-B-92-001
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency ~
Office Of Water
. - (EN-336)
EPA 833-B-92-001
Jury 1992
NPDES Storm Water
Sampling Guidance
Document
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
AGENCY
DALLAS, TEXAS
LIBRARY
Printed on Recycled Paper
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DISCLAIMER
This document was issued in support of EPA regulations and policy initiatives involving the
development and implementation of a national storm water program. This document is agency
guidance only, ft does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations. Agency decisions in
any particular case will be made applying the laws and regulations on the basis of specific facts
when permits are issued or regulations promulgated. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
AGENCY
DALLAS, TEXAS
8RARY
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FOREWORD
Pollutants in storm water discharges from many sources are largely uncontrolled. The National
Water Quality Inventory, 1990 Report to Congress provides a general assessment of water
quality based on biennial reports submitted by the States under Section 305(b) of the Clean
Water Act The report indicates that roughly 30% of identified cases of water quality
impairment reported by the States are attributable to storm water discharges.
Sampling data from storm water discharges is an important tool which provides information on
the types and amounts of pollutants present. This data can then be used to identify pollutant
sources and to develop storm water pollution prevention plans and best management practices
priorities to control these sources.
This manual is for operators of facilities that discharge storm water associated with industrial
activity and operators of large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems. This
manual describes the basic sampling requirements for NPDES storm water discharge permit
applications and provides procedural guidance on how to conduct sampling. Many of the
concepts in this guidance may also be applicable to sampling requirements contained in NPDES
storm water permits.
This document was issued in support of EPA regulations and policy initiatives involving the
development and implementation of a national storm water program. This document is agency
guidance only. It does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations. Agency decisions in
any particular case will be made applying the laws and regulations on the basis of specific facts
when permits are issued or regulations promulgated.
This document is expected to be revised periodically to reflect advances in this rapidly evolving
area. Comments from users are welcomed. Send comments to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Wastewater Enforcement and Compliance, 401 M Street, SW,
Mailcode EN-336, Washington, DC 20460.
Michael Cook,
Director
Office of Wastewater Enforcement
and Compliance
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS MANUAL 2
1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL 2
2. BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING . . 5
2.1 BENEFITS OF SAMPLING 5
2.2 INDUSTRIAL FACILITY APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS 6
2.3 MUNICIPALITIES' APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS 7
2.4 APPLICATION SUBMITTAL DEADLINES 8
2.5 WHERE TO SUBMIT APPLICATIONS 8
2.6 WHO MUST SAMPLE 9
2.7 WHEN SAMPLING IS REQUIRED 15
2.7.1 STORM EVENT CRITERIA 15
2.7.2 OBTAINING RAINFALL DATA 18
2.7.3 DETERMINING REPRESENTATIVENESS 22
2.7.4 LOGISTICAL PROBLEMS WITH WHEN TO SAMPLE 23
2.7.5 WHEN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES MUST SAMPLE 24
2.7.6 WHEN MUNICIPAL FACILITIES MUST SAMPLE 28
2.7.7 USE OF HISTORICAL DATA 29
2.8 WHERE TO SAMPLE STORM WATER DISCHARGES 29
2.8.1 INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES 30
2.8.2 MUNICIPALITIES 30
2.8.3 LOGISTICS OF WHERE TO SAMPLE 31
2.9 STAFFING CONSIDERATIONS 31
3. FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING 35
3.1 TYPES AND TECHNIQUES OF SAMPLING 35
3.1.1 SAMPLE TYPE VERSUS SAMPLE TECHNIQUE 36
3.1.2 SAMPLE TYPE: GRAB AND COMPOSITE SAMPLES 36
3.1.3 SAMPLE TECHNIQUE: MANUAL VERSUS AUTOMATIC
SAMPLING 39
July 1992
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
3.2 OBTAINING FLOW DATA 41
3.2.1 MEASURING FLOW RATES 41
3.2.2 ESTIMATING FLOW RATES 49
3.2.3 MEASURING TOTAL FLOW VOLUMES FOR THE SAMPLED RAIN
EVENT 58
3.2.4 ESTIMATING TOTAL FLOW VOLUMES FOR THE SAMPLED RAIN
EVENT 58
3.2.5 REPORTING STORM WATER DISCHARGE FLOW RATES AND
VOLUMES ; . . 67
3.2.6 MEASURING RAINFALL 67
3.3 GRAB SAMPLE COLLECTION 68
3.3.1 HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT GRAB SAMPLES 68
3.3.2 HOW TO COLLECT GRAB SAMPLES BY AUTOMATIC SAMPLER . . 70
3.4 FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE SAMPLE COLLECTION 70
3.4.1 HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE
SAMPLES 75
3.4.2 HOW TO COLLECT FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE SAMPLES BY
AUTOMATIC SAMPLER 80
3.5 SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION 81
3.5.1 DECONTAMINATION OF SAMPLE EQUIPMENT CONTAINERS 82
3.5.2 SAMPLE PRESERVATION AND HOLDING TIMES 83
3.6 SAMPLE VOLUMES 88
3.7 SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION 88
3.8 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AND LABELING 93
3.9 SAMPLE PACKAGING AND SHIPPING 93
3.10 CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY PROCEDURES . 94
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
4. ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ... '. 97
4.1 INDUSTRIAL REQUIREMENTS 97
4.1.1 INDIVIDUAL APPLICANTS 98
4.1.2 GROUP APPLICANTS 101
4.2 MUNICIPAL REQUIREMENTS 102
5. FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING 105
5.1 PROTOCOL MODIFICATIONS 105
5.2 PETITION FOR SUBSTITUTING SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL
EFFLUENTS 105
5.2.1 OPTION ONE: NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP 106
5.2.2 OPTION TWO: USE OF MATRICES TO INDICATE IDENTICAL
OUTFALLS 107
5.2.3 OPTION THREE: MODEL MATRICES 107
5.3 ALTERNATE 40 CFR PART 136 METHOD 116
5.4 LACK OF METHOD IN 40 CFR PART 136 117
6. HEALTH AND SAFETY 119
6.1 GENERAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS . 119
6.2 NECESSARY SAFETY EQUIPMENT , 120
6.3 HAZARDOUS WEATHER CONDITIONS 120
6.4 SAMPLING IN CONFINED SPACES 120
6.4.1 HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS IN CONFINED SPACES 121
6.4.2 SPECIAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 121
6.4.3 PERMIT SYSTEM 121
6.5 CHEMICAL HAZARDS 122
6.6 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS 122
6.7 PHYSICAL HAZARDS 122
iii July 1992
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 2-1. Form 2F Application Requirements 7
Exhibit 2-2. Fait 2 Group Application Sampling Requirements 8
Exhibit 2-3. Municipal Application Sampling Requirements 9
Exhibit 2-4. Permit Application Submission Deadlines 10
Exhibit 2-5. NPDES Storm Water Program Permitting Authorities 11
Exhibit 2-6. Industrial Facilities Which Must Submit Applications for Storm Water
Permits 16
Exhibit 2-7. Decision Chart for Storm Water Sampling 20
Exhibit 2-8. Rain Zones of the United States 21
Exhibit 2-9. Example of 50 Percent Variance From Average Rainfall 22
Exhibit 2-10. Logistical Problems of Sampling 25
Exhibit 2-11. Checklist for Conducting Dry Weather Evaluations 27
Exhibit 2-12. Solutions to Sample Location Problems 32
Exhibit 3-1. Sample Type vs. Sample Technique 36
Exhibit 3-2. Automatic Sampler 40
Exhibit 3-3. Comparison of Manual and Automatic Sampling Technique 42
Exhibit 3-4. Weirs 44
Exhibit 3-5. Suppressed Flow Over the Weir Crest 45
Exhibit 3-6. Flumes 46
Exhibit 3-7. Palmer-Bowlus Flume 47
Exhibit 3-8. Example Calculation of Float Method for Unimpeded Open Channel Flow ... 51
Exhibit 3-9. Example Calculation of Float Method for EstLnating Drain Flow Rates 52
Exhibit 3-10. Example Calculation of Bucket and Stopwatch Method for Estimating
Flows 54
Exhibit 3-11. Example Calculation of Slope and Depth Method for Estimating Flow
Rates . . . 55
Exhibit 3-12. Typical "c" Coefficients for 5- to 10-Year Frequency Design Storms 57
Exhibit 3-13. Example Calculation of Runoff Coefficient/Flow Depth Method for
Estimating Flow Rates 59
Exhibit 3-14. Example Calculation of Runoff Coefficient Rainfall Depth Method for
Estimating Flow Rates 61
Exhibit 3-15. Example Calculation of Total Runoff Volume From Rainfall Data 62
Exhibit 3-16. Example Calculation of Total Runoff Volume From Flow Rate Data 63
Exhibit 3-17. Recommended Operating Procedure* for Taking Grab Samples 69
Exhibit 3-18. Constant Tune - Constant Volume 72
Exhibit 3-19. Constant Time - Volume Proportional to Flow Increment 72
Exhibit 3-20. Constant Time - Volume Proportional to Flow Rate 73
Exhibit 3-21. Constant Volume - Time Proportional to Flow Volume Increment 73
Exhibit 3-22. Example of Sapling Intervals 74
Exhibit 3-23. Example of Hruv to Collect Sample Aliquot Volumes Based on Flow, and
Proportion and Composite in the Field 76
iv
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF EXHIBITS (Continued)
Exhibit 3-24. Example of How to Manually Collect Equal Sample Aliquots Which Are
Later Bow-Proportioned and Composited in the Laboratory . 78
Exhibit 3-25. Volume of Sample Required for Determination of the Various Constituents
of Industrial Wastewater ....-.- 89
Exhibit 3-26. Field Sheet for Sample Documentation 92
Exhibit 3-27. Example of Chain-of-Custody Form 96
Exhibit 4-1. Subchapter N-Effluent Guidelines and Standards : 99
Exhibit 4-2. Parameters Which Must be Analyzed by Municipal Applicants 103
Exhibit 5-1. Petition to Sample Substantially Identical Outfalls (Narrative Description/
Site Map) 108
Exhibit 5-2. Site Map : 113
Exhibit 5-3. Matrices Demonstrating Substantially Identical Outfalls 114
Exhibit 6-1. List of Safety Equipment 120
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDKD
APPENDIX E
APPENDK F
LIST OF APPENDICES
Forms 2F and 1
NOAA Weather Radio Information
Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, Holding. Times and 40 Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 136
References
Glossary
Acronyms
July 1992
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
NFDES STORM WATER SAMPLING GUIDANCE DOCUMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
The 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act [(FWPCA), also referred to as the Clean Water Act
(CWA)] prohibits the discharge of any pollutant to waters of the U.S. from a point source unless die
discharge is authorized by a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit
Efforts to improve water quality under die NPDES program have focused traditionally on reducing
pollutants in industrial process wastewater discharges and from municipal sewage treatment plants.
Past efforts to address storm water discharges, in particular through the NPDES program, have
generally been limited to certain industrial categories, using effluent limitations for storm water as
a permit condition.
Recognizing the need for more comprehensive control of storm waters discharges, Congress amended
the CWA in 1987 and established a two-phase program. In Phase I, Congress required the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish NPDES requirements for certain classes of
storm water discharges.
• A storm water discharge for which a permit has been issued prior to February 4, 1987
• A storm water discharge associated with industrial activity
• A storm water discharge from a municipal separate storm sewer system serving a population
of 250,000 or more (large system)
• A storm water discharge from a municipal separate storm sewer system serving a population
of 100,000 or more, but less than 250,000 (medium system)
• A discharge for which the Administrator or the State determines that the «tir<;, vater
discharge contributes to a violation of a water quality standard or is a significant contributor
of pollutants to the waters of the United States.
To implement these requirements, EPA published on November 16, 1990 (55 Fed. Rey. 47990),
permit application requirements mat include storm water sampling. EPA and the States will
subsequently issue NPDES storm water permits based on these applications, and many c* these
July 1992
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CHAFFER 1 - INTRODUCTION
permits will require storm water sampling. Congress intended for EPA to address all other point
source discharges of storm water in Phase II of the program.
1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS MANUAL
This manual is for operators of facilities that discharge storm water associated with industrial activity
and operators of large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems. Storm water sampling
is sometimes difficult due to the unpredictability of storm events and the variable nature of storm
water discharges. This manual is primarily designed to assist operators/owners in planning for and
fulfilling the NPDES storm water discharge sampling requirements for permit applications as well
as for other storm water sampling needs.
It is assumed that applicants already have a basic understanding of the storm water permit application
requirements. This document is designed to supplement existing storm water application guidance
by focusing on the technical aspects of sampling. Since many industrial storm water permits and all
municipal storm water permits will require regular storm water sampling, many of the concepts in
this guidance may be applicable to sampling requirements contained in NPDES storm water permits.
The information in this manual pertains specifically to individual industrial storm water applications,
group storm water applications (Part 2), and municipal Part 2 storm water permit applications for
storm water discharges. For information on other storm water application requirements for industrial
facilities and large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems, see EPA's Guidance
Manual for the Preparation of NPDES Permit Applications for Storm Water Discharges Associated
with Industrial Activity (EPA-505/8-91-002, NTIS # PB-92-199058, April 1991), and EPA's
Guidance Manual for the Preparation of Part 1 of the NPDES Permit Applications for Discharges
from Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (EPA-505/8-91-003A, NTIS # PB-92-114578, April
1991), respectively. These manuals can be requested by calling the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS) [(703) 487-4650]. Additional background documents for further information are
listed in Technical Appendix D.
1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL
This manual explains the basic requirements of storm water sampling and provides procedural
guidance on sampling for permit applications. Chapter 2 discusses background information (i.e., a
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
summary of permit application requirements, who must sample, when and where to sample, and
staffing considerations). Chapter 3 presents the fundamentals of sampling 0.e., types of sampling,
obtaining flow data, handling samples, and sending mem to die laboratory). Chapter 4 presents
analytical considerations, including the storm water pollutants mat must be analyzed under the
regulations. Chapter 5 discusses regulatory flexibility with respect to storm water sampling, and
Chapter 6 includes health and safety considerations.
Technical Appendices provide information as follows:
Technical Appendix A—Forms 2F and 1
Technical Appendix B-NOAA Weather Radio Information
Technical Appendix C—Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, Holding Times and
40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 136
Technical Appendix D—References
Technical Appendix E—Glossary
Technical Appendix F—Acronyms.
July 1992
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
2. BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
This chapter presents background information, definitions, and a description of the fundamentals of
sampling. Specifically, it covers the following areas:
• The benefits of sampling
• A summary of storm water application regulations
• Who must sample
• When sampling is required
• Where to sample
• Staffing considerations
In response to the 1987 Water Quality Act amendments to the CWA, EPA published the storm water
final rule on November 16,1990. In mis rule, EPA .established the initial scope of the storm water
program by defining the phrase; "storm water discharge associated with industrial activity" in terms
of 11 categories of industrial activity and the phrase "large and medium municipal separate storm
sewer systems" to include municipal systems serving a population greater man 100,000. These terms
are discussed in greater detail in Section 2.6, "Who Must Sample."
In addition to defining the Liitial scope of the storm water program, the final rule established permit
application requirements, including requirements for storm water sampling. Sampling data gathered
for the application will be used to characterize storm water discharges, and will serve as a basis for
establishing requirements in NPDES storm water permits. It is important to note mat the applicant
must report data that are representative of the storm water discharge, and that the intentional
misrepresentation of discharge characteristics is unlawful.
2.1 BENEFITS OF SAMPLING
Data mat characterize storm water discharges are valuable to permitting authorities and permittees
for several reasons. First, storm water sampling provides a means for evaluating the environmental
risk of the storm water discharge by identifying the types and amounts of pollutants present
E^Uiating these data helps to determine the relative potential for the storm water discharge to
contribute to water quality impacts or water quality standard violations. And, storm water sampling
5 August 1992
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CHAPTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
data can be used to identify potential sources of pollutants. These sources can then be either
eliminated or controlled more specifically by the permit
2.2 INDUSTRIAL FACILITY APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
The storm water permit application regulations provide operators of facilities (including those owned
by the government) mat have storm water discharges associated with industrial activity with three
application options: (1) submit an individual application; (2) participate in a group application (a
two-part application); or (3) submit a Notice of Intent (NOI) to be covered by a general permit where
general permits are available. This guidance focuses on sampling requirements for individual
applications and Part 2 of group applications. Sampling data generally will not be required for an
NOI, however, the general permit may require sampling during the term of the permit State
permitting authorities may also require sampling information for an NOI at their discretion, and
should, therefore, be consulted prior to submittal.
Industrial facilities submitting individual applications must submit sampling data on a completed
application Form 2F (entitled "Application for Permit to Discharge Storm Water Discharges
Associated with Industrial Activity"). Facilities selected to be part of the sampling subgroup for a
group application must submit sampling data with Part 2 of the application. Members of the
sampling subgroup must complete only the quantitative data portions of Form 2F, including Sections
YD, Vm, EX, and the certification in Section X. Exhibit 2-1 details the types of information
required for each section of Form 2F. Exhibit 2-2 describes what sampling information must be
provided in Part 2 of the group application. It should be noted that States may require die use of
different forms and submittal of additional documentation.
Form 1 must also be submitted with Form 2F by applicants submitting individual permit applications.
Genera] information about the facility is provided on Form 1 (i.e., addresses, operators, etc.); it does
not request sampling data. Forms 1 and 2F are reproduced in Technical Appendix A.
Facilities with unpermitted combined discharges of storm water and process or nonprocess
wastewater must submit Form 2C or 2E, respectively, in addition to Forms 1 and 2F. Facilities with
storm water discharges combined with new sources or new discharges of process wastewater must
submit Form 2D as well as Forms 1 and 2F.
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-1. FORM 2F APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
Section
2F-I
2F-n
2F-m
2F-IVA
2F-IVB
2F-IVC
2F-VA
2F-VB
2F-VI
2F-VII
2F-vm
2F-K
2F-X
Requirement
Outfall location(s), including longitude and latitude and receiving waters)
Facility improvements which may affect the discharges described in the
application
Site drainage map
Estimates of impervious area within each outfall drainage area
A narrative description of pollutant sources (i.e., onsite materials which may
come in contact with storm water runoff)
Location and description of existing structural and nonstnictural pollutant control
measures
Certification that outfalls have been tested or evaluated for non-storm water
discharges
Description of method used for testing/evaluating presence of non-storm water
discharges
History of significant leaks or spills of toxic or hazardous pollutants at the facility
within the last 3 years
Discharge characterization for all required pollutants
Statement of whether biological testing for acute or chronic toxicity was
performed and list of pollutants it was performed for
Information on contract laboratories or consulting firms
Certification that information supplied is accurate and complete
Note: See Form 2F and the instructions for more detail on application requirements.
2.3 MUNICIPALITIES' APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
Operators of large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems are requi^ii to submit a two-
part application. Both parts contain sampling requirements: Part 1 requires information
characterizing discharges from the separate storm sewer system, including field screening sample
data for identifying illicit/illegal connections; Part 2 requires sampling at representative locations and
estimates of pollutant loadings for those sites. These sampling data are to be used to design a long-
term storm water monitoring plan that will be implemented during the term of the permit. The
sampling data that must be submitted in Parts 1 and 2 of municipal applications are listed in
Exhibit 2-3. There is no standard application form for municipalities.
July 1992
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CHAPTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-2. PART 2 GROUP APPLICATION SAMPLING REQUIREMENTS
Quantitative Testing Data
• For groups with 4 to 20 members, SO percent of the facilities must submit data; for
groups with 21 to 99 members, a minimum of 10 dischargers must submit quantitative
data; for groups with 100 to 1,000 members, a minimum of 10 percent of the facilities
must submit data; for groups with greater than 1,000 members, no more man 100
facilities must submit data; mere must be 2 dischargers from each precipitation zone in
which 10 or more members of the group are located, or 1 discharger from each
precipitation zone in which 9 or fewer members are located.
• Sampling and analysis requirements are described in 40 Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) 122.26(c)(l)(i)(E) and 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7). Pollutants to be analyzed depend
on the type(s) of industries applying as a group.
• Sampling subgroup must provide all quantitative discharge information required in
Form 2F Sections VD-IX plus me certification in Section X.
• The group application sampling subgroup must collect grab samples during the first 30
minutes of the storm event and flow-weighted composite samples as required in 40
CFR 122.21(g)(7).
2.4 APPLICATION STJBMITTAL DEADLINES
Deadlines for submitting permit applications and associated sampling requirements are presented in
Exhibit 2-4 for individual and group industrial applications and for municipal applications.
2.5 WHERE TO SUBMIT APPLICATIONS
Storm water discharge permit applications are generally submitted directly to the permit-issuing
authority. The appropriate authority is the State, where the State has been granted the authority to
issue NPDES permits, or the EPA Regional office, where the State does not have NPDES
authorization. Exhibit 2-5 indicates which States have approved NPDES permitting programs. It
also provides contact names and addresses where applications should be submitted for each State or
EPA Regional Office (depending on who the permitting authority is in each case). It should be
noted, however, mat both pa^ts of a group application must instead be submitted to EPA
Headquarters. Group applications must be sent to: Director, Office of Wastewater Enforcement and
Compliance, Attention Mr. William Swietlik, U.S. EPA, EN-336,401 M Street, SW, Washington,
DC 20640.
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-3. MUNICIPAL APPLICATION SAMPLING REQUIREMENTS
Parti
• Monthly mean rainfall and snowfall estimates
• Existing quantitative data on the depth and quality of storm water discharges
• A list of receiving water bodies and existing information concerning known water
quality impacts
• Held screening analysis for illicit connections and illegal dumping
• Identification of representative outfalls for further sampling in Part 2
Parti
• .Quantitative data from 5 to 10 representative locations in approved sampling plans
• Estimates of the annual pollutant load and event mean concentration (EMC) of system
discharges
• Proposed schedule to provide estimates of seasonal pollutant loads and the EMC for
certain detected constituents in a representative storm event during the term of the
permit
• Proposed monitoring program for representative data collection during the term of the
permit
Applications submitted by industrial facilities must be certified by a responsible corporate officer as
described in 40 CFR 122.22 (e.g., president, secretary, treasurer, vice president of the corporation
in charge of a principal business function). Applications submitted by municipalities must be
certified by a principal executive officer or ranking elected official as described in 40 CFR 122.22.
2.6 WHO MUST SAMPLE
Operators of facilities that have storm water discharges associated with industrial activity and
operators of large and medium municipalities are required to conduct storm water sampling as part
of their NPDES permit applications. Specifically, the following types of industries and municipalities
must sample storm water discharges:
July 19*2
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CHATTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
I
EXHIBIT 2-4. PERMIT APPLICATION SUBMISSION DIIADLINHS
$$jlj^$jt*!t^'^*&m^'' **H^
j;lli(PuwniIJ«fe>y*>fc >t* •»"•-,
Tnrfivufiifil
tUUITIUIHU
Group
• Parti
• Part2
JMhMWWX?>^^
Large Municipalities
• Parti
• Part 2
Medium Municipalities
• Parti
• Part 2
Date
^\>^^^;>5-
October 1, 1992
September 30, 1991
October 1,1992
*&v,V^ *&<**' "
November 18, 1991
November 16, 1992
May 18, 1992 *
May 17, 1993
„ » _ ^ ,
;v^v^^^3^^t^^Ht^v^
^inpiinv data due
Sampling subgroup identified
Sampling data due
<^:\^M^^r>^^^^x^ ,V~
identification of sampling points
Effluent characterization due
Mouiionijg managftmem prograin Mienunefl
••*
Illicit connection screening due and
identification of sampling points
Effluent characterization due
Monitoring management program identified
*NOI under a general permit is due on October 1, 1992 or the date specified in the permit,
whichever comes first
Storm Water Discharges Associated With Industrial Activities - Under Phase I, the storm water
permit application regulations identify, by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code and
narrative description, 11 categories of facilities considered to be "engaging in industrial activity"
for the purposes of storm water permit application requirements. Those facilities included in 40
CFR 122.26(b)(14)G) through (xi) of the storm water permit application regulations with storm
water point source discharges to waters of the U.S. or separate storm sewers and those designated
under Section 402(p)(2)(E) of the CWA are required to apply for storm water permit coverage
by October 1, 1992. Industrial facilities include those that are Federally, State, or municipally
owned or operated. Exhibit 2-6 lists these industrial facilities. The Transportation Act of 1991
provides an exemption from storm water permitting requirements for certain industrial activities
owned or operated by municipalities with a population of less than 100,000. Such municipalities
must submit storm water discharge permit applications for only airports, power plants, and
uncontrolled sanitary landfills mat they own or operate, unless a permit is otherwise required by
the permitting authority.
Municipal Separate Storm'Sewer Svsfems - Under Phase I, those municipalities with separate
storm sewer systems serving 100,000 people or more are required to submit an application for
discharges from the system. (Only the part of the population served by municipal separate storm
sewers is to be included in the 100,000 count, not the part served by combined sewers.)
Regulated municipalities are listed in Appendices F through I in the November -16, 1990, final
rule or have been designated by their permitting authority.
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CHAPTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-5. NPDES STORM WATER PROGRAM PERMITTING AUTHORITIES
CN
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11
July 1992
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CHATTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-5. NPDES STORM WATER PROGRAM PERMITTING AUTHORITIES
(Continued)
Contact
Stale
Contact
Alabama ye»
Arizona no
California yes
Connecticut yes
Florida no
Hawaii yes
Illinois
yes
Iowa
yes
Aubrey White
Water Division
1751 Dickinson Dr.
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205) 271-7811
Eugene Bromley
U.S. EPA Region 9
75 Hawthorne St.
W-5-1
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 744-1906
Archie Matthews
Storm Water Research Control
Board
Water Quality
901 P St.
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916)657-1110
Dick Mason
Dept of Environmental
Protection
Water Management Bureau
Water Discharge Management
165 Capitol Ave.
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-7167
Chris Thomas
U.S. EPA Region 4
345 Courtland St. N.E.
4WM-FP
Atlanta, OA 30365
(404) 347-3633
Steve Chang
Dept of Health
Clean Water Branch
Five Water Front Plaza
i500 AU-Moana Blvd.
Honolulu, HI 96813
(808) 586^309
Tim Kluge
EPA Water Pollution Control
2200 Churchill Rd.
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, E, 62794-9276
(217) 782-0610
Monica Wnuk
Department of Natural
Resources '
Wallace State Building
900 E. Grand St.
DesMoines,IA 503194034
(515) 281-7017
Alaska no Stave Bubnick
U.S. EPA Region 10
1200 6th Ave.
WD-134
Seattle, WA 98101
(206)553-8399
Arkansas yet Marysialastrzebski
8001 National Dr.
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock* AR 72219-8913
(501) 562-7444
Colorado yet
Delaware yes
Patricia Nelson
Dept of Health
Water Quality Control
4210 E. llth Ave.
Denver, CO 80220
(303) 331-4590
Sarah Cooksey
Dept of Natural Resources
Surface Water Management
89 Kings Highway
P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 739-5731
Georgia yes Mike Creaaon
Dept of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection
205 Butler StS.E.
Room 1070
Atlanta, OA 30334
(404) 656-4887
Idaho no Steve Bubnicl
U.S. EPA Region 10
1200 6th Ave.
WD-134
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 553-8399
Indiana yes Lonnie Brumfield
Dept of Environmental
Management
NPDES Permits Group
105 S. Meridian St
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206
(317) 232-8705
Kansas yes Don Carlson
Dept of Environment
Water Bureau
Forbes Field, Building 740
Topeka,KS 66620
(913) 296-5555
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-
Slate
NPDES STORM WATER PROGRAM PERMITTING AUTHORITIES
(Continued)
State
Contact
Kentucky
Maine
no
Massachusetts
no
Minnesota
ye«
Missouri
yes
Nebraska
yes
New
no
New Mexico no
Douglas Allgeier
Dept. of Environmental Protection
Water Division
18 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-3410
Shelley Pnleo
U.S. EPA Region 1
U.S. EPA/JFK Building/WCP
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3525
Shelley Puleo
U.S. EPA Region 1
U.S. EPA/JFK Building/WCP
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3525
Scott Thompson
Pollution Control Agency
520 Lafayette Rd.
St. Paul, MN 55155-3898
(612) 296-7203
Bob Hentges
Dept. of Natural Resources
Water Pollution Control Program
205 Jefferson St
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314) 751-6825
Clark Smith
Environmental Control
Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 68509
(402) 471-4239
Shelley Puleo
U.S. EPA Region 1
U.S. EPA/JFK Building/WCP
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3525
Brent Larson
U.S. EPA Region 6
1445 Ross Ave.
6W-PM
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-7175
DO
Maryland yes
Michigan yet
Mississippi yes
Montana yes
Nevada
yes
New Jersey yes
New York
yes
U.S. EPA Region 6
1455 Ron Ave.
6W-PM
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-7175
Edward Oertler
MD Dept of Environment
Industrial Discharge Program
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
(410) 631-3323
OaryBoenen
Dept. of Natural Resources
Surface Water Division
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-1982
Jerry Cain
Dept of Environmental
Quality
Office of Pollution Control
Industrial Waste Water Branch
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
(601) 961-5171
FredShewman
Water Quality Bureau
Cogswell Building
Helena, MT 59620
(406)444-2406
Rob Sounder*
Conservation and Natural
Resources
Environmental Protection
123 W. Nye Lane
Canon City, NV 89710
(702) 687-4670
Sar^a Cohen
NJDEPE
Office of Regulatory Policy
CN029
Trenton, NJ 08625-0029
NJ Hotline: (609)633-7021
Ken Stevens
Wastewater Facilities Design
NY State DEC
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
(518)457-1157
13
July 1992
-------
CHATTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-5. NPDES STORM WATER PROGRAM PERMITTING AUTHORITIES
(Continued)
State
Contact
North Carolina yes
Ohio
yes
Oregon
yes
Puerto Rico
no
South Carolina yes
Tennessee
yes
Utah
yes
Cotoen SuUins
Water Quality Planning
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
(919) 733-5083
BobPhehw
OEPA
Water Pollution Control
P.O. Box 1049
1800 Watermark
Columbus, OH 43266
(614) 644-2034
Ranei Nomura
DEQ-Water Quality
811 SW 6th St.
Portland, OR 97204
(503) 229-5256
Jose" Rivera
U.S. EPA Region 2
Water Permits & Compliance
Branch
26 Federal Plaza, Room 845
New York. NY 10278
(212) 264-2911
Birgot McDade
Dept. of Health & Env. Ctrl.
Industry and Agriculture
Waste Water Division
2600 Bull St.
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 734-5241
Robert Haley
Dept. of Environment
Water Pollution Control
150 9th Ave. N., 4th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-1534
(615) 741-7275
Harry Campbell
Dept. of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City, UT 84116
(801) 538-6146
North Dakota yes
no
Pennsylvania
yes
Rhode Island
yes
South Dakota
no
Texas
no
Vermont
yes
Sheila McClenathan
Dept of Health
Water Quality Division
1200 Missouri Ave.
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
(701) 221-5210
Brent Larson
U.S. EPA Region 6
1445 Ross Ave.
6W-PM
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-7175
I. Patel
Environmental Resources
Water Quality Management
P.O. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 787-8184
Angela Liberti
Division of Water
Resources
291 Promenade St
Providence, RI 02908
(401) 277-6519
Vern Berry
U.S. EPA Region 8
999 18th St.
8-WM-C
Denver, CO 80202-2466
(303) 293-1630
Brent Larson
U.S. EPA Region 6
1445 Ross Ave.
6W-PM
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-7175
Brian Koiker
Environmental Conservation
Permits and Compliance
103 S. Main St.
Annex Building
Waterbury.VT 05671-0405
(802) 244-5674
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-5. NPDES STORM WATER PROGRAM PERMITTING AUTHORITIES
(Continued)
State
Contact
State
Contact
Virgin Islands yet Marc Pacifico
Dept of Planning A Natural
Resources
1118 Watergut Project
Christiansted
StCroix,VI 00820-5065
(809)773-0565
Washington yes Gary Kroger
Dept of Ecology
Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia,WA 98504-7600
(206)438-7529
West Virginia yes Jerry Ray
Division of Water Resources
1201OraenbriarSt
Charleston, WV 25311
(304) 348-0375
Wyoming yes John Wagner
Dept of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
Cheyenne, WY 82002
(307)777-7082
Virginia yet Burton Tuxford
Water Control Board
Permits Section
P.O. Box 11143
Richmond, VA 23230-1143
(804) 527-5083
Washington no Kevin Magerr
D.C. U.S. EPA Region 3
841 Chestnut Bldg.
3WM53
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-1651
Wisconsin yes AnneMauel
Dept of Natural Resources
Wastewater Management
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
(608) 267-7364
2.7 WHEN SAMPLING IS REQUIRED
Industrial individual and group applicants must include sampling data from at least o».e representative
storm event. Operators of large or medium municipal separate storm sewer systems must submit
sampling data from three different representative storm events. How to determine
"representativeness" and other considerations for when to sample are presented below.
2.7.1 STORM EVENT CRITERIA
Storm water discharge permit implication requirements es'ablish snerific criteria for the type of storm
event that must be sampled:
• The depth of the storm must be greater than 0.1 inch accumulation
• The storm must be preceded by at least 72 hours of dry weather
• Where feasible, the depth of rain and duration of the event should not vary by more man SO
percent from the average depth and duration.
15
July 1992
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CHATTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT
40 CFR
INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES WHICH MUST SUBMIT APPLICATIONS
FOR STORM WATER PERMITS
Description
Facilities (object to dorm water effluent limitations guidelii
ew source performance standards,
or toxic pollutants effluent standards under 40 CFR, Subchapter N [except facilities which are
exempt under category (xi)].
"00
Facilities classified as:
SIC 24 (except 2434) Lumber and Wood Products
SK 26 (except 265 and 267) . Paper and Allied Products
SIC 28 (except 283 and 285) . Chemicals and Allied Products
SIC 29 Petroleum and Coal Products
SIC 311 Learner Tanning and Finishing
SIC 32 (except 323) ...... Stone, day and Glass Products
SIC 33 Primary Metal Industries
SIC 3441 Fabricated Structural Metal
SIC 373 Ship •«yi Boat Building "nd Repairing
Gii)
Facilities classified as SIC 10 through 14, including active or inactive mining operations and oil
and gas exploration, production, processing, or treatment operations, or transmission facilities mat
discharge storm water contaminated by contact with, or mat has come into contact with, any
overburden, raw material, intermediate products, finished products, byproducts, or waste products
located on the rite of such operations.
SIC 10 Metal Mining
SIC 11 Anthracite Mining
SIC 12 Coal Mining
SIC 13 Oil and Gas Extraction
SIC 14 Nonmetallic Minerals, except Fuels
Cv)
(v)
Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities, including those that are operating under
interim status or a pennit under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA).
Landfills, land application rites, and open dumps that receive or have received any industrial wastes
including those mat are subject to regulation under subtitle D or RCRA.
(vi)
(vii)
Facilities involved in the recycling of material, including metal scrapyards, battery reclaimers,
salvage yards, and automobile junkyards, including but limited to those classified as:
SIC 5015 Motor Vehicle Parts, Used
SIC 5093 Scrap and Waste Materials
Steam electric power generating facilities, including coal handling rites.
(viiO
Transportation facilities which have vehicle maintenance shops, equipment cleaning operations, or
airport de-icing operations. Only these portions of the fat iity that are either involved in vehicle
maintenance (including vehicle rehabilitation, mechanical repairs, painting, fuelling, and
lubrication), equipment cleaning operations, or airport de-icing operations, or which are otherwise
listed in another category, are included.
SIC 40 Railroad Transportation
SIC 41 Local and Suburban Transit
SIC 42 (except 4221-25) .... Motor Freight and Warehousing
SIC 43 U.S. Postal Service
SIC 44 Water Transportation
SIC 45 Transportation by Air
SIC 5171 Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
16
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-6. INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES WHICH Mt'ST SL'HMIT APPLICATIONS
EOR STORM WATER PERMITS (Continued)
40 cm
Description
Treatment works treating domestic sewage or any other sewage sludge or wastewater treatment
device or system, used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal or
domestic sewage, including lands dedicated to the disposal of the sewage sludge mat are located
within the confines of the facility, with a design flow of 1.0 million gallons per day or more, or
required to have an approved pretreatment program under 40 CFR Part 403. Not included are farm
nt where sludge is beneficially reused
appi
lands, domestic gardens, or lands used for sludge i
and which are not physically located in the confines of the facility, or areas oat are in complin
with Section 405 of the CWA.
(x)
Construction activity including clearing, grading, and excavation activities except operations mat
result in the disturbance of less man 5 acres of total land area and those that are not part of a larger
common plan of development or sale.*
(xi)
Facilities under the following SICs [which are not otherwise included in categories (UMx)J,
including only storm water discharges where material iiMidKng equipment or activities, raw
materials, intermediate products, final products, waste msterials, byproducts, or industrial
machinery are exposed to storm water.*
SIC 20 Food and Kindred Products
SIC 21 Tobacco Products
SIC 22 Textile Mill Products
SIC 23 Apparel and Other Textile Products
SIC 2434 Wood Kitchen Cabinets
SIC 25 Furniture and Fixtures
SIC 265 Paperboard Containers and Boxes
SIC 267 Converted Paper and Paper Board Products
(except containers and boxes)
SIC 27 Printing and Publishing
SIC 283 Drugs
SIC 285 Paints, Varnishes, Lacquer, Enamels
SIC 30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products
SIC 31 (except 311) Learner and Leather Products
SIC 323 Products of Purchased Glass
SIC 34 (except 3441) Fabricated Metal Products
SIC 35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment, except Electrical
SIC 36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment
SIC 37 (except 373) Transportation Equipment
SIC 38 Instruments and Related Products
SIC 39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries
SIC 4221 Farm Products Warehousing and Storage
SIC 4222 Refrigerated Warehousing and Storage
SIC 4225 General Warehousing and Storage
Source: Federal Register, Vol. 55, No. 222, p. 48065, November 16, 1990.
•On June 11, 1992, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit remanded the exemption for construction sites
of less man five acres in category (x) and for manufacturing facilities in category (xi) which do not have materials
or activities exposed to storm water to the EPA for further rulemaking. (Nos. 90-70671 A 91-70200).
17
July 1991
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
These criteria were established to: (1) ensure that adequate flow would be discharged; (2) allow some
build-up of pollutants during the dry weather intervals; and (3) ensure that the storm would be
•representative/ 0-e., typical for the area in terms of intensity, depth, and duration).
Collection of samples during a storm event meeting these criteria ensures that the resulting data will
accurately portray the most common conditions for each she. However, the permitting authority is
authorized to approve modifications of this definition (especially for applicants in arid areas where
there are few representative events). Section 5.1 of Chapter 5 discusses general protocol for
requesting modifications to application requirements, including the definition of "representative
storm."
In determining whether a storm is representative, there are two important steps to take. First, data
on local weather patterns should be collected and analyzed to determine the range of representative
storms for a particular area. Second, these results should be compared to measurements of duration,
intensity, and depth to ensure mat the storm to be sampled fits the representativeness criteria.
2.7.2 OBTAINING RAINFALL DATA
Several sources provide accurate local weather information for bom: (1) determining what a
representative storm event is for a particular area; and (2) assessing expected storm events to
determine whether a predicted rainfall will be "representative," and thus, meet the requirements for
storm water sampling. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National
Climatic Data Center's (NCDC's) Climate Services Branch is responsible for collecting precipitation
data. Data on hourly, daily, and monthly precipitation for each measuring station (with latitude and
longitude) are available to the public on computer diskette, microfiche, or hard copy. Orders can
be placed by calling (704) 259-0682, by fax at (704) 259-0876, or by writing to NCDC, Climate
Services Branch, The Federal Building, Asheville, Norm Carolina 28071-2733.
The National Weather Service (NWS) of NOAA can also provide information on historic, current,
and future weather conditions. Local NWS telephone numbers can be obtained from the NWS Public
Affairs Office at (301) 713-0622. Telephone numbers are also usually in local phone directory
listings under "National Weather Service" or "Weather." In addition, NOAA runs the NOAA NWS
18
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
Weather Radio, which provides continuous broadcasts of the most current weather information. This
broadcast can be accessed with a radio mat has a weather band feature. Approximately 90 percent
of the United States population is within listening range of the 380 NWS stations. Technical
Appendix B presents additional information on NOAA Weather Radio, including radio frequencies
for specific locations and a listing of weather band radio manufacturers. Telephone recordings of
weather conditions are also provided by most NWS offices.
Cable TV weather stations and local airports can also provide weather information. Weather
information provided by the local newspaper or TV stations should be used only if more accurate
data (as described above) are unavailable, since weather forecasts can change drastically within
several hours.
Someone should be designated at the facility to follow current weather conditions by listening to
NOAA Weather Radio, calling the local NWS offices, and watching cable TV weather news.
Exhibit 2-7 presents a storm water sampling decision chart for mobilizing field personnel for a
probable storm event
Annual rainfall statistics can also be used to evaluate representativeness of storm events. For
example, Exhibit 2-8 presents fifteen rain zones in the United States and related storm event
statistics. (These rain zones are not those shown in 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix E.) To determine
typical values of annual storm events for a particular facility, identify the zone in which the facility
is located. The tabulated information lists the annual average number of storms and precipitation
as well as the average duration, intensity, and depth of independent storm events for each zone.
Care must be taken, however, in using annual rainfall statistics for determining representativeness
of storm events, since the annual rainfall statistic may not be representative of seasonal rainfall
events. If rainfall data is available at or clo-u- ro . oarticular ficility, it is preferable to use mis data
for determining average storm event statistics.
Rainfall data tabulated from NOAA precipitation data indicate for Alaska (not shown in Exhibit 2-8)
that average storm events last from 14 to 24 hours in duration and are 0.6 to 1.05 inches in depth.
Average storm event data for Hawaii are 9 to 11 hours in duration and from 0.6 to 1.6 inches in
depth.
19 July 1992
-------
CHAFIER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
HXHIBIT 2-7. DECISION CHART FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
Evaluations Vta
NOAA Weather Radio
Local/Cable New*
Airport Weather information
Speculate Probability of
Conttnu* to Evaluate Impending
Storm Event
Set Up Auto Samplers and/or
Notify Sampling Crew
Ukely or Highly Ukely Repre-
•witatrve Storm Event Will Occur
No Storm or
Unfepreeentative
Ukely Events
Continue to
Evaluate
Highly Likely
Events
Do Not Sample
Uniltory
Event Becomes
Hkjhry Likely
>,
Notify Crew That
Sampling WBI
Begin
20
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 28, RAIN ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES
RAIN ZONE
NORTHEAST
NORTHEAST-
COASTAL
KODATLANTIC
CENTRAL
NORTH CENTRAL
SOUTHEAST
EAST GULF
EAST TEXAS
WEST TEXAS
SOUTHWEST
WEST INLAND
PACIFIC SOUTH
NORTHWEST INLAND
PACIFIC CENTRAL
PACIFIC
NORTHWEST
Nt» •• Storau Pnup*
An
70
63
62
68
55
65
68
41
30
20
14
19
31
32
71
cov
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.17
0.22
0.27
OJO
0.38
036
0.23
0.25
0.15
An
On)
34.6
41.4
39.5
41.9
29.8
49.0
53.7
31.2
I7J
7.4
4.9
10.2
11.5
18.4
35.7
COV
0.18
0.21
0.18
0.19
0.22
030
003
0.29
0.33
OJ7
0.43
0.42
0.29
0.33
0.19
DM
An
-------
CHATTER 2 - BACKGROUND TOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
The NWS should be consulted for proper procedures for collecting and interpolating rainfall data if
the applicant elects to collect the data rafter than use existing data.
2.73 DETERMINING REPRESENTATIVENESS
An example of how to determine whether a rainfall event varies by more than SO percent (i.e., is
BP4 representative) is shown in Exhibit 2-9.
EXHIBIT 2-9.
EXAMPLE OF 50 PERCENT VARIANCE FROM AVERAGE
RAINFALL
Event Type
Duration (hrs.)
Depth Cm.)
Average event
5.2
0.43
SO percent average event
•••*-.•••*••*
"• ?
ISO percent average event
Once the information on an average duration and depth storm event is obtained for a specific
location, multiply these numbers by O.S to get the SO percent average event numbers and
multiply by 1.5 to get the ISO percent average event numbers.
A representative stonn in foth duration and depth for a
specific area wffl fall between the shaded numbers above
{Le., between 2.6 and 7.S hours in duration and 0.22
and 0.65 inches in depth).
Snowmelt creates runoff which may result in point source discharges very similar to that from other
storm events. Pollutants accumulate in snow, and when a maw occurs, the pollutants will be
discharged to receiving waters much like during a rain storm event. Snowmelt may be sampled as
long as the applicant works closely with the permitting authority to determine the proper sampling
strategy, i.e., sampling procedures, techniques, and pollutant analyses.
For snowmelt, the sampling strategy should be developed depending on the drainage area oeing
monitored for storm flow. The strategy should consider (1) snow removal or clearing practices,
e.g., direct dumping into water bodies, plowing, and the creation of snow mounds (whether in a line
along a roadway or in piles on parking lots, etc.), and (2) the melting process.
It is also important to consider what happens to snowmounds as they melt and evaporate, which can
alter the pollutant concentration in the resulting runoff. In addition, pollutants from the surrounding
22
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
air and pavement can build up on snow mound surfaces in a crust or cake-like manner eventually
leaving a residue (including previously dissolved solids mat become a remaining solids residue)
which is later left to be washed off by rainfall, manual flushing or other mechanisms.
The sampling of snow mounds, undisturbed snow itself, and hard pack requires a carefully thought
out strategy. Given the complexities associated with snowmeh sampling, applicants should have
proposed sampling strategies reviewed by the permitting authority before attempting to conduct
sampling.
2.7.4 LOGISTICAL PROBLEMS WITH WHEN TO SAMPLE
Applicants may encounter weather conditions that may not meet minimum "representative" storm
criteria; these conditions may prevent adequate collection of storm water samples prior to application
submission deadlines. For instance, sampling may be problematic in parts of the country mat
experience drought or near-drought conditions or areas mat are under adverse weather conditions
such as freezing and flooding. Events with false starts and events with stop/start rains can also cause
problems. Solutions for sampling under these circumstances are discussed below.
Where the timing of storm event sampling poses a problem, it may be appropriate for the applicant
to petition the permitting authority for a sampling protocol/procedure modification either prior to
sampling or after sampling is conducted (if the storm event is not acceptable). When the applicant
requests a sampling protocol/procedure modification, a narrative justification should be attached.
This justification should be certified by a corporate official (for industrial facilities) or the principle
executive officer or ranking official (for municipalities), as per 40 CFR 122.22. Section 5.1 of
Chapter 5 discusses protocol/procedure modifications.
Arid Areas
For arid or drought-stricken areas where a storm event does not occur prior to the time the applicant
must sample and submit data with the application form, the applicant should submit the application,
complete to the extent possible, with a detailed explanation of why sampling data ar. not provided
and an appraisal of when sampling will be conducted. This explanation must be certified by the
appropriate party (as described above). The applicant should also contact the permitting authority
23 July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
for further direction. Where the applicant can anticipate such problems, approval for an extension
to submit sampling data should be acquired prior to the deadline.
Adverse Weather Conditions
The applicant should never conduct storm water sampling during unsafe conditions. It is likely mat,
hi areas mat experience flooding, lightening storms, high winds, etc., another representative storm
event will occur for which sampling conditions will be much safer. (For further information on
safety issues, see Chapter 6.) If no other storm event occurs, the applicant should submit a
justification as to why the event was not sampled. This information should be certified by the
appropriate official.
False Starts and Stop/Stan Rams
False start and stop/start rams can alsftgpuse problems. False starts jnay occur when weather
conditions are unpredictable and it appears mat a storm event may*Be*representative, collection
begins, and men the rain stops before an adequate sample volume is obtained. (Necessary sample
volumes are discussed in Section 3.6.) Some latitude may be given for the 0.1-inch rainfall
requirement as long as the sample volume is adequate; me permitting authority may accept the results
with applicant justification and certification. Again, see Chapter 5 for information on requesting
protocol/procedure modifications to stornfwater sampling requirements.
During stop/start rains (those in which rainfall is intermittent), samples should be taken until an
adequate sample volume is obtained. Exhibit 2-10 summarizes logistical problems of storm water
sampling and presents solutions to the problems identified.
2.7.5 WHEN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES MUST SAMPLE
Industrial applicants must generally collect two types of storm water samples: (1) grab samples
collected during the first 30 minutes of discharge; and (2) flow-weighted composite samples collected
during the first 3 hours of discharge (or the entire discharge, if it is less than 3 hours). Information
from bom types of samples is critical & fully evaluate the types and concentrations of pollutants
present hi the storm water discharge.
24
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-10. LOGISTICAL PROBLEMS OF STORM WATER SAMPLING
v-'i
Problem:
•% VA v.
Solution:
Arid/drought areas
Submh a petition requesting a modification to die protocol if problems are
anticipated and, if it is approved, submit the application without sampling
data by the application due date with a certified explanation. Provide
sampling data to the permitting authority as soon as possible.
Problem:
Solution:
Adverse weather conditions Such as freezing, flooding* winds, lornadoes,
«. f.j . ™ 4 ^^ri. •. v*.rf . v.. . It. vi. . s
;etecttieal,«fonttf> and guBy washes,; x ^f ?\\r~v:^ ^ ^ s"
k A i.f A f A AW '••' f.f\ •, \ ^^ V f, \ -AV> . 1. V. ^W. \ . \i SA VWM VUWUV^AWWM vt W.J^-. VAS\\ %4tl
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
concentration, mass, and total number of storm events sampled must be reported on Form 2F.
Furthermore, sampling should be conducted during normal operating procedures (day or night), and,
not when the facility has been closed for a period of time.
Industrial applicants must certify, as a separate requirement, mat all outfalls have been tested or
evaluated to determine whether non-storm water discharges are present (e.g., process wastewater,
sanitary wastes, cooling water, or rinse water) or whether illegal/illicit connections are occurring in
me system. This testing should be conducted during dry weather to avoid any flows of storm water
through the conveyance.
A checklist mat can be used to conduct dry weather evaluations is provided in Exhibit 2-11. A
narrative description of the method used to conduct dry weather evaluations and the date and the
drainage points must be included in Section V. A of Form 2F. This statement must be certified by
the appropriate party as described in Section 2.7.4.
A dry weather visual inspection is the simplest way to screen for illicit discharges. If one or more
of the hems on the checklist in Exhibit 2-11 are answered affirmatively, or if mere are other reasons
to believe mat illicit connections exist, more detailed investigations (such as dye tests, smoke tests,
evaluation of piping designs, and TV line monitoring) may be necessary. Dye testing involves
releasing fluorescent, nontoxic dye into the suspected source of non-storm water, (e.g., a drain, sink,
toilet, or pipe) and checking to see whether the dye shows up in the storm water outfall. Smoke
testing involves pumping smoke into a storm sewer and viewing the facility to see if smoke escapes
through unknown openings or storm sewer inlets. The presence of smoke indicates mat storm water
may enter the sewer through these openings or inlets. However, smoke testing may prove ineffective
at finding non-storm water discharges to separate storm sewers. Smoke passage may be blocked due
to line traps mat are intended to block sewer gas.
TV line monitoring is a technique whereby a small video camera is placed in the storm sewer and
a video image of the sewer is viewed on a monitor at the surface to identify illicit connections. The
camera can be moved through the sewer by remote control. For more information on smoke and
dye testing and TV line monitoring, consult EPA's Guidance Manual for the Preparation of NPDES
26
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-11. CHECKLIST FOR CONDUCTING DRY WEATHER EVALUATIONS
1. Date of inspection:
3. Date of list run event.
2. Facility «•«««» «nH address:.
4. Inspector name:.
5. Type of outfall
D Concrete D Pipe
D Gtassed D Rock D Other.
6. Is there visible now from the pipe? D Yes D No
If yes, check all that apply. If no, go to number 7.
D Colored water (describe)..
D Odor* (describe)
D Murky
D Floating objects (describe).
D Absence of plant life surrounding
conveyance
D Scum
D Oily sheen
O Sludge present
D dear water
O Stains on conveyance
D Notable difference in plant life i
conveyance
D Suds D Omen
*e.g., rotten eggs, earthy, chemical, chlorine, soap, putrescence, gasoline, musty, etc.
Estimate the flow either visually or by describing the width, height, and shape of die conveyance and
the approximate percentage of the conveyance where flow is present or die approximate depth of die
flow. Describe your
7. Is there standing water present? D Yes D No
If yes, check all that apply. If no, go to number 8.
D Colored water (describe)
D Odor* (describe)
D Murky
D Floating objects (describe)
D Absence of plant life surrounding
conveyance
D Suds
D Oily sheen
D Sludge present
D dear water
D Stains on conveyance
O Notable difference in plant life surrounding
conveyance
D Scum D Other
Q Absence of plant life surrounding conveyance
*e.g., rotten eggs, earthy, chemical, chlorine, soap, putrescence, gasoline, musty, etc.
8. From die inspection locations, can you see any unusual piping or ditches dial drain to die storm
water conveyance? D Yes D No
9. Is there any overland flow visible from die discharge location? D Yes D No
10. Are there dead animals present? D Yes D No
Signature:
27
July 1992
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CHATTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
Permit Application f°T Storm Wat*1* ^charges AjMflcJatBd with Industrial Acrivitv (EPA-505/8-91-
002, April 1991).
A problem with the dry weather evaluation process is that the presence of a dry weather/non-storm
water discharge may be caused by infiltration of ground or surface waters through cracks hi the
storin water drainage system. In mis situation, all other possible sources of the non-storm water
discharge should be examined and ruled out If no sources are found, the physical structure of the
conveyance system should be inspected for deterioration.
The applicant should make every attempt to hate non-storm water discharges to the storm sewer
system unless the discharge is covered by an NPDES permit If it is not feasible to hah the
discharge of non-storm water to the storm sewer system, and the discharge is not authorized by a
process wastewater or storm water permit, the applicant must submit either Form 2C (for a process
water discharge) or Form 2E (for a nonprocess water discharge), and check with state officials to
see if alternate forms are required.
2.7.6 WHEN MUNICIPAL FACILITIES MUST SAMPLE
Municipal applicants are required to conduct sampling for both Parts 1 and 2 of their applications.
In Part 1, municipalities must conduct a field screening analysis to detect illicit connections and
illegal dumping into their storm sewer system. Where flow is observed during dry weather, two
grab samples must be collected during a 24-hour period with a minimum of 4 hours between
samples. These samples must be analyzed for pH, total chlorine, total copper, total phenol, and
detergents (surfactants). Note that these are dry weather samples, rather than storm water samples.
EPA's Guidance Manual for die Preparation of Part 1 of the NPDES Permit Applications for
Discharges from Municipal Separate Stflpn Sewer Systems presents a description of conducting field
screening sampling and provides a data sheet
For Part 2 of the application, municipalities must submit grab (for certain pollutants) and flow-
weighted sampling data from selected sites (S to 10 outfalls) for 3 representative storm events at least
1 month apart The flow-weighted composite sample must be taken for either the entire discharge
or the first 3 hours (if the event lasts longer man 3 hours). Municipal facilities are not required to
collect grab samples within the first 30 minutes of a storm event
28
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
In addition to submitting quantitative data for die application, municipalities must also develop
programs for future sampling activities mat specify sampling locations, frequency, pollutants to be
analyzed, and sampling equipment. Where necessary (as determined by the municipality or if
required by the permitting authority), responsibilities may also include monitoring industries
connected to the municipality's storm sewers for compliance with their facility-specific NPDES
permits. Refer to EPA's Guidance Manual for die Prepanfljfln pf Part 1 of the NPDES Permit
Applications for Discharges from Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems for information on how
to develop municipal sampling programs.
2.7.7 USE OF HISTORICAL DATA
Data from storm water samples analyzed in the past can be submitted with applications in lieu of new
sampling data if:
>
• All data requirements in Form 2F are met
• Sampling was performed no longer than 3 years prior to submission of the permit application
• All water quality data are representative of the present discharge.
The historical data may be unacceptable if there have been significant changes since the time of that
storm event in production level, raw materials, processes, or final products. Significant changes
which may also impact storm water runoff include construction or installation of treatment or
sedimentation/erosion control devices, buildings, roadways, or parking lots. Applicants should assess
any such changes to determine whether they altered storm water runoff since the time of the storm
event chosen for use in the permit application. Historical data can be used only in applications.
Historical data cannot be used for fulfilling permit requirements.
2.8 WHERE TO SAMPLE STORM WATER DISCHARGES
Storm water samples should be taken at a storm water point source. A "point source" is defined as
any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance, including (but not limited to) any pipe, ditch,
channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding
operation, landfill leachate collection system, vessel, or other floating craft from which pollutants
are or may be discharged (as per 40 CFR 122.2). Included in the definition of storm water "point
29 July 1992
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
sources" is storm water from an industrial facility mat enters, and is discharged through, a municipal
separate storm sewer. In short, most storm water discharges can be defined as "point source"
discharges, since they ultimately flow into some kind of conveyance (e.g., a channel or swale).
2.8.1 INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
Industrial applicants submitting individual applications must collect and analyze a grab sample taken
within the first 30 minutes of the storm event and flow-weighted composite samples from each of
the industrial storm water "point source" outfalls identified on the site drainage map submitted for
Section in of Form 2F. Applicants submitting quantitative data for Part 2 of the group application
must also collect samples for each outfall discharging storm water associated with industrial activity.
All outfalls should be sampled during the same representative storm event if possible. If this is not
feasible, outfalls may be sampled during different representative storm events upon approval by the
permitting authority. Descriptions of each storm event and which outfalls were sampled during each
f*t •
event must be included in the application. Storm water runoff from employee parking lots,
administration buildings, and landscaped areas tint is not mixed with storm water associated with
industrial activity, or storm water discharges to municipal sanitary sewers, do not need to be
sampled.
Outfalls With Substantially Identical Effluents—Industrial Facilities
If an applicant has two or more outfalls with "substantially identical effluents," the facility may
petition the permitting authority to sample and analyze only one of the identical outfalls and submit
the results as representative of the other. "Substantially identical effluents" are defined as discharges
from drainage areas undergoing similar activities where the discharges are expected to be of similar
quantity and quality, and indistinguishable in expected composition. Chapter 5 presents an example
of a petition for substantially identical effluents an discusses this process in more detail.
2.8.2 MUNICIPALITIES
Large and medium municipalities are required to sample storm water discharges from 5 to 10 outfalls
or field screening points that were proposed in Part 1 of the application. The final decision on the
number and location of sampling points will be determined by the permitting authority and will
30
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
depend on site-specific conditions such as land use or drainage area and results of data collected
during the field screening analysis process for Part 1 of die application.
2.8 J LOGISTICS OF WHERE TO SAMPLE
The ideal sampling location would be die lowest point in the drainage area where a conveyance
discharges storm water to waters of the U.S. or to a municipal separate storm sewer system. A
sample point also should be easily accessible on foot hi a location mat will hot cause hazardous
sampling conditions. Ideally, the sampling she should be on the applicant's property or within the
municipality's easement; if not, the field personnel should obtain permission from the owner of the
property where the discharge outfall is located. Typical sampling locations may include the
discharge at the end of a pipe, a ditch, or a channel.
However, logistical problems with sample locations may arise (e.g., nonpoint discharges,
inaccessibility of discharge point, etc.). Logistical problems with sample locations and suggested
solutions are described in Exhibit 2-12. In many cases, it may be necessary to locate a sampling
point further upstream of the discharge point (e.g., in a manhole or inlet). If the storm water at a
selected location is not representative of a facility's total runoff, the facility may have to sample at
several locations to best characterize the total runoff from the she. In situations where discharge
points are difficult to sample for various reasons, the applicant should take the best sample possible
and explain the conditions in die application. A discussion on sampling at retention ponds appears
in Section 3.1.2.
2.9 STAFFING CONSIDERATIONS
Staffing needs for sampling must be determined by the applicant. Factors in making the
determination include the number of sample locations, the size of the area to be sampled, how far
apart the locations are, the type of sampling required, the technique to be used, the number of
samples to be taken (depending on how many parameters must be analyzed), and safety
considerations.
Training sampling personnel is important to die success of storm water discharge characterization.
Training can be done using mis manual. Sampling conducted by untrained personnel may result hi
31 July 1992
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-12. SOLUTIONS TO SAMPLE LOCATION PROBLEMS
ProWenu
Solution:
™,. „ «. , , ,
storm water commingle
t jw x w % % "^ ^\v "A % \ WA \ \ vwv%v.vw' wt %vvw •yvJv\wNv.sv*%% wv
Attempt to sample die storm water discharge before it mixes with the non-storm
water discharge. If mis is impossible, sample the discharge bom during dry
and wet weather and present both sets of data to the permitting authority. This
will provide an indication of the contribution of pollutants from each source.
Problem:
f.ff *. '
Solution:
Numerous small point discharges , ^
-L 1 V %^*-. %V> '^V.Vf
Impound channel or join together flow by building a weir or digging a ditch to
collect discharge at a low point for sampling purposes. This artificial collection
point should be lined with plastic to prevent infiltration and/or high levels of
sediment Or, sample at several locations to represent total she runoff.
Problem:
^ X*
-v •, •.
Solution:
_ M «*«*"' » - * d^ « « V "• % . ^ ° ^ *. *- ^ •• ••
Inaccessible discharge point {examples include underwater discharges or
unreachable discharges (e.g,^ out ofliclil$|
Go up the pipe to sample (i.e., to the nearest manhole or inspection point). If
these are not available, tap into the pipe or sample at several locations to best
represent total she runoff.
Problem;
Solution:
Managing multiple sampling sites to collect grab samples during the first 30
minutes Ondustriat facilities only). \ -" v^Jf "\ > w ** •v- - ^ '» "<* - * "
•. f •. w s j- '. t *.w fA ^\%'"X*«v X% -. w » V. %-v.v^ V. ^*S
Have a sampling crew ready for mobilization when forecasts indicate mat a
representative storm will occur or sample several different representative
events. Also, for most parameters, automatic samplers may be used to collect
samples within the first 30 minutes triggered by the amount of rainfall, the
depth of flow, flow volume or time.
Problem:
Solution:
Commingling of narking lot runoff with discharge associated with industrial
activity ^ v- \ % "" > .
The combined runoff must be sampled at the discharge point as near as possible
to the receiving water or the parking lot drain inlet if there is one.
Problem:
Solution:
Sampling in manholes
Sample in manholes only when necessary. See Chapter 6 for safety
information Sampling in manholes requires training on confined space entry.
Problem:: Runon from other property
•.:-•. • / ". -.••:... : .-.•...•:.•,.-.'.'.•,•-.' ^ *- ' •"' s. •.
Solution: If possible, estimate the volume of offsite runon contributions and offsite runon
sources of pollutants to perform a mass balance calculation. Include mis
information in the permit application. If this estimation is not possible, provide
a narrative discussion of the upstream site (e.g., is it developed, if so the type
of facility, the types of pollutants that may be present on the site, etc.).
32
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
data that is unrepresentative of die facility's storm water discharge. This data might be rejected by
the permitting authority, who would men require another sampling effort
33 July 1992
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CHAPTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
34
-------
CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3. FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Because of the variable nature of storm water flows during a rainfall event and different analytical
considerations for certain pollutants, die storm water regulations establish specific requirements for
sample collection techniques. The quality of storm water discharges and logistical needs for
sampling will be different for industrial applicants and municipal applicants. Therefore, specific
sampling requirements vary. After a brief review of sampling fundamentals and special sampling
requirements for storm water permit applications, the following sections are intended to teach
applicants how to sample to meet these requirements.
The applicant should carefully plan his/her sampling strategy prior to the actual sampling event, e.g.,
walk the she to determine appropriate sampling locations, become familiarized with local rainfall
patterns, train sampling staff in procedures and safety, consult with laboratory, and collect supplies.
3.1 TYPES AND TECHNIQUES OF SAMPLING
There are three basic aspects of sampling:
• Sample type (i.e., grab versus composite)
• Sample technique (i.e., manual versus automatic)
• Flow measurement methods.
These topics will be discussed in relation to requirements of an NPDES storm water discharge permit
application. Once these aspects are addressed, step-by-step instructions on sampling procedures are
presented. The sections below define and describe the types of storm water samples that must be
collected and methods or techniques for collecting them. In addition, special sampling requirements
for cert^l pollutants are discussed.
35 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3.1.1 SAMPLE TYPE VERSUS SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
It is important to understand the difference between sample type and technique. "Sample type" refers
to the kind of sample that must be collected - either a grab or a composite. "Sample technique"
refers to the method by which a grab or composite sample is actually collected f- either manually or
by automatic sampler. A generalized relationship between sample type and sample technique is
presented in Exhibit 3-1. Sections 3.1.2 and 3.1.3 further explain the significance of these terms
as they relate to storm water sampling requirements.
EXHIBIT 3-1. SAMPLE TYPE vs. SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
Sample Type
Sample Technique
Grab
Manual
Automatic sampling system
Composite
Manual with manual compositing
Automatic system or automatic sampling with
manual compositing
3.1.2 SAMPLE TYPE: GRAB AND COMPOSITE SAMPLES
To comply with storm water application requirements, the sample type (grab or composite) must be
collected in accordance with 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7) and 40 CFR Part 136. The storm water
application requirements clearly specify which pollutants must be analyzed by grab sample, and
which by composite sample. Although the requirements in 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7) do not explicitly
specify either manual or automatic sampling techniques, the approved analytical methods contained
in 40 CFR Part 136 direct that grab samples must be collected manually for certain pollutants.
Sections 3.3 and 3.4 clarify which pollutants must be grabbed, which ones must be grabbed
manually, and which ones must be flow-weighted composites.
The two types of storm water samples required by the regulations, grab and composite samples, are
described below.
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Grab Samples
A grab sample is a discrete, individual sample taken within a short period of time (usually less than
15 minutes). Analysis of grab samples characterizes the quality of a storm water discharge at a given
time of the discharge.
Composite Samples
A composite sample is a mixed or combined sample mat is formed by combining a series of
individual and discrete samples of specific volumes at specified intervals. Although these intervals
can be time-weighted or flow-weighted, the storm water regulations require the collection of flow-
weighted composite samples. This means that discrete aliquots, or samples, are collected and
combined in proportion to flow rather man time. Composite samples characterize the quality of a
storm water discharge over a longer period of time, such as the duration of a storm event
Application Requirements
Both types of samples must be collected and analyzed for storm water discharge permit applications.
Grab samples must be collected for the following conditions:
• For storm water discharges associated with industrial activity, a grab sample must be obtained
during the first 30 minutes of a discharge. This requirement is in addition to the composite
sampling requirements. These samples are intended to characterize the maximum
concentration of a pollutant that may occur in the discharge and/or may indicate intermingling
of non-storm water discharges.
• For storm water discharges from large and medium municipal separate storm sewers, grab
samples are required for Part 1 of the application if a discharge is noted during dry weather
field screening. Two grab samples must be collected during a 24-hour period with a
minimum of 4 hours between samples. These samples are intended to assist in the
identificatior of illicit connections or illegal dumping. In Part 2, grab samples may be
required foi the analysis of certain pouatants for which municipalities are requued to sample.
Flow-weighted composite samples must be collected during the first 3 hours of discharge or the
entire discharge (if it is less than 3 hours) for both industrial and municipal applicants.
37 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Pollutant-specific Requirements
The regulations at 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7) identify certain pollutants for which grab sampling is
required:
• Monitoring by grab sample must be conducted for pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols,
residual chlorine, oil and grease (O&G), fecal colifbrm, and fecal streptococcus. Composite
samples are not appropriate for these parameters due to their tendency to transform to
different substances or change in concentration after a short period of time. Such
transformations may be particularly likely in the presence of other reactive pollutants.
Sampling At Retention Ponds
Retention ponds with greater man a 24-hour holding time for a representative storm event may be
sampled by grab sample. Composite sampling is not necessary. The rationale for this is that,
because the water is held for at least 24 hours, a thorough mixing occurs within the pond.
Therefore, a single grab sample of the effluent from the discharge point of the pond accurately
represents a composite of the storm water contained in the pond. If the pond does not thoroughly
mix the discharge, thereby compositing the sample, men a regular grab and composite sample should
be taken at the inflow to the pond. Since each pond may vary in its capability to "composite" a
sample, applicants must carefully evaluate whether the pond is thoroughly mixing the discharge.
Such factors as pond design and maintenance are important in making this evaluation. Poor pond
design, for example, where the outfall and inflow points are too closely situated, may cause short-
circuiting and inadequate mixing. In addition, poor maintenance may lead to excessive re-suspension
of any deposited silt and sediment during heavy inflows. Because of factors such as these, the
applicant should determine the best location to sample the pond (e.g., at the outfall, at the outfall
structure, in the pond) to ensure mat a representative composite sample is taken. If adequate
compositing is not occurring within the pond, the applicant should conduct routine grab and flow-
weighted composite sampling.
A grab sample and a flow-weighted sample must be taken for storm water discharges collected in
holding ponds with less than a 24-hour retention period. The applicant must sample the discharge
in the same manner as for any storm water discharge [as described hi 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7)J. In
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
effect, the applicant must take one grab sample within the first 30 minutes of discharge, or as soon
as possible. The applicant must also collect a flow-weighted composite sample for at least the first
3 hours of the discharge, or for the event's entire duration Of it is less man 3 hours). The flow-
weighted composite sample may be taken using a continuous sampler or as a combination of at least
three sample aliquots taken during each hour of the discharge, with a minimum of IS minutes
between each aliquot If the applicant does not know what retention period the pond is designed for,
the design engineer of the pond should be consulted.
3.1.3 SAMPLE TECHNIQUE: MANUAL VERSUS AUTOMATIC SAMPLING
As previously discussed, manual and automatic sampling techniques are methods by which both grab
and composite samples can be collected. Manual samples are simply samples collected by hand.
Automatic samplers are powered devices that collect samples according to preprogrammed criteria.
A typical automatic sampler configuration is shown in Exhibit 3-2.
For most pollutants, either manual or automatic sample collection will conform with 40 CFR Part
136. However, one case in which automatic samplers cannot be used is for the collection of volatile
organic compound (VOQ samples because VOCs will likely volatilize as a result of agitation during
automatic sampler collection. Samples collected for VOC analysis should be filled until a reverse
meniscus is found over the top of the collection bottl- and capped immediately to leave no ah- space.
Automatic samplers do not perform this function. Special requirements for VOC sampling are
discussed in Section 3.5.2.
Although both collection techniques are available, several other pollutants may not be amenable to
collection by an automatic sampler, for example fecal streptococcus, fecal coliform and chlorine have
very short holding times (i.e., 6 hours), pH and temperature need to be analyzed immediately and
vll and grease requires teflon coated equipment to prevent adherence to the sampling equipment.
Other restrictions on sample collection techniques (such as container type and preservation) should
be determined by consulting the approved analytical methods listed in 40 CFR Part 136. Section 3.5
and Technical Appendix C proviue additional intormation on sample handling, holding times, and
preservation methods.
39 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-2. AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
Programming Unit
Rain Gauge
Flow Sensor * Sample Intake
Pump
Distributor
Sample Aliquot
Containers
40
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Manual and automatic techniques have advantages and disadvantages that the applicant should
consider in relation to die sampling program. The main advantage of manual sampling is mat it can
be less costly man purchasing or renting automatic samplers. Automatic samplers, however, can be
often more convenient Exhibit 3-3 presents a matrix of advantages and disadvantages associated
with each technique. Ultimately, the best technique to use will depend on each applicant's situation.
3.2 OBTAINING FLOW DATA
In addition to collecting samples of storm water discharges, applicants must collect data
characterizing the flow rate and flow volume for each storm water discharge sampled. Flow rate
is the quantity of storm water discharged from an outfall per unit of time. Total flow is a measure
of the total volume of storm water runoff discharged during a rain event Flow rates and volumes
can either be measured specifically or can be estimated (based on rainfall measurements, velocities,
and depth of flows). To collect flow-weighted composite samples, flow rate data is necessary to
combine proportional volumes of individually collected aliquots. Applicants must also report the
mass of pollutants contained in storm water discharges (see Section 3.2.5). To determine mass
loadings of pollutants, applicants must measure both discharge flow rate and pollutant concentration.
This section presents methods for obtaining flow data.
3.2.1 MEASURING FLOW RATES
Flow rates for storm water discharges are most accurately measured using either primary or
secondary flow measurement devices. Facilities should use these devices to characterize their
discharge as precisely as possible. Where flow measurement devices are not already installed,
portable devices should be considered. There are many permanent and portable types of flow
measurement devices available. This discussion is limited to the most common flow measurement
devices. To purchase flow measurement devices and rain gauges, pertinent engineering journals can
be consulted for equipment vendor listings. Proper analysis of site discharge conditions must be
conducted prior to purchase and installment of flow measurement devices.
Primary Flow Measurement Devices
A primary flow measurement device is a man-made flow control structure which, when inserted into
an open channel, creates a geometric relationship between the depth of the flow and .the rate of the
41 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT VI COMPARISON OF MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
Sample
Method
Manual
Grabs
Manual
Flow-
Weighted
Composites
(multiple
grabs)
Automatic
Grabs
Automatic
Flow-
Weighted
Composites
Advantages
Appropriate tor au pollutants
• Minimum equipment required
• Appropriate for all pollutants
• Minimum equipment required
• Minimizes labor requirements
• Low risk of human error
• Reduced personnel exposure to
unsafe conditions
• Sampling may be triggered
remotely or initiated according
to present conditions
• Minimizes labor requirements
• Low risk of human error
• Reduced personnel exposure to
unsafe conditions
• May eliminate the need for
manual compositing of aliquots
• Sampling may be triggered
remotely or initiated according
to on-site conditions
Disadvantaees
• Labor-intensive
• Environment possibly dangerous
to field personnel
• May be difficult to get personnel
and equipment to the storm water
outfall within the 30 minute
requirement
• Possible human error
• Labor-intensive
• Environment possibly dangerous
to field personnel
• Human error may have significant
impact on sample
representativeness
• Requires flow measurements taken
dunne samplinE
• Samples collected for O&G may
not be representative
• Automatic samplers cannot
properly collect samples for VOCs
analysis
• Costly if numerous sampling sites
require the purchase of equipment
• Requires equipment installation
ana maintenance
• Requires operator training
• May not be appropriate for pH
and temperature
• May not be appropriate for
parameters with short holding
times (e.g., fecal streptococcus,
fecal coliform, chlorine)
• Cross-contamination of aliquot if
tubing/bottles not washed
• Not acceptable for VOCs sampling
• Costly if numerous sampling sites
require the purchase of equipment
• Requires equipment installation
ana maintenance, may malfunction
• Requires initial operator training
• Requires accurate flow
measurement equipment tied to
sampler
•Cross-contamination of aliquot if
tubing/bottles not washed
42
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
flow. The depth of die flow, referred to as die head (H), can tiien be measured at die respective
reference point/area with a ruler or other staff gauge. When substituted into a formula, which
mathematically describes die relationship between depth and discharge for die primary devices, me
head measurement can be used to calculate a flow rate (Q). The most common primary flow
measurement devices are weirs and flumes. Weirs and flumes are flow structures designed to
provide a known, repeatable relationship between flow and depth.
Weirs
Weirs consist of a crest located across die width of an open channel (at a right angle to die direction
of die flow). The flow of water is impeded, causing water to overflow me crest Diagrams and
formulas of some typically found weirs are provided in Exhibit 3-4. Weirs are inexpensive and
particularly valuable in measuring flow in natural or man-made swales because mey are easily
installed in irregularly shaped channels.
Weirs can only provide accurate flow measurements when head measurements are appropriately
taken. When flow exceeds die capacity of die weir and water overtops die weir crest, flow depdi
actually diminishes as the water approaches the weir, as shown in Exhibit 3-5. Therefore, measuring
die depth at die weir crest will result in an inaccurate measurement of die actual head. Under diese
circumstances, die head should be measured upstream, at a point determined by die type of weir and
die estimated amount of flow. A staff gauge can be installed at a nonturbulent point upstream of me
weir crest to provide accurate and convenient measurements.
Flumes
Flumes are structures which force water through a narrow channel. They consist of a converging
section, a throat, and a diverging section. Exhibit 3-6 portrays die most common type of flume, die
Parshall flume, and also provides formulas for calculating appropriate flow rates.
Parshall flumes have fixed specifications relating to geometric shape. They vary only in diroat
width. Due to these geometric constraints, Parshall flumes may be expensive to install. They are
typically used in permanent flow measurement points and are most commonly placed in concrete-
lined channels. However, Parshall flumes can also be used in temporary points. Parshall flumes
provide accurate measurements for a relatively wide range of flow rates. The flow rate dirough die
Parshall flume (see Exhibit 3-6) is calculated from die depth (HJ of flow measured in die converging
43 July 1992
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CHAPTER3-FUNDAMENTALSOF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-4. WHIRS
V-Notch
Rectangular (without contractions)
Rectangular (with contractions)
contrtcttd
Cipolleti (trapezoidal)
Q-2.5H" (90*)
Q * 1.443 H" (60«)
Q-1.035H" (45*)
Q = 0.676 H" (30*)
Q - 0.497 H " (22V4°)
Q = Flow Rate
H • Depth of flow (Head)
Q - 3.33 L H "
Q = 3.33 (L - 0.2 H)"
= 3.36'TbHm
Source: Civil Engineering Reference Mann^, 5th Edition, by Michael R. Lindeburg, PE,
with permission from the publisher, Professional Publications, Inc.,
Belmont, California, 1989.
44
-------
CHATTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-5. SUPPRESSED ELOW OVER THE WEIR CREST
(H) Real Head
Nappe
Source: Civil Engineering Reference Manual. 5th Edition, by Michael R. Lindeburg, PE,
with permission from the publisher, Professional Publications, Inc.,
Belmont, California, 1989.
section of the flume. The exact location of the depth measurement depends on the specific design
of the Parshall flume. Exhibit 3-6 indicates the equations used to calculate flow rate through a
typical Parshall flume. These equations are accurate only when the submergence ratio OVHJ is
greater than 0.7. The manufacturers' information should be consulted for the flow rate equation and
measuring points for a specific Parshall flume.
Palmer-Bowlus flumes, shown in Exhibit 3-7, are also used at some facilities. Palmer-Bowlus flumes
ar? designed to be installed in ar existing circular channel (i ,v ,3 a manhole channel) and are
available as portable measurement devices. While Palmer-Bowlus flumes are inexpensive, self
cleaning, and easy to install, they can only measure flow rates accurately over a narrow range of
flow.
The flow from a Palmer-Bowlus flume is calculated using the height between the floor of the flume
portion and the water level, not i'y total head of the water level. Head measurements are taken at
45
July 1992
-------
CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-6. FLUMES
Parshall Flume
Q« 0.338 H"5
Q « 0.676 H l*
Q * 0.992 H IM
Q * 2.09 H IM
Q - 3.07 H >•»
Q * (3.6875 W -I- 2.5)H
Q = Flow rate
H - Depth of flow (Head)
(linch)
(2 inches)
(3 inches)
(6 inches)
(9 inches)
(1-8 feet)
(10-50 feet)
Throat
Converging
Section
Diverging
Section
Top View
Side View
Source: Civil Engineering Reference Manual. 5th Edition, by Michael R. Lindeburg, PE,
with permission from the publisher, Professional Publications, Inc.,
Belmont, California, 1989.
-------
CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-7. PALMER-BOWLUS FLUME
Source: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment. Disposal. Reuse. 2nd Edition, Metcalf &
Eddy, Inc., with permission from the publisher, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1979.
a distance from the throat equal to one half the width of the flume. The dimensions of a Palmer-
Bowlus flume have been standardized in a generic sense, but the flume shape may vary. Therefore,
there are no formulas that can be applied to all Palmer-Bowlus flumes. Device-specific head-flow
relationships for each device should be obtained from the manufacturer
There are a number of other, less common, flow measurement devices available which will not be
discussed (see Appendix D for additional references).
47
July 1992
-------
CHATTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Secondary Flow Measurement Devices
Secondary flow measurement devices are automated forms of flow rate and volume measurement
Typically, a secondary device is used in conjunction with a primary device to automatically measure
the flow depth or head. This value is then processed, using established mathematical relationships
to relate the depth measurement to a corresponding flow rate. The device also may have the capacity
to convert this flow rate to a volume. Secondary flow measurement devices include floats, ultrasonic
transducers, pressure transducers, and bubblers. The output of the secondary device is transmitted
to a display, recorder, and/or totalizer to provide flow rate and volume information. The user
manuals for these devices should be consulted for proper usage.
Evaluation of Flow Measurement Devices
To ensure accurate results, facilities should evaluate, via visual observation and routine checks, the
design, installation, and operation of flow measurement devices. When evaluating design, select a
device which:
• Is accurate over the entire range of expected flow rates
• Can be installed in the channel to be monitored
• Is appropriate to the sampling location (i.e., power setup, submersible, etc.).
When evaluating the installation of flow measurement devices, ensure that:
• There are no leaks and/or bypasses of flow around the measuring device
• The primary device is level and squarely installed
• The secondary device is calibrated.
When evaluating the operation of flow measurement devices, look for:
• Excessive flows which submerge the measuring device
• Flows outside the accuracy range of the device
• Leaks and/or bypasses around the measuring device
48
-------
CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
• Turbulent flow through the measuring device
• Corrosion, scaling, or solids accumulation within die measuring device
• Obstructions to me measuring device
• Use of the correct factor or formula to convert head readings to actual flow rate.
Other than ensuring appropriate design and installation, accuracy checks are difficult to accomplish
for primary flow measurement devices. Secondary flow measurement devices, on the other hand,
may require evaluation of design, installation, and calibration. Applicants should examine the
secondary recording devices and their readouts after installation to ensure mat they are operating
properly. Unusual fluctuations or breaks in flow indicate operational or design flaws.
3.2.2 ESTIMATING FLOW RATES
There are a variety of techniques for estimating flow rates. These methods are not as accurate as
the methods described in Section 3.2.1 above, but are suitable for those discharges where primary
or secondary devices are not practical or economically feasible. Each of the following methods is
suitable for certain types of flow situations, as indicated. For each, the procedure for collecting flow
rate data will be given along with a sample calculation.
Float Methods
Float methods can be used for any discharge where the flow is exposed and/or easily accessible.
It is particularly useful for overland flows, gutter flows, and open drain or channel flows. The flow
rate is calculated in each of the float methods by estimating the velocity of the flow and the cross-
sectional area of the discharge and using the standard flow rate equation:
Flow Bate (cfin) - Velocity (ft/mm) x Area (ft2)
49 July 1992
-------
CHAFFER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
The velocity is estimated by measuring the time H takes a float to travel between two points (point
A and point B) along the flow path. For most accurate results, the two points should be at least 5
feet apart The cross-sectional area is estimated by measuring the depth of die water and the width
of the flow, and multiplying die depth by the width. This assumes a uniform cross-section in the
flow path and a geometric cross-section shape. The float method can also be used for any accessible
pipe or ditch where the movement of the float can be traced downstream for at least S feet
Subsurface storm water flows can be measured with the float method where mere are two accessible
manholes.
If the flow is overland, the water will need to be directed into a narrow channel or ditch so mat the
measurements can be taken. The initial preparation for mis method requires mat a shallow channel
or ditch be dug that is 6 feet long or longer and 4 to 12 inches wide. The channel or ditch should
be shallow enough to easily obtain flow depths but should be deep enough to carry the flow mat will
be diverted to it. Boards or other barriers should be placed on the ground above the channel (so mat
the flow is diverted into the channel) and along the edges of the channel or ditch (flush with the
ground surface so that flow does not seep under mem).
The procedure for measuring the flow rate by the float method involves measuring the length of the
channel between chosen points A and B (which must be 5 feet apart or more). The depth of the
water at point B, in the middle of the channel, must be determined, and the width of the water flow
must be measured at point B. A float is then placed in the water and timed as it moves from point
A to point B. Exhibit 3-8 provides an example of estimating the flow rate using the float method.
For runoff flows from many directions into a drain in a low or flat area where ponding is evident,
the float method can also be used. The total flow rate is calculated by measuring flow rates for
several points into the drain and adding these values together. Exhibit 3-9 provides an example of
estimating the flow rate using the float method in this situation.
Bucket and Stopwatch Method
The bucket and stopwatch method of estimating flow rate is the easiest of all the flow rate estimation
procedures. However, it can only be used under certain conditions. The flow or discharge to be
measured must be flowing from a small pipe or ditch, and it must be free-flowing. In other words,
-------
CHATTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-8. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF ELOAT METHOD
EOR UNIMPEDED OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
Step 1: When each sample or aliquot is taken, record the data for the time the sample was taken and the
length between points A and B (at least 5 feet apart). See columns A, B, and C
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
Smfe
NaMber
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
TMih
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
Dhtaan
• DttMIMI
Mali
A*B
(HMD
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
D
ThMaf
Tirol
(AtaB)
<— >
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.18
E
Death «T
Water at
M*B
(feat)
0.12
0.25
0.29
0.33
0.29
0.25
0.12
0.12
0.12
F
Width af
Flow at
nBVt B
OM)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
G
f i.._i*«*d n«_ ••<
fcf»)
1.8
3.5
3.6
3.9
4.0
3.7
1.8
1.9
1.7
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Formulas:
Place a float in the water flow at point A and time it as it moves from point A to point B.
Record the time in minutes. See column D.
Measure the depth of the water and the width of the flow at point B. See columns E and F.
Calculate the flow rate for each sample time using the common flow rate formula. See column
G.
Lcntth
to D
Ana (A) = Water Depth x Width of Flow
Flow Rale(Q) = (V) x (A)
Example: For Sample 1
5.0ft
29.4ft/min
0.17 min
A = 0.12ft x 0.5ft = 0.06 ff
Q = 29.4ft/min x 0.06 ff = 1.8 eft*
51
July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-9.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF FLOAT METHOD FOR
ESTIMATING DRAIN FLOW RATES
Stcpk When etch maple or aliquot is taken, record the data for the time the ample wu taken.
Memne me outer perinwter or edge of the dnun«4wie the w«ter flows in. See columns B
aadC
Step 2: Designate three evenly spaced points surrounding the drain approximately 3 to 5 feet from
the drain. These points wfll be referred to as points A, B, and C Record the distance from
each point to the edge of me drain. See column D.
EXAMPLE DATA: Assume the drain dimensions are 1 ft x 1 ft square, and flow surrounds
drain.
A
8M*fc
Nubtr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
Sn-b
TIM
<•!•>
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
n-i-..
FferiMUr
(taO
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
D
MB0M0
PL
A
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
PL
B
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
PL
C
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
E
Dnfa>
PL
A
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
PL
B
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
PL
C
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
F
D^fW-d-,
PL
A
0.08
0.11
0.11
0.16
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.08
PLB
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.17
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.08
PL
C
0.08
0.14
0.14
0.20
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.08
G
nmrRtft
(cfW
4 cfm
5 cfm
5 cfm
6 cfm
5 cfm
5 cfm
5 cfm
5 cfm
4 cfm
Step 3: Place a float at each of the three points and measure the time it takes to reach the drain.
Record the times in minutes. See column E.
Step 4: Determine the depth of flow at each place where the float enters the drain from points A, B,
and C. Record the depth in feet See column F.
Step 5: Calculate the flow rate by adding the individual flow rates for points A, B, and C. Record
the data in column G.
Formulas:
Velocity (V)
Distance of Point from Drain
Time of Travel
Ana (A) * Water Depth x Drainage Perimeter
Flow Rate (Q) = 1/nLA.V* where n equals points A, B, and C
Example: For Sample 1
AA - 0.08ft *4ft~ 032 Jf
52
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-9. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF FLOAT METHOD FOR ESTIMATING
DRAIN FLOW RATES (Continued)
(10ft/min)(OJ2Jf)J
the pipe or ditch must be raised above the ground. Also, the flow must be small enough to be
captured by a bucket or other suitable container without overflowing. If these conditions are not
present, another method must be used. The procedure involves recording the time mat each sample
is taken, the time it takes for the container to be filled, and the volume of discharge collected. The
flow rate is men calculated in gallons per minute (gpm) or in cubic feet per minute (dm). The basis
for the bucket and stopwatch method is the collection of a measured amount of flow over a measured
amount of time to determine flow per unit of time (or flow rate) as per the formula below.
Flaw Rate
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-10.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF BUCKET AND STOPWATCH
METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FLOWS
Step 1: When etch simple or aliquot is taken, record die data for die time die sample was taken. See
column B.
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
l^m^m
aiMpM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
Itesn
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
TfcMte
FBBwk*
40.0
26.0
24.0
32.0
45.0
31.0
50.0
21.0
28.0
D
VahMrf
-------
CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-11. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF SLOPE AND DEPTH METHOD EOR
ESTIMATING FLOW RATES
Step 1: Obtain the pipe or ditch channel percent slope from engineering data. Determine the inside
diameter if the flow is from a pipe.
EXAMPLE DATA: For purposes of this example, a ditch with a 2 percent slope is amnimfd,
Step 2: When each sample or aliquot is taken, record the data for the time the sample was taken. See
column B.
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
Sa.|fc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
Haw
(mmmt*)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
Depth rf
Water (k)
3.6
6.0
7.2
8.4
7.2
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.6
D
Width •TFtow
(tifchMfr)
(fat)
2.2
3.2
4.0
4.2
4.0
3.2
3.0
?9
2.5
E
•M"
Moti&dSUf*
(dfahMfar)
3.7
3.2
3.3
3.0
3.3
3.2
3.0
2.9
3.3
F
Cakriatainmr
RatefcftBHpt«fr)
_
-
-
-
.
.
.
-
-
G
•**••! •!•! ••* Tins* •Tarf*
B^S^H JSftaL ——•—*
•JCBlV fflsl^H VH^FJ
246.1
713.6
1,237.3
1,532.9
1.237.3
713.6
624.2
581.8
374.1
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Formula:
Example:
Step 6:
Measure the depth of the water in the center of the pipe or ditch. Record the data in feet See
column C.
Measure the width of the flow only if the flow is in a ditch. Record the data in feet See
column D.
Calculate the modified side slope only if the flow is in a ditch (leave column E blank if the flow
is in a pipe).
.,.._. . /M_ 72.0 In/ft X flaw width (ft)
Modified slope (M) =
Sample 1:
M= 12.0 in/fl x 2.2 ft = 3.7
2.0 x 3.6 in
Step?:
Formula:
For pipes, calculate the flow rate and record the data in column F.
Flow Rate (Q) - 0.004 x QJ).f" x D x >/S
when Q = flow rote in pipe (cfin), I.D. = inside diameter of pipe (In),
D - water depth (in), S - pipe slope (%)
For ditches or channels, calculate the flow rate in cfin. Record the flow rate in column G.
How Rate (Q) - 0.42M x
-------
CHATTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Runoff Coefficient Methods
Runoff coefficient methods are the least accurate of all die flow rate estimation methods. These
methods should only be used for composite flow-weighted samples if all of the other methods are
inappropriate for the she. Although the least accurate, runoff coefficients are the simplest method
of estimating runoff rates.
Runoff coefficients represent the fraction of total rainfall mat will be transmitted as runoff from the
drainage area mat flows into the facility outfall. Runoff coefficients consider the ground surface or
cover material and determine the amount of storm water flow which may infiltrate or runoff as a
discharge. A simple estimate of runoff volume assumes mat paved areas and other impervious
structures such as roofs have a runoff coefficient of 0.90 (i.e., 90 percent of the rainfall leaves the
area as runoff). For unpaved surfaces, a runoff coefficient of O.SO is normally assumed. A more
accurate estimate can be made by using more specific runoff coefficients for different areas of the
facility, based on the specific type of ground cover. Commonly used runoff coefficients are listed
in Exhibit 3-12.
The average runoff coefficient can be estimated for drainage areas that have bom paved and unpaved
areas by weighting the coefficients based on their proportion of the total area. An equation for this
would be:
Estimated Average Runoff Coef. « <*" A)(Kmoff Coef. A) * (Area ^(Runoff Coef. IT)
. Area A + Area B
The area of the drainage basin can generally be obtained from land surveys conducted at the time
of facility purchase or site surveys taken from design documents developed as pan of construction
planning. If these are not available, the applicant may estimate the drainage areas from a
topographic map of the area. The areas used in this calculation should include only those areas
drained by the sampled outfall. When determining the basin area mat drains through the outfall,
some special considerations should be noted: (1) storm water from sources outside an industrial
facility's property boundary may contribute to the discharge; and (2) storm water not associated with
industrial activity may contribute to the flow volume. Where these conditions occur, the facility
should accurately quantify and appropriately address these contributions. ., :
56
-------
CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
1 EXHIBIT 3-12. TYPICAL "c" COEFFICIENTS FOR 5- TO 10-YEAR FREQUENCY
DESIGN STORMS
Description of Area
Business
• Downtown areas
• Neighborhood areas
Residential
• Single-family areas
• Multiuiuts (detached)
• Multiunits (attached)
Residential (suburban)
Apartment dwelling areas
Industrial
• Ught areas
• Heavy areas
Parks and cemeteries
Playgrounds
Railroad yard areas
Unimproved areas
Streets
• Asphalt
• Concrete
• Brick
Drives and walks
Roofs
Lawns - course textured soil (greater man 85 percent sand)
• Slope: Flat (2 percent)
Average (2-7 percent)
Steep (7 percent)
Lawns - fine textured soil (greater than 40 percent clay)
• Slope: Flat (2 percent)
Average (2-7 percent)
Steep (7 percent)
Runoff Coefficients
0.70-0.95
0.50-0.70
0.30-0.50
0.40-0.60
0.60-0.75
0.25-0.40
0.50-0.70
0.50-0.80
0.60-0.90
0.10-0.25
0.20-0.35
0.20-0.40
0.10-0.30
0.70-0.95
0.80-0.95
0.70-0.85
0.75-0.85
0.75-0.95
0.05-0.10
0.10-0.15
0.15-0.20
0.13-0.17
0.18-0.22
0.25-0.35
Source: Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers, with permission from the
publisher, American Society of Civil Engineers, Manual of Practice, page 37, New York,
1960.
57
July 1992
-------
CHAFIER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
There are two specific methods to estimate flow rate using mnoff coefficients. The first method uses
depth of flow in a pipe or ditch and an average runoff rate to estimate each of the sample flow rates
where the slope/pitch of the pipe or ditch is unknown. Exhibit 3-13 provides an example calculation
of ***inuqitig flow rates based on depth and runoff coefficients. The second method uses only
rainfall accumulation and runoff coefficients to estimate a flow associated with the time the sample
was taken. No actual flows or flow depths are measured. Exhibit 3-14 provides an example of
estimating the flow rate based on rainfall depth and runoff coefficients.
3.2.3 MEASURING TOTAL FLOW VOLUMES FOR THE SAMPLED RAIN EVENT
Similar to measuring flow rates, flow volumes may be measured using automatic flowmeters or
primary/secondary devices as discussed in Section 3.2.1. Measurement of flow volume with these
devices provides a reasonably accurate determination of die total flow volume for the entire storm
water discharge. In many cases, however, primary or secondary devices have not been installed for
storm water flow measurement. Portable flow measurement devices are often expensive. Many of
the automatic samplers mat are currently on the market can measure flow volumes as well as perform
sampling. Where available and when economically feasible, measuring devices should be used to
generate data for calculating flow.
3.2.4 ESTIMATING TOTAL FLOW VOLUMES FOR THE SAMPLED RAIN EVENT
Since accurate measurement of total flow volumes is often impracticable due to lack of equipment,
total flow volumes are more commonly estimated. The two methods provided in mis section require
only simple estimated measurements. The first method is based on rainfall depths and runoff
coefficients and the second is based on flow rates that can be either measured or estimated.
Runoff Coefficients Methods
Discharge volumes are most easily estimated using the area of the drainage basin contributing to the
outfall, the rainfall accumulation, and a runoff coefficient The total volume of discharge can be
estimated using a simple equation mat relates the amount of rainfall to the volume of discharge that
will leave the site as runoff. The equation is as follows:
58
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-13.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF RUNOFF COEFFICIENT/FLOW
DEPTH METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FLOW RATES
Step 1: Estimate the runoff coefficient for die drainage area tiiat contributes flow to die
sampled outfall (see Section 3.2.2).
EXAMPLE: Assume me drainage area to die outfall is 3 acres. Two of mose acres
are paved with a runoff coefficient of .90, and 1 is unpaved wfth a runoff coefficient
of .50. Using the equation for estimated runoff coefficient from the text in Section
2.2.2.2:
Est. Run. Corf. = f2 Ac) (0.90} + (1 Ac) (0.50) m 0.77
2 Ac+ 1 Ac
The runoff coefficient for the entire drainage area is 0.77.
Step 2: Measure the rainfall depth. Record the total rainfall of the storm or die rainfall that
occurred in the first 3 hours (if it lasted more man 3 hours). Also record the duration
of the rain event
EXAMPLE: Assume the rainfall depth to be 1.0 inches in 3 hours.
Step 3: Calculate an average runoff rate.
Formula:
Average Runoff Rate
Drainage Ana X Runoff Coef. x Rainfall Death
Rainfall Duration
Example:
Average Runoff Rate
3 Ac X .77 X 1 in
3hn
43.560ft x ft ^
Ac 12 in 60 nun
When each sample or aliquot is taken, record the data for the time the samples were
taken and the depth of the water in the center of the ditch or pipe. Record the data in
columns B and C.
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
Sample
Numbers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
Time
(minutes)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
Channel or Ditch
Water Depth (feet)
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.25
1.2
1.7
1.0
D
Calculated Depth-
Weighted Flow Factor
0.82
0.90
0.98
1.L2
1.06
1.02
0.98
1.39
0.82
E
Flow Rate
(cfm)
39
42
46
48
50
48
46
65
39
Step 4: Sum up all the water depths for each sample taken as indicated above in column
C.
Sum =" 11.0 feet
59
July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-13. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF Rl'NOFF COEFFICIENT/FLOW
DEPTH METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FLOW RATES (Continued)
Step 5: Calculate a depth-weight flow factor and record the data in column D.
Formula:
Factor — Measured Water Death x Number of Flaw Measure
Sum of all Water Depths
Example: For Sample 1
Factor = L2 . oa
11.0
Step 6: Calculate the flow rate. Record the data in column E.
Formula:
Flow Rate, Q (cfin) = Average Runoff Rate x Depth Factor
Example: For Sample 1
Q = 47 cfin X 0.82 = 39 cfin
where: Vt = the total runoff volume in cubic feet
R, = the total rainfall measured in feet
the area (sq ft) within the drainage basin mat is paved or roofed
- the area (sq ft) within the drainage basin that is unpaved
Ctvmatr = a specific runoff coefficient (no units) for die drainage area ground cover
Exhibit 3-15 provides an example calculation of total runoff volume from rainfall data.
Discharge Volumes Estimated Based on Measured Flow Rates
Another method of estimating the total volume of a discharge uses a series of measured or estimated
flow rates. The total volume of discharge can be estimated by first multiplying each of the flow rates
by the time interval in between flow measurements. This time period represents the portion of the
total storm duration mat can be associated with the flow rate measurement. Adding all such partial
volumes results in a total flow volume. A procedure for calculating the total runoff volume from
a set of discrete measurements of flow depth and velocity in a ditch during a storm runoff event is
presented in Exhibit 3-16.
60
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-14.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF RUNOFF COEFFICIENT
RAINFALL DEPTH METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FLOW,,
RATES
Stepl: Estiniate the nnwffcoeffideiit for the drainage area that contributes flows to the stn^led outfidl.
EXAMPLE: See Step 1 in Exhibit 3-14. The site for this exunple will be similar so a
coefficient of .77 will be used for the same 3-acre drainage area.
Step 2: When each sample or aliquot is taken, record the data for the time the sample was taken.
Record the data in column B.
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
Sipfe
Nombcr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
Tm*
(mis***)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
Total
RMM
Dqrt
Owta)
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
D
TiMeSMceLaft
Swiple
0
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
E
RMrfaHfrchct)
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
F
Criminal How lUte (dm)
84
42
84
42
84
42
42
42
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Formula:
Example:
Step 6:
Formula:
\ ,
* -\
Example:
Using a rainfall gauge, measure the total rainfall depth (in inches) and record the data in
column C.
EXAMPLE: See sample data above.
Calculate the incremental time since the last flow measurement and record the data in column D.
EXAMPLE: Samples were taken 20 minutes apart so this increment will be 20 minutes for
every sample.
Calculate the additional or incremental rainfall that has occurred since the last measurement.
Record the data in column E.
Incremental Rainfall - Total Rainfall Sample 2 - Total Rainfall Sample 1
For Sample 2
Incremental Rainfall = .2-0 = .2 inches
Calculate the flow rate. Record the data in column F.
Flow Rate (cfm)
(Dninae arta)(Runoff coefficient\(lncremental rainfall)
20min
AC
12 i*
July 1992
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CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-15. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF TOTAfUl'NOFF VOLUME FROM
RAINFALL DATA
Step 1: Determine me area of drainage contributing to the runoff volume at the outfall and
convert it to square feet
Example: Using a land survey, a facility has determined its site encompasses 0.3
acres (13,068 square feet). The entire site is used for industrial activities, and
therefore, any storm water discharges from die site will be associated with industrial
activity. A berm surrounds the entire she limiting the drainage area to the site itself
and preventing any dilution or contamination from other discharges. (Note: To
convert acres to square feet, multiply the number of acres by 43,560, which is die
conversion factor).
Step 2: Determine the rainfall depth during die event mat was sampled to die nearest one-
hundredth of an inch and convert it to feet
Example: From the rain gauge, the rainfall accumulation is measured at 0.6 inches
or O.OS feet (ft). (Note: To convert inches to feet, divide the inches by 12, which is
the conversion factor).
Step 3: Determine the runoff coefficients for each area.
Example: The facility has estimated that Vi of the site, or 4,356 square feet, is
covered by impervious surfaces (i.e., roofs or paved roadways) and % of the site, or
8,712 square feet, is unpaved.
Step 4: Calculate the volume of flow using die following formula and convert the volume to
liters.
Formula: Total runoff volume in cubic feet (cuft) = total ndnfatt (ft) x [facility
paved area (sqft) x 0.90 + facility unpaved area (sqft) x 0.50]
Example: Total runoff volume (cuft) = 0.05 x [4,356 x 0.90 + 8,712 x 0.50]
Total runoff volume = 413.8 cuft or 11,720 liters
(Note: To convert cubic feet to liters, multiply cubic feet by 28.32, which is the
conversion factor).
-------
CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-16. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF TOTAL RUNOFF VOLUME
FROM FLOW RATE DATA
Step 1: Measure and tabulate flow depths and velocities every 20 minutes (at the same time
mat the sample is collected) during at least the first 3 hours of the runoff event
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
Sample
Number
1
2
3
4
.-> 5
<
6
7
8
9
B
Time
(minutes)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
Flow
Velocity
(feet per
minute)
.
4
8
12
8
4
8
4
4
D
Flow
Depth
(feet)
.
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
.0.2
E
Width
(feet)
_
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
F
Calculated
Flow Rate
(cfm)
_
4
16
24
16
4
8
4
4
63
July 1992
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CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALSOF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-16.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF TOTAL RUNOFF VOLUME
FROM FLOW RATE DATA (Continued)
Step 2: Calculate and tabulate die cross-sectional area of flow for each of the flow depths
measured. Calculate the flow rate for each discrete set of measurements.
Formula:
Flow Kate Q (qftn) = Velocity (ft/min) X Area (sqft)
Area = Depth x Width
Example: For Sample 1
Area = 0.2ft X 5ft - 1 sqft
Flow Rate = 4ft/min X 1 sqft = 4 cfm
Step 3: Plot the flow rate, Q, versus time. Also, assume that flow drops uniformly from
the last calculated flow rate (Q9) to zero at the time when Q,0 would have been
taken.
Example: The flow rates calculated in Step 3 are plotted against the time between
samples.
28
24
20
Ftowrate 16
(cfm)
12
8
4
0
40
60 80 100 120
TinM (minutes)
140
160
180
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-16.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF TOTAL RUNOFF VOLUME
FROM FLOW RATE DATA (Continued)
Step 4: The total flow volume (VJ can be calculated by geometrically determining the area
under the curve. The summation of the individual volumes per increment of time
(V, through V9) is the total flow volume of the event
Example:
28
24
20
Ftowrate 16
(cfm)
12
8
4
0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (minutes)
140
160
180
Step 5: Compute the flow volume associated with each observation (V,, V2,.,., V,) by
multiplying the measured flow rate by the duration (in mis case, 20 minutes). Be
sure the units are consistent. For example, if durations are in minutes and flow
velocities are in cubic feet per second (cfs), convert the durations to seconds or the
velocities to feet per minute.
Example:
12
Flowrato 8
(cfm)
4
20
Time (minutes)
65
July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-16.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF TOTAL RUNOFF VOLUME
FROM FLOW RATE DATA (Continued)
Formula: Volume (V) = Flow Rate (
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3.2.5 REPORTING STORM WATER DISCHARGE FLOW RATES AND VOLUMES
Form 2F requires applicants to provide quantitative data (reported both as concentration and as total
mass) based on flow-weighted samples collected during storm events. In addition, applicants are
required to provide flow estimates or flow measurements, as well as an estimate of the total volume
of the discharge. The method of flow estimation or measurement must be described in the
application. Although EPA only requires flow estimates in Form 2F, accurate flow measurement
Is necessary for collecting representative flow-weighted composite samples and reporting pollutant
mass loadings.
32.6 MEASURING RAINFALL
Many types of instruments have been developed to measure the amount and intensity of precipitation.
All forms of precipitation are measured on the basis of the depth of the water that would accumulate
on a level surface if precipitation remained where it fell. There are two types of rain gauges -
standard and recording gauges. A standard rain gauge collects the rainfall so that the amount of rain
can be easily measured. The standard gauge for the NWS has a collector which is 8 inches in
diameter. Rain flows from the collector into a cylindrical measuring tube inside the overflow can.
The measuring tube has a cross-sectional area one tenth the size of the collector so mat 0.1 inch of
rainfall will fill 1 inch of the measuring tube. While this standard gauge is both accurate and easy
to use, any open receptacle with vertical sides can be an effective rain gauge. Standard rain gauges
are simple and inexpensive; however, with a standard gauge, there is no way to record changes in
the intensity of the rainfall without making frequent observations of the gauge during the storm.
The second type of gauge is the recording rain gauge, which provides a permanent record of the
amount of rainfall which accumulates over time. Three common types of recording gauges are:
' Tipping Bucket Gauge - Water caught in a collector is tunneled into a two-compartment bucket;
a known quantity of rain fills one compartment, overbalancing the bucket and emptying h into a
reservoir. This moves the second bucket into place beneath the funnel. The tipping of the bucket
engages an electric circuit, which records the event
• Weighing Type Gauge - Water is weighed when it falls into a bucket placed on the platform of
a spring or lever balance. The weight of the contents is recorded on a chart, showing the
accumulation of precipitation.
• Float Recording Gauge - Water is measured by the rise of a float mat is placed in the receiver.
These gauges may be self-siphoning, or may need to be emptied periodically by hand.
67 July 1992
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CHAFIER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Recording rain gauges provide a permanent record of rainfall, and they can be used to determine
variations in rainfall intensity over time without making frequent observations during the storm. But
recording gauges are more complicated mechanically man standard gauges, making mem more
cosily, less durable, and more difficult to operate.
Although all gauges are subject to error, most errors can be minimized. To minimize errors, the
gauge should be placed on a level surface mat is not windswept and is away from trees or buildings
mat might interfere with the path of rainfall. When taking measurements, other factors contributing
to error should also be considered: mistakes in reading the scale, dents in the collector rim (which
changes the receiving area), measuring sticks mat may retain some of the water, and water lost to
evaporation. In the case of tipping bucket gauges, water may not be collected while the bucket is
still tipping. The most common source of inaccuracy is changes in data mat are attributable to wind.
It is possible to assess wind errors by comparing measurements of gauges mat are protected from
the wind with those mat are not.
3.3 GRAB SAMPLE COLLECTION
Section 3.1.2 discussed both the parameters mat must be monitored by grab sample and the
conditions under which grab sampling is required. This section explains how to collect grab
samples. The entire sample is collected at an uninterrupted interval (i.e., grabbed at one time). A
grab sample provides information on the characterization of storm water at a given time and may be
collected either manually or automatically as discussed below.
3.3.1 HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT GRAB SAMPLES
A manual grab is collected by inserting a container under or downcurrent of a discharge with the
container opening facing upstream. Generally, simplified equipment and procedures can be used.
In most cases, the sample container itself may be used to collect the sample. Less accessible outfalls
may require the use of poles and buckets to collect grab samples. To ensure that manual grab
samples are representative of the storm water discharged, the procedures set forth in Exhibit 3-17
should be followed.
-------
CHAPTER 3 . FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-17. RECOMMENDED OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR TAKING GRAB
SAMPLES
• Label sample containers before sampling event
• Take a cooler with ice to the sampling point
• Take the grab from the horizontal and vertical center of the channel
• Avoid stirring up bottom sediments in the channel
• Hold the container so the opening faces upstream
• Avoid touching the inside of the container to prevent contamination
• Keep the sample free from uncharacteristic floating debris
• Transfer samples into proper containers (e.g., from bucket to sample container),
however, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, phenols and O&G should remain in
original containers
• If taking numerous grabs, keep the samples separate and labelled clearly
• Use safety precautions (see Chapter 6)
Specialized equipment and procedures may be needed, particularly in situations where storm water
discharges are inaccessible or where certain parameters are monitored. For example:
• When sampling for O&G and VOCs, equipment that safely and securely houses O&G bottles
or VOC vials should be used. This may be necessary because: (1) O&G will adhere to
containers and thus should not be transferred from one container to another; and (2) excessive
aeration during sampling may result in the partial escape of VOCs.
• Since facilities sometimes use sample bottles that already contain preservatives (as provided
by contract laboratories), extreme care should be taken when filling them to avoid spills,
splatters, or washout of the preservatives.
All equipment and containers that come into contact with the sample must be clean to avoid
contamination. Additionally, sample collection equipment and container materials should be totally
unreactive to prevent leaching of pollutants. Cleaning procedures are discussed in detail in Section
3.5.
69 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3.3.2 HOW TO COLLECT GRAB SAMPLES BY AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
Grab samples can also be collected using programmed automatic samplers. Automatic samplers
come equipped with computers mat can be programmed to collect grab samples. Programming for
grabs is specific to the type of automatic sampler. Some samplers are portable and have been
developed specifically to sample for storm water discharges. These samplers are frequently attached
to a rain gauge and/or a flow sensor. Such samplers can be programmed to initiate sample collection
by one or more of the following conditions: (1) depth of flow in a channel; (2) rainfall in inches;
(3) flow rate; (4) time; (5) external signal; and (6) combinations of the first three conditions. For
example, an automatic sampler could be used to collect a sample at 15-minute intervals after its
sensors indicate that rainfall has begun.
When using an automatic sampler, planning is very important. First, all equipment must be properly
cleaned, particularly the tubing and the sample containers. There are several different types of
tubing available, including rubber and Tygon tubing. Tygon tubing is commonly used since it
generally does not leach contaminants. Deionized water should be drawn through the sampler to
remove any remaining pollutant residuals prior to taking samples. Tubing should also be replaced
periodically to avoid algae or bacterial growth.
Sampling personnel should also use adequate and appropriate containers and ensure they are properly
cleaned. Section 3.5 contains information on cleaning procedures which should be followed for all
equipment. Additionally, the utilization of blanks (a control used to verify the accuracy of analytical
results) is recommended to determine if cross-contamination of sampling equipment has occurred.
Samplers should also be programmed, set up, and supplied with a source of power. Properly
charged batteries should be readily available for portable samplers in advance of a storm event and,
as a backup power supply in case of power failure. Finally, although automatic samplers may be
useful in some situations, several parameters are not amenable to collection by automatic sampler.
These pollutants include fecal streptococcus, fecal coliforms, oil and grease and VOCs which should
be collected manually, not automatically, as discussed in Section 3.1.2.
3.4 FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE SAMPLE COLLECTION
Composite samples are samples simply comprised of a series of individual sample aliquots that have
been combined to reflect average pollutant concentrations of the storm water discharge during the
70
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
sampling period. Composite samples can be developed based on time or flow rate. There are four
different types of composite samples, as follows:
• Constant Time - Constant Volume - Samples of equal volume are taken at equal increments
of time and composited to make an average sample (similar to Exhibit 3-18). This method
is not acceptable for samples taken for compliance with the storm water permit application
regulations.
• Constant Time - Volume Proportional to Flow Increment - Samples are taken at equal
increments of time and are composited proportional to the volume of flow since the last
sample was taken (see Exhibit 3-19).
• Constant Time - Volume Proportional to Flow Rate - Samples are taken at equal increments
of time and are composited proportional to the flow rate at the time each sample was taken
(see Exhibit 3-20).
• Constant Volume-- Time Proportional to Flow Volume Increment - Samples of equal volume
are taken at equal increments of flow volume and composited (see Exhibit 3-21).
Generally, flow-weighted composite samples must be collected for most parameters. The methods
for generating flow-weighted composite samples are discussed in the following sections.
For storm water discharge permit applications, the aliquots for flow-weighted composite samples
must be collected during a representative storm for the first 3 hours, or for the duration of the storm
event if it is less than 3 hours long. The storm water application regulations allow for flow-weighted
composite samples to be collected manually or automatically. For both methods, equal volume
aliquots may be collected at the time of sampling and then flow-proportioned and composited in the
laboratory, or the aliquot may be collected based on the flow rate at the time of sample collection
and composited in the field. When composite samples are collected, the regulations require that each
aliquot collection be separated by a minimum of IS minutes and that a minimum of three sample
aliquots be taken within each hour of the discharge. See Exhibit 3-22 for an example of how this
requirement may be fulfilled.
The provisions set forth in 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7) for collecting flow-weighted composite samples
establish specific requirement? for minimum time duration between sample aliquots. Where these
conditions cannot be met, the permitting authority may allow alternate protocols with respect to the
time duration between sample aliquots (see Chapter 5). However, permission from the permitting
71 July 1992
-------
CHAFFER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-18. CONSTANT TIME - CONSTANT VOLUME
Ul
,
2
DENOTES SAMPLES OP EQUAL
VOLUME (SAME LENGTH ARROWS)
AT EQUAL TIME INTERVALS
TIME(t)
Method of compositing samples on a fixed volume-fixed time interval basis
Source: Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control,
U.S. EPA 600/2-76-145, August 1976.
EXHIBIT 3-19.
£
I*
Is
CONSTANT TIME - VOLUME PROPORTIONAL TO FLOW
INCREMENT
TIME (t)
Method of compositing sample? proportional to flow volume at constant time interval
Source: Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control,
U.S. EPA. 600/2-76-145, August 1976.
72
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-20. CONSTANT TIME - VOLUME PROPORTIONAL TO FLOW RATE
•J 5
u. *
DENOTES COLLECTION OF A SAMPLE
WHERE VOLUME IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE
RATE OP FLOW. THE INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES
ARE COMPOSITED INTO ONE CONTAINER
TIME(t)
Method of compositing samples proportional to flow rate
Source: Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control,
U.S. EPA 600/2-76-145, August 1976.
EXHIBIT 3-21.
>
s
CONSTANT VOLUME - TIME PROPORTIONAL TO FLOW VOLUME
INCREMENT
t • VAftl.AHC
DENOTES SAMPLES OF EQUAL VOLUME
(SAME LENGTH ARROWS) AT CONSTANT
FLOW INCREMENTS (VARIABLE TIME)
TIME(t)
Method of compositing samples of equal volume at equal increments of flow
Source: Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control,
U.S. EPA 600/2-76-145, August 1976.
73
July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-2.'
EXAMPLE OF SAMPLING INTERVALS
Suppose that a storm water discharge began at 2:15 p.m. and lasted until 5:15 p.m. on a
Friday. Hie field staff person wants to collect the samples at regular intervals, so s/he plans
to collect an aliquot with a volume mat is proportional to the flow every 20 minutes. After
the third hour of collection, the field staff person must deliver the samples to the laboratory
(which is 10 minutes away). The laboratory closes at 5:00 p.m. So, s/he should take the last
sample at 4:45 p.m. One way of doing mis would be to collect samples (in hour three) at
4:15,4:30, and 4:45 p.m. This would comply with the three-sample minimum in hour three
(4:15-5:15 p.m.) and the required 15-minute minimum interval between collections. It would
also allow the field staff person to get the samples to the lab before it closes for the weekend.
On the other hand, if s/he missed the sample collection at 4:15 p.m. and instead, collected the
sample at 4:20 p.m., men s/he would have to collect the next sample at 4:35 p.m. and the
last sample at 4:50 p.m., and the field staff person would not be able to deliver the sample
until Monday (by which time the required maximum holding time would be exceeded), and
the sampling would need to be repeated.
74
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
authority must be obtained before changes are initiated. Considerations applicable to the collection
of flow-weighted composites by automatic and manual techniques are discussed in the following
sections.
3.4.1 HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE SAMPLES
Manually collected, flow-weighted composite samples may be appropriate for a facility that prefers not
to invest in automatic equipment This technique is cost-effective for short-term monitoring programs and
for facilities where few outfalls are being sampled. The fundamental requirement for facilities that use
these methodologies is that they should have personnel available to perform the sampling when needed.
Those facilities where VOCs analysis of storm water discharges are required should manually collect
composite samples since these parameters may not be amenable to sampling by automatic samplers.
Compositing of VOC samples should be conducted in the laboratory as discussed in Section 3.5.2.
The manual collection of a flow-weighted sample is performed in the same manner as taking manual grab
samples (see Section 3.3.1). The only difference is that a series of samples (or aliquots) will be collected.
As discussed in the previous section, there are two ways to manually collect and combine the aliquots for
a flow-weighted sample:
Collect sample aliquot volumes based on the flow at the time of sampling which can immediately
be combined to make the composite sample in the field (see Exhibit 3-23)
Collect equal volume sample aliquots at the time of sampling and then flow-proportion and
composite the aliquots in the laboratory (see Exhibit 3-24).
When uniform time intervals are used between the collection of the sample aliquots, the volumes of each
aliquot used in the composite sample can be determined based on either volumes of flow or the flow rate,
as they will result in similar proportions. However, when there are different time intervals between the
sample aliquots, the individual sample aliquot volumes should be based on the runoff volume (calculated
from the individual flow rates and durations) associated with each sample aliquot
Generally, 1,000 ml for each aliquot collected should provide enough sample volume, when composited,
for pollutant analyses of the required parameters contained in Section VILA of Form 2F (see Section 3.6).
More aliquot volume may be required if sampling is conducted for additional parameters. The laboratory
conducting the analyses should always be contacted prior to a sampling event to determine how much
sample volume they will require.
. 75 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-23. EXAMPLE OE HOW TO COLLECT SAMPLE ALIQUOT VOLUMES
BASED ON FLOW. AND PROPORTION AND COMPOSITE IN THE
FIELD
Stcpl:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Determine the necessary <
Example: To fulfill anal]
volume for compositing purpose*
ftot tor all parameters in oecuoo
*>JutmSr>a! ftovoen rVnund fROE
Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (T
phosphorous] a total composite samnle volume of 5.000 n
Determine an appropriate
Example: Manually collt
sample aliquots collected
example, sample aliquots
Estimate or measure the)
Example: A discharge fl
Convert the discharge flo
Example: To convert oil
foot as set forth in the fol
Volume (liters) - Volun
Volume - 4.8 cubic feet
Using Steps 3 and 4, voli
«»*fl h«t P»\mi\mtfA
interval for collection of sample
Kted flow-weighted composite sa
per hour and must be gathered a
will be collected exactly 20 mini
volume of discharge for each san
L
VII. A of Form 2F for whict
'j), Chemical Oxygen Deman
KN), nitrate plus nitrite, and
d is needed by the contract la
s.
mples must consist of at least
t least 15 minutes apart For
ites apart
inline event.
ow volume of 4.8 cubic feet will be used here.
w volume to liters.
lie feet to liters, use the conversion factor of 28.32 liters per
lowing formula:
B (cable feet) x 2$,32 fffeft.
x 28.32 liters = 136 liters
1 cubic foot
imes that have been discharged between the collection of each
(Note that the discharge volumes provided for aliquot nun
the purposes of this exhibit)
Example: The procedures set form in Section 3.2 may be
The following table presents aliquot numbers, time of aliq
Aliquot Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
time of Aliquot Collection
2: 15 p.m.
2:35 p.m.
2:55 p.m.
3:15 p.m.
3:35 p.m.
3:55 p.m.
4:15 p.m.
4:30 p.m.
4:45 p.m.
ibers 2-9 have already been g
used to calculate discharge v
uot collection, and discharge
Discharged Volume
136 liters
200 liters
122 liters
178 liters
156 liters
117 liters
94 liters
21 liters
12 liters
i composite
i (COD),
boratory.
[three
this
1 cubic
aliquot
iven for
olumes.
volumes.
76
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXAMPLE OF HOW TO COLLECT SAMPLE ALIQUOT VOLUMES
BASED ON FLOW. AND PROPORTION AND COMPOSITE IN THE
FIELD (Continued)
EXHIBIT 3-23.
Step 6: Determine the appropriate minimum aliquot volume as the basis for collecting other aliquot
samples which together will provide adequate volume to fulfill the analytic requirements.
Example: In Step 1, it was determined that at least 5,000 ml of sample were required for flow-
weighted composite sample analytical testing. As discussed in Section 3.4.1, basing the sample
collection on a minimum aliquot volume of 1,000 ml gathered every interval (i.e., every IS
minutes) should result in adequate sample volume.
Step 7: Calculate the volume of the sample aliquot which must be collected during each aliquot sample
period using the following formula:
Aliquot volume (ml) - Minimum aliquot volume (ml) x Attquot's discharge volume filters}
Initial discharge volume (liters)
Step 6 shows that the minimum aliquot volume is 1,000 ml.
Aliquot #1 volume (ml) - 1.000 ml x 136 liters = 1,000 ml
136 liters
Aliquot *2 volume (ml) - LOOP ml x 200 liters = 1471 ml
136 liters
Aliquot #3 volume (ml) = 1.000 ml x 122 liters - 897ml
136 liters
Aliquot *4 volume (ml) = 1,000mixITSJUers = 7,309ml
136 liters
Aliquot #5 volume (ml) - 1,000 ml x 156 liters = 1,147 ml
136 liters
Aliquot #6 volume (ml) = 1.000mix 117liters = 860ml
136 liters
Aliquot #7 volume (ml) = 1,000 ml x 94 liters = 691 ml
136 liters
Aliquot #8 volume (ml) = 1.000mix 21 liters = 154ml
136 liters
Aliquot #9 volume (ml) = 1.000mix 12 liters = 88ml
136 liters
A table of these calculations follows:
Aliquot Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Discharged Volume
136 liters
200 liters
122 liters
178 liters
156 liters
117 liters
94 liters
21 liters
12 liters
Aliquot Volume
1,000ml
1,471 ml
897ml
1,309 ml
1,147 ml
860ml
691ml
154ml
88ml
In conclusion, a combination of the above sample aliquots result in a composite of 7,617 ml.
.77
July 1992
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-24. EXAMPLE OF HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT EQUAL SAMPLE
ALIQUOTS WHICH ARE LATER ELOW-PROPORTION'ED AND
COMPOSITED IN THE LABORATORY
Step 1: Determine die necessary volume for compositing purposes.
Example: To fulfill analyses for all parameters in Section VILA of Form 2F for which composite
samples are required (BOD5, COD, TSS, TKN, nitrate plus nitrite, and phosphorous) a total
composite sample volume of 5,000 ml is needed by the contract laboratory.
Step 2: Determine an appropriate interval for collection of samples.
Example: Manually collected flow-weighted composite samples must consist of at least nine
sample aliquots and must be gathered at least 15 minutes apart; only three or four samples per hour
may be taken. For convenience, the minimum number of three is chosen. Sample aliquots will be
collected every 20 minutes.
Step 3: Determine the aliquot which should be taken during each sampling event
Example: At least 5,000 ml of sample is required for flow-weighted composite sample analytical
testing. As discussed in Section 3.4.1, a minimum aliquot volume of 1,000 ml gathered every
interval (i.e., every 15 minutes) should result in adequate.sample volume to be used for later flow-
weighted compositing.
Step 4: Estimate or measure the volume of discharge for each sampling event while collecting a discrete
1,000-ml aliquot, as discussed in Step 3, for later compositing.
Example: Section 3.2 discusses methods to calculate total discharge volumes. A discharge flow
volume of 4.8 cubic feet will be used here.
Step 5: Convert the discharge flow volume to liters.
Example: To convert cubic feet to liters, use the conversion factor of 28.32 liters per 1 cubic foot
as set forth in the following formula:
Volume (liters) - Volume (cubic feet} x 28.32 liters
1 cubic foot
Volume = 4.8 cubic feet x 28.32 liters = 136 liters
1 cubic foot
78
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CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-24.
EXAMPLE OF HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT EQUAL SAMPLE
ALIQUOTS WHICH ARE LATER FLOW-PROPORTIONED AND
COMPOSITED IN THE LABORATORY (Continued)
Step 6: Using Steps 3 and 4, calculate die volumes that have been discharged between die collection of each
aliquot
Example: The procedures set forth in Section 3.2 may be used to calculate discharge volumes.
The following table presents aliquot numbers, time of aliquot collection, and discharge volumes
(note that the discharge volumes provided for aliquot numbers 2-9 were chosen for purposes of this
exhibit).
Aliquot Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Tune of Aliquot Collection
2:15 p.m.
2:35 p.m.
2:55 p.m.
3: 15 p.m.
3:35 p.m.
3:55 p.m.
4:15 p.m.
4:30 p.m.
4:45 p.m.
Discharged Volume
136 liters
200 liters
122 liters
178 liters
156 liters
117 liters
94 liters
21 liters
12 liters
Step 7: Determine the aliquot sample which is associated with the greatest discharge volume.
Example: Aliquot number 2 was taken when the volume was 200 liters. This is the largest
discharge volume.
Step 8: Calculate the volume of sample aliquot which must be used subsequent to the sample event to
comprise a flow-weighted composite sample. The following formula should be used:
Aliquot volume (ml) — Minimum aliquot volume (ml) x Aliouot's discharge volume (liters)
Largest discharge volume (liters)
Step 3 shows that the minimum aliquot volume is 1,000 ml. Using this value and the data
determined as part of Steps 6 and 7, the following can be calculated:
Aliquot n volume (ml) = LOOP ml x 136 liters « 680ml
200 liters
Aliquot V2 volume (ml) = 1,000 ml x 200 liters - 1,000 ml
200 liters
Aliquot #3 volume (ml) - 1,000 ml x 122 liters = 610 ml
200 liters
AUnuot *4 volume (mil * LOOP mix 178 liters = 890ml
200 liters
Aliquot ffS volume (ml) - LOOP ml x 156 liters - 780ml
200 liters
Aliquot #6 volume (ml) = 1.000mix 117liters = 585ml
200 liters
79
July 1992
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-24. EXAMPLE OF HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT EQUAL SAMPLE
AL1QUOTS WHICH ARE LATER FLOW-PROPORTIONED AND
COMPOSITED IN THE LABORATORY (Continued)
In
AUquot 87 volume (ml) - 1,1
Aliquot #8 volume (ml) = 1,(
AUquot 99 volume (ml) = 1,(
A table of these calculations f
Aliquot Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
WO mix .2f ffftzr * 4W ml
200 men
WO mix lifters * 705m/
200 liters
MO ml x ,J2 (fart = M*l
200 men
allows
Discharged Volume
136 liters
200 liters
122 liters
178 liters
156 liters
117 liters
94 liters
21 liters
12 liters
Aliquot Volume
680ml
1,000ml
610ml
890ml
780ml
585ml
470ml
105ml
60ml
conclusion, a combination of the above sample aliquots results in a composite sample of 5,100 ml.
Manually collected flow-weighted composite samples can also be prepared by collecting sample
aliquots of equal volume where the collection times are related to the volume of discharge which has
passed since the last sample aliquot collection. However, this method is subject to fluctuating flow
rates and volumes which may dictate mat samples be taken prior to the 15-minute interval required
by the regulations. In that case, the alternative sampling protocol would have to be approved by the
permitting authority.
3.4.2 HOW TO COLLECT FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE SAMPLES BY
AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
r.i
The typical automatic sampler collects sample aliquots after a specific interval. These aliquots can
« * -
be flow-weight composited by the automatic sampler; or by hand in the laboratory. -The auton
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
sampler may be programmed in one of three ways: (1) to collect a sample at equal time intervals
and varying aliquot volumes commensurate with the flow (either rate or volume) mat has passed;
(2) to collect equal volume aliquots at varying time intervals commensurate with the flow volume
mat has passed; or (3) to collect equal volume aliquots of sample at equal time intervals.
Hie first two methods automatically composite the sample but require mat the sampler be connected
to a flow meter such mat the sampler determines either the flow rate or the amount of volume that
passes. Since these methods automatically composite samples, one main sample container may be
used to receive all aliquots. The third method automatically collects the sample aliquots but does
not automatically flow-weight composite the sample. As such, discrete sample containers must be
used, and manual flow-weighted compositing must be conducted after the aliquots are collected.
Exhibits 3-23 and 3-24 in Section 3.4.1 describe the manual compositing procedures mat should be
followed.
Manufacturers' instructions for the use of an automatic sampler provide the best explanation of
programming options and should be consulted for information on programming samplers for storm
•water collection. Some of the points regarding automatic samplers discussed in Section 3.3.2 should
also be considered.
3.5 SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION
Samples must be handled and preserved in accordance with 40 CFR Part 136. This section describes
acceptable analytical methods, including requirements regarding sample holding times, containers,
sizes, and preservation requirements. For each pollutant or parameter that may have to be analyzed,
40 CFR Part 136 includes information on:
. • Container types to be used to store the samples after collection
• Procedures to correctly preserve the samples
• The maximum holding time allowed for each parameter.
The following sections present a detailed discussion of preservation techniques and sample handling
procedures. Technical Appendix C presents a matrix of required containers, preservation techniques,
81 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
and holding times for each parameter. Most laboratories can provide clean sample containers,
preservatives, sealing, chain-of-custody forms and can advise further on sample handling and
preservation.
3.5.1 DECONTAMINATION OF SAMPLE EQUIPMENT CONTAINERS
Storm water sample containers should be cleaned and prepared for field use according to the
procedures set forth in 40 CFR Part 136. A summary of the procedures is presented below for
plastic containers, any or all of which may be performed by the laboratory or container distributor:
• Nonphosphate detergent and tap water wash
• Tap water rinse
• 10 percent nitric acid rinse (only if the sample is to be analyzed for metals)
• Distilled/deionized water rinse
• Total ah* dry.
To clean glass containers, the same steps should be taken; but, after the distilled/deionized water
rinse, the containers should be rinsed with solvent if appropriate prior to total air drying. After the
decontamination procedures have been accomplished, the sample containers should be capped or
sealed with foil, and the sampling device should be protected and kept clean. It is a good idea to
label sample containers after cleaning. The laboratory should keep a record of the technician
performing the cleaning procedure as well as the date and time. This begins the required chain-of-
custody procedure for legal custody (see Section 3.10 for more information). A chain-of-custody
record accompanies each sample to track all personnel handling the sample. This record is essential
to trace the sample integrity in the event that quality control checks reveal problems. For mis
reason, as well as to avoid problems if contamination issues arise, it is suggested that the laboratory
performing the analysis perform the cleaning.
82
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CHAFFER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3.5.2 SAMPLE PRESERVATION AND HOLDING TIMES
Preservation techniques ensure that the sample remains representative of the storm water discharge
at the time of collection. Since many pollutants in the samples collected are unstable (at least to
some extent), the sample should be analyzed immediately or preserved or fixed to minimize changes
between the time of collection and analysis. Because immediate analysis is not always possible, most
samples are preserved regardless of the time of analysis.
Problems may be encountered when flow-weighted composite samples are collected. Since sample
deterioration can take place during the compositing process, it is necessary to preserve or stabilize
the samples during compositing in addition to preserving aggregate samples before shipment to the
laboratory. Preservation techniques vary depending on the pollutant parameter to be measured;
therefore, familiarity with 40 CFR Part 136 (see Technical Appendix Q is essential to ensure
effective preservation. It is important to verify that the preservation techniques for one parameter
do not affect the analytical results of another in the same sample. If mis is the case, two discrete
samples should be collected and preserved accordingly.
Sample preservation techniques consist of refrigeration, pH adjustment, and chemical fixation. pH
adjustment is necessary to stabilize the target analyte (e.g., addition of NaOH stabilizes cyanide);
acidification of total metal samples ensures that metal salts do not precipitate. Refrigeration is the
most widely used technique because it has no detrimental effect on the sample composition (i.e.,
it does not alter the chemistry of the sample), and it does not interfere with most analytical methods.
Refrigeration requires the sample to be quickly chilled to a temperature of 4°C. This technique is
used at the beginning of sample collection in the field, and is continued during sample shipment, and
while the sample is in the laboratory. Even though samples taken for compositing purposes are taken
over time each individual sample must be refrigerated. If taken manually, the samples can be placed
in an ice box. If taken by a automatic sampler, the sampler unit should have refrigeration
capabilities. The analytical laboratory may provide chemicals necessary for fixation, or may tell
sampling personnel where they can be purchased.
In addition to preservation techniques, 40 CFR Part 136 indicates maximum holding times. A
detailed list of holding times appears in Technical Appendix C. The holding time is the maximum
83 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
amount of time that samples may be held before analysis and still be considered valid. Samples
exceeding these holding times are considered suspect and sample collection may have to be repeated.
Although Technical Appendix C provides required sample containers, preservation techniques, and
holding times, some of the more commonly monitored parameters warrant additional discussion. The
following provides a more detailed discussion of considerations pertaining to cyanide, VOCs,
organics and pesticides, O&G, pH, total residual chlorine, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and
5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD$).
Cyanide
Cyanide is very reactive and unstable. If the sample cannot be analyzed immediately, it must be
preserved by pH adjustment after collection. However, prior to pH adjustment, procedures to
eliminate residual chlorine and sulfides must be followed immediately.
Where chlorine has the possibility of being present, the sample should be tested for residual chlorine
by using potassium iodide-starch test paper previously moistened with acetate buffer. If the sample
contains residual chlorine (a blue color indicates the need for treatment), ascorbic acid must be added
0.6 gram (g) at a time until the tests produce a negative result; then, an additional 0.6 g of ascorbic
acid should be added to the sample.
Samples containing sulfides may be removed, in which case the holding time is extended to 14 days.
Sulfides must be removed as follows:
• Use lead acetate paper moistened with an acetic acid buffer solution to test for the presence
of sulfide. Darkening of the lead acetate paper indicates sulfide is present in the sample.
• Add cadmium nitrate to be added to the sample in a manner similar to the ascorbic acid until
the test is negative.
• Filter with a 0.45 micrometer ftim) filter and prefilter combination immediately after."
After chlorine and sulfide residuals have been eliminated, the pH must be adjusted to greater man
12.0 standard units (s.u.) and chilled to 4°C. - '
84
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
If cyanide is suspected to be present, the sampling personnel should bring all materials mentioned
above to the sampling location.
VOCs
Sampling for VOCs requires the use of a glass vial. The vial should contain a teflon-coated septum
seal Volatiles will escape from the water to the air if any air is entrapped in the container.
Therefore, the sample should be collected so mat mere are no air bubbles in the container after the
screw cap and septum seal are applied. To ensure mat air bubbles are not trapped in the vial, the
following procedures should be followed:
• Fill the vial until a reverse meniscus forms above the top of the vial
• Screw on the cap (the excess sample will overflow)
• Invert the vial to check for the presence of air bubbles
• If air bubbles are observed, the vial should be opened, emptied, then completely refilled, and
the first three actions should be repeated.
VOC samples should not be composited in the field. To composite a sample, the sampling personnel
would have to mix it thoroughly. This mixing action would aerate the sample and cause volatiles
to be lost Therefore, VOC samples should be sent to the laboratory where they can be immediately,
and carefully, composited and analyzed with minimal volatilization as per method Nos. 502.1,502.2,
524.1, and 524.2 as described at 40 CFR 141.24(f)(14)(iv) and (v). There are two ways flow-
weighted compositing of VOCs can be accomplished—mathematical compositing or procedural
compositing as discussed below.
<" V
Mathematical Compositing
In mis method, the grab samples are analyzed separately. The sampling personnel collect the
requisite number of samples and send them to the laboratory. The laboratory performs the individual
analyses on each sample. Five ml (or 25 ml if greater sensitivity is required) of each grab sample
are placed into the purge vessel of the GC or GC/MS for analysis. Special precautions must be
made to maintain zero headspace in the syringe used to transfer the VOC sample into the purge
vessel of the GC or GC/MS. These analytical results are mathematically flow-weight composited
85 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3-FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
using die calculation in Exhibit 3-24. The concentrations (Q should be adjusted by using the
following formula;
Total Composite Sample
Each sample concentration should be adjusted, and all adjusted concentrations added, to obtain the
flow-weighted VOC composite using mis method.
Procedural Compositing
For the second method, sampling personnel collect the requisite number of samples and provide the
laboratory with flow-weighted values for each sample using the calculation hi Exhibit 3-24. The
laboratory technician men draws the necessary volume from each aliquot into an adequately sized
syringe, physically combining the samples to result hi a flow-weighted composite sample for VOC
analysis. Necessary volumes are drawn into the syringe with a volume control fitting. The samples
are thus composited directly hi the syringe and then placed hi the purge vessel of the GC or GC/MS.
The advantage of this procedure is mat only one analysis on the GC or GC/MS has to be performed.
Although the applicant is required to report only flow-weighted composite concentrations, the
mathematical compositing method may provide more information, as it will indicate the
concentrations of each separate grab sample. For example, if the procedural compositing method
is employed and one of the samples has a high concentration and the other three have non-detectable
concentrations, the result will be an average which does not represent the concentration hi any of the
separate grab samples. In certain cases it may be important to know the concentration of each grab
as well as the composite concentration. The mathematical compositing method would be the most
appropriate compositing method in these cases.
Orpanics and Pesticides
The procedures affecting organics and pesticides [base/neutral/acids and pesticide polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs)] are less complex man VOC procedures. Glass containers must be used for sample
collection purposes, amber glass should be used to eliminate the potential for reactivity caused by
light These samples should be maintained at 4°C during storage and shipment. A preservative in
86
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
the form of 0.008 percent sodium thiosulfate (Na^Oj) must be added to organic samples if residual
chlorine is present To determine if chlorine is present, a small color indicator test kit can be used.
Eighty ml of Na&Qs per liter of sample must men be added and mixed well until chlorine tests
Indicate a negative result as per methods 604 and 625 of 40 CFR Part 136 Appendix A. The pH of
pesticide samples must be adjusted to between 5 and 9 s.u.
Oil and Grease
O&G tends to adhere to the surfaces mat it contacts. Therefore, it should not be transferred from
one container to another; rather, a 1-liter container should be used to take the sample. The container
used for O&G must be made of glass. A teflon insert should be included in the glass container's lid.
However, if teflon is not available, aluminum foil extending out from under the lid may be used.
Samples for O&G must be preserved by adding sulfuric acid (HjSO,) or hydrochloric acid (HC1)
to a pH of less man 2 s.u. and men stored at 4°C.
Additional Considerations
Some pollutants have specific analysis requirements due to short holding times mat the applicant must
consider. For example:
Requirements to analyze immediately (pH, total residual chlorine, temperature, sulfite, and
dissolved oxygen)
Requirements to preserve immediately and analyze within 6 hours (fecal coliform and fecal
streptococcus)
Requirements to analyze within 48 hours (BOD5).
Because of these requirements, field testing equipment may need to be purchased, borrowed, or
Tented for those parameters that may require field analysis. If the laboratory is located nearby,
analysis in the field may not be required.
Laboratories do not always operate in the evenings or on weekends. As a result, holding times for
samples taken in the late afternoon or on a Friday may be exceeded. To prevent mis from occurring,
close coordination with laboratories is necessary. The latest date and time of delivery should be
87 July 1992
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CHAPTER3-FUNDAMENTALSOF SAMPLING
established to avoid taking samples, only to discover they cannot be accepted by the laboratory and
analyzed in accordance with 40 CFR Part 136 requirements.
3.6 SAMPLE VOLUMES
Exhibit 3-25 presents minimal suggested sample volumes for specific parameters. This exhibit
should be consulted so that the proper volume is collected for analysis of each pollutant of concern.
This exhibit may not include all parameters; if a particular parameter is not listed, .refer to 40 CFR
Part 136.
3.7 SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION
Information should be submitted to the laboratory with the sample to ensure proper handling by the
laboratory. Exhibit 3-26 is an example form which can be used to document the following
information.
• Unique Sample or Log Number - All samples should be assigned a unique identification
number. If there is a serial number on the transportation case, the sampling personnel should
add this number to the field records.
• Date and Time of Sample Collection - Date and time of sample collection (including notation
of a.m. or p.m.) must be recorded. In the case of composite samples, the sequence of times
and aliquot size should be noted.
• Source of Sample. Including Facility Name and Address - Use the outfall identification
number from the site map with a narrative description; a diagram referring to the particular
site where the sample was taken should be included.
• Name of Sampling Personnel - The names and initials of the persons taking the sample must
be indicated. For a composite sample, the names of the persons installing the sampler and
the names of the persons retrieving the sample should be included.
• Sample Type - Each sample should indicate whether it is a grab or composite sample. If the
sample is a composite, the volume and frequency of individual aliquots should be noted.
• Preservation Used - Any preservatives (and the amount) added to the sample should be
recorded. The method of preservation (e.g., refrigeration at 4°C) should be indicated.
• Analysis Required - All parameters for which the sample must be analyzed at the laboratory
should be specified.
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
1 EXHIBIT 3-25. VOLUME OF SAMPLE REQUIRED FOR DETERMINATION OF THE
VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
Tests
Volume of Sample, ml*
Bw^^^^^-^>K0^ £ -*v* - * ''Wif/'T,/' - ' ">> -
Color and odor**
Corrosivity**
Electrical conductivity**
J..TJ Jtljt^nnmU**-:/***
pn, elctuOiltelflC"
Radioactivity
Specific gravity**
Temperature**
Toxicity**
Turbidity**
100 to 500
flowing sample
100
100
100 to 1,000
100
flowing sample
1,000 to 20,000
100 to 1,000
Chemical -. ' - - - f ' - - ,
VOCs
Dissolved Gases
Ammonia,*** NH3
Carbon Dioxide,*** free COj
Chlorine,*** free C^
Hydrogen,*** H2
Hydrogen sulfide,*** HjS
Oxygen,*** Oj
Sulfur dioxide,*** free SOj
Miscellaneous
Acidity and alkalinity
Bacteria (fecal coliform)
Bacteria (fecal streptococcus)
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Carbon dioxide, total COa (including CO3~, HCO3% and
free)
Chemical oxygen demand (dichromate)
Chlorine requirement
Chlorine, total residual C^ (including CO, HOC1, NH2C1,
NHC12, and free)
Chloroform-extractable matter
Detergents
Hardness
Hydrazine
100
500
200
200
1,000
500
500 to 1,000
100
100
500
100
100 to 500
200
50 to 100
2,000 to 4,000
200
1,000
100 to 200
50 to 100
50 to 100
89
July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-25.
VOLUME OF SAMPLE REQUIRED FOR DETERMINATION OF THE
VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
(Continued)
Tests
Volume of Sample, ml*
Miscellaneous (Continued)
Micro-organisms
Volatile and filming amines
Oily matter
Organic nitrogen
Phenolic compounds
Polyphosphates
Silica
Solids, dissolved
Solids, suspended
Tannin and lignin
100 to 200
500 to 1,000
3,000 to 5,000
500 to 1,000
800 to 4,000
100 to 200
50 to 100
100 to 20,000
50 to 1,000
100 to 200
Cations
Aluminum, A1+++
Ammonium,*** NH4+
Antimony, Sb+++ to SD+++++
Arsenic, AS+++ to AS+++++
Barium, Ba++
Cadmium, Cd++
Calcium, Ca++
Chromium, Cr+++ to Cr++++++
Copper, Cu++
Iron,*** Fe+ + and Fe+++
Lead, fb++
Magnesium, Mg++
Manganese, Mn++ to Mn+++++++
Mercury, Hg+ and Hg++
Potassium, Ni++
Nickel, Ni++
Silver, Ag+
Sodium, NA+
Strontium, Sr++
Tin, Sn++ and Sn++++
Zinc, Zn++
100 to 1,000
500
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
200 to 4,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 4,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
90
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
VOLUME OF SAMPLE REQUIRED FOR DETERMINATION OF THE
VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
(Continued)
EXHIBIT 3-25.
Tests
Volume of Sample, ml*
Anions
Bicarbonate, HCQ,'
Bromide, Br
Carbonate, CQr
Chloride, Or
Cyanide, Cnr
Fluoride, FT
Hydroxide, Off
Iodide, T
Nitrate, NO,'
Nitrite, NOf
Phosphate, Ortho, PO4~, HPO4~, H2PO4'
Sulfate, SO4-, HSO4-
Sulfide, S-, HS-
Sulfite, SO3-, HSO,-
100 to 200
100
100 to 200
25 to 100
25 to 100
200
SO to 100
100
10 to 100
SO to 100
SO to 100
100 to 1,000
100 to 500
SO to 100
"Volumes specified in this table should be considered as guides for the approximate quantity
of sample necessary for a particular analysis. The exact quantity used should be consistent
with the volume prescribed in the standard method of analysis, whenever a volume is
specified.
**Aliquot may be used for other determinations.
"""Samples for unstable constituents must be obtained in separate containers, preserved as
prescribed, completely filled, and sealed against all exposure.
Source: Associated Water and Air Resource Engineers, Inc., 1973, Handbook for Monitoring
Industrial Wastewater, EPA Technology Transfer.
• Flow - If flow is measured at the time of sampling, the measurement must be recorded and
accompanied by a description of the flow measurement method and calculations.
• Date. Time, and Documentation of Sample Shipment - The shipment method (e.g., air, rail,
or bus) as well as the shipping papers or manifest number should be noted.
• Comments - All relevant information pertaining to the sample or the sampling site should be
recorded. Such comments could include the condition of the sample site, observed
characteristics of the sample, environmental conditions that may affect the sample, and
problems encountered during sampling.
91
July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-26. FIELD SHEET FOR SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION
Sample Source Sample ID # Date:
xx/xx/xx
Facility Name Time:
XX:XX
a.m./p.m.
Address
Outfall ID #
Description
Diagram of Site
Flow Description
Flow Calculations
_ . .
Person Performing Sampling
Signature
Preservation Method
Comments
Ship Via:
Stable Shipping Paper/Manifest
Analysis Required
92
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3.8 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AND LABELING
Prior to collection of the sample, a waterproof, gummed sample identification label or tag should be
attached to the sample container. This label should contain relevant information for sample analysis,
such as:
• Facility name
• Name of the sample collector
• Sample identification number
• Date and time of sample collection
• Type of analysis required
• Location of sample collection
• Preservatives used
• Type of sample (grab or composite).
Sample lids should be used to protect the sample's integrity from the time it is collected to the time
it is opened in the laboratory. The lid should contain the collector's name, the date and time the
sample was collected, and a sample identification number. Information on the seal must be identical
to the information on the label. In addition, the lid should be taped shut so mat the seal must be
broken to open the sample container. Caution should be taken to ensure mat glue from tape and
label tag wires do not contaminate samples, particularly those containing volatile organics and metals.
Also, waterproof ink should be used to avoid smearing on the label from melted ice used for cooling.
3.9 SAMPLE PACKAGING AND SHIPPING
If the samples are not hand-delivered to the laboratory or analyzed in an onsite laboratory, they
should be placed in a transportation case (e.g., a cooler) along with the chain-of-custody record
form, pertinent field records, and analysis request forms, and shipped to the laboratory. Glass
bottles should be wrapped in foam rubber, plastic bubble wrap, or other material to prevent breakage
during shipment. The wrapping can be secured around the bottle with tape. The container lid
should also be sealed with tape. Samples should be placed in ice or a synthetic ^substitute mat
93 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
•wiU maintain die sample temperature at 4°C throughout shipment Ice should be placed in double-
wrapped watertight bags so the water will not leak from the shipping case. Metal or heavy plastic
ice chests make good sample transportation cases. Filament tape wrapped around each end of the
ice chest ensures mat it will not open during transport. Sampling records (preferably laminated or
waterproof) can be placed in a waterproof envelope and taped to the inside of the transportation case
to avoid getting them wet in case a sample container or an ice bag leaks. Shipping containers should
also be sealed to prevent tampering. A copy of all sampling records should be kept onsite in case
they are requested by the permitting authority.
Most samples will not require any special transportation precautions except careful packaging to
prevent breakage and/or spillage. If the sample is shipped by common carrier or sent through the
U.S. mail, it must comply with Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations (49
CFR Parts 171-177). Air shipment of hazardous materials samples may also be covered by
requirements of the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Before shipping a sample, the
facility should be aware of, and follow, any special shipping requirements. Special packing and
shipping rules apply to substances considered hazardous materials as defined by IATA rules. Storm
water samples are not generally considered hazardous materials, but in the event of a spill, leakage,
etc., at the collection site hazardous materials may be present in the samples. Be aware, before
sampling, of what hazardous materials may be in the discharge drainage area. If the presence of
hazardous materials is suspected, d£ not sample unless properly trained.
3.10 CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY PROCEDURES
Once samples have been obtained and collection procedures are properly documented, a written
record of the chain of custody of that sample should be made. This is recommended so the applicant
can be confident that the samples have not been tampered with and that the sample once analyzed
is representative of the storm water discharge. "Chain-of-custody" refer? to the documented account
of changes in possession that occur for a particular sample or set of samples. The chain-of-custody
record allows an accurate step-by-step recreation of the sampling path, from origin through analysis.
Information necessary in chain-of-custody is:
• Name of the persons collecting the sample
• Sample ID numbers
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
• Date and time of sample collection
• Location of sample collection
• Names and signatures of all persons handling the samples hi the field and in the laboratory.
To ensure mat all necessary information is documented, a chain-of-custody form should be
developed. An example of such a form is found in Exhibit 3-27. Chain-of-custody forms should
be printed on carbonless, multipart paper so all personnel handling the sample receive a copy. All
sample shipments should be accompanied by the chain-of-custody record and a copy of these forms
should be retained by the originator. In addition, all receipts associated with the shipment should
be retained. Carriers typically will not sign for samples; therefore, seals must be used to verify that
tampering has not occurred during shipment
When transferring possession of samples, the transferee should sign and record the date and time on
the chain-of-custody record. In general, custody transfers are made for each sample, although
samples may be transferred as a group. Each person who takes custody should fill in the appropriate
section of the chain-of-custody record.
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-27. EXAMPLE OF CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY FORM
Source: U.S. EPA, Region 8
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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
4. ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
All storm water discharges must be sampled and analyzed in accordance with the test procedures
provided in 40 CFR Part 136. This section discusses pollutant parameters which must be analyzed
by storm water permit applicants. If the applicant wants to use an alternative test method, the facility
must apply for approval (by submitting a description of the method to the permitting authority for
approval) prior to application submission [see 40 CFR 136.4(d)(3)]. Section 5.4 elaborates on how
to obtain approval for an analytical method for a parameter mat is not included in 40 CFR Part 136.
EPA-approved analytical methods at 40 CFR 136.3, Tables IB and 1C are shown in Appendix C of
mis document.
When choosing the appropriate 40 CFR Part 136 analytical method, the applicant should consider
sample interferences and potential field sampling error. Most method detection levels are established
under ideal sample conditions (e.g., with little or no sample matrix interferences or sampling error).
Thus, for storm water samples, the method chosen should account for sampling error and
interferences.
4.1 INDUSTRIAL REQUIREMENTS
Industrial dischargers must provide information on the following parameters, as required in 40 CFR
• Any pollutant limited in an effluent guideline to which the facility is subject
• Any pollutant listed in the facility's NPDES permit for its process wastewater (if the facility
has an existing NPDES permit)
• O&G, pH, BODj, COD, TSS, total phosphorus, TKN, and nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen
• Any pollutant known or believed to be present [as required in 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7)]
• Flow measurements or estimates of the flow rate, the total amount of discharge for the storm
events sampled, and the method of flow measurement or estimation
• The date and duration (in hours) of the storm events sampled, rainfall measurements or
estimates of the storm event (in inches) which generated the sampled runoff, and the time
between the storm event sampled and the end of the previous measurable (greater man 0.1
inch rainfall) storm event (in hours).
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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
4.1.1 INDIVIDUAL APPLICANTS
Industrial facilities submitting an individual permit application must provide sampling data in three
parts of the Form 2F application form as discussed below. (Form 2F restates requirements listed
in 40 CFR 122.21 and 122.26).
Section VII. A Parameters
Section VILA of Form 2F requires the facility to sample (grab and flow-weighted samples) for
O&G, BOD5, COD, TSS, TKN, nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pH. These
parameters are to be monitored by every facility applying for a storm water discharge permit,
regardless of the type of operations that exist at the site. Sampling for additional parameters may
be required, depending on the type of facility applying for the permit or the pollutants expected to
be present in the discharge. These additional requirements are discussed in detail below.
Section VII.B Parameters
Section Vn-B of Form 2F requires the applicant to identify all pollutants that are limited in an
effluent guideline to which the facility is subject, as well as other toxic and nonconventional
pollutants listed in the facility's NPDES permit for its process wastewater. EPA interprets that for
pollutants listed in NPDES process wastewater permits, at a minimum, facilities must sample their
storm water discharge for those pollutants specifically limited in their process wastewater permit.
States can be more stringent, however, and may interpret this requirement to mean all pollutants
listed in the permit. Once these parameters are identified, the applicant will be required to sample
for these parameters by both grab and flow-weighted composite samples, except for the specified
pollutants which must be grab sampled only. Form 2F requires the applicant to submit maximum
values. The average values column is not compulsory, but should be completed if data are available.
Applicable effluent guidelines appear in 40 CFR Parts 405-471. A listing of the Subchapter
N—Effluent Guidelines and Standards by which the applicant may be regulated appears hi Exhibit
4-1. The applicant must refer to the effluent guidelines and standards for the particular industry, and
should determine which guidelines apply and which parameters should be listed in Section VII.B of
Form 2F.
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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
EXHIBIT 4-1. SUBCHAPTER N-EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS
Part
Effluent Guiddines and Standards
Part
Effluent Guidelines and Standards
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
Dairy Products Processing Point Source
Category
Grain Mils Point Source Category
Canned and Preserved Fruits and
Vegetables Point Source Category
Canned and Preserved Seafood Point
Source Category
Sugar Processing Point Source Category
Textile Mills Point Source Category
Cement Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Feedlots Point Source Category
Electroplating Point Source Category
Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic
Fibers Point Source Category
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point
Source Category
(Reserved)
Soap and Detergent Manufacturing Point
Source Category
Fertilizer Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Petroleum Refining Manufacturing Point
Source Category
Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Nonfenous Metals Manufacturing Point
Source Category
Phosphate Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Steam Electric Power Generating Point
Source Category
Ferroalloy Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Leather Tanning and Finishing Point
Source Category. .
Glass Manufacturing Point Source Category
Asbestos Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Rubber Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Timber Products Processing Point Source
Category
Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Point Source
Category
431
432
433
434
435
436
439
440
443
446
447
454
455
457
458
459
460
461
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
471
Builder's Paper and Board Mills Point
Source Category
Meat Products Point Source Category
Metal Finishing Point Source Category
Coal Mining Point Source Category
Oil and Gas Extraction Point Source
Category
Mineral Mining and Processing Point
Source Category
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Point
Source Category
Ore Mining and Dressing Point Source
Category
Paving and Roofing Point Source
Category
Paint Formulating Point Source
Category
Ink Formulating Point Source Category
Gum and Wood Chemicals
Manufacturing Point Source Category
Pesticide Chemicals Manufacturing
Point Source Category
Explosives Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Carbon Black Manufacturing Point
Source Category
Photographic Point Source Category
Hospital Point Source Category
Battery Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Plastics Molding and Forming Point
Source Category
Metal Molding and Casting Point
Source Category
Coil Coating Point Source Category
Porcelain Enameling Point Source
Category
Aluminum Forming Point Source
Category
Copper Forming Point Source Category
Electrical and Electronic Components
Point Source Category
Nonfenous Metals Forming and Metal
Powders Point Source Category
99
July 1992
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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Section VII.C Parameters
Section Vn.C requires the applicant to list, for each outfall, each pollutant described in 40 CFR Part
122. Appendix D, Tables H, III, IV, and V (Tables 2F-2, 2F-3, and 2F-4 of application Form 2F)
mat it knows, or has reason to believe, may be present hi the storm water discharge. These
pollutants consist of conventional and nonconventional pollutants, toxic pollutants and total phenol,
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) fraction volatile compounds, acid compounds,
base/neutral compounds, pesticides, and hazardous substances. These tables are also provided on
the back of Form 2F. Tables II and in of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix. D have been combined in
Table 2F-3 of application Form 2F. Table IV of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D is listed as Table
2F-2 of application Form 2F and Table V of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D is listed as Table 2F-4
of application Form 2F. There are specific requirements associated with each table. If pollutants
in Table IV of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D (Table 2F-2 of application Form 2F), are directly or
indirectly limited by an effluent guideline limitation, the applicant must analyze for it and report the
data. For other pollutants listed in Table IV of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D (Table 2F-2 of the
application form), the applicant must either report quantitative data, if available, or briefly describe
the reasons the pollutant is expected to be in the discharge.
For every pollutant in Tables H and IH of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D (Table 2F-3 of application
Form 2F) expected to be discharged in concentrations of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or greater, the
applicant must submit quantitative data. For acrolein, acrylonitrile, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2-methyl-
4,6-dinitrophenol, the applicant must submit quantitative data if any of these four pollutants is
expected to be discharged in concentrations of 100 ppb or greater. For every pollutant expected to
be discharged with a concentration less man 10 ppb (or 100 ppb for the four parameters mentioned
above), the applicant must either submit quantitative data or briefly explain why the pollutant is
expected to be discharged.
For the parameters identified in Table V of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D (Table 2F-4 of application
Form 2F) mat the applicant believes to be present in the discharge, no sampling is required. If
previous analyses of these parameters were conducted, the results must be reported. Otherwise, the
applicant is required to explain why these pollutants are believed to be present.
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CHATTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Small Business Exemption
Small businesses are exempted from the reporting requirements for the organic toxic pollutants
presented in 40 CFR Part 122, Table n of Appendix D. Applicants can claim a small business
exemption if:
• The facility is a coal mine and the probable annual production is less than 100,000 tons per
year. The applicant may submit past production data or estimate future production data
instead of conducting analyses for the organic toxic pollutants listed in Table 2F-3 of
application Form 2F.
• The facility is not a coal mine, and the gross total annual sales for the most recent 3 years
is, on average, less than $100,000 per year (reflected in second quarter 1980 dollars). The
applicant may submit sales data for those years instead of conducting analyses for the organic
toxic pollutants listed in Table 2F-3 of application Form 2F.
Section VHI
Section Vm of Form 2F requires the applicant to provide biological toxicity testing data for storm
water discharges associated with industrial activity. Applicants are required to perform biological
toxicity testing for the storm water application if the facility's NPDES permit for its process
wastewater lists biological toxicity (EPA interprets "listed" as limited). For example, if a facility's
NPDES process wastewater permit has an acute toxicity limit of a lethal concentration (LCso), equal
to 75 percent effluent using ceriodaphnia, then that facility must also test its storm water discharges
associated with industrial activity and report the results of the tests in Section VIII of Form 2F.
Until whole effluent toxicity methods are promulgated by EPA in 40 CFR Part 136, toxicity testing
should be conducted using the most appropriate methods and species as determined by the permitting
authority. In the absence of State acute toxicity testing protocols, EPA recommends using the
methods described in Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters
to Fresh Water and Marine Organisms. EPA/600/4-90-027 (Rev. September 1991)
4.1.2 GROUP APPLICANTS
Industrial facilities submitting a group application must also provide sampling data (from the
sampling subgroup) which is required to be submitted in Sections VII, VIII, and IX along with the
certification in Section X of Form 2?. At a minimum, these parameters include O&G, BODS> COD,
101 July 1992
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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
TSS, TKN, nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen, total phosphorous, and pH. Furthermore, all pollutants
listed in an effluent guideline or limited in an NPDES permit applicable to the sampling facilities
within the group must be sampled, as well as pollutants suspected of being present based on
significant materials and industrial activities present onsite.
4.2 MUNICIPAL REQUIREMENTS
For Part 1 of the municipal permit application, municipalities must submit samples from the field
screening effort for pH, total chlorine, total copper, phenol, and detergents (or surfactants). A
narrative description of the color, odor, turbidity, and presence of oil sheen and surface scum must
be included. For Part 2 of the permit application, municipalities must provide quantitative data for
the organic pollutants listed in Table II of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D, and the pollutants listed
in 40 CFR Part 122, Appendix D, Table HI, as well as some additional pollutants. These pollutants
are listed in Exhibit 4-2.
Furthermore, 40 CFR 122.26(d)(2)(iii)(A)(5) requires that estimates be provided of the annual
pollutant load of the cumulative discharges to waters of the U.S. from all identified municipal
outfalls, and the event mean concentration of the cumulative discharges to waters of the U.S. from
all identified municipal outfalls during storm events for the parameters listed in Exhibit 4-2.
Estimates of the parameters must be accompanied by a description of the procedures for estimating
constituent loads and concentrations, including any modelling, data analysis, and calculation methods.
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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
EXHIBIT 4-2. PARAMETERS WHICH MUST BE ANALYZED BY MUNICIPAL
APPLICANTS
PoOobuto Cortamed fa TaHe m of 40 GFR Tuct 122, Appends D
Total a
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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
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CHAPTER s - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
5. FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
The requirements for storm water sampling for permit applications offer some flexibility by the
permitting authority. The areas of flexibility are discussed below.
5.1 PROTOCOL MODIFICATIONS
The permitting authority may allow sampling protocol modifications for specific requirements on a
case-by-case basis. For example, the permitting authority may accept application forms with
incomplete sampling data if there was no rainfall at the applicant's facility prior to the submission
deadline. However, the permitting authority will require mat sampling data be submitted as soon
as possible. The reason for not submitting data must be certified by a corporate official (for
industrial facilities) or the principal executive officer or ranking official (for municipalities).
Another area where permitting authorities may allow flexibility in storm water sampling is acceptance
of quantitative data from a storm event that does not meet the representative rainfall criteria of within
50 percent of the volume and duration for the average storm event for the area. The permitting
authority may decide that the discharge data provided is better than no data at all.
In addition, the permitting authority may establish appropriate site-specific sampling procedures or
requirements, including sampling locations; the season in which the sampling takes place; the
minimum duration between the previous measurable storm event and the storm event sampled; the
minimum or maximum level of precipitation required for an appropriate storm event; the form of
precipitation sampled (snow melt or rainfall); protocols for collecting samples under 40 CFR Part
136; and additional time for submitting data on a case-by-case basis. The permitting authority should
be contacted for preapproval of any necessary protocol modifications. In the case of group
applications, EPA Headquarters should be contacted.
5.2 PETITION FOR SUBSTTTUTING SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL EFFLUENTS
As described at 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7), when an industrial applicant has two or more outfalls with
substantially identical effluents, the permitting authority may allow the applicant to test only one
outfall and to report that the quantitative data also apply to the substantially identical outfalls. In the
case of group applications, the petition must be submitted to EPA Headquarters.
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CHAPTER5-FLEXIBILITYIN SAMPLING
For facilities seeking to demonstrate that storm water outfalls are substantially identical, a variety
of methods can be used as determined by the permitting authority. Three possible petition options
are discussed here: (1) submission of a narrative description and a site map; (2) submission of
matrices; or (3) submission of model matrices. Detailed guidance on each of die three options for
demonstrating substantially identical outfalls is provided below. An owner/operator certification
should be submitted with each option. See Section 5.2.3 for an example of this certification.
5.2.1 OPTION ONE: NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP
Facilities demonstrating mat storm water outfalls are substantially identical may submit a narrative
description of the facility and a site map to the permitting authority . The narrative portion must
include a description of why the outfalls are substantially identical. Petitioners may demonstrate that
these outfalls contain storm water discharges associated with:
• Substantially identical industrial activities and processes;
• Substantially identical significant materials that may be exposed to storm water
[including, but not limited to, raw materials, fuels, materials such as solvents,
detergents, and plastic pellets; finished materials such as metallic products; raw
materials used in food processing or production; hazardous substances designated
under Section 101(14) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (CERCLA); any chemical the facility is required to report pursuant
to Section 313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
(SARA); fertilizers; pesticides; and waste products such as ashes, slag, and sludge that
have the potential to be released with storm water discharges as per 40 CFR
122.26(b)(12)];
• Substantially identical storm water management practices (such as retention ponds,
enclosed areas, diversion dikes, gutters, and swales) and material management
practices (such as protective coverings and secondary containment); and
• Substantially identical flows, as determined by the estimated runoff coefficient and
approximate drainage area at each outfall.
The site map should include an indication of the facility's topography; each of the drainage and
discharge structures; the drainage area of each storm water outfall; paved areas and buildings within
the drainage area for each storm water outfall; all past or present areas used for outdoor storage or
disposal of significant materials; identification of the significant materials in each drainage area; and
identification of each existing structural control measures used to reduce pollutants in storm water
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
runoff, materials loading and access areas, and areas where pesticides, herbicides, soil conditioners,
and fertilizers are applied.
Exhibit 5-1 offers an example of a narrative description/site map petition mat sufficiently
demonstrates identical outfalls. A demonstration of how to determine runoff coefficient estimates
•was presented in Section 3.2.2. Exhibit 5-2 presents an example of a site map to be included with,
the narrative description.
5.2.2 OPTION TWO: USE OF MATRICES TO INDICATE IDENTICAL OUTFALLS
Facilities attempting to demonstrate that storm water outfalls are substantially identical may submit
matrices and an owner/operator certification describing specific information associated with each
outfall to the permitting authority. Matrix information is required only for those outfalls that the
permit applicant is attempting to demonstrate are identical, not for all outfalls. Petitioners must
demonstrate, using the matrices, mat the outfalls have storm water discharges that meet the criteria
listed in Section 5.2.1. Refer to Exhibit 5-3 for examples of matrices mat demonstrate substantially
identical outfalls and Section 3.2.2 for guidance on determining runoff coefficient estimates.
5.2.3 OPTION THREE: MODEL MATRICES
Facilities attempting to demonstrate that storm water outfalls are substantially identical may submit
model matrices and an owner/operator certification to the permitting authority. This option is
particularly appropriate for facilities with a large number of storm water outfalls and the potential
for numerous groupings of identical outfalls. In addition, this option may be useful in group
applications that have a large sampling subgroup.
Model matrices should contain information for one grouping of substantially identical outfalls. For
example, if a facility has 150 outfalls and several groupings of identical outfalls, the facility would
choose one of the groupings of identical outfalls to provide information in the model matrices. The
petitioner must demonstrate, using these matrices, that all outfalls within this grouping have storm
water discharges that meet the criteria listed in Section 5.2.1.
The facility should provide an owner certification that all other groupings of outfalls have been
examined and certified as substantially identical outfalls according to the criteria established in the
107 July 1992
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CHAPTER 5-FLEXIBIIJTy IN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5-1. PETITION TO SAMPLE SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL OUTFALLS
(NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP)
Examples
L The Pepper Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is primarily engaged in
manufacturing paperboard, including paperboard coated on the paperboard machine
(from wood pulp and other fiber pulp). This establishment is classified under SIC
code 2631. Pursuant to the November 16, 1990, NPDES storm water permit
application regulations, this facility is considered to be "engaging in industrial
activity" for the purposes of storm water permit application requirements in 40 CFR
122.26(b)(14)(i) and (ii).
IL "When an applicant has two or more outfalls with substantially identical effluents,
the Director may allow the applicant to test only one outfall and report mat the
quantitative data also apply to the substantially identical outfalls."
[40 CFR 122.21(g)(7)]
In accordance with 40 CFR 122.21 (g)(7) of the NPDES regulations, The Pepper
Company hereby petitions the State of Pennsylvania (the permitting authority) for
approval to sample certain representative storm water outfalls in groupings of storm
water outfalls that are substantially identical. The Pepper Company will demonstrate
mat of the ten (10) outfalls discharging storm water from our paperboard
manufacturing plant, there are two pairs of substantially identical outfalls. Outfalls 3
and 4 are substantially identical and should be grouped together. Outfalls 8 and 9
are substantially identical and should be grouped together. Outfalls 1, 2, 5, 6, 7,
and 10 have distinct characteristics and, therefore, will not be grouped together with
other outfalls for the purposes of storm water discharge sampling.
in. The Pepper Company will demonstrate that the substantially identical outfalls that
have been grouped together contain storm water discharges associated with: (1)
substantially identical industrial activities and processes that are occurring outdoors;
(2) substantially identical significant materials (including raw materials, fuels,
finished materials, waste products, and material handling equipment) that may be
exposed to storm water; (3) substantially identical material management practices
(such as runoff diversions, gutters and swales, protective coverings, and structural
enclosures); and (4) substantially identical flows, as determined by the estimated
runoff coefficient and approximate drainage area at each outfall.
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5-1. PETITION TO SAMPLE SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL OUTFALLS
(NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP) (Continued)
1. Industrial Activities
A. Description of Industrial Activities at the Pepper Company
The Pepper Company receives wastepaper in bales. This baled wastepaper is sent
through a hydropulper and converted to pulp. The fiber material is concentrated,
stored, and then drawn through refiners to the paper machines. Wires, plastics, and
miscellaneous material are removed during the pulping.
Three systems are used to produce top liner, back paper, and filler. The highest
quality fiber is used for the top liner, the medium quality is used for the back paper,
and the poorest quality is used for the filler paper. Wireforming or conventional
boxboard processes are employed to produce clay-coated boxboard, using a water-
based clay-coating material. Additional materials may be used as binders. These are
stored indoors and are not exposed to precipitation. Ammonia is used in the clay-
coating process. Off-grade fiber and trim material are ground up and returned to the
liquid process stream. Slime control agents, consisting of bactericides, are used in
association with this process. These agents are organic materials used to prevent
souring of mill operations. They are received in drums and stored indoors. Empty
drums are returned to the supplier to reuse. In addition, the Pepper Company
operates an onsite landfill for the disposal of miscellaneous waste materials removed
during pulping and paper cuttings operations.
B. Demonstration of Why Outfalls Are Substantially Identical in Terms of
Industrial Activities Conducted Outdoors.
Outfalls 3 and 4
Outfalls 3 and 4 are substantially identical in terms of industrial activities conducted
outdoors. Both outfalls contain storm water discharges associated with the outdoor
storage of baled wastepaper. The wastepaper, which consists of old corrugated
containers, mixed paper, and other types of wastepaper, is received weekly and
stored for up to 3 weeks in Storage Areas #1 and #2. These uncovered storage areas
are enclosed by chain-link fencing.
Outfalls 8 and 9
Outfalls 8 and 9 drain storm water runoff from areas where all industrial activities
occur indoors. The industrial activities occurring under roof cover at these two
outfalls include hydropulping, storage of concentrated fiber material, refining, and
paperboard production. These industrial processes have no potential for contact with
precipitation.
109 July 1992
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CHAFFER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5-1. PETITION TO SAMPLE SlIlSTANTlX'llLY IDENTICAL OUTFALLS
(NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP) (Continued)
2. Significant Mfltfrifll?
A. Description of Significant Materials at the Pepper Company
The significant materials listed below are used by the Pepper Company to
manufacture paperboard. These materials are stored indoors, unless otherwise
indicated.
(i) paw materials, including baled wastepaper (off-spec damaged paper stock or
recycled paper) [wastepaper is stored outdoors at Storage Areas #1 and #2];
clays, ammonias, sizings, and slime control agents (chlorine dioxide); caustic;
ammonia, which is stored in two tanks. [See Storage Area #31.
00 Waste Materials, including miscellaneous materials removed during pulping and
paper cuttings (such as staples, rubber bands, styrofoam, etc.). These waste
materials are stored indoors in open dumpsters. However, prior to disposing of the
waste in the onsite landfill, these dumpsters are moved outdoors where they are
potentially exposed to precipitation for 12 hours or less. [See Storage Area #3].
(ill) Finished Products, including paperboard and molded fiber products. These are
always stored indoors.
(iv) Others, including wood pallets (which are used to transport and haul raw
materials, waste materials, and finished products) are stored both indoors and
outdoors. [See Storage Area #3], The Pepper Company has an above-ground fuel
tank with a pump. [See Storage Area
B. Demonstration of Why Outfalls are Substantially Identical in Terms of
Significant Materials that Potentially May be Exposed to Storm Water
Outfalls 3 and 4
Outfalls 3 and 4 are substantially identical in terms of significant materials that may
be exposed to storm water. Both outfalls contain storm water discharges associated
with the outdoor storage of baled wastepaper. The wastepaper, which consists of old
corrugated containers, mixed paper, and other types of wastepaper, is received
weekly and stored for up to 3 weeks hi Storage Areas #1 and #2. These uncovered
storage areas are enclosed by c^jn-link fencing.
Outfalls 8 and 9
Outfalls 8 and 9 are substantially identical in terms of significant materials. Both
outfalls contain storm water runoff from areas that have no significant materials
potentially exposed to storm water. All industrial activities occurring hi the areas
drained by Outfalls 8 and 9 occur completely indoors.
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5-1. PETITION TO SAMPLE SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL OUTFALLS
(NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP) (Continued)
3. Material Management Practices
A. Description of Material Management Practices at the Pepper Company
The Pepper Company uses a wide range of storm water management practices and
material management practices to limit the contact of significant materials with
precipitation. Non-structural storm water management practices include employee
training, spill reporting and clean-up, and spill prevention techniques. Structural
storm water management practices include:
(i) Diversion Devices (both above-ground trenches and subterranean drains) are used
to divert surface water from entering a potentially contaminated area.
(ii) Gutters/Swales (constructed of concrete or grass) channel storm water runoff to
drainage systems leading to separate storm sewers.
(iv) Overland Flow (which is the flow of storm water over vegetative areas prior to
entrance into a storm water conveyance) allows much of the storm water to infiltrate
into the ground. The remainder is naturally filtered prior to reaching the storm
water conveyance. This is not considered sheet flow since natural drainage channels
may be carved out during a heavy storm event.
B. Demonstration of Why Outfalls Are Substantially Identical in Terms of
Storm Water Management Practices Used
Outfalls 3 and 4
Outfalls 3 and 4 are substantially identical in terms of storm water management
practices used. Both outfalls contain storm water discharges associated with the
outdoor storage of baled wastepaper, located in Storage Areas #1 and #2. Concrete
gutters at both sites channel storm water away from the storage areas down to the
respective outfalls.
Outfalls 8 and 9
Outfalls 8 and 9 are substantially identical in terms of storm water management
practices used. Both outfalls contain storm water runoff from areas that have no.
significant materials potentially exposed to storm water. All industrial activities
occurring in the areas drained by Outfalls 8 and 9 occur completely indoors. Both
outfalls receive overland flow storm water. From roof drains, the storm water in
both drainage areas is then conveyed over similarly graded vegetative areas prior to
entrance into the respective outfalls.
Ill July 1992
-------
CHAPTER5-FLEXIBILITYIN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5-1. PETITION TO SAMPLE SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL OUTFALLS
(NARRATIVE DEfCRlPTlON/SITE MAP) (Continued)
4. Flow Characteristics
A. Demonstration of Why Outfalls Are Substantially Identical in Terms of
Flow, as Determined by Hie Estimated Runoff Coefficient and
Approximate Drainage Area at Each Outfall
Outfalls 3 and 4
Outfalls 3 and 4 are substantially identical in terms of flow. Both drainage areas
have a 2 to 7 percent grade and contain fine textured soil (greater than 40 percent
clay) with a vegetative cover. The estimated runoff coefficient for both outfalls is
.2. The approximate drainage area for each outfall is similar. Outfall 3 has an
approximate drainage area of 3,500 square feet. Outfall 4 has an approximate
drainage area of 2,900 square feet
Outfalls 8 and 9
Outfalls 8 and 9 are substantially identical in terms of flow. Both drainage areas
have a 2 to 7 percent grade and contain fine textured soil (greater man 40 percent
clay) with a vegetative cover. The estimated runoff coefficient for both outfalls is
.2. The approximate drainage area for each outfall is similar. Outfall 8 has an
approximate drainage area of 7,600 square feet. Outfall 9 has an approximate
drainage area of 8,700 square feet.
112
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5-2. SITE MAP
> 520
* O0BDDE
113
July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5.3 MATRICES DEMONSTRATING SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL
OUTFALLS
Industrial Activities
yyim&m
3
4
I- '"A*' — "
X
X
.,,, ^
—
_ .
"tfU^>5
w-V,'%»',
—
—
'/A » -
X
X
*'*"^
—
—
8
Key:
A = Outdoor storage of raw materials and material-handling equipment
B = Fueling
C = Waste materials storage (dumpster)
D = Loading/unloading of raw materials, intermediate products, and final
products
E = Landfill activity
Significant Materials That May Be Exposed to Storm Water
;OTJTEALL
3
4
A
-
—
B
—
-
C
—
— '
»
_
—
E * 1
X
X
: F
—
-
8
Key:
A = Outdoor ammonia tank
B = Wood pallets
C = Above ground gas tank
D = Waste materials
E = Baled wastepaper
F = Finished products
114
-------
CHAPTER5-FLEXIBILITYIN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5.3
MATRICES DEMONSTRATING SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL
OUTFALLS (Continued)
Storm Water Management Practices
ISUTFALL
3
4
A J
—
—
.- B
X
X
cr -*
—
—
8
9
—
—
—
—
X
X
Key:
A =
B =
C =
Runoff diversions
Gutters/swales
Overland flow (not sheet flow; flow through
vegetative areas)
Flow Characteristics
OtpTIFALL
3
4
A
0.2
0.2
B
3,500
2,900
8
9
0.2
0.2
7,600
8,700
Key:
A =
B =
Estimated runoff coefficient
Approximate drainage area of outfall (square feet)
115
July 1992
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
model matrices described in Exhibit 5-3. The owner/operator who signs documents in this section
should include the following certification:
"I certify under penalty of law mat mis document and all attachments were prepared
under my direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to assure that
qualified personnel properly gather and evaluate the information submitted. Based on
my inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system, or those persons directly
responsible for gathering the information, the information submitted is, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, true, accurate and complete. I am aware that there are
significant penalties for submitting false information, including the possibility of fine
and imprisonment for knowing violations" [as per 40 CFR 122.22(d)].
S3 ALTERNATE 40 CFR PART 136 METHOD
As required in 40 CFR 136.4, the applicant must request the approval of an alternate test procedure
hi writing (in triplicate) prior to testing. . The request must be submitted to the Regional
Administrator through the Director of the State agency responsible for issuing NPDES permits. The
applicant must:
• Provide the name and address of the responsible person or firm making the discharge (if not
the applicant), the applicable identification number of the existing or pending permit, the
issuing agency, the type of permit for which the alternate test procedure is requested, and the
discharge serial number;
• Identify the pollutant or parameter for which approval of an alternate testing procedure is
being requested;
• Provide justification for using testing procedures other than those specified in 40 CFR Part
136;
• Provide a detailed description of the proposed alternate test procedure, together with
references to published studies of the applicability of the alternate test procedure to the
effluents in question;
• Provide comparability data (for applicants applying for nation wide approval of an alternative
test procedures).
The permitting authority will notify the applicant within 90 days regarding the approval of the
alternate method.
116
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
5.4 LACK OF METHOD IN 40 CFR PART 136
If a specific pollutant that must be tested does not have a corresponding analytical method listed in
40 CFR Fart 136, the applicant must submit information on an appropriate method to be used. The
permitting authority must approve its use prior to collection and analysis of sampling data. The
laboratory should be consulted for suggestions and information about analytical methods that can be
used. All information justifying the alternative method should be sent to the permitting authority
prior to use.
117 July 1992
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CHAPTER5-FLEXIBILITYIN SAMPLING
118
-------
CHAPTER 6 - HEALTH AND SAFETY
6. HEALTH AND SAFETY
Storm water sampling activities may occur when the sampling environment and/or storm water
discharges create hazardous conditions. Hazardous conditions associated with sampling include:
• Hazardous weather conditions (e.g., wind, lightning, flooding, etc.)
• Sampling in confined spaces (e.g., manholes)
• Hazards associated with chemicals
• Biological hazards (e.g., rodents and snakes)
• Physical hazards (e.g., traffic, falling objects, sharp edges, slippery footing, and the potential
for lifting injuries from opening or removing access panels and manhole covers, etc.)
It is essential mat sampling personnel be aware of these hazards. Sampling personnel should be
trained to evaluate potentially hazardous situations and develop ways for handling them. Since
sampling hazards can be life threatening, safety must be the highest priority for all personnel. This
chapter outlines general health and safety issues and concerns. Additional references discussed below
should be consulted for more specific guidance to avoid adverse health and safety situations.
6.1 GENERAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
Preparation and training of all sampling personnel should be completed before beginning any
sampling task. Extreme care should be taken to allow for safety precautions including proper
equipment and appropriate operational techniques, sufficient time to accomplish the task, training on
potential hazards, and emergency procedures. EPA's Order 1440.2 sets out the policy,
responsibilities, and mandatory requirements for the safety of personnel who are involved in
sampling activities. This order, which is found within the EPA NPDES Compliance Monitoring
Inspector Training: Sampling manual, provides further guidance to applicants' storm water sampling
personnel. Basic emergency precautions include having access to both local emergency phone
numbers and communication equipment (i.e., phones or radios), and ensuring that personnel are
trained in first aid and carry first aid equipment.
119 July 1992
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CHAPTER 6- HEALTH AND SAJETY
63 NECESSARY SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Exhibit 6-1 contains a list of safety equipment that may be appropriate depending on the
characteristics of the sampling site.
EXHIBIT 6-1. LIST OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT |
Flashlight
Meters (for oxygen, explosivity, toxic gases)
Ladder
Safely harness
Hard hat
Safety goggles
Coveralls
Respirator
Reflective vests
18-inch traffic cones
Insect/rodent repellant
Ventilation equipment
SO feet of 1/2-inch nylon rope
Safety shoes
Rainwear
Gloves (rubber)
First aid kit
Self-contained breathing apparatus
Source: Adapted from NPDES Compliance Monitoring Inspector Training: Sampling,
U.S. EPA, August 1990.
6.3 HAZARDOUS WEATHER CONDITIONS
Common sense should dictate whether sampling be conducted during adverse weather conditions.
No sampling personnel should place themselves in danger during high winds, lightning storms, or
flooding conditions which might be unsafe. Under extreme conditions, a less hazardous storm event
should be sampled.
6.4 SAMPLING IN CONFINED SPACES
Confined spaces encountered by storm water sampling personnel typically include manholes and
deep, unventilated ditches. A confined space is generally defined as a space that is somewhat
enclosed with limited access and inadequate ventilation.
120
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CHAPTER 6 - HEALTH AND SAFETY
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has developed a manual entitled
"Working in Confined Spaces" which should be consulted prior to confined space entry. Also,
several States have developed specific procedures which should also be consulted. Unless they have
been trained for confined space entry, sampling personnel should avoid entry under all
circumstances.
6.4.1 HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS IN CONFINED SPACES
Confined spaces pose a safety threat to sampling personnel because of low oxygen, explosivity, and
toxic gases. When entering a confined space, a qualified person should ensure that the atmosphere
is safe by sampling to test for oxygen levels, potential flammable hazards, and toxic materials known
or suspected to be present. If atmospheric conditions are detected, the confined space should be
ventilated or sampling personnel should use a self-contained ah* supply and wear a life line. At least
one person should remain outside of the confined space in the event that problems arise. If
atmospheric testing has not been properly conducted, the confined space should not be entered.
Manholes can also pose a threat to safety because of the small confined area, slippery surfaces, sharp
objects, unsafe ladders, etc.
6.4.2 SPECIAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
Personnel should not enter into a confined space unless trained in confined space entry techniques.
Such training covers hazard recognition, the use of respiratory equipment and atmospheric testing
devices, use of special equipment and tools, and emergency and rescue procedures. In addition, at
least one member of the sampling crew should be certified in basic first aid and Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR). Sampling personnel should, on an annual basis, practice confined space
rescues.
6.4.3 PERMIT SYSTEM
If entry into a confined space is necessary, an entry permit system should be developed which
includes a written procedure. This permit should include, at a minimum:
• Description of type of work to be done
• Hazards that may be encountered
121 July 1992
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CHAPTER f - HEALTH AND SAfETY
• Location and description of the confined space
• Information on atmospheric conditions at confined space
• Personnel training and emergency procedures
• Names of sampling personnel.
The manual developed by NIOSH discusses mis permit system in more detail. Furthermore, the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) proposed a rule on June 5, 1989 (54 FR
24080) mat would implement a permit system. The rule is expected to be finalized and published
late in 1992.
6.5 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Sampling personnel can also be at risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals—either chemicals in the
actual storm water discharge or the chemicals mat have been placed in the sample collection
containers for sample preservation. Therefore, direct contact with the preservatives and the storm
water Of hazardous chemicals are suspected to be present) should be avoided. Sampling personnel
should wear gloves and safety glasses to avoid skin and eye exposure to harmful chemicals.
Sampling personnel should be trained to avoid exposure and instructed as to what to do if exposure
occurs (e.g., flush the eyes, rinse the skin, ventilate the area, etc.).
6.6 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Storm water sampling personnel may also encounter biological hazards such as rodents, snakes, and
insects. The sampling crew should remain alert to these hazards. As mentioned in Section 6.2,
necessary sampling equipment, for certain locations, should include insect/rodent repellant and a first
aid kit
6.7 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
The sampling crew should be aware of a number of physical hazards that could cause accidents at
the sampling site. These hazards include traffic hazards, sharp edges, falling objects, slippery
footing, and lifting injuries from removing manhole covers. Sampling personnel should pay close
attention in order to prevent these safety hazards at all times.
122
-------
CHATTER 6 - HEALTH AND SAFETY
If die sample point is in a manhole, a street gutter, or ditch near the street, particular attention must
be given to marking off the work area to warn oncoming traffic of the presence of the sampling
crew. Traffic cones, warning signs, and barricades should be placed in appropriate places around
die sampling point
123 July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
FORMS 2F AND 1
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
prlrtcrtypolnlhounahadadafoaBonV
B>ADNumbar (copy tram Mm I of Form IJ
Form Approve. OMB No. 20400086
Approval axpirat $4142
Fofin
2F
woes
Washington, DC »4»
Application for Permit to Discharge Storm Water
Discharges Associated with Industrial Activity
ttnw fof ravtowtnQ instructions,
• ooHtctfon of information. Send
W« tamii -^<— —
II II, mCMMlflQ
Aooncy. 401
XOuttoHNumbor
ffiit)
a.l«Utudi
C.Uxx»lttido
ftuuno)
II. Improvarr
A Ara you now raquirod by any Federal. State, or local authority to moot any knptamomallon aehodulo tar tho construction, upgrading or
operation of wastsvratsriraatmamao^pmart or proptloaa or ariyo not Hmnod to. pomijt eondjBono. ooinhUmillyo or ontaroomoM ordora. •ntereomom eompli«nco
ochoduto lottors, itlpulitlftrHj oourt ordon, ond grant or loon oondHtono.
1. Identification of OondHtom,
Aui»«monu. Bo.
numbor
3. Brloff Doiorlption ol Proloot
4.Rnil
CompllincoOm
«.roq. b.pro).
B. You may attach additional ahaata daaortblng any additional water pollution (or other environmental protects whtoh may affect
discharges) you now have under way or whtoh you plan. Indicate whether each program la now under way or planned, and Indicate
actual or planned aohadutoa for construction.
aluot your
your
III. Slta Drainage I
Attach a site map showing topography (or indicating tho outline of dralnogo areas served by the outfal(s) covered hi the application H a
topographic map la unavailable) depicting tho taoWty Including: each of HaMaka and discharge structures; ins drainage ana of each storm
water outfall; paved areas on* buddings within the drainage crea of each atorni water outM, coon Imown part or proaent areas used for outdoor
storags or disposal of significant materials, each existing structural control maasum»roo«jepc*ianis In storm waierwr^, materials loading
and aeons areas, areas whom pastteldas. ru«btoides, aoD conditioners and fartOteora am appHad; oaoh of Ha hazardous waste treatment,
i or disposal units (including each area not raquirod to have a HCRA permit whtoh la used tor accumulating hazardous waste under 40
1 where fluids' ' -^^ '
watar dltehargoi from tha faeflttv.
i from tho taottty an Injected underground; springs, and othor surface water
ta whtoh ncolvatta
EPA Form 3510-2F (R«v. 1-82)
PogololS
Conttnuo on Paga 2
A-l
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
,
KM outfall, and an aatimata of via Ma) aurtace araa draiMd by fw outM.
Outfal
AIM of knparvtoua Surface
Total Area Dratoed
Area of knpervtoua Surface
Total ATM Drained
a Provide a riarratrve description of signlftcentniaterlals that am cwerrtty or In tta^
manner to allow exposure to storm water; method of treatment, storage, or disposal; peat and proeont materiala management practices
employed to minimize contact by these materiala with storm water runoff; materiala loading ana cooesa r ' " ' "
-/-—'-- ,08 eaodmonera. and fertlliera are applied.
araaa; and tria (oeation. mamar.
"""""•
C. For aach outfall, provwa tna tooatton and a daaoriptton of axwing atructural and nonatruotural control maaauraa to raduoa pollutants In
,in ^4^. ••MkMK* M«M< m «4AAMl«^!«Mt jrf MIA 4|M««M*AM* Ilk* r* •_-• ij. «. .j. ^- - .. r -
aiufin watar runofii ano aoaaonpnon or via vaavnanr via i
, Including tna aohaduto and typa of maintananca tor control
Outfal
UatCodaafrom
V. Nonstormwatar Discharge*
A. I certify undwp«>altyo( law that tna outfaMMoovwad by tnlaapp
,. . ,. — or avaluatad lor tna praaanoaof nonttormwatar
dl«charaa». and that all nonatormwatar diacnargaa from tnaaa out)aU(i) ara Uantfficd In altnar an accompanying Form 2C or Form 2E
0PPJICBtlQfl fOf th0 OUuaM.
Namaand Official Trtta (typa ot print)
Signatura
OataSJgnad
a Provttrade«cripthxirtthamatrKXju»ad.thaoaiao(afyt»rtf>g.«n^
VI. Slontfleant Leaks or SoBIt
Fiovida axMIno Irifomtailon ragardwig vw hMory of aiyvfiea^
yaar».lndudif»9thaapprojcimaladataandlooal>onofviaapl«orlaah.andv>atypaandam^
EPA Form 3910-2F (Hav. 1<02)
Paoa2of3
A-2
Contlnua on Paga 3
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
ConHnutdftemPMtl
wNchyouamnljr uww
• •any Miepeli«misMinHM»2P-2.tf-aar2F<«tul»anMeraean«enwto(atuiMane*
'i or In* product or byproduct?
tft)
«4Mn Ml
n
fcr ague) ar ataerte Matty he* Dean mada en any of your dwchirgw or
No
Wer» any rftwanalyM reported in torn VII portamodbyaeonnel latioiaary or comuMng IntiT
/ cavity un
scpwybrbn
tfw' "
«TM»\
IncltxUng tfw
of JnrtfMrchto dbounnnrantf «f «tt»cftm»n» ww» pnftnd and* my dlnetlon or
^•^^•^m^mdttigmd»nmnffmqu»lil^ptmin^pnp^gtth^tndmnluu»
1onmylnqulyeltop*»onorp»r»omwhonmmo»*»ty*t»mortho»»p*nonM
g M» Jhtemafltaa At Mtomrttoi tutmltttd It, to tf» 6t«r o/ ny towwftdjw cntf
«Nra tf* tfw*
rf «n» cntf *?^prf»onm»y»tefto>oi»*i|;vtoWofit.
B. Araa Coda and Phono No.
EPA Form 3S10-2F (R«v. 142)
A-3
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
.copy Hornw*i.9f*ornt •,
*»"" *0oro>00 CMgNa
•>•«*. You (nun piw^JM rmMot at MM OM tray** lor ovary pofeiaM m m« now. Compan on* tie* «or aacn SUIIM SM
•AttniCMM Wf ••••OnJI OMM»
^OKgtw*
«nd
CASNumMr
'''MiMe»>
OaindQiww
iiotoflicii Oiy««n
Demand (BOOSI
Cmm»MlO»YV*»
OtmMdfCOOl
Total SutowxMO
SoNoadSSl
TotuKjtwaw
NJiroott
Nrtrwaptwa
mma Nitreowi
Total
"*dO"Oflrt
OMMtMMD
S.tW
B«IJO^
Minutaa
Camootrta
OneM»«n«W
GrabSamptt
TMonOwnng
K«10
Minmaa
Compoaita
of
Storm
m a»ia
CVVI'IC
Samoiaa
Soureaf of »S'iuttnt»
p« Minimum Maiimum Minimum Maximum
•*Mt V • U$t •!
p^cmi
StUt
PoAitam
and
CASNumoar
Mavaiiaow
ten ooNutant mat •• Mmtad in an afflvfn
ManmumValuM
finctuO* unit*)
SfaoSamew
TananOunng
KmJO
Mnum
t
1
I
i
i
1
i
riww^(wiQnHjO
COTtOOMt
i guioaitna «fi«n ma i»ci.!y it luCiact to or any poiiuiant i>*taa
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Pert(
L> T«h»3 *ff-» 9KA mmt 9RU MMI uv i bMw >w »
addlttonafdetatte and requirement*. CompMe one table lor each outfaL
Pokuttrt
and
CAS Number
1.
Dale of
Storm
Cvtnt
ItadmumVWuee
pnoJudtunMj
AJ«K ^ »-
UraDflHmlM
TahmOumo
OompoaNa
'• rruviovonioruivKDTTTi •••mm wracnrMUT
a. a.
Duration TotalratoM
olSterm Event during atorm even!
(tominutee) On Mm)
Average Valuee
^nekidtunNt)
Grab Sample
Taken During
Mnutea
CompoaHa
ad hi the maximum v>nm rai
4.
Nunibof of noun botwoon
fc. ^.— 1»_ t—— . ^j ^*«^i^» ^»A^tA_
mymnvig 01 MWIII rnvei^
urao and ond of pravtous
moMuraoto rain ovont
Number
of
Storm
Soureea of PoButanta
8. 6.
Mttofnum flow raftv dunnQ TotBl HOW ftoni
{pttVoney ffNflutv or
7. Provide a datcnttton of the rnethode* flow meaouren^ or eetfmato.
EPA Form 3510>2F (Rov. 1-02) PageVW
A-5
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Instructions - Form 2F
Application for Permit to Discharge Storm Water
Associated with Industrial Activity
Who Must File Form 2F
Form 2F must be completed by operators of facilities which discharge storm water associated with industrial
activity or by operators of storm water discharges that EPA is evaluating for designation as a significant
contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States, or as contributing to a violation of a water quality
standard
Operators of discharges which are composed entirely of storm water must complete Form 2F (EPA Form
3510-2F) in conjunction with Form 1 (EPA Form 3510-1).
Operators of discharges of storm water which are combined with process wastewater (process wastewater
is water that comes into direct contact with or results from the production or use of any raw material, interme-
diate product, finished product, byproduct, waste product, or wastewater) must complete and submit Form
2F. Form 1. and Form 2C (EPA Form 3510-2C).
Operators of discharges of storm water which are combined with nonprocess wastewater (nonprocess
wastewater includes noncontact cooling water and sanitary wastes which are not regulated by effluent guide-
lines or a new source performance standard, except discharges by educational, medical, or commercial
chemical laboratories) must complete Form 1, Form 2F. and Fo/m 2E (EPA Form 3510-2E).
Operators of new sources or new discharges of storm water associated with industrial activity which will be
combined with other nonstormwater new sources or new discharges must submit Form i. Form 2F. and
Form 20 (EPA Form 3510-20).
Where to File Applications
The application forms should be sent to the EPA Regional Office which covers the State in which the facility
is located. Form 2F must be used only when applying for permits in States where the NPOES permits
program is administered by EPA. For facilities located in States which are approved to administer the NPOES
permits program, the State environmental agency should be contacted for proper permit application forms
and instructions.
Information on whether a particular program is administered by EPA or by a State agency can be obtained
from your EPA Regional Office. Form 1. Table 1 of the 'General Instructions* lists the addresses of EPA
Regional Offices and the States within the jurisdiction of each Office.
Completeness
Your application will not be considered complete unless you answer every question on this form and on Form
i. If an item does not apply to you, enter 'NA' (for not applicable) to show that you considered the question.
Public Availability of Submitted Information
You may not claim as confidential any information required by this form or Form 1. whether the information
is reported on the forms or in an attachment Section 4020 of the Clean Water Act requires that all permit
applications will be available to the public. This information will be made available to the public upon request.
Any information you submit to EPA which goes beyond that required by this form. Form 1. or Form 2C you
may claim as confidential, but claims for information which are effluent data will be denied.
If you do not assert a claim of confidentiality at the time of submitting the information, EPA may make the
information public without further notice to you. Claims of confidentiality will be handled in accordance with
EPA's business confidentiality regulations at 40 CFR Part 2.
Definitions
All significant terms used in these instructions and in the form are defined in the glossary found in the General
Instructions which accompany Form 1.
EPA 10 Number
Fill in your EPA Identification Number at the top of each odd-numbered page of Form 2F. You may copy this
number directly from item I of Form 1.
EPA Form 3510-2F (Rev. 1-92) I - 1
A-6
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Hem I
You may use the map you provided for item XI of Form 1 to determine the latitude and longitude of each of
your outfalls and the name of the receiving water.
ItemlUA
If you check "yes" to this question, complete all parts of the chart, or attach a copy of any previous submission
you have made to EPA containing the same information.
KemH-B
You are not required to submit a description of future pollution control projects if you do not wish to or if none
is planned.
Kern III
Attach a site map showing topography (or indicating the outline of drainage areas served by the outfall(s)
covered in the application if a topographic map is unavailable) depicting the facility including:
each of its drainage and discharge structures:
the drainage area of each storm water outfall;
paved areas and bidding within the drainage area of each storm water outfall, each known past or
present areas used for outdoor storage or disposal of significant materials, each existing structural con-
trol measure to reduce pollutants in storm water runoff, materials loading and access areas, areas where
pesticides, herbicides, soil conditioners and fertilizers are applied;
each of Its hazardous waste treatment, storage or disposal facilities (including each area not required to
have a RCRA permit which is used for accumulating hazardous waste for less than 90 days under 40 CFR
262.34);
each well where fluids from the facflity are injected underground: and
springs, and other surface water bodies which receive storm water discharges from the facility;
Item IV-A
For each outfall, provide an estimate of the area drained by the outfall which is covered by impervious
surfaces. For the purpose of this application, impervious surfaces are surfaces where storm water runs off at
rates that are significantly higher than background rates (e.g.. predevelopment levels) and include paved
areas, building roofs, parking lots, and roadways. Include an estimate of the total area (including all impervi-
ous and pervious areas) drained by each outfall. The site map required under item III can be used to estimate
the total area drained by each outfall.
Hem IV-B
Provide a narrative description of significant materials that are currently or in the past three years have been
treated, stored, or disposed in a manner to allow exposure to storm water method of treatment, storage or
disposal of these materials; past and present materials management practices employed, in the last three
years, to minimize contact by these materials with storm water runoff; materials loading and access areas:
and the location, manner, and frequency in which pesticides, herbicides, soil conditioners, and fertilizers are
applied. Significant materials should be identified by chemical name, form (e.g.. powder, liquid, etc.). and
type of container or treatment unit Indicate any materials treated, stored, or disposed of together. 'Signifi-
cant materials* includes, but is not limited to: raw materials; fuels; materials such as solvents, detergents, and
plastic pellets; finished materials such as metallic products; raw materials used in food processing or produc-
tion: hazardous substances designated under Section 101(14) of CERCLA: any chemical the facility is re-
quired to report pursuant to Section 313 of Title III of SARA; fertilizers; pesticides; and waste products such
as ashes, slag and sludge that have the potential to be released with storm water discharges.
Item IV-C
For each outfall, structural controls include structures which enclose material handling or storage areas.
covering materials, berms, dikes, or diversion ditches around manufacturing, production, storage or treat-
ment units, retention ponds, etc. Nonstructural controls include practices such as spill prevention plans.
employee training, visual inspections, preventive maintenance, and housekeeping measures that are used to
prevent or minimize the potential for releases of pollutants.
EPA Form 3510-2F
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
ItemV
Provide a certification that all outfalls that should contain storm water discharges associated with industrial
activity have been tested or evaluated for the presence of non-storm water discharges which are not covered
by an NPOES permit Tests for such non-storm water discharges may include smoke tests, fluorometric dye
tests, analysis of accurate schematics.'as well as other appropriate tests. Part B must include a description
of the method used, the date of any testing, and the onsite drainage points that were directly observed during
a test AH .non-storm water discharges must be identified in a Form 2C or Form 2E which must accompany
this application (see beginning of instructions under section titled "Who Must File Form 2P for a description
of when Form 2C arid Form 2E must be submitted).
Item VI
Provide a description of existing information regarding the history of significant leaks or spills of toxic or
hazardous pollutants at the facility in the last three years.
Item VII-A.B, and C
These items require you to collect and report data on the pollutants discharged for each of your outfalls. Each
part of this item addresses a different set of pollutants and must be completed in accordance with the specific
instructions for that part The following general instructions apply to the entire item.
General Instructions
Part A requires you to report at least one analysis for each pollutant listed. Parts B and C require you to report
analytical data in two ways. For some pollutants addressed in Parts B and C, if you know or have reason to
know that the pollutant Is present in your discharge, you may be required to list the pollutant and test (sample
and analyze) and report the levels of the pollutants in your discharge. For an other pollutants addressed in
Parts B and C. you must list the pollutant if you know or have reason to know that the pollutant is present in
the discharge, and either report quantitative data for the pollutant or briefly describe the reasons the pollutant
is expected to be discharged. (See specific instructions on the form and below for Parts A through C.) Base
your determination that a pollutant is present in or absent from your discharge on your knowledge of your
raw materials, material management practices, maintenance chemicals, history of spills and releases, inter-
mediate and final products and byproducts, and any previous analyses known to you of your effluent or
simitar effluent.
A. Sampling: The collection of the samples for the reported analyses should be supervised by a person
experienced in performing sampling of industrial wastewater or storm water discharges. You may con-
tact EPA or your State permitting authority for detailed guidance on sampling techniques and for answers
to specific questions. Any specific requirements contained in the applicable analytical methods should
be followed for sample containers, sample preservation, holding times, the collection of duplicate sam-
ples, etc. The time when you sample should be representative, to the extent feasible, of your treatment
system operating properly with no system upsets. Samples should'be collected from the center of the
flow channel, where turbulence is at a maximum, at a site specified in your present permit, or at any site
adequate for the collection of a representative sample.
For pH. temperature, cyanide, total phenols, residual chlorine, oil and grease, and fecal conform, grab
samples taken during the first 30 minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable) of the discharge must be
used (you are not required to analyze a flow-weighted composite for these parameters). For all other
pollutants both a grab sample collected during the first 30 minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable)
of the discharge and a flow-weighted composite sample must be analyzed. However, a minimum of one
grab sample may be taken for effluents from holding ponds or other impoundments with a retention
period of greater than 24 hours.
All samples shall be collected from the discharge resulting from a storm event that is greater than 0 i
inches and at least 72 hours from the previously measurable (greater than 0.1 inch rainfall) storm event
Where feasible, the variance in the duration of the event and the total rainfall of the event should not
exceed 50 percent from the average or median rainfall event in that area.
A grab sample shall be taken during the first thirty minutes of the discharge (or as soon thereafter as
practicable), and a flow-weighted composite shall be taken for the entire event or for the first three riou's
of the event
Grab and composite samples are defined as follows:
EPA Form 3510-2F (Rev. 1-92) 1-3
A-8
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Grab sample: An individual sample of at least 100 milliters collected during the first thirty minutes
(or as soon thereafter as practicable) of the discharge. This sample is to be analyzed separately from
the composite sample.
now-Weighted Composite sample: A flow-weighted composite sample may be taken with a con-
tinuous sampler that proportions the amount of sample collected with the flow rate or as a combina-
tion of a minimum of three sample aliquots taken in each hour of discharge for the entire event or for
the first three hours of the event, with each aliquot being at least 100 mflliliters and collected with a
minimum period of fifteen minutes between aliquot collections. The composite must be flow propor-
. tional; either the time interval between each aliquot or the volume of each aliquot must be propor-
tional to either the 'stream flow at the time of sampling or the total stream flow since the collection of
the previous aliquot Aliquots may be collected manually or automatically. Where GC/MS Volatile
Organic Analysis (VOA) Is required, aliquots must be combined in the laboratory immediately before
analysis. Only one analysis for the composite sample is required.
Data from samples taken hi the past may be used, provided that
All data requirements are met;
Sampling was done no more than three years before submission; and
All data are representative of the present discharge.
Among the factors which would cause the data to be unrepresentative are significant changes in produc-
tion level, changes in raw materials, processes, or final products, and changes in storm water treatment
When the Agency promulgates new analytical methods in 40 CFR Part 136. EPA wBI provide information
as to when you should use the new methods to generate data on your discharges. Of course, the
Director may request additional information, including current quantitative data, if they determine It to be
necessary to assess your discharges. The Director may allow or establish appropriate site-specific sam-
pling procedures or requirements, including sampling locations, the season in which the sampling takes
place, the minimum duration between the previous measurable storm event and the storm event sam-
pled, the minimum or maximum level of precipitation required for an appropriate storm event, the form
of precipitation sampled (snow melt or rainfall), protocols for collecting samples under 40 CFR Part 136.
and additional time for submitting data on a case-by-case basis.
B. Reporting: All levels must be reported as concentration and mass (note: grab samples are reported
in terms of concentration). You may report some or all of the required data by attaching separate
sheets of paper instead of filBng out pages VIM and Vll-2 If the separate sheets contain all the required
information in a format which is constant with pages VIM and Vll-2 in spacing and identification of
pollutants and columns. Use the foltowiing abbreviations in the columns headed "Units.'
Concentration Mass
' ppm parts per million IDS pounds
mg/1 milligrams per liter ton tons (English tons)
ppb parts per billion mg milligrams
ug/1 micrograms per liter g grams
kg klograms T tonnes (metric tons)
All reporting of values for metals must be in terms of total recoverable metal.* unless:
(1) An applicable, promulgated effluent limitation or standard specifies the limitation for the metal in
dissolved, valent, or total form; or
(2) All approved analytical methods for the metal inherently measure only its dissolved form (e.g..
hexavalent chromium); or
(3) The permitting authority has determined that in establishing case-by-case limitations it is neces-
sary to express the limitations on the metal in dissolved, valent. or total form to carry out the provi-
sions of the CWA. If you measure only one grab sample and one flow-weighted composite sample
for a given outfall, complete only the "Maximum Values* columns and insert "1* into the "Number of
Storm Events Sampled" column. The permitting authority may require you to conduct additional
analyses to further characterize your discharges.
EPA Form 3510-2F (R«v. 1-92) ( . 4
A-9 July 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
If you measure more than one value for a grab sample or a flow-weighted composite sample for a given
outfall and those values are representative of your discharge, you must report them You must describe
your method of testing and data analysis. You also must determine the average of all values within the
last year and report the concentration and mass under the 'Average Values* columns, and the total
number of storm events sampled under the "Number of Storm Events Sampled" columns.
C. Analysis: You must use test methods promulgated in 40 CFR Part 136; however, if none has been
oromulgated for a particular pollutant, you may use any suitable method for measuring the level of the
pollutant in your discharge provided that you submit a description of the method or a reference to a
. published method. Your description should include the sample holding time, preservation techniques.
and the quality control measures which you used. If you have two or more substantially identical outfalls.
you may request permission from your permitting authority to sample and analyze only one outfair and
submit the results of the analysis for other substantially identical outfalls. If your request is granted by the
permitting authority, on a separate sheet attached to the application form, identify which outfall you did
test, and describe why the outfalls which you did not test are substantially identical to the outfall which
you did test
Part VII-A
Part Vll-A must be completed by all applicants for all outfalls who must complete Form 2F.
Analyze a grab sample collected during the first thirty minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable) of the
discharge and flow-weighted composite samples for all pollutants in this Part, and report the results except
use only grab samples for pH and 08 and grease. See discussion in General Instructions to Item VII for
definitions of grab sample collected during the first thirty minutes of discharge and flow-weighted composite
sample. The 'Average Values" column is not compulsory but should be filled out if data are available.
PartVII-B
List all pollutants that are limited in an effluent guideline which the facility is subject to (see 40 CFR Subchap-
ter N to determine which pollutants are limited in effluent guidelines) or any pollutant listed in the facility's
NPDES permit for its process wastewater (if the facility is operating under an existing NPDES permit). Com-
plete one table for each outfall. See discussion in General instructions to item VII for definitions of grab
sample collected during the first thirty minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable) of discharge and flow-
weighted composite sample. The 'Average Values" column is not compulsory but should be filled out if data
are available.
Analyze a grab sample collected during the first thirty minutes of the discharge and flow-weighted composite
samples for all pollutants in this Part, and report the results, except as provided in the General Instructions.
Part VII-C
Part VII-C must be completed by all applicants for all outfalls which discharge storm water associated with
industrial activity, or that EPA is evaluating for designation as a significant contributor of pollutants to waters
of the United States, or as contributing to a violation of a water quality standard. Use both a grab sample and
a composite sample for all pollutants you analyze for in this part except use grab samples for residual chlorine
and fecal coliform. The "Average Values" column is not compulsory but should be filled out if data are
available. Part C requires you to address the pollutants in Table 2F-2,2F-3, and 2F-4 for each outfall. Pollu-
tants in each of these Tables are addressed differently.
Table 2F-2: For each outfall, list all pollutants in Table 2F-2 that you know or have reason to believe are
discharged (except pollutants previously listed in Part Vil-3). If a pollutant is limited in an effluent guideline
limitation which the facility is subject to, the pollutant must be analyzed and reported in Part Vll-B. If a
pollutant in Table 2F-2 is indirectly limited by an effluent guideline limitation through an indicator (e.g., use
of TSS as an indicator to control the discharge of iron and aluminum), you must analyze for it and report
the data in Part Vll-B. For other pollutants listed in Table 2F-2 (those not limited directly or indirectly by an
effluent limitation guideline), that you know or have reason to believe are discharged, you must either report
quantitative data or briefly describe the reasons the pollutant is expected to be discharged.
Table 2F-3: For each outfall, list all pollutants in Table 2F-3 that you know or have reason to believe are
discharged. For every pollutant in Table 2F-3 expected to be discharged in concentrations of 10 ppb or
greater, you must submit quantitative data. For acrolein, acrylorutrile, 2,4 dinitrophenol. and 2-methyi-4.6
dinitrophenol. you must submit quantitative data if any of these four pollutants is expected to be discharged
EPA Form 3510-2F (Rev 1 -92) | . 5
A-10
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
in concentrations of 100 ppb or greater. For every pollutant expected to be discharged in concentrations less
than 10 ppb (or 100 ppb tor the four pollutants listed above), then you must either submit quantitative data
or briefly describe the reasons the pollutant is expected to be discharged.
Small Business Exemption - If you are a "small business.* you are exempt from the reporting requirements
for the organic toxic pollutants listed in Table 2F-3. There are two ways in which you can qualify as a 'small
business*. If your facility is a coal mine, and if your probable total annual production is less than 100.000 tons
per year, you may submit past production data or estimated future production (such as a schedule of esti-
mated total production under 30 CFR 795.l4(c)) instead of conducting analyses for the organic toxic pollu-
tants. If your facility is not a coal mine, and ff your gross total annual sales for the most recent three years
. average less than $100.000 per year (in second quarter 1980 dollars), you may submit sales data for those
years instead of conducting analyses for the organic toxic pollutants. The production or sales data must be
for the facflrty which is the source of the discharge. The data should not be limited to production or safes for
the process or processes which contribute to the discharge, unless those are the only processes at your
facility. For sales data, in situations involving intracorporate transfer of goods and services, the transfer price
per unit should approximate market prices for those goods and services as closely as possible. Sales figures
for years after 1980 should be indexed to the second quarter of 1980 by using the gross national product
price deflator (second quarter of 1980-100). This index is available in National Income and Product Ac-
counts of the United States (Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis).
Table 2F-4: For each outfall, list any pollutant in Table 2F-4 that you know or believe to be present in the
discharge and explain why you believe it to be present No analysis is required, but if you have analytical
data, you must report them. Note: Under 40 CFR H7.l2(a)(2). certain discharges of hazardous substances
(listed at 40 CFR 177.21 or 40 CFR 302.4) may be exempted from the requirements of section 311 of CWA.
which establishes reporting requirements, civil penalties, and liabilty for cleanup costs for spills of oil and
hazardous substances. A discharge of a particular substance may be exempted if the origin, source, and
amount of the discharged substances are identified in the NPOES permit application or in the permit, if the
permit contains a requirement for treatment of the discharge, and if the treatment is in place. To apply for an .
exclusion of the discharge of any hazardous substance from the requirements of section 311. attach addi-
tional sheets of paper to your form, setting forth the following information:
1. The substance and the amount of each substance which may be discharged.
2. The origin and source of the discharge of the substance.
3. The treatment which is to be provided for the discharge by:
a. An onsite treatment system separate from any treatment system treating your normal dis-
charge;
b. A treatment system designed to treat your normal discharge and which is additionally capable
of treating the amount of the substance identified under paragraph 1 above; or
c. Any combination of the above.
See 40 CFR 117.12(a)(2) and (c), published on August 29, 1979. in 44 FR 50766, or contact your Regional
Office (Table 1 on Form 1, Instructions), for further information on exclusions from section 311.
Part VII-D
If sampling is conducted during more than one storm event, you only need to report the information re-
quested in Part VII-D for the storm event(s) which resulted in any maximum pollutant concentration reported
inPartVII-A,VII-B.orvll-C.
Provide flow measurements or estimates of the flow rate, and the total amount of discharge for the storm
event(s) sampled, the method of flow measurement, or estimation. Provide the data and duration of the storm
event(s) sampled, rainfall measurements, or estimates of the storm event which generated the sampled runoff
and the duration between the storm event sampled and the end of the previous measurable (greater than 0.1
inch rainfall) storm event.
Part VII-E
List any toxic pollutant listeJ >.(. Tables 2F-2, 2F-3. or 2F-4 which you currently use or manufacture as an
intermediate or final product or byproduct In addition, if you know or have reason to believe that 2.3.7.8-te-
trachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is discharged or if you use or manufacture 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic
EPA Form 3510-2F (H«v. 1-92) I - 6
A-ll July 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
acid (2,4,5,-T); 2-(2.4.S-trichlorophenoxy) propanoicacid (Silvex, 2.4.5.-TP); 2-(2.4.5-trichlorophenoxy) ethyl.
2.2-dichloropropionate (Erbon); O.O-dimethyf O-(2.4,5-trichlorphenyt) phosphorothioate (Ronnel): 2.4.5-
trichlorophenol (TCP): or hexacWorophene (HCP); then list TCDD. The Director may waive or modify the
requirement if you demonstrate that it would be unduly burdensome to identify each toxic pollutant and the
Director has adequate information to issue your permit You may not claim this information as confidential:
however, you do not have to distinguish between use or production of the pollutants or list the amounts.
Item VIII
Self explanatory. The permitting authority may ask you to provide additional details after your application is
received.
ItemX
The Dean Water Act provides for severe penalties for submitting false information on this application form.
Section 309(c)(4) of the Clean Water Act provides that 'Any person who knowingly makes any false material
statement, representation, or certification in any application.... shall upon conviction, be punished by a fine
of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment for not more than 2 years, or by both. If a conviction of such
•person is for a violation'committed after a first conviction of such person under this paragraph, punishment
shall be by a fine of not more than $20.000 per day of violation, or by imprisonment of not more than 4 years.
or by both.* 40 CFR Part 122.22 requires the certification to be signed as follows:
(A) Fora corporation: by a responsible corporate official. For purposes of this section, a responsible
corporate official means (!) a president secretary, treasurer, or vice-president of the corporation in
charge of a principal business function, or any other person who performs similar policy- or decision-
making functions for the corporation, or (ii) the manager of one or more manufacturing, production, or
operating facilities employing more than 250 persons or having gross annual sales or expenditures
exceeding $25,000,000 (in second-quarter 1980 dollars), if authority to sign documents has been as-
signed or delegated to the manager in accordance with corporate procedures.
Note: EPA does not require specific assignments or delegation of authority to responsible corporate
officers identified in I22.22(a)(1)(i). The Agency will presume that these responsive corporate officers
have the requisite authority to sign permit applications unless the corporation has notified the Director to
the contrary. Corporate procedures governing authority to sign permit applications may provide for
assignment or delegation to applicable corporate position under I22.22(a)(l)(ii) rather than to specific
individuals.
(B) For a partnership or sole proprietorship: by a general partner or the proprietor, respectively; or
(C) For a municipality, State, Federal, or other public agency: by either a principal executive officer
or ranking elected official. For purposes of this section, a principal executive officer of a Federal agency
includes (i) the chief executive officer of the agency, or (ii) a senior executive officer having responsibility
for the overall operations of a principal geographic unit of the agency (e.g.. Regional Administrators of
EPA).
EPA Form 3510-2F (Rev. 1-92) ' | . 7
A-12
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Table 2F-1
Codes for Treatment Units
1-A
1-B
1-C
1-0
1-E
1-F
1-G
1-H
1-1
1-J
1-K
1-L
Ammonia Stripping
Dialysis
Diatomaoeous Earth Filtration
Distillation
Electrodialysis
Evaporation
Flocculation
Flotation
rOeVn FrsctionAtion
FrMziflQ
Gas-Phase Separation
Grinding (Comminutors)
144
144
1-O
14*
1-O
141
1-S
1-T
1-U
1-V
1-W
1-X
«*••
Grit Removal
Micrastraining
Mixing
Moving Bed Filters
Multimedia Filtration
Rapid Sand Filtration
Reverse Osmosis (Hyperfiltration)
Screening
Sedimentation (Setting)
Slow Sand Filtration
Solvent Extraction
Sorption
ChemkaJ Treatment Processes
2-A
2-B
2-C
2-D
2-E
2-F
3-A
3-B
3-0
4-A
4-B
Carbon Adsorption
Chemical Oxidation
Chemical Precipitation
Coagulation
Otchlorination
Disinfection (Chlorine)
Activated Sludge
Aerated Lagoons
Nitrification-Denitrification
Discharge to Surface Water
2-G
2-H
2-1
2-J
2-K
2-L
3-E
341
344
Ocean Discharge Through Outfall 4-0
Disinfection (Ozone)
Disinfection (Other)
Electrochemical Treatment
Ion Exchange
Neutralization
Reduction
Pre-Aemtion
Spray Irrigation/Land Application
Trickling Filtration
Reuse/Recycle of Treated Effluent
Underground Injection
Sludge Treatment and Disposal Processes
5-A
5-B
5-C
5-D
S-E
5-F
5-G
5-H
5-1
S-J
5-K
5-L
Aerobic Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion
Bert Filtration
Centnfugation
Chemical Conditioning
Chlorine Treatment
Composting
Drying Beds
Elutiiation
Flotation Thickening
Freezing
Gravity Thickening
544
544
5-O
5-P
5-Q
54)
5-S
S-T
54J
5-V
5-W
Heat Drying
Heat Treatment
Incineration
Land Application
Landfill
Pressure Filtration
Pyrolysis
Sludge Lagoons
Vacuum Filtration
Vibration
Wet Oxidation
EPA Form 3S10-2F (Rev. 1-92) I . g
A-13 July 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Table 2F-2
Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutants
Bromide
Chlonne. Total Residual
Color
Fecal Coliform
Fluoride
Nitrate-Nitrite
Nitrogen. Total Organic
Oil and Grease
Phosphorus. Total
Radioactivity
SoHate
Sulfite
Surfactants
Aluminum. Total
Barium. Total
Boron. Total
Cobalt Total
Iron. Total
Magnesium. Total
Molybdenum. Total
Manganese. Total
Tin. Total
Titanium. Total
EPA Form 3510-2F (Rev. 1-92) I • 9
A-14
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Antimony, Total
Arsenic. Total
Beryllium, Total
Cadmium. Total.
Chromium. Total
Aerotoin
Acrytorutrilt
Benzene
Bromoform
Carbon Tttrachloridt
CMoroberuene
Chlorodibromomethane
Chloroethane
2-Chloroethytvinyl Ether
Chloroform
2-CMoropnenol
2.4-Dichlorophenol
2.4-Dimethylphenol
4.6-OinHro-&C»esot
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthyiene
Anthraotn*
BenzkJine
Benzo(a)anthracene
8enzo(a)pyrene
3.4-Benzoftuoranthene
B*nzo(ghi)perytene
Benzo(lt)fluoranthtn«
Ks(2-chlorotthoiiy}mttharw
Bis(2-chloroethyl)«htr
Bis(2-cr)loroisopropyl)«thtr
Bi»(2-tthylyhtxyl)phth«l«t»
4-Bromoprtvnyl Phtnyl Ethar
Bulylb«nxy( Pmhalatt
AJdrin
Alpha-BHC
Btta-BHC
Gamma-BHC
0«ltt-BHC
Chlordant
4.4--OOT
4.4--DOE
4.4--DDD
Table 2F-3
Toxte Pollutants
Toide PeNutnto and Total Ph«nol
Copptr . Total
Ltad. Total
Mercury. Total
Nk*«l. Total
S«l«nium. Total
GC/MS Fraction Volatftos Compound*
OiehlorooramorrwthaM
l.i-Oiehlofo«ihan»
1^-DiehloRMtharw
1.1-OicMORMttiytMW
1.2-Dichkxopropan*
1 >Oiehloropropyt«rM
Ethylb*ra«n«
M«tfiyl Bromid*
MWfiyt Chtorid*
MMhytoM ChlOftd*
Add Compound*
2.4-Dinitroprwnol
2-Nitrapn*flOl
2-ChloronaphtnalwM
4O)loroph«nyt Prwnyl Ethtr
ChryMM
Oib*nzo(aJ))anthrae«M
1.4-Oichlorebanzww
SJ'-Ochlorobmidirw
OMhyfPMhalaM
Oimtthyl Phthalat*
Oi-N-Butyt PhthalaM
2,4-Dinitratoluwtt
2.6-Oinitrotolu*n«
Di-N-Octylphtrwlat*
1^-Oiphtnylhydrazin* (as Azobcn-
ztn«)
OMdrin
Alpha-EndotuHan
B«ta-Endosulfan
Endosuttan Sultatt
Endrin
Endrin Aldthyd*
Heptaehlor
Hcptachlor Epoxid*
PCB-1242
Silvtr. Total
Thallium. Total
Zinc, Total
Cyanide. Total
Phenols. Total
1.1 A2,-T*traehlorotthane
T«traehloro«thyl«n*
Toluene
1,2-Trans-Dichloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichtoroethene
1,1^-Triehloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Pentaehlorophenol
2.4.6-Triehlorophenol
2-melhyM.6 oVirtrophenol
Rurorantnene
Fluorene
Hexachlorobenxtne
Hexaehlorobutadiene
Isophorofw
N-Nitrosodi-N-Propylamine
N^fitrosodiphenylamine
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
1 .2,4>Trichlorobenzene
PCB-1254
PCB-1221
PC8-1232
PCB-1248
PCB-1280
PCB-1016
Toxaphene
EPA Form 3510-2F (Rev. 1-92)'
I. 10
A-15
July 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Table 2F-4
Hazardous Substances
Asbestos
Acetaidenyde
Ally! alcohol
Allyl chloride
Amyt acetate
Aniline
Benzonitrile
Benzyl chloride
Butyl acetate
Butyiamine
Carbaryl
Carfaofuran
Carbon disuifide
Qilorpyrifos
Coumaphos
Cresol
Crotonaldehyde
Cydohexane
2.4-0 (2.4-Oiehlorophenoxyacetic
acid)
Dminon
Oicamba
Dicrilobenil
Dichlone
2.2-Oichloropropionic acid
Oicniorvos
Diethyl amine
Dimethyl amine
Toxic Pollutant
Hazardous Substances
Oinitrobenzene
Diquat
DisuKoton
Oiuron
Epichlorohydrin
Ethion
Ethylene diamine
Ethylene dibromide
•Formaldehyde
Furfural
Guthion
Isoprene
Isopropanolamine
Kelthane
Kepone
Malathion
Mercaptodimethur
Methoxychlor
Methyl mercaptan
Methyl methterylitt
Methyl parathion
Mevinphos
Mexacarbate
Monoethyl amine
Monomethyl amine
Mated
Napthenic acid
Nitrotoluene
Parathion
PhenolsuHonate
Phosgene
Propargite
Propylene oxide
Pyrethrins
Ouinoline
Resoronol
Stronthium
Strychnine
Styrene
2,4,5-T(2.4.5-Trichloropheno>yaceiic
acid)
TOE (Tetrachlorodiphenyl ethane)
2.4.5-TP(2-(2.4.5-Trichlorophenoxy)
propanoic acid]
Trichlorofan
Triethylamine
Trimethyiamine
Uranium
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Xylene
Xylenol
Zirconium
tr U. S. Government Printing Office: 1992 - 617-003 (47058)
EPA Form 3510-2F (Rev. 1-92)
I- 1V
A-16
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
• «w f — a- ;»ot •» TIW umnaoM •'••» oni
«...-,» t>m tn toteta tor nm ryot. >.*
Form Approved OMB No 2040-OOK Approwl e«p.r*t S-Jt-M
OENERAL INFORMATION
W • pia|» Iliad MM Ms been provided, •flu
ft In Me dajiinend mm. Review mt inform.
•Men eMrtuMy: H any of H • ineouen. eroo>
trraajh M md omer tt» comet «tu wi OK
i*»«a Wt-m •• below. Ate. H my ot
•rapmmd dm to tfcwm ^«M M* w »W
V \ '• \
f1 AGILITY
*a» •/ ___ ..__
pronde « in ike
fill •••IB (MiaW/ lWtOW. If CtW
end correct, you need net compim
I. III. V. Md VI tamer Vht
. Complete MI
hem H no label hai been promoted Refer to
tne inaimiJuni for Orated item datcrio-
ttorn end tor «e leeel authoroatwrn unotr
II. POLLUTANT CHAMACTMICTICS
•• WL H y»u taunt "y«" to any
KM* -)T to MM box in tht third column
INSTRUCTIONS: Complm A thnvfk J •
quwioni, you m«t wbnil thii font
H tta tuppltmtmil fern • mdwl H v« MMT "»§
• ndwMd horn pwwit ravuimiMritt; w fccta C il •§
srccine OUUTIOH*
f *•»
ff
A. U Mil
which mum «i
(FORMJAI
C U triil • iKilitv wruch Ctfrrtnlly mylt> m I
to MMn of MM U.S. oihtr Dun ihoir OM
* or B «bovt' (FORM 2CI
I De*i or will iha IKilnv Iran. Mort. or
!•' (FOAM 3)
F. Do you « «M you o^oM 01 ink teMlty mduHnoi or
OTunielpd ofBuom botoni tfM loimrmoit nrotum COB-
•Wnta« wnwT IFOHM 41
a. Do you or win you inject at HIM facility any produced
wrcr O' other tIUKU which ore broueht to the furlata
m connection with conventional oil or natural CM pro-
duction, wiect fluidi uxd for enharnad recovery of
oil o' nature' get. or inract fluid) for
hyaroearoeni' If OHM 4)
K Oo yoH or ojW you talM « Mi tellfiy flwdi tor «o-
CM praooMM *Mfc • mtolni of mHur by tn* Fnodi
pnoBB. faMlon tfttHnf of mmofoli. In iHu oomtx*
VOMI4I '* iU"U* *"**"
on« o« tht 28 indunri*! emofonoi (Mod in •« m.
tnuctiont wid which will ponnMlry onM 100 low
pt> yo>r o( >ny *ir pollutant
Clean Air Act and may afloct or b*
»•> if OHM 81
'OMOt the Jil
rooxery
Imthf
Md •»•* will pownMly amrt no ram
thtOeen
fmtft. HOUTI NO. OH OTM(N *»CCiriC IOCHTI
I—!—I—1—I 1 1—I 1—I 1—I—I 1—I—I 1—I 1—I
cPA Form 3510-1 (»-»0)
CONTINUE OS REVERSE
A-17
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
VIII. OPERATOR INFORMATION
I. litMium*
IIOTl VIII-A Mi* MM
L- YES •— NO
C. »T*TUI OF OPCHATOK ItHttr Hit Iffrilpntlr Ifflrr «l«
0OA I/ vrarr . tpfetf). t
M • ruBuiw rorarr men /rarrw
O • OTHER limit*I
S • STATE
» . PRIVATE
r. CITV e» TOWN
It tM Iwilitv loatcd en lnai«i wndi>
O YES C NO
X. f XISTING ENVIMONMINTAL ff NMI
A M»D«i lOHehtrta n 3nrt*ct »••*'!
O. no M(r f muHOiu
•. uic (UndrrgmaH Imttrno* a/nudii
Attach to thto »pplic«tton • topographic map of tht araa axunding to at k*n ona milt b
tha outlina of iha facility, tht location of aach of itt wiating and propoaad rnnk* and
traatmant noragi. or ditpoMl fadlitiat, and aach wall wharc K Injact* rlukk undtrground. Induda aM ipriny. rhw» and othar wrfaca
w»ttr bodiai in tha map araa. Sat immction* for prtdat raquiramana.
. Tka map moit ahow
Nructum. aach of to huardoui «M«a
XII. NATURE OF lUtlNEB lpn»,di tbnrl t
atuchmvtu tod Mar, tea* on my **v4y of ttt
tppliettion. I Ml** cnar tht Momution it tntt, jccurw* tad eomprfrca I tm Maw* Mat Mam WatpMBM/MmrWai rorauonwrr«v
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX B
APPENDIX B
NOAA WEATHER RADIO INFORMATION
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX B
NOAA WEATHER RADIO MANUFACTURERS LIST
RADIO SHACK
Weather Radio
2617 West Seventh St.
Fort Worth, TX 76107
(817) 390-3011
GENERAL ELECTRIC
Model 7-2934
(800) 626-2000
UNTOEN BEARCAT
Bearcat Weather Alert
6345 Castleway Court
Indianapolis, IN 46250
(800) 722-6637
ELECTROLERT
Weatheralert Forecaster
4949 South 25A
TippCity, OH 45371
(513) 667-2461
SPRINGFIELD INSTRUMENTS
Talking Weather Center/Station
76 Paccaic St.
Wood-Ridge, NJ 07075
(201) 777-2900
WOODSON ELECTRONICS
Plectron
505 Lincoln St.
Overton, NE 68863
(308) 987-2404
GORMAN - REDUCH MANUFACTURING
James T. Gorman
257 West Union St.
Athens, OH 45701
(617) 593-3150
PRICE RANGE:
/ Under $50
• $50 to $100
X Over $100
• Features AM/FM model radios with weather band
PLEASE NOTE, THIS LIST is NOT ALL-INCLUSIVE, AND INCLUSION ON THIS LIST DOES NOT CONSTITUTE
ENDORSEMENT OF ANY COMPANY BY EPA OK THE U.S. GOVERNMENT.
o-l
July, 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX B
!jls!!|i]ii!it|!| infill
l!ifi||lH|[ifffI ijfijl.
lijlfM
rJilli
iiii
in
i
I pljl jfiji mill jifiiii
=1 I i! ijllfilijijli i jf IS |1
a HMiiiil AihiiiMii iilJ!:{ ffiHi jljili!
5 2»5""5 «
IM^I
TiO Mfl^l
il
I !
Hfjj
B-2
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX B
r
li,
r
ir
r
iiiiiii
SB
!!!Pi
lillf!
ii-
•ill'
I i' 11
m
illii!
iitiliijiliiiiililiiiiitliiiililili Jihii jhiiii }!iiilliii
I3 Is J
k
jt c .5
li illi ';ii;!l llijii i
l ki
B-3
July, 1992
-------
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, HOLDING TIMES AND
40 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (CFR) PART 136
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
3>*:';:/x:x$:x^*^^ ':x:> : *::>:•:•:•••:•>:•: .::^..'xvxvx:>.-x-:x-:";-^ ••:••••••• .:' • .• • x-x-x--:-x;-:-- -. :. •:-. •
REQlMED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION im^^
Bacterial Tests
Coliform, fecal and total
Fecal streptococci
Inorganic Tests
Acidity
Alkalinity
Ammonia
Biochemical oxygen
demand
Biochemical oxygen
demand, carbonaceous
Bromide
Chemical oxygen
demand
Chloride
Chlorine, total residual
Color
Cyanide, total and
amenable to chlorination
Fluoride
Hardness
Hydrogen ion (pH)
Kjeldahl and organic
Nitrogen
Metals (7)
Chromium VI
Mercury
Metals, except above
Nitrate
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P.G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P.G
Ip^gerlal^W^Sll
Cool, 4°C
0.008% NajSjO, (5)
Cool, 4°C
0.008% NajSA (5)
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
HjSO4 to pH<2
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 48C
None required
Cool, 4°C
HjSO« to pH<2
None required
None required
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
NaOHtopH>12
0.6g ascorbic acid (5)
None required
HNOjtopH<2
H2SO«topH<2
None required
Cool, 4°C
HjSO«topH<2
Cool, 4°C
HNO,topH<2
HNO, to pH<2
Cool, 4°C
*:*:**':-.'.: ^/lf|^CIIft^^M| ff^I^inff : •--'*•
^•y^fKa^'^j^^^:
6 hours
6 hours
14 days
14 days
28 days
48 hours
48 hours
28 days
28 days
28 days
Analyze immediately
48 hours
14 days (6)
28 days
6 months
Analyze immediately
28 days
28 hours
28 hours
6 months
48 hours
C-l
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES
,^, ftmtttter ' \
v • '
Nitrite
O&G
Organic carbon
Orthophosphate
Oxygen, Dissolved
Probe
Dissolved oxygen,
Winkler method
Phenols
Phosphorus (elemental)
Phosphorus, total
Residue, total
Residue, filterable
Residue, nonfilterable
CTSS)
Residue, settleable
Residue, volatile
Silica
Specific conductance
Sulfate
Sulfide
Sulfite
Surfactants
Temperature
Turbidity
% •»» ^ » tf*'* fy ,' ,'''
* *" tftiriuulft "
P,G
P,G
G
P,G
P,G
G bottle and top
G bottle and top
Gonly
G
P,G
P.G
P.G
P,G
P.G
P.G
P
P.G
P.G
P.G
P.G
P.G
P.G
P.G
Preservative (2), 0)
Cool, 4°C
HjSO, to pH<2
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4eC
HjSO4 or Ha to pH<2
Cool, 4°C
HaorH^O, topH<2
Filter immediately
Cool, 4°C
None required
Fix on site and store in
dark
Cool, 4°C
HjSO« to pH<2
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
HjSO< to pH<2
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C, add zinc
acetate plus sodium
hydroxide to pH>9
None required
Cool, 4°C
None required
Cool, 4°C
S % ' V % S
Time (4) <
28 days
48 hours
28 days
28 days
48 hours
8 hours
28 days
48 hours
28 days
7 days
7 days
7 days
48 hours
7 days
28 days
28 days
28 days
7 days
Analyze immediately
48 hours
Analyze
48 hours
C-2
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES
- , " Pai-ameter
Organic Tests (9)
Purgeable halocaibons
Purgeable aromatics
Acrolein and
acrylonitrile
Phenols (11)
Benzidines (11)
Phthalate esters (11)
Nitrosamines(ll), (14)
PCBs (11) aciylonitrite
Nitroaromatics and
isophorone(ll)
Polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (11)
Haloethers(ll)
Chlorinated
hydrocarbons (11)
TCDD (11)
Pesticides Tests
Pesticides (11)
Radiological Tests
Alpha, beta, and radium
•s f %
x -. - ,. v
Container{i)
G, Teflon-lined septum
G, Teflon-lined septum
G, Teflon-lined septum
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
P,G '
PreserTatire (2), (3)
Cool, 4°C
0.008% NajSjO, (5)
Cool, 4°C
0.008% NajSjQ, (5)
HCltopH<2(9)
Cool, 4°C
0.008% NajSjO, (5)
Adjust pH to 4-5 (10)
Cool, 4°C
0.008% NajSjp, (5)
Cool, 4eC
0.008% NajSjOj (5)
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4°C
store in dark
0.008% NajSjQ,
Cool, 4eC
Cool, 4°C
store in dark
0.008% NAAO, (S)
Cool, 4°C
store in dark
0.008% NajSA (5)
Cool, 4°C
0.008% NajSA (5)
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4eC
0.008% NfuSA (5)
Cool, 4°C
pH 5-9 (15)
HNO, to PH<2
Maximum Holding
Time (4)
14 days
14 days
14 days
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction
(13)
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
6 months
C-3
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
40 CFR 1363 TABLE H NOTES
(1) Polyethylene (P) or Glass (G).
(2) Sample preservation should be performed immediately upon sample collection. For composite
chemical samples each aliquot should be preserved at the time of collection. When use of an
sampler makes it impossible to preserve each aliquot, then chemical samples may be
preserved by maintaining at 4°C until compositing and sample splitting is completed.
(3) When any sample is to be shipped by common carrier or sent through the United States Mails, it must
comply with the Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR Part 172).
The person offering such material for transportation is responsible for ensuring such compliance. For
the preservation requirements of Table n, the Office of Hazardous Materials, Materials Transportation
Bureau, Department of Transportation has determined that the Hazardous Materials Regulations do not
apply to the following materials: Hydrochloric acid (HC1) in water solutions at concentrations of
0.04% by weight or less (pH about 1.96 or greater); Nitric acid (HNOj) in water solutions at
concentrations of 0.15% by weight or less (pH about 1.62 or greater); Sulfuric acid (HjSOJ in water
solutions at concentrations of 0.35% by weight or less (pH about 1.15 or greater); and Sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.080% by weights or less (pH about 12.30
or less).
(4) Samples should be analyzed as soon as possible after collection. The times listed are the maTifmifn,
times that samples may be held before analysis and still be considered valid. Samples may be held for
longer periods only if the permittee, or monitoring laboratory, has data on file to show that the
specific types of samples under study are stable for the longer time, and has received a variance from
the Regional Administrator under § 136.3(e). Some samples may not be stable for the nnujmmn time
period given in the table. A permittee, or monitoring laboratory, is obligated to hold the sample for a
shorter time if knowledge exists to show that this is necessary to maintain sample stability. See
§ 136.3(e) for details.
(5) Should only be used in the presence of residual chlorine.
(6) Maximum holding time is 24 hours when sulfide is present. Optionally all samples may be tested with
lead acetate paper before pH adjustments in order to determine if sulfide is present. If sulfide is
present, it can be removed by the addition of cadmium nitrate powder until a negative spot test is
obtained. The sample is filtered and then NaOH is added to pH 12.
(7) Samples should be filtered immediately on-site before adding preservative for dissolved metals.
(8) Guidance applies to samples to be analyzed by GC, LC, or GC/MS for specific compounds.
(9) Sample receiving no pH adjustment must be analyzed within seven days of sampling.
(10) The pH adjustment is not required if acrolein will not be measured. Samples for acrolein receiving no
pH adjustment must be analyzed within 3 days of sampling.
C-4
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
40 CFR1363 TABLE H NOTES
(11) When the extractable analytes of concern fall within a single chemical category, die specified
preservative and maximum holding times should be observed for optimum safeguard of sample
integrity. When the analytes of concern fall within two or more chemical categories, the sample may
be preserved by cooling to 4*C, reducing residual chlorine with 0.008% sodium thiosulfate, storing in
the dark,and adjusting the pH to 6-9; samples preserved in this manner may be held for seven days
before extraction and for forty days after extraction. Exceptions to this optional preservation and
holding time procedure are noted in footnote 5 (re the requirement for thiosulfate reduction of residual
chlorine), and footnotes 12, 13 (re the analysis of benzidine).
(12) If 1,2-diphenyIhydrazine is likely to be present, adjust the pH of the sample to 4.0 +. 0.2 to prevent
rearrangement to benzidine.
(13) Extracts may be stored up to 7 days before analysis if storage is conducted under an inert (oxidant-
free) atmosphere.
(14) For the analysis of diphenylnitrosamine, add 0.008% Na^O, and adjust pH to 7-10 with NaOH
within 24 hours of sampling.
(15) The pH adjustment may be performed upon receipt at the laboratory and may be omitted if the
samples are extracted within 72 hours of collection. For the analysis of aldrin, add 0.008%
Source: 40 CFR 136.3 Table D
C-5 July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE IA—LIST OF APPROVED BK
.TEST PROCEDURES
PwMtorMo unto
B.MC
1, CoMorm (tooQ number pv
100 nt
t fiattmn «*~^ft *- ~- "--"
of cMorirw numb* pv 100
ml
i ftrifrvm fttal nuntMv n*r
100 ML
rV.«t_n, fM.lt t
of iMoiln** nuwbor por 100
l*L
8. F«x* iwptBeeeti. nurntar
pwlOOmL
MMhOd'
imrrtraM Mv (MF)4. Ungii
»*P.
MPN, 5 lubt, 3 dMton: or.
MF'rinBJilMp.*
MPN, 5 tub*. 9 dUtoa or, MF4
«ngl*ftaporlm>Mp.
MPN 6 tub* dhMoft W MF*
vMi •nrtdmcnL
MPN, S tub*, 3 dMare MF4;
or, ptaKoawt
•> <«•
p 1A?
EPA*
B^^
132.
Pr 114
p. 114
p 10» „
p «M,,,,..
p. Ill
p. 138
MMtadilMh
Ed.
BOBA
«u»
•IMA
MO (A-fAJe)—
fi A4. U
«S«Sin iMmbeMW IMr or ottMr para •» eMtad by IM nunuMekmr la My ratlin Ofgtntam to b« aMMM. and ftw
^Skie* VW nmi*ran» «Mr Kehniqu* inurty ywU( tow «nd ««nibto i*om«>y *om
•Mhod «• b* raquirad to rawM any eonkewMlM.
. •» MPN
.
•AppmMd only * dbnUton of «w KF Str»ptoeoocu» Agv (Swlton S.I. USOS MMwd $-0055-77) to iMd* ki • boSno
irbMi to moU tooieMne of «h» nwdkm.
TABLE IB—LIST OF APPROVED INORGANIC TEST PROCEDURES
PWMMr* unNs end method
1. Ackfty. tu CaCOb mp/L D«Uiu»i«Ote
wd pout or pfMnolphttMlcin end point
2. AkilMy. •> CKX3, mg/U
topH4AmnMl.or.
3. Aknifwn— ToHl.* mg/U DigMtton*
Mound by:
AA drteinckiVen
MucflMly oovtod plum (ICP)
Diract eurram ptevm (OOP) or
Cutotinlilu (Erloef»eni» cymm R)_
4. Ammonk (is N). mg/L M»n«i dMV-
Mon «t pH • JS> • fokuMd by:
Ttn»nr
Fmrmfr
A^M^ft*^ I'lLl IJlfl
& Antimony— ToM*. mo/L: OtoMlon*
MkHMdbr
AA *tei mHrMon
AAhrMM V
hrtgihify mmififl pftii^
& Arawto-ToM *. mg/L: Ogtrton'
totoMdby
AAtonaoi ,
CokvinMric (SDDC)
7. Bvlum-ToW.* rng/U DlgMlan • W-
kNMdby:
AA d>*et (•pnt~<
ICP, ^ -„ - -
ceo
& 6«y«um-To«.« mo/L; npiHon*
WtoKdby:
AA kniK* ,_.., ,
EPA
1»70«4
9(41 - ,
S10».
jfl»i
jno9
!MO>
.•K0.1
•^«11
W1 ...
70*?
20* ?
put?
200?
208.4
tOt*
7°"»
210i
su.
•MM^fMMte
nmnmv
leaiEo
402(4a)
SMC
9(V1
*W
41 »»
417B
4170
417 Ear F_
^im
4X)3A
T^M
yr«f
904
wmt
90K
W
909C
304
ASTM
1087-«2(E)
01426-70(0)
D142V-79(Q
0297244(8)
D2972-e4(A) —
USQS'
(-2030-44
1-4091-45.,
I-3520-44
1 -IV) fM
LJJWUUU
i-aoao-M
|.30t4-BS
OMr
200.7.*
No«»33.
33.057*
33.057 •
fijqlg ^
2007*
«QQ74
200.7.4
Note 33.
C-6
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE IB—LIST OF APPROVED INORGANIC TEST PROCEDURES—Continued
* uncs tno nwvtoo
.(method No. or IMP)
EPA
197»*«
ASTM
usas>
3088-
To, mg/1;
t-3112-65.
3£?
11.
12. Cadmlurn-ToM.* mg/U Ogiillon •
tohxwdby.
303 A or B-
AAkjmv
03557-84 (A
• B).
M1Z5-64.
1-3135-85 or
1-3138-65.
200.7*
NOM33.
33410*. p. 17.*
200.7.4
No* 33.
0.844.*
33466.*
OOP.
V
C
IX OJtohim—Tott.*
MewtJdby:
rep.
310B.
218.1..
0511-64(8)
1-3152-65.
DCP.W.
200.7.*
MOM 33.
200.7.*
NOM33.
14.
O511-64(A)_
drand (C80OJ, mg/L ••: OwaMd
IS.
(000).
1MnMMe.«r_
41O2.0T
41
01252-63
1-3560-64 or
1-3562-64.
TMmMfe(*4w
or(l*tnurici«nM),or-
CoMmtMe. rnvuH or
!(F«rfc»i*toj
407A-
4078-
0512-61(8)-
OS12-61(A)_
0512-61(0)
M184-84.
M187-84.
(-2167-84.
33M4*.p.17*
NoH»12or13.
33.087.'
17. CMerin»-ToW
TMHNMe
•Medrad.
SMrchwidpoMdract.
33O3-
D1253-76(A)_
01253-76(8)-
PM11U
poM '•. or.
OPO-FAS
3304.
OrB*
16. Oweatm VI dmol»»d. mo/L; O45
i-fcront^llonMto^by:
Cutolni»k, (Diprnnyfc'jrBnldi)
218.4_
16. Chromlum-roM.* mg/U Ogiillnn •
et«pki
AAc
216.1-
309A-
01687-64(0).
M232-64.
M230-64.
-3236-65.
NOW IS.
307B."
33.069.*
AAfcl
CP.
DCP.or-
20. OobM-ToW.* mg/U OluiKnn*
Mewed by:
AA dtod MpMtan
216.1-
303 A or B_
AAfumM*.
03558-64 (A
orB).
KU39-850T
t-3240-856.
DCP-
21. Oo*f pWkiuRi eoMH unNs or dorr*.
CaMmWtc (AOMI). or_
200.7.4
Net* 33.
p.37."
200.7.*
No«*33.
Not* 17.
204A-
C-7
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE IB-4J8T OF APPROVED INOROAMC TEST PnocEouRES-Coniiniwd
PMHHMr.«MMlMMd
XL Coppw-Tott,* IHQ/U OtjnMan*
MbMdby:
ICP
DGP flr •
OlnCnOfWWMf<
Mton«WiMgO.foioiMdby
TlrtmttTtc, or ... ,,....
nmonMUd"
24. Cyw*U0 •fMntfebto 10 cMorinctoon*
mg/L Mm* annmiaii «wi Mgd,
foflovwd by HMflMtttc or •pKtrophoio*
metric.
IS. FtuaUf TeM. mg/U MMUM «•*•
Mton»Mto«Mdby:
Bte*wfi. m*nu»J D»
CotorkmMC (SPADNS)
Or Autonwlfjd oonip>mfl< i
28. QaM-Tott.* mg/U Dig****)* **
kXMdby:
AA fwroot, f
PC»
27. IHiJnMi ToM. M C^CO. mg/U
TMftMMe (EDTA). or C« plu* Mg M
ttMir urtwnMM,". by inducttvclif
eaivtod ptevnt or AA diract upt-
radon. (SM P««inl«i 13 md
^
2B. f^fQTOQMt lOA |pH|* pH UnitK
EtadraniMriCt nwMiMiiMnt, of MM
AutonMlid ilicuoiji
29. Mdbm-ToW*. mg/L; DigiMan* W-
taMdby:
AA tfrect •tp'riUm. v
AAfumm
sa kan-Tottl* mg/U OigMton* W-
toMdby:
AA dfctct i^r^ifwl
"C°' , ...
31. *yi»ni n«n)B»>-Tottl. (n N). mg/
Lf DigvMon flnd dMHtafton foHowvd
*r
T*«»M , ,.,
fc. *^n^»fc'nn
• ••••I^MBBIIIL ,,.. |irt. j§
Elvctiodt
S«iih«uloinM«l black dVMIor. or
PoKnuomtrtc _..
32. Lwd-Totti.* mg/U Digntion • W-
towMby:
AA ftmet «fpjf|%o>)
AAlum^a | r.
*»-- -- ,. M
K5P .._....
VatUfKMry •• «r
33. M«gnMiun>-ToW.* mg/U Qgn.
ton'Mowcdby:
AA dnd MpirM^n
"»- -- „ ,
OC*. fr...
finiAnM^
34. MmgniMi ToUI.' mg/L: OOM-
kon'lolkMMdby:
AA dna HpkWon ,
AAk«nM».,,
ICP
DCP n,
(PwiMM.)
Ftato««.(m«hodNo.or|MgM
EPA
igw*4
H0.1
TW?
Tf5?
335.1
1"*?
J4Q1
340.3-..., ..
711?
231 J
1901
1302
150.1
??*'
ntF?
236.1
77*?
951J
351.3
3S1J
351 J. .
351i
astf
239.1_
2392
9421
2431
243.2
Ski
im»e*
iMhED
301 A or B-
TM
*1M)
*i?9
«i»C „
412F___
413A
4138
*1JE
WTA
•pu
3148
423_____
90!M
PM
303 A or B_
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE IB—LIST OF APPROVED INORGANIC TEST PROCEDURES—Continued
PmnwMft unite end irwtnoo
35. Maieury— Total ". mg/L
36. Molytodtmm— ToW.* mg/U BOM*
*>n*fo.tow«lby:
ICP or ,
PCP •
37. NckM-ToW,* mQ/U Digestion * fol-
towad oyt
Ifp
PCP or ,
88 Nitrate (at N) mo/I • GotonmtMe
(Bnidn* •«**). or NttnMa**** N
mnui MHM N (Saa panmalam 39
and 40).
39 Nitrata-nltrita (at N) mg/L: Cadmium
reduction. Manual or
AUtOmatad. O'.rrn . . ,.
40. NNntt (as N). mg/L Sp*c*ophoto-
mame
Manual or
11 01 and gimi Tcrti1 rirni'irXili
42. Orgvcc oton— ToM fTOO, mg/L
Combuttton or onhlrtiuri
43. Oigcnlc rMogn (M N) mg/L ToM
KJlldlN N (PxwiMIx 31) mtru am-
montaN(PnrMMr4.).
44. OrtrnprapMi (M P), mg/L; Aioor-
bte acid inwhod:
Aulom«tt<1 f
Manual tinola taaaanl
or Manual twn raagant
45. Ovnlum— Total'. mg/L Dignlton*
Mowwlby:
AA rJrad aajilntian ~
AAfumao*
46. Oxygan rtimlmj. mg/L WMd*r
(Azttt: modHieation), or
Btctrodt
47. P«)todum-ToUI.' mg/L DigtMion*
MoiMdby:
AAdract MpraVr»i
OCP ,
48. PrMnota. mg/L
Manual tinfflitmn *•
FoUowadby;
Cotonnwtne (4AAP) manual. or_
^^«IM«f »
49. Phoiphona ((tanwrital) mg/L Sat-
SO. Phoiphoni*— ToM. mg/L PanwHiM
tfgntxm loVoiMd by
Manual v
Automatad ttmrbic aoft T*ftrw
or.
Sam-automitad Mock diu»iloi
51. Platinum— Total.* mg/L DigaMon*
tolloMdby:
AA dvact npn»»
AAfumaet
MTP _,,„,
52. Poumium- total*. mg/L DigaMon
totoMdby:
AA dracl aspirafeon
tartiirt>ifly trm^t^) pl«mi
Ftama photomaMe. or
C^VVMlfk: (ClA«JlkMyftA)
53. Rmdu»— Total. mg/L Qrawmatnc.
103-105%.
54. Rwdua— NMraMt. mg/L GraviM-
trtc.180-C.
55. Rmidu*— nonntarabla. (TSS), mg/L.
Grivmatne. 103-IOS'C poM wattling
olnwdiia.
EPA
1979"
245 1
f* ?
249 1
7">?
249 1
JAO9
9S9.1 ._
35? ?
3Kf,?,,.
3531
!LU1
4191 '
'If11 •
9BB.1
ffW 2
•»«i
2521
9<«9
MO?
j«ni
Tf?1
p»9
^?0,1
J90.1 .......
42O2
9«»
365J!or
365.3.
ami
3994
755,1
Iff. 9
9m
«W,1
1f09
IV
Ski
mMhodt
left ED
303F
909C
304
303 A or B«
iKM
321B
416G
418F
4ig t
W3A
505
424Q
424F
3MC
904
421B
421 F
424COIO
424F , M.,,,
424G L
!X^i
304
303A
3228
209A
2
1 J4C3 a<
1-349045
i— iioa^s
M545-84
1-4540-84
M801-84
M575-78 »
1-1576-78'
M600-84
1-3630-84
1-3750-84 _
M 750-84...
1-3765-64
Onw
33095*
20a7.«
NOM33.
200.7.4
NOM33.
33.063 '. 419D ".
p. 28*
Not* 24.
33.044 *, p. 4."
33.116.'
33.028.*
D.S27*
B. S2B.*
Not* 33.
Not* 26.
Not* 26.
Note 27.
33.111.*
33.116.*
Not* 33.
33.103.*
200.7.«
917fi >•
C-9
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE IB—LIST OF APPROVED INOROAMC TEST PROCEDURES—ConUmMd
Parameter, urfts and method
ML fU T'f t HTHlelilii fftn/L! Voluntot-
ric« ISMMOH cone) or pravfrnslrtCi.
67 neaMue VotsMe mo/I ' Siwfcm-
•te.SSO'C.
60. Rhodium-Total', mg/L: Ogectton*
Muwadby-
AA d»tct iipiitlnn. 1»
«. RuVMrtum—TflW*. fflg/L Dbse-
•on* Mound by
M i>
AAlunwe*
CottnmoMc (DWitent)
KP, C» ,.,
OCP
63. Sodum-Toul.* mg/U DigMkon*
MoiMdby:
AA dvtct ftp*i^y*
Kf-, - ,„,"-,..-„-,
DCPi *»- -- - - -
64. Specific eonducMnet. mmomhe»/
cm *t 25-C: WhMWoo* tndg*
65. Sultata (M SO,). mg/L:
Automttcd cokximMnc (barium
etHoraniUrtt).
Tuil)h^»M»;
66.SUfid«(MS). mg/L;
TitnpMn; (ipi>nt) or
67. SuffiM (u SO,). mg/L- TNmwtac
(ioctin»40dM«).
ffl SurtMMiMa mg/L CotonrmMrie
imvihyMfW Muo).
70. Thrtwm-ToW. mg/L Digestion*
Mound by:
AA direct aapfciiiOT
AAli^ntc* Of-, ,... - „,-„
Inductivily coupted puma
71. Tirv-Toul*. mg/L Digestion* tot-
towed by.
AA dfect aspirstion. of
72. Tttinum— Total* mg/L Digestion*
Mowed by:
AA ovect asprakon „ ._
OC» -,-,.,-,..-„ ,„
74. Vanadium- Tom.* mg/U Digestion '
totawedby:
AA dwct aspiration .
AA fumtoe, -„ , ,
ICP, -. ,
OOP. or . „ _ .
Cotonmeme (Gake add)
75. Zine-Tolal.' mg/L Digestion > tol-
towed by:
AA dvect asoretforr
AA furf*ic* ,.„..... ,..,,,.. ,..- ,,
K» -
DCP t»
CiiloitiTtttc (CTUilimi*) or
ITbKVMl
EPA
1979"
1"""
inn*
M$.1 „.
9V1
2707
270.3
3701
2721
272*
2731
120.1
375.1 .
375J
3754
376.1
376\2_
377,1 .,„..,
425.1™
170 1
27B1 „
279.2.
262.1 .
282.2.
263 1
283^
100 1
2061
20U~. —
209 1
209.2.
Hi
8*1
methods
10m ED
1W
MtO
iffWA
WM
*0** - -
?04
304-
303E
42SC
303 A or B
304
303A
325B
205
426 A or B ..
4270
427C
420A _ ,
512B
212
303A
304
303A_.
304 __
303C
304
303C
304
327B
304
•fj»f.
•sranoednetwdl
ASTM
D3659-04(A) —
0859-00(8).
D1426-62(A)
D1125-62IA) —
OS16-62(A)
D516-62(B)
01339-04(C)..
D2330-62(A). .
D3373-04(A)
orO).
to. or page)
USQS>
i
t-3753-64
1-3667-64
M 700-04
(-2700-04
1-3720-05
1-3735-65
1-1760-64
1-3640-04
1-3850-78 '
Oner
2007*
20074
33009 * p. 37*
3198."
200.7.4
Note 33.
33107*
200 7.4
Note 33
33.002.*
33124.*
426C"
220A.**
Note 31
200.7'
Note 33.
200.7."
Note 33.
200.7.4
Note 33
Noel 32.
C-10
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE IB—LIST OF APPROVED INORGANIC TEST PROCEDURES—ContintMd
'-Memod* tar Ana** el toorgartc Subatanoe* to Water and Fluvial Sedknenta," u& DapanmaM ol me totortor. US.
tSurvey.Op-vfitoReport85-489,1986,i . -—-^
J MoAodi of Aitvyvto of ttio AoMOtoMon of OMctol AntfyttCw*1 CtMfnMs,** vMtttodt nwjnuol, 14tfi od. (IMS).
'For MM o^twiwjnrton of tow nwjttto vio ompto to not wtmtd botont piooHOfig. A dioMHon pfooodm to foojavvd to
r_. _ _ _ end to dOi%oy pooribto onjomo^nOwM oomptoMC. Two dtooriton preoodunw M ojMn In
-Memod* tor Chemical Anarysto ol Water antfWaaMa. 1979^On*(*ecaOT4.1^ we vigorouidneslloniieta rMcedri. A
we* vtgoroia piston uelngrwjteaiidliydroehlorlc add* («ee^
•tat Ma mid digesaon may riot autlto loj a« eampto type*. Panlcmarty. i a cotomiietoc procedure to to to employed, « to
fwoHMaty to onnra (ittt oj ofpojUNiiMrtiPO Mivijiibo jmfceWi to BMI ihojtoM to In • iwjcttw onto. In ffiooo oMuMioniX too
n to to bo pioJojfod iMHnfll oortoln Wt ojt no WJM dooi ttw ompto ojo to dnjnoM> StvnplM oontoMnQ tonjo
Me fiwtaftoto would otoo bonott by ftto vtooroui d»oMiton. itoo of th> grapnlto kafMOA tochniQuc. induc*wojy
M wol as ctotoaminmtuni tor ovMn rt«nomi tueh M WMnlc. ttw nobto m>iito. mwcury. Mtonium. ond
raqdn • modlcd dgMlton Md h M CWM «N iMOiod «M»4? «»M to oondMd tar vwttc m*ueion and/or
.
«O7B tt «w Included In em el •» MtMr ippravtd raMranoM k dNtarant «nn •<• itov* t» EPA preMdw* mol
teuMd.
tfcAntd M ttioM comMumlB wNch vrii PMB thuugh t 0.45 iiriuun iMnbmw
.
•Mien ot t» ttnttt, 9m ntumaitt preo»dur» tor MM m«Mg im»» b» fctoind. Simptt dJ9»«lon tar a»ot»»a niiUli
to OTttMtarAAMrael MptraMon or graphM* fccmo*) wd CP «n«ly»«« provtiM •>• innpi* toUlen IB to tntfynd
Vw taHoMlno ortMvHc
«.!»»• tow COO «M»
b. to ««Uy wraptnnl ««h • lutldky niMMVMnl el 1 MTU or
CGluilin ««h na p«MpttM» <>**••«*
e. fc _ _________
dl to of ono ioiAl phBM And frao of portcutoto or ouopondod nwttv foNowtnQ
•TM M MM el Method 200.7. "MuetMy CoupM Ptam* Atomic rirtrton Sp>c»om««te M«tiod tor Tiaot BMMM
AnMi of waw ind WMM,- k ghwi « Appmti C of «• P*1 188.
'' ----------
to not nouvvd If oonepMbHw dttt on fopfOMntMn'O OnkNnt tttwiptoo mi on cornpony ivo to wiow VMI
. _ _ uon fltop to not noooofltfyi nowwaV» imnuw OjeNHMion w§i bo nMuvod to fwowo ony OOOVWMC*
•Ammoms. Automwed Electrode Method. toduakW Method Number 379-75 WE. dated February 19. 1976, TeoMoon
. 10S91.
_ _ ^^
to ttwt citod In **Molhodv tor DvMnnlnMlon ot (norMntc SubttonoM In WVWJT ond FkMtoJ
.Cto4lMrA1(1t79).
on Phalogr^Nc Piociirtnq Efflwntt. Apr. 2, 1075. AMtabto tarn ANSI 1430 Bro«d»«>.
NMT York, NY 10018.
• -Hiliclid AfrtyKcH mihodi AppreMd and QM by OM IMMd SIMM EmkemNrMI PraMetoi Agmey.
h Edfton ol SMdM MMMk *r t» fiwnivlbn «/ »**r *nrf MMMMr(IMI).
"The use ot nermai^and Jltorenltol putoavollaigiramBa to Increase senHtMfr and resototon k»i
total BOD." Tto adaNon ol Bie"nSte«»Bn tohfcaor t» not a prececknl option, but must to toc»jd*d'to repertjhe C80O.
praiMWjf. A dtocninjor wtiooo ponnM c*ouiros fwpofUno ttw indWoml BOOb nwjy not un • nMl1lo>wJon innfeMor in ttio
procedure tor reporting fta reemto. Only whan a dtochargafa penM apaoMcaly Mate* CBOO. to ragutojd. can tie permute*
nkport detta* uokiQ who nttMoBtton inhwbllor.
» OC Chamtoal Oxygen Damand Method. Oceenography kitwiialtoi* Corporation, 512 Weal Loop. PA Box 2880. Coaeg*
SkMton.TX77B4a "^ ^ ' ^^^
•• Chamtoal Oxygen Demand. Method 8000. Hech ltoj«ajeefc ot Water Analysis, 1979. Hach chemical Company. P.O. Box
388. Lovetond. CO 80537.
'• Th* back ttMton method w8l to used to reeorve controversy.
••Orion nnsercfi toskucaon Manual naatouel Chlorine Etoctred* Model 87-70. 1977, Orion nsisereTi toeerporatod. 840
Memorial Drtva. Cambrktaa, MA 021*8.
••The approved menod to «wt dMd Irr. SOOC method tor weenie are provided to appenda D ol mis part titled. "Precision and Recovery
Statement* tor Method* tor Msssurmg Metals".
TABLE 1C—LIST OF APPROVED TEST PROCEDURES FOR NON-PESTICIDE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
PVaWMtV'
3. Aerototo
EPA Method Number1'
GC
610
810
80S
GC/MS
625.1625
625. 1825
•624. 1624
HPLC
610
610
Other
C-ll July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE 1C—LIST OF APPROVED TEST PROCEDURES FOR No
Continued
>OUNOS—
4. AcrytonMte
5 AnttvtMnp
T Dtndffnt
13 Btrnyl ftrtorMt
15 Bto(2-cNofO>ihQtfy) mtihant
16 Bto(2-cMorMthyf) 4thtr
17 6to(2 •ttiyttwyl) phttialtte
^9 BfQffiQiQtm
J1 4^1 piffuphtnytpfrfnyt fttiff Ml>(. _,.„
22 CirtKtn tetrachtoridi
79 44>ifl>ftAiiift^ifrA^fti
24 Chtufobtfgy^
25 CMofOtttWt. . ,
2ff ?Olf^i>**hyfcnoyl «th^
28 Ctihjromtthint
29 2-CMoronaphlhtffAf
90 2-ONofOphtnof ,
31 *-rfi*fTPt'**T")'V*f*y< f**^
33 DtMfUo(A,h)anttwvwft
34 Dihn?fT»ctitefOfttt1t>tftt
35 1,2-OicNorobtfWff1*
36 l^dcMorebtfv^1*
37 1 4-QiclilgrobtfOTn*
36 3 3'-PtehtofQbtwMint
39 OichlonKlfhiofwint^iftf
40 1 l-OteMorotthvit
41 1T2-Oichton>«th*ot
42. 1 l-Dichtorotlht^t
43 rtnt-1 2-DtcMonrtttftnff
44 2 4dcNon5ph^w!
45 1.2-DteMofopraf)«*
4ff c%-1 ^-nrrMtrraprafWff
47. mw-lXMcNoropraptfia
46. r>i«m»i ftifhaiin
48 £.4 Dimtttiy^phtnol
53 9_4AWlnwAMwy
54 2.4-OfnHratohNH^
95 7 f-pfn^Qi^ptnf ,,,
00, gpfefrfrpflfyfr*!
fl7 f^yf^fffj^f
fS^ Pwtj'tM»r>t
59 Ruorvft
M Mmrfl y^-ttfw^t^^
AS lMphor"*f
06 M*thytofM cNof*tf»
68 Mtftti1t*iFtfTt
49 MjtfufatfiMtft*
Tfl ?>AtrQphfwri
71 AJJKn^tf^M^
79 MJWrrwm«-rv^w^ytenwM
74 N-Nitnttodiph«iyUMiiM
75 2^*-Oxyt)ii(1 •ttityHproptfft)
7A PCB.1fl1«
77 PCM221..
7« PTM.1M9
7p P£R.1?42 r „„ ,_ r
90 PCB-124 „ . -----
HI. PCB-I^SJ . „,. ....
W "C8-1W
V? PyftttiHwup*^^
Af Ph^MTt
66. Pyrana. , ,
EMI
OC
603
610
602
610
610
610
610
610
606
611
611
606
601
flOl
601
611
604
601
601
601
612
604
611
610
610
601
601 602, 612
601 602* 612
601 602, 612
601
601
601
601
601
JQj
601
601
601
606
604
606
606
606
604
606
609
602
610
610
612
612
612
612
610
609
601
604
610
609
604
604
607
607
607
611
606
608
606
606
606
606
606
604
610
604
610
MhotfNumtar"
GC/MS
4 624, 1624
625 1625
624 1624
t**C 1AM
62S 1625
625, 1625
625 1625
matt 1A9&
625 1625
^35 t£25
625 1625
625. 162S
625 1625
624 1624
*24 1*94
624 1624
625 1625
035 102S
624 1624
624 1624
624 1624
625. 1625
625 1625
625 1625
625* 162S
•75 1625
624 1624
624 625 1625
624 625. 1625
0gg 1624 1625
62S 1625
624 1624
624 1624
624 1624
624 1624
625. 162S
624. 1624
624 1624
624. 1624
625, 1625
ity< togs
0gg[ 1025
625. 1625
025 102$
62$. 1625
.625. 1625
624 1624
625. 1625
025, 1625
625. 1625
•025, 1025
625, 1625
625, 162$
625 1625
624 1624
025> 1025
625, 1625
025 1625
625. 1625
•02$, 1625
•025, 1625
025 1025
625
625
625
025
625
625
625
625, 162S
025 1025
625, 1625
625.1625
HPLC
610
unit
610
610
A1O
A1O
610
610
MS
610
610
A1O
610
610
CNhw
NoM 3. p. 130" *
Note 6, p.
S102.
Note 3 p. 13Q-
Note 6. p.
S102.
Mrtift 1 n 11Y
Note 3. p. 43:
Not* 3. p. 43;
Note 3. p. 43:
Not* 3. p. 43;
NoltS p. 43'
Not* 3. p. 43;
Not* 3. p. 43;
fto^ • n 14A.
C-12
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABIE 1C—LIST OF APPROVED TEST PROCEDURES FOR NON-PESTWIOE Ow
Continued
:Cot
P—
EPA Method Number » '
QC
tot
•01
•a
•12
•01
•01
801
•01
•04
001
GC/MS
«4. 18*4
824,1824
824.1824
625.1625
624,1824
624,1824
824.1824
624
625.1825
624.1624
HPIC
OVNT
Net* 3. pi ISO;
NoM3.pi 130;
Note 3. p. 130;
Not* 3. p. 130;
Tab!*) 1C Notos
AH panWWtM MO OJOWMoM HI flliCi'OQnWW DOT ntt
•The M M Of MtthOda 001413. 624. 025. 1624. L
- ' or tn» Part 136. The alandardteed
gJ^«J.««« *•«.!»«**•" »"»*«• •» Append.
nd 1625. am given at Append* A. Tett Procedure, tor AneJya» of
Mtt procedure to to uead to daMiiiiina the method deMceon ami
B. "Definition and Procedure tor ma DeMrrm lalion of the Method
i UmJt." of H* Part 136.
'"Mtthoda tor Berottnc; CMorinaMd Organic Compound*. PenMchtorophant
DA EnvUmmantal ProMctton Agency. September. 1870.
•Method 824 may to extended to aereen aarnpMa tor AeroWn and Aaytonttraa. However, whan they are known to to
I and PailiJUii In Water and
i preferred method lor the** two compound* lat<*mod«MorMamod 1624.
pheny^emlne. However,when may am known to to preeem. MMhod* 005. 007. and 012. or Method 162ST ere preferred
I and OMd by ma UrtMd State* Environment*! Protection Agency." Supptonam to
*ntMMtnailort»Ejt*m*llonotW*»rtnaw»iMn*r(WtV.
an Meal, one erne, uenmaualiuii of their ablay to
Each analytt must _ _ _ __ _ ,_____.._
•Nh Illtmai 001-013. 024. 025.1024. and 1025 (See Appendix A of Ma
_ , 1 pracivon end AocutKy
....._.. . .. T36) In accordance with procedure* each in
aectton 12 of each of «MM Method*. Adduiunel.. each laboratory, on en ongoing baaa* mutt apika and analyze 10% (S%
tor llamoda 624 and 025 and 100% tor method* 1624. and j6J») tfjOt aampjea to mentor and evajuaM laboratory del*
ojuaMy In acoordanoe wNh aacttona 0JI and 0.4 of maM Method*. When the recovery of any paramaMr fax* outaida me
warning imjt*. the analyeal reeutt* tor that parameter In the unep*ed aampto an auapect and cannot to reported to
dvnomiNuM lOQutoAovy oonoptanoo.
NOTC ThoM won*ig IMto tn promutoaiod as an "interim foml acton with a roquMt tor oomm«nta.N
TABLE ID—LIST OF APPROVED TEST PROCEDURES FOR PESTICIDES *
Parameter M/U
1 AMfa
Z. Ame>|ll i
3 Amtaooait)
A Atatm
4 Aityhoe iM*1?
7 Rarhen
a — "*^;
• HHC
10 MHC
11 T^HC (LMane)
19 Carbary1
14 cuimitmBi*1*"'
«T 9p4fl
«• iji'-coo
IB ^^_pr?F
2° M'-flOT
tl Punitnn 0
f? namamonB
29. Dhfllnt"
f7 M-^rt
tn niantn
Method
QC
GC/MS
oe
TIC
"C
W
QC
TIC
OC
QC/MS
QC
QC/MS
0/7
QC/MS
OC
QC/US
OR
TIC
or
QC
QC-MS
TIC
"C ,
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TAME ID-LOT OF APPROVED TEST Pn
I*—ConUmMd
Pw»w»*?jBg/U
ar.EMon
B6.Fam«en
36 ranannTCA
•M liifHi'hln'T|nrM*
4t Unvrm-.
^ fl'"H*"Hi
nitomnn-™
n PmMon mtfq'
•4, PCMB
fifl. Pigrmon
98. Prapham
eaPrapow
«1 BidmB''*"-
atSmofm
6t.«wbani___
•« »—r
•« »4.f-T , , ,
«T 2/,«-TP (Sly^H) ...... ,
M T«tlll»l)t«JtM
TO Tittnln
Matad
w»
WVflli
JW«
GO/MS
flC ,, ,
o»ilia*on ol ttialr aoHy to o
«*h MggdiM 806 and 6» (Sai AppmdKA ol Wi Part — • ------ lTrT^ ^*
VMM fMthodaV AddNfomAy, ••ch *oofBtoiy« on vn ow4Q
MMhod 606 or 6% of aTawnpiai analyMI «Mh MaMed __________
•*» SacBam 64 and *4 el BMW matiodt Whan tw leeowwy of any
i tor Mat pmnwMr to •» iMpftad ampto aw auapad and ear
moi»»alloii d thalr aMaly to ganarato acr-otoMa pradalen and accuracy
Part 136) to accordance wHh pmcadunv. divan to aatttan 6^2 ol aaoh ot
on-gotog baak. muat apfea and analyn 10% ol al aMnpta analyzad «Mh
••tod fete menMorandavataato laboratorydan qua*y to aeoordanea
M vooovoiy of ony ponmo*r *Jto ouWdo vto womina InttaV ttio •noMteoi
Now: Than wvntog BrMH an pranutoMd at an
I cannot b* raportad to <
a raquaH tar oommamt-
C-14
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE IE—LIST OF APPROVED RADIOLOGICAL TEST PROCEDURES
EPA i
od No. or pig*)
Standvd
ASTM
USGS'
1. MptM-Tottl. pO pv Mr -
2. MphfrCouMIng «nor. pQ
3. MfrTottL pO p*r Mr
4.MfrCouMng«ner.pa -
6. W Rldum-Tott. pO pv
MV.
WMfta. pa pw HV — _
oaunMr_
eounMr.
idbcB.
703
703
703
01943-81
0104341
0189041
003.1.
703 ! 01890-81
705 i 02460-70
706 I 03454-79
pp. 75 una n.*
p. 79.
pp. 75 and 78.'
p. 79.
p. 61.
Eiwiron
tor Mmuranum tt RidtaelMly In unm
r.AuBUM1980.
igwii. -C«l»clid Miftofr of KM UA i
at M.177 MOW
r to DiMani
HI PiaMOton Agw». AUBUM1880.
•nnnn. MJ. «xl Brown. Eupmt. "CiUcIld Miftom al ttw UA GMtogical Swvcy of Ar
OMtogictf Sunwy, OptnflM Ripert 76-177 0978).
• TI» nwtied found on p. 7S rMMurw on* tw dnoMd ponton «M* •« nwhod en p. 781
porton. nwratot*. M M« rawMt muM b* added to obWn M "«o*l"
C-15
July 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX D
TECHNICAL APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
APHA, AWWA, WPCF, "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,"
17th Edition, 1989.
America Society of Civil Engineers, "Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers,
Manual of Practice," New York, 1960.
Associated Water and Air Resource Engineers, Inc., "Handbook for Monitoring Industrial
Wastewater," EPA Technology Transfer, 1973.
Federal Register, Vol. 55, No. 222, p. 48065, November 16, 1990.
Federal Register, Vol. 56, No. 195, p. 50759-50770, October 8, 1991.
Professional Publications, Inc., (Michael R. Lindeburg, PE), "Civil Engineering Reference
Manual," 5th edition, Belmont, California, 1989.
Metcalf & Eddy, "Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse," 2nd edition, McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York, 1979.
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, "Criteria for a Recommended Standard ...
Working in Confined Spaces," U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, NIOSH, December 1979.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 54 FR 2408, June 5, 1989.
Ogden Environmental and Energy Services, "Storm Water Sampling Protocol Manual,
Procedures and Protocols for Facility Data Collection and Storm Water Sampling,"
February 1992.
U.S. EPA, 40 CFR Parts 122,123, and 124; National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Permit Application Regulations for Storm Water Discharges; Final Rule, November
16, 1990.
U.S. EPA, "Guidance Manual for the Preparation of NPDES Permit Applications for Storm
Water Discharges Associated With Industrial Activity," EPA-505/8-91-002, April
1991.
U.S. EPA, "Guidance Manual For The Preparation of Part I of the NPDES Permit Applications
for Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems," EPA-505/8-91-
003A, April 1991.
U.S. EPA, "Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control," EPA-
600/2-76-145, NTIS No. PB258743, August 1976.
D-l July, 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX D
U.S. EPA, "Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving
Waters to Fresh Water and Marine Organisms," EPA/600/4-90-027,
September 1991.
U.S. EPA, "NPDES Compliance Inspection Manual," May 1988.
U.S. EPA, "NPDES Compliance Monitoring Inspector Training: Sampling," August 1990.
U.S. EPA, Region V, "Urban Targeting and BMP Selection," November 1990.
Woodward-Clyde Consultants and Ted Friel Associates, "Guide for Industrial Storm Water
Sampling," January 1992.
D-2
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX E
TECHNICAL APPENDIX E
GLOSSARY
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX E
GLOSSARY
Aliquot A discrete sample used for analysis.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): The quantity of oxygen consumed during the biochemical
oxidation of matter over a specified period of time, usually 5 days (BOD5).
Chain-of-Custody: Procedures used to minimize the possibility of tampering with samples.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): Measurement of all the oxidizable matter found in a runoff
sample, a portion of which could deplete dissolved oxygen in receiving waters.
Composite Sample: Used to determine "average" loadings or concentrations of pollutants, such
samples are collected at regular time intervals, and pooled into one large sample, can be
developed on time or flow rate.
Confined Space: Enclosed space that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work, mat
has limited means of exit and entry, that is not designed for continuous employee occupancy,
and has one of the following characteristics:
• Contains or has a known potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
• Contains a material with the potential for engulfment of an entrant
• Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by
inwardly converging walls or a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross
section
• Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.
Conveyance: A channel or passage which conducts or carries water including any pipe, ditch,
channel, tunnel, conduit, well, or container.
Detention Ponds: A surface water impoundment constructed to hold and manage storm water
runoff.
Discharge: Any addition of any pollutant to waters of the U.S. from any conveyance.
Effluent: Any discharge flowing from a conveyance.
Flumes: A specially shaped open channel flow section providing a change in the channel area and/
or slope which results in an increased velocity and change hi the level of the liquid flowing
through the flume. A flume normally consists of three sections: (1) a converging section; (2)
a throat section; and (3) a diverging section. The flow rate through tiie flume is a function of
uie liquid level at some point in the flume. .
Flow-Weighted Composite Sample: Means a composite sample consisting of a mixture of aliquots
collected at a constant time interval, where the volume of each aliquot is proportional to the flow
rate of the discharge.
E-l July, 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX E
How-Proportional Composite Sample: Combines discrete aliquots of a sample collected over time,
based on the flow of the wastestream being sampled. There are two methods used to collect mis
type of sample. One collects a constant sample volume at time intervals which vary based on
stream flow. The other collects aliquots at varying volumes based on stream flow, at constant
time intervals.
First Flush: Individual sample taken during the first 30 minutes of a storm event The pollutants
in this sample can often be used as a screen for non-storm water discharges since such pollutants
are flushed out of the system during the initial portion of the discharge.
Grab Sample: A discrete sample which is taken from a wastestream on a one-time basis with no
regard to flow or time; instantaneous sample mat is analyzed separately.
Head of Liquid: Depth of flow.
Illicit Discharge: Any discharge to a municipal separate storm sewer that is not composed entirely
of storm water except discharges pursuant to an NPDES permit and discharges from fire fighting
activities.
Materials Management Practices: Practices used to limit the contact between significant materials
and precipitation. These may include structural or nonstructural controls such as dikes, berms,
sedimentation ponds, vegetation strips, spill response plans, etc.
Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems: A conveyance or system of conveyances including
roads with drainage systems, storm drains, gutters, ditches under the jurisdiction of a city, town,
borough, county, parish, or other public body.
Outfall: Point source where an effluent is discharged into receiving waters.
Point Source: Any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance from which pollutants are or may
be discharged. This term does not include return flows from irrigated agriculture or agricultural
storm water runoff (see 40 CFR 122.3).
Reverse Meniscus: The curved upper surface of a liquid in a container.
Runoff Coefficient: Means the fraction of total rainfall that will appear at the conveyance as runoff.
Significant Materials: Include, but are not limited to, raw materials, fuels, solvents, detergents,
metallic products, CERCLA hazardous substances, fertilizers, pesticides, and wastes such as
ashes, slag, and sludge that have potential for release with storm water discharges [see 40 CFR
122.26(b)(12)].
Storm Water: Storm water runoff, snow melt runoff, and surface runoff, and drainage.
Storm Water Discharge Associated with Industrial Activity: Discharge from any conveyance
which is used for collecting and conveying storm water which is directly related to
manufacturing processing or raw materials storage areas at an industrial plant [see 40 CFR
122.26(b)(14)].
E-2
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX E
Time Composite Sample: Prepared by collecting fixed volume aliquots at specified time intervals
and combining into a single sample for analysis.
Turbidity: Describes the capability of light to pass through water.
Weir: A device used to gauge the flow rate of liquid through a channel; is essentially a dam built
across an open channel over which the liquid flows, usually through some type of notch.
E-3 July, 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX F
TECHNICAL APPENDIX F
ACRONYMS
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX F
ACRONYMS
BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5-day)
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act
dm cubic feet per minute
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
cfs cubic feet per second
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
COV Coefficient of Variation
CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
jEWA Clean Water Act
DOT Department of Transportation
ECD Electron Capture Detector
EMC Event Mean Concentration
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ESE Environmental Science & Engineering, Inc.
FWPCA Federal Water Pollution Control Act
FID Flame lonization Detector
FR Federal Register
GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectometry
gpm gallons per minute
H Head
HC1 Hydrochloric Acid
HNO, Nitric Acid
HPLC High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid
IATA International Air Transport Association
LCjo Lethal Concentration
NaOH Sodium Hydroxide
Na2S2Oj Sodium Thiosulfate
NCDC National Climate Data Center
NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency
NOI Notice of Intent
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NWS National Weather Service
O&G Oil and Grease
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PE Professional Engineer
ppb parts per billion
Q Flow Rate
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
s.u. standard units
TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
TSS Total Suspended Solids
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
F-l
July, 1992
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