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-    530SW85990
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                                           LIBRARY
           ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RESOURCE
|            CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY
.             ACT REGULATIONS FOR SMALL
1                QUANTITY GENERATORS
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•                       Prepared for:
               U.5 Environmental Protection Agency
I                    Office of Solid Waste
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                        Prepared by
I                      ICF Incorporated
•        Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc.
                   Pope-Reid Associates, Inc.

•                        June 1965

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I                                 ICF INCORPORATED International Square
                                1850 K Street, Northwest, Washington, D. C. 20006
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(X
  ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RESOURCE
   CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY
    ACT REGULATIONS FOR SMALL
       QUANTITY GENERATORS

              Prepared for:
      U.5 Environmental Protection Agency
           Office of Solid Waste

              Prepared by
             ICF Incorporated
Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc.
         Pope-Refd Associates, Inc.

               June 1985

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                         ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
    This study was conducted under EPA Contract Number 68-01-6621  by ICF
Incorporated, Development Planning and Research Associates,  and Pope-Reid
Associates for the Economic Analysis Branch of the EPA Office of Solid Waste.
We would like to thank the EPA Project Officer, Mr.  Alfred Feldt for his
guidance and helpful suggestions.   The principle members  of  the project team
were:  Mr. Kenneth Kolsky, Dr. Frank Arnold, Mr. Sudhakar Kesavan,  and Dr.
Pamela Bridgen (ICF Incorporated); Mr. Dan Francke and Mr. A.C.  Barker
(Development Planning and Research Associates); and Mr. Christopher Lough, Ms,
Jean Williams, and Mr. Edward Conway (Pope-Reid Associates).

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                           EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY
    The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 require EPA to regulate
by March 31, 1986, those generators of hazardous waste that produce between
100 and 1,000 kilograms per month.  This report analyzes the costs and
economic impacts of the alternatives being considered by EPA for the
regulation of these small quantity generators (SQGs).

    The regulatory alternatives being considered by EPA are bracketed by the
minimum requirements set forth in the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments and
by the full Subtitle C requirements that apply to large quantity generators
(with such exceptions as are mandated by the amendments).  This report focuses
primarily on a regulatory alternative that would institute the minimum
requirements of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments, including use of the
Uniform National Manifest (single copy to accompany shipments) and Subtitle C
management; it would also require SQGs to obtain an EPA identification number
and follow a limited set of performance standards for on-site storage of 180
or 270 days or less.  SQGs managing wastes on-site would be subject to the
same requirements as exist for large quantity generators, but with extensions
in the effective dates of these requirements.

    The methodology used in this analysis of the costs and economic effects of
the SQG regulatory alternatives involved comparing current SQG waste
management practices and costs (the baseline for the analysis) with their
likely practices and costs after the SQG regulations are promulgated.  We used
a survey of SQGs to characterize waste management practices, and then we
estimated the costs of these practices and developed model plants with
representative waste generation and financial characteristics.

    With the baseline conditions determined, we then analyzed the changes in
waste management practices and costs that likely would result after
promulgation of the SQG regulations.  This analysis focused on the ten largest
waste streams produced by SQGs, which account for more than 90 percent of SQG
waste generation.  We also estimated the government costs associated with
administering the SQG regulations.  We used these estimates to derive the
aggregate cost of the regulations to industry and society.

    To analyze the impact of the compliance costs on firms and industries, we
compared compliance cost estimates to various financial characteristics of the
model plants.  Where this approach indicated potential financial difficulty
for the model plant, we performed a discounted cash flow analysis to determine
the potential for closure.

    The results of our analysis can be summarized in terms of the incremental
costs to society as a whole; costs to government; and the economic impacts on
firms and industries.  On a per metric ton basis, the average incremental
compliance cost associated with changes in SQG regulations is about $206.
Because of differences in baseline practices and, hence, the cost of
compliance, the incremental costs vary substantially for different wastes.  In

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many cases, wastes are currently being managed in a manner consistent with the
new requirements under consideration;  in others,  changes in waste management
practices will be necessary.   After allocating the incremental compliance
costs to the universe of SQGs according to the types of wastes they generate
and their baseline waste management practices, our estimate of the total
incremental cost of the favored SQG regulatory alternative is about $58
million.  Much of this total  is attributable to a few wastes (spent solvents,
dry cleaning residues, acids  and alkalies, and ignitable waste) which
constitute a large proportion of those generated by SQGs.

    Our analysis of the government costs of the regulations focused on
estimating costs for program  administration, technical assistance and public
education programs, and compliance monitoring and enforcement.  Under the
favored regulatory alternative, we estimate that program administration costs
will be about $1 million, technical assistance and public education program
costs will be between $8 and  S10 million, and compliance monitoring and
enforcement costs will be $2  to $2.5 million.  In total, our government costs
due to the regulations will amount to about $12 million for the first year
that the regulations are in place.

    Our method for analyzing the economic impacts of the regulations on SQG
firms and on industries with many potentially affected parties was to evaluate
the magnitude of the incremental costs imposed by the regulations relative to
sales, profits, and other financial flows of the potentially affected firms.
By constructing numerous model plants and then assessing the potential
economic impacts of the regulations on the viability of these enterprises, our
conclusion is that the regulations will not cause significant industry impacts
and that few, if any, firms will suffer substantial hardship by complying.   In
almost all cases, the model plants analysis shows that the ratios of
incremental compliance costs  to sales and profits do not attain levels
indicative of serious financial hardships.  Even for the most affected SQGs,
the discounted cash flows are still positive after inclusion of the
incremental compliance costs  associated with the SQG regulations.  Because the
SQG regulations primarily affect small firms, the concerns of the Regulatory
Flexibility Act for the effects of the regulations on small businesses are
addressed to a large extent by these results.

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                        Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 	   i

1.  INTRODUCTION	1-1

    1.1  Need for SQG Regulations	1-1
    1.2  Purpose and Scope of the Economic Analysis	1-3
    1.3  Regulatory Alternatives Analyzed	1-4
    1.4  Organization of the Report	1-7

2.  ANALYTICAL APPROACH	2-1

    2.1  Introduction	2-1
    2.2  Methodology for Developing  the Baseline	2-1
    2.3  Methodology for Assessing Compliance Costs  and Economic
         Effects	2-6

3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASELINE	3-1

    3.1  Introduction	3-1
    3.2  Waste Stream Characterization	3-1
    3.3  Waste Stream Management Practices	3-3
    3.4  Geographical Distribution of SQGs	3-19
    3.5  Baseline Costs of Waste Management 	  3-32
    3.6  Development of Model Plants	3-37
    3.7  Development of Industry Profiles 	  3-40

4.  ESTIMATION OF COMPLIANCE COSTS	4-1

    4.1  Introduction	4-1
    4.2  Components of Compliance Costs	4-3
    4.3  Determining the Least Cost  Compliance Management Option	4-21
    4.4  Aggregate Compliance Costs	4-23

5.  ESTIMATION OF GOVERNMENT COSTS	5-1

    5.1  Introduction	5-1
    5.2  Description of Cost Categories	5-2
    5.3  Costs for Each Regulatory Alternative	5-6

6.  PROJECTED ECONOMIC EFFECTS	6-1
    6.1  Introduction	6-1
    6.2  Effects Under Regulatory Alternative 1	6-2
    6.3  Effects Under Other Regulatory Alternatives	6-10
    6.4  Effects on Small Entities	6-11

7.  SUMMARY AND LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS	7-1
    7.1  Summary of the Results	7-1
    7.2  Sensitivity of the Results	7-2
    7.3  Limitations of the Analysis	7-6

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Appendix A:


Appendix B:



Appendix C:


Appendix D:



Appendix E:


Appendix F:
                     TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
                                                          Page


Waste Stream Characterizations  .  	 A-l
Federal and State Regulations  for  Small  Quantity
Generators 	
B-l
Geographical Distribution of Small  Quantity  Generators  .  . C-l


SQG Model Plant Operational and Financial  Profiles
with Compliance Costs	D-l


Detailed Industry Profiles .  .  	 E-l


Detailed SQG Waste Management Profiles	F-l
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                                       LIST OF  EXHIBITS
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           3-1   Waste  Streams  Included  in  the Abt  Survey	3-2


           3-2   Availability of Waste Stream Quantity  Information  	 3-4


•          3-3   Waste  Quantities  Generated by Small  Quantity Generators  	 3-5


           3-4   Constituents of Waste Streams 	 3-6


•          3-5   Summary  of  SQG Waste Generation	3-9


•          3-6   Percent  of  Generators Reporting  Each Management Activity	3-11


           3-7   Summary  of  Storage  Methods Used  by Generators	3-14


•          3-8   Summary  of  Transportation  Methods  Used by Generators	3-15


           3-9   Summary  of  Disposal Methods Used by  Generators	3-16


|          3-10  Summary  of  Treatment Methods Used  by Generators	3-17


jm          3-11  Summary  of  Recycling Methods Used  by Generators	3-18


           3-12  Comparison  Between  Targeted Wastes and Top Ten Generated Wastes  .  .3-20


•          3-13  Percent  Distribution of Baseline Management Practices	3-21


           3-14  Distribution of Waste by Census  Region	3-22


|          3-15  States by U.S. Census Region	3-24


_          3-16  Comparison  of  Waste Quantity Distribution by Census Region	3-26


™          3-17  Quantity of Waste Generated by State	3-27


•          3-18  Major  Generating  States for the  Ten  Largest Wastes	3-29


           3-19  Waste  Generation  Based  on  State  Regulatory Scheme	3-31


J          3-20  Costs  for Off-Site  Treatment and Disposal Methods	3-33


           3-21  Containerized  Waste Transportation Cost Estimates	3-34


           3-22  Costs  for On-Site Treatment Methods	3-36


           3-23  Baseline Management Costs  for Top  Ten  SQG Wastes	3-38


           4-1   Labor  Rates Assumed for Compliance Cost Estimates  	 4-2

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                      LIST OF EXHIBITS (Continued)



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4-2  Part 262 Incremental  Compliance  Costs by Regulatory Option	4-4

4-3  Part 265 (Subparts  A-H)  Incremental  Compliance Costs
     by Regulatory Option	4-6

4-4  Incremental Part 265  (Subpart  I)  Compliance Costs  	 4-7

4-5  Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Spent  Solvents	4-9

4-6  Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Strong Acid  or
     Alkaline Wastes	4-10

4-7  Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Photographic Wastes  .  .4-11

4-8  Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Filtration Residues
     from Dry Cleaning	4-12

4-9  Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Solutions or Sludges
     with Photographic Silver	4-13

4-10 Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Ignitable Wastes
     (Liquid Portion).	4-14

4-11 Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Ignitable Wastes
     (Solid Portion)	4-15

4-12 Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Wastes Containing
     Formaldehyde	4-16

4-13 Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Spent  Plating  Wastes.  ,4-17

4-14 Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Pesticide Washing
     and Rinsing Solutions	4-19

4-15 Baseline and Incremental Compliance  Costs:  Ignitable Paint
     Wastes	4-20

4-16 Compliance Response to SQG Regulations  with Estimate of
     Incremental Compliance Costs by Waste  and Management Practice .  .  .4-24

5-1  Government Costs in the First Year of  the SQG Regulations  (1986).  .  5-7

6-1  SQG Model Plant Operational and Financial  Characteristics
     and Compliance Costs  (50 Models Most Affected)	6-4

6-2  SQG Models with Greatest Potential Impacts	6-6

6-3  Industry Level Incremental Compliance  Costs and Economic Impacts.  .  6-8

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                            1.  INTRODUCTION
    On November 8, 1984, the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 were
signed into law.  Among the provisions of the amendments are requirements
concerning the regulation of those generators of hazardous waste that produce
between 100 and 1,000 kilograms per month.  This report analyzes the costs and
economic impact of the alternatives being considered by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) for the regulation of these small quantity generators
(SQGs).1  This chapter presents background information on the SQG problem,
discusses the need for and scope of the economic analysis, and describes the
regulatory alternatives which will be analyzed.

1.1  NEED FOR SQG REGULATIONS

    The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) authorizes EPA to
promulgate regulations to ensure that the management of hazardous waste is
consistent with protection of human health and the environment.   Pursuant to
this authority, EPA has established requirements for hazardous waste
generators and hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities
(TSDFs).  In regulations issued on May 19, 1980, EPA conditionally exempted
generators of less than 1,000 kg/month of hazardous waste or 1 kg/month of
acutely hazardous waste from most RCRA Subtitle C regulations.

    These exempted generators were required at a minimum to:
        •   Determine whether their waste is hazardous;

        •   Store no more than 1,000 kg of waste on-site at any
            time; and

        •   Ensure that their wastes are managed in a facility
            regulated under Subtitle C of RCRA;  approved by a state
            to manage industrial or municipal solid waste;  or which
            beneficially uses, reuses, or recycles or reclaims the
            waste.


The rationale for this exemption was based on EPA's estimate that this group,
representing over ninety percent of all generators, are  responsible for only
one percent of all hazardous waste.  Inclusion of these  generators in the
Subtitle C program might therefore result in an administrative burden hampering
enforcement and implementation of the program with little overall impact on
its effectiveness.  EPA indicated, however, that it would phase in Subtitle C
coverage for generators of greater than 100 kg/month within two to five years.
    1 The term "small quantity generator" has generally been applied to all
generators of 1,000 kg/month or less of hazardous waste.   We use this term to
refer only to generators in the 100 to 1,000 kg/month range.

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                                   1-2
    The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments require EPA to promulgate rules
applicable to generators in the 100 to 1,000 kg/month range no later than
March 31, 1986.   The standards developed under this section may vary from the
standards applicable to large quantity generators,  but must be sufficient to
protect human health and the environment.  At a minimum, the standards must
require that management of wastes occur at Subtitle C facilities with interim
status or a permit.   They must allow storage of waste for up to 180 days
without a RCRA permit; for generators shipping or hauling waste more than 200
miles, the maximum allowable storage period is 270 days for up to 6,000 kg of
waste.

    The amendments require that effective 270 days following enactment, all
off-site shipments of hazardous waste by SQGs be accompanied by a signed copy
of the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest, including:2

        •   The name and address of the waste generator;

        •   The U.S. Department of Transportation description of
            the waste, including proper shipping name, hazard class,
            and identification number;

        •   The number and type of containers;

        •   The quantity of waste being transported; and

        •   The name and address of the receiving facility.

    EPA must, at a minimum, continue these specific manifest requirements; it
may expand the requirements if necessary to protect human health and the
environment.

    Based on the results of a mail survey conducted in 1983 and 1984, EPA
currently estimates that there are 175,000 small quantity generators producing
760,000 tons of hazardous waste per year.  Three industry groups, vehicle
maintenance, construction, and metal manufacturing, account for approximately
80 percent of SQG establishments.  Other SQG establishments include wood
preservers, photographic processers, printers, laundries, and textile
manufacturers.3  The principal SQG wastes by volume include used lead acid
batteries (62 percent of SQG wastes), spent solvents  (18 percent), strong acid
and alkalis  (6 percent), photographic wastes (3 percent), and dry cleaning
filtration residues (2 percent).''
    2Exempt from this requirement are wastes that are reclaimed under a batch
tolling agreement where either the generator or the reclaimer retains owner-
ship of the material and specific recordkeeping requirements are fulfilled.

    3Abt Associates Inc., National Small Quantity Hazardous Waste Generator
Survey, prepared for the Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, February 1985, pp. 32-34.

    * Ibid., p. 38.

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                                   1-3
    In spite of the small quantities of waste involved,  SQG wastes pose some
degree of risk because of their hazardous nature.   In determining that wastes
produced by generators of between 100 and 1,000 kg/month of hazardous waste
should be included in the RCRA program, Congress has struck a balance between
the costs expended in controlling smaller quantities of  hazardous waste and
the need to protect human health and the environment. Because EPA has
authority to develop SQG regulations, it is investigating alternatives for the
management of SQG wastes to determine which best fulfill the intent of the
amendments.

1.2  PURPOSE AND SCOPE  OF THE ECONOMIC  ANALYSIS

    This economic analysis was prepared to support development of a Regulatory
Impact Analysis (RIA) in compliance with Executive Order 12291 for changes in
regulations for small quantity generators.  The elements of an RIA include:


        •   A statement of the need for and consequences of the
            proposal;

        •   An examination of alternative approaches for achieving
            the objective;

        •   An analysis of benefits, including a comprehensive
            statement of the benefits of each alternative and their
            distribution; quantification of benefits to  the extent
            possible; and consideration of the relative  uncertainty
            of the effects of alternatives, potential intermediate
            transfers, effects on individuals experiencing maximum
            as well as average exposure, and likely compliance
            levels;

        •   An analysis of costs including estimates of  the
            present value of real incremental costs to society,
            taking into account both costs incurred by regulated
            parties and by government for implementation and
            enforcement; and specification of the distribution of
            costs, including consideration of second-order effects,
            such as may result in effects on competition,
            innovation, prices, profits, and plant closures;

        •   A comparison of the costs and benefits of each
            alternative;

        •   Specification of effects on small entities;  and

        •   A sensitivity analysis of important assumptions.


    Our analysis of the alternatives for regulating small quantity generators
is designed to provide all economic and cost information necessary to complete
the RIA.  As part of this effort, we have:

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                                   1-4
            Characterized the  baseline  of  existing  SQG waste
            management practices  potentially  affected by the
            regulatory alternatives;

            Developed model  plants  for  industries likely to
            experience the greatest impacts,  if  the regulatory
            alternatives  were  adopted;

            Estimated the current costs incurred by different SQGs
            for waste management;

            Characterized probable  future  practices;

            Estimated the real resource costs of complying with
            the SQG regulations;

            Estimated the costs to  government of implementing the
            SQG regulations;

            Determined the impact of incremental costs on affected
            firms,  industries, and  society;

            Examined the  impacts  of the regulatory  alternatives  on
            small entities;  and

            Conducted a sensitivity analysis  of  the projected
            economic effects.
1.3  REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES ANALYZED

    The regulatory alternatives being considered by EPA are bracketed by the
minimum requirements  set forth in the Hazardous  and Solid Waste Amendments  and
by the full Subtitle  C requirements that apply to large quantity generators
(with such exceptions as are mandated by the amendments).   Requirements  can be
categorized by activity.  We describe briefly the alternatives being
considered by EPA for small quantity generators, transporters  of SQG wastes,
and for on-site management of SQG waste.

    Alternatives  for  Generator Requirements

    Standards for large quantity generators are detailed in 40 CFR 262 and
include the following:

        •   Determination that wastes are hazardous in accordance
            with 40 CFR 261 requirements;

        •   Notification to obtain an EPA identification number;

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                                   1-5
        •   Shipment of wastes off-site only to permitted or
            interim status Subtitle C facilities, and only by a
            transporter with an EPA identification number.

        •   For generators shipping wastes off-site, full
            completion of the Uniform National Manifest; filing of
            exception reports when manifests are not returned by the
            destination facility; and retention of copies of
            manifests and exception reports for at least three years.

        •   Preparation of waste shipments in accordance with
            Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations; and

        •   Filing of biennial reports.
    Part 262 also allows for reduced requirements for tank or container
storage facilities in which wastes are stored for ninety days or less; other
storage facilities must meet full Part 264 or Part 265 requirements.

    The Agency is considering the following regulatory alternatives for
generators:
        •   Option Gl:  Requirements identical to those included
            in Part 262, but allowing for a 180 or 270-day allowance
            for on-site storage without compliance with full storage
            facility requirements.

        •   Option G2:  Minimum requirements as detailed in the
            Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments, including use of
            the partially complete manifest and Subtitle C
            management; also requiring notification to obtain an EPA
            identification number and allowing for a limited set of
            performance standards for on-site storage of 180 or 270
            days or less.

        •   Option G3:  The same provisions as Option G2, but
            including full manifest requirements, i.e., completion
            of the manifest in triplicate with generator retention
            of forms signed by destination facilities for three
            years, and generator investigation and filing of
            exception reports when signed manifests are not returned
            within applicable time limits.


    Alternatives  for Transportation  Requirements

    Currently, any shipment accompanied by a manifest is subject to full DOT
requirements.  In addition, Part 263 regulations require transporters to
notify EPA; obtain EPA identification numbers; clean up and report releases of
waste in transit; and participate in the implementation of the manifest system

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(by signing the generator's copy of the manifest,  retaining a copy, and
delivering the remaining copy to the receiving party).   Transporters are
allowed to store wastes for up to ten days without a storage permit, but are
prohibited from mixing wastes of different types unless they comply with the
generator standards for mixed wastes.

    EPA is considering only limited modifications  in these requirements.
Specifically, modifications in manifest requirements for transporters must be
made, if only a single-copy manifest is required for SQG shipments.  EPA is
also considering whether the ten-day period for waiver of storage permit
requirements might be extended for SQG shipments.   Because EPA has not
determined what alternatives, if any,  it will consider for storage waivers, we
have assumed that the current requirements will apply to SQG wastes.

    Alternatives for On-Site Treatment, Storage, and Disposal

    Requirements for treatment, storage, and disposal facilities for large
quantity generators are set out in 40 CFR Parts 264 and 265.  These standards
can be divided into four broad categories; the specific requirements of each
include:
            Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

                Waste analysis plan
                Inspection schedule and reports
                Personnel training
                Contingency plan
            --  Manifest
                Operating record
                Biennial report

            Operating standards

                Process-specific design and operating requirements
                Ground water monitoring requirements
                Closure and post-closure standards

            Financial responsibility requirements

            --  Closure/post-closure financial assurance
                Liability coverage
            --  Corrective action financial assurance

            Permitting requirements

                Notification requirements
                Part A application
                Part B application

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    EPA is considering three alternatives for on-site management of SQG wastes:
            Option Fl:   Full Part 264 and Part 265 requirements,
            i.e.,  requirements identical to those applicable to
            on-site management by large quantity generators.


            Option F_2;   Full Part 264 and Part 265 requirements,
            but with extensions in effective dates.


            Option F3:   Tailored Part 264 and Part 265 standards
            that reduce requirements for SQGs managing waste
            on-site, in conjunction with extended effective dates.
1.4  ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT


    The remainder of this report is organized into six chapters and six
appendices:
            Chapter 2 -- Analytical Approach


            This chapter sets out the overall methodology used in
            the study for estimating incremental compliance costs
            and the economic impacts of SQG regulations.   It
            provides an overview of the analytical tasks  underlying
            each of the succeeding chapters of the report.


            Chapter 3 -- Development of the Baseline


            This chapter reports the results of a number  of tasks
            designed to develop baseline information on SQGs.   The
            chapter focuses on current wastes generated by SQGs,
            waste management practices of SQGs, SQG geographical
            distribution, and the current costs of waste  management
            incurred by SQGs.


            Chapter 4 -- Estimation of Compliance Costs


            This chapter reports in detail the methodology and
            results of estimating incremental compliance  costs for
            SQGs.   Specific components of costs are addressed  and
            these are then applied to the SQG population  to
            calculate total compliance costs.

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                                   1-8
            Chapter  5  --  Estimation of Government  Costs

            This  chapter  focuses  on our estimates  of  government
            regulatory costs.   The analysis  accounts  for costs of
            program  administration, technical  assistance and public
            education  programs,  and compliance monitoring and
            enforcement.

            Chapter  6  --  Projected Economic  Effects

            This  chapter  reports  the results of our  analysis of  the
            potential  economic impacts of the  SQG  regulations.   The
            incremental compliance costs of  SQGs are  analyzed in the
            context  of model plants, developed to  assess the
            potential  hardships and plant closures that  may occur.

            Chapter  7  --  Summary  and Limitations of  the  Analysis

            This  chapter  provides a brief summary  of  the results and
            reviews  the sensitivity of the results to several
            important  assumptions made in the  analysis.   Discussion
            of some  broad limitations of the analysis concludes  the
            chapter.
    The appendices present detailed information on various aspects of the
analysis.

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                          2.  ANALYTICAL APPROACH
2.1  INTRODUCTION
    This chapter describes the methodology used for developing estimates of
compliance costs and the economic impacts of the proposed regulations.   In
section 2.2 we provide an overview of the analyses used to determine the
baseline SQG waste management practices and their associated costs.
Developing reliable baseline practices information is crucial in determining
the incremental costs of compliance with the regulations that may be
experienced by SQGs.   Section 2.3 reviews the methodology used for estimating
the incremental compliance costs likely to be experienced by SQGs, for
assessing the economic impacts of the regulations on these firms, and for
analyzing government costs associated with administering the regulations.

2.2  METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING  THE  BASELINE

    2.2.1  Introduction

    This section describes the methodology used to develop information  on the
baseline waste management practices of SQGs and the costs of those practices
to SQGs.  The essence of our method for determining both the costs of
compliance and the impacts of the regulations is to model SQG behavior  prior
to the regulation and after the regulation.  Differences in costs between the
two scenarios are incremental compliance costs.  Thus, the baseline scenario
adopted here is current practice.  The scenario used to model post-regulation
behavior is full compliance with the SQG regulations.

    In order to accurately predict changes in costs, a detailed assessment of
the baseline waste management practices and costs associated with them  is
required.  Thus, wastes generated by SQGs must be identified and characterized
so that the costs of the various waste management methods used by SQGs  can be
calculated.  In order to assess both the social costs of the SQG regulations
and their economic impacts, the distribution of SQGs in terms of the wastes
they generate and how they manage them is required.  In addition, profiles of
the productive activities SQGs engage in (model plants) are also necessary for
determining economic impacts.  The sections below review our methodology for
addressing these data requirements.

    2.2.2.   Characterization  of Waste  Streams

    The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 require that SQGs
generating more than 100 kg of hazardous waste per month be regulated by the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.   This will result in improved waste
management  practices but at an increased cost for SQGs.  In order to analyze
the magnitude of these costs and the economic effects of the proposed
regulations, it is necessary to characterize the waste streams produced, as
the waste management costs are a function of the types and quantities of
wastes that need to be managed.

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                                   2-2
    Most of the information used in the characterizations was obtained from
three sources:   the Abt survey,1 the RCRA Risk-Cost Analysis Model waste
stream data base,2 and the TRW technical environmental impacts report on
small quantity generators.3  Most of the waste streams characterized in the
WET waste stream data base are generated in large quantities; however, in many
cases it appears that the operations of the companies generating those waste
streams, and therefore the hazardous constituents and their concentrations in
the waste streams, are similar to those of SQGs.   Consequently,  we were able
to make use of these characterizations in the SQG analysis in many instances.

    For each waste stream, we compared the standard industrial classification
(SIC) codes described by the WET model with those industries surveyed by Abt
to determine if the model covered the relevant industries for that waste.  When
the industries corresponded, we used professional judgment to determine whether
the operations of the firms documented in the waste stream characterization in
the WET data base were representative of SQGs in the SIC, and, if so, we used
the data in our waste characterizations.  If there was no information in the
WET data base for a waste stream from an industry covered by the Abt survey,
we considered similar waste streams from other industries.  When we judged
that the waste from another industry was similar to that included in the
survey, we used the relevant information as a basis for the characterization.

    For some waste streams, the TRW report provided additional information.
In each case we checked the industries included in the TRW report to see if
they corresponded to those in the Abt survey.  When we found a match between
industries, we reviewed the waste characteristics reported, and included any
additional data in our waste characterizations.  We obtained other information
from trade publications and telephone conversations with representatives of
the appropriate industries.

    The most important characteristics of a waste determining waste management
costs are the physical properties and the quantities produced.  Therefore, we
divided each waste characterization into two sections covering these
characteristics.  In the first section, we identify the amounts of waste
produced by each industry and the percentage of firms that produce a total
waste quantity of greater than 100 kg/month.  The second section provides
information on properties of a typical waste from the category.  The
information included that is relevant to waste management practices is as
follows:
    1 Small Quantity Hazardous Waste Generator Study; Abt Associates, Inc.,
1984.

    2 RCRA Risk-Cost Analysis Model; ICF Inc., 1984.  This model is commonly
referred to as the Waste-Environment-Technology (WET) Model.

    3 Technical Environmental Impacts of Various Approaches for Regulating
Small Volume Hazardous Waste Generators; TRW Environmental Engineering
Division, 1979.

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        •   State:  Liquid/Solid/Sludge
        •   Generation:  Continuous/Intermittent
        •   Fraction Nonwater
        •   Fraction Suspended
        •   Solids Specific Gravity
        •   Average Specific Gravity
        •   Heating Value
        •   Fraction Chlorine
        •   Fraction Ash
            pH
        •   Biological Oxygen Demand


In addition, we identify the major relevant constituents, their concentrations,
molecular weights, and vapor pressures.

    2.2.3  Current Waste Management Practices

    The primary source of information used to characterize current waste
management practices was a survey of nearly 50,000 potential SQG
establishments conducted by Abt Associates, Inc. for EPA.  This survey,
conducted between January 1983 and October 1984, asked respondents to describe
their waste management activities for the calendar year 1982.   Complete
information on the survey methodology and the overall results is reported in
National Small Quantity Hazardous Waste Generator Survey, February 1985.  The
determination of SQG current waste management practices was necessary to
establish the baseline management costs and to estimate the changes in
practice SQGs will make in response to the proposed regulations.

    Our analysis considers only those SQGs generating between 100 and 1,000 kg
of non-acutely hazardous waste in a calendar month on average during 1982.
Generators of less than 100 kg/month- will not be affected by the proposed
regulations, while small volume generators of acutely hazardous waste are
subject to existing requirements.  Furthermore,  the analysis of SQG current
waste management practices is based primarily on the waste management practice
profiles for waste streams targeted in the survey.  These profiles, which
appear in Appendix F, apply only to specific wastes for which respondents were
asked to provide quantitative information on current practices.  In addition,
the profiles exclude used lead-acid batteries, which represented a substantial
quantity of the wastes reported by the initial survey, on the assumption that
all used batteries can be recycled or returned to the manufacturer.  This
therefore excludes used lead-acid batteries from the quantity determination
used to identify SQGs subject to Subtitle C requirements (40 CFR 261.51c).

    Preliminary analysis of the survey data revealed that ten waste streams
(defined as in the Abt survey design) constitute the vast majority of both the
wastes generated by SQGs and the SQGs themselves.  The more detailed analysis
of current practices then focused on these ten wastes for purposes of
developing a baseline for estimating compliance costs.

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                                   2-4
    Current waste management practices of SQGs were then characterized using
the survey data in terms of storage,  transportation, and disposal practices
(both on-site and off-site).  The results of this analysis,  summarized in
tabular form in section 3.3 of this report,  indicate the distribution of
generators' storage,  transport, and disposal practices,  for  each of the ten
wastes considered, among a wide range of options.  For example,  twelve current
storage practices are indicated in the survey data, so this  analysis indicates
the percentage of SQGs who utilize each method.  Similarly,  the  survey
indicates four transport methods, seven disposal methods, and a  large number
of treatment methods  used by SQGs.  The baseline waste management practices of
SQGs developed using  the survey data account for these management practices as
well, as reported in  section 3.3 below.

    2.2.4  Geographical Distribution  of Waste

    In order to maintain confidentiality, data relating survey responses to
specific geographical locations were excluded by Abt from the SQG data base,
with the exception of a code indicating one or four U.S. Census  regions (West,
North Central, Northeast, and South).  Waste management practices generally
vary by waste type; because SQG regulations in many states are different from
the federal regulations, the practices used for a particular waste may vary by
state as well.  Consequently, the incremental costs experienced by SQGs under
the regulatory alternatives could vary substantially by state.  In the event
that the economic analysis indicated large incremental costs associated with
the management of some waste streams, we anticipated that information on the
geographical distribution of wastes could assist us in determining the
potential for adverse regional impacts.

    We used data on regional waste generation from the Abt SQG survey and
County Business Patterns data from 1982 to distribute waste quantities by
state.  From the Abt  survey, we determined, by 4-digit SIC code, the quantity
of each waste type produced by generators of less than. 1,000 kg per month in
each Census region.  Using County Business Pattern data giving the number of
establishments by SIC code for each state, we determined the distribution by
state of establishments of different types over each region.  The results of
this procedure are discussed in section 3.4 below, and are presented in detail
in Appendix C.

    2.2.5  Development of Model Plants

    The general approach to assessing  firm level impacts of SQG regulations
was to develop model  plants with representative waste generation and financial
characteristics.  Compliance costs for these representative plants can be
compared to sales, costs, profits and cash flow to assess the economic impacts
of the regulations as well as to determine the likelihood of potential plant
closures.

    An analysis of the SQG survey data reveals that plants or establishments
in more than 300  industries may meet the criteria of small quantity
generators.  These industries are listed in Appendix E  (Appendix Table E-3:
Master List of Industries).  The methodology used in this study for assessing
economic impacts  involved, first, identifying those industries expected to

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                                   2-5
have a significant number of SQGs.   Second, models were developed to represent
the affected plants and establishments within these industries.  The SQG
survey data were used to determine, for each industry, the number of SQGs in
three employment size categories:  1-9 employees, 10-49 employees, and 50 or
more employees.  These numbers were then extrapolated to the entire industry
using information on the number of establishments of different SICs contained
in the County Business Patterns.  For further modeling purposes, the number of
SQGs in a size category was considered significant if (1) there were 50 or
more plants involved; (2) the number of SQGs constituted 10 percent of the
total number of plants in the size category and the number of affected plants
was 10 or more, or (3) the total output for the SQGs in a size category
exceeded four percent of the total production of all establishments in the
size category.  Total production was based on shipments data contained in the
Census.  The estimated numbers of SQGs in each of the affected size
categories, by SIC, are listed in Appendix E (Table E-2).

    For the categories listed, model plants were developed to reflect typical
waste characteristics and financial profiles of the affected establishments.
Waste characteristics were determined by identifying the dominant waste for
each category of plant from the survey data and then determining the median
and total waste volumes reported in the survey by such firms.  Financial
profiles included sales and profits based on data contained in FINSTAT, a
recent and comprehensive data base developed by the U.S. Small Business
Administration.  For the few plants subjected to more detailed analysis,
additional financial data were obtained from Robert Morris Associate's Annual
Statement Studies.

    2.2.6  Current Costs of Waste  Treatment, Storage,  and Disposal

    The methodology used to develop baseline costs of current waste management
practices is straightforward.  The results of the survey of small quantity
generators provided the distribution of current SQG waste management practices
in terms of treatment, storage, and disposal of different wastes.  In order to
estimate the baseline costs of these practices, costs of the individual
components of these activities, such as the cost of off-site landfilling and
the cost of on-site storage, were required.  Given estimates of these
components' costs, the current waste management costs of SQGs were estimated
by multiplying the number of similar SQGs, in terms of waste generation and
management practices, by the sum of the component management costs that these
SQGs face.

    The cost estimation methodology divides into (1) off-site waste management
costs, (2) transportation costs, and (3) on-site treatment and disposal
costs.  For off-site waste management costs, surveys of commercial facility
prices for a variety of waste disposal and treatment services were used.  For
transportation costs, the standard EPA methodology for estimating such costs,
accounting for hauling, loading, and mileage costs, was modified and applied
to SQGs.   Finally, on-site treatment and disposal costs were based on
engineering estimates of the costs of the on-site treatment and disposal

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                                   2-6
activities reported in the SQG survey.   The  components  of  current waste
management practices were then combined with the  distribution  of SQGs  across
these management practices to estimate  the baseline  costs  for  waste management.

2.3  METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING COMPLIANCE  COSTS
     AND ECONOMIC  EFFECTS

    2.3.1  Identification  of Changes in  Hazardous Waste Management Practices

    The basic methodology for determining how SQGs would alter their waste
management practices in response to regulations involved estimating the  lowest
cost, feasible method for complying with the regulations.   In  essence, the
current practices of groups of SQGs that produce  similar wastes and currently
handle them in similar ways were examined to determine  if  these practices
would satisfy the regulations.  If so,  then  no change in waste management
practices for these groups of SQGs would be  necessary.   However, the fact that
no change in waste management practices would be  required  does not necessarily
imply that no regulatory compliance costs would exist because  the SQG
regulations may still impose additional costs on  these  SQGs, e.g., manifest
costs.

    Other groups of SQGs will find that their current methods  of managing
wastes will not satisfy the regulations proposed. For  these SQGs,  alternative
management practices would have to be  adopted. In these cases, the
methodology used was to estimate the lowest  cost  alternative waste management
method that satisfies the regulation.

    Because of inherent differences in  SQGs, their wastes, and their access  to
on-site and off-site waste management processes,  each group of SQGs currently
use a wide range of waste management practices.   For example,  some  SQGs
recycle spent solvents, while others dispose of them in landfills.  Therefore,
in determining changes in SQGs1 waste management  practices, each group of SQGs
is disaggregated somewhat into subgroups that use the different current
practices indicated in the survey.  Each of  these SQG subgroups is  then
examined, as outlined above, to determine whether any changes  in waste
management practices would be necessary.

    The analysis focused on the top ten wastes generated by SQGs.   As
discussed in section 3.3, these wastes  account for more than 90 percent  of  all
of the wastes generated by SQGs, so focusing on these wastes and modeling SQG
behavior and compliance costs for these wastes is reasonable.

    2.3.2  Development of Incremental  Compliance Cost Estimates

    The methodology used to estimate the incremental compliance costs  of the
regulations involved, at the most basic level, simply calculating the  costs  of
SQGs associated with their management  of wastes after the  regulations  and
subtracting from these the waste management  costs before the regulation.
Because the proposed regulations can affect  SQGs  in  a number of ways,  the
methodology accounted for all the various types of incremental compliance
costs.

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    As mentioned above, the methodology focuses on the ten top quantity wastes
generated by SQGs.   Thus, groups of SQGs were formed on the basis of their
products (survey definitions were used) and the largest wastes they produce.
Next, the additional costs these SQGs would experience under the different
regulatory alternatives were estimated.  The particular components of costs
relevant for subsets of SQGs (based on wastes generated and their baseline
waste management practices, as discussed in section 2.3.1 above) were then
identified and annualized equivalents for these were computed.  The resulting
figures, based on median characteristics of the SQGs and their wastes form the
basis for both the incremental compliance costs of the proposed regulations,
and the economic impacts analysis.

    Because of the heterogeneity of the SQGs' characteristics and their waste
management practices, a number of important simplifying assumptions were
necessary to conduct the analysis even at the level of disaggregation used in
this report.  These are discussed in depth in Chapter 4.

    2.3.3  Estimation of  Government Costs

    The methodology for estimating government costs focused on estimating the
following three costs:  program administration costs incurred by the agency
(e.g., costs associated with processing EPA identification number requests),
technical assistance and public education program costs which the agency is
planning to undertake, and costs incurred by EPA and the states in monitoring
compliance and enforcing the new SQG regulations.

    The first step in estimating these costs was to understand the regulatory
strategy to be followed by the Agency and the states authorized to administer
their own RCRA programs.  Once this strategy was known, the various costs
associated with implementing this strategy were estimated by relying on
previous EPA cost estimates and expert judgments of EPA and state officials
familiar with administering RCRA programs for LQGs.  Finally, the costs
estimated for each potential government activity under the SQG program were
matched with the specific SQG regulatory options.  Costs were then summed and
a total cost for each regulatory option estimated.

    2.3.4  Development of Estimates  of Effects of Costs on Firms,
           Industries, and Society

    While the SQG regulations will affect a substantial number of firms and
industries, they will not impact most firms in the U.S., nor are they
industry-specific or industry-wide.  The broad focus and uncertain incidence
of these regulations, consequently, suggests a stepwise approach of
identifying classes of firms and significant numbers of firms, specific
industries, or plants most affected.

    The general approach utilized addresses impacts at two levels:  firm/plant
level and industry level.  The two levels are analytically assessed
sequentially, although the nature of the regulations suggests that impacts at
each level may be independent.  For example, if firm level impacts are

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                                   2-8
significant, then industry impacts may or may not follow depending on the
share of industry output represented by the affected SQGs.   This can only be
assessed by analyzing the frequency of SQGs by economic size and comparing
this with the total output from SQGs of these sizes within particular
industries.

    To implement this approach, several screening steps were undertaken to
determine significant impacts at the firm and industry levels.   At the firm
level, the impacts of concern are effects on sales, costs,  and profits and,
most importantly, the potential for firm closures.   At the industry level the
focus is on potential production, price, and employment effects.  The approach
allows for modification or termination at certain screening steps if no plants
or industries qualify for subsequent screening tests and more detailed
analysis.  For example, the model firm analysis" screening steps involved
decision rules for determining significant impacts.  If the decision rules
were not exceeded by any model firms, additional firm level analyses,
particularly closure analysis, were not deemed to be necessary.
    * As shown, model plants were used to assess firm level impacts.  The
model plants represent various industrial and size segments, waste quantities
and waste types.  The specific development of model plants is discussed in
Chapter 5.

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                      3.  DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASELINE
3.1  INTRODUCTION
    This chapter describes the results of several analyses  conducted to
generate baseline information on SQGs.  Information on SQG  wastes  generated
and their characteristics, on current management practices  SQGs  use to handle
these wastes, and on the SQGs themselves is essential to developing accurate
estimates of incremental compliance costs.   This chapter is organized into  six
sections as follows:
        •   3.2 -- Waste Stream Characterization

        •   3.3 -- Waste Stream Management Practices

        •   3.4 -- Geographical Distribution of SQGs

        •   3.5 -- Baseline Costs of Waste Management

        •   3.6 -- Development of Model Plants

        •   3.7 -- Development of Industry Profiles


3.2  WASTE  STREAM CHARACTERIZATION

    Changes in regulatory requirements for management of hazardous  wastes,
defined by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984,  will result  in
increased costs for SQGs.  As a preliminary step in the analysis of the costs
and economic effects of the proposed regulations,  the wastes  that need to be
managed must be characterized.  In this section we provide information on the
constituents, properties, and quantities of waste streams defined by Abt
Associates as being produced by SQGs.

    The Abt survey questionnaires defined 27 waste streams (Exhibit 3-1).
Some of these waste stream definitions overlap, so it is possible that the
total amounts of hazardous waste have been overestimated because of duplicate
reporting.  For example, wastes that would be categorized under paint waste
with heavy metals may also be included under heavy metal solutions  and/or
heavy metal waste materials.  However, the survey provided respondents the
opportunity to list wastes generated in addition to those about which they  had
received specific questionnaires.  Respondents  indicated many instances where
they, generated other wastes belonging to categories defined by Abt, and also
identified five other very general categories of waste, e.g., miscellaneous
organic compounds, miscellaneous laboratory reagents.  Unfortunately, no
quantity information was requested about these  additional wastes, so it is  not
possible to include them in the estimation of the amounts of  each waste
produced.  Thus, there were many industries that reported generation of waste

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                                  3-2
                               EXHIBIT 3-1

                WASTE STREAMS INCLUDED IN THE ABT SURVEY
    Waste  Number

         1
         2
         3
         6
         8
         9
        10
        12
        14
        15
        16
        17
        18
        19
        21
        22
        23
        24
        26
        27
        28
        29
        30
        31
        32
        33
        39
         Waste Stream

Waste Pesticide
Pesticide Washing and Rinsing Solution
Empty Pesticide Containers
Heavy Metal Dust
Cyanide Wastes
Photographic Wastes
Other Reactive Wastes
Strong Acid or Alkaline Wastes
Ignitable Wastes
Ignitable Paint Wastes
Spent Solvents .
Filtration Residue from Dry Cleaning
Solvent Still Bottoms
Wastewater Wood Preservatives
Heavy Metal Solutions
Arsenic Wastes
Mercury Wastes
Spent Plating Wastes
Used Lead-Acid Batteries
Paint Waste with Heavy Metals
Solution or Sludge with Photo Silver
Waste Formaldehyde
Wastes Containing Ammonia
Waste Ink with Solvent or Heavy Metal
Heavy Metal Wastewater Sludges
Ink Sludge with Chromium or Lead
Heavy Metal Waste Materials
Source:   Abt Associates,  1984.

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                                   3-3
streams but did not provide any additional information regarding quantities
produced or waste management practices utilized.   Exhibit 3-2 summarizes the
availability of quantity information by waste stream.  The lack of data on
actual amounts of waste produced by some industries counteracts somewhat the
effect of the duplicate reporting problem and may mean that the total waste
quantities are underestimated.

    Exhibit 3-3 summarizes the quantities of waste generated by SQGs.  For
every waste except paint wastes with heavy metals and mercury wastes (for
which all generators produced less than 25 kg/month), over 50 percent of the
total quantity of each waste stream was produced by firms that would be
regulated under the new SQG rule.  For many waste streams, these firms
produced over 90 percent of the total waste.  The actual properties of each
waste are described in detail in Appendix A.  Exhibit 3-4 summarizes the
constituents of each of the typical waste streams and their probable
concentrations.

3.3  WASTE STREAM  MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

    This section summarizes and discusses the baseline waste management
practices of SQGs.  In order to focus research efforts cost-effectively, an
overall waste generation profile for SQGs was first assembled for the affected
wastes (wastes targeted in the Abt survey).  This SQG waste generation
summary, shown in Exhibit 3-5, presents the numbers of generators, quantities,
and average monthly generation rate for each waste reported.  Exhibit 3-5 and
others appearing in this section exclude used lead-acid batteries (as noted in
section 2.2.3) and are based on SQG survey data only for generators of 100+
kilograms per month.

    The data in Exhibit 3-5 indicate that spent solvents are the largest
single category of targeted wastes, accounting for 46.1 percent of the total
quantity reported.  With the exception of the acid and alkali waste category
(14.9 percent of the total), none of the remaining waste categories accounts
for more than 10 percent of the total quantity generated.  Furthermore, the
first ten waste streams in Exhibit 3-5, ranked by quantity generated annually,
account for 92.6 percent of the total quantity reported as well as 89.4
percent of the generators reporting.  Consequently, these ten major waste
stream categories were used to estimate the baseline and compliance cost
estimates for the waste management options considered in the economic impact
analysis.

    Exhibit 3-6 presents the percentage of generators reporting each
significant management activity for all the targeted wastes.  In this case,
the calculated percentage is based on the number of generators reporting a
given management activity for those SQGs generating a specific waste stream.
As is evident in this  exhibit, multiple responses within a single waste stream
are nearly universal.   Multiple responses for a single waste stream occur
because respondents were asked to indicate as many management practices as
they applied to each waste.  For instance, an SQG might use one practice for a
particular waste on some occasions and another on other occasions.  Other
facilities may have reported using sequential practices (e.g. treatment prior
to disposal) or managing residuals from treatment.  For these reasons, the
survey results reported in this section must be interpreted carefully.

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                                  3-4
                              EXHIBIT 3-2

        AVAILABILITY OF WASTE STREAM QUANTITY  INFORMATION
                                                Number of
                                                 SICs for
                                              Which Quantity
                                               Information
  Number of
   SICs for
Which Quantity
  Information
Waste
Number
1
2
3
6
8
9
10
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
39
Waste Stream
Waste Pesticide
Pesticide Rinsing Solution
Empty Pesticide Containers
Heavy Metal Dust
Cyanide Waste
Photographic Waste
Other Reactive Waste
Acid or Alkaline Waste
Ignitable Waste
Ignitable Paint Waste
Spent Solvents
Dry Cleaning Waste
Solvent Still Bottoms
Wastewater Wood Preservative
Heavy Metal Solutions
Arsenic Wastes
Mercury Wastes
Spent Plating Wastes
Lead-Acid Batteries
Paint with Heavy Metals
Sludge with Photo Silver
Waste Formaldehyde
Wastes Containing Ammonia
Waste Ink with Solvent or Heavy Metal
Heavy Metal Wastewater Sludges
Ink Sludge with Chromium or Lead
Heavy Metal Waste Materials
Is
Available
25
32
26
13
17
34
. 23
94
88
49
235
6
37
6
2
1
1
27
38
4
22
1
3
18
11
9
12
Is Not
Available
26
25
44
36
18
32
10
22
24
45
20
6
19
10
50
0
0
5
80
48
30
55
42
30
34
18
60
Source:   Small  Quantity Generator data base generated by Development Planning
         and Resource Associates (DPRA) from the Abt Survey information.

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                                   3-6



                               EXHIBIT 3-4

                    CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE STREAMS
Waste Stream

Waste Pesticide

Waste Toxaphene

Pesticide Washing and
 Rinsing Solution

Empty Pesticide Containers

Heavy Metal Dust



Cyanide Wastes



Photographic Wastes


Blueprinting Ammonia Wastes

Other Reactive Wastes
Strong Acid or Alkaline
 Wastes
Ignitable Wastes
Ignitable Paint Wastes
Spent Solvents
Constituent

 Pesticide

 Toxaphene


 Pesticide

 Pesticide

 Cadmium
 Chromium VI
 Lead

 Cyanide
 Chromium VI
 Nickel

 Acetone
 Methanol

 Ammonia

 Cyanide
 Nickel
 Lead
 Chlorhydric acid
 (or sodium hydroxide)

 Acetaldehyde
 Xylene

 Toluene
 Methyl Ethyl Ketone

 Benzene
 Carbon Tetrachloride
Concentration (ppm)

  10,000 - 30,000

      10,000


       2,000

         500

       1,000
         500
      15,000

      50,000
      50,000
      50,000

     200,000
     200,000

     389,000

    0.000075
      0.0015
         500
      50,000
      50,000

     100,000
     100,000

     100,000
     100,000

     N/A1
    1 Because of the large number of generators and the wide variety of
solvents used it is difficult to determine a characteristic waste in this
category.  The solvents listed represent those most commonly used,  and their
concentrations will vary depending on the particular waste generator.

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EXH
3-7

IB IT 3-4 (continued)



CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE STREAMS
Waste Stream

Spent Solvents (Continued)







Filtration Residue from
Dry Cleaning
Solvent Still Bottoms



Wastewater Wood Preservative

Heavy Metal Solutions

Arsenic Wastes
Spent Plating Wastes





Paint Waste with Heavy
Metals



Solution or Sludge with
Photo Silver






Constituent Concentration (ppm)

Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Toluene
Toluene Diisocyanate
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Xylene

Tetrachloroethene
Toluene, or
Tetrachloroetharie, or
Dichloromethane, or
Xylene
Pentachlorophenol
Acenaphthene
Chrysene
Chromium VI
Lead
Arsenic
Copper
Nickel
Chromium VI
Cadmium
Lead
Cyanide


Toluene
MEK
Chromium VI
Lead
Mercury

Methanol
Acetone
Phenol
Iron
Boron
Silver
Cyanide











530,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
780
300
100
150
760
250
490
1,200
220
110
100
45


10,000
10,000
56
40
12

20,000
20,000
0.09
15
13
0.45
0.57


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                                  3-8



                         EXHIBIT 3-4  (continued)

                    CONSTITUENTS  OF WASTE STREAMS
Waste Stream
Constituent
Concentration (ppm)
Waste Formaldehyde

Wastes Containing Ammonia

Waste Ink with Solvent  or
 Heavy Metal
Heavy Metal Wastewater
 Sludges
Ink Sludge with Chromium
 or Lead
Heavy Metal Waste
 Materials
 Formaldehyde

 Ammonia
 Chromium VI
 Lead
 Toluene
 Chromium VI
 Lead
 Cadmium
 Copper
 Nickel
 Chromium VI
 Lead
 Toluene
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Lead
 Copper
 Nickel
   7,500

 100,000
      50
     260
     100
   1,100
     600
     350
   7,000
   2,500
     150
     760
     100
     400
     450
   5,000
     300
     100

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SUMMARY OF


Waste Stream b/
Spent Solvents
Strong Acid or Alkaline Wastes

Photographic Wastes
Filtration Residues from Dry
Cleaning
Solutions or Sludges with
Photographic Silver
Ignitable Wastes

Wastes Containing Formaldehyde
Spent Plating Wastes
Pesticide Washing and Rinsing
Solutions
Ignitable Paint Wastes
Waste Pesticides
Empty Pesticide Containers
Heavy Metal Dusts
Cyanide Wastes

Other Reactive Wastes
Solvent Still Bottoms
Wood Preserving Wastewater
Treatment Sludges
Solutions Containing Heavy
Metals

Footnotes on next page.


3-9

EXHIBIT 3.-5






SQG WASTE GENERATION a/

Number of
Generators
33,475
10,480

4,949
2,540
2,648
2,873

2,014
1,422
1,747

3,121
990
1,962
39
1,384

497
738
108

30





Total Waste
Generated
(MT/yr)
85,924
27,818

14,022
8,510
7,982
7,574

5,397
5,276
5,021

4,873
857
2,336 c/
161
2,129

1,090
1,862
691

53





Generator
Average
(kg/month)
214
221

236
279
251
220

223
309
240

130
72
100
344
128

183
210
533

147






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                                  3-10



                         EXHIBIT 3-5 (continued)

                 SUMMARY OF  SQG WASTE GENERATION a/
      Waste Stream b/

Arsenic Containing Wastes

Paint Wastes Containing Heavy
Metals

Ammonia Containing Wastes

Waste Inks with Solvents/Heavy
Metals

Wastewater Treatment Sludges
with Heavy Metals

Ink Formulation Sludges with
Chromium/Lead

Heavy Metal Waste Materials

TOTAL

Number of
Generators
19
156
100
718
Total Waste
Generated
(MT/yr)
105
7
271
1,360
Generator
Average
(kg/month)
461
4
226
158
   790


    83


   117

73,000
  2,216


    127


    537

186,230
234


128


382

213
    a/ Based on SQG Survey of targeted wastes  for generators of 100+
kilograms per month.

    b/ Excludes used lead-acid batteries.

    c/ Assumes one kilogram per container.

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                                   3-11
                               EXHIBIT 3-6

                   PERCENT OF GENERATORS  REPORTING
                    EACH MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY a/
Spent Solvents


Strong Acid or Alkaline  Wastes


Photographic Wastes


Filtration Residues from Dry
Cleaning


Solutions or Sludges with
Photographic Silver


Ignitable Wastes


Wastes Containing Formaldehyde


Spent Plating Wastes


Pesticide Washing and Rinsing
Solutions


Ignitable Paint Wastes


Waste Pesticides


Empty Pesticide Containers


Heavy Metal Dusts


Cyanide Wastes


Other Reactive Wastes


Solvent Still Bottoms


Wood Preserving Wastewater
Treatment Sludges


Solutions Containing Heavy
Metals


Arsenic Containing Wastes
                                 Store   Transport   Dispose   Treat   Recycle
80.1
84.3
19.1
58.4
61.0
77.9
2.9
18.1
32.4
89.2
47.8
83.9
48.7
67.0
73.4
98.6
96.3
61.1
38.0
17.5
91.0
45.9
81.4
N/A
53.7
12.5
78.5
47.4
91.4
59.0
60.9
75.7
76.8
55.6
22.0
48.2
91.0
82.6
46.6
65.9
105.8
84.8
27.7
57.0
93.5
86.0
48.7
64.6
83.1
29.3
60.2
3.8
19.9
6.5
9.3
23.2
6.0
2.9
21.5
20.5
4.2
26.6
19.2
7.7
23.8
33.8
19.8
14.8
62.1
40.6
13.2
12.8
63.2
36.3
N/A
10.8
67.8
29.0
64.5
20.6
33.3
7.2
12.7
16.1
32.4
50.0
42.1
33.3
78.9
76.7
 N/A
20.0
 N/A
20.0
89.5

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                                  3-12
                        EXHIBIT 3-6  (continued)

                   PERCENT OF GENERATORS REPORTING
                    EACH  MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY a/
                                Store   Transport   Dispose   Treat   Recycle

Paint Wastes  Containing Heavy    100.0     100.0        N/A     N/A      N/A
Metals

Ammonia Containing Wastes          N/A       N/A      100.0     N/A      N/A

Waste Inks with Solvents/Heavy    85.5      98.7       61.8     7.1      21.0
Metals

Wastewater Treatment  Sludges      62.4-      74.9       68.7    19.0      25.4
with Heavy Metals

Ink Formulation Sludges with     100.0      95.2       45.8     3.6      65.1
Chromium/Lead

Heavy Metal Waste Materials       82.1      98.3       69.2    16.2      59.8
    a/ Based on SQG Survey data base for generators of 100+ kilograms  per
month.

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    Exhibit 3-7 provides an overview of storage practices used by SQGs.   This
exhibit, and Exhibits 3-8 through 3-11, were compiled from the management
profiles developed from the survey data (presented in Appendix F) for all the
targeted wastes, except used lead-acid batteries.   Exhibit 3-7 shows that
approximately 70 percent of the generator population reported some form of
storage for their wastes.  The predominant storage method reported is the use
of closed metal drums (25.3 percent of all generators).   In addition, of the
generators who reported storing their wastes, 84 percent store for less than
180 days and 36 percent store in closed metal drums.

    Exhibit 3-8 presents a summary of the transportation methods used by
SQGs.  Approximately 55 percent of the generators reported transporting their
wastes.   The most prevalent transport method reported is a contracted
(commercial) waste collection truck (45.1 percent of all generators).
Considering only the number of generators who report that they transport their
wastes,  81.5 percent use a commercial hauler.

    Exhibit 3-9 summarizes the disposal methods reported by generators for
both on-site and off-site practices.  As this exhibit indicates, off-site
disposal is much more common among generators (39.5 percent) than on-site
disposal (5.9 percent).  We considered discharge to a POTW as an off-site
practice because the wastes will ultimately be managed off-site even though
the discharge occurs to an on-site sewer.  Discharge to sewers accounts for
18.8 percent of the generators reporting, or 47.6 percent of those generators
who dispose off-site.  The second most common off-site disposal practice is
sanitary landfilling, which accounts for 10.3 percent of the generators
reporting (26.1 percent of the generators who dispose off-site).

    Exhibit 3-10 provides a summary of the on- and off-site treatment methods
employed by SQGs.  Although treatment represents a relatively small part of
SQGs current waste management practices (e.g., less than 10 percent on-site
and 1 percent off-site), the treatment methods reported are numerous.  On a
percentage basis, on-site treatment is more common than off-site treatment.
Neutralization and evaporation account for the most frequently reported
on-site treatment processes, attributable to their use as pretreatment
processes prior to POTW disposal.

    Exhibit 3-11 presents summary information on recycling methods used by
SQGs.  The specific types of recycling conducted by SQGs both on- and off-site
are not available from the survey.  Instead, recycling categories (defined in
the survey) are reported and are summarized in Exhibit 3-11.  The number of
generators recycling off-site exceeds those who report on-site recycling by
more than two-to-one.  Use or reuse is practiced most frequently on-site,
while reclamation or reprocessing is the most common off-site recycling
method.   Within many industrial processes, using process materials and
chemicals (e.g. plating baths, acids/alkalies, photographic solutions, etc.)
is quite common, as shown by the survey data.  Furthermore, off-site
reprocessing to recover chemicals is widely practiced and particularly
important to those SQGs who generate spent solvents, solvent still bottoms, or
ignitable wastes.  A review of the off-site recycling for these three waste
streams  indicates a high percentage of reclaiming/reprocessing is used.   This
is most  likely the commercial solvent recovery services.

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                                  3-14
                              EXHIBIT 3-7

                     SUMMARY OF STORAGE METHODS
                       USED  BY GENERATORS a/
Number of generators  storing:  51,325
% of generators  that  store   :   70.3%
                          Storage Method            Percent

                   Above ground tanks                 7.7

                   Below ground tanks                 7.7

                   Open metal drums                   2.5

                   Closed metal drums                25.3

                   Open fiberboard drums              0.2

                   Closed fiberboard drums            0.9

                   Pails or garbage cans              4.4

                   Surface impoundments/lagoons       0.2

                   Piles                              2.4

                   Bulk waste containers              3.9

                   Lab packs                          0.9

                   Other                             28.8
    a/ Based on SQG Survey  data base for generators of 100+ kilograms per
month.

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                                            3-15
                                        EXHIBIT 3-8
                             SUMMARY OF  TRANSPORTATION  METHODS
                                 USED BY  GENERATORS a/
          Number of generators transporting:  40,406
          1% of generators that transport    :   55.4%
                                Transportation Method          Percent
                           Public waste collection truck          11.2
•                         Contracted waste collection truck       45.1
                           Truck owned by organization            6.8
•                         Other                                  8.5
                           Don't know                             1.5
              a/ Based on SQG  Survey data base for generators  of  100+ kilograms per
          month.

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                              3-16
                          EXHIBIT 3-9

                SUMMARY OF DISPOSAL METHODS
                  USED BY GENERATORS a/
                                           On-Site     Off-Site

       Numbers  of generators disposing:       4,338       28,850
       % of  generators that dispose   :        5.9%        39.5%
             Disposal Method            % On-Site     % Off-Site

       Hazardous waste landfill             0.3           5.2

       Sanitary  landfill                    0.3           10.3

       Hazardous waste incinerator          0.4           3.1

       Solid waste incinerator              2.1           0.8

       POTW                                 -             18.8

       Septic tank or leaching field        2.0           1.3

       Other                                0.9           0.1
a/ Based on SQG  Survey data base generators of 100-f kilograms per month.

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EXHIBIT 3-10



SUMMARY OF TREATMENT METHODS
USED BY GENERATORS a/
On-Site Off-Site
Number of generators treating: 6,352 741
?0 of generators that treat : 8.
Treatment Method %
Thermal treatment
Chemical treatment
Ion exchange
Chemical sedimentation
Neutralization
Filtration or sludge dewatering
Activated carbon

Distillation or fractionation
Electrolysis
Evaporation
Triple rinse or other cleaning
Deep well injection
Dilution
Biological treatment
Spray irrigation
Solidification or other stabilization
Miscellaneous high-tech

Don't know
a/ Based on SQG Survey data base for generators
month.


7% 1 . 0%
On-Site % Off-Site
0.1 0.1
< 0.1 0.1
< 0.1
0.1
2.4 0.2
1.4 < 0.1
< 0.1

0.1 < 0.1
0.8 0.4
2.3 0.1
0.5 < 0.1
< 0.1 £ 0.1
0.4 < 0.1
0.1
0.1
< 0.1 < 0.1
0.5

< 0.1 < 0.1
of 100+ kilograms per




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                                  3-18
                             EXHIBIT 3-11

                    SUMMARY  OF RECYCLING METHODS
                      USED BY GENERATORS a/
                                               On-Site     Off-Site

            Number of generators recycling:      10,011       23,195
            % of generators that recycle  :       13.7%        31.8%
                Recycling Method         % On-Site      % Off-Site

             Used/reused unprocessed          7.5            6.1

             Reclaimed reprocessed            4.3           20.7

             Blended for fuel               < 0.1            1.0

             Burned for fuel                  3.0            1.2

             Applied to land                  0.3            0.3

             Other                          < 0.1
    a/ Based on SQG  Survey data base for generators  of  100+ kilograms per
month.

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                                   3-19
     We  have no data on the extent to which batch tolling arrangements are
 currently  used for SQG wastes that are reclaimed/recycled, but based on some
 discussions with  industry experts, we believe that such arrangements are
 common  for spent  solvents.   In our analysis, we assumed that batch tolling
 arrangements  are  used for 50 percent of the SQG spent solvent wastes that are
^reclaimed/recycled.  Two other waste streams within the top ten, ignitable
 wastes  and ignitable paint wastes, are assumed to include some solvents.  We
 therefore  assumed that 10 percent of these wastes that are reclaimed/recycled
 involve batch tolling arrangements.

     As  discussed  previously, the top ten waste streams, based on annual
 quantities generated, represent over ninety percent of the waste quantity
 reported by SQGs  and nearly ninety percent of the generators.  A comparison of
 the  generator population for all targeted wastes with generators of the top
 ten  wastes only is presented in Exhibit 3-12.  The data show less than a ten
 percent difference between the two waste groups for each of the management
 methods selected.  Small percentage changes are also evident in specific
 management practices for storage, transport, etc.  For instance, of the
 generators of the top ten wastes generated and stored, 31.1 percent store in
 closed  metal  containers.  This becomes 36 percent when all wastes are
 included.  Further, the top ten wastes discharged to POTWs account for 44.2
 percent of the wastes disposed off-site compared to 47.6 percent when all
 wastes  are included.

     The picture of current SQG waste management practices provided by the top
 ten  waste  streams for the affected SQG population forms the basis for our
 characterization  of baseline practices and, consequently, for our estimation
 of baseline and incremental compliance costs of waste management.  Exhibit
 3-13 presents the percent distribution of selected baseline management
 practices  for each of the top ten waste streams compiled from the Survey
 data.   The percentages tabulated are based on the number of generators of each
 waste stream  who  reported any one of these baseline storage, treatment,
 recycling, or disposal practices.  Storage in closed metal containers for less
 than 180 days prior to shipment off-site (except for those disposing to POTWs)
 for  treatment, recycling, or disposal was assumed as the baseline storage
 condition.  In addition, any on-site treatment or recycling would also be
 conducted  within  this time period to reduce the incremental compliance costs
 of waste or residual storage.  Treatment and recycling methods are not
 distinguished in  Exhibit 3-13 except to note whether they occur on- or
 off-site.

 3.4   GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SQGs

     As  described  in Section 2.2.4, we determined the geographical distribution
 of wastes  produced by generators of less than 1,000 kg/month of hazardous
 waste using the SQG survey data and County Business Patterns (GBP) data.
 Exhibit 3-14  gives the distribution of wastes by U.S. Census Region from the
 survey.  Exhibit  3-15 shows the states that comprise each region.  The
 District of Columbia is included in the southern region.

     Because the regional distribution shown in Exhibit 3-14 was the starting
 point for  the methodology used to distribute the wastes by state, our

-------
                                  3-20
                              EXHIBIT 3-12

                  COMPARISON  BETWEEN TARGETED WASTES
                    AND TOP  TEN  GENERATED WASTES
                                                      All              Top
             Management  Method                   Targeted Wastes     Ten Wastes
Storage:
  • Number of generators  storing                     51,325            45,598
  • % of generators storing                           70.3%             62.5%

Transport:

  • Number of generators  transporting                40,406            34,598
  • % of generators transporting                      55.4%             47.4%

Disposal On-Site:

  • Number of generators  disposing on-site            4,338             3,835
  • % of generators disposing  on-site                  5.9%              5.3%

Disposal Off-Site:

  • Number of generators  disposing off-site          28,850            23,046
  • % of generators disposing  off-site                39.5%             31.6%

Recycle On-Site:

  • Number of generators  recycling on-site           10,011             8,800
  • % of generators recycling  on-site                 13.7%             12.1%

Recycle Off-Site:

  • Number of generators  recycling off-site          23,195            22,159
  • % of generators recycling  off-site                31.8%             30.4%

Treatment On-Site:

  • Number of generators  treating on-site             6,352             5,229
  • % of generators treating on-site                   8.7%              7.2%

Treatment Off-Site:

  • Number of generators  treating off-site              741               350
  • % of generators treating off-site                  1.0%              0.5%
NOTE:  The number of SQGs reporting waste  generation of  100-f kg/month is
       73,000.

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                                   3-24



                                  EXHIBIT 3-15

                        STATES  BY U.S. CENSUS  REGION


     West           North Central         Northeast                  South
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Washington (WA)   Minnesota (MN)       Maine (ME)            Arkansas  (AR)
Oregon (OR)       Iowa (IA)           New Hampshire (NH)    Louisiana (LA)            _
California (CA)   Missouri (MO)        Vermont (VT)          Oklahoma  (OK)             I
Alaska (AK)       North Dakota (ND)    Massachusetts (MA)    Texas  (TX)                *
Hawaii (HI)       South Dakota (SD)    Rhode Island  (RI)     Kentucky  (KY)
Montana (MT)       Nebraska (NE)        Connecticut  (CT)      Tennessee (TN)            I
Idaho (ID)        Kansas (KS)          New York (NY)        Alabama (AL)              |
Wyoming (WY)       Michigan (MI)        New Jersey  (NJ)       Mississippi (MS)
Nevada (NV)       Ohio (OH)           Pennsylvania  (PA)     Delaware  (DE)             •
Utah (UT)         Indiana (IN)                             Maryland  (MD)             1
Colorado (CO)     Illinois (IL)                             Virginia  (VA)
Arizona (AZ)       Wisconsin (WI)                            West Virginia  (WV)        —
New Mexico (NM)                                            North  Carolina  (NC)       •
                                                           South  Carolina  (NC)       ™
                                                           Georgia (GA)
                                                           Florida (FL)              •
                                                           District of Columbia (DC)
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                                   3-25
estimates on a regional basis match those from the survey.  To test the
methodology, we also developed a geographical distribution using the national
estimates for each waste stream from the SQG survey.  From this distribution,
we constructed regional estimates by summing across the appropriate states;
these estimates were compared with those from the survey.

    The regional distributions for total waste are quite similar, although for
some individual wastes there are significant differences.  The relatively
large volume waste streams are generally distributed with few major
discrepancies between actual survey results and the results using the CBP
methodology.  The distributions for the ten largest waste streams are shown in
Exhibit 3-16, along with the aggregate results for all wastes.  Results for
some of the smaller waste, streams (not shown in the exhibit) were poor where
the SQG survey indicates that waste production is highly concentrated in one
region, as in the case of mercury, ammonia, arsenic, and several heavy metal
wastes.  For example, the results of the SQG survey show all generators of
mercury waste located in the North Central Census Region.  The methodology
predicted a far more even distribution of mercury waste across the four
regions:  28 percent West, 22 percent North Central, 20 percent Northeast, and
30 percent South.  By using the regional distribution from the SQG survey,
these discrepancies are avoided.  It is clear, however, that the upper bound
on the accuracy of this methodology is the reliability of the survey for
making regional estimates.  This may vary from waste to waste, and therefore
the results must be used with caution.

    Exhibit 3-17 shows the total quantity of wastes generated by generators of
less than 1,000 kg/month of waste by state.  The results for individual waste
streams are shown in Appendix C.  The exhibit shows that waste generation from
small and very small quantity generators is concentrated in the larger
industrial states (as is that from large quantity generators).  Generators in
the top ten states are responsible for approximately 60 percent of these
wastes.  California and New York alone account for 20 percent of waste
generation.  In all states, Spent Solvents is the largest single waste stream,
accounting for 32 to 55 percent of the state total.

    When individual waste streams are examined, states in the top ten for
total generation are dominant.  Exhibit 3-18 shows the top five generating
states for each of the ten largest waste streams.  Only in the case of Waste
Formaldehyde is a state from outside of the top ten for total generation
included (Indiana, thirteenth in overall generation).

    Exhibit 3-19 shows finally that almost half of wastes from generators of
less than 1,000 kg/month is generated in states with no exclusion level or
lower exclusion levels than are contained in the existing federal
regulations.  Of the top ten generating states, four have exclusion levels of
100 kg/month (New York, Illinois, New Jersey, and Michigan), one has an
exclusion level of 20 kg/month (Massachusetts), and one has no exclusion level
(California).  The remaining four states (Texas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and
Florida) use the 1,000 kg/month exclusion level, but have somewhat more
restrictive disposal requirements than those contained in the federal
regulations; in the case of Pennsylvania, there are also additional
recordkeeping requirements.

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                                 3-27



                              EXHIBIT 3-17

               QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATED BY STATE
     STATE
CALIFORNIA
NEW YORK
TEXAS
PENNSYLVANIA
ILLINOIS
NEW JERSEY
OHIO
FLORIDA
MICHIGAN
MASSACHUSETTS
WISCONSIN
CONNECTICUT
INDIANA
NORTH CAROLINA
MISSOURI
MINNESOTA
GEORGIA
VIRGINIA
TENNESSEE
MARYLAND
IOWA
WASHINGTON
LOUISIANA
ALABAMA
OKLAHOMA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
COLORADO
SOUTH CAROLINA
OREGON
ARIZONA
RHODE ISLAND
TOTAL
QUANTITY
GENERATED
(MT/Year)
24,588
20,326
14,031
13,722
12,393
11,455
11,312
9,512
8,688
8,142
5,795
5,173
5,172
5,140
5,095
4,708
4,557
3,752
3,750
3,216
3,166
3,109
3,015
3,005
2,802
2,791
2,683
2,633
2,338
2,117
1,897
1,882
PERCENT OF
TOTAL LARGEST
WASTE
10.76
8.89
6.14
6.00
5.42
5.01
4.95
4.16
3.80
3.56
2.54
2.26
2.26
2.25
2.23
2.06
1.99
1.64
1.64
1.41
1.39
1.36
1.32
1.31
1.23
1.22
1.17
1.15
1.02
0.93
0.83
0.82
WASTE STREAM
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
. Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
PERCENT OF
STATE
TOTAL
40.77
39.59
47.24
53.19
47.08
48.97
49.94
47.58
52.84
45.73
50.94
47.52
48.39
49.82
43.99
45.80
47.54
47.99
49.74
44.05
43.06
38.86
49.41
47.80
49.23
45.26
50.56
37.57
47.79
41.44
39.23
39.21

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3-28
EXHIBIT 3-17
1
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(Continued)
QUANTITY



STATE

ARKANSAS
MISSISSIPPI
NEBRASKA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
MAINE
WEST VIRGINIA
UTAH
NEW MEXICO
NORTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
IDAHO
MONTANA
VERMONT
HAWAII
NEVADA
DELAWARE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
WYOMING
ALASKA
OF WASTE
TOTAL
QUANTITY
GENERATED
(MT/Year)
1,838
1,776
1,769
1,215
1,182
1,111
1,035
791
722
687
671
603
583
576
573
452
419
349
210

GENERATED

PERCENT OF
TOTAL
WASTE

0.80
0.78
0.77
0.53
0.52
0.49
0.45
0.35
0.32
0.30
0.29
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.18
0.15
0.09

BY STATE


LARGEST
WASTE STREAM

Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents
Spent Solvents


PERCENT OF
STATE
TOTAL

47.88
49.85
40.89
50.35
55.16
45.96
40.84
40.52
37.12
36.92
41.78
42.16
52.80
32.12
37.87
48.40
34.61
42.12
33.18
1



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TOTAL
228,528
100.00%
  Source: IGF estimates

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3-29

EXHIBIT 3-18
MAJOR GENERATING STATES FOR
QUANTITY
GENERATED
NATIONAL
WASTE TYPE (MT/Year)

Spent Solvents 105,368




Strong Acid or Alkaline Wastes 29,791




Photographic Wastes 18,431





Filtration Residue f/ Dry Cleaning 13,660





Solution or Sludge w/ Photo Silver 8,919










THE TEN LARGEST

MAJOR GENERATING
STATES

California
New York
Pennsylvania
Texas
Illinois
Total
New York
California
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
Texas
Total
California
New York
Illinois
Texas
Ohio
Total
New York
California
Texas
Pennsylvania
New Jersey

Total
California
New York
Texas
Illinois
Florida
Total






WASTES

% OF
TOTAL

9.51
7.64
6.93
6.29
5.54

35 . 9 1%
12.53
8.72
8.65
6.99
6.91
43 . 80%
19.19
10.89
6.23
4.61
3.99
44.92%
11.99
8.89
7.69
5.34
4.83


38.73%
17.25
14.02
6.50
4.84
4.58
47.19%




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                           3-30
                        EXHIBIT 3-18
                         (Continued)

    MAJOR GENERATING STATES FOR THE TEN LARGEST WASTES
                                                                      I



WASTE TYPE
Waste Formaldehyde





Ignitable Wastes





Ignitable Paint Wastes





Pesticide Washing and Rinsing





Spent Plating Wastes




QUANTITY
GENERATED
NATIONAL
(MT/Year)
8,850





8,485





6,713





6,069





5,768






MAJOR GENERATING
STATES
Ohio
Illinois
Michigan
Texas
Indiana
Total
California
New York
Illinois
Ohio
New Jersey
Total
California
New York
Illinois
Ohio
Texas .
Total
California
Ohio
Illinois
Texas
Florida
Total
California
New York
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
Massachusetts


% OF
TOTAL
8.70
7.95
5.54
5.01
4.67
31.87%
9.97
7.28
6.78
6.16
5.12
35.32%
14.80
8.16
5.67
5.58
4.65
38.87%
8.55
8.11
7.88
6.33
6.15
37 . 02%
17.29
14.80
8.89
8.54
7.16
                                        Total
56.67%
Source: ICF estimates

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                        3-31
                    EXHIBIT 3-19


WASTE GENERATION BASED ON STATE REGULATORY SCHEME
STATES WITH EXCLUSION
LEVEL AT 1000  KG/MONTH


STATES WITH NO EXCLUSION
LEVEL OR ONE LOWER THAN
THE FEDERAL LEVEL


     TOTAL ALL STATES
  Source:  ICF  estimates
  TOTAL
 QUANTITY
GENERATED
(MT/Year)


 119,608



 108,920





 228,528
PERCENT OF
   TOTAL
  WASTES


   52.34
   47.66
  100.00%

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                                   3-32



3.5  BASELINE COSTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

    3.5.1  Off-Site Management Costs

    Information on prices charged by commercial  hazardous  waste management
facilities is generally limited.  Prices per metric ton on waste vary
significantly depending on the composition and physical form of the waste as
well as on quantity and packaging of the wastes.   SQGs  using commercial
services are likely to incur higher costs for these services than generators
of large waste quantities because of small shipments and increased handling
and waste analyses required of containerized wastes. Even though SQG
shipments may be consolidated to reduce transportation  costs,  the additional
burden to the commercial facility to classify multi-generator wastes for
proper treatment or disposal will likely increase the costs to the SQG.

    Prices for commercial treatment, incineration, and  disposal services were
estimated using price information reported by Booz-Allen1  for different
types of treatment and disposal in 1983.  In estimating likely prices for the
ten major waste streams evaluated in this analysis,, consideration was given to
the composition, physical form, quantities, and  shipping method (i.e., bulk or
containerized; of the SQG wastes.  Exhibit 3-20  presents the results of  these
price estimates, which have been adjusted to 1984 levels.   Included in this
exhibit are the price estimates for commercial recycling, which are based, in
all but one case on price information for solvent recovery services.  Costs
for recycling certain waste streams in which a waste is sold (or given)  to
another manufacturer for resource recovery or use in their process cannot be
accurately estimated.  For instance, certain acids used to clean electronic
parts can be reused for metal cleaning/treating  in another industry (e.g.,
steel finishing) once the acid becomes too contaminated for use by the former
manufacturer.  In all likelihood, their baseline costs  are zero, and they may
even sell their wastes and receive a modest profit.  In these cases, we have
noted the practice but are unable to estimate a  cost. .

    3.5.2  Transportation Costs

    Hazardous waste transportation services are  often provided by commercial
facilities, as well as being offered by a large  number  of independent
transporters.  A basic methodology developed for EPA to estimate commercial
hazardous waste transportation  costs was modified and the unit costs updated
to estimate likely prices for commercial transportation of SQG shipments under
different conditions.  The resulting cost model  was used to estimate prices
paid by SQGs to ship containerized wastes either 100 or 300 miles to the
destination facility.  Presented in Exhibit 3-21 are the results of the
analysis of transportation costs.  With one exception,  the costs are based on
quantities stored for 180 days  and transported 100 miles, or stored 270 days
     1 Review of Activities of Firms in the Commercial Hazardous Waste
Management Industry:  1983 Update, Final Report, Booz-Allen & Hamilton,
USEPA, Office of Policy Analysis, November 30, 1984.

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I 3-33
EXHIBIT 3-20
• COSTS FOR OFF-SITE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS a/
•Secure Commercial Commercial Commercial
Waste Stream Landfill Recycling Treatment Incineration
1 Spent Solvents 250

Strong Acid or Alkaline 250
-_ Wastes
1
* Photographic Wastes 250
1 Filtration Residues 150
From Dry Cleaning
•Solutions or Sludges with 250
Photographic Silver
. Ignitable Wastes (liquids) 250
I
• Ignitable Wastes (solids) 150
• Wastes Containing Formaldehyde 250
Spent Plating Wastes 250
f Pesticide Washing and Rinsing 250
Solutions
• Ignitable Paint Wastes 250


a/ Costs for complying with Subparts
_ shipment) are not included, nor are costs
I facilities.
300 b/ 400 250

Unknown 200 500


Unknown 350 N/A
Unknown 400 500
400 c/ 350 N/A

350 b/ 450 250

N/A N/A 500
N/A 200 N/A
Unknown 350 500
Unknown 350 N/A

350 b/ 450 500

A-H or container storage (prior to
for transportation to commercial

b/ Pick-up service is assumed; no off-site transportation costs are
fc required.

c/ Cost estimate for 3,000 kg/yr on-site recovery system when recovered
•i residual (silver) is sold off-site.
1
1
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                                 3-34
                             EXHIBIT 3-21

         CONTAINERIZED WASTE TRANSPORTATION  COST ESTIMATES
100-mile  distance
Shipment Size
(Kg)*
600
1,000
3,000
6,000
18,000
Cost Per
Shipment ($)
129
129
286
431
937
Number of
Shipments/Year
2
2
2
2
Unknown
Annual Cost
($/Yr)
258
258
572
862
-
Unit Cost
($/MT)
215
129
95
72
52
300-mile  distance
Shipment Size
(Kg)*
900
1,500
4,500
6,000
18,000
Cost Per
Shipment ($)
272
370
655
937
1,942
Number of
Shipments/Year a/
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35-2
Unknown
Annual Cost
($/Yr)
367
500
884
1,265-1,874
-
Unit Cost
($/MT)
302
247
146
156
108
    a/  Overall average;  1.35 shipments per year  is equivalent to shipment of
wastes  every 270 days.

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                                   3-35
and then shipped 300 miles.   The exception in this table of costs is the
18,000 kg container shipment which represents a long term storage facility
transporting a full truckload.   To determine the cost to the generator per
shipment of waste, it was necessary to assume various quantities to be
consolidated on one truck.   Assuming certain loading time estimates at each
SQG facility (i.e., based on number of drums to be loaded) and transport times
between generators along the service route, it is possible to determine the
number of generators that could reasonably be serviced by a transporter in
approximately an eight hour day.2  Travel time between generators was
assumed to average 20 minutes.   A minimum of 45 minutes was spent by the
transporter at each generator facility to allow for loading and administrative
requirements.

    Container loading times are longer than bulk liquid transfer because of
the need to handle individual drums.  For example, approximately three hours
would be required to load and catalog 30 drums (6,000 kg) from one generator
because forklifts and palletized drum storage likely would not be present.
Costs for the generator to assist in the loading process were estimated and
factored into the total transportation cost each generator incurred.  Labor
costs for transport (and return) time, unloading time, and required layover
periods (for shipments of 300 miles) were estimated and added to the fixed and
variable costs necessary to operate the truck and trailer unit.

    The number of generators using a container truck and its percent
utilization were determined from the assumed shipment sizes from each SQG
facility and the travel time between facilities along the route.  The results
are presented below and assume that the standard container trailer unit can
transport 80 drums.
                                      Generators       % Truck
               Shipment Size (Kg)     Per Truck      Utilization

                        600               7               35
                        900               7               53
                      1,000               7               53
                      1,500               5               50
                      3,000               3               60
                      4,500               3               83
                      6,000               2               75
                      18,000              1              100
                   (full truck)
    3.5.3  On-Site Treatment Costs

    Cost estimates for on-site treatment of the top ten SQG wastes are
presented in Exhibit 3-22.   Treatment cost estimates were developed for a
    2 Total pick-up times on a route ranged from 7 to 8i hours.

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                                   3-37
range of SQG generating rates (1,200, 6,000 and 12,000 kg/year).   The
incremental treatments costs have been annualized, in dollars per metric ton,
for each treatment method.  The reported incremental costs assume that no
treatment system existed prior to SQG regulation.   Transport and disposal
costs of treatment system residuals have been included, as well as any credits
for recovered materials (e.g., solvents).  In addition, the cost of disposing
the waste in a sanitary landfill or POTW under baseline conditions has been
deducted in the preparation of these estimates.  Costs for complying with
Subparts A-H and J (tanks), as well as container storage (Subpart I) needed
for waste or residual management, were not included in these reported costs.
Compliance cost estimates for these Subparts were estimated and applied to
appropriate treatment technologies and are described and tabulated in another
section.

     Photographic wastes that do not contain silver are currently being
sewered and will likely continue to be sewered under the proposed
regulations.  Because they are so dilute there is essentially no reasonable
on-site treatment alternative for these wastes.  Consequently, they will not
incur an incremental cost in continuing this practice.

     Exhibit 3-23 provides a summary of the baseline management costs
(excluding storage and transport) for the top ten SQG wastes.  Costs also
appear for discharge to a POTW (with or without pretreatment depending on the
waste stream and industry considered) and sanitary landfill disposal.   These
baseline costs were used in the development of incremental compliance costs
and correspond to the baseline management practices evaluated for the impact
analysis.

3.6  DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL  PLANTS

     Developing model plants for the affected industries required profiling
and merging operational characteristics (products or services, employment,
type and amount of waste) and financial characteristics (sales, costs,
profits, and cash flow).  The method for developing model plants based on
these characteristics is discussed below.

     3.6.1  Operational Characteristics

     Economic models of plants were developed for each of the applicable size
categories in the affected SICs (at the 4-digit level).  The size categories
were:  establishments with 1-9 employees, 10-49 employees, and 50 employees
and over.   The operational characteristics considered for the models were the
total annual waste load (all types of waste) and the "dominant" waste (the
waste produced in the largest quantity).  The annual waste loads were
determined from an analysis of the median load of each size category of plant
as reported in the SQG survey.  When the data were available, the medians of
the size categories in the survey were selected as the waste loads of the
corresponding models.   When the data were not available for an SIC, the data
of the relevant size categories in the other industries in the same 3-digit
groups for which data were available were used in developing the model waste
loads.

-------













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                                   3-39
    Although SQGs may generate more than one type of waste, only the dominant
waste was modeled as the operational waste characteristic for each model plant.
The dominant waste for each model was determined from the SQG survey and is
defined as the waste constituting the largest portion of the total waste
reported for the relevant SICs.  The dominant waste for each plant was used,
instead of attempting to model multiple wastes, in order to render the task of
computing compliance costs under various regulatory alternatives a manageable
one.  For industries not covered in the SQG survey, the dominant waste was
determined by analyzing data for other industries in the same 3-digit level
industry group.

    3.6.2  Financial  Characteristics

    As discussed in section 2.3.4, two screenings were conducted for the
economic impact analysis on those model plants that might potentially experience
significant impacts under the SQG regulations.  The first screening involved
calculating the compliance cost as a percent of sales and as a percent of
profits for each model plant.  The sales and profits for the models were based
on the median sales and profits for applicable size categories contained in the
FINSTAT data base.  After-tax profits reported in FINSTAT were converted to
before-tax profits using the tax rates contained in the 1984 Tax Reform Law.
The resulting model plant profiles for the first screening are included, with
their associated compliance costs under regulatory alternative G2-F2, in
Appendix D.

    For model plants that indicated potentially significant effects due to the
compliance costs, a second level screening was conducted using discounted cash
flows (DCF).  For this screening, additional financial parameters were
developed, including:

        •   earnings before taxes (EBT)
        •   interest payments (I)
        •   sales growth (G)
        •   working capital requirements (WC)
        •   cost of debt capital (Kd)
        •   cost of equity capital (Ke)
        •   overall cost of capital (Kc)
        •   debt position (D/A)

Using this information, discounted cash flows after compliance (DCF.r) were
                                                                   AU
determined based on the following formula:

            10                                             ^
  DCFAP =   £
                EBT (1+G) -T +1 (1+G) - G(WC  ,)-(CE) (1-fG) +D-CC (1+G)
                   o        to            t-1      o           o
    'AC

            t=l                       (1 + Kc)*
or

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                                   3-40
            10
    DCFAC =
                (1+G)  (EBT +1  -CE  -CC )  -  T  -  G(WC   ,)  + D
                          oooo     t      t-1
            t=l                  (1 + Kc)1

where:
            KC = (D/A)  kd + (1-D/A) (Ke)

            T  = (tax rate) (EBT )  = (tax rate)  (1+G)1 (EBT )
             t                  t                          o
         WC    = (l+G)     (WC )
           u- i               o

            CE = annualized capital expenditures

            WC = working capital

            CC = annualized compliance costs

In this screening it was assumed that models would experience financial
distress if DCF <0.

    Some of the additional data  required for this screening were not available
in the FINSTAT data base.  Consequently, other published sources were used in
developing the models for this analysis.  The tax rates were based on the 1984
Tax Reform Law.  Interest expenses, working capital,  and depreciation were
based on the financial  data provided in Robert Morris Associates Annual
Statement Studies.   Capital expenditures were calculated from an analysis of
capital expenditures reported in Value Line.  Finally, the cost of capital
and growth rate were assumed to  be 10 percent and 4 percent, respectively.

    The second level screening based on financial characteristics was
conducted only for a limited number of model plants because few model plants
showed significant impacts (and closure potential) based on the first
screening, which compared compliance costs with sales and profits.

3.7  DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY PROFILES

    Economic impacts at the industry level concentrated on potential effects
on output, industry structure, and employment.  Impacts on prices could also
be potentially important, but these would only follow if aggregate output
effects or compliance costs were significant.  Thus,  the analysis of price
impacts was triggered on an industry-specific basis only if costs or output
were substantially affected.

    Developing industry profiles involved two major tasks.  The first task
required collecting and compiling secondary data on industry baseline
conditions.  The second involved estimating the share of the output
potentially affected by SQG regulations in each industry.

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                                   3-41
    3.7.1  Industry Baseline Conditions

    The objective of this task was to compile essential data from secondary
sources on general industry conditions.  As with model plants, the data were
needed for approximately 300 industries potentially affected by SQG
regulations (See Appendix Table E-3--Master List of SQG Industries).

    Bureau of Census data were collected on value of shipments (sales,
revenues, or other output proxies), number of establishments, employment,
payroll and, for some industries, concentration ratios.  Census data were used
primarily because of their uniformity, comprehensiveness and ready avail-
ability.   The data were collected for the two most recent available Census
years, 1972 and 1977.   Also, because the potential effects were not necessarily
industry-wide, the data were collected by employment size classes of
enterprises or establishments within each industry.  Common size classes are:

        1-4 employees,
        5-9 employees,
        10-19 employees,
        20-49 employees,
        50-99 employees,
        100-249 employees, and
        250-1- employees.

These classes vary somewhat by general Census industry sectors (manufacturing,
construction, wholesale, retail), reflecting the form in which the data are
reported.

    These data were entered into an SQG economic data base stored in SAS
(Statistical Analysis System -- a data management system), to facilitate
automated retrieval and statistical analysis.
    3.7.2  Share of Industry  Affected  by SQG Regulations
    The SQG regulations generally affect only a portion of an industry.   Many
firms in a given industry will not be affected because these firms (1) do not
generate hazardous waste, (2) are very small generators (<100 kg/mo), or (3)
are large quantity generators (^1000 kg/mo).  Therefore, to estimate
industry impacts, the economic importance of regulated SQGs in each industry
must be known.  This information was obtained by analyzing the SQG survey data
and extrapolating the SQG survey data to the general industry data as
discussed in Chapter 6.

    The most difficult part of this effort is in determining the number and
size of firms in a given industry that will be regulated.   This study made
extensive use of the SQG survey data to complete this analysis.  However, in
some cases, the survey data were extended beyond the original statistical
design of the survey, so that the results provided cannot  be tested for
statistical validity.  They are judged, however, to be the best estimates
available.

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                                   3-42
    Estimating the share of industry output from SQGs was based on the
estimated percentage of regulated SQGs within employment size categories of an
industry--enterprises with 1-9 employees (small), 10-49 employees (medium),
and 50-t- employees (large).  These percentages were estimated in three general
ways depending on the size of the sample available for the industry-size
category from the national SQG survey.  If the 4-digit industry sample was
judged adequate (n>50), then the percentage from the sample was used as the
population percentage estimate.   However, there were several industries and
size categories for which the data at the 4-digit SIC basis were judged
inadequate and the above rule was not acceptable.  In these cases, two
alternate approaches were used which essentially used results for "analogous"
industries to estimate undersampled or unsampled industries.

    The "analogous industry" approach involved using results for 2- or 3-digit
SIC groupings for undersampled 4-digit industries in that 2- or 3-digit
group.  In other words, results from the 3-digit industry group 329
(Abrasives, Asbestos and Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Products) were used
for SICs 3291 (Abrasive Products) and 3293 (Gaskets, Packing and Sealing
Devices).

    For other industries, the analogous industry was selected by the study
team and included a single similar 4-digit industry or a group of similar 2, 3
or 4-digit industries.  For example, membership sport clubs (SIC 7997, mainly
private golf clubs) were assumed to be analogous with SIC 7992 (Public Golf
Courses).  Similarly, mobile home manufacturers (SIC 2451) were judged to be
analogous with wood partitions and fixture manufacturers (SIC 2541), wood
household furniture manufacturers (SIC 2511), and wood office furniture
manufacturers (SIC 2521).

    Using the SQG survey directly and supplemented by the analogous industry
approach, the percentage of enterprises covered by SQG regulations by size was
estimated for each of the potentially affected industries.  These estimates
were combined with the general industry data to give a profile of the
industries and the .estimated share of the industries affected by SQG
regulations.  This information was developed for the entire master list of
industries, but summarized in this report only for those industries in which
SQGs were estimated to contribute 5 percent or more of industry output.  The
summary profiles are tabulated in Appendix E and include the following
information:
            Total revenues for industry (1977 Census);

            Total employment for industry (1977 Census);

            Share of industry revenues, by employment size class
            (1977 Census);

            Share of industry employment, by employment size class
            (1977 Census);

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                                   3-43
            Estimated percentage of facilities that are SQGs,  by
            employment size class (SQG survey, analogous industries,
            and professional judgment); and


            Estimated share of industry revenues and employment
            from SQGs (based on share of industry and portion of
            SQGs by employment size).
    The SQG analysis is conducted at the firm level conceptually, but the
Census data are for establishments (plants).   This creates some error in the
estimates.  However, given the small size of many SQGs, the "firm" and "plant"
are synonymous, so inaccuracies due to this should be relatively minor.

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                    4.  ESTIMATION OF COMPLIANCE  COSTS
4.1  INTRODUCTION

    This chapter presents the assumptions and the results of estimating the
incremental compliance costs incurred by SQGs based on the proposed regulatory
scenarios.  The following costs are discussed in this chapter:


        •   Generator incremental compliance costs

        •   Part 265 (Subparts A-H) incremental compliance costs

        •   Part 265 (Subpart I) incremental compliance costs

        •   Changes from current practice to compliance management
            options

        •   Total incremental compliance costs.


    Compliance cost estimates for the regulatory options discussed in this
chapter, as well as other regulatory Parts, Subparts, and alternatives were
developed by estimating the labor and material resources necessary to be in
compliance.  The majority of the estimated incremental costs for generators
who store their wastes on-site involves labor charges for SQG personnel to
bring their establishment and its waste management practices into compliance
with the proposed regulations.  Included in these labor cost estimates is the
time necessary for generators to become aware of and understand their
responsibilities under the proposed regulations through education programs and
information provided by EPA and trade associations.  Only a small portion of
the aggregate compliance cost to the generator is attributable to equipment
purchase or facility upgrading to meet regulations.  Facilities electing to
treat their wastes on-site likely will incur similar incremental compliance
costs to those of generators who store prior to off-site treatment or disposal
(i.e.,  generator requirements plus limited Part 265 standards).  In addition,
construction and equipment costs for on-site treatment systems should be
considered an incremental cost if no treatment system existed prior to the
proposed regulations.

    Presented in Exhibit 4-1 are the facility personnel and their assumed
labor rates which were used to estimate labor resource costs to comply with
the requirements of the proposed regulations.  To derive a fully burdened
dollar per hour cost,  a base salary was first developed and to this annual
amount fringe benefits and facility overhead were then added.  The operating
year consists of 260 days (2,080 hours).

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                             4-2
                         EXHIBIT 4-1

     LABOR RATES ASSUMED  FOR COMPLIANCE COST ESTIMATES

1.
2.
3.
4,
5.
Personnel
Facility Manager/Owner
Engineer /Foreman
Maintenance
Process Operator
Clerical (Secretary)
Base Salary
$42,000
$36,000
$30,000
$26,000
$15,000
$/Hour*
$35.50
$30.50
$25.00
$22.00
$12.50
Includes  fringe benefits  (25% of base salary) and facility overhead (50%
of base salary).  Rounded to nearest $0.50.

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                                   4-3
4.2  COMPONENTS OF COMPLIANCE  COSTS

    4.2.1  Generator Compliance  Costs

    As stated in Chapter 1,  the Agency has  identified the following options
for SQG generator requirements:

        •   Option Gl:   Full Part 262 Regulations

            Require SQGs to  meet  the  same requirements as LQGs  with
            the exception that up to  6,000  kg of waste could be
            stored for 180 days (270  days if the waste will  be
            transported more than 200 miles) without obtaining  a
            storage facility permit.

        •   Option G2:   Minimum Generator Requirements

            Same as Option Gl, except for reduced  manifest and
            storage requirements  and  the elimination of the
            requirement for  a biennial report.   The generator would
            be required to complete all items on the manifest
            (including an EPA identification number), but only  one
            copy of the manifest  would be produced and there would
            be no recordkeeping or exception reporting
            requirements.  SQGs taking advantage of the storage
            exemption described in Option Gl would be subject to the
            same good-housekeeping requirements  (e.g., maintenance
            of containers and tanks)  as under Option Gl, but would
            not be required  to develop formal written contingency
            plans and also would  not  be required to provide  formal
            employee training as  long as appropriate emergency
            procedures are established and  employees are made aware
            of these procedures as well as  proper  handling methods
            for hazardous wastes.

        *   Option G3:   Minimum Generator Requirements Plus
            Additional Manifest and Recordkeeping  and Reporting
            Requirements

            Same as Option G2, except multiple copies of the
            manifest would be produced and  there would be
            recordkeeping and exception reporting  requirements  as in
            Option Gl.   The  biennial  report would  not be required,
            however.
    Presented in Exhibit 4-2 are the incremental compliance costs for each of
the generator Part 262 options.   Option Gl assumes that the SQG complies  with
the full Part 262 requirements.   Compliance costs under Options G2 and G3 are
for partial manifest requirements and reduced recordkeeping and reporting.
Generators who elect to store wastes for greater than 180 (270) days and

-------
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                                   4-5
submit Part A of the permit application have smaller Part 262 compliance costs
because the costs for waste sampling and analysis are reported under §265.13
(General Waste Analysis) rather than §262.11 (Hazardous Waste Determination)
and waste transportation is assumed to occur less frequently than for
short-term storers.

    4.2.2  Part 265 (Subpart  A-H) Compliance  Costs

    Generators who store or treat their wastes  on-site within the 180 day (or
270 day) period specified under the provisions  of the storage exemption are
not required to submit a Part A (and subsequently a Part B) permit
application.  In addition, the proposed regulations allow a reduced level of
compliance for Subparts C (Preparedness and Prevention) and D (Contingency
Plan and Emergency Procedures) and limited requirements for personnel training
(section 265.16 of Subpart B).  The incremental compliance costs for
facilities choosing this management option are  presented under Option G2 of
Exhibit 4-3.  Option G3 compliance costs are identical to those for Option G2
for Part 265 of the proposed SQG regulations.

    Under Option Gl on Exhibit 4-3, the incremental compliance costs for
generators using the storage exemption include  full compliance with Subparts C
and D and the personnel training requirements which had been modified under
Option G2.  For SQG facilities who elect to be  long-term storers, compliance
with the full requirements of Subparts A through H was assumed, and the
incremental compliance costs under this scenario are also presented in Exhibit
4-3.

    Although not presented in Exhibit 4-3, the  subsequent incremental
compliance costs for a facility to submit Part  B of the permit application and
to comply with the Part 264 general facility requirements (i.e., Subparts A-H)
is approximately $7,500 per facility.  Of this  amount, $7,100 is for Part B
preparation.  These cost estimates do.not include costs for specific container
storage facility requirements described under Part 264 (Subpart I) and Part
122.25(b).  The costs for public hearings and any modification to the permit
application necessitated by the permit review process were not estimated
because of their extreme variability.

    4.2.3  Part 265 (Subpart  I) Compliance Costs

    The estimated compliance costs for storage  containers (Subpart I) are
presented as ranges in Exhibit 4-4.  Facilities operating under the storage
exemption are shown with cost ranges based on the limits of the monthly
generating capacities for SQGs (i.e., 100 and  1,000 kg/month).  SQGs who elect
to accumulate a full truckload of waste for off-site management will exceed
the 6,000 kg limit and must comply with the full Subpart I requirements as
well as submit Part A of their permit application.  Compliance costs for a
container storage facility under this assumption have been prepared and are
presented in Exhibit 4-4.  The container storage facility costs are based on
80 drums (18 MT) managed on-site.

-------
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                                  4-7
                              EXHIBIT 4-4


         INCREMENTAL  PART 265 (SUBPART I)  COMPLIANCE COSTS
                                         Initial        Annual
               	Subpart I             ($)*          ($/Yr)*


               <  180  days:


                  •   100 Kg/month           4-537       404-924
                  •   1,000 Kg/month        25-1,854     447-4,251
               <  270  days:


                  •   100 Kg/month           7-757       406-1,021
                  •   1,000 Kg/month        29-2,323     454-4,454


               Full Subpart I           2,165-7,500     477-5,517
               Requirements
*   Cost ranges  are  a  function of baseline practice and waste stream;  costs
    for transport  and  disposal are not included in annual  costs.

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                                   4-8
    As noted in Exhibit 4-4,  the cost ranges  are a function of the assumed
baseline practice,  the facility generating and storage capacity,  and the
composition of the  waste being stored.   For example,  container storage
facilities that once stored their wastes in open fiberboard drums would be
required to upgrade to closed metal drums for proper  storage and  transport
under RCRA.  Consequently,  the purchase of new metal  drums and labels would
constitute their compliance cost.

    The cost analysis does  not assume that the provisions and requirements of
a class permit for  storage  in tanks and containers,  or the forthcoming
requirements for secondary  containment, leak testing, and groundwater
monitoring for tanks are in place when the proposed SQG regulations take
effect.  The proposed tank  regulations could impose significant costs on any
SQGs storing wastes in tanks, even for less than 180  or 270 days.

    4.2.4  Incremental Compliance Costs  by Waste and  Current Practices

    Exhibits 4-5 through 4-15 present the baseline and incremental compliance
costs for each of the top ten waste streams under a variety of current
practice/compliance management options.  Annual costs ($/year) and annual
revenue requirements (ARR)  were calculated for three  SQG facility sizes
(1,200, 6,000, and  12,000 kg/year) and summed for each compliance option
evaluated.  In this way, the total annual incremental compliance  cost of one
option at the facility level can be compared to any other for a specified
waste stream.  For  example, Exhibit 4-5 shows a number of incremental cost
estimates for generators of spent solvents.  Down the left-hand side of the
exhibit are listed  a number of combinations of current waste management
practices and waste management options under compliance with the  regulations.
The entries to the  right of the current practices/compliance options are
current practice costs and the components of incremental costs that would be
experienced by generators of spent solvents if they originally managed these
wastes in the indicated manner and were they to select the option listed for
compliance.

    We assumed that generators who are currently recycling off-site (but are
not batch tolling)  probably cannot switch to this form of recycling.
Consequently, we have provided cost estimates for only those generators who
are batch tolling under baseline and that continue to do so in the presence of
new regulations.  The batch tolling cost estimate consists of the time for the
facility manager and engineer to discuss such details as waste quantity and
quality, pick-up and delivery schedules, specifications of recovered
materials, and prices with the reclaimer.  In addition, time to review and
sign an agreement,  provided by the reclaimer, was also considered.

    We believe the actual agreements are fairly straightforward and are
standard in the solvent recycling industry.  Therefore, the generator would
not be required to prepare the actual agreement.  Further, it is  our opinion
that these agreements, however simple they may be, currently exist and
entering into such an agreement should be considered an initial baseline cost
to the generator.  The annual costs for pre-transport requirements (Part 262,
Subpart C, Option G-2 of Exhibit 4-2) were also considered a baseline cost
incurred by the generator in preparing his wastes for pick-up by the reclaimer.

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                4-9
          EXHIBIT 4-5

Baseline and  Incremental Compliance Costs
             Spent Solvents
Current Coipliance
HanagMfnt Option
San. LF-druis Sec. If, <200 n .


San. LF-druis Sub. C Irtit., (200 n


Sec. tF-druis Sec. LF, utf site


Sec. LF-druis Bub. C Irtit., eq. diet.


Sec. LF-drun Sub. C Irtit., (200 11


POT«, N/O pretrtit. PDT«, sue pretrtit.


San. LF-drius POTK, «/o pretrtit.


San. LF-druis POT*, with pretrtit.

Recycle - on-site Recycle - on-sitf


Recycle - off-site Recycle - off-site


Recycle - batch toll Recycle - batch toll


San. LF-druii Reeve le - off -site


San. LF*druis Treatment, on-site


Hacte
Ikq/yr)
1200
MOO
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
AflfLft
6000 —
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
Batehnt Part 262 Part 265 A-H Transp. Co.pl. Ho.t. Part 265 1
IARR) IARR) IflRR) ($/yr) K/yr) IARR)
125
485
935
125
185
935
589
2120
3B73
589
2120
3873
589
2120
3873
0
2
5
125
485
935


2631
5951
8471
395
1835
3635
492
1932
3732
125
485
935
125
485
935
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
0
0
0
0
0
0


443
443
443
443
443
443
198
198
198
443
443
443
443
443
443
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
0
0
0
0
0
0

»»« 	 0pt j go
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
254
585
838
254
585
838
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
210
1050
2100
390
1950
3900
0
0
0
180
900
1800
180
900
1800
0
0
0
-90
-448
-895
405
425
450
405
425
450
405
425
450
405
425
450
405
425
450
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
IARR)
1534
2725
4053
1714
3625
5853
1070
1090
1115
1250
1990
2915
1250
1990
2915
0
0
0
0
0
0

Hot Applicable- — — — 	 —- — — 	 — -—
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
340
444
432
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
1350
2700
2846
5910
7966
397
399
400
405
425
450
405
425
450
405
425
450
397
399
400
1402
1508
1497
1070
1090
1115
825
845
870
1340
2440
3815
3909
6974
9033

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                4-10
          EXHIBIT 4-6

Baseline and  Incremental Compliance Costs
     Strong  Acid or Alkaline Wastes
I
I
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Current COipliaB«
Kanapetent Option
Sin. LF-dr«« Set. IF, <200 ii


SM. LF-druts Sub. C Trtit., <200 n


Set. LF-drms Set. LF, sue site


Sec. LF-drins Sub. C Trtit.. *q. dist.


Set. LF-druM Sub. C Trtit., <200 »i


POTK, H/O gretrtit. POTN, sitf pretrUt.


POTV, Kith pretrtit. POTV, sue pretrtit.


San. IF-druK POTV, 11/0 pretrtit.


San. LF-droti POTV, mth pretrtit.


Recvtlf - on-site Recycle - on-site


Recycle - off-site Retvcli - off-iite


San. LF-druns Recycle - off-site


Sin. LF-drues TreatiMt, on-site


Haste
Ikg/yr)
1200
«000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
Baseline
(ADR)
125
48!
915
125
485
935
589
2120
3873
589
2120
3873
589
2120
3873
0
2
5
600
3000
6000
12!
485
935
125
485
935
35
35
35
35
35
35
125
485
935
125
485
935
Part 262 Part 265 A-H
(ARK)
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
(ADD)
222
222
2Z2
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
Tranip. Cowl. Nut.
(l/yr)
254
585
B38
254
585
838
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(l/yr)
210
1050
2100
ISO
750
1500
0
0
0
-60
-300
-600
-60
-300
-600
0
0
0
0
0
0
-90
-448
-895
510
2550
5100
0
0
0
0
0
0
-90
-450
-900
1756
1548
1164
Part 265 I
IARR)
405
425
450
405
425
450
405
425
450
405
425
450
405
425
450
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
397
399
400
405
425
450
405
425
450
397
399
400
Total
(ARR)
1534
2725
4053
1474
2425
3453
1070
1090
1115
1010
790
515
1010
790
515
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
510
2550
5100
1062
1064
1065
1070
1090
1115
980
640
215
2818
2612
2229

-------
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                4-11
          EXHIBIT 4-7

Baseline and  Incremental Compliance Costs
          Photographic Wastes
Current Compliance
HaMiMMt Option
San. LF-iruis Sec. LF, <200 n


San. LF-druis Sub. C Trtit., (200 11


Sec. LF-druis Sec. LF, MM site


Sec. LF-drun Sub. C Trtit.. tq. dist.


Sec. LF-druis Sub. C Trtit., <200 11


POTN, Wo pretrtit. POTt, saie pretrtit.


San. LF-druis POTN, »/o pretrtit.


San. LF-druis POTH, mtb pretrtit.

Recycle - on-site Recycle - on-site


Recycle - off-site Recycle - oH-site


San. LF-druis Recycle - oH-site


Sin. LF-iru*s Treatient, on-sitf

Haste
Iko/vr)
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
12000
Baseline
(ARR)
582
2009
3793
582
2009
3793
1046
3644
6731
1046
3644
6731
1046
3644
6731
0
2
5
582
2009
3793


60
119
193
492
1559
2893
582
2009
3793


Part 262 Part
IARR)
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
. 0
0
0
0
0
0


443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443


-—— — 	 — — incremental-— — — — ~- — —•— •
265 A-H Transp. Cwpl. Ngit. Part 265 1
IARR)
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
0
0
0
0
0
0
ftnHnr
• •• upti w
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222


H/yr) ll/yr)
254
585
838
254
585
838
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
t Mni Ann 1 i rah 1 •
I Ifut Hfffll t Liul e
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Not Applicable*
210
1050
2100
330
1450
3300
0
0
0
120
600
1200
120
600
1200
0
0
0
-90
-448
-895


0
0
0
0
0
0
-90
-450
-900


IARR)
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
0
0
0
0
0
0


397
399
400
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151


Total
IARR)
1966
4166
6754
2086
4766
7954
1502
2531
3816
1622
3131
5016
1622
3131
5016
0
0
0
0
0
0


1062
1064
1065
1502
2531
3816
1412
2081
2916



-------
                4-12
           EXHIBIT 4-8


Baseline and Incremental Compliance Costs
 Filtration  Residues from Dry Cleaning
I
I
I
I
Current Compliance
ItaDMMent Option
San. LF-drus Sec. IF, (200 n


5«ii. Lf-druis Sub. C Trtit., (200 n

Stc. LF-druis Sec. if, saw titt


Sec. LF-druis Sub. C Trtit., eg. dist.

Sec. IF-druis Sub. C Irtit., (200 n

POTK, N/D pretrtit. POT», saie pretrtit.


San. IF-druK P07N, «/D pretrtit.


San. LF-druis PDTH, Kith pretrtit.

Recycle - on-site Recycle - on-site


Recycle - off-site Recycle - oH-site


San. LF-oruis Recycle - oH-site


San. LF-druis Treatient, on-site


Haste
lkg/»r>
1200
4000
12000
1200
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
12000
1200
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
12000
1200
6000
12000.
1200
4000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
bate line
(Ml!)
562
2009
3793


924
3044
S531




0
2
5
582
2009
3793


60
119
193
492
1559
2893
582
2009
3793
582
2009
3793
Part 242
(ARRI
443
443
443


443
443
443




0
0
0
0
0
0


443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
Part 245 A-M Tramp. Cowl. Kpit. Part 245 1
(MR) l»/yr) ll/yr) IARR)
222
222
222


222
222
222




0
0
0
0
0
0


222
11J
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
254
585
838


0
0
0


90
450
900


0
0
0


8J7
1844
3151


837
18W>
3151


Total
(ARR)
18U
3544
5554


1502
2531 '
381i




0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-90
-448
-895
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0


0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-90
-450
-900
1847
4944
12244
397
399
400
837
1844
3151
837
1844
3151
397
399
400
1042
1044
1045
1502
2531
3814
1412
2061
2914
2930
8030
13329

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                   4-13
              EXHIBIT 4-9


   Baseline and  Incremental Compliance Costs
Solutions or Sludges with Photographic Silver
Current Compliance
Management Option
San. LF-druis Sec. LF, (200 n


San. LF-druis Sub. C Trtit.. (200 n


Sec. LF-druis Sec. LF, sale site


Sec. LF-druis Sub. C Trtit., eg. dist.


Sec. LF-drui! Sub. C Trtit., <200 n

POT*. K/o pretrtit. POTH, saie pretrtit.


San. LF-druii PCTK, tin pretrtit.


San. LF-druis POTN, mth gretrtit.

Recycle - on-site Recycle - on-site


Recvcle - oH-site Recycle - oH-site


San. LF-drms Recycle - oH-tite


San. LF-Sru«s Treitient, on-site


(taste
Ikg/vr)
1200
6000
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
1 AA/l
ovvv
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
baseline
(ARR)
582
2009
3793
582
2009
3793

	


	



0
2
5
5B2
2009
379!


1088
1451
1681
1521
2891
4381
582
2009
3793
562
2009
3793
	 . — — mcreiencai 	
Fart 262 Fart 265 A-H Transp. Coipl. Hgit.
(ARR) (ARR) It/yr) l»/yr)
443
443
443
443
443
443

	


	



0
0
0
0
0
0


443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
222
222
222
222
222
222

	 Option


	 Option



0
0
0
0
0
0


222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
254
585
838
254
585
838

Not Apphcable-


Not Apphcable-


Not Applicable-
0
0
0
0
0
0

Not ApplicabJe-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
210
1050
2100
330
1650
3300

	






0
0
0
-90
-448
-895


0
0
0
0
0
0
938
882
588
938
882
588
Fart 265 I
IARR)
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151

	


	



0
0
0
0
0
0


397
399
400
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
397
399
400
Total
(ARR)
1966
4166
6754
2086
4766
7954

	


	



0
0
0
0
0
0


1062
1064
1065
1502
2531
3816
2441
3413
4404
2001
1946
1653

-------
                4-14
          EXHIBIT 4-10


Baseline and Incremental Compliance Costs
   Ignitable Wastes (Liquid Portion)
I
I
I
Current Coiphance
NanagMent Option
KITH, I/O pretrtit. Sec. LF, (200 n


POTK, n/0 pretrtit. Sub. C Trtit., (200 n


Stc. LF-druM Sec. LF, saie site


Sec. LF -dmis Sub. C Mit., eg. dist.


Sec. LF-druis Sub. C Trtit., <200 n


POT*, Wo pretrtit. POTH, sate pretrtit.


Sec. LF-drms POTH, «/o pretrtit.


San. LF-druis PON, »ith pretrtit.


Recycle - on-site Recycle - on-site


Recycle - off-site Recycle - off-site


Recycle - batch toll Recycle - bitch toll


POT*, D/o pretrtit. Recycle - off-site


POTN, «/D pretrtit. Treatient, on-site


Waste
(kg/yr>
1200
6000
12000
1200
4000
12006
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
(•000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000 	
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
Baseline Part 262 Part 245 A-H
(ARR) IARR) (ARR)
0
T
A
5
0
2
9
1046
3644
6731
1046
3644
6731
1046
3644
6731
0
2
5
1046
3644
6731




60
12923
11545
912
3659
7093
1009
3756
7190
0
2
5
0
i
A
5
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
0
0
0
0
0
0




443
443
443
443
443
443
198
198
196
443
443
443
443
443
443
222
222
222
222
222
222
•»!•»
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
0
0
0
0
0
0




222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
Transp. Coipl. ftoit.
($/yr) ll/yr)
254
585
636
254
5S5
838
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

300
1478
2995
540
2698
5395
0
0
0
240
1200
2400
240
1200
2400
0
0
0
-300
-1498
-2995

Part 265 1
IARR)
897
1984
3343
897
1984
3343
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
837
1866
31S1
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total
IARR)
2116
4732
7842
2356
5932
10242
1502
2531
3816
1742
3731
6216
1742
3731
6216
0
0
0
0
0
0

•Option Not Applicable- 	

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

317
288
156
0
il
0
0
0
0
420
2098
4195
2877
5962
8155

397
399
400
637
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
897
1984
3343
457
517
592

1379
1352
1221
1502
2531
3616
1257
2286
3571
1982
4747
8204
3999
7144
9413

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                4-15
          EXHIBIT 4-11

Baseline and Incremental Compliance Costs
    Ignitable Wastes (Solid Portion)
Current CMpliance
Hanaoeient Option
San. LF-trias Sec. If, '.'200 n


Sin. LF-druis Sub. C Trtit., (200 n

Sec. LF-druis Set. LF, ate site


Sec. LF-druis Sub. C Trtit., m. int.

Sec. IF-druis Sub. C Trtit., (200 n

PON, «/o pretrtit. POU, sue prttrtit.

San. lF-dru»s PDTN, H/D pretrtit.

Sin. LF-druis POTH, mth pretrUt.

Recycle - on-site Recycle - on-site

Recycle - off-site Recycle - off-site


San. LF-druis Recvcle - off-site

San. LF-druis Treatient, on-site


Haste
lk?/vr)
1200
6000
12000
1200
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
12000
1200
12000
1200
12000
1200
12000
1200
12000
1200
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
12000
1200
6000
12000
baseline Part 262 Part 2t£ A-H Transp. Coipl. Hoit. Part 265 I Total
(ADR) IARRI (ARR) It/yr) U/vr) (ARR) (ARR)
582 443 222 254 90 837 1846
2009 443 222 585 450 1866 3566
3793 443 222 838 900 3151 5554


926 443 222 0 0 837 1502
3044 443 222 0 0 1866 2531
5531 443 222 0 0 3151 3816



-. .. .- •>>•. !...._ . __m. 	 I,. _ - - "-Qpt j(jfj iJQt HQpl 1C Aul (•••••••"••"•"• •»«•--• «.•••••••









	 Ootion Not Applicable 	



582 443 222 0 1915 397 2978
2009 443 222 0 6684 399 7748
3793 443 222 0 11424 400 12489

-------
                4-16
         EXHIBIT 4-12


Baseline and  Incremental Compliance Costs
     Wastes Containing Formaldehyde
I
I
I
Current Compliance
HiRianent Option
PDT«, «/o pretrtit. Sec. IF, (200 n
POTH, K/O pretrtit. Sub. C Mil.. <20u n
Sec. LF-Oruis Sec. LF, sale site
Sec. LF-dru« Sub. C Trtit., ea. dist.
Sec. LF-oruis Sub. C Trtit., <200 n
POTK, K/O pretrtit. PDTK, sue pretrtit.
Sec. LF-druis POTN, »lo pretrtit.
San. LF-druiS POTH, »lth pretrtit.
Recycle - oil-site Recycle - on-site
Recycle - off-site Recycle - off-site
POTN, 11/0 Dretrtit. Recycle - off-site
POTH, »/D pretnit. Treatment, on-site
Naste
(ka/»r)
1200
4000
12000
1200
4000
12000
. 1200
6000
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
4000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
4000
12000
Basel lie
(ARR)
0
i
S
0
2
5
0
2
5
494
1785
3238
	
0
2
5
Part 262
(AMI
443
443
443
443
443
443
0
0
0
0
0
0
	

»43
443
443
	 increiemai— -—
Part 265 A-H Transn. Cotpl. Hgit.
(ARR) (»i'»r) U/yr)
222
222
222
222
222
222
-—--*--—»—— Option
"""""""""Option
0
0
0
0
0
0
	 Opti on
.III .. .»»»Qp£JQf|
222
222
222
254 240
585 1198
838 2395
254 240
585 119B
838 2395
Hot Applicable 	
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 -240
0 -1198
0 -2395
Not Applicable 	
Hot Applicable- 	
0 1088
0 1408
0 1567
Part 265 I
IARR)
B97
1984
3343
897
1984
3343
	
0
0
0
0
0
0
	
457
517
592
Total
(ARRI
2056
4432
7242
2056
4432
7242
	
0
0
0
0
0
0
	
2210
2590
2825

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                4-17
          EXHIBIT 4-13

Baseline and  Incremental Compliance Costs
          Spent Plating Wastes
Currtnt CMohance
tanipMent Option
POTH, */o pretrtit. Sec. LF, <200 11


POTII, Hitti pretrtit. Sec. LF, (200 n


POT!, »/o pretrtit. Sub. C Trtit., (200 11


POTH, Kith pretrtit. Sub. t Trtit.. <200 n


Sec. LF-druis Sec. LF, cue site


Sec. LF-druis Sub. C Trtit., eq. dist.


Sec. LF-druts Sub. C Trtit., (200 n


POTH, »/o pretrtit. POTN, sue pretrtit.


POTH, mill pretrtit. POTK, sa« pretrtit.


Sec. LF-druis PflTH, x/o pretrtit.


Sec. LF-druis POTH, mth pretrtit.


tecvcli - on-siU Kecvcle - on-siU


fctcvtlt • off-site Recycle - off-site


Haste
Ikg/yr)
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
Baseline
(ARR)
0
2
5
600
3000
6000
0
i
5
600
3000
6000
1140
4215
7899
1140
4215
7899
1140
4215
7899
0
t
A
5
600
3000
600U
1140
4215
7899
1140
4215
7899
65
150
257
5B6
2130
4061
f»rt 2t2 P»rt 265 A-H
(ARK) (MR)
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
443
443
443
443
443
443
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
222
222
222
222
222
222
Transp. Coipl. Hoit.
(I/yr) It/vr)
254
5B5
B3B
254
5B5
838
254
58!
838
254
5B5
838
' 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
300
I49B
2995
-300
-1500
-3000
420
2098
4195
-180
-900
-1BOO
0
0
0
120
600
1200
120
600
1200
0
0
0
0
0
0
-300
-1498
-2995
300
1500
3000
0
0
0
0
0
0
Part 265 I
(ADR)
990
2555
4511
990
2555
4511
990
2555
4511
?90
2555
4511
925
2405
4254
925
2405
4254
925
2405
4254
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
397
399
400
925
2405
4254
Total
(MR)
2209
5303
9009
1609
2305
3014
2329
5903
10209
1729
2905
4214
1590
3070
4919
1710
3670
6119
1710
3670
6119
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
300
1500
3000
1042
1064
1065
1590
3070
4919

-------
                4-18
         EXHIBIT 4-13

Baseline and  Incremental Compliance Costs
    Spent Plating Wastes (Continued)
Current
Banageient
POTH, K/O iretrtit.


POTK, «itb pretrtit.


Sec. LF-druis


PDTH, «/o pretrtit.


PDTIf, Kith oretrtit.


Compliance
Option
Recycle - oH-site


Recycle - off-site


Recycle - oH-site


Treatment , on-tite


Treatnnt, on-site


Katte
fkj/yr)
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
120UO
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
J200
6000
12000
Bate line
(ARR)
0
2
5
600
3000
6000
1140
4215
7899
0
t
5
600
3000
6000
Part 262
(ARR)
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
Part 265 ft-H
IARR)
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
™ — — — — j
Innjp.
(S/yr)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
total. Unit.
ll/yr)
0
* A
-5
-600
-3000
-6000
-90
-450
-900
1766
3136
4015
1166
138
-1980
Part 265 1
IARR)
WO
2535
4511
990
2555
4511
925
2405
4254
462
549
657
462
549
657
lou)
IARR)
1655
3218
5171
1055
220
0
1500
2620
4019
2S93
4349
5337
2294
1352
0

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                4-19
          EXHIBIT 4-14


Baseline and Incremental Compliance Costs
Pesticide Washing  and  Rinsing  Solutions
Current Compliance
ItanaocMnt Option
San. LF-druis Sic. IF, QOO n


San. LF-druis Sub. C Trtit.. <20G 11


Sec. LF-/yr) ll/yr) IARR)
582
20W
37?3
582
20OT
3791
1046
J444
6731
1046
3644
6731
1046
3644
6731
0
2
5
582
20M
3773




180
719
1393
492
1559
2893
582
2009
3793
58!
2009
3793
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
0
0
0
0
0
0




443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
0
0
0
0
0
0

fini i nn
— »•— — ~~ uptl on

222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
254
585
838
254
585
838
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Not Applicabl

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
210
1050
2100
330
1650
3300
0
0
0
120
600
1200
120
600
1200
0
0
0
-W
-448
-895

e 	

0
0
0
0
u
0
-90
-450
-900
1607
1848
1716
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
837
1866
31 51
0
0
0
0
0
0

	

397
399
400
837
1866
3151
837
1866
3151
397
399
400
Total
(ARR)
1966
4166
6754
2086
4766
7954
1502
2531
3816
1622
3131
5016
1622
3131
5016
0
0
0
0
0
0

	

1062
1064
1065
1502
2531
3816
1412
2081
2916
2669
2912
27B1

-------
                 4-20
          EXHIBIT 4-15

Baseline and Incremental Compliance Costs
         Ignitable Paint Wastes
                                	Incremental	
Current
Management
Sin. LF-truis


Sao. LF-pruM


Sec. LF-dru«


Sec. LF-dru«


Sec. LF-drui


POTK, «/o pretrUt.


San. LF-druis


San. LF-druis

Recycle - on-site


Recycle - off-site


Recycle - batcn toll


San. LF-druis


San. LF-dru«


Loipl lance
Option
Sec. U, <200 11


Sub. C Trtit., i200 n


Sec. IF, taie site


SUD. C Trtit., eq. dist.


Sub. C Trtit. , (200 u


POTK, sue pretrtit.


POTK, 11/0 pretrtit.


POTK, «ith pretrtit.

Recycle - on-site


Recycle - off-site


Recycle - batch toll


Recycle - off-site


Treatient, on-site


Haste
Ikg/vr)
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
/ AA/l „.
OWv — •*-
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
1200
6000
12000
Baseline Part 262 Part 265 A-H
IARR)
540
1865
3322
540
1865
3522
1004
3500
6460
1004
3500
6460
1004
3500
6460
0
2
5
540
1865
3322
(ARR)
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
443
0
0
0
0
0
0
IARR)
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
0
0
0
0
0
0
Transp. Cwpl. Hoit. Part 265 1
(l/yr)
254
585
838
254
583
838
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
l*/yr)
210
1030
2100
450
2250
4500
0
0
0
240
1200
2400
240
1200
2400
0
0
0
-90
•448
-895
IARR)
797
1729
2895
797
1729
2895
797
1729
2895
797
1729
2895
797
1729
2895
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
IARR)
1926
4029
6498
2166
3229
8898
1462
2394
3560
1702
3594
5960
1702
3594
5960
0
0
0
0
0
0
r i i u n . .« ••••...•.•••_•_. - - ftnt i nn lint /tnnllrlhla
_.„.._. 	 — uption not flppncaDle— — — — — • — —„-,««.
57
16735
12430
870
3515
6822
967
3412
6919
540
1865
3522
540
1865
3322
443
443
443
443
443
443
198
198
198
443
443
443
443
443
443
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
190
504
732
0
0
0
0
0
0
330
1650
3300
3428
6180
7800
397
399
400
797
1729
2895
797
1729
2895
797
1729
2895
397
399
400
1252
1368
1797
1462
2394
3560
1217
2149
3315
1792
4044
6860
4491
7244
8865

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                                   4-21
    The baseline costs reported include storage in closed metal  drums  (where
appropriate) and any applicable waste management,  transportation,  and
container storage costs required for on- or off-site management.

4.3  DETERMINING  THE  LEAST COST  COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT OPTION

    Incremental compliance cost estimates require  a number of assumptions  and
three critical steps:  (1) specifying the distribution of waste by  current
management practices,  (2) assigning least cost  incremental compliance  costs
for current management practices and, closely related,  (3) selecting the
compliance strategy for a given current management practice.

    The current management distributions reflect data reported in  the  report,
National Small Quantity Hazardous Waste Generator  Survey plus data from
special tabulations  on management practices completed by Pope-Reid Associates
(PRA).   These data are not used directly, however, but  are adjusted to
overcome some limitations in the available data.   These adjustments are as
follows:
        1.   Estimate the percent of waste currently managed under
            specified management practices from the national survey
            report.   When data were not available from the national
            survey report, then PRA's special tabulations  based on
            number of generators were used.

        2.   Determine the percent of waste subject to "Other" and
            "Unknown" waste management practices.   This is the
            balance of waste not accounted for from the previous
            data.   Assume, for example, that the known distribution
            from Step 1 equalled 60 percent of total volume; then
            "Other" and "Unknown" would equal 40 percent.

        3.   Use PRA's special tabulations and analysis to  determine
            the portion of waste subject to "Other" management
            practices and deduct from the remainder in Step 2.  Thus
            if the PRA data showed 10 percent "Other" which was also
            assumed unchanged in response to regulations,  then
            "Other" management practices for a given waste would be
            assigned 10 percent.

        4.   Redistribute "Unknown" balance,  in this example 30
            percent (40-10 percent), over known management practices
            in proportion to known management practices.

        5.   In cases of combinations of management practices (which
            can result in double counting costs),  assign waste to
            final  management practice.

-------
                                   4-22
    The least cost compliance response,  i.e.,  the specific activities
undertaken to comply with the regulations,  was based on the cost analysis for
combinations of current and compliance management practices reported in
Exhibits 4-5 through 4-15.  As these exhibits  show,  in many cases there will
likely be no change (N/C) in management practices.   Nevertheless, even in
these cases, costs will still be incurred because the proposed regulations
affect SQGs in their capacities as generators  as well as the disposal cost
that they face.  For example, in Exhibit 4-5,  spent solvents recycled off-site
(without a batch tolling arrangement) both before and after the regulation
still incur costs of $1,090 per year (for generation rates of 6,000 kg/yr)
even though the waste management practice does not change.  This is because
generators of these wastes will face incremental Part 262 and Part 265
(Subparts A-I) costs, as the entries in Exhibit 4-5 show.

    In certain cases, the least cost option from Exhibits 4-5 through 4-16 was
not selected.  In these cases, a next best option was selected reflecting
concern that the least cost option will not be available in the future
(liquids to landfills) or the general belief that an option is being used
already to the extent it is available.

    The estimates developed here also assume that all of the waste of a given
waste stream currently managed in a given practice would be managed after the
regulation identically.  In reality, it is conceivable that different SQGs
might choose to comply in different ways.  However, our estimates of the costs
of alternative management methods suggest one that is least expensive for each
waste and current management practice.  Hence, for theoretical consistency,
given the degree of aggregation of the analysis, it seems most appropriate to
assume that all amounts of a waste stream that are managed identically prior
to the regulation would be managed identically after the regulation as well.

    Some generators are exempt for certain Part 262 requirements because of
batch tolling practices with off-site .recyclers.  This will reduce off-site
recyclers' compliance costs by $245 per facility.  The savings will accrue
only to those currently practicing batch tolling which is estimated to be 50
percent of the spent solvents and 10 percent of the ignitable waste and
ignitable paint waste recycled off-site.  This adjustment is incorporated in
subsequent aggregate estimates.

    POTW-managed waste is assumed to be fully exempt from SQG regulations and
is assigned no costs.  It is included in the analysis, however, to account for
all hazardous waste generated by SQGs.

    We also note that waste managed under "Other" management practices did
require a different costing approach.  Because of its unspecified nature,
costs assigned were based on common practices.  In effect, the "Other" waste
was assigned the same cost as the most common non-POTW current waste
management practice when no change  (N/C) in compliance practice was
anticipated.

    The unit least costs used for this analysis consist of the costs of SQGs
who generate 6,000 kg/yr  (or 500 kg/mo).  Thus, in deriving the  least cost
compliance management option for a particular waste given a current management

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                                   4-23
practice, a "midpoint" amount of waste generation is assumed.   This is an
approximation because the distribution of the quantities of wastes generated
is skewed -- most generators are below 6,000 kg/yr, but most of the SQG waste
comes from those generating over 6,000 kg/yr.  Alternative assumptions
regarding the average quantity of waste generated by SQGs are considered in
the sensitivity analysis in Chapter 7.

    Based on Exhibits 4-5 through 4-15, least cost compliance practices were
assigned by waste stream and by current management practices as follows.
Consider spent solvents (Exhibit 4-5).  For such waste currently managed in
secure landfills, there are three options identified as possible
post-regulation waste management options.  Of all of these, the secure
(Subtitle C) landfill option is cheapest, $1,090 per year for 6,000 kg/yr of
waste.  Other options, such as off-site treatment, are more expensive, as the
entries in Exhibit 4-5 indicate.

4.4  AGGREGATE COMPLIANCE COSTS

    The aggregate compliance costs for the SQG regulations were developed by
combining waste stream and current (baseline) management practices data with
least cost options for various combinations of current and compliance
management practices.  The costs are annualized incremental and reflect
compliance with Regulatory Alternative 1 (the combination of Options G2 and
F2), the alternative currently being emphasized by EPA.  The results are shown
in Exhibit 4-16, which indicates aggregate incremental compliance costs of
about $58 million in annual revenue equivalents.

    Exhibit 4-16 was developed based on the results reported in Exhibits 4-5
through 4-15.  Consider the first entry in Exhibit 4-16, spent solvents.  SQG
survey results indicate that about 4 percent of these wastes currently are
managed off-site in sanitary landfills. To comply with the SQG regulations,
this practice/must be discontinued.  The incremental cost of doing so (and
complying with other aspects of the SQG regulations) is estimated to be $407
per metric ton.  This incremental cost is based on Exhibit 4-5 in which the
least-cost alternative management method for spent solvents currently managed
in sanitary landfills that was judged sufficient to comply with the
regulations is off-site recycling.1  This change in method of managing
wastes has an incremental compliance cost of $2,440 for a 6,000 kg/yr
generation rate.  On a per metric ton basis, this is about $407 ($2,440 *
6), which is shown in Exhibit 4-16.

    All of the other current waste management practices for spent solvents
shown in Exhibit 4-16 were judged to be sufficient to satisfy the SQG
regulations, so these quantities of wastes remain in these original waste
management practices.  Note also that the incremental compliance costs for
wastes currently managed in POTWs is zero.  This is because generators wastes
managed in this way are totally exempted from the regulations.

    The result of shifting the spent solvents originally managed in sanitary
landfills and leaving the rest of spent solvents in their current practices is
shown in the "New Management Dist." line under spent solvents.  The 4 percent
from sanitary landfills is moved to off-site recycling, increasing the

-------















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EXHIBIT 4-Ifc.
_ RESPONSE TO SQG REGULATIONS AND
AGGREGATE 1NCREMENTAI COMPLIANCE COSTS
ftSTE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
	 	 -•- — OFFSirt 	
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                                   4-27
proportion of spent solvents managed in this way from 56 percent to 60
percent.  Finally, the total cost of compliance is derived simply by
multiplying the quantities of wastes in each original waste management
practice by the associated incremental compliance cost per metric ton.  Thus,
the $2,109,000 figure for spent solvents currently managed in sanitary
landfills is derived as:  4 percent times 46.1 percent of the 281,000 metric
ton/year of wastes, times $407 per metric ton.  Summing the individual entries
for spent solvents yields the $25,180,000 figure to the far right of the
exhibit.2

    Exhibit 4-16 indicates that managing spent solvents is responsible for
$25.18 million of the total incremental costs, or 43 percent.  This is not
because managing spent solvents has higher unit incremental costs, rather, it
is because spent solvents amount to almost half of the total regulated wastes
generated by SQGs.  The second highest costs by type of waste are for dry
cleaning residues, $10.7 million, which equals 18 percent of the aggregate
costs.  In this case, high volume is one reason for the high portion of
aggregate costs accounted for by these wastes.  In addition, however, this
also reflects the high volume of dry cleaning residues currently going to
sanitary landfills which must be (expensively) shifted to another disposal
practice.

    Exhibit 4-16 also indicates that compliance costs will be greatest for the
group of SQGs currently practicing off-site recycling, $16.92 million.
Incremental costs associated with this current management practice are 29
percent of the total costs primarily because these constitute 31 percent of
total SQG wastes.  Wastes currently managed in sanitary landfills, 10 percent
of waste volume, are responsible for 28 percent of the costs, or $16.36
million.  One reason for this is that wastes managed by this practice
currently will experience the highest unit costs of compliance, averaging
about $580 per metric ton of waste.  By way of comparison, for all wastes, the
incremental compliance cost (annualized) averages about $206 per metric ton.
    1 It was assumed that this waste could not be sent to a POTW without
pretreatment, because if it could, it would currently be sent to a POTW.

    2The grand total in Exhibit 4-16 is slightly larger than the sum of the
compliance costs for the ten wastes considered because about 3.5 percent of
the total 281,000 metric tons of wastes generated by SQGs are in waste types
other than the ten wastes listed in the exhibit.

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                 5.   ESTIMATION OF GOVERNMENT COSTS
5.1  INTRODUCTION

    Costs to the government attributable to regulating small quantity
generators are an important part of the overall cost  analysis,  and can
influence the regulatory alternative selected.   Because certain state and
local governments are also involved in the administration of the new
regulatory program,  the costs incurred by them  must also be analyzed.

    Various strategies can be adopted for achieving compliance  with new
regulations; some are more resource intensive than others.   In  the case of
SQGs, hundreds of thousands of firms will constitute  the new regulated
community.  Traditional techniques to foster compliance, similar to those used
for large quantity generators, would be highly  resource intensive.   It appears
unlikely that the Agency would have sufficient  resources to use these
traditional techniques on the SQG community; therefore a strategy has been
developed to foster compliance which would use  available resources in the most
cost-effective manner.

    The Agency's three-pronged strategy for achieving compliance with new SQG
regulations can be summarized as follows:
            Clarity in regulations:   an attempt  will  be made by
            EPA to ensure that the new regulations  are clear,
            reasonable,  and intelligible to the  regulated community
            of SQGs;

            An outreach program:   the.agency will actively
            provide information and technical assistance to the SQGs
            so as to  enable them to take the measures necessary to
            comply with the new regulations.   The information will
            be provided through trade associations, public education
            programs  for SQGs, the media,  existing  channels such as
            POTWs, and a special hot-line which  will  enable SQGs to
            obtain immediate answers to their queries.   Technical
            assistance will be provided by extending  the SQG
            consultation program nationwide,  by  working with states,
            municipalities and private industry, and  by helping
            generators develop joint waste collection programs.
            Because of the large number of SQGs, the  outreach
            program will have to be continued for a few years to
            ensure that  all SQGs are covered.

            Focus inspections on SQGs with the highest degree of
            risk:  the agency will focus inspections  on those SQGs
            that might pose the most risk because of  the degree of
            hazard of their wastes or because they  are located in

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                                   5-2
            areas where they pose a high risk to the surrounding
            population.  Wherever possible,  these inspections  will
            be conducted together with other inspections  under
            existing programs such as the Pretreatment Program and
            the Unleaded Gasoline Program.   The agency will  also
            publicize some of the violations of the regulations in
            local newspapers to serve as a deterrent so that other
            SQGs will have the incentive to comply.
    Within the overall framework of the compliance and enforcement  strategy,
the Agency will bear three kinds of costs in regulating SQGs:1


        •   program administration costs;

        •   technical assistance and public education program
            costs;  and

        •   compliance monitoring and enforcement costs.2


    These costs will differ for each regulatory option.  For example,  in a.
regulatory option for SQGs where biennial reporting is required,  program
administration costs will be higher than in an option where it  is not, because
each biennial report will have to be handled by the government.   The remainder
of this chapter discusses these costs in detail.   Section 5.2 defines  and
discusses the cost elements in each of the cost categories listed above and
Section 5.3 estimates the costs likely to be incurred by the Agency for each
regulatory alternative.

5.2  DESCRIPTION  OF COST  CATEGORIES

    5.2.1  Program Administration  Costs

    Costs are likely to be incurred in processing t'he various notifications
and reports which will be sent in by the SQGs.  Depending on the regulatory
    1 If the SQG regulatory program is administered by an authorized state,
the costs attributed to the Agency will be borne by the state.  It is assumed
here that these costs will remain the same regardless of the administering
authority.

    2 Costs incurred in developing the regulations are not included here.
These pre-regulatory costs are incurred regardless of which regulatory
alternative is selected.

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                                   5-3
alternative being considered, one or more of the following program
administration activities will be necessary:
        •   issuance of an EPA identification number for the SQG;

        •   review of exception reports;

        •   review of biennial reports;

        •   issuance of permits; and

        •   oversight of state programs.
    The resources required for each of the program administration activities
are described below.  The costs for each activity are then summed to arrive at
an overall cost of program administration for each regulatory alternative.

        5.2.1.1  Issuance of an EPA Identification  Number

    The RCRA regulations require that EPA identification numbers be issued to
generators (40 CFR 262.12), transporters (40 CFR 263.11) and TSDFs (40 CFR
264.11).  Without these identification numbers, a generator, transporter, or
TSDF cannot "treat, store, dispose of, transport, or offer for
transportation," any hazardous waste.  The cost of issuing each EPA
identification number has been estimated by EPA, based on past experience, to
be approximately $10.  The SQG survey commissioned by EPA found that
approximately 90,000 SQGs are likely to be regulated (excluding SQGs that
generate only used lead-acid batteries that are to be recycled).  The total
cost of issuing identification numbers to all these SQGs will, therefore, be
90,000 x $10 = $900,000.  This is the.upper limit on the cos.t because some
SQGs already will have obtained a number prior to the new SQG regulations to
facilitate waste disposal.  An estimate of the fraction of the SQGs that
currently have identification numbers is not available.

    This $900,000 cost to be incurred by EPA is a one-time cost.  The
recurring annual cost for this activity is likely to be significantly less
because the number of new SQGs each year will only be a fraction of the total
SQG population.  An estimate of this fraction can be obtained by examining
small business incorportions annually.3  A simple average of the 1978-83
annual percent change in small business incorporations'* leads to an estimate
    3According to the SQG survey, nearly 66.9 percent of SQGs have less than
50 employees, 78.4 percent have less than 100 employees and 99.3 percent have
less than 500 employees.   The majority of the SQGs, therefore, are small
businesses.

    ""The State of Small  Business," A Report to the President (March 1984),
U.S. Small Business Administration, Washington, D.C.  P. 34.

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                                   5-4
of an approximately 5 percent annual increase in the number of small business
incorporations.   Using this estimate as representative of the number of new
SQGs which will  request EPA identification numbers annually yields an annual
recurring cost of (90,000 x 0.05 x $10) = $45,000.

        5.2.1.2   Review  of Exception Reports

    RCRA regulations require that exception reports be submitted to the agency
in cases where the generator has not had confirmation from the TSDF of
delivery of a waste shipment (40 CFR 262.42).  These reports consist of a copy
of the manifest  for which the generator has not had confirmation of delivery
and a cover letter describing efforts taken by the generator to locate the
shipment.  These reports, therefore, serve as warning indicators for detection
of possible cases of improper disposal.  Past EPA experience indicates that
few large quantity generators have filed exception reports with EPA.  It is
not expected that this situation will change significantly for SQGs, if
exception reports are required.   The costs for reviewing the few exception
reports that are filed are expected to be negligible.5

        5.2.1.3   Review  of Biennial Reports

    RCRA regulations require that biennial reports be filed with the Regional
Administrator by generators for  wastes shipped off-site, and these reports
must include the generator's identification number, lists of facilities and
transporters receiving wastes, and descriptions and quantities of wastes
shipped off-site (40 CFR 161.41).  Furthermore, RCRA regulations also require
that authorized states submit a  summary of these biennial reports to the
Agency.  This is likely to be a  highly time intensive task in view of the
large number of biennial reports likely to be received (nearly 90,000) over a
period of two years.

    In order to estimate these costs the following assumptions have been made:


        •   The biennial reports, of all 90,000 generators will
            have to be compiled  at the state level.  This assumption
            is reasonable in that 43 states have received
            authorization for RCRA programs at the state level;

        •   It will take 0.4 hours to compile and summarize each
            biennial report in the format required by the Agency; and

        •   The cost of a clerical hour in each state is $12 per
            hour.
    5 If, out of 100,000 to 130,000 waste shipments annually, exception
reports are filed on 5 percent, the cost will be $150,000 to $200,000
(assuming that it takes 1.5 person hours to process each report at $20 per
person hour).  This is small compared to the total costs to the government.

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                                   5-5
    Using these three assumptions, the cost to the States of compiling the
biennial report summaries will be (90,000 x 0.4 x $12) = $432,000 over a
two-year period.  On an average, therefore, the annual cost will be $216,000
if SQGs are required to submit biennial reports.

         5.2.1.4  Issuance of Permits

    Under 40 CFR 270.1, a permit is required for the treatment,  storage, and
disposal of any hazardous waste unless there is a specific exclusion for any
of these purposes listed in the statute.   In the case of SQGs,  all the
regulatory alternatives extend the exclusion from the on-site storage permit
requirements from 90 days for large quantity generators to 180  days (or 270
days if the disposal facility is more than 200 miles away).  For on-site
disposal, however, there is no difference in the permitting requirements
between LQGs and SQGs in any of the regulatory alternatives.  To estimate the
costs of permitting to the Agency, the following assumptions are necessary:


        •   A negligible number of SQGs will store waste on-site
            for more than 180/270 days because of the high storage
            cost beyond this period; and

        •   A negligible number of SQGs will dispose of wastes
            on-site because the costs of doing so generally will be
            higher than off-site disposal.


    On the basis of these two assumptions, EPA is unlikely to receive a
significant number of permit applications for storage or on-site disposal.
The costs of permitting to the Agency, therefore, will be negligible.

         5.2.1.5  Oversight of State Programs

    It seems reasonable to assume that the review of State authorized RCRA
programs including the new SQG regulations will take place in the Agency's
periodic review of State programs.  There is, however, likely to be one person
full time in each EPA region to oversee and guide the States in the
implementation of the new regulations.  If a workyear is taken to be 260 days
(i.e., 2,080 hours), then at a fully burdened per hour cost of  $20/hour, the
incremental cost for this person per region will be (2,080 x $20) = $41,600.
The total cost for the ten EPA regions will, therefore, be $416,000.

    5.2.2  Technical Assistance and  Public Education  Program Costs

    These costs are likely to be significant because the Agency is planning an
intensive public outreach program to facilitate voluntary compliance by the
regulated community.  The RCRA Small Quantity Generator Consultation Program
currently in operation in Georgia is likely to be extended to other states,
especially to those states with a large number of SQGs.  The current level of
funding in Georgia is $200,000 annually.   A similar level of funding is

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                                   5-6
possible in other states to which the  program  is  extended.   Other public
education programs in collaboration with trade associations, municipalities,
POTW, OSHA, USDA's extension service and other government programs  are  also
envisioned.

    The resources to be devoted to the programs outlined above  are  likely  to
be in the $8 to $10 million range.  This is  a  rough  estimate,  likely  to be
firmed up by the Agency.

    5.2.3  Compliance Monitoring and  Enforcement Costs

         5.2.3.1  Compliance Monitoring (Inspection) Costs

    The States plan to inspect  from  7  to 10  percent  of  the  SQGs annually,
i.e., there are likely to be between 6,300 to  9,000  inspections nationwide
annually, according to Agency estimates. Each inspection  is likely to  take  8
person-hours.  At a cost of $20 per person-hour,  an  inspection  will cost
$160.  The total cost of inspections,  therefore,  will range from $1.01  million
to $1.44 million annually.

         5.2.3.2  Enforcement  Costs

    The Agency does not at present plan to use any enforcement  action other
than a warning letter to those  SQGs  found to be in violation of the
regulations.  It is expected by the Agency that 20 percent  of  the  inspections
will need followup action in the form  of a warning letter.   Each warning
letter is expected to take about 40 hours to prepare.  These hours  include the
time for a review of the violations, drafting  of  the letter, legal  review  and
filing.  Assuming 25 percent of the 40 hours are  clerical  and  the  rest
supervisory, the cost of a warning letter will be [(30  hours x  $20) + (10
hours x $12)] = $720.  The total number of such letters is  likely  to  be
between 1,260 (20 percent of 6,300)  and 1,800  (20 percent  of 9,000).  The
total enforcement cost, therefore, will be between $0.91 million and  $1.30
million.

    Each of the cost elements stated  above will not  be  incurred for every
regulatory alternative under consideration.  The  next section  relates the
costs discussed above to the various  regulatory alternatives.

5.3.  COSTS FOR EACH REGULATORY  ALTERNATIVE

    As discussed in Chapter 1,  EPA has identified several  options  for
regulating SQGs.  Agency costs  for each of these  regulatory alternatives  are
outlined in Exhibit 5-1.

    EPA costs for Alternatives  1, 2,  5 and 6 are  identical.  EPA costs  for
Alternatives 3 and 4 differ from the  others  because  of  the costs of the
biennial reporting requirement.  The  major component of the costs  for each
alternative are the technical assistance and public  education  program costs  of
$8 million to $10 million, followed  by the compliance monitoring and
enforcement costs of $1.92 million to  $2.74  million. Exhibit  5-1  indicates
that EPA's costs for the regulation  do not differ very  significantly  between
alternatives.

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                                   5-i
    The costs shown in Exhibit 5-1 may be somewhat overstated.   These
estimates include costs to the 16 states and one territory which are currently
regulating SQGs at or below the 100 kg/month exclusion level,6  and are,
therefore, incurring the costs of some of the activities described above.

    To estimate the degree to which costs may be overstated,  activities
undertaken by five of the 16 states (California, Illinois, Massachusetts,  New
Jersey, and Washington) were examined, based on detailed case studies of the
SQG program in each state.7  The results can be summarized as follows:

         •    Program Administration:   While resources available
              for administering the program to regulate all
              generators were significant, the states allocated
              little or no resources for SQGs specifically.  No
              identification numbers were issued to SQGs; therefore,
              the costs of such an activity under the federal
              regulation will be incremental to whatever program
              administration costs are being incurred currently.  In
              most states, there is some form of reporting and
              recordkeeping activity.   There are no large
              incremental costs for these activities included in
              Exhibit 5-1.  The costs for oversight of state
              programs consist of 10 fulltime persons in each of the
              regions and, therefore,  will be incurred regardless of
              state program characteristics.

        -•    Technical Assistance and Public Education Program
              Costs:  In each of the five states studied some form
              of outreach program exists which consists of annual
              seminars, conferences and a newsletter which on
              occasion includes some information useful to SQGs.
              The level of expenditure on such programs in Illinois
              (the only state for which information is available) is
              around $30,000 or 15 percent of the cost envisioned
              under the EPA funded outreach program.  Because of the
              large number of states which do not regulate SQGs at
              all, it is not unreasonable to assume that the costs
              being incurred currently on outreach programs
              nationwide is 5 to 10 percent of the total cost for
              "Technical Assistance and Public Education Program"
              shown in Exhibit 5-1.  These costs, therefore, maybe
              overstated by this percentage.
    6These are California, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island,
South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Washington, and Guam.

    7"A Study of State Programs for the Regulation of Small Quantity
Generators of Hazardous Waste," submitted to EPA-OSW, The Cadmus Group, Inc.,
July 1984.

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                                   5-9
        •   Inspection and Enforcement:  The inspection costs
            presented in Exhibit 5-1 assume that 7 to 10 percent of
            the SQGs will be inspected annually.  States currently
            inspect SQGs at a rate anywhere from once in ten years
            to once a year.  Certain states, due to lack of
            resources, concentrate on large generators of waste.
            The inspection costs stated in Exhibit 5-1, therefore,
            may be a slight overestimate because they include the
            costs incurred on the inspections which take place
            currently.  In a similar manner, the enforcement cost
            estimate may also be overestimated by a small amount.


    In summary, the costs estimated in Exhibit 5-1 may be overestimated by
perhaps 10 percent.  In any case, these costs are highly dependent on the
Agency's compliance monitoring and enforcement program and will change if this
program is altered in any way.

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                   6.  PROJECTED  ECONOMIC EFFECTS
    This chapter presents the results of the analysis of potential economic
impacts.  Because most of EPA's focus has been on the G2-F2 regulatory
alternative, this analysis also focuses mostly on that alternative.   This is
supplemented by qualitative analysis of other regulatory alternatives
considered.  This chapter also discusses the impacts of the regulations on
small entities.

6.1  INTRODUCTION

    Several assumptions were required to complete this analysis because of
both the complexity of the issues and data limitations.  The SQG regulations
and impacts are a function of numerous, highly variable factors that need to
be considered to provide insight on the magnitude of impacts.   At the plant
level, the impacts are a function of:
         •    waste type;
         •    waste volume;
         •    current management practices;
         •    disposal option;
         •    location of disposal option;
         •    proximity and volume of waste from other SQGs;
         •    financial viability of firms;
         •    industry characteristics and structure;  and
         •    pricing factors.


    Each of these factors could be studied in considerable detail.   For
example, the Abt SQG survey includes over 20 types of waste.   These are
managed by SQGs in numerous forms of disposal, treatment, recycling, reuse,  or
combinations.  Moreover, these conditions are spread over 300 or so industries
with different types and sizes of firms.   In order to perform our analysis,  we
had to make some simplifying assumptions regarding the management of these
wastes as well as for other aspects of the analysis.

    Some important assumptions made to conduct this analysis  are as follows:


        •   Monetary values are in 1984 dollars unless noted
            otherwise.

        •   All initial costs are annualized so that compliance
            costs can be expressed as an even flow of costs to be
            compared to financial flows,  such as revenues and
            profits.  Related to this is  the implicit assumption
            that the financial flows measured and used in the
            analysis are accurate depictions of the economic  status
            of the SQGs modeled.

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                                  6-2
            Annualized  costs  are based on a real  (after adjustment
            for  inflation)  discount rate of 3 percent over a 10-year
            period.   The  resulting  (capital) recovery factor is:
                              n
                 RF =  (
        •   Incremental  compliance  costs  are used to assess
            impacts,  i.e.,  full  compliance  costs less baseline costs.

        •   Costs  and impacts  are on  a pre-tax basis, hence, this
            analysis  is  fairly conservative since deductibility of
            these  costs  would  make  them smaller than pre-tax
            amounts . *

        •   Compliance costs are based on the primary type of
            waste  generated and  the total volume of waste generated
            by a facility,  which includes the primary plus any other
            wastes generated.

        •   Other  Federal  and  state regulations that may be
            enacted in the near  future are  not considered here.  As
            noted  in Chapter 7,  future regulations may have a
            substantial  impact on SQGs .


6.2  EFFECTS UNDER REGULATORY  ALTERNATIVE  1

     Regulatory Alternative 1  includes minimum generator requirements  (Option
G2) and delayed SQG requirements (equal to  large quantity generators
requirements) for  on-site  waste  management  (Option F2).  This section
evaluates the economic impacts of this regulatory alternative on firms,
industries,  and society.

     6.2.1.   Firm/Plant  Level  Effects

         6.2.1.1  Firm/Plant Level  Compliance Costs and Management Options

     The unit compliance costs developed  for  this analysis cover many
technical options.  However, for purposes of  analyzing the impact of
compliance costs on plants and firms, it  was  not initially necessary  to  assign
specific baseline  and compliance management options  for each of the model
plants developed in the  study  and to  comprehensively apply the associated  unit
     JChapter 7 discusses the implications  of using pre-tax costs  versus
post-tax costs.

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                                   6-3
costs.  Therefore, the baseline assumed was off-site disposal in a sanitary
landfill.  The post-regulation compliance management option assumed was a
Subtitle C secured landfill.  This results in, generally, a "maximum cost"
scenario because much of the waste currently is either recycled, disposed at
Subtitle C facilities, or disposed in sewers (POTW).  These practices will not
require major changes in waste management, so compliance costs will actually
be much lower than those associated with shifting from a sanitary landfill to
a secured landfill.  Chapter 4 provides more detailed cost comparisons for
different baseline and compliance management practices.

     The model plant "maximum" impacts will likely be experienced by some but
not all regulated SQGs in the particular sector represented.  However, if the
firms can meet the maximum compliance requirement and still remain viable,
then we can be confident that few closures will occur and that firm-level
impacts will not be significant.

         6.2.1.2  Compliance  Costs  Relative to Sales and Profitability

     A first screening of model plants was conducted to identify plants in the
affected industries that may potentially experience significant impacts under
the SQG regulations.  The models for this subset of plants so identified were
then subjected to a second screening to further investigate the financial
effects of the regulation.  A third screen was also available to be applied to
some models if the initial screens indicated (1) "compliance costs as a percent
of sales equal to or greater than 1.0, and (2) compliance costs as a percent
of profits equal to or greater than 25.0.

     The results of the second screening are shown in Appendix D.  Results for
over 280 model plants indicate that most experience insignificant impacts.
Over 80 percent of all the models show that incremental costs are a relatively
small proportion of profits, less than 10 percent.  A few of the models,
mostly in the service industries, show incremental costs as a proportion of
profits to be in excess of 10 percent.  This reflects primarily the relatively
low profitability of these models under baseline conditions (a recessionary
period for many of the service industries).  If data on profits for more
recent years were used, the impacts would very likely be less.  Moreover, some
service institutions are low or nonprofit operations by design, such as
private or public golf clubs, hospitals, and other public institutions.

     Some of this information on the magnitude of impacts is summarized in
Exhibit 6-1, which shows compliance costs as a percentage of sales and
profits.  Twenty-seven, or 54 percent, of the 50 models showing the greatest
effects are in the service industries (SICs 7000-8000).  In contrast, for all
the 289 models developed, only 67 models or 23 percent, represent
establishments in the service industries.  Seventeen (34 percent) of the 50
models were in the manufacturing industries, compared with a total of 201
models (70 percent) developed to represent this sector among all 289 models
analyzed.  Three models were developed to represent the wholesale trade
industries.   None of these were included among the most affected industries.
Finally, six models were developed for the agricultural service industries.
Half of these are included in Exhibit 6-1.

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                                   6-5
    For these most impacted plants, ten models are in the manufacturing
industry group, six models each are in the photography and printing/ceramics
group, and five models each are in the vehicle maintenance and pesticide
application services group.  The most predominant waste generated by the 50
models is spent solvents, with 12 of the models generating this waste type.
Seven models each generate pesticide washing solutions and photographic wastes.

    Thirty-seven of the 50 models, or 74 percent, have revenues of less than
$500,000.  In the remaining 239 model plants developed, only one had revenues
of less than $500,000.  About half of the 50 models have revenues of less than
$200,000 annually.  Only 13 show sales in excess of $500,000.  In comparison,
about 90 percent of all of the models developed have revenues exceeding
$500,000.  Of the 50 models showing the greatest effects, 43, or 86 percent,
have returns on sales between 5 and 10 percent.  Four models have returns on
sales less than 5 percent.  However, when comparing compliance costs with
revenues, over half of the models show these costs as a percent of sales to be
less than one percent.

    Thirty-three of the 50 models fall in the smallest size category with less
than 10 employees.  Seventeen are in the medium category while none fall in
the large category.  In terms of waste stream amounts, 31 models, or 62
percent of the 50 models, have streams of less than 3,000 kg/yr.  Thirteen
models have annual waste streams falling between 3,000 and 6,000 kg and 6
models have streams exceeding 6,000 kg/yr.

    In terms of compliance costs, 32 of the 50 models show costs of less than
$3,000 and ten models incur costs between $3,000 and $4,000.  Eight models
have costs greater than $4,000.  Costs per metric ton ranged from $.34/MT for
a generator with 12,000 kg of spent solvents to $3.85 MT for a generator with
500 kg of ignitable paint wastes.

         6.2.1.3  Firm/Plant Closure Possibilities

    In general the profits and sales comparisons suggest few closures are
likely.  Only six models met the tests for further analysis of possible
closure.  All of these are small models (listed in Exhibit 6-2) and have
compliance costs as a percent of sales greater than 1 percent and costs as a
percent of profits greater than 25 percent.

    The greatest potential for closure due to compliance costs is shown for
the Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning (SIC 7217) model with the costs as a
percent of sales exceeding 4 percent.  Costs as a percent of profits for this
industry amounted to almost 50 percent.  Four of the models including the
Carpet Cleaning model, fall in the service industries group.  The Building
Maintenance Service (SIC 7349) model shows the next greatest potential impact,
with compliance costs as a percent of sales at 3.5 percent.  For this model,
compliance costs as a percent of profits exceed 25 percent.  Other models in
the service industries group were Photofinishing Laboratories (SIC 7395) and
Membership Sports and Recreation (SIC 7997).  Compliance costs as a percentage
of sales for both of these models exceed 1.5 percent.  Costs as a percent of
profits exceed 30 percent as well.  The Plating and Polishing (SIC 3471) model

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                                   6-7
shows compliance costs as a percent of sales of almost 3 percent, and costs as
a percent of profits exceeding 3 percent.  The Lawn and Garden Services (SIC
782) model in the agricultural service industry group, shows potential impacts
slightly higher than Plating and Polishing, with costs as a percent of sales
at about 2 percent.

    For each of these model plants, a third and more detailed screening was
conducted to determine if plant closures appear probable.  This screen used
discounted net present value (NPV) analysis of cash flows to determine if
closure is likely.  The NPV including compliance costs, of all models were
greater than zero, indicating that closures are unlikely because of the SQG
regulations.

    6.2.2  Industry Compliance Costs

    Impacts of the compliance costs on the major industry groups are
relatively insignificant.  The costs of compliance as a percent of industry
revenues are not expected to exceed 0.2 percent for any individual industry.

    Exhibit 6-3 shows, for each of the major industry groups, the types and
amounts of wastes generated, the costs expressed as annual revenue
requirements, the major SIC industries in the group along with the associated
revenues, and the impacts expressed as incremental costs as percentage of
total revenues.  In metal manufacturing, 34,600 MT of spent solvents are
generated.  The costs of disposing of this waste amounts to almost $7
million.  Other wastes generated in this group are acids/alkalis (12,000 MT)
and spent plating wastes (4,500 MT).  The total amount of waste is about
60,000 MT.  The total cost to be incurred by this industry group is $10
million.  The SIC industries included in metal manufacturing are classified in
the 2-digit groups from SIC 34 to SIC 39.  Incremental compliance cost as a
percent of total revenue of these 2-digit SIC industry groups is .001 percent
(the total revenues exceed $800 million).

    The vehicle maintenance industry generates close to 50,000 MT of waste,
primarily spent solvents (35,200 MT).  Over 12,000 MT of acids and alkalis are
generated in this group.  Total compliance costs for managing the wastes
generated by this industry group are about $9 million.  This amounts to less
than .1 percent of the total revenues generated by the 3-digit SIC industry
group of automotive repair shops.

    The photography and printing groups generate 16,100 MT and 13,200 MT of
wastes respectively.  In each group, photographic waste is the largest amount
of waste generated.   Compliance costs for each of the groups are about $2
million.  The remaining groups shown on Exhibit 6-3 each generate less than
10,000 MT annually.   The total compliance cost in each of these groups is less
than $4 million (revenues for SICs 711, 721, 782 are not available).  These
costs are relatively insignificant when compared to the revenues of the
applicable SIC industry groups.  The compliance costs in the groups are less
than .05 percent of revenues.

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                                   6-10
    With the very low aggregate compliance costs  and few anticipated closures,
industry effects on production, employment,  profitability and prices are
likely to be insignificant.   Individual SQGs,  especially small-sized,  large-
volume generators,  may experience significant  impacts,  but these will  be
limited in number.   Moreover,  SQGs account for less  than half of any given
industry's output,  often less  than even 5  percent.

    6.2.3  Effects  on Society

    The effects of SQG regulations on society  mainly consist of the additional
costs that will be borne by SQGs, their consumers,  and the taxpayers,  through
increased government costs.   Thus, to the  extent  that costs of compliance are
eventually "passed-through" to consumers in the form of higher prices  for the
products produced by SQGs,  then consumers  will bear  the costs outlined in
Chapter 4 and in this Chapter.  On the other hand,  if these costs cannot
easily be passed-through to consumers, then the owners of SQG establishments
or the owners of factors of production used in these firms will bear these
costs.

    In either event, society as a whole bears  these  costs, regardless  of the
identities of the particular parties that  ultimately bear them.  This  applies
with equal force to the tax deductibility  of compliance costs.  If SQGs can
deduct the costs imposed by the regulations, then the government also bears
some of the costs in the form of reduced tax revenues.   Thus, it is the sum of
the post-tax costs of compliance and the implied reduction in tax revenues
received by the government that measures the total  costs to society.  Chapter 4
calculated total costs of the SQG regulations  on a  pre-tax basis as about $58
million per year.  Hence, this plus the approximately $12 million per year in
government costs is the total burden of the regulations on society.

6.3  EFFECTS UNDER OTHER  REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES

    The economic effects of other regulatory alternatives are addressed here
qualitatively in terms of how they differ from Regulatory Alternative 1
(Options G2-F2).  The other regulatory alternatives  are:


         Regulatory Alternative 2 (Options G2-F1)
         Regulatory Alternative 3 (Options G1-F1)
         Regulatory Alternative 4 (Options G1-F2)
         Regulatory Alternative 5 (Options G3-F1)
         Regulatory Alternative 6 (Options G3-G2)


The effects discussed are primarily firm-level impacts effects because
industry level impacts will be insignificant (in light of the analysis of
section 6.2) under all regulatory alternatives.

    6.3.1.  Effects Under  Regulatory Alternative 2
                                                                           »•
    Effects under this regulatory alternative will  be essentially the same as
for Regulatory Alternative 1.  The only difference between the two
I

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                                   6-11
alternatives is that the on-site management options under Fl will become
effective six months earlier than under F2.  This would result in short-term
adjustments and timing of impacts slightly different from alternative 1, but
not significantly different in magnitude.  The compliance costs for individual
generators will not be altered much, particularly because on-site management
is not common among small quantity generators.

    6.3.2  Effects  Under  Regulatory Alternative 3

    The effects of this regulatory alternative will be significantly greater
for SQGs in comparison to Regulatory Alternative 1.  This is primarily
attributed to the costs associated with full recordkeeping,  full manifesting
and biennial reports associated with generator option Gl of this alternative.
Incremental compliance costs for generators will be in the range of 5 to 25
percent higher than for comparable G2 option costs.  Moreover, the highest
difference is associated with the smallest generators.  Regressivity will
increase costs disproportionately for the smallest generators who already
would experience proportionately higher unit compliance costs under Regulatory
Alternative 1.

    6.3.3  Effects  Under  Regulatory Alternative 4

    Economic effects under this alternative will be essentially the same as
under Regulatory Alternative 3.  The only difference between the two
alternatives is the six month delay in meeting on-site management requirements
under Alternative 4.  This delay is not expected to significantly alter
long-term impacts.

    6.3.4  Effects  Under  Regulatory Alternative 5

    The economic impacts associated with this alternative will be greater than
Regulatory Alternative 1, but less than Regulatory Alternatives 3 or 4.  A
preliminary analysis of incremental compliance costs showed that plant- or
firm-level compliance costs under this alternative would be about 3 to 12
percent more than for compliance under Regulatory Alternative 1.  Again, these
are mainly additional recordkeeping costs because the biennial report is not
required.

    6.3.5  Effects  Under  Regulatory Alternative 6

    This alternative differs from Regulatory Alternative 5 only by delaying
on-site management requirements by six months.  As in previous cases, this
difference should not change the economic impacts significantly.

6.4  EFFECTS ON  SMALL ENTITIES

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act requires agencies to prepare initial and
final regulatory flexibility analyses for any rule that will cause a
significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.  The key steps
in preparing these analyses are as follows:

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                                   6-12
        •   Identify the universe of "small entities" affected by
            the rule;

        •   Determine if a "substantial number" of small entities
            will be affected by the rule;  and

        •   Evaluate if the rule will have "significant" impacts
            on these "small entities".

    The Small Quantity Generator regulations primarily affect small firms.
Therefore, the concerns of the Regulatory Flexibility Act for the effects of
the regulations on small businesses are addressed to a large extent by the
overall economic analysis performed on the regulations.

    Three commonly accepted tests to measure whether or not small businesses
would be severely impacted are:
        (1) Annual compliance costs will increase the relevant production
            costs for small entities by more than five percent.

        (2) Capital costs of compliance will represent a significant portion
            of the capital available to small entities, taking into account
            internal cash flow plus external financing capabilities; or

        (3) The costs of the regulation will likely result in closure of small
            entities.
    The significance of SQG compliance costs on small businesses can be
analyzed using the results described in section 6.2 for the different types
and sizes of model plants modeled.  In general, the analysis in section 6.2
suggests that the SQG regulations will not cause significant impacts on small
firms.  None of the model plants established for this analysis show cost
increases of more than five percent of sales as a direct result of compliance
costs.  The favored regulatory alternative requires no significant capital
outlays and thus should not affect capital requirements or availability.
Finally, even the most severely impacted model plants would not close under
the assumptions of this exercise and would continue to operate at a profit.

    In summary, it appears that the impact on small firms will not cause a
significant number of hardships.  There will be cases where compliance costs
for some individual firms may be severe, i.e., on-site management or
transportation greater than 200 miles.  These are likely to be isolated cases,

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                7.  SUMMARY AND LIMITATIONS OF  THE  ANALYSIS
7.1  SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS

    Chapters 4, 5, and 6 report the results of our analysis of the incremental
costs of compliance of the regulations proposed for SQGs.   It is useful to
summarize those results, to discuss their sensitivity to changes in important
input data, and to highlight some limitations of the analysis and results.
This section summarizes the results and the following two sections discuss
sensitivity of the results and limitations of the analysis.

    Analytically, the analysis of the costs of the regulation was divided into
(1) incremental costs to society as a whole, (2) costs to government,  and (3)
economic impacts on firms and industries.   Our results for each of these
categories are summarized below.

    7.1.1  Incremental Costs to Society

    Analytically, our method for estimating the incremental compliance costs
of the regulation was to calculate the costs associated with managing
hazardous wastes after the regulation and to subtract from these the costs of
managing these wastes prior to the regulation.   On a per metric ton basis, the
average incremental compliance cost over all wastes is about $206.  Because of
differences in baseline practices and, hence, the cost of compliance,  the
incremental costs vary substantially across different wastes.  In fact, the
baseline method of waste management by SQGs is adequate to comply with the
regulations in many cases.  Others will have to change waste management
practices in order to comply.  After allocating these incremental compliance
costs to the universe of SQGs according to the types of wastes they generate
and their baseline waste management practices,  our estimate of the total
incremental cost of the G2-F2 regulatory alternative is about $58 million.
Much of this total is focused on a few types of wastes (spent solvents, dry
cleaning residues, acids and alkalies, and ignitable waste) that constitute a
large proportion of the wastes generated by SQGs.

    This $58 million estimate is a cost to society because it is based on
pre-tax costs of compliance.  Hence, if the approximately $12 million annual
government costs are added to the $58 million compliance costs, total social
costs of the regulation are approximately $70 million per year.

    7.1.2  Costs to the Government

    Our analysis of the government costs of the regulations focused on
estimating costs for program administration, technical assistance and public
education programs, and compliance monitoring and enforcement.  Under the
G2-F2 regulatory alternative, we estimate that program administration costs
will be about $1 million,  technical assistance and public education program
costs will be between $8 and $10 million,  and compliance monitoring and
enforcement costs will be $2 to $2.5 million.  In total, our estimates of the
government costs due to the regulation range from about $11 to $14 million for
the first year that the regulations are in place.  Our best estimate of these
costs is about $12 million.

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                                   7-2
    7.1.3  Economic Impacts

    Our method for analyzing the economic impacts  of the regulations  on SQG
firms and on industries with many potentially affected parties  was to evaluate
the magnitude of the incremental costs imposed by  the regulations  relative to
sales, profits,  and other financial flows of the potentially affected firms.
By constructing numerous model plants and then assessing the potential
economic impacts of the regulations on the viability of these enterprises, our
conclusion is that the regulations will not cause  significant industry impacts
and that few, if any,  firms will suffer substantial  hardship by complying.  In
almost all cases, the  model plants analysis indicates that the  ratios of
incremental compliance costs to sales and profits  do not exceed levels that
would indicate serious financial hardships, and that the discounted cash flows
of the SQGs most affected are still positive after including the compliance
costs associated with  the SQG regulations.

7.2  SENSITIVITY OF THE RESULTS

    The analysis of the total compliance costs and the economic impacts of SQG
regulations requires a large amount of information.   Some of the data that
substantially affect the results are the types and volumes of waste generated;
current waste management practices; compliance options; financial  size of
business; profitability of business; proximity to  other SQGs, transporters,and
disposal sites;  reuse  and recycling practices; and specific SQG regulatory
alternatives.  Many of these have been discussed individually or jointly in
previous chapters of this report.

    There are other factors that also can substantially affect the compliance
costs and the estimated impacts.  These include tax considerations, discount
rates used for annualizing costs, and other proposed EPA regulations.

    7.2.1  Alternative Waste Generation Rates of SQGs

    The compliance cost estimates presented in Chapter 4 assumed that SQGs
generate 6,000 kg/yr.   For purposes of estimating social costs of compliance,
using this median generation rate is reasonable, but some sensitivity analysis
is still appropriate.

    Two alternative SQG waste generation rates were also modeled,  1,200 kg/yr
and 12,000 kg/yr, based on the detailed compliance cost information presented
in Exhibits 4-5 through 4-15.  Using these extreme values for quantities of
wastes generated results in a substantial change in the total compliance costs
($220 million for the 1,200 kg/yr rate and $37 million for the 12,000 kg/yr
rate).  However, these are truly extreme cases.  The Abt data suggest that the
mean generation rate  is between 3,600 kg/yr and 6,000 kg/yr.

    Although only the 1,200, 6,000, and 12,000 kg/yr rates are explicitly
modeled here, it is possible to interpolate (nonlinearly) to obtain rough
estimates of the total compliance costs for generation rates of 3,600 and
4,800 kg/yr  (the midpoint between 3-.600 and 6,000 kg/yr).  The implied
estimates of total compliance costs range from $85 million for the 3,600 kg/yr

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generation rate, $68 million for the 4,800 kg/yr rate, and, as presented
earlier, $58 million for the 6,000 kg/yr rate.   Thus, regardless of the
specific average waste generation rate for SQGs selected within the range
provided by the Abt data, the costs never exceed $100 million per year.
Hence, the total compliance cost estimate computed using the 6,000 kg/yr
generation rate is fairly robust.

    7.2.2  Impact of Multiple Waste Streams on Baseline and Compliance Costs

    The analysis of the baseline and total compliance costs of SQG regulations
was based on the simplifying assumption that each SQG generates only one waste
stream.  Further analysis of the top ten waste streams generated by SQG
facilities, however, indicates that many industries are likely to generate
more than one waste.  For instance, users or formulators of pesticides who
report generating pesticide washing and rinsing solutions are also likely to
produce waste pesticides and empty pesticide containers as part of their
facility's operations.

    An estimate of the number and type of waste streams generated by SQG
facilities was developed to determine whether or not baseline or compliance
costs would be impacted by more than one waste stream.  SQG facilities are
likely to generate two or three waste streams,  although in some industries, as
many as five different waste streams may be generated.  For example, a small
metal fabricating shop will probably generate three to five of the following
wastes:  ignitable paint wastes, spent solvents, paint wastes with heavy
metals, and spent plating and cyanide wastes if metal finishing operations are
also conducted.  Industries in which it is likely that only one waste stream
is generated are funeral services (wastes containing formaldehyde) and dry
cleaning establishments (filtration residues).   These two industries,
respectively, account for the majority of the waste formaldehyde and dry
cleaning wastes generated each year by small quantity generators.

    The anticipated impact on the estimated baseline and compliance costs of
managing multiple waste streams at an SQG facility is believed to be
negligible.  In considering impacts to baseline management costs, facilities
with more than one waste stream are not very likely to treat their wastes on
site, particularly if it necessitates more than one treatment system to be
installed.  In these instances, POTW disposal and off-site management are the
most likely compliance practices, with a limited percentage of facilities
operating their own treatment systems only for wastes that can be treated in
one system.  Costs for commercial treatment or disposal should also remain
relatively unchanged from previous estimates on the basis that many of the
wastes are either combined in the same container (i.e., the wastes are
compatible) or have very similar treatment or disposal prices.  Prices for
commercial transportation are based on quantity shipped and therefore should
not be affected.

    Baseline and incremental compliance costs for container storage also
remain unchanged from previous estimates because the existing assumption
allows for a sufficient number of containers and space to segregate ignitable,
reactive, and incompatible wastes generated by an SQG with multiple waste

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                                   7-4
streams.  In cases where incompatible or reactive wastes are generated and
waste segregation with separate containers is necessary (e.g., spent plating
wastes and cyanide wastes at a metal finishing operation) the existing cost
estimates remain valid.

    7.2.3  Tax  Considerations

    Tax deductibility of costs is, in effect, a subsidy from government
(society) through reduced tax obligations.  One implication of tax
deductibility is that the net cost actually faced by the regulated f i r:n is
less than the pre-tax cost used in the analysis of this report for assessing
the economic impacts of SQG regulations.  For the cost to society, it is the
pre-tax cost that is relevant.  For economic impacts on firms and industries,
the post-tax costs is the appropriate measure of costs faced by regulated
parties.  Thus, using the pre-tax costs of the regulation in the economic
impacts analysis is conservative in the sense that the net of tax costs faced
by regulated firms will be smaller than those used in the analysis.

    The tax deductibility issue, however, is important in SQG regulations for
another reason -- because of the great variance in marginal tax rates among
generators.  Small quantity generators can fall in any of the tax increments
of the Federal (and state) tax laws.  Current corporate marginal tax rates are:

      Profit Before Tax               Marginal Tax Rate

             $1 - $25,000                     15%
          75,000 - 50,000                     18
          50,001 - 75,000                     30
         75,001 - 100,000                     40
          100,001 or more                     46


    Under traditional regulations, such as large quantity generator
regulations, most, if not all, of the regulated business community are assumed
to have similar marginal tax rates.  This is not the case with SQG regulations.

    Tax considerations cause the direct impacts on generators to be
potentially regressive, i.e., small, low quantity generators  incur a higher
direct  impact than large, higher quantity generators.  Furthermore, this means
that it is possible for generators of equivalent quantities of wastes to
experience different effects of the regulation if their marginal tax rates are
substantially unequal.  For example, after-tax compliance costs for two
generators producing the same quantity and type of waste, and with similar
current management and compliance options could differ by as  much as 31
percent.  Specifically, a firm with $25,000 or less in profits before tax
(PBT) would face 85 percent of the expensed compliance costs, but a similar
type of generator with over $100,000 in PBT would face only 54 percent of the
costs.

    This tax effect appears to be significant.  This study considered 289
types of model plants  representing significant numbers of SQGs.  A tabulation
of these by PBT showed the following distribution.

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                                   7-5
                                                      Incremental Compli-
         Profit Before           Percent of            ance Costs Net of
          Tax Level             Model Plants           Tax Cost per $100

           < 25,000                  17                      $85
        25,000 - 50,000              17                       82
        50,001 - 75,000               8                       70
        75,001 - 100,000              5                       60
        100,001 or more              53                       54


     7.2.4  Annuaiizing and  Discount Rates

     Selecting the appropriate discount rate to use in calculating present
values of costs and benefits and in annualizing costs of compliance is a
difficult task.  Rates used in these contexts vary widely and, to date, little
consensus has been reached on what rates are correct in different contexts,
although work in this area is ongoing.  For the analysis in this report, a
3 percent (after inflation) rate was used in all areas of the study.  There
seems to be some agreement that real rates of discount in this range are
appropriate when examining costs and benefits from a social perspective.

     On the other hand, it can be argued that small firms, especially at the
present time, are faced with much higher real interest rates, on the order of
10 percent.  In a study such as this one, one might decide to calculate all
annualized costs and present values using two discount rates, one derived from
a social perspective and one derived from a private firm's perspective.  It
was determined that the benefits of doing so in this study were not worth the
added complexity and cost.  As it turns out, annualizing the initial costs
imposed by the SQG regulations using a 10 percent rate of interest and the
post-tax costs is quite close to the results obtained by annualizing pre-tax
costs using a 3 percent rate of discount.  For the economic impacts analysis,
as a consequence, using a lower rate than 10 percent offsets the fact that
pre-tax, rather than post-tax, costs are used in the calculations.  Given the
degree of aggregation and the uncertainties about some of the other input
data, adopting this simpler approach of using only one interest rate for both
the social costs analysis and the economic impacts assessment seemed
reasonable.

     7.2.5  Other EPA Regulations

     Small quantity generators may also be affected by other current or
pending regulations which may alter their responses to SQG regulations and
their financial viability.  One such pending regulatory action is the
potential banning of wastes from land disposal (the Land Disposal Restrictions
Program).  This may have significant ramifications for individual generators
depending primarily on the specific wastes banned, the generator's location
relative to other off-site disposal options, and its ability to treat waste
on-site.  The extent of these potential problems cannot be addressed at this
time, but could be incorporated in related SQG analysis when more specific
information is available on the Land Disposal Restrictions Program.

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                                   7-6
     Banning certain SQG wastes from land disposal should not have a
significant effect on the overall available capacity of treatment alternatives
because SQGs generate only a small amount of hazardous waste, less than 1
percent of the total.  Furthermore most of the hazardous waste from SQGs is
recycled or treated or disposed through POTWs and hence, will not be affected
by land disposal regulations.

     SQGs will also be affected by several other pending OSW regulatory
activities.  These include:

         •    Tank regulations;

         •    Used/waste oil regulations;

         •    Burning/blending hazardous waste as fuel; and

         •    Prohibiting nonhazardous liquids from Subtitle C
              facilities.

Finally, some SQGs also are currently subject to Clean Water Act and Clean Air
Act regulations.  While these and other regulations may be minor taken
individually, the combination of existing and planned regulations may impose
significant financial burdens on individual SQGs which this study did not
address.

7.3  LIMITATIONS OF THE  ANALYSIS

    In any study of the costs and impacts of regulations, certain limitation
of data and results exist.  This is especially true of the analysis of the SQG
regulations primarily because of the nature of the regulations.  These
regulations do not necessarily affect most firms in an industry, but they
affect a large number of diverse and dissimilar firms in many industries.
Hence, data requirements for studying the costs and impacts of these
regulations naturally outstrip available information.

    Some specific limitations of the current study, some of which are
potentially remediable given additional data development and research are as
follows:
            The SQG survey conducted by Abt covered only 60
            percent of the SICs potentially affected by SQG
            regulations.  For those industries covered, the data
            were generally incomplete -- data were not available for
            the appropriate sizes of firms and, frequently, the
            observations within size categories were very limited.
            Thus, extensive use of analogous industry assumptions
            were required to estimate the number and characteristics
            of SQGs in certain 4-digit SICs and to estimate waste
            types and quantities for model plants.

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        •   Compliance costs are location dependent,  i.e.,
            proximity to TSD facility, but no data were available
            from which to adjust model plant, industry, or aggregate
            compliance costs for this variable.

        •   Firm impacts and closure analysis are based on median
            values obtained from the Small Business Administration's
            FINSTAT data.  In some model plant categories (1-9
            employees),  financial variability among firms is great
            and some closures would occur among low profit firms.
            Within the context of our economic analysis, these would
            be considered to be atypical operations even though
            several, in absolute numbers, may exist in certain
            segments of certain industries.

        •   In many cases,  it was difficult to interpret the
            responses in the survey of SQGs,  especially regarding
            current waste management practices.   Multiple practices
            were reported and some categories were quite vague, so
            that considerable professional judgement  had to be
            exercised in identifying current  practices.

        •   The assumption made throughout the analysis in this
            report is that there will be full compliance with the
            SQG regulations.  To the extent that this is not true,
            both costs and benefits will presumably be reduced.


    Some of these limitations are potentially remediable given additional data
collection and development, but it is not clear how much additional
information would be gained from doing so.

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                                APPENDIX A


                    WASTE STREAM CHARACTERIZATIONS
    This appendix documents the major characteristics  of  the  twenty-seven
waste streams defined by Abt Associates  as  those  produced by  small quantity
generators.   Each characterization is divided  into  two sections:  the  first
provides information on the quantities of waste generated and the second
describes properties of a typical waste  from the  category.  For each waste
stream, the first exhibit lists the SICs that  are the  main generators  of that
waste and the second exhibit lists the major constituents of  the waste stream
and summarizes the properties that are relevant to  waste  management practices.


    In this Appendix, the waste streams  are numbered sequentially to avoid
confusion.  However, to aid cross-reference to Abt  survey information, the
waste stream number as designated by Abt is given in parentheses after the
name of each waste.

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                                   A-2
Al.  WASTE PESTICIDES  (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 1)

    Waste pesticides are generated by industries  that  use,  produce,  formulate,
or distribute pesticides.   There are a total  of 25  SICs  identified by Abt
(1984)  that produce waste pesticides in concentrated form rather  than dilute
rinsing solutions or empty containers.

    A1.1  Quantities Generated

    Exhibit Al-1 lists the SIC codes of the 25  industries generating waste
pesticides and the quantity generated by each according  to the 1984  Abt
Survey.  Total waste quantity is 104,768.7 kg/month.  Abt data show  that 25.8
percent of the firms generating waste pesticides  produce a total  waste
quantity of greater than 100 kg/month.   These firms produce 68.1  percent  (or
71,397  kg/month) of the total amount of waste pesticides.

    Question 22 of the Abt survey provided respondents the opportunity to
indicate which wastes they generated, in addition to those for which they
received specific questionnaires, by simply checking a space next to each
waste category generated.   No quantity data were  requested to supplement the
yes or no answer.  For waste pesticides, 26 additional industries were so
identified.

    A1.2  Waste Characteristics

    Exhibit Al-2 shows a typical waste stream in this  category determined  by
analogy with two WET model1 waste streams (numbers  02.03.90 and 02.03.91).
Exhibit Al-3 shows a waste toxaphene stream adapted from WET model stream
02.03.01, generated by SIC 2879, formulators of agricultural and household
pest control chemicals.  The WET model estimates  a 30,000 ppm pesticide
concentration for chlordane and parathion and 10,000 ppm for toxaphene;  the
10,000 ppm estimate in Exhibit Al-2 is arrived at using  an average solubility
for several widely used pesticides.
    1 ICF Incorporated.  1984.  The RCRA Risk-Cost Analysis Model, Phase III
Report.  Prepared for the Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, March 1, 1984.  This model is commonly known as the waste-environment-
technology (WET) model.

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                                  A-3



                                EXHIBIT A1-1

                       GENERATORS OF WASTE PESTICIDES
               SIC                            Quantity
               Code                           (kg/month)*

                711                                82
                721                            46,489
                724                               849
                780                               942
                782                             5,504
                783                               162
               2800                               988
               2819                                  .7
               2820                               489
               2840                                 4
               2841                               146
               2870       .                      1,491
               2879                               193
               5161                             4,215
               5191                             8,655
               5251                             8,807
               5311                    '           305
               7341                            14,227
               7349                             6,410
               7391                                 5
               7900                                 5
               7990                                 3
               7992                             4,225
               8249                               496
               8421                                78

Total SICs     25                 Total Waste  104,768.72
Source:  Small Quantity  Generator  data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.


1 National aggregate total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases the
quantities shown for the  2-digit  SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2 Total  may not add due to  rounding.

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                                  A-4



                               EXHIBIT  Al-2

                             WASTE PESTICIDES
      State:
      Generation:

      Fraction Non-water:
      Fraction Suspended:
      Solids  Specific Gravity:
      Average Specific  Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction Chlorine:
      Fraction Ash:
      BOD
                 Liquid
                 Intermittent (users, distributors) or
                 continuous  (producers)
                 .25
                 .2
                 1.1
                 N/A*
                 30,000 kJ/Kg
                 N/A
                 .2
                 0.0
                         Concentration
Constituent
Pesticide
 10,000-30,000
                          Molecular
                          Weight
                 Vapor
                 Pressure
     "Pesticide specific.
                               EXHIBIT A1-3

                              TOXAPHENE WASTE
      State:
      Generation:
      Fraction Non-water:
      Fraction Suspended:
      Solids  Specific Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction Chlorine:
      Fraction Ash:
      BOD
                 Liquid
                 Continuous
                 .25
                 .22
                 1.3
                 10,000  kJ/Kg
                 0.0
                 .2
                 N/A
Constitutent
Concentration
    (ppm)
Molecular
Weight
Vapor
Pressure
Toxaphene
   10,000
  414
   .3

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                                   A-5
A2.  PESTICIDE RINSING SOLUTIONS  (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 2)

    Pesticide rinsing solutions  are obtained when pesticide  containers  are
rinsed prior to disposal.   These wastes are generated  by  32  industries  which
are users or producers of  pesticides.

    A2.1  Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A2-1 lists the 32 industries generating  pesticide  rinsing
solutions and the quantities  generated  by each as reported in  the  1984  Abt
survey.  Total quantity is 505,758  kg/month.

    The Abt data indicates that  36.6 percent of the  firms generating rinsing
solutions produce more than 100  kg/month of total waste.  These  firms account
for 82.6 percent (or 418,532  kg/month)  of total pesticide rinsing  solutions.
Question 22 of the Abt survey identifies an additional 25 SIC  codes that
generate pesticide rinsing solutions, but for which  quantity data  are
unavailable.

    A2.2  Waste  Characterization

    Exhibit A2-2 shows a typical pesticide rinsing solution  waste  stream.  The
concentration of pesticide (ppm) is estimated from ERGO (1978),  which notes
that one rinse of containers  generated  a solution containing 2,000-10,000 ppm
pesticide.  One rinse was  assumed for all rinsed containers.   Solubilities (in
mg/1) of several widely used  pesticides were used to obtain  a  "typical"
concentration of 10,000 ppm of pesticide in the original  solution, therefore,
the low end of the reported scale,  i.e., 2,000 ppm was taken as  the
concentration in the rinsing  solution.

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                                  A-6
                                                                                  1
                               EXHIBIT  A2-1

                 GENERATORS OF PESTICIDE RINSING SOLUTIONS
Total SICs
SIC
Code

 711
 721
 729
 780
 782
 783
1711
2800
2819
2820
2834
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2870
2879
2899
5161
5191
5251
7342
7349
7391
7900
7990
7992
8249
8420
8421
8922

32
              Quantity
             (kg/month)1

                6,501
               76,898
               10,551
               14,275
              108,104
                1,584
                   97
                2,742
                  103
                1,467
                  342
               12,069
                6,418
                4,353
                6,806
                  495
                  784
                1,306
                   57
                  716
                4,946
                4,320
              168,144
                6,891
                  313
                1,234
                  284
               60,524
                  911
                1,984
                  538
                   35

Total Waste   505,758.O2
Source:  Small Quantity Generator  data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National aggregate total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases the
quantities shown for the 2-digit  SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
zTotal may not add due to rounding.

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                            A-7



                          EXHIBIT A2-2

                PESTICIDE RINSING  SOLUTION WASTE
State:
Generation:
Fraction Non-water:
Fraction Suspended:
Average Specific Gravity
Fraction Ash:
Fraction Chlorine:
Heating Value:
PH:
BOD:
Liquid
Intermittent
.002
0.0
1.0
.02*
Dependent on pesticide
Dependent on pesticide
N/A
0.0 (generally not biodegradable)
          Constituent
          Pesticide
                  Concentration
                      (ppm)

                     2,000
        Molecular
        Weight
Vapor
Pressure

 N/A**
              *Basically dirt,  estimated by  analogy to WET wastewater streams.

             v*Pesticide specific.

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                                   A-8
A3.  EMPTY PESTICIDE CONTAINERS (WASTE STREEM  NUMBER  3)

    This waste stream is  generated by  26  industries which use or  produce
pesticides and thus generate empty containers.

    A3.1  Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A3-1 shows the generating  26  industries and  quantities generated
by each according to the  1984 Abt survey.   Total waste quantity is 304,879.9
kg/month.  Abt data show  that 16.7 percent  of  the  firms  generating empty
pesticide containers produce greater than 100  kg/month of waste.  These firms
produce 64.7 percent (197,185.2  kg/month)  of total empty pesticide
containers.   Question 22  of the  Abt survey  identifies an additional 44 SIC
codes as producers of this waste.

    A3.2  Waste Characteristics

    Exhibit A3-2 shows a  waste stream  with typical characteristics.   TRW
(1979)  data were used extensively to estimate  the  amount of  pesticide
remaining in each container and  thus the  concentration of pesticide  in the
waste.   Specifically, an  estimate of 93 ml  of  pesticide  solution  remaining  in
each five gallon container was scaled  up  to 30 gallon and 55 gallon  container
size, and multiplied by TRW's estimated distribution of  container sizes to
obtain an average amount  of pesticide  solution remaining in  containers.   This
was translated into parts per million  using average density  (g/ml) and
solubility (mg/1) values  for several well known pesticides,  giving an average
of about 500 ppm.  Clearly, this number is  pesticide specific and may vary
substantially depending on the type of pesticide  in the  waste containers.   The
specific gravity of solids was estimated  assuming  that the containers are
rigid PVC or that they are aluminum, giving widely varying results.   Both are
reported in Exhibit A3-2.

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                                   A-9
                             EXHIBIT A3-1

               GENERATORS OF EMPTY PESTICIDE  CONTAINERS
               SIC                            Quantity
               Code                           (kg/month)1

                700                               277
                711                               578
                721                           119,055
                729                               261
                780                             3,586
                782                            65,353
                783                             3,813
               1623                            11,705
               1711                                 4
               2800                               105
               2819                               178
               2820                                54
               2841                                 4
               2842                                11
               2870                               123
               2879                             3,935
               4210                               624
               5161                               438
               5191                             2,990
               5531                                79
               7342                            51,699
               7349                             6,434
               7391                                24
               8249                             1,194
               8421                               223
               8922                                 3
Total SICs     26                Total Waste   304,879.92
Source:  Small Quantity Generator  data  base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National aggregate total for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases the
quantities shown for the 2-digit  SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2Total may not add due to rounding.

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                                  A-10



                               EXHIBIT  A3-2

                      EMPTY PESTICIDE  CONTAINER WASTES
                  State:
                  Generation:
                  Fraction Nonwater:
                  Fraction Suspended:
                  Solids  Specific Gravity:

                  Average Specific Gravity:

                  Heating Value:
                  Fraction Chlorine

                  Fraction Ash:
                  PH:
                  BOD:
                    Solid
                    Intermittent
                    1.0
                    Not  applicable
                    Aluminum  containers - 2.7
                    Rigid  PVC containers -  1.4
                    Aluminum  containers - 2.7
                    Rigid  PVC containers -  1.4
                    0.0
                    Aluminum  containers - 0.0
                    Rigid  PVC containers -  .5
                    0.0
                    7.0
                    0.0
Constituent
Pesticide
Concentration
  (ppm)	

    500*
Molecular
Weight

    N/A*
Vapor
Pressure

  N/A*
    •Pesticide specific.

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                                   A-ll
A4.  HEAVY METAL DUST (WASTE  STREAM  NUMBER 6)

    Heavy metal dust is generated by highly diverse industries,  from inorganic
chemical production to transportation equipment.   Thus a  single  characteriza-
tion that will apply to waste generated by all industries is  difficult,  as
different metals are likely to appear in varying amounts  in the  wastes.

    A4.1  Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A4-1 shows the 13 generating industries and the corresponding
kg/month of wastes produced according to Abt  survey data.  Total quantity is
14,413.3 kg/month.  Abt data indicate 45.1 percent of the firms  generating
heavy metal dust generate greater than 100 kg/month of total  waste.   These
firms account for 94.3 percent (or 13,597.6 kg/month) of  total heavy metal
dust.  Question 22 of the Abt survey identifies an additional 36 SIC codes
which generate heavy metal dust.

    A4.2  Waste Characteristics

    A typical heavy metal dust stream is shown in Exhibit A4-2,  adapted  from  a
WET model stream (05.01.01) generated by SIC  3312, steel  production.   Other
heavy metal dust waste streams included in the model's data base give metal
concentrations ranging from 180 ppm (cadmium  concentration in electric arc
furnace dust) to 120,000 ppm (lead concentration in emission  control dust from
lead smelting).  Clearly the metal concentration is highly variable,  though
the other characteristics are roughly constant.

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                                  A-12



                            EXHIBIT A4-1

                    GENERATORS  OF HEAVY METAL  DUST
               SIC                             Quantity
               Code                           (kg/month)1

               2800                                  4
               2810                              4,520
               2819                              1,298
               2840                                  2
               2893                              6,901
               2899                                174
               3200                                 19
               3211                                  5
               3540                                 21
               3674                                   .4
               3710                              1,467
               3851                                  1
               7391                                  1

Total SICs      13                  Total Waste  14,413.32
Source:  Small Quantity Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource  Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National aggregate  total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases the
quantities shown for  the  2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2Total may not add due to rounding.

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Constituent

Cadmium
Chromium VI
Lead
                                  A-13



                               EXHIBIT A4-2

                              HEAVY METAL  DUST
                  State:
                  Generation:
                  Fraction Nonwater:
                  Fraction Suspended:
                  Solids  Specific Gravity:
                  Average Specific Gravity:
                  Heating Value:
                  Fraction Chlorine
                  Fraction Ash:
                  pH:
                  BOD:
                       Concentration
 1,000
   500
15,000
                            Solid
                            Continuous
                            1.0
                            Not applicable
                            4.41
                            4.41
                            0.0
                            0.0
                            0.0
                            12.6
                            0.0
Molecular
Weight

   112
    52
   207
Vapor
Pressure

  0
  0
  0

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                                   A-14
A5.  CYANIDE WASTES (WASTE. STREAM  NUMBER  8)

    Cyanide wastes are primarily generated by SICs  3470  (metal  services)  and
1711 (plumbing,  heating, and air conditioning).   The 1984 Abt survey
identified 15 other SICs that are generators of  cyanide  wastes  and provided
quantity data.

    A5.1  Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A5-1 lists the 17 SICs generating cyanide  wastes  and the quantity
generated by each according to the 1984 Abt survey.  Total waste quantity is
178,833.4 kg/month.  Abt data show that 70.2 percent of  the firms generating
cyanide wastes produce over 100 kg/month total waste and generate 99.2 percent
(or 177,386.4 kg/month) of the total cyanide waste.  Question 22 of the Abt
survey identified 18 other SICs that generate cyanide  wastes  but for which no
quantity data are available.

    A5.2  Waste  Characteristics

    Exhibit A5-2 describes a typical cyanide waste  determined by analogy with
the waste streams included in the RCRA Risk-Cost Analysis Model.  We compared
the SICs given by the model and the SICs listed  in  Exhibit A5-1.  Four of the
SICs listed in Exhibit A5-1--2819, 339, 347, and 3692--appear in the model.
We also had to determine whether the waste streams  representing those four
SICs were cyanide wastes.   Cyanide wastes contain hydrogen cyanide or its
alkali metal salts which are lethal to man at very  low doses.

    Nine waste streams that represent SIC 2819 (industrial inorganic
chemicals) are included in the WET model and are shown in Exhibit A5-3.  They
include hydrogen cyanide and the following salts:  barium, calcium, copper,
nickel, potassium, silver, sodium and zinc.  Each of these nine streams is a
RCRA P-listed waste that contains 10 percent of  cyanide  and 90 percent of
inert materials.  P-listed wastes are discarded  commercial chemical products
and are often generated by small quantity generators.   Quantity information
from the WET model (Exhibit A5-3) indicates that only  two streams, copper and
hydrogen cyanide, are above the 1,000 kg/month limit.

    There are two waste streams in the model which  represent SIC 339
(miscellaneous primary metal products) (Exhibit  A5-3).  They are both RCRA
F-listed wastes  (F010 and F012) that contain 1.76 and  5  percent of cyanide.
F-listed wastes are hazardous wastes from non-specific sources.  Only F012,
quenching wastewater treatment sludge from metal heat  treating operations where
cyanides are used in the process, is generated in small  quantities (1 kg/day).

    Four waste streams represent SIC 347 (electroplating).  Three of them
contain cyanide as well as other metals such as  cadmium, copper, chromium and
nickel.  Two of these streams are RCRA F-listed  wastes and contain 50 and 75
ppm of cyanide.  The other streams are not listed under RCRA.  The spent
electroless nickel plating process solution is the  only stream generated in
small quantities  (30 kg/day).  Exhibit A5-3 indicates  the concentrations of
the constituents of concern and the quantity generated for each of the streams
previously mentioned.

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P A-15
1
EXH

IBIT A5-1
1 GENERATORS OF CYANIDE WASTES
m sic
Code
* 711
2711
12800
2819
2893
2899
• 3400
M 3470
3471
13479
3500
3600
13674
3692
3822
3910
I
Total SICs: 17
Quantity
(kg/month) 1
40,873
5,286
133
81
168
217
4,055
51,264
14,015
.233
11
18,160
12
16
22,054
22,186
70

178, 833. 42
Source: Small Quantity Generator data base generated by Development Planning
• and Resource Associates from
1 National aggregate total for each
» appear along with the corresponding
quantities shown for the 2-digit SIC
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
• 2 Total may not add due to rounding.
1
1
1
1
1
the Abt Survey information.
SIC. In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
2-digit SIC. In these cases the
are exclusive of the quantities shown for








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                                  A-16



                               EXHIBIT A5-2

                              CYANIDE WASTE
      State:
      Generation:
      Fraction Non-water:
      Fraction Suspended:
      Solids  Specific Gravity:
      Average Specific Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction Chlorine:
      Fraction Ash:
      BOD
                Liquid
                Intermittent
                0.2
                0.02
                2.0
                1.0
                0.0
                0.0
                0.0
                N/A
Constituent

Cyanide
Chromium
Nickel
Concentration
    (ppm)

     50,000
     50,000
     50,000
Molecular
Weight

   27
   52
   59
Vapor
Pressure

658.7
  0
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CYANI
IN E

SIC EPA Waste
Code Code ID
2819 P013 060111
2819 P021 060112

2819 P029 060113

2819 P074 060114

2819 P098 060115
2819 P104 060116
2819 P106 060117
2819 P121 060122
2819 P063 060505
3398 F010 010302
F011
3398 F012 010303

3471 F006 010116
F008



                      A-17
                    EXHIBIT A5-3

CYANIDE WASTES GENERATED BY SIC CODES  LISTED
  IN EXHIBIT A5-1  AND  INCLUDED IN  WET  MODEL
        Name,  Constituents of Concern, Concentration

        Barium Cyanide
        Cyanide (0.1)

        Calcium Cyanide
        Cyanide (0.1)

        Copper Cyanide
        Cyanide (0.1)

        Nickel Cyanide
        Cyanide (0.1)

        Potassium  Cyanide
        Cyanide (0.1)

        Silver Cyanide
        Cyanide (0.1)

        Sodium Cyanide
        Cyanide (0.1)

        Zinc Cyanide
        Cyanide (0.1)

        Hydrogen Cyanide
        Cyanide (0.1)

        Heat Treatment Wastes
        Cyanide (0.05)

        Quenching  wastewater treatment sludges
        from metal heat treating operations where
        cyanides are used in the process
        Cyanides (0.0176)

        Wastewater treatment sludges from
        electroplating operations
        Copper (0.0018), Chromium (0.00068),
        Cadmium (0.00035), Lead (0.0004), and
        Nickel (0.00365)
  Quantity
    per
  Facility
  (kg/day)

     0.0
     3.0
 3,187.0
     0.2
     0.1
     0.1
     5.0
     0.3
76,481.0
   200.0
     1.0
   300.0

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                                  A-18
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                         EXHIBIT A5-3 (Continued)

              CYANIDE WASTES GENERATED  BY SIC  CODES LISTED
             IN  EXHIBIT A5-1 AND INCLUDED IN THE WET MODEL
SIC   EPA   Waste
Code  Code   ID
Name, Constituents  of  Concern, Concentration
3471  F007  010202  Spent cleaning and electroplating
      F009         process solutions
                   Cadmium (0.0001), Copper (0.00014),
                   Cyanide (0.000075), Chromium (0.00017),
                   and Nickel (0.0015)

3471  N/A   010204  Spent electroless nickel plating process
                   solutions.
                   Copper  (0.000024), Cyanide (0.000006),
                   Fluorides (0.000009), and Nickel (0.000023)
3471  N/A   010205
Untreated rinse water  from electroplating
Copper (0.000006),  cyanide (0.00005),
Chromium (0.000017), Nickel  (0.000002), and
Zinc (0.000003).
  Quantity
    per
  Facility
  (kg/day)

 1,200.0
                                                    30.0
10,500.0

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                                   A-19
    To obtain additional information we also considered waste streams from the
WET model representing SICs that were not included in the Abt survey because
they are large quantity generators.  Three streams representing three
different SICs are included in the model.  They contain cyanides at
concentrations ranging from 80 to 7,400 ppm as well as other hazardous
constituents such as phenol, arsenic, chromium, acrylonitrile and
acetonitrile.  Exhibit A5-4 contains a summarized description of these three
waste streams.  According to the model, one of the streams, F019, wastewater
treatment sludges from the chemical conversion coating of aluminum, is
generated in small quantities (9 kg/day) and so it should have been included
as a waste from small quantity generators.


    We combined the sixteen waste streams described in Exhibit AS-3 with the
three waste streams described in Exhibit A5-4 to determine the characteristics
of a cyanide waste.  It appears that small quantity generators are more likely
to generate P-listed wastes or commercial discarded products rather than high
volume wastewaters.  Therefore, a "typical" cyanide waste would probably
contain cyanide and one or two metals such as chromium or nickel at
concentrations of between 10,000 and 100,000 ppm.

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                                  A-20
                             EXHIBIT A5-4

               CYANIDE WASTES INCLUDED IN THE WET MODEL
SIC   EPA   Waste
Code  Code   ID     Name, Constituents of Concern, Concentration

3312  K060  010301  Ammonia still lime sludge from coking
                   operations
                   Cyanide (0.0074), phenol (0.001) and
                   arsenic (0.0011)

N/A   F019  010304  Wastewater treatment sludges from the
                   chemical conversion coating of aluminum
                   cyanide (0.00008) and chromium (0.0001)

2869  K011  020202  Bottom streams from the production of
      K013         acrylonitrile
      K014         Acrylonitrile (0.0004), cyanide (0.0003),
                   and Acetonitrile  (0.006).
     Quantity
       per
     Facility
     (kg/day)

    3,200.0
        9.0
1,452,500.0

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                                   A-21
A6.   PHOTOGRAPHIC WASTES (WASTE  STREAM NUMBER  9)

    Photographic wastes are generated by the printing,  publishing,
photocopying, photographing, and photofinishing industries.   This  waste
overlaps with waste number 33, ink sludge with chromium or lead, generated by
the printing and publishing industry (SIC 27) and  waste number 16,  spent
solvents.

    A6.1  Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A6-1 lists the 34 SICs generating this waste and the quantities
produced by each, according to the 1984 Abt survey.   Total quantity is
35,922.1 kg/month.   Abt data indicates 18.9 percent of  the firms generating
photographic wastes generate more than 100 kg/month total  waste, and this  18.9
percent generates 76.1 percent (or 1,168,561.3 kg/month) of the total
photographic waste.  Question 22 of the Abt survey identifies an additional 32
SICs generating photographic wastes.

    A6.2  Waste Characteristics

    The wastes generated by the industries listed  are for  the most  part
included in other waste categories, particularly solvents  (9) and  waste ink
(33).  TRW (1979) indicates wastes produced by SIC 27 include solvents, dyes,
inks, oils, other organics, and photographic chemicals  such as developers.
Wastes generated by photofinishing laboratories are primarily solvents  such as
acetone and methanol (Forbes 1984).  A representative solvent waste stream is
shown in Exhibit A6-2.  Wastes generated by SIC 7332 include toner  (dry ink)
wastes, and ammonia containers.   TRW indicates that only one third  of the
establishments will generate ammonia containers because the other  two thirds
employ a process using gaseous ammonia.   Exhibit A6-3 shows this typical
ammonia stream, based on data supplied in the TRW  report and assuming a 50
percent ammonia solution.   TRW estimates 193 kg/month of this waste are
generated by SIC code 7332.  Exhibit A6-4 shows the waste  ink steam (waste
33).  Wastes generated by photo processing and photofinishing establishments,
that contain photographic silvers are included and characterized under  waste
28, solution with photo silver,  rather than here.

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                                  A-22
                             EXHIBIT A6-1

                  GENERATORS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC WASTES
Total SICs
SIC
Code

2200
2260
2620
2621
2700
2710
2711
2721
2730
2731
2741
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2760
2761
2790
2791
2793
2795
2823
3555
3823
3993
4899
5161
7300
7330
7332
7333
7395
8249

34
                Quantity
               (kg/month)1

                     35
                     35
                    115
                    173
                  3,201
                    959
                196,550
                  6,583
                    522
                  1,568
                 63,961
                181,149
                144,632
                 43,712
                 13,242
                    802
                  1,404
                  9,854
                    201
                 52,913
                  4,875
                 33,323
                  1,019
                  4,383
                  3,179
                     56
                  2,940
                  2,576
                  1,511
                  3,932
                 32,499
                183,057
                512,669
              	289

Total Waste   1,535,922.I2
Source: Small Quantity Generator  data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National aggregate total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases the
quantities shown for the 2-digit  SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
2Total may not add due to rounding.

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                                  A-23



                               EXHIBIT A6-2

                            PHOTOGRAPHIC WASTE
      State:
      Generation:
      Fraction Non-water:
      Fraction Suspended:
      Solids  Specific  Gravity:
      Average Specific Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction Chlorine:
      Fraction Ash:
      BOD
                Liquid
                Intermittent
                0.9
                0.1
                2.0
                1.2
                15,000  kJ/Kg
                0.0
                0.1
                N/A
Constituent

Acetone
Methanol
Concentration
    (ppm)

    200,000
    200,000
Molecular
Weight

   58
   32
Vapor
Pressure

185.0
 96.0

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                                  A-24



                               EXHIBIT  A6-3

                        BLUEPRINTING AMMONIA WASTES
        State:
        Generation:
        Fraction Nonwater:
        Fraction Suspended:
        Solids  Specific  Gravity:
        Average Specific Gravity:
        Heating Value:
        Fraction Chlorine
        Fraction Ash:
        pH:
        BOD:
                   Solid
                   Intermittent
                   1.0
                   Not  applicable
                   .95*
                   .90
                   0.0
                   0.0
                   0.0
                   11.0**
                   0.0
Constituent
Concentration
    (ppm)
Molecular
Weight
 Vapor
 Pressure
 (mm Hg)
Ammonia
  389,000
  17
6.46xl03
* Assuming polyethene  containers.

**Estimated.

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                                  A-25



                               EXHIBIT A6-4

                      INK SLUDGE WITH CHROMIUM OR LEAD
        State:
        Generation:
        Fraction Nonwater:
        Fraction Suspended:
        Solids  Specific Gravity:
        Average Specific Gravity:
        Heating Value:
        Fraction Chlorine
        Fraction Ash:
        PH:
        BOD:
                  Liquid
                  Continuous
                  .07
                  .06
                  2.0
                  1.0
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  .05
                  12.5
                  0.0
Constituent
Concentration
  (ppm)
Molecular
Weight
Vapor
Pressure
(mm Hg)
Chromium VI
Lead
Toluene
    150
    760
    100
     52
    207
     92
    0
    0
  28.7

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                                   A-26
A7.  REACTIVE WASTES (WASTE  STREAM  NUMBER  10)

    Reactive wastes are generated  primarily by  SIC coes  8062  and  8221,
representing hospitals and  universities.

    A7.1  Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A7-1 lists the  23 SICs generating reactive wastes  and the quantity
generated by each according to the 1984 Abt survey.   Total  waste  quantity  is
98,166.9 kg/month.   About 60 percent of this quantity is generated by
hospitals and universities  (SICs 8062 and 8221).  Abt data  show that 30.5
percent of the firms generating reactive wastes produce  a total waste quantity
greater than 100 kg/month.   These  firms produce 92.5  percent  (or  90,825.6
kg/month) of the total amount of reactive wastes.  Question 22 of the Abt
survey identified an additional 10 SICs that generate reactive wastes,  for
which no quantity data are  available.

    A7.2  Waste Characterisitcs

    The WET Model waste stream data base was used to  characterize reactive
wastes generated by small quantity generators.  Because  the main  generators of
reactive wastes are hospitals and  universities, reactive wastes are not likely
to include explosives, such as trinitrotoluene. Therefore, a typical  reactive
waste would contain cyanide at a concentration  of about  100 ppm,  and a  heavy
metal such as nickel at a concentration of about  1,000 ppm.  Exhibit A7-2
lists the main characteristics of  a reactive waste.

    We compared the SICs given by the model with the  SICs listed  in Exhibit
A7-1.  Only SIC 2869 appears in the model,  and  it was necessary to determine
whether the waste streams representing this SIC were  reactive wastes.

    A reactive waste exhibits any of the following properties (40 CFR  261.23):


        •   is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent
            change without detonating.

        •   forms potentially explosive mixtures with water.

        •   when mixed with water, generates toxic gases, vapors
            or fumes.

        •   is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste which  can
            generate toxic gases.

        •   is capable of detonation or explosive  reaction.

        •   is a forbidden explosive.

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           Total SICs
                                   A-27



                               EXHIBIT A7-1

                   GENERATORS OF REACTIVE WASTE
SIC                   Quantity
Code                 (kg/month)1

2800                   4,350
2819                     616
2834                      38
2869                   1,250
2899                   2,199
3079                   3,918
3350                      81
3500                       4
3599                      30
3674                      28
7391                   7,267
7397                     319
8060                   1,174
8062                  26,794
8069                      18
8071                     468
8200                       8
8211                   2,578
8220                      43
8221                  33,367
8222                   3,606
8249                      10
8922                       0.4

 23     Total Waste   98,166.9
Source:  Small Quantity Generator data  base  generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates  from the Abt Survey information.


1 National aggregate total for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases the
quantities shown for the 2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2 Total  may not add due to rounding.

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                                  A-28



                              EXHIBIT  A7-2

                          REACTIVE WASTE
                    State:                           Liquid
                    Generation:                      Continuous
                    Fraction Non-water:              0.06
                    Fraction Suspended:              0.05
                    Solids Specific Gravity:         2.5
                    Average Specific Gravity:        1.2
                    Heating Value:                   0.0
                    Fraction Chlorine:               0.0
                    Fraction Ash:                    0.0
                    BOC:                             N/A
                                                                 Vapor
                     Concentration          Molecular            Pressure
Constituent          	(ppm)	          Weight                (mmHg)

Cyanide                 0.000075               27,0                658.7
Nickel                  0.0015                 59.0                  0

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                                   A-29
    Moreover, for each listed waste included in 40 CFR Part 261, Subpart D, a
hazard code indicates the basis for listing the waste.  There is only one
stream in the model generated by SIC 2869 and listed because of its
reactivity.  Exhibit A7-3 contains a summarized description of the stream.
Cyanide is one of the constituents of concern, present at a concentration of
3,000 ppm.


    Exhibit A7-4 presents reactive wastes included in the model.  They are
generated in large quantities (above 1,000 kg per month) by SICs 3471
(electroplating and metal finishing), 3398 (metal heat treating), 2865
(industrial organic chemicals) and 2892 (explosives manufacturing).  They
contain heavy metals, cyanide, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and toluene-2,4,-diisocy-
anate.

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                                 A-30
                              EXHIBIT  A7-3

            REACTIVE WASTES GENERATED BY SICs LISTED  IN
             EXHIBIT A7-1 AND  INCLUDED IN THE WET MODEL
                                                                  Quantity
SIC    EPA                    Name, Constituents of Concern,       per facility
Code   Code   Waste ID    	Concentration	      (kg/day)

2869   K011   020202      Bottom streams from the production of    1,452,500.0
       K013               acrylonitrile (0.0004), cyanide  (0.003)
       K014               and acetonitrile (0.006).
I
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                                   A-31
                               EXHIBIT A7-4

             REACTIVE WASTES INCLUDED IN THE WET MODEL
SIC    EPA
Code   Code   Waste ID

3471   F006   010116
       F008
3471   F007   010202
       F009
3398   F010   010302
       F011

2865   K027   030505
2892   K044   010504
       K046
2892   K047   020228
2892   K045   030512
2865   U223   060428
    Name, Constituents of Concern,
             Concentration
  Quantity
per facility
  (kg/day)
Wastewater treatment sludges from electro-    300.0
plating operations
Copper (0.0018), chromium'(0.00068),
cadmium (0.00035), lead (0.0004) and
nickel (0.00365)

Spent cleaning and electroplating process   1,200.0
solutions
Cadmium (0.0001), copper (0.00016),
cyanide (0.000075), chromium (0.00017)
and nickel (0.0015).

Heat treatment wastes                         200.0
Cyanide (0.05)

Centrifuge and distillation residues        37,000.0
from toluene diisocyanate production
Toluene-2,4,-diamine (0.000001) and
Toluene,2,4,-diisocyanate (0.00001)

Waste treatment sludges from the manu-        160.0
facturing and processing of explosives
Lead (0.005)

Pink/red water from TNT operations         55,890.0
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (0.00013)

Spent carbon from the treatment of            166.0
wastewater containing explosives
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (0.0365)

Toluene diisocyanate                          141.0
Toluene-2,4-dissocyanate (0.1)

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                                   A-32
A8.  STRONG ACID OR ALKALINE WASTES (WASTE  STREAM  NUMBER  12)

    Strong acid or alkaline wastes are primarily generated by  SICs  7539
(Automotive Repair shops),  4210 (Trucking)  and 3300  (Metals).   There are  also
91 other SICs identified by Abt (1984) as  generators  of this waste.
Quantities and characteristics of strong acid or alkaline wastes  are difficult
to estimate because of the  heterogeneity of the streams generated by numerous
SICs and the variation within each SIC.

    A8.1   Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A8-1 lists the  94 SICs generating strong  acid or  alkaline wastes
and the quantity generated  by each according to the  1984 Abt  Survey.  Total
waste quantity is 2,482,578.3 kg/month.   The Abt survey shows  that  43.3
percent of the firms generating strong acid or alkaline wastes produce  a  total
waste quantity greater than 100 kg/month.   These firms produce 93.4 percent
(or 2,318,450.9 kg/month) of the total amount of strong acid  or alkaline
wastes.  Question 22 in the Abt survey identified an  additional 22  SICs that
generate strong acid or alkaline wastes, for which no quantity data are
available.

    AS.2   Waste Characteristics

    Exhibit A8-2 contains the characteristics of a typical strong acid  or
alkaline waste.   We compared the SICs represented in  the WET  model  and  the
SICs listed in Exhibit A8-1.  Four of the SICs listed in Exhibit  A8-1--2819,
2861, 2869, and 2893--appear in the model.   We also had to determine whether
the waste streams representing those four SICs were  strong acid or  alkaline
wastes.  The pH of a stream measures the acidity of  the stream; a low pH (less
than 2) corresponds to a strong acid waste, a high pH (greater than 12)
corresponds to a strong alkaline waste.   There is no  information on the pH of
the stream representing SIC 2819 (Industrial Inorganic Chemicals).   Streams
representing SIC 2861 (Gum and Wood Chemicals) have  a neutral  pH and thus are
not acidic or alkaline.  The two remaining SICs--2869 (Industrial Organic
Chemicals) and 2893 (Printing Ink)--are represented  by two alkaline and two
acidic streams.  Exhibit A8-3 indicates the constituents of concern, their
concentrations, and the pH of each stream.   Detailed information contained in
the characterization profiles developed for each waste stream in the model
shows that the acidity of these wastes is due to the  presence of chlorhydric
and sulfuric acid in high concentrations (16 and 20  percent)  and that the
alkalinity of the wastes is due to the presence of sodium hydroxide (9
percent).  These chemicals are ot listed as constituents of concern in  the
exhibit as the WET model waste stream data base focuses on toxic
constituents.  The four streams listed in Exhibit A8-3 are generated in
quantities greater than 1,000 kg/month; which is the upper limit for small
quantity generators.

    In order to increase our knowledge of strong acid or alkaline wastes, we
also considered waste streams from the WET model that represent SICs excluded
from the Abt survey because they generate large  quantities of waste.  We
combined the eight waste streams described in Exhibit A8-4 with the four waste

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                    A-33
                 EXHIBIT A8-1

 GENERATORS OF STRONG ACID OR ALKALINE WASTES
SIC                             Quantity
Code                           (kg/month)x

1711                             5,242
1743                                737
2600                             1,414
2621                             1,506
2631                                47
2649                             4,154
2661                                470
2700                             1,095
2711                                226
2731                                666
2741                                 0.2
2750                            26,053
2751                             7,852
2752                             1,052
2753                            33,367
2791                             3,471
2793                             7,967
2800                            27,494
2810                                 0.04
2819                            10,485
2821                                26
2822                             1,177
2830                             1,959
2834                                969
2840                            16,162
2841                                296
2842                            20,552
2860                                558
2861                                 9
2869                             8,367
2893                             6,050
2899                            13,219
3291                             1,317
3300                            201,886
3400                            18,618
3421                            48,728
3429                             4,385
3444                             5,626
3469                             4,603
3470                            65,843
3471                            79,194
3479                            21,768
3490                            83,533
3500                            56,185

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                   A-34
           EXHIBIT A8-1 (Continued)

 GENERATORS OF  STRONG ACID OR ALKALINE WASTES
SIC                            Quantity
Code                          (kg/month)

3520                               115
3531                           131,606
3555                            13,794
3559                               106
3599                             6,925
3600                               337
3639                                11
3645                             9,727
3662                             1,624
3670                             2,251
3674                           117,073
3679                            97,490
3692                                 6
3811                                19
3820                               461
3822                            13,903
3832                                61
3842                               265
3843                            13,982
3851                             6,952
3861                            41,647
3910                               712
3911                                 5
4210                           333,084
5161                            34,480
5500                           152,096
5511                             5,110
5531                            34,222
7300                               174
7333                               133
7349                             5,763
7390                               566
7391                            14,551
7397                            18,820
7538                            86,175
7539                           472,824
7623                             2,512
7629                               499
8060                             4,829
8062                            19,850
8069                               216
8071                             7,750
8072                             1,431
8200                             6,342

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                                  A-35
                          EXHIBIT A8-1 (Continued)

                GENERATORS OF  STRONG ACID OR ALKALINE WASTES
               SIC                            Quantity
               Code                           (kg/month)1

               8211                             13,345
               8220                                921
               8221                             12,678
               8222                                657
               8411                                 20
               8922                                132
Total SICs:   94                             2,482,578.32
Source:  Small Quantity  Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.


1 National aggregate total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases  the
quantities shown for the  2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown  for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
2 Total may not add due  to  rounding.

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                                  A-36



                               EXHIBIT A8-2

                       STRONG ACID OR ALKALINE WASTE
                                                         I
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      State:
      Generation:
      Fraction Non-water:
      Fraction Suspended:
      Solids  Specific Gravity:
      Average Specific Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction Chlorine:
      Fraction Ash:
      BOD
                Liquid
                Continuous
                0.06
                0.05
                2.0
                1.1
                0.0
                0.0
                0.05
                N/A
Constituent

Lead
Chlorhydric Acid
(or Sodium Hydroxide)
Concentration
    (PPm)

        500
     50,000
     50,000
Molecular
Weight

   207
    36.5
   40
Vapor
Pressure

  0
  0
  0

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                                  A-37
                               EXHIBIT  A8-3

           STRONG ACID OR ALKALINE WASTES CONTAINED IN THE
       WET MODEL AND  GENERATED BY  SICs LISTED IN EXHIBIT A8-1
SIC
Code
Waste ID  Name,  Constituents of Concern, Concentration
2869   020208
2869   020214
2869   020219
2893   010503
          Wastewater from  ethylene dichloride
          production by  combined process.  1,2
          Dichloroethane (0.00869), Vinyl Chloride
          (0.0027),  Methyl Chloride (0.002),
          Chloroform (0.001) and Carbon tetrachloride
          (0.000785)

          Quench tower wastes from methyl methacrylate
          production from  acetone cyanohydrin.
          Methyl methacrylate (0.0003)

          Caustic scrubber effluent from perchloro-
          ethylene and carbon tetrachloride production.
          Carbon Tetrachloride  (0.013)

          Mixed metal sludges from ink formulation.
          Chromium (0.00015), Lead (0.00076) and
          Toluene (0.0001)
14
12.5
       Quantity
         per
       Facility
       (kg/day)

        23,600
 1     358,000
12,000
    60

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SIC
Code
2812



3312


3341



2879

2992


2992


3312



3313






A-38

EXHIBIT A8-4
STRONG ACID OR ALKALINE WASTES CONTAINED IN THE WET
AND GENERATED BY SICs NOT LISTED IN EXHIBIT A8-1




Waste ID Name, Constituents of Concern, Concentration pH
010101 Lead sludges from the diaphragm cell 12
process in chlorine production.
Lead (0.0125)

010201 Spent pickle liquor from steel finishing 1.5
operations. Chromium (0.00001) and
lead (0.0001)
010206 Waste leaching solution from acid leaching 2.0
of emission control dust/sludge from
secondary lead smelting. Chromium (0.0002),
lead (0.00006), and cadmium (0.00011)
020227 Untreated wastewater from the production of 0.5
2,4-D. 2,4-D (0.000056), and 2,4,6T (0.000056)
040202 Acid tar from oil re-refining. 1.0
Lead (0.01), Benzoanthracene (0.01), and
Benzopyrene (0.01)
040203 Caustic sludge from re-refining. 13.0
Lead (0.02), Benzoanthracene (0.04), and
Benzopyrene (0.01)
050101 Emission control dust from the primary 12.6
production of steel in electric furnaces.
Cadmium (0.001), Chromium (0.0005), and
Lead (0.015)
050103 Dust and sludge from silicomanganese 13.0
electric furnaces.
Lead (0.0023)







MODEL


Quantity
per
Facility
(kg/day)
11,800



11,700


5,030



4,783

14,600


12,300


18,000



15,800






1
1

1

1

1
•

1





1




I

1
1

I









1
1
(
1

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                                   A-39
streams described in Exhibit A8-3 to determine the characteristics of a strong
acid or alkaline waste.  Among the twelve waste streams contained in Exhibits
A8-3 and A8-4, eight contain lead with concentrations ranging from 60 ppm to
20,000 ppm and four contain chromium with concentrations ranging from 10 ppm to
50 ppm.  Therefore, a "typical" acidic or basic waste would probably contain a
strong base or acid in the 10,000-100,000 ppm range and a few metals such as
lead or chromium in the 100-10,000 ppm range.

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                                   A-40
A9.   IGNITABLE WASTES (WASTE  STREAM NUMBER  14)

    Ignitable wastes usually contain  flammable  oils and solvents.   SICs  2434
(Glued Wood Products),  3079  (Plastic  Products),  5511  (Motor  Vehicles),  7349
(Building Maintenance Services),  and  8062  (Hospitals)  are the  main generators
of this waste.

    A9.1 Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A9-1 lists  the 88 SICs  generating ignitable wastes and the
quantity generated by each according  to the  1984 Abt  Survey.   Total waste
quantity is 707,078.4 kg/month.   Abt  data  show  that 24.3 percent  of the  firms
generating ignitable wastes  produce a total waste quantity greater than  100
kg/month.  These firms  generate  89.3  percent  (631,341.5 kg/month)  of the total
amount of ignitable wastes.   Question 22 of the Abt survey identified an
additional 24 SICs for  which no  quantity data are available.

    A9.2  Waste Characteristics

    Exhibit A9-2 shows  a typical ignitable waste. The SICs  given by the WET
model and the SICs listed in Exhibit  A9-1  were  compared.   Two  of  the SICs,
2861 and 2869, appear in the model  so it was  necessary to determine whether
the waste streams representing these  two SICs were ignitable wastes.
Ignitable wastes contain constituents such as acetone, aniline, cyclohexane,
tetrahydrofuran, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, xylene, etc.   Some of those
constituents are listed as U wastes or discarded commercial  chemical products
because of both their ignitability  and toxicity.  However, we  believe that
constituents listed because of both ignitability and  toxicity  should be
included in categories  such as category 15,  ignitable paint  wastes, and
category 27, paint wastes with heavy  metals.   Therefore, Exhibit  A9-3 shows
hazardous wastes that contain constituents listed only because of their
ignitability.  Three of those constituents,  acetaldehyde, cyclohexane and
xylene, are included in the WET model.  Exhibit A9-4  shows WET model waste
streams that represent SIC 2869  and contain  acetaldehyde, cyclohexane,  or
xylene.  Acetaldehyde is present in four of  these five streams in
concentrations ranging from 10 to 85.7 percent.

    Exhibit A9-5 shows  four WET model waste  streams  representing SICs other
than 2869 that contain cyclohexane  and xylene.   Xylene is present in three  of
these four streams in concentrations  ranging from 10  to 80 percent.  All four
streams are generated in small quantities  (less than  1,000 kg/month).

    From the previous descriptions, it appears  that  the concentrations of
hazardous constituents are slightly lower  for U listed wastes  or discarded
commercial chemical products than for other  wastes.   We also believe that
small quantity generators are more  likely  to generate U wastes.  Therefore,  a
typical ignitable waste would be likely to contain either acetaldehyde or
xylene at a concentration of 10 percent.

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                    A-41



                 EXHIBIT A9-1

        GENERATORS OF IGNITABLE WASTES
SIC
Code

1700
1711
1721
1752
1761
1793
2200
2434
2500
2510
2511
2520
2521
2541
2600
2621
2631
2640
2641
2647
2661
2789
2800
2819
2820
2821
2822
2834
2840
2842
2843
2844
2861
2869
2879
2899
3079
3131
3211
3251
3291
3300
3411
 Quantity
(kg/month)

     569
     741
  18,100
   3,032
  16,371
      27
   1,378
  40,419
     526
     453
   1,116
   4,332
   1,234
     767
     269
   9,128
     373
     570
     294
     829
     981
  20,959
  13,410
   1,013
   5,330
   6,369
   3,789
  11,478
   2,566
   1,333
   2,743
  12,047
   5,207
   8,675
     760
  10,492
  77,773
  14,128
     687
   2,181
   2,142
     688
      73

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                   A-42



           EXHIBIT A9-1 (Continued)

        GENERATORS OF IGNITABLE WASTES
SIC                            Quantity
Code                           (kg/month)1

3425                               274
3442                             2,864
3443                               299
3444                                36
3499                               733
3500                                26
3531                                13
3559                            24,969
3569                               534
3599                             1,040
3670                             8,517
3714                               260
3829                                47
3843                               527
3911                               201
4469                            27,579
4610                                68
5160                                 4
5161                             2,059
5230                                12
5231                                57
5251                               517
5511                            69,117
7261                                 5
7300                                65
7333                            13,780
7349                            58,595
7391                             6,189
7395                                67
7397                            15,456
7530                               427
7622                            10,922
7629                                 6
7641                             9,737
8060                            17,384
8062                            71,440
8069                             2,517
8071                             7,509
8072                               172
8211                            26,484
8220                                34
8221                            16,683

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                                  A-43



                          EXHIBIT A9-1 (Continued)

                       GENERATORS OF IGNITABLE WASTES
               SIC                            Quantity
               Code                           (kg/month)1

               8222                                73
               8411                                 0.8
               8922                             4,436

Total SICs:   88                               707,078.4
Source:  Small Quantity  Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.


1 National aggregate total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases the
quantities shown for the  2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2 Total  may not add due to  rounding.

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                                  A-44



                               EXHIBIT A9-2

                             IGNITABLE WASTE
      State:
      Generation:
      Fraction Non-water:
      Fraction Suspended:
      Solids  Specific Gravity:
      Average Specific Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction Chlorine:
      Fraction Ash:
      PH:
      BOD:
                              Sludge
                              Intermittent
                              1.0
                              0.2
                              2.0
                              1.4
                              5,000-10,000 kJ/kg
                              0.0
                              0.5
                              N/A
                              N/A
Constituent

Acetaldehyde
Xylene
               Concentration
                   (ppm)

                   100,000
                   100,000
                           Molecular
                           Weight

                               44
                              106
Vapor
Pressure

760.0
  8.39
                                EXHIBIT A9-3

 WASTES  LISTED IN THE WET MODEL BECAUSE OF THEIR IGNITABILITY ONLY
WET No.    Waste Code
                              Ignitable Constituent
06.04.01
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
06.04.10
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
06.04.31
U001
U002
U008
U031
U055
U056
U057
U092
U110
U112
U113
U124
U125
U154
U161
U171
U186
U213
U239
Acetaldehyde or ethanol
Acetone or 2-propanone
Acrylic acid or 2-propanoic acid
n-Butyl alcohol or 1-butanol
Cumene or benzene, (1-methylethyl)-
Cyclohexane or benzene hexahydro
Cyclohexanone
Dimethylamine or methanamine,  N-methyl-
Dipropylamine or 1-propanamine,  N-propyl
Ethyl acetate or acetic  acid,  ethyl  ester
Ethyl ether or ethane l,l'-oxybis-
Furan or furturan
Furfural or 2-furancarboxaldehyde
Methanol or methyl alcohol
Methyl isobutyl ketone or 4-methyl-2-pentanone
2-Nitropropane or propane, 2-nitro
1,3-Pentadiene or 1-methylbutadiene
Tetrahydrofuran
Xylene

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                                  A-45
                               EXHIBIT A9-4

              WET  MODEL WASTES  CONTAINING ACETALDEHYDE,
            CYCLOHEXANE, AND XYLENE  GENERATED  BY SIC 2869


SIC
Code


EPA
Code


Waste
ID


Name, Constituents
of Concern, Concentration

Heating
Value
(kJ/kg)
Quantity
per
Facility
(kg/Day)
2869  N/A   020211
2869  N/A
        Heavy ends  from ethylene oxide
        production  from ethylene oxidation.
        Acetaldehyde  (0.158),
        Ethylene  Oxide  (0.197)
030408  Liquid organics  from hexamethylene
        diamine production by 1,6-
        hexanediol  ammonolysis.
        Cyclohexane (0.2)
10,000
25,200
2869  K010  030414
2869  N/A   030425
2869  U001  060401
        Distillation  side cuts from
        acetaldehyde  production by ethylene
        oxidation.
        Acetaldehyde  (0.162),
        Chloroacetaldehyde  (0.119),
        Chloroform  (0.02),  and
        Formaldehyde  (0.02)

        Acetaldehyde  column waste from acrolein
        production  by propylene oxidation.
        Acetaldehyde  (0.857), Hydroquinone
        (0.014),  and  Acrolein (0.119)

        Acetaldehyde.
        Acetaldehyde  (0.1)
 7,700
 2,700
 2,645.3
 2,800
15,900
24,000
 3,700
    51

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                                  A-46
                               EXHIBIT A9-5

               WASTES CONTAINING CYCLOHEXANE AND XYLENE AND
                    GENERATED BY  SICs OTHER THAN 2869
                                                                     Quantity
                                                         Heating        per
SIC   EPA   Waste            Name,  Constituents             Value      Facility
Code  Code    ID     	of Concern,  Concentration	    (kJ/kg)    (kg/Day)

N/A   F003   030111  Xylene spent solvents.                   42,000       3
                   m-Xylene (0.8)

N/A   F003   030207  Still bottoms from the  recovery of       34,000       1.0
                   xylene.
                   m-Xylene (0.25)

2865  U056   060410  Cyclohexane.                             4,653.2    29
                   Cyclohexane (0.1)

2865  U239   060431  Xylene.         .                         4,287.7     7
                   m-Xylene (0.1)
I
I

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                                   A-47
A10.   IGNITABLE PAINT WASTES CONTAINING FLAMMABLE  SOLVENTS
      (WASTE  STREAM NUMBER  15)

    Ignitable paint  wastes  are primarily generated by SIC  1721,  painting
contractors.  There  are 48  other  SICs  identified by Abt  (1984)  as  generators
of ignitable paint wastes.

    A10.1   Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A10-1 lists the 49 SICs  generating ignitable paint  wastes  and  the
quantity generated by each  according to the 1984 Abt Survey.  Total  waste
quantity is 559,410.6 kg/month.   The Abt survey shows that  19.6 percent  of the
firms generating ignitable  paint  wastes produce a total  waste quantity greater
than 100 kg/month.  These firms produce 72.6 percent (405,991.4 kg/month)  of
the total amount of  ignitable paint  wastes.  Question 22 in the Abt  survey
identified an additional  45 SICs  that  generate ignitable paint  wastes,  for
which no quantity data are  available.

    A10.2   Waste Characteristics

    Exhibit A10-2 contains  the characteristics of a typical ignitable  paint
waste.  None of the  SIC codes listed in Exhibit A10-1 appears in the WET
model.  However, the model  contains  seven streams containing  flammable
solvents used in paints.  Exhibit A10-3 indicates the concentrations of  the
constituents of concern and the quantity generated for each of  the streams.
They contain either  toluene or methyl  ethyl ketone at concentrations ranging
from 1 to 60 percent.  One  of the streams contains heavy metals and  was  used
to characterize category 27, paint wastes with heavy metals.

    Four of the streams represent SIC  2851 (Paint and Allied  Products).  They
all correspond to F005,  a RCRA listed  hazardous waste from  non-specific
sources.  The total  quantity of hazardous waste generated by  each  of the 1,500
manufacturers within SIC  2851 is  552 kg/month, which is  below the  1,000
kg/month limit.  Therefore, we believe that firms in SIC code 2851 generate
hazardous waste in small  quantities  and should have been included  in the Abt
survey.  The TRW analysis estimates  that 142 manufacturers  in SIC  code 2851
are small quantity generators and that the remaining 911 firms  generate  wastes
in quantities greater than  1,000  kg/month.

    The two remaining wastes streams are RCRA U-listed wastes or discarded
commercial chemical  products.  They  represent SICs 2865  and 2869 and contain
10 percent toluene or ethyl methyl ketone and 90 percent inert  materials.
Both streams are generated  in small  quantities (120 and  330 kg/month).
Consequently, a typical ignitable paint waste containing flammable solvents
would contain either toluene or ethyl  methyl ketone at a concentration of  10
percent.

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                    A-48



                EXHIBIT A10-1

     GENERATORS OF  IGNITABLE PAINT WASTES
SIC                            Quantity
Code                           (kg/month)1

1721                           199,106
2400                               312
2430                             5,921
2434                            21,761
2451                             1,222
2500                             8,074
2510                            30,476
2511                               654
2519                            30,774
2520                            16,335
2521                             4,649
2540                             2,703
2541                             1,514
3479                                44
3553                               390
3573                            19,278
3670                             8,835
3811                                49
3822                            48,590
3823                             1,325
3993                            22,227
4200                             2,417
4210                             2,494
2412                            10,280
4231                               967
4469                             7,820
4610                                27
4613                                14
5161                             4,076
5190                               453
5198                            11,586
5230                                50
5231                            19,088
5251                             4,420
5311                               305
5531                             2,420
7261                            12,569
7349                            14,742
7513                                29
7531                               698
7641                            11,636
8062                             3,798
8211                            13,132
8220                               789

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                                  A-49



                        EXHIBIT A10-1 (Continued)

                   GENERATORS OF IGNITABLE PAINT WASTES
               SIC                             Quantity
               Code                           (kg/month)1

               8221                              7,525
               8222                              1,887
               8249                              1,211
               8331                                 90
               8411                                661

Total SICs:   49                               559,410.62
Source:  Small  Quantity Generator data base generated by Development  Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.


1 National aggregate total for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit  SICs
appear along with  the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases  the
quantities shown for the 2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown  for
the 3- or 4-digit  SICs.

2 Total  may not add due to rounding.

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                                  A-50



                              EXHIBIT  A10-2

                           IGNITABLE PAINT WASTE
      State:
      Generation:
      Fraction Non-water:
      Fraction Suspended:
      Solids  Specific  Gravity:
      Average Specific Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction Chlorine:
      Fraction Ash:
      BOD:
                Sludge
                Intermittent
                1.0
                0.2
                2.0
                1.4
                25,000-40,000 kJ/kg
                0.0
                0.2
                N/A
Constituent

Toluene
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Concentration
    (ppm)

    100,000
    100,000
Molecular
Weight

   92
   72
Vapor
Pressure

 28.70
 71.20

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                                   A-51
                               EXHIBIT A10-3

          IGNITABLE PAINT WASTES  INCLUDED  IN THE WET  MODEL
SIC   EPA   Waste            Name,  Constituents
Code  Code   ID     	of Concern,  Concentration	

2851  F005  030109  Toluene spent  solvents  from
                    manufacture of paint  and  allied
                    products.
                    Toluene (0.6)

2851  F005  030110  Methyl Ethyl Ketone spent solvents
                    from manufacture  of paint and allied
                    products.
                    Methyl ethyl ketone (0.6)
2851  F005  030205
Toluene still bottoms from solvent
recovery in paint manufacture.
Toluene (0.2)
2851  F005  030206  Methyl Ethyl  Ketone  still bottoms
                    from solvent  recovery  in paint
                    manufacture.
                    Methyl ethyl  ketone  (0.2)
N/A   N/A   030301
2869  U159  06019
2865  U220  060427
Paint application sludges.
Toluene (0.01);  Methyl Ethyl  Ketone
(0.01); Chromium (0.000056);  Lead
(0.000040) and Mercury (0.000012)

Methyl Ethyl Ketone.
Methyl ethyl ketone (0.1)

Toluene.
Toluene (0.1)
                                                  Quantity
                                       Heating        per
                                        Value      Facility
                                        (kJ/kg)    (kg/Day)
                                         41,600
                                         33,200
34,000
                                         27,100
25,300
             9.9
             5.6
1.9
             1.0
1.1
 3,400.3     4.0


 4,237.6    11.0

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                                   A-52
All.  SPENT SOLVENTS (WASTE  STREAM  NUMBER  16)

    This is a broad category of wastes  and  is  generated  by  numerous  different
SICs in all of the 23 industry groups.   Within each  SIC  grouping,  and even
within each SIC, there is a great  deal  of heterogeneity  in  the  waste solvents
produced, making it difficut to estimate the quantities  generated  and their
characteristics.

    A11.1  Quantities Generated

    Two sources of information were available  for  the quantities of  solvent
waste produced by small quantity generators:  the  TRW analysis  of  1979 and the
1984 Abt survey.  Exhibit All-1 lists the 235  SICs reporting small quantity
generation of solvent wastes in the Abt survey and the quantities  generated.
Total waste quantity is 8,780,678.1 kg/month.   A comparison of  the Abt data
and the TRW report showed that most of  the  codes in  the  Abt data had also been
covered, at least in part,  in the  TRW analysis.  Abt data show  that  30.1
percent of the firms generating waste solvents produce in excess of  100
kg/month total waste.  These firms account  for 81.5  percent (or 7,160,245
kg/month) of the total amount of waste  solvents.  The Abt survey identified  an
additional 20 SICs that generate waste  solvents.  No quantity data are
available for these SICs.

    All.2  Waste Characteristics

    Because of the large number of generators  and  the variety of solvents
used, it is difficult to determine a characteristic  waste in this  category.
Over thirty different solvents, not all of  which are considered hazardous, are
regularly used in these industries and  disposed of as waste. Some of the most
commonly used hazardous solvents are xylene, toluene, toluene diisothiocyanate,
trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, methyl  ethyl ketone, benzene,  chloroform,
dichlorobenzene and carbon tetrachloride. Information obtained  mainly from WET
model data is provided on these waste streams  in Exhibit All-2.

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                    A-53



                 EXHIBIT  A11-1

       GENERATORS OF SPENT SOLVENTS

 SIC                             Quantity
 Code                            (kg/month)l

 1600                             10,733
 1700                                142
 1711                              8,992
 1721                            109,195
 1761                              9,032
 1793                                  3.5
 1794                              6,196
 2200                              1,864
 2231                              7,690
 2250                              5,641
 2252                                104
 2253                              2,925
 2254                                753
 2257                              2,831
 2258                                 87
 2260                             16,557
 2261                                786
 2269                              '   75
 2270                              1,031
 2272                              1,819
 2434                             14,339
 2435                             14,534
 2492                              3,621
 2500                                339
 2510                                454
 2511                             16,637
 2519                              8,282
 2521                                 13.6
 2522                              2,588
 2540                                 93
 2541                                143
 2600                                748
 2611                              2,943
 2620                              1,127
 2621                             22,353
 2631                              3,006
 2640                             39,579
 2641                             14,099
 2642                              2,425
2643                                ill
 2645                                878
2646                              1,121
2647                                639
2648                                 28
2649                                370

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                    A-54



          EXHIBIT A11-1  (Continued)

      GENERATORS OF SPENT SOLVENTS

SIC                            Quantity
Code                           (kg/month)1

2650                             17,768
2651                             2,186
2653                               146
2661                               369
2700                             15,352
2710                             1,344
2711                             53,827
2731                               826
2741                             9,417
2750                             73,512
2751                             84,777
2752                             21,549
2753                             3,009
2754                             1,003
2761                             6,276
2782                             20,867
2791                             2,323
2819                             1,434
2820                             8,677
2821                             21,552
2822                             9,498
2823                               223
2824                             2,935
2830                                 1.38
2834                             25,676
2840                             4,511
2841                             1,296
2842                             9,791
2843                             2,026
2844                             9,398
2860                               834
2861                               732
2869                             17,233
2879                                54
2890                             4,312
2893                             42,632
2899                             25,335
3000                             1,336
3070                               505
3079                           267,220
3100                             1,286
3111                                86
3131                             1,692
3140                               643
3144                               881
3149                             9,650

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                    A-55



          EXHIBIT A11-1  (Continued)

      GENERATORS OF SPENT SOLVENTS

SIC                             Quantity
Code                           (kg/month)1

3171                                 96
3172                              5,557
3200                              8,185
3260                                 56
3290                               507
3300                             84,957
3357                             18,718
3400                            363,062
3411                             93,753
3412                            191,957
3423                             62,980
3425                             83,533
3429                             69,667
3432                              6,824
3433                              4,546
3440                             27,328
3441                               102
3442            .                 26,094
3443                             23,222
3444                             33,676
3452                             13,649
3460                             12,576
3469                             26,459
3470                             13,212
3471                              2,309
3479                               132
3480                            152,331
3490                              3,412
3499                             19,682
3500                            732,229
3520                              1,915
3523                              4,396
3531                            100,375
3532                             43,090
3533                             35,606
3535                              1,555
3540                               439
3541                                 34
3542                               958
3544                               296
3545                             52,665
3551                            239,388
3552                               589
3553                                 60
3555                               438

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                    A-56



          EXHIBIT A11-1  (Continued)

      GENERATORS OF SPENT SOLVENTS

SIC                            Quantity
Code                           (kg/month)1

3559                              7,045
3561                             10,364
3563                             12,955
3568                              5,612
3569                              3961
3573                              3569
3579                              2198
3585                               687
3589                              9,243
3599                           205,443
3600                             46,625
3620                             55,316
3622                              4,572
3644                               520
3645                             31,120
3651                              4,412
3661                               622
3662                             12,946
3670                             48,681
3674                             86,312
3679                              3,245
3694                             11,388
3714                             16,959
3811                               569
3820                             14,138
3822                           120,020
3823                               827
3825                              1,133
3829                              3,671
3832                              5,401
3841                              4,081
3842                               944
3843                               350
3851                               883
3861                               643
3873                               275
3961                              6,843
3993                             26,857
4200                              1,329
4210                           166,210
4213                             10,248
4231                               176
4469                              9,447
4610                               545
4612                                91

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                    A-57
          EXHIBIT All-!  (Continued)

      GENERATORS OF SPENT SOLVENTS

SIC                             Quantity
Code                           (kg/month)1

4613                                136
4619                              3,412
4800                             16,376
5161                             11,250
5198                             44,697
5231                              2,235
5500                            806,321
5511                            258,281
5520                            139,494
5521                             21,746
5531                              8,370
5541                            297,475
5551                            108,728
5571                             10,873
7200                                 76
7216                                176
7261                             11,014
7300                                 53
7332                              1,024
7333                             23,482
7342                              2,891
7349                                222
7390                                166
7391                             40,644
7395                             13,387
7397                             26,616
7513                             26,567
7530                          1,044,832
7531                            240,211
7538                             53,846
7539                            569,797
7620                                105
7622                              2,420
7623                              9,259
7629                              4,867
7631                              1,484
7641                             26,289
7694                             22,719
8000                                129
8060                             20,526
8062                             95,157
8069                              1,080
8071                             44,665
8072                              1,386
8200                                 39
8211                             13,207

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                                  A-58



                        EXHIBIT All-1  (Continued)

                    GENERATORS OF SPENT SOLVENTS

               SIC                             Quantity
               Code                           (kg/month)*

               8220                              2,073
               8221                             31,583
               8222                              1,894
               8249                              4,252
               8331                              4,996
               8411                                246
               8922                             18,670

  Total SICs  = 235             Total Waste = 8,780,678.I2
Source:  Small  Quantity  Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource  Associates from the Abt Survey information.


1 National aggregate  total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases  the
quantities shown for  the  2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown  for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2Total may not add to total due to rounding.

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A-59

EXHIBIT A11-2
SPENT SOLVENTS
State:
Generation:
Fraction Non-water:
Fraction Suspended:
Fraction Ash:
pH:

Possible Major Specific Heating
Constitutents Gravity Value (kJ/kg)

Benzene .88 41,919
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.6 1,014
Chloroform 1.5 3,135
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1.3 19,133
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0.8 33,969
Toluene 0.9 42,514
Toluene Diisocyanate 1.2 24,746
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1.3 8,318
Trichloroethylene 1.5 7,273
Xylene 0.9 42,877












Liquid
Intermittent
1.0
0.1
0.1
7

Fraction Molecular Vapor
Chlorine Weight Pressure

0.0 78 95.2
0.94 154 90.0
0.9 119 150.5
0.5 147 1.0
0.0 72 71.2
0.0 92 28.7
0.0 174 0.1
0.8 133 0.1250
0.8 131 57.9
0.0 106 8.39








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                                   A-60
A12.  DRY  CLEANING  WASTES  (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 17)

    Dry cleaning wastes are distillation residues  and filter  wastes  from  dry
cleaning establishments (SIC 721),  and are generated by a large  number  of
facilities.

    A12.1   Quantities Generated

    The Abt survey (1984)  estimates that the 4-digit SICs comprising SIC  721
generate 1.11 million kg/month of dry cleaning wastes out of  a total for  all
SICs of 1.13 million kg/month.  The VET model estimated that  18,000  facilities
generated an average of 7.2 kg/day or 216 kg/month of waste,  which includes
those generators that may  be too small to generate the 100 kg/month  necessary
to be considered a small quantity generator.  TRW  (1979) estimates 7,182  small
quantity generators in SIC codes 7215, 7216, and 7218, generating an average
of 302 kg/month.  This figure does not include the establishments generating
less than 100 kg/month, which total 33,073 according to TRW,  nor does it
include SIC 7217, carpet and upholstery cleaning,  because these  facilities use
a different type of cleaning fluid.  Abt data indicate 16.2 percent  of  the
firms generating waste generate a total quantity of more than 100 kg/month of
waste.  This 16.2 percent  of the firms generate 62.3 percent  (or 709,074.5
kg/month) of the total dry cleaning waste.  Question 22 of the survey
identified an additional 6 SICs generating this waste.

    A12.2   Waste Characteristics

    Exhibit A12-2 shows a  typical waste stream from the dry cleaning
industry.  It was developed from the WET model waste stream data base,
combining the waste streams for distillation residues (03.02.01) and filter
wastes (03.02.04).

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A-61

EXHIBIT A12-1
GENERATORS OF DRY CLEANING WASTE
SIC Quantity
Code (kg/month) l

7210 80,279
7216 987,684
7217 37,938
7218 11,087
7349 1,565
7641 19,745

Total SICs 6 Total waste 1,138, 297. 72

Source: Small Quantity Generator data base generated by Development
and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.














Planning
1 National aggregate total for each SIC. In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC. In these cases the
quantities shown for the 2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
2Total may not add due to rounding.

EXHIBIT A12-2
DRY CLEANING WASTES
State: Liquid
Generation: Continuous
Fraction Nonwater: 1.0
Fraction Suspended: .36
Solids Specific Gravity: 2.5
Average Specific Gravity: 1.41
Heating Value: 15369 kJ/kg
Fraction Chlorine .45
Fraction Ash: .28
pH: N/A
BOD: 0.0

Concentration Molecular
Constituent (ppm) Weight


Tetrachloroethene 530,000 166


shown for















Vapor
Pressure
(mm Hg)

14



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                                   A-62
A13.  SOLVENT STILL BOTTOMS  (WASTE STREAM NUMBER  18)

    Solvent still  bottoms are primarily generated  by  SICs  3599  (Machinery)  and
3425 (Fabricated Metal Products).   There are 35  other SICs identified  by  Abt
(1984) as generators of solvent still  bottoms.

    A13.1 Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A13-1  lists the 37 SICs generating  solvent still  bottoms and  the
quantity generated by each according to the  1984 Abt  Survey.  Total waste
quantity is 164,768.4 kg/month.  The Abt Survey  shows that 25.9 percent of  the
firms generating solvent still bottoms produce  a total waste  quantity  greater
than 100 kg/month.  These firms produce 94.2 percent  (155,229.5 kg/month) of
the total amount of solvent still  bottoms waste.  Question 22 in the Abt
survey identified 19 other SICs that are generators of solvent  still bottoms
but provided no quantity data.

    A13.2  Waste  Characteristics

    The WET model  waste stream data base was used  to  characterize this waste
because solvent still bottoms as described in the  model are all generated in
small quantities (less than 1,000  kg per month).  Exhibit  A13-2 shows  the
characteristics of a typical solvent still bottoms waste derived from  a
consideration of WET waste streams 03.02.02, 03.02.03, 03.02.07, and  03.02.08.

    The model contains eight solvent still bottoms waste streams (Exhibit
A13-4),  only one of which is generated by an SIC (2879) listed  in Exhibit
A13-1.  Exhibit A13-3 contains a summarized description of the  stream, which
is generated in small quantities and contains toluene, phosphorothioic acid
ester and phosphorodithioic acid ester.  According to the  WET model,  there  are
only 17 facilities generating this stream.  Results  from the Abt survey
indicate that there are 738 facilities generating  solvent  still bottoms  in
quantities between 100 and 1,000 kg per month.   Therefore, we believe  that
this stream is not the typical solvent still bottom waste  and we did  not
consider compounds such as phosphorodithioic and phosphorothioic acid
triethylesters in our characterization.  Solvent still bottoms  from SICs  721
(Laundries and Dry Cleaning) and 285 (Paint and Allied Products) are  covered
by other waste streams and are not considered here.   Solvent still bottoms
therefore include one of the following solvents:  toluene, tetrachloroethane,
dichloromethane, or xylene; at a concentration of  approximately 20 to 25
percent.

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               SIC
               Code

               2231
               2253
               2260
               2261
               2521
               2541
               2621
               2751
               2800
               2819
               2820
               2821
               2822
               2842
               2860
               2869
               3079
               3400
               3425
               3444
               3470
               3471
               3479
               3500
               3520
               3599
               3600
               3661
               3662
               3670
               3714
               3811
               3822
               3851
               7333
               7342
               7391
        A-63



    EXHIBIT A13-1

SOLVENT STILL BOTTOMS

                    Quantity
                   (kg/month)

                        907
                      8,604
                          1
                         12
                     10,197
                        498
                         39
                         86
                      1,304
                         27
                        424
                      1,509
                        910
                        675
                         40
                         53
                      2,443
                      1,450
                     36,755
                          4
                      1,273
                        234
                         68
                      1,797
                        622
                     65,471
                      3,592
                          6
                        401
                      3,316
                        141
                          4
                     21,549
                        143
                         20
                         17
                        171
Total SICs:   37
      Total Waste:   164,768.4'
Source:  Small Quantity Generator data base  generated  by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt  Survey information.

1 National aggregate total for each SIC.  In  some  cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.   In  these cases the
quantities shown for the 2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
2 Total may not add due to rounding.

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                                  A-64



                              EXHIBIT A13-2

                          SOLVENT STILL BOTTOMS
      State:
      Generation:
      Fraction  Non-water:
      Fraction  Suspended:
      Solids  Specific Gravity:
      Average Specific Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction  Chlorine:
      Fraction  Ash:
      BOD:
                    Sludge
                    Intermittent
                    1.0
                    0.2
                    2.0
                    1.4
                    5,000-35,000 kJ/kg
                    0.2
                    0.2
                    N/A
                                                              I
                                                              I
                                                              I
                                                              I
Constituent

Toluene
or Tetrachloroethane
or Dichloromethane
or Xylene
     Concentration
         (ppm)

         200,000
         200,000
         200,000
         200,000
Molecular
Weight

   92
  166
   85
  106
Vapor
Pressure

 28.7
 14.0
362.4
  8.39
                              EXHIBIT A13-3

       SOLVENT STILL  BOTTOMS GENERATED  BY SIC CODES LISTED IN
             EXHIBIT A13-1 AND INCLUDED IN THE WET MODEL
SIC   EPA   Waste
Code  Code   ID

2879  K036  030208
         Name,  Constituents
	of Concern,  Concentration	

Still bottoms from toluene reclamation
distillation in the production of
disulfoton.
Toluene (0.2),  phosphorodithioic acid
triethylester (0.1),  and phosphorothioic
acid triethylester (0.01.
             Quantity
                per
             Facility
             (kg/Day)

               22.0

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                                   A-65
                               EXHIBIT A13-4

          SOLVENT STILL BOTTOMS INCLUDED IN THE WET MODEL
SIC   EPA
Code  Code  Waste ID

721   F002  030201
N/A   F002  030202


N/A   F002  030203


721   F002  030204



285   F005  030205



2851  F005  030206



N/A   F003  030207
Name, Constituents of Concern,  Concentration

Tetrachloroethene distillation  residues
from dry cleaning
Tetrachloroethene (0.6)

1,1,1 Tetrachloroethane  still bottoms
1,1,1 Tetrachloroethane  (0.2)

Dichloromethane still bottoms
Dichloromethane (0.2)

Tetrachloroethane filter wastes
from dry cleaning
Tetrachloroethane (0.25)

Toluene still bottoms from solvent
recovery in paint manufacture
Toluene (0.2)

Methyl Ethyl Ketone still bottoms  from
solvent recovery in paint manufacture
Methyl ethyl ketone (0.2)

Still bottoms from the recovery of  xylene
m-Xylene (0.25)
Quantity
  per
Facility
(kg/Day)

   5.8
   1.7
   6.1
   1.4
   1.9
   1.0
   1.0

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                                   A-66
A14.  WASTEWATER WOOD PRESERVATIVE (WASTE  STREAM  NUMBER  19)

    Wastewater wood preservatives  are  generated primarily by  the wood
preserving industry (SIC  2491) which uses pentachlorophenol and/or creosote
for preserving.

    A14.1  Quantities  Generated

    SIC 2491 generates 56,452 kg/month according to  the  1984  Abt survey, out
of a total of 59,919.7 kg/month  reported by Abt for  all  six generating SICs
shown in Exhibit A14-1.   TRW  (1979) had previously estimated  a .total of 178
generating facilities, each generating an average of 13.7 kg/day or 411
kg/month, corresponding well with  Abt's generation figures.   Abt indicates
55.3 percent of the firms generating wood preservative wastewater generate a
total of 100 kg/month  of  waste or  more.  This 55.3 percent generates 96.3
percent of the total waste in the  category, or 57,711.7  kg/month.  Abt
identified 10 additional  SICs in Question 22 of the  survey that generate
wastewater wood preservative.

    A14.2  Waste Characteristics

    Exhibit A14-2 shows a typical  waste stream for the wood preserving
industry, taken from the  WET model by  combining streams  02.01.01 and 02.04.01,
which are wastewater wood preservative streams from  SIC  2491.

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                                  A-67
                            EXHIBIT A14-1

              GENERATORS OF WASTEWATER WOOD PRESERVATIVE
               SIC
               Code

               2400
               2430
               2490
               2491
               3576
               5238
Total SICs
                        Quantity
                        (kg/month)1

                             66
                             20
                            354
                          56,452
                           1,019
                           2.009

            Total  waste    59,919.72
Source: Small Quantity  Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource  Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National aggregate  total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases  the
quantities shown for  the  2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown  for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2Total may not add due  to rounding.
                               EXHIBIT A14-2

                        WASTEWATER WOOD PRESERVATIVE
               State:
               Generation:
               Fraction  Nonwater:
               Fraction  Suspended:
               Solids  Specific Gravity:
               Average Specific Gravity:
               Heating Value:
               Fraction  Chlorine
               Fraction  Ash:
               PH:
               BOD:
                               Liquid
                               Continuous
                               .4
                               .09
                               2.0
                               1.0
                               13,500 kJ/kg
                               0.0
                               .05
                               5.1
                               0.0
Constituent


Pentachlorophenol

Acenaphthene

Chrysene
Concentration
    (ppm)
    780

    300

    100
Molecular
Weight
262

154

228
 Vapor
 Pressure
 (mm  Hg)
 .11x10

.155x10

 .63x10
-3

-2

-8

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                                   A-68
A15.  HEAVY METAL  SOLUTIONS (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 21)

    Abt (1984) indicates  that  heavy  metal  solutions are generated by
establishments producing  printing ink and  miscellaneous chemical products.
This waste is likely to be very similar  to waste number 33, ink sludge with
chromium or lead.

    A15.1  Quantities  Generated

    Abt (1984) estimates  SIC 2893 generated  4,865  kg/month of heavy metal
solutions, and SIC 2800 generated 4  kg/month,  as shown in Exhibit A15-1.  TRW
(1979) estimates that  181 establishments generate  a total of 495 kg/month of
waste.  This total would  include waste categories  33  (ink sludge with chromium
or lead) and 31 (waste ink with solvents or  heavy  metals).  Abt data indicates
66.3 percent of firms  generating this waste  produce more than 100 kg/month of
waste, and this 66.3 percent generates 88.7  percent  (or 4318.2 kg/month) of
the total heavy metal  solution waste quantity.  Question 22 of the Abt survey
identified an additional  50 SICs that reported generating heavy metal
solutions.

    A15.2  Waste  characteristics

    Exhibit A15-2 shows the waste characterization for heavy metal solutions,
which is similar to that  for waste 33, ink sludge  with chromium or lead.  The
toluene, a solvent, has been omitted and the metals  are assumed to be in water
solution.  This description is modified  from a WET model stream  (01.05.03).
Other WET heavy metal streams  have metal constituent  concentrations of between
5 and 40,000 ppm,  so there is  obviously  much variation depending upon the
particular process.  Also process dependent  is the presence or absence of
solvents in the waste stream.   No solvents are assumed to be present in this
typical case.  TRW (1979) indicates  that solvents  and other miscellaneous
chemicals such as hardeners, adhesives,  and  resins may also be present.

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                                  A-69



                            EXHIBIT A15-1

                 GENERATORS OF HEAVY METAL  SOLUTIONS
               SIC                             Quantity
               Code                          (kg/month)1

               2800                                 4
               2893                             4,865

Total SICs     2                  Total waste   4,869.32
Source:  Small Quantity  Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource  Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National aggregate  total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases  the
quantities shown for  the  2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown  for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2Total may not add due  to rounding.

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                                  A-70



                               EXHIBIT A15-2

                           HEAVY METAL SOLUTIONS
        State:
        Generation:
        Fraction Nonwater:
        Fraction Suspended:
        Solids  Specific  Gravity:
        Average Specific Gravity:
        Heating Value:
        Fraction Chlorine
        Fraction Ash:
        PH:
        BOD:
                     Liquid
                     Continuous
                     .06
                     .06
                     2.0
                     1.0
                     0.0
                     0.0
                     0.0
                     N/A
                     0.0
Constituent

Chromium VI
Lead
Concentration
    (ppm)

    150
    760
Molecular
Weight

     52
    207
Vapor
Pressure

   0
   0

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                                   A-71
A16.  ARSENIC WASTES (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 22)

    The Abt survey identified SIC  724,  Cotton  Ginning,  as  the  sole producer of
arsenic wastes.   This waste is a result of dessication  of  the  cotton with
arsenic acid,  98 percent of which  is  done in Texas  and  the remainder in
Oklahoma.

    A16.1  Quantities Generated

    The Abt survey estimated that  9,269 kg/month  of this waste is generated.
Abt data show that 47.7 percent of  cotton ginners produce  over 100 kg/month
total waste.   These firms account  for 93.3 percent  (8,645/month) of the
arsenic waste generated.

    A16.2 Waste  Characteristics

    Exhibit A16-1 shows a typical  arsenic waste stream.  The waste is cotton
trash (leaves, bolls, side-branches)  from plants  which  have been sprayed with
arsenic acid.
                               EXHIBIT A16-1
      State:
      Generation:
      Fraction Non-water:
      Fraction Suspended:
      Solids  Specific Gravity:
      Average Specific Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction Chlorine:
      Fraction Ash:
      pH:
      BOD:
                Solid
                Intermittent
                1.0
                N/A
                0.8
                0.8
                N/A
                0.0
                1.0
                N/A
                0.0
Constituent
Arsenic
Concentration
    (ppm)

      250
Molecular
Weight

   75
Vapor
Pressure

  0.0
    Estimates of the arsenic content of this  waste  are  taken  from  a
Preliminary Study of Sources of Inorganic Arsenic,  Radian  Corp.  (1982).  This
study quotes two determinations of the amounts  of arsenic  in  cotton trash.
The average arsenic content in one study was  2,000  ppm  and in the  other was
225 ppm.   The second study was deemed to have used  more precise  analytical
detection methods so 225 ppm was considered to  be the more accurate estimate
of the arsenic content of dessicated stripper cotton.

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                                  A-72
A17.  MERCURY  WASTES (WASTE STREAM  NUMBER  23)

    According to  the  Abt  survey,  none of the producers of mercury wastes
produce more than 25  kg/month of  total waste, therefore they would not be
characterized as  small  quantity generators.  Consequently, no attempt has been
made to characterize  this waste.

    A17.1  Quantities Generated

    The only SIC  generating mercury wastes  is 8071, medical laboratories.
According to Abt,  the total waste generated is 17.14 kg/month, all of which is
produced by facilities  generating less than 25 kg/month of total waste.

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                                   A-73
A18.  SPENT PLATING WASTES (WASTE  STREAM  NUMBER 24)


    Plating wastes are generated mainly by fabricators  of  metal products and
machinery manufacturers and also by the printing and publishing industry.  The
Abt survey identified 27  SICs which provided quantity information on  the
generation of spent plating wastes.


    A18.1  Quantities Generated


    Exhibit A18-1 lists the 27 SICs generating spent plating wastes and the
quantity generated by each according to the 1984 Abt survey.  Total waste
quantity is 480,632 kg/month.  TRW reports these wastes under cyanide and
heavy metals for metal and machinery manufacturers and  does not list  printers
and publishers as generators of plating wastes.


    Abt data show that 26.4 percent of the firms generating spent plating
wastes generate 100 kg/month or more of total waste.  These firms produce 91.5
percent (or 439,616.8 kg/month) of the total amount of  plating waste.
Question 22 of the Abt survey identified  five additional SICs that generate
spent plating waste for which no quantity data were given.


    A18.2  Waste  Characteristics


    Exhibit A18-2 shows a waste stream that is typical  of  this category.  The
typical waste was determined by analogy with four  WET model waste streams
(01.01.16, 01.02.02, 01.02.04, and 01.02.05).  These wastes were all  generated
by SIC 3471,  which is the major small quantity generator of this category of
waste, generating 30 percent of the total waste quantity.

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                                  A-74



                               EXHIBIT A18-1

                         SPENT PLATING  WASTE
       Total SICs
SIC
Code

2700
2710
2711
2721
2750
2751
2793
2893
3400
3421
3444
3460
3470
3471
3500
3545
3573
3599
3662
3674
3679
3692
3825
3861
3911
7332
7333

27
              Quantity
             (kg/month)1

                   18
                  436
               11,692
                1,110
               42,788
               28,873
                  385
                  322
               83,738
               26,800
                3,500
                  200
               42,592
              142,498
               54,369
               12,558
                4,970
                  422
                  518
               17,411
                  371
                  346
                   49
                  456
                2,879
                  166
                  665

Total Waste   480,632.22
Source:  Small Quantity Generator data  base  generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates  from the  Abt  Survey information.

1 National aggregate total for each SIC.  In  some  cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.   In these cases the
quantities shown for the 2-digit SIC are  exclusive of  the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
  Total may not add due to rounding.

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                                   A-75



                             EXHIBIT A18-2

                         SPENT PLATING WASTE
                        State:
                        Generation:
                        Fraction Non-water:
                        Fraction Suspended:
                        Solids  Specific Gravity:
                        Average Specific Gravity:
                        Heating Value:
                        Fraction Chlorine:
                        Fraction Ash:
                        PH:
                        BOD:
                                   Liquid
                                   Continuous
                                   0.005
                                   0.004
                                   3.00
                                   1.00
                                   0.0
                                   0.0
                                   0.0
                                   5.0
                                   0.0
Constituent

Copper
Nickel
Chromium (VI)
Cadmium
Lead
Cyanide
Concentration
    (ppm)

     490
    1200
     220
     110
     100
      45
Molecular
Weight

    64
    59
    52
   112
   207
    27
Vapor
Pressure

     0
     0
     0
     0
     0
   658.7

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                                  A-76
A19.  USED  LEAD  ACID  BATTERIES (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 26)

    This is a specific waste  generated  by many SICs.

    A19.1  Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A19-1 shows 38 SICs  and  the quantity of used lead acid batteries
generated by each according to the  1984 Abt  survey.  Total quantity is 30.7
million kg/month, making used lead  acid batteries the  largest waste category
for small quantity generation.   TRW  agrees that the majority of these
categories will generate used lead  acid batteries.

    Abt indicates that 39.4 percent  of  the firms generating lead acid
batteries generate more than  100 kg/month of total waste.  This 39.4 percent
accounts for 82.4 percent (or 25.3 million kg/month) of the total lead acid
battery waste.  Abt also identified  in  survey question 22 an additional 80
SICs generating lead acid batteries.

    A19.2  Waste Characteristics

    Exhibit A19-2 shows a waste  stream  that  is typical of this category.

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                                   A-77



                               EXHIBIT A19-1

                          USED LEAD ACID BATTERIES

            SIC Code                     Quantity  (kg/month)*

                711                              1,018
                782                              1,018
               1600                             38,781
               1620                              8,495
               1622                             42,474
               1623                             45,305
               1629                              8,485
               1752                              5,860
               1790                             11,326
               1794                             28,316
               4000                                 94
               4200                                527
               4210                          1,910,009
               4212                            150,954
               4213                             56,356
               4214                              9,861
               4231                              8,032
               4400                              2,832
               4469                            431,109
               5251                             21,740
               5311                            117,397
               5500                          8,582,718
               5510                             35,039
               5511                          2,833,962
               5520                             66,903
               5521                            208,591
               5531                          5,174,777
               5541                          5,659,779
               5551                            217,531
               5571                            617,227
               5962                                 52
               7510                             28,316
               7512                              2,832
               7512                            231,787
               7530                            530,665
               7531                            630,433
               7538                          1,202,162
               7539                          1,834,465

Total          38              Total  Waste  30,758,978.22
Source: Small Quantity Generator data base generated  by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates  from the Abt  Survey information.

1 National aggregate total for each SIC.   In  some  cases 3-  or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.   In  these  cases the
quantities shown for the 2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
2 Total may not add due to rounding.

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                                  A-78



                              EXHIBIT A19-2

                         USED LEAD ACID BATTERIES
        State:
        Generation:
        Fraction  Nonwater:
        Solids  Specific Gravity:
        Average Specific Gravity:
        Heating Value:
        Fraction  Chlorine
        Fraction  Ash:
        PH:
        BOD:
                     Solid
                     Intermittent
                     1.0
                     6.0
                     6.0
                     0.0
                     0.0
                     0.0
                     N/A
                     0.0
Constituent
Concentration
    (ppm)
Molecular
Weight
Vapor
Pressure
(mm Hg)
Lead
Sulfuric Acid
   50,000
    3,000
      207
       98
     0
    10

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                                   A-79
A10.  PAINT WASTE WITH HEAVY  METALS (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 27)

    This waste category is generated  by 4  SICs,  including outdoor advertising
and water transportation services.  Trucking  terminal  facilities and  railroad
transportation (SICs 4231 and 40) were  expected  to  generate  this waste but,
when surveyed,  indicated they did not.

    A20.1  Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A20-1 lists the 4 SICs  generating paint wastes with heavy metals
and the quantity generated by each, according to the  1984 Abt survey.  Total
quantity is 1579.7 kg/month.   Abt data  indicates 29.1  percent of the  firms
generating paint waste generate more  than  100 kg/month total waste, and this
29.1 percent generates 39.2 percent (or 619.4 kg/month) of the total  paint
wastes.   Question 22 of the Abt survey  identified an  additional 48 SICs
generating this waste but not reporting quantity data.

    A20.2  Waste  Characteristics

    Exhibit A20-2 shows a waste stream  with typical characteristics,  taken
from the WET model (waste stream 03.03.01).

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                                  A-80
                           EXHIBIT A20-1

            GENERATORS OF PAINT WASTE  WITH  HEAVY METALS
               SIC
               Code

               3993
               4212
               4469
               7397
Total SICs
                               Quantity
                              (kg/month)1

                                    14
                                   310
                                 1,239
                                    18

                    Total waste  1,579.72
Source:  Small  Quantity Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National  aggregate total for each SIC.  In some cases 3-  or  4-digit SICs
appear along with  the corresponding 2-digit SIC.   In these  cases  the
quantities  shown for the 2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit  SICs.

2Total may not add due to rounding.
                              EXHIBIT A20-2

                       PAINT WASTE WITH HEAVY METALS
Constituent
State:
Generation:
Fraction Nonwater:
Fraction Suspended:
Solids  Specific Gravity:
Average Specific Gravity:
Heating Value:
Fraction Chlorine
Fraction Ash:
pH:
BOD:

        Concentration
            (ppm)
                                                     Liquid
                                                     Intermittent
                                                     .75
                                                     .2
                                                     4.5
                                                     3.6
                                                     25,300 kJ/kg
                                                     0.0
                                                     0.2
                                                     N/A
                                                     0.0
Molecular
Weight
Vapor
Pressure
(mm Hg)
Toluene
MEK
Chromium VI
Lead

Mercury
           10,000
           10,000
               56
               40

               12
       92
       72
       52
      207

      201
   28.7
   71.2
     0
     0

 .12x10
-2

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                                   A-81
A21.  SOLUTION OR SLUDGE WITH PHOTO  SILVER
      (WASTE  STREAM NUMBER 28)

    Abt indicates  this  waste is  generated  by the  blueprinting, photocopying,
photofinishing and commercial photography  industries.  These same industries
generate waste 9,  photographic waste,  and  waste  14,  ignitable wastes.

    A21.1  Quantities Generated

    The Abt survey indicates that  this waste is generated by the 22 SICs
listed in Exhibit  A21-1,  which also shows  the corresponding monthly
generation.  Total waste  quantity  in 743,256.7 kg/month.  Abt data show that
37.1 percent of the firms generating this  waste have a total waste generation
of over 100 kg/month, the cut-off  for small  quantity generators.  These firms
generate 89.5 percent of  the total waste,  or 665,046.1 kg/month.  Question 22
of the Abt survey  identified an  additional 30 SICs  that generate this waste,
but for which no quantity data are available.

    A21.2  Waste Characteristics

    This waste stream is  most likely generated as a mixture of photo silver
and waste 8, cyanide wastes; waste 9,  photographic  wastes; waste 14, ignitable
wastes;  and waste  16, spent solvents.   One industry source  (Forbes 1984)
indicates that silver is  recovered from the  wastes.   Cyanide is present as
ferrocyanide and silver is complexed as its  thiosulfate, sulfate, or sulfanate.

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                                  A-82
                              EXHIBIT  A21-1

             GENERATORS OF SOLUTION OR SLUDGE WITH  PHOTO SILVER
               SIC                             Quantity
               Code                           (Kg/month)l

               2260                                421
               2261                              1,052
               2621                                259
               2700                                948
               2710                                748
               2711                                 87
               2741                                336
               2750                              6,901
               2751                                 36
               2752                                566
               2753                                259
               2791         .                     9,491
               3861                                380
               4830                                170
               7216                              1,484
               7300                      .       12,856
               7330                              3,970
               7332                             35,367
               7333                            173,956
               7390                                  1
               7395                            488,855
               8249                                433

Total SICs     22                 Total waste  743,256.72
Source:  Small Quantity  Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource  Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National aggregate  total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases the
quantities shown for  the  2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
2Total may not add due to rounding.

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                                  A-83



                               EXHIBIT A21-2

                    SOLUTION  OR SLUDGE WITH PHOTO  SILVER
                     State:                             Liquid
                     Generation:                        Intermittent
                     Fraction Non-water:                0.2
                     Fraction Suspended:                0.1
                     Solids  Specific Gravity:           2.5
                     Average Specific Gravity:          1.2
                     Heating Value:                     1500 kJ/kg
                     Fraction Chlorine:                 0.0
                     Fraction Ash:                      0.1
                     BOD:                               N/A
                     Concentration          Molecular       Vapor
Constituent          	(ppm)	          Weight          Pressure

Methanol                 20,000                 32              96.0
Acetone                  20,000                 58      '       185.0
Phenol                     0.09                 94                .341
Iron                      15.0                  56               0.0
Boron                     13.0                  11               0.0
Silver                      .45                108               0.0
Cyanide                     .57                 27             658.7

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                                   A-84
A22.  WASTE FORMALDEHYDE  (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 29)

    Waste formaldehyde  is  generated  by  funeral  services, where  it  is used as
an embalming fluid.

    A22.1  Quantities Generated

    Abt (1984) estimates  that  737,469.1 kg/month  are  generated  by  SIC  7261.
TRW (1979) estimates that  14,472  facilities  in  SIC  7261  generate an average of
1.3 kg/month, which would  place the  establishments  below the  quantity
necessary to be classified as  small  quantity generators.  Abt data show  14.4
percent of the firms generating this waste generate greater than 100 kg/month
of total waste, and this  14.4  percent generates 61  percent  (or  449,671.1
kg/month) of the total  formaldehyde  waste.   Question  22  of the  Abt survey
identified an additional  55 SICs  that claimed generation of formaldehyde waste.

    A22.2  Waste Characteristics

    Exhibit A22-2 shows a  typical waste formaldehyde  stream,  based on  the
following assumptions.   TRW (1979) indicates that embalming fluid  contains  23
percent formaldehyde,  the  remainder  being water,  surfactants, and  humectants.
The surfactant and humectant were assumed to be non-hazardous.  The pint
containers weigh 65 grams  each.  By  assuming the  amount  left  in each container
is similar to that for  empty pesticide  containers (90 ml solution  per  5  gallon
container) the concentration of formaldehyde in the waste can be calculated.
The containers are assumed to  be  polyethylene in  order to calculate specific
gravity of the waste.

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                                   A-85




                               EXHIBIT A22-1


                      GENERATORS OF WASTE FORMALDEHYDE
               SIC                            Quantity
               Code                           (Kg/month)1


               72163                                91
               7261                           737,378


Total SICs     2                  Total waste  737,469.I2
Source:  Small Quantity Generator  data  base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.


1 National aggregate total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases the
quantities shown for the  2-digit  SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.


2 Total  may not add due to  rounding. •


3 This may be a typographical error, because dry cleaners are unlikely to
generate waste formaldehyde.  We  believe that it should be included under SIC
7261.

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                                  A-86



                              EXHIBIT  A22-2

                            WASTE FORMALDEHYDE
        State:
        Generation:
        Fraction  Nonwater:
        Fraction  Suspended:
        Solids  Specific Gravity:
        Average Specific Gravity:
        Heating Value
        Fraction  Chlorine
        PH:
        BOD:
                     Solid
                     Intermittent
                     1.0
                     N/A
                     .95*
                     .95
                     0.0
                     0.0
                     7.0
                     0.0
Constituent
Concentration
    (ppm)
Molecular
Weight
Vapor
Pressure
(mm Hg)
Formaldehyde
  ~ 7,500
     30
 3286
" Assuming polyethylene  containers,

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                                   A-87
A23.  WASTE CONTAINING  AMMONIA (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 30)

    Ammonia containing wastes are generated primarily by  SICs  7340  and 7349,
industries providing cleaning and maintenance services.

    A23.1  Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A23-1 lists the 3 SICs which generate  ammonia-containing wastes
and the quantities generated, as  given in the Abt  survey.  Total generation is
30,547.2 kg/month.  According to  Abt, 8 percent  of the total facilities
generating this waste generate greater than 100  kg/month,  and  this  8 percent
accounts for 74 percent (or 22,613.3 kg/month) of  the total ammonia wastes
generated.  Abt identifies 42 additional SICs generating  ammonia wastes
without giving quantity data.

    A23.2 Waste  Characteristics

    By analogy to WET model streams, the waste is  assumed to be a 10 percent
ammonia solution with water.  Exhibit A23-2 shows  a typical waste stream in
this category.

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                                  A-88



                            EXHIBIT A23-1

                GENERATORS OF WASTE CONTAINING AMMONIA
               SIC
               Code

               7300
               7340
               7349
Total SICs
                    Quantity
                    (Kg/month)*

                        223
                      12,695
                      17,629

        Total waste    30,547.22
Source:  Small Quantity Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National aggregate total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases the
quantities shown for the  2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2 Total  may not add due to  rounding.
                               EXHIBIT A23-2

                         WASTES CONTAINING AMMONIA
        State:
        Generation:
        Fraction Nonwater:
        Fraction Suspended:
        Average Specific Gravity:
        Heating Value:
        Fraction Chlorine
        Fraction Ash:
        PH:
        BOD:
                  Liquid
                  Intermittent
                  .1
                  0.0
                  1.0
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  11.0
                  N/A
Constituent
Concentration
    (ppm)
Molecular
Weight
Vapor
Pressure
(mm Hg)
Ammonia
  100,000
     18
 6460

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                                   A-89
A24.  WASTE INK WITH  SOLVENT  OR HEAVY METALS
      (WASTE  STREAM NUMBER 31)


    Abt (1984)  indicates  that waste ink  with  solvent  or  heavy metal  is
generated primarily by SICs 264,  265,  and 27.   The  characteristics of the
waste are essentially the same as waste  33.


    A24.1  Quantities Generated


    Exhibit A24-1 lists  the 18 SICs generating this waste  and the quantities
generated.  Total quantity is 135,202.8  kg/month.   TRW (1979) agrees with  the
SICs listed but notes that as much  as  45 percent  of SIC  27 establishments
generate less than 100 kg/month of  waste, too little  for categorization  as
small quantity  generators.  TRW indicates that SIC  2893  also  generates this
type of waste.


    According to Abt, 83.8 percent  of  the waste (133,272.6 kg/month) is
generated by firms that  generate over  100 kg/month  of total waste.  These
firms represent 16.5 percent of all the  firms generating this waste.  The  Abt
survey identified 30 other SICs that indicated generation  of  this waste
without giving  quantity  data.


    A24.2  Waste  Characteristics


    We believe  that waste ink with  solvents or heavy  metals will be
essentially identical to  waste 33,  ink sludge with  chromium or lead.  Thus the
waste characterization presented in Exhibit A24-2 below  is similar to that for
waste 33,  taken from the  WET model  (stream 01.05.03),  except  that the waste
ink contains less solid  material than  the ink sludge.

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                                  A-90
                             EXHIBIT  A24-1

         GENERATORS OF WASTE INK WITH SOLVENTS OR HEAVY METALS
               SIC                             Quantity
               Code                           (Kg/month)1

               2640                             61,757
               2642                             16,617
               2650                                223
               2700                              1,506
               2710                                125
               2711                             14,715
               2730                                 48
               2750                             14,300
               2751                             16,863
               2752                              2,578
               2791                                 48
               2795                                565
               2823                                896
               2899                                943
               3079                              1,405
               3555                                722
               7332                                 76
               7333                              1,816

Total SICs     18                Total waste  135,202.82
Source:  Small Quantity  Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National aggregate total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC.  In these cases  the
quantities shown for the 2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown  for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2 Total may not add due to  rounding.

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                                  A-91



                              EXHIBIT A24-2

                  INK WASTE WITH SOLVENTS OR HEAVY METALS
        State:
        Generation:
        Fraction Nonwater:
        Fraction Suspended:
        Solids  Specific Gravity:
        Average Specific Gravity:
        Heating Value:
        Fraction Chlorine
        Fraction Ash:
        PH:
        BOD:
Constituent
Chromium VI
Lead
Toluene
Concentration
    (ppm)
      50
     260
     100
                     Liquid
                     Continuous
                     .02
                     .02
                    2.0
                    1.0
                    0.0
                    0.0
                     .01
                   12.5
                    0.0
Molecular
Weight
  52
 207
  92
Vapor
Pressure
(mm Hg)
   0
   0
 28.7

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                                   A-92
A25.  HEAVY METAL WASTEWATER SLUDGE  (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 32)

    Heavy metal wastewater sludge  is  generated  by manufacturers of primary
metal products and fabricated metal products  including machinery, as well as
by firms involved in rolling, drawing,  and extruding of  metals.

    A25.1  Quantities  Generated

    Exhibit A25-1 lists the 11 SICs generating  heavy metal wastewater  sludge,
and the quantities generated according  to  the 1984  Abt survey.  Total  waste
quantity is 200,311.8  kg/month.  TRW estimates  that firms involved in  rolling,
drawing, and extruding of metal generate heavy  metal wastewater sludge as
about five percent of  their total  waste.   Twenty percent of  firms
manufacturing fabricated metal products generate wastes  containing heavy
metals according to TRW, but it is not  clear  how much of this  is wastewater
sludge.   In electroplating and metal finishing, however, TRW estimates that
wastewater sludge makes up about 23 percent of  the  total waste.

    Abt data show that 46.9 percent of  the firms generating  heavy metal
wastewater sludge generate a total waste quantity of 100 kg/month or greater.
These firms produce 92.2 percent (184,702.8 kg/month) of the total amount of
heavy metal wastewater sludge.  Question 22 of  the  Abt survey  identified 34
additional SICs that generate this waste but  provided no quantity information.

    A25.2  Waste Characteristics

    A typical heavy metal wastewater sludge is  shown in  Exhibit A25-2, adapted
from WET model waste streams 01.01.06,  01.01.16, 01.01.19, and 01.04.03
generated by SICs 3351, 3471, 2816 and  2861.  WET model  waste  streams  have
heavy metal constituent concentrations  of  between 26 ppm (chromium
concentration in wastewater treatment sludges from  the production of sulfate
turpentine) and 30,000 ppm (copper concentration in wastewater treatment
sludges from copper rolling and drawing),  so  the concentrations are highly
variable depending on the particular process.

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• A-93
1
EXHIB

IT A25-1
1 GENERATORS OF HEAVY METAL WASTEWATER SLUDGE
1
• SIC
Code
| 2751
3300
13400
3462
3470
3471
• 3500
• 3674
3692
13820
3911
• Total SICs: 11
1 Source: Small Quantity Generator data
and Resource Associates from

Quantity
(kg/month) 1
110
45,025
81,948
931
38,382
12,646
12,878
6,633
1,746
8.4
5.1
200, 311. 82
base generated by Development Planning
the Abt Survey information.
I1 National aggregate total for each SIC. In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC. In these cases the
quantities shown for the 2-digit SIC
_ the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
1
™ z Total may not add due to rounding.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
are exclusive of the quantities shown for











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                                  A-94



                              EXHIBIT  A25-2

                       HEAVY METAL  WASTEWATER SLUDGE
      State:
      Generation:
      Fraction Non-water:
      Fraction Suspended:
      Solids  Specific  Gravity:
      Average Specific Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction Chlorine:
      Fraction Ash:
      PH:
      BOD:
                Liquid
                Continuous
                0.1
                0.09
                3.0
                1.2
                0.0
                Q.O
                0.0
                8.0
                0.0
Constituent

Chromium VI
Lead
Cadmium
Copper
Nickel
Concentration
    (ppm)

     1,100
       600
       350
     7,000
     2,500
Molecular
Weight

   52
  207
  112
   64
   59
Vapor
Pressure

  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

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                                   A-95
A26.   INK SLUDGE  WITH  CHROMIUM OR LEAD
      (WASTE  STREAM NUMBER 33)


    Ink sludge is generated primarily by the  printing  and publishing
industries, and ink  producers.   Characteristics  of the waste generated by each
individual SIC are assumed to be very similar although quantities differ.


    A26.1  Quantities Generated


    Exhibit A26-1 shows  the 9 SICs  generating ink sludge and the quantities
produced by each, according to the  1984  Abt survey.  Total generation is
18,055.8 kg/month.  TRW  agrees with the  SICs  generating, but notes that more
than 45 percent of the firms in SIC 27 generate  less than 100 kg/month of
waste, too little to be  characterized as small quantity generators.  However,
Abt data indicates that  58.6 percent of  the total waste, or 10,588.2 kg/month,
is generated by SQGs that  generate  greater than  100 kg/month of waste.  These
generators represent only  7.1 percent of the  total.  Eighteen additional SICs
were identified by the Abt survey as generators  of ink sludge with chromium or
lead, but no quantites were reported.


    A26.2  Waste Characteristics


    Exhibit A26-2 shows  a  typical waste  stream in this category, based on the
WET model characterization for SIC  2893  (stream  01.05.03).

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                                  A-96
                              EXHIBIT  A26-1

               GENERATORS OF INK SLUDGE WITH CHROMIUM OR  LEAD
               SIC                             Quantity
               Code                           (Kg/month)1

               2700                              3,113
               2750                                493
               2751                              1,896
               2752                                232
               2754                                 55
               2782                              4,633
               2791                              1,102
               2893                              6,530
               7333                                  1
Total SICs     9                   Total waste  18,055.82
Source:  Small Quantity  Generator data base generated by Development Planning
        and Resource  Associates from the Abt Survey information.

1 National aggregate  total  for each SIC.  In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC,  In these cases the
quantities shown for  the  2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.

2 Total  may not add due to  rounding.

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                                   A-97




                               EXHIBIT A26-2


                      INK SLUDGE WITH CHROMIUM OR LEAD
        State:
        Generation:
        Fraction Nonwater:
        Fraction Suspended:
        Solids Specific Gravity:
        Average Specific Gravity:
        Heating Value:
        Fraction Chlorine
        Fraction Ash:
        PH:
        BOD:
Constituent
Chromium VI
Lead
Toluene
Concentration
    (ppm)
     150
     760
     100
                     Liquid
                     Continuous
                     .07
                     .06
                    2.0
                    1.1
                    0.0
                    0.0
                     .05
                   12.5
                    0.0
Molecular
Weight
  52
 207
  92
Vapor
Pressure
(mm Hg)
   0
   0
 28.7

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                                   A-98
A27.  HEAVY METAL WASTE MATERIALS  (WASTE STREAM NUMBER 39)

    This category of waste encompasses  heavy  metal dust, solutions, and sludge
that have been characterized earlier  in this  appendix.  Apparently, this
category was used to obtain information when  there was  some doubt as to the
actual form of the waste.   About  75 percent of  this waste  was produced by SIC
3079, Miscellaneous Plastics Products,  and most of the  remainder came from
SICs 2821 and 2822, Plastics Materials  and Synthetics.

    A27.1   Quantities Generated

    Exhibit A27-1 lists the 12 SICs generating  heavy  metal waste materials and
the quantity generated  by each according to the 1984  Abt survey.  Total waste
quantity is 47,307.7 kg/month.  TRW estimates that less than one percent of
firms in SIC 30 produce waste with heavy metals,  whereas four percent of those
in SIC 282 generate metal-containing  wastes.

    Abt data show that  49.1 percent of  the firms  generating heavy metal waste
materials generate a total waste  quantity of  100  kg/month  or greater.  These
firms produce 94.7 percent (44,780.7  kg/month)  of the total heavy metal waste
materials.  Question 22 of the Abt survey identified  60 additional  SICs that
claimed to generate heavy metal waste materials but provided no information on
the quantities produced.

    A27.2   Waste Characteristics

    Exhibit A27-2 shows a typical waste for this  category. It was  obtained by
combining the typical wastes from heavy metal dust, solutions, and  sludge
because this was considered to be a composite of  these  wastes.

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1
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1
EXH
1 GENERATORS OF
I
SIC
Code
• 2800
2820
12821
2822
2824
12899
3079
3293
3479
13599
7391
7397
J Total SICs: 12
I
•

A-99

IBIT A27-1
HEAVY METAL WASTE MATERIALS

Quantity
(kg/month)1
1,757
5,221
3,351
1.3
35
507
35,233
726
476
0.1
0.2
0.7
47, 307. 72

Source: Small Quantity Generator data base generated by Development Planning
fl and Resource Associates from the Abt Survey information.
1 National aggregate total for each
SIC. In some cases 3- or 4-digit SICs
1 appear along with the corresponding 2-digit SIC. In these cases the
quantities shown for the 2-digit SIC are exclusive of the quantities shown for
the 3- or 4-digit SICs.
• 2 Total may not add due to rounding
1
1
1
1
1
1

•







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                                  A-100



                              EXHIBIT A27-2

                       HEAVY METAL WASTE MATERIALS
      State:
      Generation:
      Fraction Non-water:
      Fraction Suspended:
      Solids  Specific Gravity:
      Average Specific Gravity:
      Heating Value:
      Fraction Chlorine:
      Fraction Ash:
      PH:
      BOD:
                Sludge
                Continuous
                0.3
                0.28
                3.0
                1.6
                0.0
                0.0
                0.0
                9.5
                0.0
Constituent

Cadmium
Chromium VI
Lead
Copper
Nickel
Concentration
    (ppm)

       400
       450
     5,000
       300
       100
Molecular
Weight

  112
   52
  207
   64
   59
Vapor
Pressure

  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

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                                   A-101
                               REFERENCES
1.   Small Quantity Hazardous  Waste  Generator  Study, Abt Associates, Inc.,
    December 1984.


2.   The RCRA Risk-Cost Analysis  Model  Waste Stream Data Base,  ICF
    Incorporated,  July 1984.


3.   Technical Environmental  Impacts of Various Approaches  for  Regulating Small
    Volume Hazardous  Waste Generators, Volume II, TRW Environmental
    Engineering Division,  December  1979.


4.   Final Report on Pesticide Containers.  Dr. J.K. Leasure.   Illinois
    Institute for Environmental  Quality; Energy Resources  Co.,  1978.


5.   Telephone conversation with  Mr. Forbes, Environmental  Technical Services
    Group, Kodak Inc., Rochester, New  York, December 19,  1984.


6.   Preliminary Study of Sources of Inorganic Arsenic, EPA-450/5-82-005.
    Radian Corporation,  August 1982.

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                           APPENDIX B



FEDERAL AND STATE  REGULATIONS FOR SMALL QUANTITY GENERATORS
                 This Appendix summarizes Federal and State  SQG regulations as of
          December  1984.  It was compiled on the basis of telephone interviews with
I          representatives of state environmental agencies and  departments, and other
          existing  studies of these regulations.


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APPENDIX C
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                             APPENDIX  D


              SQG MODEL PLANT OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL
                   PROFILES WITH COMPLIANCE COSTS
Profile Definitions


TYPE OF WASTE


SIZE CATEGORY
ANNUAL WASTE
MEDIAN SALES
PROFIT BEFORE TAXES
COMPLIANCE COSTS
COSTS AS % OF SALES


COSTS AS % OF PROFITS
Primary waste stream the facility normally generates.


Employment size category.


SMALL  =1-9 employees
MEDIUM = 10-49 employees
LARGE  = 50 or more employees


Total quantity of waste generated annually,  includes
primary and secondary waste streams.


Sales as reported from FINSTAT,  approximately  1982
data converted to 1984 dollars.


Based on median percent profit after  tax  from
FINSTAT, converted to dollar value and then to a
pre-tax basis using current federal corporate  income
tax rates.


From PRA based on primary type of waste and total
quantity.  Costs are based on single  combination of
going from sanitary landfill to secured landfill and
generally tend to be a "worst case" or "maximum
incremental costs" as discussed in Chapter 6.


Compliance costs as percent of median sales.


Compliance costs as percent of profits before  tax.

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Appendix Table E-l:
Appendix Table E-2:
Appendix Table E-3:
                             APPENDIX  E


                     DETAILED INDUSTRY PROFILES
Profile data for industries with SQGs  that  account  for 5%
or more of output,  and estimated SQG share  of  industry
revenues and employment,  by SQG share,  (1977 Census
revenue and employment data).


Profile data for industries with SQGs  that  account  for 5%
or more of output,  and estimated SQG share  of  industry
revenues and employment,  by standard industrial  code
(SIC) (1977 Census  revenue and employment data).


Master list of industries considered for industry
analysis and model  plant  development.

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    Appendix Table E-3.  Master list of  industries considered for industry
                   analysis and model  plant development
 sic
CODE               INDUSTRY TITLE

 711 SOIL PREPARATION SERVICES
 721 CROP PLANTING AND PROTECTION
 722 CROP HARVESTING
 724 COTTON BINNING
 729 GENERAL  CROP  SERVICES
 782 LAWN AND GARDEN SERVICES
 783 ORNAMENTAL  SHRUB flND TREE SERVICES
 851 FORESTRY SERVICES
 312 FINFISH
 913 SHELLFISH
 919 MISCELLANEOUS MARINE PRODUCTS
1521 SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSING CONSTRUCTION
1522 RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION, NEC
1531 OPERATIVE BUILDERS
1541 INDUSTRIAL  BUILDINGS ftND WAREHOUSES
1542 NONRESIDENTIflL CONSTRUCTION, NEC
1611 HIGHWftY  ftND STREET CONSTRUCTION
1622 BRIDGE,  TUNNEL,  ftND ELEVftTED HIGHWftY
1623 WATER, SEWER,  ftND UTILITY LINES
1629 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION,  N.E.C.
1711 PLUMBING, HEATING flND ftIR CONDITIONING
1721 PRINTING, PflPER HftNGING, flND DECORATING
1742 PLfiSTERING, DRYWftLL AND INSULATION
1743 TERRflZZO, TILE,  MftRBLE ftND MOSAIC WORK
1752 FLOOR LftYING  ftND OTHER FLOOR WORK, N.E.C.
1761 ROOFING  ftND SHEET METftL WORK
1793 GLflSS ftND GLAZING WORK
1794 EXCftVftTING  ftND FOUNDRTION WORK
2231 WEftVING  ftND FINISHING MILLS, WOOL
2251 WOMEN'S  HOSIERY,  EXCEPT SOCKS
2252 HOSIERY,  N. E. C.
2253 KNIT OUTERWEflR MILLS
2254 KNIT UNDERWEAR MILLS
2257 CIRCULAR KNIT FftBRIC MILLS
2258 WARP KNIT FABRIC MILLS
2259 KNITTING MILLS,  N.E.C.
2261 FINISHING PLANTS,  COTTON
2262 FINISHING PLANTS,  SYNTHETICS
2269 FINISHING PLANTS,  N.E.C.
2271 WOVEN CARPETS AND RUGS
2272 TUFTED CftRPETS ftND RUGS
2279 CftRPETS  AND RUGS,  N.E.C.
2434 WOOD KITCHEN  CABINETS
2435 HARDWOOD VENEER flND PLYWOOD
2436 SOFTWOOD VENEER flND PLYWOOD
2451 MOBILE HOMES
2452 PREFABRICATED WOOD BUILDINGS
2491 WOOD PRESERVING
2492 PARTICLE BOARD
2499 WOOD PRODUCTS,  NEC

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                     Appendix Table E-3 (cont'd)
 SIC
CODE               INDUSTRY TITLE

£511 WOOD HOUSEHOLD  FURNITURE
£514 METAL HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE
£517 WOOD TV AND  RADIO  CABINETS
£519 HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE,  N. E. C.
£5£1 WOOD OFFICE  FURNITURE
£5££ METAL OFFICE FURNITURE
£531 PUBLIC BUILDING AND RELATED FURNITURE
£541 WOOD PARTITIONS AND FIXTURES
£54£ METAL PARTITIONS AND FIXTURES
£591 DRAPERY,  HARDWARE  AND BLINDS AND SHADES
£599 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES,  NEC
£611 PULP MILLS
£6£1 PAPER MILLS,  EXCEPT BUILDING PAPER
£631 PAPERBOARD MILLS
£541 pftpER COATING AND  BLAZING
£64£ ENVELOPES
£643 BAGS, EXCEPT TEXTILE BAGS
£645 DIE-CUT PAPER AND  BOARD
£646 PRESSED AND  MOLDED PULP GOODS
£647 SANITARY PAPER  PRODUCTS
£648 STATIONERY PRODUCTS
£649 CONVERTED PAPER PRODUCTS,  N.E.C.
£651 FOLDING PAPERBOARD BOXES
£65£ SET-UP PAPERBOARD  BOXES
£653 CORRUGATED AND  SOLID FIBER BOXES
£654 SANITARY FOOD CONTAINERS
£655 FIBER CANS,  DRUMS  .AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS
£661 BUILDING PAPER  AND BOARD MILLS
£711 NEWSPAPERS
£7£1 PERIODICALS
£731 BOOK PUBLISHING
£73£ BOOK PRINTING
£741 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLISHING
£751 COMMERCIAL PRINTING,  LETTERPRESS
£75£ COMMERCIAL PRINTING,  LITHOGRAPHIC
£753 ENGRAVING AND PLATE PRINTING
£754 COMMERCIAL PRINTING
£761 MANIFOLD BUSINESS  FORMS
£771 GREETING CARD PUBLISHING
S7SS BLANKBOOKS AND  LODSELEAF BINDERS
£739 BOOKBINDING  AND RELATED WORK
£791 TYPESETTING
2793 PHOTOENGRAVING
£794 ELECTRQTYPING AND  STEREOTYPING
='795 LITHOGRAPHIC PLATEMAKING SERVICES
£819 INDUSTRIAL  INORGANIC CHEMICALS, N.E.C.
£3S1 PLASTICS MATERIALS AND RESINS
£8££ SYNTHETIC  RUBBER
28£2 CELLULOSIC MAN-MADE FIBERS
:=!8£4 ORGANIC FIBERS, NONCELLULOSIC

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                      Appendix Table E-3  (cont'd)
 SIC
CODE               INDUSTRY TITLE

£834 PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
£641 SOAP AND  OTHER DETERGENTS
i84£ POLISHES  AND SANITATION  BOODS
£8-^3 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS
£844 TOILET PREPARATIONS
£851 POINTS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
£86:1. GUM AND WOOD CHEMICALS
£369 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS,  N.E.C.
£379 AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS,  N.E.C.
£693 "'R1 NT TNG  INK
£699 CHEMICAL  PREPARATIONS, N.E.C.
3C?79 MISCELLANEOUS PLASTIC PRODUCTS
3.1.11 LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING
3131 BOOT AND  SHOE CUT STOCK  AND  FINDINGS
314£ MOUSE SLIPPERS
3143 MEN'S FOOTWEAR,  EXCEPT ATHLETIC
31-T-; WOMEN'S FOOTWEAR,  EXCEPT ATHLETIC
3149 FOOTWEAR,  EXCEPT RUBBER, N. E. C.
3151 LEATHER GLOVES AND MITTENS
3161 LUGGAGE
3171 WOMEN'S HANDBAGS AND PURSES
317£ PERSONAL  LEATHER GOODS,  N.E.C.
3199 LEATHER GOODS,  N. E. C.
3S11 FLAT GLASS
3£51 BRICK. AND STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE
3253 CERAMIC WALL AND FLOOR TILE
3£61 VITREOUS  PLUMBING FIXTURES
3£6£ VITREOUS  CHINA FOOD UTENSILS
3£63 ~INE EARTHENWARE FOOD UTENSILS
3£S4 PORCELAIN ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES
3£69 POTTERY PRODUCTS,  N.E.C.
3291 ABRASIVE  PRODUCTS
3293 GASKETS,  PACKING,  AND SEALING DEVICES
3355 COPPER ROLLING AND DRAWING
33i:53 ALUMINUM  SHEET,  PLATE, AND FOIL
3354 ALUMINUM  EXTRUDED PRODUCTS
3355 ALUMINUM  ROLLING AND DRAWING,  N.E.C.
3356 NONFERROUS ROLLING AND DRAWING,  N.E.C.
3357 NONFERROUS WIRE DRAWING  AND  INSULATING
3398 METAL HEAT TREATING
3399 PRIMARY METAL PRODUCTS,  N.E.C.
3411 METAL CANS
3*-!£ METAL BARRELS,  DRUMS, AND PAILS
34S1 CUTLERY
34,;-:3 HAND AND  EDGE TOOLS, N. E. C.
34£5 HAND SAWS AND SAW BLADES
34£9 HARDWARE,  N. E. C.
3431 METAL SANITARY WARE
343£ PLUMBING  FITTINGS AND BRASS  GOODS
3433 HEATING EQUIPMENT,  EXCEPT ELECTRIC

-------
                     Appendix Table E-3  (cont'd)
 SIC
CODE               INDUSTRY TITLE

3441 FABRICATED  STRUCTURAL METAL
3442 METAL DOORS,  SASH,  AND TRIM
3443 FABRICATED  PLATE WORK (BOILER SHOPS)
34-'.<-4 SHEET METAL WORK
£446 ARCHITECTURAL METAL WORK
3443 PREFABRICATED METAL BUILDINGS
3449 MISCELLANEOUS METAL WORK
3451 SCREW MACHINE PRODUCTS
3452 BOL^S, NUTS,  RIVETS,  AND WASHERS
3462 IRON AND  STEEL FORGINGS
3465 AUTOMOTIVE  STAMPINGS
3466 CROWNS AND  CLOSURES
34S9 METAL STAMPINGS,  N.E.C.
2471 PLOTING AND POLISHING
3479 METAL COATING AND ALLIED SERVICES
3484 SMfiLL ARMS
3493 STEEL SPRINGS,  EXCEPT WIRE
3494 VALVES AMD  PIPE FITTINGS
3405 WIRE SPRINGS
3496 MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED WIRE PRODUCTS
3497 METAL FOIL  AND LEAF
34'.:.<3 FABRICATED  PIPE FITTINGS
3439 FABRICATED  METAL PRODUCTS, N. E. C.
3511 TURBINES  AND TURBINE GENERATOR  SETS
3519 INTERNAL  COMBUSTION ENGINES, NEC
3523 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
35£4 FARM AND  GARDEN EQUIPMENT
3531 CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
353£ MINING MACHINERY
3533 OIL FIELD MACHINERY
3534 ELEVATORS AND MOVING STAIRWAYS
3535 CONVEYERS AND CONVEYING EQUIPMENT
3536 HOISTS, CRANES, AND MONORAILS
3537 INDUSTRIAL  TRUCKS AND TRACTORS
3541. MACHINE TOOLS,  METAL CUTTING TYPES
3542 MACHINE TOOLS,  METAL FORMING TYPES
354-4 SPECIAL DIES, TOOLS,  JIGS AND FIXTURES
3545 MACHINE TOOL ACCESSORIES
3546 POWER DRIVEN HAND TOOLS
3547 ROLLING MILL MACHINERY
3549 METALWORKING MACHINERY, NEC
2551 FOOD PRODUCTS MACHINERY
3552 TEXTILE MACHINERY
3553 WOODWORKING MACHINERY
3554 PAPER  INDUSTRIES MACHINERY
3555 PRINTING  TRADES MACHINERY
3559 SPECIAL  INDUSTRY MACHINERY, N.E.C.
3551 PUMPS AND PUMPING EQUIPMENT
3562 BALL AND  ROLLER BEARINGS
3563 SIR AND GAS COMPRESSORS

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                      Appendix Table E-3 (cont'd)
 SIC
CODE               INDUSTRY TITLE

3564 BLOWERS AND  FANS
3565 INDUSTRIAL PATTERNS
3566 SPEED CHANGERS,  DRIVES,  AND GEARS
3567 INDUSTRIAL FURNACES AND OVENS
3568 POWER TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT, N.E.C.
3569 GENERAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY, N.E.C.
3573 ELECTRONIC  COMPUTING EQUIPMENT
3574 CALCULATING AND ACCOUNTING MACHINES
3576 SCALES AND  BALANCES,  EXCEPT LABORATORY
3579 OFFICE MACHINES,  N.E.C.
3581 AUTOMATIC MERCHANDISING MACHINES
3582 COMMERCIAL  LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT
3585 REFRIGERATION  AND HEATING EQUIPMENT
3586 MEASURING AND  DISPENSING PUMPS
3589 SERVICE  INDUSTRY MACHINES, N.E.C.
3592 CARBURETORS, PISTONS,  RINGS, VALVES
3599 MACHINERY,  EXCEPT ELECTRICAL, N.E.C.
36IS TRANSFORMERS
36;!.3 SWITCHGEflR  AND SWITCHBOARD APPARATUS
3621 MOTORS AMD  GENERATORS
3622 INDUSTRIAL  CONTROLS
3623 WELDING  APPARATUS,  ELECTRIC
3624 CARBON AND  GRAPHITE PRODUCTS
362'3 ELECTRICAL  INDUSTRIAL APPARATUS,  N.E. C.
3631 -iOUSEHOLD COOKING EQUIPMENT
3632 HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATORS AND FREEZERS
3633 HOUSEHOLD LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT
3634 ELECTRIC HOUSEWARES AND FANS
3635 HOUSEHOLD VACUUM CLEANERS
3636 SEWING MACHINES
36,39 HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES,  N. E. C.
3641 ELECTRIC LAMPS
3643 CURRENT-CARRYING WIRING DEVICES
3644- NONCURRENT-CARRYING WIRING DEVICES
3645 RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING FIXTURES
3646 COMMERCIAL  LIGHTING FIXTURES
3647 VEHICULAR LIGHTING EQUIPMENT
3643 LIGHTING EQUIPMENT,  N.E.C.
3651 RADIO AND TV RECEIVING SETS
3652 PHONOGRAPH  RECORDS
36S1 TELEPHONE AND  TELEGRAPH APPARATUS
3662 RADIO AND TV COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
3671 I_ZCTRON TUBES RECEIVING TYPE
3672 CATHODE  RAY TELEVISION PICTURE TUBES
3673 ELECTRON TUBES,  TRANSMITTING
3S74 SEMICONDUCTORS AND RELATED DEVICES
3675 ELECTRONIC  CAPACITORS
3676 ELECTRONIC  RESISTORS
3677 ELECTRONIC  COILS AND TRANSFORMERS

-------
                     Appendix Table E-3 (cont'd)
CODE               INDUSTRY TITLE

3678 ELECTRONIC  CONNECTORS
3679 ELECTRONIC  COMPONENTS,  N. E. C.
3691 STORAGE BATTERIES
3692 PRIMARY BATTERIES,  DRY AND WET
3693 X-RAY APPARATUS AND TUBES
3694 ENGINE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
3699 ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY AND SUPPLIES, N.E. C.
3714 MOTOR VEHICLE PARTS AND ACCESSORIES
3311 ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
3SE2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS
3823 PROCESS CONTROL INSTRUMENTS
38E4 FLUID METERS AND COUNTING DEVICES
3825 INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE ELECTRICITY
3829 MEASURING AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, N.E.C.
3832 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND LENSES
3841 SURGICAL AND MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
3842 SURGICAL APPLIANCES AND SUPPLIES
3843 DENTAL EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
3851 OPTHALMIC GOODS
3861 PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
3873 WATCHES, CLOCKS AND WATCHCASES
3911 JEWELRY, PRECIOUS METAL
391*- SILVERWARE  AND PLATED WARE
3915 JEWELERS' MATERIALS AND LAPIDARY WORK
3961 COSTUME JEWELRY
3964 NEEDLES, PINS,  AND FASTENERS
3993 SIGNS AND ADVERTISING DISPLAYS
3995 BURIAL CASKETS
3999 MANUFACTURING,  NEC
4011 RAILROADS,  LINE-HAUL OPERATING
4013 SWITCHING AND TERMINAL SERVICES
4041 RAILWAY EXPRESS SERVICE
4111 LOCAL AND SUBURBAN TRANSIT
4119 LOCAL PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION, NEC
4121 TAX ICABS
4131 INTERCITY HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION
4141 LOCAL PASSENGER CHARTER SERVICE
4142 CHARTER, EXCEPT LOCfiL
4151 SCHOOL BUSES
4171 BUS TERMINAL FACILITIES
4172 BUS SERVICE FACILITIES
4212 LOCAL TRUCKING, WITHOUT STORAGE
4213 TRUCKING, EXCEPT LOCAL
421.4 LOCAL TRUCKING WITH STORAGE
4231 'RUCKING TERMINAL FACILITIES
4311 U.S. POSTAL SERVICE
4459 LOCAL WATER TRANSPORTATION, NEC
4463 MARINE CARGO HANDLING
4469 WATER TRANSPORTATION SERVICES, N.E. C.
4612 CRUDE PETROLEUM PIPE LINES

-------
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4613
46 1 9
4811
4821

4832
4833
4839
4953
4959
5161
5191
5198
5231
5251
5 £7 1
53 1 1
5339
551 1
55 El
5531
55-41
5551
5561
5571
5599
5962
598£
7£15
7216
7S17
7218
726 1
7312
7331
733£
7333
73-42
7349
739 1
7395
7397
7512
7513
7519
7531
7534
7535
-»cr — . Q
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7539
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Appendix Table E-3 (cont'd)

INDUSTRY TITLE
REFINED PETROLEUM PIPE LINES
PIPE LINES, IM. E. C.
TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION
TELEGRAPH COMMUNICATION

RADIO BROADCASTING
TELEVISION BROADCASTING
COMMUNICATION SERVICES, N. E. C.
REFUSE SYSTEMS
SANITARY SERVICES, N.E.C.
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
FORM SUPPLIES
POINTS, VARNISHES, AND SUPPLIES
PAINT, GLASS, AND WALLPAPER STORES
HARDWARE STORES
MOBILE HOME DEALERS
DEPARTMENT STORES
MISCELLANEOUS GENERAL MERCHANDISE STORES
NEW AND USED CAR DEALERS
USED CAR DEALERS
AUTO AND HOME SUPPLY STORES
GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS
BOAT DEALERS
RECREATIONAL AND UTILITY TRAILER DEALERS
MOTORCYCLE DEALERS
AUTOMOTIVE DEALERS, N.E.C.
MERCHANDISING MACHINE OPERATORS
FUEL AND ICE DEALERS, NEC
COIN-OPERATED LAUNDRIES AND CLEANING
DRY CLEANING PLANTS, EXCEPT RUG
CARPET AND UPHOLSTERY CLEANING
INDUSTRIAL LAUNDERERS
FUNERAL SERVICE AND CREMATORIES
OUTDOOR ADVERTISING SERVICES
DIRECT MAIL AND ADVERTISING SERVICES
BLUEPRINTING AND PHOTOCOPYING
COMMCERCIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND ART
DISINFECTING AND EXTERMINATING SERVICES
BUILDING MAINTENANCE SERVICES, N.E.C.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORIES
PHOTOFINISHING LABORATORIES
COMMERCIAL TESTING LABORATORIES
PASSENGER CAR RENTAL AND LEASING
TRUCK RENTAL AND LEASING
UTILITY TRAILER RENTAL
TOP AND BODY REPAIR SHOPS
TIRE RETREADING AND REPAIR SHOPS
PAINT SHOPS
GENERAL AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR SHOPS
AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR SHOPS, N.E.C.
ROD 10 AND TELEVISION REPAIR

-------
                     Appendix Table E-3  (cont'd)
 sic
CODE               INDUSTRY TITLE

76£3 REFRIGERATION SERVICE ftND REPftIR
7629 ELECTRICftL  REPftIR SHOPS, N. E. C.
7631 WftTCH, CLOCK,  flND JEWELRY REPfllR
7641 REUPHOLSTERY  ftND FURNITURE REPftIR
7694 flRMftTURE  REWINDING SHOPS
7699 REPftIR SERVICES,  NEC
79312 PUBLIC GOLF COURSES
7996 ftMUSEMENT PftRKS
7997 MEMBERSHIP  SPORTS ftND RECREATION CLUBS
7699 REPftIR SERVICES,  NEC
7319 SERVICES  ALLIED TO MOTION PICTURE  PRODUCTION
806;=: GENERftL MEDICftL flND SURGICPL HOSPITftLS
3069 SPECIftLTY HOSPITftLS,  EXCEPT PSYCHIftTRIC
3071 MEDICftL LflBORftTORIES
3072 DENTftL LftBORflTORIES
8081 QUTPftTIENT  CORE FACILITIES
8211 ELEMENTftRY  ftND SECONDflRY SCHOOLS
8££1 COLLEGES  ftND  UNIVERSITIES, N.E.C.
8££2 JUNIOR COLLEGES
8£49 VOCflTION  SCHOOLS, N.E.C.
3331 JOB TRftlNING  ftND RELflTED SERVICES
8411 MUSEUMS ftND ftRT GftLLERIES
34£1 BOTftNICftL ftND ZOOLOGICftL GftRDENS
89££ NCNCQMMERCIftL RESEftRCH ORGftNIZOTIONS
9££1 POLICE PROTECTION
9££3 CORRECTIONflL  INSTITUTIONS
9££4 FIRE PROTECTION
9641 REGULftTION  OF flGRICULTURftL MftRKETING flND COMMODITIES

-------
                               APPENDIX F


                  DETAILED SQG WASTE  MANAGEMENT PROFILES
Table  F-l   Storage  Profile
       F-2   Average  Storage Time Profile
       F-l   Maximum  Storage Time Profile
       F-4   Disposal Profile, Number of Generators
       F-5   Disposal Profile, Percent of Generators
       F-6   Recycling Profile, Number of Generators
       F-7   Recycling Profile, Percent of Generators
       F-8   Treatment Profile, Number of Generators
       F-9   Treatment Profile, Percent of Generators
       F-10  Transportation Profile
       F-ll  Transportation Notification  Profile
       F-12  TSDF Notification Profile

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