THIRD SEMI-ANNUAL DATA REPORT
 The Evaluation of High Rate Trickling Filters
   and Aeration Devices for the Treatment of
    Integrated Kraft Paper Mill Effluents
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

          DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                      by
             The Mead Corporation

               Chillicothe, Ohio

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                        FWPCA REVIEW NOTICE









This report has been reviewed in the Federal Water Pollution Con-




trol Administration and approved for publication.  Approval does




not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and




policies of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.

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                              ABSTRACT
Treatment efficiencies of trickling filters and oxidation lagoons have




been analyzed under differing conditions of loading.  These treatment




devices have been operated separately and together to determine which




arrangements provide the best advantage for treatment of wastes from




the Pulp and Paper industry.  This data report summarizes the third




six month's data and shows relationships between efficiency of treat-




ment and loading.  No firm conclusions from this interim data are pre-




sented in this report.  A tentative plan for the fourth six month period




is presented.
Key Words:  Efficiencies/Trickling Filters/ Oxidation Lagoon/ Pulp and




            Paper Industry.











This project has been authorized, supported, and financed in part by




the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Department of In-




terior persuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act under Re-




search and Development Grant Number 12040 EMY.
                                 111

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                           CONTENTS
Abstract
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Appendix
Introduction
Summary of Results and Conclusions
A.  General
B.  Pilot Feed
C.  Aerated Lagoon
D.  Oxidation Ditch
E.  Trickling Filter 1
F.  Trickling Filter 2
Acknowledgments
iii


  3
  3
  3
  4
  6
 10
 12

 15
 16

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                               SECTION 1







                              INTRODUCTION









The information presented herein covers the third portion of a four-phase




project plan.  This is an interim report consisting of preliminary data




derived from operating the several treatment systems in series and in




parallel to determine potential treatment efficiencies.  Continuing




experimentation will be directed toward confirming present findings,




examining various series combinations of facilities to optimize se-




quences providing highest treatment efficiencies.  These present data




and findings may, or may not, form a basis for final project conclusion.








This report supplements the first semi-annual data report and the second




semi-annual data report.  The studies performed were financed in part




by FWPCA Research and Demonstration Grant 12040 EMY (originally WPRD




55-01-67) entitled "Evaluation of the Role of High Rate Trickling Fil-




ters and Aeration Devices Separately and in Combination for the Advanced




Biological Treatment of Integrated Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents."




The third period of study began operation on July 14, 1969 and termi-




nated December 19, 1969.








It is the purpose of this report to analyze the data from the third




period, as well as from the first and second to determine relation-




ships between the variables and to present the plan to be followed

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during the fourth period of operation.  The plan for the fourth period




will include a higher organic loading and operation with the most prom-




ising combinations studied during the first three periods.









The overall project objectives as stated in the revised application are:







     1.   To determine effect of influent solids and organics




          on biological treatment efficiencies.







     2.   To evaluate potential of plastic trickling filters as:







          a.  Main process for biological treatment.







          b.  Roughing filters prior to conventional aerated




              lagoons.







          c.  Roughing filters prior to and polishing filters




              after oxidation ditch utilizing the brush-type




              aerator.







     3.   To evaluate role of secondary clarification and sludge




          return in conjunction with biological methods described




          ab ove.







     4.   To evaluate combinations of the methods of treatment




          discussed above in providing higher levels of organic




          and solids removals than are conventionally obtained.




          BOD removals up to 90% should be possible.

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                               SECTION 2







                   SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS









A.   General




     In this report, emphasis will be made on weekly averages of data,




     since this interval lacks the scatter shown by daily data, yet is




     short enough to show variation with time.









B.   Pilot Feed Characteristics




     The pilot feed was clarified effluent from the Chillicothe Division




     of The Mead Corporation.  During the report period about 50% of the




     total mill bleach plant effluent entered the clarifier.  There was




     variation in the amount, depending on the condition of repair of




     the diversion dam which diverted this flow to the clarifier.








     Over the third six months, the average and extreme values of pilot




     plant feed were:




                             	Daily Data	   Weekly  Averages




     Temperature                  29°C-39°C             30°C-37.6°C




     BOD5                     112 mg/1-493 mg/1     119 mg/1-279 mg/1




     Total Solids             813 mg/1-11,060 mg/1  965 mg/1-4438 mg/1




     Percent Volatile TS           27%-91%               34%-64%




     Suspended Solids          92 mg/1-1394 mg/1    224 mg/1-740 mg/1




     Percent Volatile SS           14%-95%               34%-84%




     Apparent Color                340-3500              499-2255




     pH                            6.2-9.5               7.1-8.5

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     The pilot feed was supplied continuously except for 18% of time




     (29 days).   Four days of downtime were spent installing water




     lubricated bearings in the main feed pump.









C.   Aerated Lagoon (AL)




     Table 5 shows the completed project plan for the Aerated Lagoon dur-




     ing the third six months period.  Three tests were run, two series




     with the lagoon as a polishing device (AL-9 and AL-11)  and one high




     retention period (AL-10) with the pilot feed for influent.




     Figure Al-3, which is an updated version of Figure Al of the second




     data report, now includes data points from test AL-10.   This figure




     indicates that BOD_ removal efficiency over 80% is possible with




     retention greater than three days if settling of the effluent is




     included, but that highly variable results occur without settling.








     Figure A2-3 is a record of daily BOD  data for the lagoon influent




     and effluent with lines through the weekly averages of  these data.




     For readability, the weekly averages are presented again in Figure




     A3-3.  The BOD  removal efficiencies derived from Figure A2-3 are




     presented as weekly averages in Figure A4-3.  From these three fig-




     ures it can be seen that test AL-9, in which the feed was the




     clarified oxidation ditch effluent, little or no BOD removal was




     obtained through the aerated lagoon.  From Tables 1 and 2, the aver-




     age BOD  into the lagoon was 20 mg/1, and the average effluent BOD




     was 17.  Figure A3-3 shows that this average data is misleading




     since most of the influent data points are below the effluent data




     points.




                                  4

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Test AL-10, the 5-day retention test, indicates that consistent




settled BOD,, values can be obtained with aerated lagoon treatment.




The settled BOD  values for this test, shown on Figure A2-3 are very




closely grouped even though the pilot feed BOD  was somewhat vari-




able.  The efficiency curve for this test drops off steadily during




the four-week period (see Figure A4-3) because the pilot feed had a




decreasing trend of BOD values and the effluent BOD  had a slight in-




creasing trend, probably a result of low values following Test AL-9




during which very low BOD influent values were experienced.
Test AL-11 was of longer duration than any tests yet run—ten weeks.




The influent to the lagoon was from Trickling Filter One which acted




as a roughing filter for the lagoon.  From Table 1 an average settled




effluent BOD,, of 43 mg/1 was obtained with this combination.




Figure A2-3 shows that this BOD value represents a fairly consistent




effluent concentration.  Figure A4-3 shows the efficiency of the




lagoon operating on TF1 effluent and the overall efficiency of the




combination.  The combined efficiency is of most interest and is con-




sistently in the neighborhood of 84%.  This was accomplished at two




days retention time.








The temperature of the lagoon contents reached a high of 29°C during




test AL-9 and a low of 12°C during test AL-11.  The temperatures for




a given test were quite consistent, averaging 25°C, 23°C and 15°C




for the three tests run (see Table 1).

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     Dissolved oxygen content in the lagoon reached a high of 8.2 mg/1




     during test AL-9 and a low of 2.0 mg/1 during test AL-10.  The con-




     tents D.O. values are grouped closely for each test, as seen in




     Table 1.








     Figure A5-3 is a presentation of suspended solids data for the




     Aerated Lagoon.  Suspended solids value in excess of 1800 mg/1 were




     deleted from the graph since they represented slugs of solids from




     the trickling filter or the lagoon.  Data deleted were:





          TF1  11/5     2100 mg/1 suspended solids




          AL    9/22    1823 mg/1




                9/24    2435 mg/1




               12/17    27,330 mg/1





     Figure A6-3 presents the weekly averages of data from Figure A5-3




     in a more readable form.








     Results of a long term BOD study run on aerated lagoon influent and




     effluent samples collected April 28, 1969 are presented in Figures




     A7-3 and A8-3.  The first order curve of best fit is shown together




     with the equation of the curve.









D.   Oxidation Ditch (OP)




     Table 5 shows the completed project plan for the Oxidation Ditch dur-




     ing the third six months period.  Two tests were run, both with two




     days retention time.  Both tests were series tests in which the ef-




     fluent from the oxidation ditch clarifier was influent for the aerated

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lagoon in test OD-7 and Trickling Filter Two in test OD-8.  Test OD-9




which was scheduled for this series was not run because of failure




of the chain drive and shaft on the rotor.  A new set of sprockets




was purchased and a redesigned shaft was supplied by the manu-




facturer.  The new shaft arrangement will permit future conversion




to belt drives, as is now normally supplied on this aerator.








Figure Bl-3 indicates that the oxidation ditch, operating as an




activated sludge process with clarification and sludge return can




achieve 73% to 85% removal at one day retention and 82% to 89% re-




moval at two days retention.








Figure B2-3 is a record of daily BOD  data for the oxidation ditch




influent and clarified effluent, with lines through the weekly aver-




ages of these data.  For readability, the weekly averages are pre-




sented again in Figure B3-3.  The BOD  removal efficiencies derived




from Figure B2-3 are presented as weekly averages in Figure B4-3.








From these three figures, it can be seen that in test OD-7 the ef-




fluent BOD  values consist of four values greater than 12 mg/1 and




nine values less than 12 mg/1.  The BOD  removal efficiency is near




95% for weeks number two, four and five.  During the third week of




test OD-7 the pilot plant was down for four days for repair of the




main feed pump.  In test OD-8 the effluent BOD  values consist of




four values greater than 22 mg/1 and twelve values less than 22 mg/1.




The BOD  removal efficiency is greater than 85% for the first,




second and fourth weeks of the test.

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In test OD-7, the deviation from this excellent BOD  removal




occurred on July 31 (103 mg/1), on August 11 (32 mg/1), and in




test OD-8 on September 29 (113 mg/1), October 1 (45 mg/1) and




October 2 (28 mg/1).  Figure B5-3 shows daily suspended solids data




for the oxidation ditch clarifier effluent.  On July 31, a peak of




484 mg/1 occurred and on September 29, a peak of 508 mg/1 occurred.




A third peak of 388 mg/1 occurred on August 27, but no BOD  samples




were taken that because of the approaching Labor Day holiday.








Two operational problems affect the performance of the oxidation




ditch.  First, total power failure stops the brush aerator and




allows the solids to settle and anaerobic conditions to occur.




Second, the pump which transfers the oxidation effluent to the final




clarifier can lose prime if the sump float valve hangs up.  When




this happens the oxidation ditch effluent overflows to the creek and




the clarifier sludge return pump drains the clarifier to the oxida-




tion ditch.  The first of these mishaps occurred on August 10




(12 hours) and on September 28 (12 hours).  The effects  of these




shutdowns are apparent in the data of August 11, September 29,




and October 1-2 (duration of 4 days).








The second operational problem occurred on July 31 and August 4, 9,




21 and 27.  The occurrence on August 21 was of short duration and no




samples were taken soon after August 4 and 9.  The effect that loss




of prime in the effluent transfer pump has on the clarified effluent




following correction of the situation indicates that the presence

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of sludge in the clarifier enhances suspended solids removal.  This




is confirmed by the series of BOD  analyses run on laboratory set-




tled oxidation ditch effluent from September 15 through October 10.




The BOD  of these samples was consistently higher than the BOD  of




final clarifier effluent.  The BOD  of this series also showed the




peak that occurred on September 29 through October 2.
With these data that follow operational difficulties removed, the




BOD  efficiencies for tests OD-7 and OD-8 are 94% and 90%, respec-




tively, as compared with the 89% and 86% indicated by all the data.
The temperature of the oxidation ditch reached a high of 32°C dur-




ing test OD-7 and a low of 23°C during test OD-8.  Dissolved oxygen




content in the oxidation ditch was lower but more consistent during




test OD-8 than during during OD-7, but in all cases was greater




than 0.5 mg/1 and 80% of the samples showed greater than 1 mg/1 of




dissolved oxygen.








Figure B5-3 is a presentation of suspended solids data for the




oxidation ditch clarified effluent, with lines through the weekly




averages of these data.  For readability, these data are presented




as weekly averages in Figure B6-3.

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E.   Trickling Filter One (TF1)




     Table 6 shows the completed project plan for Trickling Filter One




     during the third six months period.  Three tests were run, two of




     which were series tests with TF1 serving as a roughing filter.  In




     test TF1-14, TF2 follows TFl.  A modification of the operation of




     TF1, introducing the pilot feed to the mixing tank beneath the




     filter, was used in test TF1-14.  In test TFl-15, a high recycle




     rate (5:1) is used.  In test TF1-16, the aerated lagoon follows




     TFl and the mixing tank beneath the filter is eliminated to form




     a roughing filter (no recycle).








     Figure Cl-3, which is an updated version of Figure Cl of the second




     six months report, now includes data from this third six months




     period.  On this graph, the point for test TFl-14 falls on the lower




     envelope line drawn for data previously collected.  The point for




     test TF1-15 falls well above the envelope line drawn for previous




     data, showing the effects of a high recirculation ratio.  The point




     for test TFl-16 falls on the lower envelope line, forming a straight




     line with the other two points for tests with no recycle.  The data




     point for test TF1-15, with a 1:1 recycle, appears out of place on




     this lower envelope line.  The modification of the feed to the mix-




     ing tank beneath the filter seems to be the reason for the much




     lower BOD  removal efficiency.  The fact that the results from test




     TF1-15 are extraordinarily low is shown again in Figure C7-3 (BOD




     Removal vs. Organic Loading) in which the point for this test again




     falls below the envelope containing data from all other tests of TFl.
                                  10

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Figure C2-3 is a record of daily BOD  data for the TF1 influent and




effluent with lines through the weekly averages of these data.  For




readability, the weekly averages are presented again in Figure C3-3.




The BOD  removal efficiencies derived from Figure C2-3 are presented




as weekly averages in Figure C4-3.
In Figure C2-3 the effects of the 12 hour power outage of Septem-




ber 29 that were discussed in Section 3.E. are evident in the BOD




data for 4 days following that date.  This affects the data of the




third week of test TFl-15.  The data of the fourth week of that test




is distorted by unusually low pilot feed BOD values.  If it were not




for these two circumstances, the efficiency indicated for test




TFl-15 would be nearly 80% (see Figure C4-3).








In test TFl-16, the PF BOD  for the third and fourth weeks is made




up of very high BOD  values except for two or three lower values.




This erratic influent BOD  is not well represented by an average




value.  The effect on weekly efficiency can be noticed in the third




week of this test on Figure C4-3.








Figure C5-3 shows daily suspended solids data for Trickling Filter




One.  Suspended solids values in excess of 1800 mg/1 were deleted




from the graph since they represented slugs of solids from the




trickling filter.  Data deleted were:
                             11

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          TF1  7/31    5343 mg/1 suspended solids




          TF1  8/20    4931 mg/1




          TF1  11-5   21000 mg/1









     Figure C6-3 presents the weekly averages of data from Figure C5-3




     in a more readable form.








F.   Trickling Filter Two (TF2)




     Table 6 shows the completed project plan for Trickling Filter Two




     during the third six months period.  Three tests were run, two of




     which were series tests with TF2 serving as a polishing filter.  In




     test TF2-14, TF1 effluent was feed for TF2.  In test TF2-15, the




     effluent from the clarifier serving the oxidation ditch was feed.




     In test TF2-16, the TF2 unit operated alone because the oxidation




     ditch was inoperative.








     Figure Dl-3, which is an updated version of Figure Dl of the second




     six months report, now includes data from this third six months




     period.  The only new point is from test TF2-16, since the pilot




     feed was not the influent for the other two tests.  The point for




     test TF2-16 lies near the lower envelope line with the other points




     for zero recycle.  Test TF2-16 provides another data point for




     Figure D7 of the second six months report.  This point extends the




     X-axis of the figure and falls above the envelope (not shown)




     enclosing the previous data.
                                  12

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The fact that this new point has a higher efficiency than would be




indicated by the other data shows that more BOD  can be removed per




unit of filter volume at the higher organic loadings.
Figure D2-3 is a record of daily BOD  data for the TF2 influent and




effluent with lines through the weekly averages of these data.




For readability, the weekly averages are presented again in Fig-




ure D3-3.  The BOD  removal efficiencies derived from Figure D2-3




are presented as weekly averages in Figure D4-3.
In Figure D2-3, the power outage of September 29 caused high clari-




fied OD effluent BOD  which was the only time in test TF2-15 that




any net reduction in influent BOD  was realized.  This test and




others before have shown that the biological slimes developed from




a relatively strong influent wastewater will not achieve a BOD




reduction when treating a weak influent wastewater, even after




several weeks of equilibrium.








In Figure D2-4, test TF2-4 showed that TF2 (settled) can achieve




an efficiency of over 80% when combined with TF1.  This TF1 effluent




was the poorly treated effluent achieved by modifying the feed to




TF1 to the sump rather than to the filter (see Section 3.E.).
                             13

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Figure D5-3 shows daily suspended solids data for Trickling Filter




Two.  Suspended solids values in excess of 1800 mg/1 were deleted




from the graph since they represented slugs of solids from the




trickling filters.  Data deleted were:






     TF1   7/31 5343 mg/1 suspended solids




     TF1   8/20 4931 mg/1




     TF2  11/7  8343 mg/1




     TF2  12/4  1823 mg/1




     TF2  12/17 2143 mg/1







Figure D6-3 presents the weekly averages of data from Figure D5-3




in a more readable form.








Results of long term BOD studies run on Trickling Filter One influent




and effluent samples collected May 19, 1969 and August 20, 1969 are




presented in Figures C8-3, C9-3, C10-3, and Cll-3.  The first order




curve of best fit is shown together with the equation of the curve.
                             14

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                               SECTION 3







                            ACKNOWLEDGMENTS









The author wishes to acknowledge the organizational assistance of




J. E. Robbins; the technical talents of R. E. Smith, G. R. Laessle,




W. E. Woodbridge, and Viola Loel; and the technical advice of




R. H. Scott.
                                  15

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APPENDIX
  16

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                                FIGURES









1.    Aerated Lagoon (AL)




     Al-3  BOD Removal vs.  Retention Time.




     A2-3  BOD Data - Pilot Feed and Aerated Lagoon Effluent.




     A3-3  BOD Data - Aerated Lagoon (Weekly Averages).




     A4-3  BOD Removal -  Aerated Lagoon  (Weekly Average  Efficiency).




     A5-3  Suspended Solids Data - Pilot Feed and Aerated Lagoon Effluent.




     A6-3  Suspended Solids Data - Aerated  Lagoon (Weekly Averages).




     A7-3  Long Term BOD  Study - Pilot Feed 4-28-69.




     A8-3  Long Term BOD  Study - Aerated Lagoon Effluent 4-28-69.




2.    Oxidation Ditch (OD)




     Bl-3  BOD Removal vs.  Retention Time - Oxidation Ditch.




     B2-3  BOD Data - Pilot Feed and Oxidation Ditch Effluent.




     B3-3  BOD Data - Oxidation Ditch (Weekly Averages).




     B4-3  BOD Removal -  Oxidation Ditch (Weekly Average Efficiency).




     B5-3  Suspended Solids Data - Pilot Feed and Oxidation Ditch  Effluent.




     B6-3  Suspended Solids Data - Oxidation Ditch (Weekly Averages).




3.    Trickling Filter 1 (TFl)




     Cl-3  BOD Removal vs.  Hydraulic Loading - Trickling Filter  1.




     C2-3  BOD Data - Pilot Feed and Trickling Filter 1  Effluent.




     C3-3  BOD Data - Trickling Filter 1 (Weekly Averages).




     C4-3  BOD Removal -  Trickling Filter 1 (Weekly Average Efficiency).




     C5-3  Suspended Solids Data - Pilot Feed and Trickling Filter 1 Effluent.




     C6-3  Suspended Solids Data - Trickling Filter 1 (Weekly Averages).




     C7-3  BOD Removal vs.  Organic Loading  - Trickling Filter 1.
                                  17

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     C8-3  Long Term BOD Study - Pilot Feed 5-19-69.

     C9-3  Long Term BOD Study - TF1 Effluent 5-19-69.

     C10-3 Long Term BOD Study - Pilot Feed 8-20-69.

     Cll-3 Long Term BOD Study - TF1 Effluent 8-20-69.

4.   Trickling Filter 2 (TF2)

     Dl-3  Summary of BOD  Efficiency First and Second  Six Months  -
           Efficiency vs. Hydraulic Loading.

     D2-3  BOD Data - Pilot Feed and Trickling Filter 2 Effluent.

     D3-3  BOD Data - Trickling Filter 2 (Weekly Averages).

     D4-3  BOD Removal - Trickling Filter 2 (Weekly Average Efficiency)

     D5-3  Suspended Solids Data - Pilot Feed and Trickling Filter 2
           Effluent.

     D6-3  Suspended Solids Data - Trickling  Filter 2 (Weekly Averages)

     D7-3  BOD  Removal vs. Organic Loading - Clarified TF2 Effluent.
                                  18

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                                 TABLES









1      Summary of Test Results - Aerated Lagoon.




2      Summary of Test Results - Oxidation Ditch.




3      Summary of Test Results - Trickling Filter  1.




4      Summary of Test Results - Trickling Filter  2.




5      Completed Project Plan for Pilot Lagoon and Oxidation  Ditch.




6      Completed Project Plan for Pilot Trickling  Filters.




7      Proposed Project Plan for Pilot  Lagoon and  Oxidation Ditch.




8      Proposed Project Plan for Pilot  Trickling Filters.
                                  19

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