United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Pesticides And
Toxic Substance
EPA/560/7-90-007
June 1990
Risk Assessment Management,
Communication
A Guide to Selected Sources
Volume 3, Number 2
 COMMUNICATION
                          Printed on Recycled Paper

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RISK ASSESSMENT,
MANAGEMENT, COMMUNICATION

A GUIDE TO SELECTED SOURCES
VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2
                   COMMUNICATION
                  Office of Toxic Substances
                       Chemical Library

             U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency

                          June 1990

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     This issue of Risk Assessment. Management.  and
Communication: A Guide to Selected Sources has been prepared
and reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Due to the rapidly expanding field of risk information, EPA
cannot guarantee that all relevant sources are cited.
Publication does not signify that the contents reflect the
views of EPA or that EPA endorses the coverage and scope of
the subject matter as comprehensive, complete and
appropriate.

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INTRODUCTION
     This issue of Risk Assessment, Management, and Communication;
A Guide to  Selected  Sources  is  the eighth update in EPA's series
of risk management bibliographies.  References were gathered from
the environmental, medical, and scientific literature included in
the   following  databases:   ABI/Inform,  Cambridge   Scientific
Abstracts,  Conference  Papers  Index,  Enviroline,  Life  Sciences
Collection, Magazine Index,  NTIS, PAIS  International,  and NLM's
Toxline and Medline.   The citations cover documents added to those
collections during the period from April  1989  to  November 1989.
The original  Guide  appeared  in March  1987  and was  followed by
quarterly updates.  These earlier updates constitute volume one of
the current semiannual  series.

     Like its predecessors, this document is subdivided into Risk
Assessment, Risk Management,  and Risk Communication.  The Table of
Contents  lists further  divisions of  each of  these  categories.
Citations are arranged alphabetically by title, with the exception
of the chemical specific references.  These citations are grouped
alphabetically by chemical name.  Abstracts in this guide have been
shortened or eliminated if the content of the  article is adequately
reflected in the title.

     The EPA library network can assist EPA staff members and EPA
contractors  in obtaining  materials  cited  in  the  bibliography.
Reference copies of  the original  Guide and subsequent issues are
available through NTIS  at the following address:


              National Technical  Information  Service
                       5285 Port  Royal Road
                   Springfield, Virginia  22161
                           703-487-4650
                 800-336-4700 (outside Virginia)


                     *Guide:        PB87-185500
                1st Update:        PB87-203402/AS
                2nd Update:        PB88-100102
                3rd Update:        PB88-128178
            Volume 2, No.l:        PB88-210596
            Volume 2, No.2:        PB89-189641
            Volume 3, No.l:        PB90-237116

     * These five issues constitute volume 1 of the current series.

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                             CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 	     ii

RISK ASSESSMENT

     GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 	      1
     ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 	      6
     METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK* 	      7
     HEALTH RISKS 	     21
          GENERAL	     21
          CANCER 	     33
          GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS  	     50
     HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 	     59
     CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT 	     67
     HAZARDOUS WASTE 	     83
     RADIATION 	     89
     ECOLOGICAL RISK 	     95
     LEGAL ASPECTS 	    110
     BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES 	    112


RISK MANAGEMENT

     GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 	    119
     POLICY 	    122
     LEGAL ASPECTS 	    127
     CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT 	    131
     HAZARDOUS WASTE 	    134
     RADIATION 	    142
     ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 	    145
     CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT  	    150


RISK COMMUNICATION

     INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER  	    159
     INFORMING THE PUBLIC  	    163
     INFORMING THE WORKER  	    169


TITLE INDEX 	    173

*Includes Quantitative Risk Assessment and Pharmacokinetics.

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     Questions or comments concerning Risk Assessment,
Management, Communication; A Guide to Selected Sources may be
sent to:

               U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency
           Office of Toxic Substances Chemical Library TS-793
                  Risk  Management  Bibliographies
              401 M Street, S.W.,  Rm. B002, NE Mall
                       Washington,  DC 20460
                               111

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                                                             RISK
                                                       ASSESSMENT
... IS THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
THAT EVALUATES THE POTENTIAL FOR
OCCURENCES OF ADVERSE EFFECT
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE . . . includes cross media approach,
de minimis risk, and uncertainty in assessment


Computer Assisted Risk Assessment  (CARA)
Ludvigsen, P.J.; Senzel, A.J.
ERM Inc., Exton, PA, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
(USA) Telephone: 202 785 2778  Poster Paper
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Determining Regional Conditions: A Second Step in Regional Risk
     Assessment
Whittier, T.R.
Northrop Serv. Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA) Telephone: 202 785 2778.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Engineering Aspects for Risk Assessment of Large-scale
     Manufacturing Facilities
Burckle, J.O.
American Chemical Society, 196th National Meeting 8830129
Los Angeles, CA (USA) 25-30 Sep 1988
American Chemical Society  (ACS)
ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW,
Washington, DC 20036 (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $ 38.00 +
Postage Charge
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM

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Environmental Risk Assessment
Chandler, J.L.
Bioessays (ENGLAND) Oct 1986, 5(4) p!76-80, ISSN 0265-9247
Journal Code: 9YYe
Languages: English
MEDLINE
Expert System for Environmental Risk Assessment at 3M
Lande, S.S.; Collins, E.; Wilcox, D.
3M, St. Paul, MN, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA) Telephone: 202 785 2778.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Global Risk Assessment: The Key Roles of the Biological  and
      Social Sciences
Mlot, Christine
BioScience v39 p428(3) July-August, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: BISNA
illustration; photograph
Descriptors: Biologists—conferences and congresses; greenhouse
effect; atmospheric—conferences and congresses
MAGAZINE  INDEX
 Integration  of Activity  Specific  Chemical Accident  and Local
     Demographic  Data  Bases  into  a Programmatic  Risk Assessment
     for the Disposal  of the Army's  Chemical  Stockpile
 Fraize, W.E.; Price, B.H.; Cutler, R.M.; Duff, W.W.; Perry, J.G.
 Mitre Corp.,  McLean, VA
 American Institute  of  Chemical Engineers 1988 Summer National
 Meeting 8830985 Denver,  CO  (USA)  21-24  Aug  1988
 American Institute  of  Chemical Engineers
 Engineering  Societies  Library, United Engineering Center,  345
 East 47th  Street, New  York,  NY 10017  (USA)  Telephone:  (212)  705-
 7611, Individual  papers  are  also  available. Paper No.  9e
 Languages: English
 CAMBRIDGE  SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACTS

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Interview with a Risk Expert (editorial)
Koshland, Daniel E., Jr.
Science v244 p!529(l) June 30,  1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: SCIEAS
Article Type: editorial
Availability: FULL TEXT Online  Line Count: 0058
Descriptors: Risk assessment-- anecdotes, facetiae, satire, etc.
MAGAZINE INDEX
Introduction to Risk Assessment: A Scientific Approach
Mehlman, M.A.
American Chemical society, 196th National Meeting 8830129
Los Angeles, CA (USA) 25-30 Sep 1988
American Chemical Society (ACS)
ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW,
Washington, DC 20036 (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $38.00 +
Postage Charge
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Of Mice and Men: The Effect of Science on Regulations
Dombrowski, S.L. (Dow Chemical Co, MI)
Chemical Engineering Progress, Dec 88, V84, N12, P35(6)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

The basis for more and more occupational health and hazard
exposure standards are the results of bioassay tests for cancer
in laboratory rodents. Regulators routinely extrapolate
situations. Many scientists doubt whether a direct correlation is
appropriate. In addition to the obvious species, routes of
exposure, and dose size differences, there is no reliable way to
determine whether humans are more or less sensitive than test
animals. Regulators may tend to overstate chemical and health
risks in extrapolating animal data to humans, thereby placing
undue regulatory pressure on chemical users and creating the
impression that many chemicals are indeed carcinogenic.  (2
Graphs) Enviroline Number: *89-002936

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Regional Risk Assessment for Lakes Due to Acid Deposition
Schnoor, J.L.; Lee, S.J.
Univ. Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington,  DC 20005
(USA) Telephone: 202 785 2778.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Risk Analysis in Developing Countries
Claudio, Corazon (Pe Benito Sitech Resources Group,  Philippines)
Risk Analysis, Dec 88, V8, N4, P475(4)
Editorial

Insights into common risk-related problems and research
opportunities in developing countries are discussed. The most
common concerns in developing countries include risks associated
with pesticides and fertilizers, commonly used chemicals, and
technologies used in agriculture and industry. Cost-effective
approaches and methods for risk analysis, increased risk
communication, training and research are advocated.  Risk analysis
should receive greater emphasis in developing nations in order  to
safeguard future development. (7 References)
Enviroline Number: *89-002968


Risk Analysis - The Role  of Human Factor in Managing Strong
     Technologies
Bazzan, A.
International Conference  on Ergonomics Occupational Safety and
Health and the Environment 8845008 Beijing  (China) 24-28 Oct 1988
Chinese Society of Metals, Ministry of Metallurgical Industry,  46
Dongsixi Dajie, Beijing  (China)
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Risk Analysis
Eguchi, R.
Dames and Moore, Los Angeles, CA, USA
American Society of Civil  Engineering, 1988 Annual Convention
8840046 St. Louis, MO  (USA) 24-27  Oct  1988
American Society of Civil  Engineering  (ASCE)
ASCE, 345 E.  47th  Street,  New York, NY 10017  (USA)
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM

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Silent Spring Revisited
Edited by Gino J. Marco, Robert M. Hollingworth, and William
Durham
Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987
214 pp.,  $29.95 hb.
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p420, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

Silent Spring Revisited is a timely reevaluation of the
environmental and human health risks posed by pesticides, major
problems identified in Rachel Carson's landmark environmental
thesis of some 20 years ago. The editors wish to place Ms.
Carson's original concerns within the perspective provided by two
decades of efforts to identify and manage environmental and human
health threats. As such, this book, written by able scientists,
is not so much a book of science as it is a book of policy, a
retrospective on where science, technology, and policy have taken
us in the past 25 years, and where we are likely to be headed in
the future. Perhaps the most illuminating paper is C.F.
Wilkinson's review of the science and policy of pesticides, a
discussion which touches on the major uncertainties associated
with environmental risk assessment, the challenges of public risk
perception, and the accomplishments attained thus far. The
remainder of the essays cover a number of topics important to
environmental risk assessments: pesticide toxicity assessment,
pesticide impact on groundwater, pesticide avian impacts, human
health impacts, agricultural benefits vs. environmental risk.
Each of the essays is ably written in a provocative, easily
accessible style not often seen in scientific literature. In the
interest of universal access, each contributor has provided a
glossary of technical terms used in his essay, a habit which
other scientific documents might emulate. For anyone associated
with assessment and management of environmental risk, this book
is a thoughtful and enlightening exploration of the crucial
issues.
The Bhopal Tragedy: Language, Logic, and Politics in the
     Production of a Hazard
Bogard, William
"89 xii+154p, bibl tables charts index
Order Info: Westview   (LC 89-9191)  (ISBN 0-8133-7786-2) pa $25
Language: English
Doc Type: Monograph
Social and cultural aspects of risk assessment in technology
transfers to the Third World.
Descriptors: *Chemical industries—accidents; *Bhopal, India;
*risk; *technology transfer; *business and politics
CAMBRIDGE SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACTS

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ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES


Acceptable Risk
Whipple, Chris (EPRI, CA)
Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Contemporary Issues in Risk
Analysis), V3, P157(14)
Book Chapter

Determining what level of risk is acceptable is often subjective
and value laden. This article outlines guidelines for defining an
appropriate level of risk. Specific subjects addressed include a
historical definition of acceptable risk, a review of comparative
and analytical approaches used to develop workable definitions of
acceptable risk, and ways in which diverse objectives for risk
management become apparent in risk standard setting. Although
defining acceptable risk will always involve political
judgements, risk analysis can play an important role in the
decision making process.  (2 Diagrams, 5 Graphs, 16 References, 1
Table)
Enviroline Number: 89-001801


Hazard  Evaluation Division, Standard Evaluation Procedure:
     Guidance Document for Conducting Terrestrial Field Studies
Fite, E.G.; Turner, L.W.; Cook, N.J.; Stunkard, C.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Pesticide Programs
Corp. Source Codes: 031287124
Report  No.: EPA/540/09-88/109
Sep 88  66p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
See also PB83-153908
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States

The document is a technical paper intended to provide guidance on
how to  design and perform terrestrial field studies relative to
data requirements under the Federal  Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act as amended  (FIFRA, P.L. 92-516). The paper
discusses when the Agency requires these tests, their objective
and suggests a general approach and  some experimental designs
which could be used to address Agency's concerns. A variety of
basic wildlife investigative methods which have been found useful
in these types of studies are briefly reviewed along with
adequate references to assist scientists planning to undertake a
study to support a Federal Pesticide Registration.
PB89-124580/XAB

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Risk Assessment Guideline and Information Directory
(book reviews)
Electrical World v203 p!60(l) June, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: ELWOA
Article Type: Review
Grade: A
Descriptors: Books—reviews, etc.
MAGAZINE INDEX
METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK
A Risk Assessment for Selected Lead-Induced Health Effects: An
     Example of a General Methodology
Whitfield, Ronald G.; Wallsten, Thomas S.
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!97, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language:  English
Document Type: Article

The research described here is part of a larger risk assessment
project to aid the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA) in
its review of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard
for lead.  The methodology can be applied to many situations in
which a policy decision about a toxic substance is required in
the face of incomplete data. Numerical results are presented for
three potentially adverse lead-induced effects of interest to
EPA: elevated erythrocyte protoporphyrin  (EP), hemoglobin  (Hb)
decrement, and intelligence quotient (IQ) decrement.
Keywords:  Uncertainty; Judgemental Probability Encoding; Health
Risk Assessment; National Ambient Air Quality Standards.


Analysis of Health Effects Caused By Multiple Insults
Seller, Fritz; Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Inst., NM
Risk Assessment & Management  (Advances in Risk Analysis),  1987,
V5, P27  (8)
Conf Paper

A method is presented for the analysis of the risk of health
effects resulting from multiple insults. The  implementation of
the methodology is entirely phenomenologically based, and the
sole restrictions concern a limited set of functions describing
the relationship between exposure parameters and the risk of
health effects. An example is provided through an analysis of the
incidence  of oral and esophageal cancer in relation to alcohol
and tobacco consumption. A discussion follows on the possible
etiological processes of these cancers.  (3 Diagrams,
5 References)
Enviroline Number: 89-002821

                                7

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Animal Population Dynamics: Identification of Critical Components
Emlen, J.M.; Pikitch, E.K.
Nav. Support Facil., Natl. Fish. Res. Cent., U.S. Fish and Wildl.
Serv., Seattle, WA 98115, USA
ECOL. MODEL.; 44(3-4), pp. 253-273 1989
Language: English
Summary Language: English
Document Type: Journal article-original research
Subfile: 04 Ecology Abstracts

There is growing interest in the use of population dynamics model
in environmental risk assessment and the promulgation of
environmental regulatory policies. Unfortunately, because of
species and areal differences in the physical and biotic
influences on population dynamics, such models must almost
inevitably be both complex and species- or site-specific. Given
the enormous variety of species and sites of potential concern,
this  fact presents a problem; it simply is not possible to
construct models for all species and circumstances. Therefore, it
is useful, before building predictive population models, to
discover what input parameters are of critical importance to the
desired output.
LIFE  SCIENCES COLLECTION


Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Data: The Use of
      Subjective Judgement Modeling
Booker, J.M.
Los Alamos National  Lab., NM
Corp. Source  Codes:  072735000;9512470
Sponsor: Department  of Energy, Washington,  DC
Report No.: LA-UR-88-1675; CONF-880872-2
1988  23p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300
Joint statistical meetings, New Orleans, LA, USA, 22 Aug 1988
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS  Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-7405-ENG-36

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In risk assessments of high level waste disposal problems, the
paucity or absence of data makes it necessary to rely on expert
opinion information. This information is usually in the form of a
mixture of qualitative and quantitative information (data).
Regardless of which methods are used to handle this mixture,
certain issues such as granularity and conditionality cannot be
ignored. These issues are discussed as they impact some of the
major methods in current use. Examples of how to handle this data
mixture are provided for some of the classical methods and for
some of the newer, cognitive and data-based methods. 13 refs., 5
figs. DE88010948/XAB


Comparison of an Index Function and a Vectorial Approach Method
     for Ranking Waste Disposal Sites
Halfon, E.
Lakes Res. Branch, Natl Water Res. Inst., Canada Cent. Inland
Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
Environ Sci Technol; 23(5), 1989, 600-609
LA: English
CD: ESTHA

A ranking method, which avoids the use of indexes, is applied to
the classification and ranking of 38 waste disposal sites in the
Detroit, St. Clair, and St. Mary's River areas. The ranking
method  is based on the hypothesis that a set of measurements,
attributes, is generally necessary to create a ranking file.
These measurements can be considered the elements of a vector,
the "vector performance", which identifies the environmental
hazard  of each site. Ranking of sampling stations is obtained by
partial ordering the vectors representing each station. The
results and insights of this new method are compared with results
obtained by a standard ranking analysis using an index function.
The 38  sites are ranked according to 30 criteria related to their
geological and pollution characteristics. The novel ranking
method  also identifies which criteria should be measured in
future  sampling programs to determine the status of degradation
of environmental areas with minimal expense of dollars and
manpower. Partial ordering is a vectorial approach which

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recognizes that not all sites can be compared with all others in
terms of environmental hazard when several criteria are used. In
fact the higher the number of criteria, the higher is the
probability that contradictions in ranking exist between
criteria. Hasse diagrams, a useful graphic tool commonly used in
lattice theory (a genealogical tree is a special case of a Hasse
diagram), display the ranking results and allow users to visually
compare sampling sites based on thousands of test results, which
might otherwise be very confusing when displayed in table form.
Further work planned includes the inclusion of this ranking
scheme into an expert system to help decision makers and
government agencies interested in ranking analyze their data in
an organized manner.
Keywords: Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods
NLM/TOXLINE


Comparisons of Various Filtration Media
Logsdon, G.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab
Corp. Source Codes: 034122084
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/217
Oct 88 27p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States

The report reviews  use of filtering materials  in diatomaceous
earth  (DE) filtration, slow sand filtration, and coagulation-
rapid rate filtration. For DE filtration, increased effluent
clarity  (lower turbidity) is generally attained at the expense of
increased rates of  head  loss increase. Changing the surface
characteristics of  DE from electronegative to  electropositive
permits use of coarser grades of DE for effective removal of fine
particles. An important  consideration  in  selecting media  for slow
sand filtration is  whether to use media mined  and prepared by  a
filter media processor,  or whether to  use a  locally quarried and
processed material  as filter media, based on pilot plant  studies
of the  filter media being considered and  the source water which
will be treated at  the full scale plant.  Trends in filter media
design  for plants employing coagulation and  rapid rate filtration
have varied over the decades. Recently a  600 MGD direct
filtration plant was built with very deep beds consisting of a
single medium anthracite. Filter bed design  is continuing to
evolve and change.
PB89-118764/XAB
                                10

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Computer Prediction of Receptors Contaminant Concentrations for
     Environmental Risk Assessment of Omni-Vest Landfill
Pisigan, R.A.,  Jr.; Huang, C.T.
Environ. Sci. and Eng., Inc., Gainesville, FL, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington,  DC  20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Consideration of a Degradation Factor for Organic Contaminants in
     Risk Assessments
Wong, D.; Jaworski, A.; Schaffer, S.; Price, B.
Ebasco Serv., Inc., Lyndhurst, NJ, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington,  DC  20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Cross Fertilization of Formal Risk Analysis with Industrial
     Hygiene Field Surveys
Guillemin, M.
Inst. Univ. Med. Hyg. Travau, Lausanne, Switzerland
3rd FECS Conference on Risk Assessment of Chemical in Environment
8835010 University of Surrey  (UK) 11-14 Jul 1988
Royal Society of Chemistry
Dr. R.H. Andrews, Royal Society  of Chemistry, Burlington House,
London W1V OBN  (UK)
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
                                11

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Determination of Atmospheric Dilution for Emergency Preparedness:
     A Joint EPA-DOE (Environmental Protection Agency-Department
     of Energy) Technical Workshop Held on October 15-17, 1988
Rogers, S.E.
Research and Evaluation Associates, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC
Corp. Source Codes: 093005000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC Atmospheric Sciences Research Lab
Report No.: EPA/600/9-88/019
Oct 88 257p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
NTIS Prices: PC A12/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4129

The workshop was held in Research Triangle Park, NC in October of
1986. The objectives of the workshop were to review the  current
methods of determining atmospheric dilution for use in hazard
identification, emergency preparedness planning, and  emergency
response, to provide recommendations for choosing among  these
methods, and,  finally, to define the role of the meteorologist in
hazard identification, emergency planning, etc. Several  invited
papers were presented, and panel discussions were held to meet
the objectives. Results are presented and discussed.  PB89-
118715/XAB


Developing Risk Estimates for Toxic Air  Pollutants Through
     Probabilistic Risk Assessment
Zaragoza, Larry; Patrick, David R.; Schell, Robert M.; Cote, Ila
L.; Dusetzina, Mike; Pate, Nancy B.; Richmond, Harvey M.  (EPA,
NC)
Risk Assessment & Management  (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987,
V5, P491(8)
Conf Paper

In order to determine the need to  regulate toxic air  pollutants,
the feasibility of using probabilistic methods for the
characterization of estimated public health risks is  evaluated.
With this approach, the available  scientific information is used
to develop risk estimates. The method allows explicit
identification and analysis of uncertainties in exposure
estimates, exposure-dose relationships,  and dose-response
relationships  in developing these  health risk estimates.  (3
Diagrams, 6 References)
Enviroline Number: 89-002823
                                12

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Development of a Fish Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic Model
     for Use in Environmental Risk Assessment
Nichols, J.W.; McKim, J.M.; Andersen, M.E.; Gargas, M.L. ;
Erickson, R.J.
U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC  20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment: Structure-Activity
     Relationships for Osteolathyrism
Dawson, D.A.; Schultz, T.W.; Baker, L.L.
Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxiciology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC  20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Environmental Risk Assessment Approach to Wildlife Research
Hall, R.J.; Rattner, B.A.; Whitworth, M.R.
USFWS, Laurel, MD, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxiciology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC  20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM
                                13

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Estimating Toxicity of Industrial Chemicals to Aquatic Organisms
     Using Structure Activity Relationships. Volume 1
(Final rept.) elements, R. G.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Toxic Substances.
Corp. Source codes: 031287473
Report No.: EPA/5oO/6-88/001
Jul 88 283p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRA18903
NTIS Prices: PC A13/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States

The report presents 49 SARs  (Structure Activity Relationships)
which are currently used by the EPA Environmental Effects Branch
to estimate the toxicity of industrial organics to aquatic
organisms. These SARs can be applied to three broad categories of
organic chemicals:  (1) neutral organics which are non-reactive
and non-ionizable,  (2) neutral organics which are reactive and
show excess toxicity in addition to narcosis, and (3) surface
active organic compounds such as surfactants, and polycationic
polymers. There are about 40 classes and sub-classes of organic
compounds covered by these SARs. The scope  of these SARs include
acute toxicity to vertebrates and invertebrates (freshwater and
saltwater species), chronic toxicity to freshwater vertebrates
and invertebrates, and toxicity to freshwater algae.
PB89-117592/XAB


Evaluation of Environmental Risk Assessment Methods
Menzie, C.A.; Burmaster, D.E.
Charles A. Menzie and Assoc., Chelmsford, MA, USA
Society of Environmental Toxiciology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxiciology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133  15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC  20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Expert Systems to Assist  in Evaluation of Measurement Data
Greathouse,  D.G.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction
Engineering  Lab
Govt Reports Announcements & Index  (GRA&I), Issue 05, 1989
NTIS/PB89-129449,  lOp
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
EPA/600/D-88/250

The Agency expends  a significant proportion of  its budget to
measure levels of  contaminants  or effects of contamination in the

                                14

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environment. In addition, it mandates that other organizations,
primarily private companies, expend considerable resources to
provide measurement data to the Agency. This requires that
decisions be made concerning appropriate sampling methods and
analytical techniques and results in huge volumes of measurement
data that must be evaluated and interpreted by Agency personnel.
Concerns such as extent of contamination, potential health risks
due to the contamination, and likelihood of adverse health
consequences by introduction of new chemicals into the market
place are just a few of the decision areas based on these data.
Clearly the potential health consequences and economic
implications of these evaluations and interpretations are very
significant. Hence it is very important that the best expertise
be brought to bear on these decisions. The purpose of the paper
is to review the development of expert systems by US EPA to
assist in evaluation of measurement data.
Keywords: Environmental Tests; Measurement; Evaluation; Data;
Sampling; Methodology; Geophysics; Quality Assurance; Quality
Control; Expert Systems; Technology Transfer; Procedures;
Flexible Membrane
PB89-129449
Fish Population Models in Regulatory Risk Assessment
Barnthouse, L.W.; Suter, G.W.
Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
American Institute of Biological Science, 39th Annual Meeting
8830974 Davis, CA (USA) 14-18 Aug 1988
American Institute of Biological Science (AIBS)
Duren Patten, ESA, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona
State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 (USA)., Abstracts will be
published in Journals of Ecology Society of America (ESA) and
Botanical Society of America (BSA)
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM
                                15

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Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, Vol. 5
Edited by Jitendra Saxena
Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1987
440 pp, $59.50 hb.
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p419, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

Hazard Assessment of Chemicals is a serial publication designed
as a forum for discussion of new and significant developments in
the chemical hazard assessment field. Like all volumes in this
series, Volume 5 provides the reader with reviews of important
new subjects in the field and case studies on specific chemicals,
chemicals classes, and appropriate assessment methods. This
volumes provides reviews of a number of important assessment
methodologies: electrode measurement systems, radiolabeling,
pattern recognition techniques, pesticide rating systems,
microbial applications in biotechnology, and biota monitoring as
an indicator of health risks at hazardous waste sites. In
addition, there are case studies of the Bhopal methylisocyanate
leak and oil-well drilling fluids. With such a disparate range of
topics, the utility of the volume  is directly related to the
reader's interest in the specific  issues discussed. However, the
individual papers are well-written, providing excellent resources
for those professionals who are interested in a specific topic.


Model  for  Focusing Monitoring to Provide Supplementary Data for
     Risk Assessments
Petersen,  B.; Eickhoff, J.
Tech. Assess. Syst. Inc., Washington, DC, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,  9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133  15th Street NW, Suite  1000, Washington, DC  20005
 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278.  Poster Paper.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM
                                16

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Particulate and Organic Emissions from Unvented Kerosene Heaters,
     Test House Study
Jackson, M.D.; Rasor, S.A.; Clayton, R.K.; Stephenson, E.E.
Acurex Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC
Corp. Source Codes: 057202000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency-, Research Triangle Park,
NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88-226
1988  12p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8904
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-3988; EPA 68-02-4701

The paper discusses a study of particulate and organic emissions
from unvented kerosene heaters in a test house. Results from the
test house are compared with those from large  (room size)
chambers, using EPA's indoor air quality  (IAQ) model. In the test
house, unvented kerosene heater particulate emissions were
collected on Teflon-coated glass fiber filters. Organic emissions
were trapped on Tenax-GC and XAD-2 sorbents, and the organic
compounds were identified by gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry. Target compounds were then quantified. CO, C02, and
S02 were monitored during each test. Weather data were also
collected for correlation with emissions and house
characterization data. The test house is a typical three-bedroom,
two-bath, single-story frame house with crawl space. It has
natural gas heat and electric central air conditioning. The house
is 8 years old and has the energy efficiency features of homes
built during the early 1980s.
PB89-118400/XAB


PC Simulation for Reliability and Risk Analysis
Sutton, I.
Syst. Reliab. Int., Houston, TX
American Institute of Chemical Engineers 1988 Summer National
Meeting 8830985 Denver, CO  (USA)  21-24 Aug 1988
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Engineering Socities Library, United Engineering Center, 345 East
47th Street, New York, NY 10017  (USA).  Telephone:  (212)705-
7611, Individual Papers are also Available Paper No. 57c
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
                                17

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PCB Analyses of Biota and Applications to Risk Assessment
Norton, S.B.; Pruell, R.
U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington,  DC  20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278.  Poster Paper.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Quantitative Risk Assessment for Non-Cancer Health Effects of Air
     Contaminants
Lewis, D.C.; Alexeeff, G.V.; Gravitz, N.
American Chemical Society, 196th National Meeting 8830129
Los Angeles, CA  (USA) 25-30 Sep 1988
American Chemical Society  (ACS)
ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW,
Washington, DC 20036  (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $38.00 +
Postage Charge
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Quantitative Risk Assessment for Occupational Health
Hall, S.K.; Sherman,  L.D.; Klaunig, J.E.; Markiewicz, D.S.
International Conference on Ergonomics Occupational Safety and
Health and the Environment 8845008 Beijing  (China) 24-28 Oct 1988
Chinese Society  of Metals; Darling Downs Institute of Advanced
Education Australia
Chinese Society  of Metals, Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, 46
Dongsixi Dajie,  Beijing  (China)
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


TOXPERT An Expert System for Risk Assessment
Soto, R.J.; Osimitz,  T.G.; Oleson, A.
S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., Racine, WI
12th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care
(SCAMC) 8845004  Washington, DC  (USA) 6-9 Nov 1988
American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics; IEEE
Computer Society; International Society of  Technology Assessment
in  Health Care;  American Medical Association; et al.
SCAMC, George Washington University Medical Center, Office of
Continuing Education, 2300 K Street NW, Washington, DC  20037
(USA)
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM
                                18

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Transgenic Mice as Future Tools in Risk Assessment
Cordaro, J. Christopher
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!57, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Article

Historically, mice have served a routine and useful purpose in
the research, development, and testing of biologicals, chemicals,
and drugs for efficacy, toxicity, and carcinogenic risk. The
literature is replete with examples using mice to study organic
compounds both in short-term tests involving tumor initiation and
promotion and in long-term experiments dealing with fertility,
reproduction, and teratology. During the past two decades, a
virtual explosion of advances has occurred in modern biology that
includes the discoveries of retroviruses, oncogenes, DNA
restriction enzymes, nucleotide sequence analyses, and
microinjection techniques. Fusion of these milestones in genetic,
molecular, and cell biology with recent developments in mouse
embryology has opened novel avenues and methods of
experimentation as significant additions to the risk assessment
armamentarium that currently uses both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. Some promising directions afforded by transgenic mice
as powerful future tools in risk assessment will be summarized
below.
Keywords: Transgenic Mice; Carcinogens; Human Oncogenes; Human
Immunodeficiency Virus


Use of Remote Sensing in Support of Risk Assessment
Buoni, A.G.; Thomas, M.R.; Kuzma, T.
Battelle Columbus Div., Columbus, OH, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC  20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278. Poster Paper.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM
                                19

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Use of Short-Term Test Data in Risk Analysis of Chemical
     Carcinogens
Flamm, W. Gary and; Scheuplein, Robert J. (FDA, DC)
Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Contemporary Issues in Risk Analysis,
1988, V3, P37(12)
Book Chapter

The use of short-term test data in risk analysis is evaluated in
this article. Several useful short-term tests are discussed
including the Ames Test, tests which measure forward mutations in
mammalian cells, methods which measure DNA damage and repair, and
quantitation of DNA synthesis resulting from cell proliferation.
Specific examples where these tests have been applied are
provided. Short-term tests may be an efficient way to generate
valuable information for use in the risk assessment process.  (1
Graph, 2 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-001733


Wildlife Hazard Assessment: Acute and Subacute Toxicity Testing
     with Small Animals
Linder, G.
Northrop Serv., Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC  20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM
                                20

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HEALTH RISKS
GENERAL


Acid Air and Aerobiology Related to the Maturing Human Lung
Montonen, T.B.; Graham, R.C.; Hofmann, W.; Eisner, A.
Northrop Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC
Corp. Source Codes: 058582000
Sponsor: Duke Univ., Durham, NC.; Health Effects Research Lab.,
Research Triangle Park, NC
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/223
Oct 88 30p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8904
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4450

The effect of  'acid air1 on human health was studied by
considering the effects of hygroscopicity upon aerosol deposition
in the lung as a function of human subject age. Children are a
critical sub-population to be incorporated into health effects
analyses following ambient exposures. Sulfate particles are
products of the combustion of fossil fuels, are consequences of
basic personal needs and industrial uses, and are prevalent in
the atmosphere.  Experimental hygroscopic growth information is
introduced into a validated mathematical model describing aerosol
deposition in the human lung. The results are intended for hazard
evaluations pertinent to humans subsequent to exposures to
pollutant atmospheres. The influences of hygroscopic growth,
taking place when inhaled particles enter the warm, moist human
respiratory tract, are significant; and should not be ignored in
considerations of threat-to-human-health.  The findings can be
directed into aerosol therapy functions also, leading to more
efficient administrations of drugs via the inhalation route.
Therefore, the findings, considering age-dependency, are of
potential application to pediatric medicine.
PB89-118533/XAB
                                21

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Aerosol Deposition in Human Upper Airways: Final Technical
     Report
Swift, D. L.
Danish National Inst. of Occupational Health, Hellerup
Corp. Source Codes: 093178000; 9901060
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: DOE/ER/60511-1
1988 9p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: Denmark
Contract No.: FG02-87ER60511

This is a final report of a one year research effort which was
intended to obtain experimental data and develop methods for
aerosol deposition in the human upper airways. The study was
carried out while the principal investigator was visiting
research scientists at the Danish National Institute of
Occupational Health.  Some of the tasks were carried out
collaboratively at other institutes to be described below. The
specific aims of the research program were to obtain particle
deposition data for ultrafine particles in a nasal replicate
model, and to develop methods by which replicate models of the
upper human airways could be constructed  for other ages and
conditions.  Of particular interest to this third aim is the
possibility of constructing replicate models so the upper related
deposition efficiency could be determined. 3 figs. DE88014112/XAB


Bioavailability as a Factor in Human Health Risk Assessment of a
     Newark, NJ, TCDD Contamination Site
DeVito, M.; Umbreit, T.H.; Gallo, M.A.
Robert W. Johnson Med. Sch., Piscataway,  NJ, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC,  1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC  20005
 (USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM
                                22

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Comparative Health Risk Assessment of Energy-Recovery and
     Landfill Facilities
Minott, David, H. (Alternative Resources, MA)
J Resource Management & Technology, Jan 89, V17, Nl, PI(8)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

Energy-recovery facilities and landfills are compared with
respect to potential health risks. The principal source of
potential health risks from energy-recovery facilities is toxic
air pollutant emissions from the stack. The carcinogenic
components of such emissions are identified and the effectiveness
of control technologies is discussed. The emission of toxic air
pollutants is also a significant source of health risk at
municipal landfills. Carcinogens and control technologies are
discussed for these sites as well. Means of mitigating the
sources of risk are described and estimates of potential cancer
risk, compared for emissions of toxic air pollutants from energy
recovery facilities and from landfills.  (36 References, 4 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-002750
Drinking Water Standards and Risk Assessment
Cotruvo, J.A.
Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 20460
Drinking Water Standards and Risk Assessment
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol; Vol 8, Iss 3, 1988, P288-99
LA: English
CD: RBH
ISSN: 0273-2300

The role and use of risk assessment methods in the establishment
of drinking water standards are described with emphasis on recent
applications. The process essentially includes an attempt to
quantify human exposure from all routes including drinking water,
animal toxicology, and human epidemiology, when available, to
arrive at drinking water concentrations at which exposure would
result in «no known or anticipated adverse effects on health,
with a margin of safety.» The process itself is straightforward;
however, the application to decision making for substances that
are considered to be potentially nonthreshold acting in their
toxicity (e.g., carcinogenic) requires many policy choices beyond
the scientific data and is subject to considerable controversy.
Keywords: TOXBIB; Carcinogens Toxicity; Costs and Cost Analysis;
Legislation; Risk; United States; Water Pollution, Chemical
Adverse Effects; Water Supply *Standards
NLM/TOXLINE
                                23

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Environmental Issues/Radon
Forum Applied Research and Public Policy 4:4-25 Spring '89,
charts,  map
Language: English
Doc Type: P
Public health risks; the EPA's role; initiatives in Minnesota and
New Jersey; 4 articles
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
Epidemiology of Lung Cancer in Xuan Wei, China: Current Progress,
     Issues, and Research Strategies (Journal Version)
Chapman, R.S.; Mumford, J.L.; Harris, D.B.; He, X; Jiang, W.
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC
Institute of Environmental Health and Engineering, Geijing
(China); Yunnan Province Anti-epidemic Station, Kunming  (China)
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 09, 1989
Journal Article, Pub. in Archives of Environmental Health, v43
pl80-185 Mar/Apr 88
NTIS/PB89-143721, 8p
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
ID: EPA/600/J-88/261

In Xuan Wei, a rural Chinese county of about one million people,
females' annual lung cancer mortality is China's highest, and
males' is among China's highest. Xuan Wei's very high indoor air
pollution levels (sometimes exceeding 20 mg/m3), residentially
stable population, relatively uncomplicated lifestyle, and wide
geographic variation in lung cancer mortality render it highly
amenable to quantitative, interdisciplinary investigation of
chemical carcinogens due to indoor air pollution. To date,
epidemiologic findings reveal a closer association of lung cancer
with the indoor burning of  "smoky" coal than with tobacco use or
occupation. Current aerometric, chemical, and toxicologic
findings tend to confirm this association.  Chinese and American
investigators are conducting interdisciplinary field and
laboratory investigations to quantify the lung cancer risk
attendant on indoor air pollution relative to other factors, to
measure and compare the characteristics of pollution from
different Xuan Wei fuels, to determine the relative etiologic
importance of pollution composition and concentration, and to
develop quantitative relationships between air pollution dose and
lung cancer risk.
Keywords: Smoke; Coal; Carcinogens; Pulmonary Neoplasms; China;
Epidemiology; Mortality; Mutagens; Respiratory Diseases; Etiology
Reprints; Indoor Air Pollution; Air Pollution Effects  (humans);
Xuan Wei  (China); Risk Assessment
PB89-143721
                                24

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Evaluation of Immunotoxic Effects of Pesticides in Risk
     Assessment Process and Health Advisory Program
Sriharan, S.; Ohanian, E.V.; Vanderslice, R.R.
Selma Univ.,  Selma, AL, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington,  DC  20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2278.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Health Effects (Environmental Radon)
Cross, Fred T. (Battelle Pacific-Northwest Labs, WA)
Plenum Press Env Science Research Report, 1987, V35, P215(34)
Book Chapter

Acute and subacute early health effects, as well as late effects,
can be expected following exposure of the respiratory tract to
radon progeny. The dose to the bronchi generally predominates in
humans. These sites contain precursor cells that are particularly
sensitive to the cytotoxic and carcinogenic properties of alpha-
emitting radon progeny. A multistage theory of carcinogenesis is
explained, followed by a review of human and laboratory animal
data. Topics covered  include statistical projection models, lung
cancer modifying factors such as cigarette smoking and time-
related factors, and  several recently conducted radon inhalation
studies.  (2 Diagrams, 1 Graph, 2 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-003077
Homeowner Risk Assessment Using Inexpensive Indoor Radon Monitors
Mose, D.; Mushrush, G.; Kline, S.
George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite  1000, Washington, DC  20005
(USA). Telephone:  202  785 2278
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM
                                25

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How It Might Be: Species
Henderson, Sandra (EPA, OR)
EPA J, Jan-Feb 89, V15, Nl,  P21(2)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

As a result of the greenhouse effect, wildlife is likely to be
affected by several processes, including shifting zones, rising
sea climatic zones, changes in vegetation level, and increased
frequency of natural catastrophic events.  When climatic zones
shift, adaptable species can modify their range and distribution
to accommodate shifts in vegetation. Those not able to disperse
easily will face the risk of extinction. There are fewer suitable
places for species to use as refuge; climate modification will
have severe impacts on grizzly bears and migratory waterfowl as
the area of alternative habitat dwindles. Generalist species will
probably fill the gaps created by species lost due to climatic
change, altering the aesthetic and ecological characteristics of
the natural world. (2 Photos)
Enviroline Number: *89-003804
Identification of High Caries Risk Adults: Attitudes, Social
      Factors and Diseases
Beck, J.D.; Kohout, F; Hunt, R.J.
Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7450
Int Dent J (ENGLAND) Dec 1988, 38 (4) p231-8, ISSN 0020-6539
Journal Code: GPTe
Languages: English
Document Type: Review

Since agent, host and environmental  factors have been associated
with caries, the development of multivariate risk assessment
models is warranted. This process comprises the identification of
risk factors, the development and testing of risk targeting.
Work-in-progress by the authors in delineating oral,
social/behavioural and medical risk  factors for root caries in
older adults shows that regression models explain 48 per cent of
the variance in root caries scores for males and 47 per cent for
females. Discriminant analyses using the risk factors identified
in the regressions differentiated between people who did and did
not get root caries during an 18-month period. The sensitivity of
the predictions for men was 0.75 and the specificity was 0.79.
For women, the sensitivity was 0.79  and the specificity was 0.83.
These results suggest that it will be possible to develop  a
clinically useful risk assessment model. Future studies should
include data on oral risk factors, such as micro-organisms
present, salivary flow and buffering capacity, that can be added
to the multivariate model.   (27 Refs.)
MEDLINE
                                26

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Identification of Immunotoxic Effects of Chemicals and Assessment
      of their Relevance to Man
Trizio, D.;  Basketter, D.A.;  Botham, P.A,;  Graepel, P,H.; Lambre,
C.; Magda, S.J.; Pal, T.N.; Riley, A.J.; Ronneberger, H.; et al.
Eur. Chem. Ind. Ecol. and Toxicol. Cent. (ECETOC) Ave. Louise
250, P.O. Box 63, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
Food Chem. Toxicol.; 26(6), pp, 527-539 1988
Language: English
Summary Language: English
Document Type: Journal article-review
Subfile: 24  Toxicology Abstracts

Immunotoxicity is defined as the adverse effects of foreign
substances (xenobiotics) on the immune system. Two types of
effects are  possible: immunosuppression (which may result in an
increased susceptibility to infection or to the development of
tumours) and immunopotentiation (which may manifest as an allergy
or as autoimmunity). There is little evidence that well
controlled occupational exposure to industrial chemicals has led
to clinically significant immunosuppression. A number of
industrial chemicals have been shown to cause immunopotentiation
in exposed populations, producing occupational asthma and contact
dermatitis and possibly autoimmunity. In experimental models,
immunosuppression  (usually assessed by in vivo or vitro immune
function tests) has been induced by a wide range of chemicals but
there are a few reports of the immunosuppression leading directly
to an increased susceptibility to infection or to the development
of tumours.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Immunotoxicology and the Immune System
Health & Env Digest, Feb 89, V3,  Nl, PI(5)
Newsletter Article

A large body of evidence has accumulated showing that some
xenobiotics can produce immune suppression or enhancement, as
measured by changes in lymphocyte numbers and functional tests.
In latoratory animals, many of these changes have been associated
with altered resistance to infectious agents and tumors. Immune
system effects described in humans occupationally or accidentally
exposed to xenobiotics involve cell-mediate immunity more than
humoral immunity. The role that immunotoxicological assessments
can play in the field of toxicology is examined.
Enviroline Number: 89-002873
                                27

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Intolerable Risk: Pesticides in Our Children's Food; A Report
Natural Resources Defense Council
F 27 '89 xiii+141p, tables charts
Order Info: Natural Resources Defense Council spiral bdg $25
Language: English
Doc Type: M

Analysis of preschoolers'  exposure to pesticides in food and
the potential hazard that the residues pose to children.
Based on data from a nation wide food consumption survey
conducted in 1985 by the US Department of Agriculture.
Descriptors: *Pesticides;  *Food Contamination and Inspection;
*Child Health; *United States
PAIS INTERNATIONAL


Modeling Health Risks Associated with Wastewater Reuse as
      Irrigant
Shahalom, A.B. and; Mansour, A.R.  (Jordan Univ of Science &
Technology)
Journal Env Science & Health-Env Science & Engineering, 1989,
VA24, N2, P147(20)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

A systematic approach was adopted to determine the reduction of
pathogenicity of wastewater during transit from household to
agricultural lands. Initial concentration of pathogens  is highly
variable and depends on many factors. Wastewater treatment
processes vary in  the effectiveness with which they eliminate or
inactivate pathogens.  Activated sludge processes appear to be
the most effective for some pathogens. By adding an appropriate
detention time to  such processes,  it is possible to achieve
wastewater effluent comparable  in  quality to lagoon effluent.
Much work remains  to be done in the area of infection of farm
workers by wastewater, as well  as  on indirect effects of
wastewater irrigation on the health of people consuming products
grown by these means.   (2 Diagrams, 1 Graph, 9 References, 3
Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003791
                                28

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NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and
      Health) Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Welding,
      Brazing, and Thermal Cutting. Abridged Edition
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health,
Cincinnati, OH.
Corp. Source Codes: 052678000
Report No.: DHHS/PUB/NIOSH-88-110A
Aug 88 68p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8905
Also available from Supt. of Docs. See also PB88-231774
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States

The document examines the occupational health risks associated
with welding, brazing, and thermal cutting, and it provides
criteria for eliminating or minimizing the risks encountered by
workers in these occupations. The main health concerns are
increased  risks of lung cancer and acute or chronic respiratory
disease. An exposure limit for total welding emissions cannot be
established because the composition of welding fumes and gases
varies for different welding processes and because the various
components of a welding emission may interact to produce adverse
health effects.  NIOSH therefore recommends that exposures to all
welding emissions be reduced to the lowest feasible
concentrations using state-of-the-art engineering controls and
work practices.  Exposure limits for individual chemical or
physical agents are to be considered upper boundaries of
exposure.
PB89-123442/XAB


Occupational Mortality of California Women, 1979-1981
Doebbert,  G.; Riedmiller, K.R.; Kizer, K.W.
West J. Med; Vol 149, Iss 6, 1988, P734-40 (Ref: 63)
LA: English
CD: XN5
ISSN: 0093-0415

A review of California's mortality data for 1979 through 1981,
encompassing 61,561 female and 111,877 male deaths, shows
differential female mortality risk by labor force status and by
occupation. High patterns of risk were found for women in a
number of  occupations, including waitresses, licensed vocational
nurses and health aides, cosmetologists, telephone operators,
housekeepers and janitors, and launderers and dry cleaners.
Patterns of mortality risk were similar for each race within
these occupational groups. The mortality risks for women were
                                29

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generally higher than those for men. The association of mortality
with certain occupations does not necessarily imply a causal
relationship but is certainly a signal that further research is
required and that physicians need to consider work-related
factors in evaluating the health of women.
Keywords: TOXBIB; Adolescence; Adult; California; Cause of Death;
Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Mortality*; Occupational
Diseases Mortality; Review; Review, Tutorial; Risk Factors;
Women*; Women, Working*
NLM/TOXLINE


Pesticides: Minimizing the Risks
Edited by Nancy N. Ragsdale and Ronald J. Kuhr
Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1987
185 pp, $34.95 hb.
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9  (3) p419-20, ISSN 0272-
4332 Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

The papers in this volume were originally presented as part of an
ACS symposium in 1986. The authors  and editors focus on the
central issue of balancing the societal benefits obtained  from
pesticide use against their associated environmental and health
risks. The purpose of the collection is to  identify and discuss
the areas of pesticide science, technology, and policy which will
allow us to achieve this balance most efficaciously. The opening
paper provides an overview of the dominant  issues: increased
pesticide use, benefits in agricultural yield and quality, and
perceptions of inherent risks.  The overview also identifies the
major areas of research which might best  improve the benefit/risk
balance: pesticide toxicology, pest physiology and ecology, and
management of potential hazards.  The ensuing papers are
organized around these three areas, providing valuable
discussions on the toxicologic interactions of pesticides, the
role of short-term tests in predicting pesticide toxicity,
pesticide environmental mobility and fate,  and problems in public
perception of pesticide risks.  Because of  its breadth of
coverage, the book will be a useful resource in understanding the
issues involved in pesticide risk assessment and management.
                                30

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Pollution Risks and Countenneasures for Surface Water Intakes
Cole, J.A.; Hawker, P.J.; Lawson,  J.D.; Montgomery, H.A.
(WRC Medmenham, UK)
J Inst Water & Env Management, Dec 88, V2,  N6,  P603(9)
Research Article

pollution events that affect surface waters must be assessed from
an inventory of threats in each catchment,  from regional and
national statistics on events, and from data on the travel and
dispersal of pollutants. Factories, farms,  and sewage treatment
works must be inspected with the object of finding ways of
stopping potential sources of pollution. An integrated package of
catchment monitoring and control measures is needed to minimize
the risk of contamination from a pollution event. Counter-
measures include bunding of chemical stores and handling areas,
prompt notification of tanker accidents and other spills,
processing waste liquids on site,  and broad-band monitoring of
river water quality. (2 Drawings,  3 References, 6 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-003643
Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing
      Health and Environmental Risks
Cohrssen, John J.
Executive Office of the President of the U.S., Council on
Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C.
xi, 407 p. : ill.; 23 cm.; 1989
Health risk assessment—United States; Risk assessment—United
States
EPA ONLINE LIBRARY SYSTEM
The Surgeon General's 1989 Report on Reducing the Health
      Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, Mar 24, 89, V38, NS-2  (46)
Journal Article

The fundamental developments over the last 25 years in cigarette
smoking prevalence in the us and in mortality caused by smoking
are examined. The prevalence of smoking among adults decreased
from 40% in 1965 to 29% in 1987. Nearly half of all living adults
who ever smoked have quit. During 1964-85, about 750,000 smoking-
related deaths were avoided or postponed as a result of decisions
to quit the habit or not to start. Each of these avoided or
postponed deaths represented an average gain in life expectancy
of two decades. The prevalence of smoking remains higher among
blacks, blue-collar workers, and less educated persons than in
the overall population. The decline in smoking has been markedly
slower among women than among men. Smoking is responsible for
more than one of every six deaths in the us, and remains the
single most important preventable cause of death in modern
society.  Enviroline Number: 89-00345

                                31

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Toxic Effluents: A Simplified Procedure for Assessing Human
      Health Risks
Bolten, Joseph G. and; Ricci, Paolo, F. (Bland Corp, CA)
Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis),  1987,
V5, P519(10)
Conf Paper

A simplified methodology is presented for assessing the chronic
impacts caused by discharge of toxic pollutants to surface water
bodies. The methodology for the risk analysis is provided in a
microcomputer program (wtrisk), which can be used for preliminary
calculation of possible risks and for estimating the
uncertainties in the results. The approach is applied to a case
study in which an effluent containing selenium was discharged
from an existing coal-fired power plant. The authors stress that
wtrisk and all other risk assessment methods cannot produce
accurate and precise risk estimates, only rough approximations.
(1 Diagram, 9 References, 3 Tables)  Enviroline Number: 89-
002824
Trends in Combustion Technology in Relation to Health Risk
Dilorenzo, Aldo and; D'Alession Antonio (Institute Motori-CNR,
Italy)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P459(13)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

A discussion of the general aspects of air pollutant formation
during combustion is presented, with emphasis on smoke emissions
suspected of inducing cancer in human beings. Specific topics
include the definition of a health risk index involving both
quantities and toxicities of emissions; pollutant formation
derived from stationary sources and transportation-related
sources; and technological actions for emissions reduction, with
soot and PAH as examples. The authors urge cooperation between
combustion scientists and toxicologists.
Enviroline Number: *89-003349
                                32

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CANCER .  .  .  includes carcinogens, carcinogenesis,
carcinogenicity, genetics, epidemiology, and multi-media exposure


A Stochastic Two-Stage Model for Cancer Risk Assessment. I. The
      Hazard Function and the Probability of Tumor
Moolgavkar, S.H.; Dewanji, A; Venzon, D.J.
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) Sep 1988, 8  (3) p383-92, ISSN 0272-
4332 Journal Code: RIA
Contract/Grant No.: CA-47658
Languages:  English

We present a mathematical treatment of a two-mutation model for
carcinogenesis with time-dependent parameters.  This model has
previously been shown to be consistent with epidemiologic and
experimental data. An approximate hazard function used in
previous papers is critically evaluated.
MEDLINE
Are There Thresholds for Carcinogenesis? The Thorny Problem of
      Low-Level Exposure
Upton, Arthur C.  (New York Univ Medical Center)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences  (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P863(22)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

The appropriate dose-incidence model for use in estimated cancer
risk is a contentious area in formulating health policy. The
concept of the no-effect level of exposure, or threshold for
carcinogenic effects, is discussed. Specific topics include the
biology of carcinogenesis, epidemiological data and soe response
profiles, factors modifying dose response, and health policy
implications. Based on present knowledge, the use of a non-
threshold model for ionizing radiation and chemicals with
genotoxic activity is recommended. (11 Graphs, 109 References, 2
Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-003357
                                33

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Assessment of Exposure and Susceptibility to Aromatic Amine
      Carcinogens
Kadlubar, F.F.; Talaska, G.;  Lang, N.P.; Benson, R.W.:
Roberts, D.W.
Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for
Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR
IARC Sci Publ  (FRANCE) 1988,  (89) p!66-74, ISSN 0300-5038 Journal
Code: GKUde:
Languages: English

As a consequence of human exposure to carcinogenic aromatic
amines, biochemical approaches to risk assessment have emphasized
metabolic determinants of individual susceptibility and
quantification of arylamine-macromolecular adducts. A known
genetic polymorphism  in humans, hepatic arylamine
acetyltransferase activity, has been associated with differences
in individual  susceptibility to urinary bladder (slow
acetylators) and colorectal  (rapid acetylators) cancers.
Similarly, the high specificity of 4-aminobiphenyl
an inducible human cytochrome P450 towards the N-oxidation of
other aromatic amines  is consistent with metabolic differences
that can be used to predict relative human risk. Exposure to
aromatic amines has also been documented, primarily by
quantification of adducts with protein or DNA. Using 32P-
postlabelling methods  and a competitive avidin/biotin-amplified
enzyme-linked  immunoassay, we have estimated 4-aminobiphenyl-DNA
adduct  levels  in surgical samples of human peripheral lung and
urinary bladder epithelium and report values ranging from 2 to 97
adducts per 10(8) nucleotides.
MEDLINE
 Biologically-Based Methods for Cancer Risk Assessment
 Edited by Curtis C. Travis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
 Tennessee
 Plenum Publishing Corporation
 0-306-43117-3/proceedings/352 pp. + index/ill./1989/$75.00
 ($90.00 outside U.S.  & Canada)

 The papers  in this volume survey all the pharmacokinetic  and
 pharmacodynamic methods used in cancer risk assessment, identify
 methodological gaps and research needs in biologically-based
 methods, and develop  a general framework to guide  future  cancer
 risk  assessment research.  Volume 159 in the  NATO  ASI Series:
 Series A: Life Sciences.
                                34

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Cancer Risk Evaluation in an Area with a High Density of Chemical
      Plants: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Puntoni, R.; Bolognesi, C. ; Bonassi, S.; Merlo, F.; Mari, A.;
Merialdo, G.; Santi, L. (Inst Nazionale per la Ricerca sul
Cancro, Italy)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P808(9)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

Epidemiological and toxicological studies carried out in a well
defined geographical area having several chemical and dyestuff
plants are described. The use of 2-napthylamine and benzidine in
these industries has resulted in an increase in bladder cancer in
the area. Toxicological data, in conjunction with epidemiological
reports, have provided the information necessary to assess the
risk of specific chemical exposure and develop guidelines for
safe levels of these chemicals. (33 References, 8 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003356


Cancer Risk Assessment: Pharmacokinetics Mechanistic
      Considerations
Griesemer, R.A. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN)
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-8804150-2
31 May 88 8p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference Proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300
Symposium on Assessing the Risks from Toxics in the Northern
California Environment: What Science Can Tell Us, San Francisco,
CA, USA, 7 Apr 1988
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400

A fundamental assumption in cancer risk assessments is that
humans and experimental animals respond much the same way to
carcinogens. This assumption is grounded on established
principles of toxicology and is supported by concordant  findings
in those instances where both animal and human data exist.  For
quantitative comparisons relatively few data exist but for
carcinogenic drugs the doses that produce cancer in animals and
man are remarkably close, generally within an order of magnitude.
Why then do advisory committees, such as EPA's Science Advisory
Board, spend hours assessing the details of the information
obtained from various animal species and from epidemiologic
studies? One reason is that human populations are more
genetically heterogeneous and have more varied lifestyles than

                                35

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the experimental animals used in controlled experiments. This
raises the issue of the extent to which the animal bioassays can
be expected to predict the responses of persons more susceptible
or resistant than the population average. Secondly, differences
are sometimes found in the tumor incidences or in the tumor types
and locations among different animal species or strains
themselves which brings into question which studies to use to
extrapolate to humans. 6 refs. DE88011838/XAB


Carcinogen Risk Assessment (book reviews)
Burmaster, David E.
Environment v31 p29(l) June, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: ENVTA
Article Type: Review
Grade: B
Reviewee: Travis, Curtis C.
Descriptors: Books—Reviews, etc.
MAGAZINE INDEX


Cell  Proliferation Kinetics and Multistage Cancer Risk Models
Bogen, H.T.
Environmental Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
J Natl Cancer Inst  (UNITED STATES) Feb 15 1989, 81  (4) p267-77,
ISSN  0027-8874 Journal Code: J9J
Languages: English

Cell-kinetic multistage  (CKM) cancer-risk models account for
clonal proliferation of postulated intermediate  (initiated,
premalignant) cell populations during tumorigenesis.  To date,
almost all CKM models considered have assumed that  intermediate,
premalignant cells may proliferate exponentially over time in
vivo. This "exponential growth" assumption, however, may not
always be as biologically plausible as the alternative assumption
that  cells tend to grow geometrically in time. The general CKM
model and applications of it that presume exponential cell growth
are reviewed here. Geometric CHM models  are then considered,
previous erroneous analyses of these models are reviewed, and a
corrected mathematical treatment is provided.  It  is pointed out
that  the presumption of exponential instead of geometric
proliferation kinetics may lead to underestimates  of small
increments in CKM-predicted cancer risk  above background if the
geometric assumption  is true.  An evaluation of pertinent
biological evidence is provided, which indicates that
precancerous cells may typically proliferate geometrically.
Consequently, if CKM models are used for environmental  risk
assessment,  it may be prudent for one to presume geometric cell
growth unless specific data support an alternative  assumption.
MEDLINE

                                36

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Chernobyl: The Aftermath
Davis, Trenton, G. (East Carolina Univ)
J Env Health, Mar-Apr 89, V51, N4,  P185(3)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

The intl conference on environmental protection, held in the ussr
in October 1988, visited the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Scientists and officials discussed the april 1986 Chernobyl
nuclear accident and its consequences, which included the
evacuation of more than 135,000 people.  Over the next 30-40
years, the cancer risk of people exposed to radiation is
estimated to be no more than that in the states bordering nevada
that received fallout from nuclear weapons tests. The increased
risk for the three billion people in the northern hemisphere is
almost too small to measure. Some $6.4 Billion has been spent in
mitigating the effects of the disaster;  the toal may reach $15
billion. Radionuclides do not appear to have contaminated the
region's ground-water supply. (2 Photos, 2 References)
Enviroline Number: *89-003569


Cigarette Smoking and Exposure to Passive Smoke are Risk
      Factors for Cervical Cancer
Slattery, M.L.; Robison, Linda,  M.;  Schuman, Katharina, L.;
French, Thomas K.; Abbott, Thomas,  M.; Overall, James, C.;
Gardener, John W. (Univ of Utah School of Medicine)
AMA J, Mar 17,89, V261, Nil, P1593(6)
Research Article

Cigarette smoking and passive exposure to cigarette smoke were
found to increase the risk of cervical cancer after adjusting for
age, educational level, church attendance,  and sexual activity.
In a population-based, case-control study conducted in utah the
adjusted risk estimate associated with being a current smoker was
3.42; For having smoked five or more pac-years it was 2.81; And
for having smoked at least 100 lifetime cigarettes it was 2.21.
The adjusted risk associated with passive smoke exposure for
three or more hours a day was 3.43 And 2.59 For women who were
non-smokers and smokers, respectively.  (42 References, 6 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-002846
                                37

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Detection of 6-Thioguanine Resistance in Human Peripheral Blood
      Lymphocytes (PBL) of Industrial Workers and Lung Cancer
      Patients
Tompa, A.;  Sapi, E.
National Institute of Occupational Health, Budapest, Hungary
Mutat Res (NETHERLANDS) Feb 1989, 210 (2) p345-51,  ISSN 0027-
5107
Journal Code: NNA
Languages:  English

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were selected for 6-
thioguanine  (6-TG) resistance in short-term  (42-h) cultures in
110 high-cancer-risk industrial workers, 131 primary lung cancer
patients and 96 low-risk controls. The lymphocytes were cultured
and stimulated by phytohemagglutinin  (PHA). A labeling index  (LI)
was scored using light microscope autoradiography, based on the
lymphocyte's ability to incorporate tritiated thymidine with  or
without  selective agent 6-TG. The number of  6-TG-resistant cells
increased in the high-occupational-cancer-risk group of vinyl
chloride- and mixed organic industrial dust  (MOID) -exposed
workers  as well as in  the primary lung cancer patients.  The
results  were compared  with the low-occupational-cancer-risk
groups and with samples taken from the 70 healthy individuals and
26 hospitalized, non-cancerous controls.  In both risk-exposed
groups the frequency of 6-TG-resistant lymphocytes was
significantly higher  (p less than 0.01)  than in the controls.
These results suggest  that the original  Strauss and Albertini
 (1977, 1979) method can be used  to study qualitative risk
assessment in carcinogen- or mutagen-exposed occupational groups.
MEDLINE
Do Aflatoxin-DNA Adduct Measurements  in Humans Provide Accurate
      Data  for Cancer Risk Assessment?
Groopman, J.D.
Environmental Health Section, Boston  University School of Public
Health, MA
IARC Sci Publ  (FRANCE) 1988,  (89) p55-62, ISSN 0300-5038 Journal
Code: GKU
Contract/Grant No.: P01ES00597; CA39416
Languages:  English

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma  is one of the most  lethal  and
most common cancers in Africa and Asia and is associated with
exposure to aflatoxin  (AF) Bl. To date, many human studies  have
relied upon presumptive intake data,  rather than  on  quantitative
analyses of AF-DNA adduct and metabolite content  obtained by
monitoring  biological fluids from exposed people.  Information
                                38

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obtained by monitoring exposed individuals for specific DNA
adducts and metabolites will define the pharmacokinetics of AFBl,
thereby facilitating risk assessment. In addition, using an
animal model based on the differential effects of ethoxyquin on
the kinetics of AF-DNA adduct and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-
positive foci formation, we have data to support the concept that
measurement of the major, rapidly excised AFB-7-guanine (Gua)
adduct in tissues and fluids is an appropriate dosimeter for
estimating exposure status and risk in individuals consuming this
mycotoxin.
MEDLINE
Estimating the Risk of Lung Cancer From Inhalation of Radon
Daughters: Review and Evaluation
Borak, Thomas B. (Colorado State Univ); Johnson, Janet A.
(Western Radiation Consultants, CO)
EPA Report 600/S6-88/008, Sep 88 (3)
The original document is available from Bowker
Fed Govt Report

Dosimetric models and epidemiological studies concerning the
relationship between indoor radon exposure and lung cancer are
reviewed. The working level is found to be an appropriate unit
for such exposure. Uncertainty in applying risk estimates derived
from uranium miner data may be reduced residential by determining
nose vs. Mouth breathing ratios, aerosol characteristics and lung
cancer risk vs age at exposure.  There is persuasive evidence of
an association between radon exposure indoors and lung cancer.
Epidemiologic research in progress may provide a basis for
revision or validation of current risk models and coefficients.
(5 References)
Enviroline Number: *89-003585
Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of the Phenoxyherbicide MCPA
      to an Urodele Amphibian
Zavanella, Teresa; Zaffaroni, Nicolett; Arias, Elio  (Univ of
Milan, Italy)
Ecotoxicology & Env Safety, pet 88, V16, N2, P114(9)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

Reported are the results of a long-term study of the effects of
percutaneous exposure to 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
(MCPA). These phenoxyacetic acid derivatives are widely used as
herbicides. In this study, crested newts, tritarus.cristatus
carnifex, were exposed to an aqueous solution of agroxon 3, a
commercial formulation of MCPA, at various concentrations. Under
the conditions used, there is no observable carcinogenic activity
associated with MCPA exposure.  (1 Diagram, 4 Photos, 27
References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-001777

                                39

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Indoor Radon and Lung Cancer
Samet, Johnathan M. (Univ of New Mexico);  Nero Jr., Anthony V.
(Univ of California, Berkeley)
New England J Medicine, Mar 2,  89, V320,  N9,  P591(4)
The original document is available from Bowker
Editorial

Some aspects of the indoor radon problem are well understood, and
the causal association of radon with lung cancer has been amply
documented. Both the epidemiologic and the animal data show that
the risk of lung cancer increases with the increasing exposure to
radon or its decay products. Despite apparent variability in
analyses of risk, available data provide a rationale for action.
However, uncertainties about the extent of radon exposure in the
us and the quantitative risks it presents cloud the present
national strategy. Any standard for an acceptable radon
concentration in indoor air is subject to question, as current
risk models do not provide a convergent picture of quantitative
risks. Epa's guideline level of 150 becquerel/cu m should not be
regarded as a standard.  (15 References)
Enviroline Number:  *89-003584
Mortality Among Forest and Soil Conservationists
Alavanja, Micheal, C.; Blair, Aaron; Merkle, Scott; Teske, John;
Eaton, Barbra; Reed,  Betsy (National Cancer Inst, MD)
Archives Env Health,  Mar-Apr 89, V44, N2, P94(8)
The original document is available from  Bowker
Research Article

The mortality of  forest and soil conservationists  (1411 white
males) who had been employed by the usda was evaluated for the
time period 1970-9. In case control analyses, the incidence of
non-hodgkin1s lymphoma  (NHL) and colon cancer was correlated with
the duration of employment at usda. Soil conservationists
employed after 1960 experienced increased risk  for NHL and colon
cancer with odds  ratios of 2.6 And 1.8,  Respectively. Those
employed prior to  1960 had no increased  cancer  risk. In contrast,
forest conservationists appeared to have increased cancer risk
both before and after 1960.  (35 References, 5 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003388
                                40

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Occupational Cancer Metalworking and Transportation Equipment
      Industries
Mirer, Franklin E.; Silverstein, Micheal A.; Park, Robert;
Maizlish, Neil (United Auto Workers, MI)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, pet 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P387(7)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

Exposure to hazardous chemicals is an important public health
problem in chemical-using industries,  such as metal working and
transportation equipment plants. Recent studies indicate excess
mortality from cancer among workers engaged in model and
patternmaking, plating and die-cast, foundry, machining,
electronics operations, and vehicle assembly. The chemical agents
and exposure levels associated with these cancers had not
previously been thought to pose additional cancer risk. These
results suggest that occupational exposure limits may be too low
in these industries. (19 References, 6 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003344
On the Relationship Between Carcinogenicity and Acute Toxicity
Metzger, Bernhard; Crouch, Edmund; Wilson, Richard
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!79, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Journal Article

Parodi et al.(1) and Zeise et al.(2) found a surprising
statistical correlation  (or association)  between acute toxicity
and carcinogenic potency. In order to shed light on the questions
of whether or not it is  a causal correlation, and whether or not
it is a statistical or tautological artifact, we have compared
the correlations for the NCI/NTP data set with those for
chemicals not in this set. Carcinogenic potencies were taken from
the Gold et al. database. We find a weak correlation with an
average value of TD5Q/LD5Q =  0.04  for  the  non-NCI  data  set,
compared with TD50/LD5o  = 0.15  for the NCI  data  set. We conclude
that it is not easy to distinguish types of carcinogens on the
basis of whether or not  they are acutely toxic.
Keywords: Carcinogenicity; acute toxicity; correlation.
                                41

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One-Hit Models of Carcinogenesis: Conservative or Not?
Bailar III, John C.; Crouch, Edmund A.C.; Shaikh, Rashid;
Spiegelman, Donna (McGill Univ,  Canada)
Risk Analysis, 1988, V8, N4, P485(13)
Research Article

One-hit formulas are generally believed to be conservative
approaches to evaluation of carcinogenesis bioassays. The one-
hit procedure was reevaluated by examining 1212 separate
bioassays of 308 chemical substances at three difference doses.
The results of this analysis suggest that the one-hit model may
lead to underestimates of carcinogenic potential in the mid-dose
range. A recommendation is made that risk assessments for
regulation of carcinogens incorporate a measure of additional
uncertainty in view of the findings presented.  (8 Graphs, 19
references, 3 Tables)  Enviroline Number: 89-002773


Primary Liver Cancer Death and Occupation in Texas
Suarez, L.; Wiess, N.S.; Martin, J.
Bureau of Disease Control and Epidemiology, Texas Department of
Health, Austin 78756 Am J Ind Med; Vol 15, Iss  2, 1989, p!67-75
LA: English
CDL: 3IN
ISSN: 0271-3586

A death certificate case-control study of primary liver cancer
and occupation was  conducted to determine if the high risk of
liver cancer  in Mexican-Americans can be explained by farmworker
exposures to pesticides. The association of liver cancer with the
petroleum and chemical  industry and with other  potentially high-
risk occupations was also examined. For the years 1969 to 1980,
1,742 deaths  from primary liver cancer were identified for Texas
males. Controls were randomly selected from other causes of
deaths among males  excluding all neoplasms, liver and gallbladder
diseases, infectious hepatitis, and alcoholism, and were
frequency matched to cases by age, race, ethnicity, and year of
death. Risk for farmworkers based on age, race, ethnicity, and
year of death. Risk for farmworkers based on age, race, and
ethnicity-adjusted  odds ratios  (ORs) was not excessive (OR=1.4,
95% confidence limits  [C.L.] 0.8-2.2) but was larger than the
risk for farmers  (OR=1.0, 95% C.L. 0.8-1.2). Excess risk in the
petroleum and chemical manufacturing industries was confined to
oil refinery workers  (OR=2.0, 95% C.L. 1.0-3.8) butchers and meat
cutters  (OR=2.6, 95% C.L. 1.1-6.6), textile workers  (OR=3.1, 95%
C.L. 1.2-7.8), cooks  (OR=2.2, 95% C.L. 1.1-4.5), and longshoremen
(OR=2.2, 95%  C.L. 0.6-7.4).
Keywords: TOXBIB; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and Over; Hispanic
Americans; Human; Liver Neoplasms CHEMICALLY INDUCED/*MORTALITY;
Male; Mexico  ETHNOLOGY; Middle Age; Occupational Diseases
CHEMICALLY INDUCED/*MORTALITY; Pesticides ADVERSE EFFECTS; Risk
Factors; Texas    NLM/TOXLINE

                                42

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Pulmonary Carcinogenic Effects of Ozone
Mustafa, Mohammad G.; Hassett, Christopher, M.; Newell, Gordon,
W.; Schrauzer, Gerhard N. (Univ of California, Los Angeles)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P714(10)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

Studies have indicated that subchronic exposures to ozone at
levels that may be encountered during severe smog episodes may
enhance lung tumorigenesis. The available evidence on the
carcinogenic potential of ozone is reviewed in this report. New
evidence suggests that ozone may be a co-carcinogen in urban air
pollution, where, due to its oxidizing potential, it may act
synergistically with other air pollutants. This information
suggests that epidemiological investigators should reconsider the
potential contribution of urban air pollution to lung cancer.  (65
References)  Enviroline Number: *89-003354


Quantitative Risk Assessment and Occupational Carcinogens
Andersen, Melvin E.  (Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH) Applied
Industrial Hygiene, OCT 88, V3, N10, P267(7)
Journal Article

The use of risk assessment techniques for setting limits for
occupational carcinogens is critiqued. Emphasis is placed on
quantitative risk assessment, the process of deriving human
exposure limits from the results of cancer tests in animals or
from human epidemiology. Quantitative risk assessment approaches
used in the past have largely ignored the differences between the
animal exposure and the expected human exposure conditions, and
they have also conducted the risk estimation process disregarding
the mechanism by which a particular chemical causes cancer.
Recently developed biologically-realistic cancer models that
promise to allow incorporation of mechanistic data on cancer
causation directly into the risk assessment process are
described. (2 Diagrams, 2 Graphs, 19 References, 2 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-001214
                                43

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Recent Laboratory Studies in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Gasoline
Mehlman, M.A. (Mobil, NJ)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P408(4)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

It has been difficult to assess the carcinogenic potential of
gasoline, due to the uncertainty in extrapolating data obtained
from animal studies to human populations. A recent study by the
api indicated that the volatile components in gasoline may result
in degenerative kidney disease. This finding, however, appears to
be specific to the male rat only. Therefore, the current
scientific consensus is that additional data are necessary to
determine precisely the effect of gasoline vapor on human health.
(13 References, 2 tables)  Enviroline Number: *89-003345


Report of the EPA Workshop on the Development of Risk
      Assessment methodologies for Tumor promoters
Connery, Jan  (Eastern Research Group, MA)
EPA Report 600/S9-87/013, AUG 88 (3)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Proceedings

Experts discussed research needed to support the development of
risk assessment methodologies for tumor promoters at a workshop
sponsored in february 1987 by the epa office of r&d. Initiation,
promotion, and progression were identified as the three stages of
carcinogenesis; agents associated predominantly with these three
stages were examined.  Participants agreed that the mechanism of
promotion is not currently understood, and several different
mechanisms of promotion were suggested.  Available data indicate
that promotion is substantially different from initiation and
that traditional risk assessment models for carcinogens are not
appropriate for promoters.  Future research must address
mechanisms of the three  stages cited, the behavior of promoters
in humans, the behavior  of promoters in organs other than the
skin and the liver, and  interspecies promotion differences.
Enviroline Number: *89-003411
                                44

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Research Priorities in Electric and Magnetic Fields
Sagan, Leonard A. (EPRI)
Forum for applied research & public policy, Winter 88, V3, N4,
P102(3)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

Evidence from epidemiological studies points to a possible link
between exposure to electric and magnetic fields and an increased
risk of cancer. However, this evidence is far from conclusive;
additional research will be required to produce definitive
answers. Present epidemiological studies are using larger numbers
of subjects and more sophisticated methods and equipment than
previous studies. However, such studies will inevitably depend on
insights gained through laboratory experimentation. Despite the
admitted limits of available knowledge, the risk to individuals
is considered to be small.  Enviroline Number: *89-003572


Risk Estimates for Lung Tumors from Inhaled Sup 239 Pu02 Sup 238
      Pu02 and /Sup 239Pu/(N03) sub 4 in Beagle Dogs
Dagle, G.E.; Park, J.F.; Gilbert, E.S.; Weller, R.E.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA
Corp. Source Codes: 048335000; 9512268
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-15498; CONF-880514-2
Jun 88  14p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300
Workshop on Biological Assessment of Occupational Exposure to
Actinides, Versailles, France, 30 May 1988
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC06-76RL01830

Lung-cancer risks are being studied in beagle dogs given single
exposures to aerosols of sup 239 Pu02, sup 238 Pu02 or sup 239
Pu(N03) sub 4. A major objective of these studies is to examine
the risk of lung cancer relative to the specific activity of the
                                45

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radionuclide, rate of dose accumulation due to differences in
solubilities of the radionuclides, and the presence of competing
risk from extrapulmonary lesions. Dose-response relationships
were studied for the three groups of dogs, with analyses
specifically designed to evaluate differences in response. Based
on estimated cumulative dose to the lung, risks were found to
differ significantly among the radionuclides; they were highest
for sup 239 Pu(N03) sub 4 and lowest assumed for sup 238 Pu02. A
model in which the risk was assumed to be a pure quadratic
function of dose fit the data much better than a pure linear
model. Currently, all three groups of dogs can be compared only
to 10 years after exposure.  However, it is apparent that the
average cumulative dose to the lung may not be an adequate
predictor of lung-cancer risk for different isotopic and
physicochemical forms of plutonium. 13 refs., 2 tabs.
DE88012691/XAB


Role of Alcohol in Cancers of the Upper Alimentary Tract: Use of
      Models in Risk Assessment
Notani, P.N.
Epidemiology Unit, Tata Memorial Centre, Bombay, India
J Epidemiol Community Health  (ENGLAND) Jun 1988, 42  (2) p!87-92,
ISSN 0143-005X
Journal Code: IIP
Languages: English

A case-control study of cancers of the upper alimentary tract was
conducted in a hospital to assess the role of several risk
factors, including alcohol consumption, which is reported here.
Male patients from one community with cancers of the oral cavity
(n = 278) pharynx  (n = 225) and oesophagus (n = 236) formed the
case group.  Patients diagnosed as not having cancer (n = 215)
formed one control group, and a comparable sample of individuals
from the general population (n = 177) formed another control
group. The risk of regular alcohol consumption along with the two
well established risk factors of tobacco smoking and chewing were
assessed from the linear logistic model fitted.  The process of
model fitting has been elaborated. Adjusted odds ratios of
alcohol consumption in those under 60 years of age varied from
1.3 to 3.6-fold for developing oral cavity cancer, from 1.9 to
5.4-fold for pharyngeal cancer, and from 1.5 to 2.7-fold for
oesophageal cancer, in different age groups.  No association was
observed between alcohol consumption and cancer in those over 60
years of age. A synergistic effect was observed for  the combined
habit of alcohol drinking with tobacco smoking and/or chewing.
The fact that age  is a risk factor independent of habit is also
demonstrated.
MEDLINE
                                46

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Special Report on Ingested Inorganic Arsenic: Skin Cancer;
      Nutritional Essentiality
Levine, T.;  Rispin, A.; Scott, C.S.; Marcus,  W.;  Chen, C.I.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,  DC.  Office of
Research and Development
Corp. Source Codes: 031287457
Report No.:  EPA/625/3-87/013F
Jul 88  136p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8905
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States

A Technical Panel of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
Risk Assessment Forum has studied three special issues regarding
certain health effects, particularly skin cancer, associated with
arsenic ingestion: the validity of the Tseng et al. (1968) study
of skin cancer in Taiwan and its use for dose-response assessment
in the U.S.  population; the interpretation and use of skin
lesions reported as arsenic-induced skin cancers in that study;
and the role of arsenic as an essential nutrient in the human
diet. The Technical Panel also reviewed auxiliary information on
genotoxicity, metabolism, and other factors that might suggest
the most appropriate approach to dose-response assessment. In
brief summary, the analysis shows a causal relationship between
ingestion exposure to arsenic and an increased risk of skin
cancer in the Taiwan population.  This leads to a classification
of arsenic as a Group A human carcinogen under EPA's cancer
guidelines.   However, in the absence of fully persuasive evidence
for any of the possible mechanisms of arsenic-induced
carcinogenesis, a generalized multistage model that is linear at
low doses was used to place an upper bound on the expected human
cancer dose-response.
PB89-125975/XAB
                                47

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Sport Fish Consumption Advisories and Projected Cancer Risks in
      the Great Lakes Basin
Foran, J.A.; Cox, M.; Croxton, D.
Great Lakes Natural Resource Center, National Wildlife
Federation, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Am J Public Health  (UNITED STATES) Mar 1989, 79 (3) p322-5, ISSN
0090-0036
Journal Code: 3XW
Languages: English

Because Great Lakes sport fish are contaminated with several
toxicants, the Great Lakes states individually issue advisories,
principally based on Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) action
levels, that suggest limiting or eliminating consumption of
contaminated fish.  We describe the procedures the states use to
determine when to issue consumption advisories and we evaluate
the associated cancer risks using EPA-IARC-OSTP risk assessment
procedures. Projected cancer risks are high for consumers of
small quantities of sport fish contaminated with DDT or dieldrin
at their respective action levels. Projected risks at
concentrations that are common but below the action levels are
also substantial. We propose that sport fish with tissue
concentrations of DDT or dieldrin one-fifth and one-third of the
action levels should be covered by consumption advisories to warn
consumers of the potential adverse health impacts.
MEDLINE
The Perils of Prudence: How Conservative Risk Assessments Distort
      Regulation
Nichols, A.L.; Zeckhauser, R.J.
79 John F. Kennedy St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.; 8(1), pp. 61-75 1988
Language: English
Summary Language: English
Document Type: Journal article-original research
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts

An analysis of several agencies's risk assessments reveals that
the present conservative  approach through several stages of
estimates of amounts of regulated substances, the exposure
levels, and cancer risks  often tends to distort the actual
regulation.  Changes in this process are desirable and possible
and would reduce overestimation of cancer risk assessments. These
possible changes are discussed.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
                                48

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Tumours of the Respiratory Tract in Rats and Hamsters Following
      Chronic Inhalation of Engine Emissions
Brightwell, J.; Fouillet, X.; Cassano-Zoppi, A.L.; Bernstein, D. ;
Crawley, F.; Duchosal, F.; Gatz, R. (Batelle, Europe,
Switzerland)
J Applied Toxicology, Feb 89, V9,  Nl,  P12(9)
Research Article

The carcinogenic effects of inhaled automobile exhaust was
evaluated in rodents. Both rats and hamsters were exposed to
emissions from a gasoline engine,  a gasoline engine fitted with a
catalytic converter, a diesel engine and a diesel engine with
particle filtration. Exposure durations were for 16 hour/day,
five days/week, for two years.  Changes were observed in the
incidence of respiratory tract tumors in emission exposed
hamsters compared to controls, or in rats exposed to filtered
diesel exhaust or gasoline emissions.   Rats exposed to diesel
emissions experienced an increase in the incidence of lung
tumors, which was higher for females (96% of surviving rats) than
for males  (44% of surviving rats).  The concentration of soot
particles in the diesel emission was either 2200 or 6600
(gr)mg/cu m. (2 Graphs, 24 References,  9 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-003330
Use of Animal Bioassay Data in Carcinogen Risk Assessment
Weisburger, Elizabeth K. (Natl Cancer Inst, MD)
Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Contemporary Issues in Risk
Analysis), 1988, V3, P49(10)
Book Chapter

Animal bioassays are fundamental in furnishing information
directly relevant to two essential components of risk analysis:
hazard indentification and dose-response assessment. This article
provides a discussion of the animal bioassay program originally
initiated by the national cancer institute and now under the
auspices of the national toxicology program.  Specific topics
addressed in the article include the history of the program and
case studies where carcinogenic compounds have been evaluated.
(1 Graph, 3 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-001734
                                49

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GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS


Analysis of DNA Damage and Mutations Induced by Radon Daughter
      Products: Progress Report
Schwartz, J.L.
Chicago Univ., IL
Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I),  Issue 10, 1989
NTIS/DE89004860, Portions of this document are illegible in
microfiche products., lip
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
DOE/ER/60661-1, Contract FG02-88ER60661

The goal of the project is to better understand the genetic
and somatic risks associated with radon exposure by
characterizing both the DNA lesions induced by radon and the
mechanisms by which both of these lesions are processed. In order
to accomplish this goal, the researchers are exposing mammalian
cells in vitro to the radon daughter product (212)Bi and
analyzing DNA damage at the cellular, cytogenetic molecular
level. In addition, the authors are examining the influence of
DNA repair systems on (212)Bi-induced cytotoxicity,
DNA/chromosome breakage and gene mutations.  The experiments to
date have involved treatment of four different Chinese hamster
ovary (CHO) cell lines with sup 212 Bi and x rays to measure:  (1)
DNA and chromosome break induction,  (2) cell killing, and  (3)
mutation induction at the HGPRT locus. The four CHO cell lines
include AA8, EM9, CHO-K1 Md XRS-5. They differ in
radiosensitivity and in their ability to rejoin DNA single-and
double-strand breaks. EM9 is deficient in its ability to rejoin
DNA single-strand breaks and XRS-5 is deficient in its ability to
rejoin DNA double-strand breaks. 2 figs., 2 tabs.  (ERA citation
14:011225)
Keywords: Bismuth 212; Gene Mutations; Radon 222; Somatic
Mutations; Biological Effects; Cell Cultures; Cell Killing; DNA
Repair; Daughter Products; Enzyme Induction; Hamsters; In  Vitro,
Progress Report; Strand Breaks; X Radiation; DNA Damage;
Deoxyribonucleic Acids; Lesions; Mutagen Screening
DE89004860
                                50

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Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Potential of Several Fluorocarbons
Longstaff, E. (Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, UK)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P283(16)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

Two studies evaluating the carcinogenic potential of a series of
chlorofluorocarbons are reviewed. The first study involves
assessment of carcinogenicity using an in vitro short-term test
followed by a gavage validation assay in rats. The second study
examines inhalation of cfc22 by rats and mice with an assessment
of in vivo genotoxicity. The results of these studies suggest
that cfcs are not biologically inert, but contain several
bacterial mutagens, cell-transforming agents, and rodent
carcinogens. These findings, however, do not indicate a
carcinogenic or mutagenic threat to humans.  (1 Graph, 21
References, 10 Tables)  Enviroline Number: *89-003342


Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity of the Herbicide 2,4,5-
      Trichlorophenoxyethanol  (TCPE) Contaminated with Dioxin
Sugar, Janos; Toth Karoly; Olah Edith (Nat Inst of Oncology,
Hungary)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences  (Living  in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P7O6(8)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

The compound 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyethanol  (TCPE) is a commonly
used herbicide in hungary, and is always contaminated to some
degree with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The
hepatocarcinogenicity of TCPE was compared to its possible
genotoxicity in vitro using the salmonella/microsome test for
mutagenicity and dna-damaging ability, and induction of sister
chromatid exchanges  (SCE) in Chinese hamster ovary cells.  TCPE
was not mutagenic by the Ames Test, but its  DNA damaging
capability was demonstrated by an increase in frequency of SCE.
Experiments also showed that metabolic activation of TCPE
occurred in the liver, suggesting that toxic effects result only
at dose levels which exceed the detoxicating capacity of the
liver. (5 Graphs, 21 References)  Enviroline Number: *89-003353
                                51

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DNA Damage and Repair
Edited by A. Castellani, ENEA Department of Environment and
Health Protection, Rome, Italy
Plenum Publishing Corporation
0-306-43083-5/proceedings/382 pp. + index/ill./1989/$79.50
($95.40 outside U.S. & Canada)

The subject of DNA damage and repair involves almost all the
fields of biological sciences.  This volume is dedicated to the
memory of two international leaders in the field—Alexander
Hollaender of the United States and Adriano Buzzati Traverse of
Italy.  The papers, from scientists in the areas of
carcinogenesis, photobiology, radiation biology, aging,
enzymology, genetics, and molecular biology, cover many aspects
of biological systems ranging from molecules to humans and deal
with damage and repair after treatment of cells with various
types of radiation and chemicals.


Experimental Approaches to the Assessment of Genetic Risk:
      Mammalian Germline Mutagenesis and Related Studies
Russell, L.B.
Mammalian Genetics and Development, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Tennessee 37831.
Birth Defects; VOL 24, ISS 5, 1988, P25-43  (REF: 80)
LA: English
CD: A6V
ISSN: 0547-6844
Keywords: TOXBIB; Animal; Chromosome Deletion; Gene
Rearrangement; DRUG EFFECTS/RADIATION EFFECTS; Germ Cells*/DRTJG
EFFECTS/RADIATION EFFECTS; Human; Mutation*; Review; Review,
Tutoriall; Risk Factors; Translocation  (Genetics) DRUG
EFFECTS/RADIATION EFFECTS
NLM/TOXLINE


Factors that Influence Formation Lymphocytes
Das, B.C.
Molecular Oncology Division,  Indian Council of Medical Research,
New Delhi
CRC Crit Rev Toxicol  (UNITED  STATES) 1988,  19(1) p43-B6,
ISSN 0045-6446
Journal Code: DT7
Languages: English
Document Type: Review

Sister chromatid  exchange  (SCE)  reflects an interchange of DNA
sequences between helices in  a replicating  chromosome. This was
initially accomplished by Taylor and colleagues  (1957) using
tritiated thymidine  incorporation  followed by autoradiography.
The development of an elegant technique for differential  staining
of sister chromatids by  incorporating a thymidine analog,

                                52

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5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) has greatly simplified the detection
of SCEs in metaphase chromosomes. In recent years, the analysis
of SCE has been considered to be a highly sensitive and
additional (i.e., with chromosome aberrations) end point for
measuring mutagenic/carcinogenic potential of various
environmental agents and is increasingly being used to detect and
differentiate among chromosome fragility human diseases that
predispose to neoplasia. Attention has been focused to see if the
induction of SCEs in lymphocyte cultures can be used as a
reliable "biological dosimeter" for genetic risk assessment and
to monitor the exposed populations. Several physical or
preparatory as well as biological factors that modify the
response and formation of SCEs make the monitoring difficult. The
purpose of this article is to review and analyze these factors to
facilitate an effective development of a standard protocol for
SCE testing and for appropriate evaluation of test results. This
may also provide clues to understand the yet unknown molecular
mechanism(s)  and biological significance of SCE formation.   (387
Refs.)
NLM/MEDLINE


Genotoxicity of Carcinogens in Human Hepatocytes: Application in
Hazard Assessment
McQueen, C.A.; Way, B.M.; Williams, G.M.
American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol  (UNITED STATES) Nov 1988, 92  (2) p360-6,
Journal Code: VWO
Languages: English
ISSN  0041-008X

Evaluation of chemical genotoxicity has been used in assessing
human cancer hazard, based on the observation that most human
carcinogens are known to be DNA-reactive.  The availability  of
data  on the DNA-reactivity of compounds in metabolically
competent human cells would assist hazard assessment by providing
direct information of human genotoxicity.  To evaluate the
reliability of human hepatocytes for this purpose, the induction
of DNA repair by DNA-reactive carcinogens of several structural
classes and related noncarcinogens was studied. All the
carcinogens elicited DNA repair synthesis, whereas the
noncarcinogens did not. These studies provide additional support
for the use of human hepatocytes in a DNA repair test in the
investigation of hazard assessment genotoxicity.  The
demonstration of genotoxicity in human cells is suggested to
provide important information for hazard assessment.
NLM/MEDLINE
                                53

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Genotoxicity of Organic Extracts From Atmospheric Particles
Courtois, Y.A.; France; Min, S., Lachenal C.;  Jacquot-Deschamps,
J.M.; Callais, F.;  Festy, 0. (Laboratoire D'Hygiene de la Ville
de Paris)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30,  88, V534, P724(17)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

The genotoxic potential of urban air particles was evaluated
using four in vitro genotoxicity assays. The Ames Test, the SOS
Chromotest, induction of 6-thioguanine mutants, and sister
chromadid exchanges carried out on Chinese hamster ovary cells
all confirm the genotoxic properties of the organic extracts of
atmospheric particles.  The optimisation in order of genotoxicity
testing procedures is discussed to improve the assessment of
human health risks due to air pollution. (4 Graphs, 38
References, 5 Tables)  Enviroline Number: *89-003355


Haemoglobin Binding in Control of Exposure to and Risk Assessment
      of Aromatic Amines
Neumann, H.G.
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wurzburg,
Federal Republic of Germany
IARC Sci Publ  (FRANCE) 1988, (89) p!57-65, ISSN 0300-5038 Journal
Code: GKUde
Languages: English

Haemoglobin is proposed as a dose monitor for aromatic amines.
Metabolically  formed nitrosoarenes react with sulphydryl groups
of haemoglobin and, after intramolecular rearrangement, yield
sulphinic acid amides. This type of adduct is stable in vivo but
can readily be hydrolysed after haemoglobin is  isolated from
blood samples, usually yielding the parent amine, which is
quantified by  gas chromatography or high-performance liquid
chromatography.  The haemoglobin binding  index was determined in
rats for a series of monocyclic aromatic amines, benzidine and
some benzidine congeners. The  following  relationships are
discussed: between binding  of  metabolites to DNA and to proteins;
between haemoglobin binding and biological endpoints such as
carcinogenesis and methaemoglobin formation; and between
haemoglobin binding and molecular endpoints such as DNA binding
and protein binding in liver and kidney. Haemoglobin binding
correlates with  a biologically active dose of aromatic amines  and
is thus well  suited for monitoring  exposure. The relationship
between haemoglobin binding and the dose at critical targets is
more complex,  and, at present,  carcinogenic risk cannot be
assessed from biological monitoring data.
NLM/MEDLINE
                                54

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Models and Assumptions Underlying Genetic Risk Assessment
Sobels F.H.
Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, State
University of Leiden, The Netherlands
Mutat Res; VOL 212, ISS 1, 1989, P77-89
LA: English
CD: NNA
ISSN: 0027-5107

Various methods employed for estimating the genetic risks of
radiation are reviewed. With the doubling-dose method, genetic
damage is expressed as an increase in cases of known genetic
disease. The actual doubling dose is based on figures obtained
with the mouse. There have been no recent data on induced
mutation frequencies. Recent results suggest that the prevalence
figure for multifactorial disease may be at least one order of
magnitude higher than before. Various assumptions underlying the
doubling-dose concept are discussed in the light of recent
findings on:  (1) spontaneous mutations resulting from insertion
elements and  (2) the comparability between spontaneous and
induced mutations. The so-called direct method makes use of
figures for induction of dominant mutations affecting the
skeleton and the lens of the eye in the mouse, and of
translocation induction in monkeys. Induction rates are converted
to overall rates of induced dominant effects in man by applying
certain assumptions. The proportionality between dose and effect
is the basis for all genetic risk assessments. The possible
significance of data on human lymphocytes indicating a threshold
below 4 rad and the induction of repair enzymes by low radiation
doses is discussed. The parallelogram approach is based on the
principle that estimates can be obtained on the amount of genetic
damage that cannot always be assessed directly. Thus mutations in
mouse germ cells can be predicted by using mutation frequencies
in cultured mammalian cells and 06-ethylguanine adducts.
Measurement of haemoglobin mutations in human and mouse
erythrocytes, and of HPRT-deficient mutations in lymphocytes of
man and mouse should make more precise estimates of mutation
frequencies in human germ calls possible. The development of a
database on mutations in somatic cells of the mouse, their
induction frequencies and molecular nature are considered an
important priority. Used in combination with mouse germ-cell
mutation frequencies, they should enable more precise risk
estimates on the basis of mutations in somatic cells of man.
Keywords: TOXBIB; Abnormalities; Radiation-Induced GENETICS;
Animal Dose-Response Relationship; Radiation; Hereditary Diseases
ETIOLOGY/GENETICS; Human Macaca Fascicularis; Macaca mulatta;
Mice; Models, Genetic* Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens ADVERSE
EFFECTS; Mutation*; Radiation *ADVERSE EFFECTS; Risk*
NLM/TOXLINE
                                55

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Molecular Dosimetry as a Tool in Genetic Risk Assessment
Aaron, C.S.
Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo,
Michigan 49001
Birth Defects; VOL 24, ISS 5, 1988, P53-78 (REF: 164)
LA: English
CD: A6V
ISSN: 0547-6844
Keywords: TOXBIB; Animal; Cell Cycle DRUG EFFECTS/RADIATION
EFFECTS; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug Dose-Response
Relationship, Radiation; DNA Damage*; DNA Repair; Germ Cells
*/DRUG EFFECTS/RADIATION EFFECTS; Human Mutagenicity Tests
*METHODS; Mutagens *ADVERSE EFFECTS; Mutation*; Review; Review
Tutorial; Risk Factors
NLM/TOXLINE


Mutagenicity of Drinking Water and the Relation to Total Organic
     Halogen
Kito, K.; Otsuki, T.; Suzuki, N.; Nakanishi, J.  (Univ of Tokyo,
Japan)
Chemosphere, 1988, V17, Nil  (14)
Research Article

Concentrates of Tokyo drinking water were tested by  the Ames Test
and mutagenicity was correlated with total organic halogen
levels.  The results of the analysis indicate that a toxicity of
100  (gr)mg/l was equivalent to 300 net rev./I with TA100. These
analyses can be used to estimate the risk involved from exposure
to drinking water, and to indicate where improvements in water
treatment should be  implemented.  (1 Diagram, 2 Graphs, 11
References, 7 Tables)  Enviroline Number: 89-002771
                                56

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Proceedings of the Symposium on the Assessment of Reproductive
     Hazards in the Workplace
Presented at: Symposium on the Assessment of Reproductive Hazards
in the Workplace, Cincinnati, OH (USA),  16-17 Jun 1988
Scialli, A.R. (ed.)
156 pp  1988
In Reprod. Toxicol.
Language: English
Document Type: Book-chapter article
Subfile: 24 .Toxicology Abstracts

A recent symposium sponsored by NIOSH and NIEHS dealt with some
of the methods by which potential workplace hazards might be
evaluated. The editors are very pleased that Reproductive
Toxicology was selected for publication of the workshop
proceedings and have devoted a double-issue to this important
topic. Reproductive hazard identification and risk assessment are
not mature sciences. The evolution of these critical disciplines
will depend on symposia such as this, where some of the best
minds in the field can share their thoughts and their
experiences.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Prospective Detection and Assessment of Genotoxic Hazards: A
     Critical Appreciation of the Contribution of L. Ehrenberg
Wright, A.S.; Bradshaw, T.K.; Watson, W.P. Shell Research Ltd,
Sittingbourne Research Centre, Kent, UK
ARC Sci Publ  (FRANCE) 1988,  (89) p237-48, ISSN 0300-5038 Journal
Code: GKUde:
Languages: English
Document Type: Review

Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of chemical
carcinogenesis are now being applied to improve the quality of
prospective risk assessment. The contribution of Ehrenberg and
his colleagues (at the University of Stockholm) probably
represents the most comprehensive application of mechanistic
knowledge to this field during the past 20 years.  The strategic
approach developed by the Swedish group was based on the
identification of differences between man and experimental risk
models in factors that determine the relationships between
exposure and biological response and the development of methods
to compensate for these differences.  Many of the critical stages
in chemical carcinogenesis and the cellular determinants of these
stages have now been identified. As a first step in seeking to
improve risk assessment, Ehrenberg introduced the target dose
concept, in which the doses of carcinogens penetrating to the
cellular target (DNA) are determined.  This approach provides an
improved basis for determining exposures to carcinogenic agents
and also for compensating for species differences in factors such
as metabolism that determine the relationships between exposure
dose and the dose at the critical target. The target dose concept


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is now widely accepted and has led to the development of new
biomedical monitoring techniques, based, for example, on the
measurement of haemoglobin adducts, which are now being applied
to detect and identify genotoxic hazards. The introduction of the
target dose concept has led to significant improvements in the
quality of prospective risk assessment. Further improvements
necessitate procedures to compensate for differences between man
and prospective risk models in factors that determine subsequent
stages of the carcinogenic process. Ehrenberg has proposed that
the rad-equivalence approach may be of value in this respect, its
application has accurately predicted the incidence of leukaemias
in occupational cohorts which had exposures to ethylene oxide in
common. The possible general applicability of this approach is
discussed.(45 Refs.)
NLM/MEDLINE


The Formation and Removal of Chemical Mutagens During Drinking
     Water Treatment
Fielding, M.; Horth, H.   (Medmenham Lab, UK)
Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment  (CEC 5th
European Sym, Rome, OCT 20-22, 87), 1988, P284(15)
The original document is  available from Bowker
Conf Paper

Mutagens,  formed primarily from  the transformation  of humic acid
components,  are generated during water chlorination processes.
Experiments  have show that activated carbon may be  effective for
removing chlorination-derived mutagens. Dechlorinating agents,
such as sulphur dioxide,  can also  eliminate some  of the mutagenic
agents produced during the chlorination process.  Mutagenicity
tests, however, can not provide  information that  can be used to
evaluate the public health risks posed by the presence of
mutagenic  treatment components.  As a  consequence,  major changes
in practices aimed  solely at reducing mutagenicity  are not
justified.  (3 Graphs, 42  References, 5 Tables)
Enviroline Number:  *89-003102
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HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE


Advantages of a Standard Method for Research on Reproductive
     Effects of Occupation
Joffe, M.
Department of Community Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital Medical
School, London
J. Epidemiol Community Health; 42(3), 1988, 209-12
LA: English
CD: IIP

A recent review of the literature identified several common
methodological weaknesses in studies of the effects of
occupational exposures on male and female reproductive processes.
This paper suggests a strategy which addresses these problems, by
the use of a standard methods. The potential benefits include
increased measurement reliability and statistical power, together
with a systematic study of expected  (background) rates,
confounding effects, types of exposure and selection effects.
Particular advantages are the avoidance of designating a group as
non-exposed with attendant problems of bias, and in the longer
term the study of multiple or rare exposures.
Keywords: TOXBIB; Environmental Exposure; Epidemiologic Methods;
Female; Human; Male; Methods; Occupations*; Questionnaires;
Reproduction*; Research Design*
NLM/TOXLINE


Air Pollution: Assessing Total Exposure in the United States
Smith, Kirk R. (East-West Center, HI)
Environment, Oct 88, V30, N8, P10(12)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

Ambient air pollution from power plants, cars, and other sources
has been the traditional focus of legislation and EPA regulation,
but recent EPA total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM)
studies show that people receive greater exposure from indoor air
pollution. Four chemicals studied in 1980-84 illustrate the
point: benzene, and emission from cigarettes; the dry cleaning
solvent tetrachloroethylene, residues of which contaminate
closets and the clothes people wear; and two room deodorizer
chemicals, p-dichlorobenzene and limonene. TEAM studies have also
been done on volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and
pesticides.  Sources of pollution change when the focus is
shifted from emissions to exposures, and a gap exists between
government priorities and the estimation of experts of relative
health risk. Since risk depends on dose, it is recommended that
the control of exposure receive priority over the control of
concentration. (2 Graphs, 7  Photos,  29 References, 3 Tables)
Enviroline Number:*89-001056
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Assessing the Extent of Human Exposure to Organics
Travis, Curtis and; Hattemer-Frey, Holly A.
(Oak Ridge Natl Lab, TN)
Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Contemporary Issues in Risk
Analysis), 1988, V3, P61(15)
Book Chapter

Exposure assessment, a basic component of risk analysis, involves
determining the pathways and the extent of human exposure to
toxic chemicals. An overview of the important aspects of exposure
analysis is provided. The topics addressed include exposure
assessment methodology. Pathway processes, evaluation of
biochemical and physiochemical properties of the chemical,
evaluation of the pathways of human exposure, and multimedia
transport models. By applying these concepts, the consequences of
human exposure to toxic chemicals may be systematically
evaluated. (2 Tables)  Enviroline Number: 89-001735


Biomarkers: New Tools for Studying Environmental Exposures
Perera, Frederica P. (Columbia Univ)
Health & Env Digest, Oct 88,  V2, N9, PI(3)
Journal Article

New laboratory methods allow greater resolution of the pollutant
exposure-disease relationship. These methods allow molecular
epidemiologists to  measure changes at the biochemical, cellular,
or molecular level  in body fluids, tissues, or cells. Biomarkers
allow investigators to ascertain both the actual dose someone has
received and its early preclinical biological effect. The
biomarkers reflect  events that take place on a continuum between
external exposure and clinical disease, and should improve risk
assessment and increase the power of epidemiology to forge causal
chains between exposures and disease. A distinction is made
between markers of  internal dose, biologically effective dose,
and early biological effect.   (1 Diagram, 1 Graph, 4 References, 1
Table)  Enviroline  Number: 89-001231
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Control of Exposure to Chemicals: Scientific Basis and Social
     Compromise
Henschler, D. (Univ of Wurzburg, W Germany)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P55(7)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

A discussion of the status of regulation and approaches to
controlling exposure to occupational chemicals is presented.
Particular attention is given to carcinogenic substances and
possible methods that may be used to set reasonable exposure
limits for carcinogens. Other topics addressed in the article
include sources of information and classification of toxic
chemicals, the role of scientists in devising threshold limits,
and the need for improved risk assessment. Reevaluation of
conventional strategies of carcinogenicity testing is advocated.
(2 Graphs, 11 References)  Enviroline Number: *89-003335


Current Perspectives on Gasoline  (Light Hydrocarbon)-Induced Male
     Rat Nephropathy
Presented at: International Conference on Living in a Chemical
World: Occupational and Environmental Significance of Industrial
Carcinogens, Bologna  (Italy),  6-10 Oct 1985
Gibson, J.E.; Bus, J.S.
Chem. Ind. Inst. Toxicol., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
ANN. N.Y. ACAD. SCI.; 534
pp. 481-485  1988
In LIVING IN A CHEMICAL WORLD: OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL CARCINOGENS. Maltoni, C.;
Selikoff, I.J.  (eds.)
Language: English
Document Type: Book-chapter article
Subfile:24 .Toxicology Abstracts

A 2-year inhalation study of unleaded gasoline vapors revealed  a
significant increase  in tumors in the kidneys of male rats.
Additional dose-dependent alterations in renal structure were
noted in the male rat, including the appearance of hyaline
droplets, or abnormal amounts  of intracellular protein, in  the
proximal portions of the kidney tubule cells.  An important
observation in the gasoline bioassay, however, was that renal
tumors and associated toxicity were seen only in male rats, and
not in female rats or in either sex of mice. This sex- and
species dependent toxic effect suggests that the male rat may be
uniquely predisposed to the renal effects of hydrocarbons,  and
thus may not be an appropriate animal model for human risk
assessment.  The purpose of this paper is to describe a possible
mechanism that could account for hydrocarbon-mediated
nephrotoxicity in the male rat.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
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Environmental Carcinogens: Using Pesticides and Nitrosamines as
     Paradigms
Montesano, R.; Cabral J.R.; Wilbourn, W.D. (Intl Agency for
Research on Cancer, France)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences  (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30,  88, V534, P67(7)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

Although organochlorine pesticides and nitrosamines have been
found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals, little
epidemiological evidence is available implicating them in
specific human cancers as a result of chemical exposure. The
reasons for this lack of information include low sensitivity of
epidemiological studies, poor follow up of persons exposed to
chemicals, and limited information regarding chemical exposure.
The status of information pertaining to the carcinogenicity of
pesticides and nitrosamines is reviewed as well as recent
developments in methodology to detect human exposure to toxic
chemicals. (2 Graphs, 21 References, 3 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003336
Estimating the Risks of Smoking, Air Pollution, and Passive Smoke
     on Acute Respiratory Conditions
Ostro, Bart David
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9  (2) p!89, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Journal Article

Five years of the annual Health Interview Survey, conducted by
the National Center for Health Statistics, are used to estimate
the effects of air pollution, smoking, and environmental tobacco
smoke on respiratory restrictions in activity for adults, and bed
disability for children. After adjusting for several
socioeconomic factors, the multiple regression estimates indicate
that an independent and statistically significant association
exists between these three forms of air pollution and respiratory
morbidity. The comparative risks of these exposures are computed
and the plausibility of the relative risks is examined by
comparing the equivalent doses with actual measurements of
exposure taken in the homes of smokers. The results indicate that
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(1) smokers will have a 55-75% excess in days with respiratory
conditions severe enough to cause reductions in normal activity;
(2) a 1 mg increase in fine particulate matter air pollution is
associated with a 3% excess in acute respiratory disease; and (3)
a pack-a-day smoker will increase respiratory restricted days for
a nonsmoking spouse by 20% and increase the number of bed
disability days for young children living in the household by
20%. The results also indicate that the estimates of the effects
of secondhand smoking on children are improved when the mother's
work status is known and incorporated into the exposure estimate.
Keywords: Health effects; air pollution; passive smoke; smoking;
respiratory morbidity; particulate matter.


Evaluation of Existing Total Human Exposure Models
Pandian, Muhilan D. (Univ of Nevada)
EPA Report 600/S4-87/044, Feb 88 (4)
The original document is available from Bowker
Fed Govt Report

Modeling schemes have been devised which utilize environmental
pollutant concentration distributions and human activity patterns
to estimate human exposure. Six such modeling approaches were
evaluated to determine whether deterministic or stochastic
procedures are used, if the model can accommodate both acute and
chronic exposure analyses, and if uncertainties and errors in the
modeling techniques are identified and adequately explained. All
of the total human exposure models considered cover only certain
aspects of the entire modeling process and none conclude with an
error analysis or validations.  Enviroline Number:*89-001091


Gasoline Toxicology: Implications for Human Health
Weaver, Neill K. (API, DC)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences  (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P441(ll)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

The findings of several studies carried out in response to the
discovery that gasoline vapors produce renal cell carcinomas in
male rats are reviewed. The studies  include a variety of
toxicological studies of gasoline involving rats, rabbits
monkeys, and mice, as well as studies documenting renal cancer
among petroleum workers. The results of these studies all support
the conclusion that gasoline vapors  cause renal carcinomas only
in the male rat.   (1 Photo, 59 References, 7 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003348
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Health Risk Assessment of Residents Living on Harbour Sludge
van Wijnen, J.H.; Stijkel, A.
Municipal Health Service, Section Public Health and Environment,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health (GERMANY, WEST) 1988, 61 (1-2) p77-
87, ISSN 0340-0131
Journal Code: GPN
Languages: English

A modelled approach for the assessment of exposure and health
risks in a case of soil pollution with an unknown but probably
large number of potential contaminants is presented. In 1983 the
Steendijkpolder, a housing estate of about 800 houses, an
agglomeration of schools and a tennis hall was built directly on
a 4-m-thick layer of harbour sludge. The sludge originated from
around 20 harbour basins in Rotterdam and the industrial area
around the Nieuwe Waterweg. In the soil organic solvents, PAH's,
aldrin, dieldrin, isodrin, telodrin and several heavy metals were
found to be present as contaminants. Not all contaminants,
including a number of halogenated compounds, were identified. The
investigation of the other relevant environmental compartments in
this situation, e.g. drinking-water, indoor-air and home grown
vegetables showed that soil ingestion was the predominant route
of intake of contaminants. Therefore the exposure of infants
(age: 2-3 years) was calculated. The calculated intake of PAH by
soil ingestion was around half the average intake of PAH in the
daily diet. The extra exposure to drins (a group of cyclodiene
insecticides) due to soil ingestion and inhaled contaminated
indoor air was calculated to exceed twice the Acceptable Daily
Intake (ADI) of dieldrin. The calculated maximal intake of Pb by
soil ingestion exceeded the average intake of Pb in the daily
diet by around 1.4 times. The maximal  intake by soil ingestion of
the other identified contaminants was  relatively low. It was
concluded that with the present knowledge the calculated exposure
would not result in observable health  damage.
MEDLINE


Mortality of Workers at the Hanford Site: 1945-1981
Gilbert, E.S.; Petersen, G.R.;Buchanan, J.A.
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
Health Phys  (UNITED STATES) Jan 1989,  56  (1) pll-25,
ISSN 0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Languages: English

Analyses of mortality of workers at the Hanford Site were updated
to include an additional three years of data  (1979-81).  Deaths
occurring  in the state of Washington in the years  1982-85 were
also evaluated. Hanford workers continued to exhibit a strong
healthy worker effect with death rates substantially below those
of the general U.S. population. Comparisons by level of  radiation
exposure within the Hanford worker population provided no


                                64

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evidence of a positive correlation of radiation exposure and
mortality from all cancers combined or of mortality from
leukemia.  Estimates of cancer risk due to radiation were
negative, but confidence intervals were wide, indicating that the
data were consistent with no risk and with risks several times
larger than estimates provided by major groups concerned with
risk assessment. Of 18 categories of cancer analyzed, a
correlation of borderline statistical significance was identified
for female genital cancers (p = 0.05), but was interpreted as
probably spurious. The previously identified correlation for
multiple myeloma persisted (p = 0.002).
MEDLINE
Nasal Tumours in Rats After Severe Injury to the Nasal Mucosa and
     Prolonged Exposure to 10 ppm Formaldehyde
Woutersen, R.A.; van Garderen-Hoetmer, A.; Bruijntjes, J.P.
(TNO-Vico Toxicology & Nutrition Inst, Neth)
J Applied Toxicology, Feb 89, V9, Nl, P39(8)
Research Article

The significance of damage to nasal mucosa in inducing nasal
tumors was studied by exposing rats to formaldehyde via
inhalation. Male rats were exposed to formaldehyde at 0, 0.1,
1.0, Or 10 ppm for six hours/day, five days/week, for 28 months.
Of the 720 rats total, 480 had nasal damage by the end of the
study. Compound related, inflammatory, and hyperplastic changes
in the nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosa were observed when
the rats were exposed to 10 ppm formaldehyde, and exposure to 10
ppm formaldehyde for 28 months produced nasal squamous cell
carcinomas in rats with damaged noses (15/58) but not in rats
with intact noses. These results demonstrate that severe damage
to nasal mucosa may contribute to the induction of nasal tumors
by formaldehyde.  (1 Diagram, 1 Graph, 16 References, 5 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-003331
                                65

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Public Health Risk from ELF (Electromagnetic Fields) Exposure —
     Can It Be Assessed
Aldrich, T.E.; Easterly, C.E.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-8805176-1
1988  4p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8905; NSA1300
Meeting of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
France, 2 May 1988
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields  (ELF) are a
ubiquitous environmental agent. There are persistent indications
that these fields have biologic activity, and consequently, there
may be a deleterious component to their action. Epidemiologic
researchers of ELF face several methodological obstacles, and
quantitative risk assessment  is in a quandary. Simply stated
there is a need for more data—especially with regard to exposure
assessment.
DE88015277/XAB


Reference Dose  (RfD):  Description and Use in Health Risk
     Assessments
Barnes, D.C.; Dourson, M.
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington, DC 20460
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol  (UNITED STATES) Dec 1988, 8  (4) p471-86,
ISSN 0273-2300
Journal Code: RBH
Languages: English

For many years the concept of the "acceptable daily intake" has
served the toxicological and  regulatory fields  quite well.
However, as approaches to assessing the health  significance of
exposures to noncarcinogenic  substances receive greater scrutiny,
some difficulties with this traditional approach have become more
apparent. Consequently, the concept of the "reference dose" is
introduced in order to avoid  use of prejudicial terms  (e.g.,
"safety" and  "acceptable") to promote greater consistency  in the
assessment of noncarcinogenic chemicals and to maintain the
functional separation  between risk assessment and risk
management.
MEDLINE
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE

1,1,1-Trichloroethane: Medium-Term Toxicity to Carp, Daphnids,
     and Higher Plants
Thompson R.S.; Carmicheal, N.G. (Imperial Chemical Industries
PLC, UK)
Ecotoxicology & Env Safety, Apr 89, V17,  N2,  P172(ll)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

The toxicity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane to carp (7.7 Mg/1) and
daphnids (1.3 Mg/1), and the effects of gas-phase exposure  (6.9-
18 Mg/1) of the solvent to higher plants was investigated. No
mortalities or other effects were observed in carp gas or
daphnids over a 14 and 17 day period, respectively. Phase
exposure had no effects on growth of emergent seedlings of either
sorghum bicolor or brassica napus.  The results indicate that
fish and plants are at risk only as a result of gross
contamination by 1,1,1-trichloroethane and that this chemical is
rapidly dispersed.  (5 Tables)  Enviroline Number: *89-003379


1.2. DICHLOROPROPANE

Draft Criteria Document for 1,2, Dichloropropane
(Final rept)
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Science
Advisory Board
Corp. Source Codes: 031287050
Report No.: SAB/EHC-88/018
9 Mar 88  5p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI18903
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States

The Halogenated Organics Subcommittee of the EPA Science Advisory
Board's Environmental Health Committee conducted an independent
scientific review of the Office of Drinking Water's Draft
Criteria Document for 1,2 Dichloropropane. The Subcommittee
unanimously concluded that the drinking water eguivalent level
should not be based on the non-carcinogenic endpoints of the
National Toxicology Program's 1986 bioassay in male rats. It
offered five reasons for this conclusion:  (1) the dose of 62
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mg/kg bw/day represents a no-observed-effect-level for cancer in
male rats; (2) the endpoints of survival, body weight organs and
tissues are not sufficiently sensitive;  (3)  histological lesions
were observed in the testes of some male rats given the 62 mg
dose; (4) evidence indicated that the chemical may be a male
reproductive toxic; and (5) the NTP bioassay was not designed to
supply data for derivation of a drinking water equivalent level.
PB89-114508/XAB


2.3.7.8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN

Characterization of the Ah Receptor
Safe, S.H.
Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Dept.  of Veterinary
Physiology and Pharmacology
Corp. Source Codes: 004736129
Sponsor:  Health Effects Research Lab.,  Cincinnati, OH
Report No.: EPA/600/1-88/006
Oct  88  32p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
Sponsored by Health Effects Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-R-823626

The  rat liver cytosolic receptor protein containing the Ah-
receptor protein was purified and studied using a photochemical
assembly of 2,3,7,8-TCDD.  The unbound receptor protein rapidly
lost its capacity to bind  2,3,7,8-TCDD;  however, the 2,3,7,8-
TCDD bound Ah receptor did not readily dissociate, probably
reflecting the high potency and persistence of the toxicity of
2,3,7,8-TCDD. Results are  based on a new one-step methodology
which allows activation parameters to be calculated directly from
raw  experimental measurements, which allows the uncertainty in
the  activation enthalpy to  be obtained unambiguously.  The
enthalpies of activation for both the formation and the
interaction of the receptor-ligand complex are the same within
the  statistical uncertainty. This led to a kinetic model in which
the  receptor was activated  to an intermediate followed by
competitive degradation of  the unoccupied receptor and formation
of the receptor-ligand complex, both of  these latter steps being
fast compared with the first.  PB89-118657/XAB
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ACETAMINOPHEN

Acetaminophen Toxicity
Mitchell, Jerry R. (Baylor College of Medicine, Texas)
New England J Medicine, Dec 88, V319, N24, P1601(2)
The original document is available from Bowker
Editorial

This editorial reviews recent reports addressing the potential
hazards of the antiinflammatory drug acetaminophen. When the drug
exceeds the minimum threshold dose of between 10 and 15 g, it
overwhelms the detoxifying ability of the glucuronide pathway,
resulting in liver damage. N-acetylcysteine is effective in
preventing liver damage if administered within several hours
after an overdose. The author suggests that acetaminophen is safe
if used appropriately and that the risks are no greater than
those of other common antiinflammatory agents. (10 References)
Enviroline Number: *89-001239
ACRYLONITRILE

Acrylonitrile as a Carcinogen. Research Needs For Better Risk
     Assessment
Presented at: International Conference on Living in a Chemical
World: Occupational and Environmental Significance of Industrial
Carcinogens, Bologna  (Italy),  6-10 Get 1985
Strother, D.E.; Mast, R.W.; Kraska, R.C.; Frankos, V.
Standard Oil Co., 200 Public Sq., Cleveland, OH 44114, USA
Annals N.Y. Academy of Sciences; 534  pp. 169-178  1988
In LIVING IN A CHEMICAL WORLD: OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL CARCINOGENS. Maltoni, C.;
Selikoff, l.j. (eds.)
Language: English
Document Type: Book-chapter article
Subfile: 24  .Toxicology Abstracts

Almost a decade has passed since the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration required the performance of oncogenicity studies
of acrylonitrile as a provision of the continued listing of
acrylonitrile copolymers for use in contact with food. During
that time a  large body of experimental and epidemiologic data on
the carcinogencity of acrylonitrile has been developed. These
data serve as the basis for quantitative risk assessment and the
regulation of acrylonitrile as a carcinogen. With the large body
of experimental data now in hand and the regulatory positions
being established, the authors reviewed the  current
carcinogenicity data-base for acrylonitrile and how it has been
employed in  risk assessment processes within the U.S. regulatory
bodies. This report summarizes the findings of that review and
identifies areas of research that could contribute to better
understanding of the carcinogenic risk posed by acrylonitrile.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION


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Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Acrylonitrile Administered
     by Inhalation and by Ingestion to Sprague-Dawley Rats
Maltoni, Cesare; Ciliberti, Adriano; Cotti, Guiliano; Perino,
Giorgio (Inst of Oncology, Italy)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P179(24)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

The results of long-term carcinogenicity bioassays on
acrylonitrile are reported. Rats were exposed to the chemical by
inhalation at 40, 20, 10, 5, and 0 ppm, four hours/day, five
days/week, for 52 weeks, and by ingestion  in olive oil at 5 Mg/Kg
body weight three times a week for 52 weeks. Exposure by
inhalation resulted  in an increase of total malignant tumors at
all dose levels; a dose related increase in zymbal gland
carcinomas and hepatomas  in male offspring, increases in
extrahepatic angiosarcomas in  female offspring, and the onset of
encephalic gliomas.  Ingestion of acrylonitrile had no
carcinogenic effects under these conditions.  (4 Photos, 22
References, 27 Tables)  Enviroline Number:  *89-003340


ASBESTOS

Risk Assessment  in the Asbestos Cement Industry  (letter)
Browne, K.
Br J Ind Med  (ENGLAND) Oct 1988, 45  (10) p720,  ISSN 0007-1072
Journal Code: AXS
Languages: English
MEDLINE
 BENZENE

 Carcinogenesis  Studies  of  Benzene, Methyl Benzene,  and  Dimethyl
      Benzenes
 Huff, J.E.; Eastin, W.? Roycroft, J.; Eustis,  S.L.; Haseman,  J.K.
 (Natl Inst of Env Health Sciences, NC)
 Annals New York Academy of Sciences  (Living  in a  Chemical World
 Conf, Bologna,  Italy, Oct  6-10,  85), Jun 30,  88,  V534,  P427(14)
 The  original document is available from Bowker
 Conf Paper

 The  results of  three exposure  studies on the  carcinogenic
 potential of benzene, toluene,  and mixed xylenes  are  reported.
 Both rats and mice were exposed to the chemicals  by oral
 intubation with corn oil,  or by inhalation over a two year
 period.  The results indicate  that benzene generates  increased
 incidence of zymbal gland  carcinomas, squamous cell papillomas,
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squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, and dose-related
lymphocytopenia.  Xylene exposure resulted in no carcinogenic
effects in either rats or mice at the highest dose levels.  The
results of the toluene studies are not available because the
studies are still in progress. (46 References, 6 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003347


Further Evidence of Benzene Carcinogenicity: Results in Wistar
     Rats and Swiss Mice Treated by Ingestion
Maltoni, Cesare; Conti, Barbara;  Perino, Giorgio; Dimaio, Vito
(Inst of Oncology, Italy)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P412(15)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

The carcinogenicity of benzene was studied by injecting wistar
rats and swiss mice with benzene in olive oil at a dose of 500
and 0 Mg/Kg body weight once daily, four to five days/week, for
104 weeks (rats) or 78 weeks  (mice). In rats, the carcinomas
treatment resulted in zymbal gland carcinomas, carcinomas of the
oral and nasal cavities, and an increase in total malignant
tumors.  In mice, benzene generated zymbal gland carcinomas, an
increase in mammary carcinomas (in females), lung tumors, and an
increase in total malignant tumors. These experiments confirm
that benzene is a multipotential carcinogen.  (10 Photos, 7
References, 16 Tables)  Enviroline Number: *89-003346


Recent Laboratory Studies in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Benzene
Infante, Peter F. (OSHA)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P486(4)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

A discussion of occupational health and worker protection as they
relate to benzene exposure is presented. Specific topics include
benzene skin absorption, the proposed osha standard for benzene
exposure, and cancer risk assessment. Adoption of standards
limiting permissible benzene exposures in the workplace is
advocated, and an argument is presented suggesting that
regulation is economical, based on the considerable public health
benefit.  (13 References)  Enviroline Number: *89-003351
                                71

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BENZENEHEXACHLORIDE (BHC)

Experimental and Human Surveillance on BHC and DDT Insecticides
     Commonly Used in India
Nigam, S.K.; Karnik, A.B.; Lakkad, B.C.; Thakore, K.N.; Joshi,
B.H.  (Natl Inst of Occupational Health, India)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, pet 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P694(12)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

The carcinogenicity of technical benzenehexachloride  (BHC) and
DDT in laboratory animals is evaluated.  The study includes an
in-depth histopathological, histochemical and biochemical enzyme
analyses of the hepatocarcinogenic process initiated by BHC in an
effort to determine the epidemiological biological mechanism of
the  pesticide. Field surveys were also carried out in a high
risk population.  A variety of experiments suggest that the
pesticides produce toxic effects, especially in the liver when
exposure is chronic.  (29 References, 5 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003352
BENZO(A)PYRENE

An Air Emission Risk Assessment For Benzo(a)pyrene and Arsenic
     from the Mt. Tom Power Plant
Kowalczyk, G.S.; Gratt, L.B.; Ricci, P.F.
JAPCA (UNITED STATES) Apr 1987, 37  (4) p361-9, ISSN: 0894-0630
Journal Code: JCA
Languages: English
MEDLINE
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CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS

Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Three Chlorofluorocarbons
     (Trichlorofluoromethane, FCll; Dichlorodifluoromethane,
     FC12; Chlorodifluoromethane, FC22) Administered by
     Inhalation to Sprague-Dawley Rats and Swiss Mice
Maltoni, Cesare; Lefemine, Guiseppe; Tovoli, Daniele; Perino,
Giorgio; (Inst of Oncology, Italy)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P261(22)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

The first integrated carcinogenicity study of three
Chlorofluorocarbons FCll, FC22, and FC12, is presented. The three
propellant Chlorofluorocarbons were administered by inhalation at
concentrations of 5000, 1000, and 0 ppm, four hours/day, five
days/week for 104 and 78 weeks to both rats and mice.  The
animals were observed until they died spontaneously.  No
carcinogenic effects were observed under these experimental
conditions. (4 Photos, 11 References, 24 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003341
ETHOXYOUIN

Exposure to Agricultural Treatment Residues: Some Simple
     Statistical Considerations Based on Monitoring Data For
     Ethoxyquin on Apples
Zapponi, G.; Camoni, I.; Donmarco, R.; Gabriele, M.   (Inst
Superiore di Sanita, Italy
Ecotoxicology & Env Safety, Oct 88, V16, N2, P143(5)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

The distribution of ethoxyquin levels in fruit samples from the
market was studied in order to obtain information on possible
exposure risks and as an efficient method for control procedures;
ethoxyquin is a chemical treatment adopted when fruit is stored
for long periods of time.  The statistical distribution of data
is typically nonsymmetrical, non-gaussian, and characterized by a
tail extending toward the high values. This study indicates that
a risk of possible sporadic significant exposure levels may
exist; it is important to identify whether highest exposure
levels are randomly distributed in space and time or rather
affect a specific group of subjects in a specific period. (7
Graphs, 7 Photos)  Enviroline Number: *89-001770
                                73

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FIBER-EPOXY DUSTS

Response of the Rat Lung to Respirable Fractions of Composite
     Fiber-Epoxy Dusts
Luchtel, D.L.; Martin T.R.; Boatman, E.S. (Univ of Washington)
Env Research, Feb 89, V48, Nl, P57(13)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

Respirable dusts from the machining of composite fiber-epoxy
materials may or may not pose a health risk.  A single
intratracheal bolus of 5 Mg for each of six samples of such dust
was injected into separate groups made up of five rats each.
Quartz and aluminum oxide were used as positive and negative
controls in other rats. After one month, the lungs were fixed and
sectioned for light microscopy. Histopathology scores for the six
composite samples showed a continuum of lung injury that was
between the negative and positive controls.  None of the
composite dusts had effects that paralleled those of quartz,  but
four of the dusts produced reactions more severe than those seen
with aluminum oxide. (11 Photos, 16 References, 2 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-002866
HALOCARBONS

Validation and Application of Pharmacokinetic Models for
     Interspecies Extrapolations in Toxicity Risk Assessments of
     Volatile Organics
(Annual rept. 1 Jul 87-30 Jun 88)
Dallas, C.E.; Bruckner, J.V.; Gallo, J.; Raghupathy, R.;
Srinivasa, M.
Georgia Univ., Athens. Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Corp. Source Codes: 010264083; 419600
Sponsor: Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Boiling AFB, DC
Report No. : AFOSR-TR-88-1013
30 Aug 88  116p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8904
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AFOSR-87-0248; 2312; AS

In pursuit of the goal of establishing a scientific basis for the
interspecies extrapolation  of pharmacokinetic data in health risk
assessments, a series of studies have been conducted involving
pharmacokinetic determinations in rats  (to be followed later in
dogs) to several aliphatic  halocarbons. Direct measurements of
the uptake and elimination  of halocarbon in the blood and exhaled
breath of rats have been completed during and following
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inhalation exposures to trichloroethylene (TCE),trlchloroethane
(TRI),  and dichlorethylene (DCE).  Two manuscripts have been
completed for publication in peer-reviewed journals on the work
with inhaled TCE and TRI.  Pharmacokinetic determinations have
also been made in studies of the ingestion of TCE, 'TRI, and DCE.
Keywords: Physiologically-based Pharmacokinetic Model, Saturable
Metabolism; Respiratory Elimination; Halocarbon Inhalation
Exposure; Halocarbon Oral Exposure; Interspecies Extrapolations;
Pharmacokinetics 1,1,1 Trichloroethane; 1,1 Dichloroethylene.
(JES)  AD-A200 034/7/XAB


LEAD

Comparative Analysis of Lead in Maine Urban Soils
Krueger, John A.; Duguay, Kathy M.  (Maine Public Health Lab)
B Env Contam & Tox, Apr 89, V42, N4, P574(8)
The original document is available  from Bowker
Research Article

Lead contaminated soil has been identified as an important source
of childhood Pb poisoning. Soil samples in portland, me, were
evaluated for Pb content using both x-ray fluorescence and
atomic absorption spectrometry in an effort to identify high risk
areas.  Soil samples collected from  50 residental sites were found
to have Pb levels ranging from 50-10,900 ppm Pb.  Of these
samples 38 were considered high risk and 12 low risk.  The
results indicate that Pb concentrations are higher near wood
frame houses built prior to 1950,  and Pb in paint chips does not
dissipate through leaching; both measurement techniques yielded
similar results. (6 References, 7 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003318
Lead in the Environment: Coming to Grips with Multisource Risks
     and Multifactorial Endpoints
SSilbergeld, Ellen K.
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9  (2) p!37, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language:  English
Document Type: Journal Article
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NICKEL COMPOUNDS

Lung Tumor Risk Assessment of Inhaled Nickel Compounds Based
     on Lung Dosimetry and on Extrapolation Modeling from Animals
     to Man
Oberdoerster, G.
Univ. Rochester, Environ. Health Sci. Cent., Rochester, NY, USA
4th International Conference on Nickel Metabolism and Toxicology
8835023 Espoo (Finland) 5-9 Sep 1988
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Institute of
Occupational Health Finland
John Wiley & Sons, 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012
(USA)
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
PENTACHLOROPHENOL

Penetration of Pentachlorophenol and Tetrachlorophenol Through
     Human Skin
Horstman, Sanford W.; Rossner, Alan; Kalman, David A.; Morgan,
Michael S. (Univ of Washington)
J Env Science & Health-Env Science & Engineering, 1989, VA24, N3,
P229(14)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

The skin penentration of commercial preparations of penta- and
tetrachlorophenol was investigated using human cadaver skin  and  a
validated skin permeation test protocol.  The penetration of
diesel oil preparations was 62% for pentachlorophenol and 63% for
tetrachlorophenol. In the case of an aqueous-based commercial
preparation, penetration was  16% for sodium pentachlorphenate and
33% for sodium tetrachlorphenate. Results for agueous penetration
are much higher than epa estimates of 1%  penetration, indicating
a considerably higher risk of dermal penetration.  (1 Graph,  16
References, 1 Table)  Enviroline Number: *89-003434


POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS  (PCBs)

Hazards, Decontamination, and Replacement of PCB: A Comprehensive
     Guide
Edited by Jean-Pierre Crine, Hydro-Quebec Research Institute,
Varennes, Canada
Plenum Publishing Corporation
0-306-43088-6/240 pp./ill./1988/$55.00
($66.00 outside U.S. & Canada)

Recent accidents in many parts of the world have shown that
polychlorinated biphenyls  (PCBs) can burn and that their
combustion byproducts are highly toxic.  Although PCB production

                                76

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is banned or controlled in most Western countries, enormous
quantities of PCBs remain in use and their safe handling,
destruction, and replacement are heavy responsibilities for
industrial users.  This book brings together scientists from
widely different backgrounds—biologists, physicians,
environmentalists, toxicologists, chemists, electrical engineers-
-to examine the large spectrum of problems associated with PCB
incidents.  Their contributions review the basic physicochemical
properties of PCBs, analytical techniques, human and
environmental hazards, combustion byproducts, decontamination
processes, destruction techniques, and replacement fluids.
Precautions and solutions are also discussed at some length.
Volume 37 in the Series Environmental Science Research.
PROPYLENE

Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated with Propylene:
     Health Issue Assesssent
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680061
Report No.: ECAO-R-0083; EPA/600/8-88/070
Jul 88  37p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States

Propylene's major use is as a starting material in the
manufacture of polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, and
as a component in fuel.  Ambient concentrations in urban areas of
the United States range from about 1 to 10 ppb, with rural air
levels being an order of magnitude lower. Propylene is a
precursor of photochemical oxidants and other smog components.
The atmospheric half-life has been estimated to be 7.7 hours.
Propylene is readily metabolized following inhalation exposure.
Limited data from acute studies (exposure to a 40% concentration
for 6 hours) indicate that propylene is not very toxic to rats.
Similarly, no compound-related toxic effects were found in
subchronic studies with exposure levels up to 10,000 rat and mice
ppm. Propylene was not carcinogenic in the NTP studies with
exposure levels up to 10,000 ppm. Propylene is classified as a
Group C carcinogen, possibly a human carcinogen.
PB89-119739/XAB
                                77

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Human Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls at Toxic Waste
     Sites: Investigations in the United States
Stehr-Green, Paul A.; Burse,  Virlyn W.;  Welty, Edith (US Centers
for Disease Control, GA)
Archives Env Health, Nov-Dec 88, V43, N6, P420(5)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

Environmental and population data were evaluated from 12 waste
sites contaminated with pcbs. Serum pcb levels in persons at
highest risk of nonoccupationally-related exposures at 10 sites
were within background ranges, even though environmental
contamination levels as high as 2.5 Ppb in monitoring well water
samples and 330,000 ppb in soil samples were measured.  At the
two remaining sites, elevated serum levels were  found in these
high-risk persons, which require further evaluation by community
surveys. The data illustrate that, despite elevated environmental
contaminant levels, unless uptake of chemicals above background
exposure levels can be demonstrated, adverse health effects can
not be attributed to waste site chemicals. (24 References, 2
Tables)  Enviroline Number:  *89-001077


RADON

Cancer Risk for Radon Exposure  in a Polluted Environment:
     Progress Report, March  1,  1988-February 28, 1989
Burns, F.J.
New York Univ., NY. Dept. of Environmental Medicine
Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Govt Reports Announcements & Index  (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1989
NTIS/DE89003820 Portions of  this document  are  illegible  in
microfiche products.  12p
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF  A01
DOE/ER/60549-2, Contract FG02-87ER60549

The objective of  this project is to produce data in rats relevant
to evaluating radon cancer risks in polluted  indoor
environments. Rats  are  to be exposed  by  tracheal implant to an
alpha source in combination  with inhalation exposure to  N02 or
cigarette  smoke.  Direct measurement of DNA strand breaks in the
respiratory epithelium  will  be  made by alkaline  elution. The
carcinogenicity in  the  respiratory epithelium  of these treatments
will be established  in  longterm tests.  (ERA citation 14:006411)
Keywords:  Indoor  Air Pollution; Radon 222; Strand Breaks; Alpha
Sources; Carcinogenesis; Evaluation;  Health Hazards; Inhalation;
Nitrogen Oxides;  Progress Report; Radiation Source Implants;
Radioinduction; Rats, Research  Programs; Response Modifying
Factors; Risk Assessment; Tobacco Smokes
DE89003820
                                78

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Radon Detection in Homes and Buildings. January 1970-
     December 1988
(Citations from the NTIS Database)
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
Jan 89  147p
Languages: English
Document Type: Bibliography
Journal Announcement: GRAI8905
Supersedes PB88-855218
NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01
Country of Publication: United States

This bibliography contains citations concerning the detection of
radon and radon daughter gases in homes and buildings.
Measurement techniques and equipment, the effect of local geology
on radon in a building, the effect of home weatherization
measures on radon levels, and sources of radon entering buildings
are among the topics discussed. Residential and non-residential
buildings are examined. Risk assessment and ways to control the
amount of radon in a building are briefly considered.  (This
updated  bibliography contains 232 citations, 46 of which are new
entries to the previous edition.)
PB89-852743/XAB


Radon Inhalation Studies in Animals
Cross, F.T.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA
Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I) Issue 10, 1989
NTIS/DE89004441, Portions of this document are illegible in
microfiche products.  62p
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
DOE/ER-0396, Contract AC06-76RL01830

This report highlights the more recent animal data from the
two US studies  (UR and PNL) and the French (COGEMA study). A
major report which particularly addressed the early, acute,
radon-toxicity studies, concluded  (as did an earlier Federal
Radiation Council report), that experimental work prior to the
1970s had not shown that it was possible to produce pulmonary
carcinomas in animals, in a systematic way, from controlled
exposures to radon and its progeny. Since that review, a
discussion of the biological effects in animals of inhaled radon
and radon-decay products has appeared. The current literature
review report extensively updates the biological-effects data and
discussions in the animal data chapter of the book  '"Radon and
its Decay Products in Indoor Air.'' Emphasis is placed on the
carcinogenic effects of radon and radon-decay products, including
the influences of radon-progeny exposure rate, unattached
fraction and disequilibrium, and coexposure to other pollutants.
These data are correlated with human epidemiological data.


                                79

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Plausible values for the radon (radon-progeny)  lifetime  lung-
cancer risk coefficients are also provided.  Sections II, III and
IV include general descriptions of materials and methods, as well
as major research findings, for the radon toxicology and
dosimetry studies conducted at UR, COGEMA, and PNL. Section V is
a condensation of the more detailed data of the previous sections
and includes discussions, conclusions and tables regarding the
dosimetry and carcinogenicity of radon exposures. Section VI
contains detailed species-specific data on exposure-effect
relationships for all major biological effects caused by radon
exposures. Section VII contrasts the human and animal radon-
exposure data. 76 refs., 3 figs., 5 tabs.
Keywords: Daughter Products; Radon 222; Bibliographies;
Biological Effects; Dogs; Epidemiology; Indoor Air Pollution;
Inhalation; Mice; Neoplasms; Radioinduction; Rats; Reviews; Risk
Assessment; Tobacco Smokes; Toxicity
DE89004441


Radon Testing of Soils
Boyle, Michael  (Harvard Univ)
Env Science & Technology, Dec 88, V22, N12, P1397(3)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

Soils are an important source of radon and serve as the medium of
radon transport. Information on radon levels should be  included
in soil survey reports to help identify the health risks
associated with current  and  future dwellings.  Because  soil  is a
primary source of the radon  that enters the home, the
concentration of radon in soils should be determined and
published. Data on the total alpha content of a  soil could help
pinpoint which soils need further analysis for specific
radionuclides. If the soil concentration of radon is known,  then
the decision to monitor  homes could be made more cost-effective.
 (1 Diagram, 1 Map, 12 References, 1 Table)
Enviroline Number: *89-003057


The Value of Monitoring  for  Radon in the Home: A Decision
     Analysis
Evans, J.S.; Hawkins, N.C.;  Graham, J.D.
JAPCA; Vol 38, ISS 11, 1988, P1380-5
LA: English
CD: JCA
ISSN: 0894-0630
KW: TOXBIB; air pollutants *ANALYSIS; air pollutants, radioactive
*ANALYSIS; human; radon  *ANALYSIS; risk factors; support, U.S.
Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; support,  U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;  United  States
RN: 10043-92-2
NLM/TOXLINE
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TRICHLOROETHYLENE

Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Trichloroethylene
     Administered by Inhalation to Sprague-Dawley Rats and Swiss
     and B6C3F1 Mice
Maltoni, Cesare; Lefemine, Guiseppe; Cotti, Guiliano; Perino,
Georgio; (Inst of Oncology, Italy)
Annals New York Academy of Sciences (Living in a Chemical World
Conf, Bologna, Italy, Oct 6-10, 85), Jun 30, 88, V534, P316(27)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

The carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene was studied in the rat
and mouse by administration of the chemical by inhalation, seven
hours/day, five days/week, for eight weeks at concentrations of
600, 300, 100, and 0 ppm. The animals  (3768 total) were kept
under observation until spontaneous death. Trichloroethylene
appears to be carcinogenic in both rats and mice with the most
relevant finding being a dose-related  increase in the incidence
of leydig cell tumors in male rats and the onset of renal tubuli
adenocarcinomas at the highest dose.  (9 Photos, 12 References, 30
Tables)  Enviroline Number: *89-003343


Pharmacokinetics for Regulatory Risk Analysis: the Case of
     Trichloroethylene
Bogen, H.T.
Environmental Sciences Division,  Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol  (UNITED STATES) Dec 1988, 8  (4) p447-66,
ISSN 0273-2300
Journal Code: RBH
Languages:English
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic  (PBPK) models describing
the uptake, metabolism, and excretion  of volatile organic
compounds  (VOCs) are now proposed for  use in regulatory health-
risk assessment. A steady-state analysis of one such model is
shown to provide simple, convenient predicted relationships
between an applied dose and the corresponding toxicologically
effective, metabolized dose for certain VOCs like
trichloroethylene (TCE). A version of  this PBPK model was fit to
data on human metabolism of TCE to urinary metabolites in
chronically exposed workers, yielding  a direct estimate of PBPK
parameters governing human capacity to metabolize TCE.  It is
shown that this estimate is consistent with others based on
experimental studies of TCE metabolism in humans exposed to TCE
by inhalation for short periods.  These results are applied to
human cancer-risk assessment using rodent bioassay data on TCE-
induced tumorigenesis.
MEDLINE

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TRIPHENYL PHOSPHITE

Chemical Hazard Information Profile of Triphenyl Phosphite
(NTIS Tech Note) Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Corp. Source Codes: 052661000
Dec 88  Ip
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Contact: Office of Technology
Applications, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak
Ridge, TN 37831-6257; (615) 574-4192.
NTIS Prices: Not available NTIS
Country of Publication:  United States

This citation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology
available for utilization.  A Chemical Hazard Information Profile
(CHIP) is part of the first stage of the chemical risk assessment
process in the Office of Toxic Substances  (OTS), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. OTS uses a CHIP to determine the
relative priority and focus for further assessment of a subject
chemical.  The CHIP on triphenyl phosphite, 'Chemical Hazard
Information Profile of Triphenyl Phosphite1, contains a summary
of readily available data pertaining to the various aspects of
exposure to the chemical and the health and environmental effects
that may result from such exposures.


VINYL CHLORIDE

A Retrospective Look at the Carcinogenic Potency of Vinyl
     Chloride
Barr, John T.   (Air Products & Chemicals,  PA)
Risk Assessment & Management  (Advances in  Risk Analysis), 1987,
V5, P19(7)
Conf Paper

Six conventional methods were studied for  their predictive value
in establishing the carcinogenic potency of vinyl chloride. Four
of these—gsar, acute toxicity, short term tests, and skin
painting—were  found to have no genuine value  in predicting the
strength of the known human carcinogen. Reasons for this vary,
but the authors suggest that the one  conclusion which can be
drawn is that one should be cautious  in applying data from such
tests to less well-characterized chemicals.  (19 References, 1
Table)  Enviroline Number: 89-002820
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HAZARDOUS WASTE


A Toxic Ghost Town: Ten Years Later, Scientists are Still
     Assessing the Damage from Love Canal
Brown, Michael H.
Atlantic V263 p23(4)  July, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: ATMOA
illustration; photograph
Availability: Full Text Online  Line Count: 00285
Descriptors: Love Canal, Chemical Waste Landfill—Health Aspects;
Hazardous Waste Sites—Health Aspects
MAGAZINE INDEX
Cancer Mortality in U.S. Counties with Hazardous Waste Sites
     and Ground Water Pollution
Griffith, Jack; Duncan, Robert C.; Riggan, Wilson; Pellom, Alvin
C. (EPA, NC)
Archives Env Health, Mar-Apr 89, V44, N2,  P69(6)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

Hazardous waste sites  (593 in 339 US counties in 49 states) with
analytical evidence for groundwater contamination were
identified.  Using cancer statistics extracted from the us cancer
mortality and trends 1950-1979, cancer rates were determined for
13 hazardous waste sites and compared to control groups. The
study indicates a higher incidence of lung, bladder, esophagus,
stomach, large intestine and rectal cancer in white males and
increased incidence of lung, breast, bladder, stomach, large
intestine and rectal cancer in white females in the counties with
hazardous waste sites.  These results suggest that hazardous
waste site locations may be used as an initial index of possible
exposure to toxic chemicals.   (39 References, 6 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003386
Cartographically Based Risk Assessment of the Impacts of
     Contaminated Sediments on the Natural Resources of the
     Mobile Bay Estuary, Alabama
Roscigno, P.F.; Watzin, M.C.; Scurry, U.D.
USFWS, Slidell, LA, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC) SETAC,
1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005 (USA).
Telephone: 202 785 2778.
Languages: ENGLISH
ABI/INFORM
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Environmental Implications of Incineration of Municipal Solid
     Waste and Ash Disposal
Lisk, D.J.
Toxic Chemicals Laboratory, New York State College of Agriculture
and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-7401
Sci Total Environ (NETHERLANDS) Aug 1 1988, 74 p39-66,
ISSN 0048-9697
Journal Code: UJO
Languages: English
Document Type: Review

Owing to unsightliness and the threat of groundwater pollution,
landfilling of municipal solid waste  (MSW) is giving way to
incineration in many communities. Environmental contamination
from particulate and gaseous emissions containing heavy metals,
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDF),  polycyclic aromatics (PCA), acids and other
compounds from such incinerators, as well as safe ash disposal,
are of great concern.  Concentration ranges of elements and
organic toxicants in incinerator ashes, emissions and cooling
waters are given.  The literature is reviewed concerning the
effects of incinerator operating parameters on emissions.
Incinerators equipped with modern pollution control devices
(electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, dry scrubbers,
spray towers) and operated at optimum temperature with sufficient
oxygen, turbulence  (mixing) and residence time for complete
combustion appear to minimize ash, elemental, gaseous and organic
emissions. Environmental aspects of MSW incineration are
considered and reviewed. The presence of metals and organics in
incinerator quench water and in leachates from ash disposed in
landfills are reviewed, as well as their toxicity to fish.  The
behavior and effects of atmospheric emissions in soils and plants
are discussed. Research on the effect of ash-derived PCDD and
PCDF on hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity and
the immune system in laboratory animals is cited. The presence of
metals, organics and mutagens  in the  incinerator workplace air
and the possible effects of air-borne contaminants on inhabitants
nearby is reviewed. Several studies dealing with human risk
assessment of MSW incineration are cited.  (182 Refs.)
MEDLINE
                                84

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Hazard Ranking System Evaluation of CERCLA (Comprehensive
     Environmental Response and Liability Act) Inactive Waste
     Sites at Hanford: Volume 3. Unplanned-Release Sites (HISS
     Data Base)
Jette, S.J.; Lamar, D.A.; McLaughlin, T.J.; Sherwood, D.R.; Van
Houten, N.C.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA
Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1989
NTIS/DE89005484, Portions of this document are illegible in
microfiche products, 303p
NTIS Prices: PC A14/MF A01
PNL-6456-Vol.3, Contract AC06-76RL01830

The purpose of this report is to formally document the assessment
activities at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford Site.
These activities were carried out pursuant to the DOE orders that
address the Comprehensive Environmental Response and Liability
Act (CERCLA) Program for the cleanup of inactive waste sites. The
DOE orders incorporate the US Environmental Protection Agency
methodology, which is based on the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986. This methodology includes: PA/SI,
remedial investigation/ feasibility study, record of decision,
design  and implementation or remedial action, operation and
verification monitoring. Volume I of this report discusses the
CERCLA inactive waste-site evaluation process, assumptions, and
results of the Hazard Ranking System methodology employed.  Volume
2 presents the data on the individual CERCLA engineered facility
sites at Hanford, as contained in the Hanford Inactive Site
Surveillance (HISS) Data Base. Volume 3 presents the data on the
individual CERCLA unplanned release sites at Hanford, as
contained in the HISS Data Base. 13 figs.
Keywords: Abandoned Sites; Alpha-Bearing Wastes; Remedial Action;
Compiled Data; Compliance Evaluation; Ground Disposal; Hanford
Reservation; Hazardous Materials; Inventories; Liquid Wastes;
Radioactive Waste Management; Regulations Task Scheduling
DE89005484
Hydrologic-Hydrochemical Characterization of Texas Gulf
     Coast Saline Formations Used for Deep-Well Injection of
     Chemical Wastes
Kreitler, Charles W.; Akhter, M.S.; Donnelly, Andrew C.
(Univ of Texas)
EPA Report 600/S2-88/046, Sep 88  (9)
The original document is available from Bowker
Fed Govt Report

Fluid migration potential, direction, and velocities in the
regional hydrologic environment of the texas gulf coast tertiary
formations were examined in the context of deep-well injection of
hazardous chemical wastes. Pressure data gathered from drillstem
tests and bottomhole pressure measurements in the frio formation


                                85

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were used in evaluating pressure regimes.  Due to variability in
thickness and pressure regimes, a composite potentiometric
surface of the entire formation can not be constructed to
determine natural flow gradients or natural points of discharge.
Potential for vertical fluid migration was identified from
equivalent environmental hydraulic pockets of depressured heads.
The presence of widespread formations significantly affects the
direction and value of fluid gradients, in as much as these
depressured oil and gas fields carry the risk of becoming sinks
for the injected wastes. (4 Graphs, 3 Maps)
Enviroline Number:*89-0031B3


Illness and Absenteeism Among California Highway Patrol Officers
     Responding to Hazardous Material Spills
English, Paul B.; Shaw, Gary M.; Windham,  Gayle; Neutra, Raymond
R.  (Cornell Univ)
Archives Env Health, Mar-Apr 89, V44, N2,  P117(3)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

Highway patrol officers are often the primary respondants to
spills of hazardous materials  in California.  Patrol officers
(993) who had been exposed to toxic chemicals on the job in 1984
were followed in subsequent weeks to determine if they
demonstrated more illness and absenteeism than non-exposed
differences in either of the officers.  No significant
differences in either of the two parameters were observed between
exposed and non-exposed officers.  (5 References, 2 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-003389


Interpretation of Need in U.S. Ocean Incineration Policy
Ditz, Daryl (Cornell Univ)
Marine Policy, Jan 89, V13, Nl, P43(13)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

The evolution of US policy on hazardous waste incineration at sea
is traced and the forces that have driven current developments
are identified. The proposed EPA interpretation  of need for ocean
incineration, which differs markedly from what is conventional
under empowering legislation,  is critiqued, highlighting the
narrowness of current policy.  The proposed version places undue
emphasis on arguably weak analytical evidence of health and
environmental risk assembled by the agency. The  interpretation
excludes from consideration a  broad class of promising
alternatives while contravening provisions of the london dumping
convention by discouraging the development of these preferable
options.  (1 Table)  Enviroline Number: *89-003719
                                86

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Lung Cancer in Relation to Residence in Census Tracts with
     Toxic-Waste Disposal Sites: A Case-Control Study in Niagara
     County, New York
Polednak, Anthony P. (SUNY, Stony Brook);  Janerich, Dwight T.
(Yale Univ School of Medicine, CT)
Env Research, Feb 89, V48, Nl, P29(13)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

Nine census tracts containing 12 toxic-waste disposal sites with
known or suspected lung carcinogens were identified.  Death
certificates of 339 lung cancer cases and 676 controls who died
of causes other than respiratory disease,  in 1978-81, showed no
association between death from lung cancer and residence in the
nine tracts. Data from surrogate respondents for 209 lung cancer
decedents and 417 controls showed no significant  association
between lung cancer and a history of ever having resided in the
nine tracts and no significant interaction between such residence
and cigarette smoking. Low-cost small-scale studies such as this
can be used as part of a system for monitoring health effects
associated with dumpsites. (1 Map, 25 References, 6 Tables)
Enviroline Number: *89-002867
Models for Aiding Hazardous Waste Facility Siting Decisions
Schwartz, S.I; McBride, R.A.; Powell, R.L.
Div. Environ. Studies, Wickson Hall, Univ. Calif. Davis, CA
95616.
J Environ Syst; 18  (2),1988-1989, 97-122
LA: English
CD: JEVSB

Proposals for locating hazardous waste treatment and disposal
facilities typically encounter strong opposition from the
affected communities. Technical analysis can examine the risks
from alternative siting strategies, thereby aiding the political
process by which the decision is made. This article presents
models for calculating the health effects from accidents in
transporting hazardous waste to treatment facilities, and from
accidents at an incinerator facility. Starting with an ideal-
type model, we introduce simplifications that make the analytical
task easier, while providing answers to questions about the
comparative risks from locating facilities in urban versus rural
locations. An illustrative calculation for siting incinerators in
the Los Angeles area indicates that the expected number of people
                                87

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exposed to the Environmental Protection Agency's «short-term
exposure limit» is larger for urban sites than rural sites,
because the transportation risks are comparable and the facility
risks are much larger for the urban site. The expected value
numbers are quite small, because of the low probability of
accidents, but if an accident occurs in the urban area, hundreds
of people could be exposed to the short-term exposure limit.
Keywords: General Biology-Institutions, Administration and
Legislation; Social Biology; Human Ecology; Movement
(1971—) Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology;
Public Health: Environmental Health-Air, Water and Soil
Pollution; Hominidae
NLM/TOXLINE


Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients for Evaluation of Hazardous
     Waste Land Disposal: Selected Chemicals
(Environmental research brief)
Ellington, J.J.; Stancil, F.E.
Environmental Research Lab., Athens, GA
Corp. Source Codes: 057445000
Report No.: EPA/600/M-88/010
Aug 88   6p
Languages: English
Journal  Announcement: GRAI8904
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country  of Publication: United States

Octanol/water partition coefficients were extracted from the
literature, calculated using a molecular fragment database
(CLOGP),  or measured in the laboratory  for selected chemicals.
Agreement between measured values and calculated values was good
for chemicals for which both members of six chemical classes:
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
phosphate esters, nitrogen mustards, alkylamines, and  amines.
Measurement of the octanol/water partition coefficients of two
standard reference chemicals, pyrene and biphenyl were
interspersed with determinations of those of compounds of
interest to serve as quality assurance  indicators.
PB89-120760/XAB
                                88

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The Cleanup of Chemical Waste Sites-A Rational Approach
Staples, Charles A.;  Kimekle, Richard A.
Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis) 1987,
V5, P61(9)
Conf Paper

A hazard-assessment approach is presented to address waste site
cleanup. In order to evaluate any potential waste site, the
potential chemical exposure must first be identified.  Then an
assessment must be carried out for the exposure as compared to
known safe concentrations. Finally, control measures must be set
up to remediate the exposure. The complex question "how clean is
enough?" Is addressed by employment of hazard assessment
techniques based on "margins of safety" (MS), where MS =
toxicologically safe concentration/exposure concentration.
(3 Diagrams, 10 References, 1 Table)
Enviroline Number: 89-002822
RADIATION
A Million Years in the Life of a Waste Site
Frizelle, Chris
New Scientist, Oct 15, 88, V120, N1634, P44(4)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

The search for a radioactive waste disposal site in the UK
focuses on identifying an appropriate site and constructing a
repository that will be safe for 1 million years.  The
repositories for low-level waste will probably be 50-100 M below
ground and those for intermediate-level waste at a depth of 1000
M. The nuclear industry radioactive executive, the company
responsible for disposing of nuclear waste in the UK must decide
if the repository is to be sealed or not.  Computer programs are
being used to consider site safety and assess risks.  The vandal
program can model the corrosion of waste containers, leaching of
radionuclides, and groundwater pathways to the biosphere.  Time4
is designed specifically for deep disposal sites, and will
simulate environmental change up to 1 million years into the
future.  (2 Diagrams, 3 Photos)  Enviroline Number: *89-001401
                                89

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Consequences of the Reactor Accident in Chernobyl in the Federal
     Republic of Germany: Environmental Contamination, Radiation
     Protection Measures, Radiation Risk Assessment
Kaul, Alexander (Federal Health Office, W Germany)
Env Intl, 1988, V14, N2, P83(7)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

West Germany experienced varying degrees of radioactive fallout
following the April 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl, USSR. The
local dose rate experienced an erratic increase from 8 to 100
(gr)mrem/hour in only a few minutes. Because of cesium 137 and
134 depositions, the local dose rate today is still elevated by
about 50% compared with the time prior to April 1986. In the
Munich area, leafy vegetables were contaminated with iodine 131
up to 20 kilobecquerel  (bq)/kg, and milk was contaminated up to 1
kbq/1. The sale of milk with I 131 contamination exceeding 500
bq/1 and of fresh leafy vegetables contaminated by more than 250
bq/kg was prohibited. The radiation contamination experienced in
West Germany corresponds to an increase of about 0.002% Of the
spontaneous cancer mortality of 20% per year on average.  (1 Map,
16 References, 2 Tables) Enviroline Number: *89-001403


Experience in Hungary on the Radiological Consequences of the
     Chernobyl Accident
Feher, I.  (Central Research Inst for Physics, Hungary)
Env Intl, 1988, V14, N2, P113(23)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

Radioactive clouds released by the April 26, 1986, nuclear
accident at Chernobyl, USSR, reached Hungary on April  29.
Considerable rainfall differences between different  locations
resulted in a  large variation  in the ground surface
contamination. Accordingly, there was  a variation of  about one
order of magnitude  in external dose and in the radioactive
contamination  of foodstuffs and water. The Budapest  region was
subjected to the most detailed monitoring and followup studies,
which reveal the median  effective dose equivalent of  adults  in
the  first year after the accident was  105  (gr)msv. About  5%  of
the population received  a dose less than 64 and the  dose  of
another  5% exceeded  174  (gr)msv.  (16 Graphs. 8 Maps,  43
References, 14 Tables)   Enviroline Number:*89-001405
                                90

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Harboring a Health Risk
Van Lieshout, T.
Med J. Aust; 149 (11-12), 1988, 672-673
LA: Eng
CD: MJAUA
Biosis Copyright: Biol Abs. RRM Human International Physicians
for the Prevention of Nuclear War Public Health Measures
Political Decision
Keywords: Radiation-Radiation Effects and Protective Measures;
Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology; Public
Health-Public Health Administration and Statistics; Public
Health: Environmental Health-Radiation Health; Hominidae
NLM/TOXLINE


How To Be Quantitative about Radiation Risk Estimates: The
     Lauriston S. Taylor Lecture Series in Radiation Protection
     and Measurements, Lecture No. 11
Seymour, Jablon
Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and
Measurements, 1987
38 pp., $14.00 pb
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) Sep  1989, 9  (2) p263, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

The eleventh lecture in this annual series examines the issue of
quantifying  risks produced by  radiation exposure, concentrating
on stochastic, somatic effects like radiation  leukemia. Jablon
frames his lecture with two reasons by attempting to quantify
radiation risks:  (1) sensible  exposure limits  cannot be set
without some understanding of  the magnitude of the risks
involved, and  (2) attempts at  quantitations can provide some
insights into the carcinogenic process itself. The lecture begins
by a review  of the simplest dosimetric techniques: curve fitting
and use of error bars. The author continues by looking at the
uncertainties and unknowns which such risk qualifications cannot
hope to elucidate. Jablon also discusses the problems of choosing
among different  statistical models, of projecting past
experiences  into the future, and of extrapolating from high,
measurable doses to low doses  received over a  long time period.
The lecture  captures succinctly the issues which plague risk
quantification in general and  radiation risk assessment in
particular.
                                91

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How Real is the Risk From Technologically Enhanced Natural
     Radiation
Bauman, Alcal; Houat, Djurdua (Inst for Medical Research &
Occupational Health, Yugoslavia)
Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987,
V5, P107(6)
Conf Paper

Technologically enhanced natural radiation has been studied
throughout the  world. Public interest in this issue has been
heightened because of involuntary exposure to carcinogenic
agents.  A coal-fired power plant (CFPP) and a large fertilizer
industry were studied as sources of natural radiation with
possible synergistic effects from chemical contaminants.  Results
are discussed, and the authors stress that the two cases studied
illustrate the need for regulatory "de minimis" limitations.  (13
References)  Enviroline Number: 89-003052


Monitoring Program for Radionuclides in Marketplace Seafoods
(Final rept.)
Curtis, W.R.  (Office of Radiation Programs, Washington, DC) Corp.
Source Codes: 038529000; Sponsor: Food and Drug Administration,
Rockvllle, MD. Report No.: EPA/520/1-B8/010 Jun 88 62p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
Prepared in cooperation with Food and Drug Administration,
Rockville, MD.
NTIS Prices:  PC A04/MF A01 Country of Publication: United States

The report presents the results of a monitoring program,
conducted  in  1981 and 1982, by the Environmental Protection
Agency  (EPA)  and the Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) to
measure concentrations of man-made radionuclides in seafoods  to
determine  effects from previous U.S. ocean disposals of low-
level radioactive wastes  (LLW).  Commercially made seafood
samples were  collected from Boston, Massachusetts, Atlantic City,
California, New Jersey and San Francisco. Each of these cities is
near a U.S. ocean disposal site for LLW. The data obtained during
this monitoring program shows that the  concentrations of man-
made radioactivity  in seafoods sampled  are below levels of public
health concern. The data is considered  to be of normal background
level, attributable to global fallout over the oceans.
PB89-120786/XAB
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Program System UFOMOD for Assessing the Consequences
     of Nuclear Accidents
Ehrhardt, J.;Burkart, K.;Hasemann, I.;Matzerath, C.;Panitz, H.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.) Inst.
fuer Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I),  Issue 10, 1989
NTIS/TIB/B89-80086, 139p
NTIS Prices: PC Ell
Rept no. KFK-4330, Contract CEC 8I6/F/128/B

The program UFOMOD is a completely new accident consequence
assessment  (ACA) code. Its structure and modelling is based on
the experience gained from applications of the old UFOMOD code
during and after the German Risk Study - Phase A, the results of
scientific investigations performed within the ongoing Phase B of
the CEC-project MARIA, and the requirements resulting from the
extended use of ACAs to help in decision-making. One of the most
important improvements is the introduction of different
trajectory models for describing atmospheric dispersion in the
near range and at larger distances. Emergency actions and
countermeasures modelling takes into account recommendations of
international commissions. The dosimetric models contain
completely new age-, sex-, and time-dependent data of dose-
conversion  factors for external and internal radiation; the
ingestion pathway is modelled to consider seasonal dependencies.
New dose-risk relationships for stochastic and non-stochastic
health effects are implemented; a special algorithm developed for
ACA codes allows individual and collective leukemia and cancer
risks to be presented as a function of time after the accident.
According to the modular structure of the new program system
UFOMOD, an easy access to parameter values and the results of the
various submodels exists what facilitates sensitivity and
uncertainty analyses, (orig.). (Copyright (c) 1989 by
FIZ.Citation no. 89:080086.)
Keywords: Reactor Accidents; Computerized Simulation; Computer
Calculations; Fission Product Release; Environmental Exposure
Pathway; Radionuclide Migration; Radiation Doses; Human
Populations; Radioactivity Transport; Meteorology; Mathematical
Models; Risk Assessment, Delayed Radiation Effects; Dose Rates;
Emergency Plans; Foreign Technology;  UFOMOD Program
TIB/889-80086
                                93

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Shipment of Taiwanese Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel
     (Phase 2): Environmental Assessment
Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Corp. Source Codes: 052661000; 9512004
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: DOE/EA-0363
Jun 88  86p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8905; NSA1300
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States

The proposed action is to transport approximately 1100 spent fuel
rods from a foreign research reactor in Taiwan by sea to Hampton
Roads, Virginia, and then overland by truck to the receiving
basin for offsite fuels at the Savannah River Plant (SRP) for
reprocessing to recover uranium and plutonium. The analysis of
the impacts of the proposed action have been evaluated and shown
to have negligible impact on the local environments.  The
calculations have been completed using the RADTRAN III code. PWR
spent fuel was analyzed as a benchmark to link the calculations
in this analysis to those in earlier environmental documentation.
Cumulative total, maximum annual, and per shipment risks were
calculated. The results indicate that the PWR spent fuel shipment
risks are somewhat lower than those previously estimated. The
cumulative and maximum annual normal, or incident-free, risks
associated with the shipment of Taiwanese research reactor spent
fuel is a factor of 10 lower than that for PWR fuel, and the
cumulative and maximum annual accident radiological risks are a
factor of about 2.2 lower than that for PWR spent fuel. As a
result, the port risks are about a factor of 10 larger than the
risk of overland transport. All of the risks calculated are
small. The PWR risk values are similar to those judged by the NRC
to be small enough not to warrant increased stringency in
regulations.  The Taiwanese research reactor spent fuel shipment
risk values are smaller yet.  51 refs., 22 tabs.  DE88014995/XAB


The Future of Nuclear  Power
Greenhalgh, Geoffrey
 "88  ix+213p,  il tables charts maps
ORDER INFO: Graham  (LC 88-21389)  (ISBN 0-86010-987-9)
LANGUAGE: Engl
DOC TYPE: M

How differences arise  in public  attitudes and color perceptions
of need,  economics,  environmental advantage, and safety. Partial
contents: energy need; energy demand and  supply; radioactivity
and nuclear power; accident risks; public participation.
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
                                94

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Xenon-133 in California, Nevada, and Utah from the Chernobyl
     Accident
Holloway, R.W.;  Liu, C.K.
Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab., Las Vegas, NV
Corp. Source Codes: 065438000
Report No.: EPA/600/J-88/141
1988  6p
Languages: English
Document Type: Journal article
Journal Announcement: GRAI8904
Pub. in Environmental Science and Technology, v22,n5
P583-585  May 88
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in the USSR
introduced numerous radioactive nuclides into the atmosphere,
including the noble gas xenon-133.  EPA's Environmental
Monitoring Systems xenon-133 from the Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV,
detected Chernobyl accident in air samples from a monitoring
network that consists of 15 stations located in Nevada, Utah, and
California.  The peak concentration of xenon-133 was found in
weekly air samples collected during May 6-13, 1986. The network
average concentration of xenon-133 was 41 pCi cu m during that
time. A lower average was found in air samples collected in the
following week.  These concentrations are comparable to or less
than that of natural radionuclides (such as radon) normally
present in the atmosphere, and are much lower than the peak
xenon-133 concentration measured in New York State following the
accident at the Three Mile Island reactor.
PB89-119333/XAB
ECOLOGICAL RISK
3rd FECS Conference on Risk Assessment of Chemical in Environment
3rd FECS Conference on Risk Assessment of Chemical in Environment
8835010 University of Surrey  (UK) 11-14 Jul 1988
Royal Society of Chemistry
Dr. R. H. Andrews, Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House,
London W1V OBN  (UK)
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
                                95

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Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future
Parrish, P.R.; Dickson, K.L.; Hamelink, J.L.; Kimerle,
R.A.; Macek, K.J.
Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, FL
Corp. Source Codes: 050274000
Sponsor: North Texas State Univ., Denton. Inst. of Applied
Sciences.; Lilly (Eli) and Co., Indianapolis IN; Monsanto Co.,
St. Louis, MO; EG and G Environmental Group, Wellesley, MA
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/213
1988   20p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal article
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
Prepared  in cooperation with North Texas State Univ.,
Denton. Inst. of Applied Sciences, Lilly (Eli) and Co.,
Indianapolis, IN, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MD, and EG and G
Environmental Group, Wellesley, MA
Pub. in Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, vlO  p7-25
ASTN STP  971. Proceedings of Annual ASTM Symposium (10th), New
Orleans, LA., May 4-6, 1987.
NTIS Prices: Not available NTIS
Country of Publication: United States

The Symposium marks the tenth time that the authors have
gathered as a group of professional scientists who share common
goals and ideas concerning the protection of their Nation's
aquatic resources.  The 10th Symposium seems like a fitting time
to reflect on their origins, their successes, and their plans for
the future. To that end, several people who have been
instrumental in shaping the science of aquatic toxicology and
hazard  (risk) assessment were invited to present their views on
the growth of this science and their ideas about its  future.  The
paper is, then, a collection of those view points which are set
down in writing so that others may benefit from the experience of
the authors and so that newcomers to this field may benefit by
knowing about the roots of aquatic toxicology and hazard
assessment.  (Copyright  (c) American Society for Testing and
Materials.)  P889-120034
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Bioaccumulation of HG in the Mushroom Pleurotus Ostreatus
Bressa, Giuliano; Cirtia,  Lorenzo; Costa,  Paolo (Univ of Padua,
Italy)
Ecotoxicology & Env Safety, Oct 88, V16, N2,  P85(5)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

While the possibility of utilizing industrial, urban, and other
wastes for the growth of edible mushrooms is fascinating, it is
possible that this use will lead to the uptake of wastes
containing toxic substances such as heavy metals. This uptake
could produce adverse effects on human health. The possibility of
bioaccumulation of hg by a mushroom, pleurotus ostreatus, grown
on an artificial compost containing this element was, therefore,
studied. The range of accumulation factors was found to be very
marked, suggesting that the cultivation of p. Ostreatus on
substrates containing hg could involve risks to human health.  (1
Diagram, 1 Photo, 19 References, 1 Table)
Enviroline Number: *89-001779
Biological-Chemical Characterization of Effluents for the
     Evaluation of the Potential Impact on the Aquatic
     Environment
Svanberg, 0.; Renberg, L.  (Natl Env Protection Board, Sweden)
Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment (CEC 5th
European Sym, Rome, Oct 20-22, 87), 1988, P244(12)
The original document is available from Bowker
Conf Paper

Integrated programs of biological and chemical tests used to
characterize municipal and industrial effluents are described.
The testing approaches outlined here have been used by regulatory
agencies in sweden for a number of years. Biological testing has
been most widely used to assess the environmental inpact of
industrial plant effluent which is generally a complex mixture of
unknown chemical composition, flexible test programs have been
developed for different industries and the nature of the
receiving body of water is considered when choosing organisms for
biological tests, the use of biological tests in conjunction with
chemical analysis to obtain data for risk assessment of
industrial and domestic wastewater has provided regulatory
agencies the information necessary to make better decisions.  (1
Diagram, 8 References, 7 Tables)  Enviroline Number: *89-003195
                                97

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Comparing Risks and Setting Environmental Priorities: Overview of
     Three Regional Projects
United States Environmental Protection Agency.  Office of Policy,
Planning and Evaluation.  Office of Policy Analysis.  Regulatory
Integration Division (PM-220).   Washington, D.C. 20460
Participating Regions:  Region 1-Planning and Management Division;
Region 3-Environmental Services Division; Region 10-Management
Division.
August 1989


Doomed Canaries of Tadoussac
Luoma, Jon R.
Audobon, Mar 89, P92(6)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

The beluga whales of the st. Lawrence river,  called by some
"canary of the sea," were nearly hunted out of  existence in the
early 1900s. Those that survive have accumulated tremendous
quantities of toxic waste in their body fat as  a result of st.
Lawrence pollution. These polluted whales  are dying from bladder
cancer, perforated gastric ulcers, and other  diseases which
indicate suppression of the  immune system.  It  is suspected that
pcbs and other organochlorine contaminants are  among the causes
of the whales' extensive disease.  (1 Map,  5 Photos)
Enviroline Number: *89-003253
 Dynamics  of Aquatic Ecosystems and Models under Toxicant
      Stress:  State Space Analysis, Covariance Structure,  and
      Ecological Risk
 (Thesis  (Ph.D))
 Johnson,  A.R.; Bartell, S.M.
 Oak Ridge National Lab., TN
 Corp.  Source  Codes: 021310000; 4832000
 Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC
 Report No.: ORNL/TM-10723
 Jun 88 207p
 Languages: English
 Document  Type: Thesis
 Journal Announcement: GRAI8904; NSA1300
 Thesis submitted by A.R. Johnson to The Univ. of Tennessee,
 Knoxville.
 Portions  of this document  are illegible in microfiche
 products.
 NTIS  Prices:  PC A10/MF A01
 Country of Publication: United States
 Contract  No.: AC05-840R21400

 The state of  an ecosystem  at any time may be characterized
 by a  multidimensional state vector x(t). Changes in  state are
 represented by the trajectory traced out by x(t) over  time. The


                                98

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effects of toxicant stress are summarized by the displacement of
a perturbed state vector, x(sub p)(t),  relative to an appropriate
control, x(sub c)(t).  Within a multivariate statistical
framework, the response of an ecosystem to perturbation is
conveniently quantified by the distance separating x(sub p)(t)
from x(sub c)(t) as measured by a Mahalanobls metric.  Use of the
Mahalanobls metric requires that the covariance matrix associated
with the control state vector be estimated. State space
displacement analysis was applied to data on the response of
aquatic microcosms and outdoor ponds to alkylphenols. Dose-
response relationships were derived using calculated state space
separations as integrated measures of the ecological effects of
toxicant exposure.  Inspection of the data also revealed that the
covariance structure varied both with time and with toxicant
exposure, suggesting that analysis of such changes might be a
useful tool for probing control mechanisms underlying ecosystem
dynamics.  90 refs., 53 figs., 9 tabs.  DE88015333/XAB


Ecological Risk Analysis in a Regulatory Environment
Ginzburg, L.; Person, S.
Appl. Biomath,, Setauket, NY
American Institute of Biological Science, 39th Annual
Meeting Davis, CA  (USA)14-18 Aug 1988
American Institute of Biological Science  (AIBS)
Duren Patten, ESA, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona
State University, Tempe.  AZ 85287  (USA)., Abstracts will be
Published in Journals of Ecology Society of America  (ESA) and
Botanical Society of America  (BSA)
Languages:English
ABI/INFORM


Ecological Risk Assessment for Toxic Waste Sites
Ludwig. D.F.
New Jersey Dep. Environ. Prot., Trenton, NJ
American Institute of Biological Science, 39th Annual Meeting
8830974 Davis, CA  (USA) 14-18 Aug 1988
American Institute of Biological Science  (AIBS)
Duren Patten, ESA, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona
State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 (USA)., Abstracts will be
Published in Journals of Ecology Society of America  (ESA) and
Botanical Society of America  (BSA)
Languages:English
ABI/INFORM
                                99

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Ecological Risk Assessment Applied to Managing Toxics in an Urban
     Estuary
Beck, A.D.; Stacey, P.; Scott, K.J.;  Morrison, G.E.
U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Ecosystem Risk Assessment using Prediction of Alternate Condition
     Development
Herricks, E.E.; Schaeffer, D.J.; Wentsel, R.S.
Univ. Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Environmental Hazard Assessment of Chemical Paint  Strippers
Reinhold, K.A.; Lally, G.
U.S. Army Construct. Eng. Res. Lab., Champaign, IL, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th
Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society
of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite  1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778., Poster Paper
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
                               100

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Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Stiegler's Gorge Hydropower
     Project, Tanzania
Mwalyosi, Raphael B. (Univ of Bar Es Salaam, Tanzania)
Env Conservation, Autumn 88, V15, N3, P250(5)
Journal Article

The planned stiegler's gorge hydroelectric power project is
touted as tanzania's most important hydroelectric resource.  The
environmental impacts of project construction and operation
within the rufiji river basin are identified.  The most
significant effect of the dam would be drastic reduction, by
controlled discharge, in the frequency of severe floods in the
lower river valley. No complete populations of wildlife would be
in danger from direct ecological consequences of river
impoundment and dam construction.  However, significant
proportions of giraffe, wildebeest, and zebra populations in the
project impact area would be potentially at risk, owing to their
need for habitat of restricted range.  Adverse effects on local
settlements, fisheries resources, and agriculture are cited. (3
Maps, 1 Reference)  Enviroline Number: 89-002895


Environmental Impact of Used Motor Oil
Vazguez-Duhalt, Rafael (Centre de Investigaciones Biologicas) de
Baja California, Mexico
Science of the Total Env, Feb 89, V79, Nl, Pl(23)
Journal Article

Information concerning the environmental impact of used motor oil
is reviewed.  Specific topics addressed include the fate of used
motor oil, effects on soil and aquatic organisms, combustion,
mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, and biodegradation of used
crankcase oil. The available information indicates that used
motor oil is a dangerous polluting product with world-wide
dispersion and effects on the environment.  (114 References, 3
Tables)  Enviroline Number: 89-002779
                               101

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Environmental Applications of Genetically Engineered
     Organisms
Giddings, Luther V. (OTA)
Env Science & Technology, Nov 88, V22, Nil, P1267(4)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

New biotechnologies for environmental applications hold great
promise. Researchers are working to render microbes more
efficient at degrading toxics contaminating landfills, to make
plants resistant to diseases, and to make animals disease-
resistant and faster growing. However, several potential problems
could impede the widespread adoption of biotechnology to
environmental applications.  A major challenge for genetic
engineers is to make sure that once they have moved a gene from
one organism to another, it stays in its new location, stably
inserted into the genome of the recipient.  Risk assessment and
the probability of realizing undesirable results with the
introduction of genetically engineered organisms must also be
addressed.  (1 Reference)  Enviroline Number:*89-001300


Field Techniques for Evaluation of Dioxin Contamination in a
     Large Aquatic Ecosystem
Short, Russell  (Ecology & Environment, NY)
Env Professional, 1989, Vll, Nl, P43(8)
Research Article

The Hyde Park landfill, a federal superfund site in Niagara
Falls, NY, containing 0.5-1.5 Metric tons of dioxin, is one of
several sources leaking the toxic compound to the Niagara River
and Lake Ontario. Health advisories warn about the effects of
eating fish caught in the lake. Four studies of the lake were
initiated as a result of a civil suit. One seeks to establish a
bioaccumulation factor  in fish, another to develop
water/sediment partition coefficients, and two to identify dioxin
levels in fish and sediments. Special techniques are discussed
that were developed to  implement these studies.  Results of the
study will be used in risk assessment and to evaluate the court-
established action level of 0.5 G of dioxin discharged to the
Niagara River per year.  (2 Maps, 6 References, 2 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-003437
                                102

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Fiscal Year 1987 Program Report: Oklahoma Mater Resources
     Research Institute
Durham, N.N.; McTernan, E.M.
Oklahoma State Univ., Stlllwater.  Univ.  Center for Water
Research.
Corp. Source Codes: 013386075
Sponsor:Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Water Resources Div.
Report No.: USGS/G-1443-01
1988   48p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
See also report for Fiscal Year 1986, PB88-132832.
Sponsored by Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Water
Resources Div
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: DI-14-08-0001-G-1443; USGS-G-1443

The FY 1987 Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute
research program addressed the issues of surface and ground water
quality and management of water resources. Research projects
funded by the OWRRI to address these issues included: an
investigation of the risks to ground water quality associated
with pesticide use; an examination of the cause and effect of
rapid changes in shallow ground water quality; the development of
a modeling tool to improve surface runoff prediction from
ungauged, non-urban sites; transport of eroded soil particles;
and development of procedures to incorporate risk analyses into
the design processes for water resources facilities.  Information
transfer activities included: continued publication of the
newsletter; preparation of a complete listing of OSU faculty
water research publications; and updating and distribution of the
Technical Reports and General Publications Listing.
P889-115455/XAB
                               103

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Food Chain Exposure Assessments: A Multi-Species Approach
Donate, Michael J.; Baldwin, Andrew H. (E.G. Jordan Co, MA)
EPA/Et Al Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials 5th Natl
Conf, Las Vegas, Apr 19-21, 88, P487(7)
Conf Paper

A Methodology for food chain exposure assessment was applied to
analysis of hazardous pollutants in the New Bedford, MA, area.
Species exposure in new bedford harbor to pcbs and heavy metals
is examined.  The first step of the assessment is to identify and
characterize the aquatic environments near the site of concern. A
subset of species is then selected based on parameters such as
food chain function and availability of ecotoxicity data. The
third step involves development of two food chains representative
of benthic and pelagic communities, followed by a toxicological
assessment step.  Impacts to the individual aquatic organisms and
the aquatic food chains at risk are then determined, as
illustrated by the case study.  (4 Maps, 16 references, 3 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-001668


Information on Fisheries Risk Assessment and Mitigation  in the
     Alaska Region
Meyer, R.M.
Oceans '88 8845003 Baltimore, MD (USA) 31 Oct-2 Nov 1988
Marine Technology Society; Institute of Electrical  & Electronics
Engineers - Oceanic Engineering Society
Marine Technology Society, 1825 K Street NW, Suite  403,
Washington, DC 20006  (USA)
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Marine Ecological Risk Assessment of Butyltins in Sediments
     of Puget Sound
Chartrand, A.B.;  Cardwell, R.D.; Smith, J.D.
Envirosphere Co., Bellevue, WA, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,  9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th  Street NW, Suite 1000. Washington. DC 20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785  2778., Poster Paper
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM
                                104

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Modeling Tools for Ecological Risk Assessment
Mauriello, D.A.
U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency. Washington. DC, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington,  DC 20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778.
Languages:English
ABI/INFORM


National Strategy for Ecological Risk Assessment of Surface Water
     Ecosystems
Niemi, G.J.; Malanchuk, J.M.
U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
J Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988 Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC) SETAC, 1133 15th
Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005  (USA). Telephone: 202
785 2778.
Languages:English
ABI/INFORM


On-Site Septic Systems; The Risk of Groundwater Contamination
Cogger, C.
Western Washington Res. and Ext. Cent., Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
J. Environ. Health; 51(1), pp. 12-16 1988
Language: English    Summary Language: English
Document  Type: Journal article-original research
Subfile:01 .Microbiology Abstracts A Industrial and Applied
Microbiology

In recent years the potential for groundwater pollution  from on-
site septic systems has emerged as a serious concern in  the
United States. Outbreaks of disease have been traced to  drinking
groundwater contaminated by sewage from on-site systems.  Nitrate
from on-site systems also has leached into the groundwater and
threatened water supplies in many parts of the country.  It is
important that we evaluate the extent of the groundwater threat
posed by  on-site systems and review the strategies that  are
available to limit further degradation of groundwater. On-site
systems currently are the only economically viable wastewater
treatment option in many rural and suburban areas, and special
efforts must be made to ensure their environment viability as
well.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
                               105

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Propellent & Chemical Spill and Dispersion Model
Raj, P.K.; Morris, J.A.; Kunkel, B.A.
Air Force Geophysics Lab., Hanscom AFB, MA.
Corp. Source Codes: 054815000; 409578
Report No.: AFGL-TR-88-0235
22 Sep 88  13p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8904
Presented at the JANNAF Safety and Environment Protection
Subcommittee Meeting, 23-27 May 88, Monterey, CA.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: 2310; G7
         *
The defense services transport, store and use many kinds of
chemicals including fuels, oxidizers, propellants and weapons
related chemicals.  Many of these chemicals are volatile and may
form dense vapor clouds if they are released into the atmosphere.
Depending on the physical properties of the chemical, storage
conditions, release conditions and weather conditions different
types of vapor clouds may be formed  (heavy clouds, aerosol
bearing clouds, instantaneous puffs, continuous plumes, etc.). In
addition, some of the chemicals may react with ambient moisture.
It has been shown in the literature that the behavior of heavy
vapor clouds is considerably different from that of neutral
density vapor clouds.
Keywords: Heavy Gas Dispersion, Hazard Assessment, Atmospheric
Dispersion, Chemical Hazard.
(MJM) AD-A200 025/5/XAB


Regional Ecological Risk Assessment: A Conceptual Framework and
     Demonstration
Hunsaker, C.T.; Graham, R.L.: O'Neill, R.V.; Barnthouse, L.W.;
Suter, G.W.,II
Oak Ridge Natl. Lab,, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology  and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA)  13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology  and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th  Street NW, Suite  1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778,
Languages:English
ABI/INFORM
                               106

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Relationship of Uncertainty and Probability in Ecological Risk
     Analysis Models
Anderson, J.J.; Morison, R.
Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA
American Institute of Biological Science, 39th Annual Meeting
8830974 Davis, CA (USA) 14-19 Aug 1988
American Institute of Biological Science (AIBS)
Duren Patten, ESA, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona
State University, Tempe, AZ 85297 (USA)., Abstracts will be
Published in Journals of Ecology Society of America (ESA) and
Botanical Society of America (BSA)
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Risk Assessment of Deliberate Release of Genetically Engineered
     Microorganisms
Molak, Blasta; Stara, Jerry (EPA, OH)
Risk Assessment & Management (Advances in Risk Analysis) 1987,
V5, P83(9)
Conf Paper

The potential adverse effects of deliberate release of
genetically-engineered microorganisms (GEMS) are evaluated.  The
complexity of hazard identification of GEMS is stressed, GEMS are
not only potentially toxic to humans and animals, but also may
disrupt the ecological equilibrium. Conventional risk assessment
techniques are inadequate for assessing this unconventional
hazard. Unlike the chemicals for which the conventional
techniques were developed, GEMS may not dilute or degrade over
time.  The author advocates a case-by-case approach.  Conceptual
models of risk assessment relevant to the deliberate release of
GEMS are discussed.  (4 Diagrams, 14 References)
Enviroline Number: 89-002933
Risk Assessment of Rice Herbicides to Estuarine Organisms
Finlayson, B.J.? Faggelia, G.A.
California Dep. Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778.
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
                               107

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Selecting Accidents for Evaluating Significant Adverse
     Environmental Impacts
Howes, B.W.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA
Corp. Source Codes: 048335000: 9512268
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-SA-15747;  CDNF-880601-43
Mar 88  7p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8904; NSA1300
American Nuclear Society annual meeting, San Diego, CA, USA,
12 Jun 1988.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTI5 Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC06-76RL01830

''Reasonably foreseeable significant adverse impacts'1 must
be evaluated by federal agencies when preparing environmental
impact statements for major federal action. As part of that
evaluation process, agencies must address potential environmental
impacts associated with accidents that might occur during either
the construction or operational phase of the proposed project.
This paper describes how accidents may be selected for
conseguence analysis and,  when information is unavailable, how
the  ''rule of reason1' approach can be applied to low-
probability/high-consequence events. 2 refs. (ERA citation
13:048706) DE88014751/XAB


Sources of Uncertainty in Ecological Risk Assessments
Suter, G.W.,II? Barnthouse, L.W.
Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA). Telephone:  202 785 2778.
Languages: ENGLISH
ABI/INFORM
                               108

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Test Systems and Exposure in the Aquatic Environment
Strachan, W.M.J.
Canada Cent. Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Rd.,  Burlington, Ont.
L7R 4A6, Canada
AMBIO; 17(6), pp. 394-397 1988
Language: English
Summary Language: English
Document Type: Journal article-review
Subfile:24 Toxicology Abstracts; 04 Ecology Abstracts

This article is an overview paper discussing the topic of
exposure as it relates to the hazard assessment of chemicals in
the aquatic environment. Multi-compartment approaches to
developing an integrated expression for the concentration levels
of environmental chemicals are noted as alternatives to
meso-/microcosm methods of describing their fates.  The roles of
modeling and monitoring are discussed as exposure methodologies
in arriving at such expressions. A system being used to evaluate
environmental chemical hazard in the North American Great Lakes
ecosystem is also discussed.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Towards a Relevant Ecological Risk Assessment of Offshore
     Disposal of Municipal Sewage Sludge
Munns, W.R., Jr.; Walker H.A.; Paul, J.F.
SAIC, Narragansett, RI, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th
Annual Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778.
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Toxicants in Urban Stormwater Runoff and Combined  Sewer
     Overflows: An Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment
Munger, S.F.; Stuart, R.E.; Cardwell, R.D.
Municip. Metrop. Seattle, Seattle, WA, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA  (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA). Telephone: 202 785 2778.
Languages:English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
                               109

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Uncertainty and Alternative Models in Ecological Hazard
     Assessment
Mauriello, D.A.
US EPA, Washington, DC
American Institute of Biological Science, 39th Annual Meeting
8830974 Davis, CA  (USA) 14-18 Aug 1988
American Institute of Biological Science  (AIBS)
Duren Patten, ESA. Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona
State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 (USA).. Abstracts will be
Published in Journals of Ecology Society of America  (ESA) and
Botanical Society of America (BSA)
Languages:English
ABI/INFORM
LEGAL ASPECTS
California's Proposition 65: Risk Assessment, Carcinogens, and
     Reproductive Hazards
Book, S.A.
American Chemical Society,  196th National Meeting 8830129
Los Angeles. CA  (USA)  25-30 Sep 1988
American Chemical Society  (ACS)
ACS Sales  & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW,
Washington, DC 20036  (USA). ISBN: 8412-1493X. Price: $  38.00  +
Postage Charge
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Cancer-Causing Substances  in Food,  Drugs, and Cosmetics: The
     De Minimis  Rule  Versus the Delaney Clause
Curran, William  U.
New England U Medicine, Nov 10, 88, V319, N19, P1262(3)
Journal Article

Litigation brought before  the  US Federal Court of Appeals  for the
District of Columbia  against FDA to prevent  the  agency  from
interpreting the 1958 Delaney  Clause to allow the use of certain
chemical dyes in the  cosmetics industry is chronicled.  The
clause prohibits the  use of an color-additive substance in food
if tests prove the substance to induce cancer in humans or
animals. Because the  risk  to humans was deemed infinitesimal,
FDA announced it would exercise its discretion under the De
Minimis rule to  authorize  the  use of the dyes in cosmetics. The
consumer advocacy group public interest initiated the suit,
arguing for a stricter interpretation of the Delaney Clause.  The
court held that  strict interpretations were  of no value and could
also be detrimental to the primary  goals of  FDA  in  protecting
human health.  (9 References)   Enviroline Number: 89-001228
                                110

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De Minimis Risk
Edited by Chris Whipple, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo
Alto, California
Plenum Publishing Corporation
0-306-42530-0/224 pp./ill./1987/$59.50
($71.40 outside U.S. & Canada)

The basic de minimis concept—that there is value in establishing
a level of risk below the concern of the risk manager—is
considered here by scientists, policy analysts, and regulators
concerned with risks in food, the workplace, and with hazardous
materials.  Contributors provide an extensive overview of past
applications of the de minimis approach to radiation protection,
an analysis of the levels of de minimis risk implicit in
decisions by the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate or
not, and an illustration of how the de minimis risk idea has
helped the Food and Drug Administration's approach to small
exposures for which the scientific evidence regarding risk is
weak.  Contributors cover incentives and obstacles to de minimis
risk regulation, the quantitative aspects of de minimis risk, and
regulatory applications of de minimis risk.


Export of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Technology: Challenge for
     International Environmental Law
Nanda, Ved P.  (Univ of Denver College of Law); Bailey, Bruce C.
(Colorado State Univ)
The  original document is available from Bowker
Denver J Intl Law & Policy, Fall 88, V17, Nl, P155(52)
Journal Article

International considerations in the export of hazardous
technologies and waste, particularly to developing countries, are
discussed. Incidents of unregulated hazardous waste dumping in
Africa and other undeveloped regions by ships from Europe and the
US have been documented recently.  Major accidents involving
hazardous technology occurred in: Seveso, Italy, in 1976, which
released a cloud of 2,3,7,8 dibenzo-paradioxin  (dioxin); Bhopal,
India, where in 1984 methyl isocyanate gas escaped, killing over
1600 people; and Chernobyl, USSR, where in 1986 a meltdown
occurred in a nuclear power reactor, necessitating the evacuation
of the city.  The international legal standards,  United Nations
guidelines, and international multilateral development banks
policies as they relate historically to those accidents are
reviewed.  Applicable national standards and regulations are
considered.  Developing countries that are recipients of
hazardous technology and wastes are likely to be at increased
risk due to absence of sufficient information about the
technology and its risks.  (300 References)
Enviroline Number: *89-003505
                                111

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Occupational Health Controversy: Pro & Con
Cong Dig 68:98-128 Ap '89
LANGUAGE:  Engl
DOC TYPE:  P
Issues related to the proposed High Risk Occupational Disease
Notification and Prevention Act of 1987.
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
BIBLIOGRAPHIES


CHAWS (Chemical Hazard Warning System) User's Guide: System
     Description and Standard Operating Procedures, Edgewood
     Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground
Shinn, J.H.; Novo, M.G.
Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA
Corp. Source Codes: 068147000; 9513035
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: UCID-21335
Mar 88 172p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8904; NSA1300
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-7405-ENG-48

The Chemical Hazard Warning System  (CHAWS) has been designed
to collect meteorological data and  to display, in  real time,
hazardous chemical dispersion as a  result of an accidental
release.  Meteorological sensors are placed strategically around
each installation and are used to calculate direction and hazard
distance for the release.  These data are then graphically
displayed on a computer screen showing a site map  and arrows
depicting the release direction and distance traveled. The
objectives of CHAWS are as follows: To determine the trajectory
of the center of mass of released material from the measured wind
field. To calculate the dispersion  based on the measured lateral
turbulence intensity  (sigma theta). To determine the height of
the mixing zone by measurement of the inversion height and wind
profiles up to an altitude of about 1 km.  To archive
meteorological data for potential use in climatological
descriptions for emergency planning. To archive air-quality data
for preparation of compliance reports. To provide  access to the
data for real time hazard analysis  purposes. The system and
programs are described. DE88014312/XAB
                                112

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CHAWS (Chemical Hazard Warning System) User's Guide: System
     Description and Standard Operating Procedures, Tooele Army
     Depot, South
Shinn, J.H.;  Novo, M.G.
Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA
Corp. Source Codes: 068147000; 9513035
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: UCID-21334
Mar 88 154p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-7405-ENG-48
DE88014186/XAB


Guide to State Environmental Programs
Edited by Deborah Hitchcock Jessup
Washington, D.C.: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1988
578 pp., $40.00 pb.
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9  (3) p421, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

This book is a helpful desk reference  on the environmental
programs and policies established by individual states. Those
involved in hazardous waste assessment and management will find
it a valuable aid in understanding the idiosyncratic make-up of
state programs and in locating agencies with appropriate purview
for specific environmental programs. This book opens with brief
reviews of the Federal laws and programs that help put state laws
and authorities in the correct perspective. Each state program is
then covered alphabetically making the guide easy to use.
                               113

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Treatments of the individual programs are brief, including a
concise overview of the state program,  description of each of the
specific environmental programs and help with identifying the
"first contact." One of the most helpful features of the guide is
the closing compendium of federal and state directories,
providing addresses and telephone numbers of specific state
agencies. Professionals involved in environmental work on an
interstate basis will find this guide invaluable.


Healthy Buildings '88: Abstract Guide (Constructions Saines
     •88: Guide des Resumes)
Berglund, B.; Lindvall, T.; Mansson, L.G.
Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm
Corp. Source Codes: 060307000
Sponsor: National Inst. of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm
(Sweden).; Conseil International du Batiment pour la Recherche
1'Etude et la Documentation, Rotterdam (Netherlands).; American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Inc., Atlanta, GA; World Health Organization, Copenhagen
(Denmark)
Report No.: 014:1988; ISBN-91-540-4907-5
1988  348p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference Proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
Portions of text in French.  CIB Conference held in
Stockholm, Sweden, September 5-8, 1988.
NTIS Prices: PC E12/MF A01
Country of Publication: Sweden

A compilation of abstracts covers papers given  at a 1988
international conference that focused on technical solutions
and  functional requirements contributing to improvements of
the  air  quality of buildings in which people live and work. The
papers were grouped among eight principal themes, viz.: keynote
addresses and overview lectures; building location and planning;
building physics; thermal climate technology; indoor air quality
technology; quality assurance; and policy and regulatory science.
Considerations were given to a wide variety of  topics, including
air  pollution, climate, building tightness, indoor air pollution,
measurement and diagnosis, and design recommendations.
PB89-116016/XAB
                               114

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Indoor Air Pollution: Sources and Control
July 1988-July 1989
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
Aug 89 45p
Languages: English
Document Type: Bibliography
Journal Announcement: GRAI8919
Supersedes PB88-866389   See also PB89-866826
NTIS Pa-ices: PC NOl/MF N01
Country of Publication: United States

This bibliography contains citations concerning indoor air
pollution in residential, commercial, industrial, and
institutional buildings. Indoor air quality assessment, health
hazard evaluation, contaminant identification and measurement are
discussed. Indoor air pollution control methods and equipment are
evaluated.  Air quality analyses of energy efficient buildings
are presented.  Indoor air pollution from radon and asbestos are
discussed in other bibliographies. (This updated bibliography
contains 59 citations, all of which are new entries to the
previous edition.)
Descriptors: *Bibliographies; *air pollution; *air pollution
control equipment; contaminants; *commercial buildings;
*residential buildings
Identifiers: Published searches; *indoor air pollution; *air
quality; *environmental quality; *health hazards; industrial
medicine; Occupational safety and health; NTISNTISN; NTISNERACD
Section Headings: 68A*  (Environmental Pollution and Control—Air
Pollution and Control) 57U*  (Medicine and Biology—Public Health
and Industrial Medicine) 89B* (Building Industry Technology—
Architectural Design and Environmental Engineering) 44G* (Health
Care—Environmental and Occupational Factors) 411*  (Manufacturing
Technology—Job Environment) 94E  (Industrial and Mechanical
Engineering—Environmental Engineering) 88E  (Library and
Information Sciences—Reference Materials)
PB89-866834/XAB
                               115

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Public Utility Rate Structures
July 1983-November 1988
(Citations from the Energy Data Base)
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
Dec 88 176p
Languages: English
Document Type: Bibliography
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
Supersedes PB86-869062.  Prepared in cooperation with      /
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
U.S. sales only. NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01
Country of Publication: United States

This bibliography contains citations concerning the methods,
procedures, and issues of determining public utility rate
structures. Topics include descriptions of regulatory policies
(local, state, and federal), demand and marginal cost
projections, retail electric rates, elasticity, subsidies, rate
reforms, equity determination, risk assessment, and mathematical
models.   (This updated bibliography contains 329 citations, 115
of which are new entries to the previous edition.)
PB89-851570/XAB


Toxicity of Manganese
January 1970-July 1989 (Citations from the NTIS Database)
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. Corp.
Source Codes: 055665000
Aug 89 117p
Languages: English
Document Type: Bibliography
Journal Announcement: GRAI8919
Supersedes PB88-860127
NTIS Prices: PC NOl/MF N01
Country of Publication: United States

This bibliography contains citations concerning the toxicity,
carcinogenicity, environmental pollution, and  other hazards and
adverse effects of manganese. The detection, characterization,
analytical methods, standards, and removal from the environment
are considered. These aspects of manganese are dealt with  in
                                116

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relation to aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna, including
man.  Manganese pollution from mining operations is also
discussed.  (This updated bibliography contains 178 citations, 17
of which are new entries to the previous edition.)
Descriptors: *Bibliographies; *toxicity; *manganese; toxicology;
carcinogens; environmental surveys; *hazardous materials;
standards; chemical analysis
Identifiers: Published searches; *toxic substances;
*carcinogenesis; heavy metals; NTISNTISN; NTISNERACD
Section Headings: 57Y* (Medicine and Biology—Toxicology); 57H
(Medicine and Biology—Ecology); 57U (Medicine and Biology—
Public Health and Industrial Medicine); 68G*  (Environmental
Pollution and Control—Environmental Health and Safety);  88E
(Library and Information Sciences—Reference Materials)
PB89-866883/XAB


Waste Processing and Pollution  in the Chemical and Petrochemical
     Industries
March 1983-July 1989 (Citations from the NTIS Database)
National Technical Information  Service, Springfield, VA.
Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
Aug 89 147p
Languages: English
Document Type: Bibliography
Journal Announcement: GRAI8919
Supersedes PB88-866447.
NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01
Country of Publication: United  States

This bibliography contains citations concerning techniques and
equipment utilized for pollution control in the chemical  and
petrochemical industries.  Topics include emissions
investigations, recycling and materials recovery studies, and
standards for specific industries. Sources, site hazard
evaluations, and the toxicity of specific chemicals are also
discussed.  (This updated bibliography contains 248 citations, 15
of which are new entries to the previous edition.)
Descriptors: *Bibliographies; *water pollution control; *chemical
industry; *air pollution control; *solid waste disposal;
environmental surveys; economic analysis; industrial wastes;
*materials recovery identifiers: published searches; *waste
processing; *petrochemical industry; *waste recycling;  *toxic
hazards; NTISNTISN; NTISNERACD
Section Headings: 99B* (Chemistry—Industrial Chemistry and
Chemical Process Engineering) 68GE*  (Environmental Pollution and
Control—General) 97R* (Energy—Environmental Studies); 97K
(Energy—Fuels); 57~*  (Medicine and Biology—Toxicology)  57U
(Medicine and Biology—Public Health and Industrial Medicine) 88E
(Library and Information Sciences—Reference  Materials)
PB89-867352/XAB
                                117

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                                                             RISK
                                                       MANAGEMENT
. .  .  DESCRIBES THE REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING
PROCESSES TO CONTROL AND MANAGE RISK
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE
Decision-Making, Time Horizons, and Risk in the Very Long-Term
     Perspective
Svenson, Ola; Karlsson, Gunnar
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sept 1989, 9 (3) p385, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Journal Article

Some decisions made today have far-reaching consequences as
exemplified by those concerning nuclear power and spent nuclear
fuel. The investigation presented here uses a decision theoretic
framework in which time horizons and the discounting of negative
consequences play significant roles. The results indicated wide
variations in the lengths of the planning horizons judged to be
adequate not only across a number of activities, including
nuclear waste management, but also across groups of subjects
(e.g., engineering students, retired people, and nuclear fuel
experts). The paper reports typcial judgements and correlations
between different variables for different groups of subjects. The
differences across groups reflect potential sources of conflict,
depending in part on different values and different perceptions
of more or less uncertain facts. Discounting functions for
negative consequences  in the future were also established. A
range in differences in the speed of discounting were found and
illustrated. Furthermore, it was found that substantial
proportions in all groups regarded negative consequences related
to nuclear waste as nondiscountable. When asked about the effect
of time until outcome  on acceptable probability of a negative
outcome, many subjects used the probability concept in an
incoherent way, illustrating the great difficulty in
communicating small probabilities in a long-term risk context.
Keywords: Time; Nuclear Waste; Discounting; Risk Communication;
Risk Perception
                               119

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Drinking Water Standards: NWF Find Breakdown in EPA
     Enforcement/EPA Answers NWF's Charges
Cook, Mike (EPA)
Water Conditioning & Purification, Jan 89, V30, N12, P20(4)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

A major report recently released by the Natl Wildlife Fedn (NWF)
claims that millions are drinking unsafe water because EPA has
failed to enforce the federal law designed to protect public
water supplies.  Public water systems committed over 100,000
violations of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 during FY87,
according to NWF.  EPA enforcement is considered virtually
nonexistent, placing the public at risk from health effects
associated with chemicals and bacteria in drinking water.  EPA
replies that there is no evidence of a public health crisis due
to violations of drinking water regulations.  As implied by NWF,
compliance with drinking water regulations is improving, as
indicated by the 88% of drinking water systems that had no
reported violations of health standards. The number of formal
enforcement actions is increasing, and steps are being taken to
further compliance with the act.
Enviroline Number: *89-003125
How to Pick an Automated Risk Management System
Quesnel, John M.
Canadian Insurance  (Canada)  v94nl PP: 32-33 Jan 1989
Availability: Stone & Cox Ltd., 100 Simcoe St., 2nd Floor,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5H 3G2

The risk manager's needs are important in picking the right risk
management information system.  The first step toward acquiring
the proper system is knowing why the risk manager would want or
need a computerized risk management information system.  In order
to see what is available on the market, the risk manager should
contact fellow risk managers to ask for the names and contacts
regarding any systems they are using, or may have seen, or have
heard about.  One name heard frequently is Sodarisk, developed by
Dale-Parizeau, who recognized the need for corporate risk
managers to have accurate and timely information to implement and
support sophisticated programs.  Sodarisk was developed
specifically for the Canadian insurance and risk management
environment.  Its major components include: 1.  a central
directory of contract files and cost centers files,  2.
exposures of property files, mobile units files, and project
files,  3.  occurrence and claims files,  4.  risk financing, and
5.  risk analysis.  Equations.
ABI/INFORM
                               120

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Managerial Decision Analysis
Samson, Danny
Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1988
745 pp.,  $43.95 hb.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sept 1989, 9 (3) p422 ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

Managerial Decision Analysis is designed to be a comprehensive
textbook on the science and application of decision analysis. As
decision theory comes more and more into use in a number of
disciplines, texts such as this one will be increasingly sought
after. Samson organizes his approach clearly, spending the first
five chapters on the basic constructs of decision science:
introductions to decision modeling and decision analysis,
decision model structuring, probability assessment, and
alternative selection. From this foundation, he goes on to
discuss improtant tools used in the decision process: the theory
of expected utility, sensitivity analysis, decision analysis
simulations, and Bayesian analysis. Other chapters provide
insight on the application of decision analysis and its
limitations in practical use. Finally, the book closes with two
chapters on decision analysis support systems, including the use
of computer software packages. Included with the text is the
software for the ARBORIST Decision Tree along with a user's guide
and example applications. The chapters are replete throughout
with exercises, case studies, and question/answer material to aid
readers in developing skills. Also included is an appendix on
basic probability theory, should readers need to refresh their
knowledge of the basic statistical concepts required for decision
analysis. Together, these features make the book a practical and
easy to use means of learning more about one of the important
assessment and management tools available to today's
professionals.


Risk Evaluation and Management
Edited by Vincent T. Covello and Joshua Menkes, National Science
Foundation, Washington, D.C;and, Jeryl Mumpower, State University
of New York at Albany
Plenum Publishing Corporation
0-306-41978-5/556 pp./ill./1986/$89.50
($107.40 outside U.S. & Canada)

Social and behavioral perspectives are becoming increasingly
important in dealing with the complex problems of risk
management.  The inaugural volume of this series explores many of
the issues involved in the behavioral and social study of risk.
The distinguished panel of contributors, representing a diverse
range of fields, focus on risk perception, risk analysis methods,
and risk management strategies.
                               121

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Risk Management Systems Approach
Embling, A.W.R.
international Conference on Ergonomics Occupational Safety and
Health and the Environment 8845008 Beijing (China) 24-28 Oct 1988
Chinese Society of Metals; Darling Downs Institute of Advanced
Education Australia
Chinese Society of Metals, Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, 46
Dongsixi Dajie, Beijing (China)
Languages: English
ABI/INFORM


Toward a Holistic Approach to Risk Assessment and Management
Haimes, Yacov Y.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES)  June 1989, 9  (2) p!47, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Journal Article


POLICY  .  . . includes federal, state and local policy, science,
public and regulatory policy


Assessing Carbon Emission Control Strategies: The Case of China
Chandler, William U.  (Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs, WA)
Climatic Change, 1988, V13, P241(25)
Journal Article

An energy-economic model assesses the effectiveness of carbon
dioxide emission control policies that could be enacted  in China.
CO2 control measures are analyzed in scenarios extending through
the year 2075 and include fossil fuel taxes, mandatory or
technical energy efficiency improvements, and other strategies.
Results suggest that no nation alone can decisively affect the
global  C02 problem. However, the potential for energy efficiency
improvements in China is found to be both very large and
economically attractive. Energy efficency measures could both
reduce  CO2 emissions significantly  and  increase per capita
incomes in China, appropriate policy measures to  capture the
existing  energy efficiency potential might reduce the risk, of
climatic  change while enhancing economic standards of living.
Enviroline Number:  89-003244
 Comments  on  Permitting of  Resource  Recovery  Facilities
 Alexeeff,  George V.;  Marty, Melanie A.;  Lipsett, Michael  J.
 Risk Anal (UNITED  STATES)  June  1989,  9  (2) p!53, ISSN 0272-4332
 Journal Code:  RIA
 Language:  English
 Document  Type:  Journal Article
                                122

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Managing Environmental Risks
Lave, Lester B. (Carnegie-Mellon Univ.,  PA)
Carcinogen risk assessment (Contemporary Issues in Risk
Analysis), V3, P141(16)
Book Chapter

A Short historical discussion of environmentalism is provided as
a context for advocating a stronger role for risk analysis in
developing prudent regulation and environmental policy.  Topics
that are specifically addressed include evaluation of health,
safety and environmental regulation, the environmental agenda in
1987, regulatory reform, the role of risk analysis in risk
management, the outcome of current risk situations, and the
validity of risk analysis.  Steps to improve the certainty of
risk analysis are advocated so that it can be used more
effectively in risk management. (1 Diagram,  1 Graph, 27
References, 2 Tables)  Enviroline Number: 89-001800


Narrative Analysis for the Policy Analyst: A Case Study of the
     1980-1982 Medfly Controversy in California
Roe, Emery M.
J Policy Analysis and Mgt 8:251-73 Spring '89
Language: Engl
Doc Type: P

Based in part on a paper prepared for the Committee on Risk
Perception and Communications, National Academy of Sciences.
Comparison of the "stories" policymakers used to articulate their
arguments.
PAIS INTERNATIONAL


Policy Consideration in the Selection of National Emission
     Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for the Tacoma
     Smelter
Ajax, Robert  (EPA); Meyer, janet (Pacific Env Services)
Risk Assessment & Management  (Advances in Risk Analysis), 1987
V5, P708(9)
Conf Paper

The authors discuss the background information and policy basis
for the national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants
proposed to limit inorganic arsenic emissions from the Asaco
Smelter at Tacoma, WA. The roles of the standard-setting approach
utilized and of public participation in the development of the
final standards are also discussed. Many factors are considered,
including the estimated community health risks and the
uncertainties presented by these estimates.
Enviroline Number: 89-002725
                               123

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Policy Principles for Utilizing Science in Decision-Making on
     Chronic Health Issues
Hoerger, F.; Plaut, J.A.; Stevenson, D.E.
Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Chemical Company, Midland,
Michigan 48674.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol  (United States) Dec 1988, 8 (4) p487-92
Issn: 0273-2300
Journal Code: RBH
Languages: English

Scientific advances will continue to contribute to our
understanding of latent chronic diseases related to chemical
exposure.  Regulatory agencies must deal with a complex matrix of
emerging scientific information, a diversity of potential risk
situations, and a variety of statutory prescriptions for
protecting public health.  Seven policy principles are proposed
for  facilitating integration of the latest scientific thought
into the administrative decision-making process.  The principles
relate to distinguishing between risk  assessment and risk
management, analysis of  all relevant information in developing a
risk assessment, consideration of weight-of-the-evidence and more
probable than not criterion on key assumptions, scientific peer
review of assessments, scoping scientific input appropriately
with the nature of a specific regulatory activity, emphasizing
research which enhances  the basis of risk assessment, and
education and communication on risk matters.  The policy
principles are interdependent; collectively they need endorsement
and  promotion by the scientific and regulatory communities and by
policy leaders in  federal and state governments in the  interest
of establishing a  framework for further  improving the basis of
critical decisions for protecting public health.
MEDLINE
Science for Public Policy
Edited by Harvey Brooks and Chester L. Cooper
New York: Pergamon Press, 1987
286 pp., $45.00 hb
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p263, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

This volume is an interesting collection of papers presented at
the Forum on Science  for Public Policy. Its purpose  is to discuss
the sometimes uneasy  partnership which our technological society
has exacted from scientists and public policy-makers. The scope
of this forum was to  examine the use of scientific data to
elucidate public policy issues that are, of themselves, primarily
not scientific. The papers touch on a number of problem areas:
food production, energy,  environmental regulation,  health
maintenance, and hazardous waste management. Further, the
contributors examine  the use of science in setting policy on both


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the national and international scale, including at least one
contribution on policy setting in socialist countries. A number
of papers are generalized examinations of the philosophy and
theory of policy making, but several papers examine quite
specific topics: acid rain, the C02 problem,  and diversion of
water resources. The final section of the book presents the
reports of the three forum panels which were convened to
synthesize the important points brought out in the individual
papers and to provide additional insights on these points. Panel
1 examined the issue of agenda setting for important scientific
problems like acid rain and global warming; Panel 2 then studied
the process of attacking these problems comprehensively once
these issues have been placed on the public agenda; Panel 3
discussed the various institutions and groups which must
participate in successful public policy setting: world leaders,
expert groups, national and international scientific
organizations, government agencies, etc. Finally the volume
closes with two helpful bibliographies: one of selected readings
in English, one of selected readings in Eastern European
literature.
Use of the Effective Dose Equivalent Concept of the International
     Commission on Radiological Protection by EPA  (Environmental
     Protection Agency) is Encouraged
 (Final Rept)
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.  Science
Advisory Board
Corp. Source Codes: 031287050
Report No.: SAB/RAC-88/026
27 Apr 88   4p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States

While the EPA Science Advisory Board's Radiation Advisory
Committee has repeatedly recommended that EPA use the effective
dose equivalent concept of the International Commission on
Radiological Protection in developing risk estimates and
establishing regulations related to the exposure of humans to
radionuclides in the environment, the EPA has not been consistent
in its use of the effective dose equivalent concept or the
weighting factors applied in quantifying dose.  The Committee
believes that effective dose equivalent, rather than dose
equivalent to specific organs, should be applied as the basis for
regulations dealing with radiation exposure.  The Committee
strongly encourages EPA to carefully examine its position on
effective dose equivalent in establishing regulations and strive
to ensure consistency within EPA and between EPA and other
government, national, and international recommendations.
PB89-114524/XAB
                               125

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Weathering the Storms in a Warming World
Mintzer, Irving (World Resources Inst, DC)
Public Power, Nov-Dec 88, V46, N6, P14(6)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

The warming of the earth due to past greenhouse gas emissions
cannot be avoided. Most scientific analyses of these impacts are
benchmarked to a warming of a 3-9 F. The impact of warming on
electric utilities will be profound. As traditional patterns of
regional climate shift, the difficulty of accurately predicting
the patterns of future weather-related load will increase;
winter-peaking utilities may confront increased risk of capacity
shortage as the frequency of extended cold snaps increases with
global warming. The timing and severity of the related problems
of climate change, ozone depletion, and ground-level air
pollution will be determined largely by energy policies
implemented in the near-term. Options for reducing emissions of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases include increased
energy efficiency and fuel substitution. (1 Graph, 1 Photo, 1
Table)  Enviroline Number: *89-003227


Winning Against a Stacked Deck: Environmental Policy and
     Reagonomics
Paehlke, Robert  (Trent Univ, Canada)
Alternatives, Nov-Dec 88, V15, N4, P44(8)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

The neo-conservatism underlying the environmental policies of the
Reagan Admin, is  seen to have detracted from the cause of
effective environmental management.   The imposition of cost-
benefit analysis  and other economic burdens on environmental
regulation is criticized.  However, some pro-environmental
initiatives gained ground in the  1980s despite the new economic
and regulatory paradigms of administratively entrenched
reagonomics.  Four cases are cited in which at least one neo-
conservative precept was turned back  against its deregulatory
roots.  These concern: the 1983 proclamation of OSHA'S hazard
communication standard; the establishment of national appliance
efficiency standards in  1987; the threat by EPA to institute an
outright ban on asbestos; and the continued expansion of
recycling at the  muncipal and state levels.  (1 Drawing, 5 Photos,
45 References)  Enviroline Number: *89-001284
                                126

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LEGAL ASPECTS


Attacking Tort Liability Through an Improved Risk Management
     Process: A State Perspective
Gittings, Gary L.
Transportation Q 43:385-405 Jl '89, chart
Language: English
Doc Type: P
Controlling highway tort liability costs for state departments of
transportation; Pennsylvania case study.
Descriptors: *Government Liability; *Highways—Pennsylvania;
*Transportation—Legal Aspects; *Risk Management
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
Environmental Liens and Title Insurance
Bozarth, Bob
Title News 68:6+ Mr/Ap  "89
Language: English
Doc Type: P
Reprinted from the Lawyers Title News, Feb. 1989
Analysis of risk to insurers from federal and state statutes, and
from policyholder claims; US
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
Environmental Considerations in Loan Documentation
Davidson, Charles E.
Banking Law j 106:308-34 Jl/Ag  '89
Language: English
Doc Type: P
Focuses on measures that can be taken by lenders to assess both
credit risk and collateral value to avoid the possibly adverse
effect of environmental laws and regulations; US.
Descriptors: *Loans, Bank; *Real Property—Environmental Aspects;
*Environmental Policy—United States—Legislation; *Banking—
Liability; *Hazardous Wastes—Liability
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
                               127

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Hazard Communication Standard and Its Impact on Small Business
     Nonmanufacturers: Hearing, September 18, 1988
United States. House Com. on Small Bus. Subcom. on Exports,
Tourism, and Special Problems
'89 iii+209p, tables
Series: 100th Cong., 2d sess.; serial no. 100-71; SD cat. no. Y.
4.Sm 1:100-71
Order Info: Supt Docs pa
Language: English
Doc Type: M
Problems of compliance with Occcupational Safety and Health
Administration requirements.
Descriptors: *Hazardous Materials—Regulation; *Small Business;
*Industrial Toxicology—Standards; *United States—Occupational
Safety and Health Administration; *Chemical Industries—
Regulation
PAIS INTERNATIONAL


On Risk Management: For Those Who Would Pick the Roses...
Head, George
National Underwriter  (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) v93n22
PP: 29-30 May 29, 1989
Issn: 0898-8897
Jrnl Code: NUN
Doc Type: Journal Paper
Language: English
Length: 2 Pages
Availability: ABI/INFORM

While some might see  only roses, a good  risk management
professional  also will see  the thorns.   An example  is Alternative
Dispute Resolution  (ADR), a collective term  for  arbitration,
mediation, and other  formal but  legally  binding  techniques to
help quarreling parties  settle controversies without going to
court.  ADR,  highly popular in the area  of attempted tort
reforms, offers the advantages of: 1.  resolving  controversies
without great cost  or delay,  2.  allowing disputants great  freedom
in presenting their cases,  and 3. considering  each  case
individually.  Because arbitration is  particularly  important for
settling insurance-related  disputes, risk management
professionals should  understand  how  to achieve its  benefits.
They also should try  to  discover the possible  disadvantages  of
arbitration.  While the  potential disadvantages  do  not preclude
using arbitration,  from  a risk management perspective,
arbitration  involves  exposures to accidental loss that can be
managed effectively only if properly recognized.  Tables.
Descriptors:  Arbitration; Mediation; Advantages; Risk Management;
Disadvantages
Classification Codes: 3300  (CN=Risk  Management)
ABI/INFORM
                                128

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Risk Management—An Insurance Perspective
Morrison, T.
Morrison and Co., Risk Controllers
Haztech Canada-Edmonton '88 8845012 Edmonton (Canada) 5-6 Oct
1988
Information not available
Canwest Media Agency Ltd., 260, 4936 87 Street, Edmonton, Alta
T6E 5W3  (Canada). Telephone 403 466 6622. Fax:  403 469 1398.
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Risk Managers and Defense Lawyers
Quinley, Kevin M.
Risk Mgmt v36n6 PP: 18-20  Jun 1989
Coden: RMGTDN
Issn: 0035-5593
Jrnl Code: RMT
Doc Type: Journal Paper
Language: English
Length: 3 Pages
Availability: ABI/INFORM

Litigation is a $70-billion industry, much of which is
subsidized, particularly on the defense side, by corporations.
Risk managers attempt to reduce costs but frequently overlook the
potential of managing budgets for defense fees.  However, simple
guidelines exist for risk professionals to become better
litigation managers.  The first step involves fully utilizing
claims adjusters to conduct swift, thorough investigations.
Adjusters can obtain statements, photograph accident scenes, and
identify, locate, and obtain statements from witnesses much less
                               129

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expensively than attorneys can.   When defense attorneys are
needed, risk managers should seek those who are experienced in
their lines of operation.  They also should contact references
and compare firms.  In addition, risk managers should insist that
the defense counsel prepare a budget of litigation costs.
Billing formats should be clear and simple, and bills should be
itemized.  Risk management should be as cooperative as possible
with the defense attorneys.  Equations.  References.
Descriptors: Cost Control; Cost Reduction; Litigation; Legal;
Costs; Fees; Defense; Attorneys; Claims; Adjusters; Risk
Management
Classification Codes: 3100 (CN=Capital & Debt Management); 3300
(CN=Risk Management); 4330 (CN=Litigation)
ABI/INFORM


Shell Case Curbs Buyers, Lawyers Say
Haggerty, Alfred G.
National Underwriter  (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
v93n!5 PP: 9,85 Apr 10, 1989
Availability: ABI/INFORM

Risk managers will be less likely to look for pollution coverage
following the long trial that left Shell Oil Co. with an
estimated $2 billion bill for a toxic waste cleanup in Colorado,
say attorneys who have examined the case.  Risk managers may also
find it worthwhile to track down former employees to obtain as
much information on pollution activities as possible.  The
alternative could be an expensive lawsuit in which there is
little chance of prevailing.  According to Eugene Anderson
Russell Kill & Olick, the Shell verdict nullifies all forms of
liability insurance because it denied coverage to a policyholder
on the grounds that the policyholder could have anticipated the
damage.  Anderson says that the cost of the trial for Shell,
which may have exceeded $25 million, will discourage risk
managers from seeking coverage for which they bought and paid.
Tables.
ABI/INFORM
                               130

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Superfund Inspections Spotlight Safety
Strawn, Hugh O.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) v93n!5
PP: 11,64  Apr 10, 1989
Availability: ABI/INFORM

Inspectors from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have
begun checking for compliance with reporting provisions of the
Superfund law.  The agency is starting to penalize those who fail
to comply.  In December 1988, the EPA imposed penalties on 25
companies that failed to meet the July 1, 1988, deadline for
reporting on the types and volumes of chemicals they are using.
The EPA's Dennis Wesolowski says that the accuracy of the reports
and the quality of the information provided will be assessed in
future inspection.  Ralph Cooper of the American Institute of
Hazardous Materials Management thinks that risk managers of
companies of all sizes should be aware of reporting requirements.
Risk managers will be affected by the provisions of the Superfund
Amendments Reauthorization Act of 1986, which require them to
perform hazard analysis to comply.  Section 304 of the act, for
instance, requires immediate reporting of a chemical release.
Tables.
ABI/INFORM
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT
Asbestos Review and Update - Supplement to Sourcebook on Asbestos
     Diseases: Medical, Legal, and Engineering Aspects
Peters, G.A.; Peters, B.J.
Garland Law Publishing, Inc., 136 Madison Avenue, New York, NY
10016, USA, Mar. 1987.  150p. Illus.
Pub Type: Monograph
Language: Eng

This booklet is intended to update and add factual information to
the Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases, Vol.1, 1980 (CIS 82-59) and
Vol.2, 1986 (CIS 89-608), to provide a review of the health,
historical, technical, engineering and legal aspects of asbestos
and to fill the need for a basic training text to help
communicate a general understanding of the properties of asbestos
for worker-information and asbestos-control programmes.  It does
not provide detailed procedures for asbestos removal,
encapsulation or isolation.  Contents: current problems; personal
and corporate liability; hazard communication; management
information control; asbestos substitutes; information and
training resources.  Appendices cover protective clothing,
respiratory protection, abbreviations and questions for review.
Keywords: Asbestos; Training Material; Training Manuals; Manuals
Round-Up: Data Sheet; ILO
NLM/TOXLINE
                               131

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Evaluation of the Administrative Utility of Information
     Generators in Managing Toxic Substances:  The Case of the
     QSAR Information System
Crowley, Michel; Sasseville, Jean-Louis; Couture, Pierre (INKS,
Canada)
J Env Management, Mar 89, V28, N2,  P93(15)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

The general lack of information on the effects or data of
thousands of toxic chemicals, and the high cost of producing data
in the laboratory or field have stimulated development of models
that can generate missing information at low cost.  The
administrative utility of these information generators is
determined by their predictive ability and the justification
needed for regulatory action.  The administrative utility of
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships  (QSAR) information
is considered.  The use of QSAR predictions on the toxicity of
chemicals to aquatic organisms in aiding implementation of the
Canadian Env. Contaminants Act of 1974 is discussed.  The statute
imposes a heavy burden of proof on the regulatory agencies
involved, and it is unlikely that QSAR predictions would be
acceptable as direct evidence of a chemical's toxicity.  However,
the QSAR information system can be used as a screening tool for
identifying high-risk substances for which agencies may collect
more costly direct evidence.  (1 Diagram, 57 References, 2
Tables)  Enviroline Number:  *89-003492


Risk Management of Alternatives for Maintenance  of Chlorinators
Mercer, S.
Univ. Alberta
Haztech Canada-Edmonton  '88  8845012  Edmonton  (Canada)  5-6 Oct
1988
Information not available
Canwest Media Agency Ltd., 260 4936 87 Street, Edmonton, Alta T6E
5W3  (Canada).  Telephone: 403 466 6622.  Fax:  403 469 1398.
Languages: English


Risk Management of Chemicals in the Environment
Edited by Hans M. Seip and Anders B. Heiberg,  Center for
Industrial Research, Oslo, Norway
Plenum Publishing Corporation
0-306-42794-X/proceedings/316 pp./ill./1988/$55.00  ($66.00
outside U.S.  & Canada)

The result of a pilot study  sponsored by the NATO Committee on
the Challenges of Modern Society, this volume  deals with methods
for managing  the adverse effects of the release  of chemicals into
the environment.  A number  of topics relevant  to the task of
assessing the risk posed by  chemicals and  finding appropriate
risk-reducing countermeasures are covered.  Among the issues


                               132

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addressed :  the use of formal decision analytical methods in
evaluating countermeasures to environmental pollution; the
assessment of does-response relationships; mathematical modeling
of the fate and transport of pollutants; the development of risk
assessment guidelines; attitudes toward the use of cost-benefit
analysis in environmental decision-making; treatment of
uncertainty.  The volume includes general discussions of current
techniques and methods as well as examples and case studies
illustrating the application of methods to practical problems.
Volume 12 in the NATO series Challenges of Modern Society.


Toxicology on Tap: Uncertain Health Significance of Contaminated
     Drinking Water
Appling, Jeanne  (Cornell Univ)
New York's Food & Life Sciences Quarterly, 1988, V18, Nl-2,
P24(3)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

Much uncertainty surrounds the determination of safe levels of
chemicals in drinking water. If chemicals in drinking water cause
effects only when consumers are exposed to amounts that exceed
the safety threshold for that chemical, then in theory there
would be no problem with drinking water that contained amounts
below the threshold. However, there are some effects for which
there may not be thresholds, such as cancer and some types of
reproductive impacts. Research challenges for chemical and risk
management in the water supply field are  identified.
(6 References)  Enviroline Number: *89-001706


Verification and Validation of Decision Support Expert Systems
     for Chemical Process Risk Management in International
     Operations
Miller, M.J.
American Chemical Society, 196th National Meeting  8830129
Los Angeles, CA  (USA)  25-30 Sep 1988
American Chemical Society  (ACS)
ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street NW,
Washington, DC  20036 (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X.  Price: $38.00 +
Postage Charge Poster Paper
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
                               133

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HAZARDOUS WASTE
A Report on Household Hazardous Waste Management
Steinwachs, Marie
Resource Recycling 8:20-3+ Sept '89, bibl il
Language: English
Doc Type: P
United States
Obstacles to effective management, types of collection programs,
and consumer education.
Descriptors: *Refuse Disposal; *Hazardous Wastes—Environmental
Aspects; *Local Government—United States; *Household Products
Industries
PAIS INTERNATIONAL


Balancing Risk and Return in Environmental Contracting
Dybdahl, David J.  (Corroon & Black of Wisconsin, WI)
EPA/Et Al Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials 5th Natl Conf,
Las Vegas, Apr 19-21,  88, P378(3)
Conf Paper

Contractors entering the hazardous waste site cleanup field must
deal with new technologies and overcome a lack of previous
experience on many of  these projects. Environmental contracting
also opens up significant new potential liability exposures that
must be addressed within the framework of risk and return on
investment. Options for reducing  risk through an active  risk
management program are identified,  as are risk transfer
mechanisms and business insurance needs. New developments in the
insurance market place now make it  possible to insure most of the
liability exposures associated with  this type of work, including
environmental impairment liability.
Enviroline Number: 89-001808


Environment: An Eye on Supplies  (Clean Harbors Inc.; Use of
     Environmentally Safe Business  Supplies)  (Hands On)
Brokaw, Leslie; Lammers, Teri; Solomon, Stephen D.
Inc. vll p99(l) July,  1989
Source File: MI File 47
Availability: Full Text Online
Line Count: 00014
Sic Code: 4953
Company Name(s): Clean Harbors Inc.—Environmental Policy
Descriptors: Hazardous Waste Management Industry—Environmental
Policy; Environmental  Protection—Business Applications; Office
Equipment and Supplies—Environmental Aspects
MAGAZINE INDEX
                                134

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Environmental Biotechnology: Reducing Risks from Environmental
     Chemicals through Biotechnology
Edited by Gilbert S. Omenn; associate eds., Rita Colwell, A.M.
Chakrabarty, Morris Levin, and Perry Mccarty
New York: Plenum Press, 1988
505 pp.,  $89.50 hg.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES)  Sep 1989, 9 (3)  p422 ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

This collection of papers focuses on one of today's hottest
environmental topics: the management of hazardous substances
through biotechnology. With increasing sociopolitical pressure to
manage hazardous wastes through minimization, toxicity reduction,
and permanent disposal, engineered microorganisms have come to
center attention as possible solutions to waste detoxification
and degradation. But, as always, these proposed solutions
encompass their own unique set of risks and challenges. This book
is dedicated to the exploration of these issues. The topics
covered are wide-ranging, and anyone interested in biotechnology
will find something of interest in the contents. There are
lengthy sections on the use of engineered organisms for pollution
control,  with specific examples of bioengineered treatment of
PCBs, PCPs, and chlorinated solvents. Risk managers will be
interested  in the discussions of environmental policy and
biotechnological assessment. Special emphasis is also given to
the stimulation of biotechnological approaches in current
pollution control and cleanup. Those involved in risk
communication wil find useful the segment on public participation
in the development of biotechnology policies and strategies.
Finally, the editors' effort to include discussions of the
emerging issues of the field, in addition to papers reporting
current case studies and applicationsm, make the book a valuable
compendium  of the "cutting edge" of biotechnology.


Exporting Pollution: The International Waste Trade
Uva, Mary Deery; Bloom, Jane
Environment v31 p4(4) June, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: ENVTA
Sic Code: 9511; 4953
Descriptors: United States Environmental Protection Agency—
Rules and Regulations; Developing Countries—Pollution; Hazardous
Waste Management Industry—Export-Import Trade
MAGAZINE INDEX
                               135

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Fusing Dangerous Weapons Refuse into Glass
Popular Mechanics vl66 p!7(l)  July,  1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: POPMA
illustration; chart
Sic Code: 4953
Captions: (Cross-section of a plasma reactor.)
Descriptors: Radioactive Wastes—Management; Hazardous Wastes—
Management; Hazardous Waste Management Industry—Technological
Innovations
MAGAZINE INDEX


Hazardous Materials Disposal: Siting and Management
Edited by Manas Chatterji
Brookfield, Vermont: Gower Publishing Co., 1987
331 pp., $59.50 hb.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989,  9 (3) p421, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

The papers  in this volume focus on the increasingly critical
issues of locating and managing "special facilities" required by
twentieth-century society but loathed by the communities which
they serve  (e.g., nuclear power plants, toxic, hazardous, or
nuclear waste disposal sites, incinerators, landfills, prisons,
psychiatric  facilities, etc.) Although the volume focuses on the
typical public attitude of not-in-my-backyard, the topics
discussed in the individual contributions are quite diverse.
Paper topics range from discussions of nuclear facility siting
issues to biological markers of chlorinated dioxin exposure to
case studies of public reaction to the siting of a government
office building. The second section of the volume looks at the
role of allocation modeling in the siting of hazardous
facilities,  a recent utilization of a technique originally
developed for siting "desired" facilities,  such as retail,
manufacturing, or health care centers. The papers are quite
specific in focus and are developed primarily for experts in
facility siting and management. Although not broad in appeal,
professionals engaged in the rigors of facility siting and public
response should find useful information  in  this collection.
                                136

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Hazardous Waste Management: A West German Approach
Linnerooth, Joanne; Kneese, Allen V.
Resources p 7-10 Summer '89, il map
Language: English
Doc Type: P
Approach using both economic incentives and regulatory control;
Bavaria; Germany.
Descriptors: *Hazardous Wastes—Regulation; *Refuse Disposal;
*Environmental Policy—Bavaria, Germany; *Industry and State—
Germany, West; *Pollution Control in Industry
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
How One Manager Got a Handle on Hazardous Waste (Special Issue:
     Managing for the '90s)
Hetzer, Barbara
Business Month V134 p68(2) July 1989
Source File: MI File 47
illustration; portrait
Availability: Full Text Online
Line Count: 00076
Captions: B. Edward Ewing
Named People: Ewing, B. Edward—management
Company Name(s): General Dynamics Corp.—waste disposal
Descriptors: Defense Industries—Waste Disposal
MAGAZINE INDEX
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Decontamination and Waste
     Treatment Facility: Documentation of Impact Analysis for
     Design Alternatives Presented in the Draft Environmental
     Impact Statement
Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA
Corp. Source Codes: 068147000; 9513035
Sponsor: Radian Corp., Sacramento, CA; Department of Energy,
Washington, DC
Report No.: UCRL-21048
May 88  855p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300
Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
NTIS Prices: PC A99
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-7405-ENG-48

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  (LLNL) is proposing
to construct and operate a new Decontamination and Waste
Treatment Facility  (DWTF). The proposed DWTF would replace the
existing Hazardous Waste Management  (HWM) facilities at LLNL. The
US Department of Energy  (DOE) is preparing a Draft Environmental
Impact Statement (DEIS) to assess the environmental consequences
of the proposed DWTF and its alternatives.  This report presents
the assumptions, methodologies, and analyses used to estimate the


                               137

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waste flows, air emissions, ambient air quality impacts, and
public health risks that are presented in the DEIS.  Two DWTF
design alternatives (Level I and Level II)  have been designated
as reasonable design alternatives considering available
technologies, environmental regulations, and current and future
LLNL waste generation. Both design alternatives would include
new, separate radioactive and nonradioactive liquid waste
treatment systems, a solidification unit, a new decontamination
facility, storage and treatment facilities for reactive
materials, a radioactive waste storage area, receiving and
classification areas, and a uranium burn pan. The Level I design
alternative would include a controlled-air incinerator system,
while the Level II design alternative would include a rotary kiln
incinerator system. (43 refs., 4 figs., 24 tabs.)  (ERA citation
13:046393)
DE88013820/XAB


Lining of Waste Containment and Other Impoundment Facilities
Matrecon, Inc., Alameda, CA
Corp. Source Codes: 088675000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk
Reduction Engineering Lab
Report No.: EPA/600/2-88/052
Sep 88  1030p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8905
See also PB86-I92796
NTIS Prices: PC A99/MF E04
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No. : EPA-68-03-3265

The report provides current technological information on liner
and cover systems for waste storage and disposal units. The
various materials used in the construction of these systems are
discussed, with particular emphasis on polymeric flexible
membrane liners. The types and properties of wastes that may be
impounded in land storage and disposal units and the constituents
of these wastes that can affect lining materials are discussed.
The conditions inside a containment unit are described.  Elements
of the design, specification, construction, quality assurance,
and maintenance of a lined waste containment unit  are discussed.
Costs for the components of a lining  system, including  their
installation and construction, are presented.  Several  test
methods are  included.
PB89-129670/XAB
                                138

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•Mr. Clean1 Turns 'Garbage Man1 (William D. Ruckelshaus)
Nelson-Horchler, Joani
Industry Week v238 p!3(3) July 17, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: IWEEA
illustration; portrait
Availability: Full Text Online
Line Count: 00164
Sic Code: 4953; 9211
Captions: William D. Ruckelshaus
Named People: Ruckelshaus, William D.—environmental policy
Company Name(s): Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc.—waste
disposal; Wellman Inc.—contracts and specifications
Descriptors: Hazardous Waste Management Industry—Waste Disposal;
Recycling  (Waste, etc.)—Contracts and Specifications; United
States Supreme Court—Cases
MAGAZINE INDEX
Nuclear Waste: Repository Work Should Not Proceed Until Quality
     Assurance is Adequate
GAO Report RCED-88-159 Sep 88 (70)
The original document is available from Bowker
Fed Govt Report

During 1989-95, DOE plans to spend $1.5 Billion investigating
whether Yucca Mountain, NV, is a suitable site for the permanent
disposal of highly radioactive waste.  NRC's assessment of DOE's
progress in developing the required quality assurance program,
which is critical to the site investigation and licensing
processes, is reviewed. NRC's oversight of DOE's program has been
limited by problems and delays in the latter's efforts to develop
the program. However, NRC has identified specific concerns from
oversight activities performed.   On this basis, the agency
commented in March 1988 that it did not have confidence in the
adequacy of DOE's quality assurance program. The prelicensing
agreement between NRC and DOE has not been effective in
identifying and resolving problems early in the program. (1
Table)
Enviroline Number: *89-001939
                               139

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Pickup Team (Hazardous Waste Cleanup Around Rocky Flats Nuclear
     Weapons Plant, Colorado) (No Sacred Cows)
Charles, Dan
Common Cause Magazine v!5 p9(l)  July-August, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Sic Code: 4953; 9511
Descriptors: Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant—Pollution;
Hazardous Waste Management Industry—Environmental Aspects;
Radioactive Waste Disposal—Finance; Environmentalists—Political
Activity; United States Environmental Protection Agency—
Appropriations and Expenditures
MAGAZINE INDEX


Risk Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites Using Fuzzy Set
     Analysis
Horsak, Randy D.; Domlico, Sam  (NUS Corp, TX)
Risk Assessment & Management  (Advances in Risk Analysis),  1987,
V5, P643(6)
Conf Paper

A recently  developed methodology for the evaluation and ranking
of controlled hazardous waste sites is discussed. The technique,
referred to as fuzzy set analysis, can be used for multiple
alternative decision-making. Fuzzy set analysis could also be
used to divide public  opinion,  by letting community members  rank
risks by order of  concern.  (3 References, 5 Tables)
Enviroline  Number: 89-003138
Risk Management  and Hazardous Waste
Wynne, Brian
Berlin: Springer-Verlag,  1987
459 pp.,  $59.50  hb.
Risk Anal  (UNITED  STATES) Sep 1989,  9  (3) p420,  ISSN  0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language:  English
Document  Type: Monograph

The materials in this volume develop from a project undertaken by
the International  Institute for Applied Systems  Analysis  (IIASA).
The basic  purpose  of the  study is to understand  the processes
which build the  institutional credibility necessary for
successful risk  management. Specifically, the author  is
interested in how  public  knowledge about hazardous waste  issues
is "constructed,"  how this "construction" persuades the public
about risk issues  relating to hazardous waste, and how technical
knowledge  and institutional relationships interact to produce
these effects. These are  difficult and complex goals, and the
resulting  study  reflects  this complexity. The volume  opens with
an attempt to summarize the concepts and issues  of hazardous
waste risk management that transcend national distinctions. The
succeeding chapters of the book then focus on subtopics relating


                               140

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to these issues, using illustrations from the risk management
practices of a particular country (e.g.,  the chapter on the risks
associated with hazardous waste disposal  uses examples from
Bavaria). This multinational perspective  is useful, and the
examples alone provide provocative reading. The author examines
the problems of identifying and listing hazardous wastes, limits
on government responsiblity in controlling hazardous waste risks,
government-industry interaction in hazardous waste risk
management, defining acceptable risk criteria, and dealing with
public perceptions of risk. In general, Wynne has produced a
highly theoretical study of a very "applied" problem. Although
this volume is not designed to aid the risk manager in solving
his day-to-day, practical problems,  this  study can help managers
and policymakers better understand,  and thus improve, risk
management systems.


Risks of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration: An Environmental
     Perspective
Denison, R.A.; Silbergeld, E.K.
Toxic Chemicals Program, Environmental Defense Fund, Washington,
D.C.  20036
Risk Anal  (United States)  Sep 1988, 8(3) p343-55,
ISSN: 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Languages: English
The central focus of the debate over incineration of municipal
solid waste  (MSW) has shifted from its apparent management
advantages to unresolved risk issues.  This shift is a result of
the lack of comprehensive consideration of risks associated with
incineration.  We discuss the need to expand incinerator risk
assessment beyond the limited view of incinerators as stationary
air pollution sources to encompass the following: other products
of incineration, ash in particular,  and pollutants other than
dioxins, metals in particular; routes of exposure in addition to
direct  inhalation; health effects induced by many incinerator-
associated pollutants.  Rational MSW management planning requires
that the limitations as well as advantages of incineration be
recognized.   Incineration is a waste-processing--not a waste
disposal—technology, and its products pose substantial
management and disposal problems of their own.  Consideration of
the nature of these products suggests that incineration is ill-
suited to manage the municipal wastestream in its entirety.  In
particular, incineration greatly enhances the mobility and
bioavailability of toxic metals present in MSW.  These factors
suggest that  incineration must be viewed as only one component in
an integrated MSW management system.  The potential for source
reduction, separation, and recycling to increase the safety and
efficiency of incineration should be counted among their many
benefits.  Risk considerations dictate that alternatives to the
use of toxic metals at the production stage also be examined in
designing an  effective, long-term MSW management strategy.
MEDLINE


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Seeking Hazardous Waste Solutions (Resource Recovery 1989)
Cor urn,  Lyn
American City & County v!04 pRR12(2) August, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden:  ACCOD
Sic Code: 4953
Descriptors: Hazardous Wastes—Environmental Aspects; Hazardous
Waste Management Industry—Growth
MAGAZINE INDEX
RADIATION


Air Quality Protection Program at the Savannah River Plant Huang
Huang, J.C.
Du Pont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Aiken, SC. Savannah River
Plant
Corp. Source Codes: 009966003; 2205000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: DP-MS-87-164; CONF-880729-2
1988  37p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference Proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8904; NSA1300
33. Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society, Boston, MA,
USA, 4 Jul 1988
Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
NT1S Prices: PC A03
Country of Publication:  United States
Contract No.: AC09-76SR00001

To protect human health  and safety, meet regulatory emissions
requirements, and  comply with other applicable DOE and corporate
requirements, Du Pont has developed a comprehensive Environmental
Implementation Plan for  the Savannah River Plant  (SRP).  This
Environmental Implementation Plan contains program objectives  and
strategies for all environmental media including air. The
presentation describes our experiences in managing the air
quality protection program.  Program objectives and strategy are
presented. Program implementation will then  be reviewed  in  terms
of our performances in the air emission permitting, air  quality
assessments, radioactive and nonradioactive  management,  emergency
response, and air  emission inventory. Air quality protection
activities involving quality assurance, environmental audit, and
environmental awareness  will not be addressed in this
presentation.  30  figs.   (ERA citation 13:049495)
DE88014793/XAB
                                142

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Environmental Radiation Standards
Kocher, D.C.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.:  CONF-880729-1
1988  79p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference Proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8905; NSA1300
33. Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society, Boston, MA,
USA, 4 Jul 1988
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400

The document describes a presentation which reviewed current and
proposed radiation standards, recommendations, and guidelines for
limiting radiation exposures of the public. The document reviews
the regulatory framework for limiting routine releases of
radioactivity to the environment and the resulting public
exposures, and contains estimates of risk corresponding to
standards, recommendations and guidances.
DE88012925/XAB


Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1987 to the DOE
      (Department of Energy) Office of Energy Research: Part  1,
     Biomedical Sciences
Park, J.F.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA
Corp. Source Codes: 048335000; 9512268
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: PNL-6500-PT.1
Feb 88   124p
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC06-76RL01830

This report summarizes progress on OHER biomedical and health-
effects research conducted at Pacific Northwest Laboratory in FY
1987.  The research develops the knowledge and scientific
principles necessary to identify, understand, and anticipate the
long-term health consequences of energy-related radiation and
chemicals.  Our continuing emphasis is to decrease the
uncertainty of health-effects risk estimates  from existing and/or
developing energy-related technologies through an increased
                               143

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understanding of how radiation and chemicals cause health
effects.  The report is arranged to reflect PNL research relative
to OHER programmatic structure.  The first section, on human
health effects, concerns statistical and epidemiological studies
for assessing health risks.  The next section, which contains
reports of health-effects research in biological systems,
includes research with radiation and chemicals.  The last section
is related to medical applications of nuclear technology.  (ERA
citation 13:047383)
DE88011885/XAB


Radioactivity and Nuclear Waste Disposal
Lau, Foo-Sun
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987
615 pp., $144.00 hg.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p422 ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

The title of this second installment in the Research Studies in
Nuclear Technology series actually sells the contents of the book
quite short. One would expect from the title a study of the
nuclear waste disposal options and their associated problems with
radioactivity. This volume is pleasantly surprising, however, in
its efforts to explain its subject "from the ground up." That is,
the author has taken a rather encyclopedic approach to the
subject, providing a textbook of background information required
to understand the issues of nuclear waste disposal. Careful
organization and detailed explanations make the book an easy to
read, valuable textbook on both radioactivity and nuclear waste.
The book closes with numerous appendices which equip the book
almost  as a stand-alone reference on radioactivity. For readers
needing one basic introduction to the concepts and  issues of
radioactivity and waste disposal, this book should  fill the bill.
                               144

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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS


Capabilities, Programs, and Economic Benefits
UNC Geotech, Grand Junction, CO
Corp. Source Codes: 089787000; 9522464
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: DOE/ID/12584-T1; BP-002-0488-0,  5K-A
1988    3Ip
Languages: English
Journal Announcement: GRAI8903; NSA1300
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC07-86ID12584

This document describes the activities and impacts of DOE's Grand
Junction Project Office.  Included are historical accounts of
past programs, brief descriptions of current research and
services, and evaluations of the economic effects of the facility
on the local community and the state of Colorado.  DE88012179/XAB


Combining Facts and Values  in Environmental Impact Assessment:
     Theories and Techniques
Hyman, Eric L. and Bruce Stiften (with contributions by David H.
Moreau and Robert C. Nichols)
Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988
304 pp., $28.50 pb
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p265, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

This book is the result of a two-year study on the incorporation
of environmental and other social values into environmental cost-
benefit analysis.  Its purpose is to "stimulate the development
of environmental assessment methods that integrate objective and
subjective analysis in a way that is useful for decision makers."
The authors' primary concern is that most environmental impact
statements utilize  'ad hoc' methodologies which fail to integrate
facts and values into a comprehensive framework that will allow
choice among multiple objectives.  Their thesis is that most
policy decisions are "transcientific," and thus, greater emphasis
on the role and source of valuations used in the assessment would
improve the usefulness of the environmental impact statements.
Hyman and Stiften have provided both a useful text on the
techniques of environmental assessment and as an enlightening
reference on role of risk perception and risk management in
practical problem-solving.
                               145

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Cost-Effective Biological Monitoring Program for Environmental
     Risk Assessment
Logan, C.M.;  Wells, A.W.; Sloan, R.J.
Lawler and Skelly Eng.,  Pearl River, NY, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov 1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005
(USA).  Telephone: 202 785 2778
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Economics Clarifies Choices About Managing Risk
Freeman, A. Myrick, III; Portney, Paul R.
Resources p 1-4 Spring  '89, il
Language: Engl
Doc Type: P
Contribution of economic analysis to environmental risk
management; U.S.
Descriptors: *Environmental Policy—United States; *Economics;
*Cost Effectiveness
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
Economics of PCB Solutions
Vocilka, Michael (ENSR Operations, Ontario)
Water & Pollution Control  (Canada), Feb 89, V127, Nl, P4(3)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

Assessment and management of risks form the basis of any economic
study of solutions to the pcb problem, but cost-benefit analysis
is consistently the most important consideration.  The "do
nothing" approach usually stems from lack of information
regarding risks associated with continued use of contaminated
eguipment.  Informed management regards the risks associated with
pcb removal as far less serious than the risks from use of
contaminated eguipment.  From a financial standpoint, the most
important motivation to action on pcbs may have been the
insurance crisis of 1985; another factor is the risk of plant
process downtime.  Transformer accidents, potentially
catastrophic, pose special problems for risk-factor assessment.
(1 Photo)  Enviroline Number: *89-002869
                                146

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Environmental Assessments, Knowledge of Statutes Reduce Risk of
     Liability in Property Acquisitions
Rosemarin, Carey S.
National Real Estate Investor v3inl PP: 35,39-41,44 Jan 1989

Concern about hazardous substances in the environment has led to
the development of a complex statutory and regulatory scheme that
may impose liability on the unsuspecting.  Under the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability
Act, landowners can be held liable for cleanup costs even if
another person was responsible for the contamination.  These
costs can be high and occasionally catastrophic.  Insurance
policies are not likely to cover the costs of cleaning up newly
acquired property.  Consequently, businesses that purchase real
property, particularly those that do so routinely, could be at
risk.  Real estate buyers may be able to obtain some protection
and prepare themselves to manage the risk by acquiring relevant
information, in the form of an "environmental assessment," before
closing.  Environmental assessment is not an exact science, and
considerable uncertainty is likely to remain when the audit is
completed.  The assessment should determine the level of
potential liability of the property.
ABI/INFORM


EPA's Use of Benefit-Cost Analysis:  1981-1986
United States Environmental Protection Agency.  Office of Policy
Planning and Evaluation.  Washington, D.C. 20460
EPA 230/05-87-028; August 1987


Introduction: Economic and Political Issues in Risk Analysis
Kraft, Michael E.; and Freeman, Myrick III
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989,  9  (3) p279 ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Journal Article
                               147

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Is the Planet Baking?
Lee, Gordon
Northwest Energy News, Nov-Dec 88,  V7,  N6,  P3(8)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

The emerging greenhouse effect may have serious implications for
the economy, politics, and energy supply of the pacific
northwest.  Warmer global weather could drastically modify
regional planning goals.  New generating projects will likely be
judged on a least cost/least carbon basis,  ruling out future
reliance on coal- and gas-fired power stations.  Hydropower and
nuclear plants, which produce no carbon dioxide,  are more
competitive in a greenhouse scenario.  So are conservation and
other renewable resources.  However, these alternatives are not
risk free, since hydropower and solar energy may prove to be
unreliable if the greenhouse effect increases cloud cover and
makes some areas drier, by raising the costs of conventional
power sources.  The greenhouse effect may give a boost to energy
conservation efforts  in the pacific northwest. (1 Diagram, 1
Drawing, 2 Graphs)  Enviroline Number: *89-003246


Reducing Uncertainty  and Cost in Environmental Risk Assessment
Ludwig, D.
New Jersey Dep. Environ. Prot., Trenton, NJ, USA
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual
Meeting 8845014 Arlington, VA (USA) 13-17 Nov  1988
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  (SETAC)
SETAC, 1133 15th Street, NW, Suite  1000, Washington, DC 20005
 (USA).  Telephone: 202  785 2778
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX


Risk Management: Soft Market Does Not Hurt Consultants
Collins, Linda J.
Business Insurance v23nll PP: 3-6,10-16 Mar 13, 1989

Risk management consultants report  that business is booming
despite the soft property-casualty  insurance market.  Revenues
for the top 10 risk management consultants rose from 12.5% to
62.9% in 1988, after  increases of 15%-57% in 1987.  There were  no
new entrants  in the Business Insurance top 10  for  1988, but  2
companies switched rankings.  Several of the largest full-service
risk management consultants are offering additional environmental
consulting services in  response to  client demand.  Profiles  of
the top 10 risk management consultants are presented.
                                148

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Tillinghast Risk Management Casualty Division is the largest US
risk management consultant, with $18 million in 1988 revenues
generated by pure risk management consulting.  Environ Corp.,  the
2nd-largest risk management consultant, reported $17.1 million in
1988 gross revenues generated from pure risk management
consulting, a 62.9% increase from $10.5 million in fiscal 1987.
The Wyatt Co., the 3rd-largest US risk management consultant,  had
revenues of $10.5 million in fiscal 1988, which was 15.4%
increase over 1987.  Table.  Charts.
ABI/INFORM


The Evolving Broker Environment (Part 1)
Roskopf, John F.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
V93nl3  PP: 42,54-55  Mar 27, 1989

It will be essential for brokers to ask the right questions and
recognize appropriate responses when planning future strategies.
To make this possible, factors affecting the commercial property-
casualty brokerage industry should be examined.  For example,  new
risk managers are more sophisticated and management-oriented.
They are increasingly unbundling services and shopping around on
a per-transaction basis, performing careful cost-benefit analyses
of every potential service provider.  The list of tools available
to fund risks is growing continuously.  The general trend of
financial emphasis and internal funding is likely to continue,
along with a lessening reliance on brokers and insurance
companies for the funding component of risk management.
Regulation is becoming more common and more complex.  Insurance
companies are going to have to improve their underwriting
practices and service.  The distinction between consultants and
brokers continues to blur.  Graphs.  Tables.
ABI/INFORM
                               149

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CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT


An Approach to Occupational Health Risk Management for a
     Diversified International Corporation
Andersen, G.H.; Smith, A.C.; Daigle, L.T.
Allied-Signal Inc., Morristown, NJ 07962
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; Vol 50, Iss 4, 1989, P224-8
LA: English
CD: 3CI
ISSN: 0002-8894

A risk management program is presented which is effective in
handling occupational health risks in a diversified multinational
corporation. The three-step program of plant reviews involves
initial assessment visits designed to determine the compliance
status and degree of sophistication of the occupational health
program. These assessments are followed by more formal assurance
reviews which include consultation, training, and program
support. Finally, formal surveillance reviews are conducted to
verify compliance with respect to company and regulatory agency
requirements. Each type of review requires planning and adherence
to a standardized process to allow comparability of the
information generated. Critical elements of this approach include
senior management support, knowledge of applicable regulations,
and communication of results. Reporting is done on several levels
and is designed to communicate relevant information to management
from line supervisors to the board of directors. Corrective
action, where indicated, is planned by local managers with
assistance from other groups as required. Corrective action plan
implementation is tracked  in conjunction with other mechanisms of
occupational health and medical services to assure effective
management of these risks.
Keywords: TOXBIB; Environmental Monitoring *METHODS/STANDARDS;
Financial Management  *METHODS; Occupational Medicine
*ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION; Risk Management *METHODS; United
States
NLM/TOXLINE
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Bhopal: A Tragedy in Waiting
Stix, Gary
IEEE Spectrum Vol. 26 No.6 P47-50 Jun 1989
Coden: IEESAM
ISSN: 0018-9235
Jrnl Code: SPC
Doc Type: Journal Paper
Language: English
Length: 4 Pages

Because certain hazards inherent in managing the manufacture of a
lethal and volatile chemical were ignored, the world's worst
industrial disaster occurred at the Union Carbide pesticide plant
in Bhopal, India. The Bhopal disaster changed a sometimes
overconfident attitude toward safety held by the chemical
industry in the US and elsewhere. The events at Bhopal turned
chemical companies toward more systematic hazard analysis, but
they have yet to embrace quantitative risk assessment. The
disaster shifted risk assessment and management onto a practical
plane for the chemical industry and may serve as an example for
other industries as well. The placement of risk planning on a
pragmatic basis will provide benefits beyond preventing another
Bhopal disaster. The techniques are not just an expense that adds
to the cost of doing business, but are a means to the more
efficient production of goods and services. (Diagrams)
Company Names: Union Carbide India Ltd (DUNS 65-005-3200)
Descriptors: Chemical Industry; India; Disasters; Risk; Analysis
Classification Codes: 2310  (CN=Planning); 8640 (CN=Chemical
industry); 9170  (CN=Non-US)
ABI/INFORM


Confronting Uncertainty in Risk Management: A Guide for
     Decision-Makers
Finkel, Adam M.
Center for Risk Management Resources for the Future,
1616 P Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.  20036
January 1990
                               151

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Director Readiness for the Big Cleanup
Pilko, George
Directors & Boards Vol.13 No.3 P25-27 Spring 1989
ISSN: 0364-9156
Jrnl Code: DIB
Doc Type: Journal Paper
Language: English
Length: 3 Pages

Proactive environmental management can be defined as doing what
is prudent from a business viewpoint to reduce environmental
liabilities, whether the actions are required by regulatory
agencies or not. Most industrial firms should be concerned with 4
kinds of environmental risks: 1. soil and groundwater
contamination, 2. asbestos contamination, 3. the catastrophic
release of toxic materials, and 4. regulatory changes. Directors
can take steps to help their firms reduce environmental risk by
encouraging the chief executive officer  (CEO) to develop a
proactive environmental policy and communicate it to all staff.
The CEO should require periodic environmental risk assessments
for all company operations. Soil, groundwater, and asbestos
problems should be identified, prioritized, and managed. Prior to
all acquisitions and divestitures, environmental due diligence
should be required.  Companies should develop ongoing
relationships with the staff of community and regulatory
agencies.  (Equations, Tables, Graphs, References)
Descriptors: Boards of Directors; Pollution Control;
Environmental Impact; Social Responsibility; Risk
Classification Codes: 2110  (CN=Boards of directors); 2410
(CN=Social responsibilities)
ABI/INFORM


Distress Signals
Lindheim, James
Management Today  (UK) P101-106 Apr 1989
Coden: MANTAI
ISSN: 0025-1925
Jrnl  Code: MTO
Doc Type: Journal Paper
Language: Eng1ish
Length: 3 Pages

Over  the past 20 years, UK  corporations  have come to recognize
the  importance of risk assessment and risk management. Firms have
tried to  ensure training on risk management, better
identification of risks, and  insurance coverage. Contrary to most
risk  management beliefs, psychologists have  found that:  1.
people do not demand zero risk, 2. individuals'  judgments of
degrees of risk are not coincident with  most methodologies  of
measuring risks statistically,  3. emotional, not logical, factors
control risk perceptions, and 4. risk perceptions are  extremely
hard  to change. The issue is  not necessarily the crisis  at  hand,


                                152

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but rather the surprise and loss of control experienced by the
public. Risk communication must begin by recognizing the
legitimacy of public emotion.  Communication does not require a
change in risks perception, but rather a change in attitude
toward those who are being held responsible for creating and
managing the risks.  Taking responsibility is at the heart of
effective risks communications.  The major hurdle is the
reluctance of executives to share their own risk emotions.
(Graphs)
Descriptors: Management of Crises; Public Opinion; Risk
Management; Responsibilities; Safety
Classification Codes: 3300 (CN=Risk management)
ABI/INFORM


Environmental Troubles Brew for Practitioners
(Issue 6; includes related information)
Waldron, Stacey A.
Real Estate Today v22 p48(7) August, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: RESTDR
illustration; forms
Sic Code: 6531; 8621
Captions: Work sheet I - Property-environmental information
disclosure
Descriptors: Real Estate Business—Environmental Aspects; Housing
and Health—Analysis; Hazardous Wastes—Environmental Aspects;
Real Estate Agents—Practice; National Association of Realtors—
Management


Hazards Management: A Complete Facilities Management Plan Must
     Address a Spectrum of Hazardous Materials
Emmerling, Susan G.
American School & University v61 p!8(5) August, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: ASUNB
illustration; table
Captions: Common indoor air pollutants
Descriptors: School Buildings—Environmental Aspects; Indoor Air
Pollution—Causes of; Hazardous Substances—Health Aspects;
Facility Management—Planning
MAGAZINE INDEX
                                153

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How to Manage Workplace Derived Hazards and Avoid Liability
Wang, Charleston C.K.
Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, 1987
35 pp., $48 hb
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES)  June 1989, 9 (2)  p263, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph

Wang examines the complex issues of workplace hazard and employer
liability. The book  is designed to describe the background which
led to the litigious relationship between worker risks and
employer liability,  and to provide insight into the means for
preventing these problems on the corporate level. Because the
book's scope covers  all workplace derived hazards (those inside
the company fence and those which originate inside plant
boundaries but whose impact is outside), Mr. Wang's ideas on
recognition, evaluation, and control will be of interest to
anyone attempting to manage health and safety risks. The author
examines the legal questions involved in occupational health and
safety and identifies the key elements of compliance. He also
attempts to provide  a general list of operational areas which
typically produce occupational hazards along with the
administrative controls needed to control each  of these sources.
Other topics discussed are remedial measures to employ if an
exposure incident occurs, hazard communication, and the
intricacies of worker compensation. The volume  closes with an
examination of catastrophic hazards and risk management.
Appendices of  federal occupational health and safety statutes  and
sources of consensual industry standards should be very useful to
managers of workplace derived risks.


Management Initiatives to Waste Management Decisions and
     Environmental Compliance in Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Jones, C.G.  (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN)
Corp. Source Codes:  021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department  of Energy, Washington, DC
Report No.: CONF-880903-15
1988 3p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
Journal Announcement: GRAI8905; NSA1300
Spectrum  '88:  International Topical Meeting on  Nuclear and
Hazardous  Waste Management, Pasco, WA, USA, 11  Sep 1988.
Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
NTIS Prices: PC A02
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400

Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.  (MMES) has been the
operating  contractor for the nuclear production and research
facilities at  Oak Ridge, Tennessee  and Paducah, Kentucky for

                               154

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about four and one-half years.  Environmental compliance,
regulatory interaction, and public confidence have been very
significant issues during this time. This presentation will
review the environmental situation in Oak Ridge in 1984 and will
discuss management initiatives and experience in the development
and implementation of effective environmental and waste
management and health and safety programs committed to the
protection of the environment, our workers and the public with an
overall goal of full compliance with all current and anticipated
regulations. (ERA citation 13:048232)
DE88011410/XAB


Option Analysis: Making Better Decisions Faster
Van Landeghem, Rik R.G.
European Jrnl of Operational Research (Netherlands)
Vol. 38 No.3 P318-328  Feb 15, 1989

Environmental turbulence can put pressure on small
companies. The managers of these companies typically react by
responding quickly, often basing their decisions on incomplete
vital considerations. In certain large corporations, decision
making involves numerous levels of hierarchy. With each step,
some of the original information is altered, deformed,
misinterpreted, and delayed.  Consequently, because the
environment changes rapidly, the decision may not fit the
situation when it is implemented. Decision analysis involves a
lengthy process. The option analysis method, a subset of
decision analysis provides a method of handling smaller
problems and responding more quickly. Option analysis consists
of the following steps: 1. structuring the problem, 2.
modeling the problem, 3. performing sensitivity analysis,
4. interpreting the sensitivity results, 5. conducting risk
analysis, and 6. making decisions.  The different
representation methods make a multidisciplinary approach
practical.  (Tables, Graphs, Equations, Diagrams, References,
Appendix)
ABI/INFORM


Pharmacy Implications of the Revised OSHA Hazard Communication
     Standard
Myers, C.E.
Professional Practice Division, American Society of Hospital
Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD 20814
Am J Hosp Pharm; Vol 46, Iss 5, 1989, P990-1
LA: English
CD: 310
ISSN: 0002-9289

Provisions of the recently revised federal Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard
that are important to pharmacy practice in organized health-care


                               155

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settings are described. OSHA announced on February 15,  1989, that
the revision of August 24, 1987,  was effective immediately; the
provisions apparently pre-empt individual states' hazardous-
substances regulations. According to the standard, manufacturers
must determine whether chemicals they produce are hazardous; a
pharmacy compounding drug mixtures may be a manufacturer.
Chemicals determined by the manufacturers to be labeled hazards
must be labeled as hazards; for drugs that are already labeled
according to FDA requirements, such labeling is not needed. The
rule exempts drugs in a retail establishment that are packaged
for sale to consumers, but it does not address workers' use of
such non-prescription products in patient care. Tablets are
exempt. Employers must maintain a written hazard communication
program. Manufacturers and distributors are required to provide
material safety data sheets on all hazardous chemicals, and
employers must keep copies of these data sheets available.
Documents to assist employers in complying with the regulations
are available from OSHA. Judicial challenges to the regulation
continue. ASHP is monitoring developments and applications to
assist pharmacy departments in interpreting and complying with
the regulations.
Keywords: TOXBIB; Hazardous Substances*; Occupational Diseases
CHEMICALLY INDUCED/*PREVENTION & CONTROL; Pharmacy Service;
Hospital *LEGISLATION  & JURISPRUDENCE; Risk Management; Safety;
United States; United  States Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
NLM/TOXLINE


Pollution Risks May Hamper Acquisitions
Anonymous
National Underwriter  (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
Vol.93 No.15 P31,33  Apr  10,  1989

According to Jaswant Singh, senior vice-president and technical
director of Clayton Environmental Consultants  Inc., environmental
impairment liabilities (EIL)  have become significant
considerations for risk managers analyzing potential mergers and
acquisitions. Just a  few  years ago, most people  associated  EIL
with chemical companies,  steel mills  and other manufacturing
operations. Today, financial  institutions, real  estate
developers, and service organizations understand that they  face
significant environmental  liabilities, since nearly every
business can have asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, or
underground storage tanks. Companies  also are  aware that they can
inherit contaminated property through a property merger  or
acquisition. The liabilities  can be high, and  EIL insurance
coverage is in short  supply.  When assessing a  merger or  takeover
candidate's potential  liabilities,  several specific issues  can be
addressed by the risk  manager.  (Charts)
ABI/INFORM
                                156

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Risk Managers and EIL: Chaos Reigns
Dybdahl, David J.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
Vol. 93 No.15 P16-17, 34 Apr 10, 1989

Because of the elements of uncertainty affecting risk management
decisions, it is very difficult to develop a comprehensive, long-
term solution to the problems of managing this exposure.  With
chaos effectively controlling the environmental liability
marketplace, long-term risk management strategies can become
obsolete very quickly. Risk managers must evaluate a set of
possible alternatives, implement the best available risk
management strategy, and continue to monitor the marketplace for
better solutions in the future. Two industry segments - gasoline
station operators and contractors conducting hazardous waste
cleanup businesses - will be adversely affected by the limited
availability of environmental impairment liability (EIL)
insurance. The continued availability of EIL insurance will be
dependent on close adherence to strict underwriting,  adequate
pricing, and demand for the product. (Tables)
ABI/INFORM


Risk Managers Seek Pollution Advice
Hofmann, Mark
Business Insurance Vol. 23 No.11 P3,27-31  Mar 13, 1989

Increasingly, risk managers are turning to consultants for advice
on dealing with potential environmental liabilities.  Risk
managers are seeking consultants' expertise in shielding their
companies from increasing workers compensation liabilities
associated with emerging occupational ailments such as carpal
tunnel syndrome. Consultants are helping to develop self-
insurance programs, particularly for workers compensation.  In
anticipation of the next hard market, risk managers want
consultants' advice in setting up alternative risk financing
vehicles, strengthening loss control programs, and finding a new
broker or improved coverage terms and conditions.  Consultants
say that risk managers need to intensify their efforts to meet
the challenges of state and federal environmental regulations or
face the possibility of exposing their companies to seemingly
endless civil liabilities or even criminal sanctions. The
consultants also warn risk managers against succumbing to the
soft market's immediate gratifications.  (Charts)
ABI/INFORM
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Workshop Proceedings: Toxic Sediments-Approaches to Management,
     June 15-17, 1988
Barrick, R.C.; Ginn, T.; Hogue, C.; Booth, P.; Jacobs, L.
American Management Systems, Inc.,  Arlington, VA
PTI Environmental Services, Bellevue, WA
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Policy
Analysis
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1989
NTIS/PB89-148316, 176p
NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01
Contract EPA-68-01-7489

The focus of this EPA-sponsored workshop was to develop a
framework for evaluating various management strategies aimed at
reducing the risks posed by toxic materials in marine/estuarine
riverine sediments. Areas specifically addressed included:  (1)
setting appropriate management priorities;  (2) selecting best
available management alternatives; and (3) implementing the
chosen alternative. Participants were directed to better define
the problem, refine questions that decision-makers should ask,
and offer recommendations for improving the process. A series of
case studies was presented that described the nature and extent
of sediment problems and possible management solutions.
Participants were divided into 3 workgroups  (priority setting,
option selection, option implementation)  to develop the
management framework. Results of the workgroup discussions were
presented in a plenary session. Appendices include: participants,
case study summaries, and overviews of relevant laws/regulations,
and overviews of a related workshop on contaminated sediments.
Keywords: Water Pollution Abatement; Sediments; Hazardous
Materials; Management Methods; Toxicity; Meetings; Design
Criteria; Decision Making
NLM/TOXLINE
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                                                             RISK
                                                    COMMUNICATION
. . . THE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING
AN AUDIENCE TO MAKE BETTER PERSONAL AND
SOCIETAL DECISIONS REGARDING RISK
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER
CE Roundtable: The $150 Billion Question
Anonymous
Chief Executive n52 PP: 58-74  Jul/Aug 1989  ISSN: 0160-4724
Jrnl Code: CHE
Doc Type: Journal Paper
Language: English
Length: 12 pages

More stringent demands are being put on business and industry for
environmental management.  In a recent roundtable discussion,
concerned chief executive officers  (CEO) gathered with liability
expert Peter Huber, the Environmental Protection Agency's
Jonathan Cannon, and Ashland Oil's John Hall - a veteran of an
oil spill crisis - to assess the nature of the financial and
personal liabilities that companies and CEOs face and what might
be done to minimize risk.  George Pilko, environmental
consultant, listed 3 steps to take in limiting liability: 1.
Develop a proactive environmental policy and communicate it to
everyone in the organization.  2. Periodically conduct risk
assessments of facilities.  3.  Identify problems, prioritize
them, and figure out what to do about those problems before they
turn into disasters.  Cannon noted that the Superfund law makes
virtually everyone connected with a hazardous waste site liable
for cleanup costs.  Jack B. Critchfield of Florida Progress Corp.
said that there is a major educational problem in the US.  The
top priority is to determine why the environment is being ruined;
then, individuals must realize what role they must play in
cleaning it up.  Tables.
Descriptors: Industrial Wastes; Liability; Waste Disposal;
Pollution Control; Oil Companies; Federal Legislation; Planning
Classification Codes: 1540 (CN=Pollution Control); 4320
(CN=Legislation); 2310  (CN=Planning)
                               159

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Conventional Wisdom on Risk Communication and Evidence From a
     Field Experiment
Johnson, F. Reed; Fisher, Ann
Risk Anal  (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2)  p!41, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Journal Article

A recent comprehensive review of the literature identified a
number of  facts and principles governing risk communication.
This paper evaluates several of these propositions using recent
evidence from a field experiment in communicating the risks from
radon in homes.  At this point in the research, data relates
primarily  to the response of risk perceptions to different
information treatments and different personal characteristics.
The effect of various causal factors is sensitive to the
particular test of risk perception applied.  No information
treatment  was clearly superior for all tasks.  An important
implication of these findings is that risk communicators must
determine  what specific task or tasks the information program
should enable people to do.
Keywords:  Risk Communication; Risk Perception; Radon


Effective  Risk Communication: The Role and Responsibility of
     Government and Nongovernment Organizations
Edited by  Vincent T. Covello, Columbia University; David B.
McCallum,  Georgetown University Medical Center; and, Maria
Pavlova, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, New York, N.Y.
0-306-43075-4/365 pp. +  index/ill.
1989/$85.00  ($102.00 outside U.S. & Canada)

Here, government policymakers, program administrators, public
health professionals, and experts in risk communication explore
existing federal risk communication activities, identify gaps  in
research and practice that need to be addressed, and develop
effective  strategies for interprogram and interagency cooperation
in risk communication activities.  Appendixes  include an
inventory  of government  risk communication programs; a risk
communication manual for government on improving dialogue with
communities; and a manual for plant managers on risk
communication, risk statistics, and risk comparisons.
                                160

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Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know: An Implementer's
     Guide to SARA Title III
Musselman, Victoria Cooper
'89  xvi+204p, bibl il tables charts index
Order Info: Van Nostrand  (LC 88-13495)   (ISBN 0-442-20555-4)
$24.95
Language: Engl
Doc Type: M
Requirements and scientific, social, and political aspects of the
free-standing Title III of the Superfund Amendments
Reauthorization Act.
Partial contents: assessing and communicating environmental risk;
other laws and regulations related to environmental control;
emergency response preparedness; resources for implementation.
Descriptors:  *Hazardous Materials—Legislation; *Disasters—
Emergency Preparedness; *Chemical Industries—Safety Measures;
*Freedom of Information; *United States
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
How Duke Automates Chemical Compliance
Anonymous
Electrical World v203n2 PP: 31-32  Feb 1989

The Occupational Safety & Health Administration's  (OSHA) June 24,
1988, expansion of its old long-time hazardous communications
standard to nonmanufacturers is of special interest to electric
utilities.  This much-protested expansion imposes the same
hazardous communications standard requirements on electrical
utilities and other nonmanufacturers that apply to manufacturers.
This includes hazard identification, maintenance of the Material
Safety Data Sheet  (MSDS), labeling, development of written hazard
communications programs, and employee training.  Compliance at
Ohio's Duke Power Co. requires automation.  The company uses or
stores 10,000 substances having up to 20 constituents, and these
data cannot be manually manipulated.  Duke's solution was the
development of an IBM Corp. mainframe program called Chemical
Data Management  (ChlMS).  Graphs.
ABI/INFORM


Institutional Barriers to Risk Communication
Hadden, Susan G.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1989, 9 (3) p301, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Journal Article
                               161

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Opening Doors: Making Risk Communication Agency Reality
Chess, Caron; Hance, Billie Jo
Environment v31 plO(8) June, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: ENVTA
Descriptors: Hazardous Substances—Risk Assessment; Environmental
Policy—Management; Risk Management—Government Policy;
Administrative Agencies—Management
MAGAZINE INDEX


Risk Communication: Paradigm and Paradox
Otway, Harry; Wynne, Brian
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p!41, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Journal Article


Risk Communication and Social Choices: The Discussion Heats Up
Gumming, Robert B.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2) p267, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Monograph


United States Emergency Response Capabilities For Hazardous
     Materials Incidents in U.S. and Nearby Coastal Zones
Bertram, Kenneth M. and Danilo J. Santini
table map
From: Ocean  Yearbook  7
Language: Engl
Doc Type: A
p 159-76  '88
Procedures utilized in the aftermath of accidents  involving
hazardous substances.
Chapter of the book,  "Ocean Yearbook 7."   "88 xi+621p $59—Univ
Chicago Pr.
Descriptors:  *Hazardous Materials—Transportation—Emergency
Preparedness; *Emergency Communication Systems; *Shore
Protection;  *United States—Coast Guard
PAIS  INTERNATIONAL
                               162

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INFORMING THE PUBLIC


A Citizen's Right To Know: Risk Communication and Public Policy
Hadden, Susan G.
'89 xvi+239p, il tables charts index
Order Info: Westview  (LC 89-5801)  (ISBN 0-8133-0913-1)  $27.95
Language:  Engl
Doc Type:  M
Problems arising from ambiguity of 1986 US legislation requiring
disclosure of information about hazardous materials.  Includes a
section on implementing "right to know" in New Jersey and Texas.
Descriptors: *Freedom of Information—Legislation; *Hazardous
Materials—Information Sources; *Chemical Industries—Safety
Measures;  *Industrial Toxicology; *Local Government—Decision-
Making; *New Jersey; *Texas; *Citizen Participation
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
Chemical Risk Communication: Preparing for Community Interest in
     Chemical Release Data
American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
28 p.: 23 cm; 1989
Chemical industry—Environmental aspects; Hazardous
substances—Law and legislation—United States; Risk
Communication; Chemicals—United States—Safety Measures


Communicating Environmental Health Risks
Boyle, Michael and David Holtgrave
Environmental Science & Technology, v. 23, no. 11, November 1989:
1335-1337.
Communicating Risk Under Title III of SARA Strategies for
     Explaining Very Small Risks in a Community Context
Fisher, A.; McClelland, G.H.; Schulze, W.D.
JAPCA; 39(3), 1989, 271-76
Language: Eng
CD: JIJME
Biosis Copyright: Bio Abs. RRM Environmental Pollution Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorizaion Act Community Emergency Planning
Keywords: General Biology-Institutions, Administration and
Legislation; Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology;
Public Health: Environmental Health-Air, Water and Soil Pollution
NLM/TOXLINE
                               163

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Communicating Technological Risk: The Social Construction of Risk
     Perception
Nelkin, D.
Program on Science, Technology and Society, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York  14853-2501
Annu Rev Public Health; Vol 10, 1989, p95-113 (REF: 68)
Language: Eng
CD: ABA
ISSN: 0163-7525
Keywords: TOXBIB; Communication*; Hazardous Substances *ADVERSE
EFFECTS; Human; Mass Media; Public Opinion; Review; Review,
Tutorial Risk Factors; Social Responsibility; Technology*
NLM/TOXLINE


Dangers in the Vegetable Patch
Begley, Sharon; Hager, Mary
Newsweek, Jan 30, 89, P74(2)
News Article

The National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) has prepared a
soon-to-be-released study which concludes that children are at
significant risk from pesticide residues on vegetables they
consume.  Children's developing immune, nervous, and digestive
systems leave them more vulnerable to toxins than adults, a
problem which is compounded by children's quirky eating habits.
A grass-roots movement against the extensive use of pesticides on
produce has been gaining visibility, partly thanks to celebrity
members.  Pesticide consumption can be reduced in some cases by
washing and peeling produce.   (4 Photos)
Enviroline Number: 89-001635


Education of the Public About  Potential Health and Environment
     Effects Associated with Hazardous Substances
Pavlova, Maria  (EPA, NY)
Risk Assessment & Management  (Advances in Risk Analysis),  1987,
V5, P309(8)
Conf Paper

A program is proposed  for  educating  the public about the
potential health and environmental effects associated with local
hazardous substances waste.  The program is comprised  of
educating the public about  the meaning of  risk assessment  and  how
it  is  carried out.  The basis  of the program is to educate and
inform citizens about  environmental  hazards.  In this way, they
will be able to play active roles in the local decision-making
process.   (3 Diagrams)  Enviroline Number: 89-002901
                                164

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Handbook of Chemical Risk Communication
Andrews, Julia
Environment v31 p23(2) April, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: ENVTA
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986—books
Descriptors: American Chemical Society—manuals; Hazardous
Wastes—Law and Legislation; Risk Assessment—Manuals
MAGAZINE INDEX
Hazard Maps in the Classroom
Cross, John A. (Univ of Wisconsin, Oshkosh)
J Geography, Nov-Dec 88, V87, N6, P202(10)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

Hazard maps should be used in the classroom as early as possible,
and can help increase hazard awareness in schoolchildren and
college students.  As teaching tools, hazard maps can help
disseminate information and teach how to examine maps carefully.
Sample flood, landslide, earthquake, and volcanic hazard maps are
considered.  Geography instructors can incorporate hazard maps
available from a variety of sources into teaching at all levels.
(6 Diagrams, 14 References, 1 Table)
Enviroline Number: *89-001784
Keeping Tabs on Toxics; Right To Know Laws Show Mixed Results in
     Curbing Pollution  (environment)
Parsons, Sara Jane
Utne Reader pll(2) July-August, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
illustration; photograph
Descriptors: Hazardous Substances—Information Services;
Industrial Toxicology—Information Services; Right To Know
(Hazardous Substances)—Analysis
MAGAZINE INDEX
                               165

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Network Television News Coverage of Environmental Risks
Greenberg, Michael R.; Sandman, Peter M.;  Sachsman, David B.;
Salomone, Kandice L. (Rutgers Univ)
Environment, Mar 89, V31, N2, P16(10)
The original document is available from Bowker
Journal Article

To advance research into US tv coverage of environmental risk, an
analysis was made of all such coverage by the network nightly
news broadcasts, for a period of more than two years.
Quantitative information from the  564 stories covered during
January 1984-february 1986 was balanced by a more qualitative
analysis of tv coverage of two case  studies: dioxin contamination
in times beach, mo, and the suspected methyl isocyanate emissions
from the Union Carbide plant in Institute, WV.  The coverage of
risks and expert sources used in the news stories are surveyed.
The networks should look for at least three different source
perspectives for every environmental risk story, seek out expert
and advocacy group sources, and make conscious efforts to present
more environmental risk  information  in  their coverage.  (19
References, 5 Tables)  Enviroline  Number: *89-003463


Nevada's Predicament: Public Perceptions of Risk from the
     Proposed Nuclear Waste Repository
Kunreuther, Howard; Desvousges, William H.; Slovic, paul  (Univ of
Pennsylvania)
Environment, Oct 88, V30, N8, P16(9)
The original document is available from Bowker
Research Article

Two telephone surveys were conducted, one of Nevada residents and
one of US households outside the state, in order to study the
public's perceptions of  risk associated with the location of a
nuclear waste repository at Yucca  Mountain, NV.  Respondents were
asked whether a repository is the  best  way to store high-level
nuclear wastes permanently, whether  economic growth would be
stimulated  in nearby communities,  whether such growth would
outweigh risks, and other questions.  Nevada residents were also
asked if they thought Nevada was the safest U.S. site for a
repository  and if  it was the best  place because the nuclear
weapons test site  was already there.  When asked to choose  among
Yucca Mountain, Deaf Smith Co., TX,  and Hanford as sites, a
majority  (44% of the Nevada  survey and  47% of the  national
survey) chose "none of the above."  Only 10% of Nevada  residents
and 15% of  those outside Nevada who  considered the risk to  be
high said they would accept  the repository in return  for
compensation.   (1  Diagram, 5 Graphs, 1  Photo, 16 References)
Enviroline  Number:   *89-001395
                                166

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Providing Citizens with Information About Health Effects of
     Hazardous Chemicals
Hadden, S.G.
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas,
Austin  78713
J Occup MEd; Vol 31, ISS 6, 1989, p528-34
Language: Eng
CD: JFR
ISSN: 0096-1736
Passage of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
of 1986, also known as Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act Title III has extended the need for conveying information
about the health effects of chemicals from the workplace to the
community generally.  Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
constitute the primary source of health effects information under
Title III although they were originally intended for workers.
MSDSs are both too technical for many citizens and fail to
address citizen concerns and questions.  An alternative format is
proposed that meets the criticisms of MSDSs.  The alternative
format may also be appropriate as supplementary information for
workers, although it would not fulfill the requirements of the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Hazard
Communication Standard.
Keywords: TOXBIB; Environmental Exposure; Hazardous Substances*;
Health Education LEGISLATION & JURISPRUDENCE; Maximum
Permissible Exposure Level; Public Policy* United States
NLM/TOXLINE


Public Concern About Industrial Hazards
Stallen, Pieter J.  (Inst Milieu Systeemanalyse, Netherlands) and;
Tomas, Arend (Philips BV, Netherlands)
Risk Analysis, 1988, V8, N2, P237(9)
Journal Article

A noncognitive perspective is adopted for the understanding of
people's anxiety or feelings of security about living near
hazardous industrial facilities.  Empirical investigations among
residents of a heavily industrialized area of Rotterdam, the
Netherlands, indicate that at least four qualitatively different
response patterns exist: the secure, the accepting, the
defensive, and the vigilant response.  Manifest anxiety increases
in this order; the increase is a function of the assessment of
the threat, of the opportunities for personal control, and of
hope to bring about a better environment by individual actions.
(2 Diagrams, 7 References, 6 Tables)
Enviroline Number: 89-001318
                               167

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Public Perceptions of the Risks and Benefits of Technology
Gardner, Gerald T.;  Gould, Leroy C.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) June 1989, 9 (2)  p225, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Language: English
Document Type: Journal Article

This study attempted to verify and extend previous research on
people1 perceptions of the risks and benefits of technology and
their judgements concerning the acceptability of technology
safety regulations.   The study addressed several limitations of
prior work, in that:  (1) it was the first "expressed-preference"
study to collect data from large, representative samples of
Americans; (2) the research design made "person," rather than
"technology," the unit of statistical analysis; and  (3) the study
employed an expanded set of independent variables, including
three qualitative benefit characteristics.  The results confirmed
several major conclusions of prior expressed-preference research,
the most important being that members of the public  tend to
define  "risks," "benefits," and "acceptability" in a complex,
multidimensional manner; and that their definitions  differ
signficantly  from those used by professional risk-managers and
other technical experts  in quantitative assessments  of risk and
acceptability.  The results also indicated that people's stances
toward  technology regulation tend to cut across traditional
sociodemographic  lines.
Keywords: Technological Risks and Benefits; Public Perceptions;
Public  Attitudes; Public Values
Risk Analysis: A Need to Communicate
Renn, Ortwin
Forum Applied Research  and Public Policy  4:86-92  Summer  '89
Language: Engl
Doc Type: P
Findings  from a project to convey scientific  information to non-
expert citizens; impact of the program on respondents'  attitudes
toward energy options;  West Germany.
Descriptors: *Scientific Information; *Communication  in Science;
*Power resources—Environmental Aspects; *Germany, West
PAIS INTERNATIONAL
Risk Assessment  and  Community Right-To-Know:  SARA Title  III
Butala, J.H.
American  Chemical  Society,  196th National Meeting   8830129
Los Angeles,  CA  (USA)   25-30 Sep 1988
American  Chemical  Society  (ACS)
ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street  NW,
Washington, DC   20036  (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X.   Price: $38.00  +
Postage Charge
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS  INDEX


                                168

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INFORMING THE WORKER
Decontamination of Agent Orange Tanks
Nickens, Dan A.;  Fullerton, Tod H. (Earth Resources Corp.,  FL)
EPA/Et Al Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials 5th Natl Conf,
Las Vegas, Apr 19-21, 88, P57(5)
Conf Paper

Twenty tanks utilized for the aerial spraying of agent orange and
stored at a military installation since the Vietnam war were
subjected to decontamination operations.  All but two of the
tanks were found to be contaminated with moderate to high levels
of herbicide.  The intensive health and safety controls
implemented during the project are delineated; these include
safety training,  hazard analysis, protective clothing, personnel
contamination, and air monitoring.  Tank clothing, personnel
decontamination activities were conducted under the protection of
additional engineering controls.  (2 Diagrams)
Enviroline Number: 89-001654
Frequency of Worksite Health Promotion Activities
Fielding, J.E.; Piserchia, P.V.
Johnson & Johnson Health Management, Inc.,  Santa Monica,
CA  90404
Am J Public Health (United States) Jan 1989, 79 (1) p!6-20, ISSN:
0090-0036
Journal Code: 3XW
Languages: English

The first National Survey of Worksite Health Promotion Activities
surveyed a random sample of all private sector worksites with 50
or more employees, stratified by number of employers, geographic
location, and type of industry.  The 1,358 completed interviews
constituted a response rate of 83.1 per cent.  Of responding
worksites 65.5 per cent had on or more areas of health promotion
activity with slightly more than 50 per cent of activities
initiated within the previous five years.  Overall prevalence by
type of activity included health risk assessment  (29.5 per cent),
smoking cesation (35.6 per cent), blood pressure control and
treatment (16.5 per cent), exercise/fitness  (22.1 per cent),
weight control (14.7 per cent), nutrition education  (16.8 per
cent), stress management  (26.6 per cent), back problem prevention
and care  (28.5 per cent), and off-the-job accident prevention
(19.8 per cent).  Mean number of activities across all worksites
was 2.1 and for worksites with activities,  3.2.  Activity
frequency increased with worksite size, was highest  in the
western region (2.34) and lowest in the northeast  (1.96), and
varied considerably by industry type.  The majority  of worksites
paid the entire cost of these activities.
MEDLINE
                               169

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Hazard Communications—Impact on Mining
Reis, J.F.
Health, Safety and Environ.  Aff., Spec. Prod. Group, Manville
Corp., Denver, CO, USA
Mining Convention '88 8830009 Denver, CO (USA) 25-28 Sep 1988
American Mining Congress
American Mining Congress, 1920 N Street, NW, Washington, DC
20036  (USA).   Telephone: 202 861 2800
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Landfill Gas Control at a Superfund Site: Worker Health and
     Safety and Other Considerations
Stamm, James W.; Gillespie, Dennis P.; Walsh, James J.; Wey,
Thomas J. (SCS Engineers, KY)
EPA/Et Al Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials 5th Natl Conf,
Las Vegas, Apr 19-21, 88, P469(4)
Conf Paper

A landfill gas (LFG) extraction control system was installed at
an EPA superfund site in Uniontown, OH.  Significant LFG
migration towards nearby residences was discovered in 1982.
Under the umbrella of superfund, otherwise routine LFG
construction activities were somewhat complicated by extensive
worker health and safety precautions.  Workers wore full
protective suits and self-contained breathing equipment for
respiration during all trenching and pipe laying activities.  A
control system, ground flare, and other engineering safeguards
were used to ensure system operation.  Air monitoring and risk
assessment studies were also performed to ensure worker safety.
(1 Diagram, 2 Maps, 1 Reference)  Enviroline Number: 89-002024


Organized Nursing Responds to Hazard Communication Standard
Joel, L.A.; Searle, L.
NEHW Health Watch  (United States) Fall 1988, 9  (3) p5-6, 8,
ISSN: 8756-0356
Journal Code: FZ3
Languages: English
MEDLINE
                               170

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OSHA Standards Eliminate Some Supermarket Hazards
Anonymous
Chain Store Age Executive v65nl PP: 151-52  Jan 1989

The Sparkle Program was started by supermarket operator A&P to
educate and inform employees who, as part of their everyday job,
come into contact with hazardous chemicals.  The program has been
in existence for 2 years, but it has become increasingly
important now and serves as a model for other supermarket
retailers who have been forced to offer similar programs.  The
Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) August
1988 extension to the May 1986 Hazard Communication Standard
required manufacturers, distributors, and importers of hazardous
chemicals to train and educate employees.  The extension includes
all users of hazardous chemicals, including supermarkets.  OSHA
requires retailers to develop a comprehensive written program
similar to A&P Sparkle Program.  Michel Rourke, director of
public affairs for A&P, explains that the program consists of a
manual that teaches employees how to handle chemicals and the
precautions to take when cleaning.  There is also a training
program.  While many supermarkets are implementing similar
programs, others have not yet complied.
ABI/INFORM


Right To Safety (Hazardous Materials - Right-To-Know Regulations)
Lasley, Del
American School & University, v61 p!2(3) August, 1989
Source File: MI File 47
Coden: ASUNB
Descriptors: United States.  Occupational Safety and Health
Administration—Standards; Industrial Safety—Standards; Right To
Know  (Hazardous Substances)—Law and Legislation Hazard
Communication Standard—Analysis; Safety Education; Industrial—
Planning; Hazardous Substances—Labeling
MAGAZINE INDEX
Right-to-Know Laws: Employer Responsibilities for Worker Safety
Kidd, Yvonne
Inform v3n3  PP: 7-8  Mar 1989

Microfilm service bureaus, dealerships, or other companies that
are not already training workers in the proper use of chemicals
in the workplace could be vulnerable to employee lawsuits.  The
Occupational Safety & Health Administration  (OSHA) has begun
enforcing "hazard communication" standards for all
nonmanufacturers.  OSHA's standard is both a generic standard
that covers all chemicals in the workplace and a "performance-
oriented" regulation, which means that OSHA has established
performance goals that employers must meet.  The standard does
                               171

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not apply in states that have OSHA-approved plans in place.
Under the federal program, employers must: 1. inventory all
chemicals used in the workplace, 2. obtain material safety and
data sheets from all manufacturers or supplier, 3. develop a
system to ensure chemicals are properly labeled, 4. train
employees to recognize warnings, to handle chemicals properly,
and to be able to protect themselves in case of exposure, and 5.
develop a written hazard communication program. Equations.
Charts. References.
ABI/INFORM


Risk Assessment and Hazard Evaluation: Hazard Communication and
     Worker Health and Safety
Markie, D.C.
American Chemical Society, 196th National Meeting  8830129
Los Angeles, CA (USA)  25-30 Sep 1988
American Chemical Society (ACS)
ACS Sales & Distribution Department, 1155 16th Street, NW,
Washington, DC  20036  (USA), ISBN: 8412-1493X.  Price: $38.00 +
Postage Charge
Languages: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
The Right To Know
Mele, Jim
Fleet Owner  (Big Fleet Edition) v84n3  PP: 32-36  Mar 1989

In its Hazard Communication Standard  (HCS), the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration requires  a continuing commitment
from fleets to keep  shop workers informed  about potentially
dangerous chemicals.  Some fleets may be risking as much as
$10,000 in fines for not having developed  formal hazard-
communication programs for workers  in their shops and terminals.
Reading the standard is the first step in  setting up a fleet
hazard-communication program.  The  rule requires communication
and training programs for those workers exposed to hazardous
chemicals under normal operating conditions or in foreseeable
emergencies.  The next step is to make a list of all the
hazardous chemicals  used or stored  in the  shop's different areas.
A copy of each shop's inventory has to be  filed with separate
material-safety datasheets for each product on the list.  After
the chemical inventory is completed, HCS requires that fleets
have a formal written description of their hazard communication
programs. Tables. Graphs. Equations. Charts. References.
ABI/INFORM
                                172

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                       TITLE INDEX
173

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Advantages of a Standard
  1,1,1-Trichloroethane:
  Medium-  Term Toxicity to
  Carp, Daphnids, and Higher
  Plants 	  67

3rd FECS Conference on Risk
  Assessment of Chemical in
  Environment 	  95

A Citizen's Right To Know:
  Risk Communication and
  Public Policy  	 163

A Million Years  in the Life
  of a Waste Site 	  89
A Report on Household
  Hazardous Waste
  Management  	,
134
A Retrospective Look at the
  Carcinogenic Potency of
  Vinyl Chloride	  82

A Risk Assessment  for Selected
  Lead-Induced Health Effects:
  An Example  of a  General
  Methodology 	   7

A Stochastic  Two-Stage Model
  for Cancer  Risk  Assessment.
  I. The Hazard Function
  and the  Probability of
  Tumor  	  33

A Toxic Ghost Town: Ten Years
  Later, Scientists are Still
  Assessing the Damage from
  Love Canal  	  83
Acceptable Risk
Acetaminophen
  Toxicity  	   69

Acid Air and Aerobiology
  Related to the Maturing
  Human Lung 	   21
         Acrylonitrile as a  Carcinogen:
           Research Needs For  Better
           Risk Assessment  	   69
         Advantages  of  a  Standard
           Method  for Research  on
           Reproductive Effects of
           Occupation  	,
                            59
Aerosol Deposition in Human
  Upper Airways: Final
  Technical Report 	  22

Air Pollution: Assessing
  Total Exposure in the United
  States 	  59

Air Quality Protection Program
  at the Savannah River Plant
  Huang 	 142
          An Air Emission Risk
            Assessment For
            Benzo(a)pyrene and
            Arsenic from the Mt.
            Tom Power Plant ....
                            72
          An Approach to Occupational
            Health Risk Management for a
            Diversified International
            Corporation 	 150

          Analysis of DNA Damage and
            Mutations Induced by Radon
            Daughter Products: Progress
            Report 	  50

          Analysis of Health Effects
            Caused By Multiple
            Insults 	   7

          Animal Population Dynamics:
            Identification of Critical
            Components	   8

          Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years
            in Review and a Look at the
            Future 	  96
                                174

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Are There Thresholds for
  Carcinogenesis? The Thorny
  Problem of Low-Level
  Exposure 	  33

Asbestos Review and Update -
  Supplement to Sourcebook on
  Asbestos Diseases: Medical,
  Legal, and Engineering
  Aspects 	 131

Assessing Carbon Emission
  Control Strategies: The
  Case of China 	 122
Assessing the Extent of
  Human Exposure to
  Organics 	,
60
Assessment of Exposure and
  Susceptibility to Aromatic
  Amine Carcinogens ....  34

Attacking Tort Liability
  Through an Improved Risk
  Management Process: A State
  Perspective 	 127

Balancing Risk and Return
  in Environmental
  Contracting 	 134

Bhopal: A Tragedy in
  Waiting 	 151

Bioaccumulation of HG in
  the Mushroom Pleurotus
  Ostreatus  	  97

Bioavailability as a Factor
  in Human Health Risk
  Assessment of a Newark,
  NJ, TCDD Contamination
  Site  	  22

Biological-Chemical
  Characterization of
  Effluents  for the
  Evaluation of the
  Potential  Impact on the
  Aquatic Environment ..  97
         Biologically-Based Methods
           for Cancer Risk
           Assessment 	

         Biomarkers:  New Tools for
           Studying Environmental
           Exposures 	
                            34
                            60
         California's Proposition 65:
           Risk Assessment,
           Carcinogens,  and
           Reproductive
           Hazards 	
                           110
Cancer Mortality in U.S.
  Counties with Hazardous
  Waste Sites and Ground Water
  Pollution 	  83

Cancer Risk Assessment:
  Pharmacokinetics Mechanistic
  Considerations 	  35

Cancer Risk Evaluation in an
  Area with a High Density
  of Chemical Plants:
  An Interdisciplinary
  Approach 	  35
         Cancer Risk for Radon
           Exposure in a Polluted
           Environment: Progress
           Report, March 1, 1988-
           February 28, 1989 	
                            78
         Cancer-Causing Substances in
           Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics:
           The De Minimis Rule Versus
           the Delaney Clause 	 110

         Capabilities, Programs, and
           Economic Benefits 	 145

         Carcinogen Risk Assessment
           (book reviews) 	  36

         Carcinogenesis Studies of
           Benzene, Methyl Benzene, and
           Dimethyl Benzenes ......  70
                               175

-------
Carcinogenic and Mutagenic
  Potential of Several
  Fluorocarbons 	  51

Carcinogenicity and
  Genotoxicity of the
  Herbicide 2,4,5-
  Trichlorophenoxyethanol
  (TCPE) Contaminated with
  Dioxin 	  51

Cartographically Based Risk
  Assessment of the Impacts
  of Contaminated Sediments
  on the Natural Resources
  of the Mobile Bay Estuary,
  Alabama  	  83
CE Roundtable: The $150
  Billion Question
159
Cell Proliferation Kinetics
  and Multistage Cancer Risk
  Models  	  36

Characterization of the Ah
  Receptor  	  68

CHAWS  (Chemical Hazard Warning
  System) User's Guide: System
  Description and Standard
  Operating Procedures,
  Edgewood Area, Aberdeen
  Proving Ground 	 112

CHAWS  (Chemical Hazard Warning
  System) User's Guide: System
  Description and Standard
  Operating Procedures, Tooele
  Army Depot, South  .... 113

Chemical  Hazard Information
  Profile of Triphenyl
  Phosphite 	  82

Chemical  Risk Communication:
  Preparing for Community
  Interest  in Chemical Release
  Data 	 163
Cigarette Smoking and Exposure
  to Passive Smoke are
  Risk Factors for Cervical
  Cancer 	  37

Combining Facts and Values in
  Environmental Impact
  Assessment: Theories and
  Techniques 	 145

Combining Qualitative and
  Quantitative Data: The Use
  of Subjective Judgement
  Modeling  	   8

Comments on Permitting of
  Resource Recovery
  Facilities 	 122

Communicating Environmental
  Health Risks  	 163

Communicating Risk Under
  Title III of  SARA  Strategies
  for Explaining Very
  Small Risks in a Community
  Context  	 163

Communicating Technological
  Risk: The Social
  Construction  of Risk
  Perception  ............. 164

Comparative Analysis of Lead
  in Maine  Urban Soils  ...  75
          Comparative Health Risk
            Assessment of Energy-
            Recovery and Landfill
            Facilities 	,
                             23
 Chernobyl:  The
  Aftermath ..,
 37
          Comparing Risks and Setting
            Environmental Priorities:
            Overview of Three Regional
            Projects 	  98

          Comparison of an Index
            Function and a
            Vectorial Approach Method
            for Ranking Waste
            Disposal Sites 	   9
                                176

-------
Comparisons of Various
  Filtration Media 	  10

Computer Assisted Risk
  Assessment (CARA)  ....   1

Computer Prediction of
  Receptors Contaminant
  Concentrations for
  Environmental Risk
  Assessment of Omni-Vest
  Landfill 	  11

Confronting Uncertainty in
  Risk Management: A Guide for
  Decision-Makers 	 151

Consequences of the Reactor
  Accident in Chernobyl in the
  Federal Republic of Germany:
  Environmental Contamination,
  Radiation Protection
  Measures, Radiation Risk
  Assessment 	  90

Consideration of a Degradation
  Factor for Organic
  Contaminants in Risk
  Assessments 	  11
Control of Exposure to
  Chemicals: Scientific
  Basis and Social
  Compromise 	
61
Conventional Wisdom on
  Risk Communication and
  Evidence From a Field
  Experiment 	 160

Cost-Effective Biological
  Monitoring Program for
  Environmental Risk
  Assessment 	 146

Cross Fertilization of
  Formal Risk Analysis with
  Industrial Hygiene Field
  Surveys  	  11
         Current  Perspectives  on
           Gasoline (Light
           Hydrocarbon)-Induced Male
           Rat Nephropathy	   61
         Dangers  in the Vegetable
           Patch  	,
                           164
         De Minimis Risk 	  Ill
         Decision-Making,  Time
           Horizons,  and Risk in
           the Very Long-Term
           Perspective 	
                           119
Decontamination of Agent
  Orange Tanks 	 169

Detection of 6-Thioguanine
  Resistance in Human
  Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
  (PEL)  of Industrial
  Workers and Lung Cancer
  Patients 	  38

Determination of Atmospheric
  Dilution for Emergency
  Preparedness: A Joint
  EPA-DOE (Environmental
  Protection Agency-Department
  of Energy) Technical
  Workshop Held on October
  15-17, 1988 	  12

Determining Regional
  Conditions: A Second Step
  in Regional Risk
  Assessment	   1

Developing Risk Estimates
  for Toxic Air Pollutants
  Through Probabilistic Risk
  Assessment 	  12

Development of a Fish
  Physiologically-Based
  Toxicokinetic Model for
  Use in Environmental Risk
  Assessment 	  13
                               177

-------
Developmental Toxicity Risk
  Assessment: Structure-
  Activity Relationships for
  Osteolathyrism 	  13

Director Readiness for the
  Big Cleanup 	 152

Distress Signals 	 152

DNA Damage and Repair ..  52

Do Aflatoxin-DNA Adduct
  Measurements in Humans
  Provide Accurate Data
  for Cancer Risk
  Assessment? 	  38
         Economics Clarifies
           Choices About Managing
           Risk	  146
Doomed Canaries of
  Tadoussac 	
Draft Criteria
  Document for 1,2,
  Dichloropropane  .
98
67
Drinking Water Standards: NWF
  Find Breakdown in EPA
  Enforcement/EPA Answers
  NWF's Charges 	 120

Drinking Water Standards and
  Risk Assessment 	  23

Dynamics of Aquatic Ecosystems
  and Models under Toxicant
  Stress: State Space
  Analysis, Covariance
  Structure, and Ecological
  Risk	  98

Ecological Risk Analysis
  in a Regulatory
  Environment  	  99

Ecological Risk Assessment
  Applied to Managing
  Toxics in an Urban
  Estuary  	 100

Ecological Risk Assessment for
  Toxic Waste Sites  ....  99
         Economics of PCB
           Solutions 	
                           146
Ecosystem Risk Assessment
  using Prediction of
  Alternate Condition
  Development 	 100

Education of the Public About
  Potential Health and
  Environment Effects
  Associated with Hazardous
  Substances 	 164

Effective Risk Communication:
  The Role and Responsibility
  of Government and
  Nongovernment
  Organizations 	 160

Emergency Planning and
  Community Right-To-Know: An
  Implementer's Guide to SARA
  Title III 	 161

Engineering Aspects for
  Risk Assessment of Large-
  scale Manufacturing
  Facilities 	   1

Environment: An Eye on
  Supplies  (Clean Harbors
  Inc.; Use of Environmentally
  Safe Business Supplies)
  (Hands On) 	 134

Environmental Applications
  of Genetically Engineered
  Organisms 	 102

Environmental Assessments,
  Knowledge of Statutes  Reduce
  Risk of Liability in
  Property Acquisitions  .. 147
                                178

-------
Environmental Biotechnology:
  Reducing Risks
  from Environmental
  Chemicals through
  Biotechnology 	 135

Environmental Carcinogens:
  Using Pesticides and
  Nitrosamines as
  Paradigms 	  62
Environmental
  Considerations in
  Loan Documentation
127
Environmental Hazard
  Assessment of Chemical
  Paint Strippers 	 100

Environmental Impact of Used
  Motor Oil 	 101

Environmental Impacts of the
  Proposed Stiegler's Gorge
  Hydropower Project,
  Tanzania 	 101
Environmental Implications of
  Incineration of Municipal
  Solid Waste and Ash
  Disposal 	  84
Environmental Issues/
  Radon 	,
 24
Environmental Liens and Title
  Insurance 	 127

Environmental Radiation
  Standards 	 143

Environmental Risk
  Assessment  	   2
Environmental Risk
  Assessment Approach to
  Wildlife Research  ....  13

Environmental Threats:
  Perception, Analysis and
  Management 	 145
          Environmental  Troubles Brew
            for Practitioners 	  153
          EPA's Use of Benefit-Cost
            Analysis:  1981-1986
                           147
Epidemiology of Lung Cancer in
  Xuan Wei, China: Current
  Progress, Issues, and
  Research Strategies
  (Journal Version) 	  24

Estimating the Risk of Lung
  Cancer From Inhalation of
  Radon Daughters: Review and
  Evaluation 	  39
          Estimating the Risks of
            Smoking, Air Pollution,
            and Passive Smoke on
            Acute Respiratory
            Conditions 	
                            62
          Estimating Toxicity of
            Industrial Chemicals
            to Aquatic Organisms
            Using Structure
            Activity Relationships,
            Volume 1 	
Evaluation of Environmental
  Risk Assessment
  Methods 	

Evaluation of Existing
  Total Human Exposure
  Models 	
                            14
14
                                      63
          Evaluation of Immunotoxic
            Effects of Pesticides in
            Risk Assessment Process
            and Health Advisory
            Program 	  25

          Evaluation of the
            Administrative Utility of
            Information Generators in
            Managing Toxic Substances:
            The Case of the QSAR
            Information System 	 132
                               179

-------
Evaluation of the
  Carcinogenic Risk of the
  Phenoxyherbicide  MCPA to an
  Urodele Amphibian ....  39

Experience in Hungary on the
  radiological Consequences
  of the Chernobyl
  Accident 	  90

Experimental and Human
  Surveillance on BHC and
  DDT Insecticides Commonly
  Used in India  	  72

Experimental Approaches to
  the Assessment of Genetic
  Risk: Mammalian Germline
  Mutagenesis and Related
  Studies 	  52

Expert System for
  Environmental Risk
  Assessment at  3M	   2
Expert Systems to Assist
  in Evaluation of Measurement
  Data 	  14

Export of Hazardous Waste and
  Hazardous Technology:
  Challenge for Internatiomal
  Environmental Law	 Ill

Exporting Pollution:
  The International Waste
  Trade  	 135

Exposure to Agricultural
  Treatment Residues: Some
  Simple Statistical
  Considerations Based on
  Monitoring Data for
  Ethoxyquin on
  Apples  	  73
 Factors that
   Influence Formation
   Lymphocytes  	
        Field Techniques for
          Evaluation of Dioxin
          Contamination in a Large
          Aquatic Ecosystem  	  102
        Fiscal Year  1987 Program
          Report: Oklahoma Mater
          Resources  Research
          Institute  	,
         Fish  Population Models  in
          Regulatory Risk
          Assessment  	
103
 15
         Food Chain  Exposure
           Assessments:  A Multi-Species
           Approach  	  104
         Frequency of Worksite
           Health Promotion
           Activities 	,
169
         Further Evidence of Benzene
           Carcinogenicity:  Results
           in Wistar Rats and
           Swiss Mice Treated
           By Ingest ion 	  71
         Fusing Dangerous
           Weapons Refuse  into
           Glass 	
         Gasoline Toxicology:
           Implications For Human
           Health 	
136
 63
         Genotoxicity of Carcinogens in
           Human Hepatocytes:
           Application in Hazard
           Assessment 	   53

         Genotoxicity of Organic
           Extracts from Atmospheric
           Particles 	   54

         Global Risk Assessment: The
           Key Roles of the Biological
           and Social Sciences ....    2
52
                                180

-------
Guide to State Environmental
  Programs 	 113

Haemoglobin Binding in Control
  of Exposure to and Risk
  Assessment of Aromatic
  Amines 	  54

Handbook of Chemical Risk
  Communication 	 165
Harboring a Health
  Risk 	
Hazard Assessment of
  Chemicals, Vol. 5 .
 91
 16
Hazard Communications—Impact
  on Mining 	 170

Hazard Communication
  Standard and Its Impact
  on Small Business
  Nonmanufacturers: Hearing,
  September 18, 1988 ... 128

Hazard Evaluation Division,
  Standard Evaluation
  Procedure: Guidance Document
  for Conducting Terrestrial
  Field Studies 	   6
Hazard Maps in the
  Classroom	,
165
Hazard Ranking System
  Evaluation of CERCLA
  (Comprehensive Environmental
  Response and Liability Act)
  Inactive Waste Sites at
  Hanford: Volume 3.
  Unplanned-Release Sites
  (HISS Data Base)  	  85

Hazardous Materials
  Disposal: Siting and
  Management 	 136

Hazardous Waste Management:
  A West German
  Approach 	 137
Hazards, Decontamination, and
  Replacement of PCB: A
  Comprehensive Guide ....  76

Hazards Management: A Complete
  Facilities Management Plan
  Must Address a Spectrum of
  Hazardous Materials .... 153

Health Effects (Environmental
  Radon) 	  25

Health Risk Assessment of
  Residents Living on Harbour
  Sludge 	  64
                                                      !88:
          Healthy Buildings
            Abstract Guide
            (Constructions Saines
            Guide des Resumes)  .. ,
                         '88:
                         . . 114
          Homeowner Risk Assessment
            Using Inexpensive Indoor
            Radon Monitors 	  25

          How Duke Automates Chemical
            Compliance 	 161
          How It Might Be:
            Species 	
                            26
How One Manager Got a Handle
  on Hazardous Waste (Special
  Issue: Managing for
  the  '90s) 	 137
          How Real is the Risk from
            Technologically Enhanced
            Natural Radiation 	
                            92
          How to be Quantitative About
            Radiation Risk Estimates:
            The Lauriston S.  Taylor
            Lecture Series in Radiation
            Protection and Measurements,
            Lecture No. 11 	   91

          How to Manage Workplace
            Derived Hazards and Avoid
            Liability 	  154
                               181

-------
How to Pick an Automated Risk
  Management System .... 120

Human Exposure to
  Polychlorinated Biphenyls
  at Toxic Waste Sites:
  Investigations in the
  United States 	  78

Hydrologic-Hydrochemical
  Characterization of Texas
  Gulf Coast Saline Formations
  Used for Deep-Well Injection
  of Chemical Wastes ...  85

Identification of High Caries
  Risk Adults: Attitudes,
  Social Factors and
  Diseases 	  26

Identification of Immunotoxic
  Effects of Chemicals and
  Assessment of their
  Relevance to Man	  27

Illness and Absenteeism
  Among California Highway
  Patrol Officers Responding
  to Hazardous Material
  Spills 	  86

Immunotoxicology and the
  Immune System  	  27

Indoor Air Pollution:  Sources
  and Control  	  115
 Indoor Radon and  Lung
   Cancer  	
40
 Information  on  Fisheries Risk
  Assessment and Mitigation  in
  the Alaska Region  .... 104

 Institutional Barriers to Risk
  Communication 	 161
        Integration of Activity
          Specific Chemical Accident
          and Local Demographic Data
          Bases into a Programmatic
          Risk Assessment  for the
          Disposal of the  Army's
          Chemical Stockpile  	

        Interpretation of  Need in
          U.S. Ocean Incineration
          Policy  	
                            86
         Interview with  a  Risk
           Expert  	
Intolerable Risk:  Pesticides
  in Our Children's Food; A
  Report 	  28

Introduction: Economic and
  Political Issues in Risk
  Analysis 	 147

Introduction to Risk
  Assessment: A Scientific
  Approach 	   3

Is the Planet Baking? .... 148

Keeping Tabs on Toxics;
  Right To Know Laws Show
  Mixed Results in Curbing
  Pollution  	 165

Landfill Gas Control at a
  Superfund Site:  Worker
  Health and Safety and Other
  Considerations 	 170

Lawrence Livermore National
  Laboratory Decontamination
  and Waste Treatment
  Facility: Documentation of
  Impact Analysis for Design
  Alternatives Presented in
  the Draft Environmental
  Impact Statement 	 137
                                182

-------
Lead in the Environment:
  Coming to Grips with
  Multisource Risks and
  Multifactorial
  Endpoints 	
         Managerial Decision
           Analysis 	 121
75
Lining of Waste Containment
  and Other Impoundment
  Facilities 	  138

Long-Term Carcinogenicity
  Bioassays on Acrylonitrile
  Administered by Inhalation
  and by Ingestion to Sprague-
  Dawley Rats 	   70

Long-Term Carcinogenicity
  Bioassays on Three Chloro-
  fluorocarbons (Trichloro-
  fluoromethane, FC11;
  Dichlorodifluoromethane,
  FC12; Chlorodifluoromethane,
  FC22) Administered by
  Inhalation to Sprague-Dawley
  Rats and Swiss Mice ..   73

Long-Term Carcinogenicity
  Bioassays on
  Trichloroethylene
  Administered by
  Inhalation to Sprague-Dawley
  Rats and Swiss and B6C3F1
  Mice 	   81

Lung Cancer in Relation to
  Residence in Census Tracts
  With Toxic-Waste Disposal
  Sites: A Case-Control
  Study in Niagara County,
  New York  	   87

Lung Tumor Risk Assessment of
  Inhaled Nickel Compounds
  Based on Lung Dosimetry and
  on Extrapolation Modeling
  from Animals to Man ..   76

Management Initiatives to
  Waste Management Decisions
  and Environmental
  Compliance in Oak Ridge,
  Tennessee 	  154
Managing Environmental
  Risks 	,
123
         Marine Ecological Risk
           Assessment of Butyltins
           in Sediments of Puget
           Sound 	 104

         Model for Focusing Monitoring
           to Provide Supplementary
           Data for Risk
           Assessments 	  16

         Modeling Health Risks
           Associated With Wastewater
           Reuse as Irrigant 	  28

         Modeling Tools for Ecological
           Risk Assessment 	 105

         Models and Assumptions
           Underlying Genetic Risk
           Assessment 	  55

         Models for Aiding Hazardous
           Waste Facility Siting
           Decisions  	  87
         Molecular Dosimetry as a
           Tool in Genetic Risk
           Assessment	
                            56
         Monitoring Program for
           Radionuclides in Marketplace
           Seafoods 	  92
         Mortality Among Forest and
           Soil Conservationists ..

         Mortality of Workers at
           the Hanford Site:
           1945-1981 	
          'Mr. Clean1 Turns  '
           Garbage Man1  (William D.
           Ruckelshaus)  	
                            40
                            64
                           139
                               183

-------
Mutagenicity of Drinking Water
  and the Relation to Total
  Organic Halogen 	  56

Narrative Analysis for the
  Policy Analyst: A Case
  Study of the 1980-1982
  Medfly Controversy in
  California 	 123

Nasal Tumours in Rats After
  Severe Injury to the Nasal
  Mucosa and Prolonged
  Exposure to 10 PPM
  Formaldehyde 	  65

National Strategy for
  Ecological Risk Assessment
  of Surface Water
  Ecosystems 	 105

Network Television News
  Coverage of Environmental
  Risks 	 166

Nevada's Predicament: Public
  Perceptions of Risk From the
  Proposed Nuclear Waste
  Repository 	 166

NIOSH  (National Institute for
  Occupational Safety and
  Health) Criteria for  a
  Recommended Standard:
  Welding, Brazing, and
  Thermal Cutting. Abridged
  Edition 	  29

Nuclear Waste: Repository Work
  Should Not Proceed Until
  Quality Assurance is
  Adequate  	 139

Occupational Cancer
  Metalworking and
  Transportation Equipment
  Industries 	  40
         Occupational Mortality of
           California Women,
           1979-1981  	,
29
         Octanol/Water Partition
           Coefficients  for
           Evaluation of Hazardous
           Waste Land Disposal:
           Selected Chemicals
88
         Of Mice and Men: The
           Effect of Science on
           Regulations  	
 Occupational Health
   Controversy:
   Pro  &  Con  	
         On Risk Management:  For  Those
           Who Would  Pick the
           Roses	  128

         On the Relationship  Between
           Carcinogenicity  and  Acute
           Toxicity  	   41

         On-site Septic  Systems;  The
           Risk of Groundwater
           Contamination 	  105

         One-Hit Models  of
           Carcinogenesis:  Conservative
           or Not?  	   42

         Opening Doors:  Making  Risk
           Communication Agency
           Reality	  162

         Option Analysis: Making  Better
           Decisions Faster 	  155

         Organized Nursing  Responds
           to Hazard Communication
           Standard  	  170

         OSHA Standards  Eliminate Some
           Supermarket Hazards  ....  171

         Pacific Northwest  Laboratory
           Annual Report for 1987 to
           the  DOE  (Department  of
           Energy) Office of Energy
           Research:  Part 1,  Biomedical
           Sciences	  143
112
                               184

-------
Particulate and Organic
  Emissions from Unvented
  Kerosene Heaters, Test
  House Study 	  17

PC Simulation for Reliability
  and Risk Analysis ....  17

PCS Analyses of Biota and
  Applications to Risk
  Assessment 	  18

Penetration of
  Pentachlorophenol and
  Tetrachlorophenol Through
  Human Skin 	  76

Pesticides: Minimizing the
  Risks 	  30

Pharmacokinetics for
  Regulatory Risk Analysis:
  The Case of
  Trichloroethylene ....  81

Pharmacy Implications of
  the Revised OSHA
  Hazard Communication
  Standard 	 155

Pickup Team (Hazardous Waste
  Cleanup Around Rocky
  Flats Nuclear Weapons
  Plant, Colorado)  (No
  Sacred Cows)  	 140

Policy Consideration in the
  Selection of National
  Emission Standards for
  Hazardous Air Pollutants for
  the Tacoma Smelter ... 123

Policy Principles  for
  Utilizing Science in
  Decision-Making  on Chronic
  Health Issues  	 124

Pollution Risks and
  Counter-measures  for
  Surface Water
  Intakes  	   31
Pollution Risks May Hamper
  Acquisitions 	 156
Primary Liver Cancer Death
  and Occupation in
  Texas 	
 42
Proceedings of the Symposium
  on the Assessment of
  Reproductive Hazards in
  the Workplace 	  57
Program System UFOMOD
  for Assessing the
  Consequences of Nuclear
  Accidents 	
 93
Propellent & Chemical
  Spill and Dispersion
  Model 	 106
Prospective Detection and
  Assessment of Genotoxic
  Hazards: A Critical
  Appreciation of the
  Contribution of
  L. Ehrenberg 	
 57
Providing Citizens with
  Information About Health
  Effects of Hazardous
  Chemicals 	 167
Public Concern About
  Industrial Hazards
167
Public Health Risk from ELF
   (Electromagnetic Fields)
  Exposure — Can It Be
  Assessed 	  66
Public Perceptions of the
  Risks and Benefits of
  Technology	
Public Utility Rate
  Structures  	,
Pulmonary Carcinogenic
  Effects of Ozone
168
116
 43
                                185

-------
Quantitative Risk
  Assessment and Occupational
  Carcinogens 	  43

Quantitative Risk Assessment
  for Non-Cancer Health
  Effects of Air
  Contaminants 	  18

Quantitative Risk
  Assessment for Occupational
  Health 	  18

Radioactivity and Nuclear
  Waste Disposal 	 144

Radon Detection in Homes and
  Buildings. January 1970-
  December 1988 	  79

Radon Inhalation Studies in
  Animals 	  79
Radon Testing of
  Soils  	
80
Recent Laboratory Studies in
  Chemical Carcinogenesis:
  Benzene  	  71

Recent Laboratory Studies in
  Chemical Carcinogenesis:
  Gasoline 	  44

Reducing Uncertainty and Cost
  in Environmental Risk
  Assessment  	 148

Reference Dose  (RfD):
  Description and Use in
  Health Risk
  Assessments 	  66

Regional Ecological
  Risk Assessment: A
  Conceptual Framework and
  Demonstration  	 106

Regional Risk Assessment
  for Lakes Due  to Acid
  Deposition  	   4
         Relationship  of  Uncertainty
           and  Probability  in
           Ecological  Risk  Analysis
           Models  	  107

         Report of the EPA  Workshop  on
           the  Development  of Risk
           Assessment  Methodologies  for
           Tumor Promoters  	   44
         Research Priorities in
           Electric and Magnetic
           Fields 	,
                            45
Response of the Rat Lung
  to Respirable Fractions
  of Composite Fiber-Epoxy
  Dusts 	  74

Right To Safety (Hazardous
  Materials - Right-To-Know
  Regulations) 	 171

Right-to-Know Laws: Employer
  Responsibilities for Worker
  Safety 	 171
         Risk Analysis
         Risk Analysis:  A Guide to
           Principles and Methods for
           Analyzing Health and
           Environmental Risks ....   31

         Risk Analysis:  A Need to
           Communicate 	  168

         Risk Analysis in Developing
           Countries 	    4

         Risk Analysis - The Role of
           Human Factor in Managing
           Strong Technologies ....    4

         Risk Assessment and Community
           Right-To-Know: SARA
           Title III 	  168

         Risk Assessment and Hazard
           Evaluation: Hazard
           Communication and Worker
           Health and Safety 	  172
                               186

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Risk Assessment Guideline
  and Information
  Directory 	   7
Risk Assessment in the
  Asbestos Cement
  Industry 	,
 70
Risk Assessment of
  Deliberate Release of
  Genetically Engineered
  Microorganisms 	 107

Risk Assessment of Rice
  Herbicides to Estuarine
  Organisms  	 107

Risk Communication and Social
  Choices: The Discussion
  Heats Up 	 162

Risk Communication: Paradigm
  and Paradox 	 162

Risk Estimates for Lung Tumors
  from Inhaled Sup 239 Pu02
  Sup 238 Pu02 and /Sup
  239Pu/(N03) sub 4 in
  Beagle Dogs 	  45
Risk Evaluation and
  Management  	
121
Risk Evaluation of Hazardous
  Waste Disposal Sites Using
  Fuzzy Set Analysis  ... 140

Risk Management—An Insurance
  Perspective  	 129

Risk Management and Hazardous
  Waste 	 140

Risk Management of
  Alternatives for Maintenance
  of Chlorinators  	 132

Risk Management of Chemicals
  in the Environment  ... 132
          Risk Management:  Soft
            Market  Does  Not Hurt
            Consultants  	,
          Risk Management Systems
            Approach 	,
                           148
                           122
          Risk Managers and Defense
            Lawyers  	  129

          Risk Managers and EIL:
            Chaos Reigns 	  157

          Risk Managers Seek Pollution
            Advice	  157
          Risks of Municipal Solid
            Waste Incineration:
            An Environmental
            Perspective 	
                           141
          Role of Alcohol in Cancers
            of the Upper Alimentary
            Tract: Use of Models in
            Risk Assessment 	  46
          Science for Public
            Policy 	,
                           124
Seeking Hazardous Waste
  Solutions (Resource
  Recovery 1989)  	 141
          Selecting Accidents for
            Evaluating Significant
            Adverse Environmental
            Impacts 	
                           108
          Shell Case Curbs Buyers,
            Lawyers Say 	  130

          Shipment of Taiwanese Research
            Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel
            (Phase 2):  Environmental
            Assessment 	   94

          Silent Spring
            Revisited 	    5
                                   Sources of Uncertainty
                                      in Ecological Risk
                                      Assessments  	
                                     108
                                187

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Special Report on Ingested
  Inorganic Arsenic:  Skin
  Cancer; Nutritional
  Essentiality 	  47

Sport Fish Consumption
  Advisories and Projected
  Cancer Risks in the Great
  Lakes Basin 	  48

Summary Review of the Health
  Effects Associated with
  Propylene: Health Issue
  Assessment 	  77
Superfund Inspections
  Spotlight Safety ..,
131
Test Systems and Exposure
  in the Aquatic
  Environment  	 109

The Bhopal Tragedy: Language,
  Logic, and Politics in
  the Production of a
  Hazard 	   5
The Cleanup of Chemical
  Waste Sites-A Rational
  Approach 	

The Evolving Broker
  Environment
   (Part 1)	
 89
149
The Formation and Removal
  of Chemical Mutagens
  During Drinking Water
  Treatment  	  58
The Future of Nuclear
  Power 	  94
The Perils of Prudence:
  How Conservative Risk
  Assessments Distort
  Regulation  	
 48
The Right To Know	 172
          The  Surgeon  General's  1989
            Report  on  Reducing the
            Health  Consequences  of
            Smoking: 25  Years of
            Progress  	   31
          The Value of Monitoring
            for Radon in the Home:
            A Decision Analysis ..
                            80
Toward a Holistic Approach
  to Risk Assessment and
  Management 	 122

Towards a Relevant Ecological
  Risk Assessment of Offshore
  Disposal of Municipal Sewage
  Sludge 	 109

Toxic Effluents: A Simplified
  Procedure for Assessing
  Human Health Risks 	  32

Toxicants in Urban Stormwater
  Runoff and Combined Sewer
  Overflows: An Ecological
  and Human Health Risk
  Assessment 	 109

Toxicity of Manganese .... 116

Toxicology on Tap: Uncertain
  Health Significance
  of Contaminated Drinking
  Water 	 133

TOXPERT An Expert System for
  Risk Assessment 	  18
          Transgenic Mice as Future
            Tools in Risk
            Assessment 	
                                                               19
Trends in Combustion
  Technology in Relation to
  Health Risk  	  32

Tumours of the Respiratory
  Tract in Rats and Hamsters
  Following Chronic Inhalation
  of Engine Emissions  ....  49
                               188

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Uncertainty and Alternative
  Models in Ecological Hazard
  Assessment 	 110

United States Emergency
  Response Capabilities For
  Hazardous Materials
  Incidents in U.S. and Nearby
  Coastal Zones 	 162

Use of Animal Bioassay Data
  in Carcinogen Risk
  Assessment 	  49
Use of Remote Sensing in
  Support of Risk
  Assessment 	
19
Use of Short-Term Test Data
  in Risk Analysis of Chemical
  Carcinogens  	  20

Use of the Effective Dose
  Equivalent Concept of the
  International Commission on
  Radiological Protection by
  EPA  (Environmental
  Protection Agency) is
  Encouraged	 125

Validation and Application of
  Pharmacokinetic Models for
  Interspecies Extrapolations
  in Toxicity Risk
  Assessments of Volatile
  Organics 	  74

Verification and Validation of
  Decision Support Expert
  Systems for Chemical
  Process Risk Management
  in International
  Operations 	 133

Waste Processing and
  Pollution in the Chemical
  and Petrochemical
  Industries	 117
Weathering the Storms in a
  Warming World 	 126

Wildlife Hazard Assessment:
  Acute and Subacute
  Toxicity Testing with
  Small Animals 	  20

Winning Against a Stacked
  Deck: Environmental Policy
  and Reagonomics 	 126

Workshop Proceedings: Toxic
  Sediments-Approaches
  to Management, June
  15-17, 1988 	 158

Xenon-133 in California,
  Nevada, and Utah from the
  Chernobyl Accident 	  95
                               189

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