re cove
heptah'
tn
JJ
u
3
tn
C
•rt
rH
O
•H
a •
tn
43 JJ
u c
JJ iB
IB rH
43 ft
I
O 01
rl OJ
a JJ TI
C -H
rH 01 X
IB E O
U JJ
•rl IB O
fi (D -rl
(U rl IH
43 JJ IH
U 01
d) UH
o en
JJ IB O
S JJ
TJ 01
r-l tn IH
o o
01 *
01 »
may be
cessor
plants
345
H
r-t
•H
(3
•rt
OJ
01
3
OJ
rl
IH
O
-------
TABLL 67
WATER EPFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
PICKLING - SULFURIC ACID - BATCH - CONCENTRATES
Treatment or Control Technologies
Ic'antifiea under Item III of the
Scope cf Work:
Investment
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation & Maintenance
Sludge Disposal
Energy & Power
Disposal Costs
Chemical Costs
Less Credit for Acid
Recovered
TOTAL
BPCTCA
A B | C |
$ 67,500 $ 203,316 $ 83,692
2,902 8,742 3,599
6,750 20,332 ' 8,369
2,362 ' 7,116 2,929
BATEA
1 n 1
$ 585,400
25,172
58,540
20,489
38,220
1,500 3,750 375
31,656
81,250
11,516
(-6,500;
$ 94,764 $ 39,940 $ 65,008 $ 129,367
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal./ton
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Dissolved Iron, mg/1
PH
Resulting Effluent Levels
25 35 35
300-600
2-5%
<1
100-180
0.1-2%
3-5
50
1.0
6-9
346
-------
CO
vo
W
rH
EH
OPERATIONS
LD
3
H
«
Si
D STEEL;>
2
r^
§
H
to
H
H
rv>
TECHNOLOGY
D SUBCATEGOI
ATMENT
W
CtJ
EH
Q
§
Hi
O
«
EH
Z
8
§
W
w
H
CATEGOR
Q
W
EH
s
3
DS
O
h
01
0)
in
c
K
1
fl
u
4J
(d
m
i
TJ
•H
O
U
•H
H
3
14
rH
3
CO
1 .
Cn
C
•rl
i-H
O
•H
PU
O
w
EH
W
X
'K
o
o
w
Ll
--C
OJ
in
itl
:s
•d
•H
r-(
O
C/l
rH
4->
Pi
onme
V4
rl
>
C
w
1
>4H
H
D>
•rl
D
in
0)
o;
o
4J
(S
M
0)
a)
M
a)
.a
•P
o
•p
u
(B
E
H
M
E
41
rH
0
in
•P
18
4J
W
in
rH
,4
•H
Oj
Od
c!
.a
x;
-p
•a
c
IB
rH
0
•H
-P
•P
C
111
1 1
;
111
• j
4J
•H
1'
in
r-<
O
U
M
m
£;
to
•P
C
4)
pJ
4)
M
•rl
rj
tr
4)
4)
a) -H
E LH
4)
rH
CM
E
H
T3
q
IB
rQ
R
1
0) IB
> U
CD -rH
t-q
fl)
3
rH
4-)
•H
u
M
O
CM
rH
o
M
4J
M
0
•H
4-1
IB
4-1
'E
•H
H4
t>1
4J
•rl
•rl
fl
Hi
•rj
fl)
K
CO
4-1
d
CD
4->
4->
0)
C
O
U
n*
o -d
U fl)
r4
O
OrH
•d
C
(8
C
!
iy
4)
14
H
M-j
4)
M
•d
o
4-i
01
L";
OJ
6
2
CU
c
o
•z
Q)
c
0
z
LO
4-1
c
E
CM
1
4-1
U
id
ft
B
•H
fl
Cn
•H
C
O
• H
&<
•H
^
O
O
CU
rH
\ O
Cn in
E IM
rH
O
CO
CO
3
CO
fl
4-1
•H
OJ
4-1
4-1
1
4-1
V4
4J
O
•z.
«
ivin
rece
c
o
LO
c
TJ
id
o
rH
O
o
o
1
0
o
o
QJ
CM
»
LO
LO
•H
Q
O
4J
CO
CU
id
r4
o
rH
UH
CU
4-1
Cn
e
•H
.p
o
H
4->
CO
CU
LI)
6
10
4-1
CO
CO
id
rH
10
un
1
CM
33
ft
B
3
E
• H
•H
e
10
1
OJ
f.
w
B
M
O
Q)
rH
'3
c
o
• H
4-1
U
QJ
•1 — i
O
CO
OJ
o
!fl
CM
LO
fl
4J
C
O
E
^3*
1
ro
-:
CO
(d
CU
CO
j>^
4-)
•H
4-1
C
id
&
fc
O
0
CU
0
rH
1
o
CO
rH
0
CO
CO
3
W
fl
4-1
•H
3
CO
OJ
cn
C
•H
•a
•H
0
id
Cn
C
•rH
C
fi
3
M
X
•H
S
«
fl
U
•H
fl
3
CO
ttJ
3
rH
W
cn
•H
rH
4J
4J
QJ
CO
CU
CT>
Ti
3
CO
<4H
O
5
en
0)
r4
4-1
to
TJ
C
id
O
0
1
0
0
rH
CU
•
w
•rH
Q
1
id
rH
id
Cn
c
•H
c
§
M
CU
rH
rH
id
>
id
>,
c
ID
a)
r-H
§
each
H
OJ
ID
CO
CU
,4
•rl
3
O1
OJ
c
8
Cn
Id
rH
CO
OJ
4J
LO
id
u
•H
TJ
•rl
O
10
0
in
i
o
CN
rH
rH
•H
0
LO
3
O
fl
00
1
•J
O
rH
rH
10
LO
O
LO
C
•H
OJ
C
•rl
rH
-P
rH
U V(
H OJ
>4H Id
•rl S
TJ a)
TJ
TJ
C 0
(d 4-J
c
o
•H
4J
u
CU
4-1
0
r4
4-1
id , rH
rH CO Id
rH TJ ,X CO
Id OJ rH QJ
B CJ Id 4-1
CO LO
o x H
TJ
rH
o
u
fl
, 4-1
•rl
c
O
•H
I >
id
c:
-H
o
c
•H
TJ
CU
4-1
Ifl
OJ
4-1
OJ
n
id
CO
QJ
4->
10
(d
CU
LO
OJ
5
c
r;
£
rH
C3
o
TJ
QJ
B
rH
i— i
to
13
(0
O
H
[fl
•H
rC
347
-------
W
H
H
O
^
13
4J
£
O
O
**— *
CO
^o
Ixl
y~\
S
<3
c/1
0
H
EH
2
w
CM
o
o
z
H
rtj
S
W
W
EH
co
Q
Z
O
H
U
o
o
p.
u
w
EH
EH
J3
fLJ
^J
EH
ff
t:
EH
Q
*£
r^
O
EH
0
U
W
EH
m
D
W
Q
£-j
. P
c/i o .-i al
Hi -rH Id IJ
Is .p U' 4-i
td -tH -H
X3 M M -P
rH Q) 04 VI
H El C
0 a) «« O
U) O U
fd S-i
4-1 Q)
-* r*
a) -|J
E O C M
r; it) a)
O 4' r3 4-1
rl U -P td
H Id S
> D.
C 15
W H
to
•p
CU
•d E
C 1)
fd M
1-3 -H
^
Q)
c!
O
-H
4J
fd
4J 0)
a E
(!) -H
E EH
W
Pi
E
H
V\
tQ O
E -H
OJ tJ 4->
rH C fd
.Q id 4-i
O -rH
M E
P-i •**!
M
=>
-M
(0 -rl
rJ r-n
4J cO -H
OCX!
4) Hi (0
W -H
rH
Q)
rH
* r ~
1 VI
'M r— 1 rH W
W (U «! 4-1
> o c
tn O -H 0)
a ,-i 4-J 3
•H .H 4)
.11 4J !M -H
rH JT! O 4J
ra 3 SH a
CD rH O O
C '. »H Ml U
H
Q
M
-p
6 "d
O , rQ -H -H rl
Cd ^ X rH 01
S CO O 01 IH
rrH
01 id 01
CO. 0
01 o c c
J2 rl O CO
S ft -H c
P 01
•• C C P
•D 01 01 C
O > P -H
O -H P cd
O O> cO S
•H) o en
\O O • 1
tP IT! rH rH W3
El
t
•H (U
O fe
U) «
1 — 1 *
. *— 01
U) rH trt
3 -rH -H E
Ul O Q O|
1 •»
fd d •
•^ O D1
rH -H C
(TJ JJ -H
(TJ H
TJ H -P
C 0) W -U
fd fd i
•H >i MH 1
•H O i o o) 01
P J3 rH C > -H W
il-HOrHldOXlP
tpa-HcdrHOcdo
•HCOXI3C001013
0:034-1x1-1313
rH D1
cd c
1 C rl -H
O 01 -H 01 rH
» C -H > X
P -O >i 0) O
C CP • rH 01 -H
01 C 01 01 P a •
rH -H 3 01 C P 01
•H-BOtnolcoxlP
01 rH 0) rl rl U C
X *H CT* Xi 3 01 CO rH
w^cdoosxiat
O Q o 1
t
rH
O 01
to ~ fa
rH
01 rH 01
3 -H -H W
en o Q a
CO
01
O
P .« 4)
cO P C
XI H rl 0)
oi s o a,
01 .c IH 01
C 01 01
•H 0) rO C E
rl rl 1 01 O
UH P rl
T3 -^ 01 IW
•H a SH N
O 3 O 01 rQ
cO 01 3 -H •
A: w >i o IH
•H CO -rH rl CO O
rH E rH OJ 9
cO > Cn O>
O 01 O C -H
U4 p rH U -H >H
o .v ai 6
01 O r< H 01
0) M -H CO rH
o) o) a t) H x
3 P -rl 0 O
01 CO M-I O 01 -H
Oi ^5 O CO rl Di
348
*
-j
W
rd
s
rH
rH
•H
»_
£
TH
rH
o
•o
•H
O
O
rl
P
•H
C
0
•rl
cO
C
1
—
• rl
rrj
11
ItJ
01
rl
o
u
a
S
Ul
03
S
Q)
O
•s
c
JJ
rH
C
O
•0
o
Q
rH
r-l
a
ftJ
0
rH
W
-M
fr
f.^
rH
I
•
in
•enes
P»
H
U
(D
M
l-l
(U
tn
W
fd
-------
TABLu; 68
WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
PICKLING - SULFURIC ACID - BATCH - RINSES
Treatment or Control Technologies
Identified under Item III of the
Scope rf Work:
B
BPCTCA
BATEA
Investment
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation & Maintenance
Sludge Disposal
Energy & Power
Chemical Costs
Less Credit for Recovered
Acid and Iron Salts
TOTAL
$ 266,423 $ 124,672
50,900
11,456
26,642
9,325
17,940
7,350
130
5,361
12,467
4..363
18,000
1,375
1,200
2,189
5,090
1,782
2,754
$ 72,843 $ 43,266
(-2,049]
9,766
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal./ton
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Oil and Grease, mg/1
Dissolved Iron, mq/1
PH
200-300
6000-7000
2-5
Resulting Effluent Levels
200 200 200 0
80-160
20-50*
100-400
4-6
50
10*
1.0
6-9
*This load allowed only when these wastes are treated in combination with
cold rolling mill wastes.
349
-------
OT
O^
vc
W
A
rt
EH
S
X 0
to e> o
SOW
0 ,4 EH
rt S PQ
K O D
WWW
PH EH
0 Q
£-" S
rj 3 rt
2; w
H g CO
X EH W
rt rt H
^ W OH
r4 S 0
W EH O
W W
EH Q EH
W 13 i^I
Q
Sow
Pi EH
S EH rt
O Z A
« O W
H 0 K
O
fn
H
5
rd
g
01
4J
rH
rt
.
01
id
4J
c
01
o
c
o
U
1
t!
•rt
U
0
•rt
M
O
43
O
O
M
X
1
I
,1!
U
•rt
K
O
0
EH
PQ
D
to
>H
S
O
o
EH
g
I'.
OJ _ >, P
•n 6 ft «J
rrj -rl 1 • U
JS 4-1 -rl l-l
Hi rH -rl
O rH A, 41
rl (U 1/1
-H t: T3 c
O (U fj O
W O rd U
H
4J a)
ax:
Q) 4-1
e o c ^
d id 0 C
tn , -H A 3 .
t> *2 (0 u !M
fl ,5 JS -H Q)
to 4-1 m
OJ (D -H ^
0) tn i— i T3 QJ
g '0 "J
O rH M C O
PM to fd id 4J
1 1 M
O ft -rt 01
01 01 M C V' -P
•n 01 01 O iJ Id
(3-d 01 -rt 3
•H T3 4-1 4-> •
Id rH C 13 £ rH M
M 3 -H rH Cl Id 01
01 C O rH CO -rl O
ft -H O 4J O 01 4-' ,4
O rH ft JH C 3
rl C rH 3 O, 01 O
ft O rH in t/1 4-1 01
E-rtOI013HHOO)
01
•rl
•a m -a rH
C O 01 14 rH
03 t) 3 0)
O O 0) rl O 5
rH H 13 Id H
en c >i DI ft
X id 01
0) u) o s 01 •
- > 3 -H O 13 T3
0 O 0 .Q rH 01
O 45 43 3 01 i
rH
W
rl TJ 01
0) 01 01
IH 01 1 'rt rH -rt
cl id 01 -H id o o
ft rH rH rH rH (d rH
5? 4J 0) -H 01 UH Id
01 - rt) U M 01
- co 0) > a) 3 O
S1 > (d 0) M 45 01
0) 'rt O 43 >i 3 3 -rt
•rt 01 O rl 4->
> rH O -rt
Id -rt t/i rH •
oi id c ~ -rt ty M
43 4-1 -H rH i C o
01 rl rH Id -rt 4-1
01 -O 01 01 -rt rH O
•O 01 S rH 3 (d
C C C 41 fd M
01 O -rt ft rl A 4->
ft &> 01 C
S>>| C 0) C MH O
rrt 0) t) O O O
18 i ^
o id id 01 •
4-1 01 01 4-< 3 01
M g C rH rH
0) 4J O O t*H 01
en w 0 0 IH 43
rl 01 01 S
43 G rl 01
O -rl >, 1H O rH
01 > id o 01
•rt -rt g 4J
TJ 01 4^ C T3
U 4-1 rH (d Id
O 01 3 id C O
•S M 43 ft -H rH
1 •< •
0) rH 01
01 H 01
45 01 4-1
PS 01 01
to 4-> •« id
ft oi id o) S
43 0) 4J > C
4-1 01 -rt -rt 'rl M
• rt T3 W M 43 0)
O 'H O 5
.. 4J 114 >, O O
id id O id O 4J
4.1 01 4J 0) MH -rl
QMS
C £ii Cn rtJ M
O 01 C O 4J
•rl -rt -H rH 4J C
4J fd rH Id U 01
U 3 to id C
01 4J Id O >H 4J
rH C 43 ft 4J fl
rH 01 01 C 01
0 3 M -rt O M
U O1 O T3 O 4J
rtj
VI ^ " -----
•a 01
C 4-'
id C
01 "H M
T3 tf to O
•rt 01 tH
X M O
O 01 4-1 01 •
> 4J 01
C O -P •« M
O O C (d 3
rl 01 01 rH 01
H M 01 ft M
01
C
O
r3
O
o
X
V
o
o
01
5
£
ID
fO
1
OJ
rT Mil
•O 01 01 0) -O 43
4J C 43 rH 4J M M
iU430ira 45 0-rtidOOI
O4J3 -3 -H 45 » U <0 B
C-rt-OM C-l H S 0 i C
•dS OMOOOIOJ MrdtdO
e M4-liOI "P.
M0101O434-I OOj4J43MOM
OO)4-l(UrlldrH01tO-rt43ai4-101 •
S5 S 1IIHI Is IsIS! §
•0 1
§r4
01 1
DI 01 O ft -PC
4-1 01 -P O >d O
01 id M -O 01 o
•rt 3 id ti c: c -rt "O
Cr" 01 -rt rd 01 g 01
gaioi'drd g4->3c3
4JldM>dO4JM-H-rt
10 OO-rl-rt0101-P4J
.stH ftM rd4-i >,ftft-rt
t/l-rt olftc rdtoOO'O
rHl
vj o m
DI 0 0 .1
g 1 LA rH H M)
01
H
rrt 10
CO -rt -rt B5
Ul O Q ft
M 3 M
01 O O
45 43 M -rt
1 43 4J IP. ul M •
4->3 M-rtMOIftO)
Suli^-aoiMoioi
4J rH rH 0 3 ft 43 ftTl 0) .
•M o -rt -9 m -1-1 v
U>OTI4-> 45O4JCl3rH
M4JidO)OO — -P 43
i4Hoiid g-rt'irio ra-p
0 45 M C -rt -P ,J 01 4-> M >i -rt
•rt4543rd rHC MSO01
4J Id 4J N •- -rt -rt Id Id MM
Id -rt -rt C HH > 45 M M-l -rt
MMH^rHO ld43U01 rH
CIO rtJ-rtSO)dc04501ld
Cnc34-*3'dOcOM MrrJ3
0)01'dQlfOld(d43O(J4301
rSgSCid>U4J-PWOC
«'
01
01
jj
to
id
rrt
rrt
^
Cn
C
•rt
H
rH
•a
o
o
43
4-1
•rt
C
O
•rt
4-1
id
1
C
i
id
S
01
M
id
to
01
•p
0}
id
01
01
1
fi
0)
.>,
rH
C
o
•a
01
§
rH
rH
id
"9
id
o
01
•rt
x~*
rH
Lveness
* ;
o
d) .
m
0)
Cn
C
•H
U)
id
(U
O
£
•H
O
rl
(U
O
B
•rH
•o
Q)
1 1
•H
rH
*
350
-------
,_*
(Continued
CTl
VD
W
i_3
9
EH
W
W
H
K
>H O
woo
B3EH1
Sig
SOD
f«l W CO
ft EH
O Q
O S §
Is w
H § W
M EH W
^ fill H
r4 3 O
W EH O
W W
EH Q EH
W S rtj
rti O
a
Sow
!3 EH rtl
O S i-l
PS O W
rt
o
.ternate I
rH
et,
i
01
1 1
10
n
c
QJ
0
c
o
u
1
•a
•rH
o
rt
o
•rl
K
0
rH
|
X
I
M
IS
•H
8
m
D
w
\
o
o
w
EH
U
l 4'
M fi ri r:
tn o us a)
id-rH i; 3
•S 4J -H 4J
(d M -rl
O U fit 4>
HOI in
H c t) c:
0 0) C 0
w O id u
•H
id M
4J <1)
a,a
0) 4->
£ O f< ^f
d id a)
O -M .C -M
)H O EH id
H id tS
> Oi
C £;
W H
r .
0)
•a E
d ai
id M
rl -rH
tJ1
0)
HH
C
o
•H
-P
id
4-) <1)
a P,
01 -H
HB
rH
it
10
c
w o
£• -H
(B 4J
rH 13 fd
.Q C -M
O id-H
tH g
& -H
r-1
>
W ••H
3 H
4-> t) 'rH
id a ,Q
4-) id id
w -H
1
0)
K
esulting Ef-
luent Levels
or Critical
onstituents
K MH i
0
rl H
O D^
•o w
a
id in
•a
4J O
0) 4J
|S
tu
Pi
a
•rt
OJ
id
0)
£•
Id
to
111
c
o
•a*
-
o
X
'o
o
0)
•£j
c
0
e
JO
i
CM
c
• rl
01
It)
C
id
to
C
•H
(0
id
Q)
nJ
?
id
4J
excep
CO
aj
4-1
H
01
10
S3
id
in
u
cc
g
•J>
HI
rH
O
>
U
0)
VI
O
rH
rH
•rt
O
e co very
V4
rH
id
•H
4J
10
(
rubber
u
01
o
rH
0)
01
•rH
Q
ubber
o
01
ai
0)
a
absor
o
m
i
Q.
C
•rH
01
id
c
s
O
t3
3
O
r-|
4-1
id
Q)
i-l
14
0) .
4J n
[d (fi
01
-------
TABLE 69
WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
PICKLING - HYDROCHLORIC ACID - CONCENTRATES - ALTERNATE I
Treatment or Control Technologies
Identified under Iteiu III of the
Scope of Work:
Investment
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation & Maintenance
Sludge Disposal
Energy & Power
Disposal Costs
Chemical Costs
Less Credit for Recovered
Acid and Iron Salts
TOTAL
,e
A
9 402,093
17,290
40,209
14,073
BPCTCA
1 B |
$9,057,448
389,470
905,745
317,011
BATEA
1 c |
$ 64.464
2,771
6,445
' 2,256
-
3,750
7,500
. ,500
1,044,000
11,045
(-2,624,530)
$1,119,322 $(-993,759) $ 12,972
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal./ton
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Oil and Grease, mg/1
Dissolved Iron, mg/1
PH
200-400
8-12%
<1
Resulting Effluent Levels
20 200 30
50
10*
1.0
6-9
25
10*
1.0
6.9
*This load allowed only wh~n these wastes are treated in combination with
cold rolling mill wastes.
352
-------
W
M
W
X 0
woo
sow
O rH EH
H O f£
EH S O
rf JlJ CQ
K U D
WWW
ft EH
O Q
EH E3
O 2 [i vi r;
m o n! (1)
(t! -rl J; ;j
^"- \ ' 'rH 4-)
0 M ft 4->
H QJ Ul
O (1) C O
CO U id U
H
id H
-M QJ
d A
0) 4-1
fcj 0 P! M
c id a)
0 P £ 4->
(H 0 EH 1C
H n) S
^ flj
C 6
W H
tn
M
C
01
•d g
d QJ
IH -H
3
Cr
flJ
K
a
o
1)
fti
-P id «J
CO *rl
HI
05
1 W
IH rH rH 10
H OJ rd 4-)
> o d
tj> (U -H Q)
d (-3 -P P
H -rl 4->
4-) 4-> M -rl
rH d U 4J
3 0) W
M P n d
0) rH O O
« m i
o
M rH
o ft
T) W
*"J
(0 wl
*T3
4J O
0) 4J
•B s
(Tj
(U
EH
1
L
5)
O
I/I
G
O
fc
0)
G
c
2
o
o
r-i
X
_
o
in
<5
4J
c
i
CN
4J
O
i1
•H
0)
.C
tn
•H
43
H
O
0<
Z
1
C
O
•H
4J
•rH
•d
id
-rH
rH
C
O
•H
id
N
fH
3
D1
M
«
^_.
O
•rl
ID •
rH W
•Q §,
C T3
•H rH
4J W
O id
E £
o>
Vl 0)
C Q)
O w
13 01
C TJ
id id
O
01 rH
•rl C
rH 0
U) -rl
O
o
in o
I in
O 1
IN CN
. —
rH
rH
Ul -H
W O
B
o) 10
0) 0)
SH H
in 4J
in
0)
ttj 4J
elimin
charge
o to
•P -H
•o
i •*
in >,
W ^H
•H
O u
•p id
^
c
rH
ft
I
pj
o
•H
4J
O
0)
•n
Q)
HI rH
H JD
td id
o
in
IN
1
O <£>
rH in
0)
tn
in
in
•H 33
Q ft
I
4J
id
0)
M
JJ
0)
id
0)
tn
C
id
4J
•H
rH .
O 4-"
O id
tl H
0)
c
M 0)
o e
4-
6
r*1 ,£2
Id I?
OJ
.1.3 M
in rO'
O r-l
li. M
0)
c
o
2
O
0
CN
X
0
O
tn
.£
4J
c
CO
IN
rH
rH
id
•H
73 C
j «
Cn to
•H O
IB o
j^
0)
0) O
a M
S ft
Tl 0'
0 >
O -H
0 0
in rH
—
rH
i — |
I/I -rl
Ul O
0)
id
4J
rH -H
S-3-
o u
•p vi
•o o
id 4->
13 4J
id oj
K
*• 4-*
0)
E H
Q) 4->
4J
g
O -rl
«'
(I)
'id
c~]
U
rd
rH
>4
ia
^
o
^
id
o
0)
.c
u
T3
G
id
c
o
•H
JJ
0)
4->
4-1
rH
0)
in
tn
-H
Q
C
^
; aerat
D^
£
,_(
H
E
C
Q
H
4J JH
«H O
U M
•H OJ
IW 4-1
U-( (0
^ U
•a
* 0
id 4J
o
•d
id
Vi
0) 0)
rH OJ
01 T3
CJ
en an
c
•H
i
UD
tc
ft
1
s
C 43
0) 4->
B "H
•H S
0) fc
tion; s
ickener
H .fl
TJ 4-*
rQ
id id
Vl C
0) -H
E
rH O
O -H
,
rH
l-t
m
T3
id
^
G
•r-
V,
id
0
tv,
OT
fl
r-
i
tr
3
£
3
0)
0)
•rl
EH
O
o
^3*
X
__
O
o
CN
01
£
C
i
o>
r—
1
rH •
— W
rH U)
O Q ft
6
0)
J->
in
j>,
ul
0)
I/J
c
•H
0)
u
id
o
(TJ
'>
•
0)
(ti
S
C
•H
0)
-H
rH
tn 0)
0) *H
4-) ,v
W O .
id -H
S ft
rH i W
C .*"!
•a c
0) -H
g"
rH (U
rH rH
u
•O -rt
o
rH fl)
W £
•H
g£
rH r\l
0)
Ul
.vene
•rl
o
QJ
UJ
OJ
r?
d
•rH
01
fC
a)
0
d
•H
0
M
4)
-a
o
d
•rl
•O
CJ
in
•H
*
353
-------
TABLE ;0
WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
PICKLING - HYDROCHLORIC ACID - RINSES - ALTERNATE I
Treatment or Control Technologies
Identified under Item III of the
Scope of Work:
BPCTCA
BATEA
Investment
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation & Maintenance
Sludge Disposal
Ene gy & Power
Chemical Costs
Replacement Parts
$ 373,391 $ 583.136 $ 235,9 0
16,056
37,339
13,069
5,625
18,270
25,075
58,314
20,410
10,144
23,590
8,257
6,521
1^,000
2,720
19,418
33,480
TOTAL
$_ '90,359
144,738
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal./ton
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Oil and Grease, mg/1
Dissolved Iron, mg/1
PH
Resulting Effluent Levels
200
(1)
200
(1)
50
(1)
200-400
20-30
100-240
5-6
50
25
10
(2)
10
(2)
1.0
1.0
6-9
6-9
(1) If the plant has a wet fu:.ie hood scrubber system over the pickle tanks,
an additional load of 50 gals./ton applies and is added to the flow shown.
(2) This load allowed only when these wastes are treated in combination with
cold rolling mill wastes.
354
-------
I—
W
ij
pa
rf.
EH
W
W
H
PS
X O
woo
.sow
0 ,-q EH
H o <;
EH S U
fi K IB
K CJ D
WWW
ft EH
0 Q
O S ^
S W
X EH W
p-j S O
H EH O
W «
EH Q EH
CO Z. rtl
•< CJ
Q
S IH Q
rii O W
« EH
S EH «;
o 2: 1-5
a o w
H CJ S
K
o
W
*—'
H
0)
•P
td
S
H
O
W
EH
•<
CJ
W
D
W
O
W
EH
Ul
QJ £>•( 4J
i) r* L| (""
CO O «J QJ
cO *H fj ;j
^ -M -H 4|J
cd SH -H
O M ft -H
H (!) I/I
•H C T3 C
O (U C O
CO O rd CJ
H
id M
•M Q)
C rC
e o c ^
C rd 0)
O 4-> 45 4-1
M O EH id
H rd ,2
t> OH
C t5
W H
Ul
4->
(1)
i, t £
W K
1-4 QJ
id t-i
1-3 -H
QJ
PS
-j
o
•H
-P
rd
4J QJ
c e
CU -H
e EH
d)
1
e
H
U)
Ul O
g -H
0) 4J
rH Tl rd
rQ C. 4->
O rd -H
n H
r-1
t^
_JJ
to *H
4-> 13 -rl
rd d rQ
4J rd rd
W -H
i-H
0)
1 Ul
IH rH rH Ul
H QJ rd -P
> 0 C
tj> CU -H QJ
C rJ 4J 3
•rl -H 4-)
4-1 4-> M -rl
rH C CJ 4J
a cu to
Ul 3 >H C!
QJ rH O O
A m <4H O
rH
o
M
-p *
O QJ
C) >,
o
(4 rH
o &,
N. £
tJ W
c
rd tfl
•d
4J q
CU 4-1
e a)
4— 5r
rd
CU
14
1 0)
X OJ
O Cn
10 'O
CD 3
rH rH
Ul
B 01
IH H
s-s
1
Cn rH
C O
•H O
3 >i
CO rH
43 43
Oi
U 43
3
H UH
EH O
„
0
O
r — 1
^
O
Ul
fA
c
CN
rH
1
ID
13
cd
o
rH
0) 01
•H OJ
ui 14-1
C 01
OJ C
ft td
W P
^>,
C P
O -H
rH
01 -H
Tj rQ
c cd
OJ -H
ft rH
01 0)
O rH
rHlO *
\ O CN
O
CN
OJ
Ul
Ul
W -H
W Q
1
1 C
C 0
0) U
u
C P
o c
U 01
j^
01
4J
Ifl
3
01
13 •
Si rH
u ri
•H O
43 O
3 ft
Ul
rH
CO
rl
01
P v
g
OJ
•H
Ul
O
•
01
P
•H
Ul
01 rQ 01
U rH
U T3 43
43 OJ cd
3 4-1 rH
0) -H -H
ui B id
H -H >
01 rH CO
•
Cn SH 43
C O Cn
•H P 'H
1 — t U Si
3 fd
CO r4 •*
si P n
CO
IH O O
0 O 0<
v
ft
• V
01
•a oi
t 0) P
p a 01
•H -H CO
01 £) 3
3 HH o IH
V4 & M-t CJ OJ
o o)
<4H Ul
*•§
§ K
P si
P
0 3
•H
U Ul
OJ 0)
rH 4J
rH tO
O SH
CJ P
»
rfl
O 43
O O O
4J 144
Cn cd P
C OJ 'rl
•rH W 3
1 1 (0
P P
Ifl rH C
43 10 OJ
p o B
o Pt id
fO Ul 0)
rl -rl rl
P 13 P
1
P !M P
o O td
td OJ
ft B SH
B to P
•H 0)
SH 01
>i P Cn
> ui to
id 3
01 C 0)
03 0 Ul
c
o
•H
13 Ul P
C 13 O
fd fd 01
O n
Ul rH fl
TJ O
•H C
rH O 0)
O >H SH
01 H tO
01 OJ
o) Cn
M M
14-1 cd
_r;
MH O
O 01
•H
C 'O
0
•rH ".
P OJ
fd ui
N C
•H -H •
rH rH ,C
rd Cn
H C 3
P -H O
3 H
0) >, 43
G 4-J p
•H
OJ 13 0)
R -H O
•HUG
rH tfl O
„ '
P
C
tfl
rH
ft
P
C
OJ
B
01
rH
43
id
as
43 <1)
O rH
>i -H ,Q
td 3 43
01 O
43 01 10
0) 0)
Ul 131 rH
C 13
in 3 01
0 rH H
PH ui rd
01
c
O
o
o
CN
X
o
o
H
01
43
G
0
B
CO
rH
1
CN
H
•H
B
rH 01
fO 43
P U
-H
ft t) P
fd c 01
U ra O
o
43 P
D! 01 rH
•H O id
53 U 0
f^l
UJ 13
C ft
OJ O C
43 SH o
3 ft-H
4-J
ti 01 OJ
O > 4->
O -H P
O Cn rd
O
O in •
in rH rH
0)
rH •
— Ul
rH Ul
W -H -H
[fi O Q
O
H OJ
B
• -rl
01 rH
•P SH
C 01 rH
OJ P (0
ft td c
ui 3 o
•H
M-t 0) 4-1
O 01 -H
C Tl
C -rl 13
0 M rd
• H
P T! T3
cd c -a
N 10 fd
•rH
rH 01 *.
nj IH tt
H 0
P 3 B
3 cr o)
0) -H 4-J
z •-< >-<
•
03
5—
"
P SH
r-H 0
3
O M
•rl OJ •
IH P rH
^W fd rH
•H 3 -rH
frj o) *4-l
13 C
C 0 td
fd P H
o
p
13
U
tfl
43 •
^
0) OJ
Cn P
•O cd
3 3
rH 01
u) 13
t
OJ
o
C
CO
c
01
•p
•H
id
B
O!
1
ft
c
o to
•H C
SH -H
01 OJ
P S C
id >. o
4J rH -H
•HOP
ft ft td
•HP
O •- C
OJ C OJ
SH O 6
ft H -H
4-J 13
o id en
4-1 S-l 01
01
P td •*.
c c
0) - O
fi cn H
•P C P
cd -H -H
U X 'O
'H -H 'O
•P B to
1
rH
•H
B •
3 Ul
3 3
O O
tO rH
> t-t
SH
43 0)
4-J 13
•H C
3 3
SH o
OJ
C G
OJ O
Cj 4J
•H rd
43 M
P P
' • "
«
S
~-^
Ul
fd
cd
0)
C
o
z
o
o
CN
><
O
0
rH
Ul
p
c
0
6
CN
rH
1
ID
.1
W 43
O P
O -H SH 01
0 3 0) 0
P -H
ra C co P
01 O 3 ffl
SH -H Vj
•rl P 01
3 fd 01 3
D1 G G 0
Q) -H -H rH
P4 •O H <
OJ Ul
S-l
0)
3 01
O C
rH -H
SH 01
OJ T3
P fd
id u
3 ui
id
0) U
01
C CO
A'l
+
u
Ul
0)
Ul
rd
3
rH
. -H
B
Cn
c
•H
rH
rH
O
"
13
rH
O
U
43
P
•rH
3
C
O
•H
cd
•H
•i
0
u
c
•.H
13
OJ
p
0)
4-J
OJ
CO
Ul
OJ
4-J
Ul
10
3
01
Ul
01
4-J
C
OJ
^
>,
rH
G
O
OJ
3
0
rH
rH
CO
13
cfl
•H
^_^
rH
*-*
.4
0)
4-J
3
OJ
01
c
• H
V4
0)
C
•H
rH
01
rH
O
•H
ft
01-
43
P
43
P
3
C
0
•H
P
CJ
G
3
•n
C
O
o
•H
T3
0)
4-J
rfl
OJ
P
01
•H
SM
p
id
3
Ul
•H
43
P
iH
QJ
43
|
O
Ul
rrl
O
o
43
CD
rj
14-1
10
Ul
ffl
43
01
a
•H
rH
0)
rH
'b
H
o.
144
H
^^
CN
Ul
Ul
•H
-M
o
QJ
>4H
'44
Q)
tn
G
•H
10
fd
W
o
•H
*M
o
M
Q)
'U
rH
o
(^
•H
•a
CU
n
•H !
l "^
I
* i
-------
TABLE 71
WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
PICKLING - HYDROCHLORIC ACID - CONCENTRATES & RINSES - ALTERNATE II
Treatment or Control Technologies
Identified under Item III of the
Scope of Work:
Investment
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation & Maintenance
Sludge
Disposal Costs: Acid
Energy & Power
Replacement Costs
Chemical Costs
Less Credit for Recovered
Acid and Iron Salts
TOTAL
e
A
$ 752,353
32,351
75,235
26,332
1,044,000
15,000
BPCTCA
1 B 1
$ 874,596
37,607
87,460
30,611
152,000
18,750
BATEA
I c |
$ 235,900
10,144
23,590
8,257
2,720
1-3,480
18,270
396,918
D
$1,211,188 $ 723,34-6 $ 78,191
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal./ton
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Oil and Grease, mg/1
Dissolved Iron, mg/1
£H
Resulting Effluent Levels
220
(1)
230
(1)
80
(1)
200-400
8-12%
<1
50
25
15
(2)
10
(2)
1.0
1.0
6-9
6-9
(1) If the plant has a wet fume hood scrubber system over the pickle tanks,
an additional load of 50 c_als./ton applies and is added to the flow shown.
(2) This load allowed only when these wastes are treated in combination with
cold rolling mill wastes.
356
-------
W
s
, 11
ij G n i:
en O n) n)
pt
G g
W H
01
-P
tt)
•a g
ss
hH1 -H
"
t?
tt)
rt
G
O
•H
4J
H-l tt)
G E
e£
a)
i— i
a
g
H
01
a
W O
tt) 4J
rH T3 Id
•Q G -P
O id-H
£ -H
>•
Jr>
01 -rl
4J *O *H
id G X!
jj id ,
O
H rH
o a
•a w
id i/i
•a
4J 0
G J3
c i
(d "^
tt)
r..
°1 rH
>J • -H tj
1 O 0 JJ rH O 'O <1)
a) cl JJ to rH rj fc
Cn -H 'O • I H T) JJ -H
nj d)T3i — i E *4-i QJ to 10
r-l £! as 10 -H m fl 0) 0) O
tfl VlO^ T3'3>C
00 C
6 6 .-jj
03 Tf r
rH CM ID
1 1 C
CM CO * -H
rH rH rH
• rH
H 10 1 O X -
"I rH 0) X O O
HH -H T3 >1 H' JJ JJ JJ • -H
>i JJOJ-tSG-HO)
cc tu<]jm(ij{uracjj^ii3to JJ
O-H eco>gton>(i>:x , -H
•did igScuojidcoioo)
OO lOjJrHJJia)HrHlO-Hll)j3 O
O jO
•P • -H
o o) s • J3
JJ 3 O J3 C B
TJ rH JJ O O
JJ |XICJJ -rlOCiHM-l CJ X
c-nra jJOJJdrHxin S
flJ^T3M 3Q*-H MCrajJ'P
gjjgra rH B JJ rH -H -rl C -H 01 >i
t/)SOHJJ O rH
>i IOB IM-OO-MUSB-H-rl
I^g^S a-SISitlcp o
OTJ (2(01 O C i~H * O •*-* *"" 1 *U
^ C ^ E ^.C^flJ^-HflS-l-J^ ^
Ofd?(0fd o-t-* r^c-POnpo1 -H
PiwfO4J§ cc^voU-ptMnn H
^
*=C en — •
05
01
0)
c
0)
•H
O
Q)
MH
C)
(Jl
G
•H
01
id
M
o
G
•H
O
k
•a
o
G
•o
0)
jj
01
•H
*
357
-------
TABLE 72
WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
COLD ROLLING - RECIRCULATION
Treat nent or Control Technologies
Identified under Item III of the
Scope of Work:
BPCTCA
BATEA
B
Investment
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation & Maintenance
Sludge Disposal
Energy & Power
Chemical Costs
TOTAL
$ 186,877 $ 267,588
8,035
18,688
6,541
1,958
525
11,501
26,759
9,365
1.392
9.750
2,590
$ 35,747 $ 61,357
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal./ton
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Oil and Grease, mg/1
Dissolved Iron, mg/1
PH ....
25
200
600
6-9
Resulting Effluent Levels
25
25
10
6-9
*This load allowed only when these wastes are treated in combination with
pickling rinses.
358
-------
W
w
CO O C5
SOW
O t-H1 EH
HOg
rf K «
K O ,3
WWW
O ^ Q
O Z K,
2 W
« EH W
< r< H
X W «
rH1 S O
W EH O
W W
EH Q EH
W 2 <
& A O
< O W
« EH
S EH r3j
« O W
H CJ «
O
U
W
EH
PQ
O
O
w
EH
u>
Jj
W
^
o
rH
-1
o
CO
H
id
4->
d
ii
6
iH
rl
d
w
i
MH
iq
' j
*"'( H-l
I ' £l f '
6 n) fl)
•H 1', 2
4-> -rl 4-1
frt £j T-f
>4 ft 4-1
a) ui
d ts d
u d o
o id u
M
(U
c\
4J
O £ r4
id a)
-P A -P
O EH (d
id &
g
H
•P
d
i
T) g
fl (1)
id SH
I-H* -H
i^
u
QJ
A
O
•rl
4-1
-P QJ
d g
0) -rl
g EH
o d
en oj .ri ID
d
•H
4-1
rH
3
U)
O
,4 -P P
•rH -p
4-1 >4 -rl
d u -P
CD 10
3 r4 d
rH O O
m MH cj
H
o
r Cent
loyed*
o a
^
fjj
nj to
-P O
a rd
QJ 4-1
rH
O ft
1
rH >1 1
H H W
O CO -H
SH 6 t3
stands
to pri:
direct
•d
43 0) «
Cn 4J G
3 U CO
O O
H M Cn
43 -H C
•P 13 -rH
fl) 01 g
O rH -H
C -H ,VI
O O ifl
T3 tP rH
C C H
CO -rH O
C
O
o
rH
4J
01
o
OJ
Oi
n
<0
43
O
359
,-!
i — 1 i — 1
•rl -H
01 ^
3 C rci
E Ti QJ
rH >H
01 0)
13 O >
•rH -P O
rH O
0 0 ID
U) Cn «
CJ
G
0
z
~
0
o
IN
01 X
QJ
H -
0 0
10 O
VD
n —
01
43
4-1
G
g
. H
•P O
C 'u
QJ ci IH
Be o
•rl
10 S Cl
o C ft
H Cl >\
6H 4-1 4->
.
43 C
-P O
•H -rH
S rH 4J
TZJ ft 0)
8O -P
n 4-1
O ft ca
o
in o •
CN rH rH
rH
* —
CJ
,
01
rH 01
CO -rt -rH
cn O Q
1
C 1 iH
SrH CO
H ft
T3 O OJ
S )H Ul
rH 01 rH
•""g-g
W IB
•O -P O
E 0) en
CO *H
4J 43 O
01 en T!
3 C
Cn O 3
G rH
•H 43 0
4-1 4J 4.'
CO 1
rH 0) 01
3 U rH
O G -H
H O O
• H
U t! en
01 C G
W 10 -H
«'
«
>a
T) a)
a) 6
4J -H
10 a
H rH
01 U
G 01.
•H r-H
u
•H O
CJ
43
4-1 -P
CO
-P T3
•0 G C
QJ OJ CO
•H 4-1 -P
0 CO G
O 01 CO
01 ^ rH
W 4J ft
(71
1
S3
ft
IH
M O
CO rH
O -H en
•H cO G
g -H
OJ ~ S
U O -rl
•H .*
•. 4J W
G CO
O rH QJ
•H 3 0
•P O CO
10 O MH
N O H
•H rH 3
rH IH 01
CO
3 - ~
O1 4-1 C
0) C O
f-rl
10
O « 4-1
•rH QJ O
4-) >H rH
CO 4J 4H
rH
•H
O
C
0)
ft
0)
rt)
VH
1
4-1
QJ
W
rH
(0
C
-H
UH
rH
10
-rl
H
CJ
CO
O
rH
MH
•a
CJ
rH
01
4-1
CJ
rH
CO
1
0
01
•§
01
5
•rH
S
o
ft
id
c
•H
en
c
•rH
rH
4-1
1
01
01
S
-p .
SB
G Cl
•rH 4-1
B
cO
OJ
4-1
in
o
4-1
OJ
en
LH
co
.C
0
01
•rH
•a
4J
c
Cl
3
a*
0)
IH
0'
4-
10
S
S
01
cO
CJ
01
G
•H
rH
OJ
C
•H
rH
Cl
rH
•H
ft
^r\
4J
•H
*
C
o
•rl
-P
CO
G
•§
o
o
G
•rl
•o
CJ
4J
CO
OJ
M
Cl
10
01
Cl
4J
01
10
f
(U
0}
Cl
4-1
f
01
•g
rH
§
1
rH
rH
10
•O
CO
O
rH
01
•H
^
rH
W
CD
(^
> i
•H
4-1
O
QJ
*W
m
CD
d
•H
Ul
id
M
o
•rl
-------
TABLE 73
WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
COLD ROLLING - COMBINATION
T:-eatmf it or Control Technologies
Identified under Item III of the
Scope of Work:
BPCTCA
BATEA
Investment
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation & Maintenance
Sludge Disposal
Energy & Power
Chemical Costs
TOTAL
$ 242.245 $1,055,013
10,416
24,225
8,479
15,670
3,000
45,366
105^501
36,925
11,143
60,000
20,732
$
61,790
$ 279,667
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal./ton
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Oil and Grease, mg/1
Dissolved Iron, mg/1
PH
Resulting Effluent Levels
400 400
120
360
6-9
25
10
1*
6-9
*This load allowed only when these wastes are treated in combination with
pickling rinses.
360
-------
*3*
•"
H
rl
m
EH
W
w
H
a
rH O
w u u
2; o w
O I-H1 EH
H O r<
EH 8 0
<; ffi CQ
K U D
w w co
AJ EH
0 Q
EH a
S W
M g W
W EH W
ri flj H
r^ W C^
,4 3 o
W EH O
W W
EH Q EH
w g rf
KC O
Q
S ^ Q
f? O H
!?; EH r<
O 2; ij
H 8 S
05
O
fn
C
o
-H
4-1
10
U
rH
ft
ft
ft,
4J
O
01
)H
•H
a
i
Cn
C
-rf
rH
o
*
U
o
u
K
O
W
EH
U
§
W
K
O
H
EH
U
I/I
111 'N P
i> r. i-i i:
w o id a)
t -H f • p
g 4J -H p
Id M -H
O M Ai 4J
rH 0) U)
H c TJ c:
O (U r! O
ui o fd u
H
4J 0)
d j^
0) 4->
E o ct n
6 4J ,« 4-1
M O EH id
H f(j ^£
> Oi
C E
W H
I
CD
C ol
(d SH
tH* 'H
^
D"
0)
O
•H
4J
i
G g
0) -H
_Ij
P4
G
H
w
01 O
0) 4-)
I-H 13 id
X) d 4->
O CS-rl
M c;
PXi -H
>-l
>,
01 -H
D rH
4J 13 -H
0 C
tn 0) -H <1J
G .-4 4J 3
•H -rl 4J
4J 4-> H -H
H a CJ 4-1
p Q) U)
W 3 (H G
0) rH O O
fr) ij | tj j r^i
rH
O
•»-> -x
c -a
O 0>
c.) >i
o
o a.
TJ W
c
(rt (/)
•a
4J O
c .a
01 tn
4J o) ol tn
O 3 O C
Z "0 O -H
o
01
o ai S
4J 3 0
^ 13 rH
O 01
ai 4-i a)
r~i 01 CT>
3 ft 3
W 3 01
rH|
\ o en
tP 0 0 1
rH
ra O ft
01
Cn H m
G -rl 10
•rl O 43
rH O
rH >* 01
O H -rl
rH fO 13
1*H -rH 4-1
OHO
ft 01
01 n
in >I-H
3 rQ 13
A 13 13
tn 01 c
3 s to .
O O 6
.C rH C 01
4J O -H >n
1 KH g 4J
D §01
O rH -rl
H -H .* O
O O tn 4J
rf
o
fTl i — 1 •
. -rl 13
4J H o 13 at
01 rH 01 B
3 -H 13 4-1 -rl
B *H o) 10 to
13 M M -H
01 C 01 01 O
13 10 > C 01
•H rH O -H H •
rH O O
O 0 0) C !H
I/} 4-1 K -rl O
0)
a
o
2
o
o
(N
01 x
0)
u o
to o
n ^
tn
,c
c
i
^f
(N
1
CO
1 OJ
01 X
13 >l r-f 4-1 4-1
J3 -H 10
4J O 4-1 13
c 13 -one
B C o > B
4J -H -H 4J 4J
01 6 ft O 0) 10
E-t 4J 4-1 M 4-1 ft
,
S C
4-1 O
-H -H
S n 4-1
01 G
•O ft 01
8O 4-1
M 4J
O ft 10
o cn
in o • i
CM rH rH ID
iH~
' (11
fe
01
rH 01
t/1 -H -H It!
co o a ft
•O 1 rH
c to 01 to
tO rH o -H
3 iO IH
W rH * U MH 01
-rl O O O 3 10
O -H rH 01 E
O -P IH
tn ty to fc ty
G \4 N - C C
•»H 01 -rl 4-1 O -rH
rH 13 rH G -H 4J
rH C tO 01 4-1 fO
O 3 3 B tO O
IH t^ 4J 4-1 H
O 01 .10 O >tH
43 4J 01 -H
tyi ^ VI 14-1 IH
3 in G 4J O
O rH O H
V4 -H -H rH -H tn
-U tO O -H
o a S a o -H
C »H 01 ,C -H X
m
-
•
o
4-1 •
+J C B
C -HO)
0) HI 4-1
ft n 13 tn
01 fO 01 >i
rH W '
01 tn ai
4J rH 4J 01
>H O B 4-1
S
«. 0)
c ?
O tO
o
to 01
c -a
H
4-1
Cn C
c o)
•H 3
i — 1 D1
4J 01
4J 0)
01 fl
01 E*
rH 10
c S S
•H -H 4-1
.
in
01
4J
to
01
jj
tn
tO
01
in
C
.,H
M
tt)
G
-H :
H
01
, — i
X
-H
ft
Si
4J
•rl
I
4-1
tO
C
••i
O
u
c
-H
•a
o
4-1
tO
01
-------
TABLE 74
WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
COLD ROLLING - DIRECT APPLICATION
Treatment or Control Technologies
Identified under Item III of the
Scope of Work:
BPCTCA
BATEA
B
Investment
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciatic-a
Operation & Maintenance
Sludge Disposal
Energy & Power
Chemical Costs
TOTAL
$ 269,856 $1,083,235
11,603
26,986
9,445
19,500
3,750
46,579
108.323
37.913
13,920
60,000
25,792
$ 71,284 $ 292,527
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal./ton
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Oil and Grease, mg/1
Dissolved Iron, mg/1
PH
Resulting Effluent Levels
1000 1000
80
200
6-9
25
10
1*
6-9
*This load allowed only when these wastes are treated in combination with
pickling rinses.
362
-------
in
r~
W
CQ
EH
W
H
A
>H O
W CJ O
E5 O H
0 J EH
H 0 rf
EH 2 U
rt w m
K CJ D
M W W
Pn EH
O Q
r . ey-
o z 9
B W
H S W
K EH W
g < H
rH S O
W EH CD
W W
EH Q EH
W g rtj
Q
!3 (-3 Q
i^ O K
K EH
2; EH <
O Z >-3
« 0 W
H CJ K
f-jt
O
h
^^
1 '
c
•rl
N
•H
p
rH
10
CJ
1
CO
c
-H
4J
10
O
U
4-1
O
33
tH
K
O
O
W
EH
U
pq
D
W
£
O
U
W
EH
U
C) !"• i I '
I' C-! S I ! '.
CO O t'i 01
id -H i i :-J
lu 4-J -i 1 4-1
rd Vi -rH
C5 JH fl. U
HO) CO
-H c ru >:
o & c o
w o m cj
-H
US' M
4-1 OJ
OJ 4->
K 0 « H
G rd CD
O 4-> X 4->
SH O EH rd
H rd £:
j> pj
C 6
W H
CO
4->
(D
•d g
n CD
fd V4
|4 -H
rj
tr
OJ
A.
O
rd
4-1 OJ
f-H &
0) -H
Ei EH
3
rH
Pi
g
H
W
C
10. O
0) -P
rH rfl rd
43 (3 4->
O rd -H
!H g
ft -H
t-3
>-
-P
CO -H
.p rfH, -H
rd £ 43
4J id rd
W -H
rH
OJ
«
1 CO
l|H rH rH CO
W 0) rd 4->
> 0 G
t7> OJ -ri OJ
fi H! -P 3
•H -r) 4->
4J 4-1 >H -H
•H « CJ 4->
30) W
CO P )H C
CD rH O O
O
£_l
4J -X
C1 n"1
O QJ
0 >,
o
VH r~4
O (X
X. 6
•O H
C
rd W
•a
4-> O
£ 42
4) 4J
BS
td
a)
E-i
CD
HI
O
c
o
T)
CD
•H
3
u
^
QJ
C
o
in
4J
c
o
E
CM
1
rH
,_j
O
c
o
u
c
Q)
3
QJ
•H
3
QJ
rHiO
x o
OTCM
E 1
0
CM
rH
to
in
QJ
i
rH
O
>
rl
QJ
4J
10
s
CD
4-1
tn
10
O
U
<
"&
•H
C Q)
tO 4-)
tO
•• -H
H CD
m -H
QJ
c"P 0
tO 4-1
^
QJ C
> 0
(0 -H
4-1
CD C
> QJ
O 4-1
10 10
in CM
1 1
in o
CM H
•H SH
O U
>1
rl C3
CD O
> -H
O 4->
U (3
QJ QJ
in 4-1
4-1
4-1 10
3
O rH
tn 10
10 -rl
H 0
TJ CU
ft
CTi CO
(3
•H TJ
TJ c
•H 10
>
O •-
M in
D, P
•H
x a
43 3
TJ
to
o
Q)
en •
tO 4J
U 3
co in
-H Q)
TJ H
CD
QJ -H
0 4-1
C U
QJ HH
4-1 QJ
C
io o
B
1 1 1
O in H
CO O U
1
10
-^ rl -P
rH CJ C
10 4-J CD
10 3
UH 3 tr*
O QJ QJ
4-J in
C in 43
O to 3
•H !•: CO
O O .c3
dJ -H 4-1
rH TJ -H
rH -H S
0 U
D 10 -
CO
QJ Tl C
P C O
ftj fO H
SH -P
tO dl 3
ft 13 t-l
dJ H O
CO rH CO
m
rd
c
rci
in >, C
TJ rH -H
K rl -P
3 W
O to *
ft ri u
e H c
O H H
U ft N
•O
dJ
CO
rj
dJ dl
43 SH
dJ
4-> 43
0 S
tj QJ
C CO
(0 rH
O dl
SH
d)
1 ft
C 0
>* -H V4
fO iO ft
4-1 U4
CO tO O
4-1 Q) 4J
CO J< C
IB (tf DJ
M
O
HH
0) C
T! -H
•H rH
> 4-J
O 4J
VI Q)
ft in
o in
•H r^ 01
1 l l
m in »XJ
rH
M C
O N
4-1 4-1
OCX
H EH ft
,
nj T3
4J C
•H tO
TJ ft
dl -H CO
C U rH
•H QJ tO
6 SH 4-1
M ft QJ
Q) E
QJ 0 TJ
TJ l*H d)
dl >
rl S rH
ft O O
rH CO
44 rH CO
O 10 -rl
tj> O
C P I4H
rl O
TJ CO
c. s c
d) O O
rH rH -H
43 UH 4J
CO
.p
rH
CO
TJ
to
d)
rH
,
,
'
o .
•rl 4-1
4-1 H
to 3
Vl U
O IH
rH -H
<
tn
c
•H
, — (
4-1
4-1
Q)
, - 3
CO G C
O -r<
C -rl 4-1
o -P n
•H 10 O
4-J rH U
en
1
in k£>
c
N
4-1
O 35
EH ft
CO
CO
OJ
§
?*
H
4->
O
-------
il_^
•0
O
3
C
•H
4J
C
o
—
in
^
W
m
<
EH
W
W
H
>H O
WOO
sow
O i-q EH
M O ri!
EH ,3 O
<; IB cq
K 0 D
WWW
PJ EH
0 Q
O J2J ^
S M
t^ EH W
g fqj j— (
^ M PH
rJ K 0
W EH O
W W
EH Q EH
CO S rf
rtl 0
Q
K r^ Q
f^ O W
« EH
.3 EH <;
O K rl
« O W
H O K
rv
O
--^
r-H
tP
C
•-H
•H
c
fd
rH
U
CO
IP
C
-rl
4-1
tO
O
U
-p
o
o
o
H
EH
U
m
D
K
O
O
W
EH
t'J
0) >!-!'
I" fl rl C
(A O id rc; 4-1
M U EH Id
rH Id S
> 0*
a g
W H
01
4-)
(1)
vy
•0 g
a.
01 -H
3 rH
4J -d -H
id d-Q
-P rd id
W *ri
H
QJ
K
\ 01
4H rH r-H lfl
W a) rd 4->
> o a
tn a) -H CD
C H! -P 3
•H -H 4J
4-1 4-> M -H
rH £ O 4->
3 CD 01
in 3 M £
0) rH O O
K MH m cj
H
O
4J *
6 QJ
U >,
O
o "a
•a W
id in
4J 0
d) 4J
H •§
fO
E-'
c
•rl
CO •
tO CN
cu B
E cu
tO 4-1
C/J H
tn o TI
13 ^4 tp tp OJ
3 O C T3
H IK 4J *. -H ^
tn to r-i ^ rd
OJ 3 r-t U 3
W iH !&J H fO Cn
QJ ^5 4-1(1) •
!-l (tJ TD r-H (D 4->
1 UJ 4-' C CO CU
X 10 -P 3 O C rl
W S fO ro u -H -P
rHl CN
X. O rH CTl
tp in o • • 1
B 1 lfd-rl
CPCOX14-1 CU OJ •— 1 &-I-P
C 6 S O 4J C
•rlrrJlHCJ OftrHQ
cn O O B S-i 'H H u
CO -H O rH 43 '4H
HJ34JrHMHO4-l TI
rj C CCUCO*
coiHco soorostp
O Q)C03H-H>OC
CJ 4J4J4-lCJ^rl[^
OJ " fO ft H -H O OJ H
OUS-IOJ H-H-PCCO
CUO4-)CO-HajlOrd rH
CO Q) (0 fO CO ^ r- 1 T5 IH ^
a
•
CO
n
0)
tO
en
-rl
IH
cu
C
•H
rH
C
•H
N
-rl
C
CO
rH
CO
CU
43
4J
r<
4J
-rl
C
o
4-1
o
c
3
•r-i
C
O
o
G
-rt
-
OJ "
4->
CO
OJ
OJ
£)
O
QJ
10
CO
CU
CO
OJ
-p
CO
tO
s
cu
CO
OJ
4-1
M
OJ
i
u
CO
0
o
43
i
cp
CO
CO
10
4:
CU
C
•H
rH
C
•rl
N
•rl
C
10
rH
10
OJ
r-1
V
H
„
•—
i
i
i
01
(U
4J
O
a)
iij
Q)
C
01
id
M
o
G
•H
0
J
•3
o
c
•H
t)
0)
4J
in
•H
•K
364
-------
TABLE 75
WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
HOT COATINGS - GALVANISING
Treatment or Control Technologies
Identified under Item III o^ the
Scope of Work:
Investment 9
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation r-. Maintenance
Sludge Disposal .
Energy & Power
Oil Disposal
Chemical Costs
TOTAL £_
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal./ton (With No Scrubber)
(With Fume Scrubber)
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Oil and Grease, mg/1
Chromium, Total, mg/1
Chromium, Cr+6, mg/1
Zinc, mg/1 ^^
BPCTCA
25,169
58,533
20,436
7,500
9.718
BATEA
I I
$ 585,333 $ 225,995 $ 193,336
8.314
22,599
7,909
2,250
2,548
16,092
$ 111,688 $ 61,116 $ 38,421
193,333
6.767
257
3.750
Resulting Effluent Levels
600
1200
600
1200
600
1200
120-200
25-75
12-16
10-12
75-140
2-6
50-100
15-30
5-10
4-6
15-75
3-5
50
15
0.02
100
250
25
10
0.1
0.02
6-9
6-9
365
-------
CO
SH O
WOO
2 O W
O a EH
H O rf
EH 2 O
rf a m
t« u D
H w w
&i EH
O Q
2 W
H 2 W
« EH W
rij rt] H
s w «;
IH S O
W EH O
w w
EH Q E-i
M 2 O
< U
O
S i-J. Q
r^ O W
B; E-I
O S J
« O H
M CJ 2
K
o
o
o
w
w
o
o
w
§
i
PCM
Ul O IB
IB -H E
S 4J -rH
IB M
tJ rl Ol
rH OJ
H C, t)
owe
10 O tO
-1
IB >H
JJ (U
(1) 4J
e o G
G 18
O 4J JS
M O EH
rl IB
> D.
c e
H H
T3
G
!B
. IH
C
O
V>
(B
4J
G
E5
0)
a
1— |
CQ
Ei
r-t T3
rO C
O IB
m
to
3
(B G
4J IB
W
1 01
MH rH rH
W 01 (8
> 0
tn a) -H
G rH 4J
•H -H
-M 4-1 rl
rH G U
3 (1)
to 3 SH
Q) rH O
ctj m tj-i
*
M
L)
8
M
o
X.
•O
C
(B
4J
G
01
H-1
(B
Vj
EH
111
4J
111
3
JJ
-nl
4J
U)
C
o
u
M
a)
-P
to
S
w
•i
C
tt)
a)
rl
•rl
3
0)
(U
•rl
EH
W
G
f.
• rl
_p
(0
4J
•rl
C
*"^
"
4J
"rH
_Q
[ Relia!
10
4J
G
0)
3
-p
•iH
4->
w
0
u
•Jc
0)
b
rH
1
Ul
•a
Metho
0)
c
o
^
01
c
0
•z
•0
01
•ri
Cfi
HI
01
I
I/>
5
c
S
IN
rH
O
rl
•P C
c S
0
o -
in
C rH
01 -ri
43 id
3 UH
,
B 01
3 *>
rH O
O D
rl
0) P
P 3
ftf O
S en
,
U 43
<
43 tJ
•ri 0
43 rH
01 01
-P en •
id IH in
•ri Id P
•O 43 rH
01 O 3
E ui in
K -ri 01
•rl T3 £l
t
•ri VI
« o
G iw a)
>
tion to
te nance
effecti
o
• in
CN IN Crt
1 1 1
o o ii>
• rH
rH
0< CO
rH rH
id id
P P
O O ffi
EH H a
C
O P
•ri C IH
P 111 O
C B
01 ft in
P -ri Ul
p g o
Id 0' H
rH O
id tn u
•ri O 3
O "O
ft 0 H
l/l 15
id O
•d ri -P
f3 Ql
(d JJ T)
r: 01
— -H t:
ui id 0'
P C -H
•H U)
ft O 0)
y 4-» ru
•
control
.
tn
C
O
•H
1J
'o
in
rH
rH
•ri
S
in
o>
-Cn
-a
3
rH
Ul
B
0
Ul
i
0
01
n
0
id
rH
in
|
O
B
if
n
01
4J
M
P
C
rl
01
MH
U-l
•ri
O
Jg
•ri
id
o
o
rH
O
in
U)
1
^
rH
id
0
C
o
•ri
JJ
0
01
rH
rH
O
JJ
id
id
ft
01
Ul
«
1 U
o 'c
id id
i
Id -rl Id
rl > B
0) TH
(3 'O Ul
O C 01
en -rH 4J
in
IH iw id
O o Is
01
0
C Id rl
O ft O
ft Ul HH
-o -a
depends
time an
provide
m
o • in
fl rH rH
I I i
in m in
rH r~
t
o
XI C
o< u)
• •
rH JJ JJ
•rl O O
O EH EH
rl P
01 C T3
JJ 0) (1)
id 3 C
S O* -rl
01 0) E
P Ul H
in X) 01
id P JJ
S in a)
0 43 '(U
•ri P Vl
TJ -ri r.
•ri S
o m
id * o
in
c o c
Id -ri -rl
P "U
a) 3 C
(3 rH 01
•ri O rH
•H in ft
o
-S^
N id
0)
>1t-<
rH
•ri T3
M C
id id
E;
rl -H
P4 JJ
01
)4
01
43
Ul
rH
01
,
1H
o
(3 rH
OJ in
C tl
•ri 01
id ft
4J O
4-1 rl
Cn
settlin
en
1
a:
•ri W
ft rH
•H id
O JJ
01 01
0^
rl 01
O >
o
£ U)
o in
rH -H
•a*
6
E i)
3 4-1
W H
^^
„
O
o
0)
\M X
u
fti -
o
^ o
X rri
in
5
Q
B '
n
i
rH
O
01
•S
13 Ul
0) P
•o in
'D O
<. U
i
Good , i
pro perl
o in
in rH
rH
U) -ri
Ul O
tn
c
•ri
•- rH
rl P
01 P
E 0)
>, in
rH
O T3
S >
10 C
O
»• -ri
PO P
10
§3
P O
i-H 0
O
O rH
U
•O
01
c
mai.ltai
m c\
o m 10
S c
• •
p P
O O K
EH EH ft
rH
•rl
O
Ul
§
O
•H
P
C
o
u
43
P •
•H tj>
S C
Ul -ri
id X
XI m
Ul
rl
01
P
10
*
01
c
•ri
"
01
•ri
""H
01
5
43
P
43
^
S
O
•H
p
c
3
•n
C
U
•ri
ni
id
01
p|
r>
O
P
01
I.
ftf
wastes
-*
1
rl
O
in
o
5
•*-*
B
IW
frt
in
to
43
01
C
•ri
rH
H
-------
•a
, 4J
iJ i: M r:
w o ai Q)
(0 -H |5 3
;:-: 4J -H 4-1
iO !4 -H
d -VJ ft 4J
H (U Ul
H d 'd d
0 0 C O
10 O rO U
H
10 rH
4-> 0)
0) 4-1
e o d M
d in o>
O 4-* XI 4-1
M O EH «
rH Id &
> ft
d B
W H
01
-P
0)
-d e
d a)
fO M
1-3 -H
3
(D
«
(-J
o
4J
rO
4J 0)
d G
0) -rH
g EH
(1)
, — |
ft
g
H
0}
d
01 O
E -H
3 4J
•H tJ n3
,-Q £ 4->
O eti -H
n e
ft *«H
r-1
^.
4J
01 -H
3 rH
4J r^ -H
m d X!
4J CO Ifl
W -rj
r-H
0)
1 01
M-l rH r-H 01
ulting E
ent Leva
Critica
stituent
01 3 M d
01 i-H O O
A "4-1 <4-l O
.
o
-P *
£* nj
o a)
C.1 >,
o
H rH
O ft
•a w
d
id 01
•d
-P O
d rC
tt) 4->
E CO Id 5
(U C 01 O ,C 3 O>
Q3H4JSB'0 0)
C
•^ H
o
o a)
IN C
X rH
O
rl - w («
fit u o 6 'O
•H -H tO H M
tP 'O Ul -P n3 O
-H C O O U -H Q>
rc to u tx tn 4-> x>
rj . O
1
Q> T3 O -P ^3 nJ -P
3 1 ti § 8 -S is §
0)
(I)
r-l in X!
\ (N 4->
tji in o . I
E CVJ H O IN VD ••
rl
(1)
XI R "B
fi W M
(J
> • U)
rH 4-> 4J
W -H O O EC TI
W O EH H ft O
2
M ^ G)
QJ TJ 1 O 1 B
45 Q) -H in -H - 1 3
IJ^TJTjlMCrHi 4-1
fSrHtUrtJdiiH-H'OrH (Tj
O rH U 4J a -H
tPtOj3-HE-rH^O W
C rH 3 *• T3 (tf
C O r-| 4-1 -rH O Q)
•MCOfttCUOG -H
OJ 0) OJ 4J E3 -H -H rH
O 6 E-H f^'H >i4J-P
'O 3 -(-) > -H QJ -H (tt C Q)
O 4J D4 C *M C tJ
^WrHul^^W-iHE-H ^
OU^-i(Di— IJJ^UlG 4J
(DujJlOO-POUO-r-l IW
• P
Q — •
W
Ul
ifectiver
M-1
cu
tn
d
•rH
01
10
a>
o
•H
-------
TABLE 76
WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
STEEL INDUSTRY
HOT COATINGS - TERNE
treatment or Control Technologies
Ide-itif ie i under Item III of the
Scope of Work:
Invescment
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation & Maintenance
Sludge Disposal
Energy & Power
Oil Disposal
Chemical Costs
TOTAL
Effluent Quality:
Effluent Constituents
Parameters - units
Flow, gal./ton (With No Scrubber)
(With Fume Scrubber)
Suspended Solids, mg/1
Oil and Grease, mg/1
Lead, mg/1
Tin, mg/1
PH
A
$ 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$ o
r) 600
1200
120-200
25-75
1.2-2.0
10-30
2-6
BPCTCA
1 B
$ 585,333 $
25,169
58,533
20,486
7,500
$ 111,688 $
C 1 1
208,538 $
8,967
20,854
7,299
1,500
2,548
12,124
53,292 $
Resulting Effluent Levels
600 600
1200 1200
50-100
15-30
0.75-1.5
5-15
3-5
50
15
0.5
5
6-9
BATEA
D I
193,336
8,314
.19,333
6,767
257
3,750
38,421
100
250
25
10
0.25
2
6-9
368
-------
SECTION IX
EFFLUENT QUALITY ATTAINABLE THROUGH THE
APPLICATION OF THE BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
The effluent limitations which must be achieved July 1, 1977
are to specify the effluent quality attainable through the
application of the Best Practicable Control Technology
Currently Available. Best Practicable Control Technology
Currently Available is generally based upon the average of
the best existing performance by plants of various sizes,
ages, and unit processes within the industrial subcategory.
This average is not based upon a broad range of plants
within the steel industry, but based upon performance levels
achieved by plants purported by the industry or by
regulatory agencies to be equipped with the best treatment
facilities. Experience demonstrated that in some instances
these facilities were exemplary only in the control of a
portion of the waste parameters present. In those
industrial categories where present control and treatment
practices are uniformly inadequate, a higher level of
control than any currently in place may be required if the
technology to achieve such higher level can be practicably
applied by July 1, 1977.
Conversely, where limitations based on the "average of the
best plants" would involve the application of a technology
not considered at this time to be cost-effective, the BPCTCA
limitations were set on the basis of the application of
other technologies which were considered to be cost-
effective. For example, filtration following clarification
increases the capital investment in a manner which is
disproportionate to the additional solids removal achieved.
Considerations must also be given to:
1. The size and age of equipment and facilities involved
2. The processes employed
3. Non-water quality environmental impact (including energy
requirements)
H. The engineering aspects of the application of various
types of control techniques
369
-------
5. Process changes
6. The total cost of application of technology in relation
to the effluent reduction benefits to be achieved from such
application
Also, Best Practicable Control Technology Currently
Available emphasizes treatment facilities at the end of a
manufacturing process, but includes the control technologies
within the process itself when the latter are considered to
be normal practice within an industry.
A further consideration is the degree of economic and
engineering reliability which must be established for the
technology to be "currently available." As a result of
demonstration projects, pilot plants and general use, there
must exist a high degree of confidence in the engineering
and economic practicability of the technology at the time of
commencement of construction or installation of the control
facilities.
RATIONALE FOR SELECTION OF BPCTCA
The following paragraphs summarized factors that were
considered in selecting the categorization, water use rates,
level of treatment technology, effluent concentrations
attainable by the technology, and hence the establishment of
the effluent limitations for BPCTCA.
Size and Age of Facilities and Land Availability.
Considerations
As discussed in Section IV, the age and size of steel
industry facilities has little direct bearing in the
quantity or quality of wastewater generated. Thus, the ELG
for a given subcategory of waste source applies equally to
all plants regardless of size or age. Land availability for
installation of add-on treatment facilities can influence
the type of technology utilized to meet the ELG's. This is
one of the considerations which can account for a range in
the costs that might be incurred.
Consideration of Processes Employed
All plants in a given subcategory use the same or similar
production methods, giving similar discharges. There is no
evidence that operation of any current process or subprocess
will substantially affect capabilities to implement the best
practicable control technology currently available. At such
time that new processes appear imminent for broad
370
-------
application, the ELGs should be amended to cover these new
sources. No changes in process employed are envisioned as
necessary for implementation of this technology for plants
in any subcategory. The treatment technologies to achieve
BPCTCA are end-ofprocess methods which can be added onto the
existing treatment facilities.
Consideration of Non-Water Quality Environmenta1 Impact
Impact of Proposed Limitations on Air Quality. The
increased use of recycle systems has the potential for
increasing the loss of volatile substances to the
atmosphere. Recycle systems are so effective in reducing
wastewater volumes, and hence waste loads, to and from
treatment systems, and in reducing the size and cost of such
treatment systems that a trade-off must be accepted.
Recycle systems requiring the use of cooling towers have
contributed significantly to reductions of effluent loads,
while contributing only minimally to air pollution problems.
Careful operation of these systems can avoid or minimize air
pollution problems.
Impact of Proposed Limitations on Solid Waste Problems.
Consideration has also been given to the solid waste aspects
of water pollution controls. The processes for treating the
wastewaters from this industry produce considerable volumes
of sludges. Much of this material is inert iron oxide which
can be reused profitably in melting operations. Other
sludges not suitable for reuse must be disposed of to
landfills, since they are mainly chemical precipitates which
could be little reduced by incineration. Being
precipitates, they are by nature relatively insoluble and
nonhazardous substances requiring minimal custodial care.
In order to ensure long-term protection of the environment
from harmful constituents, special consideration of disposal
sites should be made. All landfill sites should be selected
so as to prevent horizontal and vertical migration of these
contaminants to ground or surface waters. In cases where
geologic conditions may not reasonably ensure this, adequate
mechanical precautions (e.g., impervious liners) should be
taken to ensure long-term protection to the environment. A
program of routine periodic sampling and analysis of
leachates is advisable. Where appropriate, the location of
solid hazardous materials disposal sites should be
permanently recorded in the appropriate office of legal
jurisdiction.
Impact of Proposed Limitations on Energy. Requirements. The
effect of water pollution control measures on energy
371
-------
requirements has also been determined. The additional
energy required in the form of electric power to achieve the
effluent limitations proposed for BPCTCA and BATEA amounts
to less than 3X of the 51.6 billion kwh of electrical energy
used by the steel industry in 1972.
The enhancement to water quality management provided by
these proposed effluent limitations substantially outweighs
the impact on air, solid waste, and energy requirements.
Consideration of the Engineering Aspects of the Application
of Various Types of Control Techniques
The level of technology selected as the basis for BPCTCA
limitations is considered to be practicable in that the
concepts are proven and are currently available for
implementation, and may be readily applied as "add-ons" to
existing treatment facilities.
Consideration of Process Changes
No in-process changes will be required to achieve the BPCTCA
limitations, although recycle water quality changes may
occur as a result of efforts to reduce effluent discharge
rates. Many plants are employing recycle, cascade uses, or
treatment and recycle as a means for minimizing water use
and the volume of effluents discharged. The limitations are
load limitations (unit weight of pollutant discharged per
unit weight of product) only, and not volume or
concentration limitations. The limitations can be achieved
by extensive treatment of large flows; however, an
evaluation of costs indicates that the limitations can
usually be achieved most economically by minimizing effluent
volumes.
Consideration of Costs Versus Effluent Reduction Benefits
In consideration of the costs of implementing the BPCTCA
limitations relative to the benefits to be derived, the
limitations were set at values which would not result in
excessive capital or operating costs to the industry.
To accomplish this economic evaluation, it was necessary to
establish the treatment technologies that could be applied
to each subcategory in an add-on fashion, the effluent
qualities attainable with each technology, and the costs.
In order to determine the added costs, it was necessary to
define what treatment processes were already in place and
currently being utilized by most of the plants within a
372
-------
given subcategory. This was established as the reference
level of treatment.
Treatment systems were then envisioned which, as add-ons to
existing facilities, would achieve significant waste load
reductions. Capital and operating costs for these systems
were then developed for the average size facility. The
average size was determined by dividing the total industry
production by the number of operating facilities. The
capital costs were developed from a quasi-detailed
engineering estimate of the cost of the components of each
of the systems. The annual operating cost for each of the
facilities was determined by summing the capital recovery
(basis ten year straight line depreciation) and capital use
(basis 7% interest) charges, operating and maintenance
costs, chemical costs, and utility costs.
Cost effectiveness diagrams were then prepared to show the
pollution reduction benefits derived relative to the costs
incurred. As expected, the diagrams show an increasing cost
for treatment per percent reduction obtained as the percent
of the initial pollutional load remaining decreased. The
BPCTCA limitations were set at the point where the costs per
percent pollutant reduction took a sharp break upward toward
higher costs per percent of pollutant removed. These cost
effectiveness diagrams are presented in Section X.
The initial capital investment and annual expenditures
required of the industry to achieve BPCTCA were developed by
multiplying the costs (capital or annual) for the average
size facility by the number of facilities operating for each
subcategory. These costs are summarized in Table 108 in
Section X.
After selection was made of the treatment technology to be
designated as one means to achieve the BPCTCA limitations
for each subcategory, a sketch of each treatment model was
prepared. The sketch for each subcategory is presented
following the table presenting the BPCTCA limitations for
the subcategory.
IDENTIFICATION Of BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
CTORENTLY AVAILABLE - BPCTCA
Based on the information contained in Sections III through
VIII of this report, a determination has been made that the
quality of effluent attainable through the application of
the Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available
is as listed in Tables 77 throug 92. These tables set forth
373
-------
the ELGs for the following process subcategories of the
steel industry:
I. Hot Forming Primary
II. Hot Forming Section
III. Hot Forming Flat
IV. Pipe and Tubes
V. Pickling - Sulfuric Acid - Batch Concentrated
VI. Pickling - Sulfuric Acid - Batch Rinse
VII. Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrated -
Alternate I
VIII. Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid - Rinses - Alternate I
IX. Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrates and
Rinses - Alternate II
X. Cold Rolling - Recirculation
XI. Cold Rolling - Combination
XII. Cold Rolling - Direct Application
XIII. Hot Coatings - Galvanizing
XIV. Hot Coatings - Terne
In establishing the subject guidelines, it should be noted
that the resulting limitations or standards are applicable
to aqueous waste discharge only, exclusive of noncontact
cooling waters. In the section of this report which
discusses control and treatment technology for the iron and
steelmaking industry as a whole, a qualitative reference has
been given regarding "the environmental impact other than
water" for the subcategories investigated.
The effluent guidelines established herein take into account
only those aqueous constituents considered to be major
pollutants in each of the subcategories investigated. In
general, the critical parameters were selected for each
subcategory on the basis of those waste constituents known
to be generated in the specific manufacturing process, and
also known to be present in sufficient quantitiy to be
inimical to the environment. Certain general parameters,
such as suspended solids, naturally include the oxides of
iron and silica, however, these latter specific constituents
were not included as critical parameters, since adequate
removal of the general parameter (suspended solids) in turn
provides for adequate removal of the more specific
parameters indicated. This does not hold true when certain
of the parameters are in the dissolved state; however, in
the case of iron oxides generated in the iron and
steelmaking processes, they are for the most part insoluble
in the relatively neutral effluents in which they are
contained. The absence of apparent less important
parameters from the guidelines in no way endorses
unrestricted discharge of same.
374
-------
The recommended effluent limitations guidelines for BPCTCA
resulting from this study are summarized in Tables 77 to 92.
These tables also list the control and treatment technology
applicable or normally utilized to reach the constituent
levels indicated. These effluent limitations proposed
herein are by no means the absolute lowest values attainable
(except where no discharge of process wastewater pollutant
is recommended) by the indicated technology, but moreover
they represent values which can be readily controlled around
on a day by day basis.
It should be noted that these effluent limitations represent
values not to be exceeded by any 30 continuous day average.
The maximum daily effluent loads per unit of production
should not exceed these values by a factor of more than
three. In the absence of sufficient performance data from
the industry to establish these factors on a statistical
basis, the factor of three was chosen in consideration of
the operating variations allowed for in selecting the 30
continuous day average limitations.
DISCUSSION BY SUBCATEGOJIES
The rationale used for developing the BPCTCA effluent
limitations guidelines is summarized below for each of the
subcategories. All effluent limitations guidelines are
presented on a "gross" or absolute basis since for the most
part, removals are relatively independent of initial
concentrations of contaminants. The ELGs are in kilograms
of pollutant per metric ton of product or in pounds of
pollutant per 1,000 Ibs of product and in these terms only.
The ELGs are not a limitation on flow, type of technology to
be utilized, or concentrations to be achieved. These items
are listed only as a guide to show the basis for the ELGs
and may be varied as the discharger desires so long as the
ELG loads per unit of production are met.
Hot Forming - Primary
Following is a summary of the factors used to establish the
BPCTCA effluent limitation guidelines (ELGs) applying to the
Hot Forming Primary subcategory. As far as possible, the
stated limits are based upon performance levels attained by
the selected plants surveyed during this study. Where
treatment levels can be improved by application of
additional currently available control and treatment
technology, the anticipated reduction of waste loads was
included in the estimates.
375
-------
The BPCTCA ELGs for the Hot Forming Primary subcategory, and
the control and treatment technology to achieve these
limits, are summarized in Table 77.
Flow. The five plants surveyed in this study, four of which
operated essentially on a once-through basis, had average
process water applied flows of 2,427 1/kkg (582 gal./ton) of
product, with an additional flow of 842 1/kkg (202 gal./ton)
where hot scarfing was practiced. The recommended BPCTCA
limits are based on flows of 2,500 1/kkg (600 gal./ton) of
product. An additional waste volume from hot scarfing is
provided for those facilities so equipped, equivalent to 833
1/kkg (200 gal./ton) of product.
guspended Solids. The five plants surveyed in this
subcategory had effluent suspended solids concentrations
ranging between 2 and 23 mg/1. The plants utilized chemical
flocculation or deep bed filtration to achieve these low
levels.
It is felt that these plants are practicing control and
treatment technology superior to that expected under the
BPCTCA ELGs. However, analysis of the feeds to the
filtration systems, following clarification techniques
closely approximating BPCTCA treatment technology, showed
suspended solids concentrations ranging from 8 to 55 mg/1.
Therefore, the BPCTCA ELG for suspended solids for this
subcategory has been conservatively set at 0.2150 kg/kkg
(0.2500 Ibs of solids per ton of product), equivalent to 50
mg/1. An additional load of 0.0417 kg/kkg (0.0834 Ibs/ton)
is provided for those plants practicing hot scarfing. This
value is justified on the basis that all plants will be
capable of achieving this value by 1977 in a cost effective
manner with technology currently available and in use.
Oil and Grease
The five plants surveyed in this subcategory had effluent
oil concentrations ranging between 2 and 8 mg/1. The plants
utilized skimming and deep bed filtration to achieve these
low levels.
Again, it is felt that most of these plants are practicing
control and treatment technology superior to that expected
under the BPCTCA ELGs. Considering the fact that the oil
concentrations in the feed to the filtration systems ranged
from 7 to 12 mg/1, the BPCTCA ELG for oil and grease for
this subcategory has been conservatively set at 0.0375
kg/kkg (0.075 Ibs of oils per ton of product), equivalent to
15 mg/1 at the recommended discharge flow rate. Again, an
376
-------
Q cn
w o
EH U
EH H
10 O
W H
^
**
w
»-4
CQ
EH
CO
^*
o
. T
^H
O
£2
X
W
EH
EH
2
W
EH
U
e*r
W
w
jg
H
iV4
W
Q
H
B &
IS
W E
S ••H-
o *
2 04
H
EH 1
rf
EH ?
H -H
M C
1-5 O
EH ,j
52 O
W SB
D
kA*
i-U
tfl
t-H
• 0
EH
0
U
r
.«
c
o
•rl
4J
IS
O
U-l
•rl
i-l
IS
rH
O
xt
*o
a;
3
O
rH
rH
0
UH
*>
•rl
D,
ID
rH
IS
O
W
to
o
H
E4
ff
EH
W
S
fcl M
td S
O rX
1 O U
W EH
< EH ' U
EH U a
U CQ
Q, 3
fQ W
,*^
r\|
-—
i— 1
x^
tr
S
O
in
^i
~ CQ
s^-
tr>o
t*Hl O
*j£ o
0^"\
^ (Q
rH
o
in
(N
rH
O
(U
Cn
SH
18 •
X .-»
u E
ID (V
•rl 4->
T3 «)
- ID
3
o .e
rH cn
S S
|5
<»
UH U
0 C •
O
fl ^
o
•H 4->
4-> C
IS 0)
>H E
•U 4!
rH IS
•rl (!)
4J
E
3 V4
3 4)
O 4J '
IS UH
in
r-
rH
O
o
ai
•rH
E
g
•H
_o
U)
01
y
o
3
C
•H
C
o
u
IS
u>
Q)
rH
UH
UH
IS
XI
Q
.-H
UH
)H
(1)
•a
£2
•
in
H
.
in
ro
O
O
c
•H
(1)
•o
.Q >-<
O
•o w
3 en
o c
rH -rl
rH rH
O 4J
UH 4-1
Q)
•• cn
4-1
0,3
a) c:
t—t O
a) *H
O 4-*
rn n.
ff
c o
o w
4-> IS
c
O rH
E IB
a >H
•rl 3
3 4J
tr is
<1) C
tn
in
rH
o
_^o
c.
"1
g
•rl
CO
a>
o
IS
UH
rl
3
U)
V4
0
UH
(A
§
•rl
0}
•H
>
2
CM
£
a)
•rl
UH
•H
IS
rH
U
\
•
IS
cess
0)
c
UH
T|
rl
(1)
•rl
UH
•rl
IS
rH
O
C
•rl
.
C
o
•H
IS
N
•H
rH
IS
4J
3
01
E
0<
O
oC
1
o
VX5
rl
0)
O<
4J
C
0)
3
rH •
UH rl
UH 0)
0) 4J
13
°i
(0 C
rl -rl
0) rH
4J 0
rH 0
0 4J
O O
in is
CN *>
C
tn o
•rl O
E c
. rH
18
Cn cn
3 C
O -rl
SH -O
4J rH
1 0
(U X
O 4)
C
o —
Vi 'c
o o
0) rH
3 IS
rH CT>
id
> o
o
0) U?
£, ""
IS 4 w
O 3
W TJ
p, o
4-> ft
tfl
£ o
.C
s
O
O
O O -H
. 3 Hi
, W 1C rH O
•o o JZ
O c tn 4J
&• a
-H O IS
tl IS
0)
•a
o
U)
•a
I
3
W
1
I IS "O -rl
I 4-> >, 0) 4J
3 IS 4-> IS
E E IS U
01 10
D.4J
in
rl O 0)
O U ft
(U -rl
377
-------
o
378
-------
additional allowance of 0.0125 kg/kkg (0.0250 Ibs/ton) is
provided for hot scarfing. This value is justified on the
basis that all plants will be capable of achieving this
value by 1977 in a cost effective manner with technology
currently available.
2H. All plants surveyed fell within the pH constraint range
of 6.0 to 9.0. Both for filter feeds and for final
effluents, thus providing a basis for establishing this
range as the EPCTCA ELG. Any plant falling outside this
range can easily remedy the situation by applying
appropriate neutralization procedures to the final effluent.
Hot Forming - Section
Following is a summary of the factors used to establish the
BPCTCA effluent limitation guidelines applying to the Hot
Forming Section subcategory. As far as possible, the stated
limits are based upon performance levels attained by the
selected plants surveyed during this study. Where treatment
levels can be improved by application of additional
currently available control and treatment technology, the
anticipated reduction of waste loads was included in the
estimates.
The BPCTCA ELGs for the Hot Forming Section subcategory, and
the control and treatment technology to achieve these
limits, are summarized in Table 78.
Four of the ten plants surveyed in this subcategory
treated wastewater on a once-through basis and had effluent
flow rates ranging between 20,900 1/kkg (5,010 gal. /ton) and
51,870 1/kkg (12,440 gal. /ton) of product, although the two
highest flows discharged into the plant intake well for
reuse throughout the mills. Four other plants surveyed
operated on a recycle basis with blowdown, and had effluent
flow rates between 580 1/kkg (140 gal. /ton) and 1,460 1/kkg
(350 gal. /ton) of product. The remaining two plants
surveyed had total recycle systems with zero aqueous
discharge. The average water application rate for these ten
mills was 25,870 1/kkg (6440 gal/ton).
The BPCTCA ELG's are based on a raw waste volume (water
application rate) of 27,105 1/kkg (6500 gal/ton), recycle of
14,595 1/kkg (3500 gal/ton) of scale pit effluent back to
the flume as scale flushing water, and a discharge after
treatment of 12,510 1/kkg (3000 gal/ton) of product. This
rate is well within the capability of current technology to
achieve, as evidenced by those plants already well below
this level by utilizing partial recycle to scale flumes as
379
-------
H
Q
H
§
O
i-l
EH
W
H
3
CM
EH
O
P4
03
I
4-1
O
(!)
W
CP
•rl
o
o
W
CJ
CQ
D
OT
_,
— EH
Q W
W O
H O
£ EH
CO O
w &•«
«••
r*
%•
Trt
2
O
H
r<
EH
H
2
H
1-1
**c
O
EH
O
ffl
S5
O
EH|
cnj
0J
ttl
wl
•*
)
•»
rn
U
O
0
ss
o
w
EH
EH
z
'A
EH
^
§
EH
U)
•1
§
EH
2
8
Mk
G
O
K)
O
•rl
U-l
•rl
to
iB
O
^
XI
•o
01
§
rH
rH
0
4-1
•H
a
01
i-4
IB
U
M
CN
^M
t
H
^^
IT
O
m
^-*
— in
i ^
X o
X o
tn\
Jj
rj
t-4
in
CM
\o
O
4)
O
u
0)
Vj
•»
§
rH
UH
S-l
0)
•§
3
0
C
o
•r|
4J
IB
£
rH
•rl
UH
3
3
U
S
G
3
IG
0 0
rH -r|
n 4J
iB
5iJ
•H C
3 O
0
d) C
§o
u
rH
IM *i t
O
4!
rH W
IB 41
O rH
01 O
o o
4J
rH
e o
0) to
01 C
>i O
01 U
3
CW
Q
0»l
CO
o
— -""^
o>
G
1
•H
<*f
m
to
3
O
G
•H
4J
C
o
o
T3
IB
01
S
IM
xl
^
O
i-H
V-i
1
in
iH
m
CO
i-i
CD
'^
(B
M
0
4J
a
S.
X)
•0
4)
g
rH
rH
>2
%
4J
•rl
0.
4)
rH
IB
O
01
o
4J
C
a
•H
cr
^
_
to
41
•H
IM
to
IB
rH
U
G
•rt
01
T3
•H
rH
O
01
cn
G
•rl
r-l
4J
4J
0)
01
0
4J
C
O
•rl
Q<
M
O
CO
IB
gN,
,f4 J*
IM
•rl
14
IB
rH *
O
c
•rl
b>
G
•rl
g
g
•rl
in
4)
0
IB
UH
M
3 C
01 O
-rl
in i *
O • iB
IM =N N
to -H
01 IB rH
Cm iB
O 01 rl
•H 4) 4J
01 O 3
•rl 0 4)
> G G
to IM K
D) -rl Ol
,
0
m
i
o
vO
IM
O
CO
4)
4J
•rl
rH
O
O
in
f\l
H
01
•H
E
4)
4J
01
>,
01
4)
i-l
O
0
41
4J
rji
-H
4->
4)
4J
IB
rl
•a
o
in
rH
IB
S
TO
1
a
4J
01
i
en
•H
rH
o
8
4J
O
IB
4J
C
0
u
c
o
rH
rH
IB
G .
•rl
13
3
i-H
O
X
41
«,
O
4J
rH
IB
01
O
O
O
4-1
O
3
•0
o
a
UH
O
en
M
^
p.
4J
01 •
3 to
rH 0)
UH 4J
UH IB
0> 3
IB - o o
O
Ol
•a
I
i
•rl
o
« o>
H c-<
rH
-------
-------
flushing water. At the same time, this value will provide
the impetus for once-through water users to develop recycle
systems while at the same time allowing them to achieve this
end by 1977 in a cost effective manner.
Suspended Solids. Suspended solids concentrations from the
eight plants having discharges ranged from 2 to 71 mg/1.
The plants utilizing total recycle had 41 and 47 mg/1
suspended matter in the recycle water from the treatment
plant. In achieving these suspended solids levels, the
plants surveyed practiced plain sedimentation,
clarification, centrifugal separation, filtration, or some
combination of two or more of these treatment processes.
The average concentration value of suspended solids achieved
by the eight plants having discharges from their treatment
processes is 40 mg/1. Eliminating the benefits derived from
filtration processes, the average concentration for these
plants is 43 mg/1. Based upon this value, the BPCTCA ELG
for suspended solids has been set at 0.6251 kg/kkg (1.251
Ibs/ton) of product, equivalent to 50 mg/1 in a 3,000
gal./ton flow. This value is currently being achieved by
six of the ten plants surveyed. The remaining plants would
be able to achieve this concentration by the addition of
additional solids removal equipment or, on an alternate
basis, by providing a tighter recycle than dictated by the
BPCTCA ELG flow, thus meeting the standard on the basis of
pounds of suspended matter discharged.
Oil and Grease. Oil and grease concentrations from the
eight plants having discharges ranged from 2 to 18 mg/1.
The plants utilizing total recycle were achieving oil and
grease levels of 7 .to 18 mg/1 in their treated recycle
water. All plants surveyed used either underflow baffles,
or oil skimming along with clarification, or deep bed
filtration equipment to achieve these concentrations.
Eliminating the beneficial effects of filtration, the
average concentration of oil and grease achieved by all
plants surveyed from their treatment processes was 11 mg/1.
Based upon thi,s value, the BPCTCA ELG for oil and grease was
conservatively set at 0.1875 kg/kkg (0.371 Ibs/ton) of
product, equivalent to 15 mg/1. This concentration is
currently being achieved by eight of the ten plants
surveyed.
Eg. All of the plants surveyed fell within the pH
constraint range of 6.0 to 9.0, thus providing a basis for
establishing this range as the BPCTCA ELG. Any plant
falling outside of this range can readily remedy the
382
-------
situation by applying appropriate neutralization procedures
to the final effluent.
Hot Forming - Flat
Following is a summary of the factors used to establish the
BPCTCA effluent limitation guidelines (ELGs) applying to the
Hot Forming Flat subcategory. As far as possible, the
stated limits are based upon performance levels attained by
the selected plants surveyed during this study. Where
treatment levels can be improved by application of
additional currently available control and treatment
technology, the anticipated reduction of waste loads was
included in the estimates.
The BPCTCA ELGs for the Hot Forming Flat subcategory, and
the control and treatment technology to achieve these
limits, are summarized in Table 79 for sheet and strip mills
and in Table 80 for plate mills.
Flow. Two of the five plants surveyed in this subcategory
provided wastewater treatment on a once-through basis and
had effluent flow rates of 32,150 1/kkg (7,710 gal./ton) and
35,190 1/kkg (8,440 gal./ton) of product. Two other plants
(one being a plate mill and one being a hot strip mill)
operated on a tight recycle basis with limited blowdown.
Their effluent flow rates were 634 1/kkg (152 gal./ton) and
204 1/kkg (49 gal./ton) of product. The fifth plant
surveyed had a total recycle system with zero aqueous
discharge. The water application rate on the four hot strip
mills averaged 32,380 1/kkg (7765 gal/ton) and on the plate
mill the water application rate was 23,000 1/gkkg (5533
gal/ton).
The BPCTCA ELG's for hot strip mills are based on an applied
rate of 32,526 1/kkg (7800 gal/ton), recycle of 9,591 1/kkg
(2300 gal/ton) of scale pit effluent back to the flume, and
a dsicharge after treatment of 22,935 1/kkg (5500 gal/ton)
of product. The BPCTCA ELG's for plate mills are based on
an applied rate of 22,935 1/kkg (5500 gal/ton), recycle of
6255 1/kkg (1500 gal/ton) of scale pit effluent back to the
flume, and a discharge after treatment of 16,680 1/kkg (4000
gal/ton) of product. These rates are well within the
capability of current technology to achieve, as evidenced by
those plants already below this level. At the same time,
these values will provide the impetus for oncethrough water
users to develop recycle systems, while at the same time
allowing them to achieve this end by 1977 in a cost
effective manner.
383
-------
91
U
.J
a
CO
a
z
H
H)
W
Q
M
§
01
2
H
M
s
H
CO
TJ
id
4J
01
P
(0
£
H
EH
CJ
o
o
O
D
CO
*"^
*J»
%^
c
p
E
«
*
•
H
E
c
D
to
53
O
M
EH
<
EH
H
2
H
. T
rH
<
o
g-,
u
04
O
§
EH EH
a to x
HO
? kJ
3§
d O tr
J EH X
X
X
c/>
*•*
n
*^
X
rl
x
Q
rECHNOL
EH
Z
U
2
tj
s
u
«
C-j
r*
i3
CONTROL
1
C O
O
rH »rt
o S
*J
A IH
0
•O
41 C
3 0
O -H
rH 4J
rH id
0 8
•H 4J
rH
Scale pit
vacuum fi
o
m
tH
VO
**^
»H
•
•-I
01
•o
•rl
rH
O
CO
•o
•3
C
&
CO
*" — —-
4)
rH
-
P
•H
04
41
rH
S
(0
5
system wi
flume.
r»
\o
r» '
•
o
^
S
° s
s"
i-l
CP M
U 3
•d *J
§ id
G C
•rl
X >l
co ja
tinuous
ollowed
c
•O -rl
§ *
4)
01 rH
41 Id
rH O
IH 01
IH
id c
XI 0
Underflow
equipment
in
rH
CO
cn
_.*.
**
CO
•
o
«.
41
01
id
4)
M
0
•O
S
rH
3
*
•
-»-«•"*.
** X
fc M\
41 4) N
•H -H J
«H IH
•H -H
rl VI
id 01
•H 4)
rH 0
P id
p IH
83
o w
P rl
C O •
•H m >,
V4
c 01 id
adsorptio
provision
if necess
IH
0
CO
t4
4)
p
•H
rH
O
a\
M
»
0 01
p 4)
Id rH
N 0
•H >
rH 0
id oi
14 rl
4J
3 P
« •£
c 0-
~ 4J
^ >,
rH
S
2
•§
g
M
o
IH
4)
3
O H
. id
en >
o n-contac
§
rH
rH
id
o>
•rl
1
rH
^
41
I
rH
3.
o
o
-.1
m
^^
4J
1
!
iH
04
IH
O
O>
2
1-1
£
P
2
3
rH
MH
41
•
r^
I
•-^
rH
8.
o
o
in
in
P
u
3
•O
2
O4
•O
1
o
IH
p
5
IH
O
O>
^
X
M
41
O4
P
§
rH
IH
IH
41
•
T3 in
(V ^
o A
5 .
u
§41
P
iH -rl
X rH
51
M
O> tP
§3
O>-rl
M X
*** *•%
rH W
^^ *ii^
IH
O
01
O
iH
combinat
4)
i-4
A
•rl
CO
0]
a
rH
rH
id
P
O
4)
i-l
IH
4)
IH
P
•H
01
•o
M
g
41
•H
CO
rH
O
C
•rl
rH
rH
id
>,
rH
•rl .
V4 01
id -O
CO O
01 J3
41 P
U 4)
4) 6
C
p
P C
O 4>
c e
4i
co id
•H 4)
rl
•O 4J
41
P t O
tP-rl
O -P
rH Id
O P
C 3
•C ft
U in
4) 41
H 04
j«™»
n
2
•p
§
rH
IH
^
CO
rH
chemica
1
id
•o
id
rH
,
P
TH
rH
, availabi
c
o
•rl
P
id
u
o
•H
CO
rl
s
u
id
>,
fl
g
CO
p
01
8
?
>1
rl •
id P
c 01 e
•rl P Id
g 01 rH
38 *
4i id
rl rH
O. fl C
P -rl
•ass
^•s »
41 P O»
P Id C
X g -S
41 -rl P
P 01
•O 01 -rl
C H X
id 4>
• • >1
P 01 rH
CO 41 rH
•rl O Id
X -H S
41 > H
41 O
01 TJ a
Iternative
treatment <
which are :
id
*a 01
O* C 41
C Id -rl
•rl P
P rH -rl
•41 O rH
& rl -rl
E P U
O c id
0 8*"
JHT> $
4) 4) O
.a P x
3 id P
0
•O -rl 41
4) T> >
P C O
O -H fl
41 Id
rH 41
4) J3 -O
CO P 4)
&o,'d
O 4) D*
rH O 41
O 0 M
C ,
P 01 rH
c c
• o o
•O -rl
41 P 41
P Id rl
n> u «s
41 -rl
H IH c
P -H 3
tJ O
58-S
384
-------
-------
— EH
D W
W O
W-
fft
<
Woi
MHJ
O
1 U
w
< EH
0 <
EH CJ
CJ CQ
Oi D
0 W
- fig
EH EH
co O OS J
§
r .
t^
s
8
41 4)
rH rH '
O 18
~NO
O 4) •* C
-HMO >H -r<
•U jj 01 • 4>
(0 .» 3 4J -H Cn
034J O-HCt-lC
•HOC 3 Oi o ^i -H
"w rH 3 c -H n s
-Hiw3 -H4I4J(8E
H^^ 4JrHQ,rH.H
nJoM-l Ci8rjO>!
H -a !*H o o o 01
O C 4) O 01 01 C •
3 T3 'H 41 ->i
>i 4J -a C n) on
.Qil-i.H CO 0) <0 (B
O Oi "> rH "O ClD 0)CnrH3(U C
S 0 -1 41D3O01O O
O-HIS rH E +J 0) 01 -H
rHjjy O 18
OVi '(83 C'+HM-I N
"*H+JX aO'N-H -rt -^
rH *J 0) J3 rH 01 rH
4-> -H -H 3 4J C n (0
•H^3 otr>t)*Joa) n
C< rH C 41 Q -rH -H *J
E E • >"-H30101lU 3
4)300 ngo -H-H 41
rHgjJC n C
(80 CO 3 rO-HrH.UOt8
o « >, ,H c >; o c n M s
en s •,) u_i 3ft
1T> rH
£ °.
S en
H O
rH -y
< — CD
rJ rH tl
EH —
u DIO
ew x o
« X 0
-<7>\
X ra
rH
^•»
o
«
to
m
m o
en o
co a
o o
•
3
-H O
i-l 01
W
r-3 O5
< W
CJ EH
H W
EH S
Sol
O <
0,
O n)
U) 41
n
•o o
41
•o -o
41 «j
Oi
01 rH
3 -H X
w o QI
o
o
o
*T
*"^
4>
O
"§
1,
W
Oi
in
O
0>
X
.*
n
4)
Ql
4J
41
rH
'M
M-l
4)
UJ
O
HI
n
0)
^j
iH
rH
O
CO
VD
VD
rH
0]
•H
41
-U
01
>1
0]
41
rH
0
>1
O
. 41
n
jj •
x; n
5S
4J 18
3
>i
rH O>
41 C
•P -H
(8 -H
n o
41 O
*o o
£ 4J
0
n 5
O 4-1
8
•§£
n -H
Ql "O
4,3
01 O
0 X
a
O - 01
rl "O TJ 01 -H
T) 01 c a w x
01 01 (8 f8 41
E O r-H
n Oi • • >i
O IH 4J 01 rH
1 X -rC E
o 4J 41 > n
c* 4J iH 4) O
0 rH 01 T3 C
m 41 -H 41
O rH J3 > 4J 41
n d o
n -iH 18 41 01 -H
41 4-1 n .c
Ql 01 --1-14-13
41 e IB
4J O O T3 01
C 13 -H tn C 41
4) 4J C (8 -H
•3 n 18 -H 4J
r-l O O 4J rH -H
>W C O 41 O r-l
(8 O O MH
o n -H - o
3 41 01 01 41 41
-a 4J 3 n n -a. 01
O -H i-l O 41 41 O
H i-H 0 4J ff. 4J X
Oi C O 3 r8 4J
0 -H 18 0
4J 00 "H "d -rl 41
O li) rH 41 "O >
3 > rH .C 4J C O
•O vO 18 O O -rl fl
O rH 34) 03
H >1 01 rH 01
Ol "H rH 4) .C -O
O -H • C 01 4J 4)
TJ n 01 o n
OJ 3 18 T3 >, 4J -H
SOOlOOiOiOi3
niHoirCcoaic,1
Q *M O 4-1 *H rH O C)
m o 41 ti o o n
(8 4) E C C 13
4J c o x: •-<
OR 4J Of O O -rl
o n 4J >t-i 41 n
o 41 w o t»i n >,
O 4J *rH n 4^ 01 rH
rH -H rH 01 18 C C
\ rH G > * O O
A \ >1 O •« -rH
HBD>-H>i414Jdo
O>-HOI4)OO)OrC
A; s: H DI o ja g m
rH CM n? 5
386
-------
-------
Suspended Solids. Suspended solids concentration from the
four plants having discharges were 8, 4, 30, and 5 mg/1.
The plant utilizing total recycle had 40 mg/1 suspended
matter in the recycle water from the treatment plant. In
achieving these suspended solids levels, all of the plants
surveyed practiced plain sedimentation, clarification,
filtration, or some combination of two or more of these
treatment processes. The average concentration of suspended
solids actually achieved by five plants from their treatment
processes is 17 mg/1. Even after eliminating the benefits
derived from higher technology (filters) the typical
concentrations after treatment ranged from 5 to 54 mg/1,
with an average value of 32 mg/1.
Based upon the above data, the BPCTCA ELG for suspended
solids has been conservatively set at 0.8335 and 1.1461
kg/kkg (1.667 and 2.2922 Ibs/ton) of product, equivalent to
50 mg/1, for plate mills and sheet/strip mills,
respectively. This effluent value is justified since it is
currently being achieved by all five plants surveyed.
Oil and Grease. Oil and grease concentrations from the four
plants surveyed having discharges were 6, 6.3, 7, and 7.9
mg/1. The plant utilizing total recycle was achieving an
oil and grease level of 21 mg/1 in its treated recycle
water. All plants surveyed used either underflow baffles or
oil skimming, along with clarification or deep bed
filtration to achieve these concentrations.
The average concentration of oil and grease achieved by all
five plants from their treatment processes was 10 mg/1.
Even after eliminating the benefits from filtration, oil
concentrations averaged 12 mg/1. Based upon this value, the
BPCTCA ELG for oil and grease was conservatively set at
0.250 and 0.3438 kg/kkg (0.500 and 0.6876 Ibs/ton) of
product, equivalent to 15 mg/1, for plate mills and
sheet/strip mills, respectively. This final effluent
concentration is currently being achieved by all five of the
plants surveyed in this subcategory.
pH. All of the plants surveyed fell within the pH
constraint range of 6.0 to 9.0, thus providing the basis for
establishing this range as the BPCTCA ELG. Any plant
falling outside of this range can readily remedy the
situation by applying appropriate neutralization procedures
to the final effluent.
Tube
388
-------
As was discussed in Section V - Pipe and Tube Mills, contact
process waters generally emanate from roll cooling sprays,
pipe cooling baths, and pipe cooling spray quenches. This
water usually contains scale and oil which must be removed
before the effluent is discharged. The BPCTCA ELGs for the
Pipe and Tubes subcategory are summarized in Table 81.
Four of the six plants surveyed had waste loads comprised of
from 30-70% noncontact cooling water with total waste loads
ranging from 2,148 to 53,250 1/kkg (515 to 12,770 gal./ton).
The flow from one plant, including an unknown volume of
noncontact cooling water, was five time the average flow
from the other five mills (on a gallon per ton basis). The
average water applied rate on the remaining five mills was
10,283 1/kkg (2466 gal/ton) but this also included some
noncontact cooling water.
The BPCTCA ELG's are based on an applied rate of 10,425
1/kkg (2500 gal/ton), recycle of 5212 1/kkg (1250 gal/ton)
of scale pit effluent back to the flume, and a discharge
after treatment of 5213 1/kkg (1250 gal/ton) of product.
Suspended Solids. Of the six plants surveyed, only three
had effluent discharges. Their effluent suspended solids
concentration varied from 10 to 116 mg/1 and the average
effluent waste load was 0.434 kg/kkg (0.0869 Ibs/ton).
Suspended solids concentrations, including the solids
returned to the process by the total recycle systems,
averaged 32 mg/1, following treatment. The BPCTCA ELG for
suspended solids has been set conservatively at 0.2605
kg/kkg (0.521 Ibs/ton), equivalent to 50 mg/1 in a flow of
5,210 1/kkg (1,250 gal./ton) of product.
Only one of the three plants discharging treated effluents
is presently achieving a lower pollutant level than that
which is proposed. However, all three could meet this
limitation if contact and noncontact water segregation were
practiced, thus improving the efficiencies of their
treatment plants. And three other plants achieve these
limitations by practicing zero or very low discharge rates.
Oil and Grease. The effluent oil and grease concentrations
varied from 2 to 10 mg/1 with an average waste load of 0.189
kg/kkg (0.378 Ibs/ton). Using the same reasoning as applied
to suspended solids above, the expected effluent waste load
(and therefore, the BPCTCA limitation) is 0.0781 kg/kkg
(0.1562 Ibs/ton) based on 15 mg/1 and 5,210 1/kkg (1,250
gal./ton) of product.
389
-------
^^ FH
o oi
u o
H EH
W O
W EH
O
S
o
2
5
2
^•^
§
I
a
•d
S,
O
O
ta
o
en
2
O
H
EH
H
S
CU
«
X o
X o
"X.H
f
id o
o m
co >
o
S
CN
m
n skimming t 0.890
d by natural\
3
8
C
•rl
JJ
C
O
o
•0
c
id
U)
4>
rH
MH
M-l
id
f^
§
rH
M-l
V)
1
D
in
-i
id
Ul
01
4)
o
01
c
V4 M-l
a -H
•
•
a
0
•rl
JJ
fd
N
•H
rH
«J
JJ
3
O
C
S
a
o
ffl
1
o
VO
5" -I
is
&*
n
4)
JJ
•rl
rH
O
rH
(N
m
01
E
4)
JJ
01
>1
Ul
•O
rH
r-l
O
JJ
§
o
•j]1
41
04
S
a
0
' 4)
rH
id
41
^H
•3
n
a
jj
in
S
C
•H
rH
O
O
O
4J
U
id
jj
c
o
o
i
o
c
rH
rH
id
c
•rl
rrj
rH
X
4)
"c
O
JJ
-1
id
D1
O
m
(N
rH
41
^3
4J
•O
S,
a
0
rl O(-H
. 4) -rl Ul
a. a, 3
rH
01 UH O
•a o c
4) 4)
c M
•8
J3 rH
IV
o
en
•o
4)
•a
I
3
M
41
Ul
id
4)
4)
^ 8
rl JJ Ul
id O -H
C JJ X
•g 4)
4)
rt -rl 4) >,
6 O r-l JJ rH
•u 4) g rH
Ul rl E Ij
JJ 3 O, -H E
Ul O *• rl
O rH MH Ul O
o <« o w c
390
-------
10 a.
-------
Besides the three zero discharge plants, two of the three
plants discharging treated effluents were achieving this
limitation, and the third would likewise achieve it with
proper contact and noncontact water segregation, thus
improving oil removal efficiency.
t>H. Generally, the pH of the effluent from this process
should always fall well within the range of 6.0-9.0 which
was established as the BPCTCA permissible range. Data from
all of the plants surveyed bear this cut, with no effluent
pH1s outside these limits.
Pickling Subcategories
Following is a summary of factors used to establish the
BPCTCA Effluent Limitations Guidelines applying to all
pickling subcategories. Most of the recommended limitations
are based on performance levels attained during the plant
survey portion of this study and represent actual operations
and waste treatment techniques currently used in this
industry. Where no operating plants were found to serve as
models for BPCTCA treatment systems, data from plants in a
similar pickling subcategory were used as guides. For
example, in the batch hydrochloric acid - concentrated
subcategory, both of the plants surveyed were eliminating
spent pickle baths by contract hauling, so "treatment"
technology was not being practiced on the site. For this
reason, the treatment sequence for the continuous
hydrochloric acid - concentrated subcategory and,
subsequently, the BPCTCA levels recommended for that
subcategory were applied to batch hydrochloric acid.
It was impractical to reduce the number of pickling
subcategories. Even though final concentrations of critical
parameters after treatment were essentially the same across
all subcategories, the variations in normal flow rates
between batch and continuous operations; concentrated spent
pickling solutions and diluted rinse waters; and differing
requirements for fume scrubbing for hydrochloric versus
sulfuric pickling lines necessitates individual load
limitations for each of six pickling subdivisions.
Discussion by subcategory follows.
Pickling - Sulfuric Acid - Batch Concentrated
The BPCTCA ELGs for this subcategory are presented in Table
82.
Six plants in this subcategory were surveyed, including
three pickling rod and wire products; two pickling bundles
392
-------
-" EH
Q in
w o
EH o
w <
EH EH
W O
W EH
O
O
o
o
o
(N
00
W
a
EH
cn
z
M
1-?
W
Q
H
D
O
W
Z
O
H
rtj
EH
H
S
H
EH
Z
D
fa
fa
W
1
s
EH
U
PU
CQ
S*
n
S
o
2
CJ
01 &
4J ^~*
nj
^ EH
•U !2
C Cn
01 y
S 1
8 w
i
o
4J
(S
ffl
1
T3
O
0
•H
3
rH
3
CO
1
en
•H
7j
o
•H
04
EH
tJ
Pi
0 <
O O
W EH
EH U
u m
m
D
CN
«^»
i_H
g
0
in
^^^
r-% ffi
•t^r
tno
X 0
v^ ^
^3
m
o
o
o
c
o
m
rl
01
(0
4J
w
0
4J
10
N
•ft
ft
M
4-1
3
01
ft
r
U
r-
£
c
c
I
in
n
u-i
O
oi
ft
4J
0)
3
MJ o
0) 4J
<0
01 C
* -H
0) iH
4J O
•H O
VO .,
s$
m 4J
•H c
o
oi u
3i
5 g
\o
•8
P C
rl -H
ft t)
Ul U
Q X
£ 4)
-3
•H
f-t
o
M
•a
I
E
3
ut
I
•rl
•a
O
W
01
•H
Q
g
2
O U 01
•rl 0)
07 ft O
a
C XT
01 01
•P XI rH
&g
3 O
S1.
ri x: o
rl
-------
n
X >U
H
ss
-'•'V1
^!
I §
i K
; ,^ => j !('
^J rfi •-,
o
O Irj
-------
of pipes and tubing; and one pickling bar product. At one
of the rod and wire mills, two pickling lines were surveyed.
Production rates and, consequently, acid consumption rates,
are relatively small compared to continuous pickling
operations. Of the six plants, only one (the largest
producer) was discharging a treated effluent from the batch
sulfuric acid pickling - concentrated process after
equalization and blending with rinses and alkaline cleaners.
Two of the other plants paid an outside contractor to haul
spent concentrates off the premises for subsequent disposal
elsewhere, while the remaining three plants operate
efficient acid recovery plants on site to recover unreacted
sulfuric acid for reuse in pickling operations, along with a
ferrous sulfate heptahydrate crystalline solid which is sold
as a by-product. Two of these latter plants have no aqueous
discharges from their processes, since even the rinse waters
and fume scrubber effluents are recovered.
Since there may not be sufficient time for industry-wide
application of the acid recovery technology by July 1, 1977,
and due to other considerations as well, it was decided to
set recommended BPCTCA Limitations Guidelines based on the
one plant actually discharging treated spent pickle liquor,
leaving the no discharge acid recovery systems stand as
BATEA. The flow rate of spent sulfuric acid concentrates
discharged by the one plant treating such wastes, a pipe and
tube mill, averaged 5.54 gallons of spent acid per ton of
product batch pickled. This was blended at ratios of six or
seven to one with spent alkaline cleaners and alkaline and
acid rinse waters in an equalization tank, treated with
acetylene sludges (an alkaline waste material), and allowed
to settle in lagoons for one to two days prior to discharge
of supernatants. Effluent quality was used to establish the
recommended BPCTCA limits which follow.
Suspended Solids. A BPCTCA limits of 0.0073 kg/kkg (0.0146
Ibs of solids per ton) of steel pickled is recommended as
the contribution from the treated spent pickle liquor after
addition of neutralizing agents, equivalent to 50 mg/1 based
on a 146 1/kkg (35 gal./ton) flow rate. The one plant with
a waste discharge was attaining a total suspended solids
loading of 25% of the combined recommended limit for
concentrates and rinses, although the concentration did
exceed 50 mg/1 because the total combined discharge flow
attributable to the spent pickle liquor and rinse waters was
15% of the flows used as the basis for settling concentrate
and rinse water ELGs. A treatment sequence utilizing
equalization of wastes, mixing and aeration, lime or other
alkaline treatment, polymer addition, and long-term settling
395
-------
may be used to attain the recommended BPCTCA suspended
solids level.
Dissolved Iron. A BPCTCA limit of 0.00015 kg/kkg (0.00030
Ibs of dissolved iron per ton) of steel pickled is
recommended as the contribution from the spent pickle liquor
concentrates, equivalent to 1.0 mg/1 based on a flow rate of
146 1/kkg (35 gal./ton) of steel pickled. The plant above
discharged dissolved iron at 4X of this level, mainly due to
the successful alkaline treatment and long-term settling
provided for the raw waste loads. The sequence of treatment
required for attaining the recommended total suspended
solids limits will enable plants to achieve the BPCTCA
dissolved iron limits also.
Pickling - Batch gulfuric Acid - Rinse Waters
The BPCTCA ELGs for this subcategory are presented in Table
83.
The same six plants reported above for batch sulfuric acid -
concentrated were surveyed for current practices of rinse
water control and treatment technology. One of the rod and
wire operations was running two separate pickling lines, so
there was actual operating data from seven lines. Of these,
three achieved no discharge of rinse waters or fume scrubber
effluents by reusing these flows to make up fresh batches of
pickling solution or by total recycle of rinse waters with
lime treatment within the loop to precipitate out iron
salts, which then were settled out in a lagoon within the
loop. The remaining four rinse water discharges ranged from
16.9 to 464 gallons of rinse water per ton of steel pickled.
Treatment of the waste discharges varied from no treatment
other than minimizing flows (the 16.9 gal./ton plant),
through systems for mixing and diluting with alkaline
wastes, to the treatment sequence discussed above for
pickling concentrates. Recommended BPCTCA limitations on
critical parameters follows.
Suspended. Solids. A BPCTCA limit of 0.0417 kg/kkg (0.0834
Ibs of solids per ton) of steel pickled is recommended,
equivalent to 50 mg/1 based on a discharge flow rate of 833
1/kkg (200 gal./ton) of steel pickled. Suspended solids
loads from the four plants which discharged treated or
untreated pickling rinse waters ranged from 0.0185 to 0.151
Ibs/ton, and three of the four lines were achieving the
recommended limit. The remaining line provided no treatment
other than tight flow control. The same treatment sequence
recommended for batch sulfuric acid - concentrated BPCTCA
limitations, namely, equalization of wastewaters, mixing and
396
-------
o in
o
EH
VD.
W
W
CO
I
rH
Q
H -O
D •*
4)
a
u
id
CO
oo
3
W
o
H
EH
S
H
r4
I. «
I
rH
CM
CM
W
n
M
3
Cn
X
O
•H
K
O
n
D
n
o
i'J
£H
C3
^-»
Si
0
1
w
EH
EH
2
W
s
EH
1
EH
ifl
**»
^J]
§
EH
2
8
04
i-l
w \
Z cr
o e
H
EH
0)
•P C
01 o
id -H
S 4J
*rl
01 t3
.S *
rH •
id c vi
J< O 4)
rH -rl B
*Sf
T> S^
•H J3
O (-9 -P •
rtj *^ 0i
en 5 c
0 -S *J rH
„ X C 4J
C -r-l 4) 4J
o e E «
•H 4J 01
•p • id
Id O^ 4) 'TJ
N C VI dJ
•H -H 4J T3
rH TJ G
O
ft « 0
CQ J^ o
XrH
r?«"
r^ n
rH CO
^* O
0 0
• •
0 O
^1
c
o
•rl
4J
O
O
a
« rH
. 0
•O rH rH
a
•d -P
B *J -O in
4) C 4) -
rl O>
4)
fHrH.rl 01 rl>H
(I)
•O O
397
-------
^
"-^3
O.T-J
<<
r- ^s
S f 0-. «
§<$•*-
V
si
3 S
Q
o Q Q,1*!
5
Q
Uj
5 K
^ ^
o
\
I
L
X
1
'y
s>.
CTROIY
Uj
M
kj
jl
1
f
\
T
—
398
-------
aeration, lime treatment (preferably with a polymer added),
and long-term settling may be used to treat rinse waters at
the same time.
Dissolved Iron. A BPCTCA limit of 0.00083 kg/kkg (0.00167
Ibs of dissolved iron per ton) of steel pickled is
recommended, equivalent to 1.0 mg/1 based on a 833 1/kkg
(200 gal./ton) flow rate. Data from the four rinse lines
discharging wastes showed a range from 0.000012 to 0.915
Ibs/ton, but three of the four were less than the
recommended BPCTCA limit both in load and in concentration.
Again, the exception was the line providing no treatment
other than flow reduction. The sequence of treatments
described above will achieve the recommended BPCTCA
limitation for dissolved iron.
Pickling - Continuous Sulfuric Acid - Concentrates and Rinse
Waters
The BPCTCA ELGs for this subcategory are as yet undeveloped,
awaiting the completion of additional plant surveys to
provide an expanded data base.
Only one plant in this subcategory has been surveyed thus
far - a 300 ton per day continuous strip pickling operation.
This unit was practicing a high degree of treatment
technology and was producing no aqueous discharge. However,
further examples of sulfuric acid pickling using continuous
processes will have to be surveyed to insure the
applicability of this technology to the entire subcateogory.
Temporarily deferred pending completion of the survey.
Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid - Batch and Continuous -
Concentrates
The BPCTCA ELGs for this subcategory are presented in Table
84. If regeneration is practiced the BPCTCA ELG's for this
subcategory are presented in Table 85. If neutralization is
practiced the BPCTCA ELG's for this subcategory are
presented in Table 87.
Batch Pickling Operations. A relatively small number of
pickling operations, predominantly rod and wire processors,
use hydrochloric acid in batch pickling systems. Production
rates on these units are about half of those for
corresponding sulfuric acid lines, so most batch operators
do not generate enough spent hydrochloric acid pickle liquor
to make acid recovery units practical. Instead, the general
practice has been contract hauling of batches of spent
399
-------
CO
o
o
(j
f\
tJ
I-l
Q
ID
o
trt
6
•2
H
H
r-l
f-|
b
•-I
H
1
g*
CJ
b
"
*
"1 r ,
C f*
AJ /£
2 ^
** £.1
c \.
a r-
O M
c ri
u
I
•o
•r4
O
O
•H
'ft
o
rH
0
C
j*
•"
1
r^
-rH
rH
>C
£<
.
•J
§
5^
c
u
j3
4J
•s
o
•H
O
0)
^H
i^
O
CJ
•8
4J
a
o>
&0
0)
C/3
'/!
*?
M
C-l
<;
H
M
« ^
O <
0 ^
E~* ^-.
§
Sec
rH 0
rQ r-* *rl
rO 4J
IU -H
4J -o T,
0) (U -O
rH Vl
r-.rH V
•° £ U
M-l >»
C rH
O B O
•HOC.
4-1 -rl
O 4J •
N -rl B
iH -O O M
r-' T3 T4 C
CO CO 4-1 -H
Vl <8 rH
4J 01 *H JJ
3 B H 4J
m *rt v v
5 rJ « »
o
!/>
CO
v£>
O
O
o
o
•H
JJ
rj
N
•H
id
VI
U
3
O
ii
51
0 r-l
*"*
•
*
•
CO
CO r*
iH 0
o o
O O
d d
OT
r-1 fi
»-.: LI
CJ £-<
M [il
M /.'
CJ »r;
u
•d
•rl
r-l
O
U)
•U
O
•O
r:
cj
Ol
•/I
M
I/I
VI
O
•d ^
Jj U
>-l f>
6 o
I
e>
CO
•U
o
•d
s
Oi
'C
.a m
rj
a o
o c
VI -rl
4J -i
Cl U
O X
rH
J|
U
. • »
^ O
C V)|
•a JJ rH
|
JJ TJ
Vi Cl JJ
rH 'rl
o "u «
•rl O
r 04 O
•y -a
3 "o V4
O 'J O
Cl 4J C
o
0 O
c *-* >
0 O -pi
V4 'it — 1
'J Ix' CJ
£4 C
V4 -H
11 O
'O .XrH
•Z. rH
•3 JJ rj
O C
i o >.
3 rH
W r-. .r,
O |-4 V4
•3 O O
3 - O
rf '.1 0
J M O
too
-5 J £
•^ _4
/•H 4-1
r-i O
O ITV 14
'J C*4
vi ^*rl
d
•M -0
O TJ O
D JJ
f. 0 «
O r- "1
JJ .3 rH
O V4 >,
•rl O Pi
,4 JJ O
JJ -rl r-l
p —
rl i\
V4 Cl O
'j a j
•-• «
C1
0 I; 0
'i v' /I
!« C-> '.
O r-l 'rl
r-l r-4 l.i
•••I -. 1 '^
r*c -^ «:
S3 «.
t: i>>
o 'cj n -ft"
r-'l -rl O .O
•M r-l U H
O 'rl
% VI .-1 >
11 C. cl
r-l ' «) D>
f-J H., ^J rj
U O -P -r|
•r{ 4J
fi 4J >d 11
C> C "» -rl
j;: o JJ X
o JJ M a)
x C
•a o -H >i
C JJ rH
l3 -t3 O rH
'-. W <•(
r1 vi
rj » . 0
rH 4) M «
n o
*W *ri O H)
O X -H VI
O > "J
>1 Cl
JJ '1 *U *J -r|
•rl -rl C _<;
•a *; s *
r4 'f- B «
•rl H rj 0
rt o c; •«-!
> JJ Vl 4J
.-,- r-l i) -rl
rj r-l
» -T) -rl
c m c o
o c: a rj
•rl -t 'H
1.) ,J l~l
rl 'J 0 >J
o u* u a
. rH O C J3
•„> O ") 4J
TJ Cl J
O rj .j HI
4; vi >a >
-) M o o O
C Vl S\ +J /^
'"• O 3 'I *3
" --J O
jj o 'a -ri -a
S O O 'O O
-J -HI J) C Vi
« (J -rl H
jj x: o 3.
r; u rH o c'
c; ^ a .c: o
V4 ',: 1] 4J rl
r.: >, jj n
<-j o Ca <•;• u
o o ci o
t' r 1 O O
« t: o •> o
f -*-4 C. fj
O TJ J rH
•rj :: o o o
JJ Cl O 4J JJ
ri 1.1 JJ C
JJ *J fj -'
3 '0 JJ 'J (i
r; c: vi o
ll O Cl -rt VI
o !• C-. a U
c. o J <;' c.
1.1 ri .) -I
Vl O VI
O •->. rl >,
fl JJ 11 rH
c) 'i i: .:
c > » -J o
O TJ -r|
-.1 >i U " rj
,1 i] U -I VI
rl d •! 0 <•!
i: 'j "i
-.1 11 Vl "4 p
'i! o 4' ;;! i>
o o 'j •• ,•:
O iJ J) i. 1.1
1
10
8
ul
,1
3
< ^
H
•rl
Q
tn
V,'
•rl
H
O
. M
•d
iH
0
U
4J
•H
a
o
•rl
^fi
Jl
I
O
o
f*
•-H
f«j
o
JJ
rj
O
^J
O
Vl
It)
w
~J fj
Oi H
8
r-l
CM
10
400
-------
lu
l_ 9
<
t~
U*
2
z
o
l£
U)
^ > < s?
d^5
u.-^,."0 -
5§
™i
^:
u
a
•
~ 'O1
iii
a
401
-------
£
iu
fc
•vl i
°u i
lo
^
Ul ^
' Q, *<
. ' "1 r -
rr. Uj'o-'1^
u
Ql
402
-------
403
-------
r4
Q)
I
r4
O
CO
4J
I
CO
CO •<
W
2: I
rH *0
- -5
Q
M
b
2
o
H
co
§
EH
2
W
O
rH
fa
W
EH
U
(^
m
O
•H
rl
O
rH
O
O
rl
•o
en
•rl
O
•rl
0,
O
o
H
§
U
a
D
co
*-**
*f
+**
o
W
EH
«?
H
EH
M
CO
O
H
EH
E-i
S
H
PCTCA
n
r-
H
V)
o
o
q
£"*
0
EH
^
f
*•„
2
O
EH
X
to
*
^J
X I
X
>
>•
t.
o
o
. T
ECHNOI
EH
EH
2
W
S
fc™'
ri.
u
H
'-O
-\
8
H
2
O
U
04
•-(
X
£
r «
r .3
4-1
IS
>4
0)
IS
4J
IS
rH
a,
c
o
•H
4-1
z
01
C
01
Cn
01
rl
•O
•rl
O
Id
0)
•rl
Ul
O
0
in
t
- ta
H |J
^
t7>O
X 0
X 0
X
cr>'
r-l
•^
X CQ
r-
rH
o
C3
'
\
c
o
.0
id
•H
rH
j^
0)
0,
0
rH
CD
O
C
O
rH
ro
00
0
o
o
o
VO
I
o
o
4J
O
3
•O
O
Cn
rl
01
4J
01
I4H 01
01 4J
id
•8*
to c
M -H
01 r-l
4J O
•rl O
rH O
CD y
Iu
to 4J
•H C
O
01 O
rH &
I? g
rHrH
•Q CP
o c
W -n
ft-O
4J rH
0! O
£ S
en
X -rl
4-1 01
rH 4J -rl
IS rH
•O -H
4J Ul
Q, 4-1
5
O
CO
•a
1
I
(O
01
Ul
id
01
rl
C5
s .-
sso
U Q
X
o.
,-s
404
-------
in'
Q C/jf
w o
en
vo
CB
r^
CO
w
,J
ca
•a"
&5
/— V
rH
>^r-
O
0)
G
s!
,-M
Tl
^y
^
d
V*
V
i^j
d
V4
ij
C
0)
0
c
o
CO u
Cd i
Z
g TJ
J 'o
W r^
,Q
H 0
D -rj
0 ^
rn —
vj J ^_,
Z 0
° s
H "
EH v.
S ="
EH ~
H >
S
M r
^ .5
^
EH *
Z -H
W fM
D
rJ
Cu
Cu ><
fj Oi
CTCA - 1
BCATEG01
CH 3
ffl en
r
E
t
t
Ol
Z
o
VH
EH
<
EH
H
S
rH
r-l
DPCTCA
32
H EH
0 O
J EH
x-»
-
t
><
O
s
o
Z
w
CJ
w
EH
EH
Z
w
s
EH
<
W
f*t
P-t
EH
<-S
r-rj
o
-^
E-1
Z
o
CJ
H
X
cn
^^
en
r-5
O
o
o
rH
\
ffl
,_}
,
C/l
K
u
(H
i]
|5
r^
<
P<
r-
t
m
(U
4J
01
d
3
— •* — "X ' *
' •
C
O «H .
d -rl O
•O 4J
0 d C
Ul 4J O
G -H
O H
C Ul TJ 4J
O 3 01 rH
•rl d 01 -r(
4J O UH
<0
Vi fc • S
cj o c 3
d 03
0 -rl (J
UJ g 4J nj
•H -rt •> C1
O> -H TJ O
C T) .. -H
•H x: d M 4J
X 4J a d
•H -H rl C N
£ 3 0 0) -H
EX. rH
- -P >• o 3 d
C1 C rH .H O >H
C O O 3 rH J-)
••H g r.< »j UH 3
•C 4-1 14 O
c rj x: d o c
a o 4J 'j
rH >H -t C C ^
a EH 3 -H 3 &
•
0 rH
1 rH
0
•
(Tl
o
VQ
r— ^ /-N ••—»
vO vO vO
\_^ N-' S^
SO VO iH
•3-5: rH (71 CS
0 S CN 0 0
rH g 0 O O
O vO O O O
O O O O O
f
^^
j^.
(U G
ol O
«J r|
S .3
M
rH 01
•rH 'H K
O Q Pi
••^
i
3
«-t
flj
o^-
s «
CN
4J
y
rj
•O
o
^1
o*
IM
O
tn
M
X
^
(t)
pt
4J
GJ
rj
rH
(M •
MH >H
O O
4J
HH d
O 3
01 pi
r4 C
O "rl
4J rH
•H O
rH O
O
cn
in 4J
en o
d •
01 4J
•H C •
O •
o o
3 1
rH C
d O
> a
£1 r— I
V ^>
i— i f-4
,Q TJ
f3
.£3 Cn
O C
i^ -M
CU 'g
4-> r-
01 CJ
Q ^
a «
3'
o
rH
.1
cd
rH-
4-1
d
4)
O
fj
O
CJ
H
o
l(H
CO
a
o
•H
4J
cd
4J
^_|
a
H
iH
cd
!3
T3
•H
^
Q
_C
^H
(U
,c;
4J
MH
O
B
. co
0)
.£
tl
CU
rH
cd
T)
0)
i i
+J
cd
o
•H
T3
fH
^1
0)
rH
cd
,c
o
•H
•§
CO
o
•H
4-1
cd
4-1
•J.J
6
•H
rH
4J
rj
§
w
3
rH
m
MH
M
r^
H
\~s
9)
rH
XI
-H
• 01
— , 01
C O
.3*
•O "X rH
CJ rH rH
H d IT3
x cn
0 4-'
•rH o O
Qi n fj
(N r-l
»H — • HH
dj (U
CJ ^ JH
4-> CJ
Ul rH 4J
X 'rH
<4H O
O -rl !fl
di OJ
01 O
T3 rH "O
C CJ
3 0 rl
O -P O
CU M C
O
0 -rl
r-l Cl 01
X 3
U X-rH
CJ O
CU r< C
0) -H
01 a.
-O rH •
C 4J rH !,1
3 C a "3
o o o
a 3 >, x;
rH rH 4J
, -W HH -H CJ
,nO UH n g
" 0 d
cu-a « 4J
•H o n to C
IjrH M CJ XI r-l 4J
HM rj
I^H cj h> G
CrJ J-> O 0
rr)4J ^H H C
CJ rH 0
mE c: Vi
X ri x: o
Wn si o
•HO ct u to
tHCM PC
O w O
him f": O -H
J) E] d r-l 4J
<"d n /) d
tiri '7i ii t:
Cd tl -H rH -f )
OO r-l -rJ 0
J>H rl Hi fj
-1-r( -, 1 > fj
WX 2; »< (J
•r— V-^/— \
CNfO >*
•> N_rX^>-r>
t
of?
4J d d
G 01
3 -rj 4J G
O B 01 -H
rH -rl O X!
VH rH O 4J
V -H
• Vl rH 3
01 o< d
rH 4J 01
d T) 01
O C (U -rl
XJ 0 4J X
O 4J d ,
C 4J H
d 'O 01 rH
C ^ d
TJ d e
c C
d * . o
rH 4J 01 G
01 0)
UH -rl U
O X -rl rl
o > d
>i 4J -rl
•H -H C f.
XI 4J 1) 3
rj d S
rH C iJ C/I
•rl U d O
d CJ 0) -rl
> 4J rl 4->
fij rH 4J -rt
d 1-1
•« -rl
C. 01 C 0
O G d d
•H -H >W
4J 4J rH
d o o
01 CJ OJ O
n x: 4J xi
O 3 d d
4J U
O -O M T3
d D "O i 4J 01
O b CM 4->
O tti <.1
Ol rH O O
C 0 0 cj
•H G d
•Ox: rH
G CJ O C
QJ CJ 4J 4J
O, 4J C
rj 'O O
•C 4-I CJ T:
G rl CJ
O CO -rl rl
e E 3 <->
o 4J a1 c
ui d o -ri
iy >H
>. r< >,
in 4J U rH
d c c
> - o o
•O -rl
>, <1J 4J CO
d 4J d i-i
F= d o M
a -H
yi ri UH G
JJ U -rl 3
01 T) O
QUO JT-.
O XI U 01
,— \
u-i
N.^
a
•rH
3 . .
rH 01
5 "3
Ul
4) id
•H 3
•9 rH
M »H
0 -rl
M g
Q.
. 0»
4J G
01 ' -r|
O r-l
S r-l
0
rl
•a
Vl rH
OJ o
XI O
rl 5
U .rH
o) 3
•a G
0 0
O -rl
x: 4J
a)
«! G
8 -rl
5 -i
d o
01 C
d -H
j-j
. -d
a ~, .
CU rH
•O C
OJ 4-1 O
S G
0 ,u -0
rH 3 O
r-l rH 3
d u-i o
UH rH
(1 O rH
O ITj
-rl "H
^ o m
1 -ri
4J 01
•rl H 13
ti tu d
•H 4J 0
• r-l .,| rH
4J rH
C (.1 W
•'J -rl (71 'H
-< .C 0 .G
PJ EH (N £H
/— » y"^
vO 1^
•*^ N^
405
-------
pickle baths to treatment and ultimate disposal off-site,
where they may be blended with alkaline wastes from other
industrial sources. Two plants of this type were surveyed,
and these were either neutralizing to a level acceptable to
the municipal sanitary authority, or were using contract
hauling services to dispose of spent concentrates.
Technology for treatment of spent concentrates from batch
hydrochloric acid pickling does exist, however, and is
discussed more fully under the individual pollutant
parameters which follow. In most instances, it is more
practical to treat spent concentrates jointly with rinses in
one unified treatment system.
Continuous Picklinjg Operations. Plants utilizing
hydrochloric acid for continuous pickling, primarily sheet
and strip lines, are relatively new when contrasted with
continuous sulfuric acid pickling lines. As a result, they
practice more modern control and treatment technology than
their sulfuric acid counterparts. Emphasis is placed on
recovery of reusable hydrochloric acid from all spent
pickling concentrated solutions. Typical lines run at high
production rates, on the order of 1,270 to 5,440 kkg (1,400
to 6,000 tons) per day, with an average production near
2,720 kkg (3,000 tons) per day. Many plants operate more
than one line at a given location. Spent concentrates are
generated at a typical rate of 42 to 65 1/kkg (10 to 15
gal. /ton) .
The three continuous HCl regeneration systems surveyed are
using the same basic acid recovery process. Spent acid is
evaporated in a gas-fired roaster. Iron oxide is removed
from the bottom of the roaster while HCl vapors pass on to
an absorber where they are converted into reusable acid.
The inert combustion products pass through the absorber to a
final water scrubber for removal of any residual HCl vapor
and fine particulates prior to venting to atmosphere. The
vent scrubber discharge is the only liquid waste from the
acid recovery system, averaging approximately 830 1/kkg (200
gal. /ton) in flow rate. For those hydrochloric acid
pickling operations not practicing acid regeneration,
treatment alternatives for spent concentrates ranged from
deep well disposal to carefully controlled lime
neutralization, jointly with the more dilute acidic rinse
waters. Of the seven continuous HCl pickling operations
surveyed, three were regenerating their spent acids, two
were practicing deep well disposal, one was using contract
hauling disposal services, and one was blending concentrates
and rinse waters prior to treatment via aeration, lime
neutralization, polymer addition, clarification via a
thickener, with vacuum filtration of thickener underflows
406
-------
and discharge of a clear, neutral, iron-free effluent.
Individual recommendations for each critical parameter
follow, and are summarized in Table 85.
Suspended Solids. For those plants utilizing HCl
regeneration systems, a BPCTCA limitation of 0.0417 kg/kkg
(0.0834 Ibs of solids per ton) of steel pickled is
recommended, equivalent to 50 mg/1 based on an absorber vent
scrubber water flow of 834 1/kkg (200 gal./ton). All spent
concentrated HCl pickle liquors are regenerated in the acid
recovery unit; all iron is converted to oxides for reuse in
the steelmaking processes. The only contaminants remaining
in the gas stream and, consequently, in the absorber vent
scrubber effluent are residual hydrochloric acid vapors and
fine particulates, including extremely fine iron oxide
particles and other inert combustion products. All three of
the plants surveyed are equipped with cyclone separators to
remove the oxide dust from the HCl gas stream prior to the
HCl absorber. An additional unit at one of the plants is
equipped with an electrostatic precipitator. The effect of
these dust collectors is quite noticeable in the final
scrubber discharge water which contained from 70 to 130 ppm
of suspended matter for those units equipped with cyclones
and only 7 mg/1 suspended matter for the unit with the
electrostatic precipitator.
At present, most plants discharge their absorber vent
scrubber waters once-through with no treatment. The plant
using an electrostatic precipitator achieves solids loads
low enough to meet the BPCTCA limit, but the other plants
would require a short-term sedimentation pond to reduce
solids loads to the recommended levels. Since these
scrubber wastes are often acidic enough to require lime
neutralization particularly if the HCl absorbers are
operated inefficiently allowing residual acid vapors to pass
on to the final scrubber at too high a rate, a sedimentation
pond would be required to settle out iron precipitates prior
to discharge.
For those plants not practicing acid regeneration, the
recommended BPCTCA limitations are based on joint treatment
of spent concentrates and rinse waters and are summarized in
Table 87. The total suspended solids effluent loads for
concentrates and rinses together are limit to 0.0480 kg/kkg
(0.0960 Ibs/ton) of steel pickled, equivalent to 50 mg/1
based on a combined flow of 959 1/kkg (230 gal./ton) of
product. For those plants using wet scrubbers for control
of fumes in hoods over the pickling tanks, an additional
allowance of 0.0104 kg/kkg (0.0208 Ibs/ton) of steel pickled
is provided, equivalent to 50 mg/1 based on a fume hood
407
-------
scrubber flow of 209 1/kkg (50 gal./ton) of product. The
one continuous pickling operation surveyed which was
practicing joint treatment of spent concentrates and rinses
was attaining an effluent suspended solids load equivalent
to only 43X of the BPCTCA limit.
Dissolved Iron. For those plants utilizing regeneration
systems, a BPCTCA limitation of 0.00083 kg/kkg (0.00167 Ibs
of dissolved iron per ton) of steel pickled is recommended,
equivalent to 1 mg/1, based on an absorber vent scrubber
effluent flow of 834 1/kkg (200 gal./ton) of steel pickled.
Most of the iron carried through either of the dust
collection systems is in the particulate form. Unless the
HCl absorber is functioning inefficiently, it will remain
undissolved, contributing little or nothing to the dissolved
iron loads. However, neutralization with lime or other
alkali, plus sedimentation will be necessary to prevent
discharge of excessive dissolved iron during those times
when high concentrations of HCl vapors pass out of the
absorber. For the plants surveyed, dissolved iron loadings
were at 10 to 75% of the limit at pH 7 or above, but were as
high as 18 times over the BPCTCA limit as pH levels
decreased to pH 2 or lower.
For those plants not generating spent HCl concentrates, the
recommended limitations for joint treatment systems handling
concentrates and rinses allow a total dissolved iron load of
0.00096 kg/kkg (0.00192 Ibs/ton) of steel pickled,
equivalent to 1 mg/1, based on a total combined flow of 959
1/kkg (230 gal./ton) of product. An additional allowance of
0.00021 kg/kkg (0.00042 Ibs/ton) is provided for those
plants using wet fume hood scrubbers in conjunction with
pickling operations. The plant practicing joint treatment
of rinses and concentrates achieves a dissolved iron loading
of only 0.000317 Ibs/ton, equivalent to less than 15X of its
permitted loading.
QH. As in all other subcategories, the BPCTCA ELG for pH is
the range 6.0 to 9.0. Since treatment with alkalies will be
necessary to achieve the BPCTCA dissolved iron limitations,
the attainment of the pH limitations will not require any
additional equipment or expense.
Pickling - Hydrochloric Ac^d - Batch and Continuous - Rinses
A total of nine hydrochloric acid pickling plants were
examined for rinse water quality during the survey, and six
of these were large tonnage strip and sheet mills. Of the
nine operations, three were presently providing no rinse
water treatment; attain some concentration reductions
408
-------
through partial neutralization or dilution; two treat rinse
waters effectively using conventional lime treatment and
sedimentation/clarification; and the remaining plant
cascades dilute rinse waters toward the head end of the
pickling line, thereby concentrating iron and acid levels
until the rinse waters resemble dilute (1-2X) spent acid
concentrated solutions. At present, this plant injects this
waste and the spent concentrate to a deep well, but this
mixture is amenable to acid recovery by systems described
previously in the sections on Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid -
Concentrates. Following is a summary of factors used to
establish the BPCTCA Effluent Limitations Guidelines as they
apply to rinse waters. They are presented in Table 86.
Suspended Solids. For pickling installations treating rinse
waters separately, either because they operate regeneration
or separate treatment of concentrates, a BPCTCA limitation
of 0.0a17 kg/kkg (0.0834 Ibs of suspended solids per ton) of
steel pickled is recommended, equivalent to 50 mg/1 based on
a rinse water flow rate of 833 1/kkg (200 gal./ton) of steel
pickled. An additional allowance of 0.0104 kg/kkg (0.0208
Ibs/ton), equivalent to 50 mg/1 based on a flow of 209 1/kkg
(50 gal./ton) is provided for pickling lines equipped with
wet fume hood scrubbers. Seven plants are attaining this
limit, including those that are depending on dilution alone.
The average solids load discharged by these plants was less
than 40% of the basic allowance above. The typical
treatment sequence would include equalization, lime
addition, mixing, aeration, polymer addition, and
sedimentation in a thickener with vacuum filtration of
underflow sludges.
For pickling operations treating spent concentrates and
rinse waters jointly, the BPCTCA limitations were discussed
previously in the sections on Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid -
Concentrates.
Dissolved Iron. For pickling operations treating rinse
waters separately, a BPCTCA limitation of 0.00083 kg/kkg
(0.00167 Ibs of dissolved iron per ton) of steel is
recommended, equivalent to 1 mg/1 based on a rinse water
flow rate of 833 1/kkg (200 gal./ton) of steel pickled. An
additional allowance of 0.00021 kg/kkg (0.00042 Ibs/ton),
equivalent to 1 mg/1 based on a flow of 209 1/kkg (50
gal./ton) is provided for pickling lines equipped with wet
fume hood scrubbers. Only three of the plants surveyed
attain dissolved iron levels significantly below this limit,
but the plants that fail to are not controlling their
neutralization steps adequately. The sequence of treatments
described above for suspended solids removal succeeds in
409
-------
VO
ao
H
vJ
§
en
Q
H
D
O
2
O
H
I
H
2
H
EH
§
D
A
CM
CM
m
0)
01
iH
O
rH
•6
2
•a
O
•rH
IX
X, ^
Q 1*0
w o
EH O
H EH
w o
U EH
cn
n
m
rH
O
cn
2
O
H
t~J
r^«
EH
H
s
H
rH-
g
EH
O
rX
m
^
C
NOLOGY
*T*
EATMENT TECI
OS
EH
CONTROL
,—
CN
"*^
e
*"•* CQ
'""^ K-5
o^ ^^
fc^ O
\M
&>\
X CQ
J-l
I'M
4J
01
id
41
•rH
rH
id
it
rH
id
•0
id
•a
•H
O
id
O
O
•H
Equal! zat
0
i-^
rH
0
O
ddition
with
id •
ig fi aeration.
with polymer
In a thickener
•H 4J
x c c
1 S5
3 4J
Blending,
Lime trea
Sedimenta
o
r-4
in
^" n
0 00
rH O
0 0
o o
JK"?~
Q
Lon of underfl
.p
id
4J
rH
vacuum fi
*
5 „
rH 00
fH 0
0 0
O O
0 O
1
f .
t
§
4J
N
•H
2
4J
3
41
s,
*
O
at
o
— to
in
CM
o
O
O
O
§
<
s,
0
§.
4J
O
1
A
< g
0) rH
rH rH
•9 «
XI Cn
o c
Oi-O
4J rH
01 U
O X-
22 ,
rH
id
01
01
01
O
41
4J
O
C
01
•H
•o
41
01
•H
rH
s
rH
O
C
o
01
4J
41
rH
id
rH
id
>
•
*o
0
43
4J
I
4J
C
41
4J
id
41
rH
4J
*W
O
01
£
O
•rH
4J
Id
4J
3
01
O,
^
O
01
C
o
•H
4J
m
c
•rH
n
E
O
O
and and chemicals, flow to
rH
flj
41
•o x:
13
4J -H
c x:
fl 01
id 4i
0) -rH
4J -H
rH
•a -H
C 0
id id
rH
O 01
rH 01
4J O
C X!
O 4J
u
4)
•a >
41 O
4J J3
0
•rH TJ
•a 4i
C VH
•H -rH
3
4i cr
x: oi
4J rH
4J 01
ft 4J
41 01
0 O
0 0
rH
O id
4J 4J
C
tJ O
41 E
rH 4)
•rH H
3 0
41 --H
M
01 rH
C C
o o
4J 41
id Vl
o id
•H
r^
T3
T3
id
c
•rH
•a
41
3
0
rH
rH
id
a
0
•H
4J
id
^j
•rJ
C
•H
• rH
4-1
a 01
Id *rH
rH rj
Oi EH
"c
O
JJ
rH
id
O*
o
in
4J
o
3
•O
0
M
Oi
MH
0
cn
y
y
M
41
Oi
4J
13
01
3
rH
14-1
IH
4)
1-1
o
01
)H
41
4J
•rH
rH
Crt
o
cs
01
•H
rH
n)
^
01
rH
*v
XI
o
VH
Oi
4J
01
o
s
cold rolling mill wastes.
5
•H
3
£
O
•rH
4J
s
•rH
•i
0
o
c
•rH
'O
4)
4J
•d
0)
is
01
rH
id
01
41
4J
01
id
3
4)
01
4)
5
c
4)
3
^,
rH
C
O
•0
4)
O
rH
rH
«J
01
•H
•O
A3
O
, ',
01
•rH
rj
t>
X
o.
410
-------
meeting the recommended limitation for dissolved iron when
carefully practiced.
For pickling operations practicing joint treatment of spent
concentrates and rinses, the BPCTCA limitations on dissolved
iron were discussed previously in the sections on Pickling -
Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrates. .
pH. As in all other subcategories, the BPCTCA ELG for pH is
the range 6.0 to 9.0. Since treatment with alkalies is
required to achieve the BPCTCA dissolved iron limitations,
the attainment of the pH limitations will not require any
additional equipment or expense.
Oil and Grease. Several plants have found it advantageous
to treat pickling rinse waters jointly with cold rolling
mill wastewaters utilizing the acidity and dissolved iron
content of the former to assist in emulsion breaking and
clarification/flocculaticn of the latter. The BPCTCA
limitation for oil and grease from such treatment operations
is set at 0.0083 kg/kkg (0.0167 Ibs/ton), equivalent to 10
mg/1, based on a flow rate of 833 1/kkg (200 gal./ton) of
product. The one plant surveyed practicing such joint
treatment was discharging oil and grease at 65% of the
recommended limitation. For plants treating spent
concentrates and rinse waters from pickling jointly with
cold rolling mill wastes, the BPCTCA limitations are set at
0.0095 kg/kkg (0.0190 Ibs/ton), equivalent to 10 mg/1 based
on a combined flow rate of 959 1/kkg (230 gal./ton) of
product.
Cold Rolling Subcateggries
Waste treatment practices in cold rolling operations center
primarily on the removal of oils and suspended solids. Most
mills have gone to recycle systems, at least on some stands,
on their rolling solutions primarily due to the high cost of
rolling oils as well as to meet increasingly tighter
pollution control requirements.
Recirculation Systems. Four of the five mills sampled had
recirculation systems. Spent rolling oils are pumped to a
separate storage tank and metered into an oil separator
along with oily wastewater (spillage, pump leakage, etc.)
from the oil cellar and machine shop, associated with the
cold mill operation. Discharges from these plants ranged
from 67 1/kkg to 760 1/kkg (16 to 182 gal./ton) of product
rolled. The volume of discharge per ton of product rolled
is highly dependent upon the width, thickness, and type of a
product, the speed of the rolling mill, the condition of the
411
-------
rolls and wipers, and will vary considerably on different
days for the same mill, depending on the product rolled. In
spite of the wide variation in flows shown above, three of
the four plants achieved average discharge rates between 67
and 75 1/kkg (16 and 18 gal./ton), and 4 to 6 mg/1 of oil
and grease was readily attained in the treatment plant
effluent, partly due to the dilution effect caused by
treating cold rolling mill wastewaters in a central
treatment plant along with wastewaters from other processes.
The BPCTCA ELGs are presented in Table 88, and are discussed
individually below:
Suspended Solids. Four plants surveyed were operating all
rolling stands using tight recycle systems, and were
discharging suspended solids in their treated effluents
ranging from 2 to 22 mg/1. In all cases, small volumes of
rolling mill waste are mixed with large volumes of other
wastewaters whose characteristics are predominant and
overshadow the rolling mill waste. Taking into account this
dilution and realizing the load will vary considerably
according to the mill, the BPCTCA limitation for suspended
solids from recirculation systems has been established as
0.0026 kg/kkg (0.0052 Ibs of suspended solids per ton) of
steel rolled, equivalent to 25 mg/1 at 104 1/kkg (25
gal./ton). Three of the four plants surveyed are operating
within this load limitation at the present time.
Oil and Grease. The four plants surveyed were discharging
oil concentrations in the treatment plant effluents from 4
to 6 mg/1. In all cases, dilution by large volumes of other
wastewaters being treated in the same central treatment
plant overshadowed the impact effect of the rolling mill
waste discharge. These concentrations are also too low to
be accurately measured by the most readily available
analytical techniques for oil content. The BPCTCA ELG for
oil and grease from recirculation systems has, therefore,
been set at 0.00104 kg/kkg (0.00206 Ibs of oil per ton) of
steel, equivalent to 10 mg/1 based on a discharge flow of
104 1/kkg (25 gal./ton). Two of the four plants surveyed
are operating within this load limitation currently, and
three out of four reach concentration less than 10 mg/1,
indicating that the treatment technology is available to
maintain that level.
Dissolved Iron. For those cold rolling - recirculation
plants treating their wastewaters jointly with those from
pickling operations, a BPCTCA dissolved iron limitation has
been set at 0.000104 kg/kkg (0.000208 Ibs/ton), equivalent
to 1 mg/1 at a flow of 104 1/kkg (25 gal./ton) of steel
412
-------
o
4J
!
§° '
S3
EH EH
CO O Di
W6"«
1
wl /""""*•
01
JM
o
^J
i*J
TECHNO
EH
2
j«
§
g
EH
rH
O C
M3
tp -o
C 3
•H O
rH rH
rH 43
2 §
°1
4) -rl
01 E
ra a
0) <4-4
£ o
^^
O4
H
M \
2 CT
0 6
H
EH
<
in
OJ
H
H
X
H
J
< -s (Q
OH |J
CJ 0>0
ft « 0
(Q X C,
Vw^.
0*^**.
X 0)
C
10
CM
0
0
O
d 01
o
•H »
e c •
41 O & C
ff. -H C §
0 4-> -rt .rl
5rH *J
•u id
C 0 -P N
.2£« rH
^ ij-o 2
45«-S ^
r-l » C 4)
m e 4) c
3 0 4J C
O< -H X K
0) 4J 4) D,
O rH
H
O
•
&
1
o
•
10
«*
«. o
^< ^^
0 H
rH O
0 o
°. o
0 0
^
0)
• M *
2 •
X
X
. M
"M
VI 41
rl 4J
« 2
ii3
rH O»
C
rr ^H
O rH
rH O
o
01 o
iH
-4J
6 o
oi
3 C
rH -r\
>4H "O
14H 3
41 H
X)
W X
0 41
>
rH
4) Id
rH 0<
3
id in
43 M
8s"
*1
V rH
01 rH
O O
X M
•rl 41
rH 01
O ^
CO 4)
rl
•O O
4>
•O TJ
C B
4> 3
ft
W rH
3 -H
Ul O
I
^ o> o
4> ^ C
Q.X -H
0) rl H
•O 41 rH
§ a«
as*
41 -rl
V< 3 rl
O rH (8
14-1 Ul
•O <4H 01
41 41 4)
•-) O
Ul 4)
rH 4J rH O* 4J
B W -*J O C 01
«J 4J g a)
4J 41 4J 01 4J
c w a to M w
rt 6 4) Id Id
o o n S
4J O 4J j- *
04)
O
rH
tn
413
-------
£
in
v/)
vj
S'
IV
3
o o
to
-------
produced. Data were available from two such plants,
indicating an average dissolved iron concentration of 0.1
mg/1 after treatment.
Combination Systems. Although recent trends in cold rolling
practice have aimed at increased use of recirculation
systems wherever possibly, many plants must continue to run
one or more stands on a once-through basis. This need is
dictated by special customer requirements, control of
dissolved solids, or the need to remove a previously applied
oily coating which may be incompatible with the rolling
solutions used. Plants using such a combination of
recirculation and direct application stands generate
considerably more wastewater than recirculation alone. For
example, the one combination plant visited on two different
occasions during this survey consisted of two different cold
rolling lines and a temper mill using various combinations
of recirculation and direct application, with wastewater
flows averaging 1551 1/kkg (372 gal/ton) at the time of the
visits. Data reported by this plant for a representative
period of operations confirmed the above average, indicating
a 28-day average flow of 1,530 1/kkg (367 gal./ton) to
treatment. For this reason, the BPCTCA ELGs for combination
cold rolling operations has been based on flow rates of
1,668 1/kkg (400 gal./ton) of steel produced.
The BPCTCA ELGs for the cold rolling - combination plants
are presented in Table 89, and discussed individually below.
Suspended Solids. During the plant visits the one cold
rolling - combination plant surveyed was discharging 6 to 10
mg/1 of suspended solids after treatment via oil skimming,
equalization, emulsion breaking, air flotation, and chemical
treatment at a central treatment plant together with coating
wastewaters. The BPCTCA limitation for suspended solids
from cold rolling - combination plants has been established
at 0.0417 kg/kkg (0.0834 Ibs/ton) of steel rolled,
equivalent to 25 mg/1 at a flow of 1,668 1/kkg (400
gal./ton). The plant surveyed is currently averaging 28% of
this load.
Oil and Grease. During the plant surveys, oil
concentrations after treatment ranged between 4 and 20 mg/1,
and averaged 12 mg/1. The BPCTCA limitations for oil and
grease from cold rolling - combination operations has been
set at 0.0167 kg/kkg (0.0334 Ibs/ton) of steel rolled,
equivalent to 10 mg/1 at a flow of 1,668 1/kkg (400
gal./ton). The plant surveyed was discharging an average
load slightly exceeding this value, but sampling records
indicate that a short-term upset occurred during one of five
415
-------
GO
CTl
S
3
o\
00
W
1
EH
tn
I '
w c
r3 O
W *r<
O -P
M g
f"
Z «
O i
H
PH tn
$ "S
=H ^
s "3
H «
J Q
rH
EH o
§ °
pt|
&4 ^4
M Oi
o
1 O
w
d %
EH 0
O CQ
04 D
n tn
1 « -P -O . ' * T) ?
^^
~*
j-)
^J
0
&
g
H
£4
t*
Br*
z
w
s
"«
W
PH
EH
U3
S
EH
2
8
IB 0 Id 41 . H . 4) «
.a-H-HM-a .« •Mi;
4J3rH-HG 41 «l2
•rlOQ4(y. 4J g jj
;sW"O4io-ri.p a • 45>,S
•rimsnjx *'M*J'::'..
«ocr'4> - O rHrHHnjW
Id^UCIj • fl'M-IJB?
O4I-OC O»- ^ B M T1
-rldJlHC-rlKJ ^ 0> » T) 'H rS » O rH X 0) 3
Id pi-Ht7> M • Q) HJ 4) O 4) t-
H 6 E nj 3 C 4) ••; O-HHJ
D4OO^4O«H ' CU* CrH"H*O^ld *~*
(HKnlUg M _I9|- -H X
4)34) 0> 4J* TJ 2. U 4JCJ3«
^O-PrH- • -H pCl«'O(n4>3'_f
•Olfl-HPffl rHO> .*< i-l C -H 1 O<
n)3 <« rHO •U^*J «)4)4->-rt 3
fcH_
cnoBoin -HOI 4) .H -a -H g
4) fl) "O 4J • rH ^,4J >*-l ^( to U-l 4J C 0 O
•OP-PC C« n gid • OO C4->ld-rlC -P 4I4J OlV4«a >, M i-H 2
360101OP-H 3 JJC T) -P4)O4) c
gp -HlflrH O WO OrH^ -rlV^Ol "H
-HldCCE-P-P C >,O 34)O rHrH4JO -9
X4)oo4)O-p oil O4)e-Hiae.c g
idV4-H-Hx:rH4) a: c O o >« w a e o »i m ra er> o o
OC 0 > rH C 4) _
Wl 0 5
IW rH OQOl (84J d) 4J J3 _
CM
to x
I »
EH
EH
can) . OII-H. fl o. td id "o
P IH X O E O 4)
CO* 41 XC •O-H'O *J
4>c OI-H 60-04) 55
3 -rl ^1 O C H J)
• HTJ 01(l)rH..rlQ)-r|.rl *<
inOiH ,£ o 3 P n . y
V44). U4OrH4JrH Id
O 3 -rl 4) T) -P V)
O
. *-« Om.o id+Jiuo) 4)
H O>«)C _o
P4 X 0
m x o
&i*^*
*£ CQ
t T
^H_
. « Oaicid04Jp <»
VO 4) D> >HP 4)Rt>iC 01
rH •iH4JV'a4) 4)
"f^ flO rHrHO-PO4>e-(1
Hr irfO 4)_C£rHW4):r1
c-r-vo ^j^i 4)OOiwoO-riiJ_
rHOrH O— ' 4J^OU1O3C3O P
^J-rHO H OlVO'rlinXO'C?)
O O O DttJ rH 0) O 4) -rl ^
•. 4) 1^
*-' OlrH O4J-r| 01rH>1
oo c o)4Jo>Pcc-r!
SH O'O-HroceOO-PC
4J4I-H4J-H4J-H CO
tn 3 t) E «J «l nt _.
o«i>iic43iarii-ii »OJ:-H m
^•HO I^'OEWX^
^s aiiHiuinniai 4J in
0) 10 O<\-PC>-P>lW-rl-rl
i-r« •H-H>OOOlHOXg
CCH X 5; rt O U 4J J,+J 4) fr«
4) id 0
CU 01 S
tniHO) o «»*<»t***^^ "^
3-H-H BJi-l H^ ~. —
416
-------
Iiii
0
u
_^_
r0" —
L_Q- -
So
SS
t*?-
U.D
8?
.
-------
sampling shifts, which yielded a higher than normal
concentration for that period, but still well within the
maximum daily limit. The plant effluent reverted to normal
within a few hours, and the average concentration for the
subsequent shift was below 10 mg/1.
Dissolved Iron. For those cold rolling - combination plants
treating their wastewaters jointly with those from pickling
operations, a BPCTCA dissolved iron limitation has been set
at 0.00167 kg/kkg (0.0034 Ibs/ton), equivalent to 1 mg/1 at
a flow of 1,668 1/kkg (400 gal./ton) of steel rolled. No
dissolved iron data was collected during the survey of the
one plant treating cold rolling and coating (including light
pickling) wastes jointly, but even total iron averaged less
than 1 mg/1.
Direct Application Systems. A few cold rolling
installations will continue to operate without recirculation
on any rolling stand, providing only once-through direct
application of rolling solutions. Although no plants of
this type were surveyed, a review of the application rates
utilized by the recirculation and combination types of
operation in the cold rolling subcategory indicate a typical
water requirement of approximately 4,170 1/kkg (1,000
gal./ton) of product rolled. Thus this flow, together with
the treatment technology utilized on the other cold rolling
wastewaters (namely, equalization, chemical treatment,
flocculation, dissolved air flotation, surface skimming and
long-term settling) form a basis for BPCTCA EUGs for direct
application plants. The individual limitations are
discussed below, and are summarized in Table 90.
Suspended Solids. The recommended BPCTCA limitation for
suspended solids from direct application systems has been
set at 0.1042 kg/kkg (0.2084 Ibs/ton) of steel produced,
equivalent to 25 mg/1, based on a total discharge flow of
4,170 1/kkg (1,000 gal./ton). Although no plants utilizing
direct application on all stands were surveyed, and thus no
treatment data was available, the technology required to
attain these limitations has been adequately demonstrated on
the other cold rolling systems, as discussed above.
Oil and Grease. The recommended BPCTCA limitations for oil
and grease from direct application systems has been set at
0.0417 kg/kkg (0.0834 Ibs/ton) of steel produced, equivalent
to 10 mg/1 at a flow of 4,170 1/kkg (1,000 gal./ton).
Again, despite the non-availability of data, the technology
has been adequately demonstrated by treatment systems
handling cold rolling wastewaters using the other two
solution systems.
418
-------
CO
M
z
H
a
M
D
O
en
•z,
o
H
EH
H
EH
§
D
U
EH
O
§
•rl
4J
id
o
a
O
2
•rl
a
•rl
s
•o
i-H
8
S
o
o
I
m
to
^r
P (fl
w o
EH O
EH EH
W O
W EH
^
r»
S.
W
J2
o
EH
EH
H
s
M
<
EH
U
(1^
n
0
xj
t/v|
xl
X
£?
N
1
•*
X
O
s
o
2
E
U
U
EH
EH
j2
u
H
^
W
£
EH
>4
^
§
EH
Z
O
CJ
04
—
^
^
tr>
e
0
•rl
^)
2
id
a
0)
Ul
rH
•rl
O
id
•H
in
c
O
jj
3
rH
O
(0
IM
O
JJ
I
Treat
in
CN
,^^
CQ
""*
CPO
X
X
\
t*j
o
rH
X (Q
id
rH
3
U
u
o
H
.
C
id
4)
VI
4J
f-^
id
o
1
OJ
u
c
o
•H
id
N
•rl
rH
id
3
V
•o
c
id
•>
c
1
•i
01
0
id
IM
VI
3
CO
O
JJ
id
O
H
•M
^
•H
id
••
o
JJ
O
fx
rH
O
o
"^
0*>
C
•H
JJ
0)
Ul
e
Vl
0)
JJ
en
O
rH
rH
0>l
««^
o
O
*
o
•
t
e
0
•rl
JJ
id
N
•rl
,_4
id
3
01
0
•
c*
o
vO
o
W
01
•o
0)
ft
Ul
3
CO
o
•H
rH
3
1 possible
H
id
jj
o
01
rH
IH
01
Vl
JJ
•rl
(fl
01
0
•0
Vl
o
c
0)
>
•H
0)
3
rH
O
C
rH
rH
id
Si
rH
•rl
M
id
in
in
o
01
c
JJ
O
e
(A
•rl
TJ
01
4J
m
-rl
rH
^,
£p
o
rH
O
1
41
JJ
01
rH
•a
•-H
•H
<
»
01
•a
o
^j
0|
jj
c
g
jj
id
0)
VI
jj
IM
0
in
c
0
•H
jj
id
jj
3
E
01
a
Vl
o
in
c
o
•rl
JJ
m
C
•H
f
O
u
o
i-H
IM
(fl
rH
id
0
•rl
g
0)
;C
O
13
C
id
'13
C
id
rH
IM
O
>,
JJ
•H
rH
•H
•9
rH
•H
id
id
•k
£
Q
•H
.^j
m
o
0
rH
W
id
Ul
VI
o
jj
o
id
*M
rj
CJ
Ul
C
0
en
c
•rf
•O
C
(U
a
*»
C?
rfl
>
^
(rt
B
Ul
jj
Ul
O
u
d extent of
c
id
*
jj
ui
•H
X
0)
Ul
01
>
•rl
JJ
id
C
Vj
0)
JJ
iH
id
en
c
•H
jj
01
a
o
01
Vl
01
£.
3
15
jj
CJ
01
01
01
t^l
en
o
rH
O
c
.c
o
(U
JJ
JJ
c
£•
OJ
US
0)
Vl
JJ
•o"
IV
Jj
m
jj
id
CJ
•rl
*o
fj
• rl
0)
.C
JJ
a.
(U
0
0
o
jj
rrj
HJ
Vl
D
O
VI
U)
C
o
•H
JJ
IB
O
•rl
>M
•H
t)
i
&
id
c.
•g
•H
rH
i
i-H
rH
g
01
Vl
id
ji
0
•H
S.
f
(fl
01
•rl
JJ
•H
rH
•rl
0
id
IM
0)
ui
0
&
jj
(U
O
•3
•a
1
rH
C
O
01
Vl
id
c
§
x:
01
Ul
jj
in
O
o
rH
id
JJ
3
•
JJ
c
id
rH
Ol
id
c
•rl
.C
JJ
•rl
3
en
c
•rl
JJ
01
•H
4>
line rinse wastewater
01
rH
.Y
o
•H'
QU
5
•H
3
C
O
•rl
JJ
id
c
•rl
*g
g
•H
•o
,
rH
C
O
•d
01
1
rH
rH
nt
in
•H
•0
id
O
rH
(fl
•rl
E
04
419
-------
Ul
0
p
J
riS
1 li*
rf
| us -i
.
^
-J
o^.
1
I T
L| Li
r-""-
r
^
1 — 1?
s
FT
! c
^
V— i-j
.
i ° 1
L-L1
2
0
,<•
If *
< 00
*
-iw
o<^
$5*5.
|
i-U.
ki
-4 V
UJ
2 o
I
! ^
~ I
u.
~r '•"!
t,
Q:
Off*
-------
Dissolved Iron. For those cold rolling - direct application
plants treating their wastewaters jointly with those from
pickling operations, a BPCTCA dissolved iron limitation has
been set at 0.0042 kg/kkg (0.0084 Ibs/ton) of steel
produced, equivalent to 1 mg/1 at a flow of 4,170 1/kkg
(1,000 gal./ton) of product.
Hot Coatings - Galvanizing Operations
Four plants in the hot coatings subcategory were visited.
Two of these were rod and wire mills producing galvanized
wire, but one had no process wastewaters in contact with the
coated product and, consequently, no raw waste load
attributable to the coating step. Waste loads from the rod
mill and the pickling operations associated with this
production line are covered under the hot forming section
and the pickling - hydrochloric acid subcategories.
The remaining three mills included two large continuous
strip galvanizing operations and (including one running
three coating lines side by side) one continuous wire
galvanizing operation. Wastewater flow rates for these
three lines ranged from 557 to 2,195 gal./ton for the strip
galvanizing lines, to 4,600 gal./ton for the wire mill. All
lines included varying portions of noncontact cooling water
from furnace cooling and from temperature control of the
molten metal baths.
The BPCTCA ELGs for this subcategory are presented in Table
91.
Suspended Solids. A BPCTCA limit of 0.1250 kg/kkb (0.2500
Ibs per ton) of coated steel is recommended, equivalent to
50 mg/1 based on a 2,500 1/kkg (600 gal./ton) flow rate. An
additional allowance of 0.1251 kg/kkg (0.2502 Ibs/ton) is
provided for those plants utilizing a wet fume hood scrubber
in conjunction with the process. One of the strip
galvanizing plants (the one with three lines) currently
discharges 0.04 Ibs/ton, while the other line slightly
exceeds the BPCTCA limitation at 0.268 Ibs/ton. This waste
receives additional treatment in a central treatment plant,
so the final effluent meets the limitation.
On the basis of these actual plant operations, the BPCTCA
limitation is consistently attainable using standard mixing,
polymer addition, and settling equipment and techniques.
Oil and Grease. A BPCTCA limit of 0.0375 kg/kkg (0.0750
Ibs/ton) is recommended, equivalent to 15 mg/1 based on a
2,500 1/kkg (600 gal./ton) flow rate. An additional
421
-------
*!•
*~a w
w o
ei.o
EH EH
CO O
W EH
"ON
'
•s
CO
M4
2
H
. T
a
H
D
C3
2
O
H
H
S
H
,_5
EH
D
•4
Cl4
W
1
O
EJ
C^
CJ
CQ
•H
N
•H
C
>
ra
C5
,
01
cr
•H
U i
(T)
O
0
JJ
O
s
>4
p£
O
U
ra
D
2
0
H
S
EH
H
Z:
H
l-J
*^J
CJ
s
P4
*"^
£i
O
S
o
1
H
EH
EH
W
5*
S
CO
Q5
EH
HI
.1
§
EH
2
O
CJ
--~
r— i
U>
6
^•v
~ 03
H iJ
X O
?;5
& CQ
^
t«
•H
•a
c
ai
rH
X)
o
•H
JJ
n)
N
•H
r-4
r8
3
4)
%
O
JJ
O
11
r-l
8
4)
JJ
a
i
c a
ra EU
^^
lO
^^
iO
•
o
\
\
t
t
o*
c
•rl
•rl
X
01
rH
•rl G
O O
•H
01 JJ
3 ra
O N
3 -H
C rH
•H ra
JJ 1-1
C JJ
O 3
U <0
G
C X
(9 Q,
•
in in o **i
^ •
o
•
i
0
•
^- *
•*•» -— • in ^«*
in in •" in
^- — in in — '
ininminooinin
r^ r^ CM 04 o o r^ r^
nfOr- irHoooo
O O O O O O O O
oooooooo
0.3
o ••
JO.'
roduct
Qt
•0
41
JJ
id
O
O
O
O>
. 14
•Si
JJ
d)
3
rH
4)
rH
XI
ra
X)
o
a
i)
0)
g
A
0)
TJ
•H
o
w
•o
4)
•a
41
CM
01
3
M
4)
01
d
o
a: H
0. h
P*
I
U C 1)
a JJ
•a JJ m
c x s
0) 4) -rl
JJ
T3 H3 UI
ecu
n) 4J
a, u o a
4) 01 JJ JJ
o JJ c
•a D
I O U XI
01
4) «)
in
422
-------
r r r rr
O "o i,, rj 0 ', O
S; i>j i? x! \ V3 v\
" "
V) 1U
Q <"
5! 1
•*J **J
Sd*?**^
i lo O N O
-------
allowance of 0.0375 kg/kkg (0.0750 Ibs/ton) is provided for
those plants utilizing wet fume hood scrubbers in
conjunction with the coating operations. The galvanizing
plant operating three lines and providing wet fume hood
scrubbers attains this limit, treating to an effluent level
of 0.10 Ibs of oil per ton of galvanized product, 67% of its
appropriate limitations. The BPCTCA limitation is thus
readily attainable using standard oil skimming and removal
equipment and techniques. The other galvanizing plant
exceeds the limitation by onethird, but this treated
wastewater receives additional aeration, sedimentation, and
oil skimming in a central treatment plant, so the final
effluent also meets the limit. The wire galvanizing
operation was discharging its treated wastes to a municipal
sanitary authority at 9 mg/1 oils and greases, but this was
equivalent to 0.3 Ibs/ton.
Zinc. A BPCTCA limit of 0.0125 kg/kkg (0.0250 Ibs/ton) of
galvanized product is recommended, equivalent to 5 mg/1
based on a 2,500 1/kkg (600 gal./ton) flow rate. An
additional allowance of 0.0125 kg/kkg (0.0250 Ibs/ton) is
provided for those plants utilizing wet fume hood scrubbers
in conjunction with the coating operations. Both continuous
galvanizing plants surveyed achieve zinc levels considerably
below this limit, averaging 0.0078 Ibs of zinc per ton of
coated product. Allowances were made because the
recommended BPCTCA limit is based upon using the
comparatively simpler mixing, polymer addition, and settling
equipment and techniques needed to attain the suspended
solids limits, while the two continuous galvanizing lines
surveyed have equipment more appropriate for attaining BATEA
limitations as discussed in Section X.
Hexavalent Chromium. A BPCTCA limit for hexavalent chromium
of 0.00005 kg/kkg (0.00010 Ibs/ton) is recommended,
equivalent to 0.02 mg/1 based on a 2,500 1/kkg (600
gal./ton) flow rate. An additional allowance of 0.00005
kg/kkg (0.00010 Ibs/ton) is provided for these plants
utilizing wet fume hood scrubbers in conjunction with the
coating operations. Both continuous galvanizing plants
surveyed were discharging treated effluents containing less
than 60% of the stated BPCTCA limits, utilizing the reducing
capability of dilute pickling solutions to convert
hexavalent chromium to trivalent. In some operations, it
may be necessary to provide separate chromium reduction via
addition of other reducing agents. The trivalent chromium
is then precipitated along with zinc and iron.
Total Chromium. A BPCTCA limit for total chromium of 0.0075
kg/kkg (0.0150 Ibs/ton) is recommended, equivalent to 3 mg/1
424
-------
based on a 2,500 1/kkg (600 gal./ton) discharge flow rate.
An additional allowance of 0.0075 kg/kkg (0.0150 Ibs/ton) is
provided for those plants with wet fume hood scrubbers.
Both continuous galvanizing operations were discharging less
than 30* of the BPCTCA limits for total chromium, but sinc^
these treatment sequences were more appropriate for BATEA
than BPCTCA limitations, allowances were made to justify use
of simpler treatment techniques.
p_H. As in all other subcategories, the BPCTCA limitations
for pH require discharges to be in the range 6.0 to 9.0.
Since treatment is required to achieve BPCTCA limitations
for zinc and chromium, the attainment of pH limitations will
not require any additional equipment or expense.
Hot Coatings - Terne Operations
Two plants operating terne plating lines were surveyed, and
both of these were practicing tight control to minimize
drag-out of solutions from process tanks. As a result,
neither plant produced sufficient quantities of
objectionable pollutants to require special treatment.
Process water flow rates ranged from 2,150 to 4,115 1/kkg
(516 to 987 gal./ton), and fume hood scrubber waters
contributed an equivalent load at one of the plants. Due to
the lack of data from operating treatment systems, BPCTCA
limitations for all parameters were set at the level
anticipated in effluents from simple mixing, polymer
addition and settling equipment as discussed in the hot
coatings - galvanizing subcategory.
The BPCTCA ELGs for this subcategory are presented in Table
92.
Suspended Solids. A BPCTCA limit of 0.1251 kg/kkg (0.2502
Ibs/ton) of coated product is recommended, equivalent to 50
mg/1 based on a 2,500 1/kkg (600 gal./ton) discharge flow
rate. An additional allowance of 0.1251 kg/kkg (0.2502
Ibs/ton) is provided for those plants utilizing a wet fume
hood scrubber system in conjunction with the coating
operations. Despite lack of treatment, both terne plating
lines surveyed were meeting the recommended limits,
discharging 0.11 and 0.08 kg/kkg (0.22 and 0.16 Ibs/ton)
suspended solids loads in their plant effluents.
Oil and Grease. A BPCTCA limitation of 0.0375 kg/kkg
(0.0750 Ibs/ton) is recommended for oil and grease,
equivalent to 15 mg/1 based on a 2,500 1/kkg (600 gal./ton)
flow rate. An additional allowance of 0.0375 kg/kkg (0.0750
Ibs/ton) is provided for those plants utilizing wet fume
425
-------
Tf •
~a£
w o
W EH
O
o>
*
X
H
J
§
en
2
H
a
H
D
rn V
W C
O rH~ |^ ^^
C O 3 A
ul *" ®
c • •"
01 ^
- S c'i|
C 3 o B
0 -rj M
•rl 4) 4J ^
N rH rg _f
•rl (d Id -«4
rH X "* 0
3 (d 4) m
D1 63
C rH 3
^ id o C
C Qi-H
0 "O 4J
•H -rl -O C G
*J 0 C 0 0
o id id o -H
41 *J
rH <4H 4) rrl Id
H o e c . N
0 -H Id -H
O CT* rH r-l
4t -H >• Ol X
•*J X ^3 c *•*
H 6 "O rH 4)
it! 41 4J fi
(U C O 4) 32
W Id rH (fl Ol
tn
o in o to
in *H
o
o
VO
.—. -~ in — .
m m ^^ m
mmr^r^rHi-Hoic^
rHrHOOOOOO
oooooooo
id
0>
o
o
VO
t)
o
i3
s
a
•s
4J
8
o
0
0>
2
M
0)
Ok
4J
Jj
IM
4)
O
01
41
_^
rH
O
o
in
cs
01
•H
O
3
id
4)
1
1
CM
4J
Ul
f\
E
•O « 3
4) -P H
O -H O
O 3 M
^ O 10
Ol rH 01
n
•O
o
w
•o
o
c
4)
(A
3
M
4)
in
u
•o
id
-H
o
V
K)
4J
O
H
01
§
•H
O
I
s,
X rH
tn
O (U -P
O 4J Ul
O -H -rH
rH rH rH
.* -
2
S.
.
tP -rj
X S
O >,£!
h O
0) II 4>
R > 4J
4J o e
in
-------
I—
u
s^^1
V V w'
Cu "^
-j o
UJ 8
fcj «>
as
Uj ff
CC CO
i
i
J^x
<0 Q;
li:K
^s
I n^ O
*!,..
-j f-'T^!
5 -J 7^-0:
^s^y
Uj i^ ^
^J.K'0^
l*°o *Q
o >
«
1
00
"SI
r
Uj
427
-------
hood scrubbers in conjunction with coating operations. Both
lines surveyed were meeting the required limitations,
averaging oil and grease loadings equivalent to 35X of the
limits.
Lead. A BPCTCA limit for lead of 0.00125 kg/kkg (0.0025
Ibs/ton) of coated product is recommended, equivalent to 0.5
mg/1 based on a flow rate of 2,500 1/kkg (600 gal./ton). An
additional allowance of 0.00125 kg/kkg (0.0025 Ibs/ton) is
provided for plants utilizing wet fume hood scrubbers in
conjunction with the coating operations. Data were
available from both of the terne lines visited, which were
discharging lead at an average rate of 0.0005 kg/kkg (0.001
Ibs/ton) of coated product. Due to the limited number of
samples, the recommended BPCTCA limit was conservatively set
at the level expected in the effluent from the simple
mixing, polymer addition, and settling equipment used to
attain BPCTCA suspended solids limits.
Tin. A BPCTCA limitation for tin of 0.0125 kg/kkg (0.0250
Ibs/ton) of coated product is recommended, equivalent to 5
mg/1 based on a flow rate of 2,500 1/kkg (600 gal./ton). An
additional allowance of 0.0125 kg/kkg (0.0250 Ibs/ton) is
provided for those plants utilizing wet fume hood scrubbers
in conjunction with coating operations both terne plating
lines surveyed were successfully attaining this level
despite lack of treatment, discharging loads of 0.0043 and
0.0183 kg/kkg (0.0086 and 0.0366 Ibs/ton). The latter plant
was credited with the additional allowance because it was
operating wet fume hood scrubbers. Again, BPCTCA limits
were set at levels expected from simple, readily available
treatment technology.
pH. As in all subcategories, the BPCTCA limitations for pH
require final discharges in the range 6.0 to 9.0. Since
treatment is required to achieve BPCTCA limitations for lead
and tin, the attainment of pH limitations will not require
any additional equipment or expense.
Miscellaneous Runoffs - Storage Piles - Coal^ StoneA and Ore
These three miscellaneous runoffs are discussed together
since at a minimum, all three runoffs would require the same
general type of treatment; namely collection, sedimentation,
and pH adjustment. This is not meant to imply that these
runoffs should necessarily be collected and treated
together, although that possibility need not be specifically
excluded either. Nor should this analysis necessarily
preclude that the above treatment is all that is needed in
every case. For coal pile runoffs in particular, the
428
-------
presence of other undesirable contaminants (as discussed in
Section V) due to their presence in the coal would be
heavily dependent on the area where the coal is mined and
the particular mineral makeup of the soil in that area.
Thus, based upon a minimum treatment concept, these fugitive
runoffs could generally be treated via:
Collection
Installation of an impervious liner (vinyl, rubber, etc.) at
the base of the pile to prevent subsurface runoff. This
technology has been used to a minor extent in steam electric
power plants to minimize their coal pile subsurface runoffs.
Generally, a 6 in. layer of sand or earth must be placed
between the liner and the stockpiled material to prevent
damage to the liner. The use of this technology may also,
in most cases, be limited to installations where a stockpile
has yet to be placed. At many locations, because of the
logistics of unloading, storage, and end use facilities, it
will not be possible to change the location of a stockpile
or move it temporarily while a liner is being installed.
Installation of a perimeter collection system to dra'.n
subsurface runoff stopped by the liner and surface runolf
from the pile surface. These collected wastewaters would
then be routed to a holding facility, probably a pond, for
treatment, storage before treatment, or treatment and
storage before further treatment.
Treatment
The wastewaters collected in the holding facility can then
be treated at that point or stored for treatment at another
point, or both. Whatever method employed, the general
treatment provided should consist of, at a minimum,
sedimentation and pH adjustment.
Due to the high capital investment required to accomplish
the above control and treatment technology, no BPCTCA
limitations for this segment of the industry are proposed.
Capital investments and operating costs will be deferred
until such time as BATEA limits apply.
Misce 1 Ianeous Runoffs - Casting and Slagging
i23°i Casting. Ingot casting operations employ minimal
amounts of water for mold spray cooling. Water usage is so
minimal that there is rarely any runoff from the area
proper. In addition, any excess spray water would generally
429
-------
contain only suspended matter in the form of larger scale
particles which would settle in the immediate spray area. A
runoff that might exist at a specific site due to excessive
spray water usage could best be resolved by tightening up on
spray water usage.
Based upon the minimal water use requirements for ingot mold
spray cooling operations, and the fact that current industry
practice controls this usage to a point where no overland
runoff normally exists, it is recommended that the BPCTCA
and BATEA Guidelines for discharges from ingot casting
operations be set at zero aqueous discharge of pollutants.
The additional costs associated with achieving these levels
are zero since they represent current general practice.
Pig Casting. As in the case of ingot casting, spray water
usage is generally so minimal in the pig casting operation
that no runoff is expected. Thus, it is recommended that
the limitations for BPCTCA and BATEA be set at zero aqueous
discharge. Since the technology to achieve this is already
generally in practice, there are no additional costs
required to achieve these standards.
Slagging. There are seldom any overland discharges from the
slag quenching operations within a steel mill. The majority
of the quench water is evaporated during quenching, the
remainder permeates through to the base of the quench pit,
where, upon removal of the quenched slag, it sits in a pool
until evaporated by the next hot slag charge.
Also, these slag quench pits are normally graded to prevent
overland runoff from the pit and promote the collection of
excess quench water in the bottom of the pit. Thus, there
is generally no overland runoff from the slag quenching
area.
The recommended BPCTCA and BATEA Guidelines for slag
quenching are established as zero aqueous discharge of
pollutants. The technology used to achieve these standards
will employ the current practice generally used to prevent
overland runoffs and the installation of impervious base
liners to prevent subsurface runoff.
Noncontact Cooling Water fiecirculation System Slowdown
The use of a recirculating noncontact cooling water system
in steelmaking or finishing processes provides a method for
significantly reducing aqueous thermal discharges from the
plant site. These recirculating systems are usually part of
an evaporative cooling system which provides for maximum
430
-------
heat rejection to the surrounding air. These recirculating
systems are normally associated with newer or refurbished
older mills.
Because these systems utilize evaporative cooling to
regenerate cool water for reuse, a certain amount of
blowdown from the system is required to maintain stable
operating conditions. This blowdown, in certain instances,
may itself be a potential pollutional discharge.
The volume of these blowdown wastewaters will vary
significantly, depending upon the size of the recirculating
system and the design and operating characteristics of the
evaporative cooling system. Thus, it is not possible to
predict the general magnitude of these discharges on an
industry-wide basis. Quantities of blowdown discharges will
be very site specific and cannot easily be related to plant
production.
The potential pollutants in these discharges generally come
from those additives that are used to inhibit corrosion in
the recirculating system. Of primary concern are those
plants that use hexavalent chrome-zinc inhibitor systems.
This treatment provides the greatest corrosion protection
but, unfortunately, also the greatest pollution potential.
Another possible contaminant of importance could be
suspended matter in the recirculation system. This
contaminant can be introduced into the cooling system either
through the makeup water supply or by the washing of
airborne contaminants by the evaporative cooling system.
Although the potential deleterious affect of this
contaminant in the recirculating water system can be
controlled through the use of dispersants, it still may
constitute a potential pollutant in the blowdown stream.
Because the quantity and quality of these blowdown wastes
are so site specific, it is not possible to establish raw
waste or plant effluent loads for these discharges on a
pounds per ton of product basis.
It is recommended that, where possible, the wastes from
cooling system blowdown be collected and combined with other
process wastes which require removal of chrome and suspended
solids.
Where this is not possible, it is recommended that separate
treatment facilities for these wastes be provided to treat
them before discharge. The technology exists and has been
utilized in achieving the ELG's for other subcategories in
431
-------
d>
"£
S
\
>
/
DISCHARGE
1
4
t.
«
-j cj
y o
o
Q
,j {>- VT O 0
SsSS*
Q Oi^
^$833
^b§b
^ kj ^ IOQ
r^i o
y ^ o
0-' VJ
0
432
-------
this study to remove these contaminants before discharge.
Hexavalent and total chromium can be removed via
acidification, reduction to the trivalent state with a
strong reducing agent, and precipitation with lime. The
lime precipitation step will also precipitate zinc, if
present, from the wastewater. In addition, the lime
precipitation, along with the possible use of a flocculant
or an anionic or cationic polymer, would remove the bulk of
suspended matter in solution.
Based upon existing technology and the effluent levels
achievable through application of this technology, the
BPCTCA ELGs for these wastes have been set as follows:
BPCTCA: Suspended Solids - 50 mg/1
Total Chromium - 3.0 mg/1
Hexavalent Chromium - 0.02 mg/1
Zinc - 5.0 mg/1
Phosphorous - 8.0 mg/1
pH - 6.0 to 9.0
Utility, Area Wastewaters
In the steel mill, those areas where water is treated and
prepared for use in the plant, or where steam or electricity
are generated are generally referred to as the utilities
areas.
During the preparation of raw water for use, wastes are
generated which constitute a wastewater discharge from the
utility area. These wastes include clarifier blowdown, sand
and carbon filter backwash, spent softener and demineralizer
regenerants, and steam system blowdown.
Although the character of these wastes are more specifically
discussed in another section of this report, the overall
character of these combined wastes are discussed here with
the intent to establish practical ELG's to control the
quantity and quality of discharges from the utilities area.
The quantity of wastes generated from utilities areas in
general is not a predictable value. The quantity of wastes
is site specific and depends upon the particular utility
operations in service, the size of these operations, and the
quality of the raw intake water to be treated and used.
Because the magnitude of the wastes are so dependent upon
the above factors, they are not predictable on a gallons per
ton of product basis.
433
-------
B.O
53
53
otfl
0)1
S5
t2
00
J
I'D
00
(0
g
o
U.
-v
I
§
u.
-4-
0
UUI
< i
il
OIL
£fl
f- i
(T
a.
f- if ^ J U
^i?«o
0 t- •> -c ,i
a U
1?
U
CD
Ss
o
So
u
u'
M hi
o 5
o
- 00
oc-fA
GPM
.S
0.
o -
Qlf
do
n j
8- s'
R
l
E
e
55
0-5 00
V O 4 iJi
dau >O £.
C^LIWG-HC
U CClOCtVJ
434
-------
t U' >
21!^
IlL h
?B
CLAeu
e>LO\JJD
i!JI
cl
S^NUD
e/\cvc
tf
*!
Ef
CJXE&OM
DA.CK
ill ^*
N 2
cewi»oeR
REGSKJE
O
S
U.
a
!
u.
i
u.
<>n to,
(, to
1
\
1
t
1
1
.
(
i
s
0
KOI
^C
O
<-
!i 2
ID
' 2
; 5
*
!> I
i ID
D
O
E
ii
U-)0
5o
IS if>
CO ifl
s
-^ ?» ss
u. 5°^ sS
h
"
lU
5
o
0
HI
u
&
a
a. •£!&.
O xv9
t?
2 r-
•K «
Od
GPM
Si
8*
8
O
u
U " *
3 U
?Pffl^
<» 5* i- ij
y pi-4.-
N
o
*•
UJ
D!
"j
> - H-
^ t-o
lU 33
CJ
435
-------
y
V
CJ
l«
r>
P
1.!
h
J / 1
V
J U
) 1-
J j
J i
J i
i. 2
0 0
at
>
2
UJ
Jo «
Vi *•' i?
l"^«
\ ?'j
t tl i5 (T1 .
h ^ *•• iu j
<' *^ '" '-'
V" "^ * ? '"-
r t ^ ->
' J i,."" ± ^' X*
i u c V/
^ v 2 V ^
j:i < y ^
y1! . •t'j'
' jT U
t ^j ^*
-J iJ J
.- il-^
r" H V
3irU
0
o
0)
**i
(
*r
\
Q
^_
t
cf
P
li
si
If
i
I P
i
SI
if
-
li
s
S 1,1
? I?
S
S*
o
0-
j?
i-2
SI
r
(U
G.
!l
-
dJa on- uJu. uw
M
£-0
ii
w 3
Oir
436
-------
The overall quality of utility area discharges is also quite
variable, again because of the above mentioned factors, and
thus are not predictable on an overall basis.
However, from a basic knowledge of the utility area
operations, it is known that possible contaminants in these
wastes include suspended solids, alkalinity, or acidity.
The technology exists to insure that these contaminants are
present in acceptable concentrations before discharge. Such
treatment technology has already been applied to other
subcategory steel industry processes to produce acceptable
effluent concentrations.
Based upon the technology available to treat these wastes,
(neutralization and sedimentation) and the application of
this technology to this subcategory, the BPCTCA ELGs for
utility area wastewaters are as follows:
Suspended Solids - 50 mg/1
pH - 6.0 to 9.0
Maintenance Department Wastes
The only liquid wastes generated in the maintenance
operations of a steel mill that are directly dependent upon
the tons of steel produced are those wastes generated during
maintenance on the rolling mills. The greater the tonnage
rolled, the more frequently rolls must be changed and
refaced and the more wastes generated during the refacing
operation. The roll shop is normally located adjacent to
the rolling mill and a common waste treatment system may
serve both operations. It is, therefore, impracticable to
separate the maintenance waste load from that of the rolling
operation and to establish a waste load attributable
exclusively to the maintenance operation. This waste would
therefore be included with the waste from the rolling
operation.
Most other liquid wastes resulting from maintenance
operations are independent of the tons of steel produced and
the type of product. It is, therefore, impossible to
estimate a waste load for maintenance generated wastes and
to establish a waste load per ton of product. As a general
rule, the normal daily maintenance wastewater discharge will
have little overall effect on the quality of the plant
effluent. However, problems can arise when even small
volumes of oil are improperly disposed of in the plant sewer
system.
437
-------
-J
Uj
-------
Effluent guidelines for the regulation of maintenance
wastewater based upon production rates would be impractical,
as there would either be no waste or an undetermined amount.
The guidelines should, therefore, stress the reduction and
control of these wastes by establishing good housekeeping
procedures, central collecting stations for small volumes of
oily wastes, and the education of employees on the proper
methods of disposal of these wastes.
It is further recommended that where it is not practicable
or feasible to combine maintenance department wastes with a
process waste treatment system, a separate treatment
facility should be installed for the maintenance
wastewaters. As discussed in the preceding paragraphs, the
discharge limitations should be established on concentration
only. Based on technology available and consistent with
numbers established for the Phase I study, the BPCTCA ELGs
have been set as follows:
Suspended Solids - 50 mg/1
Oil and Grease - 15 mg/1
pH 6.0 to 9.0
Central Treatment
In some instances, plants will combine two or more
wastewater flows from different process subcategories or
from sources for which regulations have not been proposed,
and treat the combinations in a central treatment plant.
One such example is the joint treatment of wastewaters from
pickling and cold rolling operations, for which specific
regulations have been written under those subcategories.
For all other central treatment systems, the allowable
BPCTCA loads for discharge will be the sum of the loads from
regulated sources, plus the loads determined from the flow
rates of the unregulated sources multiplied by the following
allowable concentrations:
Suspended Solids - 50 mg/1
Oil and Grease - 15 mg/1
Total Chromium - 3.0 mg/1
Hexavalent Chromium - 0.02 mg/1
Phosphorus - 8 mg/1
Zinc - 5 mg/1
pH 6.0 to 9.0
439
-------
SECTION X
EFFLUENT QUALITY ATTAINABLE THROUGH
THE APPLICATION OF THE BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY
ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
The effluent limitations which must be achieved by July 1,
1983 are to specify the degree of effluent reduction
attainable through the application of the best available
technology economically achievable. Best available
technology is not based upon an average of the best
performance within an industrial category, but is to be
determined by identifying the very best control and
treatment technology employed by a specific point source
within the industrial category or subcategory, or where it
is readily transferable from one industry to another, such
technology may be identified as BATEA technology. However,
where limitations based on the very best control and
treatment technology employed would involve the application
of a technology not considered at this time to be
cost-effective,the BATEA limitations were based on other
technologies which were considered to be cost-effective.
For example, filtration following clarification increases
the capital investment in a manner which is disproportionate
to the additional solids removal achieved. A specific
finding must be made as to the availability of control
measures and practices to eliminate the discharge of
pollutants, taking into account the cost of such
elimination.
Consideration must also be given to:
1. The size and age of equipment and facilities involved.
2. The processes employed.
3. Non-water guality environmental impact (including energy
requirements) .
4. The engineering aspects of the application of various
types of control techniques.
5. Process changes.
6. The cost of achieving the effluent reduction resulting
from application of BATEA technology.
441
-------
Best available technology assess the availability in all
cases of in-process changes or controls which can be applied
to reduce waste loads, as well as additional treatment
techniques which can be applied at the end of a production
process. Those plant processes and control technologies
which at the pilot plant, semi-works, or other level, have
demonstrated both technological performance and economic
viability at a level sufficient to reasonably justify
investing in such facilities may be considered in assessing
best available technology.
Best available technology is the highest degree of control
technology that has been achieved or has been demonstrated
to be capable of being designed for plant scale operation up
to and including "no discharge" of pollutants. Although
economic factors are considered in the development, the cost
for this level of control is intended to be the top-of-the-
line current technology subject to limitations imposed by
economic and engineering feasibility. However, this level
may be characterized by some technical risk with respect to
performance and with respect to certainty of costs.
Therefore, the BATEA limitations may necessitate some
industrially sponsored development work prior to its
application.
RATIONALE FOR THE SELECTION OF BATEA
The following paragraphs summarize the factors that were
considered in selecting the categorization, water use rates,
level of treatment technology, effluent concentrations
attainable by the technology, and hence the establishment of
the effluent limitations for BATEA.
Size and Age of Facilities and Land Availability
Considerations
As discussed in Section IV, the age and size of steel
industry facilities has little direct bearing on the
quantity or quality of wastewater generated. Thus, the ELG
for a given subcategory of waste source applies equally to
all plants regardless of size or age. Land availability for
installation of add-on treatment facilities can influence
the type of technology utilized to meet the ELGs. This is
one of the considerations which can account for a wide range
in the costs that might be incurred.
Consideration of Processes Employed
All plants in a given subcategory use the same or similar
production methods, giving similar discharges. There is no
442
-------
evidence that operation of any current process or subprocess
will substantially affect capabilities to implement the best
available control technology economically achievable. At
such time that new processes appear imminent for broad
application, the ELGs should be amended to cover these new
sources. The treatment technologies to achieve BATEA assess
the availability of in-process controls as well as control
or additional treatment techniques employed at the end of a
production process.
Consideration of Non-Water Quality Environmental Impact
Impact of Proposed Limitations on Air Quality. The impact
of BATEA limitations upon the non-water elements of the
environment has been considered. The increased use of
recycle systems have the potential for increasing the loss
of volatiles to the atmosphere. Recycle systems are so
effective in reducing wastewater volumes, and hence waste
loads to and from treatment systems, and in reducing the
size and cost of treatment systems that a trade-off must be
accepted. Recycle systems requiring the use of cooling
towers have contributed significantly to reductions of
effluent loads while contributing only minimally to air
pollution problems. Careful operation of such a system can
avoid or minimize air pollution problems.
Imgact of Proposed Limitations on Solid Waste Problems.
Consideration has also been given to the solid waste aspects
of water pollution controls. The processes for treating the
wastewaters from this industry produce considerable volumes
of sludges. Much of this material is inert iron oxide which
can be reused profitably in melting operations. Other
sludges not suitable for reuse must be disposed of to
landfills, since most of them are chemical precipitates
which could be little reduced by incineration. Being
precipitates they are by nature relatively insoluble and
nonhazardous substances requiring minimal custodial care.
Impact of Proposed Limitations Due to Hazardous Materials.
In order to ensure long-term protection of the environment
from harmful constituents, special consideration of disposal
sites should be made. All landfill sites should be selected
so as to prevent horizontal and vertical migration of these
contaminants to ground or surface waters. In cases where
geologic conditions may not reasonably ensure this, adequate
mechanical precautions (e.g., impervious liners) should be
taken to ensure long-term protection to the environment. A
program of routine periodic sampling and analysis of
leachates is advisable. Where appropriate, the location of
solid hazardous materials disposal sites should be
443
-------
permanently recorded in the appropriate office of legal
jurisdiction.
Impact of Proposed Limitations on Energy Requirements. The
effect of water pollution control measures on energy
requirements has also been determined. The additional
energy required in the form of electric power to achieve the
effluent limitations proposed for BPCTCA and BATEA amounts
to less than 2% of the electrical energy used by the steel
industry in 1972.
The enhancement to water quality management provided by
these proposed effluent limitations substantially outweighs
the impact on air, solid waste, and energy requirements.
Consideration of the Engineering Aspects of the Application
of Various Tyjges of Control Techniques
The BATEA level of technology is considered to be the best
available and economically achievable in that the concepts
are proven and available for implementation, and may be
readily applied through adaptation or as add-ons to proposed
BPCTCA treatment facilities.
Consideration of Process Changes
No process changes are envisioned for implementation of this
technology for plants in any subcategory. The treatment
technologies to achieve BATEA assess the availability of in-
process controls as well as control or additional treatment
techniques employed at the end of a production process.
Consideration of_ Costs of Achieving the Effluent Reduction
Resulting from the Application of BATEA Technology
The costs of implementing the BATEA limitations relative to
the benefits to be derived is pertinent, but is expected to
be higher per unit reduction in• waste load achieved as
higher quality effluents are produced. The overall impact
of capital and operating costs relative to the value of the
products produced and gross revenues generated was
considered in establishing the BATEA limitations.
The technology evaluation, treatment facility, costing, and
calculation of overall capital and operating costs, to the
industry as described in Section IX and which provided the
basis for the development of the BPCTCA limitations was also
used to provide the basis for determining the BATEA
limitations, the costs therefore, and the acceptability of
those costs.
444
-------
The initial capital investment and total annual expenditures
required of the industry to achieve BATEA limitations are
summarized in Table
After selection of the treatment technology to be designated
as one means to achieve the BATEA limitations for each
subcategory was made, a sketch of each treatment model was
prepared. The sketch for each subcategory is presented
following the tables presenting the BATEA limitations for
the subcategory.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE - BATEA
Based on the information contained in Sections III through
VIII of this report, a determination has been made that the
quality of effluent attainable through the application of
the Best Available Technology Economically Achievable is as
listed in Tables through . These tables set forth the
ELGs for the following process subcategories of the steel
industry:
I. Hot Forming Primary
II. Hot Forming Section
III. Hot Forming Flat
IV. Pipe and Tubes
V. Pickling - Sulfuric Acid - Batch Concentrates
VI. Pickling - Sulfuric Acid - Batch Rinse
VII. Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrates -
Alternate I
VIII. Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid - Rinses - Alternate I
IX. Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrates and
Rinses - Alternate II
X. Cold Rolling - Recirculation
XI. Cold Rolling - Combination
XII. Cold Rolling - Direct Application
XIII. Hot Coatings - Galvanizing
XIV. Hot Coatings - Terne
In establishing the subject guidelines, it should be noted
that the resulting limitations or standards are applicable
to aqueous waste discharges only, exclusive of noncontact
cooling waters. In the section of this report which
discusses control and treatment technology for the iron and
steelmaking industry as a whole, a qualitative reference has
been given regarding "the environmental impact other than
water" for the subcategories investigated.
The effluent guidelines established herein taken into
account only those aqueous constituents considered to be
445
-------
major pollutants in each of the subcategories investigated.
In general, the critical parameters were selected for each
subcategory on the basis of those waste constituents known
to be generated in the specific manufacturing process and
also known to be present in sufficient quantity to be
inimical to the environment. Certain general parameters
such as suspended solids naturally include the oxides of
iron and silica. However, these latter specific
constituents were not included as critical parameters, since
adequate removal of the general parameters (suspended
solids) in turn provides for adequate removal of the more
specific parameters indicated. This does not hold true when
certain of the parameters are in the dissolved state;
however, in the case of iron oxides generated in the iron
and steelmaking processes, they are for the most part
insoluble in the relatively neutral effluents in which they
are contained. The absence of apparent less important
parameters from the guidelines in no way endorses
unrestricted discharge of the same.
The recommended BATEA effluent limitations guidelines
resulting from this study are summarized in Tables 93 to
107. These tables also list the control and treatment
technology applicable or normally utilized to reach the
constituent levels indicated. These effluent limitations
set herein are not necessarily the absolute lowest values
attainable (except where no discharge of process wastewater
pollutants to navigable waters is recommended) by the
indicated technology, but rather they represent values which
can be readily controlled around on a day by day basis.
It should be noted that these effluent limitations represent
values not to be exceeded by any 30 continuous day average.
The maximum daily effluent loads per unit of production
should not exceed these values by more than a factor of
three as discussed in Section IX.
Cost Versug Effluent Reduction Benefits
Estimated total costs on a dollars per ton basis have been
included for each subcategory as a whole. These costs have
been based on the wastewaters emanating from a typical
average size production facility for each of the
subcategories investigated. In arriving at these effluent
limitations guidelines, due consideration was given to
keeping the costs of implementing the new technology to a
minimum. Specifically, the effluent limitations guidelines
were kept at values which would not result in excessive
capital or operating costs to the industry. The capital and
annual operating costs that would be required of the
446
-------
industry to achieve BATEA was determined by a six-step
process for each of the subcategories. It was first
determined what treatment processes were already in place
and currently being utilized by most of the plants.
Secondly, a hypothetical treatment system was envisioned
which, as an add-on to existing facilities would treat the
effluent sufficiently to meet BATEA ELGs. Thirdly, the
average plant size was determined by dividing the total
industry production by the number of operation facilities.
Fourth, a quasi-detailed engineering estimate was prepared
on the cost of the components and the total capital cost of
the add-on facilities for the average plant. Fifth, the
annual operating, maintenance, capital recovery (basis 10
years straight line depreciation) and capital use (basis 7%
interest) charges were determined. And sixth, the costs
developed for the average facility were multiplied by the
total number of facilities to arrive at the total capital
and annual costs to the industry for each subcategory. The
results are summarized in Table 108.
BATEA EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
The BATEA limitations have been established in accordance
with the policies and definitions set forth at the beginning
of this section. Further refinements of some of the
technologies and the ELGs discussed in the previous Section
IX of this study will be required. The subject BATEA
limitations are summarized in Tables 93 to 107, along with
their projected costs and treatment technologies.
Discussion by Subcategorj.es
The rationale used for developing BATEA effluent limitations
guidelines is summarized below for each of the major
subcategories. All effluent limitations guidelines are
presented on a "gross" or absolute basis since for the most
part, removals are relatively independent of initial
concentrations of contaminants. The ELGs are in kilograms
of pollutant per metric ton of product or in pounds of
pollutant per thousand pounds of product and in these terms
only. The ELGs are not a limitation on flow, type of
technology to be utilized, or concentrations to be achieved.
These items are listed only as a guide to show the basis for
the ELGs and may be varied as the discharger desires so long
as the ELGs per unit of production are met.
Hot Forming - Primary
Following is a summary of the factors used to establish the
BATEA Effluent Limitations Guidelines (ELGs) applying to the
447
-------
Hot Forming Primary subcategory. As far as possible, the
stated limits are based upon performance levels attained by
at least one of the selected plants surveyed during this
study. Where treatment levels can be improved by
application of additional currently available control and
treatment technology, the anticipated reduction of waste
loads was included in the estimates.
The BATEA ELGs for the Hot Forming Primary subcategory, and
the control and treatment technology to achieve these
limits, are summarized in Table 93.
Flow. The five plants surveyed under this subcategory, four
of which operated essentially on a once-through basis, had
effluent flows ranging from 217 1/kkg (52 gal./ton) to 3,248
1/kkg (779 gal./ton) of product, for an average flow of
1,923 1/kkg (460 gal./ton). Although most plants sampled in
this subcategory were operating on a once-through basis,
evidence persists from plants sampled under other Hot
Forming categories, that Hot Forming plants in general can
operate using tight recycle system with blowdown rates of
10% or less than their once-through flow. Even within this
subcategory, the plant discharging only 217 1/kkg (52
gal./ton) was blowing down at 8.5% of its application flow
rate.
Therefore, based upon evidence from this and other Hot
Forming subcategory plants visited, the BATEA ELGs for the
Hot Forming Primary subcategory are based upon a discharge
flow rate of 417 1/kkg (100 gal./ton) of product which would
be the blowdown rate from a recycle system providing all
contact water requirements including hot scarfing.
Solids. The five plants surveyed in this
subcategory had effluent suspended solids concentrations
ranging from 2 to 23 mg/1. The plants utilize chemical
flocculation or deep bed filtration to achieve these low
levels. In particular, the plant operating with the high
degree of recycling was attaining 5 to 16 mg/1 of TSS in
water recirculated to the mill without using filtration.
This high level of quality resulted from well-run chemical
flocculation and clarification steps.
Based upon the performance of these plants, the BATEA ELG
for suspended solids has been set at 0.0104 kg/kkg (0.0208
Ibs of suspended solids per ton) of product, equivalent to
25 mg/1 based on a discharge flow of 417 1/kkg (100
gal./ton) . The recycle plant effluents contained 33% of
this limit. It is anticipated that the industry can achieve
the control and treatment technology necessary to meet this
448
-------
^™* EH
Q cn
w o
EH U
S3
EH EH
cn o
K
00
o
a\
o
fO
W
i
w
z
w
Q
§
H
£
s
H
2
W
(M
U
<
W
S3
m
jj
o
8
w
o
m
D
H 1-1
^
tno
tn\
1-3
o -H fc
C 4J
C -H C
C 14 -rl l>
O 4J 3
4J -rl 01 O
•H g rH S
•H 3 O
rH > Id
•- tn O
ft o . q 4J
•0 4J .. 0
1) IB ^ O
3 § O °
<4J .» O
ft i
Ol
o GI
&-S
(U T3
4J O
J3 X
oo
n
I0
O 3
a o
tJ *
O ^
0) 3 O
E -O O
1H O
DH' ftrH
4J T3 -rl
O O Ul
O ,
o
JJ
«)
ft
O ft
-H 1
MH 4J 01 rH
•H iO TD-H >OO
mg&i-H>,O4J,
449
-------
u.
r,
O
5
k
O
1
f
jnunrt
r
^ ^ S1^
iff
| ir\ lr\
5| x ^ '
5?4^
^ ? r
o ^
J: O O
iV 'tj o '
Ul V X. X^
^ Us
Q J9
*5 t^
^ 0
c, -»•-.
^ ^ >
>o o ."x
»*1 '
^ --J^
•>S r \
IC\ | | ^^
fo ci i O1
10 5^-
i§
S^j
v-
•>
6
- 1
*OM n TI ^j« «»-« V
• 'J *
: v-j i
iV u '
r"\ I
-. 9 ° !
i u x tr,
: i- ^~
< < ' •
• *-> , i :-v
r IXA -J '\
••. 2 _j il « p
;|£e>/l«
2 J, 1-
O n
or
z
LJ
.
..-
-|
(X-
_L
i K
I
..J
f
K
T
450
-------
Y4OOO TO \'t~/DAY] Gf-' CTSEL /sGLLEQ
i.,*j\'AJ07~ BE U-3E1O FQ& /^Tc&MED/ATE VALUE'S
o
prrc, ~A/7
451
6Q SO
;r",v;ow:o
/oo
-------
standard in a cost effective manner by 1983, and in fact,
exemplary plants currently attain this level.
Oil and Grease. The five plants surveyed in this
subcategory had effluent oil and grease concentrations
ranging between 2 and 8 mg/1. The plants utilize skimming
and deep bed filtration to achieve these low levels.
However, the skimming systems were efficiently run so that
oil concentrations in the feed to the filtration systems
ranged between 7 and 12 mg/1. In particular, the plant on
tight recycle was attaining an average concentration of 8
mg/1 via clarification/flocculation.
Based upon the performance of these plants, the BATEA ELG
for oil and grease has been set at 0.0042 kg/kkg (0.0083 Ibs
of oil and grease per ton) of product, equivalent to 10 mg/1
based on a discharge flow of 417 1/kkg (100 gal./ton).
Again, the plant on tight recycle is currently discharging
only 62% of this limit. It is anticipated that the industry
can provide the control and treatment technology necessary
to meet this standard in a cost effective manner by 1983,
and in fact, exemplary plants currently attain this level.
pH. All plants surveyed fell within the pH constraint range
of 6.0 to 9.0, both for filter feeds and for final
effluents, thus providing a basis for establishing this
range as the BATEA ELG. Any plant falling outside this
range can easily remedy the situation by applying
appropriate neutralization procedures to the final effluent.
Hot Forming - Section
Following is a summary of the factors used to establish the
BATEA effluent limitation guidelines (ELGs) applying to the
Hot Forming Section subcategory. As far as possible, the
stated limits are based upon performance levels attained by
the selected plants surveyed during this study. Where
treatment levels can be improved by application of
additional currently available control and treatment
technology, the anticipated reduction of waste loads was
included in the estimates.
The BATEA ELGs for the Hot Forming Section subcategory, and
the control and treatment technology to achieve these
limits, are summarized in Table 94.
Flow. Of the ten process lines surveyed for this
subcategory, four were practicing either tight or total
recycle. Two of these plants had effluent flows of 584
1/kkg (140 gal./ton) and 1,555 1/kkg (373 gal./ton) of
452
-------
a
CO
U
2
H
lJ
W
a
H
D
o
§
EH
H
s
H
W
D
o
•rl
4-1
o
41
0)
4J
o
s
8
o
0)
D
CO
^•* 55
*r 0
— EH EH
Q CO X
U O >
EH O
*£ O
« 0
7j* I "
* ^*^
SM PQ
rH
• \0
rH
O
g
O
o
trati
rH
•H
MH
a
£3
3
O
10
>
•»
§
•rl
cculat
0
rH
IH
rH
10
O
'g
O
4J
•H
0,
scale
g
VH
B
41
4J
(fl
01
4)
rH
;recyc
u
o
rH
nderf
3
O
>,
in
s
4->
§
rH
IH
41
^|
01
•rl
,
rQ
•O
Q
rH
rH
.O
4J
•H
scale
c
o
c
•H
,— -
•
•Jj
U
C
•H
in
rH
0
01
tn
•H
H
4J
01
O
4J
C
•rl
C
o
•H
5
o
*O *3 W
C 0"O
3 O nj
S
3
o
o
+
o
"N
(J
•H
l«
1
41
4J
rH
•iH
MH
c
0
c
o
iH
4J
8-
o
tn
•o
IT)
^
O
•o
41
01 rH
•rl -r<
O
•rl
10
N
rH
10
41
C
=
O
d
1
o
yj
»j
-1*
rl
o<
4J
C
rH
UH •
4) 4)
4-1
rl C
4) -H
4J rH
rH O
!N O
VO IT)
4J
01 B
•H O
i!
4J O
in c
M rH
rH
41 10
O O>
S?
^
•W O
Jg
4J «•
^^
rl C
0 0
*M 1 *
^-
4) rH
3 fl
^H D!
m
> 0
4) rH
1-1 >—
n n
3 3
Q. Q
^
•P Ck
d
s "o
o
m
01
•a
5
04 -U 0)
vi o o
O 3 -O
•a
O, JJ -rf
•H W
4J rH 3
O rH
.0 O Hi
it) 01 41 iH O-
e C 4)
•p c 10 -H 43
fl -r) 4->4->
O 4J rH -H
O 0) O
•a o «j
B O rH*
O rH -rt
MH o
" o
n)
^,Q
u vi
01
in
O
§6 O> -rl
id o 4J
10 Vl rH fl
Vl O< O 4-1
tj< -H c 3
O rH J3 6
rH rH O >4
« 5 tJ S.
C O
•H rH
•a o
C B
41 £
a, u
CJ , 41
irj 4J
E fl
0)
tn M
4J 4J
(It
O 41
O «Q
41 3
x: -o oi
4-1 0) OI
rl rl
4J -H
Q. 3
01 O*
O 41 01
O rl 10
10
•a
(0
OI
o 10
4J 4J
B
•O (U
oi e
rl 0)
•rl rl
3 O
0< E
41 -H C
^ 41
>i 41
cn rH a
O O 4)
•rl >
4J 41 10
fl )H ,C
O fl
•rl rl
MH B O
-H 3 X
»o 5 v
Q -G C
S in 3
453
-------
a.
? ' ' '
•<)
1
* >x/
i r
,.. fc. ^
R>— --_
1 :
•~\
V -'- \
__,,, 3 ^ n-LTU1 \
8p CW"^1 /
LMJ f T- /
n i i /
66 T -i — '
U si T
1 y5 i
m _._. J ~-o I ,
Sc f
3 •
>ii i
TTJ
r c§=— _
j
u
O
•a:
1 7?T «
«J t- IT"
V ^ J ^
^K?J *
, * i (? 0 -i
So', ^ ^ i
™ i; i1* ~" *^
x ^ w v ' uJ w)
VJ <»
'Oiu O £•
Q ,r, i
J.< h •<
8* -> - £
OS 11 V
o: •„ ,-. LU -i
vr. _, X i? tO
, 5>otll. ,
l
1
"1
Is
i?j
J S
i ^1
^ OS!
UJ
ISr
^ H -
>- ^ H > r!
kS*^ o
iL t- ^-^ ^ '-'
." O .j „:
"i -^ ^. (_
ENVIRONMENT,'
STEEL I'J
1
l_._
I
Fr-
r"
ins
». J 7
U .J
iTu.
T'
1
t —
!
1
__ '
J
, /
i.
!, 1
1 '
'J
1 1
1
I
J
* u
IV.
tf
<*! H
r5
n (J u !i
454
-------
MODEL COST £-/-"F
-------
product. The third plant containing two process lines had
zero aqueous discharge, with the only "blowdown" being the
water content of the wet sludges generated by the treatment
processes.
Because those plants utilizing tight or total recycle are
discharging significantly less water than those operating on
a once-through basis, it is felt that these four lines are
all practicing BATEA technology. Therefore, the BATEA ELGs
are based on flows set at 626 1/kkg (150 gal./ton) of
product, excluding all noncontact cooling water. This value
is justified based upon the fact that several of the section
subcategory plants surveyed are already practicing recycle
technology. In fact, one plant operating two bar mills was
recycling so effectively that no aqueous discharges were
required. This high degree of load reduction was considered
to be a special case, difficult to apply across the entire
section subcategory. For this reason, zero aqueous
discharge was not recommended as the BATEA ELG.
Suspended Solids. Suspended solids concentrations from the
two plants surveyed which were using tight recycle with
blowdown were 29 and 10 mg/1. Treatment technology to
achieve these levels is sedimentation/clarification and
sedimentation/clarification/filtration, respectively.
Based upon the effluent concentrations achieved and the
treatment technology used at these and other Hot Forming
subcategory plants, it is felt that several plants are
employing BATEA technology. Thus the BATEA ELG for
suspended solids is set at 0.0156 kg/kkg (0.0312 Ibs of
suspended solids per ton) of product, equivalent to 25 mg/1
in a 626 1/kkg (150 gal./ton) discharge flow rate. This
value is justified since two of the three recycle plants
surveyed (including the zero discharge lines) already meet
this standard, the third exceeds the limit by only 8%, and a
fourth plant on a relatively loose recycle (60% blowdown)
achieves the limit by using filtration of the blowdown down
to 2 mg/1 suspended solids.
In determining this standard, the total recycle plant
recirculated water quality was purposely excluded in setting
effluent treatment levels. This plant carries a
concentration of 47 mg/1 suspended matter back to the mills
in its recycle loop. However, since there is no discharge,
that concentration is irrelevant from a discharge standard
point of view and is limited only by a plant process
equipment's ability to handle higher concentrations. In
fact, as a plant goes to total recycle, they may find it
advantageous to carry a higher suspended solids
456
-------
concentration in the recycle stream, so as to minimize size
of treatment equipment.
Oil and Grease. Oil and grease concentrations from the two
plants surveyed which were using tight recycle with blowdown
were 8.3 and 9.8 mg/1. Treatment technology used to achieve
these values is skimming/clarification and
skimming/clarification/ filtration, respectively.
Based upon the effluent concentrations achieved, and the
treatment technology used, it is felt that several plants
are employing BATEA technology. Thus, the BATEA ELG for oil
and grease is set at 0.0063 kg/Jckg (0.0125 Ibs of oil per
ton) of product, equivalent to 10 mg/1 in a discharge flow
of 626 1/kkg (150 gal./ton). This value is justified since
three of the five plants visited already meet this standard.
Again, in determining this standard, the total recycle plant
was excluded from the evaluation, since the level of oil it
carries in the recycle loop is irrelevant as long as there
is no discharge. However, the plant was utilizing efficient
oil skimmers, and the water recycled to the mills contained
only 2 to 5 mg/1 oils and greases.
pH. All of the plants surveyed fell within the pH
constraint range of 6.0 to 9.0, thus providing a basis for
establishing the range as the BATEA ELG. Any plant falling
outside of this range can readily remedy the situation by
applying appropriate neutralization procedures to the final
effluent.
Hot Forming - Flat
Following is a summary of the factors used to establish the
BATEA effluent limitation guidelines (ELGs) applying to the
Hot Forming Flat subcategory. As far as possible, the
stated limits are based upon performance levels attained by
the selected plant surveyed during this study. Where
treatment levels can be improved by application of
additional currently available control and treatment
technology, the anticipated reduction of waste loads was
included in the estimates.
The BATEA ELGs for the Hot Forming Flat, Hot Strip and Sheet
subcategory, and the control and treatment technology to
achieve these limits, are summarized in Table 95. The BATEA
ELG's for the Hot Forming - Flat - Plate subcategory, and
the control treatment technology to achieve these limits,
are summarized in Table 96.
457
-------
w
H
53
H
M
Q
H
D
co
PJ
o
H
•n «;
H
W S
t-H1 rH
0ffJ
EH EH
A
D
•
CM
H
1
W
EH
C3
-r O
~ EH EH
Q CO \
w o f>
EH O
H 2
EH EH
CO O O1
W EH «
X
> x-
r-»
fl
*l-^
>H
O
o
r4
o
"Z
CJ
w
EH
EH
"Z,
v\
4J
83
<
W t£
as
04
•H
JJ
tn
jj
§
i
4J
id
rH
b
1
en
c
•rt
Vl
o
&4
o
K
EH
1
O
OS
EH
Z
Q
CJ
x;
4-1
•r|
*
C
o
•rl
id
o
•H
•rl
VI
id
0
^
a
•o
01
o
rH
rH
O
4-1
•rl
CJ
id
0
w
CO
2
o
M
EH
ss
H
s:
i_i
VH r4
OS
"} rlj
(J W
W EH
EH ^
ff, rO
CJ
D
CO
^.
t«
C
0
^J
id
rH
3
O
0
O
rH
MH
s
• H
01
O
^--_
4J
•rl
MH
01 01
rH
Id Vl
U CJ
01 -rl
MH
JS -H
•rl 10
E
OJ *o
4J C
01 Id
tn o
g
CJ 3
H rH
U MH
^1
O OJ
01 rH
Vi id
o
•« tn
§ 0
rH 4J
^JJ jJJ
01 C
C 3
3 rH
MH
O 01
•-•—,_
>J
CJ
3
3
D^
C
•H
8
o
id
•H
>
g
01
4J
01
>^
in
id
04
01
O
4J
C
OJ
3
rH
,,,
rH
O
.
CO
H
•
^^
r-l
id
C 3
•H 4J
g id
§ c
•H
01 jD.
01 13
3 01
0 3
3 O
C rH
•rH rH
4J 0
C MH
8 .
jj
•0 -H
C 04
Id
CJ
01 rH
•H O
MH 01
MH
id c
jJ3 O
3 4-J
O C
rH OJ
Vl O4
01 -H
13 3
C O1
3 01
O
rH
3
O
O
o
— ~~— >^
M »"
HI Vl
•rl 0
•rl i-H
VI -r|
Id MH
rH
U C
•rl
C
•rl Id
01 -O
i-H
O IH
in ci
jj
en rH
C -H
•H MH
rH
4J MH
4J O
01
in C
O
O -H
4J JJ
C Q,
•rl V4
O
O T3
•H id
4-1
Vl 0
O X
id id
C
Q
•rH
4-1
id
•rl
pH
id
4-1
3
01
c
O4
O
Q\
i
,
VD
0>
X
Vl
01
o<
c
OJ
3
rH •
MH Vl
MH 01
id
o 3
en
01 fl
01 rH
4J O
rH O
10 4J
(N O
VO 10
01 C
•H O
0
e i
01 C
4J 0
tn c
01 rH
rH
oi id
rH
O en
^i C
O **H
CJ «O
Vi 3
rH
J3 X
•rl
4J M
n "a
o o
MH 4J
v^
CJ rH
3 id
rH O1
id
> 0
m
01 rH
rH *-"
J3
id 4-i
»Q O
O 3
040
4J Q^
eft
O 4-1
S O
•a
I
m
04
tn
w
V)
id
I
1
id
•rl
O
uct produced.
n).
•o
o
vi
O4
•o
K
tl
o
MH
4-1
O
JS
MH
O
01
T3
C
3
O
Q4
O
O
o
rH
iH
p.
01
•o
§
O
04
M
T»
O
O
3
•a
s
a
4-1
O
a
-a
o
Vl
a
-a
OJ
E
o
U-l
4-)
O
.c
U-l
o
c
s
0
•rH
W
4J
SH
0)
04
tn
(d
Vl
CP
O
rH
3
s
\
r-l
id
Oi
o
in
rH
*-*
AJ
o
3
73
o
M
0)
T3
o
g
o
MH
4-1
O
.c
U-l
o
en
.*
.*
rl
CJ
04
4J
c
0!
3
rH
MH
U-l
01
M
M
0)
JJ
•rH
rH
v£>
tN
VO
U-l
O
g
rH
MH
id
C
O
73
OJ
CO
•d
ja
>-i
4)
JJ
•H
rH
r|
01
04
in
<3
Vl
Cn
rH
rH
£
permutations
VI
o
n
§
•H
JJ
id
c
•rl
€
O
0
<0
rH
J3
•rl
0)
tn
a
rH
rH
id
4-1
o
CJ
rH
MH
CJ
VI
4-1
•H
tn
'O
VI
O
c
^
2
•rl
CO
3
rH
O
C
•rl
i-H
rH
id
>!
rH
•H
VI
id
tn
tn
1
4J
•rl
rH
-r(
ja
m
rH
-H
id
id
•»
c
0
•H
4J
id
o
o
i-H
01
id
01
VI
O
4J
o
id
MH
JS
o
3
01
c
o
cr>
c
ft
•o
c
01
a.
OJ
T3
K.
*>
O
in
ions
4J
id
o
•H
MH
•rl
Q
£3
tr
•rl
4J
Id
C
Vl
0)
4->
rH
id
en
G
•rH
4->
CJ
&
8
01
Vl
0)
£
3
73
01
4-1
O
OJ
rH
Ol
01
&
0
+ i3
>
VI
id
>
>.
0
01
jj
01
8
c
£
o
•y
jj
4J
C
OJ
E
Jj
id
0)
V4
4J
incremental-.
4-1
rH
01
g
id
(0
id
SIT,
rH O
c
o
2
m
<-»
§
J5
01
tn
jj
01
0
u
rH
id
4J
o
4J
73
OJ
JJ
id
g
•rl
4J
01
«
•
01
C)
O
•H
>
01
73
JJ
C
g
JJ
id
0)
VI
4-1
73
c
id
rH
O
VI
4-1
C
O
o
*o
OJ
JJ
id
o
•rl
73
C
•H
01
JT\
*>
jj
rH
rH
id
4J
01
a
•H
c
0)
0)
a
41
>
id
£
Vl
o
\
•o
id
4J
G
id
rH
Ol
id
G
•rl
JJ
•H
3
en
c
•rl
4->
01
•H
X
01
>,
rH
rH
id
c»
p
o
G
01
Vl
Id
X!
o
•H
J3
3
01
01
•rl
4J
-rl
i-H
•rH
O
id
MH
a1
tn
0
&.C
aj 4J
o
o
id
o
jj
73
G)
^1
3
CT*
2
0)
>
o
3
rg
-------
"S*- -
" 459
-------
MODi-.L COST
HOT A'JO
DI/4GC.AM
AND
ANNUAL COS ~S*BASED O.V 7fJA./ VL:^/2 CAP/TAL
+ OPc,vV)7//Vo COST'S iNCLUOE LAB03i CUf-M/CALS
Tt/.-"?4//V7.r.Vx-lA.-'C/? COS7-3 1-. AS~O C/V ~>.S-/i
' BASED £/V ?447 //Vfc?/ ^D^V ^38OO TOA/S/DAy) OF STFEi
TH/S G/SAP,1^ CA,\/N^T f=-~i USED FOK tf^'TERMEO/ATS
2,157,358
-u rfrr.ce
O
/OQ
-------
*0
a
§
EH
-« i?
TT » C
— EH t
.WO , v
EH. EH
CO O C
W EH X
^
•v
V
r
).
^
r
n
> /-—
h /
/ tf^
O
.-"•x
m
^
O
C
c
W
u
W
EH
EH
2
W
s
CJ
W
2
H
i GUI DEL
- Plate
UJ
2^ 1 *
o 5
tr* fc<
EH
< 1
EH
H *
s .S
H i
^ 0
EH fa
2 4J
M 0
D E
CM
e
o
2
O
U
.C E
4J 0
" 5 4-J
E rl
O 4J
4J -rl
id MH
•S e
<4H 3
•H 3
!H o
rH >
O
jq 0
•a 4->
tu m
S rH
O 3
rH U
rH O
O O
o
**4 O
X 0
tJl X.
t"5 CQ
, 1
•—
VO
in
o
o
~~X
4J
r B
<1H O
0) 3
4J IU
•rl UH
ft 0)
0 >J
rH 0)
O *4
01 'rl
SJ
£ Id
4-> rH
•rl O
e E
(!) Ifl
4J
0) 0)
>. §
tn 3
rH
(1) 14H
rH
o 0
>1 -H
O (0
0 0
^ co
underflow;
fluent to
"s^
•
tower
cr>
O
o
0
(8
-H
0)
4J
tn
tn
>i
IS
M
ft
tn
s
NkS
cr>
•
rH
n
. *
rH
-*~—
0"
B
•rl
G
E
~X
tn
UOUS
B
•H
B
O
0
•a
tn
,
•Q B
•o
0) Ul
s -a
O -H
rH rH
rH O
0 tn
MH
cr>
4J --H
•H i-H
B
(U
3
rH .
*(H W
(M Q)
«) 4J
tH $
O
0>
tn c
W -H
(1) rH
4J 0
rH 0
01 B
B ?
4J O
tn B
01 rH
i-H
0) ni
rH
O &>
. >! E
O - 0
in
0) rH
rH ^^
•s*
J3 o
O 3
n t3
ft O
4-i a
01
O MH
S 0
a
•O
IU
tn
CO
0)
01
0)
rl
O
1
M
O
IH
4J
O
Si
<*-t
o
B
O
4->
U
•H
rl
4J
Si
rl
0)
ft
g
Id
^
EH
rH
2
5
rH
UH
id
E
0
•a
0)
tn
id
.0
^
O)
4J
•H
rH
01
ft
g
id
n
en
•H
rH
rH
1.
i-H
•H
M
O
m
•f|
&
fl
>
>,
g
tn
jj
t/i
O
U
GJ
in
s,
&
0
rH
O
E
0
0)
4->
E
ft
O
O
fd
o
4->
•o
01
rl
•H
3
O1
0)
,4
01
E
O
•H
4J
10
O
•rl
IM
•H
•o
•o
<])
M
-r(
3
O*
O
rl
rH
id
4J
E
01
0)
rl
O
E
-rl
^
B
0
(U
M
Id
B
Q
j3
01
01
id
fS
IH
O
\
T)
-------
-------
B
MODEL CO-.-T EFTL '€ 7
H O T frC RM /A ' Q -PL A T-PL A TE
TE $ OR Y
ANNUAL -COSTS * ^"'^ ED CVv' 77fA/ YEAR CAPITAL £ECOV£f0
-------
Flow. Of the five plants surveyed, three were practicing
either tight or total recycle. Two of these plants, a plate
mill and a wide strip mill, had effluent flows of 634 1/kkg
(152 gal./ton) and 204 1/kkg (49 gal./ton) of product,
respectively. The third recycle plant, a narrow strip mill,
has zero aqueous discharge.
Because those plants utilizing tight or total recycle are
discharging significantly less water than those operating on
a once-through basis, it is felt that these three plants are
all practicing BATEA technology. Therefore, the BATEA ELGs
for plate and strip/sheet mills are based on discharge flow
rates set at 626 1/kkg (150 gal./ton) of product, excluding
all noncontact cooling water. This value is justified on
the basis that three of the five plants surveyed are
currently practicing the technology necessary to achieve
this discharge flow, and are also achieving the guidelines.
In addition, it is anticipated that all once-through or more
limited recycle systems have sufficient time to achieve this
standard in a cost effective manner by 1983.
Suspended Solids. Suspended solids concentrations from the
two plants practicing tight recycle, but with blowdown were
4 and 5 mg/1. Treatment technology used to achieve these
levels was sedimentation/filtration and
sedimentation/clarification, respectively.
Based upon the effluent concentrations achieved and the
treatment technology used it is felt that several plants are
employing BATEA technology. Thus, the BATEA ELG for
suspended solids is set at 0.0156 kg/kkg (0.0312 Ibs of
suspended solids per ton) of product, equivalent to 25 mg/1
in a discharge flow of 626 1/kkg (150 gal./ton). This value
is justified since three of the five plants surveyed already
meet this standard.
In determining this standard, the total recycle plant
recirculated water quality was purposely excluded in setting
effluent treatment levels. This plant carries a
concentration of 54 mg/1 suspended matter back to the mill
in its recycle loop. However, since there is no discharge,
that concentration is irrelevant from a discharge standard
point of view and is limited only by a plant process
equipment's ability to handle the higher concentrations. In
fact, as a plant goes to total recycle, they may find it
advantageous to carry a higher suspended solids
concentration in the recycle stream, so as to minimize size
of treatment equipment.
464
-------
Oil and Grease. Oil and grease concentrations from the two
plants surveyed using tight recycle with blowdown were 6.3
and 7.9 mg/1. Treatment technology used to achieve these
values were skimming/filtration and skimming/clarification,
respectively.
Based upon the effluent concentrations achieved, and the
treatment technology used, it is felt that several plants
are employing BATEA technology. Thus, the BATEA ELG for oil
and grease is set at 0.0063 kg/kkg (0.0126 Ibs of oil per
ton) of product, equivalent to 10 mg/1 in a discharge flow
of 626 1/kkg (150 gal./ton). This value is justified since
three of the five plants surveyed already meet this standard
and there is sufficient time for all plants to achieve this
limit in a cost effective manner by 1983.
Again, in determining this standard, the water quality of
the total recycle plant was excluded from the evaluation
since the level of oil it carries in the recycle loop is
irrelevant as long as there is no discharge.
pH. All of the plants surveyed fell within the pH
constraint range of 6.0 to 9.0, thus providing the basis for
establishing the range as the BATEA ELG. Any plant falling
outside of this range can readily remedy the situation by
applying appropriate neutralization procedures to the final
effluent.
and Tubes
Currently, three of the six exemplary pipe and tube
installations surveyed practice very low or zero aqueous
discharge. The recommended BATEA limitation is not,
however, "no discharge of process wastewater pollutants,"
since control and treatment technology required would be
highly dependent upon available space and a suitable
climate. Emphasis should be placed upon attaining the
minimum possible discharge flow through extensive recycle as
in the BATEA technologies for the Hot Forming subcategories.
The BATEA limitations have been based on a discharge flow
rate of 626 1/kkg (150 gal/ton) of product which would be
the blowdown from a recycle system providing all contact
water requirements of the operation. The BATEA ELG's for
the Pipe and Tubes subcategory and the control and treatment
technology to achieve these limits are summarized in Table
97.
Suspended Solids. Based on the effluent loadings achieved
through the use of tight recycle systems, and treatment of
blowdowns via flocculation and clarification for the Hot
465
-------
t^.
o\
W
hi
^^ 53
3 • °
*~ain^
u o >
Hr3
£-4 £"*
w O tn
W EH X
CO
r
1
**^
5^
O
S
o
2
S
O
W
E-"
EH
Z
M
S
EH
CO
W
^5
M
F-?
u
Q
H
g
0
W
S in
F*4 A)
H 3
a e
3 1
id
r, 4)
/q (i
D'rl
P^
l-l
frj
*~^
U
L3
r-5
O
PS
i
u
•rl
*
§
•H
4J
id
o
•rl
Vi
id
H
o
,Q
*o
41
rH
O
4J
-rl
id
o
w
CO
2
O
M
S
EH
M
s
H
8<
W
H E-i
W ^jj fQ
EH O
rt! CO
m D
CN
-1
>^.
M ">
1 "
-^ O
ci ^
Cno
X o
W o
• x^ i-H
ft> pq
ID
m
o
CD
r-^-_
IH
Q
C
o
•rl
V4
4-1
r-t
•rl
3
O
id
>
o
•H
4J
m
rH
0
O
0
*4H
i-H
41
•g
'
""-->^_
>1
o m
4J M
a
4J Ul
•rl
0,0
4)
rH 4J
if C
U 4)
Ul 3
rH
2i C
o id
41
4J
Ul
Ul
i —
U>
C
•rl
•rl
Ul
01
3
inuo
4J
e
0
o
•rl
0,
4)
rH
g
Ul
C
O
4J
C
31
"^S
\
1 C
•rl -H
VI
id id
rH -H
O T3
Ul 4)
•O 4J
•rl rH
rH *rj
O *w
CO
c
^ o
•rl C
rH 0
4J -rl
4J 4J
41 Qi
01 ^
o S
4-> T)
C id
•rl
^|
C O
O ^x.
•H T3
4J C .
&ld rl
41
O Vl 4J
01 41 rH
D"O -H -rl
41 id UH
Q, •
01 4)
41 id
rH tT>
c
C 0 -rl
O , O
41 01 U
4i a
ft 0 C
41 rH
H rd
4J Ol
,71 .yH
•rl -0
4-> 9
H
M U
UH 4)
3 C
rH O
• > X.
O rH
1 41 Id
*o id o
J3 in
0 Cl
O,"^
4J S
Ul ^
S 4J
w
•o
•rl
rH
O
Ul
4)
•O
I
en
1
41 -rl 0
a & c
01 >M 41
•O O >
C -H
3 W Ul
O^3
O.X-H
n vi q
o at -H
a
TJ rH
4) 4-1 rH
O C Id
•H » 4-1 T3 Ul Ul
C rH C 41
O Id Id -H <
•H 4J U
4J O> rH -rl ft
- C O
O -rl M -rl ft
o 4-> -u o
-------
-------
B
MODEL COST
P/PE f: TUBE '3
GNS'3S O/AGGAM
ANNUAL COSTS'GASED ON 7SN VEAte CAP/TAL RECOVERY
+ IN ;•<£•/< ES T S^A T£ 7 %
+ OPERA7/NG COSTS /NCLUDE LABOR^HEMlCfUS t UTILITIES
+ MAINTENANCE CQ27S BASED O.Vf?.5% OA CAP/TAL COSTS
COSTS BASED ON 3(t>3 MXGJCAY (4OO TO/\'5/DAY) PRQOVC7/OW
S GRAPH CAN^T BE U-Sc/D fO/Z /KTER. 1 EDI AT I™ \'A LUES
O
O
/oo
468
-------
Forming subcategories, the BATEA for suspended solids from
Pipe and Tube subcategory operations has been set at 0.0156
kg/kkg (0.0312 Ibs/ton) of product, equivalent to 25 mg/1 in
a discharge flow of 626 1/kkg (150 gal./ton). Although none
of the plants currently discharging wastewater approaches
this limit, the three plants without discharges are in
compliance. In addition, one of these plants is recycling
water containing only 19 mg/1, while the river water intake
suspended solids concentration averages 56 mg/1. This
plant, and others from Hot Forming subcategories,
demonstrate the applicability of the recommended
technologies and the attainability of the limits with
currently available equipment.
Oil and Grease. Recommended BATEA limitations for oil and
grease from Pipe and Tube subcategory operations have been
established at 0.0063 kg/kkg (0.0126 Ibs/ton) of product,
equivalent to 10 mg/1 in a discharge volume of 626 1/kkg
(150 gal./ton). The three plants currently using tight
recycle systems without blowdown are recirculating water
containing from 3.0 to 4.3 mg/1 oil and grease, while the
three plants operating once-through systems also skim their
wastewaters to attain concentrations of less than 10 mg/1,
albeit in much higher flows than the BATEA limits permit.
Thus, it is evident that the recommended limits are
attainable with currently available equipment and
technology.
pH. The BATEA limitations for pH require all effluent
discharges to be in the 6.0 to 9.0 range. Any plant falling
outside this range can remedy the situation by applying
appropriate neutralization procedures to the final effluent.
All surveyed plants having discharges were meeting the pH
limitations.
Pickling. - Batch Sulfuric Acid - Concentrates and Rinse
Water Subcategories
Of the six surveyed plants utilizing batch sulfuric acid
pickling, three were practicing recovery of sulfuric acid
via atmospheric or vacuum crystallization using commercially
available recovery systems. Furthermore, two of these three
plants were consuming all rinse waters internally. In both
cases, fresh water is used as final spray rinse water only.
It is collected in a spray rinse tank, transferred to a
standing rinse or dip tank where it tends to concentrate
somewhat, and ultimately is used to make up evaporative
losses at the main pickling tank, or as dilutant water when
each fresh batch of pickling solution is made up. Each
469
-------
batch of spent pickle liquor, containing its share of the
rinse waters, is in turn transferred to the acid recovery
system for treatment and recovery of unreacted sulfuric
acid.
The waste treatment practices for the recovery and reuse of
spent sulfuric acid pickle solutions center around the
removal of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate from the liquor via
crystallization. Two systems are used. In one system hot
spent acid is agitated in an open top vessel to evaporate
surplus water and cool the spent acid. Refrigerated water
is then circulated through indirect cooling coils to further
cool the acid and crystallize the ferrous sulfate
heptahydrate from the now super-saturated solution. The
crystals are allowed to settle and are removed. Fresh acid
is added to raise the acid concentration to the desired
level and the acid returned to the pickle tank for reuse.
There is no liquid discharge from this system.
In the second system, spent hot sulfuric acid is pumped into
a vacuum evaporator where the solution is cooled and
concentrated, and crystallization takes place. The acid is
then pumped to a thickener to concentrate the crystals prior
to removal via a centrifuge. The recovered acid is
discharged into a storage tank where fresh acid is added to
raise the concentration to the desired level for pickling.
The liquid discharge from this system is comprised of the
condensate from the evaporator, which is of such quality
that it may be mixed with the noncontact cooling water and
reused as rinse water. A sample of this mixture collected
at the only plant of this type surveyed was of a higher
quality than of the cooling water alone. The end result is
a zero waste load for this operation also, provided that the
condensate is reused as described.
One of the major problems of sulfuric acid recovery plants
is the sale or disposal of the recovered crystalline ferrous
sulfate heptahydrate. A market for this product exists
among chemical processors, paint and pigment manufacturers,
and sewage treatment plants, but this market currently
consumes only a fraction of the potential ferrous sulfate
heptahydrate production if this technique becomes more
widespread. It is not possible to accurately predict the
extent to which this market will expand in response to an
increased supply. The high degree of solubility of the
crystals makes their disposal by landfill undesirable unless
the material is first converted to an insoluble form such as
the monohydrate or is placed in a lined and drained disposal
area. What may be required to best recover values from this
by-product is a commercially feasible means of converting
470
-------
W O
EH O
£ EH
Wl O
W EH
09
CS
00
i
EH
to
z
H
W
0
M
O
en
2
0
M
rfj
&
f_|
S
H
iJ
EH
D
fci
pt]
1
(ClJ
W
«
^•^
fO
X
o
s
0
J2J
s
o> U
ll ^'^
flt ^"*
I
£ EH
C 2
4) C£3
g g
8j«
V^
1W
1 p^
X!
O
a
•rl
O
O
•rf
U
3
rH
U}
1
O>
i-H
O
•H
O.
EH
ta
O
O
u
6
•H
id
rH
O
4J
c
id
rH
CU
V
o
0
41
•o
o
id
41
•rt
01
a
co
2
0
EH
g
EH
H
a
u
N 14
ftj
8 w
W EH
EH i<
< m
u
CQ
D
W
O
•H O
rH
4J
O O
•0
0) -U
4) O
3 I
rH C
Id O
> C
4) rH
rH rH
Xt 10
r3
O C
Vj -H
OI-G
a
•a — O
SrH M
O 4) O
CU O C
4J
O 01 41
O >
O W-l -rl
i-H O 01
y
U 01 rH
4) .« O
a,.* c
*H
01 M
73 4) rH .
§ a^«
aJJ O
G >iJZ
41 rH 4J
H 3 -rl 4)
O rH V< g
O <4-t 01 aJ
4) 4) 01 C
rH 41 0)
X Ul U £
O VI 41 4J
•rl 41 C nj
O4 -P 4)
. 41 O
01 H EH
4) Id U
MH O
.-a
t3 in
41 m
Vj
01 O
i -a
m
•O
O
O)
•O
4)
•a
4)
a
01
3
U)
I
O
in
(A
:>, -
u -a
(K
§§ 41 -H
id rH 4J
id Vi A id
n DI io c
BI -rt rH -H
O rH -H n
rH rH Id E
iH -H > O
x z «: o
rH JN
C1 4)
4J £|
[ft
O O
4J rH
is c id
3 B c
^•S'x!
T) 4J
Q 0) -H
01
>, O 01
due
id -H
C rH 4J
•rl (d 01
E -P -H
^ O X
4J 41
471
-------
-4
Ul
-j
'O i
5- 4
Q
I
O
>J
£\
o.
""«,
5i
t—
%>
Vl
J
_J >>
t:J Si
UJ
k fe
>-
u
2
$
<
CT ION
u)
_ PROT
4
i~
*X' Qi i ui
!2
j
^
1
2
O
a
z
LU
0
IU
^
ft!
*"
•£
it
•" i
^C
cr
o:
i 5 £>•' ^ t <.-
^§|7T
"i fl> a) 5 '^j isii
g'^^:^
£ JT0 LU .'
^ CD H-
_J _.•* •• <
uJ - v> CO
i
uJ \^ j
O
r;
o
o!
,*•!
UJ
§ K
6 i ,
§
3 SB
472
-------
MOJEL COST EF
PICKLING, ~5u
COSTS BASED ON 227 HHG/OAV (flBQ TON^lGAV] OF 5TE~-L P.'CrfL CO
THIS GRAPH CANfi'Q~BE L/3E& i-Q'Z /A/7CG '. ! ED/ ATE
OS.
K
XI
-J
o
Q
3
O-
-,
/ (BATEA]
* TOTAL. COST FOR LEVEL D INCLUDE CKEDITS FOR ACID
AND IRON SALT RECOVERY, AND AL'^O REFLECT SAV/NS
DUE TO ELIMINATION OF SLUDGE DiSPOSAL COSTS AND
CHEMICAL' COSTS WHICH WERE INCLUDED IN LEVEL C.
• — DOLLARS SPENT FOR COLLECTION Sf'STETM
AND HAULING WASTES FOR Of-'P-FiTE DISPOSAL
IN LCVEL A. THIS MtANS O^ OlSF-ObAL IS
ABANDONED, AND PfTf-t.ACeD OY f-.'FUTRAL.-
IZATION TREATMEN~ fc-£" Gn•-'K1' Nf & WIT,-,
A/vo sr fzeGEUE.rts-r/cN /t-j
o
&0
/'•v5A?C A"/
I
/
/OO
473
-------
«- EH
Q cn
W O
EHXJ
WO
W EH
IT
a-
irt
vo
CO
Oi
W
J
§
W
2»
H
K)
Q
H
D
O
2
O
M
EH
03*
EH
W
S
M
2
D
£
ft]
rj
|
f$*
w
rfj
OQ
*w*
W.
o
o
jj
o
X
o
W
EH
EH
2
fj
|
C?
c
•H
.,
o
•ri
DJ
EH
ca
O
EH
2
O
O
a
3
41
X
id
e
o
jj
01
Vl
4)
JJ
id
^
41
01
C
•H
VI
rH
rH
id
O
41
01
3
fi
VI
W
2
O
H
jd^
EH
M
s
H
^-/j (_^
p*
8 w
W EH
< m
o
m
D
w
^*,
OJ
rH
\
CT
S
41
JJ
id
41
01
id
5
to
0]
4)
0
o
Vl
0.
M-(
^^
— 03
•H »-q
cno
rv. rH
D^ "X.
*s, CQ
-i
^-
0
4)
^
id
^
•rl
•a
o
•o
4)
01
•
VI
o
3
D*
•rl
rH
4)
rH
.y
O
a
4)
O JJ
u id
41 Vl
VI JJ
I
JJ
I
2
MH
O
it
Vl
rH kl
,
E JJ vV
^^ \J' -V »-t
DI -rl rH -H
rH JJ
ra 01 01
o x x:
JJ 41 EH
474
-------
LlJ
S
U
7.
f U,
y «•>
5
-' Ct
G??
U f- <
h -0 15
u
03 i
0-
&
»Q
s^
sl
^A
I!
1!
i ^3
d ^
^e
^i
^
II
-------
FI6LJGE
P/ChLING ^ULFURIC/iLin-B/UCH -&MSS
COSTS
Recovesy
- BASSO cw r
-------
the ferrous sulfate heptahydrate to ferric oxide and
sulfuric acid, possibly in independent chemical recovery
plants serving many individual picklers. But the existing
acid recovery plants currently in operation have
successfully eliminated all aqueous discharges to any
receiving stream. For this reason, the recommended BATEA
effluent limitations for both the Batch Sulfuric Acid -
Concentrates, and the Batch Sulfuric Acid - Rinse
subcategories are established as no aqueous discharges of
process wastewaters to receiving streams. The means for
achieving this level are currently available and in use in
these subcategories. The BATEA ELGs for this subcategory
and the control and treatment technology to achieve these
limits are summarized in Tables 98 and 99.
Pickling - Continuous Sulfuric Acid - Concentrates and Rinse
Water Subcategories
The BATEA ELGs for this subcategory are as yet undeveloped,
awaiting the completion of additional plant surveys to
provide an expanded data base. The only continuous sulfuric
acid pickling operation surveyed was practicing a high
degree of treatment technology and was producing no aqueous
discharge. However, additional examples must be surveyed to
insure the applicability of this technology to the entire
subcategory, especially since the selected plant is a
comparatively small continuous strip pickling line producing
300 tons/day of product. As a result, BATEA limitations for
this subcategory are temporarily deferred pending completion
of the additional plant surveys.
Pickling - Continuous Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrates
The most modern pickling installations in use today utilize
hydrochloric acid continuous pickling, with continuous
regeneration of spent pickle liquor to produce reusable
hydrochloric acid and sinterable ferric oxides. Such
systems are discussed in Section IX, where the BPCTCA
limitations were set using such a system to recover spent
concentrated acid, discharging only the wastewaters from the
absorber vent scrubber.
A significant reduction in discharge flows from this system
can be obtained by adding a recycle loop on the absorber
vent scrubbers, and treating the blowdown from this system
via aeration, lime neutralization and sedimentation. A
system such as this has not been tested; however, the key to
the system is keeping the water flows in balance. Systems
similar to this are in use in the sulfuric acid
subcategories with considerable success.
477
-------
Based on the above, the BATEA limits for pickling operations
utilizing HCl regeneration have been established for each
critical parameter as discussed below. The BATEA ELGs for
this subcategory and the control and treatment technology to
achieve these limits are summarized in Table 100.
For those hydrochloric acid pickling operations not
practicing acid regeneration, joint treatment of spent
concentrates and rinse waters was recommended to achieve the
BPCTCA limitations. This technology is further advanced
through use of countercurrent rinsing to reduce flows from
that source to less than 209 1/kkg (50 gal./ton), which when
taken together with the wastewater flow from spent
concentrates gives a total flow to the treatment plant of
333 1/kkg (80 gal./ton of product). Although the only plant
surveyed which was discharging flows approximately twice as
large as the recommended flows, two of the other plants, one
using regeneration and the other deep well disposal, were
successfully concentrating rinse water flows to 50 gal./ton
or less. In fact, the plant using deep well disposal
methods achieves flow rates of only 3.3 gal./ton of spent
pickle liquor, plus 5.9 gal./ton of rinse water using a
cascade system, indicating how efficiently such rinse water
conservation practice may be. The BATEA limitations for
this subcategory (without regeneration of concentrates) and
the control and treatment technology to achieve the
recommended limits are summarized in Table 100. A
discussion of these limitations parameter by parameter
follows.
Suspended Solids. For those plants utilizing HCl
regeneration systems, a BATEA limitation of 0.0031 kg/kkg
(0.0062 Ibs/ton) of steel pickled is established as the load
from regenerating the spent concentrates. This load is
equivalent to 25 mg/1 in an absorber vent scrubber system's
blowdown at a rate of 125 1/kkg (30 gal./ton). Currently,
none of the three plants using HCl regeneration systems is
recycling or treating their absorber vent scrubber
discharges, so none are attaining the recommended
limitation. The nearest approach is made by the plant
equipped with electrostatic precipitators rather than
cyclones, since the untreated discharge from that source
exceeds the limit by 34X. Even a minor degree of recycle
and minimum treatment of blowdowns would suffice to bring
that plant into compliance. Correspondingly higher levels
of treatment would be required to control wastes from other
plants, but the technology is available and demonstrated for
other iron and steel industry subcategories.
478
-------
o
o
^H
W
ij
9
EH
C/l
W
2
H
W
Q
H
D
O
W
2
0
H
*
EH
H
H
£H
§
D
&4
H
U
1
^ 2
•V .O
— EH EH
Q (/I \
W O c/v
EH O
|g
W O tr
W EH «
^
>
1
0>
n
^v*
>H
C3
O
|J
O
2
U
W
EH
0) EH
S §
flj 5«
n fi
•U t"1
c <
s a
1
i
-H
O
0
•H
o
rH
.C
8
rfj
^1
X
|
C
-H
U
•H
O.
EH
13
O
EH
2
O
O
rH
O
O
2j
IX
4-1
C
nj
rH
Qi
§
-.H
4J
2
01
G
01
DI
T3
•H
0
id
ffl
4J
•H
01
g
2 CT
0 S
H
EH
in
CN
M
S
H
. 1
S *"* — -
8< — n
a H ,^1
W EH -'
EH < Cno
< ffl « o
U « o
m \rH
£3 O^ ^"s.
ro
o
o
o
(N
r-4
O
*
M
O
O
c la "'
0) N
4^ rH
nj fl
U V4
4J 3
111
A C
4J
'3 i
• H
01 •
4-1 C
ID O •
* 4J 0
M id -H
Ql i4 4J
43 O ffl
3 g
O -H E
01 > -rl
14 C 01
D 3 01
.a o
V4 "tl T3
O 3 C
01 O id
J-J *~^
o
0 0 '4^
O H
rH
**!
rH 0
S °
. °
0 0
C
o
id
N
rH
Q
M
4J
3
01
C
a,
0
en
I
o
VO
en
o
4J
u
3
I
i-H •
M-l M
iW 4)
0) 4J
01 C
Vl -H
0) rH
4J O
01 -W
-1 §
o u
3 I
•-H C
Q} rH
rH rH
fl "
0,-a
4J rH
§ S
£
rH
.*
0
•H
a,
r-l
111
O
4J
in
4-1
o
en
M
X
V4
oi
a
4J
c
01
3
rH
IH
14-1
01
01
rl
U
4J
04 -H
rH
V Sj
01
01
id
A
it
o
4J
M
rH
H
Ol
cu
PJ
n
en
>4H
01
14
4J
-H
01
•o
H
O
C
o>
>
-iH
3
rH
O
c
•H
r-(
f-4
IB
r-4
•H
tJ
id
01
01
OJ
u
a
c
4J
o
c
0)
•H
•o
01
4->
01
-H
rH
&
O
*-H
0
c
£.
O
Ol
rH
fl
»
(/)
1
4J
E
4J
C
0
s
id
S
4J
*4-4
O
0)
G
O
•H
a
id
4-1
a
01
04
V4
o
01
c
o
•H
4J
id
c
Ol -H rH -H
o
•D
C
•a
§
0
4J
•H
i-H
•H
1
•H
nj
TI
C
•H
4J
tj
o
o
W
id
S3
o
4J
O
Id
x:
t3
3
01
C
O
Cn
C
•H
Q.
1(
id
>
e
in
•a
c
*
01
•H
0)
U)
0)
*H
•P
0}
0)
4-t
.H
(d
O^
c
4J
a,
E
0
0
01
0<
3
01
4-)
O
0
rH
01
0}
&
O
rH
O
C
"8
4-1
4J
4J
*
•o
01
4->
id
14
4J
91
01
01
u
a>
13
4-1
C
4J
id
01
^j
•a
c
rH
0
4J
C
o
0
•a
o>
4->
id
o
c
•r4
O
4->
4J
o<
u
o
id
0
4-1
•a
^4
«H
3
a<
Ol
01
c
o
•H
4-1
id
0
•H
.
^
o
•H
•s
01
Ol
•H
4J
•H
rH
•H
O
«
id
*o
01
•H
3
a1
0)
to
4-1
01
O
0
rH
id
4J
C
01
e
o
c
•H
^
C
o
01
id
c
3
0
I/I
01
01
o
o
rH
S
cu
_r*
•H
S
Cn
C
•r4.
>1
rH
Ql
S
0
O
0
W
3
0)
Ol
id
10
id
13
01
rH
id
4->
0)
G
•H
C
0>
0>
J3
g
id
.e
n
o
'O
c
id
4->
c
VH
id
c
•H
_<-j
4J
•r4
3
C
4->
rH
rH
O
14
TJ
rH
8
fj
4-1
• H
3
C
o
4J
nj
•H
^
o
u
G
•H
•a
0
4J
id
!
rH
C
O
Ol
3
0
id
01
•H
•d
id
O
rH
04
479
-------
ui
I
j
V
(
l
J
i1
i
tj*
j
•»
T
4
M
*. |
j _J
J UJ
^g
J ^
<; 5:
j
^ <
" u;
fit
u <
r co
V-
u
2
a!
-i
z
o
u
UJ
^~
o
tr
a.
g
S
Z
o
0'
>
Z
UJ
*"™""~ "
H
u)
K
IU
3
vS
D l<
r- K
-> H
V Z
f u ,
C -s > ni
= o ^ 3
S V £ s
- -j ^ «
0 i; <
d 5 ^ ;-
U.J j~ L- <
fe 2 ;i a
—
X
o
s
" "~~ '
^
o-
B-
0)
a
^
o
u
•t *•
N f-
0 N'
-M W
1 1
*: -^
U.
Ct
480
-------
FIGURE:
MODEL CC^T E
r/CKLINO HYDROCHLORIC
CONCENTRATED
PlA&RAM
Y - ALTff?N/\I /;' X
COSr*&AS£C> ON TEN YErAR CAP/TAL
+ IN r^£-s T K A T&- 7 7o
i-OF-E-RAT/NG COST'J INCLUDE- LA&CX., CHEMiCAL^ t U'i'/LITlErS
/MA/A/r£^ANC£- COSTS £>ASE:C> ON 3.5% OF CAP/TAL COSTS
COSTS &A5E-D ON 7T2/ /Sf:>OS>At-
i-ZVE-L A. r^/X
0/= DISPOSAL. IS
AND R&PLACED WITH Ac. 1C? '
IRON ox IDS-
H
-------
For those plants practicing joint treatment of rinses and
concentrate without recourse to HCl regeneration, the
recommended BATEA limitation for total suspended solids are
presented in Table 102 and are set at 0.0083 kg/kkg (0.0167
Ibs/ton) of steel pickled, equivalent to 25 mg/1 based on a
combined flow of 333 1/kkg (80 gal./ton). An additional
load of 0.0052 kg/kkg (0.0104 Ibs/ton) is allowed for those
plants utilizing wet fume hood scrubbers in conjunction with
pickling operation, equivalent to 25 mg/1 in a flow of 209
i/kkg (50 gal./ton). The one plant treating these wastes
jointly was exceeding the recommended BATEA suspended solids
limit by a factor of three, but if tighter control of rinse
water flows were practiced, superior solids removal would be
expected from the existing treatment system. As it is, the
effluent concentrations leaving the system during sampling
ranged from 21 to 56 mg/1 suspended solids, indicating that
control of certain factors can lead to improved effluent
quality. Also worthy of note, this plant was treating its
wastes to attain levels suitable for discharge to the
municipal sanitary authority for further treatment. As
such, their TSS standard would have no limitations other
than local plant requirements.
Dissolved Iron. For those hydrochloric acid pickling
operations using HCl regeneration systems, a BATEA
limitation for dissolved iron of 0.00013 kg/kkg (0.00026
Ibs/ton) of steel pickled is recommended, equivalent to 1
mg/1 in a discharge flow of 125 1/kkg (30 gal./ton). Of the
three plants surveyed, two were successful in treating
wastes to this degree as long as careful attention was paid
to pH control. However, one of the plants, whose load was
only 62% of the BATEA limit at pH 7.0 or above, discharged
as much as 120 times the limit as the pH went down to 5.1.
For plants practicing joint treatment of concentrates and
rinses, rather than HCl regeneration, the BATEA limitation
for dissolved iron are set at 0.00034 kg/kkg (0.00068
Ibs/ton) of steel pickled, equivalent to 1 mg/1 in a
combined discharge flow of 333 1/kkg (80 gal./ton). An
additional load of 0.00021 kg/kkg (0.00042 Ibs/ton) is
allowed for those plants using wet fume hood scrubbers. The
one plant surveyed treating spent concentrates and rinse
water jointly was achieving a dissolved iron load of less
than 50% of the recommended effluent load through use of
aeration, lime neutralization, thickening and vacuum
filtration of underflows demonstrating the effectiveness of
this system for handling such wastes.
gH. As in all other subcategories, the BATEA ELG for pH is
he range 6.0 to 9.0. Since the treatment required to
482
-------
CM
O
W
w
3
H
J
W
Q
H
D
O
cn
§
M
H
s
H
i-J
D
i-l
fr,
CM
W
W
s
m
4>
(0
•O
Ifl
J
id o
^ EH EH
Q in \
W O W-
EH U
S«-]
MS
€-«£H
w O trJ
W EH X
*s
?c»
\
CO-
--
x*x
sr
N_X
Sj
l^l
o
o
,J
0
2
CJ
M
P_J
C-i
EH
2
W
2
S
S
r .
tH
ta
rH1
O
Pi
EH
2
O
CJ
M
S
G
3
O
O
(3
•H
cn
n
4)
4J
Ifl
S
4)
cn
G
•rt
M
IH
O
G
o
•rl
4J
O
a
•a
S
CO
2
O
H
EH
<
EH
H
s
H
rl
<
W
EH
<
m
X-N
CO
x_x
H
*\
Oi
g
in
(N
_ *— *
7 ffl
J- r3
tPO
W o
k; o
\ H
O>\
X CQ
rJ
ro
CD
0
O
O
U1
r-
0
•
o
,
rH tT> •
O< O co
Ol rH -
moo
cn x! W
41 U
3 41 «;
Cf P CJ
C 4J CJ
X! G 0.
U U M
41 g
4-1 4-1 4)
id >
ji 41 41
G rl -r(
•rl 4J £
0) U
G 13 id
-H C
M id 0
4J rH
C O 13
41 in 41
rl 4J rl
H G -H
3 O 3
o o cr
O
r-|
/•N x-s
vO vO
\^s **.s
."•J ^ rH
in ro
X
Ji
M
01
a.
4J
41
3
i-H
41
X-> 1-H
^ -9
-^•*,^f j nj
(»> CN i)
O O O
O 0 ^
O O Qi
O 0 P
cn
o
•a.
'.
t
*
41
4J
13
G1'
-rl
rH
O
O
U
.P
O
(0
4-1
G
O
u
i.
0
G
rH
1-1
HJ
Cn
C
>rl
"S
rH
O
X
41
C
O
•H
4J
cd
4-1
•H
3
rH
iH
S
T3
•H
£
•H
T)
£
•H
rtl
w
rC
-U
4-<
§
0)
fll
w
rC
4->
•H
. cn
^ CO
§a
4-1
rH rH
id n)
*»
0 0
CO 4>
~~- rH
MH
•a o
41 rl
rH
X 4J
U -H
•H
ft cn
4)
rH O
0) 13
CJ
4J rl
CO O
IH
O 41
>
D! -rl
-V cn
Ai 3
rH
M 0
41 G
ft-rl
4J rH .
C rH CO
41 id 13
3 O
rH >, S,
M-l rH 4J
14-1 -rl 61
41 rl 6
id
co cn P
M CO C
41 41 01
•P 0 E
•rl 41 4-1
rH C (d
41
_ 4J (H
" G **
" i >
4J -H
•H 4J
rH Id
•H C
J3 rl
id i
cn cn
O
C *~H
o o
tjixl
fi O
-r-"J QJ
•O 4J
^
0) 4J
D< C
13
01
•
cn
41
4J
cn co
13 nj
4J >i M S
id rH itf
E rH
T< 1C
jj e
01 )H
W O
G
• 41
CO rl
41 id
o
•ri x:
> 0
41 -rl
13 x;
4, ?
G CO
41 4)
g -rl
5 4J
(d -rl
CU rH
rl -H
P O
id
'T3 14H
n3 4)
CO
rH O
o x:
t-i -P
jj
C 41
0 >
0 O
13 id
41
P 13
.U 41
0 rl
-rl -rl
13 3
C D1
•H 4I
rl
4)
.C M
4J J-l
CO
P O
Qj CJ
4>
O r-l
O id
"3 P
El
O 4)
•P £
QJ
T! rl
CU O
n c
—I -rl
P
tr >i
4) rH
rl C
0
13 rH
C rH
Id -rl
t; e
d
S .S
EH rH
U rH
O4 O
« rl
X! . 13
P M rH
•rl 4) O
3 a 0
,Q
c* a x:
G U 4J
•rl O -rl
?1 C,1 3
rH
& T) G
S O O
O O -H
O x! 4-1
id
4H 0) c
O S -rl
3 .Q
4J tH ^
rH O
3 iS 0
cn
4) CO G
to rd -rl
id ^ TJ
41 41
"I C -P
id -H id
rH 41
13 rl
O 4) 4J
rH ,__(
rH At 0
Id O 14
4J -rl IB
!/) Q,
Cw
•H 4) 41
£ P
C p !0
41 id
4) 144 3
XI -H
41
41 C CO
> O 4)
«< H x;
f-* (J 1)
•H
^ T3 C
O T3 (U
« rt •§
C G •*
i
rH
4-» TJ C
O 3
•H CU Ol rl CU Id -H (3 ft rH 4)
*H4.)O4lg414J rHJ
41 -H r-l C< O H id C ,-UH.c-Hoia
>4 4) O tl U -rl 05 £ -rl
w
1-3 «
< tl
O H
H
EH
tJ
O
t3
W
O
-a
G
2
T3
o
cn
co
Q
K
a.
4J O
,(D
in
•H 13
..
3 U b O* I1J C "1 -HrHrH
r-| D> -H rH -H 01 (!) C i- ' 4J
(4-1 U O rH .rl Xj 4J XI -H ,0 11 Cn 10
CM CO
ui
483
-------
-------
F'/&Urt!: /<'•>/&
MODEL C05T £t~f~ECT,'\.-£~A/t:SS
/WMLINLj - H/OROCHLOR.IC AC!D-
VTR/lTf.D,WDK/NSF - J5U3CA 7 .r*&AS£D ON TEN YEAR CAP/TAL RECOVERY
f /NTEIREST A ATE 7%
•h OPERATING COSTS INCLUDE LABOR.>eHEMICALS$UT/LIT/£$
1-MAINTENANCE COSTS BASED OA/ 3.5e<* OF CAP/TAL COSTS
COSTS BASeo ON 2.7Z KKG/OAV (oOOO 7-ON'J/OAY)
OF ST£-£L P/CKLED
THIS GRAPH CANMOr £E ^!S£D FOG. /A/T£f$MED/AT£ VALUES
SPENT PICKLE LIQUOR At^B PlMSE VVATCR TREATMENT COSTS
INCLUDES DOLLIES ^RftNIT FO« .CCLLbCTICK!
-------
achieve the BATEA dissolved iron limitations involves the
use of alkalies to raise the pH values, no additional
equipment or expense is required to insure meeting the pH
constraints.
Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid - Rinse Waters
One of the two plants providing more or less complete
treatment of rinse waters in this subcategory has been used
as the basis for establishing all BATEA Effluent Limitations
Guidelines. This plant provides equalization, blending,
lime addition to pH 8.0, mixing, aeration in dual chambers,
polymer addition, clarification in either of two identical
thickeners used in parallel with vacuum filtration of
underflows, and final settling in a large lagoon with
discharge of overflow to a receiving stream. An effluent of
extremely high quality results. All parameters listed below
are effectively removed using the above equipment and
treatment technology. The BATEA limitations for the rinse
waters, and the control and treatment technology to achieve
these limits are summarized in Table 101.
Suspended Solids. For separate treatment of rinse waters, a
BATEA effluent limitation of 0.0052 kg/kkg (0.0104 Ibs of
solids per ton) of steel pickled is recommended, equivalent
to 25 mg/1 at a flow rate of 209 1/kkg (50 gal./ton). An
additional allowance of 0.0052 kg/kkg (0.010U Ibs/ton) is
provided for plants utilizing wet fume hood scrubbers in
conjunction with the pickling operations. The plant
described above discharges about a third of this solids
loading, but has a longer final lagoon detention time than
the proposed treatment system. However, even the clarifier
effluent (prior to lagooning) meets the limits.
For pickling operations treating rinse waters in conjunction
with spent concentrates, the BATEA limitations for suspended
solids were discussed previously in the paragraph on
Pickling - Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrates.
Dissolved Iron. For pickling operations treating rinse
water separately, a BATEA limitation of 0.00021 kg/kkg
(0.00042 Ibs of dissolved iron per ton) of steel pickled is
recommended, equivalent to 1 mg/1 based on a rinse water
flow of 209 1/kkg (50 gal./ton). Three hydrochloric
pickling operations achieve this recommendation - the
complete treatment system which is the model for all BATEA
treatment stages, the joint treatment system with the single
thickener, and the small wire pickling operation associated
with the Hot Coatings - Galvanizing subcategory. These
three widely different pickling operations deomonstrate that
486
-------
I-t
o
rH
1
W
1
a
Q
M
8
W
O
M
rtj
EH
H
H
£4
55
W
§
fj|
CM
H
I
i
n
<*^ *" S
qqi v ^
>- EH EH
. Q W X
WOW-
£ EH
WOO1
W EH X
s^
k>
«
~*
O
^
o
2
W
U
EH
Z
s
*«
»J
1 1
1 1
0
rH
•g
U
s —
•O ~ M
>i in ^-*
35 *" .H
| . C/l \
cn O g
•5 H
3 <
0 EH
•H H
H
JH >4
US ^
8 ^H S
W EH ~-
EH rt O»O
i i-t
O O H
tH Ol H 4J
4J C O 9
O -H C H
4J *-l
r-l O
O
rt °0
. 0,3
-H C
0^0
1 rH C
VO
O rj
3 rt
£ 1?
ON M Q, T3
00 9
O O 4J iH
O O 01 O
O O SO
n o
fl JJ 4J
o c n
«
0 y
S8
IB 10 0
> K
m CTI -M
c c
(U H
O
ft
O.-H
•a c •
O O
w p
id *
5 H
•o
i
U)
Q
V>
a
487
-------
k
1
s
§
18
^
6
Kcc
r^
S3
^ \- x.
ISxl
<8-
A
V
J
rOn
^j
U'J -o
^
-J
Ui
*
l(N MS ^
,
\ v, ('.
-------
FI6UKE IOO&
oh+tc. ACID - KIN^E .*jL>c/}r£oOf?y
r/c/\LiNc,
COSTS = &A5BO OA' TEU Y£AK CAP/^AL
SATS 7%
& COSTS INCLUDE C^dOfS, CHEMICALS
COST BASED OM V~)1l KrtiS/OAy ($O03TO*>S/3Ay)OFSr£eL P/CKLS0
THIS GBAPH CAUMOT 6E USEO FOtt /\/TCfSM£D/ATG
3/3,258- -
-------
given proper lime treatment, the BATEA limitation can be
consistently met.
For pickling operations utilizing joint treatment of rinses
along with spent concentrates, the BATEA limitations were
discussed previously in the paragraphs on Pickling -
Hydrochloric Acid -Concentrates.
Oil and Grease. As discussed in Section IX, some plants
find it advantageous to treat pickling rinse waters jointly
with cold rolling wastes. The BATEA limitation for oil and
grease from such joint treatment operations is set at 0.0021
kg/kkg (0.0042 Ibs/ton), equivalent to 10 mg/1 in a
discharge flow of 209 1/kkg (50 gal./ton). An additional
load of 0.0021 kg/kkg (0.0042 Ibs/ton) is allowed if the
plant operates in wet fume hood scrubber system in
conjunction with the pickling operations. The one plant
surveyed practicing such joint treatment discharges on oil
loading of 87% of this limit at the thickener overflow,
indicating that the limit is attainable using present
equipment and technology. For plants treating spent
concentrates and rinse waters from pickling jointly with
cold rolling wastewaters, the BATEA limits for oil and
grease are set at 0.0034 kg/kkg (0.0068 Ibs/ton), equivalent
to 10 mg/1 in a discharge flow of 333 1/kkg (80 gal./ton).
An additional allowance of 0.0021 kg/kkg (0.0042 Ibs/ton) is
provided if a wet fume hood scrubber system is used over the
pickling tanks.
pH. As in all other subcategories, the BATEA ELGs for pH
require it to be in the range 6.0 to 9.0. Since treatment
with alkalies is required to attain the recommended BATEA
limits for dissolved iron, no further equipment or expense
will be required to maintain the proper pH values.
Cold Rolling Subcategory Operations
The degree of effluent load reductions achieved via the
treatment and control technology required to attain the
BPCTCA limitations for recirculation, combination and direct
application cold rolling operations as described in Section
IX is equivalent to the best available technology
economically achievable at this time. To achieve additional
reductions would require expenditures of capital and
operating costs out of line with the benefits derived. For
this reason, the BATEA limitations for the cold rolling
operations are identical with the BPCTCA limitations in all
cases. The BATEA limitations for this subcategory and the
control and treatment technology to achieve the recommended
limits are summarized in Tables 103, 104 and 105.
490
-------
n
o
H
W
a
§
H
co
H C
3 °
§ ^
Q id
H r-t
§ g
•rl
CO U
§ a
H |
EH
rij tr
a -s
a a
3 a
I 1
w u
•J
fa
Q] PS
. R
BATEA -
SUBCATEI
^>
'£
EH
aw
w'o
EH EH
in o
CO
§
H
EH
EH
H
g
M
H
s
ty
\
v>
1
«M
•n
1
«•
X
o
E
CJ
U
C_.
CT"
2
*?
EH
s
EH
01
8
EH
2
O
O
o
o>
H
V
4J
•rl
rH
^
o
rH
n
•rl
8
rH
i-t
a
6
01 3
id P
n
c/> a)
Q
&
"»
I
f-t
I
8
w
X!
in O rH JJ
(N rH
0 ""
• HI
0> 3
O id
^-*
0
.j
tr>o
M o
t< o
r
C C rH
01 id O
ft W S
SrH 10 O
•H -rl X rH
in o o o< CM
(X
e
-rl
rH
Q
0
4J
O
1
g
0
c
rH
rH
id
C
-rl
1
rH
01
"c
O
rH
id
CP
S
"•^
•o
^j
g
0)
Q
5"
j^
n
01
ft
c
a) *
rH 01
IM 4J
IM id
,
TJ
O
rH
rH
0
rl
rH
01
01
P
0)
UH
o
01
C
3
O
o
0
rt
01
01
•o
c
3
O
ft
o
TJ
rH
rH
O
rl
rH
U
n
tH
o
§
4J
•H
rl
4J
I
rl
01
ft
n
1
14
O>
O
rH
. 2
£7
•w
2'
A
•H
01
01
i5
\ id
rH
Id P
CJ1 0
01
in rH
X rH
H C
a-4
rH .
•.P rH 01
C Id TJ
01 O
3 >i x:
i-H r-H 4J
UH iH 0>
«H rl 6
1 6
OJ O> H
4J O O
•H rH ft
rH O
C H
rt x: o
0) U
CL 0) 01
4J C
01 O
1 rH 4J
KI xt id
Cr> ra C
•rl rH -rl
rH -rl i
rH Id B
•H > O
2 < 0
c7 m
•-* **
o o
rH H T)
IH CU 01
4J
> 01
44 g
C 01 4J
u m
>i > 01
JJ-H H
•rl 4J 4J
rH Id
•rl C TJ
JO rl G
td li id
rH 4->
•rl rH rH
id id o
> rl
id tji 4J
c c
--H 0
C 4J O
O 01
•H ft -O
4-> B 01
id o 4J
u u id
O 0
rH 01 -rl
H 13
u u c
Id X! -rl
3
01 O
nding on
technolo
equired t
01 4J H
a, c.
•§ § 3
4J 0
Q> Id -H
G O! 4J
O rl 4-> O
id e
>< ,
E 4J rl
id
01 41 C
4-> XI -H
U! 6
O O -rl
CJ 4J rH
^"
•
a
n
s
s
5
• 4J
ID VI
nj id
>i H 3
rH
rH
O
e
8
m
•§
•H
x;
s
01
O
•§
JJ
1
tn
4J
01
0
u
rH
Id
C
01
ly increra
§
0)
rl
Id
O
x;
Ul
u>
4-1
m
O
u
rH
Id
4J
O
•P
a)
•O 01
C 01
id C
*J -H
0) rl
{$ S
O rH
to oi
rH
X! .*
4J O
•H -rl
S ft
CP X!
C 4J
•H -H
>i 3
rH
§•§
O -rl
0 4J
M S
O -H
^i
38
VI
111 C
rl -H
Id TJ
01
01 P
01
id s
M C
O 01
Ti"§
§ >,
r-t
4J C
§°
rH TJ
ft 01
id o
H
C rH
•rl 0)
5.
•rl -H
3
TJ
w id
c o
•rl rH
P
01 VI
•H -H
x x:
01 EH
in
491
-------
181 I— 1*1
nljJL '
i --j-»—
!___
f1 A
T
-T
m
i
L ___•. ILUJI
r^r—~if!
15.J I
% 00 L r-W^-l
Dri HT, ^<>-
-J
1.1
.- >
u.'
0!
•J
:*! *
o f " y "'
l^j r-
o S ;.' S c- rr^
i J O X
c u a ^
fc u
Z I- rj
u 1-) _1
5 3
6
cc
:^:,
492
-------
MOO EL CO:",' /F/v^CV/V/r'AATS'S 3/AG/
COLO KOtLlfJG - C'£CI[.:CLJL\nOfJ
ANNUAL COST'S ^BA'^ED QN7ENYEAI2. CAP/TAL
f //v 7'Af /r i- G T /SA re 7 %
-TS 3,~>-jcQ QA/ ^>.5% Of
COSTS BASED iw-272' #rt£/£>Ay ('^^Q TOAI-J/DAY]
BE
51 tOi
(TOC57S
o
C&PCTCA.4
&A.TEA)
/oo
-------
u
~QS
W O
EH O
as
U) O
W EH
to-
n
V)
H
2
H
U
Q
H
D
O
1
H
EH
i=l5
H
H
^
^J
CO
O
&4
fa
H
1
<
g
a)
0
•rl
4J
18
•H
!
1
C
•H
i-l
rH
s
•a
rH
O
0
EH
19
1 ^
§
EH
8
en
2
O
H
jjj!
EH
H
S
M
>l r^
05
o w
W EH
EH <
<; n
u
CO
D
w
^-«
e 4J
0) \
W rl
IA id
>i O>
4J 41
01
Id 4J
in
M
O «4
<4H O
O 0^
rH X
18
> rl
01
oi a,
rH
XI 4->
XI 41
O 3
M rH
CU UH
UH
4J 0)
Ul
O UH
S O
•
J^)
P>-rl
o
rH
X
rH
rH
2
•H
!
4)
i-H
Xt
iH
•rl
3
rH
O
C
•H
rH
rH
18
s«,
rH
•rl
V4
id
01
in
0)
0
0)
c
4J
o
c
(fl
•rl
•0
01
4J
in
•rl
rH
&
0
rH
|
O
01
4J
01
rH
XI
id
rH
•rl
18
rt
•
in
T>
O
JS
4J
11
E
4J
C
g
4J
18
01
tH
4J
O
O
•rl
4J
id
4J
3
g
01
a
•H
O
g
rH
<4H
Ifl
rH
id
o
•g
41
X
O
•a
c
id
•O
c
rH
<4H
O
>,
4J
-H
rH
•rl
£>
IB
rH
•rl
<8
>
id
•,
O
M
4->
as
O
O
rH
in
18
in
V4
O
4->
o
id
UH
Si
O
3
in
c
0
Ol
c
•rl
•o
c
£
0)
•o
1
0
&
id
>
>,
fl
e
Ul
4J
in
O
0
4)
H
a
o
4J
c
0)
4->
X
0)
13
c
id
*
4J
in
•H
X
01
(fl
01
>
•rl
4J
id
M
41
4->
rH
id
01
C
•rl
4->
0)
£3
8
41
14
41
,C
3
•O
01
4-1
O
01
rH
4J
C
0)
E
4->
id
^i
4-1
•a"
ID
4J
18
0)
U
01
XI
o
4J
i mated
4J
n
w
•
in
4)
o
•rl
>
01
•o
4-1
C
4->
id
01
M
4J
T3
18
i-4
O
V4
4-1
C
0
o
•a
01
4J
18
o
•H
T3
C
•H
a)
J3
4-1
4J
D<
01
0
u
18
0
4J
•a
0)
V4
•rH
3
cr
01
!H
Ul
C
O
•H
U
id
o
UH
•rl
•O
Q
£
^,
id
•ri
g
•H
rH
£
g
g
0)
V4
id
&
0
•rl
JT
3
Ul
01
• rl
4-1
•rl
rH
•H
0
18
41
Ul
r;
4J
0>
>
s
(8
T(
11)
H
•H
a
a*
01
•H
n
4J
Ul
o
u
rH
id
4->
c
o
E
01
n
o
c
•rl
>1
rH
O
0)
•n
id
c
8
c.
in
jj
in
o
o
i-H
id
4J
o
4J
ndards.
3
n
rf
Q
g
o<
A
x:
u
•rl
3
O<
•H
^
rH
i-
8
o
4J
•-H
3
in
01
n
id
in
18
•0
0)
rH
rH
18
4J
in
c
•H
c
01
0)
XI
O
>
18
A
U
O
\
T3
C
id
4J
18
rH
Q.
id
c
•H
4J
-1
3
o»
C
3
in
•H
X
41
se wastewi
•H
M
4)
C
•rl
rH
0)
rH
.*
O
•rl
a
5
-H
J
§
•rl
a
•rl
*g
O
u
c
•rl
•a
4)
JJ
id
41
M
4J
01
U.
id
m
4)
4->
U)
id
01
M
01
f*_
\i
c
01
s.
3
>.
rH
£
o
•o
g
o
i-H
rH
id
in
•rl
•O
id
O
rH
in
•H
rj
H
494
-------
fsl 1
D i '
n? •
JJ L_,
i
In
— i
i I
-i
4 T
HoP
io.C i
2 -^nn
J. !l
1 i '•
/f7\ . °--/1
| H ^ i
L. y
-i— ,
o-^. n
•- -rf!
rt1-
oo a
J71 JT
i ^ i • § i
L£J L±]
p
22 1
PS g§ n
*^ U *% r^ /"\ I
22 o^ r — r° — !
oji ,p2 L_o
H " an i
32 S£ ' .j—
oo j-f •> T^
^5 ^ «o 1
O^ Ko 22 |
?3 °T J^^— v'
it ssi o^^>
§< ^^ « ^
>?
£2
V "'
i?
-JU1
QCt:
w^
a- <«•
frt _j
. -S-
/•%
A
$1
•3
p-3 C
\ ~* a
$ ° 2
£
0
r->
Q
o
*
^
03
x>j-
-j
§8
w2
O i
2
£ d>
u. f~*
'jj 4
or cD
1
|
5 o
5S*
$M
r— v\
2^$ J
o > 3> ut
H & o o; a
o H o 0
H S o g 5
a ? j 5$
j j o e ^
2 UJ
u i- a
^ iO -^
z o
o °
o:
z
in
•<<;
«x
Ul
a
o
IL
t •
M N
<\J N
= ^
>"
(T
Co |