EPA/450/2-81/017a
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Air Pollution Training Institute
COURSE 81:422
3rd Edition
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
ORIENTATION COURSE
Unit 1
Air Pollution and Their Sources
8
W
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Tips for Effective Use of This Material
1. Listen to the recorded script while you go through this flipbook. The recorded
portion is coordinated with the flipbook. Wait for the tape to finish the details
of one point before studying the next point on the page.
2. When you hear a "beep" on the tape, direct your attention to the next page in
the flipbook.
3. Pay attention to both words and pictures —they both convey important informa-
tion. The flipbook will usually summarize main points or give examples.
4. Stop the tape at any point if you wish to spend more time reading a page in the
flipbook. Rewind the tape if you wish to review a portion of the script.
5. Review the lesson objectives before answering the questions at the end of each
lesson. Ask yourself whether you have mastered the information indicated in the
objectives.
6. Answer the questions. They will help you assess your progress in mastering the
course materials.
7. Check your answers. The correct responses can be found on the page(s) following
the questions.
8. If you answer a question incorrectly, review the flipbook material covering the
subject matter. Now turn on the tape recorder and begin Lesson I of this
unit.
11
•11111111IIIII
Lesson 1: Air Pollutants
Objectives
1. Identify the two basic physical forms of air pollution.
2. Explain how a secondary pollutant is formed.
3. Match the names of the criteria pollutants with their
descriptions and their major sources.
4. State two differences between hazardous pollutants and
criteria pollutants.
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Two Basic Physical Forms of
Air Pollution
Particles
small, discrete
masses of solid or
liquid matter
examples: dust,
smoke, mists, and
fly ash
Gases
widely separated
molecules in rapid
motion
lack definite shape
and volume
examples: carbon
monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, & hydro-
carbon vapors
iiiilililllllll
Primary Pollutants
• emitted into atmosphere
directly from identifiable
sources
found in atmosphere
in same chemical
form as when
emitted from
source
• undergo chemical
changes in the atmosphere
as a result of reactions among
two or more pollutants
Secondary Pollutants
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National Ambient Air Quality
Standards
(NAAQS)
• Set for criteria pollutants—widespread,
common pollutants shown to be harmful to
human health and welfare
• Designed to meet two goals
• protect human health & well-being
• prevent undesirable effects on the
environment
••iiiiiiiiiiii
Criteria Pollutants
Pollutant Symbol
Carbon monoxide CO
Sulfur oxides SOx
Nitrogen dioxide NO2
Hydrocarbons
Ozone
Particulate
matter
Lead
HC
03
TSP
Pb
form
gaseous
gaseous
gaseous
gaseous
gaseous
particulate
particulate
type
primary
primary
primary &
secondary
primary
secondary
primary &
secondary
primary
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Carbon Monoxide
(CO)
colorless
odorless
tasteless
Natural Sources
Manmade Sources
o
'
-------
damper open
(more oxygen)
damper closed
(less oxygen)
8
•IIIIIIIIIIIII
Sulfur Oxides
(SOx)
Sulfur Dioxide
colorless
formed when sulfur burns
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Manmade Sources
Natural Sources
•IIIIIIIIIIIII!
Sulfur
Dioxide
the
"pass through"
pollutant
Sulfur Dioxide
14 Ibs
7 Ibs sulfur +
7 Ibs oxygen
.-
Energy
Coal
100 Ibs
93 Ibs hydrocarbons
ash, etc. +
7 Ibs sulfur
11
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Amount of Energy and Sulfur Dioxide
Released per Pound of Fuel
Btu's of energy Sulfur dioxide
per pound emissions
Sulfur
0.0000014 Ibs SO,
per
if-' >•<
» '- * .' v* ~ -.,
,*?' . •• j^'
f r-'1-.' y^
W
i -L-
j;
t?^J^'-A •-"-•
•^ ,r>v
0.000001 Ibs SOS
per Btu : V f
-X'^ ^f^;>
•*t*~>: • -} --j»
•^ ' ••>- ••'
x->'-
llllllllllllll
Smelting of Nonferrous Metals
copper
ore
a
a
a
O furnace for
n roasting ore
sulfur
dioxide
roasted
concentrate
goes on to
smelting
13
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Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx)
• several gases
• composed of nitrogen and oxygen
• nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is of greatest
concern — relatively more harmful
than other criteria pollutants
• nitric oxide (NO) is relatively less
harmful —most commonly emitted
of all NOx
Illlllllllllll!
Natural Sources
Manmade Sources
-------
The main source of nitrogen oxides is the
combustion of fossil fuels.
• Nitrogen in the fuel is oxidized to form nitric
oxide and small amounts of nitrogen dioxide.
• Nitrogen in the air within the combustion
chamber is also converted to nitrogen oxides,
mostly nitric oxide.
• Oxidation of nitrogen from air in chamber is
much slower than oxidation of nitrogen in fuel.
• Nitric oxides emitted to the air are converted
to nitrogen dioxide by photochemical reactions
promoted by sunlight.
16
IIIIIIIIIIIIII
Hydrocarbons
(HC)
• HCs are composed of only hydrogen and carbon.
• VOC —Volatile Organic Compounds — include
most volatile hydrocarbons.
• VOCs are composed of hydrogen and carbon;
they may also contain elements such as
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, and fluorine.
• VOCs are defined to include only those
compounds which take part in atmospheric
photochemical processes.
17
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Manmade Sources
VOCs are used as
solvents in many
products.
18
19
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Combustion Factors Affecting
VOC Emissions
time in combustion chamber
fuel and air mix
turbulence in chamber
temperature and pressure
design of chamber
20
VOCs are controlled through the
NAAQS because they take part in the
photochemical production of ozone
and other photochemical oxidants.
21
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VOC Interaction with NOx in Presence
of Sunlight Forming Ozone and Other Smog
iiiiiiiiiiiiin
Ozone
(03)
• gaseous
• secondary pollutant
• formed in our atmosphere
• the main constituent of
photochemical smog
23
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Stratosphere —where protective layer
'of ozone is found
Troposphere — where pollutant ozone
found
24
IIIIIIIIIIIIII
Formation of Ozone
\ ,
NO + VOC ozone
w
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Variations in Ozone Concentration
over 24 hours
0.20
0.18
0.16
| § °'14
si °-12
0.10
0.08
0.06
6 0.04
o
II
8 a
0.02 -
oL_
12
T
— Philadelphia
••• Denver
Local Time
26
IIIIIIIIIIIIII!
Factors Affecting Ozone Concentration
primary pollutant concentration (HC, NOX)
reaction time
reaction ratios
intensity of sunlight
temperature
wind speed
wind direction
rainfall
occasionally special weather conditions draw
ozone-rich air from the upper atmosphere down
to the earth along leading edges of cold fronts
27
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Suspended Particulate Matter
measured as Total Suspended Particulates
(TSP)
mostly primary pollutants, but includes some
secondary pollutants
very small pieces of liquid or solid matter
28
•1I11IIIIIIIII
Fine
Course
Smog
Clouds & Foe f i Beach Sand
Flyash
Atmospheric Dust
Metallurgical Dust & Fumes
Cement Dust
Pollens
Bacteria
Tobacco Smoke
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Sizes of Typical
Airborne
Particles
Compared to
Common
Materials
Micrometers
29
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Natural Sources
IIIIIIIIIIIIII
Manmade Sources
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Agricultural Processes Contributing to TSP
in
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In addition to the pollution problems
caused by the suspended particles
themselves, these particles combine
with other pollutants to form
secondary—and sometimes more
harmful — pollutants.
34
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Lead (Pb)
grey metal
fairly abundant
derived from ore-bearing minerals
can be easily formed, molded, and worked
withstands weathering and chemical erosion
35
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Because of its physical properties,
lead has been used for...
*
, '
llllllllllllll
• Most of the lead used in U.S. is
mined in Missouri.
• Lead consumption in U.S. in 1976
was about 1,350,000 metric tons.
• Each year about 600,000 metric tons
of lead are used in storage batteries.
• About 200,000 metric tons of lead
are used in the manufacture of
gasoline additives.
37
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Location of major lead operations in the United States, 1976'
MA
O Lead smelling and rcliiiin^ plain*
A Storage battery manufacturers
Tetramethyl and tetraethyl lead plants
Lead mines; production = >95%
of domestic output
Distribution of Lead Emissions
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Major Source of Atmospheric Lead
THIS
FUEL
CONTAINS
LEAD
IIIIII111IIIII
Deposition of Atmospheric Lead Pollution
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Hazardous Pollutants
Pollutants that may cause or contribute to an
increase in mortality or an increase in serious
irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness
Usually cause only localized problems
Controlled with emissions standards rather
than by limitations on the concentrations
allowable in the ambient air
42
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Hazardous Pollutants
Asbestos Beryllium
Benzene Mercury
Vinyl Chloride Arsenic
43
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Sources of Asbestos
mining, milling, and spraying of asbestos
manufacturing of asbestos-cement products,
paper, plastics, gaskets, packings, roofing
felts, and insulation
44
••••••••••••II
Sources of Benzene
45
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Sources of Beryllium
beryllium extraction plants
machine shops working with beryllium-
containing metals
foundries handling beryllium or beryllium-
containing alloys
ceramic plants using beryllium
rocket propellants containing beryllium
incinerators burning waste that contains
beryllium
46
IIIIIIIIIII1111
Sources of Mercury
• mercury-ore processing plants
• mercury battery manufacturing
plants
• plants which dispose of sewage
treatment plant sludge by drying or
burning
47
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Sources of Vinyl Chloride
Production of polyvinyl chloride
General public exposure may result from
use in
• aerosol containers
• food wrapping and containers
• plumbing pipes
• other plastic products
48
• • • 1111111HHH
Other Pollutants Under Study
for Possible Designation as
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Manganese Formaldehyde
Cadmium Vinylidene
Nickel chloride
Polycyclic organic Epichlorohydrin
matter (coke Ethylene
oven emissions) oxide
Ethylene dichloride Acrylonitrile
49
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Lesson I
Questions
1. What are the two basic physical forms of air pollution?
Match the criteria pollutant listed below with its appropriate description on the
following page.
2. carbon monoxide
3. sulfur dioxide
4. nitrogen dioxide
5. hydrocarbons
6. ozone
7. suspended paniculate matter
8. lead
50
•••••Illllllll!
a. colorless gas —one major
source is fossil-fuel combus-
tion — "pass-through" pollutant
b. widely spaced organic
molecules in rapid motion and
without shape
c. grey metal —one major source
is combustion of gasoline
d. very small pieces of liquid or
solid matter
e. colorless, odorless, and
tasteless gas —one major source
is the automobile engine
f. secondary pollutant — forms
when hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides react in the
presence of sunlight
g. results from the oxidation of
nitric oxide in the air and is
considered to be more
hazardous than NO
Answers are on the next page.
51
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Lesson I
Answers
1. gaseous and particulate
2. e
3. a
4- g
5. b
6. f
7. d
8. c
After checking your responses, please turn on the tape recorder.
52
•Illllllllllll
Lesson II: Pollutant Sources
Objectives
1. List and describe five mutually exclusive air pollutant source
categories.
2. Identify an example of a source in each of the five major
source categories.
3. Given examples of sources, distinguish between point sources
and area sources.
4. State a major manmade source for each criteria pollutant.
1 53
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Source classifications may be based
upon
• whether the source is
• stationary or mobile
• combustion or noncombustion
• area or point
• the way that the source generates
emissions.
54
IEII1IIIIIIILI
Stationary
Mobile
or
55
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Combustion
Area
or
56
or
Noncombustion
Point
57
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Emission Generation Categories
Transportation
Stationary source
fuel combustion
industrial processes
Solid waste disposal Miscellaneous
58
••••••Illlllll
Transportation Sources
Most emissions produced in the
combustion process that powers
their motion. Evaporation of
gasoline is also an important
source of volatile organic
emissions.
• biggest mobile emission producers are the gasoline- and diesel-
fueled internal combustion engines used in motor vehicles
• other sources include planes, ships, trains, lawnmowers, farm
tractors, and construction machinery
59
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Stationary Combustion Sources
Produce energy but no other
products. Emissions result from
fuel combustion.
• fixed energy generating sources ranging in size from home
heating furnaces to major power plants.
• sources include commercial, institutional, industrial, and
steam-electric power plants.
• fuels used include coal, oil, natural gas, and wood. Other
fuels such as liquified natural gas, propane, process gas, etc.
may also be used.
60
Industrial Processes
Emit pollutants in the course of
manufacturing products
• major sources include chemical processing, food and
agricultural industries, metallurgical and mineral product
factories, petroleum refining, petrochemical plants, petroleum
storage, and wood processing industries
• smaller (area) sources include painting, dry-cleaning, and
degreasing operations
61
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Solid Waste Disposal
Facilities that dispose of
unwanted products and by-
products. Emissions result from
the disposal process, usually
burning.
Most important emission sources in this category are refuse
incineration and open burning.
Disposal operations range in size from small-scale burning of
home trash to large central municipal incinerators.
62
ii minium
Miscellaneous
Types of sources that do not fit
into the other four categories
• the distribution of these sources is scattered and variable
• sources include house fires, forest fires, agricultural burning,
asphalt road paving, and coal mining
63
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Pollutants and Sources
CO
TSP
HC
NOX
sox
Lead
Transportation
gasoline powered
motor vehu les
gasoline vehicles
tire wear
aircraft
diesel vehicles
ship boiler emissions
gasoline powered motor
vehicles
gasoline distribution
and marketing
gasoline poweied motor
vehicles
diesel powered vehicles
fuel additives
gasoline and diesel
powered vehicles
leaded fuels used in
motor vehicles
Stationary source
fuel combustion
improperly adjusted
boilers
p-iwrr plant;,
space heating
commercial boilers
fossil fuel burning (or
power plants, spate
heating, and com-
mercial boilers
fossil fuel burning for
power plants, space
healing, and com
mercial boilers
power plants
space heating
commercial boilers
burning of waste oils
containing lead
Industrial processes
process losses when CO
wastr gai burning
not practical
handling, processing
and storing of rock.
sand, and gravel
metallurgical
processes
cement plants
peiroleum refineries
chemical mfg
degreasing
explosives rnfg
rocket fuel mfg
nitric acid mfg
petroleum refineries
smelters
sulfuric acid plants
coke ovens
pulp and paper mills
smelters
battery mfg
gasoline additive mfg
lead reclaiming
operation
lead glass mfg
Solid waste disposal
on site incinerators
incinerators
organic chemical
waste disposal
incineration of plastics
and other high (em
perature disposal
of chemical wastes
high temperature
disposal of chemical
wastes
incinerators
incineration of old
battery cases
incineration of wood
products with painted
surfaces
Miscellaneous
forest burn off
house fires
coal refuse fires
forest burn off
house fires
agricultural burning
fugitive dust
oil and gas
production
dry cleaning
grass fires
forest burn off
burning of coal
refuse piles
weathering of painted
surfaces
64
•Illllllllll
Source Emissions
Listed
by Category
Transportation
56%
Solid Waste Disposal
2%
Miscellaneous
5%
Industrial Processes
15%
65
Stationary Source
Fuel Combustion
22%
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Lesson II
Questions
1. List five mutually exclusive air pollutant source categories.
2. Fill in the blank. sources are small multiple
sources that together can adversely affect air quality in an
area.
3. For each source listed below, name the source category (from
question 1) to which it belongs.
a. power plant d. fugitive dust
b. municipal incinerator e. chemical processing plant
c. automobile
Answers are on the next page.
66
IIIIIIIIIIIIII
Lesson II
Answers
1. transportation
stationary source fuel combustion
industrial processes
solid waste disposal
miscellaneous
2. area
3. a. stationary source fuel combustion
b. solid waste disposal
c. transportation
d. miscellaneous
e. industrial process
After checking your responses, please turn on the tape recorder.
uV
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Lesson III: Source Emissions
Objectives
1. Identify uses of emission inventory data.
2. Describe the steps followed in conducting a source emission
inventory.
3. Explain what an emission factor represents.
4. Briefly describe the way in which emission rates are
estimated.
5. Explain the function of the National Emissions Data System.
6. Indicate whether, since 1970, there has generally been a rise
or fall in emission levels of the seven criteria pollutants.
68
•1IIIIIIIIIIII
C.'^~
«•"" 11«"»*
i i-' \ ,i»i«"
^ftW
^ifr^^^r
Emission
Inventory
A study of the
pollutant emis-
sions in a given
area
69
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Emission inventories are designed to
• locate air pollution sources
• define type and size of sources
• define type and amount of emissions from
each source
• determine pollutant emission frequency and
duration
• determine the relative contributions to air
pollution problems of classes of sources
and individual sources
70
III1111IIIIIII
Basic Elements of Source Emission
Inventory
• planning
• data collection
• data analysis
• reporting data —
including submission
of data to the
federal government
71
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Planning
Defines purpose and scope of inventory
• determine how the data will be used
• determine geographical area to be inventoried
• specify data collection methods
• consider legal authority to acquire data
• assess resources available to carry out the
inventory
72
Uses of an Emission Inventory
To determine
• types of pollutants emitted from specific
sources
• magnitude or amount of emissions from
those sources
• emissions distribution in time and space
• emission rates under specific plant operating
conditions
• relation of ambient air pollutant concentra-
tion to specific sources
73
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Emission inventory data can be
used in combination with other data to
• select locations for air monitoring sites
• set baselines for emissions trends analysis
• establish and re-evaluate emission
standards and regulations
• assess the effect of emissions on air quality
74
567
Data Collection
Follows plan of action set in planning
stage
• classification of emissions
• classification and location of pollutant sources
• determination of quality and quantity of
materials handled, processed, or burned in
each source
75
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Inventory Data Collection Methods
• mail survey
plant inspection
field survey
data .from
publications
O.I
76
•IIIIIIIIIIIII
Mail Survey
most common technique
most economical technique
77
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Plant Inspection
examination of various processes
interviews with plant personnel
sometimes source testing
more time consuming than mail surveys
usually used only at important point
sources
most accurate method of data collection
78
•Illllllllllll
\*L * "" * r^
Field Survey
similar to plant inspection
used mainly to gather data about
small area sources
79
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I,,,»-, I ba^
6,i
Data from Publications
data often found in industrial and govern-
mental files, periodicals, etc.
these publications often contain process,
activity level, and control device descriptions
do not provide raw emissions data, but rely
upon estimates of emissions from published
data on related sources
usually a last resort method
80
•illinium
Kinds of Information Collected
General source information —location, owner-
ship, nature of business
Process information —type of equipment, type
of reactions
Activity levels —amount of fuel and materials
(input), amount of production (output)
Control device information —types of devices
Information needed to estimate emis-
sions—temperature, tank conditions, hours of
operation, seasonal variation, etc.
81
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Particulate Emissions in
Batch Hot-Mix Asphalt Plant
secondary
collection
primary dust -+•
collector
bins
feeder
conveyer
exhaust
coarse __ fine
aggregate \^
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Dry Cleaning
Material Being Cleaned..
County
Permit
Number
Example
P99999
Amount of
Clothes Cleaned
(Tons/Yr)
2000
Type of
Cleaning
Hot
Type(s) of
Cleaning Solvents
Perchloroethylene
Amount
(Gal/Yr)
2000
Normal
Operating
Hr Day Week
8
5
50
84
Control and Stack Information
County
Permit
Number
Example
P99999
Type of
Control
Eqmt.
After
burner
Control
Eqmt.
Effic.
(%)
95
Instal-
lation
Date
1969
Stack Data
Height
(ft)
20
Inside
Dia.
(ft)
1 5
Temp.
<°F)
600
Velocity
(fl/sec)
20
Flow Rate
UiVmin)
2100
85
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Data Analysis
Calculate emission rate for each
pollutant by
• using specific emission data for
sources, when available
• locating emission factor in AP-42
• calculating emission rate, using data
from inventory and emission factor
86
••Illlllllllll
Emission Rate
the weight of a pollutant
emitted per unit of time
87
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Example Calculation of Emission Rate
Amount
of input
X
AP-42
X
Adjustments of
specific plant
conditions to the
average plant
condition
X
Emission
factor
Applicable
correction factors
X
:- Q
Hours of Seasonal variation
operation factor factor (if any)
Emission rate
••••••••mil
Emission Factor
an estimate of the rate at which
a pollutant is released into the
atmosphere as a result of some
activity
89
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Determination of Emission Factors
Measured weight of pollutant emitted (e.g., kg of sulfur emitted)
Unit level of activity (e.g., metric tons of coal burned)
Emission factors for major pollutants found in AP-42, Compila-
tion of Air Pollution Emission Factors
90
•••••••••••ill
Emission Factors for Bituminous Coal Combustion Without Control Equipment
Furnace fize,
10* Biu/hr
heal input
Creatrr than 100
Pulverized
General
Wet bottom
Dry bottom
Cyclone
10 to 100
Spreader stoker
Less than 10
Underfeed stoker
Hand fired units
Paniculate*
Ib/ion
coal
burned
I6A
ISA
17A
2A
ISA
2A
20
kg/ml
coal
burned
8A
6 5A
B.5A
IA
6.SA
1A
10
Sulfur
oxide*
Ib/ion
coal
burned
S8S
S8S
38S
S8S
S8S
S8S
S8S
kg/mi
coal
burned
19S
19S
I9S
19S
I9S
19S
I9S
Carbon
monoxide
Ib/ion
coal
burned
1
1
1
1
2
10
90
kg/me
coal
burned
05
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
5
45
Organic!
Ib/ion
coal
burned
o.s
0.3
O.S
o.s
1
s
20
kg/ml
coal
burned
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.5
1.5
10
Nitrogen
oxides
Ib/ion
coal
burned
18
SO
18
55
15
6
S
kg/mt
coal
burned
9
15
9
27.5
7.5
S
1.5
Aldehydes
Ib/ton
coal
burned
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
kg/mt
coal
burned
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
00025
0.0025
S = weight percent of sulfur in coal
A = weight percent of ash in coal
91
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Reporting Data
Data gathered by State control agen-
cies is:
• used by the agencies for various
purposes
• reported to EPA's National Emis-
sions Data System (NEDS).
92
• •••••••••••II
National Emissions Data System
(NEDS)
• computerized data system developed
for storage & retrieval of source and
emissions data
• used to generate national emissions
reports, fuel summary listings, and
other data reports
93
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Emission inventories are designed to
locate air pollution sources
define type and size of sources
define type and amount of emissions from
each source
determine pollutant emission frequency and
duration
determine the relative contributions to air
pollution problems of classes of sources and
individual sources
94
••••I11IIII111
Hydrocarbon Emissions Baton Rouge Analysis Area
Source
BASF Industries
Chemical Co.
CF Industries
Evan Hall Sugar Coop.
Chemicals, Inc.
Monochem
1975 Emissions (tons/yr )
Total
Hydrocarbons
590
1,389
1,873
1
2
472
Nonmethane
Hydrocarbons
572
1,362
1,848
0
0
455
95
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1977 Emissions (million metric tons)
Transportation
Stationary
Sources
Industrial
Processes
Solid Waste
Miscellaneous
Total
TSP CO SOX NOX HC
1.1
4.8
5.4
85.7
1.2
.8
22.4
9.2
13.0
8.3 4.2
11.5
1.5
.7 10.1
.4 2.6
.7 4.9
12.2 102.7 27.4 23.1 28.3
96
•••••••••••••I
Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1970-1977
(106 metric tons)
120
110
100
90
0
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
97
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Sulfur Oxides Emissions, 1970-1977
(10* metric tons)
10
0
I I 1^ I
I I
I I I I
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
98
•••••••••••III
Nitrogen Oxides Emissions, 1970-1977
(10* metric tons)
L'O
I T
I I
I I
I I
I I I I
0
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
99
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Hydrocarbon Emissions, 1970-1977
(106 metric tons)
10
I
I
J_
I
I
1970 1971 1972
1973 1974
100
1975
1976 1977
111 II I 111 II 111
Total Suspended Particulate Emissions
1970-1977
(106 metric tons)
20
10
I
I
I
I
I
1970 1971
1972 1973 1974
101
1975 1976
1977
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Ambient Lead Concentrations, 1970-1974
(urban air monitoring stations)
quarterly geometric mean in />tg/m3
1.10
1.00
.90
.80
.70
.60
5=-
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
102
•••••••••••••I
Photochemical Oxidant Trends, 1972-1977
(micrograms per cubic meter)
160
140
•
•o
I
120
o.
100
California
National
O—<
Non-California
1972
1973
1974
103
1975
1976
1977
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Lesson III
Questions
1. Which of the following are potential uses for emission inven-
tory data?
a. determine types of pollutants emitted from specific sources
b. determine the magnitude or amount of emissions from a
source
c. determine emission distribution in time and space
d. determine pollutant concentration under specific plant
operating conditions
e. determine the relation of pollutant concentration to
particular sources
f. all of the above
104
•••••••••••••I
2. List in order the four basic steps in a source emission
inventory.
3. Explain what an emission factor represents.
4. Fill in the blank: Data gathered by air pollution control
agencies is reported to the.
5. Choose the correct term: Since 1970 there has generally been
a in emissions of suspended paniculate matter.
(rise/fall)
Answers are on the next page.
105
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Lesson III
Answers
1. f. all of the above
2. planning
data collection
data analysis
reporting data
3. An emission factor is an estimate of the rate at which a pollu-
tant is released into the atmosphere as a result of some
activity. It is used when calculating emission rate.
4. National Emissions Data System
5. fall
After checking your responses, review any material that you are not sure of and
then take the Unit Test which begins on the next page.
106
•Illllllllllll
Unit Test
1. What are the two basic physical forms of air pollution?
2. Which of the following is not a criteria pollutant?
a. sulfur dioxide e. suspended particulate matter
b. asbestos f. hydrocarbons
c. lead g. nitrogen dioxide
d. ozone h. carbon monoxide
3. True or false? Hazardous pollutants, unlike criteria pollutants, are controlled
with emissions standards rather than by ambient air quality standards which
limit the concentration of a pollutant allowable in the ambient air.
4. The most widely used system of classifying pollution sources divides them into
five mutually exclusive categories based on the way that the emissions are
generated in the source. These include which of the following?
a. solid waste disposal e. stationary source fuel combustion
b. industrial processes f. smelting processes
c. transportation g. liquid waste disposal
d. aerospace operations h. miscellaneous sources
107
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5. Is a large petroleum refinery with great quantities of pollutant emissions and
many exhaust stacks an area source or a point source?
6. An emission inventory is designed to do which of the following?
a. locate air pollution sources e. determine the relative contribution
b. define the types of sources to air pollution problems of classes of
c. define the sizes of sources sources and individual sources
d. determine pollutant emission f. all of the above
frequency and duration g. only a, b, and c above
h. only a, d, and e above
7. Name the four basic elements of a source emission inventory.
8. What does an emission factor represent?
9. True or false? The emission rate for a pollutant is the weight of the pollutant
emitted per unit of time. It is calculated by multiplying an activity unit by the
emission factor, by applicable correction factors, by a factor for hours of
operation, and perhaps by a correction factor for seasonal variation.
10. Give a brief description of NEDS.
108
• linn limn
Unit Test
Answers
1. paniculate
gaseous
2. b. asbestos
3. True
4. a, b, c, e, and h
5. point source
6. f. all of the above
7. planning
data collection
data analysis
reporting the data
8. An emission factor is an estimate of the rate at which a pollutant is released
into the atmosphere as a result of some activity.
9. True
10. NEDS stands for the National Emissions Data System, which is a computerized
data system developed for storage and retrieval of source and emissions data. It
is used to generate national emissions reports, fuel summary listings, and other
data reports.
109
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