THIRD SEMI-ANNUAL DATA REPORT
The Evaluation of High Rate Trickling Filters
and Aeration Devices for the Treatment of
Integrated Kraft Paper Mill Effluents
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
by
The Mead Corporation
Chillicothe, Ohio
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FWPCA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed in the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Administration and approved for publication. Approval does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
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ABSTRACT
Treatment efficiencies of trickling filters and oxidation lagoons have
been analyzed under differing conditions of loading. These treatment
devices have been operated separately and together to determine which
arrangements provide the best advantage for treatment of wastes from
the Pulp and Paper industry. This data report summarizes the third
six month's data and shows relationships between efficiency of treat-
ment and loading. No firm conclusions from this interim data are pre-
sented in this report. A tentative plan for the fourth six month period
is presented.
Key Words: Efficiencies/Trickling Filters/ Oxidation Lagoon/ Pulp and
Paper Industry.
This project has been authorized, supported, and financed in part by
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Department of In-
terior persuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act under Re-
search and Development Grant Number 12040 EMY.
111
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CONTENTS
Abstract
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Appendix
Introduction
Summary of Results and Conclusions
A. General
B. Pilot Feed
C. Aerated Lagoon
D. Oxidation Ditch
E. Trickling Filter 1
F. Trickling Filter 2
Acknowledgments
iii
3
3
3
4
6
10
12
15
16
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The information presented herein covers the third portion of a four-phase
project plan. This is an interim report consisting of preliminary data
derived from operating the several treatment systems in series and in
parallel to determine potential treatment efficiencies. Continuing
experimentation will be directed toward confirming present findings,
examining various series combinations of facilities to optimize se-
quences providing highest treatment efficiencies. These present data
and findings may, or may not, form a basis for final project conclusion.
This report supplements the first semi-annual data report and the second
semi-annual data report. The studies performed were financed in part
by FWPCA Research and Demonstration Grant 12040 EMY (originally WPRD
55-01-67) entitled "Evaluation of the Role of High Rate Trickling Fil-
ters and Aeration Devices Separately and in Combination for the Advanced
Biological Treatment of Integrated Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents."
The third period of study began operation on July 14, 1969 and termi-
nated December 19, 1969.
It is the purpose of this report to analyze the data from the third
period, as well as from the first and second to determine relation-
ships between the variables and to present the plan to be followed
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during the fourth period of operation. The plan for the fourth period
will include a higher organic loading and operation with the most prom-
ising combinations studied during the first three periods.
The overall project objectives as stated in the revised application are:
1. To determine effect of influent solids and organics
on biological treatment efficiencies.
2. To evaluate potential of plastic trickling filters as:
a. Main process for biological treatment.
b. Roughing filters prior to conventional aerated
lagoons.
c. Roughing filters prior to and polishing filters
after oxidation ditch utilizing the brush-type
aerator.
3. To evaluate role of secondary clarification and sludge
return in conjunction with biological methods described
ab ove.
4. To evaluate combinations of the methods of treatment
discussed above in providing higher levels of organic
and solids removals than are conventionally obtained.
BOD removals up to 90% should be possible.
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
A. General
In this report, emphasis will be made on weekly averages of data,
since this interval lacks the scatter shown by daily data, yet is
short enough to show variation with time.
B. Pilot Feed Characteristics
The pilot feed was clarified effluent from the Chillicothe Division
of The Mead Corporation. During the report period about 50% of the
total mill bleach plant effluent entered the clarifier. There was
variation in the amount, depending on the condition of repair of
the diversion dam which diverted this flow to the clarifier.
Over the third six months, the average and extreme values of pilot
plant feed were:
Daily Data Weekly Averages
Temperature 29°C-39°C 30°C-37.6°C
BOD5 112 mg/1-493 mg/1 119 mg/1-279 mg/1
Total Solids 813 mg/1-11,060 mg/1 965 mg/1-4438 mg/1
Percent Volatile TS 27%-91% 34%-64%
Suspended Solids 92 mg/1-1394 mg/1 224 mg/1-740 mg/1
Percent Volatile SS 14%-95% 34%-84%
Apparent Color 340-3500 499-2255
pH 6.2-9.5 7.1-8.5
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The pilot feed was supplied continuously except for 18% of time
(29 days). Four days of downtime were spent installing water
lubricated bearings in the main feed pump.
C. Aerated Lagoon (AL)
Table 5 shows the completed project plan for the Aerated Lagoon dur-
ing the third six months period. Three tests were run, two series
with the lagoon as a polishing device (AL-9 and AL-11) and one high
retention period (AL-10) with the pilot feed for influent.
Figure Al-3, which is an updated version of Figure Al of the second
data report, now includes data points from test AL-10. This figure
indicates that BOD_ removal efficiency over 80% is possible with
retention greater than three days if settling of the effluent is
included, but that highly variable results occur without settling.
Figure A2-3 is a record of daily BOD data for the lagoon influent
and effluent with lines through the weekly averages of these data.
For readability, the weekly averages are presented again in Figure
A3-3. The BOD removal efficiencies derived from Figure A2-3 are
presented as weekly averages in Figure A4-3. From these three fig-
ures it can be seen that test AL-9, in which the feed was the
clarified oxidation ditch effluent, little or no BOD removal was
obtained through the aerated lagoon. From Tables 1 and 2, the aver-
age BOD into the lagoon was 20 mg/1, and the average effluent BOD
was 17. Figure A3-3 shows that this average data is misleading
since most of the influent data points are below the effluent data
points.
4
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Test AL-10, the 5-day retention test, indicates that consistent
settled BOD,, values can be obtained with aerated lagoon treatment.
The settled BOD values for this test, shown on Figure A2-3 are very
closely grouped even though the pilot feed BOD was somewhat vari-
able. The efficiency curve for this test drops off steadily during
the four-week period (see Figure A4-3) because the pilot feed had a
decreasing trend of BOD values and the effluent BOD had a slight in-
creasing trend, probably a result of low values following Test AL-9
during which very low BOD influent values were experienced.
Test AL-11 was of longer duration than any tests yet run—ten weeks.
The influent to the lagoon was from Trickling Filter One which acted
as a roughing filter for the lagoon. From Table 1 an average settled
effluent BOD,, of 43 mg/1 was obtained with this combination.
Figure A2-3 shows that this BOD value represents a fairly consistent
effluent concentration. Figure A4-3 shows the efficiency of the
lagoon operating on TF1 effluent and the overall efficiency of the
combination. The combined efficiency is of most interest and is con-
sistently in the neighborhood of 84%. This was accomplished at two
days retention time.
The temperature of the lagoon contents reached a high of 29°C during
test AL-9 and a low of 12°C during test AL-11. The temperatures for
a given test were quite consistent, averaging 25°C, 23°C and 15°C
for the three tests run (see Table 1).
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Dissolved oxygen content in the lagoon reached a high of 8.2 mg/1
during test AL-9 and a low of 2.0 mg/1 during test AL-10. The con-
tents D.O. values are grouped closely for each test, as seen in
Table 1.
Figure A5-3 is a presentation of suspended solids data for the
Aerated Lagoon. Suspended solids value in excess of 1800 mg/1 were
deleted from the graph since they represented slugs of solids from
the trickling filter or the lagoon. Data deleted were:
TF1 11/5 2100 mg/1 suspended solids
AL 9/22 1823 mg/1
9/24 2435 mg/1
12/17 27,330 mg/1
Figure A6-3 presents the weekly averages of data from Figure A5-3
in a more readable form.
Results of a long term BOD study run on aerated lagoon influent and
effluent samples collected April 28, 1969 are presented in Figures
A7-3 and A8-3. The first order curve of best fit is shown together
with the equation of the curve.
D. Oxidation Ditch (OP)
Table 5 shows the completed project plan for the Oxidation Ditch dur-
ing the third six months period. Two tests were run, both with two
days retention time. Both tests were series tests in which the ef-
fluent from the oxidation ditch clarifier was influent for the aerated
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lagoon in test OD-7 and Trickling Filter Two in test OD-8. Test OD-9
which was scheduled for this series was not run because of failure
of the chain drive and shaft on the rotor. A new set of sprockets
was purchased and a redesigned shaft was supplied by the manu-
facturer. The new shaft arrangement will permit future conversion
to belt drives, as is now normally supplied on this aerator.
Figure Bl-3 indicates that the oxidation ditch, operating as an
activated sludge process with clarification and sludge return can
achieve 73% to 85% removal at one day retention and 82% to 89% re-
moval at two days retention.
Figure B2-3 is a record of daily BOD data for the oxidation ditch
influent and clarified effluent, with lines through the weekly aver-
ages of these data. For readability, the weekly averages are pre-
sented again in Figure B3-3. The BOD removal efficiencies derived
from Figure B2-3 are presented as weekly averages in Figure B4-3.
From these three figures, it can be seen that in test OD-7 the ef-
fluent BOD values consist of four values greater than 12 mg/1 and
nine values less than 12 mg/1. The BOD removal efficiency is near
95% for weeks number two, four and five. During the third week of
test OD-7 the pilot plant was down for four days for repair of the
main feed pump. In test OD-8 the effluent BOD values consist of
four values greater than 22 mg/1 and twelve values less than 22 mg/1.
The BOD removal efficiency is greater than 85% for the first,
second and fourth weeks of the test.
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In test OD-7, the deviation from this excellent BOD removal
occurred on July 31 (103 mg/1), on August 11 (32 mg/1), and in
test OD-8 on September 29 (113 mg/1), October 1 (45 mg/1) and
October 2 (28 mg/1). Figure B5-3 shows daily suspended solids data
for the oxidation ditch clarifier effluent. On July 31, a peak of
484 mg/1 occurred and on September 29, a peak of 508 mg/1 occurred.
A third peak of 388 mg/1 occurred on August 27, but no BOD samples
were taken that because of the approaching Labor Day holiday.
Two operational problems affect the performance of the oxidation
ditch. First, total power failure stops the brush aerator and
allows the solids to settle and anaerobic conditions to occur.
Second, the pump which transfers the oxidation effluent to the final
clarifier can lose prime if the sump float valve hangs up. When
this happens the oxidation ditch effluent overflows to the creek and
the clarifier sludge return pump drains the clarifier to the oxida-
tion ditch. The first of these mishaps occurred on August 10
(12 hours) and on September 28 (12 hours). The effects of these
shutdowns are apparent in the data of August 11, September 29,
and October 1-2 (duration of 4 days).
The second operational problem occurred on July 31 and August 4, 9,
21 and 27. The occurrence on August 21 was of short duration and no
samples were taken soon after August 4 and 9. The effect that loss
of prime in the effluent transfer pump has on the clarified effluent
following correction of the situation indicates that the presence
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of sludge in the clarifier enhances suspended solids removal. This
is confirmed by the series of BOD analyses run on laboratory set-
tled oxidation ditch effluent from September 15 through October 10.
The BOD of these samples was consistently higher than the BOD of
final clarifier effluent. The BOD of this series also showed the
peak that occurred on September 29 through October 2.
With these data that follow operational difficulties removed, the
BOD efficiencies for tests OD-7 and OD-8 are 94% and 90%, respec-
tively, as compared with the 89% and 86% indicated by all the data.
The temperature of the oxidation ditch reached a high of 32°C dur-
ing test OD-7 and a low of 23°C during test OD-8. Dissolved oxygen
content in the oxidation ditch was lower but more consistent during
test OD-8 than during during OD-7, but in all cases was greater
than 0.5 mg/1 and 80% of the samples showed greater than 1 mg/1 of
dissolved oxygen.
Figure B5-3 is a presentation of suspended solids data for the
oxidation ditch clarified effluent, with lines through the weekly
averages of these data. For readability, these data are presented
as weekly averages in Figure B6-3.
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E. Trickling Filter One (TF1)
Table 6 shows the completed project plan for Trickling Filter One
during the third six months period. Three tests were run, two of
which were series tests with TF1 serving as a roughing filter. In
test TF1-14, TF2 follows TFl. A modification of the operation of
TF1, introducing the pilot feed to the mixing tank beneath the
filter, was used in test TF1-14. In test TFl-15, a high recycle
rate (5:1) is used. In test TF1-16, the aerated lagoon follows
TFl and the mixing tank beneath the filter is eliminated to form
a roughing filter (no recycle).
Figure Cl-3, which is an updated version of Figure Cl of the second
six months report, now includes data from this third six months
period. On this graph, the point for test TFl-14 falls on the lower
envelope line drawn for data previously collected. The point for
test TF1-15 falls well above the envelope line drawn for previous
data, showing the effects of a high recirculation ratio. The point
for test TFl-16 falls on the lower envelope line, forming a straight
line with the other two points for tests with no recycle. The data
point for test TF1-15, with a 1:1 recycle, appears out of place on
this lower envelope line. The modification of the feed to the mix-
ing tank beneath the filter seems to be the reason for the much
lower BOD removal efficiency. The fact that the results from test
TF1-15 are extraordinarily low is shown again in Figure C7-3 (BOD
Removal vs. Organic Loading) in which the point for this test again
falls below the envelope containing data from all other tests of TFl.
10
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Figure C2-3 is a record of daily BOD data for the TF1 influent and
effluent with lines through the weekly averages of these data. For
readability, the weekly averages are presented again in Figure C3-3.
The BOD removal efficiencies derived from Figure C2-3 are presented
as weekly averages in Figure C4-3.
In Figure C2-3 the effects of the 12 hour power outage of Septem-
ber 29 that were discussed in Section 3.E. are evident in the BOD
data for 4 days following that date. This affects the data of the
third week of test TFl-15. The data of the fourth week of that test
is distorted by unusually low pilot feed BOD values. If it were not
for these two circumstances, the efficiency indicated for test
TFl-15 would be nearly 80% (see Figure C4-3).
In test TFl-16, the PF BOD for the third and fourth weeks is made
up of very high BOD values except for two or three lower values.
This erratic influent BOD is not well represented by an average
value. The effect on weekly efficiency can be noticed in the third
week of this test on Figure C4-3.
Figure C5-3 shows daily suspended solids data for Trickling Filter
One. Suspended solids values in excess of 1800 mg/1 were deleted
from the graph since they represented slugs of solids from the
trickling filter. Data deleted were:
11
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TF1 7/31 5343 mg/1 suspended solids
TF1 8/20 4931 mg/1
TF1 11-5 21000 mg/1
Figure C6-3 presents the weekly averages of data from Figure C5-3
in a more readable form.
F. Trickling Filter Two (TF2)
Table 6 shows the completed project plan for Trickling Filter Two
during the third six months period. Three tests were run, two of
which were series tests with TF2 serving as a polishing filter. In
test TF2-14, TF1 effluent was feed for TF2. In test TF2-15, the
effluent from the clarifier serving the oxidation ditch was feed.
In test TF2-16, the TF2 unit operated alone because the oxidation
ditch was inoperative.
Figure Dl-3, which is an updated version of Figure Dl of the second
six months report, now includes data from this third six months
period. The only new point is from test TF2-16, since the pilot
feed was not the influent for the other two tests. The point for
test TF2-16 lies near the lower envelope line with the other points
for zero recycle. Test TF2-16 provides another data point for
Figure D7 of the second six months report. This point extends the
X-axis of the figure and falls above the envelope (not shown)
enclosing the previous data.
12
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The fact that this new point has a higher efficiency than would be
indicated by the other data shows that more BOD can be removed per
unit of filter volume at the higher organic loadings.
Figure D2-3 is a record of daily BOD data for the TF2 influent and
effluent with lines through the weekly averages of these data.
For readability, the weekly averages are presented again in Fig-
ure D3-3. The BOD removal efficiencies derived from Figure D2-3
are presented as weekly averages in Figure D4-3.
In Figure D2-3, the power outage of September 29 caused high clari-
fied OD effluent BOD which was the only time in test TF2-15 that
any net reduction in influent BOD was realized. This test and
others before have shown that the biological slimes developed from
a relatively strong influent wastewater will not achieve a BOD
reduction when treating a weak influent wastewater, even after
several weeks of equilibrium.
In Figure D2-4, test TF2-4 showed that TF2 (settled) can achieve
an efficiency of over 80% when combined with TF1. This TF1 effluent
was the poorly treated effluent achieved by modifying the feed to
TF1 to the sump rather than to the filter (see Section 3.E.).
13
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Figure D5-3 shows daily suspended solids data for Trickling Filter
Two. Suspended solids values in excess of 1800 mg/1 were deleted
from the graph since they represented slugs of solids from the
trickling filters. Data deleted were:
TF1 7/31 5343 mg/1 suspended solids
TF1 8/20 4931 mg/1
TF2 11/7 8343 mg/1
TF2 12/4 1823 mg/1
TF2 12/17 2143 mg/1
Figure D6-3 presents the weekly averages of data from Figure D5-3
in a more readable form.
Results of long term BOD studies run on Trickling Filter One influent
and effluent samples collected May 19, 1969 and August 20, 1969 are
presented in Figures C8-3, C9-3, C10-3, and Cll-3. The first order
curve of best fit is shown together with the equation of the curve.
14
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SECTION 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to acknowledge the organizational assistance of
J. E. Robbins; the technical talents of R. E. Smith, G. R. Laessle,
W. E. Woodbridge, and Viola Loel; and the technical advice of
R. H. Scott.
15
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APPENDIX
16
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FIGURES
1. Aerated Lagoon (AL)
Al-3 BOD Removal vs. Retention Time.
A2-3 BOD Data - Pilot Feed and Aerated Lagoon Effluent.
A3-3 BOD Data - Aerated Lagoon (Weekly Averages).
A4-3 BOD Removal - Aerated Lagoon (Weekly Average Efficiency).
A5-3 Suspended Solids Data - Pilot Feed and Aerated Lagoon Effluent.
A6-3 Suspended Solids Data - Aerated Lagoon (Weekly Averages).
A7-3 Long Term BOD Study - Pilot Feed 4-28-69.
A8-3 Long Term BOD Study - Aerated Lagoon Effluent 4-28-69.
2. Oxidation Ditch (OD)
Bl-3 BOD Removal vs. Retention Time - Oxidation Ditch.
B2-3 BOD Data - Pilot Feed and Oxidation Ditch Effluent.
B3-3 BOD Data - Oxidation Ditch (Weekly Averages).
B4-3 BOD Removal - Oxidation Ditch (Weekly Average Efficiency).
B5-3 Suspended Solids Data - Pilot Feed and Oxidation Ditch Effluent.
B6-3 Suspended Solids Data - Oxidation Ditch (Weekly Averages).
3. Trickling Filter 1 (TFl)
Cl-3 BOD Removal vs. Hydraulic Loading - Trickling Filter 1.
C2-3 BOD Data - Pilot Feed and Trickling Filter 1 Effluent.
C3-3 BOD Data - Trickling Filter 1 (Weekly Averages).
C4-3 BOD Removal - Trickling Filter 1 (Weekly Average Efficiency).
C5-3 Suspended Solids Data - Pilot Feed and Trickling Filter 1 Effluent.
C6-3 Suspended Solids Data - Trickling Filter 1 (Weekly Averages).
C7-3 BOD Removal vs. Organic Loading - Trickling Filter 1.
17
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C8-3 Long Term BOD Study - Pilot Feed 5-19-69.
C9-3 Long Term BOD Study - TF1 Effluent 5-19-69.
C10-3 Long Term BOD Study - Pilot Feed 8-20-69.
Cll-3 Long Term BOD Study - TF1 Effluent 8-20-69.
4. Trickling Filter 2 (TF2)
Dl-3 Summary of BOD Efficiency First and Second Six Months -
Efficiency vs. Hydraulic Loading.
D2-3 BOD Data - Pilot Feed and Trickling Filter 2 Effluent.
D3-3 BOD Data - Trickling Filter 2 (Weekly Averages).
D4-3 BOD Removal - Trickling Filter 2 (Weekly Average Efficiency)
D5-3 Suspended Solids Data - Pilot Feed and Trickling Filter 2
Effluent.
D6-3 Suspended Solids Data - Trickling Filter 2 (Weekly Averages)
D7-3 BOD Removal vs. Organic Loading - Clarified TF2 Effluent.
18
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TABLES
1 Summary of Test Results - Aerated Lagoon.
2 Summary of Test Results - Oxidation Ditch.
3 Summary of Test Results - Trickling Filter 1.
4 Summary of Test Results - Trickling Filter 2.
5 Completed Project Plan for Pilot Lagoon and Oxidation Ditch.
6 Completed Project Plan for Pilot Trickling Filters.
7 Proposed Project Plan for Pilot Lagoon and Oxidation Ditch.
8 Proposed Project Plan for Pilot Trickling Filters.
19
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