United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of Water
(EN-336)
EPA833-R-90-101
April1990
&EPA /Sediment And Erosion Control
An Inventory Of Current Practices
April 20,1990
Printed on Recycled Paper
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»'Hr.',,..
SEDIMENT AMD EROSION CONTROL:
AN INVENTORY
OF CURRENT PRACTICES
APRIL 20, 1990
DRAFT
S
627
.84
SA3
1990
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Prepared for
Mr. Mike Mitchell
Work Assignment Manager
U.S. EPA
Office of Water Enforcement and Permits
Washington, DC 20460
Submitted by
Kamber F.ngin-e^rg
Civil - Environmental - £t.;rvevir4g
818 West Dfenv>r.d Avenue
Gaithersburg, Maryland 208^8
(301) 840-1030
DRAFT
Sediment and Erosion Control
An Inventory of Current Practices
EPA Contract No. 6&-C8-OOS2
Work Assignment 1-19. Task 2
April 20, 1990
KE # 90531.02
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Table of Contents
I Introduction 1-1
II Factors Influencing Erosion and Sedimentation II - l
A. Soil Erodibility II - 1
B. Vegetative Cover II - 1
C. Topography II - 2
D. Climate II - 2
E. Season II - 2
III Planning Considerations Ill - 1
IV Inventory of Sediment Control Technologies IV - l
A. Vegetative Practices (discussion) . IV - 1
1. Temporary Seeding IV - 3
2. Permanent Seeding IV - 4
3. Mulching Only Stabilization IV - 5
4. Sod Stabilization IV 6
5. Vegetative Buffer Strip IV - 7
6. Protection of Trees in Urbanizing Areas FV - 8
7. Dune Stabilization IV - 9
8. Dust Control IV - 10
B. Structural Practices IV - 11
1. Earth Dike IV - 12
2. Straw Bale Dike IV - 13
3. Silt Fence IV - 14
4. Brush Barrier IV - 15
5. Drainage Swate IV - 16
6. Check Dams IV - 17
- 7. Level Spreader IV - 18
8. Subsurface Drain IV . 19
9. Pipe Slope Drain IV 20
10. Temporary Storm Drain Diversion IV - 21
11. Storm Drain Inlet Protection IV - 22
12. Rock Outlet Protection IV - 23
13. Sediment Trap IV - 24
14. Temporary Sediment Basin IV . 26
15. Sump Pit IV - 27
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16. Flotation Silt Fence IV - 28
17. Chemical Treatment IV - 29
18. Stabilized Construction Entrance IV - 30
19. Temporary Access Waterway Crossing IV - 31
20. Wind Breaks IV - 33
C. Special Practices IV - 34
1. Chemical Solution Mulch and Tack Coatings IV - 34
2. Natural Fiber Matting IV - 35
3. Synthetic Fiber Matting IV - 35
V Conclusions V - 1
VI References Cited VI - 1
Vn Bibliography VII - 1
VIE Agencies Contacted VIII - 1
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I INTRODUCTION
This report was prepared to inventory sediment and erosion control practices currently in use
nationwide. The inventory represents completion of the first of a six task project designed to
develop guidance, including model permit language, for development of NPDES permits for the
storm water discharges of construction sites, and for the evaluation of municipal storm water
management and sediment and erosion control programs with regard to effective control of
construction site discharges to municipal separate storm sewer systems. The sediment and
erosion control practice inventory will be combined with information generated under the
remaining tasks to assist EPA Regions and NPDES approved State in writing NPDES permits
for the storm water discharges of the construction industry, and in evaluating the NPDES permit
applications of municipal separate storm sewer systems for effective control of construction site
storm water discharges.
The sediment and erosion control practice inventory was developed based upon interviews with
the State and local Soil Conservation District agencies of representative metropolitan areas from
each of the nine geographic/climatic regions established in 40 CFR, Part 122.42. In addition to
interviews, local manuals of practice, regulations, handbooks and other data were evaluated to
develop the inventory. The inventory is organized into two categories, 1) vegetative and 2)
structural sediment and erosion control practices. "Each practice is defined and illustrated, and
a discussion is provided regarding the purpose, applicability, effectiveness, advantages,
disadvantages, and cost of each practice.
During the course of the inventory development, it became evident that a high degree of
variability exists among state sediment and erosion control laws, and many states have not ye'
passed legislation controlling construction site soil erosion. Among the states with legislation,
sediment and erosion control programs which implement the laws varied greatly in requirements.
standards and enforcement The most developed programs were found in the eastern United
States. The Maryland legislation and regulatory program was frequently found to be used as
a guide for developing programs in other states, such as New York and Florida. In general.
implementation of sediment and erosion control programs was limited in midwestem and western
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FACTORS INFLUENCING EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
A number of east coast jurisdictions have sediment and erosion control manuals which address
factors influencing erosion and sedimentation. The ibUowing is reproduced from the "1983
Maryland Standards and Specifications for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control",(Reference 1).
The same discussion can be found in numerous manuals from Florida to New York.
The erosion potential of a site is principally determined by five factors; the credibility of the soil,
vegetative cover, topography, climate and season. Although the factors an interrelated as
determinants of erosion potential, they are discussed separately for ease of understanding.
A. Soil ErodibUity
The vulnerability of a soil to erosion is known as credibility. The soil structure, texture, and
percentage of organic matter influence its credibility.
The most credible soils generally contain high proportions of silt and very fine sand. The presence
of clay or organic matter tends to decrease soil credibility. Clays are sticky and tend to bind soil
panicles together. Organic matter helps to maintain stable soil structure (aggregates).
B. Vegetative Cover
There are everal ways in which vegetation protects soil from the erosive forces of raindrop impact
and runoff scour. Vegetation (top growth) shields the soil surface from raindrop impact while the
root mass holds soil panicles in place. Crass buffer strips can be used to filter sediment from the
surface runoff. Grasses also "slow the velocity of runoff, and help maintain the infiltration capacity
of a soil. The establishment and maintenance of vegetation are the most important factors m
minimizing erosion during development.
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areas of the country (with the notable exception of the state of Washington), although in several
instances, new programs were under consideration.
The inventory of sediment and erosion control practices provided in Section IV is of standard
practices currently being implemented in the jurisdictions contacted during this investigation which
had active sediment control programs. The inventory does not refer to the state or local
regulations from which the practice was derived, although local regulations and standards directly
influence the effectiveness of sediment control practices in the field. Cost estimates provided
in the inventory were obtained from the "Means Site Work Cost Data", 9th Edition, R.S. Means
Company, 1990, or local (Washington D.C area) agency bond price lists. Cost estimates are
approximate and should be used for relative comparison purposes only. Washington, D.C unit
costs were used to add conservativeness to the estimates based upon the assumption that
materials costs in this area are generally higher than other areas of the country. Standard
details are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered for use in design
of sediment control plans.
In addition to the inventory, this report addresses factors which influence erosion and
sedimentation, effective planning of erosion control measures at construction sites, and general
criteria common to many sediment and erosion control programs encountered during this
investigation.
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C. Topography
Slope length and steepness are key influences on both the volume and velocity of surface runoff.
Long slopes deliver more runoff to the base of slopes and steep slopes increase runoff velocity:
both conditions enhance the potential for erosion to occur.
D. Climate
Erosion potential is also affected by the climate of the area. Rainfall characteristics, such as
frequency, intensity, and duration directly influence the amount of runoff that is generated. As
the frequency of rainfall increases, water has less chance to drain through the soil between storms.
The soil will remain saturated for longer periods of time and stormwater runoff volume may be
potentially greater. Therefore, where rainfall events are frequent, intense, or lengthy, erosion risks
1
are high.
E. Season
Seasonal variation in temperature and rainfall defines periods of high erosion potential during the
year. A .high erosion potential may exist in the spring when the surface soil first thaws and the
ground underneath remains frozen. A low intensity ninfall may cause substantial erosion as
infiltration is impossible because of the frozen subsoil The erosion potential is also high during
the summer months because of more frequent, high intensity rainfall
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ffl PIj\NNING CONSIDERATIONS
The planning of sediment and erosion control practices for a construction site must begin with
consideration of regional water quality concerns. Construction site soil erosion impacts local and
regional water quality, and has regional planning implications. For example, uncontrolled soil
erosion at a new shopping mall site in Northern Virginia could degrade water quality in the
Chesapeake Bay and impact use of the Bay's myriad natural resources. Sediments leaving a new
subdivision project in the Ohio Valky could result in the the need for intensive and costly
dredging of the lower Mississippi River to control flooding impacts. Soil erosion and
sedimentation, as with any water resources related issue, is a regional problem that transends
local, county, and state boundaries.
Regional planning agencies evaluate the quality and nature of water resources within their
jurisdiction. Often, the sensitivity of each resource to increased sediment loads is quantified, and
goals'are established to control, minimize or correct existing problems. In certain areas and
subwatersheds of a given water resource, unusual limits might be adopted in response to a
unique or highly sensitive resource. Once these goals or limits are set, the implications of each
land disturbance can be determined, and an effective erosion control approach can be developed.
In many instances, existing water quality data resources such as 208 basin studies, can provide
information on the sensitivity of a particular water resource. Once the sensitivity of the
receiving stream is known, a comprehensive development plan must be developed that minimizes
the risk of environmental damage due to erosion and sedimentation. Site plans should be
designed to minimize grading requirements, save existing vegetation, protect critical areas such
and steep slopes, and erodible soils, and generally "Gt the site". Construction should be planned
to occur in phases in order to minimize the amount of disturbed land exposed at any one time.
thus limiting the overall erosion potential of the site. Once an effective, phased development
plan has been prepared, individual erosion control practices can be selected and implemented
on site. These individual practices are inventoried and described in the following section.
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IV INVENTORY OF SEDIMENT CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
A. Vegetative Practices
The establishment and maintenance of vegetation are the most important factors in minimizing
erosion during development A vegetation cover greatly reduces an area's erosion potential in
three primary ways; 1) by absorbing the kinetic energy of raindrops which would otherwise
impact soil and loosen it, 2) by intercepting water so it can infiltrate into the ground instead
of running off carrying surface soil and 3) by slowing the velocity of runoff promoting deposition
of water bom sediment. (2)
Preserving existing vegetation where possible, and revegetating open areas as soon as practical
after grading or construction are very cost effective methods controlling erosion. Seeding open
areas is fairly inexpensive, and savings in reduced maintenance and reduced need for structural
practices can be significant
Vegetation, as discussed here, refers to covering or maintaining an existing cover over the soil.
The cover may be grass, trees, vines, shrubs, bark, mulch or straw. Grasses are the most
common type of vegetative cover. Many types of grasses germinate and grow quickly providing
erosion protection within 15 days. Grasses may be placed with straw or other anchoring medium
which provide temporary erosion control until the grasses are established. Straw, mulch and
other anchoring techniques may be used for soil stabilisation during non-growing srasons.
Maintaining existing trees and shrubs is an effective way to prevent erosion. The planting of
new trees provides only limited erosion control by reducing raindrop impact Tree roots grow
slowly requiring extensive time before providing significant anchoring of the soil.
In each application of a vegetative practice, the soil fertility should be considered. The use of
fertilizers and lime as well as the neutralizing of harmful chemicals will greatly enhance the
growth of vegetation. The primary types of vegetative practices are: temporary seeding.
permanent seeding, "mulching only" stabilization, sod stabilization, vegetative buffer strips, tree
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protection and dune stabilization. These vegetative practices are described in the following
sections.
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1. Temporary Sccdfttf
Definition: Planting short-term vegetation on critical areas.
Purpose: To temporarily stabilize the soil; to reduce damages from sediment and
runoff to downstream areas; improve wildlife habitat; enhance natural beauty.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Graded or cleared areas which are subject to
erosion for a period of 14 days or more.
Effectiveness: It has been determined that seeding practices are the single most
important factor in reducing erosion on construction sites. (2) Once established,
properly vegetated areas will nearly duplicate site conditions before disturbance. In
fact, temporary seeding practices have been found to be approximately 95% effective
in reducing erosion on-site. (3)
Advantages: As mentioned above, temporary seeding is highly effective in minimizing
erosion once properly established. Also, temporary seeding practices are very
inexpensive.
Disadvantages: To be effective, mulching of some sort is required for the temporary
seeding to germinate and establish itself. If the soil to be seeded is under nutriented,
and on construction sites it usually is because the top soil has been graded' away, then
fertilizer and or topsoil must be added to the area prior to seeding. Finally, when
using the most common mulch, straw, a mulch anchoring of some type (i.e., thermal
tack coat, netting, etc.) is generally required to hold the mulch in place. Obviously
these added components of temporary seeding can increase the cost of this practice
considerably.
Costs: The cost for seed is approximately $1.00 per square yard. Added to this is
the cost of mulching the area which usually consists of spreading straw and adds
another S1.25/sy to the above price. Finally, a mulch anchor of some type must be
selected and applied adding further to the cost of this practice.
Geographical Considerations: Temporary seeding is an effective erosion control
measure can be used in each of the 9 regions. However, in the northern areas its use
is limited by the shorter growing season.
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2. Permanent Seeding
Definition: Planting vegetation such as grasses and legumes on critical areas.
Purpose: To stabilize the soil; to reduce damages from sediment and runoff to
downstream areas; improve wildlife habitat; enhance natural bear*y.
Conditions Where Practices Apply: Graded or cleared areas subject to erosion and
where a permanent, long-lived vegetative cover is needed.
Effectiveness: Permanent seeding has been found to be 99% effective in controlling
erosion on construction sites. (3) Therefore, it is obvious that areas on-site should be
permanently seeded as soon as possible. To achieve this high efficiency rate,
permanent seeding must be properly established and maintained.
Advantages: As with all seeding measures, permanent seeding is inexpensive and highly
effective.
Disadvantages: To be effective, mulching of some sort is required for the permanent
seeding to germinate and establish itself. If the soil to be seeded is under nutriented,
(which is common on construction sites because the top soil has often been lost during
grading), fertilizer and or topsoil must be added to the area prior to seeding. Finally,
when using the most common mulch, straw, a mulch anchoring of some type (i.e.,
thermal tack coot, netting, etc.) is generally required to hold the mulch in place.
Obviously these added components of permanent seeding can increase the cost of this
practice considerably.
Costs: The cost for seed is approximately $1.00 per square yard. Added to this is
the cost of mulching the area which usually consists of spreading straw and adds
another S1.25 per square yard to the above price. Finally, a mulch anchor of some
type must be selected and applied adding further to the cost of this practice.
Geographical Considerations: Permanent seeding is an effective erosion control
measure can be used in each of the 9 regions. However, in the northern areas its use
is limited by the shorter growing season.
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3. Mulchinf Only Stabilization
Definition: Apply plant residues or other suitable materials not produced on the site
to the soil surface.
Purpose: To conserve moisture; prevent surface compaction or crusting; reduce runoff
and erosion; control weeds, and help establish plant cover.
Conditions Where Practices Applies: Where protection of the soil surface is desired
and temporary and permanent seeding is not feasible, mulching only stabilization should
be used.
Effectiveness: Although generally not as effective as seeding practices, (mulching
ranges in effectiveness from 75 to 98%) (3), mulching does provide adequate erosion
control on construction sites. To maintain optimum effectiveness, mulches must be
anchored to resist wind displacement
Advantages: Mulching controls erosion as soon as it is placed, unlike seeding practices
that take time to grow before stabilization occurs. Also mulching can be used
effectively on poor soils where grasses could not survive. Finally, the cost of mulching
only is relatively inexpensive.
Disadvantages: The most common type of mulch, straw, needs an anchoring method
to be held in place on site. These anchoring methods ranging from chemical coatings
to netting add to the cost of mulching.
Costs: Straw, the most common mulch costs approximately Si.25 per square yard.
Note that the cost of an appropriate mulch anchor must be added.
Geographical Considerations: Mulching is an effective erosion control measure which
can be used in each region.
KE#90531.02 DRAFT IV - 5
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STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
MULCHING
Definition
Applying plant residues or other suitable materials to the soil
surface.
Purpose
To conserve moisture and modify surface soil temperature
fluctuations; prevent surface compaction or crusting: reduce
runoff and erosion; control weeds; and help establish plant
cover.
Conditions Where Practice Applies
On soils subject to erosion on which low residue producing
crops, such as grapes, berries and small fruits are grown; on
critical areas; and oa sous that have a low infiltration rate.
Design Criteria
1. SITE PREPARATION
A. Prior to mulching, install the necessary temporary or per*
manent erosion control (structural) practices and
drainage systems within or adjacent to area to be mul-
ched.
B. Slope, grade and smooth the site if conventional equti
meat it to be used in applying and anchoring the muk
C Remove aO undesirable atones and other debris depea*
ing OB anticipated land ute.
D Conipaftfd Of mtttfii ipfl rorfacf rt*"*^ fr» loosened t
at least two inches by dasaiag or other suitable method
1 MULCHING MATERIALS
A. Select from attached Table 3.8 on page 332 the type r
mulch and application rate that will best meet the nee
and availability of material
B. If needed, select the anchorag method from Table « o
page 335 that wffl beat meet the need.
C The best combination it atraw (small grain) mulch ap
plied at 2 ton/acre (90fc*OOOOsq. ft.) and anchored wit'
wood fiber mulch (hydroojukh) at 500 - 750 IbsJaoe (1
-17ttxTLOOO sq. ft). The wood fiber mulch must be ap
plied through a hydraaeeder immediately after mulch
March 1989 (Rev.)
Page 331
New York Guidelines for Urban
Erosion and Sediment Contra'
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4. Sod Stabilization
* Definition: Stabilizing sediment producing areas by establishing long-term stands of
grass with sod.
Purpose: To stabilize the soil; reduce damage from sedi .ent and runoff to downstream
areas; enhance natural beauty.
Conditions Where Practices Applies: On exposed soils where a quick vegetative cover
is desired; on sites which can be maintained with ground equipment (2:1 or flatter
slopes).
Effectiveness: When installed and maintained properly, sodding at 99% efficiency
serves as the most effective vegetation practice available. (3) This extremely high
efficiency in controlling erosion is achieved because sodding establishes an instantaneous
permanent grass vegetation on previously disturbed surfaces. Careful maintenance of
sodded areas must be practiced to assure optimum efficiency.
Advantages: As mentioned above, sodding is the most effective sediment control
technology available.
Disadvantages: Installation purchase costs of sodding are relatively high thus making
sodding undesirable for large areas. Also, extensive maintenance including watering and
fertilizing may be required.
Costs: Generally sodding costs $4.00 per square yard to install plus any additional costs
associated with maintenance such as fertilizing and watering as needed.
Geographical Considerations: Sod is very sensitive to the climate of a region and is
especially draught susceptible. Sod can be established anywhere but many require
intensive maintenance practices such as watering and fertilizing. As with any type of
vegetative practice, sodding is only viable during the growing season in northern
climates.
KE#90531.02 DRAFT IV - 6
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1980
1.67
SODDING
..« .
» ...
I -* *-
Incorrect
Butting - angled ends
caused by the auto-
matic sod cutter must
be matched correctly.
Lay sod In a staggered
pattern. Butt the
strips tightly against
each other. Do not
leave spaces and do not
overlap. A sharpened
mason's trowel 1s a
handy tool for tucking
down the ends and
trimming pieces.
ROLL sod Immediately
to achieve firm
contact with the soil.
WATER to a depth
of 4" as needed.
Water well as soon
as the sod 1s laid.
APPEARANCE OF GOOD SOD
MOW when the sod Is
established - In
2-3 weeks. Set the
mower high (2"-3").
Shoots or grass blades.
Grass should be green and
" healthy, mowed at a 2"-3"
cutting height.
Thatch - grass clippings and
dead leaves, up to 1/2" thick.
Root Zone - soil and roots.
Should be l/2"-3/4*-thick, with
dense root mat for strength.
Source: Va SWCC
Plate l.STa
III-237
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5. Vegetative Buffer Strip (4)
Definition: Planting of vegetation at the top and bottom of a slope along the contour.
Purpose: To slow runoff velocity, filter sediment from runoff; reduce the volume of
runoff on slopes.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Graded or cleared slopes wnich are subject to
erosion for extended periods of time.
Effectiveness: Buffer strips have proven to be very effective in removing sediments
from construction site runoff, with efficiencies ranging from 75% and 99% depending
on the type and quality of ground cover. (3)
Advantages: Buffer strips are easy and inexpensive to install and once established,
require little maintenance.
Disadvantages: Vegetative buffer strips may require large strips of land that can limit
movement of construction equipment on site. Also, buffer strips are ineffective until
vegetation has been completely established.
Costs: The cost of installing a vegetative buffer strip is approximately.
» Geographical Considerations: Buffer strips can be installed whenever growing
conditions allow full vegetation of the area.
*
-------
6. Protection of Trtcs IB UrbantdBf Amc
» Definition: Protection of desirable trees from mechanical and other injury while the
land is being developed.
Purpose: To employ the necessary protective measures to insure the survival of
desirable trees for shade, beautification and vegetative cover.
*
Conditions Where Practices Applies: On areas now occupied by single specimen trees
or groups of trees.
Effectiveness: Mature trees have extensive roof systems that help to hold soil in place
thus reducing erosion. Also, shade trees help to keep soil from drying rapidly and
becoming susceptible to erosion. To effectively save an existing tree, no disturbances
of any kind should be allowed within the drip line of the tree.
Advantages: Saving existing mature trees on site beautifies the area and saves money
by limiting the number of new trees required to be planted. Mature trees also
increase property values and satisfy consumer aesthetic needs.
Disadvantages: For sites with diverse topography it is often difficult and expensive to
save existing trees and grade the site satisfactorily for the planned development
Costs: Costs associated with tree saving techniques can vary greatly. Expensive
structural practices such as retaining walls and tree wells may be required for sites with
varied topography. Ideally, the only cost associated with tree saving would be installing
fences,(for example, snow fence at $2.50 per linear foot) along the drip line to keep
construction activities away from the tree.
Geographical Considerations: Tree protection can be implemented an any construction
project where trees are present
-------
1980
Care of Seed Unas Until Planted
Seedlings should be planted Immediately. If It is
necessary to store moss-packed seedlings for more
than 2 weeks, one pint of water per pkg. should be
added. If clay*treated, do not add water to pkg.
Packages must be separated to provide ventilation
to prevent "heating". Separate packages with wood strips and store
out of the wind in a shaded, cool (not freezing) location.
Care of Seedlings During Planting
When planting, roots must be kept moist until trees
are in the ground. Do not carry seedlings in your
hand exposed to the air and sun. Keep moss-packed
seedlings in a container packed with wet moss or filled with thick
muddy water. Cover clay-treated seedlings with wet burlap only.
Hand Planting
Insert bar at
angle shown and
push forward to
upright position.
Remove bar and
place seedling
at correct
depth.
Insert bar two
inches toward
planter from
seedling.
Pull bar toward
planter firming
soil at bottom
of roots.
Push bar forward
from planter
firming soil at
top of roots.
Ri^ht Wrong
Fill in
hole by
stamping
with heel
Don't expose
roots to air
during freeze
or plant in
frozen ground.
Do not bend
roots so that
they grow
upwards out
of the ground.
Firm soil
around seed-
ling with
feet.
Plant seedlings
upright - not
at an angle.
Test planting
by pulling
lightly on
seedling.
Always plant in
soil - never
loose leaves
or debris. Pack-
soil tightly.
Rtoht Wrong
"£ i
PLANTING BARE-ROOTED SEEDLINGS
Source: Virginia Division of Forestry
Plate l.SOti
III-264
-------
Figure I
A HI* system prefects trt« fr»m rvlsMf frvtfe. A, Th« HI* is teirf *wt MI
the «rif tnal grade, leading from « dry well mnvn4 m« Ira* trvnk. ,
Th« Ml* tyttcm is c*vw«d with sm«H st*i*«« ! «H«w «ir f* drratel*
Figure 2
A rttsriniitf well protects * from
Figure 3
Tunnel b«n««m r»«t systtmt. Draw-
ings «t left sh«w twicMitf Hict
w*«M pr^Mbly kill Hie Ira*.
Drawinf s at right stow h«w twn-
nclbifl «nsi«r Hi* tr*« will p>r«s«fv«
nwny ! HM
r*«ts.
-------
Figure 3.5
Combination of Sand Fence and Vegetation for Dune Building
Vegetation
Peace
Vegetation
Figure 3.6
Typical Cross-Section Created by a Combination of Sand Fence and Vegetation
New installation
M///
Vegetation
Some sand
accumulation
Additional sand
accumulation
New Fence
Completed dune
New York Guidelines for Urban
Erosion and Sediment Control
Page 3.48
Marcn l'"<8
-*."
-------
7. DUM StaMliatfo* (2)
Definition: Controlling surface movement of sand dunes or shifting sand by vegetative
means.
Purpose: To stabilize frontal dunes and reduce soil blowing and the encroachment of
shifting sands on valuable property; provide a barrier against tide water.
Conditions Where Practices Applies: On seashore areas where blowing sands, tide and
storm water may cause damage.
Effectiveness: A well-established dune buffer will minimize potentially severe wind
erosion on beachfront developments.
Advantages: Dunes control and stabilize beach erosion which often times saves
valuable real estate. Also dunes create a permanent habitat for wildlife.
Disadvantages: Man made dunes are still quite difficult to construct and often times
do not develop as planned. Dune systems are very fragile and difficult to maintain
once created.
Costs: To construct a dune, fencing (for example, snow fence at S2.50 per linear foot)
is placed along the beach to trap blowing sand and begin deposition along the dune
line. An additional cost is associated with planting and fertilizing dune grasses along
the dune once it has been created.
Geographical Considerations: Obviously, only coastal regions would have a need for
dune stabilization with an emphasis on developing coastal communities and barrier
islands.
KE#90531.02 DRAFT IV - 9
-------
8. Dust Control (5)
Definition: Controlling dust blowing and movement on construction sites and roads.
Purpose: To prevent blowing and movement of dust from exposed soil surfaces, reduce
on and off-site damage, health hazards, and* improve traffic safety.
Conditions Where Practices Applies: This practice is applicable to areas subject to dust
blowing and movement where on and off-site damage is likely without treatment
Effectiveness: When used properly, chemical treatments to soil on construction sites
can minimize wind erosion.
Advantages: Dust control chemical soil.treatments help to eliminate wind erosion on
disturbed areas and improves health and safety aspects of the construction site.
Disadvantages: Chemical dust control can also be dangerous if applied improperly due
to the large amounts of chemicals exposed on the site surface.
Costs: Dust control costs vary due to availability and type of chemical chosen.
Geographical Considerations: Chemical dust control is best utilized in dry, arid climates
such as in regions 5, 6, 8 and 9. It is not recommended for cold or wet climate
conditions.
-------
IV INVENTORY OF SEDIMENT CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
(Continued)
B. Structural Practices
Structural practices involve the construction of devices to divert flow, trap flow or limit runoff.
Structural practices are classified as either temporary or permanent. Temporary structural
practices are used during construction to prevent offsite sedimentation or to divert clean water
from a construction area. Permanent structural practices are used to convey surface water
runoff to a safe outlet Permanent structural practices remain in place after completion of
construction. Structural practices should be the first items constructed before grading begins.
Earthen structures should be vegetatively stabilized before they are considered operational (1)
Even though the specific conditions of each site determine precisely what measures are necessary
j
to control sedimentation, some general principles apply to the selection and placement of
sediment control measures. It is important to prevent clean water from crossing disturbed areas
where sediment can be removed. This can be accomplished by diverting runoff from undisturbed
upslope areas. Earth dikes, temporary swales, perimeter dike/swales, or diversions that outlet
in stable areas can be used in this capacity. Another inportant objective is to remove sediment
from site runoff before the runoff leaves the site. The method of sediment removal depends
upon how the runoff drains from the site. Concentrated flow must be diverted to a trapping
device so that suspended sediment can be deposited. Dikes or swales that outlet into sediment
traps or basins can accomplish this. A storm drain system may be used to convey concentrated
sediment laden water only if the system empties into a trap or basin. Otherwise, ail storm drain
inlets must be protected so that sediment laden water cannot enter the drainage system before
being treated to remove the sediment Surface runoff draining in sheet flow must be filtered
before the water leaves the site. Straw bale dikes, silt fences, or brush barriers can be used
^
to filter sheet flow.
-------
No matter which practices are selected and implemented, they must be properly maintained in
order to remain functional Sediment accumulated associated with these differ nt practices must
be removed and disposed of in a manner that minimizes erosion and sedimentation.
Descriptions of the various structural practices in use currently follows.
-------
1. Earth Dike
Definition: A temporary berm or ridge of compacted soil located in such a manner
as to channel water to a desired location.
Purpose: The purpose of an earth dike is to direct runoff to a sediment trapping
device, thereby reducing the potential for erosion and jffsite sedimentation. Earth
dikes can also be used for diverting clean water away from disturbed areas.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Earth dikes are often constructed across disturbed
areas and around construction sites such as graded parking lots and subdivisions. The
dikes should remain in place until the disturbed areas are permanently stabilized.
Effectiveness: An earth dike itself does not control erosion or remove sediment from
runoff, rather it directs runoff to an erosion control device such as a sediment trap
or directs runoff away from an erodable area.
Advantages: Earth dikes can handle flows from large drainage areas and are easy to
install Also, once stabilized, earth dikes require little maintenance.
Disadvantages: Often times earth dikes create more disturbed area on site and become
barriers to construction equipment Earth dikes must be stabilized immediately which
adds cost and maintenance concerns.
;
Costs: The cost associated with earth dike construction is roughly $4.50 per linear foot
which covers the earthwork involved in preparing the dike. Also added to this cost
is approximately $1.00 per linear foot for stabilization practices. It should be noted
that for most construction projects, the cost of earth dike construction is insignificant
compared to the overall earthwork project costs.
Geographical Considerations: Earth dikes can be constructed on any construction site,
but need to be properly stabilized which may be affected by area climate.
-------
EAJtTM DIKE
Ml MKOM
£1 SLOPE Off FuATT£ff
MStOPCOff
FuATTCff
CROSS SCCTWf
cur on FILL
SLOPE
POSITIVE DRAMI
: SUTFCENT TO DRAM
STABILIZATION AS ffCOUMCO. ON
STEEP SLOPES EXCAVATE TO PffOViDC
ffCOWfff 0 FLOW WIDTH AT FLOW DEPTH
OMC A OlKC
(9«c«rlM) (S-IOM.)
OMfNCWNT It" M"
»-Mt MffM 24" 34"
4'
CUT on FILL SLOPE-
A"
A A A A A A A
v v v v Y v
y V V *"* STANDARD SYMBOL
1 I I A-2 §-3
I:
6.
ALL DIKES SHAU BC COMPACTED BY EARTH-MOVINS EQUIPHEKT.
ALL ones SHALL HAVE POSITIVE OMAIMMK TO AM OUTLET.
TOP HIDTH MAY IE WIDER AND SIDE SLOPES MY BE FLATTER IF DESIRED TO FACILITATE
CROSSING BY CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC,
FIELD LOCATION SHOULD BE ADJUSTED AS NEEDED TO UTILIZE A STABILIZED SAFE OUTLET.
EARTH DIKES SHALL HAVE AN OUTLET THAT FUNCTIONS WITH A MINIM* OF EROSION, f&w^
SHALL BE CONVEYED TO A SEDIMENT TRAPPING DEVICE SUCH AS A SEDIFCNT TRAP OR SEDIMENT
BASIN WR£ EITHER THE DIME CHANNEL OR THE DRAINAGE AREA ABOVE THE DIKE ARE NOT
ADEQUATELY STABILIZED. />%
STABILIZATION SHALL BE: (A) IN ACCORDANCE MITH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR SEED
AND STRAW HULCH OR STRAW MULCH IF NOT IN SEEDING SEASON, (B) FLOW CHANNEL AS PER
THE CHART BELOW,
1
2
I
FLtt CHANEL STABIII7ATIHN
DIKE A
DIKES
SEED AND STRAW
SEED AND STRAW
SEED AND STRAW Mux
5.1-8.0
WITH JUTE, OR Sao;
SEED USING
EXCELSIOR;
LINED RIP-RAP
i;'2 STONE
4 8.1-2B LINED RIP-RAP
-------
2. Straw Bak Dike
Definition: A temporary barrier of straw or similar material used to intercept sediment
laden runoff from small drainage areas of disturbed soil
Purpose: The purpose of a straw bale dike is to reduce runoff velocity and effect
deposition of the transported sediment load. Straw bale dikes are to be used for no
more than three (3) ninths because they tend to rot and fall apart over time.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: The straw bale dike is used where there are no
concentrations of water in a channel or other drainage way above the barrier, and
erosion would occur in the form of sheet erosion.
Effectiveness: When installed and maintained properly, straw bale dikes remove
approximately 67% (6) of the sediment transported in construction site runoff. This
optimum efficiency can only be achieved through careful maintenance with special
attention to replacing rotted or broken bales.
Advantages: Straw bale pikes can be constructed from readily available materials and
can be placed to control site runoff without major site disturbances.
Disadvantages: Installation of straw bale dikes is very manpower intensive Also, straw
bales lose their effectiveness rapidly due to rotting, thus constant maintenance is
required. .^ Jte
Costs: Installation of straw bale dikes on a construction site costs approximately S3.00
per linear foot
Geographical Considerations: Straw is a readily available throughout the country, thus
straw bale dikes can be used nationwide. However, use of straw bale dikes may be
limited in northern areas where long term freezing occurs.
-------
FLOW
STRAW IALE DIKE
BEDDING OCHML
4 VERTICAL PACE
STANDARD SYMBOL
L__ 5*0 _l
\mmmm mm w m*
ANQuE FIRST STAKE TOWARD
PREVIOUSLY LAID BALE
BOUND BACKS PLACED ON CONTOUR
2 RE-BARS.STEEL PICKETS,OR 2"t2" STAKES
11/2' TO 2' IN GROUND, DRIVE STAKES FL.USM
WITH BALES.
ANCHOffiNG DCTAIL
fTJCTHCTIQN SPEC1FICATICNS
1. BALES SHAU. IE PLACED AT TVC TOE OF A SLOPE c* ON T>C CONTOUR AND IN A ROM WITH
BOS TIGKTLY ABUTTING T>C ADJACENT BALES,
2. EACH IALE SMLL K EMKDOED IN TVC SOIL A MINIM* Of (4) INOCS, AND PLACED SO
T) 1IND1NSS ARE HORIZONTAL.
3, BALES SHALL K SECURELY ANCHORED IN PLACE BY EITHER TVC STAICS OR RE-BARS DRIVEN
THHUGH THE BALE, TJC FIRST STAKE IN EACH BALE SHALL BE WIVEN TOHAJB THE
PREVIOUSLY LAID BALE AT AN AMSLE TO FORCE THE BALES TOGETHER, STAKES SHALL PE
DRIVEN FLUSH WITH THE BALE,
4, INSPECTION SHALL BE FREQUENT AND REPAIR REPLACEMENT SMLL BE HADE PROMPTLY AS
NESfD,
5, BALES SHALL BE REMOVED WHEN THEY HAVE SERVED THEIR USEFULNESS so AS NOT TO BLOCK
OR IMPEDE STORM FLOM OR DRAINAGE,
U S DCPAftTMCNT OF ACWCU.TURC
SOIL ODNSCRVKriON SCRVCC
COtLCSE MAK.MAftYUAMO
STRAW BALE DIKE
STANDARD OA4WNG
SBD-i
-------
3. Silt Fence
Definition: A temporary barrier of geotextile fabric (filter cloth) used to intercept
sediment laden runoff from small drainage areas of disturbed soil.
Purpose: The purpose of a silt fence is to reduce runoff velocity and effect deposition
of transported sediment load. Limits imposed by ultraviolet stability of the fabric will
dictate the maximum period the silt fence may be used.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Silt fence is placed along disturbed areas to
control sheet erosion, where there are no expected concentrations of runoff flow.
Effectiveness: When installed and maintained properly, silt fence removes 97% of the
sediment transported in construction site runoff. (6) Care must be taken in
maintaining silt fence with an emphasis on removal of excessive sedimentation.
Advantages: Installation of silt fence requires minimal ground disturbance and is highly
effective in controlling sedimentation off site. Silt fence is also easily adaptable to
varied site features and can be moved easily.
Disadvantages: Silt fence can only be used in areas of sheet flow and requires
intensive maintenance. Additionally, some silt fence fabric may be susceptible to
ultraviolet deterioration, thus limiting its usefulness.
Costs: Silt fence can be installed on a construction site for approximately $6.00 per
linear foot
Geographical Considerations: Silt fence can be used throughout the country as site
conditions permit and whenever the silt fencing material can be obtained readily.
-------
SILT FENCE
PE*«PCCT1Vt VttW
WOVCN WMK FfNCt (H/J** MM.. MAX.
'MUM fMCMM) WITH feTC* CLOTH
CMKO nut* CIOTM
MM. " WTO NOUNO
SECTION
CONSTRUCTION NOTES FOR FA8P.ICA7FD SH T FPWT
1, UOVEN MIRE FENCE TO K FASTENED SECURELY
TO FENCE POSTS WITH IJIME TIES OR STAPLES.
2, * FILTER CLOTH TO K FASTENED SECURELY TO
WOVEN MIME FENCE WITH TIES SPACED
EVERY 24 AT TOP AM) MID XCTJON.
3, ttCN TWO SECTIONS OF FILTER CLOTH
ADJOIN EACH OTHER THEY SHAU. K OVER-
LAPPED IY SIX INCHES AND FOLDED.
4. MAINTENANCE SHALL BE PERFORMED AS
NEEDED AND MATERIAL REMOVED *«
BULGES DEVELOP IN THE SILT FENCE.
POSTS: STEEL Eii£* T OR U
TYPE OR
FENCE:
6
FILTER
(KITH:
niRAF
LINKA
GOUAL
ING
STAII-
OR APPROVED
PREFABRICATE) IHIT: GEOFAB,
ENVIROFENCE/ OR APPROVED
EQUAL. .
U.S.
ML CONSERVXnON
OOLLEQC MMK, MAKYLAND
SILT PENCE
STANDAAO
SF-l
-------
4. Brush Barrier (6)
Definition: A temporary sediment barrier composed of tree limbs, weeds, vines, root
mat, soil, rock and other cleared materials placed at the toe of a slope.
Purpose: The purpose of a brush barrier is to intercept and detain sediment and
decrease flow velocities.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Brush barriers can be utilized on graded or
cleared slopes which are subject to sheet and rill erosion.
Effectiveness: Brush barriers serve as an effective means of utilizing waste vegetation
that is normally burned on site. However, these barriers have limited erosion control
potential
Advantages: Brush barriers are possibly the easiest of all erosion techniques to
construct and have almost no cost associated with them.
Disadvantages: Brush barriers often contain large amounts of top soil which adds to
the site erosion potential Also, brush barriers are rather unsightly.
Costs: The costs of creating brush barriers is included in the cost of clearing and
grubbing a construction site and is very minimal
Geographical Considerations: Brush barriers may be used in all geographic and climatic
regions of the United States where cleared materials can form on effective barrier.
-------
1980
1.07
Flow
1. Excavate a 4" x 4" trench along
the uphill edge of the brush
barrier.
Drape filter fabric over
the brush barrier and intc
the trench. Fabric should
be secured in the trench
with stakes set approxi-
mately 36" o.c.
3. Backfill and
vated soil.
compact the exca-
Set stakes along the
downhill edge of the
brush barrier, and
anchor by tying twine
from the fabric to the
stakes.
CONSTRUCTION OF A BRUSH BARRIER
COVERED BY FILTER FABRIC
Source: Adapted from Installation of Straw and Plate 1.07a
Fabric FiUer Barriers for Sediment "Control t
Sherwood and Wyant
Maintenance
1. Brush barriers shall be inspected after each rainfall and necessary
repairs shall be made promptly.
2. Sediment deposits must be removed when they reach approximately
one-half the height of the barrier.
-------
5. DniMft Swak
Definition: A drainage way with a lining of grass, riprap, asphalt, concrete, or other
material
Purpose: Drainage swales convey runoff without causing erosion.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Drainage swales are placed to divert off site flows
away from a disturbed area or to direct on site sediment laden water to a trapping
device.
Effectiveness: Drainage swales will effectively convey runoff and avoid erosion only
if the proper type of geometry and lining is used. Care should be taken to assure that
runoff leaving the swale is at non erosive velocities.
Advantages: Drainage swales can transport large volumes of concentrated flows with
little maintenance once established.
Disadvantages: Constructing the proper swale to handle the desired runoff flows often
requires engineering design work which can be costly. Also, depending upon the liner
chosen, swales can be expensive to construct.
Costs: Drainage swale construction costs can vary greatly due to different geometries
, and liners chosen. Usually, earthwork costs associated with swale construction are
rather minimal unkss a very large swale is being built Therefore, swale liner types
usually dictate the overall cost of drainage swales. A few selected liner types and their
associated costs are listed below.
grass $3.00 per square yard
sod $4.00 per square yard
riprap - $45 per square yard
asphalt $35 per square yard
concrete $65 per square yard
Note that no matter which liner type is wed the entire swale must be stabilized (i.e.,
seeded and mulched at a cost of about $1.25 per square yard.)
Geographical Considerations: Drainage swales can be constructed at any construction
site with soils for a suitable embankment.
-------
TEMPORARY SWALE
C
0
SWALE A
l'
4'
OUTLET AS ACQUIRED
SEE ITEM BELOW
EXSTN8 MOUND
CROSS SECTION
i i
PLAN VIEW
CCNSTRUCnCN SPECIFICATIONS
STANDARD SYMBOL-
A-2 t-3
1. ALL TEMPORARY SWALES SHALL HAVE UNINTERRUPTED POSITIVE GRADE TO AN OUTLET.
2. DIVERTED WJNOFF nun A OISTURKD AMA swu. K CONVEYED TO A SEDUCCT TRAPPING
DEVICE.
3. DIVERTED RUNOFF FROM AN UNDISTURKD AREA swu. OUTLET DIRECTLY INTO AN UNDIS-
TURBED STABILIZED AREA AT NON-EROSIVE VELOCITY.
4. ALL TREES, BRUSH, STUMPS, OBSTRUCTIONS, AND OT>CR OBJECTIONABLE MATERIAL SMLL
BE REMOVED AND DISPOSED OF SO AS NOT TO INTERFERE WITH THE PROPER FUNCTIONING
OF THE SHALE.
5. T« SMILE SHALL BE EXCAVATED OR SHAPED TO LINE, OUDE, AND CROSS SECTION AS
REQUIRED TO MEET THE CRITERIA SPECIFIED HEREIN AND BE FREE OF BANK PROJECTIONS
OR OTHER IRREOULARITIES MHICH MILL IMFECE NORW. FLOW.
6. FILLS SHALL BE OJMFAUM) BY EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT.
7. Au EARTH REMDVg AND NOT NEEDED ON CONSTRUCTION SHALL BE PLACED SO THAT IT WILL
NOT INTERFERE WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE SWALE.
8. STABILIZATION SHALL BE AS PER THE CHART BELOW:
BJH fflAMCL STABILIZATION
1
2
B (5 AC - 10 ACl
SEED AND STRAW toucan
SEED USING JUTE OR
EXCELSIOR
9.
A (5 AC c* IKS)
SEED AND STRAW HJLCH
SEED AND STRAW ULCH
SEED WITH JUTE OR LINED RIP-RAP . .
EXCELSIOR; SOD ICCYCLED CONCRETE EQUIVALENT
LIND ^" RIP-RAP ENGINEERED DESIGN
INSPECTION AND REQUIRED MAINTENANCE MUST BE PROVIDED AFTER EACH RAIN EVENT.
US. DCftMTMENT Of ACMCULTUNC
SOH. COMBINATION SERVICE
COLLEAE PAAK, MAftYLAMO
TEMPORARY SWALE
STANDARD DN4WING
TS-i
I5.0S
-------
DRAFT 1/80
105 Settlement
0.3' Freeboard
Typical Parabolic Diversion
101 Settlement
0.3' Freeboard 1
Design Flow Depth
Typical Trapezoidal Diversion
101 Settlement
0.3' Freeboard
Typical Vee-Shaped Diversion
DIVERSIONS
Source: Va SHCC
Plate l.lSa
111-53
-------
R0Uf*4.36
Dfwston Detail
DIVERSION
1.
Conttmctlaa i»oclflc«ttoita
All treea. brvah. atMa*. ebatr«ctle*a. tut ether efcjectieaaale Material ahall be
raaa«e4 aaa* 41a»eae4 af aa aa aat ta Utarfere with tha areper fvactlaaiag af tha.
2. The
t* ItM,
to M«t tba criteria f«cif 1*4 h«r«ia, M* k« fr*« ( irragwlaritiM trtUefe will
Fill* clMll k« MMpMf«4 M«4W M ^r«v««c WM^«M! ctlMMat tlwt
<( la eha c«
All Mrth rmti'it tmt MC iM«4«4 la e»Mtneti«« akall W r«a4 or .
>. Far eeelf» velaciclaa af a«ra thaa J.5 ft. »er aac.. the 41v*riien shall he ataalllset
with M4. with aeadiac arateete4 hy Jute ar a»eelalar attln« ar with aeetflnt and
Mlehlag iMlw4i«| taaeer«rr dlvertla* af water iMtll the vvaetatiaa ia eatabll»iir4.
See the Staaaartf aa4 faeclf le»tleaa far Pretectlve Nateriala.
StandaH Syvhal
o. J. Ot'AaTMCWT Of
SOU CONSCKVATION SERVICE
OIVfltSION
March 1988
Page 4.83
New York Guidelines tor L rban
Erosion and Sediment L ntrol
-------
Rgur«4.45
QratMd Waterway Conrtructkm Details
S»*tttU*t
1. All tr**s. brush. stusMta, akatrvctl***. * *tk*r *kj*cti***kU s*caclal sk*ll k*
a*4 ilaaassa* *f s* * **t is Utarfara wltk tk* irsis« faacclaala*. *f tk* wat
2. Ik* watatvay shall ka axcavataa' *r skas** t* 11**, fraaa, s*4 er*s* s**tl«* aa
lrrs**l*ntlM wklck will l**s*'s s*i«sl fl*w.
3. Fills sksll ks cs***ctH s* sssss< ts pr«r**t «*****1 s*ttl****t tk*t
1* tk* *s**l*t* «SC*M*T.
4. All asrtk r«*w«d **t **t ***4*4 1* cMStt«*tl*« sksll k* syr**4 *r 4l»f»»mt *f tk*c
It will s*t l*t*rf*r* wltk tk* (u*«cl*mt*c sf tk* w*i
3. SuklllMtis* shall k* * ****t41a
fsc V*f*t*tlv* rraatla**.
A. F»r s*slf* «*l*cltl*s *f lass tk** 3.3 ft.
far tka astakliak**** af tha v«t«tatla*. It Is r**as*M*rf*i tkat,
. Par aaats* valacltlaa af **ra tk** 3.3 ft. s«c as*., tk*
-------
196:
1.67
Sodded Waterways
1. Care should be taken to prepare the soil adequately In accordance
with this specification. The sod type shall consist of plant materials
able to withstand the designed velocity. (See STOWHATER CONVEYANCE
CHANNELS, Std. & Spec. 1.35).
2. Sod strips In waterways shall be laid perpendicular to the direction
of flow. Care should be taken to butt ends of strips tightly.
3. After rolling or tamping, sod shall be pegged or stapled to resist
washout during the establishment period. Chicken wire, Jute or other
netting may be pegged over the sod for extra protection 1n critical
areas.
4. A11 other specifications for this practice shall be adhered to when
sodding a waterway.
SOOOEO WATERWAYS
Flow
sod across the
direction of flow.
Use pegs or staples to fasten sod
firmly - at the ends of strips and
in the center, or every 3-4 feet 1f
the strips are long. When ready to
mow, drive pegs or staples flush
with the ground.
x-Peg or
Staple ,
In critical areas,
secure sod with
chicken wire or
netting. Use staples.
Source: V, SWCC
Plate 1.67b
- ;
-4* '
-------
«. Check Dams (6)
Definition: Small temporary dams constructed across a swale or drainage ditch.
Purpose: Check dams reduce the velocity of concentrated stormwacer flows, thereby
reducing erosion of the swale or ditch.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: This practice is limited to use in small open
channels which drain 10 acres or lest. Check dams should not be used in a live
stream.
Effectiveness: Check dams only perform their function of reducing velocities of
concentrated flows and energy if they have been sized and constructed correctly and
are maintained properly.
Advantages: Check dams reduce the need for more stringent erosion control practices
in the swale due to the decreased velocity and energy of runoff.
Disadvantages: Inspections must be done frequently on check dams, usually after each
storm.
Costs: The costs for the construction of check dams varies with material used. Rock
and covered straw bales, two of the most common ways of construction, cost about
' $100 and $50 respectively per dam. Log check dams are usually slightly less expensive
than those of rock. Ail costs vary depending on the flow of water to be checked.
Geographical Considerations: Check dams may be constructed in all areas where
freezing of the ponded water will not occur.
-------
1980
1.38
LOG CHECK DAM
4"-6" Logs
Source: Va SHCC
ROCK CHECK 0AM
VOH4T No. 1
Coarse Aggregate
Source: Va SMCC
Plate 1.38a
Plate 1.38b
III-153
-------
1980 1.38
Logs and/or brush should be placed on the downstream side of the dam
to prevent scour during high flows.
Sediment Removal
While this practice 1s not Intended to be used primarily for sediment
trapping, some sediment will accumulate behind the check dams. Sediment
should be removed from behind the check dams when 1t has accumulated
to one half of the original height of the dam.
The distance such that points
A and B are of equal elevation
SPACING BETWEEN CHECK DAMS
Source: Va SWCC Plate 1.38c
Removal
Check dams must be removed when their useful life has been completed.
In temporary ditches and swales, check dams should be removed and the
ditch filled 1n when 1t 1s no longer needed. In permanent structures,
check dams should be removed when a permanent lining can be Installed.
In the case of grass-lined ditches, check dams should be removed when
the grass has matured sufficiently to protect the ditch or swale. The
area beneath the check dams should be seeded and mulcted Immediately
after they are removed.
Maintenance
Check dams should be checked for sediment accumulation after each signifi-
cant rainfall. Sediment should be removed when 1t reaches one half of
the original height or before.
Regular Inspections should be made to Insure that the center of the dam
1s lower than the edges-. Erosion caused by high flows around the edges
of the dam should be corrected Immediately.
in-154
-------
7. Level Spreader (6)
Definition: An outlet for dikes and diversions consisting of an excavated depression
constructed at zero grade across a slope.
Purpose: Level spreaders convert concentrated runoff to iueet flow and release it onto
areas stabilized by existing vegetation,
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Level spreaders are placed at the end of dikes
that cany sediment free storm runoff away from graded areas and outlet onto
undisturbed areas.
Effectiveness: A level spreader must be maintained and kept level to work properly.
Advantages: A level spreader eliminates the need for a structural waterway below its
outfall because it releases water in the form of sheet flow. This water then percolates
into the ground rather than running off the site as concentrated flow and eroding soil.
Disadvantages: Heavy volumes of water leaving the level spreader may cause
concentrated flow and runoff. Maintenance and inspection of the level spreader must
be performed often.
* Costs: The estimated cost for construction of a level spreader is about $4.00 per
square yard. This is for a small amount of earthwork. Level spreaders construed of
concrete cost about $65 per square yard.
;
Geographical Considerations: All geographic regions across the county may utilize level
spreaders as long as the topography of the site allows a zero percent grade for the
outfall.
KE#90531.02 DRAFT IV - 19
-------
1980
1.40
2. The grade of the level spreader shall be OX.
Undisturbed Soil
2:1 or Flatter
Section A-A
OS Channel Gra
Maximum Grade of IX for a
Transition of 15' Minimum
Diversion or Dike
LEVEL SPREADER
Source: Va SWCC
Outlet
Plate 1.40a
The release of the stormwater wlllibe over the level Up onto an undis-
turbed stabilized area. The le/el Up should be of uniform height and
zero grade over the length of the spreader.
Construction Specifications
1. Level spreaders must be constructed on undisturbed soil (not fill
material)..
*
2. The entrance to the spreader must be shaped 1n such a manner as to
insure that runoff enters directly onto the OX channel.
III-163
-------
S. Subsurface Drain
* Definition: A conduit, such as tile, pipe or tubing, installed beneath the ground
surface which intercepts, collects, and/or conveys drainage water.
Purpose: To transport water from an area where it is unwanted to an area where it
can be managed effectively.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Subsurface drains are used in areas having a high
water table or where subsurface drainage is required. The soil shall have enough
depth and permeability to permit installation of an effective system. This standard does
not apply to storm drainage systems or foundation drains.
Effectiveness: Subsurface drains are not directly a sediment control device, but do act
to help reduce surface water flows which then reduces erosion potential
Advantages: Subsurface drains serve to reduce the risk of slump and slope failure by
reducing subsurface water pressure.
Disadvantages: Subsurface drains require soil disturbances to install and correct soil
conditions to work properly which may require a complete soil analysis which could
increase costs.
Costs: The most common type of subsurface drain in use today is PVC perforated
pipe which costs about $2.25 per linear foot to install
Geographical Considerations: Typically subsurface drainage is installed in areas of high
ground water and needs to be installed below the frost line in colder climates.
-------
9. Pipe Slope Drmia
Definition: A temporary structure placed from the top of a slope to the bottom of
a slope.
Purpose: The purpose of the structure is to convey surface runoff down slopes without
causing erosion,
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Pipe slope drains are used where concentrated
flow of surface runoff must be conveyed down a slope in order to prevent erosion.
The maximum allowable drainage area should be 5 acres.
Effectiveness: Pipe slope drains are highly effective in eliminating slope erosion
because water is not allowed to flow directly on the slope.
Advantages: Pipe slope drains allow no chance of erosion down a slope because'all
flow is confined to an enclosed pipe. When flexible pipe is used, slope drains are easy
to install and require little maintenance.
> Disadvantages: During large storms, pipe slope drains may became clogged or
overcharged, forcing water around the pipe and causing extreme slope erosion. Also,
dissipation of high flow velocities at the pipe outlet must be constructed to avoid
downstream erosion. v
Costs: Pipe slope drain costs are generally based upon the pipe type and size,
(generally, flexible PVC at S5.00 per linear foot). Also adding to this cost are any
expenses associated with inlet and outlet structures,
Geographical Considerations: Pipe slope drains can be utilized throughout the United
States as site conditions dictate. Gimate should have little if any affect on this erosion
control practice.
-------
10. Temporary Storm Drain Divtnkm
Definition: The re-direction of a storm drain line or outfall channel so that it may
temporarily discharge into a sediment trapping device.
Purpose: To prevent sediment laden water from entering a watercourse, public or
private property through a storm drain system, or to temporarily provide underground
conveyance of sediment laden water to a sediment trapping device.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: A temporary storm drain diversion should only
be used when the off-site drainage area is less than 50 percent of the on-site drainage
area to that system. A special exception may be given, at the discretion of the local
plan approval agency, where site conditions make this procedure impossible.
Effectiveness: A stormdrain diversion does not directly control erosion, rather it
transports sediment laden water into a control device such as a sediment trap or basin.
Advantages: Temporary stormdrain diversions transport water without chance of erosion
and do not limit on site movement of equipment Once constructed, storm drain
diversions require little maintenance.
Disadvantages: To build and remove temporary stormdrain diversions, land area must
be disturbed thus causing the potential for erosion. Also, often times storm drain
diversion can be expensive and difficult to construct
Costs: The costs associated with temporary storm drain diversions varies greatly due
to different pipe configurations, materials, and construction techniques. Specific costs
can be obtained once those variables have been identified.
Geographical Considerations: Temporary storm drain diversions can be utilized in
situations where construction projects will impact existing storm drain systems.
TV
-------
11. Stora Drain Inlet Protection
Definition: A sediment filter or an excavated impounding area around a storm drain
drop inlet or curb inlet.
Purpose: To prevent sediment from entering storm drainage systems prior to
permanent stabilization of the disturbed area.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Where storm drain inlets are to be made
operational before permanent stabilization of the disturbed drainage area.
Effectiveness: Storm drain inlet protection is only as effective as the filter used around
the inlet such a silt fence with a 96% efficiency. (4) Effectiveness decrease rapidly
if the inlet protection is not properly maintained.
Advantages: Storm drain inlet protection will reduce the amount of sediment leaving
a construction site. Inlet protection is inexpensive and easy to construct
Disadvantages: Properly maintaining inlet protection is difficult and often inlets become
clogged causing erosion elsewhere.
» Costs: The cost of storm drain inlet protection varies dependent upon the size and
type of inlet to be protected but generally is about $300 per inlet
Geographical Considerations: Inlet protection can be used whenever inlets are
encountered on site.
*
-------
12. Rock Outlet Protection
Definition: A section of rock protection placed at the outlet end of culverts, conduits
or channels.
Purpose: The purpose of the rock outlet protection is to reduce the depth, velocity,
and energy of water, such that the flow will not erode the receiving downstream reach.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: This practice applies where discharge velocities
and energies at the outlets of culverts, conduits or channels are sufficient to erode the
next downstream reach.
Effectiveness: Rock outlet protection is only effective if the rock is sized and placed
properly. When this is accomplished, rock outlets do much to limit erosion at pipe
outlets.
* Advantages: Rock outlet protection is usually less expensive and easier to install than
piping. It also serves to trap sediment and reduce flow velocities.
Disadvantages: Rock outlet protection needs continual maintenance because large
storms often wash away the stone and leave the area susceptible to erosion.
Costs: Riprap is the most common form of rock outlet protection and generally can
, be installed for about $45 per square yard.
Geographical Considerations: Riprap outlet protection can effectively control erosion
at constructions sites throughout the United States. Only the availability, and therefore
the price, will limit the use of this sediment control practice.
KE**>531.02 DRAFT IV - 24
-------
Figure 4.34
Intat Protection Detail
SWALl INLET flOTtCTTflal BTtAtl.
( roatfvay
t«p * earth
FllMr cloth
STANDARD SYMBOL-E5?-
CUU INLET PMOnCTKW DETAIL
/2" i ton*
spacers
2* Minimi* length «,* bat or
of T x 4 «^ alctrnatt ««ijht
f m. * spacer
wire Mesh
> i*
2 x » vexr
STANDARD SYMBOL P£
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGNlCUlTUftC
SOIL CONSERVATION SCMVICI
INtET WOTECTION
DETAIL
STANOAMO OMAWINC
I
«-_.L tnoo
Page 4.73
New York Guidelines for :
Erocioo and Sediment Coatrc
-------
USDA-SCS-Md
July 1975
Oixe/uro* into a
tt*bili**d vatoreour**.
t*dim*nt erappinc «>vie»,
or onto a «t«*iJix«<* area
PIPE SLOW DRAIN (FLEXIBLE)1
(nee to scale)
HOtt:
Sis* doa.ionac.ion it
PSD~HP* Dimm. <*.
Hp* slop* orajn vi th it"
di*m*t*r pipe)
^^'''::'-^^
to 90 thru dikt
22 1/2* pip*
I !**» tluut J*
Camtruction Sgactflcacioni
JUprae s/taJJ eon«i«t o/ <
tfiaiwear iton* olac*d a«
D«pth ef apron
A« pip* di*m*t»r mn&
riprap *h*ll b* a miai»ia>
p/ J7" in ttuckn***.
*IfKJU>
Tht Inlac plpt ihall h**» a alaya ef 3Z or
Tht top ef th« earth 41ka ever the inlet plp« antf eheee tfikea cerrytni water to the
pipe shall be at leaat 1' higher at all points than the top of the inlet pipe.
The inlet pipe shall »e c«rru|acea> sMtal pipe with watertight connecting bands.
The flexible tubing shall be Che eaae diaaeter aa the inlet pip* and shall be constructed
of a durarle »atariaj with ho Id -down groNMts spaced 10* on canters.
The flexible tubing shall be securely faateaed to the corrugated aatal pipe with ejetal
ic rapping or watertight conneetlas. collars.
The flexible tubing shall be securely anchored to the a lope by stalling at the groanets
provided.
A riprap apron shall be provided at the outlet. This ahall consist of 6" diameter
tone placed aa shown on Standard Drawing CSS-3.
The soil around and under the inlet pipe and entrance section shall be hand ta«ped in
«" lifts to the top of the earth dike.
9. Follow-up inspection and any needed Maintenance shall be performed after each storm.
Standard Symbol
Drainage area must not exceed 5 aeraa.
6.
7.
8.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF A3
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
Col logo Par*. vc.
GRAK STABILIZATION
STRUCTURE
Stanoarc
Or gw i ng
GSS-3
15.04
-------
PIPE SLOPE DRAIN (RIGID)
Ctrtk Wte
NOM: Sist d«Motion «: P$0-PlM DM*.
(I., PSO-i2«Pift Slav* Drain wtn 12"
SPECIFICATICNS
1, T« PIPE SLOPE DRAIN SHALL HAVE A SLOPE OF 31 « STEEPER.
2. TOP OF T> EARTM DI* OVW T> INLET PIPE A« ALL DlttS CAWWIN6 HATER TO THE PIPE
SHALL IE AT LEAST ONE FOOT HI9R THAN THE TOP OF THE PIPE.
3. Att 0,3 FOOT TO DIKE H1IWT FOR SETTLWBff.
M. SOIL AJWUO AW UOR THE SLOPE PIPE SHALL K HAffi TATfED IN 1 INCH LIFT1.
5. THE PIPE SHALL K CORRUGATED METAL PIPE WITH WATERTIGHT 12 INCH CONNECTING BAfOS
OR FLAN6E CONNECTIONS.
6, RiP-RAP TO
THE SOIL.
INCHES IN A LAYER AT LEAST 8 INCHES THICttCSS AW PRESSED INTO
7. PERIODIC INSPECTION AND REQUIRED MAINTENANCE MUST K PROVIDED AFTER EACH RAIN EVENT,
Moximum Droinogt Arto : 5 Aertt ___
U.S. OCPAHTMCNT Of AMICULTUMC
SOIL COMSCRVATION If RVICC
COU.I6E P*MK. HAKTLAMO
QAAOC STAIILIZATIOM STRUCTVJRC
15.03
STANOAKO
MAWINC
-------
1980
1.36
Section A-A
Pipe Outlet To Flat Area
With No Defined Channel
Section A-A
Pipe Outlet To Well-Defined Channel
3.
Notes
Apron lining may be
riprap, grouted riprap
or concrete.
U 1s the length of
the riprap apron as
calculated using
Plates 1.36d and
1.36e.
d 1.5 tines the
maximum stone'diameter
but not less than 6
Inches.
PIPE OUTLET CONDITIONS
Source: Va SWCC
Plate 1.36a
III-129
-------
13. Sediment Trap
Definition: A temporary sediment control device formed by an excavation and/or
embankment to intercept sediment laden runoff and retain sediment
Purpose: The purpose of a sediment trap is to intercept sediment If Jen runoff and
trap the sediment in order to protect drainafeways, properties, and rightsof-way below
the sediment trap from sedimentation.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: A sediment trap is usually installed in a
drainageway, at a storm drain inlet, or other points of discharge from a disturbed area.
Sediment traps should not be used to artificially break up a natural drainage area into
smaller sections where a larger device (sediment basin) would be better suited. The
following are types of sediment traps:
Pipe Outlet Sediment Trap: Consists of a trap formed by an embankment -or
excavation. The outlet for the trap is through a perforated riser and a pipe
through the embankment
Grass Outlet Sediment Trap: Consists of a trap formed by excavating the earth
to create a holding area. The trap has a discharge point over natural existing
grass.
Storm Inlet Sediment Trap: Consists of a basin formed by excavation on natural
ground that discharges through an opening in a storm drain inlet structure. This
opening can either be the inlet opening or a temporary opening made by omitting
bricks or blocks in the inlet
Swale Sediment Trap: Consists of a trap formed by over excavating a swau
a drainage ditch. The outlet of the swale sediment trap is controlled by the invert
of the downstream swale.
Stone Outlet Sediment Trap: Consists of a trap formed by an embankment
excavation. The outlet of this trap is over a stone section placed on level ground.
Riprap Outlet Sediment Trap: Consists of a trap formed by an excavation and
embankment The outlet for this trap shall be through a partially excavated
channel lined with riprap.
Effectiveness: Effectiveness of sediment traps directly relate to the size of the trap.
The current accepted standard sediment trap size is 1800 cubic feet per one acre of
drainage area. Sediment traps based upon this criteria are approximately 46% effective
in removing sediments from construction site runoff. (8)
Advantages: Sediment traps are fairly easy to construct and can effectively handle
runoff from up to 5 acres. Concentrated flows can be directed into and dissipated in
a sediment traps.
KE**)53I.02 DRAFT IV - 25
-------
Disadvantages: Sediment traps efficiency is less than 50% and they require extensive
maintenance for removal of sediment Traps can often occupy large areas that then
must be avoided during construction.
Costs: Many variables determine the cost of a sediment trap. Excavation, riprap, pipes
structures, stone, stabilization, fencing, etc. all play a part in determining a sediment
trap's final cost. Usually, traps can he installed for $500 to $7,000.
Geographical Considerations: Sediment traps can be constructed on most any
construction site with soils suitable for excavation and embankment.
-------
PIPE OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP ST-I
WtM AH
Wt DlC- of «ttr
EMBANKMENT SECTION THRU RISER
SIZES OF PIPg NEEDED
Barrel Diamtttr
Ristr Diamettr
Note:
For Construction Specification set sheet 16.08
Max. Drainage Area: 5 Acres
U.S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
roi i rnr DAP« MAPYI Awn
PIPE OUTLET
SEGMENT TRAP
STANDARD DRAwiMG
ST-l
-------
GRASS OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP ST-II
0..**-!
^I I " ';! .I1:. " !' I 11 11 I' -I I ' ' tLL1 ''t'
r,;;;,,!iiii;:rV:lii-! : _L irfj
te Ol«rt WOW to Trap
Inflow Of Sttntn Lodtn Wo»f
Crtst Width (Ft) >4tOrein09f ArtotAcrn)
SECTION A-A
EXCAVATED GRASS OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION FOR ST-II
1. Volume of stdimtnc scoragt shall be 1800 cubic feec per acre of
contributory drainage area.
2. Minimus cruse width shall be 4 X Drainage Area.
3. Sediment shall be removed and crap restored to its original dimensions
when the sediment has accumulated to 4 the design depth of the trap.
Removed sediment shall be deposited in a suitable area and in such a
manner that it will not erode.
^ The structure shall be inspected after each rain and repairs made as
neeaed.
5. Construction operations shall be carried out in such a manner that
erosion and water pollution shall be minimized.
6. The sediment trap shall be removed and area stabilized when the
remaining drainage area has been properly stabilized.
7. All cut slopes shall be 1:1 or flatter.
Maximum Drainage Area: 5 Acrts
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF APICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
GRASS OUTLET
SEDIMENT TRAP
STANDARD DRAWING
ST-H
16.09
-------
STORM INLET SEDIMENT TRAP ST-III
Flow
Flow
Flow
now
YARD DRAIN
A i
l!l or Fiattf
1.1 or Flett«r
CROSS SECTION
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATJP* FOR ST-III
1. Sediment shell be rtaoved and the trap restored ce its original dimenAons
when the sediment-has accumulated to-Hr d** Aftftlftn depth of the trap.
Removed sedimeep shall be deposited in a suitable area and in suc^h a
manner that U will not .-erode. ,. *"
2. The volume of sedimeat storage sitall be ISCMPcubic feet per acre of
contributory drainage. ~
]. The structure shall be inspected after each rain and repairs made as
needed.
>. Construction operations>shall be carried out in such a manner that
erotio* and water pollution shall be minimized.
^^ ^
5. The sediment trap shall be removed fad the"area stabilized when the
constructed drainage area has been properly stabilized.
6. All cut slopes shall be 1:1 or flatter.
Maximum Droinogt Area; 3-Acrtt
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
COLLEGE PARK.MARYLAND
STORM INLET
SEDIMENT TRAP
STANDARD DRAWING
ST-ET
16.10
-------
SWALE SEDIMENT TRAP ST-IV
SECTION A-A «
Uphill Gro«*flt
SWALE SEDIMENT TRAP
SO'- 100'
1 5 mo
S.ow
Trap
1
_J Q*tlt _ ,
"U
Tro§ nit
°" '««'« »toroo«.
To Rtm*w SiafrhiM Or
" tmmf Of 2" 3«e"«
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION FOR ST-IV
With A
1. The swale sediment crap shall be conscrucced in accordance with the
dimensions provided on Che design drawings or sized co provide Che
minimum storage necessary 1300 cubic feec of storage for each acre
of drainage area.
2. Sediment shall be removed and crap restored co its original dimensions
when che sediment has accumulated co S the design depth of the trap.
Removed sediment shall be deposited in a suitable area and in such a
manner chat it will not erode.
3. The structure shall be inspected after each rain and repairs made as
needed.
4. Construction operations shall be carried out in such a manner that
erosion and water pollution shall be minimized.
5. The sediment tr,ap shall be removed and area staDiliz-;d when the
contributory drainage area has been properly stabilized.
6. The swale sediment trap will be properly backfilled and the swale or
ditch reconstructed.
Maximum Drainogt Arto: 2 Acrts
U.S. DETRIMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SQL CONSERVATION SERVICE
COLLEGE PARK, MARYLAND
SWALE SEDIMENT
TRAP
STANDARD DRAWING
ST-iV
16.11
-------
STONE OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP IT
CROSS SECTION A-A
OFTJOBt A MM foot layar of 2" atMM mtf ko placo4 M cko upacraaaj ai4o of ch« ripr«p U
rUc* of tht Mk«MMl filter «Uek.
tFtciyioinoM rot t-
1.
u«4«r M*uka«at vlull k
ac. Tha »a*i araa «*U claar«4.
r*ec
2. Tha fill aucarial far cka eo»oah»o«C akall ko froo of roota aa4 otkor «oo*> vogoeatiao, aa
wall aa ovor-aiao4 atoMO, rookat wgraic material or otkor objoctioMkla tutorial. Tha
eaftaokMBt akall ha coo*acco4 ky traveraiac with aa.«ipejot)t while ic ia beia« cevatrucce*.
3. All cut a*4 fill alopoa akall ko 2tl or flaccor.
4. Tha acme «ao4 ia the outlet akall ko aajoll riprap 4M-fM along wick a 1* thickaoaa of 2"
ISrogata p'aea4 OB Cko vav%ro4o ai4o oo cko aaull riprap Jg ooa>o44o4 filter cloth xa the
riprap.
5. Setfiowat akall ka roowo4 aa4 trap roatoro4 to ita ori|ioal tfiawoaiooa whea cko ao4ia«at
haa ocnawlaca4 to % cko 4oaigB oopch of cko crop.
6. Tko atrMCvro akall ka ioapoeto4 aftar each raia ao4 rapaira ata4a aa Boo4o4.
7. Cooacrnacios oparatiooa akall ko «arrio4 MC is a«ch a MOMr ckn oroaion a«4 vatar
pollutioB ia aaavauio4.
I. Tha aeruecvro akall ka roawvo4 a»4 cko oroa atakiliao4 whea cko 4raioaga araa kaa haea
properly acakiliso4.
Moiimum Droinog* Arto: 5 Acres
US DC*A*mffirrOFa«MGUtTURC
SOIL vONSCftWMN SCKVICC
COLLE6C ANK.MAffYLAMO
STONE OUTLET SEOIHtNT
TTTT
SDtNOAKO DRAWING
ST-I
-------
RIPRAP OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP ST-VI
L
TOP or COMMCTCO CMMKMCNT
MM. r AMM TO* or »r>«
MWVC CUT. MMUMC AT
MAX.
&F_2KH«:
WCW CUCST TO DC l/li«.
KLO« wrrme MOUND
AT ( Or CMDANKMtMT
TO* Or CMMMKMCMT
ON CWST GNOUND
t DUALS i/t
CNCST
O.OTN
7 L
STONC TMICKNCSS t I
STONC SIZE TO ( «" TO "
PHOTILE
i 4'Mm i*
CXlSTMO OMOUMO
CLOTH (CMKOMOMIM.4*AT UMTMAM (NO)
LtMOTM IS'MM.I
UMMTUMMO
CHOSS SECTION
COMMCTIO CMSAMMCMT
CMAMNCL SIOC rOMMO V COM^ACTCO
EMtANKMCNT OM CXCAVATIOM INTO
CXISTING 6DQUNO
AMON TO COUAL 1.91
till LCN«TM (») AT CNO
STONC UMO OUTLCT CMANNCL AS »C* TAM.C ST-VI (CNANNCL MAT 1C
CUNVCO TO riT CXISTMO TOPOOIUPMV i
VtlW
U.S. DCPAOTMCNT Of AQMICULTUNi
SOIL CONSCKVHTION SCMCC
COLLE6C MNK, MAMYLANO
RIPRAP OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP
STANDARD DMJMANO
ST -VI
16.13
-------
14. Temporary StdlBeat Basil
Definition: A temporary basin with a controlled stormwater release structure, formed
by constructing an embankment of compacted soil across a drainageway.
Purpose: The purpose of the basin is to detain seuiment-laden runoff from disturbed
areas long enough for the majority of the sediment to settle out
Conditions Where Practice Applies: A temporary sediment basin can be used below
disturbed areas greater than 5 acres, where sufficient space and appropriate topography
allow for the construction of a temporary impoundment
Effectiveness: As with sediment traps, basins sized at 1800 CF/acre of drainage area
are roughly 46% efficient in removing sediment from construction site runoff. (8)
Advantages: Sediment basins can handle runoff from large, up to 100 acre, drainage
areas and handle concentrates flows of sediment laden water. Basins help to control
overall stormwater runoff for small storms thus protecting streams and rivers off site.
Disadvantages: Again, like traps, sediment basin efficiencies are only about 46%.
Sediment basins are large, requiring a good deal of site area and are expensive to
construct
Costs: Sediment basins vary greatly in price based upon their size, and most basins
are constructed for S5.000 to $50,000.
Geographical Considerations: Temporary sediment basins can be constructed on any
construction site as space, topography and soil conditions permit
KE090531.02 DRAFT IV - 27
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I
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I
I
I
I
I
b
I
I
I
I
I
I
j
I
f
Flood ttoroge 10 yr, 24 he storm
min. l'-0'r
Dewotertng device,.
Detention \ \ ~T
storage 2 yt, 24 hr storm X/Q. l^JL
with 8 day drawdown * ^ i*-w-«
10' Minimum top width
Emergency spillway
Sediment storage
Concrete
Anti-ttep!
collar
CROSS SECTION
Earth, dam
CMP OutJet
'-nt basin catches and stores sediment from construction
d keeps it out of streams.
-------
15. Sump Pit
Definition: A temporary pit which is constructed to trap and filter water for pumping
to a suitable discharge area.
* Purpose: To remove excessive water from excavations.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Sump pits are constructed when water collects
during the excavation phase of construction. This practice is particularly useful in
urban areas during excavation for building foundations.
Effectiveness: Generally, sump pits are not as effective as sediment traps or basins
but do serve to remove some sediment from construction site runoff,
Advantages: Sump pits can be located anywhere on site since they need no outfall.
Sump pits are the only means of sediment trapping for excavation in highly urban
areas.
Disadvantages: Sump pits construction can become costly and require the control use
of some type of pump to outlet water from the pit Also without proper maintenance,
sump pits can easily become clogged and ineffective. *
Costs: Costs for sump pit construction are similar to sediment trap costs ranging from
$500 to $7,000. Added to this cost is the operational expenses of pumping water out
of the sump pit
Geographical Considerations: Sump pits can be located in any region of the United
States but due to the pumping requirements, use during freezing weather is rather
limited.
KE#9053i.02 DRAFT IV - 28
-------
Maryland SCS/WRA
April 1993
S U fl P PIT
Clean Mator Dlacnatf*
Ua Hop*
Optional
13' - 24- OlaMtOI
Corratata* oc fVC
Partorata*!
12
2* Afftafat*
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS
1. »lt tflMitaion* art optional.
2. *** atantpipa anouU M eonatructotf ay p*((ec«tln« a 12* - 24*
ot *vc
1. * MM of 2' trtfit* ihouid M >lac*4l in tM pit to a u
of 12*. Alter inatailiin tM ttanOlpa, tM pit (utrouMlini
tM atantfpip* MKMU tMii M McKfUla* vltli 2' a*ft««aM.
1M Uirtpip*
12*
II*
tM lip Of tM pit.
1. If 4iaekar«« »!! M pnapit Uttortly to a <** i* haroMta clot* My M placo* arountl CM it*n*-
pipe. ptioc to attaekinf tM flltacelot*. 1fei« "ill inetaaM
- tM rat* of watar aaopooa into tM pip*.
U.i. OttAMMDIT Or ACIUCW.TUM
sou co!4i>vATXflM inmet
couia rum.
SUM* PIT
STANOMD DPAHINC
iP - 1
2:.02
-------
16. Flotation Silt Ftmct (7)
Definition: A fabric strip floating in a body of water, floating on top and anchored
at the bottom.
Purpose: To drop sediment when filling or excavating in or adjacent to a water body.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Can be used in water bodies adjacent to areas
where sediment is deposited in the water.
Effectiveness: The effectiveness of a flotation silt fence in the settling out of soil
particles in the water has the potential to be equal to that of the filter fabric that is
used in its construction; however, the flotation fences are very difficult to maintain and
thus effectiveness is reduced considerably.
Advantages: Flotation silt fences hasten the settling out of soil particles in water
bodies. Water is filtered and particles eliminated that might not otherwise have time
to settle out in a sediment basin when the fence is not installed. The floating boom
also stops floating objects such as trash, tree limbs or other construction debris.
Disadvantages: Proper installation of the flotation silt fence is very difficult to achieve.
Once installed, the fedce must be inspected frequently to check the fabric for rips and
holes and to assure dirty water is not bypassing the filter fence.
* Costs: Costs for a flotation silt fence vary directly with the size of the body of water
to be filtered, with filter fabric costing about $5.00 per square yard. An anchoring
device and floating boom usually increase the cost greatly.
Geographical Considerations: A flotation silt fence may be constructed in all areas
where freezing of the body of water is not likely to occur.
KE*90531.02 DRAFT IV - 29
-------
Carrier Float
Water Surface
Anchor Cable
7
Steel Tension Cable
Fence Fabric
.3
I
Bottom
Fence Fabric Weight-
^^
Temporary Flotation Silt Fence
3.14 Page 3
-------
17. Chemical Treatment (7)
Definition: Application of non-toxic chemical settling agent, such as methylene
chloride, into a sediment trap or at the top end of a slope rundown.
Purpose: Through the process of flocculation, smaller soil particles which are held in
suspension are settled out
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Chemical settling agents are only effective in the
tranquil water of a sediment trap. Introduction of the chemical agent is typically at
the inlet to a sediment pond or at the top of the slope rundown.
Effectiveness: Chemical settling agents have an extremely high efficiencies for reducing
particles held in suspension if they are added in the correct manner and quantities with
sufficient settling time. This is very difficult to achieve in the field and thus efficiency
is greatly reduced.
Advantages: This process eliminates soil particles held in solution which wouldn't
otherwise settle out over time. Turbidity of the water is decreased, which has a
beneficial impact on stream life and aesthetics.
Disadvantages: The introduction of these chemicals into the environment, although
considered non-toxic, is not acceptable in many jurisdictions.
Costs: ThelUanghtfwiiiaaV^4itk)nrBadQgiyuiarf&oaqpiafa^c grcatisnfegion by region.
Geographical Considerations: Chemical settling agents might be used wherever they
are deemed necessary to limit stream or river turbidity. However, most jurisdictions
have regulations which would restrict the use of these agents.
KE#90531.02 DRAFT IV - 30
-------
0o CO
-------
18. Stabilized Construction Eitruct
Definition: A stabilized pad of aggregate underlain with filter cloth located at any
point where traffic will be entering or leaving a construction site to or from a public
right-of-way, street, alley, sidewalk or parking area.
Purpose: The purpose of a .;abilized construction entrance is to reduce or eliminate
the tracking of sediment onto public rights-of-way or streets.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: A stabilized construction entrance should be used
at all points of construction ingress and egress.
Effectiveness: Stabilized construction entrances are not very effective in removing
sediment from equipment leaving a construction site. Efficiency is greatly increased,
though when a washing rack is included as pan of a stabilized construction entrance.
Advantages: Does remove some sediment from equipment and serves to channel
construction traffic in and out of the site.
Disadvantages: Stabilized construction entrances are rather expensive to construct and
when a wash rack is included, a sediment trap of some kind must also be provided.
Costs: Stabilized construction entrances cost range from $1,500 to $5,000 to install but
costs increase by roughly $2,000 if a wash rack is included.
;
Geographical Considerations: Stabilized construction entrances can be constructed
anywhere in the country.
K£#90S31.02 DRAFT IV - 31
-------
STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE
net to tcolt
STANDARD SYMtOL
SC
50' min.
distil*
EXISTING
PAVEMENT
MOUNTAILC BCIIM
(Ophenol)
1.
2.
3.
4,
EXISTING
PAVEMENT
CONITKOCTIOM tMClFICATlOWf,
Stone Sise - Use 2* stone* or reclaimedm recycled concrete equivalent.
Length - Aa required* but not lets than SO feet (except on eingle resi-
dence lot where 30 foot minimum length would apply).
Thickness - Mot less than six (f) inches.
Width - Ten (10) foot minimum* but not lets than the full width at
points where ingress oc egrets occurs.
Filter Cloth Mill be placed over the entirt trea prior to placing of stone.
Filter will not be required on a single fasti.*y residence lot.
Surface Water All surface water flowing oc diverted toward construction
entrances shall be piped across the entrance. If piping it impractical,
a aountsbls ben with Stl slopes will be permitted.
Maintenance - The entrance shall be maintained in a condition which will
prevent tracking oc flowing of sediment onto public rights-of-way. Thii may
require periodic top dressing with additional atone as conditions demand
and repair and/or eleanout of any measures used to trap sediment. All
sediment spilled* dropped* washed oc tracked onto public rights-of-way must
be removed immediately.
Washing - Wheels shall be cleaned to remove sediment prior to entrance onto
public rights-of-way. When washing is required* it shall be done on an area
stabilised with stone and which drains into an approved sediment trap pins
device.
Periodic inspection and needed maintenance shall be provided after each rain.
U. S. DEPARTMENT Of
SOIL CONSERVATION fttRVICC
Firit* IK.
STM1LIZEO CONSTRUCTION
INTMNCC
Standard
Drawing
14.03
-------
DRAFT 1/80
VOH4T #1
Coarse Aggregate
GRAVEL CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE
Source: Va SWCC
Plate I.Ola
CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE WITH MASH RACK
Itch to Carry
Wash Water to
Sediment Basin or
Trap
Reinforced Concrete 'Drain Space
Detail of Wash Rack
Source: Smith Cattleguard Company
Plate l.Olb
III-3
-------
19. Temporary Access Waterway Crossing
Definition: A temporary access waterway crossing is a structure placed across a
waterway to provide access for construction purposes for a period of less than one
vear. Temporary access crossings are not intended to be utilized to maintain traffic
for the general public.
Purpose: The purpose of the temporary access waterway crossing is to provide safe,
pollution free access across a waterway for construction equipment by establishing
minimum standards and specifications for the design, construction, maintenance, and
removal of the structure. Temporary access waterway crossings are necessary to
prevent construction equipment from damaging the waterway, blocking fish migration,
and tracking sediment and other pollutants into the waterway.
Conditions Where Practice Applies: The following standard and specifications for
temporary access waterway crossings are applicable in non-tidal waterways.
Effectiveness:
Temporary Access Bridge: A temporary access bridge is by far the most effective
waterway crossing because minimal if any disturbance occur in the waterway thus
very little erosion can occur.
Temporary Access Culvert; A temporary access culvert is effective in controlling
erosion but will cause erosion during installation and removal.
Temporary Access For* A temporary access ford offers very little sediment and
erosion control and is really not very effective in limiting erosion in the stream
channel. <
Advantages:
Temporary Access Bridge: A temporary bridge is highly desirable because it
offeres a non erosive means of stream crossing and requires little if any earth
work and maintenance.
Temporary Access Culvert: A temporary culvert can be easily constructed and
allows for heavy equipment loads.
Temporary Access Ford: A temporary ford is the least expensive waterway
crossing and allows for maximum load limits. It also offers very low maintenance.
Disadvantages:
Temporary Access Bridge: A temporary bridge can be quite expensive and time
consuming to build and may not be able to handle large loads.
-------
Temporary Access Cufrtrt Temporary culverts need maintenance often and can
cause erosion if the culvert becomes dogged.
Temporary Access Ford: A temporary ford offers little if any erosion control and
can often make erosion worse.
NOTE: Special care must be taken for all these practices when crossing an
environmentally sensitive waterway such as a trout stream.
Costs:
Temporary Access Bridge: Bridge cost can vary greatly depending a size and type
of material used.
Temporary Access Culvert: A temporary crossing usually ranges in price for $500
to $1,500.
Temporary Access Ford: A temporary ford crossing costs are minimal, usually less
than $500.
>» Geographical Considerations: The most important thing to consider when choosing a
temporary stream crossing is the impact of the crossing on the stream itself. Obviously
a high quality trout stream requires much more concern than a severely polluted city
waterway. The individual stream quality and flow characteristics (Le., flooding) dictate
the choice of temporary stream crossing.
-------
TEMPORARY ACCESS BRIDGE
ACCEPTABLE |
ANCNOft
SURFACE PLOW oivtirn
tr SWALE
WATDI NESOUftCES
ADMMSTIUT10M
TEMKMAKV ACCfltt
19.10
TANBAflO PMAWMO
TA11
-------
TEMPORARY ACCESS CULVERT
WATfN MSOUftCM
AOMMiTIUTION
TfMPOfUftY ACCESS POflO
19.11
STANOAJIO DftAWM*
TAC 1
-------
TEMPORARY ACCESS FORD
SUHPACf FLOW OMDrTID
Y tWALJ
t
V
AOOMOATI APF4OACM
§t1 MAXMUM, StOM ON MAD
UAPACIFLOW
VSWAU
WATIM MESOUMCiS
AOMMSTKATION
T1MFOPUHY ACCfM CULVfUT
TANOANO OffAWMO
TAT 1
19.12
-------
20. Wlad Breaks (4)
Definition: A temporary structure to slow winds.
Purpose: Wind breaks are used to lessen the surface and air movement of soil from
exposed -urfaces and to reduce the presence of airborne substances by reducing the
velocity and energy of the winds and allowing soil particles to settle out
Conditions Where Practice Applies: Large flat surface areas susceptible to erosion by
winds are suitable for wind breaks.
Effectiveness: Wind breaks are not very effective in slowing winds across large flat
open $ite4 but are effective in making airborne soil particles settle out once the winds
have reached a break.
Advantages: Wind breaks are an alternative to chemicals for dust control
Disadvantages: Wind breaks are not as effective as chemicals or mulching and seeding
for dust control
Costs: The costs for wind breaks are those incurred in the establishment of fence, at
about $2.50 per linear foot for temporary control Permanent controls in the form of
tree rows may be installed for about $200 per tree.
Geographical Considerations:^
KE*90531.02 DRAFT IV 34
-------
IV INVENTORY OF SEDIMENT CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES (CONT)
(Continued)
u. Special Practices
During the last five to ten years there has been rapid advancement in the production and
marketing of new sediment and erosion control technologies. The emphasis of these new
technologies has been on enhancing the effectiveness of vegetative practices through the use of
new materials designed to hold soil in place, allowing vegetation to become established Many
of the newer products have been developed by major chemical corporations such as Exxon,
Dupont, and Amoco. It should be noted that there are an immeasurable number of different
products manufactured by different companies being used over the country. It is beyond the
scope of this report to investigate all of these new products, but some general discussion is
included. On the whole, new sediment and erosion control technologies can be categorized into
three general areas:!) Chemical solution mulch and tack coatings, 2) Natural fiber erosion
control matting, and 3) Synthetic geotextile erosion control matting.
1. Chemical Solution Mulch and Tack Coatings
The first type of new technology, chemical mulch and tack coatings, are quite numerous
and diverse. Many different types of chemicals are used in different solutions to best fit
the desired use and site climate. Most chemical mulchs are water dispensable and are
sprayed onto a site area. They immediately act to bond surface soils and mulches in order
to reduce erosion due to wind or rain. A chemical based mulch and tack coat can
eliminate the need for separate mulch and mulch anchoring installations. As *ith any
chemical, care must be exercised in handling and applying these products. Many chemical
mulches can be poisonous to humans if breathed or touched during application. Also, often
times there are limits on when application can occur such as avoiding frozen soils or rainy
weather. Individual products must be investigated and selected based upon the site specific
application requirements. (3) Examples of these products include:
-------
2. Natural Fiber Mafti«f
A second type of new technology for controlling erosion is natural fiber matting. Large
rolls of natural materials are applied to critical site areas such as steep slopes or channel
bottoms. The two most common types of natural Gben used are wood excelsior and jute.
Normally the fiber blankets must be anchored using metal or wooden pins and trenches.
Natural fiber matting greatly reduce* erosion by holding soil in place while vegetation is
established. Often natural matting can be used in place of riprap with .considerable cost
savings. Also, natural fiber matting a biodegradable and non-toxic. Therefore, after a few
years vegetation is fully established and all the matting material has degraded away with no
environmental damage. (9)
3. Synthetic Fiber Matting
A third new technology category is synthetic matting. This matting acts exactly like natural
matting but is made from chemical-based products such as fiberglass, vinyl, plastics, polyester,
etc. Synthetic matting generally has much more strength than natural matting and can be
accurately designed and specified to fit site specific drainage characteristics. (10) (11) One
item to note is that most synthetic matting products do not biodegrade easily and therefore
will remain on site indefinitely which may cause future environmental impacts.
There are many new sediment coutrol products on the market today and more under
development Their uses are still limited due to a lack of historical data on their
performance and governmental agencies reluctance to accept new technologies as standard.
As time progresses and more is known and understood about sedimentation and erosion use
of these new technologies should increase.
OR AFT rv
-------
1980
Flow
INSTALLATION OF NETTING AND MATTING
Anchor Slot; Bury the up-channel end of the
net in a 6" deep trench. Tamp the soil
firmly. Staple at 12" Intervals across the
net.
Overlap; Overlap edges of the "1 3 j"
stHps at least 4". Staple ^
every 3 feet down the center
of the strip.
Joining Strips; Insert the new roll of net
in a trench, as with the Anchor Slot. Over-
lap the up-channel end of the previous roll
18" and turn the end under 6". Staple the
end of the previous roll just below the
anchor slot and at the end at 12" Intervals.
Check Slots; On erodlble soils or steep
slopes* check slots should be made every
15 feet. Insert a fold of the net Into a
6" trench and tamp firmly. Staple at
12" Intervals across the net. Lay the net
smoothly on the surface of the soil - do not
stretch the net, and do not allow wrinkles.
Anchoring Ends At Structures
Place the end of the net In
a 6" slot on the up-channel
side of the structure.
Fill the trench and
tamp firmly. Roll the
net up the channel.
Place staples at 12"
Intervals along the
anchor end of the net.
Source: Adapted from Conwed Products Brochure
Plate 1.75a
III-254
-------
1980
1.75
Shallow
Slope
On shallow slopes, strips
of netting may be applied
across the slope.
Where there 1s a bemt at the top of the slope,
bring the netting over the berm and anchor 1t
behind the bern.
Bern
Steep
Slope
On steep slopes, apply
strips of netting parallel
to the direction of flow
and anchor securely.
Bring netting down to a level area before
terminating the Installation. Turn the
end under 6" and staple at 12" Intervals.
Ditch
In ditches, apply netting
parallel to the direction
: of flow. Use check slots
\ every 15 feet. Do not
join strips 1n the center
of the ditch.
ORIENTATION OF NETTING AND MATTING
Source: Adapted from Ludlow Products Brochure
Plate 1.75b
III-255
-------
V CONCLUSIONS
Erosion and sediment control as a means of reducing non-point source pollution is a concern
of jurisdictions across the country. HowevtT, enabling legislation, regulations and standard
practices vary greatly among states and local jurisdictions. Of those jurisdictions with active
sediment and erosion control programs, this investigation found a consensus on the following
program elements:
A. Vegetative practices should be used whenever possible. Vegetative practices cost less and
are easier to install and maintain. These practices also are highly efficient in controlling
sediment and erosion.
B. Clean water should be diverted away from construction areas runoff from areas offsite or
onsite areas not yet disturbed, should be diverted. This additional flow, if not diverted, can
add volume and size to structural practices, requiring more frequent maintenance and
limiting the effectiveness of vegetative practices.
C. Concentrated flows should be controlled by structural practices vegetative practices, are not
effective in controlling sediment in concentrated flows. Concentrated flows are characterized
by high velocities which can destroy vegetative measures. Concentrated flows must be
trapped so that water borne sediment can be settled out
During the study it became apparent that additional research into sediment and erosion
control legislation and regulations is necessary, particularly with regard to the effect of local
jurisdiction regulations on sediment and erosion control practices in the field. For example
some jurisdictions limit the amount of area disturbed at one time and how long it may be
disturbed. This greatly reduces erosion from large construction sites that would have
previously been completely cleared and left unstabilized for long periods of time. Other
regulations specify land disturbance activities requiring control measures and activities thai
are exempt
-------
With retard to vegetative practices the v*t variety of methods and products greatly effect
the efficiency of the practice especial* prior to seed germination. TTiese technologies are
relatively new and many jurisdictions have not yet accepted their use.
-------
(1) "1963 Maryland Standards and Specifications
for Soil Erosion aad Sediment Control"
Water Resources Administration
Soil Conservation Service
State Soil Conservation .Committee
April 1963
(2) "New York Guidelines for Urban Erosion and Sediment Control"
USDA - Soil Conservation Service
2- Printing
March 1988
(3) "Guides for Erosion and Sediment Control in California"
USDA-Soil Conservation Service
Davis, California
1977, Revised 1985
(4) "Michigan Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Guidebook*
Beckett Jackson Raeder Inc.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
1972
(5) "Standards for Soil Erosion ind Sediment Control in New Jersey"
New Jersey State Soil Conservation Committee
Division of Rural Resources
New Jersey Department of Agriculture
April 1967
(6) " "Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook"
Virginia Department of Conservation and Historical Preservation
Division of Soil & Water Conservation
2" Edition
1980
-------
(7) "Erosion Control Manual"
Colorado Department of Highways
October 1978
(8) "Performance of Current Sediment Control Measures at
Maryland Construction Sites"
Thomas R. Schueler ft Jon Logbill
Department of Environment Programs
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
1875 Eye Street, NW
Washington, DC 20006
January 1990
(9) Wolbert ft Master Inc. Products Catalogue
Supplied by Wolbert ft Master, Inc.
, 11130 Pukxlti Highway
White Marsh, Maryland 21162
(10) Informational Brochures on DuPont Typar" Geotextiles
Supplied by TEI Construction Fabrics Division
P.O. Box 72010
Baltimore, Maryland 21237
(11) Informational Brochures on Exxon Geosynthetics
Supplied by Exxon Chemical Company
2100 River Edge Parkway
Suite 1025
Atlanta, Georgia 30328
-------
VH BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARKANSAS
The City of Little Rock Arkansas Ordinance No. 15,833"
Amending Chapter 29, Article Vi, Land Alteration Regulation' 1988
Draft No. 3, March 1990
CALIFORNIA
"A Report on Sofl Erosion Control Needs
and Projects in the Lake Tahoe Basin"
State of California
Tahoe Conservancy
March 1987
"Guides for Erosion and Sediment Control in California"
USDA-Soil Conservation Service
Davis, California
1977, Revised 1985
The Santa Cruz County Erosion Control Ordinance No. 2982"
Chapter 14.15 Erosion Control
County of Santa Cruz, California
September 1980 '
"Specifications for a Sediment Control Plan"
"Considerations for Erosion Control Planning"
"Preparing an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan"
The Riverian Corridor Protection Ordinance"
County of Santa Cruz, California
"Erosion and Sediment Control Ordinance"
Chapter 16.12
County of Monterey, California
COLORADO
"Erosion Control Manual"
Colorado Department of Highways
October 1978
-------
GEORGIA
"Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975,
«j, amended through 1989"
Abstracted from
Official Code of Georgia Annotated
VoL 10, Title 12
Conservation and Natural Resources
"Rules of Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental
Protection Division"
Chapter 391-3-7
Erosion and Sedimentation Control
January 1, 1990
Turbidity Sampling of Surface Waters for Erosion and
Sedimentation Act Enforcement"
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
October 1969
"Erosion and Sedimentation Control Model Ordinance"
Georgia Department Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
"On Site Erosion Control Management Practices for
Construction Activities"
State Soil and Water Conservation Committee of Georgia
November 1979
IOWA
"A Better Environment Through Soil Erosion and Sedimentation
Control"
.Ordinance No. 9384
City of Des Moines, Iowa
-------
KENTUCKY
"Evaluation of Detention Basins for Controlling
Urban Runoff and Sedimentation*
CT. Haan & A.D. Ward
University of Kentucky
Water Resources Research Institute
Lexington, Kentucky
August 1978
MAINE
"Model Erosion and Sediment Control and Stormwater Management
Ordinance"
Time and Tide Resource Conservation and Development Area
Waldoboro, Maine
January 1969
MARYLAND
"1983 Maryland Standards and Specifications for Soil
Erosion and Sediment Control"
Water Resources Administration
Soil Conservation Service
State Soil Conservation Committee
April 1983
"Performance of Current Sediment Control Measures at
Maryland Construction Sites"
Thomas R. Schueler & Jon LogbUl
Department of Environment Programs
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
1875 Eye Street, NW
Washington, DC 20006
January 1990
"Model Erosion and Sediment Control Ordinance"
Maryland Department of Environment
Sediment and Stormwater Administration
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, Maryland 21224
April 1985
-------
"1963 Directory of Materials Relating to Soil Erosion,
Sediment Control, and Storm Water Management"
Maryland Department of Environment
Sediment and Stormwater Administration
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, Maryland 21224
April 1985
"Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines of State"
and Federal Projects"
Maryland Department of Environment
Sediment and Stormwater Administration
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, Maryland 21224
January 1990
"Stormwater Pollution Central Cost-Share Program"
Maryland Department of Environment
Sediment and Stormwater Administration
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, Maryland 21224
1990
Sediment Trap Efficiency of a Multiple-Purpose Impoundment,
North Branch Rock Creek Basin, Montgomery County, Maryland,
1968-76
WJ. Herb
Geological Survey Water-Supply paper 2371
in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Soil Conservation Service
MICHIGAN
"Michigan Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Guidebook"
Beckett Jackson Raeder Inc.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
1972
"A Better Environment Through Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Act 347 of 1972"
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Division of Land and Water Resources
1972
-------
PENNSYLVANIA
"Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Manual*
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Resources
Office of Resources Management
February 1985
VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA
"Erosion Control Rules and Regulations"
Title 25. Rules and Regulations
Pan L Department of Environmental Resources
Subpart C Protection of Natural Resources
Article IL Water Resources
Chapter 101 Erosion Control
September 1972
"Executive Summary - Department of Environmental Resources
Report to the Environmental Quality Board Covering Revisions
to 25 PA. Code, Chapter 102, Erosion and Sediment Pollution
Control"
"Agreement for Delegation Administration Responsibility in the
Erosion and Sediment Pollution Control Program."
"Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook"
Virginia Department of Conservation and Historical Preservation
Division of Soil & Water Conservation
2* Edition
1980
"Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook for Developing Areas
West Virginia"
.by USDA Soil Conservation Service
in Cooperation with West Virginia Soil Conservation Districts
November 1981
J."
-------
MINNESOTA
"Ramsey County Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook"
Ramsey Soil and Water Conservation District
Copy No. 67, 1989
NEW JERSEY
"Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control in New Jersey"
New Jersey State Soil Conservation Committee
Division of Rural Rf
New Jersey Department of Agriculture
April 1987
NEW YORK
"Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Act"
Chapter 251, P.L. 1975
State of New Jersey
Amended in 1977, 1979
"Guidelines for Preparation of Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
Plans"
Somerset - Union Soil Conservation District
Revised December 1967
"New York Guidelines for Urban Erosion and Sediment Control"
USDA - Soil Conservation Service
2* Printing
March 1988
NORTH CAROLINA
"Soil Erosion and Sediment Control"
City of Greensboro, North Carolina
Building Inspections
Chapter 24
-------
AGENCIES CONTACTED
ARIZONA
Arizona State Land Department
Division of Natural Resource Conservation
1616 Weft Adam
Phoenix Ariaona 8507
(602) 542-4900
Steve Williams, (602) 542-2693
ARKANSAS
Flood Control District of Maricopa County
3335 West Duranfo Street
Phoenix, Ariaona 85009
(602) 262-1501
* Joe Tram
City of Little Rock
Department of Public Works
701 West Morkum Street
Little Rock, Arkansas 22201
(501) 371-4860
* Jerry Gardener, Chief of Civil Eng. Sect
Soil Conservation Service
One Riverfront Place
Suite 560
North Little Rock. Arkansas 72114
(501) 374-7645
Bflly Shirley, Diane Bass
CALIFORNIA
> California Department of Conservation
1516 9* Street, Room 400
Sacramento, California 95814
(916) 324-0859
Ken Trot, Senior Land A Water Use Analyst
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GENERAL
"State Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Laws -
A Review of State Programs and their Natural Resource
Data Requirements*
Susan B. Klein
National Resource Information
Systems Project, National Conference of State Legislators
November 1980
Informational Brochures on DuPont Typar" Geotextiles
Supplied by TEI Construction Fabrics Division
P.O. Box 72010
Baltimore, Maryland 21237
Wolbert & Master Inc. Products Catalogue
Supplied by Wolbert A Master, Inc.
11130 Pulotki Highway
White Marsh, Maryland 21162
Informational Brochures on Exxon Geosynthetics
Supplied by Exxon Chemical Company
2100 River Edge Parkway
Suite 1025
Atlanta, Georgia 30328
-*
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Santa Cruz County Conservation District
3233 Valencia Avenue, Suite B-6
Attos, California 95003
(408) 688-1562
Rich Casale, District Conservationist
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Soil Conservation Service
2121-C Second Street -
Suite 102
Davis, California 95616
Charles K. Davis
COLORADO
Colorado State Highway Department
Office of Environmental Review and Analysis
4201 East Arkansas Avenue
Room 284
Denver, Colorado 80222
JUl Eastey (301) 757-9174
Rick Cutler (301) 757-9795, Principle Transportation Specialist
GEORGIA
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
3420 Normon Berry Drive, 7* Floor
HapeviUe, Georgia 30354
(404) 656-7404
Lewis Tinley, Environmental Program Manager
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
TwLi Towers iHast
205 Butler Street, SE
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
(404) 656-4713
* Hal F. Reheis, Assistant Director
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IDAHO
IOWA
MASSACHUSETTS
Boise Department of Public Works
Building Department
P. O. Box 500
Boise, Idaho 83701
(206) 384-4430
* Ron Redman
City of Des Moines
Engineering
400 East 1" Street
Des Moines, Iowa 50307
(515) 283-4931
* Mike Gap, Principle Civil Engineer
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
Wallace State Office Building
7* and Grand
Des Moines, Iowa 50319
(515) 281-6402
Eubbo Agena, Environmental Engineer
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
Technical Services Branch
West View Building
Lymon School
West Borough. Massachusetts 01581
(508) 792-7470
' Eben Cheslac
MARYLAND
Maryland Department of the Environment
Sediment and Stormwater Administration
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, Maryland 21224
(301) 631-3561
Vincent Berg, Director
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Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
Department of Environmental Programs
1875 Eye Street, NW
Washington, D.C 20006
(202) 962-3200
John Galli
MICHIGAN
Michigan Department Natural Resources
Land and Water Management Division
Stevens T. Mason Building
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, Michigan 48909
(517) 335-3189
John H. Kennaugh, Water Quality Specialist
Oakland County Drainage Commission
1 Public Works Drive
Pontiac, Michigan 48054
(313) 858-0958
George W. Kuhn, Drainage Commissioner
Wayne County Health Department
5454 South Vcnoy
Wayne, Michigan 48184
(313) 326-4900
Tom McNulty
MINNESOTA
Ramsey County Soil & Water Conservation District
2015 Rice Street
Rweville, Minnesota 55113
(612) 488-1476
* Tom Peterson, Conservation District Manager
Minnesota Assoc. of Soil & Water Conservation Districts
Suite 25
1884 Como Avenue
St. Paui Minnesota 55106
(612) 649-1440
D'Wayne DeZiel, Executive Director
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MISSOURI
NEW JERSEY
NEW YORK
Soil Conservation Service
200 North 2- Street
SL Charles, Missouri 63301
(314) 724-2237
ROM Braun, District Conservationist
City of SL Charles
Engineering
200 North 2* Street
SL Charles, Missouri 63301
(314) 949-3237
Cliff Bayber, Assistant City Enfineer
NJ Department of Agriculture
State Soil Conservation Committee
CN 330, Room 204
Trenton, New Jersey 00625
(602) 292-5540
' Sue Butch
Putman County Offices
Putman County Soil & Water Conservation District
Myrtle Avenue
Mahopac Falls, New York 10542
(914) 628-1630
Susan Oswald, Program Assistant
New York Department of Environmental Conservation
Regulatory Affairs
50 Wolf Road
Albany, New York 12233
(518) 457-2224
George Danskin
*
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NORTH CAROLINA
PENNSYLVANIA
TENNESEE
TEXAS
WASHINGTON
City of Greensboro
Building Inspections Department
P. O. Box 3136
Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
(919) 373-2158
* Johnny Pascal
P.A. Association of Conservation Districts
225 Pine Street
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17101
(717) 236-1006
* Patricia W. Devlin, Executive Director
Memphis City Hall
Environmental Engineering
Room 620
125 North Mid-American Mall
Memphis, Tennesee 38103
(901) 576-6720
* Jerry Collins, Administrator of Environmental Eng.
City of Dallas
Public Works Department
Room 108
320 East Jefferson Street
Dallas, Texas 75203
(214) 948-4220 Bill Jesup
(214) 320-6110 Leroy Walker
Washington Dcpartmetn of Ecology
Surface Water Unit
Mail Stop PV-11
Olympia, Washington 98504
(206) 438-7064
Jerry Anderson, Supervisor Surface Water Unit
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NORTH CAROLINA
City of Greensboro
Building Inspections Department
P. O. Box 3136
Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
(919) 373-2158
' Johnny Pascal
PENNSYLVANIA
P.A. Association of Conservation Districts
225 Pine Street
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17101
(717) 236-1006
* Patricia W. Devlin, Executive Director
TENNESEE
TEXAS
Memphis City Hall
Environmental Engineering
Room 620
125 North Mid-American Mall
Memphis, Tennesee 38103
(901) 576-6720
* Jerry Collins, Administrator of Environmental Eng.
City of Dallas
Public Works Department
Room 108
320 East Jefferson Street
Dallas, Texas 75203
(214) 948-4220 Bill Jesup
(214) 320-6110 Leroy Walker
WASHINGTON
Washington Depanmetn of Ecology
Surface Water Unit
Mail Stop PV-11
Olympia, Washington 98504
(206) 438-7064
Jerry Anderson, Supervisor Surface Water Unit
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City of BcUeuve
Storm & Surface Water Utility
P. O. Box 90012
BcUeuve, Washington 98009
(206) 455-7818
Dave Randstroum
King County Surface Water Management
710 2- Avenue
Suite 730
Seattle, Washington 98104
(206) 296-6519
Randall Parsons
Betsy Castle
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