; 'V-
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office ofAir
and Radiation
Washington DC 20460
EPA454/R97001
February 1997
The Ambient Air
Precision and Accuracy
Program
1995 Annual Report
David Musick
Monitoring and Quality Assurance Group
Emissions, Monitoring, and Analysis Division
Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards
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v>EPA
: 'I *'"
'«'««"••>'•
The Ambient Air
Precision and Accuracy
Program
1995 Annual Report
David Musick
Monitoring and Quality Assurance Group
Emissions, Monitoring, and Analysis Division
Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Many important EPA decisions are based on the nationwide ambient
air monitoring data obtained by the State and Local agencies. This
data is collected by approximately 5,000 ambient air samplers which
make up the State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS)
network. Data collected are used by the EPA to aid in planning the
Nation's air pollution control strategy and to measure achievement
toward meeting the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS).
Unfortunately, not all data are accompanied by estimates of its
quality. To assure the most knowledgeable and effective use of the
data, the quality of the national monitoring data should be
determined and made known to all data users. The Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR), Part 58, directed that precision and accuracy
checks be incorporated by the State and Local agencies to verify
the quality of the collected data.
Precision is used in the sense of "repeatability of measurement
values under specified conditions." Accuracy is used in the sense
of a measure of "closeness to the truth." The CFR requires that
measures of data quality be reported on the basis of 'reporting
organization.' A reporting organization is defined as a State or
subordinate organization within a State which is responsible for a
set of stations which monitor the same pollutant and for which
precision and accuracy assessments can be. States must define one
or more reporting organizations for each pollutant such that each
monitoring station in the State SLAMS network is included in one,
and only one, reporting organization. The quality assurance
guidelines for precision is +/- 15 % and the guideline for accuracy
is +/- 20 % (see the Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution-
Measurement Systems, Volume II, section 2.0.11).
A review of the yearly 1995 data for the six criteria pollutants:
Ozone (03) Sulfur Dioxide (S02)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Particles (PM10) Lead (Pb)
was performed on the precision and accuracy data for reporting
organizations as reported to the EPA's Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS) database. This review yielded a national
average with upper and lower probability limits for each pollutant
which holds 95% of the stations data (see Chapter 40 Code of
Federal Regulations Part 58, Appendix A, Section 5 for exact
specifications and formulas).
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A national review revealed that the overall quality of the nation's
ambient air is within acceptable guidelines. The national average
of the precision probability limits is -7.0 and +7.5 and the
national average of the accuracy probability limits for level I was
-6.9 and +6.0 and level II was -5.6 and +4.4 respectfully. These
numbers were taken by averaging all reporting organizations yearly
limits for the pollutants.
The national review can be further' aggregated into specific
pollutants. The precision results for the 150 reporting
organizations sampling for ozone average -6.0 and +5.9, The
precision results for the 134 reporting organizations sampling for
sulfur dioxide average -7.3 and +6.7. The precision results for
the 91 reporting organizations sampling for nitrogen dioxide
average -8.7 and +8.8. The precision results for the 105 reporting
organizations sampling for carbon monoxide average -4.5 and +6.2.
The precision results for the 171 reporting organizations sampling
for particulates average -8.4 and +9.8.
A Regional review on the 1995 yearly precision and accuracy data
was also performed. The national percentage of Reporting
Organizations submitting data within acceptable guidelines for
ozone is 99.33 %. The national precision percentage for carbon
monoxide is 97.14%. The national precision percentage of Reporting
Organizations submitting acceptable precision data for nitrogen
dioxide is 90.11%. The national precision percentage for sulfur
dioxide is 91.79%. The national precision percentage for
particulates with a diameter of ten microns or less is 78.95%.
The national percentage of Reporting Organizations submitting data
within acceptable guidelines for ozone is 95.95 %. The national
accuracy percentage for carbon monoxide is 98.27%. The national
accuracy percentage for nitrogen dioxide is 89.13%. The national
accuracy percentage for sulfur dioxide is 88.57%. The national
accuracy percentage for particulates with a diameter of ten microns
or less is 99.25%.
This document fulfills the requirement within the 40 CFR Part 58
Appendix A for an annual report concerning the precision and
accuracy data submitted to the EPA from the State and Local
Agencies.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to express thanks to the members of the technical
review team for their expertise and devoted time in the lengthy
review process.
These members include the internal OAQPS review team:
Joe Elkins
David Musick
Michael Papp
Randy Waite
Rhonda Thompson
Lee Ann Byrd
David Lutz
Ed Hanks
George Manire
Neil Berg
Neil Frank
Nash Gerald
The external review team includes:
Chris St Germain
Marcus Kantz
Herb Harden
Gordon Jones
Kuenja Chung
Manny Aquitania
William Puckett
Alice Westerinen
LeRoy Gruber
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Region 5
Region 6
Region 9
Region 10
California Air Resource
Board
Dept. Of Environmental
Services, Cincinnati, Ohio
The author, also wishes to express thanks to Brenda Millar
Jessie Williams for their administrative support.
and
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INTRODUCTION
Many important EPA decisions are based on the ambient air quality
monitoring data obtained by the State and Local agencies. This data
is collected by the approximately 5,000 ambient air samplers which
make up the State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS)
network. Data collected and reported to the Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS) are used by the EPA to aid in planning the
Nation's air pollution control strategy and to measure achievement
toward meeting national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS).
Further, the data .in AIRS are made available to numerous
requestors, who may use the data for various research projects,
special studies, or other purposes.
Prior to the May 10, 1979 promulgation of the Regulations set forth
in chapter 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR) Part 58
(Federal Register notice: 44 FR 27558-27604), the quality assurance
and quality control practices of State and Local agencies were
strictly voluntary; although many forms of guidance and assistance
had been provided by the EPA Regional offices and the National
Exposure Research Laboratory (formally the Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Consequently, there was a wide diversity among the State and Local
agencies in the scope and effectiveness of their QA program.
Unfortunately, not all data are accompanied by estimates of its
quality. To assure the most knowledgeable and effective use of the
data, the quality of the national monitoring data should be
determined and made known to all data users. The Code of Federal
Regulations, Part 58, directed that precision and accuracy checks
be incorporated by the State and Local agencies to control and
evaluate the quality of the collected data.
BACKGROUND
Precision is used in 40 CFR Part 58, Appendices A and B, in the
sense of "repeatability of measurement values under specified
conditions." Since specified conditions may vary considerably,
there are many levels of repeatability or precision. For example,
with an automated continuous air pollution sensor, the random
fluctuations in response over a short time (e.g., within a minute)
when an instrument is measuring a gas of constant pollutant
concentration is a very 'local' measurement of precision. Another
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measure of repeatability would be the variation of one point
precision checks made at biweekly intervals on the same instrument
(Instrument Precision).
Accuracy is used in 40 CFR Part 58, Appendices A and B, in the
sense of a measure of "closeness to the truth." Deviations from
the truth result from both random errors and systematic errors.
Precision is associated with the random errors. The average
inaccuracy, or bias, of a measurement process over some time or set
of conditions is associated with the systematic error. For
example, the systematic error of a given instrument is associated
with average accuracy for that instrument over some specified
period of time.
Although the ultimate truth cannot be known, the values of the
standards determined by National Institute of Science and
Technology (NIST) or other nationally recognized measurement
standards body are accepted as 'truth'. In assessing the accuracy
of measurements of an air pollution monitoring agency, measurements
are made through the implementation of independent audits in which
the measurement systems are challenged with standards (materials or
devices) having traceability as directly as possible to NIST
standards.
Section 3 of Appendix A in 40 CFR Part 58, requires that measures
of data quality be reported on the basis of * reporting
organization.' A reporting organization is defined as a State or
subordinate organization within a State which is responsible for a
set of stations which monitor the same pollutant and for which
precision and accuracy assessments can be. States must define one
or more reporting organizations for each pollutant such that each
monitoring station in the State SLAMS network is included in one,
and only one, reporting organization. Agency precision and
accuracy is the average values of all the instruments within a
reporting organization during the calendar quarter or calendar
year. Each reporting organization shall be defined such that
precision or accuracy among all stations in the organization can be
expected to be reasonably homogeneous, as a result of common
factors. Common factors that should be considered by States in
defining reporting organizations include: (1) operation by a
common team of field operators, (2) common calibration facilities,
and (3) support by a common laboratory or headquarters.
The precision and accuracy checks conducted by reporting
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organizations are one component of a quality assurance program. At
the local level, the precision and accuracy data enable reporting
organizations to identify aspects of their quality assurance
programs that may need strengthening. They also enable the EPA to
determine ways in which the quality of ambient data can be
improved, such as additional research on measurement procedures,
increased quality control for certain types of measurements, or
technical assistance to areas of the country needing improved
quality control.
(
There are other potential uses of the precision and accuracy data.
First, when determining whether a site meets a National Ambient Air
Quality Standard (NAAQS), it may be useful for decision makers to
know to what extent a concentration reported as either above or
below the standard is the result of measurement error. Second,
when setting NAAQS, policy makers must estimate the protection
afforded by existing and revised ambient standards on either a
national or regional basis. This judgment may be influenced by
measurement uncertainties.
Finally, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) identified
nonattainment areas for pollutants. These nonattainment areas were
classified by levels of pollutant concentration in the atmosphere
(marginal, moderate, serious, severe, and extreme). For an area or
site to change its classification, it must show reductions in
pollutant concentration levels. The monitoring data must be of
acceptable quality to support the reclassification of nonattainment
areas or for attainment areas to become classified as
nonattainment.
CURRENT REGULATIONS
Precision of Automated Methods
A one-point precision check must be carried out at least
once every 2 weeks on each automated analyzer used to measure
SO2, N02, 03, and CO. The precision check is made by challenging
the analyzer with a precision check gas of known concentration
between 0.08 and 0.10 parts per million (ppm) for S02, N02, 03
analyzers and between 8 and 10 ppm for CO analyzers. To check
the precision of SLAMS analyzers operating on ranges higher than
1.0 ppm for S02, N02, 03 or 0 to 100 ppm for CO, precision check
gases of appropriately higher concentration can be used once
approved by the appropriate Regional Administrator or designee.
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However, the results of precision checks at concentration levels
other than those stated need not be reported to EPA.
Except for certain CO analyzers (40 CFR Part 58) , analyzers must
operate in their normal sampling mode during the precision check,
and the test atmosphere must pass through all filters, scrubbers,
conditioners, and other components used during normal ambient
sampling and as much of the ambient air inlet system as is
practicable. If a precision check is-made in conjunction with a
zero or span adjustment, it must be made prior to such zero or span
adjustments. Randomization of the precision check with respect to
time of day, day of week, and routine service and adjustments is
encouraged where possible. Report the actual concentrations of the
precision check gas and the corresponding concentrations indicated
by the analyzer. The percent differences between these
concentrations are used to assess the precision of the monitoring
data (Reference 3).
Accuracy of automated methods
Each calendar quarter (during which analyzers are operated), audit
at least 25 percent of the SLAMS analyzers that monitor for S02,
N02, 03, or CO such that each analyzer is audited at least once per
year. If there are fewer than four analyzers for a pollutant
within a reporting organization, randomly reaudit one or more
analyzers so that at least one analyzer for that pollutant is
audited each calendar quarter. Where possible, if there are fewer
than 4 analyzers, EPA strongly encourages more frequent auditing,
up to an audit frequency of once per quarter for each SLAMS
analyzer.
The audit is made by challenging the analyzer with at least one
audit gas of known concentration from each of the following ranges
that fall within the measurement range of the analyzer being
audited:
Concentration range, ppm
Audit Level S02. 03 N02 CO
I 0.03-0.08
II 0.15-0.20
III 0.35-0.45
IV 0.80-0.90
8 0.03-0.08
0 0.15-0.20
5 0.35-0.45
n
3
15
35
an
- 8
- 20
- 45
*
an
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N02 audit gas for chemiluminescence-type N£> analyzers must also
contain at least 0.08 ppm NO.
Precision of manual methods
For each network of manual methods, select one or more monitoring
sites within the reporting organization for duplicate, collocated
sampling as follows: for 1 to 5 sites, select 1 site; for 6 to 20
sites, select 2 sites, and for over 20 sites, select 3 sites. This
selection should be reviewed periodically to ensure all new NAAQS
updates are included (i.e., proposed PM2.5 regulations). , Where
possible, additional collocated sampling is encouraged. For
particulate matter, a network for measuring PM10 shall be separate
from a TSP network. Sites having annual mean particulate matter
concentrations among the highest 25 percent of the annual mean
concentrations for all the sites in the network must be selected
or, if such sites are impractical, alternate sites approved by the
Regional Administrator may be selected.
In determining the number of collocated sites required, monitoring
networks for Pb should be treated independently from networks for
particulate -matter, even though the separate networks may share one
or more common samplers. However, a single pair of samplers
collocated at a common-sampler monitoring site that meets the
requirements for both a collocated lead site and a collocated
particulate matter site may serve as a collocated site for both
networks. The two collocated samplers must be within 4 meters of
each other, and particulate matter samplers must be at least 2
meters apart to preclude airflow interference. Calibration,
sampling and analysis must be the same for both collocated samplers
and the same as for all other samplers in the network. For each
pair-of collocated samplers, designate one sampler as the primary
sampler whose samples will be used to report air quality for the
site, and designate the other as the duplicate sampler. Each
duplicate sampler must be operated concurrently with its associated
routine sampler at least once per week. The operation schedule
should be selected so that the sampling days are distributed evenly
over the year and over the 7 days of the week. The every-6-day
schedule used by many monitoring agencies is recommended. Report
the measurements from both samplers at each collocated sampling
site, including measurements falling below the specified limits.
The percent differences in measured concentration (/xg/m3) between
the two collocated samplers are used to calculate precision.
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Accuracy of manual methods
The accuracy of manual sampling methods is assessed by auditing a
portion of the measurement process. For particulate matter methods,
the flow rate during sample collection is audited. For S02 and NO2
methods, the analytical measurement is audited. For Pb methods, the
flow rate and analytical measurement are audited.
Particulate matter methods. Each calendar quarter, audit the flow
rate of at least 25 percent of the samplers such that each sampler
is audited at least once per year. If there are fewer than four
samplers within a reporting organization, randomly reaudit one or
more samplers so that one sampler is audited each calendar quarter.
Audit each sampler at its normal operating flow rate, using a flow
rate transfer standard. The flow rate standard used for auditing
must not be the same flow rate standard used to calibrate the
sampler. However, both the calibration standard and the audit
standard may be referenced to the same primary flow rate standard.
The flow audit should be scheduled so as to avoid interference with
a scheduled sampling period.
Report the audit flow rates and the corresponding flow rates
indicated by the sampler's normally used flow indicator. The
percent differences between these flow rates are used to calculate
accuracy. Great care must be used in auditing high-volume
particulate matter samplers having flow regulators because the
introduction of resistance plates in the audit flow standard device
can cause abnormal flow patterns at the point of flow sensing. For
this reason, the flow audit standard should be used with a normal
filter in place and without resistance plates in auditing
flow-regulated high-volume samplers, or other steps should be taken
to assure that flow patterns are not perturbed at the point of flow
sensing.
S02 Manual Methods. Prepare the audit solutions from a working
sulfite-tetrachloromercurate (TCM) solution as described in section
10.2 of the S02 Reference Method (appendix A of part 50 of this
chapter). These audit samples must be prepared independently from
the standardized sulfite solutions used in the routine calibration
procedure. Sulfite-TCM audit samples must be stored between 0 and
5 degrees Celsius and expire 30 days after preparation. Prepare
audit samples in each of the concentration ranges of 0.2-0.3,
0.5-0.6, and 0.8-0.9 fj.g S02/ml. Analyze an audit sample in each of
the three ranges at least once each day that samples are analyzed
10
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and at least twice per calendar quarter. Report the audit
concentrations (in ^ig S02/ml) and the corresponding indicated
concentrations (in /xg S02/ml) . The percent differences between
these concentrations are used to calculate accuracy.
N02 Manual Methods. Prepare audit solutions from a working sodium
nitrite solution as described in the appropriate equivalent method.
These audit samples must be prepared independently from the
standardized nitrite solutions used in- the routine calibration
procedure. Sodium nitrite audit samples expire in 3 months after
preparation. Prepare audit samples in each of the concentration
ranges of 0.2-0.3, 0.5-0.6, and 0.8-0.9 £tg NO2/ml. Analyze an audit
sample in each of the three ranges at least once each day that
samples are analyzed and at least twice per calendar quarter.
Report the audit concentrations (in /xg N02/ml) and the
corresponding indicated concentrations (in /zg N02/ml) . The percent
differences between these concentrations are used to calculate
accuracy.
Pb Manual Methods. For the Pb Reference Method (appendix G of 40
CFR part 50, the flow rates of the high-volume Pb samplers shall be
audited as part of the TSP network using the same procedures. For
agencies operating both TSP and Pb networks, 25 percent of the
total number of high-volume samplers are to be audited each
quarter. Each calendar quarter, audit the Pb Reference Method
analytical procedure using glass fiber filter strips containing a
known quantity of Pb.
These audit sample strips are prepared by depositing a Pb solution
on 1.9 cm by 20.3 cm ( 3/4 inch by 8 inch) unexposed glass fiber
filter strips and allowing them to dry thoroughly. The audit
samples must be prepared using batches of reagents different from
those used to calibrate the Pb analytical equipment being audited.
Prepare audit samples in the following concentration ranges:
Equivalent
Pb concentration ambient Pb
Range /zg/strip concentration
{1}
1 100- 300 0.5-1.5
2 600-1000 3.0-5.0
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{l} Equivalent ambient Pb concentration in /ig/m3 is based on
sampling at 1.7 m3/min for 24 hours on a 20.3 cmX25.4 cm (8 inchXIO
inch) glass fiber filter.
Audit samples must be extracted using the same extraction procedure
used for exposed filters. Analyze three audit samples in each of
the two ranges each quarter samples are analyzed. The audit sample
analyses shall be distributed as much as possible over the entire
calendar quarter. Report the audit concentrations (in jxg Pb/strip)
and the corresponding measured concentrations (in ^tg Pb/strip)
using unit code 77. The percent differences between the
concentrations are used to calculate analytical accuracy.
The accuracy of an equivalent Pb method is assessed in the same
manner as for the reference method. The flow auditing device and Pb
analysis audit samples must be compatible with the specific
requirements of the equivalent method.
QUALITY ASSURANCE GUIDELINE
The stated guideline for determining compliance to precision and
accuracy guidelines is found is the Quality Assurance Handbook,
Volume 2, Section 2.0.11 which states, "As a goal, the 95%
probability limits for precision (all pollutants) and TSP accuracy
should be less than +/- 15%. At 95% probability limits, the
accuracy for all other pollutants should be less than +/- 20%."
The collected data can be taken from the EPA Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS), Air Quality Subsystem, precision/accuracy
reporting organization summary report.
DATA RESULTS
National Review
Each Reporting Organization submitted data for 1995 into the EPA's
Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) database. AIRS
calculated yearly average precision and accuracy acceptance limits
for each Reporting Organization (Section 5, reference 3) . The
calculation was based upon data submitted from January 1, 1995 to
December 31, 1995. The percentages are based upon the yearly
precision and accuracy (P&A) results. A reporting organization is
said to be outside of the acceptable quality assurance limits if
"12
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either of the upper probability limit or lower probability limit is
outside of the acceptable quality assurance limit. All reporting
organization acceptance limits were then averaged for a national
results profile. The national results were aggregated into
separate categories for automatic and manual methods of sampling.
The national results indicate the precision and accuracy data
average well within the quality assurance guidelines. All of the
criteria pollutant's precision acceptance limits average nationally
at -7.0 and +7.5 respectfully. The criteria pollutant's accuracy
acceptance limits average nationally for level I at -6.9 and +6.0
and level II at -5.6 and +4.4 respectfully. (Note: The precision
and accuracy data for lead was excluded from these calculations.
The standard for lead is 1.5 ug/m3 but the national average
concentration (the arithmetic mean of the maximum quarterly
concentration as reported in the EPA National Trends Report) is
0.04 ug/m3. This represents only 2.6 percent of the standard.
These calculations and the lead program are being evaluated for
revision to show a true representation of the lead samplers.
Automated Methods
Table 1.0 shows the national precision summary for automated
methods. All of the automated methods averaged together nationally
yield a precision average of -6.6 for the lower probability limit
and +6.9 for the upper probability limit. Each of the four
pollutants were also reviewed separately. There were 150 Reporting
Organizations sampling for ozone (03) and the national precision
average for ozone is -6.0 and +5.9. There were 134 Reporting
Organizations sampling for sulfur dioxide (S02) and the national
precision average for sulfur dioxide is -7.3 and +6.7. There were
91 Reporting Organizations sampling for nitrogen dioxide (N02) and
the national precision average for nitrogen dioxide is -8.7 and
+8.8. There were 105 Reporting Organizations sampling for carbon
monoxide (CO) and the national precision average for carbon dioxide
is -4.5 and +6.2.
The national accuracy averages are within the acceptable quality
assurance limits. The accuracy averages are separated by
concentration level. The national average for level I accuracy for
automated methods is -7.7 and +6.4. The national average for
level II accuracy for automated methods is -5.6 and +4.4. The
national average for level III accuracy for automated methods is
-5.6 and +4.2. Table 1.0 shows the national summary of accuracy
13
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for automated methods.
There were 73,986 precision audits for automated methods and 4,364
accuracy audits for automated methods in 1995 performed by a total
of 2,356 analyzers.
Manual Methods
Table 2.0 shows the national summary of precision for manual
.methods. The national precision average for particulates • with
diameters under 10 microns (PM10) is -8.4 for the lower probability
limit and +9.8 for the upper probability limit. The national
precision average for lead (Pb) reflect the current monitoring
procedures which are currently under revision. The standard for
lead is 1.5 ug/m3 but the national average concentration (the
arithmetic mean of the maximum quarterly concentration as reported
in the EPA National Trends Report) is 0.04 ug/m3. This represents
only 2.6 percent of the standard. The low numbers on the table
represent precision and accuracy calculations which are based upon
these very low concentrations which in turn lead to a high number
of reporting organizations submitting precision results outside of
the acceptable limits. These calculations are being revised to
show a true representation of the precision of lead samplers.
The national accuracy averages are within the acceptable quality
assurance guidelines. The accuracy averages are separated by
concentration level. The national average for level I accuracy for
manual methods is -5.5 and +5.0. The national average for level
II accuracy for manual methods is -6.2 and +4.5. The national
average for level III accuracy for manual methods is -9.8 and +6.6.
It is noted that there are two separate accuracy audits for lead:
One audit concerns the analytical chemical analysis and the other
concern a flow check.
Regional Review
Table 3.0 summarizes the regional precision results. For automated
methods, the precision percentages ranged from 90% to 99% of the
Reporting Organizations submitting data within acceptable quality
assurance limits. The percentages are based upon the yearly
precision results for the reporting organizations. A reporting
organization is said to be outside of the acceptable quality
assurance limits if either the upper limit or lower limit is
outside of the acceptable quality assurance guideline.
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The table shows the total number of Reporting Organizations
sampling for each specific pollutant as well as how many submitted
data within acceptable quality assurance guidelines. For example,
of the 150 reporting organizations sampling for ozone, 149
submitted yearly data within acceptable quality assurance limits
which is 99.33 %. The national percentage for carbon monoxide is
97.14%. The national percentage for nitrogen dioxide is 90.11%.
The national percentage for sulfur dioxide is 91.79%. The national
percentage for particulates with a diameter of ten microns or less
is 78.95%.
Table 4.0 summarizes the regional accuracy results. For automated
methods, the accuracy percentages ranged from 88% to 98% of the
reporting organizations submitting data within acceptable quality
assurance limits. The percentages are based upon the yearly
accuracy results for the reporting organizations.
The national percentage of reporting organizations submitting
acceptable data of ozone is 95.95 %. The national percentage for
carbon monoxide is 98.27%. The national percentage for nitrogen
dioxide is 89.13%. The national percentage for sulfur dioxide is
88.57%. The national percentage for particulates with a diameter
of ten microns or less is 99.25%. The national percentage for lead
is separated into two distinct accuracy audit categories. The
national percentage of reporting organizations submitting
acceptable data of lead from an analytical laboratory audit is
83.33%. The national percentage of reporting organizations
submitting acceptable data of lead from an annual flow audit is
100% respectfully. Table 5.0 offers an explanation of the
terminology used in the tables.
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REFERENCES
1. Guideline on the Meaning and Use of Precision and Accuracy
Data Required by 40 CFR 58, Appendices A and B. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (EPA-
600/4-83-023. 1983.
2. The Use of Precision and Accuracy Data in Air Quality
Management. A.D. Thrall, C.S. Burton, Systems Applications, Inc.
N.H. Frank, W.F.. Hunt, U.S. EPA Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina. 1984.
3. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 58, Ambient Air
Quality and Surveillance. 1993 (44 FR 27571).
4. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement
Systems, Vol II, Ambient Air Specific Methods, U.S.EPA , Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, April 1994. EPA-600/4-77-027a.
5. Issues Concerning The Use of Precision and Accuracy Data,
Special report, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA 450/4-84-
006. February 1984.
6. Precision and Accuracy Assessments for State and Local Air
Monitoring Networks 1981-1986. Supplement to EPA/600/4-88/007.
U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab, Research Triangle
Park NC 27711, EPA/600/4-88/037.
7. Precision and Accuracy Assessments for State and Local Air
Monitoring Networks, 1982, U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Lab, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, EPA/600/4-85/031.
8 . Precision and Accuracy Assessments for State and Local Air
Monitoring Networks, 1983, U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Lab, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, EPA/600/4-86/012.
9. Precision and Accuracy Assessment for State and Local Air
Monitoring Networks, 1984. U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Lab, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, EPA/600/4-86/031.
10. Precision and Accuracy Assessments for State and Local Air
Monitoring Networks, 1985, U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Lab, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, EPA/600/4-87/003.
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11. Precision and Accuracy Assessments for State and Local Air
Monitoring Networks, 1986, U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Lab, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, EPA/600/4-88/007.
12. Precision and Accuracy Assessments for State and Local Air
Monitoring Networks, 1987, U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Lab, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, EPA/600/4-89/015.
13. Precision and Accuracy Assessments for State and Local Air
Monitoring Networks, 1988, U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Lab, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, EPA/600/4-90/008.
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1/3
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Table 3.0 Percentage of Regional Reporting Organizations Submitting Data
Within the Acceptable Quality Assurance Precision Limits
-BiaiO!«ALFHE€ISIOI«RESmJ£0 |
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
87.5
149/150
99.33 %
100
100
100
95
100
100
88
100
93
100
102/105
97.14 %
100
100
100
82
92
80
83
100
90
100
82/91
90.11 %
100
75
100-
92
96
70
100
100
82
80
123/134
91.79 %
Automated Methods
85
0 ***
71
82
82
71
60
85
73
100
135/171
78.95 %
.
* Pb& .
NR
50
50
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0
0
0
0
NR
0
2/17
11.76 %
**Note 2
Manual Methods
* Note 1: The percentages are based upon the yearly P&A results. A reporting organization is said to be
outside of the acceptable quality assurance limits if either and/or both of the upper limit or lower limit is
outside of the acceptable quality assurance limit. The national average represents the number of reporting
organizations submitted data within acceptable limits divided by the toal number of reporting organizations
submitting data.
**Note 2: The percentages for Lead (Pb) are due to the current procedures for monitoring which are under
revision and will be corrected. The standard for Lead is 1.5 wg/m3 but the national average concentration
(the arithmetic mean of the maximum quarterly concentration as reported in the EPA National Trends
Report) is 0.04 wg/m3. This represents only 2.6 percent of the standard. The low numbers on the table
represent precision calculations which are based upon these very low concentrations which in turn lead to
a high number of reporting organizations submitting P&A results outside of the acceptable limits. This is
evident in the fact that only 17 reporting organizations had valid data to report and only two were within
acceptable guidelines. These calculations are being revised to show a true representation of the precision
of Lead samplers.
*** There were three reporting organizations and each submitted data outside the stated guidelines.
-------
Table 4.0 Percentage of Regional Reporting Organizations Submitting Data
Within the Acceptable Quality Assurance Accuracy Limits
$*$fe?
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100
100
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100
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100
100
100
100
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100
100
100
100
100
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100
100
75
80
60
100
100
100
100
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100
100
100
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69
86
100
100
80
100
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100
100
100
100
100
100
89
100
100
100
133/134
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k #&r :
NR
100
100
0
100
66
100
100
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** Note 2
.3*W:;
NR
100 .
100
100
100
100
100
100
NR
100
22/22
100 %
Manual Methods
Note 1 The percentages are based upon the yearly P&A results. A reporting organization is said to be outside of the
acceptable quality assurance limits is either and/or both of the upper limit or lower limit is outside of the acceptable
quality assurance limit. The national average represents the number of reporting organizations submitted data within
acceptable limits divided by the toal number of reporting organizations submitting data.
Note 2 The percentages for Lead (Pb) are due to the current procedures for monitoring which are under revision and
will be corrected. The standard for Lead is 1.5 wg/m3 but the national average concentration (the arithmetic mean of
the maximum quarterly concentration as reported in the EPA National Trends Report) is 0.04 wg/m3. This represents
only 2.6 percent of the standard. The low numbers on the table represent precision calculations which are based upon
these very low concentrations which in turn lead to a high number of reporting organizations submitting P&A results
outside of the acceptable limits. These calculations are being revised to show a true representation of the accuracy of
Lead samplers.
-------
Table 5.0 Explanations of the terms for Tables 1,2,3, and 4
* * ft S**** 'y*£?^ ""^ * "*" £ Vfe"& 5" '**" s
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This will be one of the six criteria pollutants - Ozone, Sulfur
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This is the total number of reporting organizations that
submitted data into the EPA's Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS) database for that particular
pollutant
This is the lower limit for precision checks which represent
the lower boundary of the 95% probability limits
This is the upper limit for precision checks which represent
the upper boundary of the 95% probability limits
This is the total number of precision checks performed on
that particular pollutant within that specific year
The total number of analyzers that monitored that particular
pollutant within that specific year
The total number of accuracy audits performed during that
specific year
This is the lower boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level one audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the upper boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level one audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the lower boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level two audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the upper boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level two audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the lower boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level three audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the upper boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level three audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the total number of collocated sites within the
pollutants network of monitors
This is the total number of valid collocated samples that was
submitted to the EPA's AIRS database
-------
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This will specify one of the ten EPA regions
The percentages are based upon the total number of
reporting organizations that submitted data into EPA's AIRS
database and the total number of reporting organizations
that submitted data within acceptable guidelines. For
example, 149 reporting organizations submitted data within
acceptable guidelines and 150 reporting organizations
submitted data. The percentage is then 149/150 or 99.33%
This is based upon the percent differences between two
collocated samplers
This is the annual flow check
This is based upon the percent differences between two
collocated samplers
This is a quarterly audit of the laboratory
This is an annual flow check
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