hPA
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Risk Assess
OMMUNICATION
mbdr 1991
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RISK ASSESSMENT,
MANAGEMENT, COMMUNICATION
A GUIDE TO SELECTED SOURCES
VOLUME 4, NUMBER 1
COMMUNICATION
Office of Toxic Substances
Chemical Library
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
September 1991
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This issue of Risk Assessment. Management, and Communication: A Guide to
Selected Sources has been prepared and reviewed by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). Due to the rapidly expanding field of risk
information, EPA cannot guarantee that all relevant sources are cited.
Publication does not signify that the contents reflect the views of EPA or
that EPA endorses the coverage and scope of the subject matter as
comprehensive, complete and appropriate.
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INTRODUCTION
This issue of Risk Assessment. Management, and Communication: A Guide to
Selected Sources is the ninth update in EPA's series of risk management
bibliographies. References were gathered from the environmental, medical, and
scientific literature included in the following databases: ABI/Inform,
Cambridge Scientific Collection (Pollution Abstracts), Conference Papers
Index, Enviroline, Legal Resource Index, Life Sciences Collection, Magazine
Index, NTIS, PAIS International, and NLM's TOXLINE and MEDLINE. The citations
cover documents added to those collections during the period from November
1989 to July 1991. The original Guide appeared in March 1987 and was followed
by quarterly updates. These earlier updates constitute Volume 1 of the
current semiannual series.
Like its predecessors, this document is subdivided into Risk Assessment,
Risk Management, and Risk Communication. The Table of Contents lists further
divisions of each of these categories. Citations are arranged alphabetically
by title, with the exception of the chemical specific references. These
citations are grouped alphabetically by chemical name. Abstracts in this
guide have been shortened or eliminated if the content of the article is
adequately reflected in the title.
The EPA Library Network can assist EPA staff members and EPA contractors
in obtaining materials cited in the bibliography. Reference copies of the
original Guide and subsequent issues are available through NTIS at the
following address:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(703) 487-4650
1-800-336-4700 (outside Washington, DC area)
*Guide: PB87-185500
1st Update: PB87-203402/AS
2nd Update: PB88-100102
3rd Update: PB88-128178
Volume 2, No. 1: PB89-210596
Volume 2, No. 2: PB89-189641
Volume 3, No. 1: PB90-237116
Volume 3, No. 2: PB90-282508
*These five issues constitute Volume 1 of the current series.
11
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Questions or comments concerning Risk Assessment. Management. Communication: A
Guide to Selected Sources may be sent to:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances Chemical Library TS-793
Risk Management Bibliographies
401 M Street, S.W., Room B002, NE Mall
Washington, DC 20460
iii
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CONTENTS
INTROUCTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 1
ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 14
METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK 22
HEALTH RISKS
GENERAL 40
CANCER 46
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS 51
HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 52
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT 64
HAZARDOUS WASTE 77
RADIATION 83
ECOLOGICAL RISK 85
LEGAL ASPECTS 87
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES 89
RISK MANAGEMENT
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 93
POLICY 98
LEGAL ASPECTS 99
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT 101
HAZARDOUS WASTE 102
RADIATION 107
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 108
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT 109
RISK COMMUNICATION
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER 113
INFORMING THE PUBLIC 114
INFORMING THE WORKER 118
TITLE INDEX 120
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RISK
ASSESSMENT
IS THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THAT EVALUATES THE POTENTIAL FOR
OCCURRENCES OF ADVERSE EFFECT
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE - includes cross media approach, de minimis risk, and
uncertainty in assessment
Advancing environmental protection through risk assessment.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)
Daggett, Christopher J.; Hazen, Robert E.; Shaw, Judith Auer
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 315-327 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Educated guesses: health risk assessment in environmental impact statements.
Harvey-PD
Am-J-Law-Med; VOL 16, ISS 3, 1990, P399-427
Journal Article
Environmental pollution threatens public health. The search for solutions has
advanced the frontiers of science and law. Efforts to protect the environment
and public health begin with describing potential adverse consequences of
human activities and characterizing the predicted risk. The National
Environmental Policy Act requires the preparation of environmental impact
statements to describe the effects of proposed federal projects and provide
information for agency decisionmakers and the public. Risks to public health
are particularly difficult to quantify because of uncertainty about the
relation between exposure to environmental contamination and disease. Risk
assessment is the current scientific tool to present estimates of risk. The
methodology has created controversy, however, when underlying assumptions and
uncertainties are not clearly presented. Critics caution that the methodology
is vulnerable to bias. This Note evaluates the use of risk assessment in the
environmental impact statement process and offers recommendations to ensure
informed decisions.
TOXBIB
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Environmental audits and assessments: The problem of risk
Saxe, D.
Hazardous Materials Management VOL. 3, NO. 1, 1991, 6-8
Environmental audits and assessments have become an increasingly central
pillar of Canadian efforts to protect our environment. We have learned
repeatedly how high can be the price of attempting to remedy environmental
contamination after it has occurred, and how often such efforts are doomed
to failure. Both business and governments therefore face increasing
pressure to identify and avoid environmental risks in advance.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Environmental Concern Sparks Renewed Interest in IPM
Greene, Catherine
Food Review v!4n2 PP: 8-11 Apr-Jun 1991
DOC TYPE: Journal article LANGUAGE: English LENGTH: 4 Pages
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) offers farmers a variety of
pesticide-reducing techniques that allow them to produce high-quality,
abundant food supplies while minimizing environmental impacts. The
conventional practice of applying pesticides by the calendar is becoming
uncommon for cotton, canning tomatoes, and other crops where IPM is having
success. Instead, pesticides are applied only when pests reach economically
damaging levels. Pest-resistant varieties, biological control, and other
non-chemical techniques are often used as well. IPM uses both efficiency
and substitution approaches to control pests. Combined funding from
governments and industry for vegetable IPM projects rose from approximately
$64,000 in 1978 to almost $3 million in 1989. Vegetable acreage under IPM
increased from 742,000 in 1984 to nearly 2 million in 1989.
ABI/INFORM
Environmental impact assessment in the People's Republic of China
Wenger RB, Huadong Wang, Xiaoying MA
Univ. of Wisconsin, Green Bay
Env Management (Springer-Verlag), Jul-Aug 1990, V14, N4, P429(ll)
POLLUTION ABTRACTS
Evidentiary difficulties with quantitative risk assessments.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)
Walker, Vern R.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 469-499 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
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First generation of a new science: risk assessment in transition.
Stara-JF
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
Toxicol-Ind-Health; VOL 5, ISS 5, 1989, P621-7 (REF: 16)
REVIEW; REVIEW,-TUTORIAL
The greatest challenge facing human populations today is that of extraordinary
rapid change. Such a change in the society is illustrated by the increasing
public awareness of environmental issues, accompanied by continuously
expanding scientific investigations of chemical pollution. Our industrial
civilization has developed and introduced into the various environmental media
many compounds affecting human health individually and as a society. The
science of toxicology is the evaluation of the effects of chemical and
physical agents in various biological systems. Most chemical compounds cannot
be tested in man due to their possible carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic,
or other long-term toxic potential. Therefore, carefully designed toxicologic
studies in other species, especially mammalian, are conducted to provide
biological dose-response data, which can be used to predict human response.
Toxicologists have the responsibility of providing accurate scientific
dose-response data based on experiments employing, among others, "practical"
concentrations of pollutants or toxicants. When the toxic effects are
considered, the action of these agents in the atmosphere, water, and other
environmental vehicles should be considered. There are always interacting
events that co-exist in the environment. The various issues in
environmental health need to be tied together in order to be understood by
scientists who are not intimately familiar with risk assessment procedures as
they relate to the implementation of environmental laws. Much effort is needed
both in the area of improved risk assessment methodology as well as in the
area of toxicologic testing and validation of the theoretical approaches.
TOXBIB
Going for a Green Audit
Boivin, Benoit; Gosselin, Louis
CA Magazine v!24n3 PP: 61-63 Mar 1991
Journal article
A growing awareness of the ecological hazards of industrial activity may
soon make environmental audits a necessity. Several industries in Canada,
including oil, aluminum, and forestry, have been conducting such audits for
quite some time. The main purpose of an environmental audit is to evaluate a
company's operations and performance in terms of their conformity with
federal, provincial, and municipal laws and regulations and to identify the
sectors at risk. These audits also allow for the development of remedial plans
aimed at mitigating environmental risks. Each company must define its audit
objectives and programs based on its own particular mandate, objectives, and
corporate culture. Given the scope of the environmental audit, careful
consideration should be given to the selection of audit team members. The
actual environmental audit report supplies management with information
concerning audit results and potential remedial measures.
ABI/INFORM
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How to protect yourself from your environment
Hutchison, Sue
National Wildlife, Aug-Sep 1990, V28, N5, P30(13)
Journal article
Toxic hazards are omnipresent in work and living environments, and have been
thoroughly documented in the past years. A review of such hazards addresses
sources of pollutants and risk assessment procedures, and includes home and
workplace pllutants, water pollutants, food contaminants, and air pollutants.
(33 DRAWINGS)
ENVIROLINE
Is risk assessment really too conservative?: Revising the revisionists.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)
Finkel, Adam M.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 427-467 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Major hazard information policy in the European Community: implications for
risk analysis.
Otway, Harry and Aniello Amendola.
Risk Analysis 9:505-12 Dec 89, chart
Outlines background, content, and implementation of the "Seveso Directive."
Response to industrial accidents, including risk communication and emergency
preparedness.
PAIS
Making "acceptable risk" acceptable. (Defining the Undefinable:
What Risks Are Acceptable?)
Preuss, Peter W.
Environmental Forum 5 n5 22(5) Nov-Dec, 1988
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Overview of the Risk Assessment Study of the Dickerson Site in Montgomery
County, Maryland.
Brower-R; Gerritsen-J; Zankel-K; Huggins-A; Peters-N
Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources, Annapolis. Power Plant and Environmental
Review Div.
Versar, Inc., Columbia, MD. Environmental Resources Management, Inc.,
Annapolis, MD. Stockholm Univ. (Sweden).
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 24, 1990
The report presents an overview of a comprehensive, multipathway health-based
risk assessment study performed for routine air emissions from three
combustion sources collocated at a rural site. The sources included a proposed
2,250 ton/day municipal waste resource recovery facility, an existing 558-MW
coal fired power plant and a proposed 750-MW oil/gas-fired combustion turbine
power plant. State-of-the-art risk assessment methods were developed to
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determine human exposure through inhalation of contaminated air (direct
emissions as well as resuspended contaminated soil) and ingestion of
contaminated crops, livestock, fish, water, and soil. Carcinogenic and
noncarcinogenic effects to a most exposed individual (MEI) and an average
exposed farmer, who both eat locally-derived food, were estimated. In addition
to the classical assessment, potential risks associated with toxics formation
from plume mixing as well as enhanced risk associated with carcinogenic
synergies between pollutants were addressed. Final rept. Prepared in
cooperation with Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Annapolis, MD., and
Stockholm Univ. (Sweden). Sponsored by Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources,
Annapolis. Power Plant and Environmental Review Div.
Public-health,-Site-surveys,-Toxicity,-Exposure,-Inhalation,-Ingestion-Biology
,-Combustion-products,-Food-chains,-Study-estimates,-Air-water-interactions,-W
ater-pollution,-Carcinogens,-Electric-power-plants; Risk-assessment;
Air-pollution-effects-Humans; Ecosystems,-Permits, Montgomery-County-Maryland
NTIS/PB90-272329, 64p. NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
NTIS
Preparation Aids for the Development of Category 1: Quality Assurance Project
Plans.
Simes, G. F.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering
Lab. Feb 1991, 75p.
PB91-148312 EPA/600/8-91/003
Data collection activities performed for the Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (RREL) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are divided into
four categories, depending on the intended use of the data. Quality Assurance
(QA) Project Plans are written to ensure that project needs will be met and
that quality control procedures are sufficient for obtaining data of known
quality. The level of QA required, however, depends on the project category
selected for a given project. Projects that are of sufficient scope and
substance that their results could be used directly, without additional
support, for compliance or other litigation are identified as Category I
projects. Such projects are of critical importance to the Agency goals and
must be able to withstand legal challenge. Accordingly, the QA requirements
will be the most rigorous and detailed in order to ensure that such goals are
met. To assist professional scientists and engineers in preparing QA Project
Plans, separate guidance manuals in an easy-to-read format have been developed
for each category. The Category I manual contains detailed descriptions of
each of the 15 required elements of a Category I QA Project Plan. Also
included are definitions and explanations of frequently used terms, examples
of QA forms and charts, sample equations and numerous types of tables
suggested for summarizing information.
NTIS
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Preparation Aids for the Development of Category 3: Quality Assurance Project
Plans.
Simes, G.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering
Lab. February 1991, 60p.
PB91-167569 EPA/600/8-91/005;
See also PB91-148312.
NTIS
Reducing uncertainty in risk assessment.
Kamrin MA
Center for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing
MI 48824.
Regul-Toxicol-Pharmacol; VOL 10, ISS 1, 1989, P82-91 (REF: 10) 1989
This article presents a summary of the proceedings of the Symposium and
Workshop on Reducing Uncertainty in Risk Assessment, held at Michigan State
University, on May 18-19, 1987. Participants addressed four topic areas:
safety factors in noncarcinogen risk assessment; relevance of biological data
in risk assessment; upper and lower bounds in carcinogenic risk assessment;
and exposure assessment. Consensus recommendations in these areas, resulting
from the deliberations of the workshop groups, are presented. In addition to
the specific recommendations, some general conclusions could be drawn. One was
that the increased understanding of underlying mechanisms of toxicity, gained
in the last decade, should be incorporated as much as possible into the risk
assessment process. A second conclusion was that more effort should be devoted
to increasing this understanding and developing the best methods for applying
this knowledge to risk assessment. Last, more effort should be made to improve
the communication of these assessments to the public and to policy makers so
that the best and most complete information is utilized in risk management
decisions.
TOXBIB
Reference Dose (RfD): Description and Use in Health Risk Assessments.
Barnes-DG; Dourson-M
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 19, 1989
For many years the concept of the 'acceptable daily intake' has served the
toxicological and regulatory fields quite well. However, as approaches to
assessing the health significance of exposures to noncarcinogenic substances
receive greater scrutiny, some difficulties with this traditional approach
have become more apparent. Consequently, the concept of the 'reference dose'
is introduced in order to avoid use of prejudicial terms (e.g., 'safety' and
'acceptable'), to promote greater consistency in the assessment of
noncarcinogenic chemicals, and to maintain the functional separation between
risk assessment and risk management. Journal article. Pub. in Regulatory
Toxicology and Pharmacology 8, p471-486 1988.
NTIS/PB89-202436, 18p. EPA/600/J-88/310
NTIS
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Risk analysis and risk management.
Lave LB
Carnegie Mellon University, Graduate School of Industrial Administration,
Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
Sci-Total-Environ; VOL 99 (3), 1990, 235-242
JOURNAL-ARTICLE
During the past several decades, the public has given increasing attention to
environmental problems and increased their demands that these problems be
solved. During this period, the difficulty and costs of solving the problems
have become apparent. Environmental abatement programs must be effective in
achieving the desired goals and efficient in achieving them at low cost. Risk
analysis is necessary to quantify the benefits of proposed solutions in order
to make them effective and efficient. The necessity for performing risk
assessment stems from a presidential executive order, from a Supreme Court
Decision, and from the public's demand for information about the extent of
possible danger from a hazard, rather than knowing simply that it is a hazard.
The science of risk analysis is an an early stage and so there are many
uncertainties concerning interpretation of the estimates. This approach has
sharpened the scientific questions and hastened improvements in scientific
understanding. Risk analysis is most helpful when the analysis reflects the
science, without intrusion of the risk assessor's values or attempts to force
a risk management outcome by skewing the risk analysis.
TOXBIB
Risk assessment and environmental policy
Wassersug, S.R.
WATER ENVIRON. TECHNOL VOL. 2, NO. 11, 1990 41-42
All nations grapple with environmental risks. Establishing ways to deal with
these risks is related to a society's reaction to real and perceived danger.
Environmental policies that have evolved in various European countries reflect
the differences in their perception of environmental risks. A comparative
study of environmental risk management in four major industrialized countries
of Western Europe and the U.S. generated some provocative questions: What
country has achieved the most effective results? Where can the most
desirable treatment methodologies have observed? Which methodologies have
proven to be the most cost-effective?
161395 91-02406 POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Risk analysis and global environmental issues
Coppock, R.
Natl. Acad. Sci./Natl. Res. Counc., Washington, DC
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 155th National
Meeting 8910024 San Francisco, CA (USA) 14-19 Jan 1989
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
AAAS, 1333 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 (USA)
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
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Risk Assessment Study of the Dickerson Site. Volume 1. Text.
Brower-R; Gerritsen-J; Zankel-K; Huggins-A; Peters-N
Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources, Annapolis. Power Plant and Environmental
Review Div.
Versar, Inc., Columbia, MD. Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Exton,
PA. Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Annapolis, MD. Stockholm Univ.
(Sweden).
Govt Reports Announcements ft Index (GRA&I), Issue 24, 1990
A comprehensive, multipathway health-based risk assessment study was performed
for routine air emissions from three combustion sources collocated at a rural
site. The sources included a proposed 2250 ton/day municipal waste resource
recovery facility, an existing 558 MW coal-fired power plant, and a proposed
750 MW oil/gas-fired combustion turbine power plant. State-of-the-art methods
were developed to determine human exposure through inhalation of contaminated
air (direct emissions as well as resuspended contaminated soil) and ingestion
of contaminated crops, livestock, fish, water, and soil. In addition to the
classical assessment, potential risks associated with toxics formation from
plume mixing as well as enhanced risk associated with carcinogenic synergies
between pollutants were addressed. There are currently insufficient data to
quantify risks associated with carcinogenic synergies. Sensitivity analyses
were conducted to evaluate the effect due to uncertainties in emissions,
toxicity, deposition, and bioaccumulation. Generally, these sensitivity
analyses suggest that actual exposure and risks are likely to be less than
those estimated in the study. See also Volume 2, PB90-272303. Prepared in
cooperation with Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Exton, PA.,
Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Annapolis, MD., and Stockholm Univ.
(Sweden). Sponsored by Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources, Annapolis. Power
Plant and Environmental Review Div.
NTIS/PB90-272295, Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99/MF E99,
PB90-272287., 223p. NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A02
NTIS
Risk Assessment Study of the Dickerson Site. Volume 2. Appendices A-J.
Brower-R; Gerritsen-J; Zankel-K; Huggins-A; Peters-N
Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources, Annapolis. Power Plant and Environmental
Review Div.
AVersar, Inc., Columbia, MD. Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Exton,
PA. Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Annapolis, MD. Stockholm Univ.
(Sweden).
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 24, 1990
The document contains the appendices A-J for the 3 volume series. Volume 2
covers: Nitroarenes; Food chain module; Plant and animal bioconcentration
factors and pollutant loss rates for terrestrial food chain model; Review and
comparison of currently recommended methods for computing dry deposition
velocity; Carcinogenic synergy; Inhalation risk computed by EPA's human
exposure model; Emissions calculations; Model receptors and terrain
exclusions; Deposition module; and The Oak Ridge National Laboratory food
chain model. See also Volume 1, PB90-272295 and Volume 3, PB90-272311.
Prepared in cooperation with Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Exton,
8
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PA., Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Annapolis, MD., and Stockholm
Univ. (Sweden). Sponsored by Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources, Annapolis.
Power Plant and Environmental Review Div.
NTIS/PB90-272303, Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99/MF E99,
PB90-272287. , 330p. NTIS Prices: PC A15/MF A02
NTIS
Risk Assessment Study of the Dickerson Site. Volume 3. Appendices K-N.
Brower-R; Gerritsen-J; Zankel-K; Huggins-A; Peters-N
Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources, Annapolis. Power Plant and Environmental
Review Div. Versar, Inc., Columbia, MD. Environmental Resources Management,
Inc., Exton, PA. Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Annapolis, MD.
Stockholm Univ. (Sweden).
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 24, 1990
The document contains the appendices K-N for the 3 volume series. Volume 3
covers: Toxicological profiles; Detailed results of exposure assessment and
risk characterization; Systems Applications, Inc. (SAI) discussion on wet
deposition; and Reviewers' comments and responses. See also Volume 2,
PB90-272303. Prepared in cooperation with Environmental Resources Management,
Inc., Exton, PA., Environmental Resources Management, Inc., Annapolis, MD.,
and Stockholm Univ. (Sweden). Sponsored by Maryland Dept. of Natural
Resources, Annapolis. Power Plant and Environmental Review Div.
NTIS/PB90-272311, Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99/MF E99,
PB90-272287. , 349p. NTIS Prices: PC A15/MF A02
NTIS
Research Priorities in Environmental Risk Assessment. Workshop on Research
Needs in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Held in Breckenridge, Colorado
on August 16-21, 1987.
Dickson-K
North Texas State Univ., Denton. Inst. of Applied Sciences.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 24, 1989
The environmental issues facing society are the most critical in our nation's
history. Difficult decisions must be made about potentially expensive
solutions to environmental problems. Environmental risk assessment will
provide the information necessary to ensure that best decisions are made.
Environmental risk assessment is the most efficient, technically sound, and
cost-effective approach to providing the information required to make these
decisions. However, research is urgently needed to enhance the use of
environmental risk assessment. The formal scientific techniques used in risk
assessment take into account the uncertainty associated with knowledge about
effect on the environment and estimate the probability of an identified risk
being realized in the environment as a result of a contemplated action. The
charge given to workshop participants was to identify technical research needs
that would best improve the use and understanding of environmental risk
assessment. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). Final
rept. 15 Jun 87-30 Jun 88.
NTIS/AD-A211 296/9, 116p. Grant DAMD17-87-G-7028
NTIS
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Risk assessment and regulatory priorities. (Symposium: Risk Assessment
in Environmental Law)
Lave, Lester B.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 307-314 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Risk assessment in environmental agencies
Berkowitz, J.H.
Div. Environ. Qual., New Jersey Dep. Environ. Prot., Trenton, NJ
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 155th National
Meeting 8910024 San Francisco, CA (USA) 14-19 Jan 1989
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
AAAS, 1333 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 (USA)
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Scientific trends in risk assessment research.
Anderson-EL
Toxicol-Ind-Health; VOL 5 (5), 1989, 777-790 (REF: 29)
REVIEW; REVIEW,-TUTORIAL
The use of risk assessment approaches to evaluate the effects of toxic
chemicals had its primary origin in 1976 when the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) adopted the first federal guidelines to commit a major
regulatory agency to risk assessment approaches for the evaluation of suspect
carcinogens. The accompanying policy statement also adopted a risk management
policy, which acknowledged that the agency would accept risk in making public
health policy decisions; in essence, this represented a primary departure from
the zero-risk goal that had dominated the first half of the environmental
movement of the 70s. The approach adopted in 1976 was based on the experience
of risk assessment approaches used for assessing low-dose-radiation effects on
human health. To be certain that no public health risk be underestimated,
particularly in light of the prior zero-risk goal, the practice of risk
assessment for the first decade relied heavily on extremely protective
assumptions in all aspects of the assessment process. This paper will discuss
the recent trends in weight-of-evidence characterization, dose-response
modeling, and exposure assessment and will compare the outcomes of these
refined assessments to those evaluations that have relied on the earlier,
conservative approaches. In essence, if the practices of the first decade for
establishing plausible upper bounds on the risk were accurate, improved
scientific data by and large should be expected to lower the overall
theoretical risk. Indeed, this is the case when recent risk assessment
research is applied but there are examples to the contrary. This paper
represents a survey of recent trends and applications.
TOXBIB
10
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Summary and Perspectives: Panel Discussion on Toxicology and Exposure
Assessment. State of the Art.
Fowle-JR
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 19, 1990
Exposure evaluation is an integral component of the risk assessment process
linking chemical contact to toxicologic manifestation or disease outcome. When
exposure data are used to make decisions in the absence of corroborating data
or disease outcome, human risk assessments rely on conservative assumptions
that may overestimate true risk. A major theme of the symposium was that
conservative assumptions in risk assessment could be replaced and
uncertainties reduced as data on exposure assessment are coupled with health
effect outcomes. Other important themes that emerged from the symposium are
that social issues are as important as scientific issues in conducting
effective exposure assessments, and that decisions will be made regardless of
data availability or quality. Journal article. Pub. in Jnl. of the American
College of Toxicology, v8 n5 Sep 89.
NTIS/PB90-246026, 6p.
NTIS
Technical Support Document on Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures.
Anon
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office.
Syracuse Research Corp., NY. Cincinnati Univ., OH. Dept. of Environmental
Health.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 01, 1991
The document was recommended by the U.S. EPA's Science Advisory Board as a
means of providing the broad technical background for the principles and
procedures described in the 'Guidelines for Health Risk Assessment of Chemical
Mixtures'. Unique sections include an overview of available toxicity data on
complex mixtures and binary exposures, an estimate of the maximum synergistic
effect observed for environmental chemicals, an evaluation of quantitative
methods (statistics and models) that have been used in characterizing
interaction data base, and recommendations for Guidelines revisions and future
research relevant to risk assessment. The two most significant conclusions in
the document are (1) that the available literature is extremely poor for use
in quantifying the extent of synergism expected from environmental exposures,
and (2) that validation of in vitro and short-term in vivo studies seems to be
the most promising approach for assessment of complex mixtures.
Hazardous-materials; Chemical- compounds; Toxicology, Mixtures,
Quantitative-analysis,- Measurement; Risk-assessment; Environmental- exposure;
Health-hazards; Chemical-mixtures,-Pharmacokinetics,-Synergism
NTIS/PB91-103556, 186p. NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A09
Contract EPA-68-C8-0004
NTIS
11
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The big cleanup gets it wrong: the emerging science of risk assessment
says that the U.S. is spending way too much on minor threats, like
asbestos, and not enough on major pollutants, like radon.
Main, Jeremy.
Fortune 123:95-6+ Mr 20 '91, il table chart
Questions the validity of assessing the effect of massive doses of a
pollutant in the workplace or the lab as a means to determine effects
of the same pollutant among the populace at large; US.
PAIS
The evolution of chronic hazard evaluation
Robinson-T; Yodaiken-R
Journal of Hazardous Materials, May 1989, Vol.21, No.3, 201-214.
Illas,. 36 ref.
Journal Article
The history of modern epidemiology is briefly reviewed from the early
observational studies to the nested case control technique. The lessons
learned from the investigation of nickel, benzene, chromates, smoking and many
other hazards which were too long ignored must be applied, otherwise the
tragedies of the past will recur. To accomplish the preventive goals inherent
in occupational medicine, cooperation between industry, government, physicians
and scientists is necessary. Toxicological, epidemiological and medical
research must continue to improve our understanding of environmental hazards.
New chemicals or new uses of old agents should be assumed to be potentially
hazardous and worker exposure kept to a minimum until the long risk assessment
process indicates otherwise.
CIS
The hazards of risk assessment. (Symposium: Risk Assessment in
Environmental Law)
Commoner, Barry
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 365-378 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency processes for consensus building for
hazard identification
Schoeny RS
EPA, Cincinnati OH
ACS Pesticide Residues & Food Safety: A Harvest of Viewpoints Conference,
Point Clear, AL, January 21-25, 1990, P214(7)
Conference Paper
The EPA increasingly relies on risk assessment to form regulations. Risk
assessment involves hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure
assessment and risk characterization. The scientific integrity of risk
assessment methods is crucial. The EPA's risk assessment forum and scientific
review groups promote consensus on methodologies. The guidelines and databases
for risk assessment information exchange are discussed. Two review groups,
carcinogen risk assessment verification endeavour and reference dose work
groups, are discussed. The EPA is dedicated to providing consensus reaching
tools to ensure the public benefits from regulations based on quality risk
assessments. (1 REFERENCE)
ENVIROLINE
Valuing environmental health effects
Cropper, M.L.; Freeman, A.M.,Ill
RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, WASHINGTON, DC (USA), 1990
This paper provides a survey of techniques for estimating the value of
improved human health associated with the control of environmental
pollutants. Topics covered include defining and measuring changes in health
status, the willingness to pay for reduced risk of death, and the value of
reduced morbidity and risk of chronic disease. Also included are reviews of
the results of empirical studies of the value of reduced mortality and
morbidity.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Workshop on indoor air quality.
Risk Analysis 10:15-91 Mr '90, tables charts
Workshop Paper
Eight papers presented at a workshop organized jointly by the Energy and
Environmental Policy Center and the School of Public Health, Harvard
University, Dec. 6-8, 1988. Associated health risk concerns; assessment of
exposure to tobacco smoke, formaldehyde, radon, organic compounds,
biologicals, man-made mineral fibers, and nitrogen dioxide.
PAIS
13
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ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES
A survey and analysis of states' methodologies for deriving drinking water
guidelines for chemical contaminants.
Paull JM; Joellenbeck LM; Cochran RC; Sidhu KS
Federal-State Toxicology and Regulatory Alliance Committee,
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment Division, Baltimore, MD 21224.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol VOL 13 (1), 1991, 18-35
Journal article
ISSN: 0273-2300
Data from a national survey questionnaire regarding the development of
guidelines for chemical contaminants in drinking water were collected from all
50 states. Twenty-three states develop at least some of their own guidelines;
the other 27 states rely on guidelines previously developed by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or by other states. States which
derive guidelines generally employ toxicological criteria and risk assessment
methodologies developed by the USEPA. Fourteen of the twenty-three states that
develop their own guidelines depend on cancer potency factors derived by the
USEPA to establish risk-based concentrations for carcinogens. Most of the
states develop guidelines based on preventing possible excess cancer risk
greater than one in one million. Seventeen of these twenty-three states rely
on oral reference doses (RfDs) to derive guidelines for nonearcinogens.
Examination and clarification of the states' approaches to guideline
derivation reveal that although similar risk assessment techniques are
generally employed, differences in assumptions, chemical classifications, and
uncertainty factors may lead to variation in resultant guidance levels.
Improved communication and coordination between states and the federal
government may help reduce the variations and inconsistencies among the states
in establishing drinking water guidelines for chemical contaminants.
TOXBIB
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Series. Superfund Air Pathway
Analyses Review Criteria Checklists.
Letkeman-JE
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards.
Radian Corp., Austin, TX.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 11, 1990
The EPA has responsibility for assessment and cleanup of superfund sites.
Because air emissions pose a potential human health risk at these sites, the
EPA has developed a set of procedures for evaluating these risks. The four
checklists presented provide a systematic approach for air reviewers to apply
the air pathway assessment procedures. The background, purpose, and
application of the checklists are discussed. Final rept.
See also PB90-113374, PB89-180053, PB89-180061 and PB90-113382.
NTIS/PB90-182544, 63p. NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
DCN-90-203-080-61-02, Contract 68-02-4392
NTIS
14
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Continuous Release-Emergency Response Notification System and Priority
Assessment Model: Model Documentation.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response.
Report, 13 Feb 1991, 75p.
PB91-168468
EPA/540/G-91/004; OSWER DIRECTIVE-9360.7-03;
See also PB91-168450 and PB90-249715.
The purpose of the model documentation is to provide a detailed description of
the modeling and risk analysis procedures used in CR-ERNS/PAM to assist OSCs
and other Superfund decision-makers in interpreting the system results. PAM is
a screening-level model; to properly interpret PAM's outputs, the user must
understand the limitations and uncertainties in the equations and data used to
generate these results. Chapter 2 presents the system's fate and transport
models and describes the assumptions associated with these equations. Chapter
3 describes PAM's auxiliary data bases and provides the source(s) of each
parameter and the methods by which values were selected. Chapter 4 explains
the methods and exposure assumptions used to estimate exposures to hazardous
substances and to evaluate the risks and hazards associated with these
exposures. Chapter 5 presents examples of reports generated by PAM and
explains the meaning of the 'flags' assigned to hazardous substances, media,
and facilities. Appendix A contains versions of the fate and transport
equations used for radionuclides. Appendix B contains copies of PAM's reports.
NTIS
EMS Response at a Hazardous Material Incident: Some Basic Guidelines
Plante-DM; Walker-JS
Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 7, No. 1, pages 55-64, 64 references, 1989
Journal Article
A discussion was presented of the response of emergency medical services to
hazardous materials incidents, and basic guidelines were described. Hazardous
materials could be divided into three levels of risk: easily handled by
initial response crews; need for outside help and specialized regional
response team; true disaster that may require several days to resolve and that
cannot be handled by local government. There were five components to disaster
planning: event forecasting using technology; risk reduction using
engineering; public education on potential hazards; coordinated emergency
response; and systematic assessment of effects for future preparation.
Activation, implementation, and recovery comprised the sequence of events in a
disaster. Communication was a priority on the scene and between the scene and
health care facilities. A press officer was recommended for dealing with
media in order to avoid disruption and for proper communication. Plans for
immediate or potential evacuation were important. Regulations regarding
substance identification were discussed. Equipment for hazardous material
incident management was identified. Methods of decontamination were
described. The authors conclude that prior examination of problems and
development of protocols for disaster management are important for effective
response, and emergency physicians should play a leading role in this.
NIOSH
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Guidance for Data Useability in Risk Assessment. Interim Report.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response. October 1990, 272p.
PB91-921208 EPA/540/G-90/008;
NTIS Categry Codes 68C; 68G; 70F; 88A
The Environmental Protection Agency has established a Data Useability
Workgroup to develop national guidance for minimum data quality
requirements to increase the useability of environmental analytical
data in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites under the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 as amended
in the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA). The
guidance manual prvides direction for planning and assessing analytical
data collection activities for the baseline human health risk assessment,
conducted as part of the remedial investigation (RI) process. The guidance
does not address the use of environmental data for purposes other than
baseline risk asssessment for human health.
NTIS
Guidance document for prepermit bioassay testing of low-level radioactive
waste.
Anderson, S. L. ; Harrison, F. L.
Lawrence Livermore National Lab.(CA), Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
November 1990.
Report, 60p.
Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
DE91002995
UCRL-ID-105266; EPA-520/1-90-012; W-7405-ENG-48
In response to the mandate of Public Law 92-532, the Marine Protection,
Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) of 1972, as amended, the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a program to promulgate
regulations and criteria to control the ocean disposal of radioactive wastes.
This technical guidance report represents prepermit bioassay procedures that
potentially may be applicable to the assessment of effects from a mixture of
radionuclides that could be released from a point source at the ocean bottom.
Methodologies along with rationale and a discussion of uncertainty are
presented for the sediment benthic bioassay protocols identified in this
report.
NTIS
16
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Interim Methods for Development of Inhalation Reference Doses.
Jarabek-AM; Blackburn-K; Dourson-M; Erdreich-L; Overton-J
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 07, 1990
The document describes methodology for the derivation of Inhalation Reference
Doses (RfDis). An RfDi is defined as an estimate (with uncertainty spanning
perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous lifetime inhalation exposure to
the human population (including sensitive subpopulations) that is likely to be
without appreciable risk of adverse noncancer health effects. A detailed
discussion of factors that determine inhaled dose, including respiratory
anatomy and physiology and the physiochemical properties of the inhaled
pollutants, is provided. Discussions of these area included currently
available information on interspecies variability. Issues related to the
evaluation of study design and the generation and characterization of
inhalation exposures are also discussed.
NTIS/PB90-145723, 216p. EPA/600/8-88/066F, ECAO-R-0204
NTIS
Overview of U.S. EPA's Proposed Guidelines on Exposure-Related Measurements.
Callahan-M; Segna-J; Wood-W
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 22, 1990
The Guidelines for Estimating Exposure provided the general principles and a
logical process to follow in evaluating exposure for risk assessment purposes.
These proposed guidelines significantly expanded the concept of exposure
assessment related to the 1986 guidelines. As part of the proposed guidelines,
three general approaches to exposure assessment are discussed, namely
predictive, reconstructive, and direct exposure assessments. Within these
three approaches, the guidelines discuss the purpose of making exposure -
related measurements, as well as using measurements in exposure assessments.
In addition, the guidelines also propose a glossary of terms which describes
or defines commonly used terms in exposure assessments. Final rept.
NTIS/PB90-263138, lOp. OHEA-E-316, EPA/600/D-90/149
NTIS
17
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Risk analysis: a guide to principles and methods for analyzing health and
environmental risks.
Cohrssen, John J. and Vincent T. Covello.
United States. Council on Environmental Quality.
1989, xi+407p, bibl tables diag charts indexes
GPO Catalog No. PrEx 14.8:R 49;
ORDER INFO: NTIS PB 89-137772 (ISBN 0-934213-20-8) pa $17.50 plus $3
postage and handling
LANGUAGE: Engl
Monograph
Partial contents: Hazard identification; Risk assessment; Risk communication.
PAIS
Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume 1. Human Health Evaluation
Manual. Part A.
Means-B
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 09, 1990
NTIS/PB90-155581, 290p. NTIS Prices: PC A13/MF A02
The document is part of a two-manual set entitled 'Risk Assessment Guidance
for Superfund.1 One manual, the 'Environmental Evaluation Manual,' provides
guidance for ecological assessment at Superfund sites; the other, the 'Human
Health Evaluation Manual,' provides guidance for health risk assessment of
these sites. The 'Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund1 manuals were
developed to be used during the Removal and Remedial Investigation/Feasibility
Study (RI/FS) processes at Superfund sites. The analytical framework and
specific methods described in the manuals, however, may also be applicable to
evaluations of hazardous wastes and hazardous materials for other purposes.
The two manuals in the set have somewhat different target audiences. The
'Environmental Evaluation Manual' primarily addresses Remedial Project
Managers (RPMs and On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs)), who are responsible for
ensuring a thorough evaluation of potential environmental effects at sites.
The 'Human Health Evaluation Manual' provides for the risk assessor - Updated
procedures and policies, specific equations and variable values for estimating
exposure, and a hierarchy of toxicity data sources. Interim rept. (Final).
See also Volume 2, PB90-155599.
Toxicology,-Public-health,-Regulations,-Quantitative-analysis,-Manuals,-Exposu
re,-Pollution,-Irradiation,-Guidelines; Risk-assessment;
Superfund-program,-Radiation-induced-neoplasms,-Environmental-e
EPA/540/1-89/002
NTIS
18
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Supplemental Risk Assessment Guidance for the Superfund Program. Part 1.
Guidance for Public Health Risk Assessments. Part 2. Guidance for Ecological
Risk Assessments.
Anon
Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA. Region I.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 23, 1989
The guidance manual was developed to address the practical aspects and issues
pertaining to the Superfund risk assessment process for both public health and
environment concerns. Part 1, Guidance for Public Health Risk Assessments,
supplements the Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual and Superfund
Exposure Assessment Manual and the Endangerment Assessment Handbook. Explicit
guidance on technical matters which should be followed in developing public
health risk assessments for EPA Region 1. The guidance addresses hazard
identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, risk
characterization and uncertainty/limitations. Part 2 of the manual, Guidance
for Ecological Risk Assessments, addresses the collection of site-specific
data needed to support an ecological risk assessment, describes a framework
for conducting the assessments, and provides several specific approaches for
assessing risks to systems exposed to chemical contamination in different
media. Draft rept. (Final). Portions of this document are not fully legible.
NTIS/PB89-220974, 114p. NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
EPA/901/5-89/001
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS/NTIS
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment guidelines.
Jarabek-AM; Farland-WH
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Health, Environmental
Assessment Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Toxicol-Ind-Health; VOL 6, ISS 5, 1990, P199-216 (REF: 14)
Guideline; Journal-article; review; review,-tutorial
In 1983, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (U.S. NAS) proposed a framework
for the processes of risk assessment and risk management in government
agencies (U.S. NAS, 1983). Using the U.S. NAS scheme as an organizing
principle, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) published
guidelines pertaining to risk assessment in five areas: estimating exposures,
chemical mixtures, mutagenicity, suspect developmental toxicity and
carcinogenicity. These guidelines were developed to promote high technical
quality and consistent practice of risk assessment Agencywide. This paper will
discuss the historical development of the guidelines and their role in the
work performed by the Agency. Each of the five (5) guidelines is outlined and
anticipated revisions discussed. Related assessment activities and new subject
areas are also presented.
TOXBIB
19
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Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Risk Screening Guide (Version 1.0). Volume 1.
The Process. Volume 2. Appendices.
Klauder-D; Saunders-L
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Toxic Substances.
Eastern Research Group, Inc., Arlington, MA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 05, 1990
The guide describes some of the challenges raised by the Toxic Release
Inventory (TRI) data and to suggest ways of approaching them. The guide
suggests steps that can be taken to answer two key issues of concern: setting
risk-based priorities for followup investigation of the TRI facilities and
chemicals within geographic area of interest, and identifying data needs and
approaches for collecting information necessary to respond to health and
ecological questions from the public. The guide is directed at those
individuals who are involved in interpreting and explaining environmental
pollution, exposures, and health risks to the general public, especially at
the local or sub-State level. Many users of the guide will already be
well-versed in evaluating risk and/or in helping members of the public
understand and deal with toxic chemicals, but Title 111 - particularly, the
Section 313 release data - presents new challenges for everyone. Final rept.
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Toxic
Substances.
Guidelines-; Environmental- surveys; Industrial-wastes; Chemical-compounds;
Hazardous-materials,-Sources,-State-government,-Local-government,-Potable-wate
r,-Community-development,-Waste-disposal,-Information-systems,-Exposure,-Publi
c-health,-Toxicology; Toxic - substances; Risk-assessment;
Toxic -Chemical-Release -Inventory,- Superfund-Amendments -and-Reau
NTIS/PB90-122128, 355p. NTIS Prices: PC A16/MF A02
Contract EPA-68-C8-0033
PB90-122128
NTIS
United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response Environmental Response Teams's generic site health and
safety plan
Campagna Philip R. (US EPA, Edison NJ), Santoro Vickie L, et al.
Env Canada 7th Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills, Edmonton, AB, June
4-5, 1990, p97(5). Conference paper
OSHA promulgated the Hazardous Waste Worker Protection standards in 1990,
regulating the safety and health of employees involved in cleanup operations
at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites and in any emergency response to
incidents involving hazardous substances. The standards require that a site
safety and health plan be developed prior to the commencement of site
activities. The personal computer program developed by the EPA's Environmental
Response Team to generate a generic site health and safety plan that complies
with the standards is described. The generic health and safety plan is
currently being introduced to all EPA regions and will soon be available to
the public.
ENVIROLINE
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WHO drinking water quality guidelines for selected herbicides.
Kello-D
Toxicology and Food Safety, Environment and Health Service, World Health
Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Food-Addit-Contam; VOL 6 Suppl 1, 1989, PS79-85
Language: ENGLISH
Abstract: Following the successful introduction of its Guidelines for
Drinking-Water Quality in 1984, the WHO Regional Office for Europe was
approached by the Government of Italy to develop, as a matter of urgency,
recommendations for guidelines levels of certain herbicides found in drinking
water supplies. Realizing the extent of the problem, the Regional Office for
Europe organized two consultations to develop drinking water quality
guidelines for the following 11 herbicides most commonly used in Italy:
alachlor, metolachlor, pyridate, atrazine, molinate, simazine, bentazon,
pendimethalin, trifluralin, MCPA and propanil. The presence of these and other
herbicides in ground and surface water has been reported in several countries.
Although the main purpose of these guidelines is to provide guidance to the
Government of Italy in making risk management decisions, the information given
was also intended to assist the other countries of the European Region in
setting standards or in developing alternative control procedures where the
implementation of standards is not feasible. The purpose of this paper is to
review the process of health risk assessment used in the development of the
WHO drinking water quality guidelines for selected herbicides. It will also
reveal the major dilemmas and concerns expressed by the participating experts
during the process of scientific deliberations, in the interests of
understanding the complex issues involved in reaching the bare figures of the
recommended guidelines.
TOXBIB
21
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METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK
A probabilistic approach for the groundwater vulnerability to contamination
by pesticides: the VULPEST model
Villenueve, Jean-Pierre; Banton, Olivier; LaFrance, Pierre
Univ du Quebec, Ste-Foy, Canada
Ecological Modelling, MAY 90, V51, Nl-2, P47(12)
A probabilistic statement of the structure-activity relationship for
environmental risk analysis
Shirazi, Mostafa (EPA, Corvallis, OR) and Lowrie, LeVaughn (NSI
Technology Services, Corvallis, OR)
Archives Env Contain & Tox, Jul-Aug 1990, V19, N4, P597(6)
Research article
A general mathematical model of the response surface is used to define a mode
of an organism's biological response to a chemical. The model describes the
combined effects od dose-level exposure and time-duration response using 570
96-hour toxicity tests with fathead minnows. The response surface along the
dose and the axes for each chemical in these tests was defined by two scale
and two form factors, one each for dose and for time. Only the scale factor
for the dose is correlated with the logarithm of the octanol water partition
coefficient and molecular weight. Narcosis-producing chemicals can be
distinguished from other classes of chemicals by the dominance of the response
strategy with respect to the dose over time exposures. (2 GRAPHS, 7
REFERENCES, 3 TABLES)
ENVIROLINE
An ecological risk assessment framework for examining the impacts of
oceanic disposal
Munns, W.R.Jr.; Walker, H.A.; Paul, J.F.
Science Applications International Corp., S. Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI
02882, USA
Oceans '89 Seattle, WA (USA) 18-21 Sep 1989
OCEANS '89: The Global Ocean. Volume 2: Ocean Pollution pp. 664-669, 1989
MTS/IEEE, New York, NY (USA)
A risk assessment framework which utilizes population modeling techniques
and the concept of quasiextinction to investigate disposal impacts has been
developed to provide ecologically relevant information to the environmental
manager. An example application has been constructed which draws upon
previous modeling exercises to describe the whole-waste exposure field
resulting from disposal of sewage sludge at the 106-Mile Deepwater
Municipal Sludge Dump Site located off the Northeast U.S. coast. The
resulting impacts on the geometric rate of population increase, as
determined through use of an age-classified population projection matrix
model, were translated into estimates of the probability of quasiextinction
for various levels of environmental stochasticity. In addition to
illustrating the application of population modeling techniques in risk
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assessments of offshore disposal, this exercise underscores the need for
further study of offshore species' sensitivities and life history
characteristics, and environmental exposure conditions, so that such
assessments can be carried out in a more realistic fashion.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Biological safety factors in toxicological risk assessment.
McColl-RS
Environmental Health Directorate, Ottawa (Ontario). Health and Welfare Canada,
Ottawa (Ontario).
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 06, 1991
Traditional approaches to toxicity testing for environmental hazards have
focused primarily on the determination of 'safe1 levels of exposure to toxic
agents, equated with the absence of toxic effects to the exposed human
population. This report gives the background to the development of this
approach, describes the concept of an acceptable daily intake and the safety
factors involved, presents alternative approaches to safety factor methods,
and describes safety factor approaches to carcinogens and teratogens. Text in
English and French (Bilingual). French ed. on the same fiche.
Environmental-health; Toxicity-testing; Foreign-technology; Risk-assessment
NTIS/MIC-90-06409, 91p. NTIS Prices: PC E07/MF E01
SSC-H49-49/1990E, ISBN-0-662-17638-3
NTIS
Bronchial Deposition of Inhaled Particles: Dosimetry Implications for Radon
Progeny.
Hofmann-W; Martonen-TB
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC. Toxicology Branch.
Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC. Center for Extrapolation Modelling.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 18, 1990
Radon progeny attached to environmental aerosols have characteristic activity
median diameters between 0.1 and 0.3 micrometer. A comparison of experimental
and theoretical particle deposition patterns in human lungs has revealed
certain systematic inconsistencies among measured and predicted distributions
within this range of particle sizes. It is the objective of the focused note
to address the potential significance of the apparent discrepancies and
comment how current lung dosimetry and risk estimates for inhaled radon
progeny would be affected. Journal article. Pub. in Radiation Protection
Dosimetry, v!6 p261~265 Dec 88. Prepared in cooperation with Duke Univ.
Medical Center, Durham, NC. Center for Extrapolation Modelling.
Aerosols-; Radon-; Dosimetry, Deposition, Particle-size,
Radioactive-materials,-Experimental-design,-Mathematical-models,-Bronchi,-Lung
,-Respiratory-system,-Reprints; Air-pollution-effects-Humans; Risk-assessment
NTIS/PB90-232257, 8p. NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
EPA/600/J-88/521
NTIS
23
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Can Problems Shape Priorities? The Case of Risk-Based Environmental
Planning
Fiorino, Daniel J.
Public Administration Review vSOnl PP: 82-90 Jan/Feb 1990
DOC TYPE: Journal article LANGUAGE: English LENGTH: 9 Pages
Evaluation of the relative health and ecological risks of environmental
problems can provide a conceptual basis for planning and priority
setting. Risk-based planning can shape environmental priorities in 4 ways: 1.
by informing an agency's exercise of discretion at the margins of choice, 2.
by focusing program strategies, 3. by defining a basis for improved public
participation, and 4. by informing the process for setting the broader
environmental policy agenda. One example is the US Environmental Protection
Agency's comparative risk projects, presented as a risk-based planning
process. This started as a national process that defined an approach,
assembled data, identified methodological and data gaps and needs, and
achieved a consensus on health, ecological, and welfare effects.
ABI/INFORM
Concepts for environmental hazard assessment
Poremski, H.-J.
SETAC '90 - Global Environmental Issues: Challenge for the 90s 9045011
Arlington, VA (USA) 11-15 Nov 1990
Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
SETAC, 1101 14th Street, NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
Telephone: (202) 371-1275., Paper No. 452
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Continuous Release-Emergency Response Notification System and Priority
Assessment Model: User's Manual for EPA Regions.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response.
Report, October 1990, 88p.
PB91-168450
EPA/540/G-91/001; OSWER DIRECTIVE-9360.7-05;
See also PB90-249715 and PB91-168468.
The user's manual provides EPA Regional personnel with information and
detailed instructions on how to use the Continuous Release-Emergency Response
Notification System (CR-ERNS) and Priority Assessment Model (PAM), an
integrated database management system and screening-level risk assessment
model.
NTIS
24
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Data base selection in toxicological risk assessment and management
Kamrin-MA
Center for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing
MI 48824-1206.
Regul-Toxicol-Pharmacol; VOL 11, ISS 3, 1990, P308-13
Journal Article
In recent years, there has been increasing awareness of the differences in
maximum allowable levels developed by the various federal regulatory agencies.
It has generally been presumed that the variation in levels arises from
differences in risk management decisions, i.e., how the data are used. This
study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that differences in choice of data
to utilize also have a significant impact on interagency variation. To test
this hypothesis, a comparison was made between the data bases used by the EPA
Office of Drinking Water and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
in setting maximum levels for pesticides in drinking water and workplace air,
respectively. The results show that the same data are only infrequently used
as bases for both types of regulatory levels. The study also indicates that
the differences in data selection cannot be ascribed to factors related to the
applicability of different data for the two types of exposures--drinking water
and workplace air. There are essentially no differences in the data with
respect to route of exposure, species (laboratory animals vs humans), or
length of exposure. No obvious scientific basis for the differences was found.
Other possible selection factors are discussed.
TOXBIB
Description of Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory: Test and Evaluation
Facilities.
Anon
U.S. EPA, Cincinnati OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 11, 1990
The brochure is an overview of the test and evaluation facilities of the
Cincinnati based Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL), Office of
Research and Development, U.S. EPA. While these facilities and capabilities
vary greatly as to function and scope they have in common their abilities to
serve the scientific and engineering needs of RREL client offices, both within
EPA, and for other Federal, State and local organizations, and industry.
Detailed information regarding permitted wastes and unit processes, for each
facility location, is included. The facilities described are: Cincinnati (Ohio
area) -- (test and evaluation facility, center hill facility, full containment
facility, drinking water pilot plant (fixed and mobile), mobile wastewater
treatment units, and mobile dehalogenation treatment units); Jefferson
(Arkansas) -- (combustion research facility); Edison (New Jersey) -- Synthetic
Soils Matrix (SSM) blending facility, underground storage tank test apparatus,
environmental technology and engineering (E-TEC) facility. RREL facilities are
available to industry, academia, and other governmental agencies to pursue
cooperative treatability studies or process control, and equipment research
and development activities under the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation
Act as amended by the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986.
NTIS/PB90-182486, 20p. EPA/600/M-89/002
NTIS
25
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Development of Risk Assessment Methodology for Surface Disposal of Municipal
Sludge.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office. ;Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, MA. ;Cincinnati Univ.,
OH. Dept. of Civil Engineering. ;GeoTrans, Inc., Herndon, VA. ;Dynamac Corp.,
Rockville, MD. Aug 1990. 255p.
PB90-261561 EPA/600/6-90/001
See also PB90-135740.
This is one of a series of reports that present methodologies for assessing
the potential risks to humans or other organisms from the disposal or reuse of
municipal sludge. The sludge management practices addressed by the series
include land application practices, distribution and marketing programs,
landfilling, surface disposal, incineration and ocean disposal. In particular,
these reports provide methods for evaluating potential health and
environmental risks from toxic chemicals that may be present in sludge.
NTIS
Environmental and human health risk assessment methodology for evaluation
of environmental contamination
Sullivan, M.J.
Envirologic Data Inc.
1990 Society of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference &
Exhibition 9030030 New Orleans, LA (USA) 23-26 Sep 1990
Society of Petroleum Engineers
SPE, P.O. Box 883836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, USA. Telephone: (214)
669-3377. Fax: (214) 669-0135. Telex: 730989 SPEDAL., Paper No. 20617
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Evaluating comparative potencies: developing approaches to risk assessment of
chemical mixtures.
Schoeny-RS; Margosches-E
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Toxicol-Ind-Health; VOL 5, ISS 5, 1989, P825-37 (REF: 16)
Review-Tutorial
The U.S. EPA must provide guidance as to health risk assessment of mixtures
from a variety of sources such as wastewaters, hazardous waste sites and air
particulates. One approach to risk assessment of mixtures is to add up risk
assessments for individual components identified as part of the mixture, after
considering the potential for interaction among those components. This
provides an index of hazard potential but not a quantitative estimate. When
data on mixture components are incomplete, but these components are isomers or
congeners of a well-studied chemical, another technique--use of toxic
equivalency factors--can be applied. This approach has been proposed for
estimating risk associated with chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. A third
approach, that of relative or comparative potency, is based on the assumption
that for similar but not necessarily definable complex mixtures, a measure of
26
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relative potency based on data from in vitro tests can be correlated in a
constant fashion with relative potency from an in vivo bioassay. The degree of
confidence in the appropriateness of a relative potency method rests upon the
way potency is measured and the validity of underlying assumptions (the degree
to which these assumptions can be tested). One class of assumptions involves
choice of the model or procedure for deriving the quantitative risk estimates.
A second set of assumptions deals with mechanism of action, and whether such
considerations add bias or, in fact, refine the relative potency judgment.
This paper presents examples of proposed uses of relative potency in risk
assessment and outlines some areas for further study.
TOXBIB
Experimental procedures for environmental hazard assessment based on the
effect data incorporate tests for acute toxicity.
Presented at: World Conference on Hazardous Waste, Budapest (Hungary),
25-31 Oct 1987
Szigeti, M.
Inst. Environ. Prot., 1113 Budapest, Aga u. 4, Hungary
Published by: ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY, NEW YORK, NY (USA), 1988, pp.
795-803 1988 In Hazardous waste: detection, control, treatment. Part A.,
Abbou, R. (ed.)
Book-chapter article
An attempt will be made to summarize briefly the experimental procedures
used at the Hungarian Institute for Environmental Protection for an initial
hazard assessment. Methodological aspects of biological testing procedures
are briefly reviewed.
LIFE SCIENCES
Expert System Based Risk Assessment for Ground Water Protection.
Parsons-JR
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Cooperative
Environmental Management.
Nebraska Univ.-Lincoln.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 24, 1989
Ground water is affected by virtually every action of society, from
agriculture to residential activities. Even though contamination prevention is
a complex task, it is less difficult and expensive, and generally requires
less time, than cleanup of contaminated aquifers. Thus, prevention is the key
to maintaining the integrity of the nation's ground water. A comprehensive
prevention program involves several tasks (aquifer vulnerability assessment,
hazard identification, risk assessment, risk management, and management option
selection) each of which is usually assigned to an expert. Rural
communities--where much of the ground water contamination occurs--are
typically unable to access or afford experts. The study formulates an expert
system based risk assessment, suitable for small communities to use to
evaluate and manage their ground water contamination problems. An expert
system is useful in solving complex problems usually reserved for experts.
Because of the extensive time involved in the development of a viable expert
27
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system, the scope of the study is limited to the design of a prototype system.
The proposed methodology is designed to be comprehensive in nature,
incorporating all of the recommended tasks, but simplistic enough for a
'layman' to use. Thesis. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Office of Cooperative Environmental Management.
Ground-water; Water-pollution-control;
Water-pollution-abatement,-Theses,-Local-government,-Aquifers,-Rural-areas,-Po
table-water,-Prototypes; Risk-assessment; Environment-management;
Expert-systems,-Environmental-protection,-Comprehensive-plannin
NTIS/PB89-225668, 116p. NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
9004
PB89-225668
NTIS
Feasibility of Using GEMS (Graphical Exposure Modeling System) to Perform Risk
Assessments Using SARA (Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1986),
Toxic Release Inventory Information.
Nuckels-JH
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Cooperative
Environmental Management.
Virginia Univ., Charlottesville. Div. of Urban and Environmental Planning.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 21, 1989
Under Title III, Section 313 of the Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization
Act of 1986 (SARA) companies which release toxic chemicals into the
environment are required to report annually the amount of these toxic
releases. Because the chemical toxic release reports are public information,
EPA Region V is concerned that the raw data published in the toxic chemical
release reports will be misinterpreted and will in turn generate unfounded
public concern. The study examines the possibility of using the Graphical
Exposure Modeling System (GEMS), a computer program, to transform incoming raw
data into better qualified, user ready, public information. Specifically, the
report analyzes the compatibility between the raw data reported in the toxic
chemical release reports and the input requirements of the GEMS exposure
model. An industrial site in East St. Louis, Illinois is used as a test site
for the development of the exposure assessment. The study discusses the
research and the methods used to perform the exposure assessment. The report
also reviews the legislation which requires companies to report toxic release
data, the basics of exposure assessment and the GEMS model, the research
methods used, and the findings of the study. Technical rept.
Chemical-compounds; Hazardous-materials; Public-health, Exposure,
Public-relations,-Reporting,-Questionnaires,-Computerized-simulation,-Concentr
ation-Compos ition,-Site- surveys; Graphical-Exposure-Modeling-System;
GEMS-computer-program; Risk-assessment; Toxic- substances; Superfund-program,
Environmental-transport, Region-5, Computer
NTIS/PB89-211767, lllp. NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
NTIS
28
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From comparative physiology to toxicological risk assessment
Koeman, J.H.
Dep. Toxicol., Agric. Univ., Wageningen, Netherlands 12. Annual Conference on
Physiological and Biochemical Approaches to the Toxicological Assessment of
Environmental Pollution, Utrecht (Netherlands) 27-31 Aug 1990
Physiological and biochemical approaches to the toxicological assessment
of environmental pollution , 1990, vp
Royal Netherlands Chemical Society, Utrecht (Netherlands)
One of the major objectives of toxicology is to assess the risks or to
evaluate the safety of the many chemical compounds to which man and
environment may get exposed. Increasingly the aim is to prevent damage,
which implies that attempts are made to assess the toxicological properties
before the chemicals are released for practical use.
161837 91-02848 POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
In vitro Studies of Chemical Effects on Gap-Junetional Communication: Role of
Biotransformation in Toxicant Detection and Use of Assays in Risk Assessment.
Malcolm-AR; Mills-LJ; Robson-DL
Environmental Research Lab., Narragansett, RI. Science Applications
International Corp., Narragansett, RI.
Journal article
In vitro Toxicology, v3 61-67 1990.
A correlation is emerging between the capacity of chemical substances to
inhibit gap-junctional intercellular communication in vitro and their capacity
to induce reproductive and developmental dysfunction, neurotoxicity and tumor
promotion in vivo. A practical issue in identifying chemicals affecting
gap-junctional communication in vitro is the role of metabolic products.
Phenol, a weak promoter of mouse skin tumors, failed to inhibit gap-junctional
communication between Chinese hamster V79 lung fibroblasts; however, five
metabolites of phenol suppressed gap-junctional communication in a
concentration-related manner. Sodium cyclamate, a possible promoter of bladder
cancer in rats, weakly inhibited gap-junctional communication in the same
assay; however, three metabolites were stronger inhibitors than sodium
cyclamate. Thus, some metabolic products may show activity when parent
compounds do not or may show greater activity than parent compounds.
Call Number NTIS/PB90-217670, 9p.
ERLN-981, EPA/600/J-90/024
NTIS
Interaction assessment: Rationale and a test using desert plants.
Emlen, J.M.; Freeman, B.C.; Wagstaff, F.
Natl. Fish. Res. Cent., US Fish and Wildl. Serv., Seattle, WA, USA
EVOL. ECOL.; 3(2), pp. 115-149 1989
Language: English Summary Language: English
Document Type: Journal article-original research
A non-manipulative method for deriving empirical expressions of
population growth parameters from simple field data is presented. The
derived expressions can be used to asses the intensity and form of density
dependence and interspecies interactions, and have potential for
29
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parameterizing more mechanistic models of population dynamics and for use
in applied ecology, e.g. land management or environmental risk assessment.
The method is based on an assertion of invariant expected fitness across
occupied microhabitats. Hence, its success depends upon the degree to which
that assertion holds. The assertion, as used here, is broadly applicable.
Thus, the method can be expected to yield reliable results even in
non-equilibrium communities. Here, we apply the method to data on six
desert plant species. Expressions generated from data in one stand, in one
year, successfully predict plant cover values in other stands and years.
The predicted patterns of plant species interactions are discussed in the
light of current knowledge and theories of desert succession.
LIFE SCIENCES
Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to
Combustor Emissions.
Anon
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 12, 1990
The methodology document seeks to provide risk assessors with the guidance
necessary to estimate the health risks that result from exposure to toxic
pollutants in combustor emissions by pathways other than inhalation. The
organization of the document reflects the four-step process of risk assessment
(hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk
characterization). The methodology is not intended to be prescriptive; that
is, it does not comprise a set of guidelines or recommended approaches that
the U.S. EPA believes should be applied in all circumstances. Rather, it
provides a set of procedures that the risk assessor can draw upon, where
applicable, to a given assessment. The document describes analytical
procedures and computer models that can be used to estimate exposure and risk
by a variety of environmental pathways. In addition, it serves as a
preliminary source of data for carrying out the risk calculations. Interim
rept. (Final).
Emissions-; Incinerators-; Toxicity, -Exposure, -Tables-Data,
-Computation,-Models,-Skin-effect,-Concentration; Risk-assessment;
Environmental-exposure-pathways; Air-pollution-effects-Humans,
-Dose - response- relationships
NTIS/PB90-187055, 439p. NTIS Prices: PC A19/MF A03
EPA/600/6-90/003
NTIS
Methods Used in the United States for the Assessment and Management of Health
Risk Due to Chemicals.
Falco-JW; Moraski-RV
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 22, 1989
A key factor in the development of a strategy for the control of environmental
pollution or the protection of human health is the assessment of the risk
30
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associated with the accidental or intentional release of the chemical. A risk
assessment may be used to estimate the degree of risk reduction that could
result from the consideration of control scenarios that may be implemented in
the regulatory process. As legislation and regulations have been enacted over
the years to control chemical releases and to institute risk strategies, a
diversity of approaches and technical quality in risk assessments resulted and
complicated the management of environmental risks. The paper reviews the
recent major U.S. reports on the issues of risk assessment and risk management
and the response of federal agencies to the recommendations made in those
reports. A more detailed description in this area is provided including as an
example the recent risk assessment for dichloromethane (methylene chloride).
Pub. in Risk Management of Chemicals in the Environment, Vol. 12 of NATO:
Challenges of Modern Society, Jan 89.
Environmental-pollution; Public-health;
Hazardous-materials,-United-States,-Legislation,-Exposure,-Reprints;
Risk-assessment;
Chemical-spills,-Environment-management,-Pollution-regulations
NTIS/PB89-222707, 27p. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
EPA/600/D-89/070, OHEA-E-284
NTIS
Model for environmental risk assessment of new chemicals
Volmer, J.; Kordel, W.; Klein, W.
Fraunhofer-Inst. Umweltchem. und Okotoxikol., Schmallenberg, FRG
14th Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment 9020208 San
Francisco, CA (USA) 22-24 Apr 1990
American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Modelling environmental change in support of assessments of radioactive
waste disposal in the U.K.
Wilmot RD, Chadwick AF, Ringrose PS, Kleissen IFAT, Burgess WG, Frizelle CJG.
Dames & Moore Intl, Twickenham UK
Radioactive Waste Management 2 (British Nuclear Eenergy Society Intl
Conference, Brighton, UK), May 2-5, 1989, VI, P145(8)
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Multiple Pathway Exposure Factors (PEFs) Associated with Multimedia
Pollutants.
McKone-TE
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 14, 1989
This paper describes methods for addressing several potential exposure
pathways and provides a link between human exposure and chemical
concentrations in multiple environmental media. This approach links
environmental concentrations to human exposure through pathway-exposure
factors (PEFs). The PEF incorporates information on human physiology, human
behavior patterns, and environmental transport into a term that translates a
unit concentration (in mg/cu m, mg/kg, or mg/L) in a specified environmental
media (air, soil, or water) into daily exposure in mg/kg-d for a specified
route (inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption). This process of exploring
the data associated with human/environment interactions and proposing exposure
models provides insight for risk-management activities. 11 refs., 1 fig., 3
tabs. (ERA citation 14:018454) Workshop on intermedia pollutant transport:
modeling and field measurements, Santa Monica, CA, USA, 23 Aug 1988.
NTIS/DE89007222, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products., 19p.
UCRL-99786, Contract W-7405-ENG-48
NTIS
Non-Cancer Dose-Response Assessments Within the EPA (Environmental Protection
Agency): A Foundation for Selecting a Dose-Response Assessment Method to
Assess Section 112 Pollutants Based on Non-Cancer Effects.
Nagiecki-J
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Cooperative
Environmental Management.
Colorado Univ. at Boulder.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 19, 1989
Regulations concerning hazardous pollutants within the EPA's Office of Air and
Radiation have historically focused on chronic continuous exposure, with
cancer as the chief health endpoint of concern. Exposures to these hazardous
substances are averaged over an annual period, allowing for exposure levels to
fluctuate over short periods of time (e.g. episodic releases of a plume
through a pressure relief valve would contribute to such fluctuations). There
is concern that significant non-cancer risks may result from these episodic
exposures. The report provides a foundation for a decision of how risks from
non-cancer effects should be assessed in developing regulations under the
NESHAP program. This foundation is built by focusing on trends in current
non-cancer risk assessment practices across program offices within the Agency,
and, to the extent such information is available, the conditions which have
driven these trends. The report focuses on the dose response evaluation, a
step in the risk assessment process. Technical rept.
NTIS/PB89-203657, 60p. Grant EPA-U-912743-01-0
NTIS
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Oil spills at sea
Hall, Stephen K
Chicago State Univ IL
Pollution Engineering, Dec 89, V21, N13, P59(4)
Journal Article
Oil spills at sea have extreme aesthetic, ecological, and economic impacts.
The technology to contain spills and rehabilitate affected areas must address
several problems. The characteristics of an oil spill and its chemical
dynamics must be determined. Four response options are available: natural
removal, shoreline cleanup, mechanical containment and collection, and the use
of chemical dispersants. Each option must be weighed against the potential
environmental consequences. The EPA Oil Spill Response Decision Tree, the
decision-making process in determining the appropriate response to a spill,
is described. (1 DIAGRAM, 16 REFERENCES)
ENVIROLINE
OSHA's approach to risk assessment for setting a revised occupational exposure
standard for 1,3-butadiene.
Grossman-EA; Martonik-J
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC 20210.
Environ-Health-Perspect; VOL 86, 1990, P155-8
Journal Article
In its 1980 benzene decision [Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO v. American
Petroleum Institute, 448 U.S. 607 (1980)], the Supreme Court ruled that
"before he can promulgate any permanent health or safety standard, the
Secretary [of Labor] is required to make a threshold finding that a place of
employment is unsafe--in the sense that significant risks are present and can
be lessened by a change in practices" (448 U.S. at 642). The Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has interpreted this to mean that
whenever possible, it must quantify the risk associated with occupational
exposure to a toxic substance at the current permissible exposure limit (PEL).
If OSHA determines that there is significant risk to workers' health at its
current standard, then it must quantify the risk associated with a variety of
alternative standards to determine at what level, if any, occupational
exposure to a substance no longer poses a significant risk. For rulemaking on
occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene, there are two studies that are
suitable for quantitative risk assessment. One is a mouse inhalation bioassay
conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the other is a rat
inhalation bioassay conducted by Hazelton Laboratories Europe. Of the four
risk assessments that have been submitted to OSHA, all four have used the
mouse and/or rat data with a variety of models to quantify the risk associated
with occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. In addition, OSHA has performed
its own risk assessment using the female mouse and female rat data and the
one-hit and multistage models.
TOXBIB
33
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Overview and Update of the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Demonstration Program.
Martin, J. F.
U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab. 1991.
Journal article reprint, 6p. Overview and Update of the Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) Demonstration Program. Pub. in Jnl. of Air and
Waste Management Association, v41 n3 p344-347 Mar 91.
PB91-196469 EPA/600/J-91/066;
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, conducted by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, is intended to accelerate the use of new and innovative treatment
processes as well as evaluate innovative measurement and monitoring
techniques. Within the SITE Program, the Demonstration Program and the
Emerging Technologies Program are responsible for innovative/alternative waste
treatment technology development. Separate and parallel activities are
progressing for development and evaluation of measuring and monitoring
technologies as well as technology transfer operations. (Copyright (c) 1991,
Air and Waste Management Association.)
NTIS
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans
(PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations
which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs).
Safe-S
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4466.
Crit-Rev-Toxicol; VOL 21, ISS 1, 1990, P51-88 (REF: 387)
Journal Article
Halogenated aromatic compounds, typified by the polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), and
diphenylethers (PCDEs), are industrial compounds or byproducts which have been
widely identified in the environment and in chemical-waste dumpsites.
Halogenated aromatics are invariably present in diverse analytes as highly
complex mixtures of isomers and congeners and this complicates the hazard and
risk assessment of these compounds. Several studies have confirmed the common
receptor-mediated mechanism of action of toxic halogenated aromatics and this
has resulted in the development of structure-activity relationships for this
class of chemicals. The most toxic halogenated aromatic is
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and based on in vivo and in vitro
studies the relative toxicities of individual halogenated aromatics have been
determined relative to TCDD (i.e., toxic equivalents). The derived toxic
equivalents can be used for hazard and risk assessment of halogenated aromatic
mixtures; moreover, for more complex mixtures containing congeners for which
no standards are available (e.g., bromo/chloro mixtures), several in vitro or
in vivo assays can be utilized for hazard or risk assessment.
TOXBIB
34
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Risk assessment and management models in development.
Hart-RW; Turturro-A
National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration,
Jefferson, Arkansas 72079.
Biomed-Environ-Sci; VOL 1, ISS 1, 1988, P71-8 (REF: 5)
Traditionally toxicology was the science of poisons and antidotes. Because of
societal and historical reasons, there developed a need to determine public
hazard. This need has resulted in regulatory toxicology, the science of how to
evaluate public health and environmental safety by evaluating the possibility
of hazard or injury from the use of a substance to humans under practical
conditions of use and exposure. The intense investigation, especially in this
century, made to address these concerns has led to a significant broadening of
the knowledge base in toxicology and to a new capacity to alter toxicity. How
the risk of a toxic endpoint is assessed and the steps taken to assure safety
are part of a process termed risk management. Managing risks can affect
society, public health, employment, and international economics. It therefore
includes, in addition to information on toxicity, many other factors such as
values, politics, and economics. In order to provide a description of how
risks are managed in a society such as the United States, some background
about why certain risks are of concern is given, and how this concern is
manifest and the methods of managing risk with an emphasis on regulatory
toxicology are discussed.
United-States
*Environmental-Health; *Models,-Theoretical; *Risk-Management; *Toxicology-
REVIEW; REVIEW,-TUTORIAL
TOXBIB
Risk analysis: a guide to principles and methods for analyzing health and
environmental risks.
United States. Council on Environmental Quality.
Cohrssen, John J. and Vincent T. Covello.
1989, xi+407p, bibl tables diag charts indexes
SERIES: PB 89-137772; SD cat. no. PrEx 14.8:R 49;
ORDER INFO: Nat Tech Info Service (ISBN 0-934213-20-8) pa $17.50 plus $3
postage and handling
LANGUAGE: Engl
Monograph
Partial contents: Hazard identification; Risk assessment; Risk communication.
35
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Risk modelling: which models to choose?
Csicsaky-MJ; Roller-M; Pott-F
Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene, University of Dusseldorf, FRG.
Exp-Pathol; VOL 37, ISS 1-4, 1989, P198-204
Journal Article
Using as examples excess lung cancer mortality in coke oven workers and lung
tumor induction in rats by inhalation of diesel engine emissions or cadmium
chloride aerosol, the maximum likelihood estimate and the upper limit of risk
were determined using a set of conventional risk models. The additional safety
offered by going to the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval when
deriving a unit risk value was found to be less than a factor of 5 in all but
one case, and usually much less than 2. It is concluded that the selection of
an adequate model is the most critical step in risk assessment, and that an
additional safety factor may be required to allow for a better protection of
the public in case models other than the most conservative ones come into use.
TOXBIB
Setting human-health-based groundwater protection standards when
toxicological data are inadequate
Whyatt, R.M.
Nat. Resour. Def. Counc., 40 W. 20th St., New York, NY 10011, USA
Technical Workshop of the Conference on Agricultural Occupational and
Environmental Health: Policy Strategies for the Future Iowa City, IA
(USA) 17-30 Sep 1988
In: Agricultural occupational and environmental health: policy strategies for
the future -- the scientific basis. Part III
Am. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 18, NO. 4, 1990 505-510
Toxicological data are not adequate to assess fully the health effects of
many of the pesticides that currently contaminate or have the potential to
contaminate groundwater. The National Academy of Sciences estimated in 1984
that data to conduct a complete health hazard assessment exist for only 10%
of the pesticides currently on the market. Many pesticides have not been
tested for their ability to cause cancer, genetic mutation, or birth
defects. There are significant gaps in the toxicological data base for the
majority of pesticides for which the Environmental Protection Agency
proposed health advisories in 1987. To help assure that groundwater
standards are adequately protective of human health when toxicological data
are not adequate, additional uncertainty factors can be incorporated into
such standards. Alternatively, standards can be set at the level of
detection.
174987 91-05936
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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Statistical Methods for Estimating Risk for Exposure above the Reference Dose.
Knauf-L; Hertzberg-RC
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office.
Computer Sciences Corp., Cincinnati, OH.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 22, 1990
A statistical method has been developed that provides a risk estimate for
noncarcinogenic effects at a given dose. The method uses a categorical
regression procedure to model severity of effect as it relates to experimental
dose. Toxicity data are analyzed from multiple animal experiments that span
different species, target organs, toxic effects, and exposure conditions. The
data are screened for homogeneity with respect to experiment duration and
route of exposure. The resulting dose-response curve provides an estimate of
the risk of adverse effects that may be useful in estimating risk for
exposures above the reference dose (RfD). Sponsored by Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office.
Toxicity-; Statistical-analysis, Regression-analysis, Mathematical-models,
Exposure,-Dieldrin,-Nephritis; Risk-assessment; Environmental-pollution;
Dose-response-relationships,-Computer-applications,-Hexachlorob
NTIS/PB90-261504, 104p. NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Contract EPA-68-01-7176
NTIS
Toxicity of complex waste mixtures: a comparison of observed and predicted
lethality.
Simmons-JE; Berman-E
Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
J-Toxicol-Environ-Health; VOL 27, ISS 3, 1989, P275-86
Journal Article
The ability to predict the biological effect of complex waste mixtures from
chemical characterization data was examined by comparing observed mortality to
that predicted by a mathematical additivity model with literature LD50 values
for the chemicals identified in the mixtures. Male F344 rats were exposed by
gavage to 1 of 10 samples of complex industrial waste. Seven of the 10 waste
samples caused death within 24 h of administration at dosages ranging from 1
to 5 ml/kg body weight. Two of the 7 lethal waste samples produced 100%
mortality at a dosage of 2.5 ml/kg; another 2 waste samples produced 100%
mortality at 5 ml/kg. The partial chemical analysis, although providing more
extensive information on chemical composition than might normally be available
for most complex waste mixtures, was not sufficient to distinguish lethal from
nonlethal waste samples or to indicate lethal potency.
TOXBIB
37
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U-Shaped Dose-Response Curves: Their Occurrence and Implications for Risk
Assessment.
Davis-JM; Svendsgaard-DJ
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 03, 1991
NTIS/PB91-115808, 15p.
A class of curvilinear dose-response relationships in toxicological and
epidemiological studies may be roughly described by 'U-shaped' curves. Such
curves reflect an apparent reversal or inversion in the effect of an otherwise
toxic agent at a low or intermediate region of the dose continuum. Several
examples of U-shaped dose response functions are presented to illustrate the
variety of agents and end points that can follow this form. Such findings are
not thought to represent a unitary phenomenon, but may be explained through
numerous possible principles or mechanisms, some of which are illustrated and
discussed in general terms. U-shaped dose-response curves raise important
issues for toxicological and environmental health risk assessments,
particularly in the identification of no-observed-effect levels and in the
evaluation of multiple outcomes and trade-offs between potential risks and
benefits of a given agent. Journal article. Pub. in Jnl. of Toxicology and
Environmental Health, v30 p71-83 1990.
EPA/600/J-90/171
NTIS
Use of the Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS) for
Large- and Small-Scale Applications.
Buck-JW; Aiken-RJ
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1990
The Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS) is an
objective, physics-based computer code system that provides a means of
quantifying relative risks from contaminants released into the environment. A
baseline survey of DOE's major operating facilities is being conducted to
identify and rank environmental problems and areas of environmental risk. The
MEPAS model was used on 208 groups of problems associated with 16 sites
located in 12 different states. Within 1 year, 208 groups of problems and some
500 transport scenarios were assembled, data were input, and model runs were
made and analyzed. Findings from the surveys conducted at the 16 DOE sites
were used to identify preliminary environmental problems. Using the MEPAS
methodology as a basis for the ranking, these environmental problems are being
ranked according to relative potential public health and environmental impact.
The resulting Hazard Potential Index (HPI) is used to develop a preliminary
ranking for each of the environmental problems. As a part of the Environmental
Survey, DOE has issued a preliminary summary report that includes a
preliminary ranking of potential problems at 16 sites associated with DOE's
defense production mission. A final summary report addressing all 35 of the
major DOE sites will re-evaluate the preliminary ranking and will incorporates
the results of the Survey's sampling and analysis. 6 refs. Annual hazardous
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waste and hazardous materials management conference and exposition, San
Francisco, CA, USA, 27-29 Sep 1989.
Contamination-; Computerized-Simulation,-Evaluation,-Health-Hazards,-M-Codes;
Risk-Assessment; Site-Characterization,-Task-Scheduling;
Multimedia-Environmental-Pollutant-Assessment-System;
Environmental- surveys,-Industrial-wastes,- Small-systems,-Rankin
NTIS/DE90001898, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products., lOp. NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
PNL-SA-16844, CONF-890964-1, Contract AC06-76RL01830
NTIS
Utility of environmental inventory questionnaires to classify exposures
for health risk assessment
Quackenboss, J.J.; Johnson, K.D.
Univ. Arizona
Air & Waste Management Association 83rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Pittsburgh, PA (USA) 24-29 Jun 1990
Air & Waste Management Association
Air & Waste Management Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230,
USA. Telephone: (412) 232-3444., Paper No. 90-159.4
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Watershed Surveys to Support an Assessment of the Regional Effects of Acidic
Deposition on Surface Water Chemistry.
Lee-J; Lammers-D; Johnson-M; Stevens-D; Turner-R
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN. Environmental Sciences Div. NSI Technology
Services Corp., Corvallis, OR. Eastern Oregon State Coll., La Grande.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 01, 1990
The results of these surveys and the conclusions of the Direct/Delayed
Response Project (DDRP) will be presented in several future papers. The
current paper gives an overview of the context, rationale, logistical
considerations, and implementation of these surveys, with special emphasis on
the field activities of watershed mapping and soil sampling. The discussion
should be useful to those planning, implementing, and managing survey
activities in support of regional assessments of other environmental concerns,
who are likely to face similar choices and constraints. Journal article.
Pub. in Jnl. of Environmental Management, v!3 nl p95-108 1989.
NTIS/PB90-108473, 16p. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Contract DE-AC05-840R214000
NTIS
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HEALTH RISKS - GENERAL
Analysis of Air Toxics Emissions, Exposures, Cancer Risks and Controllability
in Five Urban Areas. Volume 1. Base Year Analysis and Results.
Wilson-J; Istvan-D; Laich-E; Lahre-T
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Pechan (E.H.) and Associates, Inc.,
Springfield, VA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 20, 1989
NTIS/PB89-207161, 88p. EPA/450/2-89/012A
The report is the first phase of a study to define the multiple source,
multiple pollutant nature of the urban air toxics problem (also known as
'urban soup1) and to discern what control measures (or combinations of
measures) can best be employed to mitigate the urban air toxics problem. The
report documents the base year analysis, involving dispersion modeling of
emissions data for 25 carcinogenic air toxics in five U.S. urban areas and a
subsequent exposure/risk assessment to estimate aggregate cancer incidence.
Aggregate (multi-source, multi-pollutant) cancer incidence (or population
risk) across the 5 cities in this study averaged about 6 excess cases per
million persons, ranging from about 2 to 10 in individual cities. The most
important pollutants contributing to aggregate incidence are polycyclic
organic matter, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde and hexavalent chromium. The most
important sources are road vehicles, comfort and industrial cooling towers,
chrome platers, solvent use and fuel combustion, including woodstoves.
NTIS
Assessing risks and preventing disease from environmental chemicals.
Dunnette-DA
Center for Public Health Studies, Portland State University, Oregon 97207.
J-Community-Health; VOL 14, ISS 3, 1989, P169-86
Journal Article
In the last 25 years there has been considerable concern expressed about the
extent to which chemical agents in the ambient and work environments are
contributing to the causation of disease. This concern is a logical extension
of our increased knowledge of the real and potential effects of environmental
chemicals and the methodological difficulties in applying new knowledge that
could help prevent environmentally induced disease. Chemical risk assessment
offers an approach to estimating risks and involves consideration of relevant
information including identification of chemical hazards, evaluation of the
dose-response relationship, estimation of exposure and finally, risk
characterization. Particularly significant uncertainties which are inherent in
use of this and other risk models include animal-human and low dose-high dose
extrapolation and estimation of exposure. Community public health risks from
exposure to environmental chemicals appear to be small relative to other
public health risks based on information related to cancer trends, dietary
intake of synthetic chemicals, assessment data on substances such as DDT and
"dioxin," public health effects of hazardous waste sites and contextual
considerations. Because of inherent uncertainty in the chemical risk
assessment process, however, we need to apply what methods are available in
40
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our efforts to prevent disease induced by environmental chemicals. There are a
number of societal strategies which can contribute to overall reduction of
risk from environmental chemicals. These include acquisition of information on
environmental risk including toxicity, intensity and extensity of exposure,
biological monitoring, disease surveillance, improvement in epidemiological
methods, control of environmental chemical exposures, and dissemination of
hazardous chemical information. Responsible environmental risk communication
and information transfer appear to be among the most important of the
available strategies for preventing disease induced by chemicals in the
environment.
TOXBIB
Comparative analysis of health risk assessments for municipal waste
combustors
Levin, A.; Fratt, D.B.; Leonard, A.; Bruins, R.J.F.; Fradkin, L.
Alliance Technol. Corp., Lowell, MA, USA
J. Air Waste Mgt Assoc, Vol. 41, NO. 1, 1991, 20-31
Quantitative health risk assessments have been performed for a number of
proposed municipal waste combustor (MWC) facilities over the past several
years. This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of a
total of 21 risk assessments, focusing on seven of the most comprehensive
methodologies. The analysis concentrates on stack emissions of noncriteria
pollutants and is comparative rather than critical in nature. Overall, the
risk assessment methodologies used were similar whereas the assumptions and
input values used varied from study to study.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
EPA Study of asbestos-containing materials in public buildings - A report to
Congress
Anonymous
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington B.C., USA, Feb. 1988. 114p.
Aspects covered in this report: risk assessment; risk management (reduction,
feasibility, costs, policy considerations); recommendations. The inquiry
focused on 2 major aspects: the extent and condition of asbestos in public and
commercial buildings and whether these buildings should be subject to the same
requirements that apply to school buildings. Friable asbestos-containing
materials were found in about l/5th of all the public and commercial buildings
in the USA (730,000 buildings). It was recommended that removal of asbestos
from school be given the highest priority.
CIS
Health risk assessments: opportunities and pitfalls. (Symposium:
Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)
Paustenbach, Dennis J.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 379-410 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
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Health risk assessment of incinerator air emissions incorporating
background ambient air data
Smith, A.H.; Goeden, H.M.
Dep. Biomed. and Environ. Health Sci., Sch. Public Health, Univ.
California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USa
COMBUST. SCI. TECHNOL VOL. 74, NO. 1-6, 1990, 51-61
Languages: ENGLISH
Combustion of hazardous and municipal waste produces a wide variety of
emissions which need to be considered when assessing potential human health
risks. A major focus in recent years has been excess cancer risks. The main
emissions which rodent studies indicate may be carcinogenic to humans
include organic chemicals as dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls,
which are highly persistent in the environment. Certain metals known to be
carcinogenic to humans, such as arsenic, such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium
and nickel, are also emitted. Priorities for consideration among
non-carcinogenic emissions include lead and mercury. Methods for health
risk assessment of air emissions are presented in this paper, and
illustrated with data from a risk assessment of emissions from a municipal
waste incinerator. The most significant potential exposure pathways were
fish, meat, and milk consumption, which are dependent on the siting of
facilities in relation to fishable lakes and land used for animal grazing
or food production.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Hygienists, risk managers develop closer worker relationships.
LeRoux-D
Occup-Health-Saf; VOL 58, ISS 5, 1989, P75-6, 88
Environmental-Monitoring; Human-; Industry-; Interprofessional-Relations;
United-States; United-States-Occupational-Safety-and-Health-Administration
*Financial-Management; Occupational-Health-Services; *Risk-Management
0362-4064
TOXBIB
Important recent advances in the practice of health risk assessment:
implications for the 1990's.
Paustenbach, Dennis J
Chemrisk, Alameda, CA, ENV CANADA/ET AL
Toxic Substances 4th Conf, Montreal, PQ, April 4-5, 1990, 129(40)
Conference Paper
Knowledge gained from experiences in conducting risk assessments, coupled with
the scientifice advances of the past few years, should dramatically improve
our ability to accurately estimate the human health risks of low-level
exposure to chemicals in the 1990's. The scientific advances in risk
assessment that have occurred during the past five years are described, and
how these advances will change both the way we will conduct health risk
assessments and the way society and regulators may view the significance of
environmental hazards is discussed. (251 REFERENCES, 4 TABLES)
ENVIROLINE
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Overview of Risk Assessment for Toxic and Pathogenic Agents.
Kowal, N. E. ; Bruins, R. J. F. ; Sonich-Mullin., C.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office, c!990. 17p.
Reprint: Overview of Risk Assessment for Toxic and Pathogenic Agents. Pub. in
Proceedings: Water Quality Technology Conference, American Water Works
Association, Philadelphia, PA., November 12-16, 1989, p905-919.
PB91-136945 EPA/600/D-90/216
Risk assessment is a process that defines the adverse health consequences of
exposure to toxic or pathogenic agents. When used in regulatory decision
making, risk assessment is an important component of risk management, which
combines the risk assessment with the directives of regulatory legislation,
together with socioeconomic, technical, political, and other considerations,
to reach a decision as to whether or how much to control future exposure to
the suspected toxic agents. The conceptual framework for risk assessment as
it is currently practiced was outlined by the National Academy of Science in
1983 as a four-phased process. The elements in this process include hazard
identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment, and risk
characterization. The paper will discuss each of these elements, with
particular emphasis on their application to risk assessment of pathogens.
NTIS
Risk assessment and risk management of noncriteria pollutants.
Lee SD
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
Toxicol Ind Health VOL 6 (5), 1990, 245-255
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Noncriteria air pollutants are synonymous with hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs), air toxics or toxic air pollutants (TAPs). The term noncriteria
pollutants refers to all air pollutants except for the criteria pollutants
(SOx, PM, NOx, CO, 03, and Pb). Air toxics are pervasive in our environment
worldwide in varying degrees. Uses of these chemicals are varied and numerous;
their emissions are ubiquitous, and they include organic compounds such as
chlorinated hydrocarbons, dioxins, aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, and heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, cadmium, and mercury.
There are more than 70,000 chemicals that are in use commercially in the
United States, and we know relatively little about their ambient
concentrations, persistence, transport and transformation as well as their
effects on health and the environment, many of which take decades to emerge.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency, under the authority of
Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, is mandated to regulate any air pollutant
which, in the Administrator's judgment, "causes, or contributes to, air
pollution which may reasonable be anticipated to result in an increase in
serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness." For such
regulatory decision-making, EPA's Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment (OHEA) provides scientific assessment of health effects for
potentially hazardous air pollutants. In accordance with risk assessment
guidelines developed by OHEA over the years, Health Assessment Documents
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(HADs) containing risk assessment information were prepared and were subjected
to critical review and careful revision to produce Final Draft HADs which
serve as scientific databases for regulatory decision-making by the Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) in its risk management process. EPA
developed data-bases such as the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) and
the National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse (NATICH) and a technical
assistance response system called the Air Risk Information support Center (AIR
RISC), in addition, to help in implementation of the National Air Toxics
Program by state and local regulators.
TOXBIB
Risk assessment for carcinogens under California's Proposition 65.
Pease-WS; Zeise-L; Kelter-A
University of California, School of Public Health, Berkeley 94720.
Risk-Anal; VOL 10, ISS 2, 1990, P255-71
Journal Article
Risk assessments for carcinogens are being developed through an accelerated
process in California as a part of the state's implementation of Proposition
65, the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act. Estimates of
carcinogenic potency made by the California Department of Health Services
(CDHS) are generally similar to estimates made by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). The largest differences are due to EPA's use of the
maximum likelihood estimate instead of CDHS' use of the upper 95% confidence
bounds on potencies derived from human data and to procedures used to correct
for studies of short duration or with early mortality. Numerical limits
derived from these potency estimates constitute "no significant risk" levels,
which govern exemption from Proposition 65's discharge prohibition and warning
requirements. Under Proposition 65 regulations, lifetime cancer risks less
than 10(-5) are not significant and cumulative intake is not considered.
Following these regulations, numerical limits for a number of Proposition 65
carcinogens that are applicable to the control of toxic discharges are less
stringent than limits under existing federal water pollution control laws.
Thus, existing federal limits will become the Proposition 65 levels for
discharge. Chemicals currently not covered by federal and state controls will
eventually be subject to discharge limitations under Proposition 65. "No
significant risk" levels (expressed in terms of daily intake of carcinogens)
also trigger warning requirements under Proposition 65 that are more extensive
than existing state or federal requirements. A variety of chemical exposures
from multiple sources are identified that exceed Proposition 65's "no
significant risk" levels.
TOXBIB
44
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Role of epidemiology in health risk assessment.
Krewski-D; Wigle-D; Clayson-DB; Howe-GR
Health Protection Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Recent-Results-Cancer-Res; VOL 120, 1990, 1-24 (REF: 101)
JOURNAL-ARTICLE; REVIEW,-TUTORIAL; REVIEW
Human health risk assessment has been the object of systematic study in recent
years, with formal models of risk assessment and risk management having been
proposed by several national and international health agencies. The particular
model developed by the Environmental Health Directorate of Health and Welfare
Canada was examined in some detail and used to focus on the role of
epidemiology in the overall process of risk assessment. Taken collectively,
epidemiologic data on health risks provide a basis for improved disease
surveillance and prioritization of public health concerns. The complementary
roles of epidemiology and toxicology in health risk assessment were examined
using four case studies.
TOXBIB
The current practice of health risk assessment: potential impact on standards
for toxic air contaminants.
Paustenbach DJ, Jernigan JD; Finley BL; Ripple SR; Keenan RE
ChemRisk, Division of McLaren/Hart Environmental Engineering Corp..Alameda CA.
J Air Waste Manage Assoc; VOL 40 (12), 1990, 1620-1630 (REF: 129)
JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
Since the Bhopal incident, the public has placed pressure on regulatory
agencies to set community exposure limits for the dozens of chemicals that may
be released by manufacturing facilities. More or less objective limits can be
established for the vast majority of these chemicals through the use of risk
assessment. However, each step of the risk assessment process (i.e., hazard
identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk
characterization) contains a number of pitfalls that scientists need to avoid
to ensure that valid limits are established. For example, in the hazard
identification step there has been little discrimination among animal
carcinogens with respect to mechanism of action or the epidemiology
experience. In the dose-response portion, rarely is the range of "plausible"
estimated risks presented. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK)
models should be used to understand the difference between the tissue doses
and the administered dose, as well as the difference in target tissue
concentrations of the toxicant between rodents and humans. The exposure
assessment step can be significantly improved by using more sensitive and
specific sampling and analytical methods, more accurate exposure parameters,
and computer models that can account for complex environmental factors. In the
risk characterization, the best estimate of the potential risk as well as the
highest plausible risk should be presented. Future assessments would be much
improved if quantitative uncertainty analyses were conducted. Procedures are
currently available for making future assessments. By correcting some of these
shortcomings in how health risk assessments have been conducted, scientists
and risk managers should be better able to identify scientifically appropriate
ambient air standards and emission limits.
TOXBIB
45
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HEALTH RISKS - CANCER
Cancer Risk Assessment and Prevention: Where Do We Stand.
Whittemore-AS
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Stanford Univ., CA. Dept. of Family, Community and Preventive Medicine.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 19, 1990
The paper reviews selected aspects of progress and setbacks in cancer risk
assessment and prevention during the four decades since the founding in 1947
of the Institute of Environmental Medicine at the New York University Medical
Center. The period has been marked by substantial gains in quantifying the
risks posed by exposure to known human carcinogens such as tobacco and
ionizing radiation. By contrast, the search for sensitive and specific
laboratory screens for human carcinogens has met setbacks, and epidemiological
data still are needed to monitor the adverse effects of environmental
exposures. The determination of acceptable levels of exposure to potential
human carcinogens remains a formidable task, one for which no scientific
framework yet exists. Future challenges in cancer risk assessment include the
validation and use of biological markers of exposure and effective monitoring
of risk among exposed populations. Future challenges in cancer prevention
include the elimination of tobacco consumption and the acquisition of
knowledge needed to prevent nutritionally and hormonally related cancers such
as cancers of the bowel, prostate, and breast. Journal article. Pub. in
Environmental Health Perspectives, v8 p95-101, May 89. Sponsored by Health
Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Preventive-medicine; Neoplasms-;
Carcinogens,-Epidemiology,-Tobacco,-Radiation,-Mortality,-Reprints;
Risk-assessment;
Carcinogenicity-tests,-Indoor-air-pollution,-Environmental-expo
NTIS/PB90-246042, 9p. NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Grant EPA-R-813495
NTIS
Cancer risks in painters: study based on the New Zealand Cancer Registry
Bethwaite Peter B, Pearce Neil, Fraser James
Dept. of Community Health, Wellington School of Medicine, Wellington New
Zealand
British J of Industrial Medicine 47, 1990, 742-746
Cancer Risk for Radon Exposure in a Polluted Environment: Progress Report,
March 1, 1989-February 28, 1990.
Burns -FJ
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
New York Univ., NY. Dept. of Environmental Medicine.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1990
The following research for the quarter of March 1, 1989--February 28, 1990 is
described: design of a radiation source (polonium-210) implant or needle and
46
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methods used to measure the radiation dose delivered; DNA strand breakage and
repair in rat tracheal epithelium and skin after exposure to external
radiation and internal alpha particle irradiation (polonium 210); and DNA
strand breaks in tracheas exposed to N0(sub 2) or cigarette smoke.
NTIS/DE90002554, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products., 26p. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
DOE/ER/60549-4, COO-60549-4, Contract FG02-87ER60549
NTIS
Epidemic-logic assessment of cancer risk: Application from the Cancer
Surveillance Program of Orange County.
Presented at: 9. Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology,
31 Oct-2 Nov 1988
Anton-Culver, H.
Dep. Community and Environ. Med., Univ. California, Irvine, CA 92717, USA
In J. AM. COLL. TOXICOL. 8(5) 1989, 933-940
To determine the human health risks from toxic contaminants in the
environment, the toxicologic effect of these contaminants and their
potential for human exposure must be evaluated. The present study uses
epidemiologic methods to evaluate a hazardous waste site located in Orange
County, California, covering an area of 9 acres. In the early 1940s the
site was used for acid petroleum sludge. Community complaints began in the
late 1970s, based mainly on the odor and on some symptoms that were, for
the most part, nonspecific. Both the County Health Department and the State
Department of Health Services were involved in the study of possible health
effects associated with living near the site. There has recently been some
concern on the part of residents near the site that they are at increased
risk for cancer because of their proximity. This study compares cancer
rates in the residential areas near the site with the rest of Orange County
for the years 1984 and 1985 and explores the utility of the Cancer
Surveillance Program of Orange County in determining the risk for cancer in
the population in the vicinity of the site.
LIFE SCIENCES
Integrated Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic.
Chen-CW; Chen-CJ
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 06, 1990
The paper attempts to make an integrated risk assessment of arsenic, using
data on humans exposed to arsenic via inhalation and ingestion. The data
useful for making an integrated analysis and data gaps are discussed. Arsenic
provides a rare opportunity to compare the cancer risk to humans due to
exposure to a metal carcinogen via inhalation and ingestion. The study's
assessment suggests that the elevated lung cancer mortality observed in the
population of the blackfoot disease endemic areas is consistent with that
observed in copper smelter workers who, presumably, were exposed to arsenic
via inhalation. It is also speculated, on the basis of overall information on
arsenic, that smelter workers could have an elevated cancer mortality in sites
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other than the lung, contrary to the usual assumption that lung tissue is the
only target tissue for cancer when exposure is via inhalation. Symposium
paper (Final). Presented at the Symposium on Health Risk Assessment, Tapei,
Taiwan, December 20-22, 1988.
NTIS/PB90-130683, 24p. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
EPA/600/D-89/193, OHEA-C-312
NTIS
Methods Development for Assessment of Vapor-Phase Mutagens and Carcinogens in
Ambient Air.
Hsieh-DPH; Kado-NY; Seiber-JN; Shibamoto-T; Huzmicky-P
California State Air Resources Board, Sacramento.
California Univ., Davis. Dept. of Environmental Toxicology.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 23, 1990
The purpose of the project was to develop methods to identify potentially
toxic and mutagenic vapor-phase compounds in ambient air. By combining a
unique bioassay with trapping and extraction, the researchers demonstrated the
feasibility of a system to chemically characterize complex volatile mixtures.
The method was developed using eight model vapor-phase mutagens (with a range
of mutagenicities and vapor pressures) selected from three chemical classes:
halogenated hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and PAHs. These compounds were bioassayed
singly and as simple mixtures. Simulated airborne levels were generated; these
were trapped, extracted, and tested by bioassay. The resulting extracts were
fractionated into classes of compounds, which were analyzed chemically and by
bioassay. Close agreement between these methods was obtained. Results from
this pilot study indicate that mutagenic activity in the vapor phase is higher
than in the particulate phase. Final rept. 1987-90. Sponsored by California
State Air Resources Board, Sacramento.
NTIS/PB90-265927, 178p.
Contract ARB-A6-174-32
NTIS
Neurotoxic substances also posing a cancer risk: a warning.
Csicsaky-MJ; Rodriguez-Farre-E
Department of Experimental Hygiene, Medical Institute of Environmental
Hygiene, Dusseldorf, FRG.
Neurotoxicol-Teratol; VOL 12, ISS 6, 1990, P677-81
Journal Article
Language: ENGLISH
A large proportion of compounds studied for their neurotoxic potential are at
the same time suspected or proven carcinogens. This is demonstrated using the
International Neurotoxicology Association (INA) Professional Interest
Directory and publications from the field of neurotoxicology as examples. In
addition to listing these compounds, the classification scheme used by the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the Commission of the
European Communities (EC), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the
German MAK-Commission of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DGF) and the
U.S. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to make
qualitative risk assessments is explained. Finally, a short initiation to
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quantitative risk assessment as performed by the US EPA and the World Health
Organization (WHO) is given in order to put the reader into a position as to
assess the cancer risk incurred by his/her co-workers and by himself.
TOXBIB
Nongenotoxic Mechanisms in Carcinogenesis: Role of Inhibited Intercellular
Communicat ion,
Trosko-JE; Chang-CC
Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Boiling AFB, DC.
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of Pediatrics/Human Development.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 16, 1989
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, involving several distinct mechanisms,
involving the conversion of a normal stem-like cell to a cell resistant to
terminal differentiation (i.e., initiation), followed by the clonal expansion
of this initiated cell (i.e., promotion), during which time additional changes
occur allowing the cell to become malignant (i.e., progression). Each of these
distinct operational stages of carcinogensis probably involves mechanisms
(i.e., many mechanisms for initiation and promotion). Since gene and
chromosomal mutations, cell death, and modulation of gene expression are the
biological consequences of chemical exposure, many genetic, biological, and
environmental factors can modulate how a given chemical can induce these
changes. The general paradigm of 'Carcinogenesis as mutagens' is considered
totally inadequate to design the test protocol for animal bioassays and to
interpret the data from these tests. The role of inhibited intercellular
communication has been postulated to play a role in the tumor promotion and
progression phases . Examination of experimental results of known tumor
promotes as inhibitors of intercellular communication is presented.
Implications of these results suggest a new paradigm is needed to approach the
problem of a 'biological risk assessment' model. Pub. in Carcinogen Risk
Assessment, n31 p!39-170 1988.
NTIS/AD-A206 877/3, 33p.
Grant AFOSR-86-0084, Proj. 2312, Task A5
NTIS
Parental occupational exposures and risk of childhood cancer: a review
O'Leary LM, Hicks AM, Peters JM, London S
Dept. of Preventive Medicine Div. of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,
Univ. of Southern CA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
Am J of Industrial Medicine 20 (1991): 17-35
Journal article
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Stem cell theory of careinogenesis.
Trosko-JE; Chang-CC
Department of Pediatrics/Human Development, Michigan State University, East
Lansing 48824.
Toxicol-Lett; VOL 49, ISS 2-3, 1989, P283-95 (REF: 75)
REVIEW; REVIEW,-TUTORIAL
Our present understanding of the carcinogenic process, involving complex
interactions of genetic, developmental, sex, dietary and environmental factors
during the multistage initiation/promotion/progression process of
carcinogenesis, would lead us to reject simplistic non-biologically based risk
assessment models. This understanding, plus recent results of the National
Toxicology Bioassay program and of the studies of short-term tests for
genotoxicity, has challenged the primary paradigm of 'carcinogens as mutagens'
which governs our current risk assessment models. The concepts of the stem
cell theory of cancer, of oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes, of gap junctional
intercellular communication, and of mutagenic and epigenetic mechanisms must
be integrated into a biologically-based model of the multistage nature of
carcinogenesis. Current understanding of the complex interactions during this
process prevents us from believing that a simple and accurate, biologically
based risk assessment model will be developed soon, if ever.
TOXBIB
Uncertainties in Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessment: Some Approaches to
Reduce Them.
Chen-CW
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 21, 1989
There are three major sources of uncertainties in quantitative cancer risk
assessment: low-dose extrapolation, route-to-route extrapolation, and
species-to-species extrapolation. Scientific information and procedures useful
for reducing uncertainties are discussed. Two examples, one relating to
genotoxic carcinogens and another to promoting agents, are presented to
demonstrate the importance of incorporating biologic information into the risk
assessment. These examples also demonstrate that a quantitative risk
assessment is a multidisciplined endeavor that involves various branches of
the biomedical and mathematic sciences. Symposium paper (Final). Presented
at Symposium on Health Risk Assessment, Taipei, Taiwan, December 20-22, 1988.
NTIS/PB89-221303, 23p. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
EPA/600/D-89/051, OHEA-C-313
NTIS
50
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Workshop Report on EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Guidelines for
Carcinogen Risk Assessment: Use of Human Evidence. Held in Washington, DC. on
June 26-27, 1989.
Anon
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment.
Eastern Research Group, Inc., Arlington, MA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 11, 1990
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued guidelines for assessing
human risk from exposure to environmental carcinogens. The guidelines set
forth principles and procedures to guide EPA scientists in the conduct of
Agency risk assessments, to promote high scientific quality and Agency-wide
consistency, and to inform Agency decision-makers and the public about these
scientific procedures. In publishing the guidance, EPA emphasized that one
purpose of the guidelines was to 'encourage research and analysis that will
lead to new risk assessment methods and data,' which in turn would be used to
revise and improve the guidelines. Thus, the guidelines were developed and
published with the understanding that risk assessment is an evolving
scientific undertaking and that continued study would lead to changes. Also
available from Supt. of Docs. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.
Meetings,-Epidemiology,-Studies,-Exposure,-Methodology,-Procedures,-Humans;
Carcinogenicity-tests; Risk-assessment;
Health-planning-guidelines,-Dose-response-relationships
NTIS/PB90-183534, 98p. NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Contract EPA-68-02-4404
NTIS
HEALTH RISKS - GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
Benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture.
Pimentel, D.; Hunter, M.S.; LaGro, J.A.; Efroymson, R.A.; Landers, J.C.;
Mervis, F.T.; McCarthy, C.A.; Boyd, A.E.
BioScience v39 p606(9) Oct, 1989
MAGAZINE INDEX
Biotechnology and the environment: the regulation of genetically engineered
organisms used in the environment.
Environmental Law Reporter 19:10486-10526 November '89
Conference report prepared by the Standing Committee on Environmental Law,
American Bar Association.
Partial contents: Federal, state and local regulation of biotechnology, by
Geoffrey M. Karney; Current models of risk assessment used in biotechnology
regulation, by Charles L. Elkins; Current litigation issues associated
with biotechnology, by William A. Anderson, II; Panel discussion: enforcement
of regulations, by David J. Glass and others; ethical and cultural
considerations, by Mark Sagoff.
PAIS
51
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Current models of risk assessment used in biotechnology regulation.
(includes discussion) (Biotechnology and the Environment: the
Regulation of Genetically Engineered Organisms Used in the
Environment)
Elkins, Charles L.
Environmental Law Reporter 19 nil 10496-10500 Nov, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
The principles of predicting the individual risk of silicosis and
silicotuberculosis.
Polzik-EV; Katsnelson-BA; Kochneva-MYu; Kasantsev-VS
Medical Research Center for Prevention in Industrial Workers, Department of
General Industrial Hygiene, Sverdlovsk, USSR.
Med-Lav; VOL 81, ISS 2, 1990, P87-95
Journal Article
A series of investigations conducted in different "silicosis-risk" industries
using a' methodology based on the mathematical theory of pattern recognition
has shown that in the given conditions of dust exposure, the probability of
contracting pneumoconiosis depends for each individual on a complex influence
of many factors, both environmental and intrinsic for the individual. Genetic
predisposition was one of the most important factors and while the direction
in which a factor influences predisposition was the same in every industry,
its relative contribution to predisposition to simple silicosis was different
in the studied working populations. The complex of factors determining
predisposition to silicotuberculosis is more general: this complex comprises
both factors influencing susceptibility to silica dust and specially those
influencing susceptibility to tuberculosis. In the opinion of
the authors, the task of screening off those applicants for a "silicosis-risk"
employment for whom the risk may be estimated as high on the basis of the
developed methodology, is quite feasible.
TOXBIB
HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
An assessment of the effects of air pollution on buildings and building
materials
Medhurst, J.; Nath, B. (ed.)
ECOTEC Res. and Consult. Ltd., Birmingham, UK
Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Pollution.
Lisbon, April 1991. (Volume 1) Lisbon (Portugal) 15-19 April 1991
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, 1991, 153-161
INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD., GENEVA (SWITZERLAND)
Languages: ENGLISH
There is evidence that acid rain leads to damage of building materials
and concern that the built environment requires costly repairs to maintain
the state of repair of building. Research has identified a methodology for
the estimation of the benefits (cost savings) in financial terms resulting
from reduced acid deposition on building materials. The methodology
52
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combines an "inventory" approach of the stock of buildings at risk with an
indirect economic evaluation approach to prepare initial estimates of
benefit.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Assessing Chemical Releases and Worker Exposures from a Filter Press.
Scott-J; Sherban-K; Marshall-M
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering
Lab.
Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 03, 1990
1989
TD3: Chemical releases and worker exposures associated with the filtration of
an industrial wastewater sludge were characterized. The filter was a recessed
chamber filter press with an open filtrate discharge system. Chemical releases
and worker exposures for a selected chemical were measured over four
operational cycles and various aspects of the filtration operation believed to
influence the measurement values were documented. Ventilation patterns around
the filter press were monitored. The worker's time-weighted average exposures
to total copper (low vapor pressure, highly insoluble form) during the
113-minute operational cycle ranged from 3.1 to 25 micro g/cu m. To sludge
feed and filter cake copper concentrations were approximately 0.1 and 1.0
weight percent. A noticeable difference in worker techniques was observed
which may account for the large range of inhalation exposures during the cake
removal stage. During this stage, the inhalation exposures ranged from 11
micro g/cu m to 130 micro g/cu m. The manual removal of filter cake comprised
only 15% of the time in an average filtration cycle, but produced 72% of the
worker's inhalation exposure. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab.
Environmental-surveys; Waste-treatment; Waste-water; Copper-;
Industrial-medicine,-Exposure,-Hazardous-materials; Risk-assessment;
Occupational-safety-and-health,-Environmental-monitoring
NTIS/PB90-119587, 125p. NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Grant EPA-R-813355, Proj. SWRI-01-1236
NTIS
Assessing exposures to environmental tobacco smoke.
Leaderer-BP
John B. Pierce Foundation Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology & Public
Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
Risk-Anal; VOL 10, ISS 1, 1990, P19-26 (REF: 28)
REVIEW; REVIEW,-TUTORIAL
The combustion of tobacco indoors results in the emission of a wide range of
air contaminants that are associated with a variety of acute and chronic
health and comfort effects. Exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are
assessed for epidemiologic studies and risk assessment and risk management
applications. An individual's or population's exposure to ETS can be assessed
by direct methods, which employ personal air monitoring and biomarkers, and
indirect methods, which utilize various degrees of microenvironmental
53
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measurements of spaces, models, and questionnaires in combination with
time-activity information. The major issues related to assessing exposures to
ETS are summarized and discussed, including the physical-chemical nature of
ETS air contaminants, use of proxy air contaminants to represent ETS, use of
biomarkers, models for estimating ETS concentrations indoors, and the
application of questionnaires.
RN: 54-11-5 (Nicotine)
TOXBIB
Assessment of long-term exposures to toxic substances in air.
Rappaport-SM
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.
Ann-Occup-Hyg; VOL 35, ISS 1, 1991, P61-121 (REF: 128)
JOURNAL-ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW,-ACADEMIC
Language: ENGLISH
Abstract: Because airborne exposure varies greatly over time and between
individual workers, occupational hygienists should adopt sampling strategies
which recognize the inherent statistical nature of assessing exposure. This
analysis indicates that the traditional practice of testing 'compliance1 with
occupational exposure limits (OELs) should be discarded. Rather, it is argued
that acceptable exposure should be defined with reference to the exposure
distribution. Regarding the many statistical issues which come into play, it
is concluded that hygienists should continue to apply the log-normal model for
summarizing and testing data. However, sampling designs should move away from
methods which are biased (e.g. sampling only the worst case) and which rely
upon job title and observation as the primary means of assigning workers into
groups. Since exposure data often lack independence (e.g. owing to the
autocorrelation of serial measurements) and there exist large differences in
exposure between workers in the same job group, random sampling designs should
be adopted.
TOXBIB
Developments and tendencies in establishing limit values for the soil
from the point of view of environmental medicine
Eikmann, T.; Michels, S.; Krieger, T.; Einbrodt, H.J.
Inst. Hyg. and Occup. Med., Tech. Univ., D-5100 Aachen, FRG
Congress of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Hygiene und Mikrobiologie,
Section Hygiene and Public Health Hannover (FRG) 4-6 Oct 1989
ZENTRALBL. HYG. UMWELTMED VOL. 189, NO. 4, 1990, 376
By assessment of the possible risk of man by toxic substances from waste
sites the most important investigation criteria are the type of the
substance, the concentration in soil, soil air, surface and groundwater,
but also in nutritional plants and useful animals. In the last years the
burden of affected population groups has been investigated based on
biological monitoring by analyzing toxic substances in biological material
(e.g. blood, urine, mother's milk). - To estimate the grade of burden of
population the existing regulations and guidelines are generally not
sufficient. For rapid classification of waste sites and their possible
54
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remedials various institutions are developing limit values which manage to
assess concentrations of toxic substances by criteria of human toxicology.
The necessary restrictions and conventions for this are presented and
critically discussed.
163093 91-04104 POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Epidemiological aspects in food safety.
Kello-D
Environment and Health Service, World Health Organization, Copenhagen,
Denmark.
Food-Addit-Contam; VOL 7 Suppl 1, 1990, PS5-11
JOURNAL-ARTICLE
Language: ENGLISH
The rapid growth of international trade in food products has resulted in
increased hazards from trans-boundary foodborne infections and intoxication.
Therefore, the development of multinational surveillance and registration of
foodborne diseases or food contamination, of both biological and chemical
origin, is of utmost importance for their prevention and control. Recognizing
the importance of accurate and adequate epidemiological data for decision
making with respect to priorities, resources and management, the World Health
Organization (WHO) launched in 1976 the Joint UNEP/FAO/WHO Food Contamination
Monitoring Programme (GEMS/Food) and in 1980 the surveillance programme for
control of foodborne infections and intoxications in Europe. Although the
response of participating countries in both programmes was very positive, many
questions have arisen during this period which require further improvements
through national and international action. Monitoring and surveillance of food
contamination and foodborne infections and intoxications is a
multidisciplinary process and requires the active involvement of experts in
medical and veterinary food hygiene, food chemistry and epidemiology. Since
health risk management with respect to food safety is frequently delegated to
different authorities, much better coordination between the sectors is needed
in order to improve epidemiological analysis at national and international
level. The purpose of this paper is to review the WHO regional programme for
prevention and control of foodborne infections and intoxications in the light
of accumulated experience and to discuss plans and possibilities for further
improvements through national and international action in the 1990s.
TOXBIB
55
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Evaluating the liver in hazardous waste workers.
Hodgson-MJ; Goodman-Klein-BM; van-Thiel-DH
Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Pennsylvania.
Occup-Med; VOL 5, ISS 1, 1990, P67-78 (REF: 38)
PT: REVIEW; REVIEW,-TUTORIAL
This article reviews issues in screening and surveillance of liver disease in
hazardous waste workers. Traditional liver injury tests (LIT) are only
insensitive indicators of liver disease. Newer techniques, including the use
of true liver function tests and urinary excretion of metabolites, are as yet
unvalidated and substantially more expensive. In the presence of
abnormalities, useful strategies include: assessment of other possible causes,
avoidance of other possible risk factors, and review of exposures on specific
sites.
TOXBIB
Evaluation of health risks associated with proposed ground water
standards at selected inactive uranium mill-tailings sites
Hamilton, L.D.; Medeiros, W.H.; Meinhod, A.; Morris, S.C.; Moskowitz,
P.O.
REP. BROOKHAVEN NATL. LAB, 1989
NTIS Order No.: DE90015133/GAR.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed ground water
standards applicable to all inactive uranium mill-tailings sites. The
proposed standards include maximum concentration limits (MCL) for currently
regulated drinking water contaminants, as well as the addition of standards
for molybdenum, uranium, nitrate, and radium-226 plus radium-228. The
proposed standards define the point of compliance to be everywhere
downgradient of the tailings pile, and require ground water remediation to
drinking water standards if MCLs are exceeded. The document presents a
preliminary description of the Phase 2 efforts. The potential risks and
hazards at Gunnison, Colorado and Lakeview, Oregon were estimated to
demonstrate the need for a risk assessment. (Contract AC02-76CH00016
Sponsored by Dept. of Energy, Washington, DC. Portions of this document are
illegible in microfiche products. )
174885 91-05834
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
56
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Exposure Assessment Component of the Field Verification Program: Overview and
Data Presentation.
Munns-WR; Paul-JF; Bierman-VJ; Davis-WR; Galloway-WB
Environmental Research Lab., Narragansett, RI.
Science Applications International Corp., Narragansett, RI.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 08, 1990
The exposure assessment component of the aquatic portion of the Field
Verification Program (FVP) related the source input of dredged material
contaminants to corresponding concentration distributions in space and time in
the vicinity of the disposal mound. The specific objectives for this component
were to provide a description of the environmental exposure field at
biological effects measurement stations in the water column (pelagic zone), in
the sediments (benthic zone), and at the near-bottom/ sediment-water interface
(epibenthic zone); to relate the source (dredge disposal mound) to near-field
exposure measurements using process models for the vertical transport of
contaminants and particulate materials; and to determine the environmental
processes controlling contaminant phase partitioning. The report provides an
overview of the exposure assessment component of the aquatic portion of the
FVP, and describes the methods used and results obtained from activities
directed towards the first objective. Sponsored by Environmental Research
Lab., Narragansett, RI.
Waste-disposal; Sediments-;
Water-pollution,-Exposure,-Physical-tests,-Chemical-tests,-Metals,-Quality-ass
urance,-Quality-control,-Organic-compounds,-Trace-elements; Dredge-spoil;
Field-Verification-Program; Risk-assessment; Ocean-disposal;
Environmental-effects,-Comprehensive-planning,-Environmental-tr
NTIS/PB90-156233, 278p. NTIS Prices: PC A13/MF A02
Contract EPA-68-03-3529
NTIS
Food Chain as a Source of Human Exposure from Municipal Waste Combustion.
Belcher-GD; Travis-CC
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 18, 1989
The food chain is the primary pathway of human exposure for a large class of
lipophilic compounds, such as dioxins, DDT, and other pesticides. Since
municipal waste combustors release both metals and organics into the
environment, the food chain pathway must be considered as a potential source
of human exposure. This paper presents estimates of human exposure through the
food chain for a typical municipal waste combustor. A Monte Carlo uncertainty
analysis is performed to characterize variability in exposure estimates. 8
refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs. (ERA citation 14:025540) International conference on
municipal waste combustion, Hollywood, FL, USA, 11 Apr 1989.
NTIS/DE89010368, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products., 17p. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
CONF-890422-2, Contract AC05-840R21400
NTIS
57
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Molecular epidemiology of coal worker's pneumoconiosis: application to risk
assessment of oxidant and monokine generation by mineral dusts.
Borm-PJ; Meijers-JM; Swaen-GM
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Toxicology,
University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Exp-Lung-Res; VOL 16, ISS 1, 1990, P57-71
Journal Article
Language: ENGLISH
Abstract: It is generally accepted that fibrotic lung diseases are mediated by
macrophage-derived cytokines and growth factors. Basic research continues to
find new factors involved in these disease processes to incorporate into new
hypotheses. Two hypotheses implicitly generated by recent findings were tested
in an epidemiologic approach among workers in coal mines. This approach is
described as molecular epidemiology and is exemplified by two studies focused
on different mechanistic aspects of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP):
antioxidants in red blood cells of miners with CWP and generation of tumor
necrosis factor (TNF) by blood monocytes of miners with CWP. Most findings in
the antioxidant study may merely be reflections of pulmonary inflammatory
processes. Some data in the TNF study indicate, however, that TNF release is a
risk factor for the development of lung fibresis after prolonged exposure to
coal mine dust.
TOXBIB
Protection of human health from mixtures of radionuclides and chemical in
drinking water.
Jones-TD; Owen-BA; Trabalka-JR
Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee
37831-6101.
Arch-Environ-Contam-Toxicol; VOL 20, ISS 1, 1991, P143-50
Journal Article
Language: ENGLISH
Abstract: This study was undertaken to develop a common scale for evaluating
health risks from contaminated drinking water. For different agents, many
unrealistic models of risk have been used. By intent, regulatory toxicology
depends on "data-sparse, model-intensive" analogies from exotic animal
genetics and novel exposures (NCRP 1989). The question is, does a risk
evaluation so derived have any predictive validity? Absence of data prevents
answer because regulatory toxicology rationalizes in step-by-step logic, which
we call absolute (i.e., predicts cases of disease in a population). Absolute
models ensure safety, but do so at the cost of realism. In contrast, we make
relative comparisons in the manner of horsepower or RBE from radiation
biology. All pollutants are assumed to contribute to toxic injury. Next,
relative potencies are linked to the most credible standards. Thus, experience
is transferred from well-studied chemicals to the new chemical by
"data-intensive, model-sparse" methods. This logos provides much relative
precision. Then, pollutants are compared with: (1) common foodstuffs, (2)
ambient radiation background, or (3) utility-pure drinking water. Finally, an
assessment is made for a waste disposal area.
TOXBIB
58
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Public health response to an identified environmental toxin: managing risks to
the James Bay Cree related to cadmium in caribou and moose.
Archibald CP, Kosatsky T
Departeraent de Sante communautaire, Hopital general de Montreal,
Quebec.
Can-J-Public-Health; VOL 82 (1), 1991, 22-26
JOURNAL-ARTICLE
At the request of Cree political and health authorities and using indirect
measures of exposure, we estimated the risk to the James Bay Cree of renal
impairment related to the long-term consumption of the liver and kidney of
moose and caribou contaminated by environmental cadmium. The low risk of
disease was weighed against the possible detriment from activities to convince
the Crees to avoid a traditional albeit occasional component of their
subsistence diet. Our approach to the assessment and management of this
specific environmental hazard is of general interest.
TOXBIB
Report to Congress on Indoor Air Quality. Volume 2. Assessment and Control of
Indoor Air Pollution.
Anon
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1990
1989
TD3: The purpose of the report is to fulfill the requirement of section 403(e)
of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. The report
consists of four volumes. The component, Volume 2, of the report discusses
information on the risks, the economic impacts of pollution control methods, a
description of current legislative authorities, and state, local, as well as
private problems addressing the issue. It concludes with a discussion of the
policy issues on a comprehensive Federal response to indoor air quality.
Final rept. Also available from Supt. of Docs. See also Volume 1, PB90-167388
and Volume 3, PB90-167404.
Radon-; Hazardous-materials; Air-pollution-control;
Public-health,-Building-codes,-Design-standards,-Exposure,-Sources,-Mathematic
al-models,-Radioactive-materials; Indoor-air-pollution; Risk-assessment;
Environmental-impact-assessment; Air-quality;
Superfund-Amendments-and-Reauthorization-Act-of-1986;
Occupational-safety-and-health,-Public-information,-Comprehensi
NTIS/PB90-167396, Also available in set of 4 reports PC E99/MF E99,
PB90-167362., 252p. NTIS Prices: PC A12/MF A02
EPA/400/1-89/001C
NTIS
59
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Risk assessment of vibration exposure and white fingers among platers.
Nilsson-T; Burstrom-L; Hagberg-M
Department of Occupational Medicine, Sundsvall, Sweden.
Int-Arch-Occup-Environ-Health; VOL 61, ISS 7, 1989, P473-81
Journal Article
The dose-response relationship between vibration exposure and vascular
disorders in the hands was examined in platers. The study was based on a cross
section of 89 platers and 61 office workers divided according to exposure to
vibration into four groups. Vibration exposure was assessed by measuring the
acceleration intensity on a sample of tools, together with both subjective
rating and objective measurements of the exposure time. The frequency-weighted
energy equivalent acceleration for 4 h was 4.6-4.7 m/s2. The point prevalence
of white fingers was 42% for the plater category currently exposed with an
odds ratio of 85. The time laps before contraction of white fingers (latency
time) was four years for the 10th percentile, and was shorter than predicted
according to the ISO-5349 standard. The prevalence of white finger symptoms
staged according to the Taylor-Pelmear scale was comparable to the prevalences
according to the Stockholm Workshop Scale. Vibration exposure was the dominant
source of white fingers and each year of vibration exposure increased the odds
ratio for white fingers by 11%. Distal circulation in the hands was assessed
by a timed Allen test. The odds ratio for a positive Allen test was higher for
the workers exposed to vibration compared to the non-exposed workers. The use
of the timed Allen test is suggested in the clinical examination for vibration
white fingers. The observed high risk for contracting white fingers could be
prevented by exposure level reduction and/or restriction of exposure duration.
TOXBIB
Risk Assessment and Control of Toxic Gas Releases
Sherin-BJ
Hazard Assessment and Control Technology in Semiconductor Manufacturing, Lewis
Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, pages 115-133, 15 references, 1989
Monograph
The use of risk assessment in the semiconductor industry to evaluate the
hazards of toxic gas releases was described. Several toxic gases have been
used in the semiconductor industry, including metal hydride gases used in
fabrication processes to dope silicon substrates. Anhydrous ammonia (7664417)
has been used in reactions with silicon compounds to produce insulating
silicon-nitride. Hydrogen-chloride (7647010) and chlorine (7782505) have been
commonly used as etching gases. Several regulations have been promulgated by
local, state and federal agencies to minimize the risk of extremely hazardous
material releases into the environment. Modeling the results of an accidental
discharge of extremely hazardous materials (EHM) may be useful as a tool for
site planning, emergency preparedness, and emergency response. To examine the
level of risk to a neighboring community of a semiconductor facility,
dispersion modeling calculations were included for hypothetical releases from
a facility that manufactures microwave and optoelectronic devices in San Jose,
California. Various engineering controls which can be used to limit the
hazards were discussed.
NIOSH
60
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Risk perceptions and food choice: an exploratory analysis of organic-
versus conventional-produce buyers.
Hammitt, James K.
Risk Analysis 10, September 1990, 367-374 tables chart
Consumer choice between organically and conventionally grown fruits and
vegetables.
PAIS
Significance of risk assessment in the management of environmental exposures
to chemical mixtures.
Newill-VA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
Washington, D.C. 20460.
Toxicol-Ind-Health; VOL 5, ISS 5, 1989, P635-46
Language: ENGLISH
TOXBIB
Some issues in risk assessment for agricultural chemicals.
Rodricks-JV; Rachman-NJ
ENVIRON Corporation, Washington, D.C.
Am-J-Ind-Med; VOL 18, ISS 4, 1990, P467-75
JOURNAL-ARTICLE
Language: ENGLISH
Risk assessment is now a significant feature of most environmental risk
management programs, in both industry and government. The purpose of this
paper is to describe the elements of risk assessment, their strengths and
limitations, and their relationship to other activities, including research
and risk management. Risk assessment issues to be examined are those
especially important to the agricultural community, including problems of
high-risk subpopulations, exposure through unauthorized pathways (e.g., those
resulting from groundwater contamination or pesticide misuse), and
inadequacies in toxicity and residue data bases.
TOXBIB
The maximally exposed individual: an inappropriate basis for public
health decisionmaking.
Goldstein, Bernard D.
Environmental Forum 6 n6 13(4) Nov-Dec, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
61
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The treatment of environmental conditions in accident consequence assessments
Simmonds JR
Natl Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, UK
OECD/NEA Influence of Seasonal Conditions on Radiological Consequences of
a Nuclear Accident Workshop, Paris, September 21-23, 1988, p!62(9)
Conference paper
The consequences of accidental releases of radioactivity to the atmosphere
will vary depending on the environmental conditions occurring at the
time of the release. The different stages in an accident consequence
assessment are delineated, highlighting relevant environmental and seasonal
factors. The major environmental effects are considered in probabilistic
accident consequence assessments by sampling from all possible weather
conditions and by using site-specific data. (9 REFERENCES)
ENVIROLINE
Total Human Exposure: basic concepts, EPA field studies, and future research
needs
Ott, Wayne -R
EPA, Washington DC
Air & Waste Management Assn J, Jul 1990, V40, N7, P966(10)
Toxicity Assessment of Dredged Materials: Acute and Chronic Toxicity as
Determined by Bioassays and Bioaccumulation Tests.
Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Environmental Aspects of
Dredging Activities (Actes du Seminaire International sur les Aspects
Environnement aux lies aux Activities de Dragages), c!990.
Melzian, B. D.
Environmental Research Lab., Narragansett, RI.
Reprint, 25p.
Proceedings of the International Seminar of the Environmental Aspects of
Dredging Activities, Nantes, France, November 27-December 1, 1989,
Session 1, p49-64.
PB91-182790 EPA/600/D-91/066 ;ERLN-1123;
NTIS Categry Codes 68D; 68C; 68G; 47D; 57H; 57U
NTIS Prices PC A03/MF A01
Whenever dredged materials are disposed into the ocean, the potential effects
of the materials on human health, fishery resources, and marine ecosystems may
range from being negligible or unmeasureable to important. Because these
effects may differ greatly at each dredged material extraction or disposal
site, each site must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. In the United
States, the manual entitled Ecological Evaluation of Proposed Discharge of
Dredged Material into Ocean Waters: Implementation Manual for Section 103 of
Public Law 92.532 (Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972)
(the 'Implementation Manual1 or 'Green Book') was published in 1977 to give
guidance on determining the potential biological effects caused by dredging
operations. The Green Book provides detailed guidance on the conduct of the
required bioassays on the liquid, suspendEd particulate, and solid phases of a
dredged material. In addition, guidance is given on how to conduct the
bioassays and bioaccumulation tests. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) recently published a manual that gives guidance on the appropriate
62
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length of the bioaccumulation tests (i.e., 28 days), recommended test species,
and conduct of the tests. In the past, the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration's 'Action Limits' and international fish and shellfish
standards have occasionally been used in the interpretation of dredged
material bioaccumulation data. Even though they may be useful in some cases,
there are limitations to using Action Limits and international standards when
evaluating bioaccumulation test data.
NTIS
Urban Pollution: Modelling Approaches for Predicting Environmental Exposure to
Toxicants.
Barnwell-TO
Middlesex Polytechnic, Enfield (England). Urban Pollution Research Center.
Environmental Research Lab., Athens, GA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 24, 1989
1988
TD3: Evidence of potentially harmful effects of pesticides and other toxic
organic chemicals on aquatic organisms has led to intensive efforts toward
environmental risk assessment for existing and new chemicals. The most direct
procedures for evaluating environmental risk attendant to chemical use or
release is a field study in which aquatic systems are monitored for damage,
causal factors delineated, and results extrapolated or generalized. Concern
about pesticides and other toxic chemicals is related to effects or damage.
The study of this exposure, or exposure assessment, is defined as a
quantitative evaluation of the concentration of chemical toxicants in contact
with receptor populations for various environmental media as the toxicant is
released, transported, and transformed among and within environmental
compartments. Exposure assessments for toxic chemicals in the aquatic
environment must accommodate both the nonpoint or variable loading case and
the point or steady loading case. The influence of transport on chemical
behavior is determined by the local environmental regime (flow rates, sediment
concentrations, etc.); transformation processes are largely determined by
chemical properties and to a lesser extent by environmental conditions.
Research rept. Prepared in cooperation with Environmental Research Lab.,
Athens, GA.
Urban-areas; Pesticides-; Water-pollution;
Chemical-compounds,-Mathematical-models,-Water-quality,-Exposure,-Numerical-an
alysis,-Rivers,-Concentration-Composition,-Substitutes,-Sediments,-Great-Brita
in; Risk-assessment; Toxic - substances; Environmental-transport;
Environmental-effects,-Bioaccumulation,-Path-of-pollutants,-Bio
NTIS/PB89-237093, 84p. NTIS Prices: PC E06/MF E06
NTIS
63
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE (MC)
Pharmacoki.netics for regulatory risk analysis: the case of
1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform).
Bogen-KT; Hall-LC
Environmental Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
California 94550.
Regul-Toxicol-Pharmacol; VOL 10, ISS 1, 1989, P26-50 (REF: 67)
Review
A methodology for using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to
derive predicted safe concentrations of noncarcinogens in drinking water for
humans based on experimentally determined no observed adverse effect levels
(NOAELs) in animals is presented and applied to the case of
1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform, MC). For each toxic endpoint and
lowest corresponding NOAEL identified for MC, we considered a set of
toxicologically plausible options regarding the presumed toxic agent and the
metric for effective dose to target tissue. A four-compartment PBPK model for
rodents was used to estimate corresponding effective doses to the animals used
to obtain the experimental NOAELs. A five-compartment PBPK model was then
applied, in conjunction with a multiroute (inhalation, ingestion and dermal)
human-exposure scenario, to calculate alternative concentrations of MC in
drinking water predicted to result in corresponding effective doses to the
same target tissues in humans.
TOXBIB
1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE CMC)
Health Risk Assessment of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (MC) in California Drinking
Water.
Hall-LC; Bogen-KT; McKone-TE; Mallon-B; Hall-CH
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 14, 1989
This document presents an assessment of the potential health risks associated
with exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform, or MC) dissolved in
California drinking waters. This assessment is being provided to the
California Department of Health Services (CDHS) for the development of
drinking-water standards to manage the health risks of MC exposure. Other
assessments required in the risk-management process include analyses of the
technical and economic feasibilities of treating water supplies contaminated
with MC. A primary goal of this health-risk assessment is to evaluate
dose-response relationships for observed and potential toxic end points of MC
in order to define dose rates that can be used to establish standards that
will protect members of the general public from adverse health effects
resulting solely from water-based exposures to MC. We also analyze the extent
of human exposures attributable to MC-contaminated groundwater in California.
The document consists of seven sections, plus supporting appendices. Our
assessment begins in Section 2 with a review of the uses of MC, its
environmental chemistry, and concentrations measured in different
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environmental media. The next section provides an overview of published
studies on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of MC.
Also included in Section 3 is a review and analysis of physiologically based
pharmacokinetic models for predicting MC metabolism in animals and humans. In
Section 4, we review studies of the acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity of
MC to animals, including a summary of data from bioassays conducted to
evaluate its potential carcinogenicity. We also provide an overview of MC's
health effects in humans and examine human data on MC's toxic effects on
specific organs and systems. 305 refs., 7 figs., 18 tabs. (ERA citation
14:006529)
Drinking-Water; Hazardous-Materials; Health-Hazards,
-Biological-Effects,-Biological-Pathways,-Carcinnogenesis,-Chlorinated-Aliphat
ic-Hydrocarbons,-Contamination,-Dose-Response-Relationships,-Genetic-Effects,-
Historical-Aspects,-Human-Populations,-Ingestion,-Inhalation,-Risk-Assessment,
-Solvents; Toxicity, -Water-Pollution; Chloroform-
NTIS/DE89003457, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products., 180p. NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01
UCRL-21054, Contract W-7405-ENG-48
NTIS
1.3-BUTADIENE
Assessment of the potential risk to workers from exposure to 1,3-butadiene.
Turnbull-D; Rodricks-JV; Brett-SM
Environ Corporation, Arlington, VA 22203.
Environ-Health-Perspect; VOL 86, 1990, P159-71 (REF: 52)
Journal Article
The available epidemiologic data provide equivocal evidence that 1,3-butadiene
is carcinogenic in humans; some available studies suggest that the
lymphopoietic system is a target, but there are inconsistencies among studies
in the types of tumors associated with 1,3-butadiene exposure, and there is no
evidence of a relationship between length of exposure and cancer risk, as one
might expect if there was a true causal relationship between 1,3-butadiene
exposure and cancer risk. The available chronic animal studies, however, show
an increase in tumor incidence associated with exposure to high concentrations
of 1,3-butadiene. In addition to the general uncertainty of the relevance of
animal data to humans, there are several additional reasons why the National
Toxicology Program's mouse study may not be appropriate for assessing possible
human risks. These include: a) the possible involvement of a species-specific
tumor virus (MuLV) in the response in mice; b) apparent differences between
mice and humans in the rate of metabolism of 1,3-butadiene to reactive
epoxides that may be proximate carcinogens; c) use of high dose levels that
caused excess early mortality; and d) exposure of animals to 1,3-butadiene for
only about half their lifetime. While recognizing the uncertainty in using the
available animal data for risk assessment, we have performed low-dose
extrapolation of the data to examine the implications of the data if humans
were as sensitive as rats or mice to 1,3-butadiene, and to examine how the
predictions of the animal data compare to that observed in the epidemiologic
studies.
TOXBIB
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2.3.7.8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN
Evaluation of potential transmission of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodlbenzo-p-dloxin
contaminated Incinerator emissions to humans via foods.
Fries-GF; Paustenbach-DJ
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville,
Maryland 20705.
J-Toxicol-Environ-Health; VOL 29, ISS 1, 1990, Pl-43 (REF: 144)
REVIEW; REVIEW,-TUTORIAL
Interest in the potential sources of human exposure to TCDD (dioxins, TCDD and
equivalents, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) via foods has recently
shifted from phenoxy herbicides to products of combustion and waste disposal.
Proposals to locate municipal waste combustors in rural areas have raised
concerns that emissions, which could contain TCDD, could contaminate animal
feeds and such human foods as milk, meat, and vegetables. Important factors
that can affect the results of an assessment of incinerator emissions include
(1) the emission and deposition rates of TCDD from the source, (2) the
fractional retention and half-life of fly ash on plants, (3) the environmental
half-life of TCDD, (4) the animal feeding and management systems, (5) the
bioavailability of TCDD and related compounds, (6) the metabolism and
pharmacokinetics of TCDD in farm animals, (7) food consumption levels, (8) the
half-life of TCDD in humans, and (9) the model selected to estimate cancer
risk. For persons living in the area of highest deposition near an
incinerator, a possible uptake of TCDD from foods of animal origin was
estimated to be about 10-40 fg/kg.d, which was much greater than the 1-5
fg/kg.d uptake estimated for foods of plant origin. The total uptake of TCDD
from foods by the maximally exposed population will usually be about 500- to
1000-fold greater than that due to inhalation. Although milk was assumed to be
the most important food pathway in several previous assessments that evaluated
the hazards of airborne emissions, we determined that the
deposition-forage-cattle-beef pathway was the more important route of
exposure. The previous assessments appear to have used inappropriate
pharmacokinetic models for TCDD and to have overestimated pasture use for
dairy cows. The amount of TCDD accumulated in soil from airborne emissions was
found to be less important than the amount deposited in forage, a finding that
is the opposite of the usual conclusions drawn for other routes of TCDD
introduction into agricultural environments. Based on the assumption and
parameters used in this assessment, the potential human health risks due to
TCDD emissions from incinerators are insignificant compared to other
background sources of TCDD. It would be desirable to measure TCDD in soil and
crops around existing facilities to better evaluate this assessment, but it is
likely that concentrations would be too low to reliably quantitate.
TOXBIB
66
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2-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOXYACTIC ACID
Toxicology and quantitative risk assessment of environmental exposure to
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyactic acid (MCPA)
Martin, F.M.; Daugherty, M.L.; Talmage, S.S.; Simth, B.C.; DeRosa, C.
Health and Saf. Res. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
Society of Toxicology 29th Annual Meeting 9015008 Miami Beach, FL
(USA) 12-16 Feb 1990
Society of Toxicology
Society of Toxicology, 1101 14th St., NW, Ste. 1100, Washington, DC
20005, USA. Telephone: 202-293-5935. Fax: 202-371-1090.
Poster Paper No. 1399
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
ACRYLONITRILE
Assessment of risk from exposure to acrylonitrile: the general approach used
by a consultant.
Page-NP; Cook-B
Page Associates, Gaithersburg, MD 20878.
Sci-Total-Environ; VOL 99, ISS 3, 1990, P307-16; discussion 316-7
Journal Article
The concern from low-level exposure to acrylonitrile is primarily due to its
potential for carcinogenicity. Several epidemiology studies provide suggestive
evidence for an association of lung cancer in workers exposed to
acrylonitrile; however, smoking may be a contributing factor and therefore the
role of acrylonitrile as a causative factor is unclear. Seven animal
bioassays, using three routes of exposure and two strains of rats, have
provided consistent results. Tumors were induced in all studies, with the
primary sites of tumor induction being the brain, ear canal, gastrointestinal
tract and mammary glands. The linearized multistage model was used for
extrapolation purposes. The risk based on brain tumors (astrocytomas) and
stomach tumors following oral exposures ranged from 1 x 10(-1) to 4 x
10(-l)mg-lkg-lday-l. The risk of inhalation exposure is somewhat less, (2-3) x
10(-2). Support for carcinogenic potential is obtained from mutagenicity
studies. Acrylonitrile has been found to be mutagenic and also binds with DNA.
It has been speculated that acrylonitrile is metabolized to 2-cyanoethylene
oxide, which is the proximate carcinogen.
TOXBIB
67
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AMMONIA. GASEOUS
Predicting the Consequences of Short-Term Exposure to High Concentrations of
Gaseous Ammonia
Pedersen-F; Selig-RS
Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 21, No. 2, pages 143-159, 15
references, 1989
Journal Article
Abstract: A method was proposed for assessment of the effects of the
accidental release of gaseous ammonia (7664417) on humans. Information was
provided on the toxicity of ammonia. The effects of precautions such as
running away from the gas cloud or going indoors were considered. A model was
discussed, based on theoretical work and data extrapolated from experiments on
laboratory animals. The model considered the density of ammonia relative to
air, the form in which the ammonia was stored such as gaseous or liquid, the
domination of gravity causing a slumping phase in the initial release of dense
cloud dispersions, and the effects of wind turbulence. Data concerning
accidents at Houston, Texas and Potchefstroom, South Africa were used to
evaluate the method. The authors note that gas dispersion calculated by means
of the WHAZAN dense cloud model provides a fairly realistic estimate of the
area of the cloud. Areas in which deaths and permanent injuries actually
occurred at Houston and Potchefstroom were relatively small compared with the
calculated predictions. The authors conclude that the distance to 0 percent
fatality provides a fairly realistic estimate of the limit of the high risk
area. The area covered by a toxic ammonia cloud may be represented by 4
isopleths at ground level: 10,000 parts per million (ppm), very high risk;
SOOOppm, high risk with very high risk to vulnerable members of the
population; 2500ppm, some risk; and 1200ppm, predicted limit of cloud for
emergency planning purposes.
NIOSH
ASBESTOS
Guadalupe corridor transportation project asbestos health risk assessment, San
Jose, California.
Steiner-WE; Koehler-JL; Popenuck-WW
Atmospheric Sciences Group, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Oakland, California
94607-4014.
Sci-Total-Environ; VOL 93, 1990, P115-24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
A study was conducted to assess health risks and identify a set of appropriate
mitigation measures to control airborne emissions of natural asbestos from
construction of the Guadalupe Corridor Transportation Project, a highway and
light-rail construction project in San Jose, California. This study supported
a state-mandated Environmental Impact Report. Communication Hill, along the
project route, is known to contain natural chrysotile asbestos-bearing rock.
The study described in this paper estimated potential asbestos emissions,
identified and evaluated mitigation measures, and evaluated air pathway
exposure and health risks. With mitigation, estimated risks were found to be
acceptable by the regulatory agency, and construction proceeded.
TOXBIB
68
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BENZENE
The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human
risk assessment
Yardley-Jones A, Anderson D, Parke DV
Dept. of Biochemistry, Univ. of Surrey, Guildford UK
British J of Industrial Medicine 48, 1991, 437-444
BIOAEROSOLS
Bioaerosols: prevalence and health effects in the indoor environment.
Burge-H
University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0529.
J-Allergy-Clin-Immunol; VOL 86, ISS 5, 1990, P687-701 (REF: 48)
JOURNAL-ARTICLE; REVIEW,-TUTORIAL; REVIEW
Assessing the role of bioaerosols in residence-related symptoms involves (1)
determining that symptoms are related to the residence by medical examination
and careful questioning, (2) connecting reported symptoms with known or
hypothesized effects of bioaerosols, (3) examining the residence for
bioaerosol risk factors such as overcrowding/poor ventilation, inappropriate
outdoor air intrusion, and dampness/standing water, (4) and finally, if no
obvious risk factors are present, air sampling. Air sampling should always be
a last resort and should use a reliable volumetric method. Particulate
samplers, such as the Burkard personal spore trap, are inexpensive
alternatives to viable particle samplers and will provide data on most
organisms implicated in hypersensitivity diseases. Interpretation of
residential bioaerosol sample data requires both qualitative and quantitative
comparison with adjacent outdoor air and examination of aerosol changes
related to domestic activities. Recommendations that should lead to a decrease
in indoor bioaerosols include the use of air conditioning to allow limitation
of outdoor aerosols, prevention of dampness or moisture intrusion, and
discouraging the use of humidifying devices other than steam. Bioaerosol
assessment in the workplace is often more complex than for residences. Because
the symptomatic subjects are not in charge of the environment, such situations
often lead to difficult employee/management relations and occasionally to
litigation. It is essential that each step in workplace bioaerosol assessment
be defensible and that the best possible methods are used. The approach is
similar to the approach used for residences, but on a larger scale. Symptom
assessment must include stress and ergonomic factors. Air sampling, if this is
necessary, must usually be extensive with controls for ventilation rates,
occupancy, and spatial variation.
TOXBIB
69
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CDD'S. CDF'S
Interim Procedures for Estimating Risks Associated with Exposures to Mixtures
of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and-Dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) and 1989
Update.
Bellin-JS; Barnes-DG
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 08, 1990
In 1987, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formally adopted an
interim toxicity equivalency factor (TEF) procedure (see PB89 125041), which
has been used in addressing a variety of situations of environmental
contamination involving CDDs and CDFs. The method, published as 'Interim
Procedures for Estimating Risks Associated with Exposures to Mixtures of
Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and -Dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs),' is
republished as Part I of the document. Since the 1987 report was published,
the EPA has been active in an international project aimed at adopting a common
set of TEFs, the International TEFs/89 (I-TEFs/89), to promote consistency in
addressing contamination involving CDDs and CDFs. The '1989 Update to the
Interim Procedures for Estimating Risks Associated with Exposures to Mixtures
of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and -Dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs)'
identifies EPA's adoption of the I-TEFs/89 as a revision to the method
currently in use. The 1989 Update is Part II of the document. See also
PB89-125041.
Chlorine-organic-compounds; Furans-;
Toxicity,-Hazardous-materials,-Exposure,-Bioassay,-Public-health,-Fly-ash,-Ind
ustrial-wastes,-Tables-Data,-Waste-disposal,-Carcinogens; Risk-assessment;
Dioxins-; Air-pollution-effects-Humans,-Dibenzodioxin-tetrachloro,-Land
NTIS/PB90-145756, 98p. NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
EPA/625/3-89/016
NTIS
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS
Behavior of chemical warfare agents in water: aquatic transport modeling
for assessing the potential impacts of accidental releases
Breck James E.
ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN
Env Professional, 1989, vll, n4, p324(ll)
Journal article
As part of the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, information was compiled
on the behavior of chemical warfare agents in water. A simple one-dimensional
model was used to: organize and integrate the chemical and environmental
information on the behavior of agents in water; identify the factors and
processes likely to be most important in determining the agent concentration
in water following an accident; and compare the concentration versus time
profiles for spills involving different agents, streams, and environmental
conditions. This kind of analysis can aid in the assessment of the
environmental impacts on aquatic biota and in planning emergency response.
(1 DIAGRAM, 1 GRAPH, 38 REFERENCES, 2 TABLES)
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CHROMIUM
Evaluation of issues relating to the carcinogen risk assessment of chromium.
Gibb-H; Chen-C
Carcinogen Assessment Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC 20460.
Sci-Total-Environ; VOL 86, ISS 1-2, 1989, P181-6 (REF: 17)
Review-Journal Article
Important issues in the carcinogenic risk assessment of chromium compounds are
whether both trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic, the
role of solubility in the carcinogenic response, and the carcinogenicity of
ingested chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic to animals
via several routes of exposure, while trivalent chromium compounds, although
they demonstrate evidence of genotoxicity, have not been shown in animal
studies to be carcinogenic. Workers in chromate production plants, where the
risk of lung cancer is elevated, are exposed to both trivalent and hexavalent
chromium compounds. A cancer unit risk estimate for Wistar rats exposed to a
hexavalent chromium aerosol (sodium dichromate) is less than the risk estimate
for workers in chromate production. If this difference is biologically real, a
possible explanation may be that trivalent compounds also have a carcinogenic
effect. For hexavalent chromium compounds, it is contended that only sparingly
soluble hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic. Recent evidence,
however, indicates that highly soluble hexavalent chromium compounds are also
carcinogenic. Animal ingestion studies have not found trivalent chromium
compounds to be carcinogenic by ingestion; hexavalent compounds have not been
studied. Research by EPA to address the issue of valence state and solubility
with respect to carcinogenicity is currently being conducted.
TOXBIB
DIMETHYLAMINE
Summary Review of Health Effects Associated with Dimethylamine: Health Issue
Assessment.
Rothwell-CE; Turck-P; Parker-D; Rowland-J; England-T
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office.
Dynamac Corp., Rockville, MD.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 24, 1990
Chemical properties and toxicity studies for dimethylamine (DMA) are reviewed.
At 25 C, DMA is a water-soluble, colorless, flammable gas, with both natural
and anthropogenic sources. Body burden of DMA is due to rapid absorption of
inhaled or ingested DMA, along with endogenous formation; urinary excretion of
unmetabolized compound is primary route of elimination. Microsomal enzymes in
nose and liver convert DMA to formaldehyde. DMA in the stomach in presence of
nitrite and acid conditions can be converted to nitrosamines. Chronic
inhalation studies in 2 or more species indicate concentration-dependent
toxicity in nasal mucosa with no other tissues affected except small decrease
in body weight at 175 ppm. There is no evidence for carcinogenicity,
mutagenicity; there are no data on teratogenic or reproductive effects. Human
data available are limited to secondary reports of eye irritation at low
concentration, with nose, throat, and lung irritation at 100 ppm DMA. Skin or
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eye contact produces severe burns. Further data are needed on ambient levels
and human effects. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office.
Dimethylamine-;
Toxicity,-Public-health,-Exposure,-Laboratory-animals,-Metabolism;
Health-hazards; Risk-assessment; Air-pollution-effects-Animals;
Air-pollution-effects-Humans,-Pharmacokinetics,-Liver-microsom
NTIS/PB90-271909, 74p. NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
NTIS
DIOXIN
Dioxin: Research needs for risk assessment
Travis, C.C.; Hattemer-Frey, H.A.; Birmingham, B.; Oilman, A.; Clement,
R.; Tashiro, C. (eds.)
Off. Risk Anal., Health and Saf. Res. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., P.O.
Box 2008, Build. 4500S, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6109, USA
International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds,
Toronto, Ont. (Canada) 17-22 Sep 1989
Chlorinated dioxins and related compounds 1989 -- PART 1
CHEMOSPHERE, VOL. 20, NO. 7-9, 1990, 729-742
Evaluating the risks associated with exposure to environmental pollutants
involves identifying the sources and magnitude of environmental input and the
pathways and extent of human exposure. Multimedia transport models, such as
the Fugacity model, can be used to study the environmental fate of pollutants
released into the environment and the extent of human exposure.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Assessment of potential health risks from dermal exposure to dioxin in
paper products
Keenan, R.E.; Sauer, M.M.; Lawrence, F.H.
Envirologic Data, 295 Forest Ave., Portland, ME 04101, USA
8. International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds
1988 Umea (Sweden) 21-26 Aug 1988
CHEMOSPHERE VOL. 19, NO. 1-6, 1989, 877-882
The National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream
Improvement, Inc. (NCASI) contracted with Envirologic Data, Inc. to assess
the potential risks to human health from dermal exposure to dioxin in a
variety of bleached pulp-based products. The risk assessment evaluated
dioxin levels in communication papers, such as those used in books and
newspapers and for typing and writing. In addition, a number of personal
care paper products were investigated, including disposable diapers, facial
tissue, toilet tissue, sanitary napkins, and paper towels. Numerical
results of the risk assessment were expressed as concentration of TCDD
toxic equivalents in bleached pulp corresponding to a preselected,
upper-bound lifetime cancer risk level of one in one million. For all of
the personal care products modeled in this analysis, risk-specific
concentrations of 160,000 ppt for females and 510,000 ppt for males were
calculated. In the case of combined dermal exposure to communication papers
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and personal care products, risk-specific concentrations of TCDD
equivalents in the pulp were estimated at 4,100 to 8,900 ppt.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Human exposures from dioxin in soil--a meeting report.
Gough M
Center for Risk Management, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.
J Toxicol Environ Health; VOL 32 (2), 1991, 205-235
JOURNAL-ARTICLE
A 1984 risk assessment identified 1 part per billion (ppb) of dioxin in soil
as a "level of concern" at Times Beach, Mo. The authors of the assessment had
to rely on many assumptions in their analysis, but since that time, a number
of investigators have obtained data that bear directly on estimating exposures
from substances in soil. Partly because of the assumptions and partly because
of the site-specific nature of their analysis, the authors of the Times Beach
risk assessment cautioned against the adoption of 1 ppb as a delineator
between acceptable and nonacceptable levels of contamination. Those cautions
have been more frequently ignored than honored, and 1 ppb has become a de
facto standard. In November 1989, the Center for Risk Management at Resources
for the Future hosted 50 experts at a workshop that heard and discussed
published and new research about exposure estimates and measures. The 1984
assessment identified soil ingestion by toddlers as the single most important
source of exposure to dioxin in soil; it assumed that toddlers ingested 10 g
soil daily. Research discussed at the workshop shows that the
average child ingests about 0.04 g soil daily, but that 1 of 320 studied
children ingested 5 g. These findings leave open the risk management decision
about whether acceptable exposure levels should be established to protect the
average child or the extreme child. Furthermore, the absence of children from
commercial and industrial sites led to suggestions that higher concentrations
of dioxin are acceptable in soil at such sites. Some workshop participants
objected to those suggestions because of the difficulty of assuring that such
sites would not revert to residential use in the future. Whether deed
restrictions are sufficient to prevent such reversions was seen as an
important research topic. Workshop participants repeatedly discussed the
importance of site-specific data in estimating exposures: Measured half-lives
of dioxin in different soils range from 18 mo to greater than 100 yr;
bioavailability from various soils differs by at least 20-fold; and the
amounts of soil ingested by grazing cattle can differ 20-fold depending on
conditions. Workshop participants agreed upon some suggestions for research
and generally favored the development of guidelines for exposure assessment
that would allow consideration of site-specific information. Furthermore, they
generally agreed that no single concentration should be taken as a level of
concern. Instead, levels should be established that consider the planned uses
of the sites.
TOXBIB
73
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ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
Ethylene dibromide: toxicology and risk assessment.
Alexeeff-GV; Kilgore-WW; Li-MY
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Department of
Health Services, Berkeley 94704.
Rev-Environ-Contam-Toxicol; VOL 112, 1990, P49-122 (REF: 139)
Journal Article
Since the 1920s ethylene dibromide's (EDB's) primary use has been as a
scavenger of lead compounds in gasoline. Gasoline evaporation contributed to
EDB emissions into the environment. In 1973, the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) issued regulations to reduce the use of leaded
gasoline and this has resulted in lower EDB usage and emissions. In addition,
EDB has been used extensively as a fumigant since 1948. Its volatility and
versatility, based on chemical and biocidal properties, led to its use as a
soil sterilant, as a spot fumigant of grain milling machinery, and as a
control agent in grain, fruit and vegetable infestations. In 1977 the EPA
began a review of EDB's pesticidal uses which eventually led to its
cancellation for most agricultural applications. Disposal of EDB and
contamination of water supplies remain major environmental concerns. Analyses
of risks from EDB exposure have focused on potential carcinogenic effects.
Initial risk estimates, based on
animal studies, indicated that citrus workers had essentially a 100% chance of
contracting cancer.
TOXBIB
METHYL N-BUTYL KETONE
Critical review of the toxicity of methyl n-butyl ketone: risk from
occupational exposure
Bos Peter MJ, deMik G, Bragt Peter C
Dept. of Occupational Toxicology, TNO Medical Biological Laboratory, Rijswijk,
Netherlands
American J of Industrial Medicine 20 (1991): 175-194
Journal Article-Research
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METHYL BROMIDE
Occupational and environmental hygiene assessment of fumigations with
methyl bromide
Guillemin, M.P.; Hillier, R.S.; Bernhard, C.A.
Inst. Occup. Health Sci., Univ. Lausanne, Bugnon 19, CH-1005 Lausanne,
Switzerland
ANN. OCCUP. HYG VOL. 34, NO. 6, 1990, 591-607
Use of methyl bromide for pest control fumigation may result in adverse
exposure to three populations: the actual fumigators; other workers not
actually involved in the fumigation; and the general public in the
vicinity. The risk of exposure of these three target populations in
Switzerland was investigated. The methodology was a combination of
occupational hygiene surveys, including a preliminary hazard analysis, with
a comprehensive assessment of the safety and health systems in use based on
the "Management Oversight and Risk Tree" (MORT) method (Knox and Eicher,
MORT User's Manual, Revision 2. DOE 76-45/4 (1983)).
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
OCTACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (PCPD)
Health effects and environmental characterization of
octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD): Impact on risk assessment of former wood
treatment sites
Copeland, T.; Harris, M.; Finley, B.; Paustenbach, D.
ChemRisk Div., McLaren/Hart, Irvine, CA
911 5031: 30th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Dallas, TX (USA),
25 Feb - 1 Mar 1991
Society of Toxicology Poster Paper No. 186
Society of Toxicology, 1101 14th Street, NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC
20005, USA. Telephone: (202) 371-1393. Fax: (202) 371-1090.,
Languages: ENGLISH
171758 91038423
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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RADON
Radon in the Living Environment. Levels and Risks.
Anon
National Inst. of Radiological Sciences, Chiba (Japan).
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 12, 1990
Individual papers in this series are separatedly indexed. (ERA citation
15:011313) In Japanese. NIRS seminar on environmental research (15th), Chiba
(Japan), 3-4 Dec 1987.
Radon,-Meetings; Foreign-technology,-EDB-540130; Publie-health;
Risk-assessment; Radiation-dosage; Air-pollution-effects-Humans;
Indoor-air-pollution
NTIS/DE90705994, U.S. Sales Only., 344p. NTIS Prices: PC A15/MF A01
NIRS-M-73, CONF-8712153
NTIS
Statewide scientific study of radon: summary report; task 7 final report.
New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection. Bur. of Environmental Radiation.
April 1989, v.p., il tables maps
ORDER INFO: 401 E. State St., CN 402, Trenton, NJ 08625 pa
LANGUAGE: Engl
Report
Prepared by Camp Dresser & McKee Inc.
Key results of a sampling and data collection program at over 6,000 homes
and buildings, and assessment of the health risk of indoor radon exposure.
PAIS
TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE
Health Risk Assessment of Trichlorofluoromethane in California Drinking Water,
Reed-NR; Reed-W; Weir-K; Beltran-K; Babapour-R
California Univ., Davis. Dept. of Environmental Toxicology.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 17, 1989
A review of the existing literature pertinent to the health risk posed by the
use of Freon-11 contaminated drinking water, an estimation of the Freon-11
exposure for California residents based on the most recent data on Freon-11
concentrations in California drinking water supplies, and a delineation of the
level of Freon-11 that may cause a noncarcinogenic health effect.
Public-health;
Drinking-water,-Potable-water,-Fluorohydrocarbons,-Exposure,-Concentration-Com
position,-Toxicology,-Dosage,-Bioassays,-California; Risk-assessment;
Methane-trichloro-fluoro,-Freons,-Path-of-pollutants,-Water-pol
NTIS/PB89-190391, 93p.
NTIS
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Alternatives to Conventional Risk Assessment in Determining Appropriate
Cleanup Levels for Superfund Remediation (Question 3105).
Hetes-RG
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Cooperative
Environmental Management.
North Carolina Univ. at Chapel Hill. Dept. of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 21, 1989
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of
1980 (CERCLA), more commonly called Superfund, established a national program
for responding to releases of hazardous substances into the environment.
Central to the Superfund program are the questions of which sites are
deserving of remedial action and to what extent they should be cleaned. The
report includes a summary and analysis of the existing method of remedial
action selection, both in design and practice. The consensus is that the
existing process as designed is adequate, but problems arise from inconsistent
application. The conventional risk assessment is found to be limited in
addressing multi-compound and multi-media situations. The report identifies
four alternatives to the conventional risk assessment. Conclusions include:
concentration-based standards yielding consistent outcomes inadequately
address additivity, exposure, costs, and site characteristics; best
demonstrated available technology holds the greatest future promise for
acceptability and effectiveness but is presently inadequate due to limited
existing experience; benefit-cost analysis is not viable because CERCLA issues
are not conducive to economic quantification; improved risk assessment has the
greatest short-term potential for augmenting existing methods, not requiring
extensive change, and better addressing multiple contaminant and media
situations. Technical rept. (Final). Sponsored by Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Cooperative Environmental Management.
Hazardous-materials; Waste-disposal;
Site-surveys,-Water-quality,-Standards,-Public-health,-Benefit-cost-analysis,-
Acceptability; Risk-assessment; Superfund-program;
Remedial-action,- State-programs,-Best-technology; Cleanups-
NTIS/PB89-211726, 96p. NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Grant EPA-U-913012-01-0
NTIS
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Analytical principles for occupational health prevention in sanitation of
waste disposals.
Presented at: Asia-Pacific Symposium on Environmental and Occupational
Toxicology, (Singapore), 4-7 Oct 1987
Luedersdorf, R.; Schaecke, G.
Inst. Occup. Med., Freie Univ. Berlin, Koenigsberger St. 36, D-1000
Berlin 45, FRG
Publ: Publ by: INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH, KOBE UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, KOBE (JAPAN), 1988, pp. 467-474 1988
In Environmental and Occupational Chemical Hazards, Sumino, K. (ed.)
Language: English Summary Language: English
Document Type: Book-chapter article
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
Toxic waste disposals may produce severe problem for the environment.
During the sanitation of such disposals, a sufficient occupational health
prevention for the employees must be assured. As toxic compounds are
usually found as complex mixtures of different chemical compounds in
varying compositions, no general arrangement is applicable. After a damage
assessment, comprehensive chemical analyses have to be done from the
contaminated materials such as soil and water for the first estimation of a
health risk. Because inhalation is the main entering route into the human
organism, air samples have to be taken regularly during the work process.
The distribution and concentration of airborne substances deviates from
those of the original contaminated materials. A biological monitoring is
helpful for a stress estimation.
LIFE SCIENCES
Closing the NPL Book under the Original HRS.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response.
Fact sheet, 5p
The Fact Sheet discusses the closing of the Old NPL under the original HRS.
Since 1982, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been preparing
the National Priorities List (NPL). The list informs the public of
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites that warrant further investigation to
determine if they pose risks to public health or the environment. Such sites
are eligible for long-term 'remedial action' financed under the Trust Fund
established by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
of 1986 (SARA). Sites are placed on the NPL primarily on the basis of their
scores under EPA's Hazard Ranking System (HRS) model developed in 1982. EPA
has now revised the HRS in response to SARA. The revised HRS, which will
become effective late in February 1991, 90 days after its publication in the
Federal Register,is a more comprehensive and accurate scoring system
than the original HRS and will add new types of sites to the NPL.
PB91-921302
EPA/9320.7-04/FS
NTIS
78
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Decision and risk analysis for environmental remediation work
Angell, K.G.
Groundwater Technology, Inc.
Air & Waste Management Association 83rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition
9020835 Pittsburgh, PA (USA) 24-29 Jun 1990
Air & Waste Management Association
Air & Waste Management Association, P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230,
USA. Telephone: (412) 232-3444., Paper No. 90-12.8
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Emergency response risk assessment and environmental contamination cleanup
criteria
Greaney Dennis L., Hope Jr., William B.
Env Canada/et al Toxic Substances 4th Conference, Montreal PQ, April 4-5,
1990, p!73(12)
Conference paper
Unlike remedial-response chemical cleanups, emergency-response cleanups are
characterized by unplanned rapid multiple agency decision making. Cleanup
errors can occur in two forms; Type I can be defined as the establishment of
cleanup criteria that do not meet an acceptable risk in the environment,
while Type II is the establishment of cleanup criteria that require site
cleanup beyond the level of acceptable risk. Six commonly used or available
approaches are outlined for establishing cleanup criteria. While no one
approach is applicable for all incidents, the knowledge of these approaches
will result in better decision making. (13 REFERENCES)
ENVIROLINE
International approaches to establishing site cleanup levels: an evaluation of
different methods
Kelly, Kathryn E
Env Toxicology Intl, Seattle, WA
Env Canada/et al Toxic Substances 4th Conference, Montreal PQ, Apr 4-5, 1990,
P113(13)
Conference Paper
Criteria are established for an ideal method for establishing soil cleanup
levels, and various methods currently employed are described. Criteria
include: Be consistent, be flexible, incorporate site-specific data, address
al environmental media, address all environmental contaminants of concern,
distinguish various degrees of contaminnt exposure, deal with various routes
of exposure, deal with various receptors, deal with the effect of more than
one contaminant, differentiate between non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic
contaminants, deal with missing data, incorporate desired end land use,
provide adequate documentation of all calculations and values, provide
quantitative evaluation, be user-friendly, and be cost-effective. The
advantages of the absolute, relative, and combined approaches are described.
(1 DIAGRAM, 15 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE)
ENVIRONLINE
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Marine Processes, Their Relationship to Pollution, and a Framework for Waste
Management (Chapter 1).
Baumgartner DJ, Duedall IW
Environmental Research Lab.-Narragansett, Newport, OR. Mark 0. Hatfield
Marine Science Center. Office of Technology Assessment, Washington,
DC. Florida Inst. of Tech., Melbourne. 1990. lOp.
Book chapter. Reprints: Marine Processes, Their Relationship to
Pollution, and a Framework for Waste Management (Chapter 1), 1990. Also pub.
as Florida Inst. of Tech., Melbourne, report, no. CONTRIB-139 and
Environmental Research Lab., Narragansett, Newport, OR., Mark 0. Hatfield
Marine Science Center, rept. no. CONTRIB-N067. Pub. in Oceanic Processes in
Marine Pollution Transformation, v6 Chapter 1, p3-ll, 1990. Prepared in
cooperation with Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Sponsored by
Florida Inst. of Tech.
PB91-132829 EPA/600/D-90/187 ERLN-N067
The transport and transformation processes which influence the way in which
waste materials are dispersed and incorporated into the marine environment are
reviewed and summarized as a preface for appreciation of the technical papers
which follow in the volume. In a similar vein the papers are discussed in
relation to an outline of a risk assessment framework which may be useful in
guiding both regulatory action and future research. It is concluded that
marine environmental process research has a role to play, but not an exclusive
role in regulation. The nature of the environment is such that not all the
scientific questions have been answered, nor can they be expected to be
answered in the near future to the satisfaction of regulatory agencies or the
public at large. Consequently, regulatory actions must incorporate other
approaches and research must be supported that focuses on critical
environmental problems.
NTIS
Remedial overkill or when is clean "clean" enough?
Walker, P.B.
Pendleton and Sabian, PC, 303 E. 17th Ave., Suite 1000, Denver, CO 80203,
USA
American Industrial Hygiene Conference on Industrial Hygiene in the World
of Tomorrow, Orlando, FL (USA), 13-18 May 1990
Industrial hygiene in the world of tomorrow, 1990, 206
American Industrial Hygiene Association, 345 White Pond Drive, Akron, OH
44320 (USA)
During the 1986 reauthorization of the Comprehensive Environmental
Response Compensation and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), 42U.S.C. 9601-9675,
Congress considered establishing uniform, nationally applicable cleanup
standards for Superfund sites, but was reluctant to make a specific
legislative determination of "how clean is clean". Instead, Congress
enacted Section 121 of CERCLA which expanded the Environmental Protection
Agency's ("EPA") concept of "applicable or relevant and appropriate
requirements" ("ARARs") to be attained during cleanup. Cleanup costs
frequently reach $1 million per acre. Potentially responsible parties
("PRPs") held liable under CERCLA for the cleanup of a site often charge
80
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that significant monies are being wasted. Disputes over appropriate levels
of risk abound and the designation of ARARs for a site is one of the most
controversial aspects of remedy selection.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Revised Hazard Ranking System: Background Information.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response.
Fact sheet, November 1990, 13p.
PB91-921303 EPA/9320.7-03/FS;
The Fact Sheet discusses the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) in response to the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA). The HRS is the
scoring system EPA uses to assess the relative threat associated with the
release or potential release of hazardous substances from a waste site. The
HRS score is the primary criterion EPA uses to determine whether a site should
be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL). The HRS uses data that can be
collected relatively quickly and inexpensively, thus allowing most Superfund
resources to be directed to remedial actions at sites on the NPL.
NTIS
Revised Hazard Ranking System: Qs and As.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response. November 1990.
Fact sheet, 8p.
PB91-921305 EPA/9320.7-02/FS;
NTIS
Superfund research plan, 1989-1990.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and
Development. Hazardous Waste/Superfund Research Com. December 1989.
xii+93p, bibls tables charts maps
Revised edition
EPA/600/8-90/037; SD cat. no. EP 1.23/9:600/8-90/037;
ORDER INFO: U.S. EPA/ORD, Washington, DC 20460
Monograph
Research, development, demonstration, and technical assistance to reduce or
eliminate risks posed by uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances
into the environment. Covers field procedures and guidance, treatment
technologies, health effects, risk assessment, and detection.
506328 900807263 PAIS
Superfund cleanups, ethics, and environmental risk assessment.
Brown, Donald A.
Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 16 n2 181-198 Wntr, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
81
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Verfahren und Modelle fuer den Bodenschutz zur Belastungs- und
Risikoabschaetzung von Schadstoffeintraegen. Darstellung des Forschungsstandes
und -bedarfs. (Methods and models on soil conservation for the estimation of
burdenings and for risk assessment of pollution. Status and demand on
research).
Kneib-W.; Runge-I
Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany, F.R.).
Kernforschungsanlage Juelich G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.)- Projekttraeger
Biologie, Oekologie, Energie.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 15, 1990
There are only few user friendly applicable models to be found and even less
which are able to meet the demands of a burdening and risk assessment. From
the point of view of soil science many of the methods and models find a
satisfactory way to treat the vertical asepct, the lateral aspect is
frequently neglected though. The collected literature shows a decreasing
number of models taking into account groundwater > soil solution > plant >
adjacent soils. A possible way to meet all the demands of a risk assessment
could be constituted by a combination of the stochastic formulation of soil
data to reveal uniform areas (or standardized differences), followed by a
model quantifying relative sensitivities of each area as defined within the
stochastic part. All possible ways through the soil should be taken into
account and the antagonistic aspects of efflux and contamination should
reproducibly be represented. (orig./EF). (Copyright (c) 1990 by FIZ. Citation
no. 90:080798.) In German.
Soil-conservation,-Land-pollution-control; Land-pollution; Risk-assessment;
Mathematical-models,-Pollutants,-Inventories;
Research-programs,-Environmental-policy,-Forecasting;
Foreign-technology,-Water-pollution,-Ground-water,-Environment
NTIS/TIB/B90-80798, 577p. NTIS Prices: PC E99
Rept no. Juel-Spez-545, Contract BMFT 0339186A
NTIS
82
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RADIATION
A new hazard Index for the determination of risk potentials of disposed
radioactive wastes
Kirchner, Gerald
Univ of Bremen FRG
J Env Radioactivity, 1990, Vll, Nl, P71(25)
Biological Effects of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation
Adey-WR
In: Electromagnetic Interaction with Biological Systems, J. C. Lin, Editor;
New York, Plenum Press, 1989, pages 109-140, 173 references,
Monograph Chapter
This review considered the biological effects of radio frequency
electromagnetic radiation, with specific information provided concerning the
following: the radiofrequency environment and its biophysical implications;
whole body resonance at radiowave and microwave frequencies; tissue
determinations of radiofrequency energy absorption; biomolecular mechanisms in
interactions with radiofrequency fields; dielectric behavior of tissue
elements and thermal responses to radio frequency fields; biomolecular
organization in responses to continuous wave and amplitude modulated
radiofrequency fields at athermal levels; millimeter microwave interactions
with cells and macromolecules, absorption of millimeter microwaves in
bacterial cultures; millimeter wave absorption in aqueous solutions of DNA;
cell membrane substrates for transmembrane signaling and energy transfer;
structural substrates of radiofrequency field interactions; the cellular
microenvironment; intercellular communication through gap junctions; and cell
membrane receptor proteins as substrates for transmembrane signaling and
energy transfer. Experimental evidence was presented concerning amplitude
modulation dependent tissue interactions with radiofrequency fields.
Discussion was provided on the intercellular communication and cancer
promotion, and theoretical and experimental models of cooperative organization
in physiological systems.
NIOSH
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Low dose radiation--Basis of risk assessment
Fry RJ
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services; Public Health Service; National Inst.
of Health, National Cancer Institute.
The Univ of Tennessee, Biology Div., P.O. Box Y, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
Crisp Data Base National Institutes Of Health
Research
RPROJ/CRISP The proposed conference is the 14th of the world renowned series,
that honors the memory of L. H. Gray. The subject of the conference is very
timely because radiation risk estimates are undergoing reexamination by the
United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR),
National Academy of Sciences, International Commission on Radiological
Protection and the National Council on Radiation and Measurements (NCRP). For
example, 1) The reassessment of the atomic bomb dosimetry is near completion.
The initial risk estimates based on the new dosimetry and the cancer mortality
data accumulated up to 1985 suggest that the risk of cancer from exposure to
radiation may be greater than previously held. The new dosimetry indicates
that the risk estimates for neutrons may not be obtained from data from the
survivors at Hiroshima. 2) An ICRU-ICRP joint committee has recommended that
the Quality Factor for neutrons should be increased from 10-20. 3) The vexed
question of the risk of lung cancer from protracted exposure to the alpha
particles, that arise from radon daughters has been examined recently by the
NCRP and Measurements and the National Academy of Sciences BEIR IV committee.
4) The exquisite sensitivity of the brain between 8-15 week gestational age
has recently led to extensive studies. 5) There is also a considerable body
of data obtained recently from molecular chromosomal, cellular and whole
animal studies that are important for a sound approach to risk estimates of
radiation- induced cancer, genetic and other tissue effects. There can have
been few, if any, times that there has been so much new information about
radiation effects. It is of great importance that this information is
analyzed and interpreted correctly. The aim of the proposed meeting is to
review and discuss the epidemiological and experimental data, the methods of
analysis, the modeling and methods of extrapolation across species the
participants will come from many parts of the world. Much should be learned
both within and outside the meeting room. A reasonably high proportion of the
speakers will be invited but time will be given over to other presentations
and posters, especially by those who have entered the field recently. This
grant application is to ensure an appropriate participation of U.S. scientists
at the meeting, especially of the younger workers in the field.
CRISP
84
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ECOLOGICAL RISK
Analysis of PCDD and PCDF patterns in soil samples: Use in the estimation
of the risk of exposure
Birmingham, B.; Birmingham, B.; Oilman, A.; Clement, R.; Tashiro, C.
(eds.)
Ontario Minist. Environ., Hazard. Contain. Coord. Branch, 135 St. Clair
Ave. W., Toronto, Ont. M4V IPS, Canada
International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds,
Toronto, Ont. (Canada) 17-22 Sep 1989
CHLORINATED DIOXINS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 1989 -- PART 1
CHEMOSPHERE, VOL. 20, NO. 7-9, 1990, 807-814
Public concern about PCDD and PCDF in incinerator emissions has focused
attention on the potential for these compounds to enter the food chain. The
Ontario Ministry of the Environment has extensively investigated PCDD/PCDF
levels in incinerator emissions, urban soils near incinerators and major
food products available for consumption in Ontario. No clearcut connection
between emission sources and levels of PCDD/PCDF in soil or food has been
found. However the number of samples analysed in these studies has been
limited. Since soil may be a pathway of human exposure through dermal
contact or ingestion, a wider data set of PCDD/PCDF analyses of U.S. and
Canadian soils from rural, urban and industrial sources was examined.
Levels, patterns and quantities of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxicity equivalents (TEQ)
of PCDD/PCDF in soils from various sources were analysed.
161635 91-02646 POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Assessment of Ecologic Risks Related to Chemical Exposure: Methods and
Strategies Used in the United States.
Falco-JW; Moraski-RV
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 22, 1989
1988
TD3: The state-of-the-art assessment of risk to the ecosystem is still
evolving. Although single-species tests have provided valuable information for
the assessment of ecologic risk, it is necessary to focus on ecosystems-level
tests and analyses. The increasing availability of predictive models makes
assessment of risk to the environment, rather than simply to a single species,
more possible. The paper presents a partial compilation of methods used in
performing ecological risk assessments developed by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency or published by the American Society for Testing and
Materials and looks at the future directions of the EPA in the development of
new ecological risk assessment methodologies and approaches. Pub. in Risk
Management of Chemicals in the Environment, Vol. 12 of NATO: Challenges of
Modern Society, Jan 89.
NTIS/PB89-222673, 16p. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
EPA/600/D-89/069
NTIS
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Regional Ecological Risk Assessment: Theory and Demonstration.
Hunsaker-CT; Graham-RL; Suter-GW; O'Neill-BL; Jackson-BL
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 16, 1989
Society needs a quantitative and systematic way to estimate and compare the
impacts of environmental problems that effect large geographic areas. This
report presents an approach for regional ecological risk assessment that
combines regional assessment methods and landscape ecology theory with an
existing framework for ecological risk assessment. Risk assessment evaluates
the effects of an environmental change on a valued natural resource and
interprets the significance of those effects in light of the uncertainties
identified in each component of the assessment process. The components of
regional risk are defined, and the similarities and differences between
regional and local risk assessment are discussed in this report. Unique and
important issues for regional risk assessment are emphasized; these include
the definition of the disturbance scenario, the assessment boundary
definition, and the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape. We present an
in-depth discussion of possible endpoints for regional assessments and
criteria for judging endpoints. A demonstration of a regional risk assessment
is used to illustrate the components of the assessment framework, to test the
utility of the approach, and to highlight unique aspects of regional
assessment such as spatial heterogeneity, landscape pattern, and the need to
link ecological systems through the use of models. 100 refs., 6 figs., 13
tabs. (ERA citation 14:023082)
NTIS/DE89008983, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products., 114p. NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
ORNL/TM-11128, Contract AC05-840R21400
NTIS
Risk assessment of human pressure in the Fort-de-France Bay of Martinique
Pellerin-Massicotte, J.; Nath, B. ; Robinson, J.P. (eds.)
Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. Quebec, Rimouski, Que., Canada
Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Pollution,
Lisbon, April 1991. (Volume 2) Lisbon (Portugal) 15-19 April 1991
International Conference on Environmental Pollution, 1991, 622-628
Inderscience Enterprises Ltd., Geneva (SWITZERLAND)
We have developed an ecotoxicologic approach to environmental problems
which can be used in either part of the world, appropriate to field studies
and risk assessment of pollution on ecosystem health. This approach
consists a) in the choice of a representative organism of the threatened
ecosystem and preferentially a bivalve and sampling sites corresponding to
a pollution gradient; b) sampling of organisms representative of the food
web; c) analysis of the major pollutants; e) assessment of the
physiological condition of the bivalve. Information gathered in the
mangrove of the Fort-de-France bay of Martinique show a decreased
physiological condition of Crassostrea rhizophorae in the south part of the
bay due to physico-chemical parameters modified by the wet season.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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Summary report on Issues in Ecological Risk Assessment.
Risk Assessment Forum, U.S. EPA, Washington DC. February 1991
Assembled by Eastern Research Group, Inc., Arlington MA 02174
Report, ill. Various pagings. 29+ refserences.
EPA/625/3-91/018
This report summarizes the discussions and conclusions of seven information-
gathering meetings held in the spring of 1990. Invited speakers and EPA staff
addressed the scope and content of future ecological guidlines, the nature and
diversity of ecological assessments, approaches to characerizing and
quantifying uncertainty in ecological hazard and exposure assessments, and the
.potential use of population modeling for characterizing ecological risk.
GBK
LEGAL ASPECTS
Discernible risk - a proposed standard for significant risk in
carcinogen regulation.
Cross, Frank B.; Byrd, Daniel M., III; Lave, Lester B.
Administrative Law Review 43 nl 61-88 Wntr, 1991
Exposure data and the risk-assessment process. Regulatory considerations
Reinhert, J.C.; Wang, R.G.M.; Franklin, C.A.; Honeycutt, R.C.; Reinhert,
J.C. (eds.)
Off. Pol., Plan, and Eval., U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20460, USA
194. Meeting of the American Chemical Society on Biological Monitoring
for Pesticide Exposure: Measurement, Estimation and Risk Reduction, New
Orleans, LA (USA) 30 Aug-4 Sep 1987
Biological monitoring for pesticide exposure: measurement, estimation and
risk reduction, 1989, 286-287. ACS Symp. Ser. 382.
American chemical society, Washington, DC (USA)
Most quantitative risk assessments are conducted by or for regulatory
agencies charged with protecting public health, and scientists must deal
directly with the uncertainties inherent in all aspects of the continually
moving field of risk assessment. Regulators must also face the proper
public scrutiny of decisions made based on these assessments. The exposure
end of the risk assessment equation is obviously critical and is an area
where a great deal of uncertainty exists. Occupational exposure to
pesticides is typically estimated either by passive dosimetry techniques or
by biological monitoring.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Good science, bad regulation, and toxic risk assessment.
Latin, Howard
Yale Journal on Regulation 5 nl 89-148 Wntr, 1988
LEGAL RESOURCES INDEX
87
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Joinder of defendants and induced innovation in environmental
torts.
Katzman, Martin T.
Environmental Law 19 nl 37-57 Fall, 1988
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Perceived problems in the application of risk assessment analysis.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)
Highland, Joseph H.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 593-600 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Proposition 65's flaws: A physician's perspective
Mattison, D.R.
Obst. and Gynecol., and Interdiscipl. Toxicol., Univ. Arkansas Med. Sci.,
Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
HEALTH ENVIRON. DIG VOL. 3, NO. 7, 1989, p. 3+
Languages: ENGLISH
Proposition 65 is a good law intended to improve the health of
California's citizens. But even good laws may have flaws that threaten
their effectiveness. As a practicing obstetrician and gynecologist, the
author sees flows in Proposition 65's implementation for reproductive and
developmental toxicants. His criticisms focus on: the law's use of listing
instead of traditional risk assessment; its use of safety or uncertainty
factors; and its lack of provision for educating physicians.
161916 91-02927 POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Regulation of emissions of airborne toxic substances - nuisance to
risk assessment: an analysis of AB 2588 the California Air Toxics "Hot
Spots" Information and Assessment Act of 1987. (Symposium: Environmental Law)
Dufour, James T.; Whisonant, Charles E.
Western State University Law Review 16 nl 139-168 Fall, 1988
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Risk assessment, risk communication and legitimacy: an introduction
to the symposium. (Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)
Lyndon, Mary L.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 289-306 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Risk assessment and the interface between science and law.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)
Goldstein, Bernard D.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 343-355 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
88
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Scientific developments in risk assessment: legal implications.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)
Anderson, Elizabeth L.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 411-425 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
The use of risk assessment in environmental law. (Symposium: Risk
Assessment in Environmental Law)
Stever, Donald W., Jr.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 329-342 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES
Approaches to Risk Training: An Evaluation of EPA (Environmental Protection
Agency) Risk Training Materials.
Crook-AE
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Drinking Water.
North Carolina Univ. at Chapel Hill.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 16, 1989
The report is part of the National Network for Environmental Management
Studies under the auspices of the Agencywlde Technology Transfer Staff of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The study determines the best approaches
for educating the public, environmental health professionals, and
environmental managers in the risk assessment/risk management process for
drinking water contamination. The report reviews the risk training materials
published by the EPA. Because the project focuses on risk assessment and
management with respect to drinking water contamination, the report
concentrates on a workshop presented by the Office of Drinking Water in August
of 1988: Workshops on Assessment and Management of Drinking Water
Contamination. The report also presents the results of a survey of state
public health/environmental agencies with jurisdiction over drinking water.
Two questions were asked: do they conduct or participate in risk training
programs or have written risk policy documents; and what are the major
drinking water contamination concerns in their state. The report is divided
into five sections: Approach to Evaluation of EPA Materials; ODW Workshop on
Assessment and Management of Drinking Water Contamination; EPA Risk Training
Material; EPA Risk Policy/Guidelines; and Survey of State Agencies. Technical
rept., Portions of this document are not fully legible. Sponsored by
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Drinking Water.
NTIS/PB89-189567, 567p.
Grant EPA-U-912784
NTIS
89
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Evaluation of the environmental risks associated with the use as
fertilizer of municipal sewage sludge containing toxic organic contaminants
(A literature review).; Evaluation des risques envlronnementaux concernant
la presence de composes synthetiques organiques toxiques dans les boues
residuaires municipales lors de leur valorisation (revue de litterature)
Couillard, D.; Grenier, Y.
INRS-Eau, CP 7500, 2700 Rue Einstein, Ste-Foy, Que. GlV 4C7, Canada
WATER POLLUT. RES. J. CAN VOL. 25, NO. 1, 1990, 109-130
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH, FRENCH
The presence In municipal sewage sludge of toxic organic chemicals such
as PCB's and PAH's raises questions concerning the use of such sludges as
fertilizer. The present review of the literature suggests that the risk to
public health is slight, given that the concentrations of organic
contaminants in sludge are generally low, particularly in the case of
residential areas with few industries. When contaminated sludge is used as
fertilizer, uptake of the organic contaminants by rooted plants may occur;
the primary route of uptake does not appear to involve the plant roots,
however, but rather evaporation from the soil followed by deposition on the
plant foliage. The high levels of organic matter naturally present in
municipal sewage sludge will tend to retain the organic chemicals in the
upper soil levels and promote their degradation. The recent development of
government guidelines, concerning permissible levels of contaminants in
sludge and suitable crop types for fertilization, should reduce the risk to
human health associated with the use of municipal sludge for agricultural
purposes.
162624 91-03635 POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Multipurpose environmental database for hazard assessment
Chiu, A.; Socha, A.C.
SETAC '90 - Global Environmental Issues: Challenge for the 90s 9045011
Arlington, VA (USA) 11-15 Nov 1990
Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
SETAC, 1101 14th Street, NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
Telephone: (202) 371-1275., Poster Paper No. P044
NATICH (National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse) data base report
on state, local and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) air toxics
activities
NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA), 1989
NTIS Order No.: PB90-131459/GAR.
Languages: ENGLISH
The report disseminates information provided to the NATICH data base by
State and local air agencies and EPA on their air toxics activities. It
both updates and extends (in new tables) the information in the first six
reports. The report includes a listing of State and local agencies that
have provided information to the clearinghouse, air toxics contacts,
regulatory program information, acceptable ambient concentration guidelines
or standards and the bases of those guidelines/standards, pollutant
90
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research information, methods development activities, permitting data,
source testing data, ambient monitoring information, emissions inventory
information, and selected EPA risk assessment information. Because of the
large volume of data that now resides in the data base, the document
reports only subset of permitting and source data.
162239 91-03250 POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
The toxics directory, 1990: references and resources on the health effects
of toxic substances.
California. Dept. of Health Services. Health and Welfare Agency.
(?'90), v.p., bibls maps index
3d ed., Pubn. no. 7540-958-1300-3
ORDER INFO: California Department of General Services, Publications
Section, P.O. Box 1015, North Highlands, CA 95660 pa
LANGUAGE: Engl
Contents are grouped under the headings: Resources; General references,
citizen guides, environmental databases; References on toxic substances by
categories of exposure; Substances and hazards of common concern; Risk
assessment and risk communication; Program and laboratory lists.
PAIS
91
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RISK
MANAGEMENT
DESCRIBES THE REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES
TO CONTROL AND MANAGE RISK
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE
Education In Management Aspects of Occupational and Environmental Health and
Safety Programs
Moser-R Jr; Meservy-D; Lee-JS; Johns-RE Jr; Bloswick-DS
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol. 31, No. 3, Grant-No. T15-OH-07141,
pages 251-256, 1989, 16 references
Journal Article
An interdisciplinary course designed for teaching management aspects of
occupational and environmental health and safety (OEHS) was described. The
course was developed in response to surveys of Master of Science in Public
Health (MSPH) students, recent MSPH graduates, and faculty who indicated that
there was a need for such a course. It was designed for students in the four
disciplines of occupational medicine: industrial hygiene; occupational health
nursing; occupational safety; and ergonomics. It consisted of 20 sessions,
each lasting 1.5 hours, followed by a session for the final examination.
Topics covered in the course included: basic management theory and its
applications in OEHS; time management; cost containment; health risk
management; organizational structure and communication especially within the
corporate environment; leadership, motivation, and delegation; decision
making, data management and analysis; automation use and misuse; participatory
management; planning, budgeting and developing OEHS proposals; problem
resolution; marketing OEHS programs; change theory and applications;
personality interaction; local, national, and international factors affecting
OEHS programs; and goals and objectives of OEHS programs. The course provided
for active student participation in application exercises dealing with current
OEHS problems. The authors conclude that the course meets an identified need
of MSPH students for management education specifically directed toward OEHS
professionals.
NIOSH
93
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Environmental and disaster management risk analysis. Foreign trip report,
December 9, 1989-December 22, 1989.
Anonymous
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 12, 1990
The traveler attended workshops on Environmental and Disaster Management Risk
Analysis in New Delhi and Jaipur, India. The objective of the workshops was to
provide technical knowledge to Indians in the areas of environmental planning,
industrial hazards, risk analysis, and disaster management. Conference
participants identified the following top priorities to aid in the development
of environmental and disaster management in India: (1) technology transfer in
the area of atmospheric dispersion modelling, (2) increased training of
scientific personnel to effectively deal with environmental problems, and (3)
access to data bases on toxicological properties of chemicals. Sponsored by
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
NTIS/DE90005588, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products., 9p.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
ORNL/FTR-3515, Contract AC05-840R21400
NTIS
Environmental due diligence: risk assessment and management.
(Environmental and Natural Resources Law)
Von Oppenfeld, Rolf R.
Arizona Attorney 26 n8 24(5) April, 1990
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Environmental risk and democratic process: a critical review.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)
Fiorino, Daniel J.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 501-547 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Environmental risk management: a desk reference
Rothenberg, Eric B. ; Telego, Dean Jeffrey
RTM Communications, Inc., Alexandria, VA, 1991.
xxiv, 854 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:0962809802
OCLC
Perceived risks versus actual risks: managing hazards through
negotiation.
Shrader-Frechette, Kristin S.
Risk: Issues in Health & Safety 1 n4 341-363 Fall, 1990
94
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Prevention of chemical accidents: The health dimension
Krishna-Murti-CR; Rantanen-J; Somers-E
World Health Organization.
Hemisphere Publishing Co., Taylor and Francis, Rankine Road, Basingstoke,
Hamps. RG24 OPR, United Kingdom, Aug. 1989. 168p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index.
Monograph
Report on the World Conference on Chemical Accidents, held in Rome (Italy),
7-10 July 1987, and jointly sponsored by WHO, the International Programme on
Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the Istituto Superiore di Sanita in Rome. Each
chapter of the book contains a review of the papers presented at corresponding
sessions: plenary session (WHO and EEC action on the environment, problems in
developing countries, rehabilitation and reclamation, conclusions and
recommendations); accident prevention, risk assessment; contingency planning;
emergency response; summary and perspectives.
TOXBIB
OSWER Comparative Risk Project. Executive Summary and Overview.
Anon
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 24, 1990
Report
The document discusses the study undertaken by the Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (OSWER) to explore the comparative risks posed by various
waste management practices regulated by and/or under OSWER purview. It
describes the study's position as an early step in the larger strategic
planning process, undertaken to gain experience in performing comparative
analysis.
NTIS/PB90-272501, 72p.
EPA/540/1-89/003, EPA/9200.5-004
NTIS
95
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Recent Advances in Risk Reduction Engineering.
Convery-JJ
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering
Lab.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 05, 1990
Contemporary environmental legislation such as the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 and the Superfund Amendment
and Reauthorization Act of 1986 emphasize the reduction of risk of damage to
the environment and human health as the basis of environmental management.
There is a hierarchy of approaches to risk reduction including source control,
reuse and recycle, treatment and exposure minimization. Recent examples of
these approaches, which were evaluated by the Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, are presented including: Superfund innovative technology
demonstrations, waste reduction techniques, protective clothing and an expert
system to assess risk. Symposium paper. Presented at Pan Pacific Cooperative
Symposium (1st), on Industrialization and Emerging Environmental Health
Issues, Kitakyushu, Japan, October 2-6, 1989.
Public-health;
Hazardous-materials,-Solidification,-Stabilization,-Protective-clothing,-Expos
ure,-Leaching,-Waste-disposal; Risk-assessment; Environment-management;
Waste-management,-Waste-recycling,-Superfund-program,-Pollution
NTIS/PB90-129339, 14p. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
EPA/600/D-89/250
NTIS
Research on risk assessment and risk management: future directions.
Grant-ID; Jarabek-AM
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
Toxicol-Ind-Health; VOL 6, ISS 5, 1990, P217-33 (REF: 11)
Journal Article
Language: ENGLISH
This paper has been reviewed by the Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The U.S.
EPA has increasingly relied upon quantitative health risk assessments as the
basis for management decisions about public health protection. Full
utilization of risk assessment in management applications, however, is limited
by uncertainties in the resultant accuracy of the risk estimates. This paper
will discuss a research strategy to address the uncertainties in the risk
assessment process and describe parallel issues to address in the risk
management area. An attendant need for effective communication of complex
scientific concepts is also identified.
TOXBIB
96
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Risk management, public policy and informed consent: a case study.
Kee-F
Public-Health. 1989 Jul; 103(4): 281-7
Journal Article
The present guidelines on the use of hepatitis B vaccine in mental handicap
hospitals dictate the need for an a priori identification of occupational
risk, but fail to clarify how this risk should be defined. The ethical
requirement of a respect for autonomy however demands that in offering vaccine
as a means of protection, the choice of options must be "informed1. The
determinants of institutional transmission have not been clearly defined and
it is therefore difficult to inform client groups as to the degree or nature
of their occupational risk. It is questionable whether the literature can
support the recommendations in their present form, and supposedly
"cost-effective1 solutions to the problem, pay scant regard to the fact that
in risk management, the relative desirability of options is conditional on the
alternatives considered, how they are framed, what evidence is consulted and
how consequences are weighed. In informing the policy making process, it is
imperative that the values of those whose voice is seldom heard, are
considered.
Great-Britain; Hospitals,-Psychiatric; Human-; Informed-Consent;
Personnel,-Hospital
*Financial-Management; *Health-Policy; *Hepatitis-B-prevention-and-control;
Occupational-Diseases-prevention-and-control; *Risk-Management
MEDLINE
The IXth UOEH International Symposium and the First Pan Pacific Cooperative
Symposium. Industrialization and emerging environmental health issues — risk
assessment and risk management. 2-6 October, 1989, Kitakyushu, Japan.
Sangyo-Ika-Daigaku-Zasshi. 1990 Mar 20; 12 Suppl: 1-124
0387-821X
Human-; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't; Support,-U.S.-Gov1t,-Non-P.H.S.
*Environmental-Health; *Industry-; *Risk-Management
MEDLINE
Risk assessment and risk management. International Symposium on Chemical
Mixtures: Risk Assessment and Management. The Jerry F. Stara Memorial
Symposium. June 7-9, 1988, Cincinnati, Ohio. Proceedings.
Toxicol-Ind-Health; VOL 5 (5), 1989, 619-924
HISTORICAL-ARTICLE; HISTORICAL-BIOGRAPHY
TOXBIB
Risk assessors taken to task, (report challenges federal risk management
figures)
Roberts, Leslie
Science v247 pl!73(l) March 9, 1990
MAGAZINE INDEX
97
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The risk of risk assessment.
Houk-VN
Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control, Centers for Disease
Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333.
Biomed-Environ-Sci; VOL 2, ISS 1, 1989, P48-53
JOURNAL-ARTICLE
Appropriate risk management can only be based on sound risk assessment. The
sources of uncertainty involved in risk assessment are discussed and a number
of approaches to improving such assessments are recommended.
TOXBIB
POLICY - includes federal, state and local policy, science, public and
regulatory policy
Administrative Order on Consent for Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Study.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response. 5 Feb 1990, 34p.
PB91-139378 OSWER DIRECTIVE-9835.3-lA
The directive provides a model order that is designed to replace the outdated
model order that was issued prior to the CERCLA amendments. The model order is
designed to facilitate settlement negotiations by serving as an opening
handposition, and to facilitate national consistency. The directive supersedes
directive no. 9835.3 "Model Administrative Order for Private Party Conduct for
RI/FSs,' dated January 31, 1985, and supplements directive no. 9835.8 'Model
Statement of Work for Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Study Conducted
by Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs) dated June 2, 1989.
NTIS
Air toxics and public health: exaggerating risk and misdirecting policy.
Rueter, Frederick H. and Wilbur A. Steger.
Regulation (Cato Inst) 13:51-60 Winter '90, bibl table chart map
LANGUAGE: Engl
Journal Article
Evaluates the potential health effects of the proposed amendments to the
Clean Air Act.
511487 910100522 PAIS
98
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Risk assessment and OMB: happy union or rocky marriage? should politics
and the president's staff play a role in assessing the risks of
pesticides, food preservatives, and chemicals?
Tozzi, Jim J. and Janet S. Hathaway.
Govt Info Insider 1:7-10 June 1990
Journal Article
Role of the US Office of Management and Budget in reviewing environmental
health regulations; 2 articles.
PAIS
The perils of unreasonable risk: information, regulatory policy,
and toxic substances control.
Applegate, John S.
Columbia Law Review 91 n2 261-333 March, 1991
The folly of a 'risk-free' world; science and sense call for reducing risk
to a reasonable level.
Johnstone, John W., Jr.
Industry Week v239 p85(l) March 19, 1990
MAGAZINE INDEX
LEGAL ASPECTS
Activists at risk of being SLAPPed; a new legal tactic is intimidating
environmentalists - and stirring constitutional concerns. (Strategic
Lawsuits Against Public Participation)(Environment)
Boyle, Robert H.
Sports Illustrated v74 p9(4) March 25, 1991
MAGAZINE INDEX
Environmental crisis management: attorneys and communications
professionals working together.
Corrado, Frank M.
Environmental Law Reporter 21 n3 10115-10118 March, 1991
Environmental liability: a gun at the lender's head?
Fordyce, James and others.
Internat Fin Law R 9:19-22 My '90, il
LANGUAGE: Engl
Journal article
Trends in legislation and court decisions; Canada. Assessing environmental
risk and evaluating options in pollution control and cleanup.
507305 900905716 PAIS
99
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Escape from RCRA: avoiding compliance through redefinition and risk
assessment. (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act)
Fortuna, Richard C.
JOURNAL NAME: Environmental Forum 5 n2 30(5) May-June, 1988
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Memorandum of Understanding between ORD and OERR.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. 5 Nov 90.
Directive 17p PB91-921323 OSWER-9295.4-01
Abstract: The directive transmits a copy of the Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) between OSWER and ORD that was signed on March 10, 1990. OERR proposed
the establishment of the Technology Support Center (TSC) in the Office of
Health and Environmental Assessment (OHEA), Environmental Criteria
Assessment Office, Cincinnati to address the human health risk assessment
issues pertinent to Superfund-related activities. This MOU establishes
functions and responsibilities for the TSC.
NTIS
Risk management for hazardous chemicals; OSHA's hazard communication
standard and EPA's emergency planning and community right-to-know
regulations.
Oleinick, Arthur; Fodor, William J.; Susselman, Marc M.
Journal of Legal Medicine 9 n2 179-278 June, 1988
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
100
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT
ETHYLENE BISDITHIOCARBAMATES
EBDC Special Review: Technical Support Document 2/3.
Anon
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticides and
Toxic Substances.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 08, 1990
The Environmental Protection Agency is examining the ethylene
bisdithiocarbamates (maneb, mancozeb, metiram, nabam and zineb) because of
carcinogenic, developmental and thyroid effects caused by ethylenethiourea
(ETU), a common contaminant, metabolite and degradation product of these
pesticides. Available data has led the Agency to conclude that the continued
registration of EBDC products for use on certain food crops, commercial
ornamentals and home garden sites and in some industrial uses would result in
unreasonable adverse effects to humans. In determining which uses to cancel,
the Agency considered the aggregate risks posed by the EBDCs and ETU, the
extent to which registered uses are being supported by registrants and, where
appropriate, the risks and benefits of individual uses.
Pesticides,-Exposure,-Reviews,-Public-health,-Regulations,-Carcinogens,-Plants
-Botany,-Farm-crops,-Industrial-plants,-Fungicides,-Toxicity,-Thyroid-diseases
; Risk-assessment; Carbamic-acid-ethylene-bis-dithio;
Imidazolidine-thione,-Occupational-safety-and-health,-Environme
NTIS/PB90-143025, 318p. NTIS Prices: PC A14/MF A02
EPA/540/09-90/077
NTIS
Problems Associated with the Use of Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health
(IDLH) Values for Estimating the Hazard of Accidental Chemical Releases
Alexeeff-GV; Lipsett-MJ; Kizer-KW
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 50, No. 11, 1989,
598-605, 61 references
Journal Article
The appropriateness of using 30 minute immediately dangerous to life and
health (IDLH) values for estimating hazards to the public after accidental
industrial chemical releases was evaluated by comparison with literature data
for 84 chemicals. IDLH values were established for respirator selection in
the workplace and, therefore, have inherently limited application to
nonoccupational situations, particularly regarding hazard awareness and
ability to escape of the people involved. Rat/mouse 30 minute median
lethality concentrations (LC50) for 29 compounds indicated IDLH concentrations
for 18 compounds were potentially lethal for humans. Severe nonlethal
toxicity concentrations in laboratory animals for 46 compounds indicated
severe toxicity was observed close to the IDLH (within a factor of four) for
43 compounds. The National Academy of Sciences' 1 hour emergency exposure
guidance levels (EEGLs) for preventing irreversible harm of military personnel
for 31 compounds indicated IDLH/EEGL values were 10 or less for 17 compounds.
Assuming levels to protect the general public should be lower than for the
101
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military, IDLH values would not appear adequate for this purpose. IDLH/LC50
and IDLH/severely toxic concentration ratios spanned four orders of magnitude
while IDLH/EEGL ratios varied by 200 fold. Virtually safe doses (VSD) for 30
minute exposures to 20 carcinogenic substances indicated IDLH/VSD was less
than 100 for six compounds, suggesting potential carcinogenic risks should be
considered in developing emergency planning guidelines. Exposure to one tenth
the IDLH for 22 of the 34 extremely hazardous materials considered could pose
serious health risks. The authors conclude that use of IDLH values as
planning guidelines for accidental releases, even with a ten fold safety
factor, appears inappropriate. Concerns were raised as to whether NIOSH should
reevaluate IDLH values to protect workers against inadvertent airborne
exposure to highly toxic materials.
NIOSH
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Emergency planning for technological and natural hazards. Foreign trip report,
July 3, 1990-July 14, 1990.
Rogers-GO
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 01, 1991
Information was collected on research being conducted around the world on
emergency planning for technological and natural hazards. Overall research
activities regarding emergency planning are not as well developed as they are
in the United States. Data collected by other researchers complement that
found on US disasters and in some cases fills data gaps in the US Critical
experience with Chernobyl and Bhopal was reported by East and West Europeans
regarding the impact of Chernobyl on emergency management effort after
Chernobyl and the Armenian earthquake. The emergency management experience
during the Bhopal accident in India was discussed. Sponsored by Department of
Energy, Washington, DC.
NTIS/DE90015768, Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products., 13p.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
ORNL/FTR-3686, Contract AC05-840R21400
NTIS
Exposure to toxic waste sites: an investigative approach.
Stehr-Green-PA; Lybarger-JA
Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.
Public-Health-Rep; VOL 104, ISS 1, 1989, P71-4
Improper dumping and storage of hazardous substances and whether these
practices produce significant human exposure and health effects are growing
concerns. A sequential approach has been used by the Centers for Disease
Control and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry in
investigating potential exposure to and health effects resulting from
environmental contamination with materials such as heavy metals, volatile
102
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organic compounds, and pesticide residues at sites throughout the United
States. The strategy consists of four phases: site evaluation, pilot studies
of exposure or health effects, analytic epidemiology studies, and public
health surveillance. This approach offers a logical, phased strategy to use
limited personnel and financial resources of local, State, national, or global
health agency jurisdictions optimally in evaluating populations potentially
exposed to hazardous materials in waste sites. Primarily, this approach is
most helpful in identifying sites for etiologic studies and providing
investigative leads to direct and focus these studies. The results of such
studies provide information needed for making risk-management decisions to
mitigate or eliminate human exposures and for developing interventions to
prevent or minimize health problems resulting from exposures that already have
occurred.
MESH: Centers-for-Disease-Control-U.S.; Epidemiologic-Methods; Human-;
Industrial-Waste; Pilot-Projects; Population-Surveillance; Public-Health;
Risk-Management; United-States
MESH: *Environmental-Exposure; *Hazardous-Substances-toxicity;
*Refuse-Disposal-standards
TOXBIB
Hazardous material management in the future
Thibodeaux Louis J.
Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge
Env Science & Techn/logy, Apr 90, V24, N4, P456(4)
Hazardous waste site management: Water quality issues
Anon.
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS, WASHINGTON, DC (USA), 1988
Monograph
This book discusses ground and surface water cleanup levels at hazardous
waste sites and evaluates the adequacy of scientific, technical, and
regulatory bases currently used for setting cleanup levels. It reviews the
processes of setting environmental standards, establishing and meeting
ground water protection goals, and specific approaches to setting goals. As
an example, the California system for decision-making and environmental
issues in Santa Clara County are discussed at length. Models and methods
for estimating health risks at hazardous waste sites are also examined,
along with the roles of hydrogeology, engineering, risk assessment and
toxicology, and regulatory strategies in hazardous waste site management.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
103
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Identification, remediation and control of contaminated sites and
landfills
Schwyn, B.; Scheiwiller, T.; Nath, B. (ed.)
SIMULTEC Ltd., CH-8706 Meilen/Zurich, Switzerland
Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Pollution.
Lisbon, April 1991. (Volume 1) Lisbon (Portugal) 15-19 April 1991
International conference on environmental pollution, 1991, 291-298
Inderscience Enterprises LTD., Geneva (SWITZERLAND)
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Managing the risks of hazardous waste
Kunreuther, H.; Patrick, R.
Risk and Decis. Proc. Cent., Wharton Sch., Univ. Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
ENVIRONMENT VOL. 33, NO. 3, 1991, p. 12+
Languages: ENGLISH
Hazardous waste is the most serious environmental concern of the U.S.
public, but scientific experts disagree. Many options exist for managing
hazardous waste safely, but the public must be better informed about
varying degrees of risk and toxicity before an effective risk-management
strategy can be adopted.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
New Source Reduction Project: The Potential for Safe Substitutes.
Curran, M. A.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering
Lab. November 1990, 7p.
Presented at the National Household Hazardous Waste Management Conference
(5th), San Francisco, CA, November 6, 1990.
PB91-137158 EPA/600/D-90/212;
One of the clean product research projects being funded by the EPA's Pollution
Prevention Research Branch in Cincinnati, Ohio, involves evaluating the
possibility of dramatic reductions in hazardous waste and toxic chemical
exposure associated with commercial products. By identifying priority products
for substitution and evaluating the feasibility of safe substitutes for those
products, this project can be an important shift toward preventing toxic
chemical pollution at the source. The paper describes the project's objectives
and gives a brief description of the approach the University of Tennessee
(Waste Management Institute) plans to take to accomplish the objectives. The
project started in September 1990 and will continue for three years.
NTIS
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Psychosocial effects of hazardous toxic waste disposal on communities.
Peck, Dennis L., ed.
1989, xxii+317p, bibls il tables charts indexes
ORDER INFO: Thomas, Charles C (ISBN 0-398-05618-8) $52.75
Monograph
Social implications of technology and technological disasters, including
community reactions, liability, risk assessment, safeguards, monitoring
emergency preparedness, and environmental planning and policy.
Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (Sensor):
Recommendations for Control of Silica Exposure at Unimin Dividing-Creek Sand
Plant, Millville, New Jersey, CT-171-12B.
Cooper-TC; O'Brien-DM; Sheehy-JW; Valiante-D; Stephens-A
New Jersey State Dept. of Health, Trenton.
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH. Engineering
Control Technology Branch.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 02, 1991
A study was made to document and evaluate effective techniques for the control
of potential health hazards at the Unimin Dividing-Creek Sand Facility
(SIC-1446), Millville, New Jersey. This facility supplied washed sand to the
glass industry. Two dredges were used to mine sand from flooded areas,
following removal of trees and topsoil. A sand/water slurry was pumped to a
scalper to remove rocks and slime. Personal exposures to respirable quartz
(14808607) dust were shown to range between less than 0.02 to 0.05mg/cu m for
nine collected samples, none of which exceeded allowable limits. Area air
samples taken near the railroad car filling operation and the sand screening
area showed that there was a potential for exposures to elevated levels in
these areas. Deficiencies were identified in the design and maintenance of
equipment, in work practices, and in ventilation control systems which were
identified for modification. Control methods in place at the operation
included environmental monitoring programs, a respiratory protection program,
good housekeeping practices, and equipment maintenance. Sponsored by New
Jersey State Dept. of Health, Trenton.
Environmental- surveys;
Industrial-medicine,-Air-pollution-control,-Silicon-dioxide,-Dust-control,-Exp
osure,-Quartz; Occupational-safety-and-health; Risk-assessment;
Toxic-substances,-Air-pollution-effects-Humans,-SIC-1446,-EPA
NTIS/PB91-107979, 57p. NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A04
CT-171-12B
NTIS
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Streamlining the RI/FS for CERCLA Municipal Landfill Sites.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response. September 1990.
Fact sheet, 5p.
PB91-921301 EPA/9355.3-11/FS;
Approximately 20 percent of the sites on the National Priorities List (NPL)
are municipal landfills which typically share similar characteristics. Because
of the similarity the Superfund Program anticipates that their remediation
will involve similar waste management approaches. As stated in the National
Contingency Plan, EPA expects that containment technologies will generally be
appropriate for waste that poses a relatively low long-term threat or where
treatment is impracticable (Sec. 300.430(a)(1)(iii)(B).55FR8846(March 8,
1990)). In addition, EPA expects treatment to be considered for identifiable
areas of highly toxic and/or mobile material that constitute the principal
threat(s) posed by the site (Sec. 300.430(a)(1)(iii)(A)). The similarity in
landfill characteristics and the NCP expectations make it possible to
streamline the RI/FS for municipal landfills with respect to site
characterization, risk assessment, and the development of remedial action
alternatives. The fact sheet outlines available streamlining techniques for
each of these three phases of an RI/FS. Additional information, including
tools to assist in scoping activities, will be included in the document
Conducting Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Studies for CERCLA Municipal
Landfill Sites (November 1990, Directive No. 9355.3-11). The document will be
available from the Center for Environmental Research Information (FTS 684-7562
or 513-569-7562).
NTIS
TCLP: Good news for labs?
Ouellette, R.P.
ENVIRON. LAB VOL. 3, NO. 1, 36-40, 1991
Languages: ENGLISH
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses two procedures to
define wastes as hazardous: listing and hazardous characteristics. The
first approach, listing, involves identifying industries or processes that
produce wastes that pose a hazard to health and the environment. Listed
wastes can be removed from the EPA lists of hazardous wastes through a
process called delisting, which involves a determination on a case-by-case
basis for a specific site. The second approach involves characteristics or
properties that, if exhibited by the wastes, indicate a potential hazard if
the waste is not properly controlled. Four characteristics must be
considered when identifying a waste as hazardous: ignitability, reactivity,
corrosivity and toxicity. Toxicity is the characteristic addressed by the
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) rule.
175040 91-05989
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
106
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The similarity of environmental impacts from all methods of managing solid
wastes
Visalli Joseph R.
New York State Energy Research & Development Authority
J Env Systems, 1989-90, V19, N2, P155(15)
RADIATION
Chernobyl radiological data for accident consequence assessment:
Behaviour in rural areas
Bottino, A.; Sacripanti, A.
ENEA, Rome, Italy
NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA), 1989
NTIS Order No.: DE90610844/GAR.
In this • draft is presented the results of a first effort to summarize
information related to the radionuclides behaviour in rural areas, in order
to estimate pathway parameters to assess accident consequences. This topic
encloses relevant aspects concerning contamination of rural environment,
the most important being: (1) dry deposition velocities; (2) washout
coefficient; (3) accumulation in lakes; (4) migration in soil; (5) winter
conditions; (6) filtering effects of forests.
161881 91-02892 POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Strategies for adapting to the greenhouse effect
Titus James G.
EPA, Washington DC
American Planning Assn J, Summer 90, V56, N3, P311(13)
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Acapulco Polishes Its Image: Putting the Environment Back into Tourism
Iliff, Laurence; Farquharson, Mary
Business Mexico vln3 PP: 37, 40-41 May 1991
DOC TYPE: Journal article LANGUAGE: English LENGTH: 3 Pages
Deterioration of the city of Acapulco, Mexico, has caused a significant
drop in tourism over the last decade. However, officials have taken measures
to clean up the city. For example, a new sewage treatment plant was opened,
a new private garbage company using government capital was started, beaches
were renovated, and street vendors were banned. Many environmentalists are
asking whether the city's renewed popularity will have negative ecological
effects. Ecologist Alejandro Oscos says that the measures taken to clean up
Acapulco have been minimal and do not address the underlying problems.
Developers wanted Cancun to be a dream community, but their wish for money has
taken priority over initial plans to protect the environment. Uncontrolled
construction has changed the ecological balance of the lagoon, and development
has destroyed the rain forest around Cancun. In order for tourism in Mexico to
grow in a healthy way, scientists must work closely with developers.
ABI/INFORM
Money Management: It's Not Easy Being Green
Hansell, Saul
Institutional Investor v25nl PP: 101-106 Jan 1991
DOC TYPE: Journal article LANGUAGE: English LENGTH: 4 Pages
Environmental issues have become important to many companies and investors
for economic as well as political reasons. New York City's
comptroller, Elizabeth Holtzman, says that companies that are polluters can
run up high liabilities that can have an impact on the stock. She points
out that Exxon spent more than $2 billion cleaning up after the Valdez
spill, even before going to court. The College Retirement Equities Fund,
which established a program to screen companies for their attendance to
environmental and social concerns, has found that the issues are not black
and white. One problem facing any investor looking at environmental issues
is gathering accurate information. Both the Council on Economic Priorities
and the Investor Responsibility Research Center have initiated projects to
create databases of environmental information on large companies. Investors
may be able to evaluate companies' environmental performance with the
Valdez Principles, an environmental code of conduct being circulated by the
Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies.
ABI/INFORM
108
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Taking some risks: Washington's fiscal constraints are driving a renewed
search for ways to get more risk reduction for the regulatory buck;
but skeptics label risk assessment a "sham science."
Browning, Graeme.
Nat J 23:1279-82 Je 1 '91, il
LANGUAGE: Engl
Measurement of environmental hazards and weighing the costs and benefits
of regulating them; US.
521183 910915391 PAIS
The fact and fiction of financial responsibility for hazardous waste
management
Black, Steven W.
Ecology Law Quarterly, 1990, V17, N3, P581(40)
The wasteful pursuit of zero risk, (environmental economics)
Brookes, Warren T.
Forbes v!45 p!60(8) April 30, 1990
MAGAZINE INDEX
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT
Food and drug administration
Sinclair WK
U.S. Dept. Of Health And Human Services; Public Health Service; National Inst
Of Health, Food and Drug Administration.
National Council on Radiation, 7910 Woodmont Ave, Suite 1016, Bethesda, MD
20814
Crisp Data Base National Institutes Of Health
Research
RPROJ/CRISP The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
(NCRP) seeks to collect, analyze, develop and disseminate information and
recommendations on radiation protection and measurement. After identification
of an area in which the development of NCRP recommendations would constitute a
significant contribution, the Council initiates research aimed at (1)
assessment of the available information that is pertinent to the problem, (2)
identification of areas where more information is needed, and (3) synthesis of
the present knowledge relevant to the problem area into practical
recommendations on radiation protection and measurements which also highlight
areas in need of further study. The proposed research is aimed at the
development of NCRP reports on the following topics: (1) basic radiation
protection criteria, (2) radiation protection in dental offices, (3)
biological aspects of radiation protection criteria, (4) ALARA for
occupationally exposed individuals in clinical radiology, (5) calibration of
survey instrumentation, (6) radiation protection for allied health personnel,
(7) emergency planning, (8) exposure criteria for ultrasound, (9) biological
109
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effects of magnetic fields, (10) occupational exposure resulting from
diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures, (11) practical guidance on the
evaluation of human exposures to radiofrequency radiation, (12) extremely low
frequency electric and magnetic fields, (13) radiation biology of the skin
(beta ray dosimetry), (14) assessment of exposures from therapy, and (15)
comparative risk as a basis for exposure standards.
5R01FD01085-11
CRISP
Management Thinking and Decision-Making Styles: Their Effect on Occupational
Safety and Environmental Health
Kavianian-HR; Rao-JK; Sanchez-VF
Professional Safety, Vol. 34, No. 9, 1989, 24-27, 15 references
Journal Article
Abstract: The effects of management thinking and decision making styles on
occupational safety and health were discussed. Those involved in occupational
health and safety concerns and with concerns for environmental protection must
accept responsibility for making judgements in the following areas:
occupational injuries, occupational diseases, engineering control systems,
loss control, risk assessment, system safety, air contaminants, emission
control, heat stress control, noise control, vibration control, electrical
safety, mechanical guarding, work practices, materials handling, monitoring,
industrial toxicology, product liability, waste disposal, and radiation
control. The matter of safety and welfare for employees has become of
increasing concern to prospective employees and often may play a heavy part in
their decision between job choices. Proper coordination between policy and
management procedures were considered essential to hazard evaluation and
control. One of the primary areas of concern was how information is handled.
Management, being responsible for decision making and implementation, must
have access to all types of information regarding the processes, raw
materials, and possible hazards along the production line. Full communication
must be fostered within the organization. In considering four types of
management skills: participative, consultative, benevolent authoritative and
exploitive authoritative, the authors stress the advantages of the first two.
NIOSH
Managing in-plant environmental problems
Cheremisinoff, P.N.; Ferrante, L.M.; King, J.A.; Ouellette, R.P.; van
Houten, N.J.
POLLUT. ENG VOL. 23, NO. 4, 1991, 52-58
Languages: ENGLISH
Hazard recognition and risk assessment are the starting points for
developing a facility's comprehensive management program. Information on
characteristics and presence of hazards must be gathered and kept current.
As operational modifications are made to meet business needs this must be
reflected in the management program. Hazard analysis ensures the review of
information and addresses changes in the organization's infrastructure and
in regulations.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
110
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Masters of Disorder: "Chaos" Opens Doors to Hidden Profits
Poe, Richard
Success v37n9 PP: 102 Nov 1990
DOC TYPE: Journal article LANGUAGE: English LENGTH: 1 Pages
ABSTRACT: A new type of software, called "chaos"-based risk management, is
available to those beset by negative situations beyond their control. The
program helps make predictions, as variables are covered in a computer and
contingencies are analyzed. Chaos is the science of predicting the
unpredictable. Since new discoveries opened the way for widespread
computerized applications in 1977, chaos has rapidly invaded every area.
Insurance executives now use it to calculate rates, and ecologists use it
to determine whether new dams will endanger rare species of snail. Traffic
flow, weather forecasting, engine design, nutrition, and financial services
all are reaping the benefits of chaos analysis. Gordon Hammond, founder of
Market Methodology Group, sells a type of chaos software that he claims
helps people choose stocks and bonds. The software also helps investors
determine when to buy and sell.
ABI/INFORM
Needed: New Paradigms for R&D
Steele, Lowell W.
Research-Technology Management v34n4 PP: 13-21 Jul/Aug 1991
DOC TYPE: Journal article LANGUAGE: English LENGTH: 9 Pages
Major changes in the competitive environment and in management learning are
having a marked effect on research and development (R&D).
Differentiated paradigms that recognize the stage of maturity will affect
internal R&D management. Increasingly, success will depend on early and
creative reliance on market information. The goal of a major breakthrough
as the ultimate achievement should be reconsidered; R&D's role may need to
change from one putting a premium on creating major discontinuities to one
ensuring timely access to the diverse technology required to implement
major discontinuities. A glaring omission in the traditional paradigm is
that it does not include provision for disciplined monitoring of
performance. Industrial R&D organizations may need to become more rigorous
in evaluating performance and more active in career planning. An agent of
change must play a leading role in developing paradigms that both guide and
invigorate the process. R&D, as perhaps the principal agent of change, must
itself be part of the process if it is to remain viable.
ABI/INFORM
111
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Occupational hygiene and environmental issues - Control of chemical risks on
both sides of the factory fence
Anonymous
Institution of Chemical Engineers, 165-171 Railway Terrace, Rugby
CV21 3HQ, United Kingdom
viii, 254p. Illus. Bibl. ref. Index.
PY: 1990
MONOGRAPH
Proceedings of a symposium held in Manchester, United Kingdom, 28-30 Mar.
1990. Contents: occupational hygiene in the process industries; aspects of the
C09HH Regulations (enforcement, occupational exposure limits, risk assessment,
impact on an established chemical plant, application to product distribution);
data and information; respiratory protective equipment); design for hygiene;
open learning for health and safety training. Papers on the environment
include: the interface with occupational hygiene; the challenge for the
chemical indsutry; the CIMAH Regulations; standards in pollution control;
waste disposal (chemical wastes, environmental monitoring, loss audits,
industrial effluent management, controlling the emission of volatile organic
compounds, breakdown of difficult wastes by incineration).
CIS
The continuous development of an environmental assurance (audit) manual
and guidance system based on plant experience and organisational theory
Huggard, J.A.; George, C.P.; Warris, A.-M.; Nath, B. (ed.)
Chem. Dep. Lloyd's Register, Ind. Div., Croydon, UK
Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Pollution.
Lisbon, April 1991. (Volume 1) Lisbon (Portugal) 15-19 April 1991
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION pp. 71-81, 1991
INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD., GENEVA (SWITZERLAND)
LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
This paper describes the development of the manual, and especially the
use of organisational structure and culture theories to develop the
sections relating to the assessments of management systems and commitment.
The work described in this paper will have applications in other
industries, and in other areas where the interaction between technical and
organisational issues is important e.g. hazard assessment, marine
pollution. The specific benefit of the completed project is to potential
users of the data base, compiled from the grading index. Potential users
include insurance companies, reinsurance companies, legislators at all
levels but specifically local planning authorities.
175026 91-05975
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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RISK
COMMUNICATION
THE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING AN AUDIENCE TO
MAKE BETTER PERSONAL AND SOCIETAL DECISIONS REGARDING RISK
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER
Communicating Environmental Risks: A Guide to Practical Evaluations. Risk
Communications Series.
Regan, M. J. ; Desvousges, W. H.
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC. Center for Economics
Research. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Policy,'
Planning and Evaluation. December 1990.
Report, 107p.
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Policy, Planning and Evaluation.
PB91-168336
EPA-R-814676; EPA/230/01-91/001;
'Communicating Environmental Risks: A Guide to Practical Evaluations' is a
guidebook designed to help program offices determine whether risk
communication activities are achieving their goals. The guidebook explains how
to plan a practical, cost-effective evaluation strategy that can be integrated
with risk communication efforts. The framework described has been developed to
facilitate thinking about where and when various evaluation techniques and
activities are most effective.
NTIS
Communicating right-to-know information on chemical issues
Covello, Vincent T
Columbia Univ, New York NY
Env Science & Technology, Dec 1989, V23, N12, P1444(6)
Journal article
The Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 requires
companies to submit data to Federal, State, and local agencies on routine
and accidental releases of toxic chemicals into the environment. Interest in
risk comparisons has increased as a means of conveying such information to
the public. The primary strengths and limitations of risk comparisons for
communicating right-to-know information on chemical risks are identified, as
are means by which they can be improved. Major deficiencies in the process
include failure to identify and emphasize uncertainties involved in the
calculation of comparative risk estimates, while strengths of the process
include the compatibility of risk comparison with natural thought
processes and the ability of comparisons to help people understand and
appreciate new or unfamiliar risks. (45 REFERENCES, 3 TABLES)
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Evaluation of an environmental health risk communication program
Abraham, J.E.; White, D.A.; White, R.K.
Agency Toxic Subst. and Dis. Regist., Atlanta, GA
American Industrial Hygiene Conference 9020107 Orlando, FL (USA)
13-18 May 1990
American Industrial Hygiene Association; American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygiene
American Industrial Hygiene Association, 345 White Pond Drive, P.O. Box
8390, Akron, OH 44320, USA, Abstracts, $35.00 Paper No. 233
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Ozone risk communication and management
Calabrese, Edward J. ; Gilbert, Charles E. ; Beck, Barbara D.
Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Mich. c!990.
ix, 206 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
The "duty to inform" in international environmental law. (Symposium:
Multinational Corporations and Their New Responsibilities to Disclose and
Communicate Risk Information)
Partan, Daniel G.
Boston University International Law Journal 6 nl 43-88 Spring, 1988
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
INFORMING THE PUBLIC
A proposal for a national risk assessment clearinghouse.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)
Stenzel, Paulette L.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 14 n2 549-591 Spring, 1989
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
A White House perspective on risk assessment and risk communication.
Young-AL
Executive Office of The President, Office of Science and Technology Policy,
Washington, DC 20506.
Sci-Total-Environ; VOL 99, ISS 3, 1990, P223-8; discussion 228-9
JOURNAL-ARTICLE
Language: ENGLISH
Abstract: The fear of malign influences in our environment is so widespread
today that the general public believes that it is those factors they cannot
control that will bring about their early demise. Our goals in government must
be to effectively communicate information on environmental risks, and to
develop a disciplined way of approaching environmental assessment and
regulation so as to reduce those risks.
TOXBIB
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Communicating Radon Risk Effectively: Radon Testing in Maryland. Final Report
Desvousges-WH; Smith-VK; Rink-HH
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Policy Analysis.
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 18, 1989
NTIS/PB89-196422, 158p. Final Report
Two sets of materials and corresponding delivery strategies for communicating
radon risk were evaluated, compared with a 'no-special-treatment1 strategy in
a comparison community. One community received radio public service
announcements and utility bill inserts. The second received these plus
posters, local government sponsorship of a radon awareness week, and local
slide presentations. From a marketing perspective, the effort was very
successful, increasing the share of homeowners who tested for radon from 5% to
15%. This may not be viewed as sufficiently effective from a public health
perspective, however. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Office of Policy Analysis.
NTIS
Developing an environmental communications strategy
Knight, Karen and Ksenak, Gary
IBM, Endicott, NY
Air & Waste Management Assn J, Jul 90, V40, N7, P1058(3)
Journal Article
The IBM Corporation of Endicott NY, which has high chemicl use and emission
levels, has decided to fully embrace the spirit of right-to-know legislation.
The company has outlined an environmental communications strategy to explain
to the pubic how it handles chemicals, contains potential spills, abates air
emissions, and prepares for emergencies. Othe routreach programs have
included high-quality videotapes and brochures produced for employee
distribution that explain the Superfund Amendments Reauthorization Act
and how IBM has compliad with the regulations. IBM has shown that risk
communications, when done properly, will pay off in the long run.
(4 PHOTOS)
ENVIROLINE
115
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Evaluation of Strategies for Promoting Effective Radon Mitigation, Risk
Communication and Economic Research Series.
Doyle, J. K. ; McClelland, G. H. ; Schulze, W. D. ; Locke, P. A.
Elliott, S.R.
Colorado Univ. at Boulder. Environmental Law Inst., Washington, DC.
AEnvironmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Policy, Planning
and Evaluation. March 1990.
NTIS/PB90-247453 Final report. 193p.
EPA/230/02-90/075
The Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that as many as 20,000 lung
cancer deaths per year in the United States can be attributed to exposure
to radon gas. The report evaluates alternative strategies for motivating
people to test for radon gas in their homes and to mitigate if necessary.
Specifically, two separate radon information and awareness programs were
evaluated, one targeted to the general population in the Washington, D.C. area
and the other to home buyers in the Boulder, Colorado area. The results
suggest that a home buyer program is likely to be far more effective in
terms of effective remediation to reduce home radon levels than a program
aimed at the general population. The report discusses the empirical findings
and develops a recommendation for increasing the effectiveness of radon
awareness and mitigation programs.
NTIS
Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality - How Well Is It Working. Risk
Communication Series.
Synstelien-D
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Policy, Planning
and Evaluation.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1990
NTIS/PB90-173469, Booklet, Final report. 56p.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Consumer Product
Safety Commission developed a booklet entitled 'The Inside Story: A Guide to
Indoor Air Quality,' designed to provide information for the general public.
The report describes the small scale evaluation of the effectiveness of the
booklet. The study appears to be one of the first attempts to determine how
information materials requested by households actually are used by them. The
evaluation examined the share of requesters who read the booklet; changes in
their knowledge about indoor air pollution causes, and knowledge about testing
and mitigation.
TOXBIB
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Opening doors: making risk communication agency reality.
Chess, Caron; Hance, Billie Jo
Rutgers University, NJ
Environment, Jun 89, V31, N5, Pll(7)
Journal article
To win back the public trust, environmental protection agencies must learn
to disseminate sciectific data, listen to communities' concerns, involve
communities in decision making, and promote the importance of communication
within the agencies. A number of suggestions are offered to accomplish these
objectives. Environmental protection agencies must establish clear
mandates from agency policymakers to establish better communication between
the public and the agencies; they must use risk communication as a means
of promoting dialogue, not making converts; they must actively engage citizens
in environmental decisionmaking; and they must gain a committment to these
dialogues from agency management and staff.
(21 REFERENCES)
ENVIROLINE
Public Knowledge and Perceptions of Chemical Risks in Six Communities:
Analysis of a Baseline Survey.
McCallum, D. B., Hammond, S. L., Morris, L. A., Covello, V. T.
Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC. Medical Center., Columbia Univ., New
York., Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Policy,
Planning and Evaluation., Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,
Atlanta, GA. January 1990
Final report on Phase 1, 178p.
PB90-217316 EPA/230/01-90/074;
A survey of public knowledge and perceptions of chemical risk was conducted in
six communities. The purpose was to establish a baseline for evaluating change
over time in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in response to new
information about oxic chemicals, especially as related to Superfund,
the Community Right-to-Know Law (SARA Title III), and other risk communication
activities. During July and August, 1988, over 500 citizens responded to a
25-minute telephone survey in each city: Albuquerque NM, Cincinnati, OH,
Durham NC, Middlesex County NJ, Racine WI, and Richmond VA. The report
provides an overview of how citizens in these communities view environmental
risks, and how the communities differ in their basic knowledge and attitudes
about such risks. Recommendations are provided, for use in preparing risk
communication programs and materials.
NTIS
"Recycling" loophole in the toxics-release inventory: out of site, out of
mind.
Working Group on Community Right-To-Know, Washington, D.C. 1991.
ii, 76 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.
March 1989
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Risk Communication about environmental hazards.
Baker, Frank
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD
J Public Health Policy, Autumn 90, Vll, N3, P341(19)
Journal Article
Risk communication is a new and important branch in the field of
public health policy. Risk communication must address five components:
intentionality, content, audience, source, and flow. The eight steps of risk
communication include: risk assessment, goal setting, target audience
assessment, sociocultural context assessment, choosing the approach,
communication construction, program implementation, and evaluation.
(34 REFERENCES)
ENVIROLINE
INFORMING THE WORKER
Environmental and workplace contamination in the semiconductor industry:
implications for future health of the workforce and community
Edelman, Philip
Univ. of CA Irvine
Env Health Perspectives, Jun 1990, V86, P291(5)
Proposed National Strategies for the Prevention of Leading Work-Related
Diseases and Injuries. Severe Occupational Traumatic Injuries
Anonymous
NIOSH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Cincinnati, Ohio, DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 89-131, 25 pages, 1986
Abstract: Severe occupational traumatic injuries include amputations,
fractures, severe lacerations, eye losses, acute poisonings, and burns.
Control of severe occupational traumatic injuries is not possible without a
concerted effort by government, academia, private business and labor. Such
injuries pose a major threat to the health and well being of American workers.
NIOSH estimates that as many as 10 million persons suffer traumatic injuries
on the job each year. At least 10,000 of these are fatal. A dual approach is
proposed to reduce the burden of such job injuries on the workforce, the
economy and the population of the country. Immediate actions can be taken by
interested groups and individuals based on prudent, carefully considered
options for trauma prevention programs. For the long term, a major effort
must be made to more thoroughly describe and study occupational injury
incidents. Epidemiology can be used to evaluate the incidence of traumatic
occupational injuries as it will assist in the identification, evaluation and
control activities necessary to prevent further occurrences. Preventive
components include modifying the job, changing the work environment, designing
the safe machine, and managing the worker through training, hazard
communication, known interventions, and rehabilitation.
Report Number: DCN-192578
NIOSH
118
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VI. Hazard Surveillance In Occupational Disease
Froines-J; Wegman-D; Eisen-E
American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 79, Supplement, 1989,
26-31, 5 references
Journal Article
The role of hazard surveillance in occupational health was discussed. The
features of hazard surveillance were summarized. Hazard surveillance was
defined as a technique for assessing secular trends in exposure to
occupational hazards. It involved collecting data on industry demographics,
patterns of chemical use and workplace exposures, developing analytic methods
for evaluating the data, and taking appropriate intervention and preventive
actions. The benefits of hazard surveillance were discussed. These included
identifying populations at risk of occupational diseases associated with
continuous exposures, determining which job categories experience hazardous
exposures, and identifying and evaluating control strategies. Existing data
systems for hazard surveillance were reviewed. These included data obtained
in the National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS) and National Occupational
Exposure Survey (NOES) conducted by NIOSH, exposure data contained in the OSHA
Integrated Management Information System (IMIS), and exposure assessment data
obtained by the Mine Safety and Health Administration coal mine sampling
program. Only the NIOSH NOES, the NOHS, and the OSHA IMIS data systems were
considered to be potentially useful for hazard surveillance. Other sources of
data were described, including the OSHA hazard Communication standards and
data obtained in the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluations. Alternative hazard
surveillance systems were discussed. These were based on requiring industries
to conduct environmental monitoring for defined substances according to the
OSHA or generic standards and reporting the data to OSHA and NIOSH, which then
used the information for surveillance purposes.
NIOSH
119
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TITLE INDEX
120
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A new hazard index for the determinationof risk potentials of
disposed radioactive wastes 83
A probabilistic approach for the groundwater vulnerability to
contamination by pesticides: the VULPEST model 22
A probabilistic statement of the structure-activity relationship
for environmental risk analysis 22
A proposal for a national risk assessment clearinghouse
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law) 114
A survey and analysis of states' methodologies for deriving
drinking water guidelines for chemical contaminants 14
A White House perspective on risk assessment and risk
communication 114
Acapulco Polishes Its Image: Putting the Environment Back into
Tourism 108
Activists at risk of being SLAPPed; a new legal tactic is
intimidating environmentalists - and stirring constitutional
concerns 99
Administrative Order on Consent for Remedial Investigations
Feasibility Study 98
Advancing environmental protection through risk assessment.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law 1
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Series. Superfund Air
Pathway Analyses Review Criteria Checklists 14
Air toxics and public health: exaggerating risk and misdirecting
policy 98
Alternatives to Conventional Risk Assessment in Determining
Appropriate Cleanup Levels for Superfund Remediation (Question
3105) 77
An assessment of the effects of air pollution on buildings and
building materials 52
An ecological risk assessment framework for examining the
impacts of oceanic disposal 22
Analysis of Air Toxics Emissions, Exposures, Cancer Risks and
Controllability in Five Urban Areas. Volume 1. Base Year Analysis
and Results 40
121
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Analysis of PCDD and PCDF patterns in soil samples: Use in the
estimation of the risk of exposure 85
Analytical principles for occupational health prevention in
sanitation of waste disposals 78
Approaches to Risk Training: An Evaluation of EPA (Environmental
Protection Agency) Risk Training Materials 89
Assessing Chemical Releases and Worker Exposures from a Filter
Press 53
Assessing exposures to environmental tobacco smoke 53
Assessing risks and preventing disease from environmental
chemicals 40
Assessment of Ecologic Risks Related to Chemical Exposure:
Methods and Strategies Used in the United States 85
Assessment of long-term exposures to toxic substances in air.. 54
Assessment of potential health risks from dermal exposure to
dioxin in paper products 72
Assessment of risk from exposure to acrylonitrile: the general
approach used by a consultant 67
Assessment of the potential risk to workers from exposure to
1,3-butadiene 65
Behavior of chemical warfare agents in water: aquatic transport
modeling for assessing the potential impacts of accidental
releases 70
Benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture 51
Bioaerosols: prevalence and health effects in the indoor
environment 69
Biological Effects of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic
Radiation 83
Biological safety factors in toxicological risk assessment ....23
Biotechnology and the environment: the regulation of genetically
engineered organisms used in the environment 51
Bronchial Deposition of Inhaled Particles: Dosimetry Implications
for Radon Progeny 23
122
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Can Problems Shape Priorities? The Case of Risk-Based
Environmental Planning 24
Cancer Risk Assessment and Prevention: Where Do We Stand 46
Cancer Risk for Radon Exposure in a Polluted Environment:
Progress Report, March 1, 1989-February 28, 1990 46
Cancer risks in painters: study based on the New Zealand Cancer
Registry 46
Chernobyl radiological data for accident consequence assessment:
Behaviour in rural areas 107
Closing the NPL Book under the Original HRS 78
Communicating Environmental Risks: A Guide to Practical
Evaluations. Risk Communications Series 113
Communicating Radon Risk Effectively: Radon Testing in Maryland.
Final Report 115
Communicating Right-To-Know information on chemical issues ...113
Comparative analysis of health risk assessments for municipal
waste combustors 41
Concepts for environmental hazard assessment 24
Continuous Release-Emergency Response Notification System and
Priority Assessment Model: User's Manual for EPA Regions 24
Critical review of the toxicity of methyl n-butyl ketone: risk
from occupational exposure 74
Current models of risk assessment used in biotechnology
regulation 52
Data base selection in toxicological risk assessment and
management 25
Decision and risk analysis for environmental remediation
work 79
Description of Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory: Test and
Evaluation Facilities 25
Developing an environmental communications strategy 115
Development of Risk Assessment Methodology for Surface Disposal
of Municipal Sludge 26
123
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Developments and tendencies in establishing limit values for the
soil from the point of view of environmental medicine 547
Dioxin: Research needs for risk assessment 72
Discernible risk - a proposed standard for significant risk in
carcinogen regulation 87
EBDC Special Review: Technical Support Document 2/3 101
Educated guesses: health risk assessment in environmental impact
statements 1
Education in Management Aspects of Occupational and Environmental
Health and Safety Programs 93
Emergency planning for technological and natural hazards. Foreign
trip report, July 3, 1990-July 14, 1990 102
Emergency response risk assessment and environmental
contamination cleanup criteria 79
EMS Response at a Hazardous Material Incident: Some Basic
Guidelines 15
Environmental and disaster management risk analysis. Foreign trip
report, December 9, 1989-December 22, 1989 94
Environmental and human health risk assessment methodology for
evaluation of environmental contamination 26
Environmental and workplace contamination in the semiconductor
industry: implications for future health of the workforce and
community 118
Environmental audits and assessments: The problem of risk 2
Environmental Concern Sparks Renewed Interest in IPM 2
Environmental crisis management: attorneys and communications
professionals working together 99
Environmental due diligence: risk assessment and management.
(Environmental and Natural Resources Law) 94
Environmental impact assessment in the People's Republic
of China 2
Environmental liability: a gun at the lender's head? 99
Environmental risk and democratic process: a critical review.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law) 94
124
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Environmental risk management: a desk reference 94
EPA Study of asbestos-containing materials in public buildings:
A report to Congress 41
Epidemiologic assessment of cancer risk: Application from the
Cancer Surveillance Program of Orange County 47
Epidemiological aspects in food safety 55
Escape from RCRA: avoiding compliance through redefinition and
risk assessment. (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) ....100
Ethylene dibromide: toxicology and risk assessment 74
Evaluating comparative potencies: developing approaches to risk
assessment of chemical mixtures 26
Evaluating the liver in hazardous waste workers 56
Evaluation of an environmental health risk communication
program 114
Evaluation of health risks associated with proposed ground water
standards at selected inactive uranium mill-tailings sites ... 56
Evaluation of issues relating to the carcinogen risk assessment
of chromium 71
Evaluation of potential transmission of
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin contaminated incinerator
emissions to humans via foods 66
Evaluation of Strategies for Promoting Effective Radon
Mitigation. Risk Communication and Economic Research Series ..116
Evaluation of the environmental risks associated with the use
as fertilizer of municipal sewage sludge containing toxic
organic contaminants (a literature review) 90
Evidentiary difficulties with quantitative risk assessments.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law) 2
Experimental procedures for environmental hazard assessment based
on the effect data incorporate tests for acute toxicity 27
Expert System Based Risk Assessment for Ground Water Protection.
27
Exposure Assessment Component of the Field Verification Program:
Overview and Data Presentation 57
125
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Exposure data and the risk-assessment process. Regulatory
considerations 87
Exposure to toxic waste sites: an investigative approach .... 102
Feasibility of Using GEMS (Graphical Exposure Modeling System)
to Perform Risk Assessments Using SARA (Superfund Amendment and
Reauthorization Act of 1986), Toxic Release Inventory
Information 28
First generation of a new science: risk assessment in
transition 3
Food and drug administration 109
Food Chain as a Source of Human Exposure from Municipal Waste
Combustion 57
From comparative physiology to toxicological risk assessment...29
Going for a Green Audit 3
Good science, bad regulation, and toxic risk assessment 87
Guadalupe corridor transportation project asbestos health risk
assessment, San Jose, California 68
Guidance document for prepermit bioassay testing of low-level
radioactive waste 14
Guidance for Data Useability in Risk Assessment:
Interim Report 16
Hazardous material management in the future 103
Hazardous waste site management: Water quality issues 103
Health effects and environmental characterization of
octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD): Impact on risk assessment of
former wood treatment sites 75
Health risk assessment of incinerator air emissions
incorporating background ambient air data 42
Health risk assessments: opportunities and pitfalls. (Symposium:
Risk Assessment in Environmental Law) 41
Health Risk Assessment of Trichlorofluoromethane in California
Drinking Water 76
Health Risk Assessment of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (MC) in
California Drinking Water 64
126
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How to protect yourself from your environment 4
Human exposures from dioxin in soil—a meeting report 73
Hygienists, risk managers develop closer worker relationships..42
Identification, remediation and control of contaminated
sites and landfills 104
Important recent advances in the practice of health risk
assessment: implications for the 1990's 42
In vitro Studies of Chemical Effects on Gap-Junctional
Communication: Role of Biotransformation in Toxicant Detection
and Use of Assays in Risk Assessment 29
Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality - How Well Is It
Working. Risk Communication Series 116
Integrated Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessment of Inorganic
Arsenic 47
Interaction assessment: Rationale and a test using desert plants
31
Interim Methods for Development of Inhalation Reference
Doses 17
Interim Procedures for Estimating Risks Associated with Exposures
to Mixtures of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and-Dibenzofurans
(CDDs and CDFs) and 1989 Update 70
International approaches to establishing site cleanup levels: an
evaluation of different methods 79
Is risk assessment really too conservative?: Revising the
revisionists 4
Joinder of defendants and induced innovation in environmental
torts 88
Low dose radiation—Basis of risk assessment 84
Major hazard information policy in the European Community:
implications for risk analysis 4
Making "acceptable risk" acceptable. (Defining the Undefinable:
What Risks Are Acceptable?) 4
127
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Management Thinking and Decision-Making Styles: Their Effect on
Occupational Safety and Environmental Health 110
Managing in-plant environmental problems 110
Managing the risks of hazardous waste 104
Marine Processes, Their Relationship to Pollution, and a
Framework for Waste Management (Chapter 1) 80
Masters of Disorder: "Chaos" Opens Doors to Hidden Profits....111
Memorandum of Understanding between ORD and OERR 100
Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect
Exposure to Combustor Emissions 30
Methods Development for Assessment of Vapor-Phase Mutagens and
Carcinogens in Ambient Air 48
Methods Used in the United States for the Assessment and
Management of Health Risk Due to Chemicals 30
Model for environmental risk assessment of new chemicals 31
Modelling environmental change in support of assessments of
radioactive waste disposal in the U.K 31
Molecular epidemiology of coal worker's pneumoconiosis:
application to risk assessment of oxidant and monokine generation
by mineral dusts 58
Money Management: It's Not Easy Being Green 108
Multiple Pathway Exposure Factors (PEFs) Associated with
Multimedia Pollutants 32
Multipurpose environmental database for hazard assessment .... 90
NATICH (National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse) data
base report on state, local and EPA air toxics
activities 90
Needed: New Paradigms for R&D Ill
Neurotoxic substances also posing a cancer risk: a warning ... 48
New Source Reduction Project: The Potential for Safe
Substitutes 104
128
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Non-Cancer Dose-Response Assessments Within the EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency): A Foundation for Selecting
a Dose-Response Assessment Method to Assess Section 112
Pollutants Based on Non-Cancer Effects 32
Nongenotoxic Mechanisms in Carcinogenesis: Role of Inhibited
Intercellular Communication 49
Occupational and environmental hygiene assessment of
fumigations with methyl bromide 75
Occupational hygiene and environmental issues - Control of
chemical risks on both sides of the factory fence 112
Oil spills at sea 33
Opening doors: making risk communication agency reality 117
OSHA's approach to risk assessment for setting a revised
occupational exposure standard for 1,3-butadiene 33
OSWER Comparative Risk Project. Executive Summary and Overview.
95
Overview and Update of the Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) Demonstration Program 34
Overview of Risk Assessment for Toxic and Pathogenic Agents ...43
Overview of the Risk Assessment Study of the Dickerson Site in
Montgomery County, Maryland 4
Overview of U.S. EPA's Proposed Guidelines on Exposure-Related
Measurements 17
Ozone risk communication and management 114
Parental occupational exposures and risk of childhood cancer: a
review 49
Perceived problems in the application of risk assessment
analysis. (Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law)... 88
Perceived risks versus actual risks: managing hazards through
negotiation 94
Pharmacokinetics for regulatory risk analysis: the case of
1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) 64
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs),
dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental
129
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and mechanistic considerations which support the development
of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) 34
Predicting the Consequences of Short-Term Exposure to High
Concentrations of Gaseous Ammonia 68
Preparation Aids for the Development of Category 1: Quality
Assurance Proj ect Plans 5
Preparation Aids for the Development of Category 3: Quality
Assurance Proj ect Plans 6
Prevention of chemical accidents: The health dimension 95
Problems Associated with the Use of Immediately Dangerous to Life
and Health (IDLH) Values for Estimating the Hazard of Accidental
Chemical Releases 101
Proposed National Strategies for the Prevention of Leading
Work-Related Diseases and Injuries. Severe Occupational
Traumatic Injuries 118
Proposition 65's flaws: A physician's perspective 88
Protection of human health from mixtures of radionuclides and
chemical in drinking water 63
Psychosocial effects of hazardous toxic waste disposal on
communities 105
Public health response to an identified environmental toxin:
managing risks to the James Bay Cree related to cadmium in
caribou and moose 59
Public Knowledge and Perceptions of Chemical Risks in Six
Communities: Analysis of a Baseline Survey 117
Radon in the Living Environment. Levels and Risks 76
Recent Advances in Risk Reduction Engineering 96
"Recycling" loophole in the toxics-release inventory:
out of site, out of mind 117
Reducing uncertainty in risk assessment 6
Reference Dose (RfD): Description and Use in Health Risk
Assessments 6
Regional Ecological Risk Assessment: Theory and Demonstration..86
Regulation of emissions of airborne toxic substances - nuisance
130
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to risk assessment: an analysis of AB 2588 the California Air
Toxics "Hot Spots" Information and Assessment Act of 1987.
(Symposium: Environmental Law) 88
Remedial overkill or when is clean "clean" enough? 80
Report to Congress on Indoor Air Quality. Volume 2. Assessment
and Control of Indoor Air Pollution 59
Research on risk assessment and risk management: future
directions 96
Research Priorities in Environmental Risk Assessment. Workshop on
Research Needs in Environmental/ Toxicology and Chemistry Held in
Breckenridge, Colorado on August 16-21, 1987 9
Revised Hazard Ranking System: Background Information 81
Revised Hazard Ranking System: Qs and As 81
Risk analysis: a guide to principles and methods for analyzing
health and environmental risks 35
Risk analysis and global environmental issues 7
Risk analysis and risk management 7
Risk assessment and environmental policy 7
Risk assessment and risk management. International Symposium on
Chemical Mixtures: Risk Assessment and Management 97
Risk assessment and risk management of noncriteria pollutants..43
Risk assessment and the interface between science and law.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law) 88
Risk assessment and regulatory priorities 5
Risk assessment and management models in development 35
Risk assessment and regulatory priorities. (Symposium: Risk
Assessment in Environmental Law) 87
Risk assessment and OMB: happy union or rocky marriage? should
politics and the president's staff play a role in
assessing the risks of pesticides, food preservatives, and
chemicals? 99
Risk assessment for carcinogens under California's Proposition
65 44
131
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Risk assessment guidance for the Superfund program. Volume 1-
Human Health Evaluation Manual 18
Risk assessment in environmental agencies 5
Risk assessment of vibration exposure and white fingers among
platers 60
Risk assessment of human pressure in the Fort-de-France Bay of
Martinique 86
Risk assessment, risk communication and legitimacy: an
introduction to the symposium. (Symposium: Risk Assessment in
Environmental Law) 88
Risk Assessment and control of Toxic Gas Releases 60
Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume 1. Human Health
Evaluation Manual. Part A 20
Risk Assessment Study of the Dickerson Site. Volume 3. Appendices
K-N 9
Risk Assessment Study of the Dickerson Site. Volume l.Text 8
Risk Assessment Study of the Dickerson Site. Volume 2. Appendices
A-J 8
Risk assessors taken to task, (report challenges federal risk
management figures) 94
Risk Communication about environmental hazards 118
Risk management for hazardous chemicals; OSHA's hazard
communication standard and EPA's emergency planning and
community right-to-know regulations 100
Risk management, public policy and informed consent:
a case study 97
Risk modelling: which models to choose? 36
Risk perceptions and food choice: an exploratory analysis of
organic- versus conventional-produce buyers 61
Role of epidemiology in health risk assessment 45
Scientific developments in risk assessment: legal implications.
(Symposium: Risk Assessment in Environmental Law) 89
Scientific trends in risk assessment research 10
132
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Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks
(Sensor): Recommendations for Control of Silica Exposure at
Unimin Dividing-Creek Sand Plant, Millville, New Jersey,
CT-171-12B 105
Setting human-health-based groundwater protection standards when
toxicological data are inadequate 36
Significance of risk assessment in the management of
environmental exposures to chemical mixtures 61
Some issues in risk assessment for agricultural chemicals .... 61
Statewide scientific study of radon: summary report; task 7
final report 76
Statistical Methods for Estimating Risk for Exposure above the
Reference Dose 37
Stem cell theory of carcinogenesis 50
Strategies for adapting to the greenhouse effect 107
Streamlining the RI/FS for CERCLA Municipal Landfill Sites....106
Summary and Perspectives: Panel Discussion on Toxicology and
Exposure Assessment. State of the Art 11
Summary report on Issues in Ecological Risk Assessment 87
Summary Review of Health Effects Associated with Dimethylamine:
Health Issue Assessment
71
Superfund cleanups, ethics, and environmental risk assessment..81
Superfund research plan, 1989-1990 81
Supplemental risk assessment guidance for the
Superfund program 19
Taking some risks: Washington's fiscal constraints are
driving a renewed search for ways to get more risk reduction
for the regulatory buck; but skeptics label risk assessment
a "sham science." 109
TCLP: Good news for labs? 106
Technical Support Document on Risk Assessment of
Chemical Mixtures 11
133
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The big cleanup gets it wrong: the emerging science of
risk assessment says that the U.S. is spending way
too much on minor threats, like asbestos, and not
enough on major pollutants, like radon 12
The continuous development of an environmental assurance
(audit) manual and guidance system based on plant experience
and organisational theory 112
The current practice of health risk assessment:
potential impact on standards for toxic air
contaminants 45
The "duty to inform" in international environmental law 114
The evolution of chronic hazard evaluation 12
The fact and fiction of financial responsibility for hazardous
waste management 109
The folly of a 'risk-free1 world; science and sense call for
reducing risk to a reasonable level 99
The hazards of risk assessment. (Symposium: Risk Assessment
in Environmental Law) 12
The IXth UOEH International Symposium and the First Pan Pacific
Cooperative Symposium. Industrialization and emerging
environmental health issues: risk
assessment and risk management 97
The maximally exposed individual: an inappropriate basis for
public health decisionmaking 61
The perils of unreasonable risk: information, regulatory policy,
and toxic substances control 99
The principles of predicting the individual risk of silicosis
and silicotuberculosis 52
The risk of risk assessment 98
The similarity of environmental impacts from all methods of
managing solid wastes 107
The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular
pathology in human risk assessment 69
The toxics directory, 1990: references and resources on the
health effects of toxic substances 91
134
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The treatment of environmental conditions in accident consequence
assessments 62
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment
guidelines 19
The use of risk assessment in environmental law. (Symposium: Risk
Assessment in Environmental Law) 89
The wasteful pursuit of zero risk 109
Total Human Exposure: basic concepts, EPA field studies, and
future research needs 62
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Risk Screening Guide (Version
1.0). Volume 1. The Process. Volume 2. Appendices 20
Toxicity Assessment of Dredged Materials: Acute and Chronic
Toxicity as Determined by Bioassays and Bioaccumulation
Tests 62
Toxicity of complex waste mixtures: a comparison of observed
and predicted lethality 37
Toxicology and quantitative risk assessment of environmental
exposure to 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyactic acid (MCPA) 67
U-Shaped Dose-Response Curves: Their Occurrence and Implications
for Risk Assessment 38
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency processes for consensus
building for hazard identification 13
Uncertainties in Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessment: Some
Approaches to Reduce Them 50
United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response Environmental Response Teams's
generic site health and safety plan 20
Urban Pollution: Modelling Approaches for Predicting
Environmental Exposure to Toxicants 63
Use of the Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System
(MEPAS) for Large- and Small-Scale Applications 38
Utility of environmental inventory questionnaires to classify
exposures for health risk assessment 39
Valuing environmental health effects 13
135
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Verfahren und Modelle fuer den Bodenschutz zur Belastungs- und
Risikoabschaetzung von Schadstoffeintraegen. Darstellung des
Forschungsstandes und -bedarfs. (Methods and models on soil
conservation for the estimation of burdenings and for risk
assessment of pollution. Status and demand on research) 82
VI. Hazard Surveillance in Occupational Disease 119
Watershed Surveys to Support an Assessment of the Regional
Effects of Acidic Deposition on Surface Water Chemistry 39
WHO drinking water quality guidelines for selected
herbicides 21
Workshop on indoor air quality 13
Workshop Report on EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment:
Use of Human Evidence 51
136
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50272-101
REPORT DOCUMENTATION
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1. REPORT NO.
EPA/560/7-91-008
4. Title and Subtitle
Risk Assessment, Management, Communication:
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