United States Environmental Protection Agency Pesticides And Toxic Substance EPA/560/7-90-007 June 1990 Risk Assessment Management, Communication A Guide to Selected Sources Volume 3, Number 2 COMMUNICATION Printed on Recycled Paper ------- RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT, COMMUNICATION A GUIDE TO SELECTED SOURCES VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 COMMUNICATION Office of Toxic Substances Chemical Library U.S. Environmental Protection Agency June 1990 ------- This issue of Risk Assessment. Management. and Communication: A Guide to Selected Sources has been prepared and reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Due to the rapidly expanding field of risk information, EPA cannot guarantee that all relevant sources are cited. Publication does not signify that the contents reflect the views of EPA or that EPA endorses the coverage and scope of the subject matter as comprehensive, complete and appropriate. ------- INTRODUCTION This issue of Risk Assessment, Management, and Communication; A Guide to Selected Sources is the eighth update in EPA's series of risk management bibliographies. References were gathered from the environmental, medical, and scientific literature included in the following databases: ABI/Inform, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Conference Papers Index, Enviroline, Life Sciences Collection, Magazine Index, NTIS, PAIS International, and NLM's Toxline and Medline. The citations cover documents added to those collections during the period from April 1989 to November 1989. The original Guide appeared in March 1987 and was followed by quarterly updates. These earlier updates constitute volume one of the current semiannual series. Like its predecessors, this document is subdivided into Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Risk Communication. The Table of Contents lists further divisions of each of these categories. Citations are arranged alphabetically by title, with the exception of the chemical specific references. These citations are grouped alphabetically by chemical name. Abstracts in this guide have been shortened or eliminated if the content of the article is adequately reflected in the title. The EPA library network can assist EPA staff members and EPA contractors in obtaining materials cited in the bibliography. Reference copies of the original Guide and subsequent issues are available through NTIS at the following address: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22161 703-487-4650 800-336-4700 (outside Virginia) *Guide: PB87-185500 1st Update: PB87-203402/AS 2nd Update: PB88-100102 3rd Update: PB88-128178 Volume 2, No.l: PB88-210596 Volume 2, No.2: PB89-189641 Volume 3, No.l: PB90-237116 * These five issues constitute volume 1 of the current series. ------- CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ii RISK ASSESSMENT GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 1 ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 6 METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK* 7 HEALTH RISKS 21 GENERAL 21 CANCER 33 GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS 50 HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 59 CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT 67 HAZARDOUS WASTE 83 RADIATION 89 ECOLOGICAL RISK 95 LEGAL ASPECTS 110 BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES 112 RISK MANAGEMENT GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 119 POLICY 122 LEGAL ASPECTS 127 CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT 131 HAZARDOUS WASTE 134 RADIATION 142 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 145 CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT 150 RISK COMMUNICATION INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER 159 INFORMING THE PUBLIC 163 INFORMING THE WORKER 169 TITLE INDEX 173 *Includes Quantitative Risk Assessment and Pharmacokinetics. ------- Questions or comments concerning Risk Assessment, Management, Communication; A Guide to Selected Sources may be sent to: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Toxic Substances Chemical Library TS-793 Risk Management Bibliographies 401 M Street, S.W., Rm. B002, NE Mall Washington, DC 20460 111 ------- RISK ASSESSMENT ... IS THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THAT EVALUATES THE POTENTIAL FOR OCCURENCES OF ADVERSE EFFECT GENERAL PERSPECTIVE . . . includes cross media approach, de minimis risk, and uncertainty in assessment Computer Assisted Risk Assessment (CARA) Ludvigsen, P.J.; Senzel, A.J. ERM Inc., Exton, PA, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) (USA) Telephone: 202 785 2778 Poster Paper Languages: English ABI/INFORM Determining Regional Conditions: A Second Step in Regional Risk Assessment Whittier, T.R. Northrop Serv. Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA) Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages: English ABI/INFORM Engineering Aspects for Risk Assessment of Large-scale Manufacturing Facilities Burckle, J.O. American Chemical Society, 196th National Meeting 8830129 Los Angeles, CA (USA) 25-30 Sep 1988 American Chemical Society (ACS) ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $ 38.00 + Postage Charge Languages: English ABI/INFORM ------- Environmental Risk Assessment Chandler, J.L. Bioessays (ENGLAND) Oct 1986, 5(4) p!76-80, ISSN 0265-9247 Journal Code: 9YYe Languages: English MEDLINE Expert System for Environmental Risk Assessment at 3M Lande, S.S.; Collins, E.; Wilcox, D. 3M, St. Paul, MN, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA) Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages: English ABI/INFORM Global Risk Assessment: The Key Roles of the Biological and Social Sciences Mlot, Christine BioScience v39 p428(3) July-August, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: BISNA illustration; photograph Descriptors: Biologists—conferences and congresses; greenhouse effect; atmospheric—conferences and congresses MAGAZINE INDEX Integration of Activity Specific Chemical Accident and Local Demographic Data Bases into a Programmatic Risk Assessment for the Disposal of the Army's Chemical Stockpile Fraize, W.E.; Price, B.H.; Cutler, R.M.; Duff, W.W.; Perry, J.G. Mitre Corp., McLean, VA American Institute of Chemical Engineers 1988 Summer National Meeting 8830985 Denver, CO (USA) 21-24 Aug 1988 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Engineering Societies Library, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 (USA) Telephone: (212) 705- 7611, Individual papers are also available. Paper No. 9e Languages: English CAMBRIDGE SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACTS ------- Interview with a Risk Expert (editorial) Koshland, Daniel E., Jr. Science v244 p!529(l) June 30, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: SCIEAS Article Type: editorial Availability: FULL TEXT Online Line Count: 0058 Descriptors: Risk assessment-- anecdotes, facetiae, satire, etc. MAGAZINE INDEX Introduction to Risk Assessment: A Scientific Approach Mehlman, M.A. American Chemical society, 196th National Meeting 8830129 Los Angeles, CA (USA) 25-30 Sep 1988 American Chemical Society (ACS) ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $38.00 + Postage Charge Languages: English ABI/INFORM Of Mice and Men: The Effect of Science on Regulations Dombrowski, S.L. (Dow Chemical Co, MI) Chemical Engineering Progress, Dec 88, V84, N12, P35(6) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article The basis for more and more occupational health and hazard exposure standards are the results of bioassay tests for cancer in laboratory rodents. Regulators routinely extrapolate situations. Many scientists doubt whether a direct correlation is appropriate. In addition to the obvious species, routes of exposure, and dose size differences, there is no reliable way to determine whether humans are more or less sensitive than test animals. Regulators may tend to overstate chemical and health risks in extrapolating animal data to humans, thereby placing undue regulatory pressure on chemical users and creating the impression that many chemicals are indeed carcinogenic. (2 Graphs) Enviroline Number: *89-002936 ------- Regional Risk Assessment for Lakes Due to Acid Deposition Schnoor, J.L.; Lee, S.J. Univ. Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA) Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages: English ABI/INFORM Risk Analysis in Developing Countries Claudio, Corazon (Pe Benito Sitech Resources Group, Philippines) Risk Analysis, Dec 88, V8, N4, P475(4) Editorial Insights into common risk-related problems and research opportunities in developing countries are discussed. The most common concerns in developing countries include risks associated with pesticides and fertilizers, commonly used chemicals, and technologies used in agriculture and industry. Cost-effective approaches and methods for risk analysis, increased risk communication, training and research are advocated. Risk analysis should receive greater emphasis in developing nations in order to safeguard future development. (7 References) Enviroline Number: *89-002968 Risk Analysis - The Role of Human Factor in Managing Strong Technologies Bazzan, A. International Conference on Ergonomics Occupational Safety and Health and the Environment 8845008 Beijing (China) 24-28 Oct 1988 Chinese Society of Metals, Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, 46 Dongsixi Dajie, Beijing (China) Languages: English ABI/INFORM Risk Analysis Eguchi, R. Dames and Moore, Los Angeles, CA, USA American Society of Civil Engineering, 1988 Annual Convention 8840046 St. Louis, MO (USA) 24-27 Oct 1988 American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) ASCE, 345 E. 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 (USA) Languages: English ABI/INFORM ------- Silent Spring Revisited Edited by Gino J. Marco, Robert M. Hollingworth, and William Durham Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987 214 pp., $29.95 hb. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p420, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph Silent Spring Revisited is a timely reevaluation of the environmental and human health risks posed by pesticides, major problems identified in Rachel Carson's landmark environmental thesis of some 20 years ago. The editors wish to place Ms. Carson's original concerns within the perspective provided by two decades of efforts to identify and manage environmental and human health threats. As such, this book, written by able scientists, is not so much a book of science as it is a book of policy, a retrospective on where science, technology, and policy have taken us in the past 25 years, and where we are likely to be headed in the future. Perhaps the most illuminating paper is C.F. Wilkinson's review of the science and policy of pesticides, a discussion which touches on the major uncertainties associated with environmental risk assessment, the challenges of public risk perception, and the accomplishments attained thus far. The remainder of the essays cover a number of topics important to environmental risk assessments: pesticide toxicity assessment, pesticide impact on groundwater, pesticide avian impacts, human health impacts, agricultural benefits vs. environmental risk. Each of the essays is ably written in a provocative, easily accessible style not often seen in scientific literature. In the interest of universal access, each contributor has provided a glossary of technical terms used in his essay, a habit which other scientific documents might emulate. For anyone associated with assessment and management of environmental risk, this book is a thoughtful and enlightening exploration of the crucial issues. The Bhopal Tragedy: Language, Logic, and Politics in the Production of a Hazard Bogard, William "89 xii+154p, bibl tables charts index Order Info: Westview (LC 89-9191) (ISBN 0-8133-7786-2) pa $25 Language: English Doc Type: Monograph Social and cultural aspects of risk assessment in technology transfers to the Third World. Descriptors: *Chemical industries—accidents; *Bhopal, India; *risk; *technology transfer; *business and politics CAMBRIDGE SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACTS ------- ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES Acceptable Risk Whipple, Chris (EPRI, CA) Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Contemporary Issues in Risk Analysis), V3, P157(14) Book Chapter Determining what level of risk is acceptable is often subjective and value laden. This article outlines guidelines for defining an appropriate level of risk. Specific subjects addressed include a historical definition of acceptable risk, a review of comparative and analytical approaches used to develop workable definitions of acceptable risk, and ways in which diverse objectives for risk management become apparent in risk standard setting. Although defining acceptable risk will always involve political judgements, risk analysis can play an important role in the decision making process. (2 Diagrams, 5 Graphs, 16 References, 1 Table) Enviroline Number: 89-001801 Hazard Evaluation Division, Standard Evaluation Procedure: Guidance Document for Conducting Terrestrial Field Studies Fite, E.G.; Turner, L.W.; Cook, N.J.; Stunkard, C. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide Programs Corp. Source Codes: 031287124 Report No.: EPA/540/09-88/109 Sep 88 66p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 See also PB83-153908 NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States The document is a technical paper intended to provide guidance on how to design and perform terrestrial field studies relative to data requirements under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act as amended (FIFRA, P.L. 92-516). The paper discusses when the Agency requires these tests, their objective and suggests a general approach and some experimental designs which could be used to address Agency's concerns. A variety of basic wildlife investigative methods which have been found useful in these types of studies are briefly reviewed along with adequate references to assist scientists planning to undertake a study to support a Federal Pesticide Registration. PB89-124580/XAB ------- Risk Assessment Guideline and Information Directory (book reviews) Electrical World v203 p!60(l) June, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: ELWOA Article Type: Review Grade: A Descriptors: Books—reviews, etc. MAGAZINE INDEX METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK A Risk Assessment for Selected Lead-Induced Health Effects: An Example of a General Methodology Whitfield, Ronald G.; Wallsten, Thomas S. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!97, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Article The research described here is part of a larger risk assessment project to aid the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its review of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for lead. The methodology can be applied to many situations in which a policy decision about a toxic substance is required in the face of incomplete data. Numerical results are presented for three potentially adverse lead-induced effects of interest to EPA: elevated erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP), hemoglobin (Hb) decrement, and intelligence quotient (IQ) decrement. Keywords: Uncertainty; Judgemental Probability Encoding; Health Risk Assessment; National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Analysis of Health Effects Caused By Multiple Insults Seller, Fritz; Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Inst., NM Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987, V5, P27 (8) Conf Paper A method is presented for the analysis of the risk of health effects resulting from multiple insults. The implementation of the methodology is entirely phenomenologically based, and the sole restrictions concern a limited set of functions describing the relationship between exposure parameters and the risk of health effects. An example is provided through an analysis of the incidence of oral and esophageal cancer in relation to alcohol and tobacco consumption. A discussion follows on the possible etiological processes of these cancers. (3 Diagrams, 5 References) Enviroline Number: 89-002821 7 ------- Animal Population Dynamics: Identification of Critical Components Emlen, J.M.; Pikitch, E.K. Nav. Support Facil., Natl. Fish. Res. Cent., U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Seattle, WA 98115, USA ECOL. MODEL.; 44(3-4), pp. 253-273 1989 Language: English Summary Language: English Document Type: Journal article-original research Subfile: 04 Ecology Abstracts There is growing interest in the use of population dynamics model in environmental risk assessment and the promulgation of environmental regulatory policies. Unfortunately, because of species and areal differences in the physical and biotic influences on population dynamics, such models must almost inevitably be both complex and species- or site-specific. Given the enormous variety of species and sites of potential concern, this fact presents a problem; it simply is not possible to construct models for all species and circumstances. Therefore, it is useful, before building predictive population models, to discover what input parameters are of critical importance to the desired output. LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Data: The Use of Subjective Judgement Modeling Booker, J.M. Los Alamos National Lab., NM Corp. Source Codes: 072735000;9512470 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: LA-UR-88-1675; CONF-880872-2 1988 23p Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300 Joint statistical meetings, New Orleans, LA, USA, 22 Aug 1988 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: W-7405-ENG-36 ------- In risk assessments of high level waste disposal problems, the paucity or absence of data makes it necessary to rely on expert opinion information. This information is usually in the form of a mixture of qualitative and quantitative information (data). Regardless of which methods are used to handle this mixture, certain issues such as granularity and conditionality cannot be ignored. These issues are discussed as they impact some of the major methods in current use. Examples of how to handle this data mixture are provided for some of the classical methods and for some of the newer, cognitive and data-based methods. 13 refs., 5 figs. DE88010948/XAB Comparison of an Index Function and a Vectorial Approach Method for Ranking Waste Disposal Sites Halfon, E. Lakes Res. Branch, Natl Water Res. Inst., Canada Cent. Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6 Environ Sci Technol; 23(5), 1989, 600-609 LA: English CD: ESTHA A ranking method, which avoids the use of indexes, is applied to the classification and ranking of 38 waste disposal sites in the Detroit, St. Clair, and St. Mary's River areas. The ranking method is based on the hypothesis that a set of measurements, attributes, is generally necessary to create a ranking file. These measurements can be considered the elements of a vector, the "vector performance", which identifies the environmental hazard of each site. Ranking of sampling stations is obtained by partial ordering the vectors representing each station. The results and insights of this new method are compared with results obtained by a standard ranking analysis using an index function. The 38 sites are ranked according to 30 criteria related to their geological and pollution characteristics. The novel ranking method also identifies which criteria should be measured in future sampling programs to determine the status of degradation of environmental areas with minimal expense of dollars and manpower. Partial ordering is a vectorial approach which ------- recognizes that not all sites can be compared with all others in terms of environmental hazard when several criteria are used. In fact the higher the number of criteria, the higher is the probability that contradictions in ranking exist between criteria. Hasse diagrams, a useful graphic tool commonly used in lattice theory (a genealogical tree is a special case of a Hasse diagram), display the ranking results and allow users to visually compare sampling sites based on thousands of test results, which might otherwise be very confusing when displayed in table form. Further work planned includes the inclusion of this ranking scheme into an expert system to help decision makers and government agencies interested in ranking analyze their data in an organized manner. Keywords: Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods NLM/TOXLINE Comparisons of Various Filtration Media Logsdon, G.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab Corp. Source Codes: 034122084 Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/217 Oct 88 27p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States The report reviews use of filtering materials in diatomaceous earth (DE) filtration, slow sand filtration, and coagulation- rapid rate filtration. For DE filtration, increased effluent clarity (lower turbidity) is generally attained at the expense of increased rates of head loss increase. Changing the surface characteristics of DE from electronegative to electropositive permits use of coarser grades of DE for effective removal of fine particles. An important consideration in selecting media for slow sand filtration is whether to use media mined and prepared by a filter media processor, or whether to use a locally quarried and processed material as filter media, based on pilot plant studies of the filter media being considered and the source water which will be treated at the full scale plant. Trends in filter media design for plants employing coagulation and rapid rate filtration have varied over the decades. Recently a 600 MGD direct filtration plant was built with very deep beds consisting of a single medium anthracite. Filter bed design is continuing to evolve and change. PB89-118764/XAB 10 ------- Computer Prediction of Receptors Contaminant Concentrations for Environmental Risk Assessment of Omni-Vest Landfill Pisigan, R.A., Jr.; Huang, C.T. Environ. Sci. and Eng., Inc., Gainesville, FL, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278 Languages: English ABI/INFORM Consideration of a Degradation Factor for Organic Contaminants in Risk Assessments Wong, D.; Jaworski, A.; Schaffer, S.; Price, B. Ebasco Serv., Inc., Lyndhurst, NJ, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278 Languages: English ABI/INFORM Cross Fertilization of Formal Risk Analysis with Industrial Hygiene Field Surveys Guillemin, M. Inst. Univ. Med. Hyg. Travau, Lausanne, Switzerland 3rd FECS Conference on Risk Assessment of Chemical in Environment 8835010 University of Surrey (UK) 11-14 Jul 1988 Royal Society of Chemistry Dr. R.H. Andrews, Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, London W1V OBN (UK) Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX 11 ------- Determination of Atmospheric Dilution for Emergency Preparedness: A Joint EPA-DOE (Environmental Protection Agency-Department of Energy) Technical Workshop Held on October 15-17, 1988 Rogers, S.E. Research and Evaluation Associates, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC Corp. Source Codes: 093005000 Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC Atmospheric Sciences Research Lab Report No.: EPA/600/9-88/019 Oct 88 257p Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 NTIS Prices: PC A12/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4129 The workshop was held in Research Triangle Park, NC in October of 1986. The objectives of the workshop were to review the current methods of determining atmospheric dilution for use in hazard identification, emergency preparedness planning, and emergency response, to provide recommendations for choosing among these methods, and, finally, to define the role of the meteorologist in hazard identification, emergency planning, etc. Several invited papers were presented, and panel discussions were held to meet the objectives. Results are presented and discussed. PB89- 118715/XAB Developing Risk Estimates for Toxic Air Pollutants Through Probabilistic Risk Assessment Zaragoza, Larry; Patrick, David R.; Schell, Robert M.; Cote, Ila L.; Dusetzina, Mike; Pate, Nancy B.; Richmond, Harvey M. (EPA, NC) Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987, V5, P491(8) Conf Paper In order to determine the need to regulate toxic air pollutants, the feasibility of using probabilistic methods for the characterization of estimated public health risks is evaluated. With this approach, the available scientific information is used to develop risk estimates. The method allows explicit identification and analysis of uncertainties in exposure estimates, exposure-dose relationships, and dose-response relationships in developing these health risk estimates. (3 Diagrams, 6 References) Enviroline Number: 89-002823 12 ------- Development of a Fish Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic Model for Use in Environmental Risk Assessment Nichols, J.W.; McKim, J.M.; Andersen, M.E.; Gargas, M.L. ; Erickson, R.J. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Duluth, MN, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278 Languages: English ABI/INFORM Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment: Structure-Activity Relationships for Osteolathyrism Dawson, D.A.; Schultz, T.W.; Baker, L.L. Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxiciology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278 Languages: English ABI/INFORM Environmental Risk Assessment Approach to Wildlife Research Hall, R.J.; Rattner, B.A.; Whitworth, M.R. USFWS, Laurel, MD, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxiciology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278 Languages: English ABI/INFORM 13 ------- Estimating Toxicity of Industrial Chemicals to Aquatic Organisms Using Structure Activity Relationships. Volume 1 (Final rept.) elements, R. G. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Toxic Substances. Corp. Source codes: 031287473 Report No.: EPA/5oO/6-88/001 Jul 88 283p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRA18903 NTIS Prices: PC A13/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States The report presents 49 SARs (Structure Activity Relationships) which are currently used by the EPA Environmental Effects Branch to estimate the toxicity of industrial organics to aquatic organisms. These SARs can be applied to three broad categories of organic chemicals: (1) neutral organics which are non-reactive and non-ionizable, (2) neutral organics which are reactive and show excess toxicity in addition to narcosis, and (3) surface active organic compounds such as surfactants, and polycationic polymers. There are about 40 classes and sub-classes of organic compounds covered by these SARs. The scope of these SARs include acute toxicity to vertebrates and invertebrates (freshwater and saltwater species), chronic toxicity to freshwater vertebrates and invertebrates, and toxicity to freshwater algae. PB89-117592/XAB Evaluation of Environmental Risk Assessment Methods Menzie, C.A.; Burmaster, D.E. Charles A. Menzie and Assoc., Chelmsford, MA, USA Society of Environmental Toxiciology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxiciology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278 Languages: English ABI/INFORM Expert Systems to Assist in Evaluation of Measurement Data Greathouse, D.G. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 05, 1989 NTIS/PB89-129449, lOp NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 EPA/600/D-88/250 The Agency expends a significant proportion of its budget to measure levels of contaminants or effects of contamination in the 14 ------- environment. In addition, it mandates that other organizations, primarily private companies, expend considerable resources to provide measurement data to the Agency. This requires that decisions be made concerning appropriate sampling methods and analytical techniques and results in huge volumes of measurement data that must be evaluated and interpreted by Agency personnel. Concerns such as extent of contamination, potential health risks due to the contamination, and likelihood of adverse health consequences by introduction of new chemicals into the market place are just a few of the decision areas based on these data. Clearly the potential health consequences and economic implications of these evaluations and interpretations are very significant. Hence it is very important that the best expertise be brought to bear on these decisions. The purpose of the paper is to review the development of expert systems by US EPA to assist in evaluation of measurement data. Keywords: Environmental Tests; Measurement; Evaluation; Data; Sampling; Methodology; Geophysics; Quality Assurance; Quality Control; Expert Systems; Technology Transfer; Procedures; Flexible Membrane PB89-129449 Fish Population Models in Regulatory Risk Assessment Barnthouse, L.W.; Suter, G.W. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN American Institute of Biological Science, 39th Annual Meeting 8830974 Davis, CA (USA) 14-18 Aug 1988 American Institute of Biological Science (AIBS) Duren Patten, ESA, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 (USA)., Abstracts will be published in Journals of Ecology Society of America (ESA) and Botanical Society of America (BSA) Languages: English ABI/INFORM 15 ------- Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, Vol. 5 Edited by Jitendra Saxena Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1987 440 pp, $59.50 hb. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p419, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph Hazard Assessment of Chemicals is a serial publication designed as a forum for discussion of new and significant developments in the chemical hazard assessment field. Like all volumes in this series, Volume 5 provides the reader with reviews of important new subjects in the field and case studies on specific chemicals, chemicals classes, and appropriate assessment methods. This volumes provides reviews of a number of important assessment methodologies: electrode measurement systems, radiolabeling, pattern recognition techniques, pesticide rating systems, microbial applications in biotechnology, and biota monitoring as an indicator of health risks at hazardous waste sites. In addition, there are case studies of the Bhopal methylisocyanate leak and oil-well drilling fluids. With such a disparate range of topics, the utility of the volume is directly related to the reader's interest in the specific issues discussed. However, the individual papers are well-written, providing excellent resources for those professionals who are interested in a specific topic. Model for Focusing Monitoring to Provide Supplementary Data for Risk Assessments Petersen, B.; Eickhoff, J. Tech. Assess. Syst. Inc., Washington, DC, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278. Poster Paper. Languages: English ABI/INFORM 16 ------- Particulate and Organic Emissions from Unvented Kerosene Heaters, Test House Study Jackson, M.D.; Rasor, S.A.; Clayton, R.K.; Stephenson, E.E. Acurex Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC Corp. Source Codes: 057202000 Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency-, Research Triangle Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab Report No.: EPA/600/D-88-226 1988 12p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8904 NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: EPA-68-02-3988; EPA 68-02-4701 The paper discusses a study of particulate and organic emissions from unvented kerosene heaters in a test house. Results from the test house are compared with those from large (room size) chambers, using EPA's indoor air quality (IAQ) model. In the test house, unvented kerosene heater particulate emissions were collected on Teflon-coated glass fiber filters. Organic emissions were trapped on Tenax-GC and XAD-2 sorbents, and the organic compounds were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Target compounds were then quantified. CO, C02, and S02 were monitored during each test. Weather data were also collected for correlation with emissions and house characterization data. The test house is a typical three-bedroom, two-bath, single-story frame house with crawl space. It has natural gas heat and electric central air conditioning. The house is 8 years old and has the energy efficiency features of homes built during the early 1980s. PB89-118400/XAB PC Simulation for Reliability and Risk Analysis Sutton, I. Syst. Reliab. Int., Houston, TX American Institute of Chemical Engineers 1988 Summer National Meeting 8830985 Denver, CO (USA) 21-24 Aug 1988 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Engineering Socities Library, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 (USA). Telephone: (212)705- 7611, Individual Papers are also Available Paper No. 57c Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX 17 ------- PCB Analyses of Biota and Applications to Risk Assessment Norton, S.B.; Pruell, R. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278. Poster Paper. Languages: English ABI/INFORM Quantitative Risk Assessment for Non-Cancer Health Effects of Air Contaminants Lewis, D.C.; Alexeeff, G.V.; Gravitz, N. American Chemical Society, 196th National Meeting 8830129 Los Angeles, CA (USA) 25-30 Sep 1988 American Chemical Society (ACS) ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $38.00 + Postage Charge Languages: English ABI/INFORM Quantitative Risk Assessment for Occupational Health Hall, S.K.; Sherman, L.D.; Klaunig, J.E.; Markiewicz, D.S. International Conference on Ergonomics Occupational Safety and Health and the Environment 8845008 Beijing (China) 24-28 Oct 1988 Chinese Society of Metals; Darling Downs Institute of Advanced Education Australia Chinese Society of Metals, Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, 46 Dongsixi Dajie, Beijing (China) Languages: English ABI/INFORM TOXPERT An Expert System for Risk Assessment Soto, R.J.; Osimitz, T.G.; Oleson, A. S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., Racine, WI 12th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC) 8845004 Washington, DC (USA) 6-9 Nov 1988 American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics; IEEE Computer Society; International Society of Technology Assessment in Health Care; American Medical Association; et al. SCAMC, George Washington University Medical Center, Office of Continuing Education, 2300 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 (USA) Languages: English ABI/INFORM 18 ------- Transgenic Mice as Future Tools in Risk Assessment Cordaro, J. Christopher Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!57, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Article Historically, mice have served a routine and useful purpose in the research, development, and testing of biologicals, chemicals, and drugs for efficacy, toxicity, and carcinogenic risk. The literature is replete with examples using mice to study organic compounds both in short-term tests involving tumor initiation and promotion and in long-term experiments dealing with fertility, reproduction, and teratology. During the past two decades, a virtual explosion of advances has occurred in modern biology that includes the discoveries of retroviruses, oncogenes, DNA restriction enzymes, nucleotide sequence analyses, and microinjection techniques. Fusion of these milestones in genetic, molecular, and cell biology with recent developments in mouse embryology has opened novel avenues and methods of experimentation as significant additions to the risk assessment armamentarium that currently uses both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Some promising directions afforded by transgenic mice as powerful future tools in risk assessment will be summarized below. Keywords: Transgenic Mice; Carcinogens; Human Oncogenes; Human Immunodeficiency Virus Use of Remote Sensing in Support of Risk Assessment Buoni, A.G.; Thomas, M.R.; Kuzma, T. Battelle Columbus Div., Columbus, OH, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278. Poster Paper. Languages: English ABI/INFORM 19 ------- Use of Short-Term Test Data in Risk Analysis of Chemical Carcinogens Flamm, W. Gary and; Scheuplein, Robert J. (FDA, DC) Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Contemporary Issues in Risk Analysis, 1988, V3, P37(12) Book Chapter The use of short-term test data in risk analysis is evaluated in this article. Several useful short-term tests are discussed including the Ames Test, tests which measure forward mutations in mammalian cells, methods which measure DNA damage and repair, and quantitation of DNA synthesis resulting from cell proliferation. Specific examples where these tests have been applied are provided. Short-term tests may be an efficient way to generate valuable information for use in the risk assessment process. (1 Graph, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-001733 Wildlife Hazard Assessment: Acute and Subacute Toxicity Testing with Small Animals Linder, G. Northrop Serv., Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278. Languages: English ABI/INFORM 20 ------- HEALTH RISKS GENERAL Acid Air and Aerobiology Related to the Maturing Human Lung Montonen, T.B.; Graham, R.C.; Hofmann, W.; Eisner, A. Northrop Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC Corp. Source Codes: 058582000 Sponsor: Duke Univ., Durham, NC.; Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/223 Oct 88 30p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8904 NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4450 The effect of 'acid air1 on human health was studied by considering the effects of hygroscopicity upon aerosol deposition in the lung as a function of human subject age. Children are a critical sub-population to be incorporated into health effects analyses following ambient exposures. Sulfate particles are products of the combustion of fossil fuels, are consequences of basic personal needs and industrial uses, and are prevalent in the atmosphere. Experimental hygroscopic growth information is introduced into a validated mathematical model describing aerosol deposition in the human lung. The results are intended for hazard evaluations pertinent to humans subsequent to exposures to pollutant atmospheres. The influences of hygroscopic growth, taking place when inhaled particles enter the warm, moist human respiratory tract, are significant; and should not be ignored in considerations of threat-to-human-health. The findings can be directed into aerosol therapy functions also, leading to more efficient administrations of drugs via the inhalation route. Therefore, the findings, considering age-dependency, are of potential application to pediatric medicine. PB89-118533/XAB 21 ------- Aerosol Deposition in Human Upper Airways: Final Technical Report Swift, D. L. Danish National Inst. of Occupational Health, Hellerup Corp. Source Codes: 093178000; 9901060 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: DOE/ER/60511-1 1988 9p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Country of Publication: Denmark Contract No.: FG02-87ER60511 This is a final report of a one year research effort which was intended to obtain experimental data and develop methods for aerosol deposition in the human upper airways. The study was carried out while the principal investigator was visiting research scientists at the Danish National Institute of Occupational Health. Some of the tasks were carried out collaboratively at other institutes to be described below. The specific aims of the research program were to obtain particle deposition data for ultrafine particles in a nasal replicate model, and to develop methods by which replicate models of the upper human airways could be constructed for other ages and conditions. Of particular interest to this third aim is the possibility of constructing replicate models so the upper related deposition efficiency could be determined. 3 figs. DE88014112/XAB Bioavailability as a Factor in Human Health Risk Assessment of a Newark, NJ, TCDD Contamination Site DeVito, M.; Umbreit, T.H.; Gallo, M.A. Robert W. Johnson Med. Sch., Piscataway, NJ, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278. Languages: English ABI/INFORM 22 ------- Comparative Health Risk Assessment of Energy-Recovery and Landfill Facilities Minott, David, H. (Alternative Resources, MA) J Resource Management & Technology, Jan 89, V17, Nl, PI(8) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article Energy-recovery facilities and landfills are compared with respect to potential health risks. The principal source of potential health risks from energy-recovery facilities is toxic air pollutant emissions from the stack. The carcinogenic components of such emissions are identified and the effectiveness of control technologies is discussed. The emission of toxic air pollutants is also a significant source of health risk at municipal landfills. Carcinogens and control technologies are discussed for these sites as well. Means of mitigating the sources of risk are described and estimates of potential cancer risk, compared for emissions of toxic air pollutants from energy recovery facilities and from landfills. (36 References, 4 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-002750 Drinking Water Standards and Risk Assessment Cotruvo, J.A. Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460 Drinking Water Standards and Risk Assessment Regul Toxicol Pharmacol; Vol 8, Iss 3, 1988, P288-99 LA: English CD: RBH ISSN: 0273-2300 The role and use of risk assessment methods in the establishment of drinking water standards are described with emphasis on recent applications. The process essentially includes an attempt to quantify human exposure from all routes including drinking water, animal toxicology, and human epidemiology, when available, to arrive at drinking water concentrations at which exposure would result in «no known or anticipated adverse effects on health, with a margin of safety.» The process itself is straightforward; however, the application to decision making for substances that are considered to be potentially nonthreshold acting in their toxicity (e.g., carcinogenic) requires many policy choices beyond the scientific data and is subject to considerable controversy. Keywords: TOXBIB; Carcinogens Toxicity; Costs and Cost Analysis; Legislation; Risk; United States; Water Pollution, Chemical Adverse Effects; Water Supply *Standards NLM/TOXLINE 23 ------- Environmental Issues/Radon Forum Applied Research and Public Policy 4:4-25 Spring '89, charts, map Language: English Doc Type: P Public health risks; the EPA's role; initiatives in Minnesota and New Jersey; 4 articles PAIS INTERNATIONAL Epidemiology of Lung Cancer in Xuan Wei, China: Current Progress, Issues, and Research Strategies (Journal Version) Chapman, R.S.; Mumford, J.L.; Harris, D.B.; He, X; Jiang, W. Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC Institute of Environmental Health and Engineering, Geijing (China); Yunnan Province Anti-epidemic Station, Kunming (China) Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 09, 1989 Journal Article, Pub. in Archives of Environmental Health, v43 pl80-185 Mar/Apr 88 NTIS/PB89-143721, 8p NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 ID: EPA/600/J-88/261 In Xuan Wei, a rural Chinese county of about one million people, females' annual lung cancer mortality is China's highest, and males' is among China's highest. Xuan Wei's very high indoor air pollution levels (sometimes exceeding 20 mg/m3), residentially stable population, relatively uncomplicated lifestyle, and wide geographic variation in lung cancer mortality render it highly amenable to quantitative, interdisciplinary investigation of chemical carcinogens due to indoor air pollution. To date, epidemiologic findings reveal a closer association of lung cancer with the indoor burning of "smoky" coal than with tobacco use or occupation. Current aerometric, chemical, and toxicologic findings tend to confirm this association. Chinese and American investigators are conducting interdisciplinary field and laboratory investigations to quantify the lung cancer risk attendant on indoor air pollution relative to other factors, to measure and compare the characteristics of pollution from different Xuan Wei fuels, to determine the relative etiologic importance of pollution composition and concentration, and to develop quantitative relationships between air pollution dose and lung cancer risk. Keywords: Smoke; Coal; Carcinogens; Pulmonary Neoplasms; China; Epidemiology; Mortality; Mutagens; Respiratory Diseases; Etiology Reprints; Indoor Air Pollution; Air Pollution Effects (humans); Xuan Wei (China); Risk Assessment PB89-143721 24 ------- Evaluation of Immunotoxic Effects of Pesticides in Risk Assessment Process and Health Advisory Program Sriharan, S.; Ohanian, E.V.; Vanderslice, R.R. Selma Univ., Selma, AL, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278. Languages: English ABI/INFORM Health Effects (Environmental Radon) Cross, Fred T. (Battelle Pacific-Northwest Labs, WA) Plenum Press Env Science Research Report, 1987, V35, P215(34) Book Chapter Acute and subacute early health effects, as well as late effects, can be expected following exposure of the respiratory tract to radon progeny. The dose to the bronchi generally predominates in humans. These sites contain precursor cells that are particularly sensitive to the cytotoxic and carcinogenic properties of alpha- emitting radon progeny. A multistage theory of carcinogenesis is explained, followed by a review of human and laboratory animal data. Topics covered include statistical projection models, lung cancer modifying factors such as cigarette smoking and time- related factors, and several recently conducted radon inhalation studies. (2 Diagrams, 1 Graph, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-003077 Homeowner Risk Assessment Using Inexpensive Indoor Radon Monitors Mose, D.; Mushrush, G.; Kline, S. George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278 Languages: English ABI/INFORM 25 ------- How It Might Be: Species Henderson, Sandra (EPA, OR) EPA J, Jan-Feb 89, V15, Nl, P21(2) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article As a result of the greenhouse effect, wildlife is likely to be affected by several processes, including shifting zones, rising sea climatic zones, changes in vegetation level, and increased frequency of natural catastrophic events. When climatic zones shift, adaptable species can modify their range and distribution to accommodate shifts in vegetation. Those not able to disperse easily will face the risk of extinction. There are fewer suitable places for species to use as refuge; climate modification will have severe impacts on grizzly bears and migratory waterfowl as the area of alternative habitat dwindles. Generalist species will probably fill the gaps created by species lost due to climatic change, altering the aesthetic and ecological characteristics of the natural world. (2 Photos) Enviroline Number: *89-003804 Identification of High Caries Risk Adults: Attitudes, Social Factors and Diseases Beck, J.D.; Kohout, F; Hunt, R.J. Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7450 Int Dent J (ENGLAND) Dec 1988, 38 (4) p231-8, ISSN 0020-6539 Journal Code: GPTe Languages: English Document Type: Review Since agent, host and environmental factors have been associated with caries, the development of multivariate risk assessment models is warranted. This process comprises the identification of risk factors, the development and testing of risk targeting. Work-in-progress by the authors in delineating oral, social/behavioural and medical risk factors for root caries in older adults shows that regression models explain 48 per cent of the variance in root caries scores for males and 47 per cent for females. Discriminant analyses using the risk factors identified in the regressions differentiated between people who did and did not get root caries during an 18-month period. The sensitivity of the predictions for men was 0.75 and the specificity was 0.79. For women, the sensitivity was 0.79 and the specificity was 0.83. These results suggest that it will be possible to develop a clinically useful risk assessment model. Future studies should include data on oral risk factors, such as micro-organisms present, salivary flow and buffering capacity, that can be added to the multivariate model. (27 Refs.) MEDLINE 26 ------- Identification of Immunotoxic Effects of Chemicals and Assessment of their Relevance to Man Trizio, D.; Basketter, D.A.; Botham, P.A,; Graepel, P,H.; Lambre, C.; Magda, S.J.; Pal, T.N.; Riley, A.J.; Ronneberger, H.; et al. Eur. Chem. Ind. Ecol. and Toxicol. Cent. (ECETOC) Ave. Louise 250, P.O. Box 63, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium Food Chem. Toxicol.; 26(6), pp, 527-539 1988 Language: English Summary Language: English Document Type: Journal article-review Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts Immunotoxicity is defined as the adverse effects of foreign substances (xenobiotics) on the immune system. Two types of effects are possible: immunosuppression (which may result in an increased susceptibility to infection or to the development of tumours) and immunopotentiation (which may manifest as an allergy or as autoimmunity). There is little evidence that well controlled occupational exposure to industrial chemicals has led to clinically significant immunosuppression. A number of industrial chemicals have been shown to cause immunopotentiation in exposed populations, producing occupational asthma and contact dermatitis and possibly autoimmunity. In experimental models, immunosuppression (usually assessed by in vivo or vitro immune function tests) has been induced by a wide range of chemicals but there are a few reports of the immunosuppression leading directly to an increased susceptibility to infection or to the development of tumours. LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION Immunotoxicology and the Immune System Health & Env Digest, Feb 89, V3, Nl, PI(5) Newsletter Article A large body of evidence has accumulated showing that some xenobiotics can produce immune suppression or enhancement, as measured by changes in lymphocyte numbers and functional tests. In latoratory animals, many of these changes have been associated with altered resistance to infectious agents and tumors. Immune system effects described in humans occupationally or accidentally exposed to xenobiotics involve cell-mediate immunity more than humoral immunity. The role that immunotoxicological assessments can play in the field of toxicology is examined. Enviroline Number: 89-002873 27 ------- Intolerable Risk: Pesticides in Our Children's Food; A Report Natural Resources Defense Council F 27 '89 xiii+141p, tables charts Order Info: Natural Resources Defense Council spiral bdg $25 Language: English Doc Type: M Analysis of preschoolers' exposure to pesticides in food and the potential hazard that the residues pose to children. Based on data from a nation wide food consumption survey conducted in 1985 by the US Department of Agriculture. Descriptors: *Pesticides; *Food Contamination and Inspection; *Child Health; *United States PAIS INTERNATIONAL Modeling Health Risks Associated with Wastewater Reuse as Irrigant Shahalom, A.B. and; Mansour, A.R. (Jordan Univ of Science & Technology) Journal Env Science & Health-Env Science & Engineering, 1989, VA24, N2, P147(20) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article A systematic approach was adopted to determine the reduction of pathogenicity of wastewater during transit from household to agricultural lands. Initial concentration of pathogens is highly variable and depends on many factors. Wastewater treatment processes vary in the effectiveness with which they eliminate or inactivate pathogens. Activated sludge processes appear to be the most effective for some pathogens. By adding an appropriate detention time to such processes, it is possible to achieve wastewater effluent comparable in quality to lagoon effluent. Much work remains to be done in the area of infection of farm workers by wastewater, as well as on indirect effects of wastewater irrigation on the health of people consuming products grown by these means. (2 Diagrams, 1 Graph, 9 References, 3 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003791 28 ------- NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Welding, Brazing, and Thermal Cutting. Abridged Edition National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH. Corp. Source Codes: 052678000 Report No.: DHHS/PUB/NIOSH-88-110A Aug 88 68p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8905 Also available from Supt. of Docs. See also PB88-231774 NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States The document examines the occupational health risks associated with welding, brazing, and thermal cutting, and it provides criteria for eliminating or minimizing the risks encountered by workers in these occupations. The main health concerns are increased risks of lung cancer and acute or chronic respiratory disease. An exposure limit for total welding emissions cannot be established because the composition of welding fumes and gases varies for different welding processes and because the various components of a welding emission may interact to produce adverse health effects. NIOSH therefore recommends that exposures to all welding emissions be reduced to the lowest feasible concentrations using state-of-the-art engineering controls and work practices. Exposure limits for individual chemical or physical agents are to be considered upper boundaries of exposure. PB89-123442/XAB Occupational Mortality of California Women, 1979-1981 Doebbert, G.; Riedmiller, K.R.; Kizer, K.W. West J. Med; Vol 149, Iss 6, 1988, P734-40 (Ref: 63) LA: English CD: XN5 ISSN: 0093-0415 A review of California's mortality data for 1979 through 1981, encompassing 61,561 female and 111,877 male deaths, shows differential female mortality risk by labor force status and by occupation. High patterns of risk were found for women in a number of occupations, including waitresses, licensed vocational nurses and health aides, cosmetologists, telephone operators, housekeepers and janitors, and launderers and dry cleaners. Patterns of mortality risk were similar for each race within these occupational groups. The mortality risks for women were 29 ------- generally higher than those for men. The association of mortality with certain occupations does not necessarily imply a causal relationship but is certainly a signal that further research is required and that physicians need to consider work-related factors in evaluating the health of women. Keywords: TOXBIB; Adolescence; Adult; California; Cause of Death; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Mortality*; Occupational Diseases Mortality; Review; Review, Tutorial; Risk Factors; Women*; Women, Working* NLM/TOXLINE Pesticides: Minimizing the Risks Edited by Nancy N. Ragsdale and Ronald J. Kuhr Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1987 185 pp, $34.95 hb. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p419-20, ISSN 0272- 4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph The papers in this volume were originally presented as part of an ACS symposium in 1986. The authors and editors focus on the central issue of balancing the societal benefits obtained from pesticide use against their associated environmental and health risks. The purpose of the collection is to identify and discuss the areas of pesticide science, technology, and policy which will allow us to achieve this balance most efficaciously. The opening paper provides an overview of the dominant issues: increased pesticide use, benefits in agricultural yield and quality, and perceptions of inherent risks. The overview also identifies the major areas of research which might best improve the benefit/risk balance: pesticide toxicology, pest physiology and ecology, and management of potential hazards. The ensuing papers are organized around these three areas, providing valuable discussions on the toxicologic interactions of pesticides, the role of short-term tests in predicting pesticide toxicity, pesticide environmental mobility and fate, and problems in public perception of pesticide risks. Because of its breadth of coverage, the book will be a useful resource in understanding the issues involved in pesticide risk assessment and management. 30 ------- Pollution Risks and Countenneasures for Surface Water Intakes Cole, J.A.; Hawker, P.J.; Lawson, J.D.; Montgomery, H.A. (WRC Medmenham, UK) J Inst Water & Env Management, Dec 88, V2, N6, P603(9) Research Article pollution events that affect surface waters must be assessed from an inventory of threats in each catchment, from regional and national statistics on events, and from data on the travel and dispersal of pollutants. Factories, farms, and sewage treatment works must be inspected with the object of finding ways of stopping potential sources of pollution. An integrated package of catchment monitoring and control measures is needed to minimize the risk of contamination from a pollution event. Counter- measures include bunding of chemical stores and handling areas, prompt notification of tanker accidents and other spills, processing waste liquids on site, and broad-band monitoring of river water quality. (2 Drawings, 3 References, 6 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-003643 Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and Environmental Risks Cohrssen, John J. Executive Office of the President of the U.S., Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C. xi, 407 p. : ill.; 23 cm.; 1989 Health risk assessment—United States; Risk assessment—United States EPA ONLINE LIBRARY SYSTEM The Surgeon General's 1989 Report on Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, Mar 24, 89, V38, NS-2 (46) Journal Article The fundamental developments over the last 25 years in cigarette smoking prevalence in the us and in mortality caused by smoking are examined. The prevalence of smoking among adults decreased from 40% in 1965 to 29% in 1987. Nearly half of all living adults who ever smoked have quit. During 1964-85, about 750,000 smoking- related deaths were avoided or postponed as a result of decisions to quit the habit or not to start. Each of these avoided or postponed deaths represented an average gain in life expectancy of two decades. The prevalence of smoking remains higher among blacks, blue-collar workers, and less educated persons than in the overall population. The decline in smoking has been markedly slower among women than among men. Smoking is responsible for more than one of every six deaths in the us, and remains the single most important preventable cause of death in modern society. Enviroline Number: 89-00345 31 ------- Toxic Effluents: A Simplified Procedure for Assessing Human Health Risks Bolten, Joseph G. and; Ricci, Paolo, F. (Bland Corp, CA) Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987, V5, P519(10) Conf Paper A simplified methodology is presented for assessing the chronic impacts caused by discharge of toxic pollutants to surface water bodies. The methodology for the risk analysis is provided in a microcomputer program (wtrisk), which can be used for preliminary calculation of possible risks and for estimating the uncertainties in the results. The approach is applied to a case study in which an effluent containing selenium was discharged from an existing coal-fired power plant. The authors stress that wtrisk and all other risk assessment methods cannot produce accurate and precise risk estimates, only rough approximations. (1 Diagram, 9 References, 3 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89- 002824 Trends in Combustion Technology in Relation to Health Risk Dilorenzo, Aldo and; D'Alession Antonio (Institute Motori-CNR, Italy) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P459(13) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper A discussion of the general aspects of air pollutant formation during combustion is presented, with emphasis on smoke emissions suspected of inducing cancer in human beings. Specific topics include the definition of a health risk index involving both quantities and toxicities of emissions; pollutant formation derived from stationary sources and transportation-related sources; and technological actions for emissions reduction, with soot and PAH as examples. The authors urge cooperation between combustion scientists and toxicologists. Enviroline Number: *89-003349 32 ------- CANCER . . . includes carcinogens, carcinogenesis, carcinogenicity, genetics, epidemiology, and multi-media exposure A Stochastic Two-Stage Model for Cancer Risk Assessment. I. The Hazard Function and the Probability of Tumor Moolgavkar, S.H.; Dewanji, A; Venzon, D.J. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104 Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1988, 8 (3) p383-92, ISSN 0272- 4332 Journal Code: RIA Contract/Grant No.: CA-47658 Languages: English We present a mathematical treatment of a two-mutation model for carcinogenesis with time-dependent parameters. This model has previously been shown to be consistent with epidemiologic and experimental data. An approximate hazard function used in previous papers is critically evaluated. MEDLINE Are There Thresholds for Carcinogenesis? The Thorny Problem of Low-Level Exposure Upton, Arthur C. (New York Univ Medical Center) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P863(22) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper The appropriate dose-incidence model for use in estimated cancer risk is a contentious area in formulating health policy. The concept of the no-effect level of exposure, or threshold for carcinogenic effects, is discussed. Specific topics include the biology of carcinogenesis, epidemiological data and soe response profiles, factors modifying dose response, and health policy implications. Based on present knowledge, the use of a non- threshold model for ionizing radiation and chemicals with genotoxic activity is recommended. (11 Graphs, 109 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003357 33 ------- Assessment of Exposure and Susceptibility to Aromatic Amine Carcinogens Kadlubar, F.F.; Talaska, G.; Lang, N.P.; Benson, R.W.: Roberts, D.W. Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR IARC Sci Publ (FRANCE) 1988, (89) p!66-74, ISSN 0300-5038 Journal Code: GKUde: Languages: English As a consequence of human exposure to carcinogenic aromatic amines, biochemical approaches to risk assessment have emphasized metabolic determinants of individual susceptibility and quantification of arylamine-macromolecular adducts. A known genetic polymorphism in humans, hepatic arylamine acetyltransferase activity, has been associated with differences in individual susceptibility to urinary bladder (slow acetylators) and colorectal (rapid acetylators) cancers. Similarly, the high specificity of 4-aminobiphenyl an inducible human cytochrome P450 towards the N-oxidation of other aromatic amines is consistent with metabolic differences that can be used to predict relative human risk. Exposure to aromatic amines has also been documented, primarily by quantification of adducts with protein or DNA. Using 32P- postlabelling methods and a competitive avidin/biotin-amplified enzyme-linked immunoassay, we have estimated 4-aminobiphenyl-DNA adduct levels in surgical samples of human peripheral lung and urinary bladder epithelium and report values ranging from 2 to 97 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides. MEDLINE Biologically-Based Methods for Cancer Risk Assessment Edited by Curtis C. Travis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee Plenum Publishing Corporation 0-306-43117-3/proceedings/352 pp. + index/ill./1989/$75.00 ($90.00 outside U.S. & Canada) The papers in this volume survey all the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic methods used in cancer risk assessment, identify methodological gaps and research needs in biologically-based methods, and develop a general framework to guide future cancer risk assessment research. Volume 159 in the NATO ASI Series: Series A: Life Sciences. 34 ------- Cancer Risk Evaluation in an Area with a High Density of Chemical Plants: An Interdisciplinary Approach Puntoni, R.; Bolognesi, C. ; Bonassi, S.; Merlo, F.; Mari, A.; Merialdo, G.; Santi, L. (Inst Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Italy) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P808(9) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper Epidemiological and toxicological studies carried out in a well defined geographical area having several chemical and dyestuff plants are described. The use of 2-napthylamine and benzidine in these industries has resulted in an increase in bladder cancer in the area. Toxicological data, in conjunction with epidemiological reports, have provided the information necessary to assess the risk of specific chemical exposure and develop guidelines for safe levels of these chemicals. (33 References, 8 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003356 Cancer Risk Assessment: Pharmacokinetics Mechanistic Considerations Griesemer, R.A. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN) Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: CONF-8804150-2 31 May 88 8p Languages: English Document Type: Conference Proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300 Symposium on Assessing the Risks from Toxics in the Northern California Environment: What Science Can Tell Us, San Francisco, CA, USA, 7 Apr 1988 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AC05-840R21400 A fundamental assumption in cancer risk assessments is that humans and experimental animals respond much the same way to carcinogens. This assumption is grounded on established principles of toxicology and is supported by concordant findings in those instances where both animal and human data exist. For quantitative comparisons relatively few data exist but for carcinogenic drugs the doses that produce cancer in animals and man are remarkably close, generally within an order of magnitude. Why then do advisory committees, such as EPA's Science Advisory Board, spend hours assessing the details of the information obtained from various animal species and from epidemiologic studies? One reason is that human populations are more genetically heterogeneous and have more varied lifestyles than 35 ------- the experimental animals used in controlled experiments. This raises the issue of the extent to which the animal bioassays can be expected to predict the responses of persons more susceptible or resistant than the population average. Secondly, differences are sometimes found in the tumor incidences or in the tumor types and locations among different animal species or strains themselves which brings into question which studies to use to extrapolate to humans. 6 refs. DE88011838/XAB Carcinogen Risk Assessment (book reviews) Burmaster, David E. Environment v31 p29(l) June, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: ENVTA Article Type: Review Grade: B Reviewee: Travis, Curtis C. Descriptors: Books—Reviews, etc. MAGAZINE INDEX Cell Proliferation Kinetics and Multistage Cancer Risk Models Bogen, H.T. Environmental Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 J Natl Cancer Inst (UNITED STATES) Feb 15 1989, 81 (4) p267-77, ISSN 0027-8874 Journal Code: J9J Languages: English Cell-kinetic multistage (CKM) cancer-risk models account for clonal proliferation of postulated intermediate (initiated, premalignant) cell populations during tumorigenesis. To date, almost all CKM models considered have assumed that intermediate, premalignant cells may proliferate exponentially over time in vivo. This "exponential growth" assumption, however, may not always be as biologically plausible as the alternative assumption that cells tend to grow geometrically in time. The general CKM model and applications of it that presume exponential cell growth are reviewed here. Geometric CHM models are then considered, previous erroneous analyses of these models are reviewed, and a corrected mathematical treatment is provided. It is pointed out that the presumption of exponential instead of geometric proliferation kinetics may lead to underestimates of small increments in CKM-predicted cancer risk above background if the geometric assumption is true. An evaluation of pertinent biological evidence is provided, which indicates that precancerous cells may typically proliferate geometrically. Consequently, if CKM models are used for environmental risk assessment, it may be prudent for one to presume geometric cell growth unless specific data support an alternative assumption. MEDLINE 36 ------- Chernobyl: The Aftermath Davis, Trenton, G. (East Carolina Univ) J Env Health, Mar-Apr 89, V51, N4, P185(3) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article The intl conference on environmental protection, held in the ussr in October 1988, visited the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Scientists and officials discussed the april 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident and its consequences, which included the evacuation of more than 135,000 people. Over the next 30-40 years, the cancer risk of people exposed to radiation is estimated to be no more than that in the states bordering nevada that received fallout from nuclear weapons tests. The increased risk for the three billion people in the northern hemisphere is almost too small to measure. Some $6.4 Billion has been spent in mitigating the effects of the disaster; the toal may reach $15 billion. Radionuclides do not appear to have contaminated the region's ground-water supply. (2 Photos, 2 References) Enviroline Number: *89-003569 Cigarette Smoking and Exposure to Passive Smoke are Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer Slattery, M.L.; Robison, Linda, M.; Schuman, Katharina, L.; French, Thomas K.; Abbott, Thomas, M.; Overall, James, C.; Gardener, John W. (Univ of Utah School of Medicine) AMA J, Mar 17,89, V261, Nil, P1593(6) Research Article Cigarette smoking and passive exposure to cigarette smoke were found to increase the risk of cervical cancer after adjusting for age, educational level, church attendance, and sexual activity. In a population-based, case-control study conducted in utah the adjusted risk estimate associated with being a current smoker was 3.42; For having smoked five or more pac-years it was 2.81; And for having smoked at least 100 lifetime cigarettes it was 2.21. The adjusted risk associated with passive smoke exposure for three or more hours a day was 3.43 And 2.59 For women who were non-smokers and smokers, respectively. (42 References, 6 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-002846 37 ------- Detection of 6-Thioguanine Resistance in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes (PBL) of Industrial Workers and Lung Cancer Patients Tompa, A.; Sapi, E. National Institute of Occupational Health, Budapest, Hungary Mutat Res (NETHERLANDS) Feb 1989, 210 (2) p345-51, ISSN 0027- 5107 Journal Code: NNA Languages: English Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were selected for 6- thioguanine (6-TG) resistance in short-term (42-h) cultures in 110 high-cancer-risk industrial workers, 131 primary lung cancer patients and 96 low-risk controls. The lymphocytes were cultured and stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). A labeling index (LI) was scored using light microscope autoradiography, based on the lymphocyte's ability to incorporate tritiated thymidine with or without selective agent 6-TG. The number of 6-TG-resistant cells increased in the high-occupational-cancer-risk group of vinyl chloride- and mixed organic industrial dust (MOID) -exposed workers as well as in the primary lung cancer patients. The results were compared with the low-occupational-cancer-risk groups and with samples taken from the 70 healthy individuals and 26 hospitalized, non-cancerous controls. In both risk-exposed groups the frequency of 6-TG-resistant lymphocytes was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in the controls. These results suggest that the original Strauss and Albertini (1977, 1979) method can be used to study qualitative risk assessment in carcinogen- or mutagen-exposed occupational groups. MEDLINE Do Aflatoxin-DNA Adduct Measurements in Humans Provide Accurate Data for Cancer Risk Assessment? Groopman, J.D. Environmental Health Section, Boston University School of Public Health, MA IARC Sci Publ (FRANCE) 1988, (89) p55-62, ISSN 0300-5038 Journal Code: GKU Contract/Grant No.: P01ES00597; CA39416 Languages: English Primary hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most lethal and most common cancers in Africa and Asia and is associated with exposure to aflatoxin (AF) Bl. To date, many human studies have relied upon presumptive intake data, rather than on quantitative analyses of AF-DNA adduct and metabolite content obtained by monitoring biological fluids from exposed people. Information 38 ------- obtained by monitoring exposed individuals for specific DNA adducts and metabolites will define the pharmacokinetics of AFBl, thereby facilitating risk assessment. In addition, using an animal model based on the differential effects of ethoxyquin on the kinetics of AF-DNA adduct and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase- positive foci formation, we have data to support the concept that measurement of the major, rapidly excised AFB-7-guanine (Gua) adduct in tissues and fluids is an appropriate dosimeter for estimating exposure status and risk in individuals consuming this mycotoxin. MEDLINE Estimating the Risk of Lung Cancer From Inhalation of Radon Daughters: Review and Evaluation Borak, Thomas B. (Colorado State Univ); Johnson, Janet A. (Western Radiation Consultants, CO) EPA Report 600/S6-88/008, Sep 88 (3) The original document is available from Bowker Fed Govt Report Dosimetric models and epidemiological studies concerning the relationship between indoor radon exposure and lung cancer are reviewed. The working level is found to be an appropriate unit for such exposure. Uncertainty in applying risk estimates derived from uranium miner data may be reduced residential by determining nose vs. Mouth breathing ratios, aerosol characteristics and lung cancer risk vs age at exposure. There is persuasive evidence of an association between radon exposure indoors and lung cancer. Epidemiologic research in progress may provide a basis for revision or validation of current risk models and coefficients. (5 References) Enviroline Number: *89-003585 Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of the Phenoxyherbicide MCPA to an Urodele Amphibian Zavanella, Teresa; Zaffaroni, Nicolett; Arias, Elio (Univ of Milan, Italy) Ecotoxicology & Env Safety, pet 88, V16, N2, P114(9) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article Reported are the results of a long-term study of the effects of percutaneous exposure to 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). These phenoxyacetic acid derivatives are widely used as herbicides. In this study, crested newts, tritarus.cristatus carnifex, were exposed to an aqueous solution of agroxon 3, a commercial formulation of MCPA, at various concentrations. Under the conditions used, there is no observable carcinogenic activity associated with MCPA exposure. (1 Diagram, 4 Photos, 27 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-001777 39 ------- Indoor Radon and Lung Cancer Samet, Johnathan M. (Univ of New Mexico); Nero Jr., Anthony V. (Univ of California, Berkeley) New England J Medicine, Mar 2, 89, V320, N9, P591(4) The original document is available from Bowker Editorial Some aspects of the indoor radon problem are well understood, and the causal association of radon with lung cancer has been amply documented. Both the epidemiologic and the animal data show that the risk of lung cancer increases with the increasing exposure to radon or its decay products. Despite apparent variability in analyses of risk, available data provide a rationale for action. However, uncertainties about the extent of radon exposure in the us and the quantitative risks it presents cloud the present national strategy. Any standard for an acceptable radon concentration in indoor air is subject to question, as current risk models do not provide a convergent picture of quantitative risks. Epa's guideline level of 150 becquerel/cu m should not be regarded as a standard. (15 References) Enviroline Number: *89-003584 Mortality Among Forest and Soil Conservationists Alavanja, Micheal, C.; Blair, Aaron; Merkle, Scott; Teske, John; Eaton, Barbra; Reed, Betsy (National Cancer Inst, MD) Archives Env Health, Mar-Apr 89, V44, N2, P94(8) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article The mortality of forest and soil conservationists (1411 white males) who had been employed by the usda was evaluated for the time period 1970-9. In case control analyses, the incidence of non-hodgkin1s lymphoma (NHL) and colon cancer was correlated with the duration of employment at usda. Soil conservationists employed after 1960 experienced increased risk for NHL and colon cancer with odds ratios of 2.6 And 1.8, Respectively. Those employed prior to 1960 had no increased cancer risk. In contrast, forest conservationists appeared to have increased cancer risk both before and after 1960. (35 References, 5 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003388 40 ------- Occupational Cancer Metalworking and Transportation Equipment Industries Mirer, Franklin E.; Silverstein, Micheal A.; Park, Robert; Maizlish, Neil (United Auto Workers, MI) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, pet 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P387(7) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper Exposure to hazardous chemicals is an important public health problem in chemical-using industries, such as metal working and transportation equipment plants. Recent studies indicate excess mortality from cancer among workers engaged in model and patternmaking, plating and die-cast, foundry, machining, electronics operations, and vehicle assembly. The chemical agents and exposure levels associated with these cancers had not previously been thought to pose additional cancer risk. These results suggest that occupational exposure limits may be too low in these industries. (19 References, 6 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003344 On the Relationship Between Carcinogenicity and Acute Toxicity Metzger, Bernhard; Crouch, Edmund; Wilson, Richard Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!79, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article Parodi et al.(1) and Zeise et al.(2) found a surprising statistical correlation (or association) between acute toxicity and carcinogenic potency. In order to shed light on the questions of whether or not it is a causal correlation, and whether or not it is a statistical or tautological artifact, we have compared the correlations for the NCI/NTP data set with those for chemicals not in this set. Carcinogenic potencies were taken from the Gold et al. database. We find a weak correlation with an average value of TD5Q/LD5Q = 0.04 for the non-NCI data set, compared with TD50/LD5o = 0.15 for the NCI data set. We conclude that it is not easy to distinguish types of carcinogens on the basis of whether or not they are acutely toxic. Keywords: Carcinogenicity; acute toxicity; correlation. 41 ------- One-Hit Models of Carcinogenesis: Conservative or Not? Bailar III, John C.; Crouch, Edmund A.C.; Shaikh, Rashid; Spiegelman, Donna (McGill Univ, Canada) Risk Analysis, 1988, V8, N4, P485(13) Research Article One-hit formulas are generally believed to be conservative approaches to evaluation of carcinogenesis bioassays. The one- hit procedure was reevaluated by examining 1212 separate bioassays of 308 chemical substances at three difference doses. The results of this analysis suggest that the one-hit model may lead to underestimates of carcinogenic potential in the mid-dose range. A recommendation is made that risk assessments for regulation of carcinogens incorporate a measure of additional uncertainty in view of the findings presented. (8 Graphs, 19 references, 3 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-002773 Primary Liver Cancer Death and Occupation in Texas Suarez, L.; Wiess, N.S.; Martin, J. Bureau of Disease Control and Epidemiology, Texas Department of Health, Austin 78756 Am J Ind Med; Vol 15, Iss 2, 1989, p!67-75 LA: English CDL: 3IN ISSN: 0271-3586 A death certificate case-control study of primary liver cancer and occupation was conducted to determine if the high risk of liver cancer in Mexican-Americans can be explained by farmworker exposures to pesticides. The association of liver cancer with the petroleum and chemical industry and with other potentially high- risk occupations was also examined. For the years 1969 to 1980, 1,742 deaths from primary liver cancer were identified for Texas males. Controls were randomly selected from other causes of deaths among males excluding all neoplasms, liver and gallbladder diseases, infectious hepatitis, and alcoholism, and were frequency matched to cases by age, race, ethnicity, and year of death. Risk for farmworkers based on age, race, ethnicity, and year of death. Risk for farmworkers based on age, race, and ethnicity-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) was not excessive (OR=1.4, 95% confidence limits [C.L.] 0.8-2.2) but was larger than the risk for farmers (OR=1.0, 95% C.L. 0.8-1.2). Excess risk in the petroleum and chemical manufacturing industries was confined to oil refinery workers (OR=2.0, 95% C.L. 1.0-3.8) butchers and meat cutters (OR=2.6, 95% C.L. 1.1-6.6), textile workers (OR=3.1, 95% C.L. 1.2-7.8), cooks (OR=2.2, 95% C.L. 1.1-4.5), and longshoremen (OR=2.2, 95% C.L. 0.6-7.4). Keywords: TOXBIB; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and Over; Hispanic Americans; Human; Liver Neoplasms CHEMICALLY INDUCED/*MORTALITY; Male; Mexico ETHNOLOGY; Middle Age; Occupational Diseases CHEMICALLY INDUCED/*MORTALITY; Pesticides ADVERSE EFFECTS; Risk Factors; Texas NLM/TOXLINE 42 ------- Pulmonary Carcinogenic Effects of Ozone Mustafa, Mohammad G.; Hassett, Christopher, M.; Newell, Gordon, W.; Schrauzer, Gerhard N. (Univ of California, Los Angeles) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P714(10) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper Studies have indicated that subchronic exposures to ozone at levels that may be encountered during severe smog episodes may enhance lung tumorigenesis. The available evidence on the carcinogenic potential of ozone is reviewed in this report. New evidence suggests that ozone may be a co-carcinogen in urban air pollution, where, due to its oxidizing potential, it may act synergistically with other air pollutants. This information suggests that epidemiological investigators should reconsider the potential contribution of urban air pollution to lung cancer. (65 References) Enviroline Number: *89-003354 Quantitative Risk Assessment and Occupational Carcinogens Andersen, Melvin E. (Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH) Applied Industrial Hygiene, OCT 88, V3, N10, P267(7) Journal Article The use of risk assessment techniques for setting limits for occupational carcinogens is critiqued. Emphasis is placed on quantitative risk assessment, the process of deriving human exposure limits from the results of cancer tests in animals or from human epidemiology. Quantitative risk assessment approaches used in the past have largely ignored the differences between the animal exposure and the expected human exposure conditions, and they have also conducted the risk estimation process disregarding the mechanism by which a particular chemical causes cancer. Recently developed biologically-realistic cancer models that promise to allow incorporation of mechanistic data on cancer causation directly into the risk assessment process are described. (2 Diagrams, 2 Graphs, 19 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-001214 43 ------- Recent Laboratory Studies in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Gasoline Mehlman, M.A. (Mobil, NJ) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P408(4) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper It has been difficult to assess the carcinogenic potential of gasoline, due to the uncertainty in extrapolating data obtained from animal studies to human populations. A recent study by the api indicated that the volatile components in gasoline may result in degenerative kidney disease. This finding, however, appears to be specific to the male rat only. Therefore, the current scientific consensus is that additional data are necessary to determine precisely the effect of gasoline vapor on human health. (13 References, 2 tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003345 Report of the EPA Workshop on the Development of Risk Assessment methodologies for Tumor promoters Connery, Jan (Eastern Research Group, MA) EPA Report 600/S9-87/013, AUG 88 (3) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Proceedings Experts discussed research needed to support the development of risk assessment methodologies for tumor promoters at a workshop sponsored in february 1987 by the epa office of r&d. Initiation, promotion, and progression were identified as the three stages of carcinogenesis; agents associated predominantly with these three stages were examined. Participants agreed that the mechanism of promotion is not currently understood, and several different mechanisms of promotion were suggested. Available data indicate that promotion is substantially different from initiation and that traditional risk assessment models for carcinogens are not appropriate for promoters. Future research must address mechanisms of the three stages cited, the behavior of promoters in humans, the behavior of promoters in organs other than the skin and the liver, and interspecies promotion differences. Enviroline Number: *89-003411 44 ------- Research Priorities in Electric and Magnetic Fields Sagan, Leonard A. (EPRI) Forum for applied research & public policy, Winter 88, V3, N4, P102(3) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article Evidence from epidemiological studies points to a possible link between exposure to electric and magnetic fields and an increased risk of cancer. However, this evidence is far from conclusive; additional research will be required to produce definitive answers. Present epidemiological studies are using larger numbers of subjects and more sophisticated methods and equipment than previous studies. However, such studies will inevitably depend on insights gained through laboratory experimentation. Despite the admitted limits of available knowledge, the risk to individuals is considered to be small. Enviroline Number: *89-003572 Risk Estimates for Lung Tumors from Inhaled Sup 239 Pu02 Sup 238 Pu02 and /Sup 239Pu/(N03) sub 4 in Beagle Dogs Dagle, G.E.; Park, J.F.; Gilbert, E.S.; Weller, R.E. Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA Corp. Source Codes: 048335000; 9512268 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: PNL-SA-15498; CONF-880514-2 Jun 88 14p Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300 Workshop on Biological Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Actinides, Versailles, France, 30 May 1988 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AC06-76RL01830 Lung-cancer risks are being studied in beagle dogs given single exposures to aerosols of sup 239 Pu02, sup 238 Pu02 or sup 239 Pu(N03) sub 4. A major objective of these studies is to examine the risk of lung cancer relative to the specific activity of the 45 ------- radionuclide, rate of dose accumulation due to differences in solubilities of the radionuclides, and the presence of competing risk from extrapulmonary lesions. Dose-response relationships were studied for the three groups of dogs, with analyses specifically designed to evaluate differences in response. Based on estimated cumulative dose to the lung, risks were found to differ significantly among the radionuclides; they were highest for sup 239 Pu(N03) sub 4 and lowest assumed for sup 238 Pu02. A model in which the risk was assumed to be a pure quadratic function of dose fit the data much better than a pure linear model. Currently, all three groups of dogs can be compared only to 10 years after exposure. However, it is apparent that the average cumulative dose to the lung may not be an adequate predictor of lung-cancer risk for different isotopic and physicochemical forms of plutonium. 13 refs., 2 tabs. DE88012691/XAB Role of Alcohol in Cancers of the Upper Alimentary Tract: Use of Models in Risk Assessment Notani, P.N. Epidemiology Unit, Tata Memorial Centre, Bombay, India J Epidemiol Community Health (ENGLAND) Jun 1988, 42 (2) p!87-92, ISSN 0143-005X Journal Code: IIP Languages: English A case-control study of cancers of the upper alimentary tract was conducted in a hospital to assess the role of several risk factors, including alcohol consumption, which is reported here. Male patients from one community with cancers of the oral cavity (n = 278) pharynx (n = 225) and oesophagus (n = 236) formed the case group. Patients diagnosed as not having cancer (n = 215) formed one control group, and a comparable sample of individuals from the general population (n = 177) formed another control group. The risk of regular alcohol consumption along with the two well established risk factors of tobacco smoking and chewing were assessed from the linear logistic model fitted. The process of model fitting has been elaborated. Adjusted odds ratios of alcohol consumption in those under 60 years of age varied from 1.3 to 3.6-fold for developing oral cavity cancer, from 1.9 to 5.4-fold for pharyngeal cancer, and from 1.5 to 2.7-fold for oesophageal cancer, in different age groups. No association was observed between alcohol consumption and cancer in those over 60 years of age. A synergistic effect was observed for the combined habit of alcohol drinking with tobacco smoking and/or chewing. The fact that age is a risk factor independent of habit is also demonstrated. MEDLINE 46 ------- Special Report on Ingested Inorganic Arsenic: Skin Cancer; Nutritional Essentiality Levine, T.; Rispin, A.; Scott, C.S.; Marcus, W.; Chen, C.I. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Research and Development Corp. Source Codes: 031287457 Report No.: EPA/625/3-87/013F Jul 88 136p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8905 NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States A Technical Panel of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Assessment Forum has studied three special issues regarding certain health effects, particularly skin cancer, associated with arsenic ingestion: the validity of the Tseng et al. (1968) study of skin cancer in Taiwan and its use for dose-response assessment in the U.S. population; the interpretation and use of skin lesions reported as arsenic-induced skin cancers in that study; and the role of arsenic as an essential nutrient in the human diet. The Technical Panel also reviewed auxiliary information on genotoxicity, metabolism, and other factors that might suggest the most appropriate approach to dose-response assessment. In brief summary, the analysis shows a causal relationship between ingestion exposure to arsenic and an increased risk of skin cancer in the Taiwan population. This leads to a classification of arsenic as a Group A human carcinogen under EPA's cancer guidelines. However, in the absence of fully persuasive evidence for any of the possible mechanisms of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis, a generalized multistage model that is linear at low doses was used to place an upper bound on the expected human cancer dose-response. PB89-125975/XAB 47 ------- Sport Fish Consumption Advisories and Projected Cancer Risks in the Great Lakes Basin Foran, J.A.; Cox, M.; Croxton, D. Great Lakes Natural Resource Center, National Wildlife Federation, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Am J Public Health (UNITED STATES) Mar 1989, 79 (3) p322-5, ISSN 0090-0036 Journal Code: 3XW Languages: English Because Great Lakes sport fish are contaminated with several toxicants, the Great Lakes states individually issue advisories, principally based on Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action levels, that suggest limiting or eliminating consumption of contaminated fish. We describe the procedures the states use to determine when to issue consumption advisories and we evaluate the associated cancer risks using EPA-IARC-OSTP risk assessment procedures. Projected cancer risks are high for consumers of small quantities of sport fish contaminated with DDT or dieldrin at their respective action levels. Projected risks at concentrations that are common but below the action levels are also substantial. We propose that sport fish with tissue concentrations of DDT or dieldrin one-fifth and one-third of the action levels should be covered by consumption advisories to warn consumers of the potential adverse health impacts. MEDLINE The Perils of Prudence: How Conservative Risk Assessments Distort Regulation Nichols, A.L.; Zeckhauser, R.J. 79 John F. Kennedy St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.; 8(1), pp. 61-75 1988 Language: English Summary Language: English Document Type: Journal article-original research Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts An analysis of several agencies's risk assessments reveals that the present conservative approach through several stages of estimates of amounts of regulated substances, the exposure levels, and cancer risks often tends to distort the actual regulation. Changes in this process are desirable and possible and would reduce overestimation of cancer risk assessments. These possible changes are discussed. LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION 48 ------- Tumours of the Respiratory Tract in Rats and Hamsters Following Chronic Inhalation of Engine Emissions Brightwell, J.; Fouillet, X.; Cassano-Zoppi, A.L.; Bernstein, D. ; Crawley, F.; Duchosal, F.; Gatz, R. (Batelle, Europe, Switzerland) J Applied Toxicology, Feb 89, V9, Nl, P12(9) Research Article The carcinogenic effects of inhaled automobile exhaust was evaluated in rodents. Both rats and hamsters were exposed to emissions from a gasoline engine, a gasoline engine fitted with a catalytic converter, a diesel engine and a diesel engine with particle filtration. Exposure durations were for 16 hour/day, five days/week, for two years. Changes were observed in the incidence of respiratory tract tumors in emission exposed hamsters compared to controls, or in rats exposed to filtered diesel exhaust or gasoline emissions. Rats exposed to diesel emissions experienced an increase in the incidence of lung tumors, which was higher for females (96% of surviving rats) than for males (44% of surviving rats). The concentration of soot particles in the diesel emission was either 2200 or 6600 (gr)mg/cu m. (2 Graphs, 24 References, 9 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-003330 Use of Animal Bioassay Data in Carcinogen Risk Assessment Weisburger, Elizabeth K. (Natl Cancer Inst, MD) Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Contemporary Issues in Risk Analysis), 1988, V3, P49(10) Book Chapter Animal bioassays are fundamental in furnishing information directly relevant to two essential components of risk analysis: hazard indentification and dose-response assessment. This article provides a discussion of the animal bioassay program originally initiated by the national cancer institute and now under the auspices of the national toxicology program. Specific topics addressed in the article include the history of the program and case studies where carcinogenic compounds have been evaluated. (1 Graph, 3 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-001734 49 ------- GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS Analysis of DNA Damage and Mutations Induced by Radon Daughter Products: Progress Report Schwartz, J.L. Chicago Univ., IL Department of Energy, Washington, DC Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1989 NTIS/DE89004860, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products., lip NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 DOE/ER/60661-1, Contract FG02-88ER60661 The goal of the project is to better understand the genetic and somatic risks associated with radon exposure by characterizing both the DNA lesions induced by radon and the mechanisms by which both of these lesions are processed. In order to accomplish this goal, the researchers are exposing mammalian cells in vitro to the radon daughter product (212)Bi and analyzing DNA damage at the cellular, cytogenetic molecular level. In addition, the authors are examining the influence of DNA repair systems on (212)Bi-induced cytotoxicity, DNA/chromosome breakage and gene mutations. The experiments to date have involved treatment of four different Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines with sup 212 Bi and x rays to measure: (1) DNA and chromosome break induction, (2) cell killing, and (3) mutation induction at the HGPRT locus. The four CHO cell lines include AA8, EM9, CHO-K1 Md XRS-5. They differ in radiosensitivity and in their ability to rejoin DNA single-and double-strand breaks. EM9 is deficient in its ability to rejoin DNA single-strand breaks and XRS-5 is deficient in its ability to rejoin DNA double-strand breaks. 2 figs., 2 tabs. (ERA citation 14:011225) Keywords: Bismuth 212; Gene Mutations; Radon 222; Somatic Mutations; Biological Effects; Cell Cultures; Cell Killing; DNA Repair; Daughter Products; Enzyme Induction; Hamsters; In Vitro, Progress Report; Strand Breaks; X Radiation; DNA Damage; Deoxyribonucleic Acids; Lesions; Mutagen Screening DE89004860 50 ------- Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Potential of Several Fluorocarbons Longstaff, E. (Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, UK) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P283(16) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper Two studies evaluating the carcinogenic potential of a series of chlorofluorocarbons are reviewed. The first study involves assessment of carcinogenicity using an in vitro short-term test followed by a gavage validation assay in rats. The second study examines inhalation of cfc22 by rats and mice with an assessment of in vivo genotoxicity. The results of these studies suggest that cfcs are not biologically inert, but contain several bacterial mutagens, cell-transforming agents, and rodent carcinogens. These findings, however, do not indicate a carcinogenic or mutagenic threat to humans. (1 Graph, 21 References, 10 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003342 Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity of the Herbicide 2,4,5- Trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) Contaminated with Dioxin Sugar, Janos; Toth Karoly; Olah Edith (Nat Inst of Oncology, Hungary) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P7O6(8) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper The compound 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) is a commonly used herbicide in hungary, and is always contaminated to some degree with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The hepatocarcinogenicity of TCPE was compared to its possible genotoxicity in vitro using the salmonella/microsome test for mutagenicity and dna-damaging ability, and induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. TCPE was not mutagenic by the Ames Test, but its DNA damaging capability was demonstrated by an increase in frequency of SCE. Experiments also showed that metabolic activation of TCPE occurred in the liver, suggesting that toxic effects result only at dose levels which exceed the detoxicating capacity of the liver. (5 Graphs, 21 References) Enviroline Number: *89-003353 51 ------- DNA Damage and Repair Edited by A. Castellani, ENEA Department of Environment and Health Protection, Rome, Italy Plenum Publishing Corporation 0-306-43083-5/proceedings/382 pp. + index/ill./1989/$79.50 ($95.40 outside U.S. & Canada) The subject of DNA damage and repair involves almost all the fields of biological sciences. This volume is dedicated to the memory of two international leaders in the field—Alexander Hollaender of the United States and Adriano Buzzati Traverse of Italy. The papers, from scientists in the areas of carcinogenesis, photobiology, radiation biology, aging, enzymology, genetics, and molecular biology, cover many aspects of biological systems ranging from molecules to humans and deal with damage and repair after treatment of cells with various types of radiation and chemicals. Experimental Approaches to the Assessment of Genetic Risk: Mammalian Germline Mutagenesis and Related Studies Russell, L.B. Mammalian Genetics and Development, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831. Birth Defects; VOL 24, ISS 5, 1988, P25-43 (REF: 80) LA: English CD: A6V ISSN: 0547-6844 Keywords: TOXBIB; Animal; Chromosome Deletion; Gene Rearrangement; DRUG EFFECTS/RADIATION EFFECTS; Germ Cells*/DRTJG EFFECTS/RADIATION EFFECTS; Human; Mutation*; Review; Review, Tutoriall; Risk Factors; Translocation (Genetics) DRUG EFFECTS/RADIATION EFFECTS NLM/TOXLINE Factors that Influence Formation Lymphocytes Das, B.C. Molecular Oncology Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi CRC Crit Rev Toxicol (UNITED STATES) 1988, 19(1) p43-B6, ISSN 0045-6446 Journal Code: DT7 Languages: English Document Type: Review Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) reflects an interchange of DNA sequences between helices in a replicating chromosome. This was initially accomplished by Taylor and colleagues (1957) using tritiated thymidine incorporation followed by autoradiography. The development of an elegant technique for differential staining of sister chromatids by incorporating a thymidine analog, 52 ------- 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) has greatly simplified the detection of SCEs in metaphase chromosomes. In recent years, the analysis of SCE has been considered to be a highly sensitive and additional (i.e., with chromosome aberrations) end point for measuring mutagenic/carcinogenic potential of various environmental agents and is increasingly being used to detect and differentiate among chromosome fragility human diseases that predispose to neoplasia. Attention has been focused to see if the induction of SCEs in lymphocyte cultures can be used as a reliable "biological dosimeter" for genetic risk assessment and to monitor the exposed populations. Several physical or preparatory as well as biological factors that modify the response and formation of SCEs make the monitoring difficult. The purpose of this article is to review and analyze these factors to facilitate an effective development of a standard protocol for SCE testing and for appropriate evaluation of test results. This may also provide clues to understand the yet unknown molecular mechanism(s) and biological significance of SCE formation. (387 Refs.) NLM/MEDLINE Genotoxicity of Carcinogens in Human Hepatocytes: Application in Hazard Assessment McQueen, C.A.; Way, B.M.; Williams, G.M. American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol (UNITED STATES) Nov 1988, 92 (2) p360-6, Journal Code: VWO Languages: English ISSN 0041-008X Evaluation of chemical genotoxicity has been used in assessing human cancer hazard, based on the observation that most human carcinogens are known to be DNA-reactive. The availability of data on the DNA-reactivity of compounds in metabolically competent human cells would assist hazard assessment by providing direct information of human genotoxicity. To evaluate the reliability of human hepatocytes for this purpose, the induction of DNA repair by DNA-reactive carcinogens of several structural classes and related noncarcinogens was studied. All the carcinogens elicited DNA repair synthesis, whereas the noncarcinogens did not. These studies provide additional support for the use of human hepatocytes in a DNA repair test in the investigation of hazard assessment genotoxicity. The demonstration of genotoxicity in human cells is suggested to provide important information for hazard assessment. NLM/MEDLINE 53 ------- Genotoxicity of Organic Extracts From Atmospheric Particles Courtois, Y.A.; France; Min, S., Lachenal C.; Jacquot-Deschamps, J.M.; Callais, F.; Festy, 0. (Laboratoire D'Hygiene de la Ville de Paris) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P724(17) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper The genotoxic potential of urban air particles was evaluated using four in vitro genotoxicity assays. The Ames Test, the SOS Chromotest, induction of 6-thioguanine mutants, and sister chromadid exchanges carried out on Chinese hamster ovary cells all confirm the genotoxic properties of the organic extracts of atmospheric particles. The optimisation in order of genotoxicity testing procedures is discussed to improve the assessment of human health risks due to air pollution. (4 Graphs, 38 References, 5 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003355 Haemoglobin Binding in Control of Exposure to and Risk Assessment of Aromatic Amines Neumann, H.G. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wurzburg, Federal Republic of Germany IARC Sci Publ (FRANCE) 1988, (89) p!57-65, ISSN 0300-5038 Journal Code: GKUde Languages: English Haemoglobin is proposed as a dose monitor for aromatic amines. Metabolically formed nitrosoarenes react with sulphydryl groups of haemoglobin and, after intramolecular rearrangement, yield sulphinic acid amides. This type of adduct is stable in vivo but can readily be hydrolysed after haemoglobin is isolated from blood samples, usually yielding the parent amine, which is quantified by gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. The haemoglobin binding index was determined in rats for a series of monocyclic aromatic amines, benzidine and some benzidine congeners. The following relationships are discussed: between binding of metabolites to DNA and to proteins; between haemoglobin binding and biological endpoints such as carcinogenesis and methaemoglobin formation; and between haemoglobin binding and molecular endpoints such as DNA binding and protein binding in liver and kidney. Haemoglobin binding correlates with a biologically active dose of aromatic amines and is thus well suited for monitoring exposure. The relationship between haemoglobin binding and the dose at critical targets is more complex, and, at present, carcinogenic risk cannot be assessed from biological monitoring data. NLM/MEDLINE 54 ------- Models and Assumptions Underlying Genetic Risk Assessment Sobels F.H. Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, State University of Leiden, The Netherlands Mutat Res; VOL 212, ISS 1, 1989, P77-89 LA: English CD: NNA ISSN: 0027-5107 Various methods employed for estimating the genetic risks of radiation are reviewed. With the doubling-dose method, genetic damage is expressed as an increase in cases of known genetic disease. The actual doubling dose is based on figures obtained with the mouse. There have been no recent data on induced mutation frequencies. Recent results suggest that the prevalence figure for multifactorial disease may be at least one order of magnitude higher than before. Various assumptions underlying the doubling-dose concept are discussed in the light of recent findings on: (1) spontaneous mutations resulting from insertion elements and (2) the comparability between spontaneous and induced mutations. The so-called direct method makes use of figures for induction of dominant mutations affecting the skeleton and the lens of the eye in the mouse, and of translocation induction in monkeys. Induction rates are converted to overall rates of induced dominant effects in man by applying certain assumptions. The proportionality between dose and effect is the basis for all genetic risk assessments. The possible significance of data on human lymphocytes indicating a threshold below 4 rad and the induction of repair enzymes by low radiation doses is discussed. The parallelogram approach is based on the principle that estimates can be obtained on the amount of genetic damage that cannot always be assessed directly. Thus mutations in mouse germ cells can be predicted by using mutation frequencies in cultured mammalian cells and 06-ethylguanine adducts. Measurement of haemoglobin mutations in human and mouse erythrocytes, and of HPRT-deficient mutations in lymphocytes of man and mouse should make more precise estimates of mutation frequencies in human germ calls possible. The development of a database on mutations in somatic cells of the mouse, their induction frequencies and molecular nature are considered an important priority. Used in combination with mouse germ-cell mutation frequencies, they should enable more precise risk estimates on the basis of mutations in somatic cells of man. Keywords: TOXBIB; Abnormalities; Radiation-Induced GENETICS; Animal Dose-Response Relationship; Radiation; Hereditary Diseases ETIOLOGY/GENETICS; Human Macaca Fascicularis; Macaca mulatta; Mice; Models, Genetic* Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens ADVERSE EFFECTS; Mutation*; Radiation *ADVERSE EFFECTS; Risk* NLM/TOXLINE 55 ------- Molecular Dosimetry as a Tool in Genetic Risk Assessment Aaron, C.S. Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001 Birth Defects; VOL 24, ISS 5, 1988, P53-78 (REF: 164) LA: English CD: A6V ISSN: 0547-6844 Keywords: TOXBIB; Animal; Cell Cycle DRUG EFFECTS/RADIATION EFFECTS; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; DNA Damage*; DNA Repair; Germ Cells */DRUG EFFECTS/RADIATION EFFECTS; Human Mutagenicity Tests *METHODS; Mutagens *ADVERSE EFFECTS; Mutation*; Review; Review Tutorial; Risk Factors NLM/TOXLINE Mutagenicity of Drinking Water and the Relation to Total Organic Halogen Kito, K.; Otsuki, T.; Suzuki, N.; Nakanishi, J. (Univ of Tokyo, Japan) Chemosphere, 1988, V17, Nil (14) Research Article Concentrates of Tokyo drinking water were tested by the Ames Test and mutagenicity was correlated with total organic halogen levels. The results of the analysis indicate that a toxicity of 100 (gr)mg/l was equivalent to 300 net rev./I with TA100. These analyses can be used to estimate the risk involved from exposure to drinking water, and to indicate where improvements in water treatment should be implemented. (1 Diagram, 2 Graphs, 11 References, 7 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-002771 56 ------- Proceedings of the Symposium on the Assessment of Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace Presented at: Symposium on the Assessment of Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace, Cincinnati, OH (USA), 16-17 Jun 1988 Scialli, A.R. (ed.) 156 pp 1988 In Reprod. Toxicol. Language: English Document Type: Book-chapter article Subfile: 24 .Toxicology Abstracts A recent symposium sponsored by NIOSH and NIEHS dealt with some of the methods by which potential workplace hazards might be evaluated. The editors are very pleased that Reproductive Toxicology was selected for publication of the workshop proceedings and have devoted a double-issue to this important topic. Reproductive hazard identification and risk assessment are not mature sciences. The evolution of these critical disciplines will depend on symposia such as this, where some of the best minds in the field can share their thoughts and their experiences. LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION Prospective Detection and Assessment of Genotoxic Hazards: A Critical Appreciation of the Contribution of L. Ehrenberg Wright, A.S.; Bradshaw, T.K.; Watson, W.P. Shell Research Ltd, Sittingbourne Research Centre, Kent, UK ARC Sci Publ (FRANCE) 1988, (89) p237-48, ISSN 0300-5038 Journal Code: GKUde: Languages: English Document Type: Review Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis are now being applied to improve the quality of prospective risk assessment. The contribution of Ehrenberg and his colleagues (at the University of Stockholm) probably represents the most comprehensive application of mechanistic knowledge to this field during the past 20 years. The strategic approach developed by the Swedish group was based on the identification of differences between man and experimental risk models in factors that determine the relationships between exposure and biological response and the development of methods to compensate for these differences. Many of the critical stages in chemical carcinogenesis and the cellular determinants of these stages have now been identified. As a first step in seeking to improve risk assessment, Ehrenberg introduced the target dose concept, in which the doses of carcinogens penetrating to the cellular target (DNA) are determined. This approach provides an improved basis for determining exposures to carcinogenic agents and also for compensating for species differences in factors such as metabolism that determine the relationships between exposure dose and the dose at the critical target. The target dose concept 57 ------- is now widely accepted and has led to the development of new biomedical monitoring techniques, based, for example, on the measurement of haemoglobin adducts, which are now being applied to detect and identify genotoxic hazards. The introduction of the target dose concept has led to significant improvements in the quality of prospective risk assessment. Further improvements necessitate procedures to compensate for differences between man and prospective risk models in factors that determine subsequent stages of the carcinogenic process. Ehrenberg has proposed that the rad-equivalence approach may be of value in this respect, its application has accurately predicted the incidence of leukaemias in occupational cohorts which had exposures to ethylene oxide in common. The possible general applicability of this approach is discussed.(45 Refs.) NLM/MEDLINE The Formation and Removal of Chemical Mutagens During Drinking Water Treatment Fielding, M.; Horth, H. (Medmenham Lab, UK) Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment (CEC 5th European Sym, Rome, OCT 20-22, 87), 1988, P284(15) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper Mutagens, formed primarily from the transformation of humic acid components, are generated during water chlorination processes. Experiments have show that activated carbon may be effective for removing chlorination-derived mutagens. Dechlorinating agents, such as sulphur dioxide, can also eliminate some of the mutagenic agents produced during the chlorination process. Mutagenicity tests, however, can not provide information that can be used to evaluate the public health risks posed by the presence of mutagenic treatment components. As a consequence, major changes in practices aimed solely at reducing mutagenicity are not justified. (3 Graphs, 42 References, 5 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003102 58 ------- HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE Advantages of a Standard Method for Research on Reproductive Effects of Occupation Joffe, M. Department of Community Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London J. Epidemiol Community Health; 42(3), 1988, 209-12 LA: English CD: IIP A recent review of the literature identified several common methodological weaknesses in studies of the effects of occupational exposures on male and female reproductive processes. This paper suggests a strategy which addresses these problems, by the use of a standard methods. The potential benefits include increased measurement reliability and statistical power, together with a systematic study of expected (background) rates, confounding effects, types of exposure and selection effects. Particular advantages are the avoidance of designating a group as non-exposed with attendant problems of bias, and in the longer term the study of multiple or rare exposures. Keywords: TOXBIB; Environmental Exposure; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Human; Male; Methods; Occupations*; Questionnaires; Reproduction*; Research Design* NLM/TOXLINE Air Pollution: Assessing Total Exposure in the United States Smith, Kirk R. (East-West Center, HI) Environment, Oct 88, V30, N8, P10(12) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article Ambient air pollution from power plants, cars, and other sources has been the traditional focus of legislation and EPA regulation, but recent EPA total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) studies show that people receive greater exposure from indoor air pollution. Four chemicals studied in 1980-84 illustrate the point: benzene, and emission from cigarettes; the dry cleaning solvent tetrachloroethylene, residues of which contaminate closets and the clothes people wear; and two room deodorizer chemicals, p-dichlorobenzene and limonene. TEAM studies have also been done on volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and pesticides. Sources of pollution change when the focus is shifted from emissions to exposures, and a gap exists between government priorities and the estimation of experts of relative health risk. Since risk depends on dose, it is recommended that the control of exposure receive priority over the control of concentration. (2 Graphs, 7 Photos, 29 References, 3 Tables) Enviroline Number:*89-001056 59 ------- Assessing the Extent of Human Exposure to Organics Travis, Curtis and; Hattemer-Frey, Holly A. (Oak Ridge Natl Lab, TN) Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Contemporary Issues in Risk Analysis), 1988, V3, P61(15) Book Chapter Exposure assessment, a basic component of risk analysis, involves determining the pathways and the extent of human exposure to toxic chemicals. An overview of the important aspects of exposure analysis is provided. The topics addressed include exposure assessment methodology. Pathway processes, evaluation of biochemical and physiochemical properties of the chemical, evaluation of the pathways of human exposure, and multimedia transport models. By applying these concepts, the consequences of human exposure to toxic chemicals may be systematically evaluated. (2 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-001735 Biomarkers: New Tools for Studying Environmental Exposures Perera, Frederica P. (Columbia Univ) Health & Env Digest, Oct 88, V2, N9, PI(3) Journal Article New laboratory methods allow greater resolution of the pollutant exposure-disease relationship. These methods allow molecular epidemiologists to measure changes at the biochemical, cellular, or molecular level in body fluids, tissues, or cells. Biomarkers allow investigators to ascertain both the actual dose someone has received and its early preclinical biological effect. The biomarkers reflect events that take place on a continuum between external exposure and clinical disease, and should improve risk assessment and increase the power of epidemiology to forge causal chains between exposures and disease. A distinction is made between markers of internal dose, biologically effective dose, and early biological effect. (1 Diagram, 1 Graph, 4 References, 1 Table) Enviroline Number: 89-001231 60 ------- Control of Exposure to Chemicals: Scientific Basis and Social Compromise Henschler, D. (Univ of Wurzburg, W Germany) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P55(7) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper A discussion of the status of regulation and approaches to controlling exposure to occupational chemicals is presented. Particular attention is given to carcinogenic substances and possible methods that may be used to set reasonable exposure limits for carcinogens. Other topics addressed in the article include sources of information and classification of toxic chemicals, the role of scientists in devising threshold limits, and the need for improved risk assessment. Reevaluation of conventional strategies of carcinogenicity testing is advocated. (2 Graphs, 11 References) Enviroline Number: *89-003335 Current Perspectives on Gasoline (Light Hydrocarbon)-Induced Male Rat Nephropathy Presented at: International Conference on Living in a Chemical World: Occupational and Environmental Significance of Industrial Carcinogens, Bologna (Italy), 6-10 Oct 1985 Gibson, J.E.; Bus, J.S. Chem. Ind. Inst. Toxicol., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA ANN. N.Y. ACAD. SCI.; 534 pp. 481-485 1988 In LIVING IN A CHEMICAL WORLD: OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL CARCINOGENS. Maltoni, C.; Selikoff, I.J. (eds.) Language: English Document Type: Book-chapter article Subfile:24 .Toxicology Abstracts A 2-year inhalation study of unleaded gasoline vapors revealed a significant increase in tumors in the kidneys of male rats. Additional dose-dependent alterations in renal structure were noted in the male rat, including the appearance of hyaline droplets, or abnormal amounts of intracellular protein, in the proximal portions of the kidney tubule cells. An important observation in the gasoline bioassay, however, was that renal tumors and associated toxicity were seen only in male rats, and not in female rats or in either sex of mice. This sex- and species dependent toxic effect suggests that the male rat may be uniquely predisposed to the renal effects of hydrocarbons, and thus may not be an appropriate animal model for human risk assessment. The purpose of this paper is to describe a possible mechanism that could account for hydrocarbon-mediated nephrotoxicity in the male rat. LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION 61 ------- Environmental Carcinogens: Using Pesticides and Nitrosamines as Paradigms Montesano, R.; Cabral J.R.; Wilbourn, W.D. (Intl Agency for Research on Cancer, France) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P67(7) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper Although organochlorine pesticides and nitrosamines have been found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals, little epidemiological evidence is available implicating them in specific human cancers as a result of chemical exposure. The reasons for this lack of information include low sensitivity of epidemiological studies, poor follow up of persons exposed to chemicals, and limited information regarding chemical exposure. The status of information pertaining to the carcinogenicity of pesticides and nitrosamines is reviewed as well as recent developments in methodology to detect human exposure to toxic chemicals. (2 Graphs, 21 References, 3 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003336 Estimating the Risks of Smoking, Air Pollution, and Passive Smoke on Acute Respiratory Conditions Ostro, Bart David Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!89, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article Five years of the annual Health Interview Survey, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, are used to estimate the effects of air pollution, smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory restrictions in activity for adults, and bed disability for children. After adjusting for several socioeconomic factors, the multiple regression estimates indicate that an independent and statistically significant association exists between these three forms of air pollution and respiratory morbidity. The comparative risks of these exposures are computed and the plausibility of the relative risks is examined by comparing the equivalent doses with actual measurements of exposure taken in the homes of smokers. The results indicate that 62 ------- (1) smokers will have a 55-75% excess in days with respiratory conditions severe enough to cause reductions in normal activity; (2) a 1 mg increase in fine particulate matter air pollution is associated with a 3% excess in acute respiratory disease; and (3) a pack-a-day smoker will increase respiratory restricted days for a nonsmoking spouse by 20% and increase the number of bed disability days for young children living in the household by 20%. The results also indicate that the estimates of the effects of secondhand smoking on children are improved when the mother's work status is known and incorporated into the exposure estimate. Keywords: Health effects; air pollution; passive smoke; smoking; respiratory morbidity; particulate matter. Evaluation of Existing Total Human Exposure Models Pandian, Muhilan D. (Univ of Nevada) EPA Report 600/S4-87/044, Feb 88 (4) The original document is available from Bowker Fed Govt Report Modeling schemes have been devised which utilize environmental pollutant concentration distributions and human activity patterns to estimate human exposure. Six such modeling approaches were evaluated to determine whether deterministic or stochastic procedures are used, if the model can accommodate both acute and chronic exposure analyses, and if uncertainties and errors in the modeling techniques are identified and adequately explained. All of the total human exposure models considered cover only certain aspects of the entire modeling process and none conclude with an error analysis or validations. Enviroline Number:*89-001091 Gasoline Toxicology: Implications for Human Health Weaver, Neill K. (API, DC) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P441(ll) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper The findings of several studies carried out in response to the discovery that gasoline vapors produce renal cell carcinomas in male rats are reviewed. The studies include a variety of toxicological studies of gasoline involving rats, rabbits monkeys, and mice, as well as studies documenting renal cancer among petroleum workers. The results of these studies all support the conclusion that gasoline vapors cause renal carcinomas only in the male rat. (1 Photo, 59 References, 7 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003348 63 ------- Health Risk Assessment of Residents Living on Harbour Sludge van Wijnen, J.H.; Stijkel, A. Municipal Health Service, Section Public Health and Environment, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Int Arch Occup Environ Health (GERMANY, WEST) 1988, 61 (1-2) p77- 87, ISSN 0340-0131 Journal Code: GPN Languages: English A modelled approach for the assessment of exposure and health risks in a case of soil pollution with an unknown but probably large number of potential contaminants is presented. In 1983 the Steendijkpolder, a housing estate of about 800 houses, an agglomeration of schools and a tennis hall was built directly on a 4-m-thick layer of harbour sludge. The sludge originated from around 20 harbour basins in Rotterdam and the industrial area around the Nieuwe Waterweg. In the soil organic solvents, PAH's, aldrin, dieldrin, isodrin, telodrin and several heavy metals were found to be present as contaminants. Not all contaminants, including a number of halogenated compounds, were identified. The investigation of the other relevant environmental compartments in this situation, e.g. drinking-water, indoor-air and home grown vegetables showed that soil ingestion was the predominant route of intake of contaminants. Therefore the exposure of infants (age: 2-3 years) was calculated. The calculated intake of PAH by soil ingestion was around half the average intake of PAH in the daily diet. The extra exposure to drins (a group of cyclodiene insecticides) due to soil ingestion and inhaled contaminated indoor air was calculated to exceed twice the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of dieldrin. The calculated maximal intake of Pb by soil ingestion exceeded the average intake of Pb in the daily diet by around 1.4 times. The maximal intake by soil ingestion of the other identified contaminants was relatively low. It was concluded that with the present knowledge the calculated exposure would not result in observable health damage. MEDLINE Mortality of Workers at the Hanford Site: 1945-1981 Gilbert, E.S.; Petersen, G.R.;Buchanan, J.A. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 Health Phys (UNITED STATES) Jan 1989, 56 (1) pll-25, ISSN 0017-9078 Journal Code: G2H Languages: English Analyses of mortality of workers at the Hanford Site were updated to include an additional three years of data (1979-81). Deaths occurring in the state of Washington in the years 1982-85 were also evaluated. Hanford workers continued to exhibit a strong healthy worker effect with death rates substantially below those of the general U.S. population. Comparisons by level of radiation exposure within the Hanford worker population provided no 64 ------- evidence of a positive correlation of radiation exposure and mortality from all cancers combined or of mortality from leukemia. Estimates of cancer risk due to radiation were negative, but confidence intervals were wide, indicating that the data were consistent with no risk and with risks several times larger than estimates provided by major groups concerned with risk assessment. Of 18 categories of cancer analyzed, a correlation of borderline statistical significance was identified for female genital cancers (p = 0.05), but was interpreted as probably spurious. The previously identified correlation for multiple myeloma persisted (p = 0.002). MEDLINE Nasal Tumours in Rats After Severe Injury to the Nasal Mucosa and Prolonged Exposure to 10 ppm Formaldehyde Woutersen, R.A.; van Garderen-Hoetmer, A.; Bruijntjes, J.P. (TNO-Vico Toxicology & Nutrition Inst, Neth) J Applied Toxicology, Feb 89, V9, Nl, P39(8) Research Article The significance of damage to nasal mucosa in inducing nasal tumors was studied by exposing rats to formaldehyde via inhalation. Male rats were exposed to formaldehyde at 0, 0.1, 1.0, Or 10 ppm for six hours/day, five days/week, for 28 months. Of the 720 rats total, 480 had nasal damage by the end of the study. Compound related, inflammatory, and hyperplastic changes in the nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosa were observed when the rats were exposed to 10 ppm formaldehyde, and exposure to 10 ppm formaldehyde for 28 months produced nasal squamous cell carcinomas in rats with damaged noses (15/58) but not in rats with intact noses. These results demonstrate that severe damage to nasal mucosa may contribute to the induction of nasal tumors by formaldehyde. (1 Diagram, 1 Graph, 16 References, 5 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-003331 65 ------- Public Health Risk from ELF (Electromagnetic Fields) Exposure — Can It Be Assessed Aldrich, T.E.; Easterly, C.E. Oak Ridge National Lab., TN Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: CONF-8805176-1 1988 4p Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8905; NSA1300 Meeting of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon France, 2 May 1988 NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AC05-840R21400 Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF) are a ubiquitous environmental agent. There are persistent indications that these fields have biologic activity, and consequently, there may be a deleterious component to their action. Epidemiologic researchers of ELF face several methodological obstacles, and quantitative risk assessment is in a quandary. Simply stated there is a need for more data—especially with regard to exposure assessment. DE88015277/XAB Reference Dose (RfD): Description and Use in Health Risk Assessments Barnes, D.C.; Dourson, M. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington, DC 20460 Regul Toxicol Pharmacol (UNITED STATES) Dec 1988, 8 (4) p471-86, ISSN 0273-2300 Journal Code: RBH Languages: English For many years the concept of the "acceptable daily intake" has served the toxicological and regulatory fields quite well. However, as approaches to assessing the health significance of exposures to noncarcinogenic substances receive greater scrutiny, some difficulties with this traditional approach have become more apparent. Consequently, the concept of the "reference dose" is introduced in order to avoid use of prejudicial terms (e.g., "safety" and "acceptable") to promote greater consistency in the assessment of noncarcinogenic chemicals and to maintain the functional separation between risk assessment and risk management. MEDLINE 66 ------- CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT 1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE 1,1,1-Trichloroethane: Medium-Term Toxicity to Carp, Daphnids, and Higher Plants Thompson R.S.; Carmicheal, N.G. (Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, UK) Ecotoxicology & Env Safety, Apr 89, V17, N2, P172(ll) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article The toxicity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane to carp (7.7 Mg/1) and daphnids (1.3 Mg/1), and the effects of gas-phase exposure (6.9- 18 Mg/1) of the solvent to higher plants was investigated. No mortalities or other effects were observed in carp gas or daphnids over a 14 and 17 day period, respectively. Phase exposure had no effects on growth of emergent seedlings of either sorghum bicolor or brassica napus. The results indicate that fish and plants are at risk only as a result of gross contamination by 1,1,1-trichloroethane and that this chemical is rapidly dispersed. (5 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003379 1.2. DICHLOROPROPANE Draft Criteria Document for 1,2, Dichloropropane (Final rept) Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Science Advisory Board Corp. Source Codes: 031287050 Report No.: SAB/EHC-88/018 9 Mar 88 5p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI18903 NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States The Halogenated Organics Subcommittee of the EPA Science Advisory Board's Environmental Health Committee conducted an independent scientific review of the Office of Drinking Water's Draft Criteria Document for 1,2 Dichloropropane. The Subcommittee unanimously concluded that the drinking water eguivalent level should not be based on the non-carcinogenic endpoints of the National Toxicology Program's 1986 bioassay in male rats. It offered five reasons for this conclusion: (1) the dose of 62 67 ------- mg/kg bw/day represents a no-observed-effect-level for cancer in male rats; (2) the endpoints of survival, body weight organs and tissues are not sufficiently sensitive; (3) histological lesions were observed in the testes of some male rats given the 62 mg dose; (4) evidence indicated that the chemical may be a male reproductive toxic; and (5) the NTP bioassay was not designed to supply data for derivation of a drinking water equivalent level. PB89-114508/XAB 2.3.7.8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN Characterization of the Ah Receptor Safe, S.H. Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Dept. of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology Corp. Source Codes: 004736129 Sponsor: Health Effects Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH Report No.: EPA/600/1-88/006 Oct 88 32p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 Sponsored by Health Effects Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: EPA-R-823626 The rat liver cytosolic receptor protein containing the Ah- receptor protein was purified and studied using a photochemical assembly of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. The unbound receptor protein rapidly lost its capacity to bind 2,3,7,8-TCDD; however, the 2,3,7,8- TCDD bound Ah receptor did not readily dissociate, probably reflecting the high potency and persistence of the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Results are based on a new one-step methodology which allows activation parameters to be calculated directly from raw experimental measurements, which allows the uncertainty in the activation enthalpy to be obtained unambiguously. The enthalpies of activation for both the formation and the interaction of the receptor-ligand complex are the same within the statistical uncertainty. This led to a kinetic model in which the receptor was activated to an intermediate followed by competitive degradation of the unoccupied receptor and formation of the receptor-ligand complex, both of these latter steps being fast compared with the first. PB89-118657/XAB 68 ------- ACETAMINOPHEN Acetaminophen Toxicity Mitchell, Jerry R. (Baylor College of Medicine, Texas) New England J Medicine, Dec 88, V319, N24, P1601(2) The original document is available from Bowker Editorial This editorial reviews recent reports addressing the potential hazards of the antiinflammatory drug acetaminophen. When the drug exceeds the minimum threshold dose of between 10 and 15 g, it overwhelms the detoxifying ability of the glucuronide pathway, resulting in liver damage. N-acetylcysteine is effective in preventing liver damage if administered within several hours after an overdose. The author suggests that acetaminophen is safe if used appropriately and that the risks are no greater than those of other common antiinflammatory agents. (10 References) Enviroline Number: *89-001239 ACRYLONITRILE Acrylonitrile as a Carcinogen. Research Needs For Better Risk Assessment Presented at: International Conference on Living in a Chemical World: Occupational and Environmental Significance of Industrial Carcinogens, Bologna (Italy), 6-10 Get 1985 Strother, D.E.; Mast, R.W.; Kraska, R.C.; Frankos, V. Standard Oil Co., 200 Public Sq., Cleveland, OH 44114, USA Annals N.Y. Academy of Sciences; 534 pp. 169-178 1988 In LIVING IN A CHEMICAL WORLD: OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL CARCINOGENS. Maltoni, C.; Selikoff, l.j. (eds.) Language: English Document Type: Book-chapter article Subfile: 24 .Toxicology Abstracts Almost a decade has passed since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration required the performance of oncogenicity studies of acrylonitrile as a provision of the continued listing of acrylonitrile copolymers for use in contact with food. During that time a large body of experimental and epidemiologic data on the carcinogencity of acrylonitrile has been developed. These data serve as the basis for quantitative risk assessment and the regulation of acrylonitrile as a carcinogen. With the large body of experimental data now in hand and the regulatory positions being established, the authors reviewed the current carcinogenicity data-base for acrylonitrile and how it has been employed in risk assessment processes within the U.S. regulatory bodies. This report summarizes the findings of that review and identifies areas of research that could contribute to better understanding of the carcinogenic risk posed by acrylonitrile. LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION 69 ------- Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Acrylonitrile Administered by Inhalation and by Ingestion to Sprague-Dawley Rats Maltoni, Cesare; Ciliberti, Adriano; Cotti, Guiliano; Perino, Giorgio (Inst of Oncology, Italy) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P179(24) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper The results of long-term carcinogenicity bioassays on acrylonitrile are reported. Rats were exposed to the chemical by inhalation at 40, 20, 10, 5, and 0 ppm, four hours/day, five days/week, for 52 weeks, and by ingestion in olive oil at 5 Mg/Kg body weight three times a week for 52 weeks. Exposure by inhalation resulted in an increase of total malignant tumors at all dose levels; a dose related increase in zymbal gland carcinomas and hepatomas in male offspring, increases in extrahepatic angiosarcomas in female offspring, and the onset of encephalic gliomas. Ingestion of acrylonitrile had no carcinogenic effects under these conditions. (4 Photos, 22 References, 27 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003340 ASBESTOS Risk Assessment in the Asbestos Cement Industry (letter) Browne, K. Br J Ind Med (ENGLAND) Oct 1988, 45 (10) p720, ISSN 0007-1072 Journal Code: AXS Languages: English MEDLINE BENZENE Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene, Methyl Benzene, and Dimethyl Benzenes Huff, J.E.; Eastin, W.? Roycroft, J.; Eustis, S.L.; Haseman, J.K. (Natl Inst of Env Health Sciences, NC) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P427(14) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper The results of three exposure studies on the carcinogenic potential of benzene, toluene, and mixed xylenes are reported. Both rats and mice were exposed to the chemicals by oral intubation with corn oil, or by inhalation over a two year period. The results indicate that benzene generates increased incidence of zymbal gland carcinomas, squamous cell papillomas, 70 ------- squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, and dose-related lymphocytopenia. Xylene exposure resulted in no carcinogenic effects in either rats or mice at the highest dose levels. The results of the toluene studies are not available because the studies are still in progress. (46 References, 6 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003347 Further Evidence of Benzene Carcinogenicity: Results in Wistar Rats and Swiss Mice Treated by Ingestion Maltoni, Cesare; Conti, Barbara; Perino, Giorgio; Dimaio, Vito (Inst of Oncology, Italy) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P412(15) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper The carcinogenicity of benzene was studied by injecting wistar rats and swiss mice with benzene in olive oil at a dose of 500 and 0 Mg/Kg body weight once daily, four to five days/week, for 104 weeks (rats) or 78 weeks (mice). In rats, the carcinomas treatment resulted in zymbal gland carcinomas, carcinomas of the oral and nasal cavities, and an increase in total malignant tumors. In mice, benzene generated zymbal gland carcinomas, an increase in mammary carcinomas (in females), lung tumors, and an increase in total malignant tumors. These experiments confirm that benzene is a multipotential carcinogen. (10 Photos, 7 References, 16 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003346 Recent Laboratory Studies in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Benzene Infante, Peter F. (OSHA) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P486(4) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper A discussion of occupational health and worker protection as they relate to benzene exposure is presented. Specific topics include benzene skin absorption, the proposed osha standard for benzene exposure, and cancer risk assessment. Adoption of standards limiting permissible benzene exposures in the workplace is advocated, and an argument is presented suggesting that regulation is economical, based on the considerable public health benefit. (13 References) Enviroline Number: *89-003351 71 ------- BENZENEHEXACHLORIDE (BHC) Experimental and Human Surveillance on BHC and DDT Insecticides Commonly Used in India Nigam, S.K.; Karnik, A.B.; Lakkad, B.C.; Thakore, K.N.; Joshi, B.H. (Natl Inst of Occupational Health, India) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, pet 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P694(12) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper The carcinogenicity of technical benzenehexachloride (BHC) and DDT in laboratory animals is evaluated. The study includes an in-depth histopathological, histochemical and biochemical enzyme analyses of the hepatocarcinogenic process initiated by BHC in an effort to determine the epidemiological biological mechanism of the pesticide. Field surveys were also carried out in a high risk population. A variety of experiments suggest that the pesticides produce toxic effects, especially in the liver when exposure is chronic. (29 References, 5 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003352 BENZO(A)PYRENE An Air Emission Risk Assessment For Benzo(a)pyrene and Arsenic from the Mt. Tom Power Plant Kowalczyk, G.S.; Gratt, L.B.; Ricci, P.F. JAPCA (UNITED STATES) Apr 1987, 37 (4) p361-9, ISSN: 0894-0630 Journal Code: JCA Languages: English MEDLINE 72 ------- CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Three Chlorofluorocarbons (Trichlorofluoromethane, FCll; Dichlorodifluoromethane, FC12; Chlorodifluoromethane, FC22) Administered by Inhalation to Sprague-Dawley Rats and Swiss Mice Maltoni, Cesare; Lefemine, Guiseppe; Tovoli, Daniele; Perino, Giorgio; (Inst of Oncology, Italy) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P261(22) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper The first integrated carcinogenicity study of three Chlorofluorocarbons FCll, FC22, and FC12, is presented. The three propellant Chlorofluorocarbons were administered by inhalation at concentrations of 5000, 1000, and 0 ppm, four hours/day, five days/week for 104 and 78 weeks to both rats and mice. The animals were observed until they died spontaneously. No carcinogenic effects were observed under these experimental conditions. (4 Photos, 11 References, 24 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003341 ETHOXYOUIN Exposure to Agricultural Treatment Residues: Some Simple Statistical Considerations Based on Monitoring Data For Ethoxyquin on Apples Zapponi, G.; Camoni, I.; Donmarco, R.; Gabriele, M. (Inst Superiore di Sanita, Italy Ecotoxicology & Env Safety, Oct 88, V16, N2, P143(5) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article The distribution of ethoxyquin levels in fruit samples from the market was studied in order to obtain information on possible exposure risks and as an efficient method for control procedures; ethoxyquin is a chemical treatment adopted when fruit is stored for long periods of time. The statistical distribution of data is typically nonsymmetrical, non-gaussian, and characterized by a tail extending toward the high values. This study indicates that a risk of possible sporadic significant exposure levels may exist; it is important to identify whether highest exposure levels are randomly distributed in space and time or rather affect a specific group of subjects in a specific period. (7 Graphs, 7 Photos) Enviroline Number: *89-001770 73 ------- FIBER-EPOXY DUSTS Response of the Rat Lung to Respirable Fractions of Composite Fiber-Epoxy Dusts Luchtel, D.L.; Martin T.R.; Boatman, E.S. (Univ of Washington) Env Research, Feb 89, V48, Nl, P57(13) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article Respirable dusts from the machining of composite fiber-epoxy materials may or may not pose a health risk. A single intratracheal bolus of 5 Mg for each of six samples of such dust was injected into separate groups made up of five rats each. Quartz and aluminum oxide were used as positive and negative controls in other rats. After one month, the lungs were fixed and sectioned for light microscopy. Histopathology scores for the six composite samples showed a continuum of lung injury that was between the negative and positive controls. None of the composite dusts had effects that paralleled those of quartz, but four of the dusts produced reactions more severe than those seen with aluminum oxide. (11 Photos, 16 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-002866 HALOCARBONS Validation and Application of Pharmacokinetic Models for Interspecies Extrapolations in Toxicity Risk Assessments of Volatile Organics (Annual rept. 1 Jul 87-30 Jun 88) Dallas, C.E.; Bruckner, J.V.; Gallo, J.; Raghupathy, R.; Srinivasa, M. Georgia Univ., Athens. Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology Corp. Source Codes: 010264083; 419600 Sponsor: Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Boiling AFB, DC Report No. : AFOSR-TR-88-1013 30 Aug 88 116p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8904 NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AFOSR-87-0248; 2312; AS In pursuit of the goal of establishing a scientific basis for the interspecies extrapolation of pharmacokinetic data in health risk assessments, a series of studies have been conducted involving pharmacokinetic determinations in rats (to be followed later in dogs) to several aliphatic halocarbons. Direct measurements of the uptake and elimination of halocarbon in the blood and exhaled breath of rats have been completed during and following 74 ------- inhalation exposures to trichloroethylene (TCE),trlchloroethane (TRI), and dichlorethylene (DCE). Two manuscripts have been completed for publication in peer-reviewed journals on the work with inhaled TCE and TRI. Pharmacokinetic determinations have also been made in studies of the ingestion of TCE, 'TRI, and DCE. Keywords: Physiologically-based Pharmacokinetic Model, Saturable Metabolism; Respiratory Elimination; Halocarbon Inhalation Exposure; Halocarbon Oral Exposure; Interspecies Extrapolations; Pharmacokinetics 1,1,1 Trichloroethane; 1,1 Dichloroethylene. (JES) AD-A200 034/7/XAB LEAD Comparative Analysis of Lead in Maine Urban Soils Krueger, John A.; Duguay, Kathy M. (Maine Public Health Lab) B Env Contam & Tox, Apr 89, V42, N4, P574(8) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article Lead contaminated soil has been identified as an important source of childhood Pb poisoning. Soil samples in portland, me, were evaluated for Pb content using both x-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry in an effort to identify high risk areas. Soil samples collected from 50 residental sites were found to have Pb levels ranging from 50-10,900 ppm Pb. Of these samples 38 were considered high risk and 12 low risk. The results indicate that Pb concentrations are higher near wood frame houses built prior to 1950, and Pb in paint chips does not dissipate through leaching; both measurement techniques yielded similar results. (6 References, 7 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003318 Lead in the Environment: Coming to Grips with Multisource Risks and Multifactorial Endpoints SSilbergeld, Ellen K. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!37, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article 75 ------- NICKEL COMPOUNDS Lung Tumor Risk Assessment of Inhaled Nickel Compounds Based on Lung Dosimetry and on Extrapolation Modeling from Animals to Man Oberdoerster, G. Univ. Rochester, Environ. Health Sci. Cent., Rochester, NY, USA 4th International Conference on Nickel Metabolism and Toxicology 8835023 Espoo (Finland) 5-9 Sep 1988 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Institute of Occupational Health Finland John Wiley & Sons, 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012 (USA) Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX PENTACHLOROPHENOL Penetration of Pentachlorophenol and Tetrachlorophenol Through Human Skin Horstman, Sanford W.; Rossner, Alan; Kalman, David A.; Morgan, Michael S. (Univ of Washington) J Env Science & Health-Env Science & Engineering, 1989, VA24, N3, P229(14) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article The skin penentration of commercial preparations of penta- and tetrachlorophenol was investigated using human cadaver skin and a validated skin permeation test protocol. The penetration of diesel oil preparations was 62% for pentachlorophenol and 63% for tetrachlorophenol. In the case of an aqueous-based commercial preparation, penetration was 16% for sodium pentachlorphenate and 33% for sodium tetrachlorphenate. Results for agueous penetration are much higher than epa estimates of 1% penetration, indicating a considerably higher risk of dermal penetration. (1 Graph, 16 References, 1 Table) Enviroline Number: *89-003434 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) Hazards, Decontamination, and Replacement of PCB: A Comprehensive Guide Edited by Jean-Pierre Crine, Hydro-Quebec Research Institute, Varennes, Canada Plenum Publishing Corporation 0-306-43088-6/240 pp./ill./1988/$55.00 ($66.00 outside U.S. & Canada) Recent accidents in many parts of the world have shown that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can burn and that their combustion byproducts are highly toxic. Although PCB production 76 ------- is banned or controlled in most Western countries, enormous quantities of PCBs remain in use and their safe handling, destruction, and replacement are heavy responsibilities for industrial users. This book brings together scientists from widely different backgrounds—biologists, physicians, environmentalists, toxicologists, chemists, electrical engineers- -to examine the large spectrum of problems associated with PCB incidents. Their contributions review the basic physicochemical properties of PCBs, analytical techniques, human and environmental hazards, combustion byproducts, decontamination processes, destruction techniques, and replacement fluids. Precautions and solutions are also discussed at some length. Volume 37 in the Series Environmental Science Research. PROPYLENE Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated with Propylene: Health Issue Assesssent Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. Corp. Source Codes: 034680061 Report No.: ECAO-R-0083; EPA/600/8-88/070 Jul 88 37p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Propylene's major use is as a starting material in the manufacture of polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, and as a component in fuel. Ambient concentrations in urban areas of the United States range from about 1 to 10 ppb, with rural air levels being an order of magnitude lower. Propylene is a precursor of photochemical oxidants and other smog components. The atmospheric half-life has been estimated to be 7.7 hours. Propylene is readily metabolized following inhalation exposure. Limited data from acute studies (exposure to a 40% concentration for 6 hours) indicate that propylene is not very toxic to rats. Similarly, no compound-related toxic effects were found in subchronic studies with exposure levels up to 10,000 rat and mice ppm. Propylene was not carcinogenic in the NTP studies with exposure levels up to 10,000 ppm. Propylene is classified as a Group C carcinogen, possibly a human carcinogen. PB89-119739/XAB 77 ------- Human Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls at Toxic Waste Sites: Investigations in the United States Stehr-Green, Paul A.; Burse, Virlyn W.; Welty, Edith (US Centers for Disease Control, GA) Archives Env Health, Nov-Dec 88, V43, N6, P420(5) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article Environmental and population data were evaluated from 12 waste sites contaminated with pcbs. Serum pcb levels in persons at highest risk of nonoccupationally-related exposures at 10 sites were within background ranges, even though environmental contamination levels as high as 2.5 Ppb in monitoring well water samples and 330,000 ppb in soil samples were measured. At the two remaining sites, elevated serum levels were found in these high-risk persons, which require further evaluation by community surveys. The data illustrate that, despite elevated environmental contaminant levels, unless uptake of chemicals above background exposure levels can be demonstrated, adverse health effects can not be attributed to waste site chemicals. (24 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-001077 RADON Cancer Risk for Radon Exposure in a Polluted Environment: Progress Report, March 1, 1988-February 28, 1989 Burns, F.J. New York Univ., NY. Dept. of Environmental Medicine Department of Energy, Washington, DC Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1989 NTIS/DE89003820 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. 12p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 DOE/ER/60549-2, Contract FG02-87ER60549 The objective of this project is to produce data in rats relevant to evaluating radon cancer risks in polluted indoor environments. Rats are to be exposed by tracheal implant to an alpha source in combination with inhalation exposure to N02 or cigarette smoke. Direct measurement of DNA strand breaks in the respiratory epithelium will be made by alkaline elution. The carcinogenicity in the respiratory epithelium of these treatments will be established in longterm tests. (ERA citation 14:006411) Keywords: Indoor Air Pollution; Radon 222; Strand Breaks; Alpha Sources; Carcinogenesis; Evaluation; Health Hazards; Inhalation; Nitrogen Oxides; Progress Report; Radiation Source Implants; Radioinduction; Rats, Research Programs; Response Modifying Factors; Risk Assessment; Tobacco Smokes DE89003820 78 ------- Radon Detection in Homes and Buildings. January 1970- December 1988 (Citations from the NTIS Database) National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA Corp. Source Codes: 055665000 Jan 89 147p Languages: English Document Type: Bibliography Journal Announcement: GRAI8905 Supersedes PB88-855218 NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01 Country of Publication: United States This bibliography contains citations concerning the detection of radon and radon daughter gases in homes and buildings. Measurement techniques and equipment, the effect of local geology on radon in a building, the effect of home weatherization measures on radon levels, and sources of radon entering buildings are among the topics discussed. Residential and non-residential buildings are examined. Risk assessment and ways to control the amount of radon in a building are briefly considered. (This updated bibliography contains 232 citations, 46 of which are new entries to the previous edition.) PB89-852743/XAB Radon Inhalation Studies in Animals Cross, F.T. Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA Department of Energy, Washington, DC Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I) Issue 10, 1989 NTIS/DE89004441, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. 62p NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 DOE/ER-0396, Contract AC06-76RL01830 This report highlights the more recent animal data from the two US studies (UR and PNL) and the French (COGEMA study). A major report which particularly addressed the early, acute, radon-toxicity studies, concluded (as did an earlier Federal Radiation Council report), that experimental work prior to the 1970s had not shown that it was possible to produce pulmonary carcinomas in animals, in a systematic way, from controlled exposures to radon and its progeny. Since that review, a discussion of the biological effects in animals of inhaled radon and radon-decay products has appeared. The current literature review report extensively updates the biological-effects data and discussions in the animal data chapter of the book '"Radon and its Decay Products in Indoor Air.'' Emphasis is placed on the carcinogenic effects of radon and radon-decay products, including the influences of radon-progeny exposure rate, unattached fraction and disequilibrium, and coexposure to other pollutants. These data are correlated with human epidemiological data. 79 ------- Plausible values for the radon (radon-progeny) lifetime lung- cancer risk coefficients are also provided. Sections II, III and IV include general descriptions of materials and methods, as well as major research findings, for the radon toxicology and dosimetry studies conducted at UR, COGEMA, and PNL. Section V is a condensation of the more detailed data of the previous sections and includes discussions, conclusions and tables regarding the dosimetry and carcinogenicity of radon exposures. Section VI contains detailed species-specific data on exposure-effect relationships for all major biological effects caused by radon exposures. Section VII contrasts the human and animal radon- exposure data. 76 refs., 3 figs., 5 tabs. Keywords: Daughter Products; Radon 222; Bibliographies; Biological Effects; Dogs; Epidemiology; Indoor Air Pollution; Inhalation; Mice; Neoplasms; Radioinduction; Rats; Reviews; Risk Assessment; Tobacco Smokes; Toxicity DE89004441 Radon Testing of Soils Boyle, Michael (Harvard Univ) Env Science & Technology, Dec 88, V22, N12, P1397(3) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article Soils are an important source of radon and serve as the medium of radon transport. Information on radon levels should be included in soil survey reports to help identify the health risks associated with current and future dwellings. Because soil is a primary source of the radon that enters the home, the concentration of radon in soils should be determined and published. Data on the total alpha content of a soil could help pinpoint which soils need further analysis for specific radionuclides. If the soil concentration of radon is known, then the decision to monitor homes could be made more cost-effective. (1 Diagram, 1 Map, 12 References, 1 Table) Enviroline Number: *89-003057 The Value of Monitoring for Radon in the Home: A Decision Analysis Evans, J.S.; Hawkins, N.C.; Graham, J.D. JAPCA; Vol 38, ISS 11, 1988, P1380-5 LA: English CD: JCA ISSN: 0894-0630 KW: TOXBIB; air pollutants *ANALYSIS; air pollutants, radioactive *ANALYSIS; human; radon *ANALYSIS; risk factors; support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; United States RN: 10043-92-2 NLM/TOXLINE 80 ------- TRICHLOROETHYLENE Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Trichloroethylene Administered by Inhalation to Sprague-Dawley Rats and Swiss and B6C3F1 Mice Maltoni, Cesare; Lefemine, Guiseppe; Cotti, Guiliano; Perino, Georgio; (Inst of Oncology, Italy) Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P316(27) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper The carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene was studied in the rat and mouse by administration of the chemical by inhalation, seven hours/day, five days/week, for eight weeks at concentrations of 600, 300, 100, and 0 ppm. The animals (3768 total) were kept under observation until spontaneous death. Trichloroethylene appears to be carcinogenic in both rats and mice with the most relevant finding being a dose-related increase in the incidence of leydig cell tumors in male rats and the onset of renal tubuli adenocarcinomas at the highest dose. (9 Photos, 12 References, 30 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003343 Pharmacokinetics for Regulatory Risk Analysis: the Case of Trichloroethylene Bogen, H.T. Environmental Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 Regul Toxicol Pharmacol (UNITED STATES) Dec 1988, 8 (4) p447-66, ISSN 0273-2300 Journal Code: RBH Languages:English Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models describing the uptake, metabolism, and excretion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are now proposed for use in regulatory health- risk assessment. A steady-state analysis of one such model is shown to provide simple, convenient predicted relationships between an applied dose and the corresponding toxicologically effective, metabolized dose for certain VOCs like trichloroethylene (TCE). A version of this PBPK model was fit to data on human metabolism of TCE to urinary metabolites in chronically exposed workers, yielding a direct estimate of PBPK parameters governing human capacity to metabolize TCE. It is shown that this estimate is consistent with others based on experimental studies of TCE metabolism in humans exposed to TCE by inhalation for short periods. These results are applied to human cancer-risk assessment using rodent bioassay data on TCE- induced tumorigenesis. MEDLINE ------- TRIPHENYL PHOSPHITE Chemical Hazard Information Profile of Triphenyl Phosphite (NTIS Tech Note) Department of Energy, Washington, DC Corp. Source Codes: 052661000 Dec 88 Ip Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Contact: Office of Technology Applications, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6257; (615) 574-4192. NTIS Prices: Not available NTIS Country of Publication: United States This citation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology available for utilization. A Chemical Hazard Information Profile (CHIP) is part of the first stage of the chemical risk assessment process in the Office of Toxic Substances (OTS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. OTS uses a CHIP to determine the relative priority and focus for further assessment of a subject chemical. The CHIP on triphenyl phosphite, 'Chemical Hazard Information Profile of Triphenyl Phosphite1, contains a summary of readily available data pertaining to the various aspects of exposure to the chemical and the health and environmental effects that may result from such exposures. VINYL CHLORIDE A Retrospective Look at the Carcinogenic Potency of Vinyl Chloride Barr, John T. (Air Products & Chemicals, PA) Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987, V5, P19(7) Conf Paper Six conventional methods were studied for their predictive value in establishing the carcinogenic potency of vinyl chloride. Four of these—gsar, acute toxicity, short term tests, and skin painting—were found to have no genuine value in predicting the strength of the known human carcinogen. Reasons for this vary, but the authors suggest that the one conclusion which can be drawn is that one should be cautious in applying data from such tests to less well-characterized chemicals. (19 References, 1 Table) Enviroline Number: 89-002820 82 ------- HAZARDOUS WASTE A Toxic Ghost Town: Ten Years Later, Scientists are Still Assessing the Damage from Love Canal Brown, Michael H. Atlantic V263 p23(4) July, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: ATMOA illustration; photograph Availability: Full Text Online Line Count: 00285 Descriptors: Love Canal, Chemical Waste Landfill—Health Aspects; Hazardous Waste Sites—Health Aspects MAGAZINE INDEX Cancer Mortality in U.S. Counties with Hazardous Waste Sites and Ground Water Pollution Griffith, Jack; Duncan, Robert C.; Riggan, Wilson; Pellom, Alvin C. (EPA, NC) Archives Env Health, Mar-Apr 89, V44, N2, P69(6) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article Hazardous waste sites (593 in 339 US counties in 49 states) with analytical evidence for groundwater contamination were identified. Using cancer statistics extracted from the us cancer mortality and trends 1950-1979, cancer rates were determined for 13 hazardous waste sites and compared to control groups. The study indicates a higher incidence of lung, bladder, esophagus, stomach, large intestine and rectal cancer in white males and increased incidence of lung, breast, bladder, stomach, large intestine and rectal cancer in white females in the counties with hazardous waste sites. These results suggest that hazardous waste site locations may be used as an initial index of possible exposure to toxic chemicals. (39 References, 6 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003386 Cartographically Based Risk Assessment of the Impacts of Contaminated Sediments on the Natural Resources of the Mobile Bay Estuary, Alabama Roscigno, P.F.; Watzin, M.C.; Scurry, U.D. USFWS, Slidell, LA, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages: ENGLISH ABI/INFORM 83 ------- Environmental Implications of Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste and Ash Disposal Lisk, D.J. Toxic Chemicals Laboratory, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-7401 Sci Total Environ (NETHERLANDS) Aug 1 1988, 74 p39-66, ISSN 0048-9697 Journal Code: UJO Languages: English Document Type: Review Owing to unsightliness and the threat of groundwater pollution, landfilling of municipal solid waste (MSW) is giving way to incineration in many communities. Environmental contamination from particulate and gaseous emissions containing heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), polycyclic aromatics (PCA), acids and other compounds from such incinerators, as well as safe ash disposal, are of great concern. Concentration ranges of elements and organic toxicants in incinerator ashes, emissions and cooling waters are given. The literature is reviewed concerning the effects of incinerator operating parameters on emissions. Incinerators equipped with modern pollution control devices (electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, dry scrubbers, spray towers) and operated at optimum temperature with sufficient oxygen, turbulence (mixing) and residence time for complete combustion appear to minimize ash, elemental, gaseous and organic emissions. Environmental aspects of MSW incineration are considered and reviewed. The presence of metals and organics in incinerator quench water and in leachates from ash disposed in landfills are reviewed, as well as their toxicity to fish. The behavior and effects of atmospheric emissions in soils and plants are discussed. Research on the effect of ash-derived PCDD and PCDF on hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity and the immune system in laboratory animals is cited. The presence of metals, organics and mutagens in the incinerator workplace air and the possible effects of air-borne contaminants on inhabitants nearby is reviewed. Several studies dealing with human risk assessment of MSW incineration are cited. (182 Refs.) MEDLINE 84 ------- Hazard Ranking System Evaluation of CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response and Liability Act) Inactive Waste Sites at Hanford: Volume 3. Unplanned-Release Sites (HISS Data Base) Jette, S.J.; Lamar, D.A.; McLaughlin, T.J.; Sherwood, D.R.; Van Houten, N.C. Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA Department of Energy, Washington, DC Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1989 NTIS/DE89005484, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products, 303p NTIS Prices: PC A14/MF A01 PNL-6456-Vol.3, Contract AC06-76RL01830 The purpose of this report is to formally document the assessment activities at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford Site. These activities were carried out pursuant to the DOE orders that address the Comprehensive Environmental Response and Liability Act (CERCLA) Program for the cleanup of inactive waste sites. The DOE orders incorporate the US Environmental Protection Agency methodology, which is based on the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. This methodology includes: PA/SI, remedial investigation/ feasibility study, record of decision, design and implementation or remedial action, operation and verification monitoring. Volume I of this report discusses the CERCLA inactive waste-site evaluation process, assumptions, and results of the Hazard Ranking System methodology employed. Volume 2 presents the data on the individual CERCLA engineered facility sites at Hanford, as contained in the Hanford Inactive Site Surveillance (HISS) Data Base. Volume 3 presents the data on the individual CERCLA unplanned release sites at Hanford, as contained in the HISS Data Base. 13 figs. Keywords: Abandoned Sites; Alpha-Bearing Wastes; Remedial Action; Compiled Data; Compliance Evaluation; Ground Disposal; Hanford Reservation; Hazardous Materials; Inventories; Liquid Wastes; Radioactive Waste Management; Regulations Task Scheduling DE89005484 Hydrologic-Hydrochemical Characterization of Texas Gulf Coast Saline Formations Used for Deep-Well Injection of Chemical Wastes Kreitler, Charles W.; Akhter, M.S.; Donnelly, Andrew C. (Univ of Texas) EPA Report 600/S2-88/046, Sep 88 (9) The original document is available from Bowker Fed Govt Report Fluid migration potential, direction, and velocities in the regional hydrologic environment of the texas gulf coast tertiary formations were examined in the context of deep-well injection of hazardous chemical wastes. Pressure data gathered from drillstem tests and bottomhole pressure measurements in the frio formation 85 ------- were used in evaluating pressure regimes. Due to variability in thickness and pressure regimes, a composite potentiometric surface of the entire formation can not be constructed to determine natural flow gradients or natural points of discharge. Potential for vertical fluid migration was identified from equivalent environmental hydraulic pockets of depressured heads. The presence of widespread formations significantly affects the direction and value of fluid gradients, in as much as these depressured oil and gas fields carry the risk of becoming sinks for the injected wastes. (4 Graphs, 3 Maps) Enviroline Number:*89-0031B3 Illness and Absenteeism Among California Highway Patrol Officers Responding to Hazardous Material Spills English, Paul B.; Shaw, Gary M.; Windham, Gayle; Neutra, Raymond R. (Cornell Univ) Archives Env Health, Mar-Apr 89, V44, N2, P117(3) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article Highway patrol officers are often the primary respondants to spills of hazardous materials in California. Patrol officers (993) who had been exposed to toxic chemicals on the job in 1984 were followed in subsequent weeks to determine if they demonstrated more illness and absenteeism than non-exposed differences in either of the officers. No significant differences in either of the two parameters were observed between exposed and non-exposed officers. (5 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003389 Interpretation of Need in U.S. Ocean Incineration Policy Ditz, Daryl (Cornell Univ) Marine Policy, Jan 89, V13, Nl, P43(13) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article The evolution of US policy on hazardous waste incineration at sea is traced and the forces that have driven current developments are identified. The proposed EPA interpretation of need for ocean incineration, which differs markedly from what is conventional under empowering legislation, is critiqued, highlighting the narrowness of current policy. The proposed version places undue emphasis on arguably weak analytical evidence of health and environmental risk assembled by the agency. The interpretation excludes from consideration a broad class of promising alternatives while contravening provisions of the london dumping convention by discouraging the development of these preferable options. (1 Table) Enviroline Number: *89-003719 86 ------- Lung Cancer in Relation to Residence in Census Tracts with Toxic-Waste Disposal Sites: A Case-Control Study in Niagara County, New York Polednak, Anthony P. (SUNY, Stony Brook); Janerich, Dwight T. (Yale Univ School of Medicine, CT) Env Research, Feb 89, V48, Nl, P29(13) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article Nine census tracts containing 12 toxic-waste disposal sites with known or suspected lung carcinogens were identified. Death certificates of 339 lung cancer cases and 676 controls who died of causes other than respiratory disease, in 1978-81, showed no association between death from lung cancer and residence in the nine tracts. Data from surrogate respondents for 209 lung cancer decedents and 417 controls showed no significant association between lung cancer and a history of ever having resided in the nine tracts and no significant interaction between such residence and cigarette smoking. Low-cost small-scale studies such as this can be used as part of a system for monitoring health effects associated with dumpsites. (1 Map, 25 References, 6 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-002867 Models for Aiding Hazardous Waste Facility Siting Decisions Schwartz, S.I; McBride, R.A.; Powell, R.L. Div. Environ. Studies, Wickson Hall, Univ. Calif. Davis, CA 95616. J Environ Syst; 18 (2),1988-1989, 97-122 LA: English CD: JEVSB Proposals for locating hazardous waste treatment and disposal facilities typically encounter strong opposition from the affected communities. Technical analysis can examine the risks from alternative siting strategies, thereby aiding the political process by which the decision is made. This article presents models for calculating the health effects from accidents in transporting hazardous waste to treatment facilities, and from accidents at an incinerator facility. Starting with an ideal- type model, we introduce simplifications that make the analytical task easier, while providing answers to questions about the comparative risks from locating facilities in urban versus rural locations. An illustrative calculation for siting incinerators in the Los Angeles area indicates that the expected number of people 87 ------- exposed to the Environmental Protection Agency's «short-term exposure limit» is larger for urban sites than rural sites, because the transportation risks are comparable and the facility risks are much larger for the urban site. The expected value numbers are quite small, because of the low probability of accidents, but if an accident occurs in the urban area, hundreds of people could be exposed to the short-term exposure limit. Keywords: General Biology-Institutions, Administration and Legislation; Social Biology; Human Ecology; Movement (1971—) Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology; Public Health: Environmental Health-Air, Water and Soil Pollution; Hominidae NLM/TOXLINE Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Selected Chemicals (Environmental research brief) Ellington, J.J.; Stancil, F.E. Environmental Research Lab., Athens, GA Corp. Source Codes: 057445000 Report No.: EPA/600/M-88/010 Aug 88 6p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8904 NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Octanol/water partition coefficients were extracted from the literature, calculated using a molecular fragment database (CLOGP), or measured in the laboratory for selected chemicals. Agreement between measured values and calculated values was good for chemicals for which both members of six chemical classes: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phosphate esters, nitrogen mustards, alkylamines, and amines. Measurement of the octanol/water partition coefficients of two standard reference chemicals, pyrene and biphenyl were interspersed with determinations of those of compounds of interest to serve as quality assurance indicators. PB89-120760/XAB 88 ------- The Cleanup of Chemical Waste Sites-A Rational Approach Staples, Charles A.; Kimekle, Richard A. Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis) 1987, V5, P61(9) Conf Paper A hazard-assessment approach is presented to address waste site cleanup. In order to evaluate any potential waste site, the potential chemical exposure must first be identified. Then an assessment must be carried out for the exposure as compared to known safe concentrations. Finally, control measures must be set up to remediate the exposure. The complex question "how clean is enough?" Is addressed by employment of hazard assessment techniques based on "margins of safety" (MS), where MS = toxicologically safe concentration/exposure concentration. (3 Diagrams, 10 References, 1 Table) Enviroline Number: 89-002822 RADIATION A Million Years in the Life of a Waste Site Frizelle, Chris New Scientist, Oct 15, 88, V120, N1634, P44(4) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article The search for a radioactive waste disposal site in the UK focuses on identifying an appropriate site and constructing a repository that will be safe for 1 million years. The repositories for low-level waste will probably be 50-100 M below ground and those for intermediate-level waste at a depth of 1000 M. The nuclear industry radioactive executive, the company responsible for disposing of nuclear waste in the UK must decide if the repository is to be sealed or not. Computer programs are being used to consider site safety and assess risks. The vandal program can model the corrosion of waste containers, leaching of radionuclides, and groundwater pathways to the biosphere. Time4 is designed specifically for deep disposal sites, and will simulate environmental change up to 1 million years into the future. (2 Diagrams, 3 Photos) Enviroline Number: *89-001401 89 ------- Consequences of the Reactor Accident in Chernobyl in the Federal Republic of Germany: Environmental Contamination, Radiation Protection Measures, Radiation Risk Assessment Kaul, Alexander (Federal Health Office, W Germany) Env Intl, 1988, V14, N2, P83(7) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article West Germany experienced varying degrees of radioactive fallout following the April 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl, USSR. The local dose rate experienced an erratic increase from 8 to 100 (gr)mrem/hour in only a few minutes. Because of cesium 137 and 134 depositions, the local dose rate today is still elevated by about 50% compared with the time prior to April 1986. In the Munich area, leafy vegetables were contaminated with iodine 131 up to 20 kilobecquerel (bq)/kg, and milk was contaminated up to 1 kbq/1. The sale of milk with I 131 contamination exceeding 500 bq/1 and of fresh leafy vegetables contaminated by more than 250 bq/kg was prohibited. The radiation contamination experienced in West Germany corresponds to an increase of about 0.002% Of the spontaneous cancer mortality of 20% per year on average. (1 Map, 16 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-001403 Experience in Hungary on the Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident Feher, I. (Central Research Inst for Physics, Hungary) Env Intl, 1988, V14, N2, P113(23) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article Radioactive clouds released by the April 26, 1986, nuclear accident at Chernobyl, USSR, reached Hungary on April 29. Considerable rainfall differences between different locations resulted in a large variation in the ground surface contamination. Accordingly, there was a variation of about one order of magnitude in external dose and in the radioactive contamination of foodstuffs and water. The Budapest region was subjected to the most detailed monitoring and followup studies, which reveal the median effective dose equivalent of adults in the first year after the accident was 105 (gr)msv. About 5% of the population received a dose less than 64 and the dose of another 5% exceeded 174 (gr)msv. (16 Graphs. 8 Maps, 43 References, 14 Tables) Enviroline Number:*89-001405 90 ------- Harboring a Health Risk Van Lieshout, T. Med J. Aust; 149 (11-12), 1988, 672-673 LA: Eng CD: MJAUA Biosis Copyright: Biol Abs. RRM Human International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Public Health Measures Political Decision Keywords: Radiation-Radiation Effects and Protective Measures; Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology; Public Health-Public Health Administration and Statistics; Public Health: Environmental Health-Radiation Health; Hominidae NLM/TOXLINE How To Be Quantitative about Radiation Risk Estimates: The Lauriston S. Taylor Lecture Series in Radiation Protection and Measurements, Lecture No. 11 Seymour, Jablon Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 1987 38 pp., $14.00 pb Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (2) p263, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph The eleventh lecture in this annual series examines the issue of quantifying risks produced by radiation exposure, concentrating on stochastic, somatic effects like radiation leukemia. Jablon frames his lecture with two reasons by attempting to quantify radiation risks: (1) sensible exposure limits cannot be set without some understanding of the magnitude of the risks involved, and (2) attempts at quantitations can provide some insights into the carcinogenic process itself. The lecture begins by a review of the simplest dosimetric techniques: curve fitting and use of error bars. The author continues by looking at the uncertainties and unknowns which such risk qualifications cannot hope to elucidate. Jablon also discusses the problems of choosing among different statistical models, of projecting past experiences into the future, and of extrapolating from high, measurable doses to low doses received over a long time period. The lecture captures succinctly the issues which plague risk quantification in general and radiation risk assessment in particular. 91 ------- How Real is the Risk From Technologically Enhanced Natural Radiation Bauman, Alcal; Houat, Djurdua (Inst for Medical Research & Occupational Health, Yugoslavia) Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987, V5, P107(6) Conf Paper Technologically enhanced natural radiation has been studied throughout the world. Public interest in this issue has been heightened because of involuntary exposure to carcinogenic agents. A coal-fired power plant (CFPP) and a large fertilizer industry were studied as sources of natural radiation with possible synergistic effects from chemical contaminants. Results are discussed, and the authors stress that the two cases studied illustrate the need for regulatory "de minimis" limitations. (13 References) Enviroline Number: 89-003052 Monitoring Program for Radionuclides in Marketplace Seafoods (Final rept.) Curtis, W.R. (Office of Radiation Programs, Washington, DC) Corp. Source Codes: 038529000; Sponsor: Food and Drug Administration, Rockvllle, MD. Report No.: EPA/520/1-B8/010 Jun 88 62p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 Prepared in cooperation with Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD. NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States The report presents the results of a monitoring program, conducted in 1981 and 1982, by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to measure concentrations of man-made radionuclides in seafoods to determine effects from previous U.S. ocean disposals of low- level radioactive wastes (LLW). Commercially made seafood samples were collected from Boston, Massachusetts, Atlantic City, California, New Jersey and San Francisco. Each of these cities is near a U.S. ocean disposal site for LLW. The data obtained during this monitoring program shows that the concentrations of man- made radioactivity in seafoods sampled are below levels of public health concern. The data is considered to be of normal background level, attributable to global fallout over the oceans. PB89-120786/XAB 92 ------- Program System UFOMOD for Assessing the Consequences of Nuclear Accidents Ehrhardt, J.;Burkart, K.;Hasemann, I.;Matzerath, C.;Panitz, H. Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.) Inst. fuer Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1989 NTIS/TIB/B89-80086, 139p NTIS Prices: PC Ell Rept no. KFK-4330, Contract CEC 8I6/F/128/B The program UFOMOD is a completely new accident consequence assessment (ACA) code. Its structure and modelling is based on the experience gained from applications of the old UFOMOD code during and after the German Risk Study - Phase A, the results of scientific investigations performed within the ongoing Phase B of the CEC-project MARIA, and the requirements resulting from the extended use of ACAs to help in decision-making. One of the most important improvements is the introduction of different trajectory models for describing atmospheric dispersion in the near range and at larger distances. Emergency actions and countermeasures modelling takes into account recommendations of international commissions. The dosimetric models contain completely new age-, sex-, and time-dependent data of dose- conversion factors for external and internal radiation; the ingestion pathway is modelled to consider seasonal dependencies. New dose-risk relationships for stochastic and non-stochastic health effects are implemented; a special algorithm developed for ACA codes allows individual and collective leukemia and cancer risks to be presented as a function of time after the accident. According to the modular structure of the new program system UFOMOD, an easy access to parameter values and the results of the various submodels exists what facilitates sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, (orig.). (Copyright (c) 1989 by FIZ.Citation no. 89:080086.) Keywords: Reactor Accidents; Computerized Simulation; Computer Calculations; Fission Product Release; Environmental Exposure Pathway; Radionuclide Migration; Radiation Doses; Human Populations; Radioactivity Transport; Meteorology; Mathematical Models; Risk Assessment, Delayed Radiation Effects; Dose Rates; Emergency Plans; Foreign Technology; UFOMOD Program TIB/889-80086 93 ------- Shipment of Taiwanese Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel (Phase 2): Environmental Assessment Department of Energy, Washington, DC Corp. Source Codes: 052661000; 9512004 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: DOE/EA-0363 Jun 88 86p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8905; NSA1300 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States The proposed action is to transport approximately 1100 spent fuel rods from a foreign research reactor in Taiwan by sea to Hampton Roads, Virginia, and then overland by truck to the receiving basin for offsite fuels at the Savannah River Plant (SRP) for reprocessing to recover uranium and plutonium. The analysis of the impacts of the proposed action have been evaluated and shown to have negligible impact on the local environments. The calculations have been completed using the RADTRAN III code. PWR spent fuel was analyzed as a benchmark to link the calculations in this analysis to those in earlier environmental documentation. Cumulative total, maximum annual, and per shipment risks were calculated. The results indicate that the PWR spent fuel shipment risks are somewhat lower than those previously estimated. The cumulative and maximum annual normal, or incident-free, risks associated with the shipment of Taiwanese research reactor spent fuel is a factor of 10 lower than that for PWR fuel, and the cumulative and maximum annual accident radiological risks are a factor of about 2.2 lower than that for PWR spent fuel. As a result, the port risks are about a factor of 10 larger than the risk of overland transport. All of the risks calculated are small. The PWR risk values are similar to those judged by the NRC to be small enough not to warrant increased stringency in regulations. The Taiwanese research reactor spent fuel shipment risk values are smaller yet. 51 refs., 22 tabs. DE88014995/XAB The Future of Nuclear Power Greenhalgh, Geoffrey "88 ix+213p, il tables charts maps ORDER INFO: Graham (LC 88-21389) (ISBN 0-86010-987-9) LANGUAGE: Engl DOC TYPE: M How differences arise in public attitudes and color perceptions of need, economics, environmental advantage, and safety. Partial contents: energy need; energy demand and supply; radioactivity and nuclear power; accident risks; public participation. PAIS INTERNATIONAL 94 ------- Xenon-133 in California, Nevada, and Utah from the Chernobyl Accident Holloway, R.W.; Liu, C.K. Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab., Las Vegas, NV Corp. Source Codes: 065438000 Report No.: EPA/600/J-88/141 1988 6p Languages: English Document Type: Journal article Journal Announcement: GRAI8904 Pub. in Environmental Science and Technology, v22,n5 P583-585 May 88 NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in the USSR introduced numerous radioactive nuclides into the atmosphere, including the noble gas xenon-133. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems xenon-133 from the Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV, detected Chernobyl accident in air samples from a monitoring network that consists of 15 stations located in Nevada, Utah, and California. The peak concentration of xenon-133 was found in weekly air samples collected during May 6-13, 1986. The network average concentration of xenon-133 was 41 pCi cu m during that time. A lower average was found in air samples collected in the following week. These concentrations are comparable to or less than that of natural radionuclides (such as radon) normally present in the atmosphere, and are much lower than the peak xenon-133 concentration measured in New York State following the accident at the Three Mile Island reactor. PB89-119333/XAB ECOLOGICAL RISK 3rd FECS Conference on Risk Assessment of Chemical in Environment 3rd FECS Conference on Risk Assessment of Chemical in Environment 8835010 University of Surrey (UK) 11-14 Jul 1988 Royal Society of Chemistry Dr. R. H. Andrews, Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, London W1V OBN (UK) Languages: ENGLISH CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX 95 ------- Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future Parrish, P.R.; Dickson, K.L.; Hamelink, J.L.; Kimerle, R.A.; Macek, K.J. Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, FL Corp. Source Codes: 050274000 Sponsor: North Texas State Univ., Denton. Inst. of Applied Sciences.; Lilly (Eli) and Co., Indianapolis IN; Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO; EG and G Environmental Group, Wellesley, MA Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/213 1988 20p Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding Journal article Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 Prepared in cooperation with North Texas State Univ., Denton. Inst. of Applied Sciences, Lilly (Eli) and Co., Indianapolis, IN, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MD, and EG and G Environmental Group, Wellesley, MA Pub. in Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, vlO p7-25 ASTN STP 971. Proceedings of Annual ASTM Symposium (10th), New Orleans, LA., May 4-6, 1987. NTIS Prices: Not available NTIS Country of Publication: United States The Symposium marks the tenth time that the authors have gathered as a group of professional scientists who share common goals and ideas concerning the protection of their Nation's aquatic resources. The 10th Symposium seems like a fitting time to reflect on their origins, their successes, and their plans for the future. To that end, several people who have been instrumental in shaping the science of aquatic toxicology and hazard (risk) assessment were invited to present their views on the growth of this science and their ideas about its future. The paper is, then, a collection of those view points which are set down in writing so that others may benefit from the experience of the authors and so that newcomers to this field may benefit by knowing about the roots of aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment. (Copyright (c) American Society for Testing and Materials.) P889-120034 96 ------- Bioaccumulation of HG in the Mushroom Pleurotus Ostreatus Bressa, Giuliano; Cirtia, Lorenzo; Costa, Paolo (Univ of Padua, Italy) Ecotoxicology & Env Safety, Oct 88, V16, N2, P85(5) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article While the possibility of utilizing industrial, urban, and other wastes for the growth of edible mushrooms is fascinating, it is possible that this use will lead to the uptake of wastes containing toxic substances such as heavy metals. This uptake could produce adverse effects on human health. The possibility of bioaccumulation of hg by a mushroom, pleurotus ostreatus, grown on an artificial compost containing this element was, therefore, studied. The range of accumulation factors was found to be very marked, suggesting that the cultivation of p. Ostreatus on substrates containing hg could involve risks to human health. (1 Diagram, 1 Photo, 19 References, 1 Table) Enviroline Number: *89-001779 Biological-Chemical Characterization of Effluents for the Evaluation of the Potential Impact on the Aquatic Environment Svanberg, 0.; Renberg, L. (Natl Env Protection Board, Sweden) Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment (CEC 5th European Sym, Rome, Oct 20-22, 87), 1988, P244(12) The original document is available from Bowker Conf Paper Integrated programs of biological and chemical tests used to characterize municipal and industrial effluents are described. The testing approaches outlined here have been used by regulatory agencies in sweden for a number of years. Biological testing has been most widely used to assess the environmental inpact of industrial plant effluent which is generally a complex mixture of unknown chemical composition, flexible test programs have been developed for different industries and the nature of the receiving body of water is considered when choosing organisms for biological tests, the use of biological tests in conjunction with chemical analysis to obtain data for risk assessment of industrial and domestic wastewater has provided regulatory agencies the information necessary to make better decisions. (1 Diagram, 8 References, 7 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003195 97 ------- Comparing Risks and Setting Environmental Priorities: Overview of Three Regional Projects United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation. Office of Policy Analysis. Regulatory Integration Division (PM-220). Washington, D.C. 20460 Participating Regions: Region 1-Planning and Management Division; Region 3-Environmental Services Division; Region 10-Management Division. August 1989 Doomed Canaries of Tadoussac Luoma, Jon R. Audobon, Mar 89, P92(6) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article The beluga whales of the st. Lawrence river, called by some "canary of the sea," were nearly hunted out of existence in the early 1900s. Those that survive have accumulated tremendous quantities of toxic waste in their body fat as a result of st. Lawrence pollution. These polluted whales are dying from bladder cancer, perforated gastric ulcers, and other diseases which indicate suppression of the immune system. It is suspected that pcbs and other organochlorine contaminants are among the causes of the whales' extensive disease. (1 Map, 5 Photos) Enviroline Number: *89-003253 Dynamics of Aquatic Ecosystems and Models under Toxicant Stress: State Space Analysis, Covariance Structure, and Ecological Risk (Thesis (Ph.D)) Johnson, A.R.; Bartell, S.M. Oak Ridge National Lab., TN Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: ORNL/TM-10723 Jun 88 207p Languages: English Document Type: Thesis Journal Announcement: GRAI8904; NSA1300 Thesis submitted by A.R. Johnson to The Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville. Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AC05-840R21400 The state of an ecosystem at any time may be characterized by a multidimensional state vector x(t). Changes in state are represented by the trajectory traced out by x(t) over time. The 98 ------- effects of toxicant stress are summarized by the displacement of a perturbed state vector, x(sub p)(t), relative to an appropriate control, x(sub c)(t). Within a multivariate statistical framework, the response of an ecosystem to perturbation is conveniently quantified by the distance separating x(sub p)(t) from x(sub c)(t) as measured by a Mahalanobls metric. Use of the Mahalanobls metric requires that the covariance matrix associated with the control state vector be estimated. State space displacement analysis was applied to data on the response of aquatic microcosms and outdoor ponds to alkylphenols. Dose- response relationships were derived using calculated state space separations as integrated measures of the ecological effects of toxicant exposure. Inspection of the data also revealed that the covariance structure varied both with time and with toxicant exposure, suggesting that analysis of such changes might be a useful tool for probing control mechanisms underlying ecosystem dynamics. 90 refs., 53 figs., 9 tabs. DE88015333/XAB Ecological Risk Analysis in a Regulatory Environment Ginzburg, L.; Person, S. Appl. Biomath,, Setauket, NY American Institute of Biological Science, 39th Annual Meeting Davis, CA (USA)14-18 Aug 1988 American Institute of Biological Science (AIBS) Duren Patten, ESA, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe. AZ 85287 (USA)., Abstracts will be Published in Journals of Ecology Society of America (ESA) and Botanical Society of America (BSA) Languages:English ABI/INFORM Ecological Risk Assessment for Toxic Waste Sites Ludwig. D.F. New Jersey Dep. Environ. Prot., Trenton, NJ American Institute of Biological Science, 39th Annual Meeting 8830974 Davis, CA (USA) 14-18 Aug 1988 American Institute of Biological Science (AIBS) Duren Patten, ESA, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 (USA)., Abstracts will be Published in Journals of Ecology Society of America (ESA) and Botanical Society of America (BSA) Languages:English ABI/INFORM 99 ------- Ecological Risk Assessment Applied to Managing Toxics in an Urban Estuary Beck, A.D.; Stacey, P.; Scott, K.J.; Morrison, G.E. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages: English ABI/INFORM Ecosystem Risk Assessment using Prediction of Alternate Condition Development Herricks, E.E.; Schaeffer, D.J.; Wentsel, R.S. Univ. Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages: English ABI/INFORM Environmental Hazard Assessment of Chemical Paint Strippers Reinhold, K.A.; Lally, G. U.S. Army Construct. Eng. Res. Lab., Champaign, IL, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778., Poster Paper Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX 100 ------- Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Stiegler's Gorge Hydropower Project, Tanzania Mwalyosi, Raphael B. (Univ of Bar Es Salaam, Tanzania) Env Conservation, Autumn 88, V15, N3, P250(5) Journal Article The planned stiegler's gorge hydroelectric power project is touted as tanzania's most important hydroelectric resource. The environmental impacts of project construction and operation within the rufiji river basin are identified. The most significant effect of the dam would be drastic reduction, by controlled discharge, in the frequency of severe floods in the lower river valley. No complete populations of wildlife would be in danger from direct ecological consequences of river impoundment and dam construction. However, significant proportions of giraffe, wildebeest, and zebra populations in the project impact area would be potentially at risk, owing to their need for habitat of restricted range. Adverse effects on local settlements, fisheries resources, and agriculture are cited. (3 Maps, 1 Reference) Enviroline Number: 89-002895 Environmental Impact of Used Motor Oil Vazguez-Duhalt, Rafael (Centre de Investigaciones Biologicas) de Baja California, Mexico Science of the Total Env, Feb 89, V79, Nl, Pl(23) Journal Article Information concerning the environmental impact of used motor oil is reviewed. Specific topics addressed include the fate of used motor oil, effects on soil and aquatic organisms, combustion, mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, and biodegradation of used crankcase oil. The available information indicates that used motor oil is a dangerous polluting product with world-wide dispersion and effects on the environment. (114 References, 3 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-002779 101 ------- Environmental Applications of Genetically Engineered Organisms Giddings, Luther V. (OTA) Env Science & Technology, Nov 88, V22, Nil, P1267(4) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article New biotechnologies for environmental applications hold great promise. Researchers are working to render microbes more efficient at degrading toxics contaminating landfills, to make plants resistant to diseases, and to make animals disease- resistant and faster growing. However, several potential problems could impede the widespread adoption of biotechnology to environmental applications. A major challenge for genetic engineers is to make sure that once they have moved a gene from one organism to another, it stays in its new location, stably inserted into the genome of the recipient. Risk assessment and the probability of realizing undesirable results with the introduction of genetically engineered organisms must also be addressed. (1 Reference) Enviroline Number:*89-001300 Field Techniques for Evaluation of Dioxin Contamination in a Large Aquatic Ecosystem Short, Russell (Ecology & Environment, NY) Env Professional, 1989, Vll, Nl, P43(8) Research Article The Hyde Park landfill, a federal superfund site in Niagara Falls, NY, containing 0.5-1.5 Metric tons of dioxin, is one of several sources leaking the toxic compound to the Niagara River and Lake Ontario. Health advisories warn about the effects of eating fish caught in the lake. Four studies of the lake were initiated as a result of a civil suit. One seeks to establish a bioaccumulation factor in fish, another to develop water/sediment partition coefficients, and two to identify dioxin levels in fish and sediments. Special techniques are discussed that were developed to implement these studies. Results of the study will be used in risk assessment and to evaluate the court- established action level of 0.5 G of dioxin discharged to the Niagara River per year. (2 Maps, 6 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-003437 102 ------- Fiscal Year 1987 Program Report: Oklahoma Mater Resources Research Institute Durham, N.N.; McTernan, E.M. Oklahoma State Univ., Stlllwater. Univ. Center for Water Research. Corp. Source Codes: 013386075 Sponsor:Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Water Resources Div. Report No.: USGS/G-1443-01 1988 48p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 See also report for Fiscal Year 1986, PB88-132832. Sponsored by Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Water Resources Div NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: DI-14-08-0001-G-1443; USGS-G-1443 The FY 1987 Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute research program addressed the issues of surface and ground water quality and management of water resources. Research projects funded by the OWRRI to address these issues included: an investigation of the risks to ground water quality associated with pesticide use; an examination of the cause and effect of rapid changes in shallow ground water quality; the development of a modeling tool to improve surface runoff prediction from ungauged, non-urban sites; transport of eroded soil particles; and development of procedures to incorporate risk analyses into the design processes for water resources facilities. Information transfer activities included: continued publication of the newsletter; preparation of a complete listing of OSU faculty water research publications; and updating and distribution of the Technical Reports and General Publications Listing. P889-115455/XAB 103 ------- Food Chain Exposure Assessments: A Multi-Species Approach Donate, Michael J.; Baldwin, Andrew H. (E.G. Jordan Co, MA) EPA/Et Al Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials 5th Natl Conf, Las Vegas, Apr 19-21, 88, P487(7) Conf Paper A Methodology for food chain exposure assessment was applied to analysis of hazardous pollutants in the New Bedford, MA, area. Species exposure in new bedford harbor to pcbs and heavy metals is examined. The first step of the assessment is to identify and characterize the aquatic environments near the site of concern. A subset of species is then selected based on parameters such as food chain function and availability of ecotoxicity data. The third step involves development of two food chains representative of benthic and pelagic communities, followed by a toxicological assessment step. Impacts to the individual aquatic organisms and the aquatic food chains at risk are then determined, as illustrated by the case study. (4 Maps, 16 references, 3 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-001668 Information on Fisheries Risk Assessment and Mitigation in the Alaska Region Meyer, R.M. Oceans '88 8845003 Baltimore, MD (USA) 31 Oct-2 Nov 1988 Marine Technology Society; Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers - Oceanic Engineering Society Marine Technology Society, 1825 K Street NW, Suite 403, Washington, DC 20006 (USA) Languages: English ABI/INFORM Marine Ecological Risk Assessment of Butyltins in Sediments of Puget Sound Chartrand, A.B.; Cardwell, R.D.; Smith, J.D. Envirosphere Co., Bellevue, WA, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000. Washington. DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778., Poster Paper Languages: English ABI/INFORM 104 ------- Modeling Tools for Ecological Risk Assessment Mauriello, D.A. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency. Washington. DC, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages:English ABI/INFORM National Strategy for Ecological Risk Assessment of Surface Water Ecosystems Niemi, G.J.; Malanchuk, J.M. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Duluth, MN, USA J Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages:English ABI/INFORM On-Site Septic Systems; The Risk of Groundwater Contamination Cogger, C. Western Washington Res. and Ext. Cent., Puyallup, WA 98371, USA J. Environ. Health; 51(1), pp. 12-16 1988 Language: English Summary Language: English Document Type: Journal article-original research Subfile:01 .Microbiology Abstracts A Industrial and Applied Microbiology In recent years the potential for groundwater pollution from on- site septic systems has emerged as a serious concern in the United States. Outbreaks of disease have been traced to drinking groundwater contaminated by sewage from on-site systems. Nitrate from on-site systems also has leached into the groundwater and threatened water supplies in many parts of the country. It is important that we evaluate the extent of the groundwater threat posed by on-site systems and review the strategies that are available to limit further degradation of groundwater. On-site systems currently are the only economically viable wastewater treatment option in many rural and suburban areas, and special efforts must be made to ensure their environment viability as well. LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION 105 ------- Propellent & Chemical Spill and Dispersion Model Raj, P.K.; Morris, J.A.; Kunkel, B.A. Air Force Geophysics Lab., Hanscom AFB, MA. Corp. Source Codes: 054815000; 409578 Report No.: AFGL-TR-88-0235 22 Sep 88 13p Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8904 Presented at the JANNAF Safety and Environment Protection Subcommittee Meeting, 23-27 May 88, Monterey, CA. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: 2310; G7 * The defense services transport, store and use many kinds of chemicals including fuels, oxidizers, propellants and weapons related chemicals. Many of these chemicals are volatile and may form dense vapor clouds if they are released into the atmosphere. Depending on the physical properties of the chemical, storage conditions, release conditions and weather conditions different types of vapor clouds may be formed (heavy clouds, aerosol bearing clouds, instantaneous puffs, continuous plumes, etc.). In addition, some of the chemicals may react with ambient moisture. It has been shown in the literature that the behavior of heavy vapor clouds is considerably different from that of neutral density vapor clouds. Keywords: Heavy Gas Dispersion, Hazard Assessment, Atmospheric Dispersion, Chemical Hazard. (MJM) AD-A200 025/5/XAB Regional Ecological Risk Assessment: A Conceptual Framework and Demonstration Hunsaker, C.T.; Graham, R.L.: O'Neill, R.V.; Barnthouse, L.W.; Suter, G.W.,II Oak Ridge Natl. Lab,, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778, Languages:English ABI/INFORM 106 ------- Relationship of Uncertainty and Probability in Ecological Risk Analysis Models Anderson, J.J.; Morison, R. Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA American Institute of Biological Science, 39th Annual Meeting 8830974 Davis, CA (USA) 14-19 Aug 1988 American Institute of Biological Science (AIBS) Duren Patten, ESA, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85297 (USA)., Abstracts will be Published in Journals of Ecology Society of America (ESA) and Botanical Society of America (BSA) Languages: English ABI/INFORM Risk Assessment of Deliberate Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms Molak, Blasta; Stara, Jerry (EPA, OH) Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis) 1987, V5, P83(9) Conf Paper The potential adverse effects of deliberate release of genetically-engineered microorganisms (GEMS) are evaluated. The complexity of hazard identification of GEMS is stressed, GEMS are not only potentially toxic to humans and animals, but also may disrupt the ecological equilibrium. Conventional risk assessment techniques are inadequate for assessing this unconventional hazard. Unlike the chemicals for which the conventional techniques were developed, GEMS may not dilute or degrade over time. The author advocates a case-by-case approach. Conceptual models of risk assessment relevant to the deliberate release of GEMS are discussed. (4 Diagrams, 14 References) Enviroline Number: 89-002933 Risk Assessment of Rice Herbicides to Estuarine Organisms Finlayson, B.J.? Faggelia, G.A. California Dep. Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX 107 ------- Selecting Accidents for Evaluating Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts Howes, B.W. Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA Corp. Source Codes: 048335000: 9512268 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: PNL-SA-15747; CDNF-880601-43 Mar 88 7p Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8904; NSA1300 American Nuclear Society annual meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, 12 Jun 1988. Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTI5 Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AC06-76RL01830 ''Reasonably foreseeable significant adverse impacts'1 must be evaluated by federal agencies when preparing environmental impact statements for major federal action. As part of that evaluation process, agencies must address potential environmental impacts associated with accidents that might occur during either the construction or operational phase of the proposed project. This paper describes how accidents may be selected for conseguence analysis and, when information is unavailable, how the ''rule of reason1' approach can be applied to low- probability/high-consequence events. 2 refs. (ERA citation 13:048706) DE88014751/XAB Sources of Uncertainty in Ecological Risk Assessments Suter, G.W.,II? Barnthouse, L.W. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages: ENGLISH ABI/INFORM 108 ------- Test Systems and Exposure in the Aquatic Environment Strachan, W.M.J. Canada Cent. Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, Ont. L7R 4A6, Canada AMBIO; 17(6), pp. 394-397 1988 Language: English Summary Language: English Document Type: Journal article-review Subfile:24 Toxicology Abstracts; 04 Ecology Abstracts This article is an overview paper discussing the topic of exposure as it relates to the hazard assessment of chemicals in the aquatic environment. Multi-compartment approaches to developing an integrated expression for the concentration levels of environmental chemicals are noted as alternatives to meso-/microcosm methods of describing their fates. The roles of modeling and monitoring are discussed as exposure methodologies in arriving at such expressions. A system being used to evaluate environmental chemical hazard in the North American Great Lakes ecosystem is also discussed. LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION Towards a Relevant Ecological Risk Assessment of Offshore Disposal of Municipal Sewage Sludge Munns, W.R., Jr.; Walker H.A.; Paul, J.F. SAIC, Narragansett, RI, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages: English ABI/INFORM Toxicants in Urban Stormwater Runoff and Combined Sewer Overflows: An Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment Munger, S.F.; Stuart, R.E.; Cardwell, R.D. Municip. Metrop. Seattle, Seattle, WA, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778. Languages:English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX 109 ------- Uncertainty and Alternative Models in Ecological Hazard Assessment Mauriello, D.A. US EPA, Washington, DC American Institute of Biological Science, 39th Annual Meeting 8830974 Davis, CA (USA) 14-18 Aug 1988 American Institute of Biological Science (AIBS) Duren Patten, ESA. Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 (USA).. Abstracts will be Published in Journals of Ecology Society of America (ESA) and Botanical Society of America (BSA) Languages:English ABI/INFORM LEGAL ASPECTS California's Proposition 65: Risk Assessment, Carcinogens, and Reproductive Hazards Book, S.A. American Chemical Society, 196th National Meeting 8830129 Los Angeles. CA (USA) 25-30 Sep 1988 American Chemical Society (ACS) ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 (USA). ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $ 38.00 + Postage Charge Languages: English ABI/INFORM Cancer-Causing Substances in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics: The De Minimis Rule Versus the Delaney Clause Curran, William U. New England U Medicine, Nov 10, 88, V319, N19, P1262(3) Journal Article Litigation brought before the US Federal Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia against FDA to prevent the agency from interpreting the 1958 Delaney Clause to allow the use of certain chemical dyes in the cosmetics industry is chronicled. The clause prohibits the use of an color-additive substance in food if tests prove the substance to induce cancer in humans or animals. Because the risk to humans was deemed infinitesimal, FDA announced it would exercise its discretion under the De Minimis rule to authorize the use of the dyes in cosmetics. The consumer advocacy group public interest initiated the suit, arguing for a stricter interpretation of the Delaney Clause. The court held that strict interpretations were of no value and could also be detrimental to the primary goals of FDA in protecting human health. (9 References) Enviroline Number: 89-001228 110 ------- De Minimis Risk Edited by Chris Whipple, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California Plenum Publishing Corporation 0-306-42530-0/224 pp./ill./1987/$59.50 ($71.40 outside U.S. & Canada) The basic de minimis concept—that there is value in establishing a level of risk below the concern of the risk manager—is considered here by scientists, policy analysts, and regulators concerned with risks in food, the workplace, and with hazardous materials. Contributors provide an extensive overview of past applications of the de minimis approach to radiation protection, an analysis of the levels of de minimis risk implicit in decisions by the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate or not, and an illustration of how the de minimis risk idea has helped the Food and Drug Administration's approach to small exposures for which the scientific evidence regarding risk is weak. Contributors cover incentives and obstacles to de minimis risk regulation, the quantitative aspects of de minimis risk, and regulatory applications of de minimis risk. Export of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Technology: Challenge for International Environmental Law Nanda, Ved P. (Univ of Denver College of Law); Bailey, Bruce C. (Colorado State Univ) The original document is available from Bowker Denver J Intl Law & Policy, Fall 88, V17, Nl, P155(52) Journal Article International considerations in the export of hazardous technologies and waste, particularly to developing countries, are discussed. Incidents of unregulated hazardous waste dumping in Africa and other undeveloped regions by ships from Europe and the US have been documented recently. Major accidents involving hazardous technology occurred in: Seveso, Italy, in 1976, which released a cloud of 2,3,7,8 dibenzo-paradioxin (dioxin); Bhopal, India, where in 1984 methyl isocyanate gas escaped, killing over 1600 people; and Chernobyl, USSR, where in 1986 a meltdown occurred in a nuclear power reactor, necessitating the evacuation of the city. The international legal standards, United Nations guidelines, and international multilateral development banks policies as they relate historically to those accidents are reviewed. Applicable national standards and regulations are considered. Developing countries that are recipients of hazardous technology and wastes are likely to be at increased risk due to absence of sufficient information about the technology and its risks. (300 References) Enviroline Number: *89-003505 111 ------- Occupational Health Controversy: Pro & Con Cong Dig 68:98-128 Ap '89 LANGUAGE: Engl DOC TYPE: P Issues related to the proposed High Risk Occupational Disease Notification and Prevention Act of 1987. PAIS INTERNATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES CHAWS (Chemical Hazard Warning System) User's Guide: System Description and Standard Operating Procedures, Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground Shinn, J.H.; Novo, M.G. Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA Corp. Source Codes: 068147000; 9513035 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: UCID-21335 Mar 88 172p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8904; NSA1300 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: W-7405-ENG-48 The Chemical Hazard Warning System (CHAWS) has been designed to collect meteorological data and to display, in real time, hazardous chemical dispersion as a result of an accidental release. Meteorological sensors are placed strategically around each installation and are used to calculate direction and hazard distance for the release. These data are then graphically displayed on a computer screen showing a site map and arrows depicting the release direction and distance traveled. The objectives of CHAWS are as follows: To determine the trajectory of the center of mass of released material from the measured wind field. To calculate the dispersion based on the measured lateral turbulence intensity (sigma theta). To determine the height of the mixing zone by measurement of the inversion height and wind profiles up to an altitude of about 1 km. To archive meteorological data for potential use in climatological descriptions for emergency planning. To archive air-quality data for preparation of compliance reports. To provide access to the data for real time hazard analysis purposes. The system and programs are described. DE88014312/XAB 112 ------- CHAWS (Chemical Hazard Warning System) User's Guide: System Description and Standard Operating Procedures, Tooele Army Depot, South Shinn, J.H.; Novo, M.G. Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA Corp. Source Codes: 068147000; 9513035 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: UCID-21334 Mar 88 154p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: W-7405-ENG-48 DE88014186/XAB Guide to State Environmental Programs Edited by Deborah Hitchcock Jessup Washington, D.C.: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1988 578 pp., $40.00 pb. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p421, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph This book is a helpful desk reference on the environmental programs and policies established by individual states. Those involved in hazardous waste assessment and management will find it a valuable aid in understanding the idiosyncratic make-up of state programs and in locating agencies with appropriate purview for specific environmental programs. This book opens with brief reviews of the Federal laws and programs that help put state laws and authorities in the correct perspective. Each state program is then covered alphabetically making the guide easy to use. 113 ------- Treatments of the individual programs are brief, including a concise overview of the state program, description of each of the specific environmental programs and help with identifying the "first contact." One of the most helpful features of the guide is the closing compendium of federal and state directories, providing addresses and telephone numbers of specific state agencies. Professionals involved in environmental work on an interstate basis will find this guide invaluable. Healthy Buildings '88: Abstract Guide (Constructions Saines •88: Guide des Resumes) Berglund, B.; Lindvall, T.; Mansson, L.G. Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm Corp. Source Codes: 060307000 Sponsor: National Inst. of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (Sweden).; Conseil International du Batiment pour la Recherche 1'Etude et la Documentation, Rotterdam (Netherlands).; American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA; World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark) Report No.: 014:1988; ISBN-91-540-4907-5 1988 348p Languages: English Document Type: Conference Proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 Portions of text in French. CIB Conference held in Stockholm, Sweden, September 5-8, 1988. NTIS Prices: PC E12/MF A01 Country of Publication: Sweden A compilation of abstracts covers papers given at a 1988 international conference that focused on technical solutions and functional requirements contributing to improvements of the air quality of buildings in which people live and work. The papers were grouped among eight principal themes, viz.: keynote addresses and overview lectures; building location and planning; building physics; thermal climate technology; indoor air quality technology; quality assurance; and policy and regulatory science. Considerations were given to a wide variety of topics, including air pollution, climate, building tightness, indoor air pollution, measurement and diagnosis, and design recommendations. PB89-116016/XAB 114 ------- Indoor Air Pollution: Sources and Control July 1988-July 1989 National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA Corp. Source Codes: 055665000 Aug 89 45p Languages: English Document Type: Bibliography Journal Announcement: GRAI8919 Supersedes PB88-866389 See also PB89-866826 NTIS Pa-ices: PC NOl/MF N01 Country of Publication: United States This bibliography contains citations concerning indoor air pollution in residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings. Indoor air quality assessment, health hazard evaluation, contaminant identification and measurement are discussed. Indoor air pollution control methods and equipment are evaluated. Air quality analyses of energy efficient buildings are presented. Indoor air pollution from radon and asbestos are discussed in other bibliographies. (This updated bibliography contains 59 citations, all of which are new entries to the previous edition.) Descriptors: *Bibliographies; *air pollution; *air pollution control equipment; contaminants; *commercial buildings; *residential buildings Identifiers: Published searches; *indoor air pollution; *air quality; *environmental quality; *health hazards; industrial medicine; Occupational safety and health; NTISNTISN; NTISNERACD Section Headings: 68A* (Environmental Pollution and Control—Air Pollution and Control) 57U* (Medicine and Biology—Public Health and Industrial Medicine) 89B* (Building Industry Technology— Architectural Design and Environmental Engineering) 44G* (Health Care—Environmental and Occupational Factors) 411* (Manufacturing Technology—Job Environment) 94E (Industrial and Mechanical Engineering—Environmental Engineering) 88E (Library and Information Sciences—Reference Materials) PB89-866834/XAB 115 ------- Public Utility Rate Structures July 1983-November 1988 (Citations from the Energy Data Base) National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. Corp. Source Codes: 055665000 Dec 88 176p Languages: English Document Type: Bibliography Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 Supersedes PB86-869062. Prepared in cooperation with / Department of Energy, Washington, DC. U.S. sales only. NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01 Country of Publication: United States This bibliography contains citations concerning the methods, procedures, and issues of determining public utility rate structures. Topics include descriptions of regulatory policies (local, state, and federal), demand and marginal cost projections, retail electric rates, elasticity, subsidies, rate reforms, equity determination, risk assessment, and mathematical models. (This updated bibliography contains 329 citations, 115 of which are new entries to the previous edition.) PB89-851570/XAB Toxicity of Manganese January 1970-July 1989 (Citations from the NTIS Database) National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. Corp. Source Codes: 055665000 Aug 89 117p Languages: English Document Type: Bibliography Journal Announcement: GRAI8919 Supersedes PB88-860127 NTIS Prices: PC NOl/MF N01 Country of Publication: United States This bibliography contains citations concerning the toxicity, carcinogenicity, environmental pollution, and other hazards and adverse effects of manganese. The detection, characterization, analytical methods, standards, and removal from the environment are considered. These aspects of manganese are dealt with in 116 ------- relation to aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna, including man. Manganese pollution from mining operations is also discussed. (This updated bibliography contains 178 citations, 17 of which are new entries to the previous edition.) Descriptors: *Bibliographies; *toxicity; *manganese; toxicology; carcinogens; environmental surveys; *hazardous materials; standards; chemical analysis Identifiers: Published searches; *toxic substances; *carcinogenesis; heavy metals; NTISNTISN; NTISNERACD Section Headings: 57Y* (Medicine and Biology—Toxicology); 57H (Medicine and Biology—Ecology); 57U (Medicine and Biology— Public Health and Industrial Medicine); 68G* (Environmental Pollution and Control—Environmental Health and Safety); 88E (Library and Information Sciences—Reference Materials) PB89-866883/XAB Waste Processing and Pollution in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industries March 1983-July 1989 (Citations from the NTIS Database) National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. Corp. Source Codes: 055665000 Aug 89 147p Languages: English Document Type: Bibliography Journal Announcement: GRAI8919 Supersedes PB88-866447. NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01 Country of Publication: United States This bibliography contains citations concerning techniques and equipment utilized for pollution control in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Topics include emissions investigations, recycling and materials recovery studies, and standards for specific industries. Sources, site hazard evaluations, and the toxicity of specific chemicals are also discussed. (This updated bibliography contains 248 citations, 15 of which are new entries to the previous edition.) Descriptors: *Bibliographies; *water pollution control; *chemical industry; *air pollution control; *solid waste disposal; environmental surveys; economic analysis; industrial wastes; *materials recovery identifiers: published searches; *waste processing; *petrochemical industry; *waste recycling; *toxic hazards; NTISNTISN; NTISNERACD Section Headings: 99B* (Chemistry—Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Process Engineering) 68GE* (Environmental Pollution and Control—General) 97R* (Energy—Environmental Studies); 97K (Energy—Fuels); 57~* (Medicine and Biology—Toxicology) 57U (Medicine and Biology—Public Health and Industrial Medicine) 88E (Library and Information Sciences—Reference Materials) PB89-867352/XAB 117 ------- RISK MANAGEMENT . . . DESCRIBES THE REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES TO CONTROL AND MANAGE RISK GENERAL PERSPECTIVE Decision-Making, Time Horizons, and Risk in the Very Long-Term Perspective Svenson, Ola; Karlsson, Gunnar Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sept 1989, 9 (3) p385, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article Some decisions made today have far-reaching consequences as exemplified by those concerning nuclear power and spent nuclear fuel. The investigation presented here uses a decision theoretic framework in which time horizons and the discounting of negative consequences play significant roles. The results indicated wide variations in the lengths of the planning horizons judged to be adequate not only across a number of activities, including nuclear waste management, but also across groups of subjects (e.g., engineering students, retired people, and nuclear fuel experts). The paper reports typcial judgements and correlations between different variables for different groups of subjects. The differences across groups reflect potential sources of conflict, depending in part on different values and different perceptions of more or less uncertain facts. Discounting functions for negative consequences in the future were also established. A range in differences in the speed of discounting were found and illustrated. Furthermore, it was found that substantial proportions in all groups regarded negative consequences related to nuclear waste as nondiscountable. When asked about the effect of time until outcome on acceptable probability of a negative outcome, many subjects used the probability concept in an incoherent way, illustrating the great difficulty in communicating small probabilities in a long-term risk context. Keywords: Time; Nuclear Waste; Discounting; Risk Communication; Risk Perception 119 ------- Drinking Water Standards: NWF Find Breakdown in EPA Enforcement/EPA Answers NWF's Charges Cook, Mike (EPA) Water Conditioning & Purification, Jan 89, V30, N12, P20(4) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article A major report recently released by the Natl Wildlife Fedn (NWF) claims that millions are drinking unsafe water because EPA has failed to enforce the federal law designed to protect public water supplies. Public water systems committed over 100,000 violations of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 during FY87, according to NWF. EPA enforcement is considered virtually nonexistent, placing the public at risk from health effects associated with chemicals and bacteria in drinking water. EPA replies that there is no evidence of a public health crisis due to violations of drinking water regulations. As implied by NWF, compliance with drinking water regulations is improving, as indicated by the 88% of drinking water systems that had no reported violations of health standards. The number of formal enforcement actions is increasing, and steps are being taken to further compliance with the act. Enviroline Number: *89-003125 How to Pick an Automated Risk Management System Quesnel, John M. Canadian Insurance (Canada) v94nl PP: 32-33 Jan 1989 Availability: Stone & Cox Ltd., 100 Simcoe St., 2nd Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5H 3G2 The risk manager's needs are important in picking the right risk management information system. The first step toward acquiring the proper system is knowing why the risk manager would want or need a computerized risk management information system. In order to see what is available on the market, the risk manager should contact fellow risk managers to ask for the names and contacts regarding any systems they are using, or may have seen, or have heard about. One name heard frequently is Sodarisk, developed by Dale-Parizeau, who recognized the need for corporate risk managers to have accurate and timely information to implement and support sophisticated programs. Sodarisk was developed specifically for the Canadian insurance and risk management environment. Its major components include: 1. a central directory of contract files and cost centers files, 2. exposures of property files, mobile units files, and project files, 3. occurrence and claims files, 4. risk financing, and 5. risk analysis. Equations. ABI/INFORM 120 ------- Managerial Decision Analysis Samson, Danny Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1988 745 pp., $43.95 hb. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sept 1989, 9 (3) p422 ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph Managerial Decision Analysis is designed to be a comprehensive textbook on the science and application of decision analysis. As decision theory comes more and more into use in a number of disciplines, texts such as this one will be increasingly sought after. Samson organizes his approach clearly, spending the first five chapters on the basic constructs of decision science: introductions to decision modeling and decision analysis, decision model structuring, probability assessment, and alternative selection. From this foundation, he goes on to discuss improtant tools used in the decision process: the theory of expected utility, sensitivity analysis, decision analysis simulations, and Bayesian analysis. Other chapters provide insight on the application of decision analysis and its limitations in practical use. Finally, the book closes with two chapters on decision analysis support systems, including the use of computer software packages. Included with the text is the software for the ARBORIST Decision Tree along with a user's guide and example applications. The chapters are replete throughout with exercises, case studies, and question/answer material to aid readers in developing skills. Also included is an appendix on basic probability theory, should readers need to refresh their knowledge of the basic statistical concepts required for decision analysis. Together, these features make the book a practical and easy to use means of learning more about one of the important assessment and management tools available to today's professionals. Risk Evaluation and Management Edited by Vincent T. Covello and Joshua Menkes, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C;and, Jeryl Mumpower, State University of New York at Albany Plenum Publishing Corporation 0-306-41978-5/556 pp./ill./1986/$89.50 ($107.40 outside U.S. & Canada) Social and behavioral perspectives are becoming increasingly important in dealing with the complex problems of risk management. The inaugural volume of this series explores many of the issues involved in the behavioral and social study of risk. The distinguished panel of contributors, representing a diverse range of fields, focus on risk perception, risk analysis methods, and risk management strategies. 121 ------- Risk Management Systems Approach Embling, A.W.R. international Conference on Ergonomics Occupational Safety and Health and the Environment 8845008 Beijing (China) 24-28 Oct 1988 Chinese Society of Metals; Darling Downs Institute of Advanced Education Australia Chinese Society of Metals, Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, 46 Dongsixi Dajie, Beijing (China) Languages: English ABI/INFORM Toward a Holistic Approach to Risk Assessment and Management Haimes, Yacov Y. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!47, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article POLICY . . . includes federal, state and local policy, science, public and regulatory policy Assessing Carbon Emission Control Strategies: The Case of China Chandler, William U. (Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs, WA) Climatic Change, 1988, V13, P241(25) Journal Article An energy-economic model assesses the effectiveness of carbon dioxide emission control policies that could be enacted in China. CO2 control measures are analyzed in scenarios extending through the year 2075 and include fossil fuel taxes, mandatory or technical energy efficiency improvements, and other strategies. Results suggest that no nation alone can decisively affect the global C02 problem. However, the potential for energy efficiency improvements in China is found to be both very large and economically attractive. Energy efficency measures could both reduce CO2 emissions significantly and increase per capita incomes in China, appropriate policy measures to capture the existing energy efficiency potential might reduce the risk, of climatic change while enhancing economic standards of living. Enviroline Number: 89-003244 Comments on Permitting of Resource Recovery Facilities Alexeeff, George V.; Marty, Melanie A.; Lipsett, Michael J. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!53, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article 122 ------- Managing Environmental Risks Lave, Lester B. (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., PA) Carcinogen risk assessment (Contemporary Issues in Risk Analysis), V3, P141(16) Book Chapter A Short historical discussion of environmentalism is provided as a context for advocating a stronger role for risk analysis in developing prudent regulation and environmental policy. Topics that are specifically addressed include evaluation of health, safety and environmental regulation, the environmental agenda in 1987, regulatory reform, the role of risk analysis in risk management, the outcome of current risk situations, and the validity of risk analysis. Steps to improve the certainty of risk analysis are advocated so that it can be used more effectively in risk management. (1 Diagram, 1 Graph, 27 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-001800 Narrative Analysis for the Policy Analyst: A Case Study of the 1980-1982 Medfly Controversy in California Roe, Emery M. J Policy Analysis and Mgt 8:251-73 Spring '89 Language: Engl Doc Type: P Based in part on a paper prepared for the Committee on Risk Perception and Communications, National Academy of Sciences. Comparison of the "stories" policymakers used to articulate their arguments. PAIS INTERNATIONAL Policy Consideration in the Selection of National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for the Tacoma Smelter Ajax, Robert (EPA); Meyer, janet (Pacific Env Services) Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987 V5, P708(9) Conf Paper The authors discuss the background information and policy basis for the national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants proposed to limit inorganic arsenic emissions from the Asaco Smelter at Tacoma, WA. The roles of the standard-setting approach utilized and of public participation in the development of the final standards are also discussed. Many factors are considered, including the estimated community health risks and the uncertainties presented by these estimates. Enviroline Number: 89-002725 123 ------- Policy Principles for Utilizing Science in Decision-Making on Chronic Health Issues Hoerger, F.; Plaut, J.A.; Stevenson, D.E. Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol (United States) Dec 1988, 8 (4) p487-92 Issn: 0273-2300 Journal Code: RBH Languages: English Scientific advances will continue to contribute to our understanding of latent chronic diseases related to chemical exposure. Regulatory agencies must deal with a complex matrix of emerging scientific information, a diversity of potential risk situations, and a variety of statutory prescriptions for protecting public health. Seven policy principles are proposed for facilitating integration of the latest scientific thought into the administrative decision-making process. The principles relate to distinguishing between risk assessment and risk management, analysis of all relevant information in developing a risk assessment, consideration of weight-of-the-evidence and more probable than not criterion on key assumptions, scientific peer review of assessments, scoping scientific input appropriately with the nature of a specific regulatory activity, emphasizing research which enhances the basis of risk assessment, and education and communication on risk matters. The policy principles are interdependent; collectively they need endorsement and promotion by the scientific and regulatory communities and by policy leaders in federal and state governments in the interest of establishing a framework for further improving the basis of critical decisions for protecting public health. MEDLINE Science for Public Policy Edited by Harvey Brooks and Chester L. Cooper New York: Pergamon Press, 1987 286 pp., $45.00 hb Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p263, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph This volume is an interesting collection of papers presented at the Forum on Science for Public Policy. Its purpose is to discuss the sometimes uneasy partnership which our technological society has exacted from scientists and public policy-makers. The scope of this forum was to examine the use of scientific data to elucidate public policy issues that are, of themselves, primarily not scientific. The papers touch on a number of problem areas: food production, energy, environmental regulation, health maintenance, and hazardous waste management. Further, the contributors examine the use of science in setting policy on both 124 ------- the national and international scale, including at least one contribution on policy setting in socialist countries. A number of papers are generalized examinations of the philosophy and theory of policy making, but several papers examine quite specific topics: acid rain, the C02 problem, and diversion of water resources. The final section of the book presents the reports of the three forum panels which were convened to synthesize the important points brought out in the individual papers and to provide additional insights on these points. Panel 1 examined the issue of agenda setting for important scientific problems like acid rain and global warming; Panel 2 then studied the process of attacking these problems comprehensively once these issues have been placed on the public agenda; Panel 3 discussed the various institutions and groups which must participate in successful public policy setting: world leaders, expert groups, national and international scientific organizations, government agencies, etc. Finally the volume closes with two helpful bibliographies: one of selected readings in English, one of selected readings in Eastern European literature. Use of the Effective Dose Equivalent Concept of the International Commission on Radiological Protection by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) is Encouraged (Final Rept) Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Science Advisory Board Corp. Source Codes: 031287050 Report No.: SAB/RAC-88/026 27 Apr 88 4p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903 NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States While the EPA Science Advisory Board's Radiation Advisory Committee has repeatedly recommended that EPA use the effective dose equivalent concept of the International Commission on Radiological Protection in developing risk estimates and establishing regulations related to the exposure of humans to radionuclides in the environment, the EPA has not been consistent in its use of the effective dose equivalent concept or the weighting factors applied in quantifying dose. The Committee believes that effective dose equivalent, rather than dose equivalent to specific organs, should be applied as the basis for regulations dealing with radiation exposure. The Committee strongly encourages EPA to carefully examine its position on effective dose equivalent in establishing regulations and strive to ensure consistency within EPA and between EPA and other government, national, and international recommendations. PB89-114524/XAB 125 ------- Weathering the Storms in a Warming World Mintzer, Irving (World Resources Inst, DC) Public Power, Nov-Dec 88, V46, N6, P14(6) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article The warming of the earth due to past greenhouse gas emissions cannot be avoided. Most scientific analyses of these impacts are benchmarked to a warming of a 3-9 F. The impact of warming on electric utilities will be profound. As traditional patterns of regional climate shift, the difficulty of accurately predicting the patterns of future weather-related load will increase; winter-peaking utilities may confront increased risk of capacity shortage as the frequency of extended cold snaps increases with global warming. The timing and severity of the related problems of climate change, ozone depletion, and ground-level air pollution will be determined largely by energy policies implemented in the near-term. Options for reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases include increased energy efficiency and fuel substitution. (1 Graph, 1 Photo, 1 Table) Enviroline Number: *89-003227 Winning Against a Stacked Deck: Environmental Policy and Reagonomics Paehlke, Robert (Trent Univ, Canada) Alternatives, Nov-Dec 88, V15, N4, P44(8) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article The neo-conservatism underlying the environmental policies of the Reagan Admin, is seen to have detracted from the cause of effective environmental management. The imposition of cost- benefit analysis and other economic burdens on environmental regulation is criticized. However, some pro-environmental initiatives gained ground in the 1980s despite the new economic and regulatory paradigms of administratively entrenched reagonomics. Four cases are cited in which at least one neo- conservative precept was turned back against its deregulatory roots. These concern: the 1983 proclamation of OSHA'S hazard communication standard; the establishment of national appliance efficiency standards in 1987; the threat by EPA to institute an outright ban on asbestos; and the continued expansion of recycling at the muncipal and state levels. (1 Drawing, 5 Photos, 45 References) Enviroline Number: *89-001284 126 ------- LEGAL ASPECTS Attacking Tort Liability Through an Improved Risk Management Process: A State Perspective Gittings, Gary L. Transportation Q 43:385-405 Jl '89, chart Language: English Doc Type: P Controlling highway tort liability costs for state departments of transportation; Pennsylvania case study. Descriptors: *Government Liability; *Highways—Pennsylvania; *Transportation—Legal Aspects; *Risk Management PAIS INTERNATIONAL Environmental Liens and Title Insurance Bozarth, Bob Title News 68:6+ Mr/Ap "89 Language: English Doc Type: P Reprinted from the Lawyers Title News, Feb. 1989 Analysis of risk to insurers from federal and state statutes, and from policyholder claims; US PAIS INTERNATIONAL Environmental Considerations in Loan Documentation Davidson, Charles E. Banking Law j 106:308-34 Jl/Ag '89 Language: English Doc Type: P Focuses on measures that can be taken by lenders to assess both credit risk and collateral value to avoid the possibly adverse effect of environmental laws and regulations; US. Descriptors: *Loans, Bank; *Real Property—Environmental Aspects; *Environmental Policy—United States—Legislation; *Banking— Liability; *Hazardous Wastes—Liability PAIS INTERNATIONAL 127 ------- Hazard Communication Standard and Its Impact on Small Business Nonmanufacturers: Hearing, September 18, 1988 United States. House Com. on Small Bus. Subcom. on Exports, Tourism, and Special Problems '89 iii+209p, tables Series: 100th Cong., 2d sess.; serial no. 100-71; SD cat. no. Y. 4.Sm 1:100-71 Order Info: Supt Docs pa Language: English Doc Type: M Problems of compliance with Occcupational Safety and Health Administration requirements. Descriptors: *Hazardous Materials—Regulation; *Small Business; *Industrial Toxicology—Standards; *United States—Occupational Safety and Health Administration; *Chemical Industries— Regulation PAIS INTERNATIONAL On Risk Management: For Those Who Would Pick the Roses... Head, George National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) v93n22 PP: 29-30 May 29, 1989 Issn: 0898-8897 Jrnl Code: NUN Doc Type: Journal Paper Language: English Length: 2 Pages Availability: ABI/INFORM While some might see only roses, a good risk management professional also will see the thorns. An example is Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), a collective term for arbitration, mediation, and other formal but legally binding techniques to help quarreling parties settle controversies without going to court. ADR, highly popular in the area of attempted tort reforms, offers the advantages of: 1. resolving controversies without great cost or delay, 2. allowing disputants great freedom in presenting their cases, and 3. considering each case individually. Because arbitration is particularly important for settling insurance-related disputes, risk management professionals should understand how to achieve its benefits. They also should try to discover the possible disadvantages of arbitration. While the potential disadvantages do not preclude using arbitration, from a risk management perspective, arbitration involves exposures to accidental loss that can be managed effectively only if properly recognized. Tables. Descriptors: Arbitration; Mediation; Advantages; Risk Management; Disadvantages Classification Codes: 3300 (CN=Risk Management) ABI/INFORM 128 ------- Risk Management—An Insurance Perspective Morrison, T. Morrison and Co., Risk Controllers Haztech Canada-Edmonton '88 8845012 Edmonton (Canada) 5-6 Oct 1988 Information not available Canwest Media Agency Ltd., 260, 4936 87 Street, Edmonton, Alta T6E 5W3 (Canada). Telephone 403 466 6622. Fax: 403 469 1398. Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX Risk Managers and Defense Lawyers Quinley, Kevin M. Risk Mgmt v36n6 PP: 18-20 Jun 1989 Coden: RMGTDN Issn: 0035-5593 Jrnl Code: RMT Doc Type: Journal Paper Language: English Length: 3 Pages Availability: ABI/INFORM Litigation is a $70-billion industry, much of which is subsidized, particularly on the defense side, by corporations. Risk managers attempt to reduce costs but frequently overlook the potential of managing budgets for defense fees. However, simple guidelines exist for risk professionals to become better litigation managers. The first step involves fully utilizing claims adjusters to conduct swift, thorough investigations. Adjusters can obtain statements, photograph accident scenes, and identify, locate, and obtain statements from witnesses much less 129 ------- expensively than attorneys can. When defense attorneys are needed, risk managers should seek those who are experienced in their lines of operation. They also should contact references and compare firms. In addition, risk managers should insist that the defense counsel prepare a budget of litigation costs. Billing formats should be clear and simple, and bills should be itemized. Risk management should be as cooperative as possible with the defense attorneys. Equations. References. Descriptors: Cost Control; Cost Reduction; Litigation; Legal; Costs; Fees; Defense; Attorneys; Claims; Adjusters; Risk Management Classification Codes: 3100 (CN=Capital & Debt Management); 3300 (CN=Risk Management); 4330 (CN=Litigation) ABI/INFORM Shell Case Curbs Buyers, Lawyers Say Haggerty, Alfred G. National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) v93n!5 PP: 9,85 Apr 10, 1989 Availability: ABI/INFORM Risk managers will be less likely to look for pollution coverage following the long trial that left Shell Oil Co. with an estimated $2 billion bill for a toxic waste cleanup in Colorado, say attorneys who have examined the case. Risk managers may also find it worthwhile to track down former employees to obtain as much information on pollution activities as possible. The alternative could be an expensive lawsuit in which there is little chance of prevailing. According to Eugene Anderson Russell Kill & Olick, the Shell verdict nullifies all forms of liability insurance because it denied coverage to a policyholder on the grounds that the policyholder could have anticipated the damage. Anderson says that the cost of the trial for Shell, which may have exceeded $25 million, will discourage risk managers from seeking coverage for which they bought and paid. Tables. ABI/INFORM 130 ------- Superfund Inspections Spotlight Safety Strawn, Hugh O. National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) v93n!5 PP: 11,64 Apr 10, 1989 Availability: ABI/INFORM Inspectors from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have begun checking for compliance with reporting provisions of the Superfund law. The agency is starting to penalize those who fail to comply. In December 1988, the EPA imposed penalties on 25 companies that failed to meet the July 1, 1988, deadline for reporting on the types and volumes of chemicals they are using. The EPA's Dennis Wesolowski says that the accuracy of the reports and the quality of the information provided will be assessed in future inspection. Ralph Cooper of the American Institute of Hazardous Materials Management thinks that risk managers of companies of all sizes should be aware of reporting requirements. Risk managers will be affected by the provisions of the Superfund Amendments Reauthorization Act of 1986, which require them to perform hazard analysis to comply. Section 304 of the act, for instance, requires immediate reporting of a chemical release. Tables. ABI/INFORM CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT Asbestos Review and Update - Supplement to Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases: Medical, Legal, and Engineering Aspects Peters, G.A.; Peters, B.J. Garland Law Publishing, Inc., 136 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA, Mar. 1987. 150p. Illus. Pub Type: Monograph Language: Eng This booklet is intended to update and add factual information to the Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases, Vol.1, 1980 (CIS 82-59) and Vol.2, 1986 (CIS 89-608), to provide a review of the health, historical, technical, engineering and legal aspects of asbestos and to fill the need for a basic training text to help communicate a general understanding of the properties of asbestos for worker-information and asbestos-control programmes. It does not provide detailed procedures for asbestos removal, encapsulation or isolation. Contents: current problems; personal and corporate liability; hazard communication; management information control; asbestos substitutes; information and training resources. Appendices cover protective clothing, respiratory protection, abbreviations and questions for review. Keywords: Asbestos; Training Material; Training Manuals; Manuals Round-Up: Data Sheet; ILO NLM/TOXLINE 131 ------- Evaluation of the Administrative Utility of Information Generators in Managing Toxic Substances: The Case of the QSAR Information System Crowley, Michel; Sasseville, Jean-Louis; Couture, Pierre (INKS, Canada) J Env Management, Mar 89, V28, N2, P93(15) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article The general lack of information on the effects or data of thousands of toxic chemicals, and the high cost of producing data in the laboratory or field have stimulated development of models that can generate missing information at low cost. The administrative utility of these information generators is determined by their predictive ability and the justification needed for regulatory action. The administrative utility of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) information is considered. The use of QSAR predictions on the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms in aiding implementation of the Canadian Env. Contaminants Act of 1974 is discussed. The statute imposes a heavy burden of proof on the regulatory agencies involved, and it is unlikely that QSAR predictions would be acceptable as direct evidence of a chemical's toxicity. However, the QSAR information system can be used as a screening tool for identifying high-risk substances for which agencies may collect more costly direct evidence. (1 Diagram, 57 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003492 Risk Management of Alternatives for Maintenance of Chlorinators Mercer, S. Univ. Alberta Haztech Canada-Edmonton '88 8845012 Edmonton (Canada) 5-6 Oct 1988 Information not available Canwest Media Agency Ltd., 260 4936 87 Street, Edmonton, Alta T6E 5W3 (Canada). Telephone: 403 466 6622. Fax: 403 469 1398. Languages: English Risk Management of Chemicals in the Environment Edited by Hans M. Seip and Anders B. Heiberg, Center for Industrial Research, Oslo, Norway Plenum Publishing Corporation 0-306-42794-X/proceedings/316 pp./ill./1988/$55.00 ($66.00 outside U.S. & Canada) The result of a pilot study sponsored by the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, this volume deals with methods for managing the adverse effects of the release of chemicals into the environment. A number of topics relevant to the task of assessing the risk posed by chemicals and finding appropriate risk-reducing countermeasures are covered. Among the issues 132 ------- addressed : the use of formal decision analytical methods in evaluating countermeasures to environmental pollution; the assessment of does-response relationships; mathematical modeling of the fate and transport of pollutants; the development of risk assessment guidelines; attitudes toward the use of cost-benefit analysis in environmental decision-making; treatment of uncertainty. The volume includes general discussions of current techniques and methods as well as examples and case studies illustrating the application of methods to practical problems. Volume 12 in the NATO series Challenges of Modern Society. Toxicology on Tap: Uncertain Health Significance of Contaminated Drinking Water Appling, Jeanne (Cornell Univ) New York's Food & Life Sciences Quarterly, 1988, V18, Nl-2, P24(3) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article Much uncertainty surrounds the determination of safe levels of chemicals in drinking water. If chemicals in drinking water cause effects only when consumers are exposed to amounts that exceed the safety threshold for that chemical, then in theory there would be no problem with drinking water that contained amounts below the threshold. However, there are some effects for which there may not be thresholds, such as cancer and some types of reproductive impacts. Research challenges for chemical and risk management in the water supply field are identified. (6 References) Enviroline Number: *89-001706 Verification and Validation of Decision Support Expert Systems for Chemical Process Risk Management in International Operations Miller, M.J. American Chemical Society, 196th National Meeting 8830129 Los Angeles, CA (USA) 25-30 Sep 1988 American Chemical Society (ACS) ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $38.00 + Postage Charge Poster Paper Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX 133 ------- HAZARDOUS WASTE A Report on Household Hazardous Waste Management Steinwachs, Marie Resource Recycling 8:20-3+ Sept '89, bibl il Language: English Doc Type: P United States Obstacles to effective management, types of collection programs, and consumer education. Descriptors: *Refuse Disposal; *Hazardous Wastes—Environmental Aspects; *Local Government—United States; *Household Products Industries PAIS INTERNATIONAL Balancing Risk and Return in Environmental Contracting Dybdahl, David J. (Corroon & Black of Wisconsin, WI) EPA/Et Al Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials 5th Natl Conf, Las Vegas, Apr 19-21, 88, P378(3) Conf Paper Contractors entering the hazardous waste site cleanup field must deal with new technologies and overcome a lack of previous experience on many of these projects. Environmental contracting also opens up significant new potential liability exposures that must be addressed within the framework of risk and return on investment. Options for reducing risk through an active risk management program are identified, as are risk transfer mechanisms and business insurance needs. New developments in the insurance market place now make it possible to insure most of the liability exposures associated with this type of work, including environmental impairment liability. Enviroline Number: 89-001808 Environment: An Eye on Supplies (Clean Harbors Inc.; Use of Environmentally Safe Business Supplies) (Hands On) Brokaw, Leslie; Lammers, Teri; Solomon, Stephen D. Inc. vll p99(l) July, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Availability: Full Text Online Line Count: 00014 Sic Code: 4953 Company Name(s): Clean Harbors Inc.—Environmental Policy Descriptors: Hazardous Waste Management Industry—Environmental Policy; Environmental Protection—Business Applications; Office Equipment and Supplies—Environmental Aspects MAGAZINE INDEX 134 ------- Environmental Biotechnology: Reducing Risks from Environmental Chemicals through Biotechnology Edited by Gilbert S. Omenn; associate eds., Rita Colwell, A.M. Chakrabarty, Morris Levin, and Perry Mccarty New York: Plenum Press, 1988 505 pp., $89.50 hg. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p422 ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph This collection of papers focuses on one of today's hottest environmental topics: the management of hazardous substances through biotechnology. With increasing sociopolitical pressure to manage hazardous wastes through minimization, toxicity reduction, and permanent disposal, engineered microorganisms have come to center attention as possible solutions to waste detoxification and degradation. But, as always, these proposed solutions encompass their own unique set of risks and challenges. This book is dedicated to the exploration of these issues. The topics covered are wide-ranging, and anyone interested in biotechnology will find something of interest in the contents. There are lengthy sections on the use of engineered organisms for pollution control, with specific examples of bioengineered treatment of PCBs, PCPs, and chlorinated solvents. Risk managers will be interested in the discussions of environmental policy and biotechnological assessment. Special emphasis is also given to the stimulation of biotechnological approaches in current pollution control and cleanup. Those involved in risk communication wil find useful the segment on public participation in the development of biotechnology policies and strategies. Finally, the editors' effort to include discussions of the emerging issues of the field, in addition to papers reporting current case studies and applicationsm, make the book a valuable compendium of the "cutting edge" of biotechnology. Exporting Pollution: The International Waste Trade Uva, Mary Deery; Bloom, Jane Environment v31 p4(4) June, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: ENVTA Sic Code: 9511; 4953 Descriptors: United States Environmental Protection Agency— Rules and Regulations; Developing Countries—Pollution; Hazardous Waste Management Industry—Export-Import Trade MAGAZINE INDEX 135 ------- Fusing Dangerous Weapons Refuse into Glass Popular Mechanics vl66 p!7(l) July, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: POPMA illustration; chart Sic Code: 4953 Captions: (Cross-section of a plasma reactor.) Descriptors: Radioactive Wastes—Management; Hazardous Wastes— Management; Hazardous Waste Management Industry—Technological Innovations MAGAZINE INDEX Hazardous Materials Disposal: Siting and Management Edited by Manas Chatterji Brookfield, Vermont: Gower Publishing Co., 1987 331 pp., $59.50 hb. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p421, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph The papers in this volume focus on the increasingly critical issues of locating and managing "special facilities" required by twentieth-century society but loathed by the communities which they serve (e.g., nuclear power plants, toxic, hazardous, or nuclear waste disposal sites, incinerators, landfills, prisons, psychiatric facilities, etc.) Although the volume focuses on the typical public attitude of not-in-my-backyard, the topics discussed in the individual contributions are quite diverse. Paper topics range from discussions of nuclear facility siting issues to biological markers of chlorinated dioxin exposure to case studies of public reaction to the siting of a government office building. The second section of the volume looks at the role of allocation modeling in the siting of hazardous facilities, a recent utilization of a technique originally developed for siting "desired" facilities, such as retail, manufacturing, or health care centers. The papers are quite specific in focus and are developed primarily for experts in facility siting and management. Although not broad in appeal, professionals engaged in the rigors of facility siting and public response should find useful information in this collection. 136 ------- Hazardous Waste Management: A West German Approach Linnerooth, Joanne; Kneese, Allen V. Resources p 7-10 Summer '89, il map Language: English Doc Type: P Approach using both economic incentives and regulatory control; Bavaria; Germany. Descriptors: *Hazardous Wastes—Regulation; *Refuse Disposal; *Environmental Policy—Bavaria, Germany; *Industry and State— Germany, West; *Pollution Control in Industry PAIS INTERNATIONAL How One Manager Got a Handle on Hazardous Waste (Special Issue: Managing for the '90s) Hetzer, Barbara Business Month V134 p68(2) July 1989 Source File: MI File 47 illustration; portrait Availability: Full Text Online Line Count: 00076 Captions: B. Edward Ewing Named People: Ewing, B. Edward—management Company Name(s): General Dynamics Corp.—waste disposal Descriptors: Defense Industries—Waste Disposal MAGAZINE INDEX Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Decontamination and Waste Treatment Facility: Documentation of Impact Analysis for Design Alternatives Presented in the Draft Environmental Impact Statement Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA Corp. Source Codes: 068147000; 9513035 Sponsor: Radian Corp., Sacramento, CA; Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: UCRL-21048 May 88 855p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300 Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production. NTIS Prices: PC A99 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: W-7405-ENG-48 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is proposing to construct and operate a new Decontamination and Waste Treatment Facility (DWTF). The proposed DWTF would replace the existing Hazardous Waste Management (HWM) facilities at LLNL. The US Department of Energy (DOE) is preparing a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) to assess the environmental consequences of the proposed DWTF and its alternatives. This report presents the assumptions, methodologies, and analyses used to estimate the 137 ------- waste flows, air emissions, ambient air quality impacts, and public health risks that are presented in the DEIS. Two DWTF design alternatives (Level I and Level II) have been designated as reasonable design alternatives considering available technologies, environmental regulations, and current and future LLNL waste generation. Both design alternatives would include new, separate radioactive and nonradioactive liquid waste treatment systems, a solidification unit, a new decontamination facility, storage and treatment facilities for reactive materials, a radioactive waste storage area, receiving and classification areas, and a uranium burn pan. The Level I design alternative would include a controlled-air incinerator system, while the Level II design alternative would include a rotary kiln incinerator system. (43 refs., 4 figs., 24 tabs.) (ERA citation 13:046393) DE88013820/XAB Lining of Waste Containment and Other Impoundment Facilities Matrecon, Inc., Alameda, CA Corp. Source Codes: 088675000 Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab Report No.: EPA/600/2-88/052 Sep 88 1030p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8905 See also PB86-I92796 NTIS Prices: PC A99/MF E04 Country of Publication: United States Contract No. : EPA-68-03-3265 The report provides current technological information on liner and cover systems for waste storage and disposal units. The various materials used in the construction of these systems are discussed, with particular emphasis on polymeric flexible membrane liners. The types and properties of wastes that may be impounded in land storage and disposal units and the constituents of these wastes that can affect lining materials are discussed. The conditions inside a containment unit are described. Elements of the design, specification, construction, quality assurance, and maintenance of a lined waste containment unit are discussed. Costs for the components of a lining system, including their installation and construction, are presented. Several test methods are included. PB89-129670/XAB 138 ------- •Mr. Clean1 Turns 'Garbage Man1 (William D. Ruckelshaus) Nelson-Horchler, Joani Industry Week v238 p!3(3) July 17, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: IWEEA illustration; portrait Availability: Full Text Online Line Count: 00164 Sic Code: 4953; 9211 Captions: William D. Ruckelshaus Named People: Ruckelshaus, William D.—environmental policy Company Name(s): Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc.—waste disposal; Wellman Inc.—contracts and specifications Descriptors: Hazardous Waste Management Industry—Waste Disposal; Recycling (Waste, etc.)—Contracts and Specifications; United States Supreme Court—Cases MAGAZINE INDEX Nuclear Waste: Repository Work Should Not Proceed Until Quality Assurance is Adequate GAO Report RCED-88-159 Sep 88 (70) The original document is available from Bowker Fed Govt Report During 1989-95, DOE plans to spend $1.5 Billion investigating whether Yucca Mountain, NV, is a suitable site for the permanent disposal of highly radioactive waste. NRC's assessment of DOE's progress in developing the required quality assurance program, which is critical to the site investigation and licensing processes, is reviewed. NRC's oversight of DOE's program has been limited by problems and delays in the latter's efforts to develop the program. However, NRC has identified specific concerns from oversight activities performed. On this basis, the agency commented in March 1988 that it did not have confidence in the adequacy of DOE's quality assurance program. The prelicensing agreement between NRC and DOE has not been effective in identifying and resolving problems early in the program. (1 Table) Enviroline Number: *89-001939 139 ------- Pickup Team (Hazardous Waste Cleanup Around Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant, Colorado) (No Sacred Cows) Charles, Dan Common Cause Magazine v!5 p9(l) July-August, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Sic Code: 4953; 9511 Descriptors: Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant—Pollution; Hazardous Waste Management Industry—Environmental Aspects; Radioactive Waste Disposal—Finance; Environmentalists—Political Activity; United States Environmental Protection Agency— Appropriations and Expenditures MAGAZINE INDEX Risk Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites Using Fuzzy Set Analysis Horsak, Randy D.; Domlico, Sam (NUS Corp, TX) Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987, V5, P643(6) Conf Paper A recently developed methodology for the evaluation and ranking of controlled hazardous waste sites is discussed. The technique, referred to as fuzzy set analysis, can be used for multiple alternative decision-making. Fuzzy set analysis could also be used to divide public opinion, by letting community members rank risks by order of concern. (3 References, 5 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-003138 Risk Management and Hazardous Waste Wynne, Brian Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987 459 pp., $59.50 hb. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p420, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph The materials in this volume develop from a project undertaken by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). The basic purpose of the study is to understand the processes which build the institutional credibility necessary for successful risk management. Specifically, the author is interested in how public knowledge about hazardous waste issues is "constructed," how this "construction" persuades the public about risk issues relating to hazardous waste, and how technical knowledge and institutional relationships interact to produce these effects. These are difficult and complex goals, and the resulting study reflects this complexity. The volume opens with an attempt to summarize the concepts and issues of hazardous waste risk management that transcend national distinctions. The succeeding chapters of the book then focus on subtopics relating 140 ------- to these issues, using illustrations from the risk management practices of a particular country (e.g., the chapter on the risks associated with hazardous waste disposal uses examples from Bavaria). This multinational perspective is useful, and the examples alone provide provocative reading. The author examines the problems of identifying and listing hazardous wastes, limits on government responsiblity in controlling hazardous waste risks, government-industry interaction in hazardous waste risk management, defining acceptable risk criteria, and dealing with public perceptions of risk. In general, Wynne has produced a highly theoretical study of a very "applied" problem. Although this volume is not designed to aid the risk manager in solving his day-to-day, practical problems, this study can help managers and policymakers better understand, and thus improve, risk management systems. Risks of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration: An Environmental Perspective Denison, R.A.; Silbergeld, E.K. Toxic Chemicals Program, Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C. 20036 Risk Anal (United States) Sep 1988, 8(3) p343-55, ISSN: 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Languages: English The central focus of the debate over incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) has shifted from its apparent management advantages to unresolved risk issues. This shift is a result of the lack of comprehensive consideration of risks associated with incineration. We discuss the need to expand incinerator risk assessment beyond the limited view of incinerators as stationary air pollution sources to encompass the following: other products of incineration, ash in particular, and pollutants other than dioxins, metals in particular; routes of exposure in addition to direct inhalation; health effects induced by many incinerator- associated pollutants. Rational MSW management planning requires that the limitations as well as advantages of incineration be recognized. Incineration is a waste-processing--not a waste disposal—technology, and its products pose substantial management and disposal problems of their own. Consideration of the nature of these products suggests that incineration is ill- suited to manage the municipal wastestream in its entirety. In particular, incineration greatly enhances the mobility and bioavailability of toxic metals present in MSW. These factors suggest that incineration must be viewed as only one component in an integrated MSW management system. The potential for source reduction, separation, and recycling to increase the safety and efficiency of incineration should be counted among their many benefits. Risk considerations dictate that alternatives to the use of toxic metals at the production stage also be examined in designing an effective, long-term MSW management strategy. MEDLINE 141 ------- Seeking Hazardous Waste Solutions (Resource Recovery 1989) Cor urn, Lyn American City & County v!04 pRR12(2) August, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: ACCOD Sic Code: 4953 Descriptors: Hazardous Wastes—Environmental Aspects; Hazardous Waste Management Industry—Growth MAGAZINE INDEX RADIATION Air Quality Protection Program at the Savannah River Plant Huang Huang, J.C. Du Pont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Aiken, SC. Savannah River Plant Corp. Source Codes: 009966003; 2205000 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: DP-MS-87-164; CONF-880729-2 1988 37p Languages: English Document Type: Conference Proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8904; NSA1300 33. Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society, Boston, MA, USA, 4 Jul 1988 Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production. NT1S Prices: PC A03 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AC09-76SR00001 To protect human health and safety, meet regulatory emissions requirements, and comply with other applicable DOE and corporate requirements, Du Pont has developed a comprehensive Environmental Implementation Plan for the Savannah River Plant (SRP). This Environmental Implementation Plan contains program objectives and strategies for all environmental media including air. The presentation describes our experiences in managing the air quality protection program. Program objectives and strategy are presented. Program implementation will then be reviewed in terms of our performances in the air emission permitting, air quality assessments, radioactive and nonradioactive management, emergency response, and air emission inventory. Air quality protection activities involving quality assurance, environmental audit, and environmental awareness will not be addressed in this presentation. 30 figs. (ERA citation 13:049495) DE88014793/XAB 142 ------- Environmental Radiation Standards Kocher, D.C. Oak Ridge National Lab., TN Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: CONF-880729-1 1988 79p Languages: English Document Type: Conference Proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8905; NSA1300 33. Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society, Boston, MA, USA, 4 Jul 1988 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AC05-840R21400 The document describes a presentation which reviewed current and proposed radiation standards, recommendations, and guidelines for limiting radiation exposures of the public. The document reviews the regulatory framework for limiting routine releases of radioactivity to the environment and the resulting public exposures, and contains estimates of risk corresponding to standards, recommendations and guidances. DE88012925/XAB Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1987 to the DOE (Department of Energy) Office of Energy Research: Part 1, Biomedical Sciences Park, J.F. Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA Corp. Source Codes: 048335000; 9512268 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: PNL-6500-PT.1 Feb 88 124p Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AC06-76RL01830 This report summarizes progress on OHER biomedical and health- effects research conducted at Pacific Northwest Laboratory in FY 1987. The research develops the knowledge and scientific principles necessary to identify, understand, and anticipate the long-term health consequences of energy-related radiation and chemicals. Our continuing emphasis is to decrease the uncertainty of health-effects risk estimates from existing and/or developing energy-related technologies through an increased 143 ------- understanding of how radiation and chemicals cause health effects. The report is arranged to reflect PNL research relative to OHER programmatic structure. The first section, on human health effects, concerns statistical and epidemiological studies for assessing health risks. The next section, which contains reports of health-effects research in biological systems, includes research with radiation and chemicals. The last section is related to medical applications of nuclear technology. (ERA citation 13:047383) DE88011885/XAB Radioactivity and Nuclear Waste Disposal Lau, Foo-Sun New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987 615 pp., $144.00 hg. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p422 ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph The title of this second installment in the Research Studies in Nuclear Technology series actually sells the contents of the book quite short. One would expect from the title a study of the nuclear waste disposal options and their associated problems with radioactivity. This volume is pleasantly surprising, however, in its efforts to explain its subject "from the ground up." That is, the author has taken a rather encyclopedic approach to the subject, providing a textbook of background information required to understand the issues of nuclear waste disposal. Careful organization and detailed explanations make the book an easy to read, valuable textbook on both radioactivity and nuclear waste. The book closes with numerous appendices which equip the book almost as a stand-alone reference on radioactivity. For readers needing one basic introduction to the concepts and issues of radioactivity and waste disposal, this book should fill the bill. 144 ------- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Capabilities, Programs, and Economic Benefits UNC Geotech, Grand Junction, CO Corp. Source Codes: 089787000; 9522464 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: DOE/ID/12584-T1; BP-002-0488-0, 5K-A 1988 3Ip Languages: English Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300 Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AC07-86ID12584 This document describes the activities and impacts of DOE's Grand Junction Project Office. Included are historical accounts of past programs, brief descriptions of current research and services, and evaluations of the economic effects of the facility on the local community and the state of Colorado. DE88012179/XAB Combining Facts and Values in Environmental Impact Assessment: Theories and Techniques Hyman, Eric L. and Bruce Stiften (with contributions by David H. Moreau and Robert C. Nichols) Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988 304 pp., $28.50 pb Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p265, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph This book is the result of a two-year study on the incorporation of environmental and other social values into environmental cost- benefit analysis. Its purpose is to "stimulate the development of environmental assessment methods that integrate objective and subjective analysis in a way that is useful for decision makers." The authors' primary concern is that most environmental impact statements utilize 'ad hoc' methodologies which fail to integrate facts and values into a comprehensive framework that will allow choice among multiple objectives. Their thesis is that most policy decisions are "transcientific," and thus, greater emphasis on the role and source of valuations used in the assessment would improve the usefulness of the environmental impact statements. Hyman and Stiften have provided both a useful text on the techniques of environmental assessment and as an enlightening reference on role of risk perception and risk management in practical problem-solving. 145 ------- Cost-Effective Biological Monitoring Program for Environmental Risk Assessment Logan, C.M.; Wells, A.W.; Sloan, R.J. Lawler and Skelly Eng., Pearl River, NY, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778 Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX Economics Clarifies Choices About Managing Risk Freeman, A. Myrick, III; Portney, Paul R. Resources p 1-4 Spring '89, il Language: Engl Doc Type: P Contribution of economic analysis to environmental risk management; U.S. Descriptors: *Environmental Policy—United States; *Economics; *Cost Effectiveness PAIS INTERNATIONAL Economics of PCB Solutions Vocilka, Michael (ENSR Operations, Ontario) Water & Pollution Control (Canada), Feb 89, V127, Nl, P4(3) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article Assessment and management of risks form the basis of any economic study of solutions to the pcb problem, but cost-benefit analysis is consistently the most important consideration. The "do nothing" approach usually stems from lack of information regarding risks associated with continued use of contaminated eguipment. Informed management regards the risks associated with pcb removal as far less serious than the risks from use of contaminated eguipment. From a financial standpoint, the most important motivation to action on pcbs may have been the insurance crisis of 1985; another factor is the risk of plant process downtime. Transformer accidents, potentially catastrophic, pose special problems for risk-factor assessment. (1 Photo) Enviroline Number: *89-002869 146 ------- Environmental Assessments, Knowledge of Statutes Reduce Risk of Liability in Property Acquisitions Rosemarin, Carey S. National Real Estate Investor v3inl PP: 35,39-41,44 Jan 1989 Concern about hazardous substances in the environment has led to the development of a complex statutory and regulatory scheme that may impose liability on the unsuspecting. Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, landowners can be held liable for cleanup costs even if another person was responsible for the contamination. These costs can be high and occasionally catastrophic. Insurance policies are not likely to cover the costs of cleaning up newly acquired property. Consequently, businesses that purchase real property, particularly those that do so routinely, could be at risk. Real estate buyers may be able to obtain some protection and prepare themselves to manage the risk by acquiring relevant information, in the form of an "environmental assessment," before closing. Environmental assessment is not an exact science, and considerable uncertainty is likely to remain when the audit is completed. The assessment should determine the level of potential liability of the property. ABI/INFORM EPA's Use of Benefit-Cost Analysis: 1981-1986 United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation. Washington, D.C. 20460 EPA 230/05-87-028; August 1987 Introduction: Economic and Political Issues in Risk Analysis Kraft, Michael E.; and Freeman, Myrick III Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p279 ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article 147 ------- Is the Planet Baking? Lee, Gordon Northwest Energy News, Nov-Dec 88, V7, N6, P3(8) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article The emerging greenhouse effect may have serious implications for the economy, politics, and energy supply of the pacific northwest. Warmer global weather could drastically modify regional planning goals. New generating projects will likely be judged on a least cost/least carbon basis, ruling out future reliance on coal- and gas-fired power stations. Hydropower and nuclear plants, which produce no carbon dioxide, are more competitive in a greenhouse scenario. So are conservation and other renewable resources. However, these alternatives are not risk free, since hydropower and solar energy may prove to be unreliable if the greenhouse effect increases cloud cover and makes some areas drier, by raising the costs of conventional power sources. The greenhouse effect may give a boost to energy conservation efforts in the pacific northwest. (1 Diagram, 1 Drawing, 2 Graphs) Enviroline Number: *89-003246 Reducing Uncertainty and Cost in Environmental Risk Assessment Ludwig, D. New Jersey Dep. Environ. Prot., Trenton, NJ, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778 Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX Risk Management: Soft Market Does Not Hurt Consultants Collins, Linda J. Business Insurance v23nll PP: 3-6,10-16 Mar 13, 1989 Risk management consultants report that business is booming despite the soft property-casualty insurance market. Revenues for the top 10 risk management consultants rose from 12.5% to 62.9% in 1988, after increases of 15%-57% in 1987. There were no new entrants in the Business Insurance top 10 for 1988, but 2 companies switched rankings. Several of the largest full-service risk management consultants are offering additional environmental consulting services in response to client demand. Profiles of the top 10 risk management consultants are presented. 148 ------- Tillinghast Risk Management Casualty Division is the largest US risk management consultant, with $18 million in 1988 revenues generated by pure risk management consulting. Environ Corp., the 2nd-largest risk management consultant, reported $17.1 million in 1988 gross revenues generated from pure risk management consulting, a 62.9% increase from $10.5 million in fiscal 1987. The Wyatt Co., the 3rd-largest US risk management consultant, had revenues of $10.5 million in fiscal 1988, which was 15.4% increase over 1987. Table. Charts. ABI/INFORM The Evolving Broker Environment (Part 1) Roskopf, John F. National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) V93nl3 PP: 42,54-55 Mar 27, 1989 It will be essential for brokers to ask the right questions and recognize appropriate responses when planning future strategies. To make this possible, factors affecting the commercial property- casualty brokerage industry should be examined. For example, new risk managers are more sophisticated and management-oriented. They are increasingly unbundling services and shopping around on a per-transaction basis, performing careful cost-benefit analyses of every potential service provider. The list of tools available to fund risks is growing continuously. The general trend of financial emphasis and internal funding is likely to continue, along with a lessening reliance on brokers and insurance companies for the funding component of risk management. Regulation is becoming more common and more complex. Insurance companies are going to have to improve their underwriting practices and service. The distinction between consultants and brokers continues to blur. Graphs. Tables. ABI/INFORM 149 ------- CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT An Approach to Occupational Health Risk Management for a Diversified International Corporation Andersen, G.H.; Smith, A.C.; Daigle, L.T. Allied-Signal Inc., Morristown, NJ 07962 Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; Vol 50, Iss 4, 1989, P224-8 LA: English CD: 3CI ISSN: 0002-8894 A risk management program is presented which is effective in handling occupational health risks in a diversified multinational corporation. The three-step program of plant reviews involves initial assessment visits designed to determine the compliance status and degree of sophistication of the occupational health program. These assessments are followed by more formal assurance reviews which include consultation, training, and program support. Finally, formal surveillance reviews are conducted to verify compliance with respect to company and regulatory agency requirements. Each type of review requires planning and adherence to a standardized process to allow comparability of the information generated. Critical elements of this approach include senior management support, knowledge of applicable regulations, and communication of results. Reporting is done on several levels and is designed to communicate relevant information to management from line supervisors to the board of directors. Corrective action, where indicated, is planned by local managers with assistance from other groups as required. Corrective action plan implementation is tracked in conjunction with other mechanisms of occupational health and medical services to assure effective management of these risks. Keywords: TOXBIB; Environmental Monitoring *METHODS/STANDARDS; Financial Management *METHODS; Occupational Medicine *ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION; Risk Management *METHODS; United States NLM/TOXLINE 150 ------- Bhopal: A Tragedy in Waiting Stix, Gary IEEE Spectrum Vol. 26 No.6 P47-50 Jun 1989 Coden: IEESAM ISSN: 0018-9235 Jrnl Code: SPC Doc Type: Journal Paper Language: English Length: 4 Pages Because certain hazards inherent in managing the manufacture of a lethal and volatile chemical were ignored, the world's worst industrial disaster occurred at the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India. The Bhopal disaster changed a sometimes overconfident attitude toward safety held by the chemical industry in the US and elsewhere. The events at Bhopal turned chemical companies toward more systematic hazard analysis, but they have yet to embrace quantitative risk assessment. The disaster shifted risk assessment and management onto a practical plane for the chemical industry and may serve as an example for other industries as well. The placement of risk planning on a pragmatic basis will provide benefits beyond preventing another Bhopal disaster. The techniques are not just an expense that adds to the cost of doing business, but are a means to the more efficient production of goods and services. (Diagrams) Company Names: Union Carbide India Ltd (DUNS 65-005-3200) Descriptors: Chemical Industry; India; Disasters; Risk; Analysis Classification Codes: 2310 (CN=Planning); 8640 (CN=Chemical industry); 9170 (CN=Non-US) ABI/INFORM Confronting Uncertainty in Risk Management: A Guide for Decision-Makers Finkel, Adam M. Center for Risk Management Resources for the Future, 1616 P Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 January 1990 151 ------- Director Readiness for the Big Cleanup Pilko, George Directors & Boards Vol.13 No.3 P25-27 Spring 1989 ISSN: 0364-9156 Jrnl Code: DIB Doc Type: Journal Paper Language: English Length: 3 Pages Proactive environmental management can be defined as doing what is prudent from a business viewpoint to reduce environmental liabilities, whether the actions are required by regulatory agencies or not. Most industrial firms should be concerned with 4 kinds of environmental risks: 1. soil and groundwater contamination, 2. asbestos contamination, 3. the catastrophic release of toxic materials, and 4. regulatory changes. Directors can take steps to help their firms reduce environmental risk by encouraging the chief executive officer (CEO) to develop a proactive environmental policy and communicate it to all staff. The CEO should require periodic environmental risk assessments for all company operations. Soil, groundwater, and asbestos problems should be identified, prioritized, and managed. Prior to all acquisitions and divestitures, environmental due diligence should be required. Companies should develop ongoing relationships with the staff of community and regulatory agencies. (Equations, Tables, Graphs, References) Descriptors: Boards of Directors; Pollution Control; Environmental Impact; Social Responsibility; Risk Classification Codes: 2110 (CN=Boards of directors); 2410 (CN=Social responsibilities) ABI/INFORM Distress Signals Lindheim, James Management Today (UK) P101-106 Apr 1989 Coden: MANTAI ISSN: 0025-1925 Jrnl Code: MTO Doc Type: Journal Paper Language: Eng1ish Length: 3 Pages Over the past 20 years, UK corporations have come to recognize the importance of risk assessment and risk management. Firms have tried to ensure training on risk management, better identification of risks, and insurance coverage. Contrary to most risk management beliefs, psychologists have found that: 1. people do not demand zero risk, 2. individuals' judgments of degrees of risk are not coincident with most methodologies of measuring risks statistically, 3. emotional, not logical, factors control risk perceptions, and 4. risk perceptions are extremely hard to change. The issue is not necessarily the crisis at hand, 152 ------- but rather the surprise and loss of control experienced by the public. Risk communication must begin by recognizing the legitimacy of public emotion. Communication does not require a change in risks perception, but rather a change in attitude toward those who are being held responsible for creating and managing the risks. Taking responsibility is at the heart of effective risks communications. The major hurdle is the reluctance of executives to share their own risk emotions. (Graphs) Descriptors: Management of Crises; Public Opinion; Risk Management; Responsibilities; Safety Classification Codes: 3300 (CN=Risk management) ABI/INFORM Environmental Troubles Brew for Practitioners (Issue 6; includes related information) Waldron, Stacey A. Real Estate Today v22 p48(7) August, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: RESTDR illustration; forms Sic Code: 6531; 8621 Captions: Work sheet I - Property-environmental information disclosure Descriptors: Real Estate Business—Environmental Aspects; Housing and Health—Analysis; Hazardous Wastes—Environmental Aspects; Real Estate Agents—Practice; National Association of Realtors— Management Hazards Management: A Complete Facilities Management Plan Must Address a Spectrum of Hazardous Materials Emmerling, Susan G. American School & University v61 p!8(5) August, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: ASUNB illustration; table Captions: Common indoor air pollutants Descriptors: School Buildings—Environmental Aspects; Indoor Air Pollution—Causes of; Hazardous Substances—Health Aspects; Facility Management—Planning MAGAZINE INDEX 153 ------- How to Manage Workplace Derived Hazards and Avoid Liability Wang, Charleston C.K. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, 1987 35 pp., $48 hb Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p263, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph Wang examines the complex issues of workplace hazard and employer liability. The book is designed to describe the background which led to the litigious relationship between worker risks and employer liability, and to provide insight into the means for preventing these problems on the corporate level. Because the book's scope covers all workplace derived hazards (those inside the company fence and those which originate inside plant boundaries but whose impact is outside), Mr. Wang's ideas on recognition, evaluation, and control will be of interest to anyone attempting to manage health and safety risks. The author examines the legal questions involved in occupational health and safety and identifies the key elements of compliance. He also attempts to provide a general list of operational areas which typically produce occupational hazards along with the administrative controls needed to control each of these sources. Other topics discussed are remedial measures to employ if an exposure incident occurs, hazard communication, and the intricacies of worker compensation. The volume closes with an examination of catastrophic hazards and risk management. Appendices of federal occupational health and safety statutes and sources of consensual industry standards should be very useful to managers of workplace derived risks. Management Initiatives to Waste Management Decisions and Environmental Compliance in Oak Ridge, Tennessee Jones, C.G. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN) Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000 Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC Report No.: CONF-880903-15 1988 3p Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding Journal Announcement: GRAI8905; NSA1300 Spectrum '88: International Topical Meeting on Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Management, Pasco, WA, USA, 11 Sep 1988. Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production. NTIS Prices: PC A02 Country of Publication: United States Contract No.: AC05-840R21400 Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. (MMES) has been the operating contractor for the nuclear production and research facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Paducah, Kentucky for 154 ------- about four and one-half years. Environmental compliance, regulatory interaction, and public confidence have been very significant issues during this time. This presentation will review the environmental situation in Oak Ridge in 1984 and will discuss management initiatives and experience in the development and implementation of effective environmental and waste management and health and safety programs committed to the protection of the environment, our workers and the public with an overall goal of full compliance with all current and anticipated regulations. (ERA citation 13:048232) DE88011410/XAB Option Analysis: Making Better Decisions Faster Van Landeghem, Rik R.G. European Jrnl of Operational Research (Netherlands) Vol. 38 No.3 P318-328 Feb 15, 1989 Environmental turbulence can put pressure on small companies. The managers of these companies typically react by responding quickly, often basing their decisions on incomplete vital considerations. In certain large corporations, decision making involves numerous levels of hierarchy. With each step, some of the original information is altered, deformed, misinterpreted, and delayed. Consequently, because the environment changes rapidly, the decision may not fit the situation when it is implemented. Decision analysis involves a lengthy process. The option analysis method, a subset of decision analysis provides a method of handling smaller problems and responding more quickly. Option analysis consists of the following steps: 1. structuring the problem, 2. modeling the problem, 3. performing sensitivity analysis, 4. interpreting the sensitivity results, 5. conducting risk analysis, and 6. making decisions. The different representation methods make a multidisciplinary approach practical. (Tables, Graphs, Equations, Diagrams, References, Appendix) ABI/INFORM Pharmacy Implications of the Revised OSHA Hazard Communication Standard Myers, C.E. Professional Practice Division, American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD 20814 Am J Hosp Pharm; Vol 46, Iss 5, 1989, P990-1 LA: English CD: 310 ISSN: 0002-9289 Provisions of the recently revised federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard that are important to pharmacy practice in organized health-care 155 ------- settings are described. OSHA announced on February 15, 1989, that the revision of August 24, 1987, was effective immediately; the provisions apparently pre-empt individual states' hazardous- substances regulations. According to the standard, manufacturers must determine whether chemicals they produce are hazardous; a pharmacy compounding drug mixtures may be a manufacturer. Chemicals determined by the manufacturers to be labeled hazards must be labeled as hazards; for drugs that are already labeled according to FDA requirements, such labeling is not needed. The rule exempts drugs in a retail establishment that are packaged for sale to consumers, but it does not address workers' use of such non-prescription products in patient care. Tablets are exempt. Employers must maintain a written hazard communication program. Manufacturers and distributors are required to provide material safety data sheets on all hazardous chemicals, and employers must keep copies of these data sheets available. Documents to assist employers in complying with the regulations are available from OSHA. Judicial challenges to the regulation continue. ASHP is monitoring developments and applications to assist pharmacy departments in interpreting and complying with the regulations. Keywords: TOXBIB; Hazardous Substances*; Occupational Diseases CHEMICALLY INDUCED/*PREVENTION & CONTROL; Pharmacy Service; Hospital *LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE; Risk Management; Safety; United States; United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration NLM/TOXLINE Pollution Risks May Hamper Acquisitions Anonymous National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) Vol.93 No.15 P31,33 Apr 10, 1989 According to Jaswant Singh, senior vice-president and technical director of Clayton Environmental Consultants Inc., environmental impairment liabilities (EIL) have become significant considerations for risk managers analyzing potential mergers and acquisitions. Just a few years ago, most people associated EIL with chemical companies, steel mills and other manufacturing operations. Today, financial institutions, real estate developers, and service organizations understand that they face significant environmental liabilities, since nearly every business can have asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, or underground storage tanks. Companies also are aware that they can inherit contaminated property through a property merger or acquisition. The liabilities can be high, and EIL insurance coverage is in short supply. When assessing a merger or takeover candidate's potential liabilities, several specific issues can be addressed by the risk manager. (Charts) ABI/INFORM 156 ------- Risk Managers and EIL: Chaos Reigns Dybdahl, David J. National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) Vol. 93 No.15 P16-17, 34 Apr 10, 1989 Because of the elements of uncertainty affecting risk management decisions, it is very difficult to develop a comprehensive, long- term solution to the problems of managing this exposure. With chaos effectively controlling the environmental liability marketplace, long-term risk management strategies can become obsolete very quickly. Risk managers must evaluate a set of possible alternatives, implement the best available risk management strategy, and continue to monitor the marketplace for better solutions in the future. Two industry segments - gasoline station operators and contractors conducting hazardous waste cleanup businesses - will be adversely affected by the limited availability of environmental impairment liability (EIL) insurance. The continued availability of EIL insurance will be dependent on close adherence to strict underwriting, adequate pricing, and demand for the product. (Tables) ABI/INFORM Risk Managers Seek Pollution Advice Hofmann, Mark Business Insurance Vol. 23 No.11 P3,27-31 Mar 13, 1989 Increasingly, risk managers are turning to consultants for advice on dealing with potential environmental liabilities. Risk managers are seeking consultants' expertise in shielding their companies from increasing workers compensation liabilities associated with emerging occupational ailments such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Consultants are helping to develop self- insurance programs, particularly for workers compensation. In anticipation of the next hard market, risk managers want consultants' advice in setting up alternative risk financing vehicles, strengthening loss control programs, and finding a new broker or improved coverage terms and conditions. Consultants say that risk managers need to intensify their efforts to meet the challenges of state and federal environmental regulations or face the possibility of exposing their companies to seemingly endless civil liabilities or even criminal sanctions. The consultants also warn risk managers against succumbing to the soft market's immediate gratifications. (Charts) ABI/INFORM 157 ------- Workshop Proceedings: Toxic Sediments-Approaches to Management, June 15-17, 1988 Barrick, R.C.; Ginn, T.; Hogue, C.; Booth, P.; Jacobs, L. American Management Systems, Inc., Arlington, VA PTI Environmental Services, Bellevue, WA Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Policy Analysis Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1989 NTIS/PB89-148316, 176p NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01 Contract EPA-68-01-7489 The focus of this EPA-sponsored workshop was to develop a framework for evaluating various management strategies aimed at reducing the risks posed by toxic materials in marine/estuarine riverine sediments. Areas specifically addressed included: (1) setting appropriate management priorities; (2) selecting best available management alternatives; and (3) implementing the chosen alternative. Participants were directed to better define the problem, refine questions that decision-makers should ask, and offer recommendations for improving the process. A series of case studies was presented that described the nature and extent of sediment problems and possible management solutions. Participants were divided into 3 workgroups (priority setting, option selection, option implementation) to develop the management framework. Results of the workgroup discussions were presented in a plenary session. Appendices include: participants, case study summaries, and overviews of relevant laws/regulations, and overviews of a related workshop on contaminated sediments. Keywords: Water Pollution Abatement; Sediments; Hazardous Materials; Management Methods; Toxicity; Meetings; Design Criteria; Decision Making NLM/TOXLINE 158 ------- RISK COMMUNICATION . . . THE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING AN AUDIENCE TO MAKE BETTER PERSONAL AND SOCIETAL DECISIONS REGARDING RISK INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER CE Roundtable: The $150 Billion Question Anonymous Chief Executive n52 PP: 58-74 Jul/Aug 1989 ISSN: 0160-4724 Jrnl Code: CHE Doc Type: Journal Paper Language: English Length: 12 pages More stringent demands are being put on business and industry for environmental management. In a recent roundtable discussion, concerned chief executive officers (CEO) gathered with liability expert Peter Huber, the Environmental Protection Agency's Jonathan Cannon, and Ashland Oil's John Hall - a veteran of an oil spill crisis - to assess the nature of the financial and personal liabilities that companies and CEOs face and what might be done to minimize risk. George Pilko, environmental consultant, listed 3 steps to take in limiting liability: 1. Develop a proactive environmental policy and communicate it to everyone in the organization. 2. Periodically conduct risk assessments of facilities. 3. Identify problems, prioritize them, and figure out what to do about those problems before they turn into disasters. Cannon noted that the Superfund law makes virtually everyone connected with a hazardous waste site liable for cleanup costs. Jack B. Critchfield of Florida Progress Corp. said that there is a major educational problem in the US. The top priority is to determine why the environment is being ruined; then, individuals must realize what role they must play in cleaning it up. Tables. Descriptors: Industrial Wastes; Liability; Waste Disposal; Pollution Control; Oil Companies; Federal Legislation; Planning Classification Codes: 1540 (CN=Pollution Control); 4320 (CN=Legislation); 2310 (CN=Planning) 159 ------- Conventional Wisdom on Risk Communication and Evidence From a Field Experiment Johnson, F. Reed; Fisher, Ann Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!41, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article A recent comprehensive review of the literature identified a number of facts and principles governing risk communication. This paper evaluates several of these propositions using recent evidence from a field experiment in communicating the risks from radon in homes. At this point in the research, data relates primarily to the response of risk perceptions to different information treatments and different personal characteristics. The effect of various causal factors is sensitive to the particular test of risk perception applied. No information treatment was clearly superior for all tasks. An important implication of these findings is that risk communicators must determine what specific task or tasks the information program should enable people to do. Keywords: Risk Communication; Risk Perception; Radon Effective Risk Communication: The Role and Responsibility of Government and Nongovernment Organizations Edited by Vincent T. Covello, Columbia University; David B. McCallum, Georgetown University Medical Center; and, Maria Pavlova, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, New York, N.Y. 0-306-43075-4/365 pp. + index/ill. 1989/$85.00 ($102.00 outside U.S. & Canada) Here, government policymakers, program administrators, public health professionals, and experts in risk communication explore existing federal risk communication activities, identify gaps in research and practice that need to be addressed, and develop effective strategies for interprogram and interagency cooperation in risk communication activities. Appendixes include an inventory of government risk communication programs; a risk communication manual for government on improving dialogue with communities; and a manual for plant managers on risk communication, risk statistics, and risk comparisons. 160 ------- Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know: An Implementer's Guide to SARA Title III Musselman, Victoria Cooper '89 xvi+204p, bibl il tables charts index Order Info: Van Nostrand (LC 88-13495) (ISBN 0-442-20555-4) $24.95 Language: Engl Doc Type: M Requirements and scientific, social, and political aspects of the free-standing Title III of the Superfund Amendments Reauthorization Act. Partial contents: assessing and communicating environmental risk; other laws and regulations related to environmental control; emergency response preparedness; resources for implementation. Descriptors: *Hazardous Materials—Legislation; *Disasters— Emergency Preparedness; *Chemical Industries—Safety Measures; *Freedom of Information; *United States PAIS INTERNATIONAL How Duke Automates Chemical Compliance Anonymous Electrical World v203n2 PP: 31-32 Feb 1989 The Occupational Safety & Health Administration's (OSHA) June 24, 1988, expansion of its old long-time hazardous communications standard to nonmanufacturers is of special interest to electric utilities. This much-protested expansion imposes the same hazardous communications standard requirements on electrical utilities and other nonmanufacturers that apply to manufacturers. This includes hazard identification, maintenance of the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), labeling, development of written hazard communications programs, and employee training. Compliance at Ohio's Duke Power Co. requires automation. The company uses or stores 10,000 substances having up to 20 constituents, and these data cannot be manually manipulated. Duke's solution was the development of an IBM Corp. mainframe program called Chemical Data Management (ChlMS). Graphs. ABI/INFORM Institutional Barriers to Risk Communication Hadden, Susan G. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p301, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article 161 ------- Opening Doors: Making Risk Communication Agency Reality Chess, Caron; Hance, Billie Jo Environment v31 plO(8) June, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: ENVTA Descriptors: Hazardous Substances—Risk Assessment; Environmental Policy—Management; Risk Management—Government Policy; Administrative Agencies—Management MAGAZINE INDEX Risk Communication: Paradigm and Paradox Otway, Harry; Wynne, Brian Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!41, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article Risk Communication and Social Choices: The Discussion Heats Up Gumming, Robert B. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p267, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Monograph United States Emergency Response Capabilities For Hazardous Materials Incidents in U.S. and Nearby Coastal Zones Bertram, Kenneth M. and Danilo J. Santini table map From: Ocean Yearbook 7 Language: Engl Doc Type: A p 159-76 '88 Procedures utilized in the aftermath of accidents involving hazardous substances. Chapter of the book, "Ocean Yearbook 7." "88 xi+621p $59—Univ Chicago Pr. Descriptors: *Hazardous Materials—Transportation—Emergency Preparedness; *Emergency Communication Systems; *Shore Protection; *United States—Coast Guard PAIS INTERNATIONAL 162 ------- INFORMING THE PUBLIC A Citizen's Right To Know: Risk Communication and Public Policy Hadden, Susan G. '89 xvi+239p, il tables charts index Order Info: Westview (LC 89-5801) (ISBN 0-8133-0913-1) $27.95 Language: Engl Doc Type: M Problems arising from ambiguity of 1986 US legislation requiring disclosure of information about hazardous materials. Includes a section on implementing "right to know" in New Jersey and Texas. Descriptors: *Freedom of Information—Legislation; *Hazardous Materials—Information Sources; *Chemical Industries—Safety Measures; *Industrial Toxicology; *Local Government—Decision- Making; *New Jersey; *Texas; *Citizen Participation PAIS INTERNATIONAL Chemical Risk Communication: Preparing for Community Interest in Chemical Release Data American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 28 p.: 23 cm; 1989 Chemical industry—Environmental aspects; Hazardous substances—Law and legislation—United States; Risk Communication; Chemicals—United States—Safety Measures Communicating Environmental Health Risks Boyle, Michael and David Holtgrave Environmental Science & Technology, v. 23, no. 11, November 1989: 1335-1337. Communicating Risk Under Title III of SARA Strategies for Explaining Very Small Risks in a Community Context Fisher, A.; McClelland, G.H.; Schulze, W.D. JAPCA; 39(3), 1989, 271-76 Language: Eng CD: JIJME Biosis Copyright: Bio Abs. RRM Environmental Pollution Superfund Amendments and Reauthorizaion Act Community Emergency Planning Keywords: General Biology-Institutions, Administration and Legislation; Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology; Public Health: Environmental Health-Air, Water and Soil Pollution NLM/TOXLINE 163 ------- Communicating Technological Risk: The Social Construction of Risk Perception Nelkin, D. Program on Science, Technology and Society, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501 Annu Rev Public Health; Vol 10, 1989, p95-113 (REF: 68) Language: Eng CD: ABA ISSN: 0163-7525 Keywords: TOXBIB; Communication*; Hazardous Substances *ADVERSE EFFECTS; Human; Mass Media; Public Opinion; Review; Review, Tutorial Risk Factors; Social Responsibility; Technology* NLM/TOXLINE Dangers in the Vegetable Patch Begley, Sharon; Hager, Mary Newsweek, Jan 30, 89, P74(2) News Article The National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) has prepared a soon-to-be-released study which concludes that children are at significant risk from pesticide residues on vegetables they consume. Children's developing immune, nervous, and digestive systems leave them more vulnerable to toxins than adults, a problem which is compounded by children's quirky eating habits. A grass-roots movement against the extensive use of pesticides on produce has been gaining visibility, partly thanks to celebrity members. Pesticide consumption can be reduced in some cases by washing and peeling produce. (4 Photos) Enviroline Number: 89-001635 Education of the Public About Potential Health and Environment Effects Associated with Hazardous Substances Pavlova, Maria (EPA, NY) Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987, V5, P309(8) Conf Paper A program is proposed for educating the public about the potential health and environmental effects associated with local hazardous substances waste. The program is comprised of educating the public about the meaning of risk assessment and how it is carried out. The basis of the program is to educate and inform citizens about environmental hazards. In this way, they will be able to play active roles in the local decision-making process. (3 Diagrams) Enviroline Number: 89-002901 164 ------- Handbook of Chemical Risk Communication Andrews, Julia Environment v31 p23(2) April, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: ENVTA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986—books Descriptors: American Chemical Society—manuals; Hazardous Wastes—Law and Legislation; Risk Assessment—Manuals MAGAZINE INDEX Hazard Maps in the Classroom Cross, John A. (Univ of Wisconsin, Oshkosh) J Geography, Nov-Dec 88, V87, N6, P202(10) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article Hazard maps should be used in the classroom as early as possible, and can help increase hazard awareness in schoolchildren and college students. As teaching tools, hazard maps can help disseminate information and teach how to examine maps carefully. Sample flood, landslide, earthquake, and volcanic hazard maps are considered. Geography instructors can incorporate hazard maps available from a variety of sources into teaching at all levels. (6 Diagrams, 14 References, 1 Table) Enviroline Number: *89-001784 Keeping Tabs on Toxics; Right To Know Laws Show Mixed Results in Curbing Pollution (environment) Parsons, Sara Jane Utne Reader pll(2) July-August, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 illustration; photograph Descriptors: Hazardous Substances—Information Services; Industrial Toxicology—Information Services; Right To Know (Hazardous Substances)—Analysis MAGAZINE INDEX 165 ------- Network Television News Coverage of Environmental Risks Greenberg, Michael R.; Sandman, Peter M.; Sachsman, David B.; Salomone, Kandice L. (Rutgers Univ) Environment, Mar 89, V31, N2, P16(10) The original document is available from Bowker Journal Article To advance research into US tv coverage of environmental risk, an analysis was made of all such coverage by the network nightly news broadcasts, for a period of more than two years. Quantitative information from the 564 stories covered during January 1984-february 1986 was balanced by a more qualitative analysis of tv coverage of two case studies: dioxin contamination in times beach, mo, and the suspected methyl isocyanate emissions from the Union Carbide plant in Institute, WV. The coverage of risks and expert sources used in the news stories are surveyed. The networks should look for at least three different source perspectives for every environmental risk story, seek out expert and advocacy group sources, and make conscious efforts to present more environmental risk information in their coverage. (19 References, 5 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003463 Nevada's Predicament: Public Perceptions of Risk from the Proposed Nuclear Waste Repository Kunreuther, Howard; Desvousges, William H.; Slovic, paul (Univ of Pennsylvania) Environment, Oct 88, V30, N8, P16(9) The original document is available from Bowker Research Article Two telephone surveys were conducted, one of Nevada residents and one of US households outside the state, in order to study the public's perceptions of risk associated with the location of a nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, NV. Respondents were asked whether a repository is the best way to store high-level nuclear wastes permanently, whether economic growth would be stimulated in nearby communities, whether such growth would outweigh risks, and other questions. Nevada residents were also asked if they thought Nevada was the safest U.S. site for a repository and if it was the best place because the nuclear weapons test site was already there. When asked to choose among Yucca Mountain, Deaf Smith Co., TX, and Hanford as sites, a majority (44% of the Nevada survey and 47% of the national survey) chose "none of the above." Only 10% of Nevada residents and 15% of those outside Nevada who considered the risk to be high said they would accept the repository in return for compensation. (1 Diagram, 5 Graphs, 1 Photo, 16 References) Enviroline Number: *89-001395 166 ------- Providing Citizens with Information About Health Effects of Hazardous Chemicals Hadden, S.G. Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas, Austin 78713 J Occup MEd; Vol 31, ISS 6, 1989, p528-34 Language: Eng CD: JFR ISSN: 0096-1736 Passage of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, also known as Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Title III has extended the need for conveying information about the health effects of chemicals from the workplace to the community generally. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) constitute the primary source of health effects information under Title III although they were originally intended for workers. MSDSs are both too technical for many citizens and fail to address citizen concerns and questions. An alternative format is proposed that meets the criticisms of MSDSs. The alternative format may also be appropriate as supplementary information for workers, although it would not fulfill the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Hazard Communication Standard. Keywords: TOXBIB; Environmental Exposure; Hazardous Substances*; Health Education LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level; Public Policy* United States NLM/TOXLINE Public Concern About Industrial Hazards Stallen, Pieter J. (Inst Milieu Systeemanalyse, Netherlands) and; Tomas, Arend (Philips BV, Netherlands) Risk Analysis, 1988, V8, N2, P237(9) Journal Article A noncognitive perspective is adopted for the understanding of people's anxiety or feelings of security about living near hazardous industrial facilities. Empirical investigations among residents of a heavily industrialized area of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, indicate that at least four qualitatively different response patterns exist: the secure, the accepting, the defensive, and the vigilant response. Manifest anxiety increases in this order; the increase is a function of the assessment of the threat, of the opportunities for personal control, and of hope to bring about a better environment by individual actions. (2 Diagrams, 7 References, 6 Tables) Enviroline Number: 89-001318 167 ------- Public Perceptions of the Risks and Benefits of Technology Gardner, Gerald T.; Gould, Leroy C. Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p225, ISSN 0272-4332 Journal Code: RIA Language: English Document Type: Journal Article This study attempted to verify and extend previous research on people1 perceptions of the risks and benefits of technology and their judgements concerning the acceptability of technology safety regulations. The study addressed several limitations of prior work, in that: (1) it was the first "expressed-preference" study to collect data from large, representative samples of Americans; (2) the research design made "person," rather than "technology," the unit of statistical analysis; and (3) the study employed an expanded set of independent variables, including three qualitative benefit characteristics. The results confirmed several major conclusions of prior expressed-preference research, the most important being that members of the public tend to define "risks," "benefits," and "acceptability" in a complex, multidimensional manner; and that their definitions differ signficantly from those used by professional risk-managers and other technical experts in quantitative assessments of risk and acceptability. The results also indicated that people's stances toward technology regulation tend to cut across traditional sociodemographic lines. Keywords: Technological Risks and Benefits; Public Perceptions; Public Attitudes; Public Values Risk Analysis: A Need to Communicate Renn, Ortwin Forum Applied Research and Public Policy 4:86-92 Summer '89 Language: Engl Doc Type: P Findings from a project to convey scientific information to non- expert citizens; impact of the program on respondents' attitudes toward energy options; West Germany. Descriptors: *Scientific Information; *Communication in Science; *Power resources—Environmental Aspects; *Germany, West PAIS INTERNATIONAL Risk Assessment and Community Right-To-Know: SARA Title III Butala, J.H. American Chemical Society, 196th National Meeting 8830129 Los Angeles, CA (USA) 25-30 Sep 1988 American Chemical Society (ACS) ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $38.00 + Postage Charge Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX 168 ------- INFORMING THE WORKER Decontamination of Agent Orange Tanks Nickens, Dan A.; Fullerton, Tod H. (Earth Resources Corp., FL) EPA/Et Al Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials 5th Natl Conf, Las Vegas, Apr 19-21, 88, P57(5) Conf Paper Twenty tanks utilized for the aerial spraying of agent orange and stored at a military installation since the Vietnam war were subjected to decontamination operations. All but two of the tanks were found to be contaminated with moderate to high levels of herbicide. The intensive health and safety controls implemented during the project are delineated; these include safety training, hazard analysis, protective clothing, personnel contamination, and air monitoring. Tank clothing, personnel decontamination activities were conducted under the protection of additional engineering controls. (2 Diagrams) Enviroline Number: 89-001654 Frequency of Worksite Health Promotion Activities Fielding, J.E.; Piserchia, P.V. Johnson & Johnson Health Management, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90404 Am J Public Health (United States) Jan 1989, 79 (1) p!6-20, ISSN: 0090-0036 Journal Code: 3XW Languages: English The first National Survey of Worksite Health Promotion Activities surveyed a random sample of all private sector worksites with 50 or more employees, stratified by number of employers, geographic location, and type of industry. The 1,358 completed interviews constituted a response rate of 83.1 per cent. Of responding worksites 65.5 per cent had on or more areas of health promotion activity with slightly more than 50 per cent of activities initiated within the previous five years. Overall prevalence by type of activity included health risk assessment (29.5 per cent), smoking cesation (35.6 per cent), blood pressure control and treatment (16.5 per cent), exercise/fitness (22.1 per cent), weight control (14.7 per cent), nutrition education (16.8 per cent), stress management (26.6 per cent), back problem prevention and care (28.5 per cent), and off-the-job accident prevention (19.8 per cent). Mean number of activities across all worksites was 2.1 and for worksites with activities, 3.2. Activity frequency increased with worksite size, was highest in the western region (2.34) and lowest in the northeast (1.96), and varied considerably by industry type. The majority of worksites paid the entire cost of these activities. MEDLINE 169 ------- Hazard Communications—Impact on Mining Reis, J.F. Health, Safety and Environ. Aff., Spec. Prod. Group, Manville Corp., Denver, CO, USA Mining Convention '88 8830009 Denver, CO (USA) 25-28 Sep 1988 American Mining Congress American Mining Congress, 1920 N Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036 (USA). Telephone: 202 861 2800 Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX Landfill Gas Control at a Superfund Site: Worker Health and Safety and Other Considerations Stamm, James W.; Gillespie, Dennis P.; Walsh, James J.; Wey, Thomas J. (SCS Engineers, KY) EPA/Et Al Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials 5th Natl Conf, Las Vegas, Apr 19-21, 88, P469(4) Conf Paper A landfill gas (LFG) extraction control system was installed at an EPA superfund site in Uniontown, OH. Significant LFG migration towards nearby residences was discovered in 1982. Under the umbrella of superfund, otherwise routine LFG construction activities were somewhat complicated by extensive worker health and safety precautions. Workers wore full protective suits and self-contained breathing equipment for respiration during all trenching and pipe laying activities. A control system, ground flare, and other engineering safeguards were used to ensure system operation. Air monitoring and risk assessment studies were also performed to ensure worker safety. (1 Diagram, 2 Maps, 1 Reference) Enviroline Number: 89-002024 Organized Nursing Responds to Hazard Communication Standard Joel, L.A.; Searle, L. NEHW Health Watch (United States) Fall 1988, 9 (3) p5-6, 8, ISSN: 8756-0356 Journal Code: FZ3 Languages: English MEDLINE 170 ------- OSHA Standards Eliminate Some Supermarket Hazards Anonymous Chain Store Age Executive v65nl PP: 151-52 Jan 1989 The Sparkle Program was started by supermarket operator A&P to educate and inform employees who, as part of their everyday job, come into contact with hazardous chemicals. The program has been in existence for 2 years, but it has become increasingly important now and serves as a model for other supermarket retailers who have been forced to offer similar programs. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) August 1988 extension to the May 1986 Hazard Communication Standard required manufacturers, distributors, and importers of hazardous chemicals to train and educate employees. The extension includes all users of hazardous chemicals, including supermarkets. OSHA requires retailers to develop a comprehensive written program similar to A&P Sparkle Program. Michel Rourke, director of public affairs for A&P, explains that the program consists of a manual that teaches employees how to handle chemicals and the precautions to take when cleaning. There is also a training program. While many supermarkets are implementing similar programs, others have not yet complied. ABI/INFORM Right To Safety (Hazardous Materials - Right-To-Know Regulations) Lasley, Del American School & University, v61 p!2(3) August, 1989 Source File: MI File 47 Coden: ASUNB Descriptors: United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration—Standards; Industrial Safety—Standards; Right To Know (Hazardous Substances)—Law and Legislation Hazard Communication Standard—Analysis; Safety Education; Industrial— Planning; Hazardous Substances—Labeling MAGAZINE INDEX Right-to-Know Laws: Employer Responsibilities for Worker Safety Kidd, Yvonne Inform v3n3 PP: 7-8 Mar 1989 Microfilm service bureaus, dealerships, or other companies that are not already training workers in the proper use of chemicals in the workplace could be vulnerable to employee lawsuits. The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) has begun enforcing "hazard communication" standards for all nonmanufacturers. OSHA's standard is both a generic standard that covers all chemicals in the workplace and a "performance- oriented" regulation, which means that OSHA has established performance goals that employers must meet. The standard does 171 ------- not apply in states that have OSHA-approved plans in place. Under the federal program, employers must: 1. inventory all chemicals used in the workplace, 2. obtain material safety and data sheets from all manufacturers or supplier, 3. develop a system to ensure chemicals are properly labeled, 4. train employees to recognize warnings, to handle chemicals properly, and to be able to protect themselves in case of exposure, and 5. develop a written hazard communication program. Equations. Charts. References. ABI/INFORM Risk Assessment and Hazard Evaluation: Hazard Communication and Worker Health and Safety Markie, D.C. American Chemical Society, 196th National Meeting 8830129 Los Angeles, CA (USA) 25-30 Sep 1988 American Chemical Society (ACS) ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036 (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $38.00 + Postage Charge Languages: English CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX The Right To Know Mele, Jim Fleet Owner (Big Fleet Edition) v84n3 PP: 32-36 Mar 1989 In its Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires a continuing commitment from fleets to keep shop workers informed about potentially dangerous chemicals. Some fleets may be risking as much as $10,000 in fines for not having developed formal hazard- communication programs for workers in their shops and terminals. Reading the standard is the first step in setting up a fleet hazard-communication program. The rule requires communication and training programs for those workers exposed to hazardous chemicals under normal operating conditions or in foreseeable emergencies. The next step is to make a list of all the hazardous chemicals used or stored in the shop's different areas. A copy of each shop's inventory has to be filed with separate material-safety datasheets for each product on the list. After the chemical inventory is completed, HCS requires that fleets have a formal written description of their hazard communication programs. Tables. Graphs. Equations. Charts. References. ABI/INFORM 172 ------- TITLE INDEX 173 ------- Advantages of a Standard 1,1,1-Trichloroethane: Medium- Term Toxicity to Carp, Daphnids, and Higher Plants 67 3rd FECS Conference on Risk Assessment of Chemical in Environment 95 A Citizen's Right To Know: Risk Communication and Public Policy 163 A Million Years in the Life of a Waste Site 89 A Report on Household Hazardous Waste Management , 134 A Retrospective Look at the Carcinogenic Potency of Vinyl Chloride 82 A Risk Assessment for Selected Lead-Induced Health Effects: An Example of a General Methodology 7 A Stochastic Two-Stage Model for Cancer Risk Assessment. I. The Hazard Function and the Probability of Tumor 33 A Toxic Ghost Town: Ten Years Later, Scientists are Still Assessing the Damage from Love Canal 83 Acceptable Risk Acetaminophen Toxicity 69 Acid Air and Aerobiology Related to the Maturing Human Lung 21 Acrylonitrile as a Carcinogen: Research Needs For Better Risk Assessment 69 Advantages of a Standard Method for Research on Reproductive Effects of Occupation , 59 Aerosol Deposition in Human Upper Airways: Final Technical Report 22 Air Pollution: Assessing Total Exposure in the United States 59 Air Quality Protection Program at the Savannah River Plant Huang 142 An Air Emission Risk Assessment For Benzo(a)pyrene and Arsenic from the Mt. Tom Power Plant .... 72 An Approach to Occupational Health Risk Management for a Diversified International Corporation 150 Analysis of DNA Damage and Mutations Induced by Radon Daughter Products: Progress Report 50 Analysis of Health Effects Caused By Multiple Insults 7 Animal Population Dynamics: Identification of Critical Components 8 Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future 96 174 ------- Are There Thresholds for Carcinogenesis? The Thorny Problem of Low-Level Exposure 33 Asbestos Review and Update - Supplement to Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases: Medical, Legal, and Engineering Aspects 131 Assessing Carbon Emission Control Strategies: The Case of China 122 Assessing the Extent of Human Exposure to Organics , 60 Assessment of Exposure and Susceptibility to Aromatic Amine Carcinogens .... 34 Attacking Tort Liability Through an Improved Risk Management Process: A State Perspective 127 Balancing Risk and Return in Environmental Contracting 134 Bhopal: A Tragedy in Waiting 151 Bioaccumulation of HG in the Mushroom Pleurotus Ostreatus 97 Bioavailability as a Factor in Human Health Risk Assessment of a Newark, NJ, TCDD Contamination Site 22 Biological-Chemical Characterization of Effluents for the Evaluation of the Potential Impact on the Aquatic Environment .. 97 Biologically-Based Methods for Cancer Risk Assessment Biomarkers: New Tools for Studying Environmental Exposures 34 60 California's Proposition 65: Risk Assessment, Carcinogens, and Reproductive Hazards 110 Cancer Mortality in U.S. Counties with Hazardous Waste Sites and Ground Water Pollution 83 Cancer Risk Assessment: Pharmacokinetics Mechanistic Considerations 35 Cancer Risk Evaluation in an Area with a High Density of Chemical Plants: An Interdisciplinary Approach 35 Cancer Risk for Radon Exposure in a Polluted Environment: Progress Report, March 1, 1988- February 28, 1989 78 Cancer-Causing Substances in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics: The De Minimis Rule Versus the Delaney Clause 110 Capabilities, Programs, and Economic Benefits 145 Carcinogen Risk Assessment (book reviews) 36 Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene, Methyl Benzene, and Dimethyl Benzenes ...... 70 175 ------- Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Potential of Several Fluorocarbons 51 Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity of the Herbicide 2,4,5- Trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) Contaminated with Dioxin 51 Cartographically Based Risk Assessment of the Impacts of Contaminated Sediments on the Natural Resources of the Mobile Bay Estuary, Alabama 83 CE Roundtable: The $150 Billion Question 159 Cell Proliferation Kinetics and Multistage Cancer Risk Models 36 Characterization of the Ah Receptor 68 CHAWS (Chemical Hazard Warning System) User's Guide: System Description and Standard Operating Procedures, Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground 112 CHAWS (Chemical Hazard Warning System) User's Guide: System Description and Standard Operating Procedures, Tooele Army Depot, South .... 113 Chemical Hazard Information Profile of Triphenyl Phosphite 82 Chemical Risk Communication: Preparing for Community Interest in Chemical Release Data 163 Cigarette Smoking and Exposure to Passive Smoke are Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer 37 Combining Facts and Values in Environmental Impact Assessment: Theories and Techniques 145 Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Data: The Use of Subjective Judgement Modeling 8 Comments on Permitting of Resource Recovery Facilities 122 Communicating Environmental Health Risks 163 Communicating Risk Under Title III of SARA Strategies for Explaining Very Small Risks in a Community Context 163 Communicating Technological Risk: The Social Construction of Risk Perception ............. 164 Comparative Analysis of Lead in Maine Urban Soils ... 75 Comparative Health Risk Assessment of Energy- Recovery and Landfill Facilities , 23 Chernobyl: The Aftermath .., 37 Comparing Risks and Setting Environmental Priorities: Overview of Three Regional Projects 98 Comparison of an Index Function and a Vectorial Approach Method for Ranking Waste Disposal Sites 9 176 ------- Comparisons of Various Filtration Media 10 Computer Assisted Risk Assessment (CARA) .... 1 Computer Prediction of Receptors Contaminant Concentrations for Environmental Risk Assessment of Omni-Vest Landfill 11 Confronting Uncertainty in Risk Management: A Guide for Decision-Makers 151 Consequences of the Reactor Accident in Chernobyl in the Federal Republic of Germany: Environmental Contamination, Radiation Protection Measures, Radiation Risk Assessment 90 Consideration of a Degradation Factor for Organic Contaminants in Risk Assessments 11 Control of Exposure to Chemicals: Scientific Basis and Social Compromise 61 Conventional Wisdom on Risk Communication and Evidence From a Field Experiment 160 Cost-Effective Biological Monitoring Program for Environmental Risk Assessment 146 Cross Fertilization of Formal Risk Analysis with Industrial Hygiene Field Surveys 11 Current Perspectives on Gasoline (Light Hydrocarbon)-Induced Male Rat Nephropathy 61 Dangers in the Vegetable Patch , 164 De Minimis Risk Ill Decision-Making, Time Horizons, and Risk in the Very Long-Term Perspective 119 Decontamination of Agent Orange Tanks 169 Detection of 6-Thioguanine Resistance in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes (PEL) of Industrial Workers and Lung Cancer Patients 38 Determination of Atmospheric Dilution for Emergency Preparedness: A Joint EPA-DOE (Environmental Protection Agency-Department of Energy) Technical Workshop Held on October 15-17, 1988 12 Determining Regional Conditions: A Second Step in Regional Risk Assessment 1 Developing Risk Estimates for Toxic Air Pollutants Through Probabilistic Risk Assessment 12 Development of a Fish Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic Model for Use in Environmental Risk Assessment 13 177 ------- Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment: Structure- Activity Relationships for Osteolathyrism 13 Director Readiness for the Big Cleanup 152 Distress Signals 152 DNA Damage and Repair .. 52 Do Aflatoxin-DNA Adduct Measurements in Humans Provide Accurate Data for Cancer Risk Assessment? 38 Economics Clarifies Choices About Managing Risk 146 Doomed Canaries of Tadoussac Draft Criteria Document for 1,2, Dichloropropane . 98 67 Drinking Water Standards: NWF Find Breakdown in EPA Enforcement/EPA Answers NWF's Charges 120 Drinking Water Standards and Risk Assessment 23 Dynamics of Aquatic Ecosystems and Models under Toxicant Stress: State Space Analysis, Covariance Structure, and Ecological Risk 98 Ecological Risk Analysis in a Regulatory Environment 99 Ecological Risk Assessment Applied to Managing Toxics in an Urban Estuary 100 Ecological Risk Assessment for Toxic Waste Sites .... 99 Economics of PCB Solutions 146 Ecosystem Risk Assessment using Prediction of Alternate Condition Development 100 Education of the Public About Potential Health and Environment Effects Associated with Hazardous Substances 164 Effective Risk Communication: The Role and Responsibility of Government and Nongovernment Organizations 160 Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know: An Implementer's Guide to SARA Title III 161 Engineering Aspects for Risk Assessment of Large- scale Manufacturing Facilities 1 Environment: An Eye on Supplies (Clean Harbors Inc.; Use of Environmentally Safe Business Supplies) (Hands On) 134 Environmental Applications of Genetically Engineered Organisms 102 Environmental Assessments, Knowledge of Statutes Reduce Risk of Liability in Property Acquisitions .. 147 178 ------- Environmental Biotechnology: Reducing Risks from Environmental Chemicals through Biotechnology 135 Environmental Carcinogens: Using Pesticides and Nitrosamines as Paradigms 62 Environmental Considerations in Loan Documentation 127 Environmental Hazard Assessment of Chemical Paint Strippers 100 Environmental Impact of Used Motor Oil 101 Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Stiegler's Gorge Hydropower Project, Tanzania 101 Environmental Implications of Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste and Ash Disposal 84 Environmental Issues/ Radon , 24 Environmental Liens and Title Insurance 127 Environmental Radiation Standards 143 Environmental Risk Assessment 2 Environmental Risk Assessment Approach to Wildlife Research .... 13 Environmental Threats: Perception, Analysis and Management 145 Environmental Troubles Brew for Practitioners 153 EPA's Use of Benefit-Cost Analysis: 1981-1986 147 Epidemiology of Lung Cancer in Xuan Wei, China: Current Progress, Issues, and Research Strategies (Journal Version) 24 Estimating the Risk of Lung Cancer From Inhalation of Radon Daughters: Review and Evaluation 39 Estimating the Risks of Smoking, Air Pollution, and Passive Smoke on Acute Respiratory Conditions 62 Estimating Toxicity of Industrial Chemicals to Aquatic Organisms Using Structure Activity Relationships, Volume 1 Evaluation of Environmental Risk Assessment Methods Evaluation of Existing Total Human Exposure Models 14 14 63 Evaluation of Immunotoxic Effects of Pesticides in Risk Assessment Process and Health Advisory Program 25 Evaluation of the Administrative Utility of Information Generators in Managing Toxic Substances: The Case of the QSAR Information System 132 179 ------- Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of the Phenoxyherbicide MCPA to an Urodele Amphibian .... 39 Experience in Hungary on the radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident 90 Experimental and Human Surveillance on BHC and DDT Insecticides Commonly Used in India 72 Experimental Approaches to the Assessment of Genetic Risk: Mammalian Germline Mutagenesis and Related Studies 52 Expert System for Environmental Risk Assessment at 3M 2 Expert Systems to Assist in Evaluation of Measurement Data 14 Export of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Technology: Challenge for Internatiomal Environmental Law Ill Exporting Pollution: The International Waste Trade 135 Exposure to Agricultural Treatment Residues: Some Simple Statistical Considerations Based on Monitoring Data for Ethoxyquin on Apples 73 Factors that Influence Formation Lymphocytes Field Techniques for Evaluation of Dioxin Contamination in a Large Aquatic Ecosystem 102 Fiscal Year 1987 Program Report: Oklahoma Mater Resources Research Institute , Fish Population Models in Regulatory Risk Assessment 103 15 Food Chain Exposure Assessments: A Multi-Species Approach 104 Frequency of Worksite Health Promotion Activities , 169 Further Evidence of Benzene Carcinogenicity: Results in Wistar Rats and Swiss Mice Treated By Ingest ion 71 Fusing Dangerous Weapons Refuse into Glass Gasoline Toxicology: Implications For Human Health 136 63 Genotoxicity of Carcinogens in Human Hepatocytes: Application in Hazard Assessment 53 Genotoxicity of Organic Extracts from Atmospheric Particles 54 Global Risk Assessment: The Key Roles of the Biological and Social Sciences .... 2 52 180 ------- Guide to State Environmental Programs 113 Haemoglobin Binding in Control of Exposure to and Risk Assessment of Aromatic Amines 54 Handbook of Chemical Risk Communication 165 Harboring a Health Risk Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, Vol. 5 . 91 16 Hazard Communications—Impact on Mining 170 Hazard Communication Standard and Its Impact on Small Business Nonmanufacturers: Hearing, September 18, 1988 ... 128 Hazard Evaluation Division, Standard Evaluation Procedure: Guidance Document for Conducting Terrestrial Field Studies 6 Hazard Maps in the Classroom , 165 Hazard Ranking System Evaluation of CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response and Liability Act) Inactive Waste Sites at Hanford: Volume 3. Unplanned-Release Sites (HISS Data Base) 85 Hazardous Materials Disposal: Siting and Management 136 Hazardous Waste Management: A West German Approach 137 Hazards, Decontamination, and Replacement of PCB: A Comprehensive Guide .... 76 Hazards Management: A Complete Facilities Management Plan Must Address a Spectrum of Hazardous Materials .... 153 Health Effects (Environmental Radon) 25 Health Risk Assessment of Residents Living on Harbour Sludge 64 !88: Healthy Buildings Abstract Guide (Constructions Saines Guide des Resumes) .. , '88: . . 114 Homeowner Risk Assessment Using Inexpensive Indoor Radon Monitors 25 How Duke Automates Chemical Compliance 161 How It Might Be: Species 26 How One Manager Got a Handle on Hazardous Waste (Special Issue: Managing for the '90s) 137 How Real is the Risk from Technologically Enhanced Natural Radiation 92 How to be Quantitative About Radiation Risk Estimates: The Lauriston S. Taylor Lecture Series in Radiation Protection and Measurements, Lecture No. 11 91 How to Manage Workplace Derived Hazards and Avoid Liability 154 181 ------- How to Pick an Automated Risk Management System .... 120 Human Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls at Toxic Waste Sites: Investigations in the United States 78 Hydrologic-Hydrochemical Characterization of Texas Gulf Coast Saline Formations Used for Deep-Well Injection of Chemical Wastes ... 85 Identification of High Caries Risk Adults: Attitudes, Social Factors and Diseases 26 Identification of Immunotoxic Effects of Chemicals and Assessment of their Relevance to Man 27 Illness and Absenteeism Among California Highway Patrol Officers Responding to Hazardous Material Spills 86 Immunotoxicology and the Immune System 27 Indoor Air Pollution: Sources and Control 115 Indoor Radon and Lung Cancer 40 Information on Fisheries Risk Assessment and Mitigation in the Alaska Region .... 104 Institutional Barriers to Risk Communication 161 Integration of Activity Specific Chemical Accident and Local Demographic Data Bases into a Programmatic Risk Assessment for the Disposal of the Army's Chemical Stockpile Interpretation of Need in U.S. Ocean Incineration Policy 86 Interview with a Risk Expert Intolerable Risk: Pesticides in Our Children's Food; A Report 28 Introduction: Economic and Political Issues in Risk Analysis 147 Introduction to Risk Assessment: A Scientific Approach 3 Is the Planet Baking? .... 148 Keeping Tabs on Toxics; Right To Know Laws Show Mixed Results in Curbing Pollution 165 Landfill Gas Control at a Superfund Site: Worker Health and Safety and Other Considerations 170 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Decontamination and Waste Treatment Facility: Documentation of Impact Analysis for Design Alternatives Presented in the Draft Environmental Impact Statement 137 182 ------- Lead in the Environment: Coming to Grips with Multisource Risks and Multifactorial Endpoints Managerial Decision Analysis 121 75 Lining of Waste Containment and Other Impoundment Facilities 138 Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Acrylonitrile Administered by Inhalation and by Ingestion to Sprague- Dawley Rats 70 Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Three Chloro- fluorocarbons (Trichloro- fluoromethane, FC11; Dichlorodifluoromethane, FC12; Chlorodifluoromethane, FC22) Administered by Inhalation to Sprague-Dawley Rats and Swiss Mice .. 73 Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Trichloroethylene Administered by Inhalation to Sprague-Dawley Rats and Swiss and B6C3F1 Mice 81 Lung Cancer in Relation to Residence in Census Tracts With Toxic-Waste Disposal Sites: A Case-Control Study in Niagara County, New York 87 Lung Tumor Risk Assessment of Inhaled Nickel Compounds Based on Lung Dosimetry and on Extrapolation Modeling from Animals to Man .. 76 Management Initiatives to Waste Management Decisions and Environmental Compliance in Oak Ridge, Tennessee 154 Managing Environmental Risks , 123 Marine Ecological Risk Assessment of Butyltins in Sediments of Puget Sound 104 Model for Focusing Monitoring to Provide Supplementary Data for Risk Assessments 16 Modeling Health Risks Associated With Wastewater Reuse as Irrigant 28 Modeling Tools for Ecological Risk Assessment 105 Models and Assumptions Underlying Genetic Risk Assessment 55 Models for Aiding Hazardous Waste Facility Siting Decisions 87 Molecular Dosimetry as a Tool in Genetic Risk Assessment 56 Monitoring Program for Radionuclides in Marketplace Seafoods 92 Mortality Among Forest and Soil Conservationists .. Mortality of Workers at the Hanford Site: 1945-1981 'Mr. Clean1 Turns ' Garbage Man1 (William D. Ruckelshaus) 40 64 139 183 ------- Mutagenicity of Drinking Water and the Relation to Total Organic Halogen 56 Narrative Analysis for the Policy Analyst: A Case Study of the 1980-1982 Medfly Controversy in California 123 Nasal Tumours in Rats After Severe Injury to the Nasal Mucosa and Prolonged Exposure to 10 PPM Formaldehyde 65 National Strategy for Ecological Risk Assessment of Surface Water Ecosystems 105 Network Television News Coverage of Environmental Risks 166 Nevada's Predicament: Public Perceptions of Risk From the Proposed Nuclear Waste Repository 166 NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Welding, Brazing, and Thermal Cutting. Abridged Edition 29 Nuclear Waste: Repository Work Should Not Proceed Until Quality Assurance is Adequate 139 Occupational Cancer Metalworking and Transportation Equipment Industries 40 Occupational Mortality of California Women, 1979-1981 , 29 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Selected Chemicals 88 Of Mice and Men: The Effect of Science on Regulations Occupational Health Controversy: Pro & Con On Risk Management: For Those Who Would Pick the Roses 128 On the Relationship Between Carcinogenicity and Acute Toxicity 41 On-site Septic Systems; The Risk of Groundwater Contamination 105 One-Hit Models of Carcinogenesis: Conservative or Not? 42 Opening Doors: Making Risk Communication Agency Reality 162 Option Analysis: Making Better Decisions Faster 155 Organized Nursing Responds to Hazard Communication Standard 170 OSHA Standards Eliminate Some Supermarket Hazards .... 171 Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1987 to the DOE (Department of Energy) Office of Energy Research: Part 1, Biomedical Sciences 143 112 184 ------- Particulate and Organic Emissions from Unvented Kerosene Heaters, Test House Study 17 PC Simulation for Reliability and Risk Analysis .... 17 PCS Analyses of Biota and Applications to Risk Assessment 18 Penetration of Pentachlorophenol and Tetrachlorophenol Through Human Skin 76 Pesticides: Minimizing the Risks 30 Pharmacokinetics for Regulatory Risk Analysis: The Case of Trichloroethylene .... 81 Pharmacy Implications of the Revised OSHA Hazard Communication Standard 155 Pickup Team (Hazardous Waste Cleanup Around Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant, Colorado) (No Sacred Cows) 140 Policy Consideration in the Selection of National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for the Tacoma Smelter ... 123 Policy Principles for Utilizing Science in Decision-Making on Chronic Health Issues 124 Pollution Risks and Counter-measures for Surface Water Intakes 31 Pollution Risks May Hamper Acquisitions 156 Primary Liver Cancer Death and Occupation in Texas 42 Proceedings of the Symposium on the Assessment of Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace 57 Program System UFOMOD for Assessing the Consequences of Nuclear Accidents 93 Propellent & Chemical Spill and Dispersion Model 106 Prospective Detection and Assessment of Genotoxic Hazards: A Critical Appreciation of the Contribution of L. Ehrenberg 57 Providing Citizens with Information About Health Effects of Hazardous Chemicals 167 Public Concern About Industrial Hazards 167 Public Health Risk from ELF (Electromagnetic Fields) Exposure — Can It Be Assessed 66 Public Perceptions of the Risks and Benefits of Technology Public Utility Rate Structures , Pulmonary Carcinogenic Effects of Ozone 168 116 43 185 ------- Quantitative Risk Assessment and Occupational Carcinogens 43 Quantitative Risk Assessment for Non-Cancer Health Effects of Air Contaminants 18 Quantitative Risk Assessment for Occupational Health 18 Radioactivity and Nuclear Waste Disposal 144 Radon Detection in Homes and Buildings. January 1970- December 1988 79 Radon Inhalation Studies in Animals 79 Radon Testing of Soils 80 Recent Laboratory Studies in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Benzene 71 Recent Laboratory Studies in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Gasoline 44 Reducing Uncertainty and Cost in Environmental Risk Assessment 148 Reference Dose (RfD): Description and Use in Health Risk Assessments 66 Regional Ecological Risk Assessment: A Conceptual Framework and Demonstration 106 Regional Risk Assessment for Lakes Due to Acid Deposition 4 Relationship of Uncertainty and Probability in Ecological Risk Analysis Models 107 Report of the EPA Workshop on the Development of Risk Assessment Methodologies for Tumor Promoters 44 Research Priorities in Electric and Magnetic Fields , 45 Response of the Rat Lung to Respirable Fractions of Composite Fiber-Epoxy Dusts 74 Right To Safety (Hazardous Materials - Right-To-Know Regulations) 171 Right-to-Know Laws: Employer Responsibilities for Worker Safety 171 Risk Analysis Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and Environmental Risks .... 31 Risk Analysis: A Need to Communicate 168 Risk Analysis in Developing Countries 4 Risk Analysis - The Role of Human Factor in Managing Strong Technologies .... 4 Risk Assessment and Community Right-To-Know: SARA Title III 168 Risk Assessment and Hazard Evaluation: Hazard Communication and Worker Health and Safety 172 186 ------- Risk Assessment Guideline and Information Directory 7 Risk Assessment in the Asbestos Cement Industry , 70 Risk Assessment of Deliberate Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms 107 Risk Assessment of Rice Herbicides to Estuarine Organisms 107 Risk Communication and Social Choices: The Discussion Heats Up 162 Risk Communication: Paradigm and Paradox 162 Risk Estimates for Lung Tumors from Inhaled Sup 239 Pu02 Sup 238 Pu02 and /Sup 239Pu/(N03) sub 4 in Beagle Dogs 45 Risk Evaluation and Management 121 Risk Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites Using Fuzzy Set Analysis ... 140 Risk Management—An Insurance Perspective 129 Risk Management and Hazardous Waste 140 Risk Management of Alternatives for Maintenance of Chlorinators 132 Risk Management of Chemicals in the Environment ... 132 Risk Management: Soft Market Does Not Hurt Consultants , Risk Management Systems Approach , 148 122 Risk Managers and Defense Lawyers 129 Risk Managers and EIL: Chaos Reigns 157 Risk Managers Seek Pollution Advice 157 Risks of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration: An Environmental Perspective 141 Role of Alcohol in Cancers of the Upper Alimentary Tract: Use of Models in Risk Assessment 46 Science for Public Policy , 124 Seeking Hazardous Waste Solutions (Resource Recovery 1989) 141 Selecting Accidents for Evaluating Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts 108 Shell Case Curbs Buyers, Lawyers Say 130 Shipment of Taiwanese Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel (Phase 2): Environmental Assessment 94 Silent Spring Revisited 5 Sources of Uncertainty in Ecological Risk Assessments 108 187 ------- Special Report on Ingested Inorganic Arsenic: Skin Cancer; Nutritional Essentiality 47 Sport Fish Consumption Advisories and Projected Cancer Risks in the Great Lakes Basin 48 Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated with Propylene: Health Issue Assessment 77 Superfund Inspections Spotlight Safety .., 131 Test Systems and Exposure in the Aquatic Environment 109 The Bhopal Tragedy: Language, Logic, and Politics in the Production of a Hazard 5 The Cleanup of Chemical Waste Sites-A Rational Approach The Evolving Broker Environment (Part 1) 89 149 The Formation and Removal of Chemical Mutagens During Drinking Water Treatment 58 The Future of Nuclear Power 94 The Perils of Prudence: How Conservative Risk Assessments Distort Regulation 48 The Right To Know 172 The Surgeon General's 1989 Report on Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress 31 The Value of Monitoring for Radon in the Home: A Decision Analysis .. 80 Toward a Holistic Approach to Risk Assessment and Management 122 Towards a Relevant Ecological Risk Assessment of Offshore Disposal of Municipal Sewage Sludge 109 Toxic Effluents: A Simplified Procedure for Assessing Human Health Risks 32 Toxicants in Urban Stormwater Runoff and Combined Sewer Overflows: An Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment 109 Toxicity of Manganese .... 116 Toxicology on Tap: Uncertain Health Significance of Contaminated Drinking Water 133 TOXPERT An Expert System for Risk Assessment 18 Transgenic Mice as Future Tools in Risk Assessment 19 Trends in Combustion Technology in Relation to Health Risk 32 Tumours of the Respiratory Tract in Rats and Hamsters Following Chronic Inhalation of Engine Emissions .... 49 188 ------- Uncertainty and Alternative Models in Ecological Hazard Assessment 110 United States Emergency Response Capabilities For Hazardous Materials Incidents in U.S. and Nearby Coastal Zones 162 Use of Animal Bioassay Data in Carcinogen Risk Assessment 49 Use of Remote Sensing in Support of Risk Assessment 19 Use of Short-Term Test Data in Risk Analysis of Chemical Carcinogens 20 Use of the Effective Dose Equivalent Concept of the International Commission on Radiological Protection by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) is Encouraged 125 Validation and Application of Pharmacokinetic Models for Interspecies Extrapolations in Toxicity Risk Assessments of Volatile Organics 74 Verification and Validation of Decision Support Expert Systems for Chemical Process Risk Management in International Operations 133 Waste Processing and Pollution in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industries 117 Weathering the Storms in a Warming World 126 Wildlife Hazard Assessment: Acute and Subacute Toxicity Testing with Small Animals 20 Winning Against a Stacked Deck: Environmental Policy and Reagonomics 126 Workshop Proceedings: Toxic Sediments-Approaches to Management, June 15-17, 1988 158 Xenon-133 in California, Nevada, and Utah from the Chernobyl Accident 95 189 ------- |