NOVEMBER 198G
COLD WEATHER PLUME STUDY
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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COLD WEATHER PLUME STUDY
by
William M. Vaughan
Environmental Measurements, Inc.
University City, Missouri 63124
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411
Project Officer' -
Francis Pooler, Jr.
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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The information in this document has been funded wholly
or in part by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency under EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411 to Environmental
Measurements, Inc. It has been subject to the Agency's
peer and administrative review, and it has been approved for
publication as an EPA document.
i>
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ABSTRACT
There is a large array of data describing power plant
pollutant transport and transformation from -summer field
studies. With few studies addressing these processes under
winter conditions the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
sponsored a joint field study in February 1981 known as the
Cold Weather Plume (CWP) Study. -The CWP study was based in
St. Louis, MO and focused on the plume from the Kincaid
power plant located southeast of Springfield, Illinois. The
objective of the study was to characterize SOX and NOX
chemistry in a power plant plume by heterogeneous and/or
homogeneous mechanisms in cold weather.
Three measurement aircraft were involved along with
meteorological, analytical chemistry and data base support
crews. Measurements on five different days examined gaseous
and aerosol plume parameters, transport and source conditions.
Stability conditions varied from a well mixed atmosphere
with rapid plume dispersion to a stable atmosphere where
elevated pollutant values were ovserved over 100 km downwind.
This report presents the descriptive analysis of these
measurements. Cross plume integrations of pollutant parameters
are provided along with estimates of plume age. A complete,
internally consistent data base has been established for
wider use of these measurements.
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of
Contract No. 68-02-3411 by Environmental Measurements, Inc.
under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. This report covers a period from October 1980
through September 1984 and work was completed as of 15
September 1984.
111
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CONTENTS
Abstract _ iii
Acknowledgment vi
1. Introduction 1
2. "Participants and Organizations 3
. 3. Operations 5
3.1 Field Sites -.5
3.1.1 Power Plant 5
3.1.2 Mission Control 5
3.2 Instrumentation and Measurements 8
3.2.1 Aircraft Measurements 8
3.2.2 Meteorological and Source
Measurements 14
3.3 Weather Forcasting 14
3.4 Aircraft Sampling Missions 19"
3.5 Data Processing, Quality Assurance
and Validation 20
4. Data Base 31
5. Descriptive Analysis 34
5.1 Meteorological Data 34
5.2 Determination of Plume Age 35
5.3 Aircraft Data 36
5.3.1 EMI's CHEM-1 Continuous Data. . . .36
5.3.2 EMI's CHEM-1 Filter Data 51
5.3.3 MRI Data 53
5.3.4 EPA-Lidar Data 53
5.4 Supplemental Data-Solar Radiation 61
6. Recommendations 64
References 65
Bibliography 67
Appendicies
A. Graphical Summary of Wind Profiles from
Rockwell and AeroVironment Sondes 69
B. Meteorological Summary Report for the Cold
Weather Plume Study .88
C. EMI Mission Highlights from the CHEM-1
Data Volume 131
v
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Cold Weather Plume Study required the cooperation
of two major organizations, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), along
with the efficient interaction of several companies in the
field.
Environmental Measurements, Inc. (EMI) expresses special
thanks to its subcontractors, AeroVironment, Inc. (especially
Michael Chan and Brad Mueller), SRI-International (especially
William .Viezee and Bruce Cantrell) and Washington University
Technology Associates (especially Noor Gillani and Vicky Bohm).
The professional cooperation with EPRI's contractors,
Meteorology Research, Inc., Battelle Columbus Laboratories
and Rockwell International, contributed to the overall success
of this brief field study. EMI acknowledges the valuable input
from EPA's lidar aircraft operations in tracking the aerosol
plume during EMI and MRI's measurements.
EMI appreciates the long hours, under extremes in weather
conditions, which all personnel contributed to this study.
We thank them for this effort.
VI
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Most of the field studies on chemical conversion rates
for primary air pollutant emissions from power plants have
taken place during summer conditions. This fact limits the
application of much of the plume chemistry information to
warmer times of the year, making their use inappropriate for
winter conditions. The subject of this report is one attempt
to improve the information on plume behavior under winter
conditions - the Cold Weather Plume (CWP) Study of February
1981.
The CWP study was undertaken as a joint effort of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Electric
Power Research Institute (EPRI) because of their individual
interests in winter plume phenomena. EPRI was primarily
interested in the near field NO transformation processes
for incorporation in reactive plume models while EPA was
interested in the far field SOX transformations having an
impact on long range transport issues.--The complementary
nature of these interests led to two interrelated sets of
measurements with a single general objective:
To characterize SO^ and NOX chemistry in a
power plant plume by heterogeneous and/or
homogeneous mechanisms in cold weather.
The measurements supported by each organization were planned
so as to supplement their immediate needs by providing
useful information for the other. Each organization assembled
a group of contractors to conduct their portion of the field
work.
The participating EPA organizations included Environmental
Measurements, Inc. (EMI), AeroVironment, Inc. .(AV) , SRI-
International (SRI), Washington University Technology
Associates (WUTA) and EPA laboratories in Research Triangle
Park and Las Vegas. The participating EPRI organizations
included Battelle Columbus Laboratories (BCL), Rockwell
International, and Meteorology Research, Inc. (MRI - currently
Sonoma Technology, Inc.).
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Subsequent sections of this report describe the organiza-e
tion of the project (Section 2) and the various operations
which were carried out (Section 3). Section 4 covers the data
base which has been established along with the access to that
data base. A brief descriptive analysis of the data is
presented in Section 5 to assist in future in-depth analysis.
Summary and recommendations are covered in Section 6.
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SECTION 2
PARTICIPANTS AND ORGANIZATION
The CWP study was carried out by a team which received
its funding from two sources, the U.S.Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and the Electric Po.wer Research Institute
(EPRI). The following table indicates which participants
received funding from each group.
TABLE 2-1. COLD WEATHER PLUME STUDY PARTICIPANTS
EPA . EPRI
Environmental Measurements, Inc Battelle Columbus Laboratories
AeroVironment, Inc. Meteorology Research, Inc.
SRI-International Rockwell International
Washington University
Technology Associates
Environmental Monitoring Support Laboratory:
-Research Triangle Park
-Las Vegas
The responsibilities of the team members were coordinated
by the Project Director, William M. Vaughan, PhD of EMI.
The various subtask responsibilities are outlined in Table
2.2. These responsibilities were detailed in a Work Plan
developed and circulated by EMI and BCL prior to the field
study and after a preliminary planning meeting held in St.
Louis in October 1980.
The coordination of these tasks was conducted primarily
by phone during the preparation phase of the work. During
the field study itself more intense coordination was required
and was satisfied by daily meetings at the project's Mission
Control Office.
This office was established on the grounds of Spirit of
St. Louis Airport near the hangar used by EMI and MRI.
Phone lines provided essential communication capability.
Conversations were documented in a communications log book
to help with the real time management of the project.
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SECTION 3
OPERATIONS
3.1 Field Sites
3.1.1 Power Plant
The power plant chosen for the study was Commonwealth
Edison's Kincaid plant located in central Illinois southeast
of Springfield, Illinois (See Figure 3-1). The plant was
chosen, in part, because it was the site of EPRI's Plume
Model Validation (PMV) study (EPRI 1981). During the CWP
study, only one of the two 660 megawatt generators was
operating. Its emissions were monitored before being sent up
a 187 meter stack whose exit diameter was 9 meters.
Adjacent to the plant, Rockwell operated a 10 meter and
a 100 meter meteorological tower and had a baseline for
double theodolite tracking of pibal and temperature sonde
releases. A surface meteorological station was also operated
during the courseof the study. The parameters reported are
given in Section 3.2.
3.1.2 Mission Control
A coordinating office was set up at Spirit of St. Louis
airport. There was sufficient space to hold weather briefings,
conducted by the study's meteorologist, William Viezee, and
to discuss each days mission plans. Data from previous
missions could be displayed and discussed in order to refine
future operations. Desks and phones allowed office work and
field coordination to be carried out from this central
facility.
Mission Control was located a short distance from the
main hangar for EMI and MRI; so pilots, technicians.and
field engineers could easily participate in meetings. An
outside electrical power drop was provided at Mission Control
to allow BCL's mobile GC laboratory to operate at the center
of activity (See Figure 3-2) and near the sampling aircraft.
Because Mission Control and the base of aircraft operations
were far to the southwest of the study area, no elaborate
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* Pulaski .f^^
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Mt. V«rnon
0 10 20
Km Scale
= AV Sounding
Sites
Figure 3-1. Map of the general CWP study area.
6
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Figure 3-2.
Mission Control for the Cold Weather Plume
Study, with Battelle's Mobile GC laboratory
(housed in the truck) operating next to it.
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radio communication system was established. Flight plans
were not modified much during a mission, as had been possible
in previous studies where Mission Control was more centralized
with respect to the measurements.
3.2 Instrumentation and Measurements
3.2.1 Aircraft Measurements
Each aircraft platform was outfitted for gaseous,
aerosol and meteorological measurements in addition to
recording of position and altitude. Table 3-1 gives the
instrument complement for EMI's Cessna 404. Tables 3-2 - 3-
4 give the complement for MRI's QueenAir. Each platform
recorded the continuous measurements on magnetic tape and
delivered the tapes to WUTA for rapid reading and plotting.
The details of each aircraft installation are provided
in separate reports for MRI's QueenAir (L.W. Richards et al.
1981) and EMI's Cessna 404 (W.M. Vaughan et al. 1982).
Additional information on EMI's platform is presented in the
CHEM-1 Data Volume for the Cold Weather Plume Study (B.
Vaughan et al. 1983).
In addition to the continuous measurements made on each
aircraft, the tables indicate the integrated samples which
were gathered for later analysis. MRI filled Teflon bags
for analysis by BCL for PAN and individual C1-C10 hydrocarbon
species. These analyses were carried out immediately after
each flight using their mobile laboratory adjacent to
Mission Control. Filter samples (Table 3-4) were analysed by
Rockwell and BCL for elemental and inorganic components.
EMI's integrated cyclone filter samples were gathered
under the guidance of Bruce Cantrell of SRI. He assisted in
the installation of the sampling hardware and trained EMI's
Paul Miller in the proper field procedures for preparing,
exposing and shipping the samples for analyses. These
aerosol samples (below 3.0 microns) were sent to EPA's EMSL
at Research Triangle Park for analysis by ion chromatography.
The special tungstic acid filters were sent to the University
of South Florida for analysis of gaseous and particulate
nitrogen species - ammonia, ammonium, nitric acid and nitrate.
All of EMI's measurements are presented in graphic and
tabular form in the CHEM-1 Data Volume for the CWP study (B.
Vaughan et al. 1983). In addition both EMI and MRI final
data tapes have been incorporated in the CWP data base at
the WU/EPA Special Studies Data Center at Washington University
under the direction of Dr. Gillani.
8
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TABLE 3-2.
QUEEN AIR INSTRUMENTATION
CFrom BCL report)
Parameter
so2
NO/NOx
HN03
g
3
Light
Scattering
Condensa-
tion
Nuclei
Aerosol
Charge
Acceptance
Broad Band
Radiation
Ultraviolet
Radiation
Turbulence
Temperature ~
Dew Point
Altitude
Indicated
Airspeed
Position
Data Logger
(includes
time)
'
Stripchart
Recorder
Printer
Sampler
Manufacturer
and Model
Meloy 285
Monitor Labs
8440
Monitor Labs
8410
MRI 1569
Environment
One Rich 100
Washington
University
Eppley
PSP
Eppley
MRI 1120
Analysis Technique
Flame Photometric
Chemi luminescence
Modified by BCL
Chemi 1 uminescence
Integrating
Nephelometer
Light Attenuation
in an Expansion
Chamber
Aerosol Charge
Acceptance
Pyranometer
Barrier-Layer
Photocell
Pressure
Fluctuations
YSI/MRI -"Bead Thermister/
Cambridge
Systems 137
Validyne
Validyne
King KX170B/
HTI OVOR
MRI Data
System
Linear
Instruments
Axiom
Vortex Housing
Cooled Mirror
Absolute Pressure
Transducer
Differential
Pressure
Transducer
Aircraft DME/VOR
9-Track Tape -
6 hour capacity
in continuous
operation
Dual Channel
>
Normal Measure-
ment Ranges
(Full Scale)
100, 500, 1000 ppb
200, 500, 1000 ppb
500 ppb
10"4 and 10'3 m"1
105 cm"3
Primarily responds
to .01 - .ly
particles
0 - 1026 w/m2
Cosine response
295 - 385 my
0-34.5 w/m2
Cosine response
0-10 cm2/3 s'1
-55° to +45^ C
-50° to +50° C
0 - 3000 m msl
23 - 68 m s"1
0 to 359° and
0 to 150 km from
the station
+9.99 VDC
*
0.01, 0.1, 1, 10
VDC
80 character lines
Time Response
(to 90%)
30 s
5 - 10 s
5 s
<1 s
3 s
vl S
1 S
1 s
3 s (to 60%)
5 s
0.5 s/° C
1 s
1 s
1 s
Records data
once per
second
<1 s ''
Prints out data
Approximate
Resolution
1 ppb
<5 ppb
5 ppb
10"6 m"1
103 cm"3
--
2 w/m2
0.1 w/m2
0.1 cm2/2 s'1
0.5° C
0.5° C
6 m
0.1 ms"1
1° (bearing),
0.2 km
(distance)
0.01 VDC
--
every 10
seconds and at
every event code
or data flag
change
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3.2.2 Meteorological and Source Measurements
Rockwell's operation at Kincaid involved measurements
of primary emissions using the continuous instrumentation
from the PMV project and measurements of meteorological
parameters. These measurements are summarized in Table 3-5.
In addition, for each day of aircraft measurements,
Rockwell launched hourly temperature sonde balloons and
tracked them from the double theodolite baseline adjacent to
the plant. These profiles started a couple of hours before
the first aircraft took off to confirm how well the transport
field agreed with the forecast so that the day's mission
plan could be refined. These releases continued throughout
each mission. The results were reduced quickly and phoned
to the Field Manager, Michael Chan, at Mission Control. At
times these profiles were radioed to the aircraft when
changing wind conditions moved the plume from its anticipated
.location. A graphical summary of these Rockwell profiles is
included in Appendix A.
AV's mobile minisonde platform operated 40-100 km from
Kincaid to characterize the downwind transport. Its soundings
measured dry bulb and wet bulb temperature, along with
pressure. The balloon tracking by single theodolite coupled
with pressure readings gave wind speed and direction. AV's
soundings were initiated within an hour of the first aircraft
leaving Spirit of St. Louis Airport and continued almost
hourly throughout each mission. These soundings were from
five different locations during the course of the CWP study
as shown in general in Figure 1 with details in Figure 3-3 a
to c. The wind profiles from these soundings are graphically
summarized in Appendix A. (The AV data are available from
EMI in a format suitable for contour plotting.)
3.2.3 Teleradiometer Measurements
Toward the end of the CWP study MRI coordinated the
activities of Systems Applications, Inc. (SAI) in making
teleradiometer measurements at Kincaid. These measurements
were actually part of EPA's VISTTA project which involved
MRI and SAI in visibility measurements in the southwest.
The CWP measurements were made to obtain winter readings in
the midwest and worked smoothly into the CWP study. The
data are indexed in C.D. Johnson et al. (1981)-and interpreted
along with VISTTA data in C. Seigneur et al. (1984).
3.3 Weather Forcasting
SRI provided the weather forcasting for the CWP study
through the efforts of William Viezee. Mr. Viezee established
14
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1 - Decatur, Illinois
2 - Rock Springs Center, Illinois
3 - Boody, Illinois
Figure 3-3a. Location of AV soundings during the
CWP study.
16
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'i , x
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Figure 3-3b. Location of AV soundings during the
CWP study.
17
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Figure 3-3c. Location of AV soundings during the
CWP study.
18
-------
a good rapport with the local National Weather Service (NWS)
personnel at their St. Peters, MO office. He had access in
real time to all the necessary facsimilie and modeling
outputs to develop his forecasts. He would spend several
hours each day at the NWS offices assimilating the latest
information. Then he would drive to Spirit of St. Louis
Airport to present his forcast to the afternoon briefing at
Mission Control. As needed, he would return to NWS for
further updates and refinements as the planned mission
commenced.
After the field study he prepared an overview and
description of the meteorological and transport conditions
experienced during the CWP study. This summary is attached
in Appendix B.
3.4 Aircraft Sampling Missions
The sampling period for the CWP study extended from 12
February through 20 February 1981. During that time EMI
flew 7 flights on 5 different days. MRI flew 6 flights on 4
different days.
EMI's flight plan usually called for multiple cross
plume traverses at different altitudes along with a spiral
at each downwind distance. EMI's surveys extended from just
under 20 km downwind to about 114 km downwind and covered
plume ages from about 0.5 hr to about 5_hrs old. (Note:
Plume ages used in this report for both"EMI and MRI were
determined by a Monte Carlo method described in Section 5).
These flights and the graphic display of all measurements
are described in the CWP CHEM-1 Data Volume (B. Vaughan et
al. 1983). Highlights of that Data Volume are presented in
Appendix C where the mission summaries, flight outline and
flight maps are reproduced to assist in interpreting the
descriptive analyses presented in Section 5.
MRI's flight plan usually called for the QueenAir to
locate the plume and then circle within it for about an hour
at one general downwind distance. In this way their measure-
ments could reflect average plume parameters while sacrificing
resolution on the vertical and horizontal extent of the
plume at different altitudes.
MRI did carry out a "high resolution plume sampling
mission" similar to EMI's flight plan described above. MRI
also conducted a predawn flight on 20 February to investigate
plume conditions under stable, non-photochemical conditions.
Overall MRI ranged from about 30 to 120 km downwind in the
course of its flights sampling plumes from 0.75 to 5 hrs old
(See Section 5).
19
-------
EPA's lidar aircraft from EMSL-LV conducted 6 flights
on 5 different days. The dual frequency lidar profiled the
aerosol layers in the study region with flights overlapping
both EMI and MRI. The data provide an excellent picture of
the vertical structure of the atmosphere during the study
and are reported in the EPA-Lidar Data Volume (McElroy et
al. 1982). Profiles observed ranged from single layers to
complex "Z" profiles.
3.5 Data Processing, Quality Assurance and Validation
Each platform and group was responsible for its own data
processing activity. These activities involved instrument
calibrations, along with pre-flight and in-flight checks
followed by careful examination and editing of the magnetic
data tapes. EMI's processing of its CHEM-1 data followed
the procedures used for the PEPE-NEROS field program and are
described in detail in the CWP CHEM-1 Data Volume (B. Vaughan
et al. 1983). .MRI's data were processed according to their
internal and PMV guidelines which are described to various
degrees in several sources (EPRI, 1981; L.W. Richards, et
al. 1981; and G.M. Sverdrup and C.W. Spicer 1983).
While the above procedures are fairly routine for EMI
and MRI, special procedures were also set up for the CWP
study to assure timely recognition of any instrument problems
and to assure satisfactory intercomparison of measurements
from the two monitoring platforms. This latter function
focused on issues~~of cross-calibration~of instruments by the
two companies (to obtain intercomparison of instruments and
techniques), parallel flyby of the aircraft (to document
intercomparison while flying through the same air mass, e.g.
Figure 3.4) and common QC filter samples (to compare results
from different analytical laboratories). These activities
have been presented in detail in the CWP CHEM-1 Data Volume
(B. Vaughan, et al. 1983) and in a paper by W.M. Vaughan, et
al. (1982) .
Timely recognition of instrument problems was possible
due to the services of Dr. Gillani of WUTA. He provided 24-
hour turn around on both MRI and EMI data tapes. He took
the raw tapes and converted them into strip chart format for
quick appraisal of instrument operation and mission success.
Several problems were corrected in timely fashion due to
this service. The cross platform comparisons proved helpful
in giving confidence to the overall data set.
In summary, the cross comparisons on the ground gave
good results. EMI instruments were within 8-12% of the EMI
calibrations when cross calibrated by the MRI crew. MRI's
instruments were within 1-7% of the MRI calibrations when
20
-------
Figure 3-4.
Parallel flyby on 20 February showing
MRI's Queen Air in position behind CHEM-1,
Aerosol intake manifold dominates the
near field.
21
-------
cross calibrated by EMI's technician.
The results of the parallel flybys are seen in Figure
3-5 a-g where seven parameters on 3 flybys are plotted on the
same scale. Except for some offset differences on S02 these
results are quite good.
Positional information was also carefully checked.
Using known landmarks, the field notes and final positions
agree quite well for EMI. MRI reports their positional
resolution to be 1° and ±0.2 km with their on board DME/VOR
instrumentation (See Table 3-2).
Additional QA support by EPA's Quality Assurance Division
was planned for the source sampling equipment operated by
Rockwell at Kincaid. However, a severe storm passed-through
the area just before the project began causing the electrical
power cable to the stack elevator to be severed. With no
safe and straightforward access to the stacks, no QA checks
were performed there.
22
-------
figure 3-5a. A comparison of S02 from EMI ( ) and
MRI (---) Flybys
12 February 1981
I
I
I
I«II30
16 February 1981
I ! I
I
20 February 1981
I I
MI90U
2
0
0
5
U..
0
11-1709
I M
23
-------
figure 3~5b , A comparison of NOX from EMI ( -) nn<1
MRI ( ) Klybys
12 February 1981
NOX (ppb)
I t
I
no
16 February 1981
I I
I I
I I
20 February 1981 ,'\
'
11-
24
-------
Figure 3-5c. A comparison of MO from EMI (- -) nnd
MRI ( ) Flybys
12 February 1981
NO (ppb)
I
I I I I
Ml HO
16 February 1981
1 I
I -Ml 29
20 February 1981
I I
25
-------
Figure 3-'Jd . A comparison of O, from F.Ml (-.-.) -irirl
MR! ( -)' Klybys
.11111
16 February 1981
I I
I-I i 909
I
o
0
I -14 12<»
I
20 February 1981
P 0
11-1703
I MM I'i
26
-------
I i<-)U)<; J-'Jo. A comparison of AI1C f i om EMJ ( - ) an,.l HIM ( ) i I
12 February 1981. AtlC (hii/f-
16 February 1981
H-H2?
t I I I I
20 February 1981
! I I I I I I '
HUM HI90B
2
0
27
-------
3-5 f. A comparison of I't-nt r'01" '''MI (
MIU ( --- ) K'l'yljys
' '"""'
12 February 1981
"fioat
I
1° I
Ml I 30
16 February 1981
n
. 0
I
I
I
M-II23
20 February 1981
I I !.""
IMfH-5
28
-------
Figure 3-5g. A comparison of charge from UMI ( ---I -UK!
MRI ( ) Flybys
l(. l-'obi uary 1981
A'
I
I
I
14 1129
20 February 1981
!i
. ()
U
n
lH8)f>
29
-------
Kigtire 3-5h. A comparison of t omprrnluro nurl ftl I i I ii'!'j( j
from EMI and MIU Flybys LK
r:
i ;
Tom) 'C rat tire (°C')
12 February 1981
AJ titiRio (m MS],)
T 16 February 1981
I I I I
20 I'f3bruary 198.1
ifL'.'.V.'iVi'.U'. II! "Stf'V.'Avj'.y i "'C.'iVi'.uius i.1 .v.'v/i'.iiti; ::.-.;,
IMT03
11 I, )?
30
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SECTION 4
DATA BASE
The CWP data have been incorporated into the WU/EPA
Special Studies Data Center at Washington University under
the direction of Dr. Noor Gillani. This data base consists
of magnetic forms of the final validated data as well as
hard copies of reports, articles and data volumes associated
with the CWP study.
The magnetic data were submitted in STATE-10 and are
now in STATE-20 format which has evolved since the mid 70's
for EPA's airborne sampling programs. The format is described
in Gillani, 1983.
X
The CWP data base is summarized in Table 4-1.
The CWP data base will be available from the following
sources:
Npor Gillani, ScD'
Dept.~ of Mecfianical Engineering
Washington University
Campus Box. 1187
St. Louis, MO 63130
314/889-6079
Chief, Data Management Branch
Meteorology and Assessment Division (MD-80)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919/541-4545
31
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SECTION 5
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
The measurements which were made during the CWP study
have undergone partial analysis to achieve a description of
conditions and concentration levels in the plume and surround-
ing air mass. These descriptive analyses will be presented
in this section with the thought that, a potential user of
the data can develop an interpretive analysis by applying
his or her own subjective judgements, assumptions and criteria
on the use of the data. It has been our intention that we
would make minimum assumptions and present the potential
user with a reasonable number of options in further interpret-
ing the data. For example, EMI has presented the cross
plume integrals for various parameters, including background,
for various portions of complex profiles so that end users
can select the portion to be used and the background to be
subtracted. In addition, while MRI and BCL did undertake
some interpretive analysis with .their data i.e. correcting
for background, establishing ratios, etc., we present their
composite data arid add information on plume age for further
interpretation.
5.1 Meteorological Data
The CWP meteorological data gathered by Rockwell and AV
and summaries by William Viezee of SRI are presented in
Appendices A and B. The graphic summary of transport winds
is presented in Appendix A where wind vectors versus altitude
are graphically presented with time to facilitate interpretation
of the changing transport conditions. Displays of Rockwell
and AV data are included. - .
The altitude versus time profiles for four different
parameters measured by AV's roving minisonde platform are
available from EMI for contour plotting. The base graphics
include the individual readings plotted at the reporting
altitude for the time of the sounding. Since numerous
subjective judgements are involved in contouring these data"
to show the dynamics of the atmosphere during each day for
each parameter, those desiring to conduct an interpretive
analysis of the data are free to supply their own assumptions
to this task once they obtain a copy.
34
-------
Appendix B provides the overall meteorological context
of each day's mission along with maps and satellite photos
and NWS soundings.
5.2 Estimation of Plume Age
For quantification of plume physical dynamics and
chemical kinetics, it is necessary to estimate the transport
age of the sampled plume parcels at discrete downwind locations.
The estimates of plume ages at locations of aircraft traverses
and orbits for all missions of both aircraft (EMI and MRI)
were determined by Dr. Gillani's group at Washington University
based on the use of measured winds and a plume transport
simulation model.
The wind data base used for this purpose included the
AV pibal data and the Rockwell T-sonde data. In each case,
horizontal wind vectors (wind speed/direction) were available
as a function of height at each of many soundings distributed
in space and time in the general region and period of the
aircraft missions. The transport simulation was based on a
Monte Carlo plume transport technique previously used by
White and Patterson (1983) and White fet al. (1983). The
method involves a trial and error approach. Corresponding
to a given plume cross-sectional sampling, a release time of
the sampled plume parcel is guessed, the transport simulation
performed until the time of sampling at which time the
location of the simulated plume is compared with the sampling
location. If ther«- is a significant deserepancy, the release
time is adjusted appropriately and the simulation is repeated.
This iterative procedure is repeated until the simulation
matches the observation. The time from plume release to
plume sampling thus provides the estimate of plume age.
In the actual transport simulation, the Monte Carlo
technique is used. First, based on observed data of plume
rise and vertical spread, and PEL dynamics (from aircraft
soundings and lidar observations), an approximate time-
height picture of plume history is reconstructed. Then,
100 "dots" representing quantized source emission are released
above the source in the effective plume height layer. The
transport simulation is done then in half-hour intervals.
For each half hour, the measured wind vectors within ± half an
hour of this time interval are selected. The subset of these
vectors which correspond to the plume layer for this time
interval is then collected into a "pool" of wind data. Each
dot is advected according to the speed and direction of a
randomly-selected wind vector out of this pool. Initially, when
the plume vertical thickness is small, this pool contains very
few wind vectors, and an equally small number of downwind
locations to which the 100 dots can be advected. As the plume
spreads vertically, there are progressively more wind vectors
35
-------
in the pool in each succeeding half hour. Thus, the 1QQ dots
move forward in a dispersion cluster in successive intervals.
The simulated dispersion thus includes the effect of wind shear
and veer in the growing plume transport layer. The simulated
dispersion provides a second dimension of information to compare
with the observed plume spread (based on the aircraft traverse
data).
An example of the method is shown in Figure 5-1. This
shows a Monte Carlo run with a release time of 1200 on 16 Feb-
ruary superimposed on an aeronautical sectional map with a
scale of 1:500,000. Clusters of numbers 1 through 7 can be
seen at different distances to the ENE of Kincaid representing
the random motion of the simulated plume over 3% hours of
transport. The numbers 1 represent the plume cluster after %
hour of transport. The numbers 2 represent the same at 1 hour,
3 at 1% hours, and so on. The Lagrangian Monte Carlo plot is
superimposed on a map showing event #3 of the EMI aircraft on
February 16. This event is for the time 1407-1419. The
pollutant dots numbered 4 come close to the given plume
traverse, indicating about 2 hours (namely, 4 thirty minute
intervals) of transport (1200 to 1400). Thus, the release time
estimate of 1200 is reasonable, and the plume age estimate
is about 2 hours.
Similar runs of the model and comparisons with flight maps
enabled the plume ages of traverses and orbits to be determined
for EMI and MRI measurements.
5.3 Aircraft Data
5.3.1 EMI's CHEM-1 Continuous Data
The CHEM-1 Data Volume presents graphic displays of all
CHEM-1 measurements and should be used in conjunction with
this section for further analysis and utilization of. the
data. In order to encapsulate the essence of these measurements,
EMI carried out cross plume integrals of seven plume parameters
and corrected for plume width to achieve cross plume averages.
These averages were determined using annotated graphics for
each event plotted in the Data Volume. For multi-lobed profiles,
a traverse was broken into possible subcomponents to separate
out possible inclusion of the Coffeen or Springfield plumes.
The text and map sections of Appendix C will identify those
times when such plume interference was possible. No background
was subtracted from the integrals so the averages are plume
plus background.
These cross plume averages are presented in Tables 5-1
through 5-5 for all of EMI's measurements. The traverse number
is given so the flight outline and maps of Appendix C and
36
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50
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graphics from the Data Volume can be linked to these values.
The downwind distance of the approximate profile center from
Kincaid is presented along with the Monte Carlo determination
of age (See Section 5.2) to the nearest quarter hour. The
time of the start and ending for the integrals is given to
define the edges of the profile used in the calculations.
The average altitude of each traverse is provided followed
by the averages for each of the seven parameters.
There are several comments which will assist in interpret-
ing these tables:
Negative values.occasionally appear. These result
from objective processing the data uniformly and not
forcing certain areas to be positive when there are
no notes to carefully document a drifting instrument
or an incorrect offset from calibrations. We leave it
to the end user to make necessary subjective judgements
on the appropriateness of the data.
"FERRY" occasionally appears in place of downwind
distance. This indicates that the averages are not
from a true traverse but from encountering a plume
edge while changing location. Since the values appear
to be a plume graphically, we can integrate them.
They represent the edge conditions intermediate between
the previous and subsequent traverses.
"INVALID" is__inserted in the table_ when the data for
that channel is judged not valid during the processing.
This condition arises from instrument malfunction.
"ZIG ZAG" designates those times when CHEM-1 zigzaged
back toward Kincaid from distant surveys and repeatedly
crossed the plume. Time did not permit determining the
plume ages for these multiple slices but they can be
estimated from the age of the last full traverse,
assuming those transport conditions prevail during
the zigzag survey and then scaling age to distance
as seen in the flight maps of Appendix C.
"Background" is used to indicate those averages
determined outside the plume.
5.3.2 EMI's CHEM-1 Filter Data
In addition to the continuous data channels, EMI has
the results of chemical analysis of the filter samples
collected on CHEM-1 during the CWP study. These results for
sulfate, nitrate, chloride, gaseous nitric acid, ammonia,
particulate nitric acid and ammonium are presented in Table 5-6
51
-------
TABLE 5-6 CWP Integrated Filter Results
H'A ANALYSIS
IWH','
I-M1 II)
8NP12
15
18
21
23
25
24
810213
17
13
16
30
14
19
31
32
810214
39
34
38
35
37
36
810216
44
46
49
51
47
810220
X
53
52
57
810221
71
74
S'lAIT
TOE
945
1031
12U2 .
1234
1352
1545
737
827
914
1109
1329
1434
1543
1607
745
826
937
1059
1322
1456
1314
1412
1556
1635
1713
1WO
1120
1243
1358
1435
1512
SUP
TOE
1002
1151
1222
1323
1418
1613
752
856
1101
1159
1427
1509
1604
1627
806
916
1046
1121
1410
1516
D36
1519
1613
1645
1734
1100
1158'
1342
1411
1451
1542
J, IN \UlJf.
FUWE M3
100
74
0
100
100
0
0
63
89
95
94
100
100
0
0
95
100
100
100
10
0
100
92
100
50
30
100
100
75
100
85
1.90
2.70
2.20
2.50
2.10
3.20
1.70
1.60
5.30
1.90
3.20
1.50
1.20
2.20
2.30
1.90
3.40
1.00
1.10
2.00
2.40
1.40
0.60
0,90
2.20
2.23
0.90
1.00
1.10
2.90
3.20
UG/M3 1
1.95
3.03
1.58
3.17
3.30
1.01
2.77
4.49
1.54
2.87
5.04
8.43
3.10
2.36
0.05
4.57
11.89
10.66
11.04
11.65
4.75
10.09
8.26
4.95
7.32
0.56
6.88
10.66
6.76
6.07
6.35
uu/M1 uu/to 3
2.31
3.76
1.55
4.03
4.28
0.41
2.58
5.74
1.19
3.11
11.27
11.24
7.01
1.64
0.78
4.43
11.17
9.95
12.88
7.76
4.11
10.26
11.14
5.03
6.79
0.59
4.01
5.72
1.89
6.67
7.13
0.42
0.76
0.00
0.00
0.44
0.00
0.63
3.29
1.18
1.96
2.95
3.33
2.29
1.50
0.40
2.85
5.54
5.41
5.43
2.03
1.90
1.56
0.15
0.00
0.63
4.62
0.57
0.79
0.00
0.18
0.90
IU1 ANALYSIS
ir»n(G) Mwi)
u:/ti^
1.10*
0.53*
0.03»
0.45»
0.28*'
<0.10*
-------
For these data the downwind distance and ages can be
estimated by comparing the Start and Stop time with the data
for comparable times in Tables 5-1 through 5-5. It should be
noted (as described in the~CWP Data Volume) that the filters
were exposed to plume conditions by EMI's field engineer during
each flight. He used the strip chart display to indicate when
CHEM-1 entered and left the power plant plume, using SC>2 as a
marker. He would furn the filter on only while in the plume.
The mass flow through the filter was recorded on the same data
tape with the continuous data so that during the processing the
total flow could be integrated to give the total volume sampled.
That value is reported in Table 5-6. Also from the SC>2 trace
and the flow trace, EMI determinedf after the fact, the percent
of the sample time which was in the plume. This value is also
reported. Note that the overall start and stop times reported
refer to the total interval for that one filter and does not
refer to the multiple on-off cycles during many traverses.
5.3.3 MRI Data
EMI has extracted (with permission) pertinent tables
from the CWP section of the.BCL interim report (Sverdrup and
Spicer, 1983) to provide a presentation of average plume
parameters comparable to that of Section 5.1.
Table 5-7 presents the MRI plume parameter averages for
the CWP study. Table 5-8 presents the filter and air bag
sample results. MRI has subtracted their background values
from the plume averages and determined some plume specific
values- and-averages. These tabulations-are presented in
Tables 5-9 - 5-12, for the 13, 16 and 20 February. (12
February data was not reduced by MRI due to plume interference
with the background orbit. At a later date EMI data from
that day will assist in determining the proper background
values to be subtracted.)
The BCL report also reports some source information on
two of the sampling days. This Rockwell data is reproduced
in Table 5-14.
5.3.4 EPA-Lidar Data
The EPA Lidar Data Volume (J.L. McElroy, et al.,1982)
presents a valuable photographic record of the plume and
ambient aerosol layering. At times the layering -is-quite
complex (e.g. 20 February 1981). At other times the gradients
of grey to black make it quite subjective to interpret. EMI
tabulated the lidar profiles in terms of downwind distance
and time of survey to allow some selection of lidar profiles
near CHEM-1 and MRI surveys. EMI also attempted to manually
quantify plume dimension and mixed height structure from
this Data Volume. 13 February was done in considerable
53
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-------
TABLE 5-9.
MRI Data from 13 February 1981
(TABLE 4-32. From BCL report)
PLUME CONCENTRATIONS (ppb) FOR AFTERNOON FLIGHT
ON FEBRUARY 13, 1981
(Corrected for Background)
Pollutant
Distance from Kincaid Plant
NO, ppb
N02, ppb
NO + N02, ppb
PAN, ppb
S02, ppb
N03 <2.5 ym, ppb
504 £2.5 um, ppb
NH4 £2.5 urn, ppb
S <2.5 urn. ppb
Total inorganic nitrate, ppb
Total participate nitrate, ppb
Total S, opb
Total N, ppb
Monte Carlo Age, min.
aTrue background uncertain: not subtracted.
^Combination of plume traverse and background orbit sampling
component not corrected ror background.
28km
.58.0
5.7
64.7
0.1
194.0
0.33
0
0.26
1.02*
0.40*
0.36*
190. QC
65.1° -
8 Oil 5,
57km
42.8
8.6
51.4
0.1
172. C
0.36
1.00
0.69
. 1.43&
0.52*
0.26*
' 173. 4C
52. Cc
90 ±15
56
-------
TABLE 5-10.
MRI Data from 16 February 1981
(TABLE 4-15. From BCL report)
BACKGROUND-CORRECTED CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED SPECIES
FOR FEBRUARY 16, 1981 FLIGHT
36 km 81 km
Tota1 Sulfur, ppm ' 67.4 48.9
(NO f N02), ppm . 21.5 11.2
Total Nitrogen, ppb 21.9 15.1
NO] <-2.r) \iv. ppb .03 .1?
Monte Carlo Ave,min. 5Q±10 120±10
(TABLE 4-16. From BCL report)
SELECTED POLLUTANT RATIOS FROM FLIGHT ON
_ FEBRUARY 16, 1981,
Sampling Distance
From Stack
Ratio 36 km a Kl,i
110 * N02 0.319 0.311
Tc^al Sulfu?
0.982 0.944
.
Total Nitrogen
Total Nitrogen
Total Sul^r
_^~
uTrui
57
-------
TABLE 5-11.
MRI Data from 20 February 1981
( TABLE 4-21. From BCL report)
PLUME CONCENTRATIONS-(ppo) FOR PREDAWN FLIGHT ON
FEBRUARY 20, 1981
(Corrected for Background)
Pass
Distance From Source, '
-------
Table 5-12
MRI Data from 20 February 1981 afternoon flight
(Table 4-26 From DCL report)
PLUME CONCENTRATIONS (ppb) FOR AFTERNOON FLIGHT
ON FEBRUARY 20, 1981
(Corrected for Background)
Pass
Distance From Source
"?. ppb
Oj, ppb
"0 * N02, ppb
[AN, ppb
302 , PPb
N03 <2.5 urn, ppb
S0< <2.5 urn, ppb
NH4 <2.5 urn, ppb
? £2.5 urn, ppb
Total Inorganic nitrate, ppb
Total participate nitrate, ppb
Total S, ppb
Total N, ppb
Monte Carlo Age , hr .
1
32 km
152.?
40. t
192.3 .
0.5
575.2
0.0<>
2.9
5.8
4.6
1.0
0.8
579.8
192.8
2.0
4
76 km
25.7
18.6
44.3
0.1
133.3
0.0a
1.0
2.4
1.6
0.1°
0.2
134.9
45.3
5.0
aN03 £2.5 urn has been used In place of trtal Inorganic nitrate
for aTl calculations for this flight due to blank problems and
Inconsistencies 1n the total Inorganic nitrate values.
''This value 1s considered unreliable.
(Table 4-27
From BCL report)
SELECTED POLLUTANT -MHOS FROM AFTERNOON FLIGHT
OF FEBRUARY 20, 1981
Pass
Distance from Source
(NO * N02)
Total Sulfur
(NO + NOj)
Total Nitrogen
Total N
total 5
S02
Total S
NO] £2.5 um
1
32 km
0.332
0.997
0.332 -
0.992
0.000
1
76 km
0.328
0.978.
0.336
0.998
0.020
Total N
59
-------
TABLE 5-13. Source Information on Kincaid during CWP Study.
(Tail? 4-17 From BCL report)
AVERAGE STACK CONCENTRATIONS AND RATIOS FOR SELECTED HOURi
JN FEBR.,A*Y 16,1981
Time,
CST
1200
1300
14CO
SOp
(ppm) .
1,706
1,681
1,673
NO
499
486
477
(Table 4-29 From BCL
HOURLY
FOR
Time, CST
090C
1000
1100
1200
1300
[NO]/[S02]
.293
.289
.285
report)
AVERAGE STACK CONCENTRATIONS AND RATIOS
SELECTED TIMES ON FEBRUARY 20, 1981
[S02], ppm
1876
1920
' 1956
2049
2C"'5
[NO], ppm
51C
535
544
_559
578
[NO]/[S02I
.272
.279
.278
.273,
... ..278
60
-------
detail attempting to scale from the photographs to plume
dimensions using the lidar's green line (and occasionally
the infrared). Attempts were made to identify the measure-
ments for the "dense" easily measured returns from the lidar
as distinguished from the "light" returns. The fact that
the layers were often sloping caused even these "subjective"
estimates of photographic (and hence plume) density to have
a range across a traverse. It was eventually decided that
this subjective attempt at quantifying plume thickness,
height and width was very labor intensive and not useful
without the Lidar Data Volume present to assist in interpret-
ing it. Subsequent days were reviewed for just a verbal
description of the plume with the thought that these descrip-
tions would be better than nothing for those without access
to the Lidar Data Volume. Attempts were made to include
determination of mixed layer heights (i.e. top of aerosol
layer) observed during the traverse. Even then ranges
across the traverse reflect observations of a sloping bottom
to the aerosol layer.
Those tabulations in hand written form are available
from EMI. They report the quantitative determination of
downwind distance (approximate minimum distance to the plant
for each traverse) and the time interval of the traverse.
There is also a verbal description of the. aerosol profile
from the traverse indicating layering, shape of layers and
possible multiple plume situations. For 13 February the
estimated dimensions of the plume are tabulated as well.
5.4 Radiation Data
In addition to the above data gathered by the EPRI and
EPA team members, EMI obtained copies of the solar radiation
data during the study period measured by the Illinois State
Water Survey in Champaign-Urbana. The data for the survey
days are summarized in Table 5-14 and presented graphically
in Figure 5-2.
Table 5-14 .- -
Daily Solar Radiation from Illinois State Water Survey
Integral of Solar Radiation
Date (cal/cm2)
12 February 448.4" -" - ~~
13 February 384.3
14 February 345.9
16 February 102.5
20 February 331.1
Argonne National labs near Chicago and north of Bloomington
also measured solar radiation during February. Table 5-15
reports the results they provided.
61
-------
8 12 16 20 M- -' 4 / 8 -, 12 16/20 MT ' 4 8 12 16 20 ' V
^."
fej"
. - -_-.{1 / -' i ' ~'.\ :
^TO^-
12 February 1981
13 February 1981
14 February 1981
4 / 8 .'12 /IB /20 'M
m
16 February 1981
)Mi* ' a n
mt i-g j^fc-y.^^, ^ , ,^. -J
^ i*-tf^r * "»«^.^»*^/ jTT"/ ^ ,
"*"" " ~
20 February 1981
Figure 5-2.
Solar radiation charts from the Illinois State
Water Survey in Champaign, IL. Numbers indicate
the integration under' each curve in cal/cm /day.
62
-------
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63
-------
6. Recommendations
The presentation of data in this report is intended to
give a complete picture of work completed under Contract No.
68-02-3411. The data are ready for further interpretive
analysis.
It is suggested that the -conversion rates of NO and
SOX under winter conditions be investigated for the Entire
data set with a common age determination as presented here.
These results can extend the estimates reported by BCL in
their interim report (Sverdrup and Spicer, 1983) .
The parameterization of Gillani, Kohli and Wilson
(1981) for summer time photochemically driven gas phase
reactions can be compared to a similar parameterization
based on the CWP data. The role of heterogeneous and
homogeneous reactions may become more apparent in such
evaluations.
With this data base brought so close to a productive
analysis stage, further modeling and chemistry analysis
should be supported.
64
-------
REFERENCES
(EPRI, 1981) : Preliminary Results from the EPRI Plume Model
Validation Project-Plains Site. Electric Power Research
Institute Report No. EA-1788-S4, April 1981.
Gillani, N.V. 1983: Documentation in Support of the PEPE-
NEROS General Distribution Data Base. Report to EPA's
Meteorology and Assessment Division, September 1983.
Gillani, N.V., S. Kohli, and W.E. Wilson, 1981: Gas to
Particle Conversion of Sulfur in Power Plant Plumes-I
Parameterization of the Conversion Rate for Dry, Moderately
Polluted Ambient Conditions. Atmos. Environ. 15_(10-11) ,
2293-2313.
Johnson, C.D., and C. Seigneur 1981: Coal-Fired Power Plant
Contribution to Visibility Impairment, February 1981 Index
to Photograph and Telephotometer Measurement Data Sheets.
SAI No. 59-ES81-78, 1981.
McElroy, J,L., D^a. Bundy, C.M. Edmonds? - E .L. Richardson,
W.H. Hankins, and M.J. Pearson 1982: Airborne Downward
Looking Lidar Measurements during the Cold Weather Plume
Study: Data Volume. EPA EMSL Report No. TS-AMD-81088 , Las
Vegas, NV, January 1982.
Mueller, B.M., and M. Chan 1981: Cold Weather Plume Study:
Upper Air Measurements. AeroVironment, Inc. Report No.
D081-025, Prepared for Environmental Measurements, Inc.
(under EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411) July 1981.
Richards, L.W. , J.A. Anderson, D.L. Blumenthal, A. A. Brandt,
J.A. McDonald, E.S. Macias, and P.S. Bhardwaja 1981: The
Chemistry, Aerosol Physics and Optical Properties of a
Western Coal-Fired Power Plant Plume. Atmos. Environ.,
15, 2111-2134 1981. - - -~ -
Seigneur, C., R.W. Bergstrom, C.D. Johnson, and L.W. Richards
1984: Measurements and Simulations of the Visual Effects of
Particulate Plumes. Accepted for publication in Atmos. Environ.
Sverdrup, G.M., and C.W. Spicer 1983: Nitrogen Oxide Transform-
ation in Power Plant Plumes. Interim Report for Project
1369-2, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, May 1983.
65
-------
Vaughan, B., P. Miller, G. Schroeder, and K. Silver 1983:
Cold Weather Plume Study: CHEM-1 Data Volume. Prepared for
EPA under Contract No. 68-02-3411, December 1983.
Vaughan, W.M., J. Anderson, and S. McDonald 1982: The
Quality Assurance Program for the Cold Weather Plume Study.
Proceedings of the In-Situ Air Quality Monitoring from
Moving Platforms Specialty Conference; San Diego, CA;
January 18-21, 1982, Air Pollution Control Association, pp.
202-229.
Vaughan, W.M., S.B. Fuller, and H.W. Silver 1982: Physical
and Electrical Properties of Airborne Sampling Systems
Optimized for Leased Aircraft. Proceedings of the In-Situ
Air Quality Monitoring from Moving Platforms Specialty
Conference; San Diego, CA; January 18-21, 1982, Air Pollution
Control Association, pp. 311-323.
White, W.H., and D.E. Patterson 1983: Dispersion, Mixing and
Chemical Reaction in a Heterogeneous Urban-Industrial Plume.
Presented at the 1983 Air Pollution Control Association
meeting, Paper 83-31.5, New Orleans, LA, 1983.
White, W.H., D.E. Patterson, and W.E. Wilson, Jr. 1983:
Urban Exports to the Nonurban Troposphere: Results from
Project MISTT. J. Geophys. Res. 88(CIS), 10745-10752 (1983).
66
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CWP-RELATED REPORTS
AEROVIRONMENT, INC.
Mueller, B.M., and M. Chan, Cold Weather Plume Study: Upper
Air Measurements. AeroVironment, Inc. Report No. DOS1-025,
Prepared- for Environmental Measurements, Inc. (under EPA
Contract No. 68-02-3411) July 1981.
BATTELLE COLUMBUS LABORATORIES
Sverdrup, G.M., and C.W. Spicer, Nitrogen Oxide Transformation
in Power Plant Plumes. Interim Report for Research Project
1369-2, Prepared for the Electric Power Research Institute,
May 1983.
ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS, INC.
Vaughan, B., P. Miller, G. Schroeder and K. Silver, Cold
Weather Plume Study: CHEM-1 Data Volume. Prepared for EPA
Contract No. 68-02-3411, December 1983*...
Vaughan, W.M., J. Anderson, and S. McDonald, The Quality
Assurance Program for the Cold Weather Plume Study. Proceedings
of the In-Situ Air Quality Monitoring from Moving Platforms
Specialty Conference; San Diego, CA; January 18-21, 1982,
Air Pollution Control Association, pp. 202-229.
METEOROLOGY RESEARCH INC.
Johnson, C.D., and C. Seigneur 1981: Coal-Fired Power Plant
Contribution to Visibility Impairment, February 1981 Index
to Photograph and Telephotometer Measurement Data Sheets.
SAI No. 59-ES81-78, 1981.
Seigneur, C., R.W. Bergstrom, C.D. Johnson, and L.W". Richards
1984: Measurements and Simulations of the Visual Effects of
Particulate Plumes. Accepted for publication in Atmos. Environ.
6.7
-------
SRI-INTERNATIONAL
Viezee, W., Meteorological Summary Report: Cold Weather
Plume Study-St. Louis, Missouri. Prepared for Environmental
Measurements, Inc. for SRI Project 1446 (under EPA Contract
No. 68-02-3411), June 1983.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY - Las Vegas
McElroy, J.L., D.H. Bundy, C.M. Edmunds, E.L. Richardson,
W.H. Hankins, and M.J. Pearson, Airborne Downward Looking
Lidar Measurements During the Cold Weather Plume Study: Data
Volume. EMSL Report No. TS-AMD-8188, January 1982.
68
-------
Appendix A
Graphical Summary of Wind Profiles from
Rockwell and AeroVironment Soundings.
69
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Appendix B
Meteorological Summary Report:
Cold Weather Plume Study - St. Louis, Mo.
DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARIES OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA COLLECTED
DURING THE EPA/EPRI COLD WEATHER PLUME STUDY OF FEBRUARY 1981
GENERAL
During the period 9 through 20 February 1981, SRI International pro-
vided weather support for the Cold Weather Plume (CWP) study at St. Louis,
Missouri. Mr. William Viezee of SRI prepared meteorological analyses and
forecasts for EMI from an office at the National. Weather Service Fore-
cast Office (NWSFO) located in St. Charles, Missouri. He collected and
archived a. large volume of relevant weather observations, weather charts,
and weather-satellite photographs during that period.
Daily weather briefings were held at the Spirit of St. Louis Airport
to support the scheduling of aircraft flights to and from the Kincaid Power
Plant in Illinois.
Figure 1 shows the location of the Kincaid Power Plant and the nearby
weather reporting stations that were most frequently consulted to identify
atmospheric conditions.
This report presents a descriptive summary of pertinent weather infor-
mation for each day of the study period based on the meteorological data
and guidance that were collected by SRI at the NWSFO.
88
-------
Figure 1. Location of principal weather reporting stations in
relation to the Kincaid Power Plant in Illinois.
89
-------
Monday, 9 February
On this day, veather conditions were good in the area of St. Louis and
the Kincaid Power Plant. At 10 o'clock in the morning, St. Louis reported
scattered high-altitude cirrus clouds. Springfield, Illinois, near Kincaid,
reported broken clouds near 7000 ft. Winds were light (<15 knots), and
the maximum surface temperature ranged from the mid-30's to the low 40's.
No aircraft flights were made.
The weather outlook for Tuesday was for a snow storm approaching
Missouri and Illinois from the southwest. This snow storm is shown in Figure
2 on the radar-echo summary chart for Monday afternoon 1735 CST, and in
Figure 3 on the satellite cloud photograph at 1430 CST. These radar and
satellite data indicate extensive cloud cover in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas
which was predicted by the National Weather Service (NWS) to move northeast
into southern Missouri on Monday night. The NWS winter storm warning issued
at 1700 CST is quoted below.
"Winter storm warning tonight and early Tuesday.
Snow tonight ....Locally heavy at times....Ac-
cumulating to 4 inches or more before diminish-
ing to flurries Tuesday....The low tonight
around 20. Windy and turning sharply colder
Tuesday....Afternoon temperatures in the teens.
Clearing and very cold Tuesday night with the
low 5 to 10 below. Sunny and cold Wednesday....
The high around 10 above.
Winds....Northeasterly 10 to 20 MPH tonight....
North 15 to 30 MPH and gusty Tuesday."
9.0
-------
\
91
-------
-------
Tuesday, 10 February
A severe winter storm prevented aircraft flights from St. Louis to
the Kincaid area. Figure 4 shows the 850-mb contour analysis at 1800 CST.
The low-pressure center-is located in northeastern Illinois. Very cold
air and strong northerly winds (35-45 knots) are observed behind this
low-pressure center. At 1400 CST, Peoria, Illinois reported an obscured
cloud base at 300 ft with 1/2 mile surface visibility in snow and fog.
Springfield, Illinois, near the Kincaid plant reported an obscured cloud
ceiling at 100 ft with a surface visibility of 3/8 mile in light snow and
fog. A thunderstorm was reported in the area.
The weather outlook for Wednesday called for clear and cold conditions
with strong northerly winds. The boundary-layer winds predicted in Missouri
and Illinois for Wednesday morning 0600 CST were northwest at 35 knots.
Wednesday, 11 February
At 0900 CST on Wednesday morning, winds were northwest at 35-40 knots
near the 300-ft level at the Kincaid plant. At 0750 CST, St. Louis weather
was clear with west-northwest surface winds at 24 knots gusting to 32 knots.
These windy conditions prevailed throughout the day, and no aircraft flight
missions could be scheduled.
Thursday, 12 February
On this day, the winds in the boundary layer were still strong. Figure
5 shows the wind flow near 5000 ft MSL (850-mb) at 0600 CST and at 1800 CST.
Winds are generally west to southwest at 25-35 knots in Missouri and Illinois.
Figure 6 shows vertical profiles of the wind from ground-level to 10,000
ft MSL at Peoria, Illinois, during early morning (0600 CST) and late afternoon
(1800 CST). The winds from ground-level to 5,000 ft MSL show a significant
increase in speed from morning to afternoon. At 1800 CST, the winds at all
altitudes range from 30 to 40 knots.
.9.3
-------
FIGURE A. CONTOURS (SOLID LINES) AND
ISOTHERMS (DASHED LINES) OF THE 850-MB
Ml (5,000 ft MSL) CHART ON 10 FEBRUARY 1981,
_ * 1800 CST. WINTER STORM IS CENTERED IN NE
nl * . " -
94
-------
FIGURE 5. CONTOURS(SOLID LINES) AND *
ISOTHERMS (DASHED LINES) AT THE 850-
,000 ft MSL) LEVEL ON 12 FEBR.
, 0600 CST.
, .,.
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Figure 6. Vertical wind profiles at Peoria, Illinois on
Thursday, 12 February 1981 showing wind speeds
between 35 and 40 knots between ground-level
and 5000 ft MSL.
(Wind direction is plotted to 36 compass points;
barb is 10 knots, half barb is 5 knots)
9.7
-------
Figure 7 represents a time section of the vertical temperature structure
at Peoria, Illinois. It shows a significant warming from morning (0600 CST)
tc afternoon (1800 CST), with a temperature inversion from ground-level to
close to 6,000 ft MSL.
Figures 8 and 9 show air-parcel trajectories predicted by the LFM-II
numerical prediction model of the National Meteorological Center. These
trajectories cover the 24-hour period of 12 February, 0600 CST to 13 February,
0600 CST. At Peoria and St. Louis, air parcels at 5,000 ft arrive from the
area of Oklahoma and Texas, while near the surface they originate from
southern Arkansas and northern Mississippi. These southerly trajectories
are responsible for the rapid warming apparent in the temperature data of
Figure 7.
Surface winds remained strong during the afternoon. Springfield,
Illinois, reported southerly winds at 25 knots with gusts to 31 knots at 1500
CST. The outlook for Friday was good with southerly winds of decreasing speed.
Friday, 13 February
Friday the 13th happened to be a good day. A plume sampling flight was
made to the Kincaid plant. The general wind flow conditions at 850-mb (5,000
ft MSL) are shown in Figure 10. The winds are southwesterly throughout the
area of interesti.e., Missouri and Illinois. Figure 11 shows the cloud
conditions observed at 1600 CST. Scattered-to-broken cirrus clouds (20,000
to 25,000 ft) are present around Kincaid. Figure 12 gives a more detailed
look at the wind structure between ground-level and 10,000 ft MSL at Peoria,
Illinois,during early morning (0600 CST) and late afternoon (1800 CST).
Winds are relatively light (10-25 knots), and have decreased from the previous
day.
Figure 13 shows the temperature distribution and the location of low-level
temperature inversions. At 1800 CST, an inversion layer extends from ground-
level to about 3,000 ft MSL. A shallow inversion is present at 8,000 ft MSL.
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Figure 7. Vertical temperature profiles at Peoria, Illinois on
Thursday, 12 February 1981 showing temperature increase
with height (inversion) from ground-level to about
6000 ft MSL. Note large warming trend for the 12-hour
period from early morning to afternoon.
(Temperatures in degrees Centigrade)
99
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Figure 8. 24-Hour predicted air-parcel trajectories at 5000 ft altitude
(about 850-mb) terminating at Feoria, Illinois, and at St Louis,
Missouri. Air-parcel positions are indicated at 6 hour intervals.
24-Hour period represents 12 February,0600 CST to 13 February,0600 CST.
100
-------
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Figure 9. 24-Hour predicted air-parcel trajectories at the surface terminating
at Peoria, Illinois, and at St. Louis, Missouri. Air-parcel positions are
indicated at 6 hour intervals. 24-hour period extends from 12 February,
0600 CST to 13 February, 0600 CST.
1Q1
-------
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FIGURE 10. CONTOURS (SOLID LINES)
AND ISOTHERMS (DASHED LINES) AT
850-MB (5,000 ft MSL) LEVEL ON
FEBRUARY 1981, 1800 CST.
SATURE
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FIGURE 11. ANALYSIS OF CLOUD COVER
FOR 13 FEBR. 1981, 1600 CST. AREA
OF MISSOURI AND ILLINOIS SHOWS HIGH*
CLOUDS AT 20,000 ft TO 25,000 ft.
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O6ooCST 1800 CST
FIGURE 12. Vertical vind profiles at Peoria, Illinois on
Friday, 13 February 1981 showing significant decrease
in wind speed from previous day.
(Wind direction is plotted to 36 compass points;
full barb is 10 knots, half barb is 5 knots.)
104
-------
J
/I
r-
*.
M
I
0
D
^
*-i^
a
i
5
**
m*»
***
s
C
10
3
6
7
6
5
V
3
2
1
o
?-/0.7 ?_&9
- t x
X X
H>5
* X _
~ J'y
*-2*
*-z.*] .-0.7
1-0.$
* x
X *
£§3 ?"^J
W///////////////////////^
0600
Figure 13. Vertical profiles of temperature (°C) at Peoria, Illinois
on Friday, 13 February 1981 showing ground inversions at
both indicated times, and elevated inversion near 3,000 ft
MSL. Note that general warming of the airmass continues
from morning to afternoon.
105
-------
Air-parcel trajectory information at the 5,000 ft altitude, and
near ground-level is illustrated in Figures 14 and 15. Trajectories
are drawn for air parcels that terminate at Peoria, Illinois, and at
Indianapolis, Indiana. Interpolating between the two trajectories drawn
at each level shows that air parcels near the Kincaid Power Plant arrived
from southerly and southwesterly directions, and originated in an area
extending from Kansas to northern Arkansas to Kentucky.
Maximum surface temperatures recorded on 13 February are printed
on the chart of Figure 16. Temperatures ranged from the high 20's to the
high 30*s in the area of the Kincaid Plant in Illinois.
The forecast called for good weather conditions on Saturday but in-
creasing wind speeds on Sunday.
Saturday, 14 February
On Saturday, surface weather conditions were dominated by southerly
winds on the backside of a 1045-mb high-pressure system centered on the
East Coast. Only scattered cirrus clouds were observed in Missouri and
Illinois. Figure 17 shows a satellite photograph in the visible part of
the electro-magnetic spectrum. Snow cover is clearly seen extending through
the area of interest.
The general wind flow at 850-mb (5,000 ft altitude) for late afternoon
(1800 CST) is given by the contour chart of Figure 18. Winds are south to
southwest at 15 knots in the area of Missouri and Illinois. Stronger winds
are evident to the west of Missouri and are associated with an approaching
low-pressure trough. Thus, wind speeds should increase with time as the
low-pressure trough moves eastward.
Figure 19 shows vertical profiles of the wind from ground-level to
10,000 ft MSL at Peoria, Illinois on Saturday morning (0600 CST) and Sunday
morning (.0600 CST) . The increase in wind speed is very evident in the
observations. On Sunday morning, winds are southwesterly at 30-35 knots
from ground-level to 6,000 ft MSL.
106
-------
UM . ( I
o -\4 '
T
* ' &' \
-c EKPORIA, KANSAS J
13/0600 CST
SPRINGFIEUD, MISSOURI
13/0600 CST
Figure 14. 24-hour predicted air-parcel trajectories at 5,000 ft altitude
(about 850-mb) terminating at Peoria, Illinois, and at
Indianapolis, Indiana. Air-parcel positions are indicated
every 6 hours for the period 13 February 0600 CST to 14
February 0600 CST.
1Q7
-------
7*4
:-*-n
SP I
o«"»/ 1» \ «» /
J^-~J%
-Mt1:
v^ 1 V
- M "^^ G^11- s*j--^
rk&r1*-- YT^^
isfv * J TJU^rm8'
"O XJ? I \m » - ?
"wot \°'NORTH ARKANSAS
y W" r-S' 13/060°CST
MM . Mi . 1 1 *- -*'1 * '
I \sV** ' ^^
r\ .ii- -
"% 4 "f
Figure 15. 24-hour air-parcel trajectories terminating at Peoria, Illinois,
and at Indianapolis, Indiana, near ground-level during the
period 13 February, 0600 CST to 14 February, 0600 CST.
108
-------
58 584g*i
^ -v^rjHaO^'
rvi^Tvy £l &£$&***$''
* SB.** " ^r^JiK 42 51
5<*$9
60 46
\
r46
SO
r--'
i|in-^'
* ! \ 44
^^fcAv--
L1 ) ' \ 59^56-^1 ^72 \ -
. 49/50 43<4$L Vv Jt\
vL^n z*v*::>^< ^ 73vv
.4
57
%? V*^sJgV
., 46 *^
T * 5.255-;, * ' ! 16- MAXIMUM SURFlc7^MPERt5_J
^ , *$*' \ . TORES °BSERVED « 13 FEBRUAJSfS^ri .
\ LL-«C^ -1- " ' *
=>t?J
IN.
\ -H6- ?3
-V-. - N »
1Q9
-------
lid
-------
FIGURE 18. CONTOURS(SOLID LINES)
yAND ISOTHERMS (DASHED LINES) AT THE
/ 850-MB (5,000 ft MSL) LEVEL ON 1A
/ FEBRUARY 1981, 1800 CST. <.-~13_5a5 'O
i°-' &**''
\ _ ^~tf * Jti*- * '';
OOZ SUS f5 fEB
111
-------
J
I-
u.
o
o
o
w
h
ti
10
6
71-
6
5
V-
3 -
2
1 I-
LJf
U
V
^ __ «
]5/o6oo C ST
Figure 19. Vertical wind profiles from radiosonde ascents made
at Peoria, Illinois on 14 February, 0600 CST and on
15 February, 0600 CST. Data show increase in the wind
speed from 20-25 knots on 14 February to 30-35 knots
on 15 February.
112
-------
Figure 20 presents air-parcel trajectories for the 24-hour period
of 14 February, 0600 CST to 15 February, 0600 CST. Air parcels terminate
at St. Louis, and at Peoria. Trajectories are for the 850-mb level which
is near the 5,000 ft altitude. It is seen, that air-parcels at this
altitude originate from the area of Little Rock, Arkansas. The trajectories
are predicted by the LFM-II numerical model.
Figure 21 shows 24-hour predicted air-parcel trajectories near the
surface for St. Louis and Peoria. Air-parcels originate from the area of
Memphis, Tennessee.
Figure 22 presents the analysis of observed cloud cover at 1200 CST.
In the area of interest between St. Louis and Peoria, skies are clear for
all practical purposes.
Maximum surface temperatures in Missouri and Illinois on 14 February
ranged from the mid-40's to the high 30 *s as shown in Figure 23.
Sunday, 15 February
No aircraft flights were carried out on this day. Southerly surface
winds prevailed throughout the area of interest. Temperature and moisture
increased in the boundary layer, and early-morning low-cloud cover was ob-
served. For example, at 0700 CST, Springfield, Illinois reported a cloud
ceiling of 1800 ft with a southerly wind at 15 knots.
The outlook for Monday was for early morning fog or low clouds, and
increasing southwesterly winds during the afternoon.
Monday, 16 February
On this day, the area of the Kincaid Power Plant reported early
morning fog that lifted into low-level stratus clouds around 1000 CST.
Figure 24 shows the surface visibility and cloud ceiling conditions in
Missouri and Illinois at 1000 CST. Missouri reports only middle and high
clouds, but Illinois has low-surface visibility in fog. Inside the scalloped
line in Illinois, visibility is between 3 and 5 miles. Inside the solid
line, visibilities are reported below 3 miles with cloud ceiling below
1000 ft. These restricting weather conditions improved toward the afternoon.
113
-------
cT !*»«>. ^SSOURI
£15/0600 CST
V * *"
^-1.f L g I v
7 ' jw~" " T ~" " t -t- -^a
oo V T ^>
Figure 20. 24-hour predicted air-parcel trajectories at 5,000 ft
(about 850-mb) terminating at Peoria, Illinois, and at St.
Louis, Missouri. Air-parcel positions are indicated at 6-hour
intervals. 24-hour period represents 14 February, 0600 CST to
15 February, 0600 CST.
114
-------
JOT-
"""8". "." (.
\
'°PEORIA, IU^01S
15/0600 CST
O _ in.
0
« (».
_/%.
&
, KLSSOORI
15/0600 CST
>u Figure 21. 24-hour predicted air-parcel trajectories at the surface
«\ terminating at Peoria, Illinois, and at St. Louis, Missouri.
Air-parcel positions are indicated at 6-hour intervals. 24-hour
period extends from 14 February, 0600 CST to 15 February, 0600 CST.
115
-------
cr
FIGURE 22. ANALYSIS OF CLOUD COVER
ON 14 FEBRUARY 1981, 1000 CST.
CLEAR SKIES PREVAIL IN THE AREA OF
THE KINCAID POWER PLANT IN ILLINOIS
116
-------
S 4n8 51 £>'J* V ^;£6---S6^ .
wrfer^'^.
57 ?
58 * I
^^-^fe5 57
59
117
-------
. ,.
. "v >'
A- .
\.* i
A. &!
A «o *,^$at:
FIGURE 24. ANALYSIS OF CLOUD COVER
AND SURFACE VISIBILITY ON 16 FEBR.
1981, 1000 CST.
AREA INSIDE SCALLOPED LINES: AREA INSIDE SOLID LINE: Visibility \
Visibility from 3 to 5 miles less than 3 miles;ceiling of «x
Cloud ceiling from 1000 to clouds less than 1000 ft. \
3000 ft.
118
-------
Figure 25 shows the contour chart at 850-mb (5,000 ft MSL) at 0600 CST.
The contour spacing is relatively small in Illinois which means that the
wind speed is relatively high (35-40 knots indicated on the chart).
Figure 26 illustrates the wind structure from ground-level to 10,000
ft MSL at Salem, Illinois (see Figure 1) for 0600 CST and 1800 CST. Wind
speeds at this location decreased from morning to afternoon. Winds below
4,000 ft MSL are southerly. Above this altitude, they shift to southwest
and west.
Figure 27 presents the vertical profile of temperature and humidity
at Salem obtained at 1800 CST. Inversions in the temperature profile are
evident below 5,000 ft MSL (850-mb) with high relative humidity. This low-
level moist layer is associated with the early morning fog and stratus
conditions. Above 850-mb, the air is quite dry.
Figure 28 shows air-parcel trajectories (5,000 ft altitude) for the
24-hour period of 16 February, 0600 CST to 17 February, 0600 CST that
terminate at Peoria, Illinois, and at Indianapolis, Indiana. The position
of the air parcels are indicated at 6-hourly intervals. The air that
arrives at Peoria originates from the area of Hutchinson, Kansas, while
that arriving at Indianapolis comes from a southwesterly direction near
Joplin, Missouri.
Figure 29 shows similar trajectories at ground-level. At this level,
air parcels arrive from a more southerly direction. By interpolating the
predicted trajectories of Figures 28 and 29, an estimate can be made of the
area of origin of air parcels near the Kincaid Power Plant on early Tuesday
morning 17 February.
Figure 30 shows the maximum surface temperatures that were recorded
on Monday. Temperatures in Missouri and Illinois range from about 50° to
60°F.
Tuesday, 17 February
Dense fog covered the target area of Kincaid during the morning hours.
On this day, the Kincaid Power Plant was shut down and no aircraft flights
could be scheduled.
119
-------
:.:.-l-cfTS
FIGURE 25. CONTOURS (SOLID LINES) '
AND ISOTHERMS (DASHED LINES) AT
850-mb LEVEL (5,000 ft MSL) ON 16
FEBRUARY 1981, 0600 CST. NOTE "^ *
STRONG SOUTHWESTERLY WINDS IN _
ILLINOIS
120
-------
J
I-
u.
0
o
111
ti
10
6
7
6
5
v-
3 -
2.
1
V
V
J
IL-,
IU
V
O6oo GST
1800CST
FIGURE 26. Vertical profiles of the wind from ground-level
to 10,000 ft MSL at Salem, Illinois on Monday
morning (0600 CST) and late afternoon (1800 GST),
16 February 1981. The winds show a significant
decrease in speed from morning to afternoon, and
are more westerly in direction above 3,000 ft MSL.
121
-------
SONItt
\] 1
in wrt m K cO
-------
_.. . / . .___
a "-«.«.»»
si* tK '
T . » i» t>^
O iw
0 of0'
o1" -/ °8
JOPLIN, MISSOURI
16/0600 CST
FIGURE 28. Air-parcel trajectories at the 5,000 ft altitude that terminate
at Feoria, Illinois and at Indianapolis, Indiana on 17 February
1981,0600 CST. The area of origin of the air parcel 24 hours
earlier is indicated for each location. The position of the parcels "c
is shown at 6-hourly intervals.
123
-------
, MISSOURI o
' 16/0600 GST
?--
7IGORE 29. Air-parcel trajectories near ground-level that terminate at Peor,ia,Illinois -~£~
and at Indianapolis, Indiana on 17 February 1981, 0600 CST. The origon of V^
the air parcel 24 hours earlier is indicated as southwestern Missouri and
northern Alabama.
124
-------
ss v s? -3^yj6^>S2^3r,
§A 57 U^B f^/SsXai2
5 «S. v»w ^f
55 /V^^
^^*^* S f -^
^69 ₯
FIGURE 30. Maximum surface tempers'
ture ( F) recorded on Monday, 16 \
February 1981. '
125
-------
Wednesday, 18 February
No aircraft flights were planned because of the continued shutdown of
the Kincaid Plant.
Weather conditions remained the same as the previous day with fog and
low clouds during the morning and afternoon. Surface observations at
Springfield, Illinois, reported 300 ft scattered clouds with 2 to 3 miles
surface visibility in light fog at 0900 CST, and 2500 ft broken clouds
with 8 miles visibility at 1400 CST.
The maximum surface temperature in the St. Louis area was around 71°F.
Thursday, 19 February
Kincaid Plant down. No aircraft flights planned.
Friday, 20 February
On this day, good weather conditions prevailed in the area between St.
Louis and the Kincaid Power Plant in Illinois. At 0700 CST, Springfield
reported nearly clear-sky conditions with 15 miles surface visibility, a
surface temperature of 35°F, and light northwesterly winds. The conditions
around Peoria were similar.
Figure 31 shows a satellite cloud photograph at 0800 CST. No signifi-
cant cloud cover is observed in Missouri and Illinois.
Figure 32 shows the vertical profile of the wind from Peoria to Salem
at 0600 CST. The wind direction is northwest to north with speeds ranging
from 20 to 30 knots.
Figure 33 shows the vertical temperature structure from Peoria to Salem
at 0600 CST. Ground inversions are present during these early morning hours.
Air-parcel trajectories near the 5,000 ft level are shown in Figure 34.
The trajectories are for the 24-hour period of 19 February, 1800 CST to
20 February, 1800 CST. Air parcels that arrive in the Kincaid area originate
from Iowa and southern Minnesota.
126
-------
127
-------
J
crt
1-
IL
O
O
O
ill
a
:S
h
10
6
7
6
5
3
2.
1
f
c,
PEORIA
r
f
r
r
r
r
SALEM
FIGURE 32. Vertical profiles of the wind from Peoria, Illinois
to Salem, Illinois on 20 February 1981, 0600 CST.
123
-------
10
J
1-
o
o
o
6
7
6
5
UJ 4
3
2.
l
1
h
X
X
,9.0
**
'^////W////////
FIGURE 33. Ambient air temperature ( C) from Peoria, Illinois
to Salem, Illinois on 20 February 1981, 0600 CSI.
129
-------
' *<
FIGURE 34. Air-parcel trajectories at the 5,000 ft level that terminate
at Peoria, Illinois and at St. Louis, Missouri, on 20 February
1881, 1800 CST. The locations of origin of the air parcels
24 hours earlier is indicated. The position of the parcels
is shown at 6-hourly intervals.
omo __
130
-------
Appendix C
EMI Mission Highlights from the
CHEM-1 Data Volume
for
Cold Weather Plume Study.
131
-------
CWP CHEM-1 MISSION SUMMARY
Date: 12 February 1981
Measurement Interval: 0945-1425 CST
Flight Hours: 5.7 hrs
Objective: Study of the Kincaid Plume under stable transport in the
morning and, due to increased wind turbulence, well-mixed
transport in the afternoon.
Activities: Take-off was close to 0915. CHEM-1 ferried to a point (A)
about 10km S of Kincaid. From there CHEM-1 flew
approximately parallel to the plume's trajectory-at
1500ft. MSL to a point about 20km NNE of Kincaid (B). At
that point a wide orbit was flown (B-C) to complete the
background filter. (Data plots indicate that an S02
plume was encountered, possibly the Coffeen plume.)
The first cross-plume pass to locate the plume
centerline was flown at 1500ft. MSL from about 23 km NNE
of the stacks (C) to approximately 30km NNW of Kincaid CD).
CHEM-1 then ferried to E, F and G while planning the series
of traverses at 30km downwind.
CHEM-1 observed S02 levels in the vicinity of the
Springfield Municipal Power Plant plume transport.
It penetrated this same plume at 1500ft MSL at the west
end of the traverse from G to about 30km NE of Kincaid.
After an orbit and ferry from H to I, a traverse was completed
to J. The peak SO value was observed near the midpoint of
this traverse, just N of Dawson, IL (K); so a spiral was
executed there from 1000 to 5000ft. MSL. CHEM-1 then ferried
to a point approximately 32km N of Kincaid (L). A 2200ft.
MSL traverse was completed from L to M with very little
S02 observed. It was decided that more consistent downwind
distances could be maintained north of the plant using
U.S.36 as a visual marker. Traverses were completed along
this route after ferrying to 0, near Illiopolis.
0 to P was flown at 1500ft. MSL, where the S02 was
again clearly observed. P to Q was flown at 1300ft. MSL,
followed by a westbound survey at 1200ft. MSL back from
Q to P.
CHEM-1 then ferried from point P to the vicinity of
Mason City, IL 00, where a long background orbit was
completed. From X, CHEM-1 flew a traverse at about 1500ft.
MSL to near Beason, IL (T) at a downwind distance of about
65km. Two more traverses using T and S as endpoints were
flown at 1800 and 1300ft. MSL respectively, with a spiral
near the midpoint (U) from 1000 to 3000ft. MSL. Levels of
132
-------
S02 were generally less than IQOppb at this downwind
distance due to the excessive plume dispersion associated
with very strong southerly winds. The plume was ill-
defined at this distance. This observation was confirmed
by EPA Lidar.
CHEM-1 then ferried to the CAP VOR (V) and flew 4
traverses between V and 0 at 1400, 1900, 2200 and 1700ft. MSL.
A well-coordinated parallel flyby was completed at this 30km
distance with MRI. CHEM-1 then ferried to Springfield at
1700ft. MSL in a parallel traverse with MRI for a landing
to conclude the mission.
133
-------
TABLE 5-1. FLIGHT OUTLINE
12 FEBRUARY 1981
EMI
FLIGHT 1 (0945-1425CST)
EVENT
NO. TYPE
1 F
2 F
3 0
4 -T
5 F
6 F
7 T
8 F-0
9 T
10 F
11 S
12 F
13 T
14 F
15 T
16 T
17 T
18 F
19 F-0
TIME
0920-0945
0945-0954
0954-0959
0959-1003
1003-1014
1014-1026
1026-1037
1037-1043
1043-1048
1048-1054
1054-1106
1106-1116
1116-1124
1124-1134
1134-1141
1142-1146
1147-1152
1152-1200
1200-1231
ROUTE
KSUS-A
A-B
B-C
C-D
D-E-F
F-G
G-H
H-I
I-J
J-K
K
K-V-L
L-M
M-N-0
0-P
P-Q
Q-P
P-R
R-X
ALTITUDE
(m MSL)
622-470
470
470
470
470
470
470
COMMENTS ;
CYCLONE FILTER NO.
No magnetic data
S02 plume seen
(Coffeen?)
CF#15
k
470 1
1
470-318 II
378-1540 >CF#18
1540-683 I
683
549
470
409
1 Probably outside
1 mixing layer
409 V
409-927
897-592
Bg
CF#21
134
-------
TABLE 5-1 (cont.)
12 FEBRUARY 1981, CONT,
EVENT
NO. TYPE
20 T
21 T
22 F
23 S
24 F
25 T
26 F
27 T
28 T
29 T
30 T
31 F
32 F
TIME
1231^1242
1243-1254
1254-1258
1302-1307
1307-1314
1314-1325
1325-1343
1343-1350
1351-1359
1401-1409
1410-1419
1419- ?
1540- ?
ROUTE
X-U-T
' T-S
S-U
U .
U-S
S-T
T-V
V-0
0-V
V-0
0-V
V-KSPI
KSPI-KSUS
ALTITUDE
(m MSL)
470
561
561-318
318-927
927-409.
409
409-836
439
592
683
531
COMMENTS ;
CYCLONE FILTER NO.
rCF#23
Ozone instrument
problem
Ozone instrument
problem
/ Ozone instrument
problem
Ozone instrument
problem
No valid data from
1347-1350
V
CF#25
1 MRI flyby
No continuous data
-CF#24
No continuous data
135
-------
I7 J
' K '
Springfield,
/ Springfield
/ Power Plant
Decaturx\
tyNCAID
39° 30' Power
Klncald ^ i?T , '
er Plant/ ^Taylorv.lle
\
\
\
N
\ Litchfield
x
\
-x.
39°
Coffeen
Power Plant
SPIRAL
OORBIT
0 5 10 15 20 25
SCALE (km;
Figure 5-1. Flight Map for 12 February 1981, Flight 1.
136
-------
CWP CHEM-1 MISSION SUMMARY
Date : 13 February 1981 (2 missions)
Measurement Interval I; 0746-12 01 GST Flight Hours; 4.5 hrs
Objective: Plume flux measurement in the Kincaid plume.
Activities: After a take-off at approximately 0720, CHEM-1 flew upwind
of Kincaid and gathered background data and filter samples
from 0746 through 0755. The plume was observed to be quite
broken and poorly defined. At 2500ft. MSL CHEM-1 passed
over the plume material. The first cross-plume traverse
occurred about 10km downwind from C to D.
CHEM-1 zigzagged across the plume from D to K (about .
27km downwind), characterizing the plume while also waiting
for the transport to stabilize. Several multi-modal profiles
were observed in this time frame. A spiral at G was carried
out, showing a narrow plume between 550 and 700m MSL.
After the zigzag pattern, CHEM-1 traveled to its first
assigned distance of about 60km downwind. There were several
traverses in this general area. It was difficult to locate a
consistent plume profile, .and readings of high aerosol to the
east of the anticipated plume transport direction confused
the search for the Kincaid plume in it-o vertically nai-iow aid
horizontally shifting configuration i This time frame will
require examination for t1^ possibility that the observations
to the east were dup >iu the Coffeen plume. (MRI was
characterizing tne plume at 30km during this time interval.)
CHSM-1 ferried to Springfield for fuel and lunch to
e the morning.
137
-------
13 FEBRUARY 1981
EMI
TABLE 5-2. FLIGHT OUTLINE
FLIGHT 1 (0746-1201CST)
EVENT
NO. TYPE
1 F
2 F
3 T
4 T
t
5 T
.6 T
7 F
- 8 S
9 T
10 T
11 T
12 T
13 T
14 F
15 F
16 T
17 Bg
18 T
19 T
20 F
21 T
NO EVENT
TIME
0746-0755
0755-0802
0802-0805
0805-0810
0810-0815
0815-0821
0821-0827
0827-0832
0835-0838
0838-0842
0843-0847
0847-0852
0852-0857
0857-0911
0911-0923
0924-0928
0928-0940
0940-0948
0948-0956
0956-0959
0959-1008
1008-1013
ROUTE
A-B
B-C
C-D
D-E
E-F
F-E
E-G
G
G-H
H-G
G-I
I-J
J-K
K-L-M-N
N-O-P
P-Q
Q-R-S
S-T
T-U
u-v
V-W
ALTITUDE
(m MSL)
905
783
631
631
631
631
631-417
417-1060
925
844
631
631
631
631
631
631
631
631
631
631
631
COMMENTS ;
CYCLONE FILTER NO.
CF#17
\
>
\
/
No plume found
No plume found
» CF#13
No plume found
J>CF#16
S02 500ppb
Data lost
138
-------
TABLE 5-2. (cont.)
13 FEBRUARY 1981, FLIGHT 1, CONT,
EVENT
NO. TYPE
22 T
23 T
24 T
25 F
26 T
27 T
NO EVENT
28 F
29 T
30 T
31 T
32 T
33 T
34 T
NO EVENT
35 T
36 S
TIME
1013-1016
1016-1021
1022-1030
1030-1036
1036-1045
1046-1056
1058-1102
1102-1108
1108-1117
1117-1122
1122-1128
1130-1135
1137-1141
1143-1148
1149-1154
1155-1159
1159-1201
ROUTE
Q-x
X-Y
Y-Z
Z-AA
AA-Y.
Y-BB
CC-DD
DD-BB
BB-EE
EE-Z
Z-DD
DD-Z
Z-EE
BB-N
ALTITUDE
(m MSL)
539
539
539
509
509
539
539-600
600
600
631
661
600
539
479
448
448-844
COMMENTS ;
CYCLONE FILTER NO.
\
>CF#16
No plume found
/ S02 900ppb
Data lost
No plume found
\
> CF#30
Magnetic data lost
Manual data show
double plume:
700ppb, lOOppb S02
/
139
-------
Coffeen v ^ x
Power Plant . A
A
Figure 5-2. Flight Map for 13 February 1981, Flight 1.
140
-------
CWP CHEM-1 MISSION SUMMARY
Date: 14 February 1981 (2 missions)
Measurement Interval I: 0746-1124 CST
Flight Hours: 4.4 hrs
Objective: Study of the Kincaid plume under stable transport
conditions.
Activities: Take-off for EMI was at approximately 0715. CHEM-1 ferried
to point C some 26km NE of Kincaid and flew a traverse from C
to D (about 26km N of Kincaid) at 1700ft. MSL at a
downwind distance of 25km. A marked S02 profile was
observed. CHEM-1 then ferried to near the midpoint of the
traverse (E) and spiralled up from 1200 to 3000ft. MSL.
CHEM-1 ferried back to point D and traversed the same route
as before, extending the east endpoint to near Blue Mound, IL
about 34km ENE of Kincaid (F) at 2200ft. MSL. The Cofeen
plume was characterized to the east of Kincaid's plume.
Three more traverses were flown over this route (D-F) at
altitudes of 1900, 1500, and 1700ft. MSL respectively,
observing the plumes in a narrow altitude range.
CHEM-1 next ferried to Mason City, IL (G) and traversed
from G to the vicinity of Clinton, IL (H) at 1800ft. MSL
at a downwind distance of 60km. (At this distance a distinct
layering was observed only in the narrow band of actual plume
altitude. Several passes were made looking for the Kincaid
plume before this condition was evident.) The Springfield
plume was sampled at this distance.
CHEM-1 then ferried to a point (I) aproximately 12km ESE
of Clinton (H). CHEM-1 traversed from I to Lincoln, IL (J)
at 2100ft. MSL. A traverse from K to L was flown at
1500ft. MSL. From L CHEM-1 ferried to Monticello, IL (N)
and flew a traverse from N to 0 at 2000ft. MSL. Another
traverse was flown from 0 to a point near Kenney, IL (P).
The multi-lobed plume seen in these traverses was enough to
the east that probably both Kincaid and Coffeen were sampled.
CHEM-1 then ferried to a point near Beason, IL (Q) and
spiralled up from 1000 to 2500ft. MSL, but observed no
plume, since the Kincaid plume was horizontally and
vertically narrow at this distance.
CHEM-1 then ferried to Bloomington for lunch and
refueling.
141
-------
CWP CHEM-1 MISSION SUMMARY
Date: 14 February 1981 (2 missions)
Measurement Interval II; 1318-1515 GST
Flight Hours; 2 hrs
Objective: Continuation of the stable plume scenario.
Activities: CHEM-1 took off from Bloomington at 1300. It flew a set of
3 traverses between a point 4km SW of Bloomington (S) and a
point 40km W of Bloomington (T) at 2000, 2100 and
2200ft. MSL. A narrow and concentrated S02 plume
(levels above llOOppb) was observed near Hopedale (U) and
confirmed by EPA Lidar. It was less than 500 feet thick and
only a few km wide even at about 110km downwind. CHEM-1
seemed to be characterizing the upper portion of this narrow
lidar profile.
CHEM-1 ferried to a point near Hopedale (U) and
spiralled up from 1000 to 3000ft. MSL. CHEM-1 then
ferried from U to a point near Minier (V) and flew 2
traverses between V and T at 2300 and 2100 respectively.
CHEM-1 concluded the mission by flying a zig-zag pattern
from W back to the Kincaid stacks, confirming the identity of
the narrow plume observed earlier, and then returned to
Spiritr-of St. Louis Airport (KSUS).
142
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TABLE 5-4. FLIGHT OUTLINE
EMI
FEBRUARY 1981
FLIGHT 1 C0746-1124CST)
FLIGHT 2 (1318-1515CST)
EVENT
NO. TYPE
1 Bg
2 F
3 T
4. F
5 S
NO EVENT
6 T
7 T
8 T
9 T
10 F
11 T
12 F
13 T
14 F
15 T
16 F
17 T
18 0
TIME
0746-0811
0811-0814
0814-0819
0819-0824
0826-0830
0830-0835
0835-0845
0848-0857
0857-0907
0907-0918
0918-0930
0930-0947
0948-0955
0955-1005
1005-1010
1010-1024
1024-1032
1033-1048
1048-1055
ROUTE
A-B
B-C
C-D
D-E
E
D-F
F-D
D-F
F-D
D-G
G-H
H-I
I-J
J-K
K-L
L-M-N
N-0
0
ALTITUDE
(m MSL)
908
908-542
572
572-390
390-969
969-664
664
572
496
511
511
542
633
633
633-450
450
633
633
572
COMMENTS ;
CYCLONE FILTER NO.
]
J CF//39
\
No continuous data
Altitude drop at
Coffeen plume
> CF//34
Coffeen again
Coffeen again;
30 sec. gap
1 Probably Springfield too
CoffeenC?) & Kincaid
> CF//38
Coffeen(?) & Kincaid
/ 30 sec. gap
Some plume; not pure
background.
143
-------
TABLE 5-4. (cont.)
FEBRUARY 1981, FLIGHTS 1 & 2, CONT,
EVENT
NO. TYPE
19 T
20 F
21 S
22 F
Mission II
23 T
24 T
25 T
26 T
27 F
28 S
NO EVENT
29 T
30 T
31 Zig-zag
32 F
TIME
1055-1104
1104-1109
1109-1112
1112-1124
1312-1318
1318-1328
1329-1339
1340-1350
1351-1354
1354-1359
1400-1403
1403-1408
1408-1410
1410-1454
1454-1528
ROUTE
0-P
P-Q
Q
Q-Blmngtn.
R-S
S-T
T-S
S-T
T-U
U
V-T
T-W
W-Kincaid
Kincaid-
KSUS
ALTITUDE
(m MSL)
572
572-329
329-755
755-0
606 .
606
636
667
453-301
301-941
941-697
697
636
636-545
606
COMMENTS ;
CYCLONE FILTER NO.
V
CF//35
/ Diagonal crossing
of CoffeenC?)
>CFy/37
CF//36
144
-------
_
/ Springfield
/ Power Plant /
Coffeen
Power Plant
Figure 5-4. Flight Map for 14 February 1981, Flights 1 and 2
145
-------
CWP CHEM-1 MISSION SUMMARY
Date: 16 February 1981
Measurement Interval; 1310-1734 CST
Flight Hours: 4.6 hrs
Objective: Study of Kincaid plume under stable conditions with transport
winds out of the southwest.
Activities: EMI took off at about 1230. CHEM-1 ferried, gathering
background data out to point D about 90km E of Kincaid. It
flew a traverse at 2400ft. MSL from D to point E about 78km
NE of Kincaid. This traverse and subsequent surveys in this
region utilized the 324° radial from Mattoon. Again the plume
was in a relatively thin layer and difficult to locate consis-
tently. CHEM-1 reversed direction back towards point D at
2200ft. MSL, eventually stopping at Arthur, IL (F). Two
additional traverse's between F and E at 2200 and 1900ft. MSL
were completed. CHEM-1 then rendezvoused with MRI near point
G and flew a parallel traverse with them to Bement, IL (H).
CHEM-1 ferried back to near the midpoint (J) of that traverse
and spiralled up from 1100 to 3000ft. MSL. CHEM-1 then ferried
back to G and, based on S02 information from the spiral, flew
another traverse from G to E at 2450ft. MSL.
Next CHEM-1 ferried to the CMI VOR (L) and flew two
traverses between L and a point about 115km ENE of Kincaid
(M) at. 2200 and 2300ft. MSL. Then CHEM-1 flew three traverses
between point L and a point near Villa Grove, IL (N) at 2000,
1800, and 1600ft. MSL. The plume had shifted toward the
north by this time and was centered over the Champaign-Urbana
airport. It was also quite low at this distance where ground
fog was forming, preventing lower altitude surveys. The
Champaign-Urbana tower cooperated well with CHEM-1 but would
not allow it over the airport airspace, much less allow it
to fly at the lower altitudes needed for complete characteri-
zation at this distance. (MRI landed at Champaign-Urbana
after the earlier flyby and was socked in by the ground
fog during this period.)
CHEM-1 then ferried back to point G and flew a traverse
from G to a point about 80km NE of Kincaid (P) at 2200ft. MSL.
Next CHEM-1 traversed from P back to point Q at 2000ft. MSL.
CHEM-1 concluded the mission by flying a zig-zag pattern back
to the Kincaid stacks. By the time CHEM-1 approached the
stacks, there was no plume to observe since in mid-afternoon
the plant had gone down due to mechanical problems. Hence,
a complete in-plume zig-zag was not possible.
CHEM-1 returned to Spirit of St. Louis airport, gathering
background data on the way.
146
-------
TABLE 5-5. FLIGHT OUTLINE
16 FEBRUARY 1981
EMI
FLIGHT 1 Q310-1734CST)
EVENT
NO. TYPE
1 F
2 T
3 T
4 T
5 T
6 T
7 F
8 S
9 F
10 T
11 Bg
12 T
13 T
14 T
15 T
16 T
17 F
18 T
19 T
20 Zig-zag
21 F
TIME
1310-1351
1351-1407
1407-1419
1420-1429
1431-1438
1440-1447
1447-1457
1458-1503
1504-1512
1512-1523
1523-1536
1538-1548
1550-1559
1559-1604
1605-1611
1611-1616
1616-1628
1628-1642
1643-1649
1649-1716
1716-1734
ROUTE
A-B-C-D
D-E
E-F
F-E
E-F
G-H
H-I-J
J
J-G
G-E
E-K-L
L-M
M-L
L-N
N-L
L-N
N-O-G
G-P
P-Q
Q-Kincaid
Kincaid-R
ALTITUDE
(m MSL)
739
739
647
678
586
678
678-342
342-921
921-769
769
744
728
708
617
556
495
495-678
678
617
678-586
769
COMMENTS ;
CYCLONE FILTER NO.
CF//44
\
Fly-by with MRI
> CF//46
/
\
> CF#49
30 sec. gap
J
}
\ CF//51
J
CF47
147
-------
4J
.£
Cn
H
r-l
M
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0)
fa
VD
J-l
O
s
-H
iH
fa
in
I
in
148
-------
CWP CHEM-1 MISSION SUMMARY
Date: 20 February 1981
Measurement Interval: 1035-1415 GST
Flight Hours: 3.7 hrs
Objective:
Activities:
Characterization of Kincaid plume during the transition
from stable to well-mixed conditions with transport winds
out of the NW (after two earlier missions by MRI starting
at 0200 CST).
Take-off was at 1030. CHEM-1 ferried to a point (C) near
Staunton, IL and orbited in the background, awaiting word
on MRl's status. Then it flew to D approximately 66km SE
of Kincaid near the Vandalia (.VIA) VOR, gathering background
data on the way. From there CHEM-1 flew a traverse at
2100ft. MSL toward the east just upwind of the Coffeen power
plant to a point near Moccasin, IL (E). From point E CHEM-1
flew a traverse back towards C at 2300ft. MSL, ending at F.
Having observed a clear S02 profile, CHEM-1 then ferried back
to the midpoint of the E-F traverse to G and spiralled up
from 800 to 3000ft. MSL. From G CHEM-1 ferried to
Beecher City, IL (E) and flew a parallel traverse with MRI
from E to G at 2200ft. MSL at the maximum S0£ level. CHEM-1
then flew a traverse back to E at 1800ft. MSL. Next a
traverse was flown from E to F at 1600ft. MSL, completing
this"65km characterization. These traverses encountered a
well-defined plume and characterized it at several altitudes.
CHEM-1 then ferried to a point (K) about 120km downwind
of Kincaid near Flora, IL, trying to keep track of the edge
of the plume on the way. It flew a traverse from K to a
point (L) near Effingham, IL at 2000ft. MSL. From L CHEM-1
ferried to point M, also near Effingham, and flew a traverse
roughly paralleling 1-57 to point N near Salem, IL at 2000ft. MSL.
From N CHEM-1 flew a traverse back toward the BIB VOR at
2200ft. MSL to point 0. From 0 CHEM-1 flew a traverse back
toward Salem to point P at 1800ft.. MSL. Two more traverses
were flown between 0 and P at 1600 and 2000ft. MSL. (On
none of these traverses this far downwind was any clear
Kincaid plume observed. S02 profiles were observed but are
not clearly interpreted without trajectory analysis. It is
possible, in retrospect, that the move to 120km was too long
in light of the time that the transport wind had been established
at 315°. Hence these EMI surveys may well have preceded the
actual plume transport to the area.) This concluded the
mission, and CHEM-1 returned to the Spirit of St. Louis
Airport (KSUS).
149
-------
TABLE 5-6. FLIGHT OUTLINE
20 FEBRUARY 1981
EMI
FLIGHT 1 (1Q35-1415CST)
EVENT
NO . TYPE
1 F
2 Bg&O
3 F
4 T
5 T
NO EVENT,
6 S
7 T
8 T
9 T
10 T
11 F
12 T
NO EVENT
13 T
14 T
15 T
16 T
17 T
18 F
TIME
1035-1053
1055-1101
1101-1118
1120-1124
1126-1130
1130-1135
1135-1140
1141-1144
1146-1150
1151-1154
1154-1200
1200-1215
1216-1229
1229-1223
1233-1246
1248-1255
1257-1312
1313-1328
1330-1344
1345-1415
ROUTE
A-B-C
C
C-D
D-E
E-F
G
G-E
E-G
G-E
E-F
F-I-J-K
K-L
M-N
N-0
0-P
P-0
0-P
P-Q-R-KSUS
ALTITUDE
(m MSL)
470-896
622
622
622
683
683-226
287-896
683
683
531
470 * -
653
592
592
653
546
470
592
927-165
COMMENTS ;
CYCLONE FILTER NO.
h CF//58
\
> CF#53
MRI fly-by
/
1204-1209 No tape
\ Interpret with caution;
see summary text
Interpret with caution;
see summary text
Interpret with caution;
see summary text.
* CF#52
Interpret with caution;
see summary text
Interpret with caution;
1 see summary text
CF#57
150
-------
Cn
H
00
(1)
Cu
o.
oj
s
-p
I
in
151
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