Schedule For Standards Methodology And Results For Ranking Source Categories Based On Environmental Effects Data


xvEPA
        United States      Office of Air Quality
        Environmental Protection  Planning and Standards
        Agency        Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
                      EPA-453/R-93-053
                      September 1993
        Air
Schedule for Standards:
Methodology and Results
for Ranking Source
Categories Based on
Environmental Effects Data
                             PROTECTION
                              AGENCY

                             DALLAS, TEXAS
                             L

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                                    EPA-453/R-93-053
          Schedule for Standards:
         Methodology and Results
            for Ranking Source
           Categories Based on
        Environmental Effects Data
                  Emission Standards Division
0             Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
              United States Environmental Protection Agency
              Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
                    September 1993

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                            DISCLAIMER

     This report has been reviewed by the Emissions  Standards
Division of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended  to
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.  Copies  of this
report are available through the Library Services Office  (MD-35),
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27711, or from National Technical Information
Services, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
R652-2*/*l«.078

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                         TABLE  OF CONTENTS


                                                              Page

LIST OF TABLES	iv

1.0  INTRODUCTION	1-1

2.0  DATA SOURCES	2-1

3.0  DERIVATION  OF  ENVIRONMENTAL SCORING FACTORS   	  3-1

     3.1  Algorithms  for Aquatic Toxicity  and
          Bioconcentration  Scores   	  3-2

     3.2  Individual  Environmental  Scoring Factors  	  3-3

          3.2.1  The  Chronic Aquatic Toxicity Concentration .  3-3
          3.2.2  The  Bioconcentration Factor  	  3-4
          3.2.3  Consideration' of Environmental
                 Partitioning  	  3-5
          3.2.4  Supplementary Data for Eleven Compounds  .  .  3-5
          3.2.5  Summary of Changes to the BCF or Chronic
                 Aquatic Toxicity Concentration  	  3-6

4.0  RESULTS	'	4-1

5.0  REFERENCES	5-1
R632-2*/«Jj.078
                                iii

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                          LIST OF TABLES


                                                              Page

2-1  Environmental Effects Definitions  and Sources   	  2-2

4-1  Individual Pollutant Scores  -
     Environmental Scoring Factors	  4-2

4-2  Source Category Ranking Based on Aquatic Toxicity  and
     Bioconcentration  (with Partitioning)  	  4-7

4-3  Source Category Ranking Based on Aquatic Toxicity  and
     Bioconcentration  (Without Partitioning)   	   4-12

4-4  Source Category Ranking Based on SCRS Score, Presented  with
     the Aquatic Toxicity and Bioconcentration Ranking   .  .   4-17
B652-2Vals.078                       IV

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1.0  INTRODUCTION
     A draft Source Category Schedule for the promulgation of
emission standards providing the opportunity for public comment
was published in the Federal Register on September 24, 1992.1
The draft schedule assigned each of 174 source categories
included on the initial source category list to one of four
regulatory timeframes.  The draft source category schedule was
based, in part, on the source category ranking system  (SCRS),
which ranked -the source .categories that had been included in the
initial source category list, based primarily on emissions of
hazardous air pollutants  (HAP's) and health effects data of the
emitted HAP's.2  As mentioned in the Federal Register notice,  the
SCRS did not specifically consider environmental effects.
     Two commenters on the draft schedule asserted that
environmental effects should be considered in establishing the
schedule because consideration of environmental effects was
required by Section 112(e) of the Clean Air Act.  In response to
these comments, the EPA decided to conduct a ranking of source
categories based on readily available environmental effects data.
This document describes the methodology for this ranking and
presents the results.  The methodology combines pollutant-
specific emission estimates for each source category  (assembled
in development of the source category list and schedule) with
pollutant environmental effects data (i.e., aquatic toxicity,
bioconcentration, and environmental partitioning) gathered from
the draft "Focus Chemicals for the Clean Air Act Amendments Great
Water Study," to produce pollutant-specific scores for each
source category.3'4'   The resulting pollutant-specific scores for
each source category were then summed to produce scores for the
source category.  Then, these source category scores were used to
generate a relative ranking of the source categories based on the
environmental effects data.  The results of this analysis will be
considered by the EPA in finalizing the source category schedule,
along with public comments on the draft schedule and the criteria
and considerations which led to the published draft schedule.1
R652-2*/«l».078

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     The remainder of this memorandum  is divided  into  four
sections.  The sources of the emissions estimates and
environs ->.tal data inputs used in the  relative ranking are
d:  asse  in Section 2.0.  The derivation of pollutant-specific
er  .ronmental scoring factors is discussed in Section  3.0.   The
resulting environmental effects scores and relative ranks are
presented in Section 4.0.  Section  5.0 provides the references
upon which this analysis is based.  The draft report "Focus
Chemicals for the Clean Air Act Great  Waters Study" is provided
in Appendix A.
     Finally, the basis for, and assumptions used in,  deriving
annual emissions estimates for three source categories for which
annual pollutant-specific emissions estimates were not available
are provided in Appendix B.
R652-24/al«.078                       1-2

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2.0  DATA SOURCES
     Emissions data were collected or estimated for most of the
source categories on the initial source category list as
described in the memorandum  "Emission and Exposure Data for the
Source Category Ranking System."3  Just prior to publication of
the draft schedule, the EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards completed a draft  report, "Focus Chemicals for the
Clean Air Act Amendments Great Waters Study," hereafter referred
to as "the Focus report."*  This document ranked 179 of the
189 hazardous air pollutants (HAP's) currently listed in
Section 112(b) of the Clean  Air Act, as amended in 1990 (CAA), to
help identify substances of  priority concern for atmospheric
deposition to bodies of water.  Environmental effects data
included in the Focus report and its appendices (primarily
Appendix C-3) were combined  with the emissions data from the SCRS
to produce a relative ranking of the source categories.  Exhibit
7 of the Focus report ranked the 179 HAP's based on human
toxicity, aquatic toxicity,  bioconcentration potential, and
environmental persistence. Appendix D-2 of the Focus report
ranked the HAP's based on acute aquatic toxicity, chronic aquatic
toxicity, bioconcentration,  environmental persistence and
environmental partitioning.  Although Exhibit 7 of the Focus
report presents an environmental ranking of 179 pollutants based
on the Inerts Ranking Program (IRP), the ranking values range
only between 10 and 30.  Only 23 distinct scores were generated,
and some scores were shared  by as many as 20 different compounds.
This range might be appropriate for the purpose of the report,
but is insufficient for ranking the source categories included on
the initial list.  Therefore, the EPA reviewed the Focus report
to identify available data inputs for developing an environmental
ranking of the source categories.  Table 2-1 provides a
description of some of the environmental terms used in the
remainder of this memorandum and lists the main sources of data
used.
R652-2»/al«.078                      2-1

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     Table 2.1  Environmental Effects Definitions and Sources
            Term
             Definition
   Pollutant-specific
   Aquatic Toxicity and
   Bioconcentration
   (PATH) score
means the product of the estimated
annual emission rate of a specified
hazardous air pollutant from a given
source category, the inverse of the
chronic aquatic toxicity
concentration for that pollutant,
and the bioconcentration factor for
that pollutant.  The PATB score may
also include a factor for oercent
partitioning of the pollu- int in
water.  This will be indicated with
a subscript p (PATBp).   See  the
algorithms in Section 3.1.
   Bioconcentration
   factor (BCF)
means a measure of the tendency of a
pollutant to accumulate in the
tissue of plants or animals.  The
BCF's were taken primarily from
Appendix C-3 of the Focus report, or
developed based on information in
Exhibits 4 and 6, and Reference 6.
   Chronic aquatic
   toxicity
   concentration
   (CATC)
means the lowest concentration at
which a toxic effect was observed in
aquatic biota.  The CATC's were also
taken primarily from Appendix C-3 of
the Focus report, with some CATC's
developed from information in
Exhibits 4, 6 and 7 of the focus
report, and Reference 6.	
   Source Category
   Aquatic Toxicity and
   Bioconcentration
   (SCATS) score	
means the sum of all PATES's for all
hazardous air pollutants emitted by
a source category for which
emissions data are available.
   Partitioning
means the tendency of a chemical to
be distributed among media  (i.e.,
air, water/ soils and sediments,
biota).  The percent partitioning
factor was developed from
information in Section 4.5.2 and
Appendix D-2 of the Focus report.
R652-24/•!•.<] 78
                               2-2

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3.0  DERIVATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCORING FACTORS
     After reviewing the various environmental data in the Focus
report, and exploring various methods to rank the source
categories, two methods were chosen.  In the first method,
pollutant-specific emission estimates from the SCRS data base,
and additional emissions information gathered for the source
category list and schedule projects, were multiplied by two
environmental scoring factors for each HAP.  The two
environmental scoring factors, selected from the Focus report
were chronic aquatic toxicity concentration (CATC) and the
bioconcentration factor (BCF).  The resulting product of the
multiplication of the pollutant-specific emissions estimates from
a source category by the environmental scoring factors is called
the pollutant-specific aquatic toxicity and bioconcentration
(PATB) scores.  The PATB scores for all of the pollutants in a
source category were summed, resulting in a total score for each
source category.  This total score for each category, (i.e., the
sum of all pollutant-specific PATB scores for that category) is
called the source category aquatic toxicity and bioconcentration
(SCATB) score.  The SCATB scores were then arranged in numerical
order from greatest to smallest in order to rank the source
categories.  The second method used to rank the source categories
is identical to the first except that a third environmental
scoring factor, percent environmental partitioning, was included.
     In the first method, the PATB score was derived by
multiplying the emissions estimates by the BCF and by the inverse
of the CATC.  Primarily, the BCF's and CATC's were obtained from
Appendix C-3 of the Focus report.  The aquatic toxicity is the
lowest concentration at which a toxic effect was observed in
aquatic biota.  This means that the lower the reported
concentration, the more toxic the pollutant.  Therefore, the
inverse of the reported concentration was used in order to
properly reflect the increased toxicity in the results.  The BCF
represents the tendency of a chemical to be concentrated in the
tissue of plants or animals.  As mentioned previously, in the
second method, environmental partitioning was also factored into
the PATB and SCATB scores.  Information on partitioning was also
R632-2*/al*.078                      3-1

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obtained from the Focus report.  If partitioning is factored  into
the score this will be indicated with a subscript  (i.e., PATBP
and SCATBp) .   In each case, the pollutant-specific environmental
scoring factors were multiplied together, and then multiplied by
the pollutant emissions estimate for each pollutant emitted by
the source category for which EPA had HAP emissions data from the
source category list and schedule projects.  The resulting PATB
scores for all pollutants  emitted by the source category were
then summed for the category, in order to derive a SCATB score
for that source category.  Finally, the source categories were
ordered by the SCATB scores to produce a relative ranking.
3.1  Algorithms for Aquatic Toxicity and Bioconcentratioq Scores
The PATB score for each pollutant emitted by a source category
for which the EPA had emissions estimates from the SCRS was
calculated as follows:

Method 1.
Without Partitioning:
       PATBa score
                            CATC,
             BCF,
where:
       PATB  score
        CATC,
         BCFa
        SCATB score
Pollutant-specific aquatic toxicity and
bioconcentration score, without
partitioning for pollutant a
Estimated annual emission rate for
pollutant a (from SCRS)
Chronic aquatic toxicity concentration
for pollutant a
Bioconcentration factor for pollutant a
Summation of the PATB scores for all
pollutants in a source category, for
which emissions estimates were available
Method 2.
     In Method 2, a third  factor, percent partitioning to water,
was added to the equation  above  as  follows:
R652-2*/«Jj.078
                                3-2

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with Partitioning:
       PATBpa   =  ERa  X
                          CATCa
where:
                                    BCFa   X  Pa
     PATBpa         =    Aquatic toxicity and bioconcentration
                         score, with partitioning for pollutant  a
     Pa             »    Estimated percent partitioning of
                         pollutant a in water
     SCATBp score   =    Summation of the PATBp scores for all
                         pollutants in a source category for
                         which emissions estimates were
                         available.
3.2  individual Environmental Scoring Factors
     The derivation of the CATC, BCF and percent partitioning
factor are discussed in Sections 3.2.1 through 3.2.5.  Section
3.2.4 discusses the use of supplementary data for some
pollutants, and Section 3.2.5 summarizes the EPA's decisions when
specific data were unavailable.
3.2.1  The Chronic Aquatic Toxicity Concentration
     Most of the data used in this analysis were included in
Appendix C-3 of the Focus report.  For clarification, the reader
is referred to Appendix A, which contains the Focus Report.  For
approximately 90 of the listed HAP's, a specific CATC is recorded
in Appendix C-3.  However, some of the chemicals in the appendix
have either a footnote of "-66" or "-999" or a zero.  According
to the footnote for "-999," the CATC for such footnoted chemicals
is assumed to be below 0.1 milligrams per liter  (mg/L) , or
< 100 /xg/L.  Therefore, each "-999" was replaced with 100 /jg/L.
Some pollutants had the notation "-66" or zero in the CATC
column, which indicated that no data were available for chronic
aquatic toxicity.  The EPA discussed the selection of a surrogate
for CATC with the authors of the Focus report.  The authors
recommended using one-tenth of the acute aquatic toxicity
concentration in lieu of the CATC, when an acute aquatic toxicity
concentration is provided.8  Therefore,  if an acute aquatic
toxicity concentration was available, one-tenth of that value was
used as a surrogate for the CATC.  If neither chronic nor acute
aquatic toxicity concentration data were available in

R652-2»/'«l«.078                      3-3

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Appendix C-3, Exhibit 7 of the Focus report was reviewed to see
if the pollutant was assigned a qualitative score for aquatic
toxicity of  1, 2, or 3.  If so, Exhibit 4 of the Focus report was
consulted.   Referring to Exhibit 4, if the qualitative score was
3, then a CATC of 100 ng/l> was used.  If the qualitative score
was 2, then  the midpoint, 1000 Mg/L was used.  And, if the
qualitative  score was 1, then a CATC of 10,000 Mg/L was used in
the scoring.  In absence of all three criteria, (i.e., acute and
chronic aquatic toxicity concentrations and -qualitative, aquatic
toxicity scores) the median value of all CATC's (i.e., 450 M9/L)
was used as  a surrogate for the CATC.
     This same approach was used for the 9 unranked compounds
listed in Exhibit 6 of the Focus Report and for the 15 compounds
at the end of Appendix C-3 for which no CATC was provided, but a
score of 1,  2 or 3 was listed.  (As noted on Exhibit 4, a score
of zero indicates that no data or estimated value is available.)
Using the scores presented in Exhibit 6 and the values in
Exhibit 4 (i.e., 100, 1000, and 10,000 /-ig/L) , calcium cyanamide
and carbon disulfide were given CATC's of 1,000 M9/L» while
ethylene thiourea was given a CATC of 10,000 ng/Ii.  For the
remaining compounds listed in Exhibit 6, the CATC was not
available and a 0 was entered under that heading.  Therefore, the
median value of the CATC's for all compounds was determined and
used as a surrogate for the CATC for these compounds.
3.2.2  The Bioconcentration Factor
     There were no BCF data or qualitative BCF scores in the
Focus report for the 9 pollutants in Exhibit 6, nor for
33 pollutants in Appendix C-3.  Supplementary BCF data were
gathered for about 10 of these pollutants, however for the
remainder, the median of all BCF's was assigned as a default BCF
to these chemicals.  For some compounds listed in Appendix C-3,
the BCF is assigned either 0 or "-66."  For th^se chemicals, if a
bioconcentration potential score  (1, 2, or 3) was listed in
Appendix C-3, a surrogate BCF value was assigned to the
pollutant.  Again referring to Exhibit 4, if a BCF of 3 is
listed, the  0 or "-66" was replaced with 1,000  (i.e., >999); if a
2 was listed, the 0 or "-66" was replaced with 546  (mean of
R6S2-24/«l«.078                      3-4

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 93  and 999);  and if a 1 was listed,  the 0  or "-66"  was replaced
 with  47 (mean of 0  and 93).   In  the  case that the BCF is  either a
 0 or  a "-66," and a zero appears under  bioconcentration potential
 score,  the median of all BCF's  (i.e., 19.0)  was  substituted,  as
 was done  for  the nine chemicals  listed  in  Exhibit 6.
 3.2.3   Consideration of Environmental Partitioning
      The  Focus report provided data  on  environmental  partitioning
 in  Section 4.5.2 and in Appendix D-2.4  Environmental
 partitioning  refers to the  tendency  of  a chemical to  be
 distributed among media (i.e., air,  water,  soils and  sediments,
 and biota).   Because the Focus report sought to  prioritize the
 CAA-listed HAP's based on their  Great Waters impact,  partitioning
 was scored primarily based  on the distribution to water.   If
 greater than  90 percent of  a chemical distributed to  water, soils
.and sediments,  it was assigned an environmental  partitioning
 score  of  3.   If this component ranged from 10 to 90 percent,  it
 was assigned  a score of 2.   If less  than 10 percent distributed
 to  water,  etc.,  it  was assigned  a 1.  Again,  insufficient data
 were available for  some compounds, and  these compounds were
 assigned  a zero in  the Focus report.
     For  purposes of this analysis,  these  scores were converted
 back into percentages.   That is,  a score of 3 was converted to
 0.90,  a score of 2  to 0.50,  and  a score of 1 to  0.10.   Those
 chemicals for which a zero  had been  assigned in  Appendix  D-2  of
 the Focus report were assigned the mean of all the  partitioning
 percents  of the pollutants  in the Focus report that received
 values  for partitioning.  The mean value (0.54)  rather than the
 median  value  was used in this case because only  three scores  were
 possible,  and using the median value could swing the  results
 greatly to one end  of the scale.
 3.2.4   Supplementary Data for Eleven Compounds
     The  EPA's Pollutant Assessment  Branch .(PAB) discussed the
 ranking methodology and data availability  with ICF, Incorporated,
 who prepared  the Focus report, and with staff members at  the
 EPA's  Environmental Research Laboratory (ERL)  in Duluth,
 Minnesota,  who provided extensive assistance with data collection

 R652-2»/«l».078                     3-5

-------
and methods development for the Focus report.  The PAB requested
BCF and CATC data for several compounds for which data, or
estimated values,, were not available in the Focus report.  The
staff at ERL-Duluth responded by providing additional data for
several pollutants.6  As a result,  3 additional compounds have
been given both BCF and CATC values, while 8 additional compounds
received either a BCF or a CATC value.
3.2.5  Summary of Changes to the BCF or Chronic Aquatic Toxicity
       Concentration
     In summary, the Focus report provided environmental data on
the 189 HAP's listed in Section 112 of the CAA.  Nine HAP's which
had no IRP rank were presented in Exhibit 6.  Three of the HAP's
have been assigned a CATC based on  aquatic toxicity scores
presented in the exhibit.  One compound was assigned BCF and CATC
values after discussions with the ERL.  The remaining 5 have been
assigned the median CATC of 450 M9/L, and 8 substances in the
exhibit have been assigned the median BFC of 19.  The Focus
report ranked 179 HAP's based on information presented in
Appendix C-3.  Among the 179 chemicals listed  in Appendix C-3,
82 chemicals did not have an assigned CATC.  Fifty-one of them
have been assigned a CATC based on  the chronic aquatic toxicity
score provided in Appendix C-3.  Twenty-five were assigned a CATC
equal to one-tenth of the reported  acute aquatic toxicity
concentration, while the remaining  7 were assigned the median
CATC (450 jug/L).  Of the 33 chemicals in Appendix C-3 that had no
assigned BCF, 28 have been assigned BFC's based on the
bioconcentration potential score listed in the appendix, while 5
were assigned the median BCF (19).
R65a-2*/als.078                       3-6

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4.0  RESULTS
     The ranking results  shown  in Tables 4-1, 4-2, 4-3,  and  4-4
are based on readily available  data and may contain some
uncertainty.  The quality of  input data varies greatly,  and  may
not be representative.  Table 4-1 provides the 189 compounds that
were analyzed and the data that were used in developing  the  SCATS
scores for the source categories.
     As mentioned in Section  3.0, two scoring methods were
employed to generate two  separate SCATS scores in this analysis,
with and without application  of the environmental partitioning
factor.  The EPA was curious  if the application of this  factor
would impact the results  in any significant manner.  It  was  not
determined which method was more appropriate, therefore, both
methods were used, so that results could be analyzed while
considering partitioning, and without considering partitioning.
As indicated in the tables, the resulting scores were not
significantly different.
     Table 4-4 presents the results of this analysis, with the
source categories sorted  by their original Source Category
Ranking System (SCRS) rank.3  Table 4-2  provides the same
information, but sorts the source categories by the SCATBp
scores.  The SCATBp scores in both Tables 4-2 and 4-4 include the
application of the environmental partitioning factor.  Table 4-3
provides the SCATS scores without partitioning, for comparison to
Table 4-2.
R652-2*/als.078

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                                          4-21
-------
-------
 5.0  REFERENCES

 1.   Federal  Register.   Draft  Schedule  for the Promulgation of
     Emission Standards.   Volume  57,  No.  186.   September 24,
     1993.  pp.  44147-44159.

 2.   Draft methodology  for the Source Category Ranking System.
     U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Research Triangle
     Park, NC.   September 1992.

 3.   Memorandum  and  appendix from Fields,  S. and R.  Dobson,
     Radian Corporation,  to Source Category Schedule for
     Standards Project  files.   Post-  Federal Register Publication
     Relative Risk Ranking for Categories  of Sources on the
     Initial  List.   August 31,  1992.

 4.   Focus Chemicals for the Clean Air  Act Amendments Great
     Waters Study.   U.  S.  Environmental Protection Agency.
     Research Triangle  Park, NC.   Draft August 15, 1991.

 5.   Memorandum  and  attachments from  Leininger,  A.,  Radian
     Corporation, to Source Category  List  Docket (A-90-49).
     Emission and Exposure Data for the Source Category Ranking
     System.  June 29,  1992.

 6.   Memorandum  from French, Charles, to Source Category Schedule
     Docket (A-91-14).   Supplementary Data for Environmental
     Effects  Screening  Analysis.   U.  S. Environmental Protection
     Agency.  Research  Triangle Park, NC.   May 28, 1993.
RB52-2*/«l».078                      5-1
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                ATTACHMENT A
            FOCUS CHEMICALS
FOR THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS
          GREAT WATERS STUDY


                DRAFT REPORT
                  Prepared For:

           U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
         Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
        Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
                  Prepared By:

                 ICF Incorporated
                 9300 Lee Highway
                Fairfax, Virginia 22031
                  August 15, 1991
-------
                                   PREFACE

      The analysis documented by -this report was conducted for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), Emission
Standards Division (ESD), in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, by ICF Incorporated
(ICF), with extensive environmental data collection and methods development assistance
provided by EPA's Environmental Research Laboratory in Duluth, Minnesota (ERL-Duluth).
This report was prepared by ICF.

      The work by ICF was conducted under two EPA contracts: #68-09-0158 and #68-00-
0102. The work by ERL-Duluth was conducted through a cooperative agreement between
ESD and ERL-Duluth.

      The EPA Project Manager for this analysis was Melissa McCullough of ESD's Pollutant
Assessment Branch. To provide comments on the analysis or to obtain a copy of the report,
contact:

               Melfssa McCullough
               EPA/OAQPS/ESD/PAB (MD-13)
               411 West Chapel Hill Street
               Durham, NC 27701
               Phone:  919-541-5646
                                Draft-August 15, 1991
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                                   - Ill
                         TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE	  ii

LIST OF EXHIBITS  	   vi

LIST OF ACRONYMS  	  vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY	  ES-1

1.     INTRODUCTION	  1
      1.1       PURPOSE	  1
      1.2      GENERAL APPROACH AND LIMITATIONS  	  1
      1.3      ORGANIZATION. OF REPORT  	  2

2.     BACKGROUND  	  3
      2.1       ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND FACTORS	  3
              2.1.1    Release to Air, Fate in Air, and Deposition to Water	  3
              2.1.2    Fate in Surface Water 	  5
              2.1.3    Impacts	:	  5
      2.2      "IDEAL" ASSESSMENT  	  5
      2.3      REVIEW OF PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED SCREENING-LEVEL
              SYSTEMS	  6
              2.3.1    Criteria	  6
              2.3.2    Screening Systems  	  6

3.     RANKING METHODOLOGY	  9
      3.1       SUBSTANCES TO BE RANKED	  9.
      3.2      GENERAL APPROACH TO RANKING	  9
      3.3      DESCRIPTION OF RANKING CRITERIA	  10
              3.3.1    Human Toxicity Criterion  	  10
              3.3.2    Environmental Criteria 	  13
      3.4      OVERALL SCORES	•	.'	  16
      3.5      GROUPS OF SUBSTANCES  	  16
      3.6      "SPECIAL" FOCUS CHEMICALS  	'	  17
              3.6.1    Water Quality Board of the International Joint Commission ....  17
              3.6.2    Air Resources Branch of the Ontario Ministry of the
                     Environment  	  20
              3.6.3    Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition Network 	  21
              3.6.4    Lake Michigan Lakewide Management Plan	  21
              3.6.5    Lake Ontario Toxics Committee	  21

4.  RESULTS	  23
      4.1       SUBSTANCES LACKING CRITERIA SCORES 	  23
      4.2 .     DATA QUALITY AND COVERAGE  	  23
              4.2.1    Human Toxicity  	  25

                            Draft-August 15, 1991
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                                     - IV -
                   TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
              4.2.2   Aquatic Toxicity	 .  .	  27
              4.2.3   Bioconcentration Potential	  27
              4.2.4   Environmental Persistence	  27
      4.3      CRITERIA-SPECIFIC SCORES AND OVERALL RANK	  28
              4.3.1   Criteria-specific Scores  	  28
              4.3.2   Overall Scores and Ranks 	  28
      4.4      "SPECIAL" FOCUS CHEMICALS  	  38
      4.5      SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS	  38
              4.5.1   Comparison With "Special" Focus Chemicals	  38
              4.5.2   Ranking With an Additional Criterion 	  42
              4.5.3   Ranking With the Modified IRP Method  	  43
      4.6      IDENTIFYING FOCUS CHEMICALS	  43

APPENDICES
A.    OTHER CHEM'CAL PRIORIT1ZATION SYSTEMS	   A-1
      A.1      CER-LA SECTION  102(A) REPORTABLE QUANTITY (RQ) ADJUSTMENT
              METHODOLOGY	   A-1
              A.1.1   Introduction	   A-1
              A.1.2   Criteria Description 	   A-3
              A.1.3   Relevanc'e  	: . .   A-5
      A.2      SUPERFUND REVISED HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM (HRS)	   A-5
              A.2.1   Introduction	   A-5
              A.2.2   Criteria Description 	   A-5
              A.2.3   Relevance	   A-7
      A.3      DRAFT REVISED HAZARD ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES FOR LISTING
              ^ -EMICALS ON  THE TOXICS  RELEASE INVENTORY (TRI)	   A-7
              r  j.1  . Introduction	   A-7
              A.3.2   Criteria Description 	   A-7
              A.3.3   Relevance	   A-9
      A.4      PERSISTENT BIOACCUMULATORS SCREENING CLUSTER 	   A-9
              A.4.1   Introduction	   A-9
              A.4.2   Criteria Description 	-.	   A-10
              A.4.3   Relevance  	   A-10
      A.5       'ODIFIED HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT PRIORITIZATION SYSTEM
               SHARPS)	   A-11
              A.5.1   Introduction	   A-11
              A.5.2   Criteria Description 	   A-11
              A.5.3   Relevance		   A-12
      A.6      RCRA HAZARDOUS WASTE SCHEDULING METHODOLOGY	   A-12
              A.6.1   Introduction		   A-12
              A.6.2   Criteria Description 	   A-12
              A.6.3   Relevance 	   A-13
      A.7       "^PTS REVIEW OF 224 CHEMICALS	   A-13
                7.1   Introduction	   A-13
               .7.2   Criteria Description 	   A-13

                             Draft-August 15, 1991
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                                  - V -
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
             A.7.3   Relevance 	   A-13
     A.8   -   ERLINERTS RANKING PROGRAM 	   -A-13
             A.8.1   Introduction	   A-13
             A.8.2   Criteria Description 	   A-14
             A.8.3   Relevance 	   A-14
     APPENDIX A REFERENCES 	   A-14

B.    READILY AVAILABLE TERTIARY DATA SOURCES EXAMINED 	   B-1

C.    DATA USED FOR SCORING INDIVIDUAL CRITERIA	   C-1
     C.1      DATA QUALITY AND DATA COVERAGE
     C.2      DATA FOR HUMAN TOXICITY CRITERION
     C.3      DATA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA

D.    SCORES/RANKS UNDER ALTERNATIVE RANKING ALGORITHMS 	   D-1
     D.1      FINAL RANKS FOR OVERALL SCORES WITH ENVIRONMENTAL
             PARTITIONING AS FIFTH CRITERION
     D.2      FINAL RANKS USING IRP METHOD
                           Draft-August 15, 1991
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                                 - VI -
                          LIST OF EXHIBITS
EXHIBIT 1      SELECTED PROCESSES AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH
             POTENTIAL IMPACTS	  4

EXHIBIT 2      SUMMARY OF CRITERIA INCLUDED IN CHEMICAL PRIORITIZATION
             SYSTEMS	  7

EXHIBIT 3      SCALES FOR SCORING HUMAN TOXICITY	  12

EXHIBIT 4      SCALES FOR SCORING ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA	  15

EXHIBIT 5      INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS USED TO SCORE FOR GROUPS	  18

EXHIBIT 6      SUBSTANCES NOT RANKED	  24

EXHIBIT 7      FINAL RANKS AND OVERALL SCORES	  29

EXHIBIT 8      PERCENTAGES OF CHEMICALS ACROSS CRITERIA-SPECIFIC
             SCORES	  37

EXHIBIT 9      FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF FINAL RANKS	  39

EXHIBIT 10     "SPECIAL" FOCUS CHEMICALS  	  40

EXHIBIT A-1     SUMMARY OF RELEVANT CRITERIA ADDRESSED BY PREVIOUS
             CHEMICAL PRIORITIZATION SYSTEMS	  A-2
                           Draft—August 15, 1991
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                                       - VII -
                             LIST OF ACRONYMS
Acronym
Definition
AQUIRE
BAF
BCF
CAAA
CAS
CERCLA
CURE
EC50
EHS
EPA
ERL
GLAD
HEAST
HIRIS
MRS
IJC
IRIS
!RP •
LaMP

LC50
LD50
MATC
MED
OAQPS
OPP
OPTS
QSAR
RTECS
RCRA
RfD
RQ
SARA
SF
SCDM
TSCA
WOE
Aquatic Toxicity Information Retrieval (data base)
Bioaccumulation Factor
Bioconcentration Factor
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Chemical Abstracts Service
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Chemical Unit Risk Estimate (data base)
Effective Concentration (for 50% of population)
Effective Dose (for 10% of population)
Effective Dose (for 50% of population)
Extremely Hazardous Substance
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Research Laboratory
Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition (network)
Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables
HEAST and IRIS (ICF data base)
Hazard Ranking System
International Joint Commission
Integrated Risk Information System (data base)
Inerts Ranking Program
Lakewide Management Plan
Lethal Concentration (for 50% of population)
Lethal Dose (for 50% of population)
Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration
Minimum Effective Dose
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office of Pesticide Programs
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship •
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (data base)
Resource .Conservation and Recovery Act
Reference Dose
Reportable Quantity
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
Slope Factor
Superfund Chemical Data Matrix (data base)
Toxic  Substances Control Act
Weight of Evidence (rating for human carcinogenicity)
                               Draft-August 15, 1991
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                             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

      Section 112(m) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) requires the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to conduct a program to assess the atmospheric
deposition of hazardous air pollutants to the Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, Lake Champlain,
and certain coastal waters (collectively referred to as Great Waters).  This report summarizes
an initial step in this program, a screening-level analysis to identify substances of priority
concern for air deposition. The objective "of identifying such "focus chemicals" is to facilitate
futir  analyses under the CAM section 112(m) program,  including, for example, monitoring
stuc  ., detailed risk and impact assessments, and source studies.

      The analysis  had two main components:

      •         development and application of a numerical, hazard-based chemical scoring
                system; and

      •         identification of substances previously designated by other groups as
                substances of concern for air deposition to the Great Waters..

The scoring system  was largely adapted from existing systems, especially EPA's Inerts
Ranking Program  (IRP) scoring method and the revised Superfund Hazard Ranking System
(MRS). At the beginning of the project, it was decided to  (1)  base  the scoring system on
hazard/risk assessment principles; (2) incorporate intrinsic chemical properties only, and not
source information;  (3) address both human health and aquatic ecosystem effects; and (4)
emphasize potential impacts of long-term deposition and  buildup.

      After an initial review of a number of existing  scoring systems, potential ranking criteria
were identified and then narrowed down to a" manageable set. The following four criteria
were ultimately selected as the primary basis for ranking:

                human toxicity;
        •        aquatic toxicity;
        •        bioconcentration potential; and
        •        environmental persistence.

Each of these criteria was  considered to be an important  determinant of a substance's
potential impact on  the Great Waters. In addition, the necessary scoring data were expected
to be available for each of these criteria for most of  the 190 CAAA hazardous air pollutants. A
simple algorithm,  adopted directly from the IRP method, was used to combine scores for
individual criteria into a single overall substance score,  which then was used for ranking.

      The scoring system was applied to the CAAA section  112(b) list of hazardous air
pollutants, and adequ  3 data were collected to score 179 of the 190 substances on that list..
Section 4 of this repc  ^resents a ranked list of these 179 substances and discusses
possible ways to selec: focus chemicals for specific applications.  Scores and score
distributions for the  four individual criteria also are presented in Section 4, with detailed
scoring data  provided in Appendix C. The final ranking was  compared with the findings of
the research  into  previously designated substances of concern and found to be  generally
consistent.  In addition, several alternate scoring methods that used either additional or
different criteria were tested, and the resulting rankings were compared with the  final ranking
presented in  Section 4.

                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
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                               1.  INTRODUCTION

      This report describes the methods and results of an analysis to select focus
chemicals—that is, chemicals of priority concern—for future monitoring and other studies of
atmospheric deposition to the Great Waters.1  This introduction addresses this purpose in
more detail, as well as the general approach used in the analysis (and its limitations) and the
organization of the remainder of this report.

1.1    PURPOSE

      Section 112(m) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) requires the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA) to conduct a program  to identify and assess the
extent and impact of atmospheric deposition of the 190 hazardous  air pollutants listed in
section 112(b) (and, as appropriate, other air pollutants) to the Great  Waters. A logical first
Step of this program is to ascertain which hazardous air pollutants are, or likely will be,
chemicals of priority concern—i.e., focus chemicals—due to atmospheric deposition to the
Great Waters.2  This step could facilitate a later step of selecting individual chemicals to be
monitored at specific water bodies, as well as provide input to  other parts of the program
(e.g., prioritization of emissions sources for standards development).  This report documents
how that first step was taken by describing both the methodology used to develop a list of
focus chemicals for the Great Waters and the results of applying that  methodology.

1.2    GENERAL APPROACH AND LIMITATIONS

      The general approach for this analysis can be described as  a  screening-level, hazard-
based ranking (or grouping) of chemicals.  The specific area of concern was the chemicals'
potential for causing adverse human health and environmental impacts to the Great Waters.
This potential was captured  by "scoring" the relevant environmental processes and factors for
each chemical, and then using these scores to rank or group the chemicals and thus identify
the  focus chemicals.  An additional step of identifying "special" focus  chemical—substances
previously reported as known  or suspected to significantly impact Great Waters—was
conducted.

      Because this was intended to be  (and was designed as) a screening-level analysis, it
did  not address several factors that might have provided a more precise analysis and a more
certain ranking.  In particular, the  analysis did not consider either the  relative or absolute
mass flux of individual chemicals into the Great Waters via air deposition (or any surrogate of
this, such as air emissions quantity), an important factor in assessing both human health and
environmental risks.  Therefore, chemicals  with similar scores should  not be considered
   1
     Section 112(m) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) describes .the
atmospheric deposition assessment and monitoring program required for the Great Lakes,
Chesapeake Bay, Lake Champlain, and certain coastal waters.  For the purposes of this
report, these waters are termed the Great Waters.
   rt
     For the purposes of this report, a focus chemical is defined as a substance with
relatively high potential to  be a significant contributor to adverse human health and/or
environmental impacts due to its presence in surface water.

                                Draft-August 15,  1991
-------
                                          -2-

different in terms of potential for air deposition and adverse effects. Similarly, only chemicals
with very different scores should be considered  to differ in this potential.

1.3    ORGANIZATION OF REPORT

       The remainder of this report is organized as follows:

                Section 2—Background. This section provides a description of: (1) the
                various environmental processes and factors that result in a chemical
                depositing from air into water and causing adverse effects; (2) the "ideal"
                assessment that would incorporate these processes and factors; and (3) a
                review of other screening-level systems and criteria evaluated for
                applicability to this project.

                Section 3—Ranking Methodology. This section addresses:  (1) the
                chemicals to be ranked; (2) the general approach used to rank the
                chemicals; (3) the criteria (e.g., aquatic toxicity, bioconcentration potential)
                ultimately selected for ranking; (4) the methodology used to produce an
                overall score; (5) the approach used for  scoring groups of chemicals (e.g.,
                "cadmium and compounds"); and (6) the identification of "special" focus
                chemicals.

       •         Section 4—Results. This section addresses: (1) substances lacking criteria
                scores; (2) the data quality and coverage for the chemicals and criteria; (3)
                the criteria-specific scores and overall rank; (4) the results of the "special"
                focus chemical review; (5) the results of the sensitivity analysis; and (6) how
                to.identify the focus chemicals.

       •         Appendices. The appendices  contain: (1) a description of other chemical
                priorftization systems with potentially relevant components; (2)  a matrix
                showing data sources examined for potential use in this analysis;  (3) the
                chemical-specific data used for each of the individual ranking criteria; and
                (4) scores/ranks under alternate ranking algorithms.
                                  Draft—August 15, 1991
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                                2.  BACKGROUND

       In this section we provide a brief discussion of the processes (e.g., atmospheric
deposition) and factors (e.g., solubility) that can lead to adverse impacts of hazardous air
pollutants on the Great Waters.  We  also describe how these processes and factors could be
used in an "ideal" method to develop a list of focus chemicals (i.e., if there were no financial
or data availability constraints).  Finally, we present a summary of several screening-level
systems that have been used for similar purposes and that we reviewed as an early step in
this project.

       The main purpose of this section is to describe the underlying paradigm that guided
the assumptions and decision-making during the selection of screening criteria and
development of a method for identifying focus  chemicals.

2.1    ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND  FACTORS

       The release of toxic substances into air, their subsequent transport through air, their
deposition to the Great Waters, and  their fate in and impact on the Great Waters are highly
complex processes.3  Exhibit 1 summarizes selected processes and factors in a flowchart.

       2.1.1      Release to Air, Fate in Air, and Deposition to Water

       Release sources for hazardous air pollutants that can deposit into Great Waters can be
local (e.g., nearby industrial areas) or remote (e.g., distant pesticide applications), point (e.g.,
stack emissions from a chemical plant) or nonpoint (e.g., automobiles), and routine (e.g., from
stacks) or accidental (e.g., particulates from slag piles).  For a given chemical, factors such as
the amount released, the  release location, and the nature/type of the release can have
significant effects on the chemical's ultimate impact on the Great Waters. As an example, for
a given chemical, large local upwind releases will have a greater impact on a water body than
a small remote downwind release.  For a given amount of a local upwind release, a chemical
in a form that is amenable to rapid deposition  (e.g., large particulates)  generally will have a
greater impact than a chemical is in  a form less amenable to rapid desorption  (e.g., small
particulates).

       After a chemical is released into the air, several factors affect the degree to which it will
be transported to a point  in space that permits its deposition to one of the Great Waters.
These  factors include climate/weather (e.g., precipitation tends to "wash" chemicals from the
air into the water), form (e.g., gas,  particulate), inherent chemical-specific mobility factors (e.g.,
vapor pressure, diffusivity), and persistence/degradation. While a chemical is airborne, it may
be transformed  (e.g., by sunlight) into other more or less toxic forms.  A chemical released
into the air also, may enter surface waters through deposition to watersheds followed by
runoff or leaching to the water body.
   3 Three examples of review articles describing these processes and factors include:
Arimoto, R., "Atmospheric Deposition of Chemical Contaminants to the Great Lakes", J. Great
Lakes Res., 15(2):339-356, 1989; East, K., "Atmospheric Deposition of Toxic Pollutants in the
Great Lakes: An Introduction", North Am. Envir., 1:6-12, 1988; and Eisenreich, S.J.(ed.),
Atmospheric Pollutants in Natural Waters, Ann Arbor, Ml: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.,
1981.

                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
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                                     EXHIBIT 1
   SELECTED PROCESSES AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH POTENTIAL IMPACTS
                                                                 FACTORS
      PROCESSES
      Release to Air,
      Fate in Air, and
Deposition to Surface Water
   Fate in Surface Water
         Impacts
• Amount released/release
  rate
• Release location
• Nature/type of release
  (release mechanism)
• Climate/weather
• Chemical form/state
• Inherent chemical-specific
  mobility factors
• Persistence/degradation
• Gas exchange properties
• Dry/wet deposition factors
• Persistence/degradation
• Bioaccumulation
• Sediment adsorption
  characteristics
• Water characteristics
• Background/relative
  condition of water (with
  respect to chemical)
• Receptor characteristics
• Human toxicity
• Aquatic toxicity
• Nutrient loading
• Receptor characteristics
• Type of effect/severity
• Duration/reversibility
•  Aggregate effects
                                Draft-August 15, 1991
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                                          -5-

      After a chemical arrives near or at the air/water interface, several factors affect the
tendency of the chemical to leave the atmosphere and enter the water. For example, the
physical state of a chemical can be gaseous or particulate, or it can result in the chemical
being sorbed to  particles.  Chemicals can enter the water either directly (i.e., via gas
exchange and/or dry deposition) or through scavenging by water droplets and ice particles
(i.e., wet deposition).  Important factors affecting deposition to water include  Henry's Law
constant, vapor pressure, solubility, and wind speed.

      2.1.2      Fate in Surface Water

      A chemical entering a surface water body through air deposition can subsequently
return to the air (e.g., through volatilization and "ejection"), remain in the surface microlayer,
be transformed, and/or partition into lower water layers, sediments, and biota.  Eventually, the
chemical can bioaccumulate in.aquatic organisms, especially those near the top of the food
chain, and/or be taken in by humans (e.g., through water ingestion, food consumption, and
use of the water for recreational activities). Several -factors determine the fate of hazardous
air pollutants deposited to water, including persistence/degradation, bioconcentration
potential, various water and sediment characteristics (e.g., currents, volume,  salinity, organic
content), the background/relative condition of the surface water with respect to a particular
chemical, and receptor characteristics  (e.g., lipid content of biota, human  behaviors).

      2.1.3      Impacts

      Adverse impacts of a chemical after it has deposited to a water body and undergone
various transport and fate processes can be immediate and direct (e.g., toxicity to biota in the
surface microlayer) or more long-term and indirect (e.g., nutrient loading and subsequent
eutrophication, closing of fisheries due to elevated tissue residues). Most, if not all, of the
important impacts from air deposition are expected to result from long-term buildup and
exposure rather than more short-term,  high-level loadings (e.g.,  accidental  releases, certain
nearby point sources).  Important factors commonly used to characterize adverse impacts of
chemicals in surface waters include .toxicity to humans, toxicity to aquatic organisms and
ecosystems, impacts from nutrient loading (e.g.,  phosphorus  concentration), aggregate
effects (e.g., across exposure pathways and toxicity endpoints), and the type, severity, and
duration of the effects.

2.2   "IDEAL" ASSESSMENT

      The "ideal" approach to identifying focus chemicals from  the CAAA section 112(b) list
would involve a detailed quantitative exposure and risk assessment of the  190 (or more)
chemicals represented  by that list. The steps in such an assessment would parallel the
release, fate, and impact processes outlined  above.  That is, the "ideal" assessment would
include quantitative analysis of:

        (1)       releases to air, fate in air, and deposition to water;
       (2)      fate in water; and
        (3)       impacts to human health and the environment.'

Using such an approach, it would be possible to estimate—albeit with considerable
uncertainty—the human health and environmental risks posed by individual chemicals and
                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
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                                         -6-

thus to identify the subset of chemicals that contribute the majority (e.g., 95 percent) of the
total risk.  This subset would comprise the list of focus chemicals.

      This type of "ideal" assessment of hundreds of chemicals from thousands of sources
being deposited into dozens of water bodies was not possible for this analysis due to data
limitations, the unquantifiable nature of some  of the important processes, and resource
constraints—nor was it necessary. The screening-level assessment needed for this analysis
only had to be conservative to the extent that it would include "borderline" substances on the
focus chemical  list.  That is, the approach had to incorporate the most important processes
and factors using  available data and resources and, where necessary, incorporate
assumptions that would result in a focus chemical list that favored (i.e., erred on the side of)
protecting human health and the environment.

2.3   REVIEW OF PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED SCREENING-LEVEL SYSTEMS

      As  an initial step toward choosing the most appropriate approach to developing a
focus chemical  list, we reviewed several previously developed screening-level systems,
focusing especially on the criteria they used and their methods for combining criteria.

      2.3.1     Criteria

      As  discussed in Section 2.1 and 2.2, there are many criteria (e.g., aquatic toxicity,
persistence) that can be used to evaluate the air deposition of chemicals to water and
subsequent effects on human health and the  environment and thus that can be used to
develop a focus chemical list.  Some of the most frequently used criteria in other screening-
level systems with similar purposes are:

        •        human toxicity;
        •        aquatic toxicity;
        •        bioconcentration potential;
        •        persistence; and
        •        waste/release volume.

For air deposition to the Great Waters, other possibly relevant criteria might include volatility,
adsorptivity, source proximity, background levels, and emissions quantity rate.  Of course,
some criteria are more important and/or more useful  than others.  For example, a criterion
can override (i.e.,  weigh more heavily than) another criterion with respect to impacts in water
bodies (e.g., high persistence can be more important than a moderate to low release
quantity).  Also, data may not be available for many substances for some potentially important
criteria.
                   *             *
      2.3.2  -  Screening Systems

      The most relevant of the screening-level systems that we reviewed—and  the criteria
addressed by them—are presented in Exhibit  2.  Appendix A describes these eight systems in
more detail. These systems use a variety of different technical approaches, ranging from the
very simple  (e.g.,  using one  criterion with one cut-off level) to the very complex  (e.g., the
"ideal" risk assessment discussed in Section 2.2).  We determined early in the project that
none of these systems could simply be adopted in its entirety for selecting Great Waters
                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                               7-
                           EXHIBIT 2
SUMMARY OF CRITERIA INCLUDED IN CHEMICAL PRIORITIZATION SYSTEMS


System
CERCLA Section
102(a) RQ
Adjustment
Methodology
Superfund Hazard
Ranking System
(Revised)
Draft Guidelines
for Listing
'Chemicals on the
Toxic Release
Inventory
TSCA Persistent
Bioaccumulators
Screening Cluster
Modified
Hazardous Air
Pollutant System
RCRA Hazardous
Waste Scheduling
Methodology
OPTS Review of
224 Chemicals for
OAQPS
Inerts Ranking
Program (IRP)
Human Toxicrty

Chronic
yes



yes


yes



»



yes


yes








Acute
yes



yes


yes







yes


yes








Aquatic
Toxicrty
yes



yes


yes







?





yes


yes


Biocon-
centration
yes



yes


yes




yes


yes .





yes


yes


Persis-
tence
yes



yes


yes




yes


?





yes


yes

Waste/
Release
Volume




yes










yes


yes







                       Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                        -8-

focus chemicals. Our approach, explained in Section 3, is derived from these systems—
especially the Inerts Ranking Program (IRP) and Hazard Ranking System (MRS)—and
cor   aration of basic hazard and risk assessment principles.
                                Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                        3.  RANKING METHODOLOGY

       In this section we describe the chemicals to be ranked, the general approach used to
rank the substances based on intrinsic chemical properties, the ranking criteria, the
methodology used to combine individual scores for each criterion into an overall score, the
methodology used for scoring groups of chemicals (e.g., "cadmium and compounds"), and
the identification of "special" focus chemicals.

3.1    SUBSTANCES TO BE RANKED

       The CAAA section 112(b) list of hazardous air pollutants contains a total of 190
substances,  which includes individual chemicals as well as groups of chemicals. There are
173 individual chemicals and groups with specific Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)  numbers
on the list. All of these 173 chemicals or groups were addressed "as is" in this ranking.  The
remaining 17 substances do not have CAS numbers because they represent groups and/or
mixtures of chemicals.  Of these, 15 groups were ranked.  The remaining two groups—listed
as radionuclides (including radon) and fine mineral fibers—were not addressed because of
difficulties in collecting data for and applying the chemical-based scoring method.  Therefore,
the universe to be ranked consists of 188 substances (individual chemicals and groups) on
the CAAA section 112(b) list.  The substances included in this ranking analysis are listed both
in  Section 4  (ordered by final rank) and Appendix C (ordered as listed in CAAA).

3.2    GENERAL APPROACH TO RANKING

       Our general approach was to first select potential ranking criteria, then to
develop/adapt methods for evaluating and scoring each criterion, then to develop/adapt a
method for combining individual scores into an overall score, and finally to test the methods
and rank the chemicals. Our guiding principle throughout was to develop simple methods
that adequately  represent relative hazard.

       As discussed in'Section 2, there are many hazard- and risk-related criteria that can be
used to rank a list of chemicals.  To select the most appropriate criteria to use for this
analysis,  we compiled an initial list of criteria, ordered them by relative importance to air
deposition and adverse effects in the Great Waters, and selected a manageable number of
criteria from  the top of the list. It is important to keep the number small because the amount
of methods development and data gathering activity is proportional to the number of criteria;
therefore, a large number of criteria would defeat the purpose of a screening-level analysis.
After considering the importance of and data availability for the criteria initially identified, the
following four were chosen as the ranking criteria for this analysis:

        •    „   human toxicity;
        •       aquatic toxicity;
                bioconcentration potential; and
                environmental persistence (surface water).

       These criteria are related to inherent chemical-specific properties, and they
characterize the  potential fate and impacts of a chemical substance in surface water.  Within
the context of the underlying paradigm presented in Section 2, the properties of
bioconcentration potential and persistence are proxies for fate in surface water, and human
and aquatic  toxicity are proxies for impact potential. Viewed another way, bioconcentration

                                 Draft—August 15,  1991
-------
                                         -10-

and persistence are related to exposure, while human and aquatic toxicity are measures of
different types of toxicitv. In characterizing the potential risk to human health and the
environment,  measures of both exposure and .toxicity are  necessary.4 Appendix B describes
in detail some readily available data sources that we examined initially for these criteria and
the specific parameters that each source includes.

      The Inerts Ranking Program (IRP) methodology developed by EPA's Environmental
Research Laboratory in Duluth (ERL-Duluth)  for evaluating pesticide ingredients was selected
as a general framework for ranking the CAAA section 112(b) chemicals.5 This system
appeared to be the most relevant existing system for the purpose of ranking and selecting
Great Waters focus chemicals. We then modified this system to include human toxicity as  a
criterion and to focus it more on chronic (rather than acute) exposure and toxicity.

3.3   DESCRIPTION OF RANKING CRITERIA

      The following subsections address each criterion:  what it is, how it was evaluated,
what data sources were used, and what type of data these sources contain. For situations in
which data were  available from several sources, the source hierarchy  is  described. Also
discussed are any other considerations or assumptions made.  For organizational purposes,
we have divided the criteria into two groups:  the human toxicity criterion developed by ICF,
and the environmental criteria (i.e., aquatic toxicity, bioconcentration potential,'and
environmental persistence) developed by  ERL-Duluth.

      3.3.1      Human Toxicity Criterion

      The following subsections briefly describe the human toxicity criterion, how it was
scored, and the data sources used.
                                          X
      Description of the Human Toxicity Criterion

      The human toxicity criterion attempts to measure the harm a chemical can pose to
human health. Human toxicity is generally thought of as a function of the concentration of
and the duration of exposure to the chemical. In general, as toxicity increases, fewer
molecules of  the chemical are necessary to  cause adverse effects (i.e., adverse effects will
occur at lower environmental concentrations). Human toxicity is commonly measured using a
number of parameters, depending in part on the type of effect being considered, including
reference doses  (RfDs), slope factors (SFs) plus weight-of-evidence ratings, ten percent
effective doses (ED10s) plus weight-of-evidence ratings, minimum effective doses (MEDs), and
median lethal concentrations or doses (LC^s or LD^s).
    4 We also use one other criterion related to exposure—equilibrium partitioning behavior
based on fugacity—for certain chemicals to provide qualifying information.

    5 For a general description of this methodology, see Appendix A. For details, see
Anderson et a]., Ranking of Pesticide Inert Ingredients Using the AQUIRE Data Base and
Structure Activity Relationships, Draft Internal Report, U.S. EPA, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Duluth (no date).

                                  Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                         -11 -

      Scoring the Human Toxicrty Criterion

      Our methodology for scoring human toxicity is based primarily on the Superfund
Hazard Ranking System (HRS) toxicity scoring component.  This approach was selected m
part because it relies on existing EPA data bases and EPA-published scoring algorithms.
Furthermore, the HRS approach met the needs of this analysis as it (1) provides adequate
discrimination by "sorting" chemicals into five relative toxicity categories; (2) emphasizes
chronic toxicity (including carcinogenicity) over acute toxicity;  and (3) to the extent possible
uses high quality, peer  reviewed data.  Finally, the HRS toxicity scoring component had
already been developed, and more than half of the 188 hazardous air pollutants had recently
been evaluated with it.

      Using this methodology, with some minor modifications, we distributed the 188
substances into five toxicity categories—corresponding to scores of 1, 1.5, 2,  2.5, and
36_based on three types of toxicity: carcinogenicity, chronic non-cancer toxicity, and acute
toxicity.  The unmodified HRS toxicity scoring, method uses SFs combined with  weight-of-
evidence ratings to score for carcinogenicity/ If an SF is not  available for a substance, its
ED10 value is used to estimate an SF.  RfDs and LD50s or LC50s are used  as  measures of
non-cancer toxicological responses of chronic exposure and acute exposure, respectively.
Subscores are developed for the two chronic toxicity types based on prder-of-magnitude
scoring scales, and the higher subscore is taken to represent  the overall toxicity of a
substance.  If appropriate chronic toxicity  data are unavailable, the score is based on acute
toxicity.  Details of the methodology are given in the HRS final rule (55 Federal Register
51532).

      The scale used in this analysis for scoring the human toxicity criterion  is presented in
Exhibit 3, and the general hierarchy of data sources and toxicity types and exposure routes
are presented below.

      (1)       Hierarchy of Data Sources.  To the extent possible, we used peer-reviewed,
                EPA-accepted cancer and chronic toxicity  data such as SFs and RfDs from
                EPA.'s Integrated Risk  Information System (IRIS) and Health  Effects
                Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST). We  extracted these data from the
                April 1991  HRS data base—the Superfund  Chemical Data Matrix (SCDM)—and
                from HIRIS—an ICF in-house data base that stores data from both IRIS and
                HEAST. If data were not available in these, the next tier of data sources
                included EPA's Chemical Unit Risk Estimate  (CURE) data base, followed by
                the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), and, finally,
                EPA's 1990 reportable quantity (RQ) data base.
   6 We modified the HRS scale, which assigns values of 1, 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 to the
five categories to make it consistent with the environmental  criteria, which are scored as 1, 2,
or 3.

   7 One modification we made, to be consistent with other OAQPS toxicity evaluations, was
to adjust the HRS scoring method for carcinogens such that Group C substances were
treated the same as Group B substances. We also incorporated a preference for oral toxicity
data over inhalation toxicity data.

                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                     -12-
                                   EXHIBIT 3
                  SCALES FOR SCORING HUMAN TOXICITY
          Chronic Toxicrty:

                  RfD (mg/kg-day)

                  RfD < 0.0005                                = 3
                  0.0005 _< RfD <  0.005                         = 2.5
                  0.005 <. RfD < 0.05                           3 2
                  0.05 <. RfD <: 0.5                             = 1.5
                  0.5 <. RfD                                   =1
                  No Data                                     = 0


          Carcinogenicity (substances are not assigned a score of 1):

                  SF (mg/kg-day)'1

                  WOE" = A            WOE" = B,C

                  0.5 < SF              5 < SF                =3
                  0.05 <. SF < 0.5        0.5 <. SF < 5           = 2.5
                  SF < 0.05             0.05  < SF  < 0.5        =2
                                       SF < 0.05              =» 1.5
                  No Data               No Data               = 0

                  v
          Acute Toxicrty (substances are not assigned a score of 3):

                  Oral LOjQ (mg/kg)

                  LDgQ < 5                                   =2.5
                  5 <. LDgo < 50                               =2
                  50 < LDgQ  < 500                             a 1.5
                  500 <. LDgQ                                 = 1
                  No Data                                     = 0

                  LC50 Ga* (PPm>

                  LCgg < 20                                   =2.5
                  20 <_ LCgQ  < 200                             =2
                  200 <. LCgQ < 2,000                          = 1.5
                .  2,000 <. LC50                                = 1
                  No Data                                     = 0
a WOE = EPA's weight-of-evidence rating for human carcinogenicity.
                             Dratt—August 15, 1991
-------
                                         -13-

       (2)        Hierarchy of Toxicitv Types.  We used chronic toxicity data over acute
                 toxicity data, when possible, to reflect the emphasis of this study on
                 potential long-term air deposition and buildup.

       (3)        Hierarchy, of Exposure Routes. We used oral toxicity data over inhalation
                 data when possible,  because we are concerned with exposures and toxic
                 effects occurring after air deposition into the Great Waters, expected to be
                 mostly via oral routes such as drinking water and fish ingestion.

The results of our data search are presented in Section 4, which describes the integration of
these separate hierarchies and the number of substances that were scored using each tier.

       3.3.2      Environmental Criteria

       The environmental criteria used for ranking are aquatic toxicity, bioconcentration
potential, and environmental persistence. The following subsections briefly describe these
criteria, how they were scored, and the data sources used.

       Descriptions of the Environmental  Criteria

       Aquatic toxicitv generally refers to  a  chemical's  potential to harm  living aquatic
organisms. As with human toxicity, it is a function of the concentration of and the duration of
exposure to the chemical. Aquatic toxicity is measured in parameters similar to those for
human toxicity. The parameters used  in this ranking include the LC50, median effective
concentration (EC50), and the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC).

       Bioconcentration potential  refers to the tendency for chemicals to be taken in and
concentrated by biota.  Bioconcentration  factors (BCFs), which are specific to aquatic
.systems, are  commonly used as a measure of bioconcentration potential. A BCF.is the
equilibrium ratio of the concentration of a chemical in the organism (or in a specific tissue)
and its concentration in the water column.  Strictly speaking, the BCF is a measure only of
the direct uptake  of the chemical by the organism  from the water column (i.e., exposure via
the food chain is  not included), although  this distinction may not be significant for a particular
chemical.8

       Environmental persistence  is a  measure of the amount  of time that a chemical retains
its physical and chemical characteristics while being transported and distributed in the
environment.  Persistence in a specific medium, such as surface water, also takes into
account a chemical's tendency for media transfers. Chemicals that are not significantly
degraded can accumulate to toxic levels in  the environment.  As persistence increases, the
    a
     A second main measure related to bioconcentration potential are bioaccumulation
factors (BAFs). A BAF is the equilibrium- ratio of the concentration of a chemical in the
organism (or specific tissue) and its concentration in an environmental medium  (or another
organism).  The BAF is a measure of uptake via all routes, including directly from
environmental media and via the food chain; thus, the BAF is always greater than  or equal to
the BCF. BCFs and BAFs may be measured either for the whole body of the organism or
only for specific (e.g., edible) tissues.  A related term, biomaQnification. refers to successively
higher concentrations at successively higher trophic levels.

                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                         - 14-

time course over which adverse effects may occur is lengthened.  Persistence in surface
water may be estimated from the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), solubility, Henry's
Law constant, and/or measured half-life data.  A chemical's half-life is defined as the time
required to reduce its initial concentration by one-half.

       Scoring the Environmental Criteria

       The CAAA section 112(b) substances were scored for each of the environmental
criteria using a  modification of the IRP methodology developed by ERL-Duiuth.9

       Original  IRP Scoring Method.  The IRP scoring method was originally developed by
ERL-Duluth to assist EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) by determining the potential
for high or low  ecological concern of specified inert pesticide ingredients to aquatic
organisms.  The original IRP ranks chemicals based on a summation of scores assigned to
each of five  environmental criteria:  (1) acute aquatic toxicity, (2) chronic aquatic toxicity, (3)
bioconcentration potential, (4) environmental persistence, and (5)  environmental partitioning.
In the calculation of the overall IRP score, each of the five environmental criteria scores is
given equal  weight. Each criterion has a possible score of 0,  1, 2, or 3.  A score of 0
indicates that no data are available,  and a score of 3 indicates highest concern. The overall
IRP score for a chemical is derived by adding the scores for each criterion, dividing by the
number of criteria for which there are data,  and then multiplying by ten to produce an overall
IRP score on a scale of 10 (low aquatic concern) to 30 (high aquatic concern).  This overall
scoring algorithm is equivalent to an arithmetic averaging of the individual criteria scores for
which data are  available.

       Modified Scoring Method.  We modified the IRP method for scoring the environmental
criteria and for  determining the overall scores for the CAAA section 112(b) chemicals.  First,
we combined acute aquatic toxicity  and chronic aquatic toxicity into a single criterion (i.e.,
aquatic toxicity). This criterion is scored based strictly on chronic toxicity data when possible;
scores are based on acute toxicity only if the chronic toxicity data are not available.  This
change reflects our emphasis on chronic exposures and risks in this analysis, and it also
makes the aquatic toxicity criterion more consistent with the human toxicity criterion.  Second,
we modified the environmental persistence scale such that substances will score a 1  or a 3
only. We did not find the scores of 1 and 2 to be very discriminating among the CAAA
substances  with respect to persistence,  nor did we consider the difference in a  half-life of < 4
days (original IRP scale cutoff for a score of 1) versus 4 to 15 days (original IRP scale range
for a score of 2) very significant in light of this project'? focus  on chronic exposures and risks.
Third, we did not consider environmental partitioning as a ranking criterion because of
concern about  double-counting with other criteria (especially bioconcentration potential) and
uncertainties about how to properly scale and weight this criterion in the modified scoring
method. We did, however, use environmental partitioning as a "qualifying" criterion and in
sensitivity analyses.  Scales  used to derive scores for each of the environmental criteria are
presented in Exhibit 4.
    9 For details on the IRP, see Anderson et a}., Ranking of Pesticide Inert Ingredients Using
the AQUIRE Data Base and Structure Activity Relationships, Draft Internal Report, U.S. EPA,
Environmental Research  Laboratory, Duluth (no date).

                                  Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                            - 15-
                          EXHIBIT 4
      SCALES FOR SCORING ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA
       Chronic aquatic toxicity:

              EffecVNo Effect or MATC < 0.1 mg/l      = 3
              EffecVNo Effect or MATC 0.1 - 10 mg/l     = 2
              Effect/No Effect or MATC > 10 mg/l       = 1
              No data or prediction available           = 0

       Acute aquatic toxicity;3

              ECgoor LCgo <1  mg/l                   = 3
              ECjoorLCgoMOOmg/l                 =2
              EC50 or LC50 > 100 mg/l                 = 1
              No data or prediction available           = 0

       Bioaccumulation potential:

              BCF > 999                            = 3
              BCF 93-999                            = 2
              BCF < 93                             =1
              No data or prediction available           = 0

       Environmental persistence:

              half-life > 15 days                      = 3
              half-life < 15 days                      = 1
              No data or prediction available           = 0
Used only if chronic aquatic toxicity data are unavailable.
                     Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                        -16-
      Chronic aquatic toxicrty data (e.g., 28-day ECgg, effect/ho effect or MATC data) and
acute toxicity data (e.g., 4-day LC^ or ECgQ data) were obtained either from the Aquatic
Toxicity Information Retrieval (AQUIRE) data base or by application of Quantitative Structure
Activity Relationship (QSAR) data base and models (except for a few values based on
professional judgment). The data needed for scoring bioconcentration potential (e.g., the
BCFs and individual octanol-water partitioning coefficient [Kow] values) were also obtained
from AQUIRE or QSAR. Environmental persistence data (biodegradation half-life values) were
calculated based on QSAR and methods given in Neimi et al. (1987).10  The AQUIRE values
represent experimental data while QSAR values are based  on correlation equations or
structure activity relationships. All of the data for environmental criteria were developed by
ERL-Duluth.

3.4   OVERALL SCORES

      After a chemical was assigned scores for as many of the four criteria as possible, an
overall score based on all criteria-specific scores was derived. The methodology for this
derivation  is similar to that for deriving the original IRP score. That is, for each substance, the
overall score was derived by adding the scores for the four criteria, dividing by the number of
criteria for which there were data, and then multiplying by 1 0 to produce an overall score on  a
scale of 1 0 to 30.  The overall score was then used to rank the CAAA section 1 1 2(b)
substances.

      Another difference between the approach used for the CAAA chemicals and the
original  IRP approach is that, for the CAAA chemicals, a chemical was not ranked if it did not
have data for at least one toxicity criterion and one exposure-related criterion.  That is, a
substance must have either a human toxicity or aquatic toxicity score and either a
bioconcentration or persistence score to be ranked.

3.5   GROUPS OF SUBSTANCES

      After two groups— radionuclides and fine mineral fibers— were removed from
consideration for this ranking, 1 9 remaining entries on the  CAAA section 1 1 2(b) list of
hazardous air pollutants represent "groups" of chemicals (e.g., lead compounds, polycyclic
organic matter, glycol ethers) rather than individual substances.  A slightly different method
was used to score these groups of chemicals.

      The groups of chemicals could not be directly assigned to the human toxicity or
environmental criteria score categories. In order to score these groups, we first identified
representative members of each group. We then obtained data for each of the four criteria
for each representative member, scored each representative member as an individual
substance, and ranked the group based on its highest scoring member for each criterion.
That is, the score of the highest scoring member was assigned for each criterion, and thus
the four criteria-specific scores for a group could be based on up to four different members of
the group.  For example, in  the "arsenic compounds" group, arsenic had the highest acute
aquatic toxicity score (3) and chronic aquatic toxicity score (3), but arsenic pentoxide had the
highest bioconcentration potential score (2).  The reason this approach was used, rather than
    10 Niemi et al. 1987. Structural Features Associated With Degradable and Persistent
Chemicals.  Environ. Toxicol. Chem.  6:515-527.

                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                        - 17-

simply assigning the group the overall score of its highest scoring member, was primarily
because of the large amount of missing data for many group members. This approach,
though possibly overly conservative, was used so that all available data could be
incorporated. Furthermore, not all (or even most members of the various groups were
included in this analysis, so some conservatism in evaluating those members that were
included was considered to be a  reasonable approach.

       For some of the criteria, the entire group was given a score based on professional
judgment rather than a score for a member of the group.  For example, an environmental
persistence score of 3 was given  to all metal groups and PCBs based on professional
judgment.

       Exhibit 5 indicates which individual substances provided the highest scores for the
groups. Scores for two groups cresols/cresylic acid and xylenes are based on the  highest
scoring of their meta-,  ortho-, and para-isomers, all of which are listed as individual
substances in CAAA section 112(b).

3.6    "SPECIAL" FOCUS CHEMICALS

       "Special" focus chemicals refers to substances previously identified by various groups
as known or suspected to significantly impact Great Waters.  We identified a set of special
focus chemicals as described below, and used them in our initial testing of various  ranking
procedures and in our sensitivity  analysis to evaluate the final ranking results.

       In order to identify special  focus substances, we targeted organizations that  have
identified or that currently monitor critical pollutants present in or deposited into Great Waters.
We obtained information on the activities of five organizations:11  (1) the Water Quality
Board of the International Joint Commission; (2) the Air Resources Branch of the  Ontario
Ministry of Environment; (3) the Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition network; (4) Lake
Michigan Lakewide Management  Plan (LaMP); and (5) the Lake Ontario Toxics Committee.
Each organization and their substances  of concern are briefly described below.  The level of
detail of these descriptions varies with the amount and level of detail of the documentation we
received. The specific substances of concern selected by each organization, and the reasons
for each selection, are presented  in Section 4 (except where noted below).  Based on the
documentation we received for each of these  lists of substances of concern, it does not
appear that any were selected based on quantitative models  or systems such as  the one
developed and used in this analysis.

       3.6.1      Water Quality Board of the International Joint Commission

       The Water Quality Board of the International Joint Commission (IJC) selected 11
substances by-consensus as "critical pollutants".12 The Board noted that "these substances
   11 We have identified a sixth organization which is concerned with Chesapeake Bay
chemicals; however, we were not abJe to obtain the relevant information before this analysis
was completed.

   12 Great Lakes Water Quality Board, 7985 Report on Great Lakes Water Quality, Report to
the International Joint Commission, 1985.

                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                              -18-

                                           EXHIBIT 5
                 INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS USED TO SCORE FOR GROUPS
Group/Representative Chemicals a
Criterion Scored
Antimony Compounds
       Antimony trichloride
       Elemental antimony

Arsenic Compounds
       Arsenic oxide
       Arsenic pentoxide
       Non-soluble arsenic

Beryllium Compounds
       Beryllium sulfate
       Elemental beryllium

Cadmium Compounds
       Cadmium
       Cadmium chloride
       Cadmium oxide

Chromium Compounds
       Chromium
       Chromium oxide
       Chromic chloride

Cobalt Compounds
       Cobalt chloride
       Elemental cobalt

Cyanide Compounds
       Hydrocyanic acid
       Lead thiocyanate

Glycol Ethers
       Heptaetnylene glycol
        dodecylether  .
       Diethylene glycol monobutyl
        ether
       Ethylene glycol monomethyl
        ether

Lead Compounds
       Lead nitrate
       Elemental lead

Manganese Compounds
       Manganese
       Manganese chloride
       Elemental manganese
Acute Aquatic Toxicrty, Chronic Aquatic Toxicrty
Human toxicity
Acute Aquatic Toxicity, Chronic Aquatic Toxicity
Bioconcentration Potential
Human Toxicity
Acute Aquatic Toxicity
Human Toxicity
Acute Aquatic Toxicity
Chronic Aquatic Toxicity, Bioconcentration Potential
Human Toxicity
Acute Aquatic Toxicity
Chronic Aquatic Toxicity
Human Toxicity
Acute Aquatic Toxicity, Chronic Aquatic Toxicrty
Human Toxicity
Acute Aquatic Toxicity, Chronic Aquatic Toxicity
Human Toxicrty
Acute Aquatic Toxicity, Chronic Aquatic Toxicity,
  Bioconcentration Potential
Environmental Persistence

Human Toxicity
Acute Aquatic Toxicrty, Bioconcentration Potential
Human Toxicity
Chronic Aquatic Toxicity
Acute Aquatic Toxicity
Human Toxicrty
                                      Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                                 - 19-
                                       EXHIBIT 5 (continued)
Group/Representative Chemicals a
Criterion Scored
Mercury Compounds
        Mercuric acetate
        Mercuric chloride
        Aceto-o-phenyl mercury

Nickel Compounds
        Nickelous chloride
        Elemental nickel

Polycyclic Organic Matter/Coke Oven Emissions
        Anthracene
        1 -Methyl-phenanthrene
        Benzo(b)fluoranthene

Selenium Compounds
        Selenium
        Soluble selenium

Oibenzofurans
        3-Nitrodibenzofuran

        2,3,4,7,8-Pentachloro
         dibenzofuran
PCBs
       Aroclor 1016
       2,4'-Oichlorobiphenyl
       Polychlonnated biphenyls11
Acute Aquatic Toxictty
Chronic Aquatic Toxicrty, Bioconcentration Potential
Human Toxicity
Acute Aquatic Toxicity, Chronic Aquatic Toxicity
Human Toxicrty
Acute Aquatic Toxicity
Chronic Aquatic Toxicity, Bioconcentration Potential
Human Toxicity
Acute Aquatic Toxicity, Chronic Aquatic Toxicrty
Human Toxicrty
Acute Aquatic Toxicity, Chronic Aquatic Toxicrty,
 Bioconcentration Potential
Human Toxicrty
Acute Aquatic Toxicity
Chronic Aquatic Toxicity, Bioconcentration Potential
Human Toxicity
a At times, more than one chemical in a group had the same criterion score.  In this exhibit, we present only one of
these chemicals to represent the chemical group for tfiat criterion.
  IRIS provides a human toxicrty value for PCBs as a group.
                                       Draft-August 15,  1991
-------
                                         -20-

are all present in the Great Lakes ecosystem, are highly toxic and persistent, and can
bioaccumulate to levels which can threaten human health and the aquatic system." A later
IJC'report, in 1987,13 notes that 10 of the 11 consensus critical pollutants are present in air
(mirex excepted14) and that deposition into the Great Lakes basin, either directly onto the
water surface or indirectly onto the drainage basin with subsequent transport, has been
clearly demonstrated.15  The 1987 report also  notes that the 11 consensus substances are
"Primary Track" critical pollutants in terms of abatement and control. The Primary Track
requires identification and quantification of sources, pathways, and fate of contaminants so
that control and abatement programs can be properly focused and directed.

      In the 1988  IJC report,16 13 substances, including eight of the Board's 11 critical
pollutants, are evaluated with regard to atmospheric deposition.  The report concludes that
organic anc   organic contaminants on the 1985 critical pollutant list are present in rain,
snow, atmc    sric aerosols, and in the vapor state in the Great Lakes basin. (For PCBs,
Aroclor 125*+ ^vas evaluated.)

      Finally, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978 called for the compilation
and maintenance of three lists of substances (the Annex 1 Lists of Substances).17  These
three lists are "present and toxic", "present and potentially toxic", and "potentially present and
toxic". Substances for the three lists'have been selected using specified standard methods.
Note, however, that these three are not lists of substances of significant or highest concern in
the Great Lakes System.  (For example, the "present and toxic" list contains substances that,
although toxic, are not present at levels of concern.)  Rather,  the lists identify the universe of
substances present or potentially present in the system, allowing systematic review to identify
substances of greatest concern.  Annex 1 list substances are not included in Section 4.

      3.6.2     Air Resources Branch of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment
                                          -*
      Under the auspices of the Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS), the Deposition
Monitoring Group of the Air Resources Branch of the Ontario Ministry of the  Environment
    13 Great Lakes Water Quality Board, 7987 Report on Great Lakes Water Quality, Report to
the International Joint Commission, 1987.

    14 The Strachan and Eisenreich Report—discussed later in this section—suggests that
mirex, most commonly found in fish and sediment of Lake Ontario, probably comes from
industrial discharge and that atmospheric deposition is not likely to  be a significant source of
mass loading to the Great Lakes.

    15 The 1987 report, does not provide quantitative estimates of atmospheric loading for all
the '"itical contaminants; only semi-quantitative discussions for a few substances are
pro'  3d.

    16 Strachan, W.M.J., and Eisenreich, S.J., "Mass Balancing of Toxic Chemicals in the
Great Lakes: The Role of Atmospheric Deposition", 1988 Report on Great Lakes Water
Quality, Report to the International Joint Commission, 1988.

    17 International Joint Commission, Revised Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978,
September, 1989.

                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                        -21 -

(OME) carries out air deposition monitoring (three separate networks) for specific substances.
This monitoring will assist in assessinq the importance of atmospheric deposition of certain
chemical species to the Great Lakes.

       3.6.3     Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition Network

       The Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition (GLAD) network was established in 1981
under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between Canada and the United States.  The
GLAD network includes 36 monitoring stations along the U.S. shores of the Great Lakes to
characterize atmospheric deposition. These monitoring stations sample nutrients and
metals.19

       3.6.4     Lake Michigan Lakewide Management Plan

       A Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978 calls for the development of a
Lakewide  Management Plan (LaMP) for Critical Pollutants for each of the Great Lakes.20
The purpose of a LaMP is to  reduce loadings  of "Critical Pollutants" in  order to restore
beneficial  uses of the open lake waters. Critical Pollutants are defined as substances that
persist at levels that singly, or in synergistic or additive combination, are causing, or are likely
to cause, impairment of beneficial uses despite past application of regulatory controls due to
their: (1) presence in open lake waters; (2) ability to cause or contribute to a failure to  meet
Agreement objectives through their recognized threat to human health and aquatic life;  or (3)
ability to bioaccumulate. The Lake Michigan LaMP has identified 23 candidate Critical
Pollutants. EPA has indicated that they may only focus on  13 of these 23 pollutants, although
all 23 pollutants (with the exception of oil and  other petroleum products) are included in
Section 4  (primarily because  it was not clear from our brief  review why the 13 were selected).

       3.6.5     Lake Ontario Toxics  Committee

       The Lake Ontario Toxics Committee identified substances of concern in Lake Ontario
based on  their impacts on human health and  biota.21  After reviewing available ambient
water column and fish tissue  data, the Committee selected  substances based on human
health impact if (1) measured concentrations of these substances in edible portions of fish
tissue exceeded Canadian or U.S. standards (or more stringent, but unenforceable EPA
guidelines), or (2) the substances are measured in ambient water column samples at levels
above standards and criteria  designed  to protect human health.  Substances were also
included on  the list if they bioaccumulate in fish tissue  to levels that are unsafe for
   18 Tang, et a]., Summary: Some Results From the API OS Atmospheric Deposition
Monitoring Program, Report ARN-110-86, 1986.

   19 Gatz et a]., Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition Network Data Analysis and
Interpretation, 1986.

   20
      U.S. EPA, Baseline Report: Lake Michigan Lakewide Management Plan, (no date).

   21 Environment Canada, U.S. EPA, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation, Lake Ontario Toxics Management Plan, A Report
by the Lake Ontario Toxics Committee, February 1989.

                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                        -22-

consumption by wildlife or are measured in ambient water column samples at levels  oove
standards and c';i9ria designed to protect aquatic life.

      evidence of significant air deposition or potential for air deposition was not directly
considered in developing this list.  In discussing the sources of toxic substances input into
Lake Ontario, however, the Committee implicated air deposition as one of the important
pathways for eight substances of concern.  The Committee provided rough estimates of the
loadings (kg/day)  of these substances into the lake (based on either monitoring data or
mass-balance estimation).
                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                   4.  RESULTS

       In this section we present and discnas the ranting results.  First, we address which
chemicals lack criteria scores and therefore cannot be ranked. We also discuss the quality
and coverage of the data that support the rankings. Then, for each substance, we present
the four criteria-specific scores, the overall score, and finally the overall ranking.  Also in this
section, we discuss the results of the "special" focus chemical analysis and the sensitivity
analysis that we conducted to test the "accuracy"22 of the rankings.

4.1    SUBSTANCES LACKING CRITERIA SCORES

       As discussed in Section 3.4, a substance was ranked only if it had both a toxicity-
related score and an exposure-related score.  Thus, a substance must have either a human
toxicity or aquatic toxicity score and either a bioconcentration potential or environmental
persistence score to be ranked.

       All of the  188 substances  on the CAAA section 112(b) list that were to be ranked had a
toxicity score (human  health and/or aquatic).  Nine substances did not have data for both the
bioconcentration and persistence criteria (i.e., exposure-related data) and therefore were not
ranked. These nine substances,  along with their individual criteria scores, are listed in Exhibit
6. The remaining 179 substances were ranked and are the focus of the remainder of the
results discussion.

4.2    DATA  QUALITY AND COVERAGE

       Because the quality and availability of data can significantly influence the accuracy of a
ranking, we evaluated these factors as part of-this analysis. For most criteria, this analysis
relied on experimental data where available. If a substance did not have experimental data,
then data based on QSAR were used. Finally, for some substances that still  lacked data,
ERL-Duluth scored some of the criteria based on  professional judgment.

       Appendix C-1 shows the data quality and data coverage for the 179 scored
substances.  For each of the four criteria used in the ranking (i.e., human toxicity, aquatic
toxicity,23 bioconcentration potential, and environmental persistence), the appendix lists: (1)
the individual score for the criterion which also (indicates data availability, i.e., 0 = no data);
and (2) whether the score was based on experimental data, QSAR predictions, or
professional judgment. In this appendix, "E" denotes that the score was based on
experimental  data. For human toxicity, experimental data were from the sources discussed in
Section 3.3.   Experimental data supporting scores for the environmental criteria were from
AQUIRE.  Scores based on QSAR and on professional judgment are denoted by "Q" and "PJ",
respectively.
   22
      "Accuracy" is used here to loosely define the degree to which the ranking successfully
places chemicals that are known or suspected to be of relatively high concern (toxic and
persistent in aquatic systems) at the top of the scale and vice-versa.

   23
      Although aquatic toxicity was a single criterion in the ranking, data quality and
coverage are shown for both acute and chronic aquatic toxicity in Appendix C-1.

                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
         -24-
       EXHIBIT 6
SUBSTANCES NOT RANKED
CAS #
1332214
15667
75150
463581
334883
96457
7664393
7803512
7550450
Chemical Name
Asbestos
Calcium Cyanamide
Carbon Disulfide
Caroonyl Sulfide
Diazomethane
Ethylene Thiourea
Hvdrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
osphine
Titanium Tetrachloride
Human
Toxicity
Score
3
1
1.5
1
2
1.5
1.5
3
1.5
Aquatic
Toxicity
Score
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
Biocon.
Poten.
Score
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
Envir.
Poten.
Score
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
   Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                         -25-

      4.2.1     Human Toxicity

      We were able to score 178 of the 179 substances for human toxicity based on data
from the sources listed in Section 3. Human toxicity data were not available for only one
substance—2,2,4-trimethylpentane.  As indicated in Appendix C-1, all of the toxicity values
used for scoring were based either  directly or indirectly on experimental data.  Examples of
direct experimental data include RfD, MED, and LC^ values.  The only indirect experimental
data used in evaluating human toxicity were  the RQ-based data for acute toxicity, used for
only two substances (see Step 11 below).

      Human toxicity scores for most of the 178 substances (87 percent) were based on
chronic toxicity data. Acute toxicity data were used to score only 24 substances (13 percent).
As indicated in Section 3, oral toxicity values were used in preference to inhalation or dermal
values. Thus, we assigned human toxicity scores by evaluating, in the following order,
chronic oral data, chronic inhalation data, acute oral data, acute inhalation data, RQ-
carcinogen data, and, finally, RQ-acute data.  All scores were assigned  based on the scales
given in Exhibit 3. A more specific description of the hierarchy used in our data search, along
with the number of chemicals addressed by  each step (in parentheses), is presented
below:24

      (1)        Using oral R*fDs and oral SFs from SCDM, scores were assigned  to as many
                substances as possible.  If a chemical had both an oral  RfD and SF that
                resulted in identical human toxicity scores (TOX scores), the oral  RfD was
                referenced as the  source of the score.  (101  substances)

      (2)        For as many of the remaining substances as possible, oral RfDs and oral
                SFs from the HIRIS data base (an ICF in-house data base containing IRIS
                and HEAST data) and from EPA Health Effects Assessment and Health
                Assessment documents were used to assign scores.  If  a chemical had both
                an oral RfD and SF that resulted in identical TOX scores, the oral RfD was
                referenced as the  source of the score.  (17 substances)
      (3)        Next, we used oral ED10s from the SCDM. "Equivalent" SFs were estimated
                by using the equation SF = l/(6 x ED10).25 These approximated SFs were
                then used to assign the TOX scores. (1  substance)
      (4)        For the remaining substances, we searched for human MEDs in EPA's
                CURE data base.  "Equivalent" RfDs were estimated by using the equation
   24 See Chapter 3 for references.

   25 Correlation studies conducted by EPA's Carcinogen Assessment Group in 1986
indicate that potency factors based on ED10 (i.e., 1/ED10) are approximately six times greater
than upper bound slope factors based on the multistage model (i.e., qf).  (Cogliano, EPA's
Methodology for Adjusting Reportable Quantities of Potential Carcinogens, 1987.)

                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                       -26-

               RfD = MED/60.26  These approximated RfDs were then used to assign
               TOX scores.  (23 substances)

      (5)       Next, we assigned scores based on inhalation RfDs and inhalation SFs from
               SCDM.  If a chemical had both an inhalation RfD and SF that resulted in
               identical TOX scores, the inhalation RfD was referenced as the source of the
               score.  (2 substances)

      (6)       Next,-we assigned scores based on inhalation RfDs and inhalation SFs from
               the HIRIS data base. Again, if a chemical had both an inhalation RfD and
               SF that resulted in identical TOX scores, the inhalation RfD was referenced
               as the source of the score.  (2 substances)

      (7)       Next, we used acute LD50s (oral) from the SCDM to assign TOX scores.. (5
               substances)

      (8)       Next, we used acute LC50s (inhalation) from the SCDM to assign TOX
               scores.  If both dust/mist and gas/vapor data were available for a chemical,
               the route that resulted in the higher TOX score was used.  (1 substance)

      (9)       Next, we searched for acute oral and inhalation data in RTECS. TOX scores
               were assigned based on mammal studies conducted after 1970 that resulted
               in the lowest  LD50s or LC50s. (15 substances)

      (10)      Next, we searched EPA's RQ data base to determine if any of the remaining
               substances have primary RQs based on carcinogenicity.  If so, we extracted
               the potency factors  (i.e., 1/ED10 for these substances. "Equivalent" SFs
               were estimated by using the equation SF = Potency Factor/6, as done  in
               Step 3.  These approximated SFs were then used to assign TOX scores. (7
               substances)

      (11)      Finally, we searched EPA's RQ  data base to determine if any of the
               remaining substances have  primary RQs based on acute toxicity.  If so, TOX
               scores were assigned using the following scale, which was developed  by
               "mapping" the RQ acute toxicity scale onto the acute toxicity scale used in
               this analysis (and shown in  Exhibit 3) (2 substances):

               RQ of 1 or 10 pounds    = TOX score of 2.5
               RQ of 100 pounds       = TOX score of 2
               RQ of 1000 pounds      = TOX score of 1.5
               RQ of 5000 pounds      = TOX score of 1
   26 Because the MEDs used in the RQ methodology are not directly comparable to RfDs,
we designed a simple procedure to convert MEDs into "equivalent" RfD values. Based on the
ratios of RfDs to MEDs from a large chemical data set and a review of the two derivation
methodologies, we determined that dividing MEDs by a factor of 60 would, for the purposes
of this screening analysis, account for the differences in these methodologies.

                                Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                        -87-

      For a few chemicals, exceptions to the methodology described above were needed.
These exceptions were:

      •         Lead compounds were assigned a "default1 human toxicity score of 3 based
                on information in the MRS guidelines.

      •         For 1 ,2-propylenimine (2-methvl aziridine). the LD^ (dermal) from the
                Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) data base (IGF in-house data base)
                was used to assign a human toxicity score.

For all substances that were scored for human toxicity, Appendix C-2 lists the score along
with the "TOX type" (the toxicity parameter), "TOX value" (the actual toxicity value), and the
"TOX  source" (source of the toxicity value).

      4.2.2     Aquatic Toxicity

      T*nf thig criUiiiuii, we ir?Ba the ERL-Duluth data to score 172 of the 179 substances,
with 1 47 (82 percent) based on chronic aquatic toxicity.  Of these 1 47 substances, scores for
56 (31 percent of the 179) were based on experimental chronic toxicity data that was judged
by ERL-Duluth to be of high quality; scores for 58 (32 percent of the 1%79) were based on
chronic  toxicity as predicted by QSAR;  and scores for 33 (18 percent "of the  179) were based
on a professional judgment assessment of their chronic toxicity. Of this last set (i.e., 33
based on professional judgment), the chronic aquatic toxicity score was set at the maximum
value  of 3 for 31  substances because they were identified as being "reactive electrophiles".
Such  substances are likely to  have toxic effects as a  consequence of their electrophiiic
reactivity; that is, they cause alkylation or arylation of nucleophiiic moieties in critical
biological macromolecules (e.g., proteins, membranes).

      Approximately 1 4 percent of the 1 79 substances were scored based on acute toxicity.
A little less than half of these substances had experimental data to support their aquatic
toxicity scores.  The remaining substances were scored for aquatic toxicity based either on
acute toxicity as predicted by  QSAR or on ERL-Duluth's professional judgment. Appendix C-3
lists the scores and the supporting parameter values  for all the environmental criteria.

      4.2.3     Bioconcentration Potential

      Roughly 97 percent of the 1 79 substances were scored based on their potential to
bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.  Most of these scores were based on QSAR predictions
(79 percent).  A relatively  small number of substances (10 percent) have experimental data on
their bioconcentration potential, with the remainder based on professional judgement. In
general, substances with  experimental data tended to score high for this criterion.

      4.2.4     Environmental Persistence
                                               were scored based on their tendency to
persist in the aquatic environment.  None of these scores are based on experimental values;
environmental persistence was assessed based either on QSAR predictions (40 percent of the
substances) or on professional judgment (58 percent of the substances).
                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                         -28-

4.3   CRITERIA-SPECIFIC SCORES AND OVERALL RANK

      Using the methodology described in Section 3, the 179 substances with adequate data
for ranking were scored for each of the four criteria, and then these individual scores were
used to compute an overall score.  Exhibit 7 shows these 179 substances ranked by their
overall scores; it also shows the criteria-specific scores. Twenty-three discrete scores were
obtained, and therefore 23 ranks were created using this approach.  An asterisk (*) indicates
that the chemical is predicted to partition into less than one percent of the media of concern
(see Section 4.5.2).

      4.3.1      Criteria-specific Scores

      Exhibit 8 shows the distribution of scores for the two toxicity criteria and the two
exposure-related criteria.  Percentages shown reflect the number of substances out of 179
that received scores of 0,' 1, 2, or 3 (or, in the case of human toxicity, scores of 0,  1, 1.5, 2,
2.5, or 3; and in the case of environmental persistence, scores of 0, 1, or 3).

      Human Toxicitv. As discussed previously, and as shown in Exhibit 8, almost all the
substances were scored for human toxicity.  Data were not available for only one substance,
2,2,4-trimethylpentane. As also shown in Exhibits, the scoring distributed the 178
substances into the five non-zero categories in  a relatively even manner (approximately 20
percent of the substances in every category).

      Aquatic Toxicitv. Approximately 96 percent of the substances  were scored  for their
toxicity to aquatic organisms.  These scores tended toward the mid- and high-end  of the
scale  (scores of 2 and 3).

      Bioconcentration Potential. Approximately 97 percent of the substances were scored
for their potential to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.  Data for most substances (70
percent) indicated a relatively low tendency to bioconcentrate (as indicated by a score of 1).  »

      Environmental Persistence. Almost 97 percent of the substances were scored for their
tendency to persist in the aquatic environment.  Most (72 percent) scored low on the scale
(score of 1), indicating a relatively short half-life in aquatic environments (i.e., less than 15
days). As indicated by a  score of 3, approximately 25 percent of the substances are
expected to persist in the aquatic environment for longer periods (i.e., a half-life of greater
than 15 days).

      4.3.2     Overall  Scores and Ranks

      As discussed above, Exhibit 7 shows the overall scores for all 179 substances that had
enough criterisFspecific scores to be ranked. The overall scores ranged from the maximum
score of 30 to the minimum of 10 (i.e., the substances were distributed over the entire range).
The maximum overall  score of 30 was reached  by five substances (three percent). Twenty
substances (11  percent) were in the top six ranking levels (i.e., had a ranking of 6  or lower).
The median—90  substance—occurs at ranking level 15, indicating that the scores are
distributed somewhat toward the lower end of the scale.  Fourteen substances (eight percent)
received the lowest overall score of 10.
                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
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                           -37-
                         EXHIBIT 8
PERCENTAGES OF CHEMICALS ACROSS CRITERIA-SPECIFIC SCORES
CRITERIA
Human Toxicity
Aquatic Toxicity
Bioconcentration Potential
Environmental Persistence
SCORES
0
< 1%
4%
3%
3%
1
22%
20%
70%
72%
1.5
24%



2
16%
37%
15%

2.5
20%



3
17%
40%
13%
25%
                    Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                        - 38 -

      Many substances scored essentially the same and therefore were tied. The
distribution of these ties is shown in Exhibit 9.  As shown in this exhibit, the distribution peaks
at the rank of 17, and otherwise tends to be clustered near the lower ranks (i.e., 12 to 23).

4.4   "SPECIAL" FOCUS CHEMICALS

      This section presents the results of the "special" focus chemicals research described in
Section 3.6. Exhibit 10 presents the list of "special" focus chemicals—a total of 39 chemicals
and chemical groups—and the reasons for each chemical's selection as indicated by the
specific organizations (e.g., mercury is considered a chemical of concern by both the Lake
Ontario Toxics Committee [because its concentration exceeds human health  criteria] and the
International Joint Commission [by consensus, and for air deposition concern]). Note,
however, that these reasons often are very general.  Each chemical identified in Exhibit 10
was identified by one or more of the five organizations as a substance of concern for air
deposition in the Great Lakes region.27 'The 16 substances in Exhibit 10 that are listed in
CAAA section 112(b) are noted.

4.5   SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

      As part of a sensitivity analysis on the overall ranking,  we examined how some of the
"special" focus chemicals  would rank, and then examined how two alternative ranking
approaches would affect the  results.  This analysis helped to  verify the selected ranking
scheme.  This analysis also helped to answer questions concerning:  (1) whether any high
ranked chemicals should  actually be ranked low (i.e., because they are "false positives") or,
conversely, whether any low ranked chemicals should actually be ranked high (i.e., because
they are "false negatives"); and (2) whether the final ranking of substances was overly
sensitive  to different ranking approaches.

      4.5.1     Comparison With "Special" Focus Chemicals

      Sixteen of the 39 "special" focus chemicals are also CAAA section 112(b) substances.
All 16 of these chemicals  ranked within the top 32 percent (the top 12 ranking levels) in
Exhibit 7.  Twelve of the chemicals ranked within the top 10 percent of the chemicals (ranking
levels 1 through 6). These chemicals and their ranking levels are as  follows:

                Level 1—chlordane. PCBs, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, cadmium compounds, and mercury
                compounds;

                Level 2—heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, and toxaphene;

      •         Level 3—tindane (includes all isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane) and lead
             ~  compounds;

      •         Level 6—arsenic compounds and coke oven emissions/polycyclic organic
                matter;
    27 Note, however, that this does not mean that all organizations who consider a chemical
to be a chemical of concern do so because of air deposition.

                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                -39-

               EXHIBIT 9
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF FINAL RANKS
Final
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Overall
Score
30.000
28.750
27.500
26.667
26.250
25.000
23.750
23.333
22.500
21 .667
21 .250
20.000
18.750
1 8.333
17.500
16.250
1 5.000
13.750
1 3.333
12.500
1 1 .667
1 1 .250
10.000
Number of
Substances
5
4
4
1
1 .
5
5
3
8
3
6
12
16
3
14
18
22
15
1
13
•f
5
14
Cumulative
Number of
Substances
5
9
13
14
15
20
25
28
36
37
45
57
73
76
.90
108
130
145
146
159
160
165
179
          Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
          -40-
        EXHIBIT10
•SPECIAL' FOCUS CHEMICALS
Chemicals
Alarm
Aluminum
ArMnie'
Banum
Benzo-a-pyrene c
Sen/Ilium
Boron
Cadmium »
Calcium
CMordaM*
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
DOT + Metabolite!
(i «., 00£ ODD) •
Qieldnn
Dtoxin (2J.7.S-
TCOO) •
H«pUeMor/k
Heptachlor epoxide
HeiecMoro-
benzenek
HexacMoro-
cyclonwune*
iron
Lead*
Linden* (o-HCH) •
International Joint
Commission


• Concern for
Atmosphene Deposition

• 8y Consensus
• Concern for
Atmospheric Deposition


• Concern for
Atmospnenc Deposition





• By Consensus
• Concern for
Atmospheric Deposition
• Sy Consensus
• Concern for
Atmospheric Deposition
• Sy Consensus

• By Consensus
• Concern for
Atmosphene Deposition
• Concern for
Atmospnenc Deposition

• By Consensus
• Concern for
Atmosphenc Deposition
• Concern for
Atmospnenc Deposition
Air Resource*
Branch, OME
* Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Monitoring





• Air Deposition
Monitoring

• Air Deposition
Monitonno,

\
• Air Deposition
Monitonng
• Air Deposition
Monitoring



• Air Deposition
Monitoring
* Air OepoMion
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Monitoring

GLAD
Monitoring
Stations

• Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Monitoring

• Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Au Deposition
Momtonng

• Air Deposition
Monrtonfloj
• Air Deposition
MonitortflQ
* Air Deposition
Monitoring
-





• Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Momtonng

Lake Michigan
LaMP*


• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitoring
• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitoring .
• Candidate for AH
Deposition Momtonng


• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitoring

• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitoring
• Candida!* for Air
Deposition Momtonng

• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitoring
• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng
• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng
• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng
• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitoring
• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng
• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng
• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng
• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng

Lake Ontario Toxics
Committee

• Exceeded Biota Criteria
• Atmospnenc Loading







• Exceeded HH " Critena
• Exceeded Biota Cntena



• Exceeded HH Critena
• Exceeded Biota Critena
• Atmosphenc Loading
• Exceeded HH Criteria
• Exceeded Biota Cntena
• Atmospnenc Loaomg
• Exceeded MM Criteria
• Exceeded Biota Critena

• Exceeded HH Criteria
• Atmospheric Loading

• Exceeded Biota Cntena
• Atmospheric Loading
•

    Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                                   -41  -

                                         EXHIBIT 10 (continued)
Chemicals
Lithium
Manganes**
Magnesium
Mercury "
Mirex
Nickel'
Octachiorostyrene
Oxycniordane
PC8a"
Potassium *
Sodium
Strontium
2.3,7,8-
Tetrachloro-
dibenzofaran •
Titanium
To>aph«iM "
Vanadium
Zinc
International Joint
Commission



• By Consensus
• Concern for
Atmospheric Deposition
• Sy Consensus
• Concern tor
Atmospnenc Deposition



• By Consensus
• Concern for
Atmosphere Deposition



• By Consensus

• Sy Consensus
• Concern tor
Atmospnenc Deposition


Air Resources
Branch, OME

• Air Deposition
Monitoring


• Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Monitor no.

• Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Monitoring






• Air Deposition
Monitoring
• Air Deposition
Monitonng
GLAD
Monitoring
Stations
• Air Deposition
Monitonng
• Air Deposition
Monitonng
• Air Deposition
Monitonng


• Air Deposition
Monitoring



• Air Deposition
Monitonng
• Air Deposition
Monitonng
• Air Deposition
Monitonng

• Air Deposition
Monitonng

• Air Deposition
Monitonng
• Air Deposition
Monitonng
Lake Michigan
LaMP*

• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng

• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng

• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng


• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng



• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitoring

• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitoring

• Candidate for Air
Deposition Monitonng
Lake Ontario Toxics
Committee



• Exceeded HH Criteria
• Atmospnenc Loading
• Exceeded HH Criteria
• Exceeded Biota Criteria
• Atmospnenc Loading

• Exceeded Siota Criteria

• Exceeded HH Cntena
• Exceeded Siota Criteria








'Oil and other petroleum products' has also been identified as a candidate critical pollutant.
Substance is listed.in CAAA section 112(b).  (These substances also are in bold typeface.)
Substance is considered a member of the 'polycyclic organic matter* listed in CAAA section 112(b).
HH = human health
Only DDE is  listed in CAAA section 112(b).
                                         Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                         -42-

                Level 7—manganese compounds;

                Level 9—DDE and nickel compounds; and

       •.         Level 12—dibenzofurans.

       We believe that these data indicates that the results from the ranking method
described in this report corresponds well with the selection systems and professional
judgment used by the various organizations that identified the "special" focus chemicals.

       4.5.2     Ranking With an Additional Criterion

       To determine whether the  rankings were sensitive to another exposure-related criterion,
we examined how the substances would rank if another intrinsic chemical property-
environmental partitioning—were considered. Environmental partitioning refers to the
equilibrium distribution for a chemical among the environmental compartments of air, water,
soil/sediments, and biota. These relationships were expressed as percentages in each
compartment.  (Environmental partitioning data were calculated by ERL-Duluth using QSAR
and a method developed by Neely and Mackay28). For this ranking exercise, the 179
substances were scored for environmental partitioning based on the scale below:
                     > 90 percent in water, sediments, biota    = 3
                     10-90 percent in water, sediments,  biota   = 2
                     < 10 percent in water, sediments, biota    = 1
                     No data or prediction available     '       =0
(This scale differs from the one used originally by ERL-Duluth, which had scoring cutoffs of:
> 75 percent, 25-75 percent, and < 25 percent. This change was made to allow for more
distinction between chemicals that partitioned into the media of concern and to increase the
consistency with the other scales being used.)  The scores for environmental partitioning
assigned to the 179 substances are shown in Appendix D-1.

      After assigning scores for environmental partitioning, we computed the overall scores
for 179 substances based on five criteria (i.e., human toxicity, aquatic toxicity,
bioconcentration potential, environmental persistence, and environmental partitioning), using
the same calculation algorithm as before. The substances were then ranked based on these
overall scores. The overall scores and ranks under this approach are also presented in
Appendix D-1.

      After analyzing the distribution of substances based on this new ranking, we found that
of the top 10 percent (i.e., 18 substances) from the  original ranking scheme (Exhibit 7), 15
remained in the top 10 percent. Three chemicals—pentachloronitrobenzene, parathion, and
    28 Neely, W.B. and D. MacKay, "Evaluating Methods for Estimating Environmental Rate",
Modeling the Rate of Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment, Dickson, K.L et al. (Eds.), Ann
Arbor Science Publications, Ann Arbor,  Ml, 1982.

                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                         -43-

pentachlorophenol—dropped to within the top 15 percent.  Similar minor changes in ranking
order occurred throughout the distribution.

      Also significant is that environmental partitioning predictions for the top 10 percent of
the chemicals in Exhibit 7 estimated that they all would partition to more than 10 percent in
the media of concern (i.e., all scored 2 or 3 for environmental partitioning).

      This criterion appears to have more of an effect on the lowest ranked substances (i.e.,
the 14 substances with an overall score of 10 in Exhibit 7).  Nine of these substances appear
to have a high tendency to partition into the media of concern.  For example, these nine have
data indicating a partitioning of 95 percent or greater into the media of concern. Due to the
low human toxicity, aquatic toxicity, bioconcentration potential, and environmental persistence
of these chemicals, however, they are still ranked relatively low—within the bottom 30
percent—even under the new scheme.

      4.5.3     Ranking With the Modified IRP Method

      We also ranked the 179 substances using essentially the original IRP method.  That is,
acute aquatic toxicity, chronic aquatic toxicity, bioconcentration potential, environmental
persistence, and environmental partitioning were the five criteria scored (but using the
modified environmental persistence scaJe discussed in Section 3, and the modified
partitioning scale described above  in Section 4.5.2).  This ranking is provided in Appendix D-
2. After analyzing the distribution of substances based on this ranking, we found that of the
top 10 percent (i.e.,  18 substances) from the original ranking scheme (Exhibit 7), 14 remained
in the top 10 percent.  Four chemicals—cobalt compounds, lindane,  pentachloronitrobenzene,
and arsenic compounds—dropped to  within the top 21 percent.
                                         \
4.6   IDENTIFYING FOCUS CHEMICALS

      This section provides a  brief discussion of how to use the information in this report to
identify focus chemicals for the Great Waters air deposition monitoring program.  Identifying
the focus chemicals essentially involves "drawing the line" on the ranked list of chemicals in
Exhibit 7.  It is quite possible that somewhat different sets of focus chemicals may be most
appropriate for different applications (e.g., deposition monitoring programs in different water
bodies; monitoring studies versus source studies).  Several options exist for this step,
including the ones discussed below.

      (1)        Using "Special" Focus Chemicals.  Use the "special" focus chemicals in one
                of three methods. The first method would involve "drawing the line" in
                Exhibit 7 at the lowest ranked "special" focus chemical that is also on the
                CAAA section 112(b) list (i.e., at dibenzofurans, which is ranked 12th).  This
                method would result in 57 focus chemicals.  A second method would
                involve scoring the "special" focus chemicals that are not  on the CAAA
                section 112(b) list, and then "drawing the line" at the lowest ranked chemical
                of all the "special" focus chemicals. This method would likely result in far
                greater than 57 focus chemicals. A third method involving "special" focus
                chemicals would involve using one of the other methods described  in this
                section to identify an initial list of focus chemicals, and then simply adding
                the "special" focus chemicals to this  list. All of these methods assume that
                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                         -44-

                the "special" focus chemicals were appropriately selected and are actually
                high priority substances for Great Waters air deposition analyses.

       (2)       Using the "Ideal" Assessment. Another approach to selecting the focus
                chemicals involves starting at the top of the list in Exhibit 7, and then
                assessing the risk of each chemical in detail (as in  the "ideal" assessment
                described in Section 2) until all chemicals that are expected to result in most
                of the adverse effects have been identified (i.e., additional chemicals do not
                add significantly to the risk).  This option is liable to be highly resource
                intensive, although it should also result in the most likely "bad actor"
                chemicals.

       (3)       Using Practical Considerations. As in Option 2, this option would involve
                starting at the top of Exhibit 7 and evaluating each  chemical in turn. This
                evaluation would focus on practical considerations, such as monitoring
                feasibility and resources available for monitoring. The "line" would be at the
                point where adding another chemical to the focus chemical list is not
                practical;

       (4)       Using Distribution Clusters.  This option would involve "drawing the line" at a
                point (or points) between clusters of chemicals, based on the assumption
                that these clusters represent chemicals with similar potential for causing
                adverse effects through air deposition. Two simple approaches could be
                used for identifying clusters.  The first approach involves examining the
                distribution of chemjcals in the ranking, and then "drawing the line(s)"
                between natural breaks.  For example, one cluster  in Exhibit 7 (though
                easier to see in Exhibit 9) is seen above ranking level 4. This cluster
                contains 14 chemicals. Another cluster may exist between ranking levels 5
                and 8 (or 10). This cluster also contains 14 chemicals (or 25, if ranking level
                10 is chosen as the lower bound). The second approach to identifying
                clusters involves using statistical benchmarks such as percentiles.  For
                example, the 10th percentile (i.e., the top 10 percent) would encompass the
                first 18 chemicals. These chemicals are ranked 1 through 6. The 10th to
                20th percentiles would include the  next 18 chemicals, spanning ranking
                levels 6 through 9.

       Determining  the most appropriate approach -to use for actually selecting focus
chemicals for a specific application will involve additional analysis. For example, information
about air emission quatities, deposition rates, background levels, and/or monitoring methods
may need to be considered. The chemicals listed in the top portion of Exhibit 7, however,
provide a rational starting point for any such additional analysis.
                                  Draft-August 15,1991
-------
   APPENDICES
OF THE FOCUS REPORT
  Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
-------
    APPENDIX A OF THE FOCUS REPORT



Other Chemical  Prioritization Systems
           Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                  APPENDIX A
              OTHER CHEMICAL PRIORITIZATION SYSTEMS

     This appendix presents a review of eight chemical prioritization systems that were
identified as potentially relevant to the selection of a method for identifying Clean Air Act
Amendment (CAAA) section 112(m) Great Waters air deposition focus chemicals.  It includes
a summary matrix (Exhibit A-1) that lists the relevant selection criteria addressed by the
various prioritization systems. The prioritization systems reviewed in this appendix are:

     (1)   CERCLA RQ Adjustment Methodology;

     (2)   Superfund Revised Hazard  Ranking System;

     (3)   Draft Revised Hazard Assessment Guidelines for Listing Chemicals on the Toxics
          Release Inventory;

     (4)   Persistent Bioaccumulators Screening Cluster;

     (5)   Modified Hazardous Air Pollutant Prioritization System (MHAPPS);

     (6)   RCRA Hazardous Waste Scheduling Methodology;

     (7)   OPTS Review of 224 Chemicals; and

     (8)   ERL-Duluth Inerts Ranking Program.

These systems were examined in terms of their possible applications to the development of
screening criteria and a screening methodology for the Great  Waters focus chemicals.  The
five criteria tentatively  considered for use in our analysis (i.e., chronic human toxicity, chronic
aquatic toxicity, persistence, bioconcentration, and environmental partitioning) were examined
where appropriate. For some systems, we also examined how these criteria were combined
to achieve a total score or rank.  The summaries of each of the eight ranking systems are
organized into three sections: (1)  an introduction explaining the purpose or use of the
system; (2) a description  of how the relevant criteria are ranked or quantified and, in some
cases, how these rankings are combined for a total score; and (3) an  indication  of why the
system is relevant to this  study.  Exhibit A-1 summarizes the criteria as addressed by the eight
prioritization systems.   Note that none of the eight systems was developed specifically for
ranking/selecting toxic air contaminants for deposition monitoring. We were unable to identify
any such systems, even as part of our review of known air deposition  "special" focus
chemicals.

A.1  CERCLA SECTION 102(A) REPORTABLE QUANTITY (RQ) ADJUSTMENT
     METHODOLOGY 1  2

     A.1.1      Introduction

     The purpose of this system is to determine the minimum quantity of a hazardous
substance spill or release that must be reported to EPA. The  methodology was  developed
and is used by EPA to adjust RQs for hazardous substances as specified by CERCLA section


                               Draft-August 15, 1991
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102(a).  If a substance is released into the environment at volumes equal to or greater than its
RQ, then the release must be reported to the National  Response Center. The RQ is basically
a measure of a compound's potential hazard. The methodology first evaluates the intrinsic
"primary criteria" properties of each hazardous substance (i.e., aquatic acute toxicity,
mammalian acute toxicity, ignitability, reactivity, chronic toxicity,  and potential carcinogenicity)
and assigns several tentative RQ  values based on the  particular properties as data allow. The
lowest of the tentative RQ values  (i.e., value representing greatest hazard) is taken as the
primary criteria RQ value for that substance.  Subsequently, the substance is evaluated for its
susceptibility to biodegradation, hydrolysis, and photolysis (BMP).  The primary criteria RQ
can be adjusted, if necessary, based on these "secondary adjustment  criteria" to provide the
final RQ for the substance. This methodology has been used to develop other prioritizing;  v'
schemes such as for the SARA section 110 list and the underground storage tanks risk-based
chemical ranking system. Components  of the RQ methodology currently are being
considered as a basis for ranking CAAA section 112(b) hazardous air pollutants for purposes
of granting offsets under section 112(g).

     A.1.2      Criteria Description

     Chronic Human Toxicity

     The basis for the RQ chronic human toxicity rating is the composite score,  which is
derived by multiplying a rating score based on the human-equivalent minimum effective dose
(MED) by a severity rating score.  The MED-based rating is termed the RVd, and the severity-
based rating is termed the RVe. Both the RVd and RVe vary over a scoring range of 1 to 10,
resulting  in a range of 1 to 100 for composite scores.  Using this system, those chemicals
with higher composite scores would be ranked as more toxic.

     In the RQ system, the MED is  expressed as mg/day and is derived from the lowest
observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), with factors included where appropriate-to adjust for
short and/or non-continuous exposure durations and to convert from animal to human
exposure levels.  When more than one set of data is available, the LOAEL associated with the
highest composite score—which is not necessarily the  lowest  LOAEL—is used to  develop the
RQ.  If the log  MED is <  -3, an  RVd of 10 is assigned.  If the log MED  is between -3 and 3,  an
RVd between 1 and 10 is calculated as follows:

          RVd =  [(-1.5) x (log MED)] + 5.5.

If the log MED is > 3, an RVd of 1 is assigned.  Thus,  chemicals with effects at the lowest
dose levels are assigned the highest RVd values, as shown below:

          RVd      MED (mq/dav)        MED (mq/kq-dav)

          1          >. 1000               >. 14
          2          220                  3.1
          3          46                  0.66
          4          10                  0.14
          5          2.2                 0.031
                                Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                        A-4

          RVd       MED (mq/dav)        MED (mq/kq-dav)

          6          0.46                  0.0066
          7          0.1                   0.0014
          8          0.022                0.00031
          9          0.0046               0,000066
          10         <. 0.001              <. 0.000014

     For the RVe, effects with low recognized severity (e.g., enzyme induction or other
biological change with no pathological changes and no change in organ weights, or
hyperplasia, hypertrophy, or atrophy with no changes in organ weights) are assigned low
rating values.  As the severity of the effect increases, the rating value also increases.  By
multiplying the RVe by the MED rating (RVd), a composite score of 1 to 100 is calculated.
Chemicals with low composite scores are considered to have low relative toxicity whereas
chemicals with high composite scores are considered to be relatively toxic.  In the RQ rating
system, composite scores correspond to RQ values, as shown below:

          Composite Score           RQ (Ibs)

          81-100.                    1
          41-80                      10
          21 -40                      100
          6-20                       1000
          1-5                        5000

     Potential Carcinogenicity

     The potential carcinogenicity evaluation for assigning RQs is based on a combination of
ED10 with weight-of-evidence of human carcinogenicity.

     Aquatic Toxicity

     Aquatic toxicity is another criterion used in adjusting primary RQs of hazardous
substances.  For this purpose, EPA used the categories of aquatic toxicity that were
established pursuant to section 311 of the Clean Water Act. Five-level RQ rating scales have
been developed to assign the aquatic toxicity RQ to a substance based on its acute aquatic
toxicity data (i.e., LC^).  These scales are shown below:

          Aquatic Toxicity             .    RQ (Ibs)

          LCso < 0.1 mg/L                1
          0.1~mg/L  <. LC50 < 1  mg/L       10
          1 mg/L <. LC50 < 10 mg/L        100
          10 mg/L <. LC^ <  100 mg/L     1000
          100 mg/L <. LC50 < 500 mg/L    5000

     Persistence

     As mentioned above, after the primary criteria RQs are assigned, chemicals are further
evaluated for their susceptibility to certain extrinsic degradation processes, i.e.,

                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                         A-5

biodegradation, hydrolysis, and photolysis (BMP).  Persistence, as used here, refers to the
combination of these three processes. The  BMP are "secondary criteria" that are used to
adjust the primary criteria RQ.  If analysis indicates that a substance degrades rapidly to a
less harmful compound through one or more of these processes when it is released into the
environment, the primary criteria RQ is raised one level (i.e., to a greater number of pounds).
The respective criteria that are applied in evaluating whether a particular substance should
have its primary criteria RQ raised one level  on the basis of the BHP processes are as
follows:

      Biodegradation.  If the reported biological oxygen demand value (BOD5, 5-day test at 20
      degrees  C) is equal to or greater than  50% of the theoretical oxygen demand, a
      hazardous substance is considered to be sufficiently biodegradable to warrant an - - -
      upward RQ adjustment.

      Hydrolysis and Photolysis.  Upward adjustment is based on either specific half-life data
      reported in the literature or on statements made in the literature relative to the ability of
      the substance to hydrolyze or photolyze with a half-life of 5 days or less.

      A.1.3      Relevance

      This screening system was  reviewed because it is directly relevant to the Great Waters
focus chemicals criteria of chronic toxicity and persistence. It was also examined for
guidance on how to quantitatively combine across criteria.

A.2   SUPERFUND REVISED HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM (MRS) 3

      A.2.1      Introduction

      The MRS was developed  by EPA as a  screening device  to evaluate the relative potential
of uncontrolled waste  sites to cause human  health threats or ecological and environmental
damage.  Because of the  site-specific nature of the MRS, this system is not strictly a chemical
prioritization system in the same sense as the other systems discussed in this memorandum.
Nevertheless, the MRS is still a useful system to examine.  Specifically, one component of the
MRS scores the relative toxicity—both human and aquatic—of the waste at a site based on the
inherent toxicity of the single most toxic substance.  Persistence, bioconcentration  potential,
and mobility of the substance also are considered as exposure factors.

      A.2.2      Criteria  Description

      The HRS/surface water migration pathway is evaluated below in terms of four criteria:
human toxicity, aquatic toxicity, persistence,  and bioconcentration potential. In  the MRS,
values are determined for these criteria for each substance and are combined as a part of the
site evaluation.

      Human Toxicity

      For the MRS human toxicity factor, the inherent toxicity of a substance is rated based
on a consideration of carcinogenicity, chronic noncarcinogenic toxicity, and acute toxicity.
The HRS methodology for toxicity scoring attempts to rely on  high quality, peer reviewed
sources of data. In developing the toxicity scoring methodology of the HRS, EPA considered

                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
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                                         A-6

numerous toxicity assessment options and narrowed them down to three: (1) the RQ
approach; (2) the RfD/CPF (reference dose/cancer potency factor)  approach; and (3) the
modified ADI/WOE (acceptable daily intake/weight-of-evidence) approach.  The final
methodology adopted was a hybrid of these three options.

     Human toxicity factor values are based on quantitative dose-response parameters for
each of three types of toxicity: cancer, non-cancer responses of chronic exposure, and non-
cancer responses of acute exposure.  Slope factors (or cancer potency factors) are combined
with weight-of-evidence ratings for carcinogenicity. If a slope factor is not available for a
substance, its ED10 value is used to estimate a slope factor.  Reference doses  (RfDs) are
used as measures of non-cancer toxicological responses of chronic exposure,  and acute
toxicity parameters such as LD50s are used as measures of non-cancer toxicological
responses of acute exposure. !f both Rf D and .slope factor values are available, the hazardous
substance is assigned a toxicity factor value based on  the value that estimates greater
hazard.  If only one of these values is available, the toxicity factor value is assigned based on
the available value.  If neither is available, the substance is assigned a toxicity factor value
based solely on acute toxicity.  If none of this information is available, the substance is
assigned an overall toxicity factor value of zero, and other substances for which information is
available are evaluated for that pathway. If a toxicity factor value of zero is assigned to all
substances of a particular pathway, a mid-range default value of  100 is assigned as the
overall toxicity factor value for all substances in the pathway.

     Aquatic Toxicrty

     Toxicity is assigned differently for the environmental threat to surface water.  For this
category, an ecosystem  toxicity factor value is assigned based on the following data
hierarchy: EPA chronic ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for the substance, EPA chronic
ambient aquatic life advisory concentrations (AAUVC), EPA acute AWQC, EPA acute AALAC,
and, finally, lowest LC50  value.  If none of this information is  available, the substance is
assigned an ecosystem  toxicity factor value of zero.  If an ecosystem toxicity factor value of
zero is assigned to all substances eligible to be evaluated for the watershed, a mid-range
default value of TOO is assigned as the ecosystem toxicity factor value for all the substances.

     Persistence

     For the surface water migration pathway,  a value for persistence is assigned to each  of
the hazardous substances based primarily on the half-life of the substance In surface water
and secondarily on the sorption of the hazardous substance to sediments.  The half-life in
surface  water is defined  for MRS purposes as the time required to reduce the initial
concentration in  surface water  by one-half  as the result of the combined decay processes of
biodegradation, hydrolysis,  photolysis, and volatilization.  If one of  these four component half-
lives cannot be estimated for the substance from the available data, that component is
disregarded.  If none of  the four component half-lives can be estimated, a default  procedure
is used. Sorption to sediments is evaluated for the MRS based on the logarithm of the n-
octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) of the substance.

     Bioconcentration  Potential

     The following data hierarchy is used  to assign a  bioconcentration potential factor value
to each hazardous substance:  bioconcentration factor (BCF); log  KQW; and, lastly, water

                                 Draft—August 15,  1991
-------
                                         A-7

solubility.  If none of this information is available, a bioconcentration potential factor value of
0.5 is assigned.

      A.2.3      Relevance

      The  methods used in the MRS to quantify human and aquatic toxicity, persistence, and
bioconcentration for the surface water exposure pathway were reviewed because of their
relevance  to the Great Waters focus chemicals selection criteria.  (The method for obtaining
and scoring the human toxicity criterion was ultimately selected for use.) In addition, the
methods used for combining these criteria were reviewed.

A.3   DRAFT REVISED HAZARD ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES FOR LISTING CHEMICALS
      ON THE TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY (TRI) 4

      A.3.1      Introduction

      These draft guidelines present the general approach and criteria that the Office of Toxic
Substances (OTS) of EPA  uses for evaluating chemicals for addition to or deletion from the
list of toxic chemicals subject to reporting under section 313 of SARA.  They provide for a
method of screening either a single chemical or a large list of chemicals so that a quick initial
evaluation can be made.  Before any regulatory decision is to be proposed, however,  a
hazard evaluation is required. The hazard evaluation can range from a relatively
straightforward verification of the data used during screening to a more complicated, in-depth
review of a chemical's entire toxicity data base.

      A.3.2      Criteria Description

      A chemical may be added to the list if any one of the following statutory criteria are met:

      (1)   the chemical is known to cause or can be reasonably anticipated to cause
           significant adverse acute human health effects at concentration levels that are
           reasonably likely to exist beyond facility site boundaries as a result of continuous
           or frequently recurring releases;

      (2)   the chemical is known to cause or can be anticipated to cause in humans:
           cancer or teratogenic effects (see note below) or serious or irreversible
           reproductive dysfunctions, neurological disorders, heritable genetic mutations, or
           other chronic health effects; or

      (3)   the chemical is known to cause or can be anticipated to cause, because of its
           toxicity, persistence, or bioconcentration, a significant adverse effect on the
           environment.

(Note: Current EPA risk assessment guidelines consider all manifestations of developmental
toxicity,  including fetal death, structural abnormalities, growth alterations, and functional
deficits,  to be of concern.  Teratogenicity is a subcategory of the broader category "structural
abnormalities."  For the purposes of this document, all categories of developmental toxicity
are considered together.)
                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                         A-8

     Both screening and hazard evaluation are integral to the overall process of listing
chemicals under section 313.  Screening, the first step in  the process, provides an initial
categorization of a chem  ai's toxicity data as "sufficient,"  "may.be sufficient," or "insufficient"
for listing, based on the toxicological effect and the level at which the effect is observed.  A
chemical's production volume may also be considered as part of the screening step.  Hazard
evaluation, the second step, provides, an overall assessment and validation of a chemical's
toxicity data base.

     Human Toxicity

     After analysis of various numerical indices of non-cancer toxicity for a large number of
chemicals, including those used in the RQ system (i.e., MED and composite score), OTS
selected the human-equivalent MED—as defined and used in the RQ system—as the basis of
numerical screening criteria for human toxicity to be used for TRI listing purposes.  The main
reason for selecting the MED, rather than the composite score or the reference dose (RfD) (or
'ome other numerical index), is that the MED undergoes  relatively limited manipulation in its
Jerivation from the actual study data (i.e., fewer calculation steps and assumptions are .
required to derive an MED).  Furthermore, use of the MED in chemical screening and  ranking
systems has been  reviewed extensively by past Agency workgroups and accepted as a
reasonable approach.

     EPA selected an MED of 10 mg/kg-day as the upper bound for the "sufficient for listing"
category and 500 mg/kg-day as the lower bound for the "insufficient for listing" category; all
intermediate MED values are considered to be in the "may be sufficient for listing" category.
EPA selected these numerical screening criteria values so that the majority of chemicals
already listed on various CERCLA/SARA lists, and thus known or suspected to be toxic
and/or hazardous,  would fall into the "sufficient for listing" category.  Of the 369
CERCLA/SARA chemicals for which MED values were available in 1990, the breakout into
categories is as shown below:

     Category                  Numerical Criteria     % of Chemicals (Number)

     Sufficient for listing          MED<.10            87.5% (323)

     May be sufficient for        10 < MED  <. 500     12%  (44)
     listing

     Insufficient for listing        500 < MED          0.5%  (2)

     Environmental Toxicity, Persistence, and Bioconcerrtration

     The numerical screening criteria for environmental effects are divided into three  separate
categories:  (1) consideration of toxicity only; (2) consideration of toxicity and persistence;
and (3) consideration of toxicity and bioconcentration. For 'toxicity  only," the Agency has
identified acute and chronic numerical screening criteria that indicate such severe toxicity that
any chemical meeting these criteria would generally be listed based on its hazard alone.  EPA
considers a chronic aquatic MATC (maximum acceptable toxicant concentration) of 10 ppb to
be  generally indicative of high  concern. To set a "sufficient for listing" criterion, this figure was
reduced  by an order of magnitude to 1  ppb. Thus, the numerical screening criteria for
"toxicity only" reflect the reduction by one order of magnitude of what is generally accepted

                                 Draft—August 15,  1991
-------
                                         A-9

as indicative of "high" hazard concern. This approach ensures that only those chemicals that
present extremely high concerns for potential hazard will meet the "sufficient for listing"
criterion.

      For numerical screening criteria based on both toxicity and persistence, a somewhat
different approach was taken.  Because there was the additional consideration of persistence,
the toxicity values were adjusted up by one order of magnitude from the "toxicity alone"
values.  This results in toxicity screening criteria that reflect generally accepted standards for
"high" hazard concern in OPTS.  For chemicals that meet the chronic toxicity screening
criteria,  a half-life of four days or greater would justify  listing.  The four-day figure was chosen
because acute toxicity tests are usually conducted over four days.  Therefore, it was
assumed, if chronic effects criteria were met and  if the chemical was persistent for the length
of time it takes to cause acute toxicity, this would justify listing the chemical. Note that both
criteria must be met for the chemical to be listed  based  on "toxicity and persistence."

      For numerical screening criteria based on both toxicity and bioconcentration, the toxicity
values we.re again adjusted upward  by one order of magnitude from the "toxicity and
persistence" values.  This results in toxicity screening  criteria that reflect generally accepted
standards for "moderate" hazard concern in OPTS.  When a chronic toxicity screening
criterion is  met, a measured bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 1,000 is considered sufficient to.
justify listing the chemical. The 1,000 BCF figure was chosen because it is generally
accepted as a BCF  level of concern. In the absence of  actual measured BCF data, the log P
(logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient, or log Kow) may be used to estimate  a
BCF figure. When measured log P data are available, a log P criterion of 4.35 is used. When
log P must be estimated, a value of 5.5 is used.  The  measured log P value of 4.35 was
chosen  because that is the value that calculates out to a BCF of 1000. The calculated log P
value of 5.5 was chosen because of the  uncertainties  involved in calculating log P from
chemical structure or other chemical properties; using a calculated log P of 4.35 might
overestimate BCF values.

     The numerical screening  criteria defining the "may be sufficient for listing" category were
derived  by adjusting the "sufficient for listing" toxicity values upward by approximately one
order of magnitude (persistence and biocon'centration values remained the same).  The
numerical screening criteria defining the  "insufficient for listing" category were derived by
adjusting the "sufficient for listing" toxicity values upward by approximately two orders  of
magnitude (persistence and bioconcentration values remained the same).

     A.3.3      Relevance

     This screening system's method for determining human and environmental toxicity was
examined for its usefulness in determining toxicity ranges and cut offs. Its method of
combining  toxicity with persistence and with bioconcentration also was examined.

A.4 - PERSISTENT BIOACCUMULATORS SCREENING CLUSTER 5

     A.4.1      Introduction

     This methodology is used by OPTS to screen the TSCA Inventory of 60,000 chemicals
and provide a  preliminary list of potentially persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals.
                                 Draft-August 15,  1991
-------
                                        A - 10

     A.4.2      Criteria Description

     Persistence

     A total of 521 chemicals were screened for persistence. The chemicals were scored
based upon an estimated environmental half-life of less than or greater than 30 days. This
criterion is used by OTS's Exposure Evaluation Division for the assessment of the persistence
of industrial chemicals. A total of 80 compounds  have been identified as having an
environmental half-life of equal to or greater than 30 days.

     Bioconcentration

     The initial screening of the TSCA Inventory conducted by the Environmental Research
Lab at Duluth resulted in a data base of 6668 discrete organic chemicals with  estimated log
P's greater than 3.5. Criteria were developed by which to conduct a screen of these 6668
chemicals that would result in a list of chemicals of the most concern for bioconcentration.
The criteria developed to assist in the screening of the data base are not hard-and-fast
cut offs but rather approximate cut offs to aid in the reduction of a large data base.

     The screening process focused on those chemicals currently in commerce as indicated
by information available through the CUS  data base on production/volume. The threshold for
reporting on CUS is 10,000 Ib/yr. The intersection of the Duluth data base with the CUS data
base yielded a total of 1034 discrete organic chemicals.  The remaining chemicals were set
aside for later screening.

     The criterion set forth in the Environmental Effects Testing Scheme uses a
bioconcentration factor value of 1000 or higher as the concern for potential bioconcentration
effects.  This corresponds to a log P of 4.3. (The relationship of BCF to log P is log BCF =
0.79 x log P - 0.40.) Therefore, the chemicals with log P  values less than 4.3 are probably of
less concern for bioconcentration.  Also, for log P's greater than 8.0, an exposure period
greater than 28 days may be needed for the residues to  come to equilibrium.  At log P's
greater than 8.0,  an evaluation would have to be done on a case-by-case basis. Therefore,
chemicals with log P's less than 4.3 and greater than  8.0 were set aside (except for the
halogenated compounds with log P's greater than 8.0, which were evaluated for persistence).

     The next group of chemicals to be set aside were those with a molecular weight greater
than 600 (except for the halogenated chemicals of this subset which were  evaluated for
persistence).  It is generally held that for compounds with a molecular weight greater than
600, uptake through biological membranes decreases exponentially with increasing molecular
weight.  Chemicals with molecular weights of 1000 or greater are only insignificantly
absorbed.

     A.4.3      Relevance

     This screening system was examined for its direct relevance to establishing numerical
cut offs by which to evaluate persistence  and bioconcentration for the Great Waters focus
chemicals.  This system was also reviewed for its set  of physical/chemical  criteria to identify
chemicals that may present environmental problems from persistence and  bioconcentration.
                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                        A-11

A.5  MODIFIED HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT PRIORITIZATION SYSTEM (MHAPPS) 6

     A.5.1      Introduction

     The Modified Hazardous Air Pollutant Prioritization System (MHAPPS) is a computerized
ranking method that EPA uses to screen potential air pollutants for further assessment prior
to making regulatory decisions.  The procedure that the system is based on was intended to
consider multimedia exposures through various routes (e.g., air, water, consumer usage).

     MHAPPS ranks substances by scoring them in eight areas (called factors), which are
weighted and combined into five  groups:  (1) carcinogenicity (combination of oncogenicity
and mutagenicity), (2)  reproductive ^and developmental toxicity, (3) toxicity (acute toxicity and
effects other than acute toxicity),  (4) exposure (combination of potential for airborne release
and bioconcentration), and (5) existing standards.  The system can be used to prioritize a
group of chemicals without the use of a computer. Factors are combined into groups, and
then these five unrelated groups are weighted- and combined to arrive at the final  prioritization
score.  The system provides different alternative user-selected ranking schemes that
emphasize special conditions (e.g.,  acute versus chronic toxicity).

     A.5.2      Criteria Description

     We did not examine in  detail how MHAPPS addresses toxicity because it focuses
primarily on human toxicity by the inhalation route, which  is less directly relevant to the
selection of section 112 (m) focus chemicals than the oral route.  Also, in the computation of
factors for oncogenicity,  mutagenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and acute
lethality, greater weight is given to criteria for exposure via inhalation than for exposure via
other routes (such as  oral or dermal routes).

     Potential for Airborne Release

     For this factor, MHAPPS combines two subfactors.  The first of these is the yearly
commercial production volume.  Additionally, one of the weighting alternatives for this
subfactor allows the user to account for production of airborne hazardous chemicals by
combustion as opposed to relying on data for commercial production volumes alone. If this
prioritization option is  chosen, each pollutant being ranked will be checked against a list of
combustion products.  A higher weight is given to substances that enter the atmosphere as
products of combustion. Without this feature, a substance that is not commercially produced
but is created in the combustion process would receive no score in the production volume
subfactor.

     The second subfactor is the physical state/vapor pressure at ambient conditions.
Gases are ranged as being the most difficult to contain, and, thus, the most  likely to be
released in large quantities.   Solids  are weighted equal  in importance to highly volatile liquids.
This is based in part upon consideration of the importance EPA places upon solid particulate
matter air pollution. Liquids are scored on the basis of vapor pressure,  or boiling point if
vapor pressure data are  not available.
                                 Draft-August 15, 1991
-------
                                        A- 12

     Bioconcerrtration Potential

     This factor is based on the octanoi/water partition coefficient. This coefficient is related
to the tendency of a substance to accumulate in fat rather than water, and, hence, to
accumulate in animals.  The greater the tendency the substance has to accumulate, the
higher the weight assigned to this factor.  The following weighting criteria are used to account
for bioconcentration, where P represents the octanol/water partition coefficient:
                               10
                               8
                               6
                               1
                               1
     A.5.3      Relevance
     The method for evaluating production levels/volumes (known as "potential for airborne
release") was examined, but was felt not to be applicable to further development of the
section 112(m) screening methodology because of the amount of resources that would have
been needed.  The methods for evaluating bioconcentration also were examined.

A.6  RCRA HAZARDOUS WASTE SCHEDUUNG METHODOLOGY 7

     A.6.1       Introduction

     This methodology was used to schedule waste streams listed in 40 CFR 261 into three
tiers (which corresponded to statutorily specified time-frames) for land disposal prohibition
determinations. A numerical scheme was developed to rank the hazardous waste
constituents listed in Appendix VII of 40 CFR 261  based on their inherent toxic potential.

     A.6.2      Criteria Description

     In this methodology, the tc  -;ity  of the single most toxic constituent was assigned the
toxicity ranking of that waste str   n. Acute toxicity was assessed on the bas,s of LD50s or
LC50s (or LD10s or LC10s if the former were not available), which are the lethal doses or
concentrations for fifty (or ten) percent of the test population. Chronic toxicity (both
carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic) was summarized as the equivalent dose estimate (EDE),
which is defined  as that dose at which the estimated risk associated with a compound  is
comparaole among all compounds being evaluated. The  EDEs were derived from the
acceptable dally  intakes (ADIs), no observed effect levels (NOELs), or lowest observed effect
levels (LOELs) for noncarcinogens, and from unit carcinogenic risk (UCR) values for
carcinogens. If a UCR value was not available for a substance designated as either a human
or an animal carcinogen, the UCR was calculated using either a multistage or a one-hit model
(dose-response models).

     The toxic potential of each waste stream was combined with a volume score to
generate the final ranking, which could range from 1 to 100.  Because toxicity scores were
statutorily required for 363 waste constituents, this methodology used a systematic means of

                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                         A- 13

assigning the scores for all the compounds regardless of the extent of data available for each
compound (e.g., by the use of data for structural analogues or the use of less appropriate
data combined with uncertainty factors).  The EDEs derived for the 363 constituents varied
over 10 orders of magnitude.

     A.6.3      Relevance

     This system's method of ranking toxicity was reviewed for its relevance to establishing a
toxicity ranking methodology for the Great Waters focus chemicals.  The system's method of
combining toxicity scores with volume scores was also examined.

A.7  OPTS REVIEW OF 224 CHEMICALS 8

     A.7.1      Introduction

     The Health and Environmental Review Division (Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances, EPA) provided a list of the ecotoxicity of 224 chemicals identified by the Office of
Air and Radiation.  The review considers the following criteria:  acute aquatic toxicity,
persistence, bioconcentration, and chronic aquatic toxicity.

     A.7.2      Criteria Description

     In this analysis, acute aquatic toxicity concerns are ranked as:  high (acute toxicity
value less than 0.1 mg/L);  moderate (acute toxicity value between 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L); low
(acute toxicity value above 1.0 mg/L); none expected; or unknown.  Persistence is classified
as:  persistent in the environment; may be persistent; expected to readily degrade in the
environment; or unknown. Bioconcentration potential is labeled as: will bioconcentrate in
organisms; may bioconcentrate; is not expected to bioconcentrate; or unknown.  Finally,
overall concern is ranked as high, moderate, or low.  Also provided in the list are acute
toxicity values, as geometric means of acute LC50 values for all aquatic species.  If one group
of species was more sensitive than any other group, then the acute toxicity  value was
reported for that group.  In addition, persistent chemicals were designated as either  "chronic"
or "inert" according to whether they had a high or low probability of causing chronic toxicity.

     A.7.3      Relevance

     This screening system was examined for relevance to establishing criteria by which to
evaluate persistence, bioconcentration, and chronic aquatic toxicity for the Great Waters
focus chemicals.  Given the limited documentation available and the apparent extensive use
of professional judgment in classifying the chemicals, the methods used were felt not to be
directly applicable.

A.8  ERL INERTS RANKING PROGRAM 9

     A.8.1      Introduction

     This quantitative scheme—used to rank pesticide inert ingredients based on the AQUIRE
data base and structure activity relationships—was developed by EPA's Environmental
Research Laboratory (ERL) in Duluth for the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP).  It was used
                                 Draft—August 15, 1991
-------
                                        A- 14

to determine the potential for high or low ecological concern of specified inert chemicals to   .
aquatic organisms.

     A.8.2      Criteria Description

     The Inerts Ranking Program uses a ranking scheme based on a summation of scores
assigned to each of five categories:  acute aquatic  toxicity; chronic aquatic toxicity;
bioconcentration; environmental persistence; and environmental partitioning. Each of the five
categories has a possible score of 0, 1, 2; or 3.  A score of 0 indicates that no data are
available, and a score of 3 indicates high toxicity, bioconcentration, persistence, or
partitioning.  For each chemical, the overall rank is  derived by adding the scores for each
category, dividing by the number of categories for which there was data, and multiplying by
10 to achieve a value in the 0 to 30 range.  A score of 0 indicates that no data are available
and a score of 30 indicates a high level of ecological  concern.

     The scoring is based on chemical-specific data  from the Aquatic Toxicity Information
Retrieval  (AQUIRE) data base and the Quantitative Structure Activity Research (QSAR) data
base.  The acute aquatic toxicity scoring is  based on  three categories of EC50 or LC50 data
(< 1 mg/L; 1-100 mg/L; or > 100 mg/L) while the chronic aquatic toxicity scoring is based on
three categories of Effect/No effect or MATC data (MATC < 0.1 mg/L;  0.1-10 mg/L; or > 10
mg/L).  Bioconcentration scores are determined based on three categories of the BCF (BCF
> 999; BCF = 93-999;  and BCF < 93), and environmental persistence is scored based on
the half-life of the substance (3 categories based on:  1/2 life > 15 days; 1/2 life  4-15 days;
and 1/2 life < 4 days).  Environmental partitioning is based on three categories of the
percentage of the substance that is estimated to be distributed in water, sediments, and biota
at equilibrium, on the basis of fugacity concepts (more than 75% of the substance in water,
sediments, and biota; 25-75% of the  substance in water, sediments, and biota; and less than
25% of the substance, in. water, sediments, and biota).

     A.8.3      Relevance

     This system's ranking scheme was determined  to be the most relevant to all the criteria
(except for human toxicity) for the Great Waters focus chemicals selection methodology. The
system also provided one option for combining across multiple criteria.

APPENDIX A REFERENCES

1.   Federal Register 13456, April 4, 1985, "Notification  Requirements; Reportable Quantity
     Adjustments; Final Rule and Proposed Rule".

2.   Technical Background Document to Support Rulemaking Pursuant to CERCLA Section
     102, Volome 1, March 1985.

3.   Federal Register 51532, December 14, 1990,  "Hazard Ranking System; Final Rule".

4.   Draft Revised Hazard Assessment Guidelines for Listing Chemicals on the  Toxics
     Release Inventory (TRI), Office of Toxic Substances, October 25, 1990.

5.   Final List of Potential Bioaccumulators Screened from the TSCA Inventory,  Memorandum
     from Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, February 19,  1991.

                                 Draft-August 15, 1991     .
-------
                                        A- 15

6.    The Modified Hazardous Air Pollutant Prioritization System (MHAPPS), Final Report
     submitted to the Office of Air Quality, Planning, and Standards, May 1987.

7    RCRA (Section 3004) Scheduling of Hazardous Wastes Methodology, Environ
     Corporation, March  1985.

8.    OAR Request for Ecotox Data/Review of 224 Chemicals, Memorandum from Office of
     Pesticides and Toxic Substances to Office of Air and Radiation, September 13, 1988.

9.    Ranking of Pesticide Inert Ingredients Using the AQUIRE Data Base and Structure Activity
     Relationships, Report from EPA's Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth.
                                Draft—August 15. 1991
-------
-------
         APPENDIX B OF THE FOCUS REPORT



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      APPENDIX C OF  THE FOCUS REPORT



Data Used  for Scoring Individual Criteria
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      APPENDIX D OF THE FOCUS REPORT



Scores/Ranks Under Alternative Algorithms
              Draft—August 15. 1991
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-------
              ATTACHMENT B

     BASIS FOR AND ASSUMPTIONS USED
TO DERIVE ADDITIONAL. EMISSIONS ESTIMATES
  FOR THE RANKING OF SOURCE CATEGORIES
-------
-------
Hazardous Waste Incineration

Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Chlorine
Total
Ib/hr
69
0.53
0.95
1.3
0. 19
21
69
79
240.97
kg/yra
185909.589
1428. 00119
2559. 62473
3502. 64444
511. 924957
59581.1795
185909.589
212853.008
649255.563
aBased  on  assumed operating schedule;
 year.
18 hours/day at 330 days a
Boat Manufacturing

   •  Available data  were for total HAP.   Assumed all  HAP was
styrene.

     Total styrene emissions:" 25,082 kg/yr
Secondary Lead Smelting

     Available data2 stated 37,466.7  kg/yr from one company.
Assumed national emissions equal to twic£ reported emissions from
one company.
     Total lead emissions:  74,933.5 kg/yr lead
-------
References

1.   Memorandum from Brown, H., Radian Corporation, to
     Dave Svendsgaard, EPA/CPB.  Documentation of Major Sources.
     March 31, 1992.

2.   Memorandum from Brown, H., Radian Corporation, to Source
     Category Schedule docket (A-91-14).   Documentation of
     National Emission Rate Estimates Used in Manual Calculations
     of Risk Scores for Several Categories of Sources on the
     Initial Source Category List.  January 30, 19'92.
-------
                                    TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
  REPORT NO.
  EPA-453/R-93-053
                                                            3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
  Scneuule  for Standards:  Methodology and Results for
  Ranking Source Categories  Based on Environmental
  Effects Data
5. REPORT DATE
  Septemoer  1993
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
                                                            8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT SO
  PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND AOORESS
  Office of Air  Quality Planning  and Standards
  U.  S. Environmental  Protection  Agency
  Research Triangle Park, Nortti Carolina  27711
                                                             10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO
   bci-Dl-0117
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND AOORESS
  Director, uffice  of Air Quality Planning and  Standards
  U.  S. Environmental Protection  Agency
  Research Triangle Park, Nortti  Carolina  27711
                                                             13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

   EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
 6. ABSTRACT
  In  developing the  source category schedule for  emission standards,  the EPA developed
  the source category ranking system (SCRS) to help  prioritize source categories.   In
  response to puulic  comments that  the SCRS did not  specifically  consider environmental
  effects as required under section 112 of the Clean Air Act, the EPA conducted  d
  ranking of source  categories oased on readily available environmental  effects  u^ta.
  This  document explains tne methodology for this  ranking.
                                 KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                               b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C. COSATI Field/Croup
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
                                                19. SECURITY CLASS (Tt\isReport!
                                                20. SECURITY CLASS (TliiS pagtt
                                                                           22. PRICE
 EPA Form 2220-1 («•«. 4-77)   PNKVIOU* COITION is OSSOLKTC
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