EPA/560/OPTS-86/002 itatet Off ice of Pesticides and June 1986
mental Protection Toxic Substances
„„-.._, Asbestos Action Program
Guidance for Preventing
Asbestos Disease Among
Auto Mechanics
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PREVENTING ASBESTOS DISEASE AMONG AUTO MECHANICS
I MECHANICS' EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS
Friction materials, such as brake linings and clutch
facings, often contain asbestos. Millions of asbestos fibers
can be released during brake and clutch servicing (1-8).
Grinding and beveling friction products can cause even higher
exposures (1,8). Like germs, asbestos fibers are small enough
to be i nvisible and they can remain and accumulate in the
lungs. When you see a dust cloud during brake work, you are
seeing clumps containing thousands of fibers. Most of the
smaller fibers will not show up with the methods commonly
used for measuring asbestos levels in the air, such as the
method used to determine compliance with the OSHA asbestos
standard, since most asbestos fibers in brake dust are too
small to be measured by these methods (1-3,5-8).
Asbestos released into the air lingers around a garage
long after a brake job is done and can be breathed in by
everyone inside a garage, including customers. While lowering
exposure lowers risk, there is no known level of exposure to
asbestos below which health effects do not occur (9-12). The
EPA has proposed phasing out the use of asbestos products. In
situations where asbestos exposures cannot be eliminated
entirely, they should be reduced to the lowest possible level
(9,13).
Asbestos can be carried on work clothing, contaminating
the family car and home. This can cause asbestos disease
among family members. An ordinary house vacuum cleaner cannot
collect these asbestos fibers, since its filter is not fine
enough to trap them. In fact, an ordinary house vacuum
cleaner is likely to stir these fibers up and and scatter them
into the air.
Asbestos can also get on a mechanic's hands and be
swallowed when eating or smoking a cigarette. This is a
particularly difficult problem for mechanics, since they
often get grease on their hands and asbestos fibers can stick
to the grease.
II HEALTH EFFECTS OF ASBESTOS EXPOSURE
TJntil the use of asbestos products is phased out, the best
best way of limiting health damage to workers exposed to
asbestos is to use proper controls. It is not possible to
predict whether an individual person exposed to asbestos will
later develop asbestos-related disease. But studies of dis-
ease patterns among large groups of workers exposed to asbestos
make general observations possible. The following can be the
consequences of inadequate prevention:
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Asbestosis
Asbestos exposure can cause scar tissue to form in the lungs.
This is a very gradual process that usually takes many years be-
fore its effects are noticed. This scarring is called asbesto-
sis. It causes gradually increasing shortness of breath. A
person with this disease must breathe harder and deeper to get
his or her breath because the scar tissue makes it harder for
oxygen to get into the blood stream. This scarring is caused by
repeated exposures to asbestos and is permanent. Nearly one half
of mechanics who work for many years without proper control mea-
sures can develop this scarring (7,14).
Cancer
1. Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is a type of fatal cancer of the lining of the chest
or abdominal cavity. It can be caused by very low exposures to
asbestos. This cancer has occurred among brake mechanics (15-20),
their wives (20), and their children (21).
2. Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is currently responsible for the largest number of
deaths from exposure to asbestos (22). Even short-term occupation-
al exposures have been shown to increase the risk of lung cancer
(22-24). Each added exposure increases the risk of cancer. Like
asbestos, smoking can independently cause lung cancer, increasing
the risk by about 10 times. VThen smokers are exposed to asbestos,
the risks do more than add together; they actually multiply. For
example, asbestos insulators who smoke have a lung cancer risk
over fifty times higher than nonsmokers without asbestos exposure.
However, stopping smoking greatly reduces this risk, even if a per-
son has smoked for many years. Smokers who have been exposed to
asbestos should be especially encouraged to stop smoking. The
extent of risk of lung cancer among mechanics is not now known;
but, given the known lung cancer risk among other groups exposed to
asbestos, caution is necessary.
3. Other Cancers
Other cancers which appear to be caused by asbestos include cancer
of the voice box (25,26) and of the stomach and large intestine
(27, especially page 315).
Latency Period
It usually takes 15 to 30 years or more for cancer or as-
bestos lung scarring to show up after exposure. (Scientists
call this the latency period.) Until then, the victim often
feels fine. This gives a false sense of security. For
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example, if one touches a hot stove, one gets burned right
away. With asbestos, the damage isn't obvious until many
years later. This false sense of security can easily lead a
worker and/or supervisor to follow work practices which can
cause harmful exposures, since they are not aware that disease
may develop later.
Ill MEDICAL TESTS
Medical tests only discover asbestos-related disease
after it has developed. In some cases, where the condition
may be curable, especially with asbestos-related cancers of
the large intestine and voice box, early detection can be
very important.
Asbestosis
Asbestosis, or lung scarring from asbestos, is permanent and can-
not be treated. It is diagnosed by chest x-rays, breathing tests
(called lung or pulmonary function tests), and/or listening to the
lungs, together with a history of exposure to asbestos. Very
early asbestos is may be missed by these techniques. Early asbes-
tosis is difficult to see on a chest x-ray and is best evaluated
by a doctor who has experience and/or specialized training with
asbestosis. (This type of specialist is called a "B reader" of
x-rays.)
Lung Cancer
Very often lung cancer from asbestos has already spread by the
time it can be seen on a chest x-ray or by tests of the phlegm.
This is why more frequent tests for lung cancer do not help the
average person who develops this cancer to live longer. Lung
cancer is thus a condition needing prevention more than early
detection and cure.
Intestinal Cancer
Cancer of the large intestine can often be detected early by
yearly exams of the rectum and sigmoid area, with a hemoccult
.test for blood in the stool. Early detection and treatment of
this condition can result in cure.
Voice Box Cancer
Voice box cancer can often be discovered at a curable stage by a
medical exam. It may show up as hoarseness that does not go away
in a few weeks.
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IV EXTENT OF EXPOSURE DURING BRAKE AND CLUTCH MAINTENANCE
Using a compressed air hose to clean drum brakes can
release up to 16 million asbestos fibers in the cubic meter of
air around a mechanic's face (1).* Even hitting a brake drum
with a hammer can release over a million asbestos fibers (4).
Much less dust from asbestos-lined disc brake pads will
settle on disc brakes, but some dust can get on a mechanic's
hands and into the garage air during maintenance. The asbestos
fibers released from brake and clutch work can be scattered
throughout a garage, where they can present a hazard for
months or years.
Because of this, many garages are now turning to newer
methods for brake cleaning. However, some of these newer
methods may actually contribute to the problem. For example,
millions of asbestos fibers can be released from drum brakes
with these methods:
•Wiping with a dry rag or brush (1-3).
•Wiping with a wet rag or brush (2,3). The water doesn't prevent
scattering of much of the asbestos, and when the rag dries or
is shaken, asbestos is spread around the garage.
•Liquid squirt bottles or solvent sprays (3). The water or sol-
vent under pressure scatters much of the asbestos, and when it
dries the asbestos is still all over the surrounding work
surfaces. Brake cleaning equipment using these methods with a
brush or squirt gun is likely to have the same problems. In
fact, measurements from one manufacturer using a liquid spray
system showed that over a million fibers can be released near
a mechanic's face (28). Using a specially designed low-pressure
spray and properly collecting and disposing of contaminated
liquid may prevent some asbestos from spreading around the
garage. Some recirculating wet method equipment uses a solvent
to collect brake dust into a tray. If the solvent evaporates
from the tray, normal air currents easily lift the asbestos
fibers back into the air.
•Using a garden hose may prevent some brake dust from beconing
airborne, but this can easily contaminate the garage floor or
other work areas by scattering the asbestos.
•Using a standard shop vacuum cleaner. A shop vacuum cleaner can
spread asbestos about a garage as much as does a compressed air
hose (6: using a shop vacuum cleaner raised asbestos concentra-
tions in adjacent bays to levels greater than those found using a
compressed air hose). A shop vacuum cleaner filter is not fine
enough to collect asbestos fibers.
All of these brake cleaning methods can release enough
asbestos into a garage (6,29) so that an average of over one
million of the larger fibers could be breathed each day by
workers in that garage. These brake cleaning methods can
*These are the larger fibers measured by corrnon methods for counting
asbestos fibers. The very small ones are far more numerous, but can be
only be seen with the electron microscope.
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also cause customers to be exposed, since asbestos from brake
work can be spread 75 feet away from the mechanic (1).
When grinding is done to renew used brake block linings,
concentrations of up to seven million asbestos fibers per
cubic meter can be released. Bevelling new linings can
release concentrations of up to 72 million fibers and light
grinding of new linings of up to 4.8 million fibers (7).
V CONTROLLING EXPOSURES
NIOSH, OSHA, and EPA recommend that where asbestos
exposures cannot be eliminated, they must be controlled to
the lowest level possible (9,13). Effective containment
prevents problems associated with housekeeping and with stir-
ring up settled dust (13). The best approach is to contain
brake dust and prevent its release into a garage.
Brake Cleaning
Enclosure equipment for brake cleaning is available,
which slips easily over the brake assembly and forms a tight
seal against the backing plate. A compressed air system can
then be used inside this type of enclosure system for good
brake cleaning without exposing the brake mechanic or others.
Clear plastic walls or windows allow easy visibility of the
work being done. Brake dust is sucked into a vacuum cleaner
equipped with a special filter called a HEPA or "high-effi-
ciency particulate air" filter. Only this type of filter can
capture the small, invisible asbestos fibers. Non-permeable
glove attachments on some equipment allow a mechanic to do
work inside the enclosure without getting asbestos on the
hands. If glove attachments are available only as an option,
this option should be selected.
How to Use Enclosure Equipment for Cleaning Drum Brakes
Steps for using this type of equipment on drum brakes are
simple:
1. Check that the hose is securely fastened to the HEPA vacuum
container and to the brake enclosure. Also check that the
vacuum container seals and clips are in proper functioning
order according to the manufacturer's instructions.
2. Remove the wheel.
3. Turn on the asbestos vacuum cleaner.
4. Place the enclosure over the drum, making sure it forms a tight
seal behind the backing plate.
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5. Place hands into the attached rubber gloves.
6. Remove the brake drum. Some equipment allows use of a hammer
or other tools inside the enclosure for drums that are hard to
remove.
7. Blow dust off the drum and brake assembly using the air gun
attachment inside the enclosure.
8. Blow dust off all inside surfaces of the enclosure towards the
vacuum exit using the air gun attachment inside the enclosure.
9. Remove the enclosure and turn off the vacuum cleaner.
If grease accumulates on the inside surfaces of the
enclosure, clean according to the manufacturer's instructions
with a soft cloth and with the vacuum running. Dispose of
the cloth according to OSHA regulations
should not be handled with bare hands.
Dispose
(30)". This cloth
Disc Brakes
For disc brakes, vacuum the pads, rotor, and caliper
directly with a crevice attachment and avoid handling them
before vacuuming.
Filter Change and Waste Disposal
Asbestos vacuum cleaners have several filters. Changing
filters and disposing of asbestos waste can release dangerous
concentrations of asbestos unless done properly. Some equip-
ment allows for filter or collection bag change while the
vacuum motor is running. This draws loose brake dust into
the vacuum collector and away from the mechanic, reducing the
risk of exposure. Some equipment has a renewable main filter
that can be cleaned repeatedly without opening the vacuum
cleaner. Ideally, all vacuum equipment should be designed to
prevent opening the vacuum chamber when the vacuum motor is
turned off, since opening the chamber can cause release of
collected asbestos into the air.
Always follow the manufacturer's instructions for filter
or collection bag change. Request a demonstration and practice
session from the manufacturer to go through all steps for
equipment use and filter or collection bag change, until each
person who is to use this equipment is completely familiar
with these procedures. Place the filter or collection bag
directly into a 6 mil (heavy) plastic bag and double tie.
Place the bag directly into a 55-gallon drum or similar
leakproof, air-tight container designated for asbestos waste
according to OSHA regulations (30) and mark it as follows:
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CAUTION
Contains Asbestos Fibers
Avoid Breathing Dust
Breathing Asbestos Dust Can Cause Lung Disease and Cancer
Keep this drum for asbestos waste locked between filter or
collection bag changes. Transport and disposal of asbestos
waste should be done only by individuals familiar with proce-
dures for handling asbestos waste in accordance with EPA's
asbestos disposal guidance (31).
Clutch Repair
Significant exposure can also occur during clutch repair.
Since a mechanic's head is typically under the clutch assembly
during clutch repair, asbestos often falls on a mechanic's
face and clothing. Enclosure equipment with a HEPA vacuum
cleaner to prevent this exposure is under development.
Non-Asbestos Brake Linings
The use of non-asbestos friction materials is increasing.
Available information suggests that none of these substitute
materials is as dangerous as asbestos. Unless a mechanic is
certain before brake work starts that a particular vehicle's
brakes are not lined with asbestos, it should be assumed for
the sake of caution that there is asbestos in the brake dust.
In addition, friction materials often contain adhesives, toxic
metals, and other hazardous chemicals which can harm the body
(2). Thus, even for r.on-asbestos friction products, an enclo-
sure system can control exposures to materials which may be
harmful.
What to Look for in Enclosure Equipment for Brake Cleaning
Recommended features to look for in selecting enclosure
equipment include:
1. Features which prevent hand contact with asbestos, including
rubber (or other non-permeable) gloves to cover both hands.
Look for attached gloves with no spaces for leakage. If
attached gloves are not standard with the equipment, they
should be selected as an option.
2. Enclosures large enough to fit around the biggest size brake
drums likely to be encountered to prevent exposure during
drum removal.
3. Reports of air sampling with analysis by transmission elec-
tron microscopy that show no release of asbestos fibers when
using this equipment during brake maintenance. This helps
ensure against design defects.
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4. A sturdy seal behind the backing plate to prevent leakage
during blow out.
5. A pressure gauge or manometer indicating when vacuum filter
change or cleaning of renewable filter is needed. This helps
ensure effective suction during use.
6. Safety of filter change or renewable filter cleaning. Ideally,
future models of these devices will have a feature that prevents
opening the filter housing while the vacuum motor is switched
off.
in
Enclosure system
references 32-35.
manufacturer information is discussed
Machining and Bevelling
Whenever possible, pre-ground, installation-ready brake
linings and clutch facings should be used. If friction
materials must be arced, this should be done by lathe-turning
at low speed, rather than by grinding. Linings should not be
ground to fit brake systems for which they were not designed.
Where friction materials must be machined, bevelled, or lathe-
turned, adequate local exhaust ventilation equipment connected
to a HEPA vacuum collector should be used to prevent mechanic
exposure and shop contamination. Such equipment should be
designed and set up by a professional ventilation engineer,
using specifications such as those found in the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' ventilation
manual (36) as a minimum design standard. There must, be a
comprehensive asbestos control and monitoring program where
machining, bevelling, or lathe-turning is done (30).
Special Areas for Brake Work
Eating, drinking, and smoking should not be done in an
area where brake work is done. Mechanics should wash their
hands and face before eating and wash all exposed skin and
change clothes before going home. If possible, work clothes
should be laundered at special facilities equipped to wash
clothing contaminated with asbestos. Smokers should be urged
to quit and, if necessary, be provided assistance in entering
a smoking cessation program.
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VI RESPIRATORS
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) recommends the use of engineering controls and good
work practices as the primary means of reducing exposures
(9,13). Proper use of a respirator specially recommended for
asbestos (37) when using the brake cleaning methods described
in Part IV of this guidance can only protect a mechanic while
the respirator is being worn. Since any of the brake cleaning
methods described in Part IV could contaminate a garage with
brake dust, mechanics and other employees would have to wear
such a respirator all day to be protected. In addition,
effective respirator use requires a complete respiratory
protection program, including worker training, medical evalua-
tions, proper respirator selection and maintenance, fit test-
ing, and periodic inspections. Furthermore, NIOSH and EPA
recommend only certain air-supplied respirators for asbestos
exposure (37). These respirators could be very cumbersome in a
garage setting.
Air-purifying respirators with HEPA cartridges may be
appropriate for secondary protection during floor cleaning,
filter or collection bag changing, and waste disposal. Air-
purifying respirators with HEPA cartridges should be used only
as a precaution against the accidental disturbance of asbestos,
and not as a substitute for effective engineering controls. It
should be noted that, while NIOSH and EPA do not recommend the
use of air-purifying respirators with HEPA cartridges in asbes-
tos environments, various existing regulations currently allow
their use.
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\-\\ Additional Information
This guidance was prepared to support technical materials
being developed as part of the Brake Mechanic Education Program
under EPA's Asbestos Action Program. The following are addition-
al sources of information on asbestos:
EPA Regional Asbestos Coordinators
(CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT)
EPA Region I
JFK Federal Building
Boston, Mass. 02203
(617) 223-0585
(NJ, NY, PR, VI)
EPA Region II
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, N.J. 08837
(201) 321-6668
(DE, MD, PA, VA, WV)
EPA Region III
Curtis Building
6th and Walnut Streets
Phila., Penna 19106
(215) 597-9859
(AL, FL, GA, KY,
MS, NC, SC, TN,)
EPA Region IV
345 Cortland St., N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30365
(404) 881-3864
(IL, IN, MI, MN, OR, WI)
EPA Region V
230 S. Dearborn St.
Chicago, 111. 60604
(312) 886-6003
(AR, IA, NM, OK, TX)
EPA Region VI
Internfirst II Bldg.
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75270
(214) 767-2734
(IA, KA, MO, NE)
EPA Region VII
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City,
Kansas 66101
(913) 236-2835
(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY)
EPA Region VIII
One Denver Place
999 18th St., Suite 1300
Denver, Colorado 80202
(303) 293-1730
(AZ, CA, HI, NV, CM,
American Samoa, Guam)
EPA Region IX
215 Fremont Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 974-8588
(AK, ID, OR, WA)
EPA Region X
1200 6th Avenue
Seattle, Wash. 98101
(206) 442-2870
Toll-Free Numbers
EPA
800-424-9065
Where general public
can get technical
assistance
Consumer Product
Safety Commission
800-638-2772
For information on
asbestos in consumer
products or homes
NIOSH
National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
(513) 533-8323
U.S. Occupational Safety
and Health Administration
OSHA Office of Information and
Consumer Affairs, Room N-3637
200 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20210
(202) 523-8151
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References
1. Rohl, A.N., Langer, A.M., Wolff, M.S., and Weisman, I.
Asbestos Exposure during Brake Lining Maintenance and
Repair. Environmental Research 12:110-128. 1976.
2. NIOSH. Report 32.4 Industrial Hygiene Summary Report of
Asbestos Exposure Assessment for Brake Mechanics. November
22, 1982.
3. PEI Associates. Asbestos Dust Control in Brake Maintenance.
EPA Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Contract Mo.
68-02-3976. September 30, 1985.
4. GCA Corporation. Asbestos Product Test Results. EPA
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Contract
No. 68-02-3168. February 1980.
5. Hatch, D. Possible Alternatives to Asbestos as a Friction
Material. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 13:25-29. 1970.
6. Knight, K.L. and Hickish, D.E. Investigations and Alterna-
tive Forms of Control for Dust Generated during Cleaning
of Brake Assemblies and Drums. Annals of Occupational
Hygiene 13:37-39. 1970.
7. Lorimer, W.V., Rohl, A.N., Miller, A., Nicholson, W.J., and
Selikoff, I.J. Asbestos Exposure of Brake Repair Workers in
the United States. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine
43:207-218. 1976
8. Rohl, A.N., Langer, A.M., Klimentidis, R., Wolff, M.S., and
Selikoff, I.J. Asbestos Content of Dust Encountered in
Brake Maintenance and Repair. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of Medicine 70:32-37. 1977.
9. NIOSH-OSHA Asbestos Work Group. Workplace Exposure to
Asbestos: Review and Recommendations. DHHS (NIOSH) Pub-
lication No. 81-103. November 1930.
10. OSHA. Occupational Exposure to Asbestos: Emergency Tem-
porary Standard. Federal Register Vol. 48, No. 215.
November 4, 1983.
11. National Research Council. Asbestiform Fibers: Nonoccu-
pational Health Risks. National Academy Press. 1984.
12. Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel on Asbestos. Report to the
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. July 1983.
13. NIOSH. Statement of the National Institute for Occupation-
al Safety and Health. Public Hearing on Occupational
Exposure to Asbestos. June 21, 1984.
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14. Nicholson, W.J. Investigation of Health Hazards in
Brake Lining Repair and Maintenance Workers Occupationally
Exposed to Asbestos. NIOSH Contract No. 210-77-0119.
February 1983.
15. McDonald, A.D., Harper, A., El Attar, O.A., and McDonald,
J.C. Epidemiology of Primary Malignant Mesothelial Tumors
in Canada. Cancer 26:914-919. 1970.
16. Greenburg, M. and Lloyd Davies, T.A. Mesothelioma Regis-
ter 1967-68. British Journal Of Industrial Medicine
31:91-104. 1974.
17. Newhouse, M.L. and Thompson, H. Mesothelioma of the Pleura
following Exposure to Asbestos. British Journal of Indus-
trial Medicine 22:261-269. 1965. (Table on p. 269,
case #58.)
18. NIOSH. Asbestos: Asbestos Exposure during Servicing of
Motor Vehicle Brake and Clutch Assemblies. Current Intel-
ligence Bulletin 5. August 8, 1975.
19. Langer, A.M. and McCaughey, W.T.E. Mesothelioma in a Brake
Repair Worker. Lancet 8307:1101-1103 November 13, 1982.
20. Ziera. G. Three case reports of mesothelioma in brake
mechanics. In: Castleman, B. Asbestos: Medical and Le-
gal Aspects. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1984. (Four
additional cases in mechanics and a case in a mechanic's
wife in publication.)
21. Yorkshire Television. "Alice: A Fight for Life." July
14, 1982. (Mesothelioma in a ten-year old son of brake
mechanic described and filmed.)
22. EPA. Asbestos; Proposed Mining and Import Restrictions
and Proposed Manufacturing Importation and Processing Pro-
hibitions. Federal Register Vol. 51, No. 19. January 29,
1986.
23. Seidman, H. , Selikoff, I.J., and Hammond, E.G. Short-term
Exposure to Asbestos and Long Term Observation. Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences 330:61-90. 1979.
24. EPA. Support Document for Final Rule on Friable Asbestos-
Containing Materials in School Buildings: Health Effects
and Magnitude of Exposure. January 1982.
25. Stell, P.M. and McGill, T. Asbestos and Laryngeal Cancer.
Lancet 7826:416-417. August 25, 1973.
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26. Shettigara, P.T. and Morgan, R.W. Asbestos, Smoking and
Laryngeal Carcinoma. Archives of Environmental Health
30:517-519. 1975.
27. Selikoff, I.J. and Lee, D.K. Asbestos and Disease.
Academic Press. 1978.
28. National Loss Control Service Corportation. Report of
Industrial Hygiene Study for Ammco Tools, Inc. 1978.
29. Data from reference 3 show TWA levels with these methods
at about 200,000 fibers per cubic meter. The average
worker doing light to moderate work, such as a mechanic,
breathes ten cubic meters of air during an eight-hour work
day, thus inhaling about two million asbestos fibers daily.
Rohl's data (reference 1) shows that levels twelve feet
away using a dry brush were the same as using a compressed
air hose. His data also show shop contamination of
100,000 fibers per cubic meter at distances of up to 75
feet from the site of compressed air use, and other
measurements indicating significant scatter.
30. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.1001(h)(2).
31. EPA. Asbestos Waste Management Guidance - Generation,
Transport, Disposal. EPA/530-SW-85-007. May 1985.
32. Nilfisk. Nilfisk Asbesto-Clene Systems; Rohl, A. Letter
to Robert Magdelain, April 11, 1979, on air sampling
during equipment use with transmission electron microscop-
ic analysis reporting virtual elimination of asbestos
levels; Nilfisk instructions for use; Nilfisk Simplifies
the Safe Collection and Disposal of Toxic, Hazardous, and
Nuisance Waste Materials. Nilfisk of America, Inc., 300
Technology Drive, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
(215) 647-6420.
33. Clayton Associates. Asbestos in Automotive Shops; Rohl,
A. Letter to Jim Clayton, October 12, 1984, on air
sampling during equipment use and filter change using
transmission electron microscopic analysis reporting vir-
tual elimination of asbestos levels; Asbestos and You.
Clayton Associates, Inc., P.O. Box 589, 30 Southard
Avenue, Farmingdale, New Jersey 07727 (201) 938-6700.
34. Control Resource Systems. CRSI 2000 and CRSI Labmaster
Vacuums, Brakemaster enclosure system description. Con-
trol Resource Systems, Inc., 670 Mariner Drive, Michigan
City, Indiana 46360. (219) 872-5591.
35. Hako Minuteman. Hako Minuteman Asbestos Brake Drum
Vacuum System. Hako Minuteman, Inc., Ill South Route 53,
Addison, Illinois 60101 (312) 627-6900.
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36. American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists.
Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.
18th Edition. ACGIH. Page 5-128. 1984.
37. NIOSH. Guide to Respiratory Protection for the Asbestos
Abatement Industry. EPA/560-OPTS-86-001. April 1986.
This contains NIOSH's most extensive recommendations for
a program of respiratory protection against asbestos.
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