States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research EPA-600/7-79-176a
Laboratory August 1979
Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1 ,,- , „ . r.
' '
Multimedia Environmental
Goals for Environmental
Assessment; Volume III.
MEG Charts and
Background Information
Summaries
(Categories 1-12)
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program Report
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
-------
EPA-600/7-79-176a
August 1979
Multimedia Environmental Goals for
Environmental Assessment; Volume III.
MEG Charts and Background Information
Summaries (Categories 1-12)
by
G.L Kingsbury, R.C. Sims, and J.B. White
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
' Contract No. 68-02-2612 (W.A. 72) and 68-02-3132
, Program Element No. INE825
Xj
EPA Project Officer: T. Kelly Janes
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
-------
ABSTRACT
Multimedia Environmental Goals (MEG's) are levels of significant
contaminants or degradents (in ambient air, water, or land or in emissions
of effluents conveyed to the ambient media) that are judged to be (1)
appropriate for preventing certain negative effects in the surrounding
populations or ecosystems, or (2) representative of the control limits
achievable through technology. MEG's are projected for more than 650
pollutants. Volumes III and IV address 586 organic compounds.
In the context of deriving MEG's, these volumes attempt (1) to
offer perspective on the broad range of contaminants whose control
is of vital interest to both industry and the public; (2) to further
develop and define indicators designating which contaminants must be
given priority consideration for immediate control and for subsequent
research; (3) to bring existing und emerging data together in a format
efficient for use in environmental assessment; and (4) to explore some
basic methodologies which provide the present goals, and which also
suggest directions for refined methodologies.
-------
CONTENTS
Abstract ii
Preferred Names and Synonyms for Organic Compounds
Addressed by MEG's iv
Molecular Formula Index for Organic Compounds
Addressed by MEG's xxvii
Appendix A MEG Charts and Background Information
Summaries A-l
Category 1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons A-3
Category 2 Alkyl Halides A-67
Category 3 Ethers A-137
Category 4 Halogenated Ethers and Epoxides A-153
Category 5 Alcohols A-191
Category 6 Glycols, Epoxides A-223
Category 7 Aldehydes, Ketones A-243
Category 8 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives A-285
Category 9 Nitriles A-363
Category 10 Amines A-385
Category 11 Azo Compounds, Hydrazine Derivatives A-449
Category 12 Nitrosamines A-465
iii
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PREFERRED NAMES AND SYNONYMS FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ADDRESSED BY MEG'S
COMPOUND/ELEMENT CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Acenaphthene
1-Acenaphthol
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetic acid
Acetic acid amide
Acetic aldehyde
Acetone
Acetone bichloride
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acetylbenzene
Acetylene
Acetylene dichloride
Acetylene tetrachloride
Acn'dan
Acridine
Acrolein
Acrolein dichloride
Acrylic aldehyde
Aery Ion
Acrylonitrile
Active amyl alcohol
Adipic acid
Aerothene TT
Alkanes (C = 10, 11)
Allylamina
3-Amino propylene
Ami no-methane
2-Amino-l-propanol
3-Amino-l-propanol
4-Amino-l,2-dimethyl benzene
2-Amino-l,3-dimethyl benzene
2-Amino-l,4-dimethyl benzene
2-Ami no-2-methy1 propane
1-Ami no-2-propanol
l-Amino-2,3-dimethyl benzene
l-Amino-2,4-dimethyl benzene
Oi[-4-ainino-3-chlorophenyl]methane
l-Amino-3,5-dimethyl benzene
2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol
4-Aminoaniline
Aminoanisole
2-Aminoanisole
4-Aminoanisole
Aminobenzene
4-Aminobiphenyl
1-Aminobutane
2-Aminobutane
Aminobutanes
Aminocaproic acid
6-Aminocaproic acid
Aminocyclohexane
Aminodimethylbenzenes
1-Aminoethane
2-Aminoethanol
6-Aminohexanoic acid
6-Aminohexanoic lactam
1-Ami nonaphtha1ene
2-Ami nonaphtha1ene
1-Aminopropane
3-Aminopropene
2-Ami nopropylalcono1
2-Aminotoluene
3-Aminotoluene
21A100 Acenaphthene
18C100 1-Acenaphthol
21A120 Acenaphthylene
07A040 Acetaldehyde
08C040 Acetamide
08A040 Acetic acid
08C040 Acetamide
07A040 Acetaldehyde
07B020 Acetone
02A344 2,2-Dichloropropane
09A020 Acetonitrile
07B120 Acetophenone
07B120 Acetophenone
01C020 Acetylene
02B040 1,2-Oichloroethene
02A300 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
23B100 Dihydroacridine
23B080 Acridine
07A060 Acrolein
02B106 3,3-Dichloropropene
07A060 Acrolein
09A040 Acrylonitrile
09A040 Acrylonitrile
05A122 2-Methyl-l-butanol
08A180 Adipic acid
02A280 Trichloroethane
01A240 Alkanes (C = 10, 11)
10A110 3-Aminopropene
10A110 3-Aminopropene
10A020 Methyl amine
10A121 2-Amino-l-propanol
10A122 3-Amino-l-propanol
10C065 3,4-Xylidine
10C064 2,6-Xylidine
10C063 2,5-Xylidine
10A143 2-Amino-2-methylpropane
10A123 1-Amino-2-propanol
10CQ61 2,3-Xylidine
10C062 2,4-Xylidine
10C180 4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
10C066 3,5-Xylidine
20A080 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol
10C100 1,4-Diaminobenzene
10C080 Anisidines
10C081 o-Anisidine
10C083 p-Anisidine
10C020 Aniline
10C120 4-Aminobiphenyl
10A141 1-Aminobutane
10A142 2-Aminobutane
10A140 Butyl amines
08B100 6-Aminohexanoic acid
08B100 6-Aminohexanoic acid
10A160 Cyclohexylamine
10C060 Dimethyl anilines
10A040 Ethlyamine
10A060 Ethanolamine
08B100 6-Aminohexanoic acid
08C060 6-Hexanelactam
10C200 1-Aminonaphthalene
10C220 2-Aminonaphthalene
10A100 1-Aminopropane
10A110 3-Aminopropene
10A121 2-Amino-l-propanol
10C041 2-Aminotoluene
10C042 3-Aminotoluene
iv
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
4-Aminotoluene
Aminotoluenes
n-Amyl acetate
sec-Amyl acetate
Amy! acetates
Amyl acetic ether
Amy! alcohol
sec-Amyl alcohol
t-Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohols
Amyl alcohols
Amyl hydride
a-rrAmylene
cis-B-n-Amylene
trans-B-n-Amylene
Amylenes
Oi-n-amylnitrosamine
Aniline
o-Anisidine
m-Anisidine
p-Anisidine
Anisidines
Anthracene
2-Anthracenethiol
9-Anthracenethiol
Anthracenethiols
Anthraquinone-disulfom'c acids
9,10-Anthraquinone-l,5-disulfonic acid
9,10-Anthraquinone-l,6-disulfonic acid
9,10-Antnraquinone-l,7-disulfonic acid
9,10-Anthraquinone-l,8-disulfonic acid
Aroclors
l-Aza-2,4-cyclopentadiene
10-Azaanthracene
Azabenzene
Azacyclopropane
2-Azaf1uoranthene
9-Azafluorene
1-Azaindene
9-Azaphenanthrene
Azimethylene
Az i ne
Aziridine
Azole
B(a)P
B(b)F
B(j)F
BA
Banana oil
Benz(a)acridine
Benz(a)acridine
Benz(a)anthracene
Benz(a)anthrene-7(12H)one
Benz(a)phenanthrene
Benz(c)acridine
Benz(c)acn'dine
Benz(e)acephenantrylene
l,2-Benz-10-anthrone
2,3-Benz-4-azafluorene
1,2-Benzacridine
3,4-6enzacn'dine
Benzaldehyde
2,3-Benzanthracene
l,2-8enzanthracene
1-Benzazine
1-Benzazole
10C043 4-Aminotoluene
10C040 Aminotoluenes
08D141 n-Amyl acetate
080142 sec-Amyl acetate
08D140 Amyl acetates
080141 n-Amyl acetate
05A121 n-Pentanol
05B061 2-Pentanol
05C040 t-Pentanol
05A120 Pentanols, (primary)
05B060 Pentanols, (secondary)
01A101 n-Pentane
01B101 1-Pentene
01B102 cis-2-Pentene
01B103 trans-2-Pentene
01B100 Pentenes
12A100 N-Nitrosodipentylamine
10C020 Aniline
10C081 o-Anisidine
10C082 m-Anisidine
10C083 p-Anisidine
10C080 Anisidines
21A140 Anthracene
13A121 2-Anthracenethiol
13A122 9-Anthracenethiol
13A120 Anthracenethiols
14A040 Anthraquinone-disulfonic acids
14A041 9,10-Anthraquinone-l,5-disulfonic acid
14A042 9,10-Anthraquinone-l,6-disulfonic acid
14A043 9,10-Anthraquinone-l,7-disulfonic acid
14A044 9,10-Anthraquinone-l,8-disu1fonic acid
16A220 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's)
23C020 Pyrrole
23B080 Acridine
23A020 Pyridine
10B020 Ethyleneimine
23B300 Indeno(l,2,3-ij)isoquinoline
23C080 Carbazole
23C040 Indole
23B120 Phenanthridine
11A020 Diazomethane
23A020 Pyridine
10B020 Ethyleneimine
23C020 Pyrrole
21C100 Benzo(a)pyrene
22C080 Benzo(b)fluoranthene
22C040 Benzo(j)fluoranthene
21B040 Benz(a)anthracene
080143 Isoamyl acetate
23B120 Benz(a)acridine
23B180 8enz(a)acridine
21B040 8enz(a)anthracene
07B160 5,6-Benzo-9-anthrone
21B120 Chrysene
23B200 Benz(c)acridine /
23B200 Benz(c)acridine x <
22C080 Benzo(b)f1uoranthene (
07B160 5,6-Benzo-9-anthrone
23B280 2,3-8enz-4-azafluorene
23B180 Benz(a)acridine
23B200 Benz(c)acridine
07A140 Benzaldehyde
21B020 Naphthacene
21B040 Benz(a)anthracene
23B021 Quinoline
23C040 Indole
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
1,2-Benzcarbazole
Benzene
Benzene carbinol
g-Benzene hexachloride
Benzene methanol
Benzene-trans-hexachloride
Benzenecarbinal
Benzenecarboxylic acid
1,4-Benzenediamine
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid
o-Benzenediol
m-Benzenediol
1,4-Benzenediol
Benzenesulfonic acid
Benzenetetrahydride
Benzenethiol
1,2,3-Benzenetriol
8,9-Benzfluoranthene
7,8-Benzf1uoranthene
Benzidine
4,5-Benzindane
2,3-Benzindene
Benzino form
Benzo(a)carbazole
11 H-Benzo(a)carbazole
Benzo(a)fluorene
ll-HBenzo(a)fluorene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)anthracene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(b)fluorene
ll-HBenzo(b)fluorene
Benzo(b)naphtho(l,2-d)thiophene
8enzo(b)naphtho(2,l-d)thiophene
8enzo(b)naphtho(2,3-d)furan
8enzo(b)naphtho(2,3-d)thiophene
Benzo(b)phenanthrene
Benzo(b)pyridine
Benzo(b)quinoline £
8enzo(b)thiophene B
Benzo(b)triphenylene
Benzo(c)phenanthrene
Benzo(c)phenanthrene and Alkyl derivatives
Benzo(c)pyridine
Benzo(c)quinoline
Benzo(def)phenanthrene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Benzo(f)quinoline
Benzo(g)chrysene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benzo(h)quinoline
Benzo(j)fluoranthene
Benzo(j,k)fluorene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)xanthene
Benzo(rst)pentaphene
5,6-Benzo-9-anthrone
11,12-Benzofluoranthene
10,11-Benzof1uoranthene
2,3-Benzofluoranthene
2,3-Benzofluorene
1,2-Benzofluorene
Benzofuran
Benzoic acid
Benzoic acid phenyl ester
Benzoic aldehyde
23C120 Benzo(a)carbazole
15A020 Benzene
05A140 Benzyl alcohol
02A380 Hexachlorocyclohexane
05A140 Benzyl alcohol
02A380 Hexachlorocyclohexane
07A140 Benzaldehyde
08A160 Benzoic acid
10C100 1,4-Diaminobenzene
08A200 Phthalic acid
188020 Catechol
18B040 1,3-Dihydroxybenzene
18B060 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
14A020 Benzenesulfonic acid
01B160 Cyclohexene
13A100 Benzenethiol
18B080 1,2,3-Trihydroxybenzene
22C020 Benzo(k)fluoranthene
22C040 Benzo(j)f1uoranthene
10C140 Benzidine
22A040 Cyclopentanonaphthalene
22A020 Fluorene
02A240 Carbon Tetrachloride
23C120 Benzo(a)carbazole
23C120 Benzo(a)carbazole
22B060 1,2-Benzofluorene
22B060 1,2-Benzofluorene
21C100 Benzo(a)pyrene
21B020 Naphthacene
22C080 Benzo(b)f1uoranthene
22B020 2,3-Benzofluorene
22B020 2,3-Benzofluorene
25B082 Benzo(b)naphtho(l,2-d)thiophene
25B083 Benzo(b)naphtho(2,l-d)thiophefie
24B060 Benzo(b)naphtho(2,3-d)furan
25B081 Benzo(b)naphtho(2,3-d)thiophene
21B040 Benz(a)anthracene
23B021 Quinoline
23B080 Acridine
25BQ40 Benzo(b)thiophene
21C060 Oibenz(a,c)anthracene
21B101 Benzo(c)phenanthrene
21B100 Benzo(c)phenanthrene and Alkyl derivatives
23B022 Isoquinoline
23B120 Phenanthridine
21B180 Pyrene
21C120 Benzo(e)pyrene
23B140 Benzo(f)quinoline
21C040 Benzo(g)chrysene
21D080 Benzo(ghi)perylene
23B160 Benzo(h)quinoline
22C040 Benzo(j)fluoranthene
22B040 Fluoranthene
22C020 Benzo(k)fluoranthene
24B100 1,9-Benzoxanthene
21D040 Oibenzo(a,i)pyrene
07B160 5,6-Benzo-9-anthrone
22C020 Benzo(k)fluoranthene
22C040 Benzo(j)fiuoranthene
22C080 Benzo(b)fluoranthene
22B020 2,3-Benzofluorene
22B060 1,2-Benzofluorene
24A040 Benzofuran
08A160 Benzoic acid
080180 Phenyl benzoate
07A140 Benzaldehyde
VI
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COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Benzol
1,2-Benzonaphthacene
Benzonaphthathi ophenes
Benzonitrile
1,12-Benzoperylene
2,3-Benzophenanthrene
1,2-Benzophenanthrene
9,10-Benzophenanthrene
4,5-Benzopyrene
2,3-Benzopyrrole
3,4-Benzoquinoline
5,6-Benzoquinoline
7,8-Benzoqui'noline
Benzosulfonazole
Benzothiazole
Benzothiofuran
2,3-Benzothi ophene
1,9-Benzoxanthene
Benzoyl alcohol
1,2-Benzpyrene
3,4-Benzpyrene
1,2-Benzpyrene
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl carbinol
Benzyl chloride
Betaprone
Bibenzene
B i eye1opentadi ene
Bimethyl
Biphenyl
4-Biphenylamine
2,2'-Biphenyldiol
Biphenylols
Biscyclopentadiene
Bisoflex
2,2'-8ithienyl
2,2'-Bithiophene
Bivinyl
2-Bornanone
Borneo camphor
Borneol
Bornyl alcohol
BPL
b-Brazan
l-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
l-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene
l-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene
Broraobenzene
1-Bromobutane
2-Bromobutane
Bromobutanes
Bromochlorobenzenes
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
2-Bromoisobutane
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Buta-l,3-diene
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
Butadienes
Butanal
n-Butane
Butanecarboxylic acid
1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid
Butanes
15A020
21C020
25B080
09B020
21D080
21B040
21B120
21B160
21C120
23C040
23B120
23B140
23B160
23D020
230020
25B040
25B040
24B100
05A140
21C100
21C100
21C120
05A140
05A160
16B020
08B060
15A160
01B220
01A040
15A160
10C120
18A120
18A100
' 01B220
08D260
25B020
25B020
01B082
07B100
05B120
05B120
05B120
08B060
248060
16A081
02A363
16A082
16A083
16A040
02A361
02A362
02A360
16A080
02A120
02A160
02A363
04A200
01B082
01B081
01B082
01B080
07A100
01A081
08A080
08A180
01A080
Benzene
1,2-Benzonaphthacene
Benzonaphthathi ophenes
Benzonitrile
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benz(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Triphenylene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Indole
Phenanthridine
Benzo(f)quinoline
Benzo(h)quinoline
Benzothiazole
Benzothiazole
Benzo(b)thiophene
Benzo(b)thiophene
1,9-Benzoxanthene
Benzyl alcohol
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Benzyl alcohol
Phenethyl alcohol
a-Chlorotoluene
b-Propiolactone
Biphenyl
Dicyclopentadiene
Ethane
Biphenyl
4-Aminobiphenyl
2,2'-Oihydroxydiphenyl
Phenylphenols
Dicyclopentadiene
Di-2-ethylhexyl adipate
2,2'-Bithiophene
2,2'-Bithiophene
1,3-Butadiene
Camphor
Borneol
Borneol
Borneol
b-Propiolactone
Benzo(b)naphtho(2,3-d)furan
l-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene
2-Bromoi sobutane
l-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene
l-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene
Broroobenzene
1-Bromobutane
2-Bromobutane
Bromobutanes
Bromochlorobenzenes
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
2-Bromoisobutane
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
1,3-Butadiene
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
Butadienes
Butyraldehyde
n-Butane
Valeric acid
Adi pic acid
Butanes
Vll
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
n-Butanethiol
1-Butanethiol
Butanitn'le
n-Butanol
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
t-Butanol
Butanone
2-Butanone
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
cis-Butenedioic acid
Butric aldehyde
Butter or methyl yellow
n-Butyl acetate
sec-Butyl acetate
Butyl acetates
Butyl adipate
Di-N-butyl adipate
Butyl alcohol
sec-Butyl alcohol
t-Butyl alcohol
n-Butyl aldehyde
n-Butyl benzene
sec-Butyl benzene
sec-Butyl benzene
tert-Butyl benzene
tert-Butyl benzene
Butyl benzenes
Butyl benzenes
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Butyl ethanoate
n-Butyl mercaptan
Di-n-butyl phthalate
n-Butylamine
Butyl amines
n-Butylbromide
sec-Butyl bromide
tert-Butylbromide
a-Butylene
cis-B-Butylene
trans-B-Butylene
Butylenes
Butylethylene
n-Butylthioalcohol
1-Butyne
2-Butyne
Butynes
Butyraldehyde
g-Butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone
Butyronitrile
C-56
a,b-Camphol
d-2-Camphonone
2-Camphonone
Camphor
Capric acid
Caproic acid
e-Caprolactam
Caprylic acid
Carbazine
Carbazole
Carbinol
Carbolic acid
13A080 n-Butanethiol
13A080 n-Butanethiol
09A080 Butyronitrile
05A080 n-Butanol
05A080 n-Butanol
05B040 2-Butanol
05C020 t-Butyl alcohol
07B060 Butanone
07B060 Butanone
01B061 1-Butene
01B062 cis-2-Butene
01B063 trans-2-Butene
08A060 Maleic acid
07A100 Butyraldehyde
11A040 p-Dimemthylaminoazobenzene
080121 n-Butyl acetate
080122 sec-Butyl acetate
080120 Butyl acetates
080220 Oibutyl adipate
080220 Oibutyl adipate
05A080 n-Butanol
05B040 2-Butanol
05C020 t-Butyl alcohol
07A100 Butyraldehyde
15A141 n-Butyl benzene
15A142 sec-Butyl benzene
15A142 sec-Butyl benzene
15A143 tert-Butyl benzene
15A143 tert-Butyl benzene
15A140 Butyl benzenes
15A140 Butyl benzenes
080320 Butyl benzyl phthalate
080121 n-Butyl acetate
13A080 n-Butanethiol
08D283 Di-n-butyl Phthalate
10A141 1-Aminobutane
10A140 Butyl amines
02A361 1-Bromobutane
02A362 2-Bromobutane
02A363 2-Bromoisobutane
01B061 1-Butene
01B062 cis-2-Butene
01B063 trans-2-Butene
01B060 Butylenes
01B141 1-Hexene
13A080 n-Butanethiol
01C061 1-Butyne
01C062 2-Butyne
01C060 Butynes
07A100 Butyraldehyde
08B080 g-Butyrolactone
08B080 g-Butyro1actone
09A080 Butyronitrile
02B140 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
05B140 Isoborneol
07B100 Camphor
07B100 Camphor
07B100 Camphor
08A103 Capric acid
08A101 Caproic acid
08C060 6-Hexanelactam
08A102 Caprylic acid
23B100 Qihydroacridine
23C080 Carbazole
05A020 Methanol
18A020 Phenol
viii
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Carbon bichloride
Carbon dichloride
Carbon hexachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Carvol
Carvone (d or 1)
Carvones
Catechol
Cetylic acid
Chinoline
Chlorinated cresols
Chlorinated-m-cresol
Chlorinated-o-cresol
Chlorinated-p-cresol
bis-(2-Chloro-l-methylethyl)ether
2-Chloro-1,2-epoxypropane
l-Chloro-l,2-oxetane
l-Chloro-l,3-epoxypropane
4-Chloro-2-hydroxy benzophenone
4-Chloro-2'-hydroxy benzophenone
5-Chloro-2-hydroxy benzophenone
2-Chloro-2'-hydroxy benzophenone
3-Chloro-2'-hydroxy benzophenone
3-Chloro-2-hydroxy benzophenone
1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene
l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane
4-Chloro-3'-hydroxy benzophenone
2-Chloro-3'-hydroxy benzophenone
3-Chloro-3'-hydroxy benzophenone
4-Chloro-4'-hydroxy benzophenone
2-Chloro-4'-hydroxy benzophenone
3-Chloro-4'-hydroxy benzophenone
3-Chloro-4-hydroxy benzophenone
1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene
2-Chloro-5-hydroxy benzophenone
a-Chloroallychloride
Chlorobenzene
a-Chlorobutyl ethyl ether
Cnlorodibromomethane
2-Chlorodiethyl ether
Chloroethane
Chloroethene
Chloroethyl
2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
bis-(2-Chloroethyl)ether
Chloroethylene
2-Chloroethylmethyl ether
Chloroform
Chlorohydroxy benzophenones
Chlorohydroxytoluenes
bis(a-Chloroisopropyl)ether
Chloromethane
Chloromethyl ethyl ether
Chloromethyl methyl ether
(Chloromethyl)benzene
l,2-bis(Chloromethyl)benzene
l,3-bis(Chloromethyl)benzene
l,4-bis(Chloromethyl)benzene
bis (Chloromethyl)benzenes
bis(Chloromethyl)ether
Chioromethyloxi rane
1-Chloronaphthalene
a-Chloronaphthalene
2-Chloronaphthalene
b-Chioronaphthalene
02B080 Tetrachloroethene
02B080 Tetrachloroethene
02A320 Hexachloroethane
02A240 Carbon tetrachloride
07B181 Carvone (d or 1)
07B181 Carvone (d or 1)
07B180 Carvones
18B020 Catechol
08A122 Palmitic acid
23B021 Quinoline
19B020 Chlorinated cresols
19B022 Chlorinated m-cresol
19B021 Chlorinated o-cresol
19B023 Chlorinated p-cresol
04B100 2,2'-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether
04A040 2-Chloro-l,2-epoxypropane
04A060 l-Chloro-l,3-epoxypropane
04A060 l-Chloro-l,3-epoxypropane
07C04A 4-Chloro-2-hydroxy benzophenone
07C04B 4-Chloro-2'-hydroxy benzophenone
07C04E 5-Chloro-2-hydroxy benzophenone
07C041 2-Chloro-2'-hydroxy benzophenone
07C045 3-Chloro-2'-hydroxy benzophenone
07C046 3-Chloro-2-hydroxy benzophenone
17B040 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene
04A050 Epichlorhydrin
07C04C 4-Chloro-3'-hydroxy benzophenons
07C042 2-Chloro-3'-hydroxy benzophenonen
07C047 3-Chloro-3'-hydroxy benzophenone
07C04D 4-Chloro-4'-hydroxy benzophenone
07C043 2-Chloro-4'-hydroxy benzophenone
07C048 3-Chloro-4'-hydroxy benzophenone
07C049 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy benzophenone
17B060 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene
07C044 2-Chloro-5-hydroxy benzophenone
02B103 cis-l,3-0ichloropropene
16A020 Chlorobenzene
04A160 a-Chlorobutyl ethyl ether
02A140 Dibromochloromethane
04A120 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether
02A250 Ethyl chloride
02B020 Vinyl chloride
02A250 Ethyl chloride
04A120 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether
04A140 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
048080 2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl ether
02B020 Vinyl chloride
04A080 2-Chloroethylmethyl ether
02A100 Chloroform
07C040 Chlorohydroxy benzophenones
19B020 Chlorinated cresols
04B100 2,2'-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether
02A040 Methyl chloride
04A100 Chloromethyl ethyl ether
04A020 Chloromethyl methyl ether
16B020 a-Chlorotoluene
16B041 1,2-bis (Chloromethyl) benzene
16B042 1,3-bis (Chloromethyl) benzene
16B043 1,4-bis (Chloromethyl) benzene
16B040 bis (Chloromethyl) benzenes
04B020 l,l'-Dichloromethyl ether
04A050 Epichlorhydrin
16A201 1-Chloronaphthalene
16A201 1-Chloronaphthalene
16A202 2-Chloronaphthalene
16A202 2-Chloronaphthalene
ix
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Chloronaphthalenes
o-Chloronitrobenzene
p-Chloronitrobenzene
1-Chlorooctane
Chlorophen
2-Chlorophenol
o-Chlorophenol
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
g-Chloropropylene oxide
2-Chloropyridine
3-Chloropyridine
4-Chloropyn'dine
Chloropyn'dines
Chlorothene
2-Chlorotoluene
o-Ch1orotoluene
a-Chlorotoluene
Chlorten
Chrysene
a-Chrysidine
a-Chrysidine
Chrysofluorene
Chrysogen
CMME
2,4,6-Conidine
Co Hi dines
Coronene
Coumarone
m-Cresol
o-Cresol
p-Cresol
Cresols
Cresylic acid
Crotonylene
Cumarone
Cumeme
Cyanobenzene.
1-Cyanoethane
Cyanoethylene
1-Cyanonaphthalene
2-Cyanonaphthalene
Cyanonaphtha1enes
Cyanopropane
1,3-Cyc1ohexadi ene
1,4-Cyclohexadiene
Cyc1ohexadienes
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexene
Cyclohexylamine
Cyclopenta(def)phenanthrene
4H-Cyclopenta(def)phenanthrene
Cyclopentadiene
1,3-Cyc1opentadi ene
1,3-Cyclopentadiene dimer
Cyclopentane
1,2-Cyc1opentanonaphthal ene
Cyclopentanonaphthal ene
Cyclotetramethylene oxide
b-Cytisoli dine
OB(a,h)A
OB(a,h)P
n-Decane
n-Decanoic acid
n-Oecoic acid
Decylhydride
2,6-0i-sec-butyl phenol
16A200 Chloronaphthalenes
17B040 l-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene
17B060 l-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene
02A400 1-Chlorooctane
19A060 Pentachlorophenol
19A020 2-Chlorophenol
19A020 2-Chlorophenol
04A180 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
04A050 Epichlorhydrin
23A101 2-Chloropyridine
23A102 3-Chloropyridine
23A103 4-Chloropyridine
23A100 Chloropyridines
02A280 Trichloroethane
16A180 2-Chlorotoluene
16A180 2-Chlorotoluene
168020 a-Chlorotoluene
02A280 Trichloroethane
21B120 Chrysene
23B200 Benz(c)acridine
23B200 Benz(c)acridine
22B060 1,2-Benzofluorene
21B020 Napthacene
04A020 Chloromethyl methyl ether
23A122 2,4,6-Collidine
23A120 Collidines
21D100 Coronene
24A040 Benzofuran
18A041 m-Cresol
18A042 o-Cresol
18A043 p-Cresol
18A040 Cresols
18A040 Cresols
01C062 2-Butyne
24A040 Benzofuran
15A120 Isopropyl benzene
09B020 Benzonitrile
09A060 1-Cyanoethane
09A040 Acrylonitrile
09B041 a-Naphthonitrile
09B042 b-Naphthonitrile
09B040 Naphthonitriles
09A080 Butyronitrile
01B181 1,3-Cyclohexadiene
01B182 1,4-Cyclohexadiene
01B180 Cyclohexadienes
01A160 Cyclohexane
01B160 Cyclohexene
10A160 Cyclohexylamine
22B080 Cyc1openta(def)phenanthrene
22B080 Cyclopenta(def)phenanthrene
01B120 Cyclopentadiene
01B120 Cyclopentadiene
01B220 Oicyclopentadiene
01A120 Cyclopentane
22A040 Cyclopentanonaphthalene
22A040 Cyclopentanonaphthalene
03A060 Tetrahydrofuran
23B065 6,8-Dimethylquinoline
21C080 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
21D020 Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene
01A241 n-Oecane
08A103 Capric acid
08A103 Capric acid
01A241 n-Oecane
18A182 2,6-Oi-sec-butyl phenol
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
1,4-Oi-tert-butyl benzene
Di-2-ethylbutyl adipate
Di-2-ethylhexyl adipate
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Dialkyl benzenes (MW:134-191)
4,4'-Oiami no-3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl
1,4-Di ami nobenzene
p-Diami nobenzene
4,4'-Oiami nodiphenyl
1,2-Oiaminoethane
Diazirine
Diazomethane
Dibenz(a,c)anthracene
Dibenz(a,h)acridine
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Dibenz(a,j)acridine
Oibenz(a,j)anthracene
Dibenz(b,d)pyrrole
Dibenz(c,h)acridine
Oibenz(de,kl)anthracene
l,2:7,8-Dibenzacridine
l,2:5,6-Dibenzacridine
3,4:5,6-0ibenzacridine
1,2:6,7-Qibenzanthracene
1,2:3,4-Dibenzanthracene
1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene
l,2:3,4-Dibenznaphthalene
Dibenzo(a,g)carbazole
7H-Oibenzo(a,g)carbazole
13H-Oibenzo(a,g)fluorene
Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,i)carbazole
7H-Dibenzo(a,i)carbazole
Dibenzo(a,i)phenanthrene
Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene
Dibenzo(b,def)chrysene
Dibenzo(b,e)pyridine
Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole
7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole
Dibenzo(def,p)chrysene
1,2: 7 ,8-Oi'benzocarbazole
3,4:5,6-Dibenzocarbazole
1,2:5,6-Dibenzocarbazole
1,2:5,6-Dibenzofluorene
Dibenzofuran
1,2:3,4-Oibenzcphenanthrene
1,2:9,10-Dibenzopyrene
Dibenzothiophene
1,2:7,8-Oibenzphenanthrene
l,2:5,7-0ibenzpyrene
3,4:8,9-Dibenzpyrene
2,3:6,7-Dibenzpyrene
4,5:8,9-Oibenzpyrene
1,2:3 ,4-Dibenzpyrene
2,3:4,5-Oibenzpyrene
1,2-Oibromobenzene
1,3-Dibromobenzene
1,4-Oibromobenzene
Oibromobenzenes
Dibromochloromethane
Dibromodichloromethane
Dibutyl adipate
l,l-Dichloro-2,2-dif1uoroethene
l,l-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene
3,3'-Oichloro-4,41-biphenyldiamine
15B106 1,4-Oi-tert-butyl benzene
080240 Di-2-ethylbutyl adipate
08D260 Di-2-ethylhexyl adipate
080300 Qi-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
15B100 Dialkyl benzenes (MW:134-191)
10C160 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
10C100 1,4-Oiaminobenzene
10C100 1,4-Diarainobenzene
10C140 Benzidine
10A080 1,2-Diaminoethane
11A020 Diazomethane
11A020 Diazomethane
21C060 Dibenz(a,c)anthracene
23B240 Dibenz(a,h)acridine
21C080 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
23B220 Dibenz(a,j)acridine
21C020 1,2-Benzonaphthacene
23C080 Carbazole
23B260 Dibenz(c,h)acridine
21C140 Perylene
23B220 Dibenz(a,j)acridine
23B240 Dibenz(a,h)acridine
23B260 Dibenz(c,h)acridine
21C020 l,2-8enzonaphthacene
21C060 Dibenz(a,c)anthracene
21C080 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
21B160 Triphenylene
23C180 Dibenzo(a,g)carbazole
23C180 Dibenzo(a,g)carbazole
22C060 l,2:5,6-Dibenzo fluorene
21D020 Oibenzo(a,h)pyrene
23C140 Dibenzo(a,i)carbazole
23C140 Oibenzo(a,i)carbazole
21C160 Picene
21D040 Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
21D060 Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene
21D020 Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene
23B080 Acridine
23C160 Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole
23C160 Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole
21D060 Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene
23C140 Dibenzo(a,i)carbazole
23C160 Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole
23C180 Dibenzo(a,g)carbazole
22C060 l,2:5,6-Dibenzofluorene
24B020 Oibenzofuran
21C040 8enzo(g)chrysene
210060 Dibenzo(a,l)pyfene
25B060 Dibenzothiophene
21C160 Picene
21D020 Oibenzo(a,h)pyrene
21D020 Oibenzo(a,h)pyrene
21D040 Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
210040 Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
21D060 Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene
21D060 Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene
16A061 1,2-Dibromobenzene
16A062 1,3-Oibromobenzene
16A063 1,4-Dibromobenzene
16A060 Dibromobenzenes
02A140 Dibromochloromethane
02A180 Dibromodichloromethane
080220 Oibutyl adipate
02B090 l,l-Oichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene
02B090 1,1-Oichloro-2,2-di f1uoroethy1ene
10C160 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
xi
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl
3,3'Dichloro-4,4'-cHaminoch'phenyl methane
1,2-Oichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Oichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
0,0'-Dichlorobenzidine
Dichlorobromomethane
l,l'-Dichlorodiethyl ether
2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl ether
Dichlorodifluoromethane
1,2-Dichlorodiisobutyl ether
2,2'*Dichlorodiisopropyl ether
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethene
cis-l,2-Dichloroethene
trans-l,2-0ichloroethene
1,1-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dichloroethyl ethyl ether
Dichloroethylene
1,1-Dichloroethylene
Dichloromethane
l.l'-Dichloromethyl ether
2,4-Dichlorophenol
1,1-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropane
2,2-Dichloropropane
Dichloropropanes
1,1-Dichloropropene
trans-l,2-Dichloropropene
cis-l,3-Dichloropropene
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
2,3-Dichloropropene
3,3-Dichloropropene
Dichloropropenes
1,2-Dichloropropylene
a,g-Dichloropropylene
1,3-Dichloropropylene
1,3-Oicyano-l-hydroxybutane
Qicyclopentadiene
Diethamine
Diethyl adipate
o-Diethyl benzene
m-Diethyl benzene
p-Oiethyl benzene
Diethyl carbinol
Diethyl hexyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Diethyl sulfide
Diethylamine
1,4-Diethylene dioxide
Oiethylene imidoxide
Diethylene oximide
Diethyleneimide oxide
Diethylnitrosoamine
l,l-Difluoro-2,2-dichloroethylene
Di f1uorodichloromethane
Dihexyl
D1hydro-(d or l)carvone
D1hydro-2(3H)-furanone
l,2-Dihydro-3-inethylbenz(j)aceanthrylene
1,2-Dihydroacenaphthylene
10C160 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
10C180 4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
16A100 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
16A100 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
16A120 1,3-Dichlorobenzene
16A120 1,3-Dichlorobenzene
16A140 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
16A140 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
10C160 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
10C160 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
02A120 Bromodichloromethane
04B040 l,l'-Dichlorodiethyl ether
04B080 2,2'-Oichlorodiethyl ether
02A200 Dichlorodifluoromethane
04B120 1,2-Dichlorodiisobutyl ether
04B100 2,2'-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether
02A260 1,2-Dichloroethane
02B040 1,2-Dichloroethene
02B041 cis-l,2-0ichloroethene
028042 trans-l,2-Dichloroethene
028060 1,1-Dichloroethene
04B060 1,2-Dichloroethyl ethyl ether
02B040 1,2-Dichloroethene
02B060 1,1-Dichloroethene
02A080 Methylene chloride
04B020 l.l'-Dichloromethyl ether
19A040 2,4-Dichlorophenol
02A341 1,1-Dichloropropane
02A342 1,2-Dichloropropane
02A343 1,3-Dichloropropane
02A344 • 2,2-Dichloropropane
02A340 Dichloropropanes
02B101 1,1-Dichloropropene
028102 trans-l,2-Dichloropropene
028103 cis-l,3-Dichloropropene
02B104 trans-l,3-Dichloropropene
02B105 2,3-Dichloropropene
02B106 3,3-Dichloropropene
02B100 Dichloropropenes
02B102 trans-l,2-Dichloropropene
02B103 cis-l,3-Dichloropropene
028103 cis-l,3-Dichloropropene
09A100 1,3-0 i cyano-1-hydroxybutane
01B220 Dicyclopentadiene
10B080 Diethylamine
080200 Diethyl adipate
15B101 o-Diethyl benzene
158102 m-Oiethyl benzene
158103 p-Diethyl benzene
05B062 3-Pentanol
08D300 Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
08D282 Diethyl phthalate
13B040 Diethyl sulfide
10B080 Diethylamine
03B020 1,4-Dioxane
10B100 Morpholine
10B100 Morpholine
10B100 Morpholine
12A040 N-Nitrosodiethylamine
02B090 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-di f1uoroethy1ene
02A200 Dichlorodifluoromethane
01A260 n-Dodecane
07B182 Dihydro-(d or 1) carvone
08B080 g-Butyrolactone
21B080 3-Methylcholanthrene
21A100 Acenaphthene
xii
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Dihydroacridine
1,4-Qihydrobenzene
1,2-Dihydrobenzene
2,3-Dihydroindene
1,2-Dihydronaphthalene
1,4-Dihydronaphthalene
Di hydronaphthal enes
o-Dihydroxybenzene
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene
1,3-Dihydroxybenzene
m-Di hydroxybenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Di hydroxybenzene
2,2'-Oihydroxydiphenyl
1,2-Oi hydroxyethane
1,2-Oihydroxypropane
Diisobutyl carbinol
o-Oiisopropyl benzene
m-Oiisopropyl benzene
Diisopropyl ether
Dimazine
3,4-diMe-thiophene
Dimethyl
2,3-Dimethyl aniline
2,4-Dimethyl aniline
2,5-Oimethyl aniline
2,6-Dimethyl aniline
3,4-Oimethyl aniline
3,5-Oimethyl aniline
Dimethyl chloroether
Dimethyl disulfide
Dimethyl ethyl carbinol
2,6-Dimethyl heptan-4-ol
1,4-Dimethyl naphthalene
2,3-Dimethyl naphthalene
2,6-Dimethyl naphthalene
Dimethyl naphthalenes
Dimethyl phthalate
3,4-Dimethyl pyrene
4,5-Dimethyl pyrene
Dimethyl pyrenes
Dimethyl sulfide
Dimethyl sulfoxide
2,4-Oimethyl-l-hydroxy benzene
2,2-Dimethyl-l-propanol
9,10-Dimethyl-l,2-benzanthracene
l,4-Dimethyl-2-hydroxy benzene
l,3-Dimethyl-2-hydroxy benzene
l,2-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy benzene
N,N-Dimethyl-4-(phenylazo)benzenamine
2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol
2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptyl phenol
l,2-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy benzene
l,3-Dimethyl-5-hydroxy benzene
Dimethylacetylene
Dimethyl amine
p-Di methyl ami noazobenzene
4-Dimethylami noazobenzene
N,N-Dimethylaniline
Dimethyl anilines
2,7-Dimethyl anthracene
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
Dimethyl benzene
Dimethylenediamine
(1,1-Dimethylethyl )benzene
(1,1-Dimethylethyl)benzene
23B100 Dihydroacridine
01B182 1,4-Cyclohexadiene
01B181 1,3-Cyclohexadiene
15B020 Indan
15B141 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene
158142 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene
15B140 Dihydronaphthalenes
18B020 Catechol
18B020 Catechol
18B040 1,3-Dihydroxybenzene
18B040 1,3-Dihydroxybenzene
18B060 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
18B060 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
18A120 2,2'-Dihydroxydiphenyl
06A020 Ethylene glycol
06A040 Propylene glycol
05B080 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol
15B104 o-Diisopropyl benzene
15B105 m-Diisopropyl benzene
03A020 Isopropyl ether
11B040 N,N-Dimethylhydrazine
25A064 3,4-Dimethylthiophene
01A040 Ethane
10C061 2,3-Xylidine
10C062 2,4-Xylidine
10C063 2,5-Xylidine
10C064 2,6-Xylidine
10C065 3,4-Xylidine
10C066 3,5-Xylidine
04A020 Chloromethyl methyl ether
138080 Methyldisulfide
05C040 t-Pentanol
05B080 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol
21A081 1,4-Dimethyl naphthalene
21A082 2,3-Dimethyl naphthalene
21A083 2,6-Dimethyl napthalen'e
21A080 Dimethyl naphthalenes
08D281 Dimethyl phthalate
21B221 3,4-Dimethyl pyrene
21B222 4,5-Oimethyl pyrene
21B220 Dimethyl pyrenes
13B020 Dimethyl sulfide
14B020 Dimethyl sulfoxide
18A142 2,4-Xylenol
05A123 2,2-Oimethyl-l-propanol
21B060 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
18A143 2,5-Xylenol
18A144 2,6-Xylenol
18A141 2,3-Xylenol
11A040 p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
058080 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol
18A183 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptyl phenol
18A146 3,4-Xylenol
18A145 3,5-Xylenol
01C062 2-Butyne
108040 Dimethylamine
11A040 p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
11A040 p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
100020 N,N-Oimethylaniline
10C060 Dimethyl anilines
21A160 2,7-Dimethylanthracene
218060 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
15B080 Xylenes
10A080 1,2-Oiaminoethane
15A143 tert-Butyl benzene
15A143 tert-Butyl benzene
xiii
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
dimethylethylene 01B062
N,N-Dimethylhydrazine 11B040
1,1-Oiraethylhydrazine 11B040
N,N'-Dimethylhydrazine 11B060
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine 11B060
Dimethylhydrazine 11B060
Dimethylhydroxybenzenes 18A140
1,3-Dimethylisoquinoline 23B066
1,5-Dimethylisquinoline 23B067
Dimethylketone 07B020
Dimethylmethane 01A060
a-Dimethylnapthalene 21A081
Dimethylnitrosoamine > 12A020
2,3-Oimethylphenol 18A141
2,4-Dimethylphenol 18A142
2,5-Dimethylphenol 18A143
2,6-Dimethylphenol 18A144
3,5-Dimethylphenol 18A145
3,4-Dimethylphenol 18A146
Dimethylphenols 18A140
Dimethylphenylamine 10D020
2,2-Dimethylpropane 01A103
2,3-Dimethylpyridine 23A141
2,4-Oimethylpyridine 23A142
2,5-Dimethylpyridine 23A143
2,6-Dimethylpyridine 23A144
3,4-Dimethylpyridine 23A145
2,3-Dimethylquinoline 23B061
2,6-Dimethylquinoline 23B062
2,8-Dimethylquinoline 23B063
3,4-Dimethylquinoline 23B064
6,8-Dimethylquinoline 23B065
Dimethylquinolines and dimethylisoquinolines 23B060
2,3-Dimethylthiophene 25A061
2,4-Dimethylthiophene 25A062
2,5-Dimethylthiophene 25A063
3,4-Dimethylthiophene 25A064
Dimethylthiophenes 25A060
peri-Oinaphthalene 21C140
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 20B020
2,4-Dinitro-o-cresol 20B020
3,5-Dinitro-p-cresol 208041
2,6-Dinitro-p-cresol 208042
Oinitro-p-cresols 208040
3,5-Oinitro-2-hydroxy toluene 20B020
Dim'troaminophenol 20A080
Oinitrohydroxybenzenes 20A100
2,4-Dinitrophenol 20A101
2,5-Dinitrophenol 20A102
2,6-Dinitrophenol 20A103
Dinitrophenols 20A100
2,6-Oinitrotoluene 17A081
3,4-Dinitrotoluene 17A082
2,3-Dinitrotoluene 17A083
2,4-Dinitrotoluene 17A084
2,5-Dinitrotoluene 17A085
3,5-Dinitrotoluene 17A086
Dinitrotoluenes 17A080
Dioctylester o-benzenedicarboxylic acid 08D300
Dioctylester phthalic acid 08D300
1,4-Oioxane 03B020
p-Dioxane 03B020
1,3-Dioxane 03B040
Dipentylnitrosamine 12A100
Diphenyl 15A160
Diphenyl sulfide 13B060
cis-2-Butene
N,N-Dimethy1hydrazi ne
N,N-Dimethylhydrazine
N,N'-Dimethylhydrazine
N,N'-Oimethylhydrazine
N,N'-Dimethylhydrazine
Xylenols
1,3-Dimethylisoquinol ine
1,5-Dimethylisoquincline
Acetone
Propane
1,4-Dimethyl naphthalene
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
2,3-Xylenol
2,4-Xylenol
2,5-Xylenol
2,6-Xylenol
3,5-Xylenol
3,4-Xylenol
Xylenols
N,N-Dimethylam'line
Neopentane
2,3-Dimethylpyridine
2,4-Dimethylpyridine
2,5-Dimethylpyridine
2,6-Dimethylpyridine
3,4-Dimethylpyridine
2,3-Dimethylquinoline
2,6-Dimethylquinoline
2,8-Dimethylquinoline
3,4-Dimethylquinoline
6,8-Oimethylquinoline
Dimethyquinolines and dimethylisoquinolines
2,3-Dimethylthiophene
2,4-Dimethylthiophene
2,5-Dimethylthiophene
3,4-Dimethylthiophene
Dimethylthiophenes
Perylene
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
4,6-Dintro-o-cresol
3,5-Dinitro-p-cresol
2,6-Dinitro-p-cresol
Dinitro-p-cresols
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
2-Ami no-4,6-di ni tropheno1
Dinitrophenols
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,5-Dinitrophenol
2,6-Dinitrophenol
Dinitrophenols
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
3,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,3-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,5-Dinitrotoluene
3,5-Dinitrotoluene
Dinitrotoluenes
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
1,4-Dioxane
1,4-Dioxane
1,3-Dioxane
N-Nitrosodipentylamine
Biphenyl
Diphenyl sulfide
xiv
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Diphenyl thioether 13B060
1,2-Oiphenylbenzene 15B161
1,3-Diphenylbenzene 158162
1,4-Oiphenylbenzene 15B163
4,4'-Diphenylbiphenyl 15B060
Diphenylene oxide 24B020
Diphenylene sulfide 25B060
4-4'-Diphenylenediamine 10C140
Diphenyleneimine 23C080
Oiphenylenemethane 22A020
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine 11B080
Diphenylnitrosamine 12B040
Dipropyl 01A141
Oipropyl methane 01A181
Oisubstituted, polysubstituted alkyl pyridines 23A140
Divinyl 01B082
Divinylene oxide 24A020
Divinyleneimene 23C020
DMBA 21B060
DMSO ' 14B020
n-Dodecane 01A260
Oodecanoic acid 08A104
Dodecylene 01A260
Durene 15B203
Endo-l,7,7-trimethyl bicyc1o[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol 05B120
Endo-2-bornanol 05B120
Endo-2-camphanol 05B120
Endo-2-hydroxy camphane 05B120
Epichlorhydrin 04A050
Epihydrin alcohol 06B020
2,3-Epoxy-l-propanol 06B020
1,4-Epoxybutane 03A060
Erythrene 01B082
Ethanal 07A040
Ethanaraide 08C040
Ethanamine 10A040
Ethane 01A040
1,2-Ethanediamine 10A080
1,2-Ethanediol 06A020
Ethanenitrile 09A020
Ethanethiol 13A040
Ethanoic acid 08A040
Ethanol 05A040
Ethanolamine 10A060
Ethene 01B020
Ethenylbenezene 15A080
Ethine 01C020
Ethyl acetate 08D040
Ethyl aerylate 08D060
Ethyl adipate 08D200
Ethyl alcohol 05A040
Ethyl aldehyde 07A040
Ethyl benzene 15A060
Ethyl benzol 15A060
Ethyl chloride 02A250
Ethyl cresols 18A160
Ethyl cyanate 09A060
Ethyl cyanide 09A060
Ethyl d-carboethoxyvalerate 08D200
Ethyl hydride 01A040
Ethyl mercaptan 13A040
Ethyl methyl pyridines 23A120
Ethyl methyl phenols 18A160
1-Ethyl naphthalene 21A043
2-Ethyl naphthalene 21A044
Ethyl phosphate 26A020
Diphenyl sulfide
o-Terphenyl
m-Terphenyl
p-Terphenyl
4,4'-Diphenylbiphenyl
Dibenzofuran
Dibenzothiophene
Benzidine
Carbazole
Fluorene
1,2-Di pheny1hydrazi ne
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
Disubstituted, polysubstituted alkyl pyridines
1,3-Butadiene
Furan
Pyrrole
7,12-Dimethy1benz(a)anthracene
Dimethyl sulfoxide
n-Dodecane
Laurie acid
n-Dodecane
1,2,4,5-Tetramethy1 benzene
Borneol
Borneol
Borneol
Borneol
Epichlorhydrin
2,3-Epoxy-l-propanol
2,3-Epoxy-l-propanol
Tetrahydrofuran
1,3-Butadiene
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Ethyl amine
Ethane
1,2-Diaminoethane
Ethylene glycol
Acetonitrile
Ethanethiol
Acetic acid
Ethanol
Ethanolamine
Ethylene
Styrene
Acetylene
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl aerylate
Diethyl adipate
Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl cresols
1-Cyanoethane
1-Cyanoethane
Diethyl adipate
Ethane
Ethanethiol
Collidines
Ethyl cresols
1-Ethyl naphthalene
2-Ethyl naphthalene
Triethyl phosphate
XV
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Ethyl propenoate 080060
Ethyl thioalcohol 13A040
2-Ethyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene 218108
6-Ethyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene 21B109
N-Ethyl-ethanamine 10B080
6-Ethyl-m-cresol 18A161
4-Ethyl-o-cresol 18A162
2-Ethyl-p-cresol 18A163
6-Ethyl-2-methyl phenol 18A161
5-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine 23A121
4-Ethyl-3-methyl phenol 18A162
2-Ethyl-4-methyl phenol 18A163
2-Ethyl-4-methyl-l,3-dioxolane 03B060
3-Ethyl-6-methylpyridine 23A121
Ethyl acetylene 01C061
Ethylamine 10A040
bis-2-Ethylbutyl adipic acid ester 08D240
Ethyldimethylmethane 01A102
Ethylene 01B020
Ethylene chloride 02A260
Ethylene dichloride 02A260
Ethylene glycol 06A020
Ethylene tetrachloride 02B080
Ethylenediamine 10A080
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid 08A060
cis-l,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid 08A060
Ethyleneimine 10B020
1,8-Ethylenenaphthalene 21A100
E-Ethylethanamine 10B080
Ethylethylene 01B061
bis(2-Ethylhexyl)adipate 080260
Ethylhydroxy benzenes 18A080
Ethylisobutylmethane 01A182
Ethylmethy! acetaldehyde 07A121
Ethylmethylamine 10B060
o-Ethylphenol 18A081
2-Ethylphenol 18A081
m-Ethylphenol 18A082
3-Ethylphenol 18A082
p-Ethylphenol 18A083
4-Ethylphenol 18A083
Ethyl phenols 18A080
2-Ethylpyridine 23A061
3-Ethylpyridine 23A062
4-Ethylpyridine 23A063
Ethylsulfide 13B040
Ethyne 01C020
Exo-l,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo [2.2.2]heptan-2-ol 05B140
Exo-2-bornanol 058140
Exo-2-camphanol 05B140
Fluoranthene 22B040
Fluorene 22A020
2-Fluorenol 18C120
Fluorotrichloromethane 02A220
Formaldehyde 07A020
Formamide 08C020
Formic acid 08A020
Formic acid amide 08C020
Formosa camphor 07B100
Formylamine 08C020
Freon 11 02A220
Furan 24A020
Furfurane 24A020
Glycidol 06B020
Glycidyl alcohol 06B020
Glycol dichloride 02A260
Ethyl aerylate
Ethanethiol
2-Ethyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
6-Ethyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
Di ethyl ami ne
6-Ethyl-m-cresol
4-Ethyl-o-cresol
2-Ethyl-p-cresol
6-Ethyl-m-cresol
5-Ethy1-2-methy1pyri di ne
4-Ethyl-o-cresol
2-Ethyl-p-cresol
2-Ethyl-4-methyl-l,3-dioxolane
5-Ethy1-2-methyIpyridine
1-Butyne
Ethylamine
Di-2-ethylbutyl adipate
Isopentane
Ethylene
1-2-Oichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Ethylene glycol
Tetrachloroethene
1,2-Diaminoethane
Maleic acid
Maleic acid
Ethyleneimine
Acenaphthene
Diethylamine
1-Butene
Di-2-ethylhexyl adipate
Ethylphenols
Isoheptane
2-Methylbutanal
Ethyl methyl amine
o-Ethylphenol
o-Ethylphenol
m-£thylphenol
m-Ethylphenol
p-£thylphenol
p-£thylphenol
Ethylphenols
2-Ethylpyridine
3-Ethylpyridine
4-Ethylpyridine
Diethyl sulfide
Acetylene
Isoborneol
Isoborneol
Isoborneol
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
2-Hydroxyf1uorene
Tri ch1orof1uoromethane
Formaldehyde
Formamide
Formic acid
Formamide
Camphor
Formamide
Trichlorof1uoromethane
Furan
Furan
2,3-Epoxy-l-propanol
2,3"Epoxy-l-propanol
1,2-Oi chloroethane
XVI
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Glycolic acid
Grain alcohol
Guaiacol
Guaiene
HemimeTlitene
Hendecane
n-Heptane
Heptanes
1-Heptene
cis-2-Heptene
trans-2-Heptene
cis-3-Heptene
4-Heptene
trans-3-Heptene
4-Heptene
Heptenes
Heptyl hydride
a-Heptylene
B-Heptylene
g-Heptylene
g-Heptylene
Hexabenzobenzene
Hexachloro-1,3-butadi ene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexach1orocyclohexane
la,2a,3b,4a,5a,6b-Hexach1orocyc1ohexane
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexadecanoic acid
Hexadecyclic acid
Hexahydroani1ine
Hexahydrobenzene
Hexamethylene
Hexanaphthene
Hexanaphthylene
n-Hexane
Hexane dioic acid
6-Hexanelactam
Hexanes
Hexanoic acid
1-Hexene
Hexene
cis-2-Hexene
trans-2-Hexene
cis-3-Hexene
trans-3-Hexene
Hexenes
Hexyl hydride
Hexylene
Hydracrylic acid-b-lactone
Hydrazobenzene
Hydrindene
Hydroquinol
Hydroquinone
2-Hydroxy am'sole
4-Hydroxy butanoic acid lactone
3-Hydroxy propionic acid lactone
2-Hydroxy propylamine
3-Hydroxy-l,2-epoxypropane
l-Hydroxy-2-methoxybenzene
l-Hydroxy-2-methyl glutaronitrile
Hydroxyacetic acid
Hydroxybenzene
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
o-Hydroxybenzoic acid
08B020 Hydroxyacetic acid
05A040 Ethanol
18A060 2-Methoxyphenol
21A082 2,3-Oimethyl naphthalene
15B181 1,2,3-Trimethyl benzene
01A242 n-Undecane
01A181 n-Heptane
01A180 Heptanes
01B201 1-Heptene
01B202 cis-2-Heptene
01B203 trans-2-Heptene
01B204 cis-3-Heptene
01B204 cis-3-Heptene
01B205 trans-3-Heptene
01B205 trans-3-Heptene
01B200 Heptenes
01A181 n-Heptane
01B201 1-Heptene
01B202 cis-2-Heptene
01B204 cis-3-Heptene
01B205 trans-3-Heptene
21D100 Coronene
02B120 Hexachlorobutadiene
16A162 Hexachlorobenzene
02B120 Hexachlorobutadiene
02A380 Hexachlorocyclohexane
02A380 Hexachlorocyclohexane
02B140 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
02A320 Hexachloroethane
08A122 Palmitic acid
08A122 Palmitic acid
10A160 Cyclohexylamine
01A160 Cyclohexane
01A160 Cyclohexane
01A160 Cyclohexane
01B160 Cyclohexene
01A141 n-Hexane
08A180 Adipic acid
08C060 6-Hexanelactam
01A140 Hexanes
08A101 Caproic acid
01B141 1-Hexene
01B141 1-Hexene
01B142 cis-2-Hexene
01B143 trans-2-Hexene
01B144 cis-3-Hexene
01B145 trans-3-Hexene
01B140 Hexenes
01A141 n-Hexane
01B141 1-Hexene
08B060 b-Propiolactone
11B080 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
15B020 Indan
18B060 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
18B060 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
18A060 2-Methoxyphenol
08B080 g-Butyrolactone
08B060 b-Propiolactone
10A123 l-Amino-2-propanol
06B020 2,3-Epoxy-l-propanol
18A060 2-Methoxyphenol
09A100 1,3-Dicyano-l-hydroxybutane
08B020 Hydroxyacetic acid
18A020 Phenol
08B041 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
08B041 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
xvii
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid
Hydroxybenzoic acids
Hydroxybiphenyls
2-Hydroxydibenzofuran
Hydroxyethanoic acid
2-Hydroxyethylamine
2-Hydroxyf1uorene
Hydroxyhydri ndene
Hydroxyindan
a-Hydroxynaphthal ene
2-Hydroxynaphthal ene
2-Hydroxynitrobenzene
1-Hydroxyphenanthrene
2-Hydroxyphenanthrene
3-Hydroxyphenanthrene
4-Hydroxyphenanthrene
9-Hydroxyphenanthrene
Hydroxyphenanthrenes
o-Hydroxyphenol
2-Hydroxyphenol
1-Hydroxypropane
2-Hydroxypropane
3-Hydroxypropylene oxide
a-Hydroxytoluene
Hydroxytoluene
Indan
1-Indanol
4-Indanol
5-Indano1
Indanols
Indene
ll-Indeno(l,2-b)quinoline
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
Indeno(l,2,3-ij)isoquino1ine
Indole
Indonaphthene
lodomethane
IP
Isoacetophorone
Isoamyl acetate
sec-Isoamyl alcohol
Isoamyl alsohol
a-Isoamyl hydride
Isoborneol
Isobutane
Isobutanol
Isobutene
Isobutyl acetate
Isobutyl alcohol
Isobutylene
Isodurene
Isoheptane
Isohexane
Isononane
Isooctane
Isopentaldehyde
Isopentane
Isophorone
Isopropanolamine
2-Isopropoxy propane
Isopropyl acetate
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl benzene
Isopropyl benzol
08B042 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
08B043 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
08B043 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
088040 Hydroxybenzoic acids
18A100 Phenylphenols
18C140 2-Hydroxydibenzofuran
08B020 Hydroxyacetic acid
10A060 Ethanolamine
18C120 2-Hydroxyf1uorene
18C080 Indanols
18C080 Indanols
18C020 1-Naphthol
18C040 2-Naphthol
20A020 2-Nitrophenol
18C061 1-Hydroxyphenanthrene
18C062 2-Hydroxyphenanthrene
18C063 3-Hydroxyphenanthrene
18C064 4-Hydroxyphenanthrene
18C065 9-Hydroxyphenanthrene
18C060 Phenanthrols
18B020 Catechol
18B020 Catechol
05A060 1-Propanol
05B020 2-Propanol
06B020 2,3-Epoxy-l-propanol
05A140 Benzyl alcohol
18A040 Cresols
15B020 Indan
18C081 1-Indanol
18C082 4-Indanol
18C083 5-Indanol
18C080 Indanols
22A010 Indene
23B280 2,3-Benz-4-azafluorene
22D020 Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
23B300 Indeno(l,2,3-ij)isoquinoline
23C040 Indole
22A010 Indene
02A060 Methyl Iodide
22D020 Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
07B080 Isophorone
080143 Isoamyl acetate
05B063 3-Methyl-2-butanol
05A124 3-Methyl-l-butanol
01A102 Isopentane
05B140 Isoborneol
01A082 Isobutane
05A100 Isobutyl alcohol
01B064 Isobutylene
08D123 Isobutyl acetate
05A100 Isobutyl alcohol
01B064 Isobutylene
15B202 1,2,3,5-Tetramethy1 benzene
01A182 Isoheptane
01A142 Isohexane
01A222 Isononane
01A202 Isooctane
07A122 3-Methylbutanal
01A102 Isopentane
07B080 Isophorone
10A123 l-Amino-2-propanol
03A020 Isopropyl ether
080102 Isopropyl acetate
05B020 2-Propanol
15A120 Isopropyl benzene
15A120 Isopropyl benzene
xviii
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Isopropyl ether
Isopropyl methyl carbinol
Isopropyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
Isopropylidene chloride
Isopropylmercaptan
Isoquinoline
Isovaleral
Isovaleraldehyde
Isovaleric aldehyde
Laurie acid
Leucoline
Lindane
2,3-Lutidine
2,4-Lutidine
2,5-Lutidine
2,6-Lutidine
3,4-Lutidine
M.E.K.
Maleic acid
Maleinic acid
Malenic acid
Marsh gas
p-Menth-l-en-8-ol
p-Mentha-6,8-dien-2-one
Mercaptobenzene
1-Mercaptopropanol
Mesitol
Mesitylene
Methacrylic acid
2-Methaloctane
Methanal
Methanamide
Methane
Methane trichloride
Methanecarboxamide
Methanethiol
Methanoic acid
Methanol
l-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene
1-Methoxy-3-nitrobenzene
l-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzene
Methoxyam'line
m-Methoxyani1i ne
2-Methoxybiphenyl
Methoxynitrobenzenes
2-Methoxyphenol
Methyl a-methylaerylate
Methyl acetate
Methyl alcohol
Methyl aldehyde
Methyl anilines
Methyl benzoate
2-Methyl benzothiazole
Methyl bromide
Methyl butene
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloroform
Methyl chloromethyl ether
4-Methyl chrysene
5-Methyl chrysene
Methyl chrysenes
Methyl cyanide
Methyl diphenyl ether
Methyl dithiomethane
Methyl ester
Methyl ester of benzoic acid
03A020 Isopropyl ether
05B063 3-Methyl-2-butanol
21B112 Isopropyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
02A344 2,2-Oichloropropane
13A062 Propane-2-thiol
23B021 Isoquinoline
07A122 3-Methylbutanal
07A122 3-Methylbutanal
07A122 3-Methylbutanal
08A104 Laurie acid
23B022 Isoquinoline
02A380 Hexachlorocyclohexane
23A141 2,3-Dimethylpyridine
23A142 2,4-Oimethylpyridine
23A143 2,5-Dimethylpyridine
23A144 2,6-Dimethylpyridine
23A145 3,4-Oimethylpyridine
07B060 Butanone
08A060 Maleic acid
08A060 Maleic acid
08A060 Maleic acid
01A020 Methane
05C060 a-Terpineol
07B181 Carvone (d or 1)
13A100 Benzenethiol
13A061 Propane-1-thiol
18A181 2,4,6-Trimethyl phenol
15B183 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
080080 Methyl methacrylate
01A222 Isononane
07A020 Formaldehyde
08C020 Formamide
01A020 Methane
02A100 Chloroform
08C040 Acetami de
13A020 Methanethiol
08A020 Formic acid
05A020 Methanol
17B021 l-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene
17B022 l-Methoxy-3-nitrobenzene
17B023 l-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzene
10C080 Anisi dines
10C082 m-Anisidine
03A040 2-Methoxybiphenyl
17B020 Methoxynitrobenzenes
18A060 2-Methoxyphenol
080080 Methyl methacrylate
08D020 Methyl acetate
05A020 Methanol
07A020 Formaldehyde
10C040 Aminotoluenes
08D160 Methyl benzoate
230040 2-Methyl benzothiazole
02A020 Methyl bromide
01B101 1-Pentene
02A040 Methyl chloride
02A280 Trichloroethane
04A020 Chloromethyl methyl ether
21B141 4-Methyl chrysenes
21B142 5-Methyl chrysene
218140 Methyl chrysenes
09A020 Acetonitrile
03A040 2-Methoxybiphenyl
13B080 MethyTdisulfide
080080 Methyl methacrylate
080160 Methyl benzoate
XIX
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
1-Methyl ethyl benzene 15A120
Methyl ethyl ketone 07B060
Methyl glycol 06A040
Methyl hydride 01A020
Methyl iodide 02A060
Methyl mercaptan 13A020
Methyl methacrylate • 080080
Methyl methylacrylate 08D080
1-Methyl naphthalene 21A041
2-Methyl naphthalene 21A042
1-Methyl phenanthrene 21A201
3-Methyl phenanthrene 21A202
Methyl phenanthrenes 21A200
Methyl phenyl nitrosamine 12B020
Methyl propyl carbinol 05B061
Methyl sulfide 13B020
Methyl sulfoxide 148020
a-Methyl-a-hydroxy toluene 05B100
l-Methy1-benzo(c)phenanthrene 21B102
2-Methyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene 21B103
5-Methyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene 21B104
6-Methyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene 21B105
7-Methyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene 21B106
8-Methy1-benzo(c)phenanthrene 21B107
2-Methyl-methyl ester 08D080
N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline 12B020
N-Methyl-N-nitrosobenzenamine 12B020
2-Methyl-1-butanol 05A122
3-Methyl-1-butanol 05A124
3-Methyl-1-butanol acetate 080143
2-Methyl-l-propanol 05A100
Methyl-1,2-benzophenanthrene 218140
3-Methyl-2-butanol 05B063
2-Methyl-2-butanol 05C040
l-Methyl-2-chlorobenzene 16A180
2-Methyl-2-phenyl propane 15A143
2-Methyl-2-phenyl propane 15A143
2-Methyl-2-propanol 05C020
2-Methyl-4,6-di ni tropheno1 208020
2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexene-l-one 07B181
Methyl acetylene 01C040
Methylallene 018081
Methyl amine 10A020
Methyl benzene 15A040
Methyl benzene carboxylate 08D160
2-Methylbenzofuran 24A061
3-Methylbenzofuran 24A062
5-Methylbenzofuran 24A063
7-Methylbenzofuran 24A064
Methylbenzofurans 24A060
a-Methylbenzyl alcohol 05B100
2-Methylbutanal " 07A121
3-Methylbutanal 07A122
Methylbutanals 07A120
2-Methylbutane 01A102
2-Methylbutyraldehyde 07A121
a-Methylbutyraldehyde 07A121
3-Methylbutyraldehyde 07A122
3-Methylcarbazole 23C101
9-Methylcarbazole 23C102
Methylcarbazoles 23C100
Methylcatechol 18A060
20-Methylchlolanthrene 21B080
3-Methylchlolanthrene 21B080
Methyldlbenzopyrrole 23C100
Methyldibanzopyrrole 23C101
Isopropyl benzene
Butanone
Propylene glycol
Methane
Methyl iodide
Methanethiol
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl methacrylate
1-Methyl naphthalene
2-Methyl napthalene
1-Methyl phenanthrene
3-Methyl phenanthrene
Methyl phenanthrenes
N-Methy1-N-nitrosoani1ine
2-Pentanol
Dimethyl sulfide
Dimethyl sulfoxide
1-Phenylethanol
1-Methyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
2-Methyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
5-Methyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
6-Methyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
7-Methyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
8-Methyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
Methyl methacrylate
N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline
N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline
2-Methyl-1-butanol
3-Methyl-1-butanol
Isoamyl acetate
Isobutyl alcohol
Methyl chrysenes
3-Methyl-2-butanol
t-Pentanol
2-Chlorotoluene
tert-Butyl benzene
tert-Butyl benzene
t-Butyl alcohol
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Carvone (d or 1)
Propyne
1,2-Butadiene
Methyl amine
Toluene
Methyl benzoate
2-Methylbenzofuran
3-Methylbenzofuran
5-Methylbenzofuran
7-Methylbenzofuran
Methylbenzofurans
1-Phenylethanol
2-Methylbutanal
3-Methylbutanal
Methylbutanals
Isopentane
2-Methylbutanal
2-Methylbutanal
3-Methylbutanal
3-Methylcarbazole
9-Methylcarbazole
Methylcarbazoles
2-Methoxyphenol
3-Methylcho1anthrene
3-Methylcholanthrene
Methylcarbazoles
3-Methylcarbazole
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
9-Methy1di benzopyrrole
Methyldi pheny1eni mi ne
3-Methyldiphenylem'mine
9-Methy1dipheny1enimine
Methyldisulfide
Methylene bichloride
4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
Methylene chloride
Methylene oxide
Methyl ethylbromoethane
Methyl ethylene glycol
2-Methylheptane
2-Methylhexane
Methylhydrazine
2-Methylindole
3-Methylindole
Methylindoles
3-Methyllepidine
Methyl methane
Methylnitrobenzenes
Methyln i trosopheny1 ami ne
2-Methylpentane
Methyl phenol
Methylphenylcarbinol
2-Methylpropane
2-Methylpropene
1-Methylpropyl benzene
1-Methylpropyl benzene
a-Methy1propy1ethanoate
b-Methy1propylethanoate
1-Methylpyrene
2-Methylpyridine
3-Methylpyridine
4-Methylpyridine
Methylpyridines
3-Methylquinaldine
6-Methylquinaldine
2-Methylquinoline
Methylthiomethane
2-Methylthiophene
3-Methylthiophene
Methylthiophenes
Mono-n-propylamine
Monoalkyl naphthalenes
Monoallyamine
Monobromomethane
Monochloroethane
Monochloromethyl ether
Monomethylamine
Monomethylhydrazi ne
Monosubstituted alkyl pyridines
Morpholine
Myristic acid
Naphthacene
a-Naphthacridine
Naphthalene
1-Naphthalenol
Naphthalin
Naphthaline
Naphthene
Naphtho(l,2-b)furan
Naphtho(2,l-b)furan
Naphtho(2,3-b)furan
Naphtho-1',2':2,3-anthracene
Naphthofurans
1-Naphthol
23C102 9-Methylcarbazole
23C1QO Methylcarbazoles
23C101 3-Methylcarbazole
23C102 9-Methylcarbazole
13B080 Methyldisulfide
02A080 Methylene chloride
10C180 4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
02A080 Methylene chloride
07A020 Formaldehyde
02A362 2-Bromobutane
06A040 Propylene glycol
01A202 Isooctane
01A182 Isoheptane
118020 Monomethylhydrazine
23C061 2-Methylindole
23C062 3-Methylindole
23C060 Methylindoles
23B064 3,4-Dimethylquinoline
01A040 Ethane
17A040 Nitrotoluenes
12B020 N-Methyl-N-ni trosoani1i ne
01A142 Isohexane
18A040 Cresols
05B100 1-Phenylethanol
01A082 Isobutane
01B064 Isobutylene
15A142 sec-Butyl benzene
15A142 sec-Butyl benzene
08D122 sec-Butyl acetate
08D123 Isobutyl acetate
21B200 1-Methylpyrene
23A041 2-Methylpyridine
23A042 3-Methylpyridine
23A042 4-Methylpyridine
23A040 Picolines
23B061 2,3-Dimethylquinoline
23B062 2,6-Oimethylquinoline
23B040 2-Methylquinoline
13B020 Dimethyl sulfide
25A041 2-Methylthiophene
25A042 3-Methylthiophene
25A040 Methylthiophenes
10A100 1-Aminopropane
21A040 Monoalkyl naphthalenes
10A110 3-Aminopropene
02A020 Methyl Bromide
02A250 Ethyl chloride
04A020 Chloromethyl methyl ether
10A020 Methyl amine
11B020 Monomethylhydrazine
23A060 Monosubstituted alkyl pyridines
10B100 Morpholine
08A121 Myristic acid
21B020 Naphthacene
23B200 Benz(c)acridine
21A020 Naphthalene
18C020 1-Naphthol
21A020 Naphthalene
21A020 Naphthalene
21A020 Naphthalene
24B041 Naphtho(l,2-b)furan
24B042 Naphtho(2,l-b)furan
24B043 Naphtho(2,3-b)furan
21C020 1,2-Benzonaphthacene
24B040 Naphthofurans
18C020 1-Naphthol
xxi
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
a-Naphthol
2-Naphthol
b-Naphthol
a-Naphthoni tri1e
1-Naphthonitrile
b-Naphthonitrile
2-Naphthonitrile
Naphthonitriles
Naphthopyridine
b-Naphthoquinol ine
a-Naphthoquinol ine
b-Naphthyl hydroxide
1-Naphthylanrine
a-Naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine
b-Naphthylamine
Naphthyleneethylene
2,3-Naptho-2,3-phenanthrene
Necatorina
Neopentane
Neopentyl alcohol
Nitroanisoles
Nitrobenzene
4-Nitrobiphenyl
p-Nitrobiphenyl
p-Nitrochlorobenzene
4-Nitrodiphenyl
2-Nitrophenol
o-Nitrophenol
3-Nitrophenol
m-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
p-Nitrophenol
Nitrophenyl methyl ethers
N-Nitroso-N-dipropylamine
N-Ni troso-N-methy 1 am" 1 i ne
N-Nitrosodiethyl amine
N-Ni trosodi i sopropylami ne
Ni trosodi i sopropylami ne
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Ni trosodipenty1 ami ne
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
N-Nitrosodipropylamine
Nitrosomethylaniline
N-Nitrosophenylamine
2-Nitrotoluene
3-Nitrotoluene
4-Nitrotoluene
Nitrotoluenes
Nitrous diisopropylamide
Nitrous diphenylamide
Nitrous dipropyl amide
n-Nonane
Nonanes
Nonyl alcohol
Octadecanoic acid
cis-9-Octadecanoic acid
n-Octane
Octanes
Octanoic acid
Octyl phthalate
Oleic acid
2-Oxetanone
2-Oxobovane
Oxole
Oxybenzene
18C020 1-Naphthol
18C040 2-Naphthol
18C040 2-Naphthol
09B041 a-Naphthonitrile
09B041 a-Naphthom'trile
09B042 b-Naphthonitrile
09B042 b-Naphthonitrile
09B040 Naphthonitriles
23B140 Benzo(f)quinoline
238140 Benzo(f)quinoline
23B160 Benzo(h)quinoline
18C040 2-Naphthol
10C200 1-Aminonaphthalene
10C200 1-Aminonaphthalene
10C220 2-Aminonaphthalene
10C220 2-Aminonaphthalene
21A100 Acenaphthene
21C020 1,2-Benzonaphthacene
02A240 Carbon Tetrachloride
01A103 Neopentane
05A123 2,2-Dimethyl-l-propanol
17B020 Methoxynitrobenzenes
17A020 Nitrobenzene
17A060 4-Nitrobiphenyl
17A060 4-Nitrobiphenyl
17B060 l-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene
17A060 4-Nitrobiphenyl
20A020 2-Nitrophenol
20A020 2-Nitrophenol
20A040 3-Nitrophenol
20A040 3-Nitrophenol
20A060 4-Nitrophenol
20A060 4-Nitrophenol
17B020 Methoxynitrobenzenes
12A060 N-Nitrosodipropylamine
12B020 N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline
12A040 N-Nitrosodiethylamine
12A080 N-Nitrosodiisopropylamine
12A080 N-Ni trosodi i sopropylami ne
12A020 N-Nitrosodimethyl amine
12A100 N-Nitrosodipentylamine
12B040 N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
12A060 N-Nitrosodipropylamine
12B020 N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline
12B020 N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline
17A041 2-Nitrotoluene
17A042 3-Nitrotoluene
17A043 4-Nitrotoluene
17A040 Nitrotoluenes
12A080 N-Ni trosodi i sopropylami ne
12B040 N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
12A060 N-Nitrosodipropylamine
01A221 n-Nonane
01A220 Nonanes
05B080 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptano1
08A123 Stearic acid
08A140 Oleic acid
01A201 n-Octane
01A200 Octanes
08A102 Caprylic acid
080300 Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
08A140 Oleic acid
08B060 b-Propiolactone
078100 Camphor
24A020 Furan
18A020 Phenol
xxii
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
l.l'-Oxybis (2-chloroethane)
Oxybis[chloromethane]
2,2'-Oxybis[propane]
Palmitic acid
b-Parvolone
PCB's
Pentachlorophenol
Pentamethylene
n-Pentane
Pentanes
Pentanoic acid
n-Pentanol
1-Pentanol
2-Pentanol
3-Pentanol
t-Pentanol
Pentanols, (primary)
Pentanols, (secondary)
1-Pentene
cis-2-Pentene
trans-2-Pentene
Pentenes
2-Pentyl acetate
t-Pentyl alcohol
1-Pentylene
Perch!orobenzene
Perch!orocyclopentadiene
Perchloroethane
Perch!oroethylene
Perchloromethane
Perch!oromethanethiol
Perch!oromethy! mercaptan
Periethylenenaphthalene
Perylene
Phenanthrene
Phenanthridine
Phenanthro(9,10-b)furan
Phenanthrols
Phenanthrylene methane
Phene
Phenethyl alcohol
B-Phenethyl alcohol
a-Phenethyl alcohol
Phenic acid
Phenol
o-Phenyl am'sole
Phenyl benzoate
Phenyl bromide
1-Phenyl butane
2-Phenyl butane
2-Phenyl butane
Phenyl chloride
Phenyl cyanide
Phenyl formic acid
Phenyl hydroxide
Phenyl mercaptan
Phenyl methanol
Phenyl methyl ketone
1-Phenyl propane
Phenyl pyridines
2-Phenyl pyridines
3-Phenyl pyridines
4-Phenyl pyridines
Phenyl sulfide
Phenylaldehyde
Phenylamine
04B080 2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl ether
04B020 I,l'-0ichloromethy1 ether
03A020 Isopropyl ether
08A122 Palmitic acid
23A146 2,3,4,6-Tetramethylpyridine
16A220 Polychlorinated biphenyls
19A060 Pentachlorophenol
01A120 Cyclopentane
01A101 n-Pentane
01A100 Pentanes
08A080 Valeric acid
05A121 n-Pentanol
05A121 n-Pentanol
05B061 2-Pentanol
05B062 3-Pentanol
05C040 t-Pentanol
05A120 Pentanols, (primary)
05B060 Pentanols, (secondary)
01B101 1-Pentene
018102 cis-2-Pentene
01B103 trans-2-Pentene
01B100 Pentenes
080142 sec-Amy! acetate
05C040 t-Pentanol
01B101 1-Pentene
16A162 Hexachlorobenzene
02B140 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
02A320 Hexachloroethane
02B080 Tetrachloroethene
02A240 Carbon Tetrachloride
13A140 Perch!oromethanethiol
13A140 Perchloromethanethiol
21A100 Acenaphthene
21C140 Perylene
21A180 Phenanthrene
23B120 Phenanthridine
24B080 Phenanthro(9,10-b)furan
18C060 Phenanthrols
22B080 Cyclopenta(def)phenanthrene
15A020 Benzene
05A160 Phenethyl alcohol
05A160 Phenethyl alcohol
05B100 1-Phenylethanol
18A020 Phenol
18A020 Phenol
03A040 2-Methoxybiphenyl
08D180 Phenyl benzoate
16A040 Bromobenzene
15A141 n-Butyl benzene
15A142 sec-Butyl benzene
15A142 sec-Butyl benzene
16A020 Chlorobenzene
09B020 Benzonitrile
08A160 Benzoic acid
18A020 Phenol
13A100 Benzenethiol
05A140 Benzyl alcohol
07B120 Acetophenone
15A100 Propyl benzene
23A080 Phenyl pyridines
23A081 2-Phenyl pyridines
23A082 3-Phenyl pyridines
23A083 4-Phenyl pyridines
13B060 Diphenyl sulfide
07A140 Benzaldehyde
10C020 Aniline
xxiii
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
p-Phenylaniline
Phenylbenzene
Phenylcarbino!
p-Pheny1enediamine
2,3-o-Phenylenepyrene
Pheny1 ethane
2-Phenylethanol
1-Phenylethanol
1-Phenylethanone
Pheny1 ethylene
Phenylhydride
Phenylic acid
Phenylmethane
Phenylmethyl alcohol
1-Phenylnaphthalene
2-Phenylnaphthalene
Phenylnaphthalenes
o-Phenylphenol
p-Phenylphenol
m-Phenylphenol
Phenylphenols
2-Phenylpropane
Phenylsulfonic acid
PhenyIthiobenzene
Phthalate esters
Phthalic acid
o-Phthalic acid
Picene
Picolines
Picramic acid
Picraminic acid
Picric acid
Polyalkyl phenols (MW greater than 135)
Polychlorinated benzenes
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's)
Prehnitene
Propaldehyde
Propanal
Propanamine
Propane
Propane
Propane-1-thiol
Propane-2-thiol
1,2-Propanediol
2-Propaneni tri1e
Propanenitrile
1-Propanethiol
2-Propanethiol
Propanethiols
Propanoic acid-3-hydroxy lactone
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
B-Propanolamine
Propanolamines
Propanolide
2-Propanone
Propenal
2-Propene-l-amine
2-Propenoic acid ethyl ether
Propine
b-Propiolactone
Propionaldehyde
Propionitrile
b-Propiono lactone
n-Propyl acetate
Propyl acetates
10C120 4-Aminobiphenyl
15A160 Biphenyl
05A140 Benzyl alcohol
10C100 1,4-Diaminobenzene
22D020 Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
15A060 Ethyl benzene
05A160 Phenethyl alcohol
05B100 1-Phenylethanol
07B120 Acetophenone
15A080 Styrene
15A020 Benzene
18A020 Phenol
15A040 Toluene
05A140 Benzyl alcohol
21A061 1-Phenylnaphthalene
21A062 2-Phenylnaphthalene
21A060 Phenylnaphthalenes
18A101 o-Phenylphenol
18A102 p-Phenylphenol
18A103 m-Phenylphenol
18A100 Phenylphenols
15A120 Isopropyl benzene
14A020 Benzenesulfonic acid
13B060 Oiphenyl sulfide
08D280 Phthalate esters
08A200 Phthalic acid
08A200 Phthalic acid
21C160 Picene
23A040 Picolines
20A080 2-Amino-4,6-dim'trophenol
20A080 2-Ami no-4,6-di ni tropheno1
20A120 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol
18A180 Polyalkyl phenols (MW greater than 135)
16A160 Polychlorinated benzenes
16A220 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's)
15B201 1;2,3,4-Tetrametny1 benzene
07A080 Propionaldehyde
07A080 Propionaldehyde
10A100 1-Aminopropane
01A060 Propane
01B040 Propylene
13A061 Propane-1-thiol
13A062 Propane-2-thiol
06A040 Propylene glycol
09A040 Acrylonitrile
09A060 1-Cyanoethane
13A061 Propane-1-thiol
13A062 Propane-2-thiol
13A060 Propanethiols
08B060 b-Propiolactone
05A060 1-Propanol
05B020 2-Propanol
10A121 2-Amino-l-propanol
10A120 Propanolamines
08B060 b-Propiolactone
07B020 Acetone
07A060 Acrolein
IDAHO 3-Aminopropene
08D060 Ethyl aerylate
01C040 Propyne
088060 b-Propiolactone
07A080 Propionaldehyde
09A060 1-Cyanoethane
08B060 b-Propiolactone
08D101 n-Propyl acetate
080100 Propyl acetates
XXIV
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
n-Propyl alcohol
Propyl aldehyde
Propyl benzene
Propyl cyanide
Propyl nitrosamine
n-Propyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
Propylacetic acid
n-Propylamine
Propylene
Propylene chloride
Propylene dichloride
Propylene glycol
Propylethylene
Propylidene chloride
Propylidene dichloride
Propylraercaptan
Di-n-propy1ni trosami ne
4-n-Propylpyridine
Propyne
Pseudabutyl benzene
Pseudobutyl benzene
Pseudobutylene
Pseudocumene
Pyrene
Pyridine
a-Pyridylbenzene
a-Pyridyl benzene
b-Pyridylbenzene
g-Pyridyl benzene
Pyrocatechol
Pyrogallic acid
Pyrogallol
Pyrrole
p,p'-Quaterphenyl
Quinaldine
Quinol
Quinoline
Quinolines
Resorcinol
Rubbing alcohol
Salicylic acid
Saturated Long Chain Acids (MW:116-201)
Saturated Long Chain Acids(MW:228-285)
Secondary butyl amine
Skatole
Stearic acid
Styrene
Styrolene
Sulfinylbis[methane]
Tar camphor
Tel one
o-Terphenyl
m-Terphenyl
p-Terphenyl
Terphenyls
a-Terpineol
Tertiary butyl amine
Tetracene
1,1,3,3-Tetrachloro-2-propanone
Tetrachloroacetone
1,1,2,2-Tetrach1oroethane
Tetrachloroethene
Tetrach1oroethy1ene
Tetrachloromethane
Tetradecanoic acid
n-Tetradecoic acid
05A060 1-Propanol
07A080 Propionaldehyde
15A100 Propyl benzene
09A080 Butyronitrile
12A060 N-Nitrosodipropylamine
21B111 n-Propyl-benzo(c)phenanthrene
08A080 Valeric acid
10A100 1-Aminopropane
01B040 Propylene
02A342 1,2-Oichloropropane
02A342 1,2-Oichloropropane
06A040 Propylene glycol
01B101 1-Pentene
02A341 1,1-Oichloropropane
02A341 1,1-Dichloropropane
13A061 Propane-1-thiol
12A060 N-Nitrosodipropylamine
23A064 4-n-Propylpyridine
01C040 Propyne
15A143 tert-Butyl benzene
15A143 tert-Butyl benzene
01B062 cis-2-Butene
15B182 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
21B180 Pyrene
23A020 Pyridine
23A081 2-Phenyl pyridines
23A081 2-Phenyl pyridines
23A082 3-Phenyl pyridines
23A083 4-Phenyl pyridines
18B020 Catechol
18B080 1,2,3-Trihydroxybenzene
18B080 1,2,3-Trihydroxybenzene
23C020 Pyrrole
15B060 4,4'-Oiphenylbiphenyl
23B040 2-Methylquinoline
18B060 1,4-Oihydroxybenzene
23B021 Quinoline
23B020 Quinolines
18B040 1,3-Dihydroxybenzene
05B020 2-Propanol
08B041 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
08A100 Saturated Long Chain Acids (MW:116-201)
08A120 Saturated Long Chain Acids(MW:228-285)
10A142 2-Aminobutane
23C062 3-Methylindole
08A123 Stearic acid
15A080 Styrene
15A080 Styrene
14B020 Dimethyl sulfoxide
21A020 Naphthalene
02B103 cis-l,3-Dichloropropene
15B161 o-Terphenyl
15B162 m-Terphenyl
15B163 p-Terphenyl
15B160 Terphenyls
05C060 a-Terpineol
10A143 2-Amino-2-methylpropane
21B020 Naphthacene
07C020 Tetrachloroacetone
07C020 Tetrachloroacetone
02A300 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
02B080 Tetrachloroethene
02B080 Tetrachloroethene
02A240 Carbon Tetrachloride
08A121 Myristic acid
08A121 Myristic acid
XXV
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Tetrahydro-l,4-oxazine
3a,7,7,7a-Tetrahydro-4,7-methanoi ndene
3,4,5,6-Tetrahydrobenzene
Tetrahydrobenzene
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydronaphthalene
Tetralin
Tetraline
1,2,3,4-Tetramethy1 benzene
1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene
Tetramethy1 benzenes
Tetramethylmethane
TetramethyIsuccinonitrile
Tetraphenyl
Tetrole
1-1'-Thiobis[benzene]
1-1'-Thiobisethane
Thiobismethane
Thioethylether
Thiofuran
Thionaphthene
Thiophene
Thiophenol
2,3-Thioxene
2,4-Thioxene
a,a-Thioxene
TMSN
Toluene
a-Toluenol
Toluidines
Toluol
o-Toluquinaldine
o-Tolyl chloride
Toxilic acid
Tri-m-tolyl phosphate
Tri-o-cresyl phosphate
Tn'-o-tolyl phosphate
Tri-p-tolyl phosphate
Tn'benzylene benzene
Tri bromomethane
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Trichloroethane
1,1,1-Tri chloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
8-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tri chlorof1uoromethane
Trichloromethane
Trichloromethanethiol
Trichloromonofluoromethane
2,4,6-Trichloroph'enol
Tricresol phosphate
Triethyl phosphate
1,2,3-Tri hydroxybenzene
Trimethyl and tetramethyl thiophenes
Trimethyl carbinol
2,4,6-Trimethyl phenol
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-l-one
a,a,4-Trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-l-methanol
1,2,3-Tri methyl benzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethy1 benzene
Trimethyl benzenes
l,7,7-Trimethylbicylo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one
Trimethylbromomethane
108100 Morpholine
01B220 Dicyclopentadiene
01B160 Cyclohexene
01B160 Cyclohexene
03A060 Tetrahydrofuran
15B120 Tetrahydronaphthalene
15B120 Tetrahydronaphthalene
15B120 Tetrahydronaphthalene
15B201 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene
15B202 1,2,3,5-Tetramethy1 benzene
15B203 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene
15B200 Tetramethylbenzenes
01A103 Neopentane
09A120 Tetramethylsuccinonitrile
15B060 4,4'-Oipheny1biphenyl
24A020 Furan
13B060 Diphenyl sulfide
13B040 Oiethyl sulfide
13B020 Dimethyl sulfide
13B040 Diethyl sulfide
25A020 Thiophene
25B040 Benzo(b)thiophene
25A020 Thiophene
13A100 Benzenethiol
25A061 2,3-Dimethylthiophene
25A062 2,4-Dimethylthiophene
25A063 2,5-Dimethylthiophene
09A120 Tetramethy1succi noni tri1e
15A040 Toluene
05A140 Benzyl alcohol
10C040 Aminotoluenes
15A040 Toluene
23B120 2,8-Dimethylquinoline
16A180 2-Chlorotoluene
08A060 Maleic acid
26B043 Tri-m-tolyl phosphate
260B42 Tri-o-tolyl phosphate
26B041 Tri-o-tolyl phosphate
26B042 Tri-p-tolyl phosphate
22D040 Tribenzylene benzene
02A160 Bromoform
16A161 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
02A280 Trichloroethane
02A280 Trichloroethane
02A290 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
02A290 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
02B070 Trichloroethylene
02A220 Trichlorofluoromethane
02A100 Chloroform
13A140 Perchloromethanethiol
02A220 Trichlorofluoromethane
19A050 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
26B040 Tritolyl phosphate
26A020 Triethyl phosphate
18B080 1,2,3-Trihydroxybenzene
25A080 Trimethyl and tetramethyl thiophenes
05C020 t-Butyl alcohol
18A181 2,4,6-Trimethyl phenol
07B080 Isophorone
05C060 a-Terpineol
15B181 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
15B182 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
15B183 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
15B180 Trimethylbenzenes
07B100 Camphor
02A363 2-Bromoisobutane
xxvi
-------
COMPOUND/ELEMENT
CATEGORY PREFERRED NAME
Trimethylene chloride
Trimethylmethane
2,2,4-Trimethy1pentane
Trimethylphenyl methane
Trimethylphenyl methane
Trimethylpyridines
2,3,5-Trimethylthiophene
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol
Triorthocresol phosphate
Tn'phenyl phosphate
Triphenylene
Tritolyl phosphate
Truxene
TSN
n-Undecane
Unsym-trichlorobenzene
Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
Valerianic acid
Valeric acid
Vinyl benzene
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl cyanide
Vinylidene chloride
Wood alcohol
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
o-Xylene chloride
m-Xylene chloride
p-Xylene chloride
Xylenes
2,3-Xylenol
2,4-Xylenol
2,5-Xylenol
2,6-Xylenol
3,5-Xylenol
3,4-Xylenol
Xylenols
2,3-Xylidine
2,4-Xylidine
2,5-Xylidine
2,6-Xylidine
3,4-Xylidine
3,5-Xylidine
Xylidines
Xylol
02A343 1,3-Dichloropropane
01A082 Isobutane
01A202 Isooctane
15A143 tert-Butyl benzene
15A143 tert-Butyl benzene
23A120 Collidines
25A081 2,3,5-Trimethylthiophene
20A120 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol
26B041 Tri-o-tolyl phosphate
26B020 Triphenyl phosphate
21B160 Triphenylene
26B040 Tritolyl phosphate
22D040 Tribenzylene benzene
09A120 Tetramethy1succi noni tr11e
01A242 n-Undecane
16A161 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
11B040 N,N-Dimethylhydrazine
08A080 Valeric acid
08A080 Valeric acid
15A080 Styrene
02B020 Vinyl chloride
09A040 Acrylonitrile
02B060 1,1-Dichloroethene
05A020 Methanol
15B081 o-Xylene
15B082 m-Xylene
158083 p-Xylene
16B041 1,2-bis (Chloromethyl) benzene
16B042 1-3-bis (Chloromethyl) benzene
16B043 1,4-bis (Chloromethyl)'benzene
15B080 Xylenes
18A141 2,3-Xylenol
18A142 2,4-Xylenol
18A143 2,5-Xylenol
18A144 2,6-Xylenol
18A145 3,5-Xylenol
18A146 3,4-Xylenol
18A140 Xylenols
10C061 2,3-Xylidine
10C062 2,4-Xylidine
10C063 2,5-Xylidine
10C064 2,6-Xylidine
10C065 3,4-Xylidine
10C066 3,5-Xylidine
10C060 Dimethyl anilines
15B080 Xylenes
xxvii
-------
MOLECULAR FORMULA INDEX FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ADDRESSED BY MEG'S
CBr2Cl2
CC19F9
£ c.
CC13F
cci4
CHBrCl2
CHBr2Cl
CHBr3
CHCL3
CHC13S
CH Cl
2 2
CH20
CH202
CH2N2
CH3Br
CH3C1
CH3I
CH3
CH4
CH40
CH4S
CH5N
CH6N2
C2C12F2
C9C1.
2 4
C0C1C
2 6
CoH9
c. c.
Cu n
ijf\n\j I p
C2H2C12
C2H2C14
C0H,C1
2 3
C2H3C13
C2H3C13
C2H3N
02A180
02A200
02A220
02A240
02A120
02A140
02A160
02A100
13A140
02A080
07A020
08A020
11A020
02A020
02A040
02A060
08C020
01A020
05A020
13A020
1 OA020
11B020
02B090
02B080
02B070
02A320
01C020
02B040
02B060
02A300
02B020
02A280
02A290
09A020
C2H4
C H 0
(u ^f fL
C2H4C12
C2H4C120
C2H40
C2H4°3
C2H5C1
C2H5C10
C2H5N
C9HCNO
2 5
C2H6
C H N 0
C2H6Q2
C2H6S2
C2H6SO
C2H6°2
C2H6S
t. U
X h
£. \J
C H N
C H NO
C H N
C2H8N2
282
CnHpNn
C3H2C140
LTn-jN
Cu
3H4
O *T
CoH^CU
*J " L.
C3H402
CoHrClO
C3H,C10
C3H5C1°
C3H5N
01B020
08A040
02A260
04B020
07A040
08B020
02A250
04A020
10B020
08C040
01A040
12A020
05A040
13B080
14B020
06A020
13A040
13B020
10A040
10B040
10A060
10A080
11B040
11B060
07C020
09A040
01C040
02B100
07A060
08B060
04A040
04A050
04A060
09A060
xxviii
-------
INDEX (Continued)
C3H6
C3H6C12
CJH,0
6 0
C3H6°
C3H6°2
C3H6°2
C3H7N
C3H7C10
C3H7C10
C3H8
C3H8°
C3H8°
C3H8°
C3H8°2
C3H8S
C3HgN
C3HgNO
c4ci6
C4H4°4
C4H4S
C4H6
C4H6
C4H6°3
C4H7N
C4H8
C4H8C120
C4H8C120
C4H80
C4H8°
01B040
02A340
07B020
07A080
06B020
08D020
IDAHO
04A080
04A100
01A060
05A020
05A060
05B020
06A040
1 3A060
10A100
10B060
10A120
02B120
24A020
08A060
25A020
23C020
01B080
01C060
08B060
04A140
09A080
01B060
04B040
04B060
04B080
03A060
07A100
C4H8°
C4H8°2
C4H4°2
C4H8°2
C4H9Br
C4H9C10
1 C4HgNO
C4H10
C4H1Q0
C4H1Q0
C4H1Q0
C4H1QN2(
C4H10°
C4H1Q0
C4H10S
C4H10S
C4HnN
C4H11N
C5H4C1N
w
C5C16
CrHr
56
C5H6S
C5H8°2
C5H8°2
r H
L5M10
r H
Vio
C5H10°
C5H10°2
C5H10°2
r H
L5H12
f\ 1 1 g\
C5H120
C5H120
C5H120
07B060
03B020
03B040
08B040
02A360
04A120
1OBI 00
01A080
05A080
05A100
05A080
12A040
05C020
05B040
13A080
13B040
10A140
10B080
23A100
23A020
02B140
01B120
25A040
08D060
08D080
01B100
01A120
07A120
08A080
08D100
01A100
05A120
05B060
05C040
xxix
-------
INDEX (Continued)
C6C16
C6HnC1n
C6HC150
C6H3C13
C6H3N2°7
C6H4BrCl
C6H4C1N02
C6H4C1N02
C6H4C12
W2°5
C6H5Br
C6H5C1
C6H5C10
C6H5N02
C6H5N03
C6H5N03
C6H5N03
C6H5N3°5
C6H6
C6H6C16
C6H6°
C6H6°2
C6H6°2
C6H6°2
C6H6°3
C6H6S03
C6H6
C6H?N
CCH7N
D /
16A162
16A160
19A060
16A161
20A120
16A080
16A060
17B040
17B060
16A100
16A120
16A140
19A040
20A100
16A040
16A020
19A020
1 7A020
20A020
20A040
20A060
20A080
1 5A020
02A380
18A020
18B020
18B040
18B060
18B080
14A020
13A100
10C020
23A040
C6H8
C6H8N2
C6H8N20
C6H8S
C6H10
C6H10°2
C6H10°4
C6HnNO
C6H12
C6H12
C6H12°2
C6H12°2
C6H12C120
C6H13C10
C6H13N
C6H13N02
C6H14
C6H14N20
C6HUN20-
C6H140
C6H15°4P
C7H5N
C7HCNS
/ 0
C7H6N204
C7H6N2°5
C7H6N205
C7H60
C7H6°2
C7H603
C7H?C1
C?H7C1
C7H7C10
C7H?N02
01B180
10C100
09A100
25A060
01B160
08A101
08A180
08C060
01A160
01B140
03B060
08D120
04B100
04A160
10A160
08B100
01A140
12A060
12A080
03A020
26A020
09B020
23D020
17A080
20B020
20B040
07A140
08A160
08B040
16A180
16B020
19B020
17A040
XXX
-------
INDEX (Continued)
C?H7N03
C7C8
C7H8N20
W
C?H80
C7HgN
C7HgN
C7HgN
C7HgN
C7HgN
C7HgN
C7HgN
C7HgN
C7HgN
C7H10S
C7H14
C7H16
C8H6°
C8H6°4
C8H6S
C8H6S2
C8H7N
CgH7NS
C8H8C12
C8H8°2
C8H10
C8H10
C8H1QN
C8H1Q0
17B020
15A040
12B020
05A140
18A040
18A060
10C040
23A141
23A142
23A143
23A144
23A145
23A061
23A062
23A063
10C080
25A081
01B200
08D140
01A180
24A040
08A200
25B040
25B020
23C040
23D040
16B040
07B120
08D160
15B080
15A060
05A160
05B100
18A080
C8H1QN
C8H11N
C8HnN
f H N
L8Mir
f H N
L8Mir
C8H12
C8H12N2
C8H16C120
C8H16°2
C8H17C1
f H
Vl8
CgH7N
CgHg
C0HQ0
9 8
C0HQN
9 9
f H
9 10
C9H1Q0
r H
L9H12
C H
L8 12
r H
L9H12
C H
L9H12
C H 0
L9 12U
C9H12°
CgH13N
r H n
L9H14U
r H
9H20
C9H20°
C1QH7C1
r H
ho 8
C1QH80
r H n
L10M8U
C1QH9N
r u w
L10 9N
C1QH9N
18A140
10C060
10D020
23A120
23A064
15A080
09A120
04B120
08A102
02A400
01A200
23B020
22A010
24A060
23C060
15B020
18C080
15B180
15A100
15A120
15B180
18A160
18A181
23A146
07B080
01A220
05B080
16A200
21A020
18C020
18C040
10C200
10C220
23B040
xxx i
-------
C10H10
C10H10°4
C10H12
C10H12
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C10H140
C10H16°
C10H16°
C10H18°
C10H18°
C10H18°
C10H18°4
C10H20°2
C10H22
C10H22N2°
C11H7N
C11H7°2
C11H10
C11H10
C11H11N
C11H24
C12C1n
C12H8
C12H8°
C12H8S
C12HgBrO
C12HgC10
INDEX (Continued)
15B140
08D281
01B220
15B120
15A140
15B101
15B102
15B103
15B200
07B181
07B100
07B182
05B120
05B140
05C060
08D200
08A103
01A240
12A100
09B040
18C140
23A080
21A040
21A042
23B060
01A242
16A220
21A100
24B020
24B040
25B060
04A200
04A180
23C080
C12HgN02
C12H10
C12H10
C12H1QC1N
C12H1QN20
C12H10°
C12H10°
C12H10°2
C12H10S
C12H11N
C12H12
C12H12
C12H12
C12H12N2
C12H12N2
C12H14°4
C12H18
C12H18
r H
12 26
C13H9C102
C13H9N
C13HgN
Cl3HgN
r n
L13H10
C13H10°
C13H10°2
r H N
1311
r N N
13 n
r H
13 12
C13H12C12N2
C14H8C8S2
r n
L14H10
17A060
15A160
21A100
10C160
12B040
18A100
18C100
18A120
13B060
10C120
21A043
21A044
21A080
10C140
11B080
08D282
15B104
15B105
01A260
07C040
23B080
23B120
23B140
23B160
22A020
18C120
08D180
23B100
23C100
22A040
10C180
03A040
14A040
21A140
xxxii
-------
INDEX (Continued)
C14H10
C14H10°
C14H10S
C14H15N3
C14H22
C14H26°4
C14H28°2
C15HgN
C15H10
C15H12
C15H240
C16H10
C16H10
C16H10°
C16H10°
C16H10°
C16H10S
C16H11N
C16H12
C16H14
C16H22°4
C16H32°2
C17H11N
C17H12
C17H12
C17H12
C18H12
C18H12
C18H12
C18H14
21A180
18C060
13A120
11A040
15B106
18A182
08D220
08A121
23B300
22B080
21A201
18A183
22B040
21B180
24B060
24B080
24B100
25B080
23C120
23B280
21A060
21 AT 60
08D283
08A122
23B180
23B200
21B200
22B020
22B060
07B160
21B040
21B101
21B120
15B160
I
C18H14
C18H15°4P
C18H34°2
C18H34°4
C18H36°2
C19H14
C19H14
C19H14
C19H14
C19H14
C19H14
C19H14
C19-H20°4
C20H12
C20H12
C20H12
C20H12
C20H12
C20H12
C2QH13N
C2QH13N
C20H13N
C20H16
C20H17
C20H17
C21H13N
C21H]3N
C21H13N
C21H14
C21H16
C21H18
C21H18
C21H21°4P
C22H12
21B220
26B020
08A140
08D240
08A123
21B102
21B103
21B104
21B105
21B106
21B107
21B140
08D320
22C020
22C040
22C080
21C100
21C120
21C140
23C140
23C160
23C180
21B060
21 BIOS
21B109
23B220
23B240
23B260
22C060
21B080
21B10A
21B10B
26B040
21D080
xxxiii
-------
INDEX (Continued)
C22H12
C22H14
C22H14
C22H14
C22H14
C22H14
C22H42°2
C24H12
C24H14
C24H14
C24H14
C24H20
C24H38°4
C27H18
22D020
21C020
21C040
21C060
21C080
21C160
08D260
21D100
21D020
21D040
21D060
15B060
08D300
22D040
xxxiv
-------
APPENDIX A
MEG CHARTS AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION SUMMARIES
Appendix A of the MEG's report consists of background information summaries
and MEG charts for organic compounds included in the MEG's Master List and is
contained in this volume and in Volume IV. The charts and summaries are
arranged by MEG's categories. Categories 1 through 12 are included in this
volume; Categories 13-26 are in Volume IV (the distinguishing characteristics
of each of the MEG's categories are discussed in Volume IA, Appendix B).
Charts and summaries contained in this appendix address 586 organic
chemicals. At the beginning of each subcategory of compounds, a brief tabulation
is provided giving the number of compounds addressed in the subcategory, the
number of suspected carcinogens or teratogens included, the number of compounds
without numerical MEG's, and the specific Consent Decree compounds included.
A separate reference list is supplied for each subcategory allowing the user
to ascertain quickly if a particular reference has been used in the preparation
of the summaries for a compound group. The consolidated alphabetized bibliography
for the background information summaries is given in Appendix F, contained in
Volume IA.
An alphabetical index of preferred names and synonyms for the organic MEG
compounds and a molecular formula index are included in the front matter of
each volume containing Appendix A.
The methodology developed for establishing Multimedia Environmental Goals
as outlined in Volume IA has been applied in the preparation of the background
information summaries and MEG charts contained in this appendix.
A-l
-------
CATEGORY 1
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
SUBCATEGORY: 1A - Alkanes and Cyclic Alkanes
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 21
number of parent compounds with subspecies 7
number of subspecies 15
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values Q
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-3
-------
CATEGORY:
1A
METHANE: CH4 (marsh gas, methyl hydride). Q1A020
A colorless, odorless, flammable, tasteless gas.
WLN: 1H
STRUCTURE:
H-C-H
H
,760.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt:
d: 0.466164 to 0.5547; soluble; vap. d: 0.6;
vap. press.: 1 atm at -161.5°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Rural background concentration in air is reported as 1.2 to 2.0 ppm (ref. 1). This is
equivalent to 780 to 1,000 vg/m . Methane does not participate appreciably in photooxidation
reactions.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No significant physiologic effects are reported for exposed workers.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
Toxicity to vegetation: Jlo adverse effects on plants were observed with methane concentrations
as high as 6.53 x 105 ug/m3 (1,000 ppm) (ref. 16).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Classified as a simple asphyxiant by ACGIH.
TLVSA = 5,000 ppm or 3,270 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.27 x 106 ug/m3 (5,000 ppm)
Water, Health:
Land, Health:
15 x 3.27 x 106 = 4.9 x 107 ug/1
Air, Ecology: 6.5 x 106 ug/m3 (10,000 ppm)
Uater, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 ug/1
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH1
10 x 3,270/420 = 7,800 u9/m
EPCAHla = 5,000/420 = 11.9 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 7,800 = 1.17 x 105 ,.g/l
EPCWR2 = 13.8 x 3,270 = 4.5 x 104 ug/1
EPCflE = 6.5 x TO5 ug/m3 (1,000 ppm)
EPCWE1 = 50 x --KOOO = >50,000 ug/1
A-4
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A020
METHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bawd on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.3E6
(5,000)
4.9E7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
6.5E6,
(IxlO4)
1.0E5
B. Ambient Uwl Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
7,800
(12)
45,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
650,000
50,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
780-1 ,000
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, //g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. WJ/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effects
7,800
(12)
45,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
650, QOO
(1,000)
50,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-5
-------
CATEGORY: 1A
ETHANE: C?H, (bimethyl, methylmethane, dimethyl,
' ethyl hydride). 01A04C
A colorless, flammable, odorless gas.
WLM:
STRUCTURE:
H,C-CH,
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 30; mp: -172; bp:
3.6; d: 0.572
-108.
vap. d: 1.04; slightly soluble; vap. press.: 760 mm at -88.6°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Rural concentration in air is reported as 3.6 ppbc (ref. 1). This is equivalent to 2.2 yg/m3.
Ethane participates to a very limited extent in photooxidation reactions (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No significant physiologic effects are reported for exposed workers.
Toxicity to vegetation: Mo adverse effects on plants were observed with ethane concentrations as high
as 1.22 x 106 yg/m3 (1,000 ppm) (ref. 16).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant.
TLV<-A * 5,000 ppm or 6,122 mg/m3
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 6.12 x
Water, Health: 15 x 6.12 x
Land, Health:
105 ug/m3 (5,000 ppm)
10°
9.2 x 10' ug/1
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
1.22 x 107 ug/m3 (10,000 ppm)
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 6,122/420 = 14,600 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 5,000/420 = 11.9 ppm
EPC,
WH1
15 x 14,600 = 2.2 x 10 i.g/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 6,122 = 8.4 x 10
ug/l
EPC
•AE
1.22 x 106 ug/m3 (1 ,000 ppm)
A-6
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A040
ETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, A/g/m'
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.1E6
(5,000)
9.2E7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.2E7
(IxlO4)
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
14,600
(12)
84,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.2X106
(1,000)
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
2.2
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt}
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
14,600
(12)
84,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
1.2x10°
(1,000)
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-7
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CATEGORY: 1A
WIN: 3H
STRUCTURE!
CH
PROPANE: CjHg (dlmethylmethane). 01A060
A colorless, flammable gas. CHsCH*CH,
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 44.09; bp: -42.1;d: 0.5854"44'5;
vap. d: 1.56; slightly soluble; vap. press.: 760 mm at -42.1°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Rural background concentration In air 1s reported as 1.4 to 8.4 ppbc (ref. 1). This
Is equivalent to 0.84 to 5.0 ug/m .
Oxidation of the terminal carbon atom appears to be the predominant reaction of saturated aliphatic
hydrocarbon chains in soil and in cultures of microorganisms. The usual isolated product of micro-
biological oxidation of such alkanes Is a carboxylic acid (ref. 17).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No significant physiologic properties are reported for exposed workers.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
Toxicity to vegetation: No adverse effects on plants were observed with propane concentrations as
high as 1.30 x 106 pg/m3 (1,000 ppm) (ref. 16).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant.
TLVSA » 5,000 ppm or 9,000 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 9.00 x 106 ug/m3 (5,000 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 9.0 x 106 = 1.35 x 108 ug/1
Land, Health:
Air, Ecology: 1.8 x 10 wg/m (10,000 ppm)
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.Ox 105 ug/1
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
103 x 9,000/420 • 21,400 ug/m3
= 5,000/420 = 11.9 ppm
EPC
EPC
'AMI
EPC,
'AMI a
'WH1
15 x 21,400 « 3.2 x 10s ug/l
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 9,000 « 1.2 x 105 ug/1
EPCAE = 1.8 x 10° ug/irT (1,000 ppm)
EPCWE1 » 50 x >1,000 = >50,000 ug/1
A-8
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A060
PROPANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, |ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.0E6
(5,000)
1.4E8
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.8E7
(IxlO4)
1.0E5
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
21 ,400
(12)
120,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
l.SxlO6
(1,000)
50,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.84-5.0
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Atg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
It. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
21 ,400
(12)
120,000
/
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
l.SxlO6
(1,000)
50,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-9
-------
CATEGORY:
1A
BUTANES: C4H1Q 01A080
• n-BUTANE: 01A081
• ISOBUTANE: (trimethylmethane, 2-methylpropane). 01A082
Colorless gas; faint disagreeable odor.
PROPERTIES:
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
4H
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
n-butane
CH3
CH3-CH-CH3
isobutane
n-butane: mo1. wt: 58.1; bp: -0.1; d: 0.599;
vap. press: 2 atm at 18.8°; vap. d: 2.046; soluble.
Isobutane: mol. wt.: 58.1; bp: -0.5; d: 0.557;
vap. press: 760mm at -11.7°; vap. d: 2.01; soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Participation in photooxidation reactions is extremely limited (ref. 3). Isobutane is more
reactive than n-butane and forms isobutyl and tertiary butyl radicals. Rural background
concentration is reported as 1.1 to 19.5 ppbc for n-butane (ref. 1). This is equivalent
to 0.65 to 11.5 yg/m3. A level of 0.8 ppb isobutane is reported in urban atmosphere
(ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 1.8 yg/m". The odor detection limit for butanes is
5,000 ppm (ref. 4).
Oxidation of the terminal carbon atom appears to be the predominant reaction of saturated aliphatic
hydrocarbon chains in soil and in cultures of microorganisms. The usual isolated product of micro-
biological oxidation of such alkanes is a carboxylic acid (ref. 17).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Exposure to high concentrations of butane produces narcosis (ref. 4).
LD50 (oral, rat) for n-butane: 658 mg/m3 (24 hours).
Aquatic toxicity for n-butane: TLm 96: > 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
Toxicity to vegetation: No adverse effects on plants were observed with butane and isobutane concentrations as
high as 2.37 x 106 ug/m3 (1,000 ppm) (ref. 16).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV » 1,400 mg/m (600 ppm) for n-butane
Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.40 x 106 ug/m3 (600 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.4 x 106 - 2.1 x 107 yg/1
Land, Health:
Air, Ecology: 2.4 x 107 yg/m3 (10,000 ppm)
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 =>1.0 x 105 yg/1
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 10 x 1.400/420
EPC
EPC,
EPC,
AHla
'WH1 "
'WH2 =
600/420
3,450 yg/nT
1.43 ppm
15 x 3,450 * 52,000 yg/1
13.8 x 1,400 » 19,000 yg/1
EPCAE = 2.4 x 106 yg/m3 (1,000 ppm)
EPCWE1 = 50 x >1,000 » >50,000 yg/1
A-10
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A080
BUTANES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt|
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Bast Technology
A. Exiiting Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Daveloping Technology
Engineering Eltimatm
(R&D Goall)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acutt
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.4E6
(600)
2.1E7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2.4E7,
(IxlO4)
1.0E5
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
3,450
(1.4)
19,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2.4xl06
(1,000)
50,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.65-11.5
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ig/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
3,450
(1.4)
19,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
2.4xl06
(1,000)
50,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-ll
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CATEGORY: 1A
PENTANES: C5H12
01A100
WLN/STRUCTURE:
(amyl hydride). Colorless liquid, flammable. 01A101
ISOPENTANE: (2-methylbutane, u-isoamyl hydride, ethyldi-
methylmethane). Colorless liquid, pleasant odor, flammable. 01A102
NEOPENTANE: (2,2-dimethylpropane, tetramethylmethane).
Gas or liquid. 01A103
PROPERTIES; molecular wt mp_ bj> d solubility vap. press. vap. d
n-pentane 72.15 -129.7 36.1 0.626 slightly 400 mm at 18.5°C 2.48
isopentane 72.15 -159.9 27.9 0.620 insoluble 595 mm at 21.1°C 2.48
neopentane 72.15 - 16.6 9.5 0.614 insoluble 1,100 mm at 21°C 2.48
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
5H
5Y
CH3(CH2)3CH3
n-pentane
CH,,CH,,CHCH,
J ' i o
CH3
isopentane
CH,
H,C-c-CH,
3 ! 3
CH,
Pentanes are present in petroleum (refs. 5,6). neopentane
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 0.9 to 9.4 ppbc for n-pentane (ref. 1). This is equiva-
lent to 0.53 to 5.54 pg/m3. Concentration is reported as 1.4 to 23.9 ppbc for isopentane (ref. 1). This is
equivalent to 0.82 to 14.1 ug/m3. n-Pentane has been found in samples from public drinking water supplies
in four U.S. cities (ref. 7).
Jsopentane is one of the major hydrocarbon fuel components in auto exhaust. Along with n-butane, isopentane
account! for the major portion of all gasoline evaporation losses from carburators and fuel tanks (ref. 8).
The odor detection limit for n-pentane is 1,000 ppm (ref. 9). Explosion hazard is severe when exposed to
heat or flame. Pentane may be explosive in air in the range of 1.4 to 8.0 percent by volume (ref. 5).
Pentane is often prepared by dehydration and subsequent hydrogenation of 2- and 3-pentanol.
°f.the.term1nal "rbon atom appears to be the predominant reaction of saturated aliphatic
r±T 1n I011 IInd, 1" CUltUreS °f microorganisms. The usual isolated product of micro-
oxidation of such alkanes is a carboxylic acid (ref 17)
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Exposure to high concentrations of n-pentane produces narcosis (ref. 6). Concentration of n-pentane of
5,000 ppm for 10 min with humans did not cause mucous membranes irritation (ref. 8). Narcosis was produced
in humans after 5 to 60 min at 90,000 to 120,000 ppm (ref. 9). The lethal concentration of n-pentane
for mice in air is reported as 128,200 ppm (ref. 6).
Aquatic toxicity:
TLin 96 = 100 - 10 ppm for n-pentane; 1,000 - 100 ppm for isopentane (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1,800 mg/m (600 ppm) for n-pentane.
C5 - C8 alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure to alkanes Cs - C8 is 350 mg/m3 as a time weighted average. A ceiling
of 1,800 mg/m3 determined by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 10).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
3.5 x 105 ug/m3 (120 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 = 5.3 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0. 2 x 5. 3 x 106 = 1.1 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC,,,, = 103 x 350/420 = 833 ug/m3
tPCARla = 120/420 = 0.3 ppm
tPC^h, = 15 x B33 = 1.25 x 1Q4 vg/1
tPCWh2 = 13'a * 35° " 4>°30 W9/1
bPCLh = 0.2 x 4,830 = 1,000 ug/g
EPCW£1 = 50 x 10 - 500 ug/1
EPC, c = 0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/9
A-12
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MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A100
PENTANES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, vg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(RtVD Goali)
II. Baled on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxlcity Effluent
Beiedon
Health Effect*
3.5E5
(120)
5.3E6
1.1 E6
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.3)
4,830
966
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.53-14.1
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bunion
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.3)
4,830
966
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-13
-------
CATEGORY: 1A
CVCLOPENTANE: (CH?)5 (pentamethylene) 01A120
A colorless liquid, flammable.
WLN: L5JJ
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 70.14; mp: -93.879; bp: 49.262760;
d: 0.74575°; vap. press: 400 mm at 31.0° C; vap. d: 2.42;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Cyclopentane is present in petroleum (ref. 5).
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 0.3 to 2.4 ppbc (ref. 1). This is equivalent to
0.17 to 1.37 ug/m3. Cyclopentane has been found in samples from public drinking water supplies (ref. 11).
Cyclopentane is used as a solvent and as a starting material for synthesis in the chemicals industry
(ref. 12).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Exposure to high concentrations of Cyclopentane produces narcosis (ref. 12).
The lethal concentration of Cyclopentane for mice in air is reported as 38,000 ppm (ref. 6).
This indicates the compound may De 3 or 4 times more toxic than n-pentane (lethal concen-
tration = 128,200 ppm for mice) (ref. 6).
Aquatic to'xicity: TLm 96: >1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1,800 mg/m3 (600 ppm) for n-pentane.
C5 - Ca alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure to alkanes C5 - C8 is 350 mg/m3 as a time weighted average. A celling
of 1,800 mg/m3 determined by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 10).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air Health:
3.5 x 10S ug/m3 (120 ppm)
Water, Health: 3.5 x 105 = 5.3 x 10S ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.3 x 106 = 1.1 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 ug/1
5 4
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 = 2.0 x 10 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC.
AH:
103 x 350/420 = 833 yg/m3
EPCftHla = 120/420 = 0.3 ppm
EPCWH1 * 15 x 833 = 1.25 x 104 ug/1
EPC
'WH2
= 13.8 x 350 = 4,830 ug/1
EPC.H = 0.2 x 4,830 = 1,000 ug/g
EPCW£1 = 50 x >1,000 = 5.0 x 10H ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5.0 x 10* = 1.0 x 104 ug/g
A-14
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A120
CYCLOPENTANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.5E5
(120)
5.3E6
1.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.3)
4,830
966
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.17-1.37
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.3)
4,830
966
B Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-15
-------
CATEGORY: 1A WLN:
HEXANES: C6H14 01A140
n-HEXANE: (dipropyl, hexyl hydride). A colorless, very STRUCTURE;
volatile, flammable liquid, with a faint, characteristic odor. 01A141
ISOHEXANE: (2-methylpentane). A liquid. 01A142
PROPERTIES:
n-hexane: mol. wt: 86.18; bp: 68.95780; mp: -95; d: 0.66031°
vap. d: 2.97; vap. press: 100 mm at 15.8°C; insoluble in water.
isohexane: mol. wt: 86.18; bp: 60.271760; mp: -153.67;
d: 0.6532?°; vap. d: 3.00; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
6H/CH3(CH2)4CH3
n-hexane
/CH3CH(CH2)2CH3
CH3
isohexane
n-Hexane is a chief constituent of petroleum ether or ligroin (ref. 6). It is used in determining the
refractive index of minerals, in filling thermometers instead of using mercury (ref. 6), and as a food
additive in food for human consumption (ref. 5).
The concentration of n-hexane in rural atmosphere is 0.6 to 4.2 ppbc (ref. 1). This is equivalent to
0.35 to 2.46 ug/m3.
Various isomers of n-hexane are major components of petroleum ether and other volatile petroleum
solvents (ref. 4).
Both n-hexane and isohexane may explode when exposed to heat or flame. n-Hexane may be flammable in
air in the range of 1.18 to 7.43 percent by volume (ref. 9).
Oxidation of the terminal carbon atom appears to be the predominant reaction of saturated aliphatic
hydrocarbon chains in soil and in cultures of microorganisms. The usual isolated product of micro-
biological oxidation of such alkanes is a carboxylic acid (ref. 17).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
n-Hexane is irritating to the respiratory tract, and in high concentrations produces narcosis (ref. 6).
At 500 ppm there was no irritation to humans (ref. 4). At a concentration of 5,000 ppm for 10 min, human
subjects experienced dizziness and giddiness. Slight nausea, headache, and eye and throat irritation were
reported at a concentration of 1,400 to 1,500 ppm (ref. 8).
Inhalation of 34,000 ppm may be lethal to mice I ref. 2).
Aquatic toxicity: for n-hexane: TLm 96: ,>1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
for isohexane: TLm 96: >1,OOQ ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 350 mg/m3 (100 ppm) for n-hexane.
Cs - C8 alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document.- The NIOSH recommendation
for occupational exposure to alkanes C5 - C8 is 350 mg/m3 as a time weighted average. A
ceiling of 1,800 mg/m3 determined by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 10).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
3.50 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 = 5.25 x 106 |jg/l
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5. 3 x 106 = 1.1 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 |jg/l
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 = 2.0 x 104 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 350/420 » 833 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 100/420 = 0.24 ppm
EPCUH1 = 15 x 833 = 1.25 x 104 ug/1
EPC
WH2
13.8 x 350 = 4,830
EPCLH = 0.2 x 4,830 = 1,000 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x >1,000 = >5 x 10* u9/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5.0 x 10 = 1.0 x 1(T ug/g
A-16
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A140
HEXANES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/rr?
(ppm Vol)
Water, /Jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, uglg
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
' B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxiciry Effluent
Based on
.Health Effects
3.5E5
(100)
5.3E6
1.1 E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.24)
4,830
966
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.35-2.46
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, (jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, j^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.24)
4,830
966
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
>50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-17
-------
CATEGORY: 1A WLN: L6TJ
CYCLOHEXANE: C6H12 (hexahydrobenzene, hexamethylene, hexa-
naphthene). A colorless, flammable liquid with a pungent STRUCTURE:
odor. Can exist in two interconvertible conformations,
the boat and the chair. 01A160
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 84.16; mp: 6.55; bp: 80.74; d:0.77855|°;
vap. d: 2.90; vap. press: 100 mm at 60.8° C; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Cyclohexane occurs in petroleum (ref. 6).
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as <1 ppbc (ref. 1). This is equivalent to <0.05 ug/m .
Cyclohexane has been found in samples from public drinking water supplies (ref. 11).
Cyclohexane can be formed by hyrdogenation of benzene or in the distillation of petroleum (ref. 6). It
is used in solvents for lacquers and resins, in paint and varnish remover; in extraction of essential
oils; in manufacturing of adipic acid, benzene, cyclohexyl chloride, nitrocyclohexane, cyclohexanol,
and cyclohexanone; in the manufacture of solid fuel for camp stoves; and in fungicidal formulations (ref. 6).
Cyclohexane in air can be detected with nonspecific methods for hydrocarbon analysis, including combustible
gas indicator, interferometer, spectrometer, infrared absorption, gas chromatography, and combustion to
C02 (ref. 12).
Odor threshold is 300 ppm (ref. 4).
Cyclohexane vapor can be explosive when exposed to flame (ref. 5).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Cyclohexane may act as a simple asphyxiant; in high concentrations it may produce narcosis (refs. 5, 6).
At 300 ppm it is irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes (ref. 4). A small fraction of inhaled
cyclohexane is exhaled, and a portion is excreted In the urine unchanged. Cyclohexane that enters the
blood is excreted in the urine in the form of glucuronides and ethereal sulfates (ref. 12).
Acute toxicity studies with animals indicated that inhalation of 26,600 ppm caused death with rabbits
after 1 hr. An atmospheric concentration of 12,600 ppm produced evidence of lethargy, narcosis, increased
respiration rate, and convulsions. Exposure to 3,330 ppm caused no visible effects in rabbits (ref. 12).
Chronic toxicity is believed to be of little concern on the basis of animal studies (ref. 12).
LD50 (oral, mouse): 1,297 mg/kg (ref. 2).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1,050 mg/m3 (300 ppm)
C5 - C8 alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation
for occupational exposure to alkanes Cs - C8 is 350 mg/m3 as a time weighted average. A
ceiling of 1,800 mg/m3 determined by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 10).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.5 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 = 5.3 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.3 x 106 = 1.1 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 350/420 = 833 wg/m3
EPCftHla = 100/420 = 0.24 ppm •
EPC,
WH1
15 x 833 = 1.25 x 10* ug/1
EPCWR2 = 13.8 x 350 = 4,830 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 4,830 - 1,000 ug/g
EPCWE1 ? 50 x 10 = 500 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 500 * 100 ug/g
A-18
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A160
CYCLOHEXAIME
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.Vn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.5E5
(100)
5.3E6
1.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.24)
4,830
966
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
TOO
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<0.05
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.24)
4,830
966
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
TOO
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-19
-------
CATEGORY: 1A WLN:
HEPTANES:" C7H16 01A180
n-HEPTANE: (heptyl hydride, dipropyl methane). A STRUCTURE:
volatile, flammable liquid. 01A181
ISOHEPTANE: (2-methylhexane, ethylisobutylmethane).
A colorless, flammable liquid. 01A182
PROPERTIES:
n-heptane: mol. wt: 100.21; mp: -90.61; bp: 98.42760; d: 0.68375^°;
vap. d: 3.45; vap. press: 40 mm at 22.3° C; insoluble in water.
isoheptane: mol. wt: 100.21; mp: -118.2; bp: 90.O760; d: 0.6789^°
vap. d: 3.45; vap. press: 40 mm at 14.9° C; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
7H/CH3(CH2)5CH3
n-heptane
/CH3CH(CH2)3CH3
isoheptane
Heptanes occur in petroleum (ref. 6). Heptane is used as a standard in testing knock of gasoline
engines (ref. 6).
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 1.5 to 3.4 ppbc for n-heptane (ref. 1). This is
equivalent to 0.88 to 1.99 ug/m3. Concentration for isoheptane is reported as 0.7 to 0.9 ppbc (ref. 1),
0.41 to 0.53 ug/m3.
Heptanes in air can be detected with portable electrical devices, including combustible gas indicators.
Also, interferometer, gas chromatograph, and the Haldane or Orzat gas apparatus may be used (ref. 9).
Oxidation of the terminal carbon atom appears to be the predominant reaction of saturated aliphatic
hydrocarbon chains in soil and in cultures of microorganisms. The usual isolated product of micro-
biological oxidation of such alkanes is a carboxylic acid (ref. 17).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
n-Heptane is irritating to the respiratory tract; in high concentrations it can produce narcosis, and
it is a central nervous system irritant (ref. 5).
Studies of toxicity to humans indicated that at 1,000 ppm, n-heptane caused dizziness after 6 min of
exposure. Concentrations greater than 1,000 ppm for less than 6 min produced vertigo, incoordination, and
hilarity. Nausea, appetite loss, and a gasoline taste were reported as a result of brief exposure to high
levels (5,000 ppm). Fatal concentration is reported as 16,000 ppm (ref. 4).
Exposure to n-heptane at 15,000 ppm for 30 min. may be lethal to mice (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96 for n-heptane: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 2,000 mg/m (400 ppm) for n-heptane.
C5 - C8 alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure to alkanes C5 - C3 is 350 mg/m3 as a time weighted average. A ceiling of 1,800 mg/m3 determined
by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 10).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.5 x 105 ug/m3 (85 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 10S = 5.3 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5. 3 x 105 = 1.1 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 = 2.0 x 104 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 350/420 = 833 Mg/m3
EPCAHla = 85/420 = 0.2 ppm
EPC
WH1
15 x 833 = 1.25 x 10 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 350 = 4,830 wg/l
EPCLH = 0.2 x 4,830 = 1,000 yg/g
EPCWE1 » 50 x >1,000 = >5.0 x 104 yg/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5.0 x 1(T « 1.0 x 10* ug/g
A-20
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A180
HEPTANES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bmt Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goils)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
BaHdon
Hnlth Eff.cn
3.5E5
(85)
5.3E6
1.1E6
Baud on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baled on
Health Effect!
833
(0.2)
4,830
966
Bated on
Ecological
Efftcn
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
0.41-1.99
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, «ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baud on
Health Effect!
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
833
(0.2)
4,830
966
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-21
-------
CATEGORY: 1A
OCTANES: C3H18 01A200
n-OCTANE: A clear, flammable liquid. 01A201
ISOOCTANE: (2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 2-methylheptane).
A liquid; gasoline odor. 01A202
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
8H/CH3(CH2)5CH3
n-octane
PROPERTIES:
n-octane: mol. wt: 114.2; mp: -56.79; bp: 125.66760; d: 0.70255°;
vap. d: 3.86; vap. press: 10 mm at 19.2° C; insoluble in water.
isooctane: mol. wt: 114.2; mp: -107.38; bp: 99.238760; d: 0.6919^°;
vap. d: 3.93; vap press: 40.6 mm at 21° C; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
CH3CH(CH2)4CH3
CH,
Isooctane (2-Methylheptane)
Octanes occur in petroleum (ref. 6). Octane is used in petroleum naptha,
gasoline, and mineral spirits (ref. 9). Isooctane has been used in
determining octane numbers of fuels, and as a solvent and thinner (ref. 6).
Urban atmosphere concentration of n-octane is 3.4 ppb (ref. 1). This
is equivalent to 15.8 ug/m3. Urban atmosphere concentration of isooctane
is also reported as 3.4 ppb (ref. 1).
Octanes in air can be detected with combustible gas indicators,
interferometer, gas chromatographic analysis, and the Haldane or
Orsat gas apparatus (ref. 9).
n-Qctane has been found in samples taken from groundwater and from
finished drinking water supplies (ref 11).
n-Octane may be flammable in air in the range of 0.96 to 4.66 percent
by volume (ref. 9).
Oxidation of the terminal carbon atom appears to be the predominant reaction of saturated aliphatic
hydrocarbon chains in soil and in cultures of microorganisms. The usual isolated oroduct of micro-
biological oxidation of such alkanes is a carboxylic acid (ref. 17).
CH3CHCH2C-CH,
CH3 CH3
isooctane
(2,2,4-trimethylpentane)
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
n-Octane has been reported to be narcotic in high concentrations (ref. 6). Its vapors are mildly
irritating to mucous membranes (ref. 9). It also may act as a simple asphyxiant (ref. 5). Isooctane has
also been reported to produce narcosis in high concentrations (ref. 5).
Animal toxicity studies indicated that 6,600 to 13,700 ppm n-octane caused narcosis in mice within 30
to 90 ruin (ref. 9). Respiratory arrest was reported at isooctane concentrations of 16,000 to 32,000 ppm
for 3 to 5 min in mice (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity for isooctane: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1,400 mg/m3 (300 ppm) for n-octane.
Cs - C3 alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure to alkanes Cs - C8 is 350 mg/m3 as a tine weiahted averaoe. A ceilino of 1,300 mg/ir
determined by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 10).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
3.5 x 105 ug/m3 (75 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 = 5.3 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.3 x 106 = 1.1 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 = 2,000 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 350/420 = 833 ug/m3
AHla
EPC
'WH1
EPC,
WH2
= 15 x 833 = 1.25 x 1CT ug/1
13.3 x 350 = 4,830 ug/1
= 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 4,830 = 1,000
EPC
LE = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000
A-22
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A200
OCTANES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt|
I. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.5E5
(75)
5.3E6
1.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.18)
4,830
966
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
15.8+
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, A/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Baud on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.18)
4,830
966
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
+Reported for urban atmosphere.
A-23
-------
CATEGORY: 1A
NONANES:C9H20 01A220
n-NONANE: A colorless liquid. 01A221
ISONONANE: (2-methyloctane). A liquid. -'01A222
PROPERTIES:
n-nonane: mol. wt: 128.26; mp: -51; bp: 150.798780; d: 0.71765°;
vap. d: 4.41; vap. press: 10 mm at 38.0° C; insoluble in water.
isononane: mol. wt: 128.26; mp: -80.4; bp: 143760; d: 0.7133°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
CH3(CH2)?CH3
n-Nonane
CH3CH(CH2)5CH3
Isononane
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 0.1 to 0.9 ppbc for n-octane (ref. 1). This is
equivalent to 0.006 to 0.52 ug/nt3. It has also been reported in samples from finished drinking
water (ref. 11).
n-Nonane may be a fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame (ref. 5). It can react with oxidizing
materials (ref. 5).
Oxidation of the terminal carbon atom appears to be the predominant reaction of saturated aliphatic
hydrocarbon chains in soil and in cultures of microorganisms. The usual isolated product of micro-
biological oxidation of such alkanes is a carboxyllc acid (ref. 17).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
n-Nonane is irritating to the respiratory tract and, in high concentration, may produce narcosis (ref. 5).
The acute toxicities of alkanes increase with increasing numbers of carbon atoms; hence, nonanes are
believed to be more toxic than octanes (ref. 4). Specific toxicology data on nonane is not presently
available.
REGULATORY ACTIONS STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV = 1,040 mg/m3 (200 ppm) for all Isomers of nonane.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
Air, Health:
1.04 x 106 ufl/m3 (200 ppm)
Water, H«aUh: 15 x 1.04 x 106 = 1.56 x 107 ug/1
Land, Health:
0.2 x 1.56 x 107 = 3.12 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 " 1()3 x i'040/420 * 2-476 U9/1
EPCAHU * 200/420 - 0.48 ppm
EPCWH1 » 15 x 2,476 > 3.7 x 104 yg/l
EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 1>04° " !•
104 ug/1
EPC
LH . 0.2 x 1.43 x 10 » 2,900 ug/g
A-24
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A220
NONANES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineenng Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E6
(200)
1.6E7
3.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
2,500
(0.48)
14,300
2,900
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.006-0.52
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2,500
(0.48)
14,300
2,900
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-25
-------
CATEGORY: 1A WLN:
ALKANES: (C = 10,11) 01A240 CTOII
n-DECANE: C10H22 (decylhydride). A liquid. 01A241 aifl=
n-UNDECANE: CUH24 (hendecane). A colorless liquid. 01A242
CH3(CH2}gCH3
n-decane
PROPERTIES:
n-decane: mol. wt: 142.29; mp: -29.7;
bp: 174.I760; d: 0.7300|? vap. d: 4.90; vap. press: CH,(CH,)nCH
1 mm at 16.5° C; insoluble in water. 3 293
n-undecane: mol. wt: 156.32; mp: -25.59; bp: 195.7760; n-undecane
d: 0.74017s0; vap. d: 5.4; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 0.5 to 11 ppbc for n-decane (ref. 1). This is
equivalent to 0.29 to 6.39 ^g/m3. A level of 0.95 ppb n-undecane is reported in urban atmosphere (ref. 1).
This is equivalent to 6.06 yg/m3. Samples taken from finished drinking water supplies have been reported
to contain n-decane and n-undecane (ref. 11).
Both n-decane and n-undecane may present a fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. They can react
with oxidizing materials (ref. 5). Also, n-decane may be explosive in air in the range of 0.8 to 5.4
percent by volume (ref. 5).
Oxidation of the terminal carbon atom appears to be the predominant reaction of saturated aliphatic
hydrocarbon chains in soil and in cultures of microorganisms. The usual Isolated product of micro-
biological oxidation of such alkanes is a carboxylic add (ref. 17).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
n-Decane may produce narcosis in high concentrations (ref. 5).
Specific toxic properties of alkanes of 10 or 11 carbons is not available. There are indications
that the acute toxic properties of alkanes increase with increasing numbers of carbons (ref. 4).
Decanes and undecanes may be expected to produce, at lower dosages, effects similar to those of
octanes or nonanes.
Toxicity to vegetation: n-Decane has been reported to cause the disruption of membranes resulting
in leakage, loss of turgor, and the odor of macerated tissue in the onion. The entry of n-decane
into plants at different conditions of humidity or at different times of the day 1s always rapid (ref. 18).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV for nonanes: 1,040 mg/m3 (200 ppm)
'MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.04 x 106 ug/m3 (<200 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.04 x 106 = 1.56 x 107 pg/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.56 x 107 = 3.12 x 106 ug/g Land, Ecology:
» ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 1,040/420 = 2,500 ug/m3
EPCWH1 » 15 x 2,500 = 3.75 x 104 yg/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 1,040 = 1.43 x 104 ug/l
EPCLH = 0.2 x 1.43 x 104 = 2,860 u9/9
*Based on TLV for nonanes
A-26
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A240
ALKANES (C-10,11)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
+Basedon
Health Effects
1.0E6
1.6E7
3.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
+ Based on
Health Effects
2,500
14,300
2,860
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.29-6.4
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, //g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
+ A. Based on
Health Effect!
2,500
14,300
2,860
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
+Based on data for nonanes,
A-27
-------
CATEGORY: 1A
n-DODECANE: C,
A colorless liquid.
,H26 (dihexyl, dodecylene). 01A260
VVLN:
STRUCTURE:
n-dodecane
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 170.34; dip: -9.6; bp: 216.3750; d: 0.74873°;
vap. d: 5.81; vap. press: 1 mm at 47.2° C; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Urban atmosphere concentration is reported as 1.30 ppb (ref. 1). This is equivalent to 9.04 ug/m .
It has been found in samples from public drinking water supplies (ref. 11).
Oxidation of the terminal carbon atom appears to be the predominant reaction of saturated aliphatic
hydrocarbon chains in soil and in cultures of microorganisms. The usual isolated product of micro-
biological oxidation of such alkanes is a carboxylic acid (ref. 17).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Little information is available regarding the acute toxic properties of n-dodecane. Properties are
probably similar to those of other alkanes of similar chain length. There are indications that acute
toxic properties of alkanes increase with increasing numbers of carbons (ref. 4).
It has been demonstrated that there is a 1,000-fold increase in the enhancement of potency of low con-
centrations of benzo[a]pyrene and benz[a]anthracene when n-dodecane is the diluent. The effect x>f n-dodecane
is most obvious during exposure to low concentrations of carcinogens (ref. 11). No carcinogenic activity is
evident with the cocarcinogen n-dodecane alone (refs. 12, 13).
Toxicity to vegetation: n-Dodecane has been reported to reduce the transpiration rate of the mustard
plant and may kill the plant (ref. 18).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
•MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.04 x 10 ug/m3 (<200 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.04 x 106 = 1.56 x 107 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.56 x 107 = 3.12 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
"ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC.m = 10J x 1,040/420 = 2,500
EPC,
EPC,
UH1
WH2
EPC,
, u
Ln
= 15 x 2,500 = 3.75 x KT ug/1
= 13.8 x 1,040 = 1.43 x 104 yg/l
0.2 x 1.43 x 104 = 2,900 ug/g
*Based on TLV for nonanes = 1,040 mg/m3 (200 ppm).
A-28
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01A260
n-DODECANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
+ Bated on
Health Effect!
1.0E6
1.6E7
3.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
-f-Based on
Health Effects
2,500
14,300
2,860
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
9. 04++
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ugltrr
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
+ A. Based on
Health Effects
2,500
14,300
2,860
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
+Based on data for nonanes.
++Reported for urban atmosphere.
A-29
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 1A
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons - Alkanes and Cyclic Alkanes
1. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft Report
Prepared by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. 68-02-1325
for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from Tucker, W. G.,
Project Officer, IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC (1976).
2. Christensen, H. E., Fairchild, E. J. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)76-191 (1976).
3. Bond, R. G., Straub, C. P., Prober, R., Eds. Handbook of Experimental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland
OH (1972).
4. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documen-
tation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air
with Supplements, Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
5. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
6. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals
and Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.
Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water:
Report to Congress. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC (1975).
8. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Vapor-
Phase Organic Pollutants: Medical and Biological Effects of Environ-
mental Pollutants. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC
(1976).
9. Gerarde, H. W. The Aliphatic (openchain, Acyclic) Hydrocarbons. In
Patty, F. A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised
Edition, Vol. 2, Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963).
10. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for
a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Alkanes (C5-C8).
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 77-
151 (1977).
11. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds Identi-
fied in Water. EPA Publication No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
12. Gerarde, H. W., The Alicyclic Hydrocarbons. In: Patty, F. A., Ed.,
Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2.
Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963).
A-30
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 1A (Continued)
13. Bingham, E. and Falk L., Environmental Carcinogens. The Modifying
Effect of Carcinogens oh the Threshold Response. Archives Environmental
Health - Vol. 19, (1969) pp. 779-783.
14. Morton, A. W., Denman, D. T., and Trosset R. P., Carcinogenesis of
the Skin II. The Accelerating Properties of Aliphatic and Related
Hydrocarbons. Cancer Research Vol. 17, (1957) pp 758-769.
15. Saffiotti U., and Shubic P., Studies on Promoting Action in Skin Car-
cinogenesis. National Cancer Institute, Monographs Vol. 10, (1963)
pp. 489-507.
16. Darley, E. F., and W. W. Heck. Effects of Hydrocarbons and Certain
Aldehydes on Vegetation. Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbons,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Publication No. AP-64
(1970).
17. Goring, C. A. J., and J. W. Hamaker (Eds.). Organic Chemicals in the
Soil. Environment, Vol. 1, Chapter 3: Decomposition: Qualitative
Relationships. Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY (1972).
18. Baker, J. M. The Effects of Oils on Plants, Environmental Pollution
(1), Elsevier Publishing Co., Ltd., England, pp. 27-44 (1970).
A-31
-------
A-32
-------
CATEGORY 1"
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
SUBCATEGORY: IB - Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes, and Dienes
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 26
number of parent compounds with subspecies 5
number of subspecies 21
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity n
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-33
-------
CATEGORY: IB
ETHYLENE: C^ (ethene) 01B020
A colorless, flammable gas with sweet odor and taste.
WLN: 1 Ul
STRUCTURE;
= CH,
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 28; rap: -169.4; bp: 103.9;
d: 0.610; vap. d.: 0.98; vap. press.: 760 mm at -103.7;
slightly soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Rural background concentration In air is reported as 2.9 to 41.6 ppb (ref. 1). This is
equivalent to 1.7 to 24 ug/m . Ethylene participates to a limited extent 1n photooxldation
reactions (ref. 2).
Ethylene is produced naturally by plants and acts as a plant hormone (ref. 3).
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are attacked by soil microorganisms in a variety of ways. A
molecule may be oxidized at a terminal methyl or methylene group, It may be oxidized at the double
bond, double bonds may be reduced. However, oxidative attack at the terminal methyl group appears to
be the major degradation pathway for unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (ref. 21).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No significant physiologic properties are reported for exposed workers.
Toxicity to plants: Exposure to 0.04 ppm for 3-4 hours is reported to cause
leaf epinasty in tomato (ref. 4); exposure to 0.001 ppm for 1 day has
resulted in leaf epinasty in African marigold (ref. 5). Ethylene "is the
only hydrocarbon that should have adverse effects on vegetation at ambient
concentrations of 1 ppm or less." (ref. 3). Aquatic toxicity rating: TLm 96:
1,000-100 ppm (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Classified by ACGIH as simple asphyxiant.
TLVSA - 5,000 ppm or 5,710 mg/m3.
On First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 7).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 5.71 x 106 ug/m3 (5,000 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 5.7 x 106 = 8.6 x 107 ug/1
' Lard, Health:
Air, Ecology: 1.00 ug/m
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 - 1.0 x 104 - 104 ug/1
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAm - 103 x 5,710/420 =• 13,600 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 5,000/420 = 11.9 ppm
EPCWH1 - 15 x 13,600 = 2.0 x 105 ug/1
EPCWH2 =• 13.8 x 5,710 « 7.9 x 10* ug/1
EPCAE =0.1 x 1 =0.1 ug/nr
EPCWE * 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug.'l
A-34
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B020
ETHYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.7E6
(5,000)
8.6E7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
l.OEO
1.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Bated on
Health Effects
13,600
(12)
79,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
0.1
5,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
1.7-24
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, f g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
13,600
(12)
79,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.1
5,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-35
-------
CATEGORY: IB
PROPYLEHE: CjHg (propane). 01B040
A colorless flammable gas.
WLN: 2U1
STRUCTURE:
H H
H-OC-CH,
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt.: 42.1; mp: -185; bp: -47.7;
d: (liquid) 0.581; vap. press.: 10 atm. at 19.8;
vap. d.: 1.5; soluble
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Rural background levels in air are reported as 0.6 to 2.9 ppbc (ref. 1). This is equivalent
to 0.34 to 1.7 vg/m . Propylene participates substantially in photooxidation reactions (ref. 2).
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are attacked by soil microorganisms in a variety of ways. A
molecule may be oxidized at a terminal methyl or methylene group, it may be oxidized at the double
bond, double bonds may be reduced. However, oxidative attack at the terminal methyl group appears to
be the major degradation pathway for unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (ref. 21).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No significant physiologic properties are reported for exposed workers.
Toxicity to plants: Exposure to 50 ppm for 48 hours produces epinasty in tomato petiole; 72 hour
exposure to 1,000 ppm causes declination in sweet pea seedlings (ref. 2). 50 ppm is equivalent to
86,000 ug/m3.
Below are listed the relative concentrations of hydrocarbons, including propylene, that produce adverse
plant responses similar to that produced by ethylene (ref. 22)-
COMPOUND
ethylene
propylene
acetylene
1-butene
1,3-butadiene
INHIBITION OF GROWTH
Pea Stem
1
100
2,800
270,000
5,000,000
Tobacco
1
100
100
2,000
Aquatic toxicity rating: TLm 96: over 1,000 opm (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Classified by ACGIH as simple asphyxiant.
3
TLVjA = 5,000 ppm. This is equivalent to 8,600 mg/m .
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 8.6 x 106 yg/m3 (5,000 ppm)
Air, Ecology: 86,000 x 48/24 = 1.7 x 105 pg/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 8.6 x TO5 = 1.3 x 107 ug/1 Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000
105 ug/1
Land, Health:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 8,600/420 = 20,000 ug/m
EPCAH1a = 5,000/420 = 11.9 ppm
= 15 x 20,000 = 3 x 103 ug/1
WH2
EPCAE = 0.1 x 86,000 x 2 = 1.7 x 10 ug/mj
EPCWE1 = 50 x >1»000 = >50,000
A-36
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B040
PROPYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard)
NSPS, BPT, BAT
6. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
8.6E6
(5,000)
1.3E7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.7E5
1.0E5
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
20,000
(12)
120,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
17,000
50,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.34-1.7
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, (jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
20,000
(12)
120,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
17,000
50,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-37
-------
CATEGORY: IB
BUTYLENES: C4H8 01B060
1-BUTENE: (a-butylene, ethylethylene). A colorless,
flammable gas; slightly aromatic odor. 01B061
cis-2-BUTENE: (cis-B-butylene,dimethylethylene, pseudo-butylene).
A colorless, flammable gas with slightly aromatic odor. 01B062
trans-2-BUTENE: (trans-p-butylene). A colorless, flammable gas,
with slightly aromatic odor. 01B063
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
H H
CH3CH2C C-H
1-butene
ISOBUTYLENE: (2-methyl propane, isobutene). A gas. 01B064
PROPERTIES: mol. wt. bp mp d sol. in water vap. press
1-butene: 56.12 -6.3 -185.4 0.595 insoluble 3,480 mm at 21°
cis-2-butene: 56.12 3.7 -138.9 0.621 insoluble 1,410 mm at 21°
trans-2-butene: 56.12 0.9 -105.6 0.604 1,592 ran at 21°
isobutylene: 56.12 -6.9 -140.4 0.594 insoluble 3,290 mm at 40.5°
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
vap. d
1.93
1.9
1.9
1.94
cis-2-butene
CH3
CH,
trans-2-butene
H CH,
H3
H CH,
Butylenes are present in coal gas (ref. 8).
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 1 ppb for 1-butene, 0.4 to 0.6 ppbc
for cis-2-butene, 0.3 to 1.1 ppbc for trans-2-butene, and 0.3 to 1.1 ppbc for isobutylene
(ref. 1). These values are equivalent to 2.29 H9/m3 and 0.23 to 0.34 ug/m3 for 1-butene . °
and cis-2-butene respectively, and 0.17 to 0.63 ug/m3 for both trans-2-butene and isobutylene. isobutylene
1-Butene has been reported in samples taken from public drinking water in Grand Forks, N.O.
(ref. 9). It has also been found in seawater (ref. 10).
1-Butene can be formed by thermal decomposition of butane, pentane, or isopentane (ref. 8).
Isobutylene can be formed by absorption on H2S04 at about 15° C (ref. 8).
Isobutylene is used to produce polymers, antioxidants for foods, packaging, food supplements, and
for plastics (ref. 8). Formaldehyde and dimethylketone are major products of photochemical oxidation
of isobutylene in the presence of nitric oxide (ref 11).
1-Butene may explode when mixed with oxygen or flame (refs. 12, 8). Flammable limits for 1-Butene
are from 1.98 to 9.65 percent by volume in air (ref. 13).
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are attacked by soil microorganisms in a variety of ways. A
molecule may be oxidized at a terminal methyl or methylene qroup, it may be oxidized at the double
bond, double bonds may be reduced. However, oxidative attack at the terminal methyl group appears to
be the major degradation pathway for unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons {ref. 21).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Butylenes are considered simple asphyxiants and, in high concentrations, may produce narcosis. The
butylene isomers are similar in their pharmacological activity as weak anesthetics. They are about 4.5
times as toxic as ethylene (ref. 13). They are not considered dangerous to the health of workmen exposed
to low concentrations for prolonged periods of time or to higher concentrations for relatively short
periods of time (ref. 13).
Effects on vegetation: Exposure to 1.14 x 108 ug/m3 (50,000 ppm) for 2 days produced epinasty in
tomato petiole (ref. 2). No adverse effects on plants were observed at 1,000 ppm (ref. 22J.
Below are listed the relative concentrations of hydrocarbons, including 1-butyene, that produce adverse
plant responses similar to that produced by ethylene (ref. 22).
COMPOUND INHIBITION OF GROWTH
ethylene
propylene
acetylene
1-butene
1,3-butadiene
Pea Stem
1
100
2,800
270,000
5,000,000
Tobacco
1
100
100
2,000
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION, CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLVSA = 5,000 ppm or 1.15
10* mg/m3.
A flammable range of 1-butene of 1.98 to 9.65 percent by volume in air places a maximum permissible
concentration for workroom atmospheres at 9.14 x 106 ug/m3 (4,000 ppm) on the basis of flammability
(ref. 13).
MINIMUM AC'JTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 9.14 x 106 ug/m3 (4,000 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 9.14 x 106 = 1.4 x 108 ug/1
Land, Health:
Air, Ecology: 2.3 x 107 vig/m3 (10,000 ppm)
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
, . , „ rw /
AHl
EPCAHla = 4'000/420 = 9-5
EPCW
EPC
EPCAE * 2.3 x 106 yg/m3 (1,000 ppm)
'WH2
* 15 x 2.2 x 1Q4 = 3.3 x 105 ug/1
= 13.8 x 9.14 x 103 = 1.26 x 105 ug/1
A-38
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B060
BUTYLENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, xg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, f/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.1E6
(4,000)
1.4E8
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2.3E2
(IxlO4)
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
22,000
(9.5)
126,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2.3xl06
(1,000)
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.17-0.29
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, j*g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
22,000
(9.5)
126,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
2.3 x 106
(1,000)
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-39
-------
CATEGORY: IB
BUTADIENES: C4H6 016080
1,2-BUTADIENE: (methyl all ene). A liquid or gas. 01B081
1,3-BUTADIENE: (bivlnyl, divinyl, erythrene, buta-
1,3-diene). A colorless, flammable gas,
mild aromatic odor. 018082
PROPERTIES:
1.2-butadiene: mol.wt: 54.09; mp: -136.19; bp: 10. 85780;
d: 0.652?u; Insoluble in water. i
1,3-butadiene: mol. wt: 54.09; mp: -108.91; bp: -4.41760:
d: 0.621li°; vap. press: 1,840 mm at 21° C; vap. d: 1.87;
Insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
WLN:
STRUCTURE;
H K H
! ! !
C-C-C-C-H
1 1
H H
,2-butad1ene
H H H H
! ! ! I
1U2U1/C-C-OC
I
H H
l,3-butad1ene
Petroleum gas 1s a source of 1,3-butadiene (ref. 8). It occurs In gasoline vapors and in cigarette
smoke (ref. 14).
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as <0.1 ppbc (ref. 1). This is equivalent to a
concentration of <0.06 jjg/m3. Urban concentrations vary with the time of day and are generally
below 10 ppb (ref. 14).
1,3-Butadiene is used as a polymer component In manufacturing synthetic rubbers, and in the Oiels-
Alder condensation for the synthesis of many diverse compounds (ref. 8).
1,3-Butadiene is formed by dehydrogenation of butene or butene-butane mixtures, along with several
other methods (ref. 8).
1,3-Butadiene can be detected with an iodine-pentoxide method (ref. 13).
1,3-Butadiene may explode when exposed to heat or flame. Conjugated dienes form organic peroxides
on standing that are explosive when concentrated and heated (ref. 12).
Butadienes participate appreciably in photoxidation reactions (ref. 14).
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are attacked by soil microorganisms in a variety of ways A
molecule may be oxidized at a terminal methyl or methylene group, it may be oxidized at the double
bond, double bonds may be reduced. However, oxidative attack at the terminal methyl group appears to
be the major degradation pathway for unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (ref. 21).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Effects of 1,3-butadiene include irritation to skin and mucous membranes (refs. 12, 8). Inhalation of
250,000 ppm has resulted in human death (ref. 6). If 1,3-butadiene is in contact with
skin it may cause burns or frostbite due to rapid vaporization (ref. 12). The major effect is narcosis
produced only at high concentrations (ref. 15).
Human toxicity studies have shown that breathing 8,000 ppm for 8 hours causes irritation of the eyes
and upper respiratory tract (ref. 15).
LCLo (inhalation, rabbit): 250,000 ppm (ref. 8).
Animal studies indicate chronic effects are not significant.
Aquatic toxicity for 1,3-butadiene: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 6).
Effects on vegetation: Studies indicate that butadiene itself at concentrations up to 2.2 x 10s |jg/m3
(1,000 ppm) has little effect on plants. Its photooxidation products may cause damage, however, (ref. 14).
Below are listed the relative concentrations of hydrocarbons, Including 1,3-butadiene, that produce adverse
plant responses similar to that produced by ethylene (ref. 22).
COMPOUND
ethylene
propylene
acetylene
1-butene
1,3-butadiene
INHIBITION OF GROWTH
Pea Stem
1
100
2,800
270,000
5,000,000
Tobacco
1
100
100
2,000
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV for 1,3-butadiene = 2,200 mg/m3 (1,000 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
n6
Air, Health: 2.20 x 10
(1,000 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2.2 x 106 = 3.3 x 107 ug/1
Land, Health:
Air, Ecology: 2.20 x 10
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCftH1 = 103 x 2,200/420 = 5,238
EPCAHla = 1,000/420 = 2.38 ppm
EPCWH1 « 15 x 5,238 « 7.86 x 104 ug/1
EPC
WH2
13'8 x 2>2t}0 = 3'04 x
EPCA£ = 0.1 x 2.20 x 106 = 2.20 x 105 ug/m3
EPCWE1 = 50 x 10 = 500 ug/1
ug/1
A-40
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B080
BUTADIENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.2E6
(1,000)
3.3E7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2.2E6
1.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
5,240
(2.4)
30,400
Based on
Ecological
Effects
220,000
500
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.06
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
5,240
(2.4)
30,400
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
220,000
500
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-41
-------
CATEGORY: IB
PENTENES:' C5H10 (amylenes) 01B100
1-PENTENE: (1-pentylene, propylethylene, methyl butene,
a-n-amylene). A liquid, highly disagreeable
odor. 01B101
cis-2-PENTENE: (cis-B-
trans-2-PENTENE: (tra
PROPERTIES:
Mol. wt.
1-pentene: 70.14
cis-2-pentene: 70.14
trans-2-pentene: 70.14
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
WIN:
STRUCTURE:
lylene). A liquid. 01B102
n-amylene). A liquid. 01B103
solubility
m£ bp_ d in water
-138 29.9 0.641 insoluble
-151.4 36.9 0.656 Insoluble
-136 36.4 0.648 insoluble
vap. <
2.42
2.41
2.41
H
1-pentene
CHjCH
CH3
cis-2-pentene
X
trans-2-pentene
Pentenes are present in coal tar (ref. 8).
Concentrations in rural atmosphere are reported as:
0.2 to 0.6 ppbc for 1-pentene, and <0.1 ppbc for cis- and
trans-2-pentene (ref. 1). This is equivalent to 0.11 to 0.34
ug/m3 for 1-pentene, and <0.06 ug/m3 for c1s- and trans-2-
pentene. Samples from public drinking water supplies have been
reported to contain 1-pentene (ref. 10).
Cis-2-pentene can be used as a surgical anesthesia (ref. 13).
A mixture of c1s- and trans-isomers is formed by dehydration
of 2-pentanol (ref. 8). '
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are attacked by soil microorganisms in a variety of ways A
molecule may be oxidized at a terminal methyl or methylene group, It may be oxidized at the double
bond, double bonds may be reduced. However, oxidative attack at the terminal methyl group appears to
be the major degradation pathway for unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (ref 21)
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
1-Pentene 1s a simple asphyxiant, and in high concentrations may produce narcosis.
2-Pentene 1s believed to produce narcosis in high concentrations (ref.12).
Toxicity of pentenes is probably similar to that of alkanes, especially the
pentanes.
Toxicity to vegetation: 1-pentene in air can react with ozone to form ozonated pentene which may kill
recently matured leaves of the pinto bean (ref. 23). Ozonated 2-pentene is reported to have caused a grey
coloration to the pinto bean plant exposed to 143 mg/m3 (50 ppm) for 35 m1n (ref. 24).
Ozone-olefin mixtures such as ozonated-2-pentene, -1-pentene, -3-heptene, and -1-hexene produce injury
to the lower leaf surface of plants, resulting 1n the closing of stomata, increased respiration, and
inhibition of growth. However, half-life of these ozone-olefin mixtures are reported to be only approximately
0.5 hr (ref. 25).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV0
4 3
= 5,000 ppm or 1.44 x 10 mg/m .
TLV = 1,800 mg/m3 (600 ppn) for n-pentane.
Cs - C8 alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure to alkanes C5 - C8 1s 350 mg/m3 as a time weighted average. A ceiling
of 1,800 mg/m3 determined by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 16).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
3.5 x 105 ug/m3 (120 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 = 5.3 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.3 x 106 = 1.1 x 106 ug/g
A1r, Ecology: 143 x 103 x 35/1440 * 3.48 x 103 ug/m3
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 350/420 • 833 ug/m3
EPCAHU • 120/420 • 0.3 ppm
EPCWH1 • 15 x 833 • 1.25 x ID4 ug/1
EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 350 • 4,830 yg/1
EPCLH " 0.2 x 4,830 • 966 ug/g
EPC,E -0.1 x 3.48 x 103 • 348 ug/m3
+Based on data for C5-alkanes.
A-42
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B100
PENTENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, vg/rrp
(ppm Vol)
Water, (ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
+ Based on
Health Effects
3.5E5
(120)
5.3E6
1.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
3.5E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
-r*Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.3)
4,830
966
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
348
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<0. 06-0. 34
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, f
-------
CATEGORY: IB
CYCLQPENTADIENE: CSH6 (1,3-cyclopentadiene).
A colorless liquid, with terpine-like odor.
01B120
WLN:
STRUCTURE;
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 66.10; mp: -97.2; bp: 40.O760; d: 0.8021^°;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Cyclopentadiene occurs in coal (ref. 8).
Cyclopentadiene has been found in samples taken from finished drinking wate*- supplies (ref. 10).
An insecticide and fungici,de (ref. 12), Cyclopentadiene is also used in manufacturing resins, and in
organic synthesis as the diene in the Diels-Alder reaction producing sesquiterpenes, synthetic alkaloids,
and camphors (ref. 8).
Cyclopentadiene is produced from the distillates produced in carbonization of coal. Cyclopentadiene
polymerizes to diCyclopentadiene on standing (ref. 8).
At high temperatures and pressures Cyclopentadiene decomposes violently (ref. 12).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Human sensory response was unfavorable at concentrations of 500 ppm and 250 ppm (ref. 15).
Rats exposed to 500 ppm for 35 days, 7 hours per day, during a study period of 53 days showed liver
and kidney damage. At 250 ppm, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs showed no adverse effects after
135 exposures (ref. 15).
LD5fl of dicyclopentadiene (oral, rat): 353 mg/kg (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 200 mg/m3 (75 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.0 x 105 ug/m3 (75 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2. 0 x 105 = 3.0 x 106 (jg/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.0 x 106 = 6.0 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 200/420 = 476 ng/m3
EPCAHla = 75/420 = 0.18 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 476 = 7,140 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 200 =• 2,760 ug/1
EPCLH ' 0.2 x 2,760 = 552 yg/g
A-44
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B120
CYCLOPENTADIENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, *ig/m'
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitinutet
(RAD Goall)
II. Bated on Ambient Factort
A. Minimum Acute
Toxiaty Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
2.0E5
(75)
3.0E6
6.0E5
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
476
(0.18)
2,760
552
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baud on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
476
(0.18)
2,760
552
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-45
-------
CATEGORY; IB
HEXENES: C6H12 01B140
1-HEXENE: (hexene, butylethylene, hexylene).
cis-2-HEXENE: A liquid. 01B142
trans-2-HEXENE: A liquid. 01B143
cis-3-HEXENE: A liquid. 01B144
trans-3-HEXENE: A liquid. 01B145
WLN/STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid. 01B141
PROPERTIES:
1-hexene:
cis-2-hexene:
trans-2-hexene:
cis-3-hexene:
trans-3-hexene:
mol
wt.
84.16
84.16
84.16
84.16
84.16
m£
-139.8
-141.4
-133
-137.8
-113.4
b£
63.
68.
68
66.
67.
)
~4
8
4
1
d
0.673
0.687
0.678
0.680
0.677
solubility
in water vap. press
insoluble 310 mm at 38°
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
vat
2,
2,
j. d
.0
.92
.92
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Concentration in rural atmosphere for 1-hexene is reported
as 0.5 ppbc (ref. 1). This is equivalent to 0.29 ug/m3.
1-Hexene may present a fire hazard when exposed to heat or
flame (ref. 12).
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are attacked by soil microorganisms in a variety
of ways. A molecule may be oxidized at a terminal methyl or methylene group, it may
be oxidized at the double bond, double bonds may be reduced. However, oxidative
attack at the terminal methyl group appears to be the major degradation pathway for
unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (ref. 21).
_
1-hexe
CH -CHj
) T—
"c/
\H
cis-2-hexene
CH-CHj-CH/
trans- 2-hexene
CH3-CH^ \E^-C
cis-3-hexene
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
trans-3-hexene
Limited animal experiments with 2-hexene suggest a low toxicity (ref. 12).
Toxic properties are likely to be similar to those of alkanes, especially hexanes.
Aquatic toxicity: TLM 96: >1,000 ppm for n-hexane and isohexane (ref. 6).
Toxicity to vegetation: The reaction of cis-3-hexene at 34 mq/m3 (10 ppm) with 1.18 ing/n3 (0.6 ppm)
oxone resulted in discoloration of the pinto bean plant after 35 min (ref. 24).
Ozone-olefin mixtures such as ozonated-2-pentene, -1-pentene, -3-heptene, and -1-hexene produce injury
to the lower leaf surface of plants, resultina in the closing of stomata, increased respiration, and
inhibition of growth. However, half-life of these ozone-olefin mixtures are reported to be only approximately
0.5 hr (ref. 25).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 350 mg/m3 (100 ppm) for n-hexane.
C5 - C8 alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure to alkanes C5 - C8 is 350 mg/m3 as a time weighted average. A ceiling
of 1,800 mg/m3 determined by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 16).
' MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.5 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 = 5.25 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.25 x 105 = 1.1 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology: 34 x 103 x 35/1440 = 826 yg/m3
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 = 2.0 x 104 yjg/g
' ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = Id3 x 350/420 = 833 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 100/420 =0.24 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 833 = 1.25 x 104 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 350 = 4,830 pg/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 4,830 = 966 t-g/g
EPCAE = 0.1 x 34 x 10 x 35/1440 = 82.6 ug/m
EPC,
UE1
50 x >1'000 = >5 x 10 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5.0 x 10 = i.o x 10 ug/g
A-46
*Values based on TLV and ecological data for n-hexane.
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B140
HEXENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pgfl
(ppm Wt)
Land, iig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineenng Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
-f- A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.5E5
(100)
5.3E6
1.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
8.3E2
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.24)
4,830
970
Based on
Ecological
Effects
82.6
50,000
10,000
C El
-------
CATEGORY: IB WIN:
CYCLOHEXEftE: C6H10 (3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzene, benzenetetra-
hydride, hexanaphthylene, tetrahydrobenzene). A colorless STRUCTURE:
liquid. 01B160
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 82.15; rap: -103.5° C; bp: 82.98760;
d: 0.81023°; vap.d: 2.8; vap. press: 160 mm at 38° C;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Cyclohexene occurs in coal tars (ref. 12).
Cyclohexene has been detected in samples taken from finished drinking water supplies (ref. 10).
Formation may occur by dehydration of cyclohexanol at high temperatures with catalysts (ref. 8).
Cyclohexene has been used as an alkylation component. It has been used in manufacturing adipic
acid, maleic acid, hexahydrobenzoic acid, and aldehyde. It has been suggested for use as a
stabilizer for high octane gasoline (ref. 8).
Cyclohexene may react with oxidizing materials; it may present a fire hazard when exposed
to flame (ref. 12).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Cyclohexene is reported to be somewhat more toxic to animals than cyclohexane.
Toxicity to vegetation: With respect to barley and carrot plants, toxicity increases from lowest to highest
among the hydrocarbons: hexane->hexene->cyclohexane->cyclohexene->benzene (ref. 26).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1,015 mg/m3 (300 ppm).
C5 - C8 alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure to alkanes C5 - C8 is 350 mg/m3 as a time weighted average. A ceiling
of 1,800 mg/m3 determined by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 16).
»MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.5 x 105 ug/m3 (120 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 = 5.3 x 106 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.3 x 106 = 1.1 x 106 \ig/g Land, Ecology:
'ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 350/420 = 833 yg/m3
EPCAHla = 100/420 =0.24 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 833 = 1.25 x 104 yg/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 350 = 4,830 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 4,830 = 966 v9/9
A-48
*Based on NIOSH recommendation for C,-C0 alkanes.
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B160
CYCLOHEXENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Coal!)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
+ Bawd on
Health Effects
3.5E5
(100)
5.3E6
1.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
6. Ambient Level Goaf*
T Based on
Health Effect.
833
(0.24)
4,830
1,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, uglg
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
+ A. Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.24)
4,830
1,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
Based on data for Cc-alkanes.
o
A-49
-------
CATEGORY: IB WLN:
CYCLOHEXADIENES: C,Ha 01B180
r »._._..,_ (•) jj STRUCT! JRF•
1,3-CYCLOHEXADIENE: (1,2-dihydrobenzene). A liquid. 01B181
1,4-CYCLOHEXADIENE: (1,4-dihydrobenzene). A liquid. 018182-
PROPERTIES'
1.3-cyclohexadiene: mol. wt: 80.14; mp: -89; bp: 80.5'*°; 1.3-cyclohexadiene 1,4-cyclohexadiene
d: 0.8405^°; insoluble in water.
1,4-cyclohexadiene: mol. wt: 80.14; mp: -49.2; bp: 85.6760;
d: 0.8471J0; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
1,4-Cyclohexadiene is formed in the combustion of polyvinylchloride (ref. 17).
1,3-and 1,4-cyclohexadiene is photooxidized to hexatriene by ultraviolet light
(ref. 18).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No information is available regarding the toxic properties of cyclohexadiene in humans or in
experimental animals. Its properties are likely to be similar to those of hexane.
1,3-Cyclohexadiene has been reported to be toxic to young coho-salmon (ref. 19).
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Cc - C0 alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
58 , 3
exposure to alkanes Cc - Cg is 350 mg/m as a time weighted average. A ceiling of 1,800 mg/m determined
by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 16).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.5 x 105 ug/m3 (120 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 * 5.3 x 106 ug/l Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.2 x 5.3 x 105 « 1.1 x TO6 ug/9 Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 ' 103 x 350/420 « 833 pg/m3
EPCAHla • 100/420 -0.24 ppm
EPCwm » 15 x 833 • 1.25 x 1Q4 ug/1
EPCWH2 > 13.8 x 350 • 4,830 ug/1
EPCLH " 0.2 x 4,830 = 1,000 ug/g
A-50
*Based on NIOSH recommendation for Cj-Cg alkanes.
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B180
CYCLOHEXADIENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Exming Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
T Based on
Health Effects
3.5E5
(100)
5.3E6
1.1 E6
•j- Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.24)
4,830
1,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
t A. Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.24)
4,830
1,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tBased on data for Cg - Alkanes
A-51
-------
CATEGORY; IB
HEPTENES:' C7H14 01B200
1-HEPTENE: (a-heptylene). A colorless liquid. 018201
cis-2-HEPTENE: (p-heptylene). A clear liquid. 01B202
trans-2-HEPTENE: A clear 1iquid. 01B203
cis-3-HEPTENE: (4-heptene, y-heptylene). A liquid. 01B204
WIN:
STRUCTURE:
trans-3-HEPTENE:
PROPERTIES:
1-heptene:
cis-2-heptene:
trans-2-heptene:
cis-3-heptene:
trans-3-heptene:
(4-hept£
mo 1 . wt
98.
98.
98.
98.
98.
19
19
19
19
19
;ne, y-heptylene) ,
mg b_£
-119 93.6 0.
98.5 0.
-109.5 98 0,
95.8 0.
-136.6 95.7 0
, A liquid. 01B205
solubility
d in water vap. i
697
.708
.701
.703
.698
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
3.38
3.38
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Both 2-heptene and 3-heptene may present a fire hazard when
exposed to heat or flame. 3-Heptene can react vigorously with
oxidizing materials (ref. 12).
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are attacked by soil micro-
organisms in a variety of ways. A molecule nay be oxidized at a
terminal methyl or methylene group, it may be oxidized at the
double bond, double bonds may be reduced. However, oxidative
attack at the terminal methyl group appears to be the major
degradation pathway for unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
(ref. 21).
CH-(CH2)-CH=CH2
1-heptene
cis-2-heptene
H,
CH,
CH5-CH3-CH3-C ^
trans-2-heptene
H
cis-3-heptene
H .CH2CH3
CHj-CH—Ctf^ ^H
trans-3-heptene
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
1-Heptene is referred to as a simple asphyxiant. 2-Heptene and 3-heptene
are believed to be irritating and narcotic in high concentrations (ref. 12).
Toxic properties are likely to be similar to those of heptanes.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96 for 1-heptene: over 1,000 ppm for 1-heptene,
2-heptene, 3-heptene, and 4-heptene (ref. 6).
Toxicity to vegetation: 3-heptene in air will react with ozone to form ozonated heptene which can kill
recently matured leaves of the pinto bean (ref 23)
Ozone-olefin mixtures such as ozonated-2-pentene, -1-pentene, -3-heptene, and -1-hexene produce injury
&HM* TV JH uS °f P18!!*?; Citing 1n the Dosing of stomata, increased respiration and
0 5 h f 25) However> naif-life of these ozone-olefin mixtures is reported to be only approximately
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1,600 mg/m3 (400 ppm) for n-heptane.
C5 - C8 alkanes are the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure to alkanes C5 - C8 is 350 mg/m3 as a time weighted average. A ceiling
of 1,800 mg/m3 determined by a 15-minute sampling period is recommended (ref. 16).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
3.5 x 105 ug/m3 (85 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 = 5.3 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.5 x 106 = 1.1 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 = 2. 0 x 104 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 350/420 = 833 ug/m3
EPC
AHla
= 85/420 = 0.2 ppm
EPCUH1 = 15 x 833 = 1.25 x 10* ug/1
EPC,
'WH2
13.8 x 350 = 4,830 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 4,830 = 1,000 wg/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x >1,000 = >5.0 x 10* ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5.0 x 10 = 1.0 x 104 ug/g
A-52
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B200
HEPTENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, iig/\
(ppm Wtl
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology.
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
•B. Developing Technology
EnginMring Eitimatn
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
"*" Ba»«don
Health Effect!
3.5E5
(85)
5.3E6
1.1 E6
Based on
Ecological
Effecti
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bused on
Health Effecti
833
(0.2)
4,830
1,000
Bated on
Ecological
Effect)
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
-
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
j. A. Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.2)
4,830
1,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
'.
-»6ased on data for Cy-alkanes.
A-53
-------
WLN: L C555 A DU IUTJ
STRUCTURE;
CATEGORY: IB
OICYCLQPENTADIENE: C10H12 (bicyclopentadiene,
biscyclopentadiene , 1,3-cyclopentadiene dlmer,
3a,7,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindene). 01B220.
Colorless crystals, with odor similar to terpines.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 132.21; mp: 32.9; bp: 170; d: 0.97635;
vap.d: 4.55; vap.press: 10 mm at 47.6°; insoluble in
water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Dicyclopentadiene is formed from the spontaneous dimerization of cyclopentadiene, a starting
material in the chemical synthesis industry. It is also a byproduct of the coke-oven industry
(ref. 20).
Dicyclopentadiene can be detected in air using general procedures used for hydrocarbons and olefins
(ref. 20).
Dicyclopentadiene has been reported in samples taken from finished drinking water (ref. 10).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Oral administration of dicyclopentadiene to rats resulted in effects typical of irritating hydro-
carbons, that is, tissue hemorraging in the kidney, intestines, stomach, bladder, and lungs (ref. 20).
Dicyclopentadiene is absorbed by inhalation and partly eliminated unchanged in the lung and in the
urine. It is believed that the fraction absorbed in the blood would likely be metabolized and ex-
creted in the urine (ref. 20).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 353 mg/kg (ref. 6).
LCLQ (rat): 500 ppm/4 hours (ref. 6).
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 30 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TQXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 103 x 30 = 3.0 x 104 ,jg/m3 (5 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 104 = 4.5 x 105 yg/l
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4.5 x 105 = 9.0 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 = 100 ug/l
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 100 - 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 = 103 x 30/420 = 71.4 yg/m3
EPCAHla = 5/420 = 0.012 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 71.4 = 1,071 gg/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 30 = 414 ug/1
EPCLH - 0.2 x 414 = 83 yg/g
EPCUE1 = 50 x 1 = 50 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 50 = 10 ug/g
A-54
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01B220
DICYCLOPENTADIENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ftg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E4
(5)
-4.5E5
9.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal"
Based on
Health Effects
71.4
(0.012)
414
83
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, no/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
71.4
(0.012)
414
83
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-55
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY IB
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons - Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes, and Dienes
1. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report
Prepared by Research Triangle Institute under Contract Mo. 68-02-1325
for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from Tucker, W.
6., Project Officer, IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC (1976).
2. Bond, R. G., Straub, C. P., Prober, R., Eds. Handbook of Experimental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland,
OH (1972).
3. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air Quality Criteria
for Hydrocarbons. Available from National Technical Information Service,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 190 489 (1970).
4. Stahl, Q. R. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Ethylene. Prepared
by Litton Systems Inc., under Contract No. PB 22-68-25 for National
Air Pollution Control Administration. Available from Technical Infor-
mation Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. APTD 69-35 (1969).
5. Jacobson, J. S., Hill, A. C., Eds. Recognition of Air Pollution
Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas. Informative Report No. 1.
TR-70 Agricultural Committee-Air Pollution Control Administration.
Herbich and Held Printing Co., Pittsburgh, PA (1970).
6. Christensen, H. E., Fairchild, E. J. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)76-191 (1976).
7. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. First Priority Chemicals
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology: Annual Report. Research
Triangle Park, NC (1976).
8. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals
and Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.
Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water:
Report to Congress. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC (1975).
10. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA Publication No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
11. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Vapor-
Phase Organic Pollutants: Medical and Biological Effects of Environr
mental 'Pollutants. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC (1976).
12. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
A-56
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY IB (Continued)
13. Gerarde, H. W., The Aliphatic (openchain, Acyclic) Hydrocarbons. In:
Patty, F. A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised
Edition, Vol. 2. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963).
14. Parsons, T. B., and Wilkins, G. E. Biological Effects and Environ-
mental Aspects of 1,3-Butadiene. Prepared by Radian Corporation for
Environmental Protection Agency, May, 1976. Available from National
Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield,
VA. PB 253 982, EPA-560/2-76-004.
15. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documen-
tation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air
with Supplements, Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
16. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for
a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Alkanes (C5C8),
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Depart-
ment of Health Education, and Welfare. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)
77-151 (1977).
17. Michal, J. Dienes. Fire and Materials. U.K. London, 1, 57-62, (1976).
18. Minnaard, N. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pap-Bas, 1315, (1973).
19. Morrow, Copeia, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists,
U.S. National Museum, Washington, DC, 326-31, (1975).
20. Gerarde, H. W. The Acyclic Hydrocarbons. In: Patty, F. A., Ed.,
Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2.
Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963).
21. Goring, C. A. J., and J. W. Hamaker (Eds). Organic Chemicals in the
Soil. Environment, Vol. 1, Chapter 3: Decomposition: Qualitative
Relationships. Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY (1972).
22. Darley, E. F., and W. W. Heck. Effects of Hydrocarbons and Certain Alde-
hydes on Vegetation. Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbons, National
Air Pollution Control Administration, Pub. No. AP-64 (1970).
23. Jacobson, J. S., and A. C. Hill. Recognition of Air Pollution Injury
to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas, Air Pollution Control Association,
Pittsburgh, PA (1970).
24. Middleton, J. T. Effect of Organic Materials in the Atmosphere on
Vegetation. Presented at American Petroleum Institute, May 8-9, 1958,
University of California, Riverside, CA.
25. Brag, N. C. (Ed.). Agriculture and the Quality of the Environment.
American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS publication
No. 85 (1967).
26. Baker, J. M. The Effects of Oils on Plants, Environmental Pollution (1),
Elsevier Publishing Co., Ltd., England, pp. 27-44 (1970).
A-57
-------
CATEGORY,1
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
SUBCATEGORY: 1C - Alkynes
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 4
number of parent compounds with subspecies 1
number of subspecies 2
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-59
-------
CATEGORY:
1C
ACETYLENE: CgHg (ethyne, ethine). 01C020
A colorless, flammable gas with garlic odor.
(odor due to impurities)
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
HC = CH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 26.04; mp: -81.8; bp: -84.0; d: 0.6181^32;
vap. press.: 40 atm at 16.8-C; vap. d: 0.91; slightly soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Rural concentration in air is reported as 0.9 to 11.4 ppbc (ref. 1). This is
equivalent to 0.48 to 6.0 ug/m . Acetylene participates to a very limited extent
in photooxidation reactions (ref. 2).
Acetylene is highly flammable. Flammable limits (by volume) are 2.5-81" in air (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
No significant physiologic properties are reported for exposed workers. „
Toxicity to plants—exposure to 50 ppm for 48 hours causes epinasty in tomato petiole;
exposure to 250 ppm for 72 hours causes declination in sweet pea seedlings (ref. 3).
50 ppm is equivalent to 53 mg/m .
Below are listed the relative concentrations of hydrocarbons, including acetylene, that produce adverse
plant responses similar to that produced by ethylene (ref. 6).
COMPOUND INHIBITION OF GROWTH
ethylene
propylene
acetylene
1-butene
1,3-butadiene
Pea Stem
1
100
2,800
270,000
5,000,000
Tobacco
1
100
100
2,000
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Acetylene is classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant.
TLV$A = 5,000 ppm or 5,300 mg/m3.
Acetylene is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure to acetylene is: No exposure in excess of 2,662 mg/m (2,500 ppm). This
concentration represents 10 percent of the lower explosive limit (ref. 3).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
Water, Health:
Land, Health:
2.7
x 105 ug/m3 (2,500 ppm)
15 x 2.7 x 106 - 4.1 x ID7 ug/1
Air, Ecology: 53,000 x 2
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
1.06 x 10 ug/nr (100 ppm)
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
EPC
'AMI
10 x 2,662/420 = 6,340
2,500/420 = 6 ppm
'AHla
:WH1 = 15 x 6,340
WH2
9.5 x
ug/1
.r
= 0.1 x 53,000 x 2 = 10,600 ug/m (10
A-60
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01C020
ACETYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BIT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R«O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.7E6
(2,500)
4.1E7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.1E5
(100)
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
6,340
(6)
37,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
10,600
(10)
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural* Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, (jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, iig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
6,340
(6)
37,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
10,600
(10)
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-61
-------
CATEGORY: 1C WLN: 2UU1
PROPYNE: C,H, (methylacetylene, propine) A gas. 01C040
3 4 STRUCTURE:
CH3C=C-H
propyne
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 40.07; mp: -101.5; bp: -23.2760; d: 0.7062450;
vap. d: 1.38; vap. press: 3,876 mm Hg at 20° C; slightly
soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Industrial area concentration is reported as 20 ppb (ref. 1). This is equivalent
to 32 7 jig/m3.
Propyne poses a moderate explosion hazard. It can react vigorously with oxidizing
materials (ref. 4).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Propyne is a simple anesthetic and, in high concentrations, is an asphyxiant (ref. 4).
Animal toxicity studies indicated that 28,700 ppm propyne for 6 months duration at 6
hours per day for 5 weeks resulted in the death of 8 out of 20 rats. Toxic responses
included excitement, ataxia, salivation, and tremors (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1,650 mg/m3 (1,000 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.65 x 106 ug/m3 (1,000 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.65 x 106 = 2.48 x 107 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 1,650/410 = 3,929 ug/m3
EPCAHla= 1,000/420 =2.38 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 3,929 = 5.89 x 104 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 1,650 = 2.28 x 104 ug/1
A-62
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01C040
PROPYNE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.7E6
(1,000)
2.5E7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
3,929
(2.38)
22,800
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
32.7+
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
0
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
3,930
(2.4)
22,800
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
+Reported for industrial concentration.
A-63
-------
CATEGORY! 1C WLN:
BUTYNES:C4Hg 01C060
1-SUTYNE: (ethylacetylene). A colorless, highly flammable
gas or liquid. 01C061
2-BUTYNE: (dimethylacetylene, crotonylene). A flammable
liquid. 01C062
PROPERTIES:
1-butyne: mol. wt: 54.09; mp: -125.72; bp: 8.I760; d: 0.6503°;
insoluble in water.
2-butyne: mol. wt: 54.09; mp: -32.26; bp: 27.O760; d: 0.6910|°;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Butynes nay present an explosion hazard. 2-Butyne may be an explosion hazard in the
form of a vapor when exposed to heat or flame (ref. 4).
H-C=C-CH2CH,
1-butyne
CH3-C=C-CH3
2-butyne
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxicity of the butynes is probably similar to that of propyne. They are asphyxiants
in high concentrations.
REGULATORY ACTIONS'. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLVSA = 5,000 ppm or 1.10 x 104 mg/m3.
TLV - 1,650 mg/m (1,000 ppm) for propyne.
" MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
2.2 x 106 ug/m3 (1,000 pom)
Water, Health: 15 x 2.2 x 106 = 3.3 x 107 yg/1
Land, Health:
0.2 x 3.3 x 107 = 6.6 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
' ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 2,200/420 = 5,200 ua/n3
EPCftHla= 1,000/420 = 2.3 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 5,200 = 7.8 x 104 vq/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 2,200 = 3.0 x 104 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 3.0 x 104 = 6,0(10 ug/g
*Based on TLV for propyne « 1,000 ppm. 1,000 ppm = 2,200 mg/m3 butyne.
A-64
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
01C060
BUTYNES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicttv Effluent
'''Based on
Health Effects
2.2E6
(1,000)
3.3E7
6.6E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
ji
^ Based on
Health Effects
5,200
(2.3)
30,000
6,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, H9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
+ A. Based on
Health Effects
5,200
(2.3)
30,000
6,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
+Based on data for propyne.
A-65
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 1C
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons - Alkynes
1. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report
Prepared by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. 68-02-1325
for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from Tucker, W.
G., Project Officer, IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC (1976).
2. Bond, R. G., Straub, C. P., Prober, R., Eds. Handbook of Experimental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland,
OH (1972).
3. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for
a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Acetylene. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health
Education, and Welfare. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)76-795 (1976).
4. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
5. American Conference of Govermental Industrial Hygienists. Documen-
tation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air
with Supplements, Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
6. Darley, E. F., and W. W. Heck. Effects of Hydrocarbons and Certain
Aldehydes on Vegetation. Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbons, National
Air Pollution Control Administration, Pub. No. AP-64 (1970).
A-66
-------
CATEGORY 2
ALKYL HALIDES
SUBCATEGORY: 2A - Saturated Alkyl Hal ides
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 27
number of parent compounds with subspecies 2
number of subspecies 7
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values
1
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: 17
02A020 Methyl bromide 02A240
02A040 Methyl chloride 02A250
02A080 Methylene chloride 02A260
02A100 Chloroform 02A280
02A120 Bromodichloromethane 02A290
02A140 Dibromochloromethane 02A300
02A160 Bromoform 02A320
02A200 Dichlorodifluoromethane 02A342
02A220 Trichlorofluoromethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Ethyl chloride
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
A-67
-------
CATEGORY: 2A
METHYL BROMIDE; CH3Br (monobromomethane). 02A020
A colorless gas or liquid with a burning taste.
PROPERTIES:
WLN: El
STRUCTURE:
H
I
H-C-Br
i
H
Molecular wt: 94.94; mp: -93.6° C; bp: 3.56760; d: 1.6755|°;
vap. d: 3.27; vap. press: 1,420 mm Hg at 20°; solubility in
water: 0.09 gm per 100 ml H20 at 20°; viscosity: 0.397 cp at
0°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as <5 ppt (ref. 1), or
<0.02 ug/m3.
Methyl bromide is used for degreasing wool and also for extracting oils from
nuts, seeds, and flowers. It serves as an insect fumigant for mills, warehouses,
vaults, ships, freight cars, and is also a soil fumigant (ref. 2).
Methyl bromide is dangerous when heated to decomposition as it emits highly
toxic fumes of hydrogen bromide (ref. 3).
Although usually odorless, it has a sweetish, chloroform-like odor at high concentrations.
It is
nonflammable in air, but burns in 02. Methyl bromide forms a crystalline hydrate, CH3Br-2H20 below 4°
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
High concentrations of methyl bromide can produce narcosis and fatal pulmonary
edema. Chronic, low level exposure can cause central nervous system depression and kidney injury
(ref. 2). Inhalation of 35 ppm has produced toxic effects in humans (ref. 4). Locally, methyl bromide is
an extreme irritant to the skin and may produce severe burns (ref. 3). Toxic effects from skin exposure
to 8,000 ppm are reported (ref. 4).
LC. (inhalation, rat): 3,120 ppm/15 min. (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: >1,000 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 60 mg/m3 (15 ppm)
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
6.0 x 104 ug/m3 (15 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 6.0 x 104 = 9.0 x 105 ug/1
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 ug/1
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 60/420 • 142.86 pg/m3
EPCAHla = 15/420 =0.04 ppm
EPC = 15 x 142.86 = 2,142.9 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 60 = 828 ug/1
EPCWE1 = 50 x >1,000 =>5.0 x 104 ug/m3
A-68
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A020
METHYL BROMIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.0E4
9.0E5
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
142.86
(0.04)
828
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
>0.02
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ;ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/9
(ppm Wt)
t. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
142.86
(0.04)
828
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
-
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-69
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WLN: Gl
METHYL CHLORIDE: CH3C1 (chloromethane). 02A040 STRUCTURE:
A colorless, poisonous gas.
H
I
H-C-C1
PROPERTIES: |
Molecular wt: 50.49; mp: -97.73; bp: -24.2; H
d: 0.91594 ; vap. d: 1.78; vap. press: 5 atmospheres
at 22° C; slightly soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The concentration of methyl chloride in rural atmosphere is reported as
530 ppt (ref. 1). This is equivalent to 0.530 ppb or 1.09 ug/m3. The odor
recognition level for methyl chloride is 22.5 mg/m3 (ref. 3).
Methyl chloride may be explosive in air in range of 10.7 to 17.2 percent
by volume (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Methyl chloride as well as its metabolites, methanol and hydrochloric acid,
are toxic to animals and humans. Severe poisoning results in effects to the
central nervous system and other effects upon the liver, kidneys, and bone
marrow (ref. 3). Concentrations below 30 ppm (average time-weighed exposure)
appear to have no effect on exposed workers (ref. 5).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1,800 mg/kg.
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 6,500 mg/m3.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 210 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are under consideration for addition to the list of
compounds for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 6).
On EPA Consent Decree Priority II List.
Candidate for Second Priority Chemical List of the Chemical Industry. Institute of Toxicology (ref. 7).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.1 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.1 x 105 = 3.2 x 106 ug/i Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 vg/t
Land, Health: Land> Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 * 103 x 210/420 = 500
EPCflH1a = 100/420 =0.24 ppm
EPCyH1
EPCWH2 = 13'8 x 21° = 2>90°
EPCAH1 * 103 x 210/420 = 500 ug/m3
=
15 x 500 = 7,500 ug/J. EPCWE1 = 50 x >1 ,000 - >50,000 ug/i
A-70
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A040
METHYL CHLORIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.1E5
(TOO)
3.2E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
500
(0.24)
2,900
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
500
(0.24)
2,900
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-71
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WLN: II
METHYL IODIDE: CH3I (iodomethane). A colorless liquid.
Turns brown on exposure to light. 02A060 STRUCTURE:
H
H-C-I
H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 141.94; mp: -66.45; bp: 42.4760; d: 2.279J0;
vap. d: 4.89; vap. press: 400 mm at 25.3° C; slightly
soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 10 ppt (ref. l).or
0.06 ug/m3.
Methyl iodide is used primarily as a chemical intermediate. It has been
proposed as a fire extinguisher and an insecticidal fumigant (ref.21).
It has been proposed that methyl Iodide may originate biologically in the oceans (ref. 8).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Methyl iodide appears to be primarily a central nervous system depressant (ref. .21).
may cause lung irritation and produce severe narcosis. Prolonged contact with the ssin can
cause vesicant burns (ref. 2). Methyl iodide is readily hydrolyzed to give inorganic iodine,
which appears in the tissues and in urine (ref. 21).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 200 mg/kg (ref. 3).
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 3790 ppm for 15 minutes; (mouse): 426 mg/m3 for 24 hours (ref. 4).
Methyl iodide is reported to produce oncogenic responses in rats. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
Is 4101, and the lowest dose to produce an oncogenic response is 50 mg/kg. The adjusted orderina number
is 82. It is believed to act by direct alkylation at the injection site (ref? 9) ordering number
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 28 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
Halomethanes are included on EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/82 = 854 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 854 = 1.28 x 104 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.28 x 104 = 2.56 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC.U1 = 103 x 28/420 = 66.67 ug/m3
Mnl
EPCAHla = 5/420 =0.01 ppm
EPC^j = 15 x 66.67 = 1,000 ug/1
EPCVffl2 = 13.8 x 28 = 386 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 386 = 77 . pg/g
EPCAC2 = 103/(6 x 82) =2.0 ug/m3
= 15 x 2.0 = 30 ug/1
CLC - 0.2 x 30 = 6.0 ug/g A-72
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
X
02A060
METHYL IODIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
8.54E2
1.28E4
2.56E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
2.0
30
6.0
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.06
(0.01)
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
3
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, (vg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
66.67
(0.01)
386
77
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
2.0
30
6.0
A-73
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WLN: GIG
METHYUENE CHLORIDE: CH2C12 (dichloromethane, methylene STRUCTURE:
bichloride). 02A080 H
A colorless liquid. !
ci-c-ci
PROPERTIES: I
Molecular wt: 84.94; mp: -95.1;bp: 40; d: 1.3266^°; H
vap. press: 400 mm at 24.1° C; vap. d: 2.93; soluble in about
50 parts water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The concentration of dichloromethane in rural atmosphere is reported as 3.0 ppt (ref. 1). This is
equivalent to 0.003 ppb or 0.01 ug/m . The.odor threshold ranges from 25 to 50 ppm (ref. 3).
Methylene chloride is permitted as an additive to food for human consumption by the Food and Drug
Administration (ref. 10). Its principle use is as a solvent in food processing.
Methylene chloride has been identified in samples from public drinking water supplies in
concentrations of < 5.0 ug/z (ref. 11).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The primary effect of exposure via inhalation of methylene chloride is temporary narcosis; it is, however,
dangerous to the eyes (ref. 3). Severe poisoning has resulted from exposure to very high concentrations (several)
thousand ppm). Exposure to 500 ppm for 1 year has resulted in effects to the central nervous system (ref. 4).
Tests on nearly 2,000 animals at levels as high as 3,500 ppm show methylene chloride to be relatively Innocuous,
and did not indicate any carcinogenic response (ref. 12).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 2,136 mg/kg.
LDLo (inhalation, guinea pig): 5,000 ppm/2 hr.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
Methylene chloride is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. Recommendation for occupational exposure 1s
75 ppm, time-weighted average, with a peak concentration of 500 ppm (ref. 13). 75 ppm is equivalent to
approximately 260 mg/m .
TLV • 720 mg/m3 (200 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
On Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology Priority 1 List (ref. 14).
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are under consideration for addition to the list of compounds for Toxic Effluent
Standards (ref. 6).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.60 x 105 ug/m3 (75 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.60 x 105 « 3.9 x 106 ug/J. Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 * 1.0 x 104 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.9 x 106 = 7.8 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 260/420 * 619 ug/m3 (0.2 ppm)
EPCWH1 - 15 x 619 • 9,180 ug/s. EPCWE1 - 50 x 100 • 5,000 ug/fc
EPCWH1 • 13.8 x 260 • 3,590 ug/t
EPCLH - 0.2 x 3,590 • 718 ug/g EPC,E • 0.2 x 5,000 • 1.0 x 103 ug/g
A-74
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A080
METHYLENECHLORIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, vy/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt>
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goal!)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effectt
2.6E5
(75)
3.9E6
7.8E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
619
(0.2)
3,590
718
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.01
<5t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
619
(0.2)
3,590
718
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water.
A-75
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WIN: GYGG
CHLOROFORM: CHC13 (trichloromethane,
methane trichloride) 02A100 STRUCTURE:
A clear, colorless, nonflammable liquid with an ethereal odor. Cl
I
C1-C-C1
I
H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 119.38; mp: -63.5; bp: 61.7760; d: 1.4832$°;
vap. d: 4.12; vap. press: 100 mm at 10.4° C; slightly
soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 26.5 ppt (ref. 1), or 0.13
ug/m3. Odor detection begins at 205 to 307 ppm (ref. 8).
When exposed to air and light, photochemical transformation to phosgene, HC1,
and chlorine occurs (ref. 15). Chloroform is also easily hydrolyzed by alkali to
formic acid (ref. 15).
Chloroform is used as a solvent, as a cleansing agent, in fire extinguishers,
and in the rubber industry (ref. 2). It can be formed by the chlorination of
methane (ref. 16).
Detection methods for chloroform include electron-capture gas chromatography
(ref. 15),infrared spectrophotometry, and a colorimetric method (ref. 16).
Chloroform is found in estuarine and coastal waters and in chlorina-ted water from treatment processes (ref. 8).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
The most outstanding effect from acute exposure is depression of CNS, liver and kidney injury, and possibly
cardiac sensitization (ref. 5). Alcohols, barbiturates, and other chemicals such as DDT, when administered
before chloroform, increase the toxic effects, apparently by lowering the threshold for its action (ref. 16).
Enlarged livers were reported in 25 percent of 68 workers with chloroform concentration in air from 10 to
200 ppm. Hepatotoxicity is less than that of carbon tetrachloride (ref. 5).
Chloroform is rapidly absorbed from the lungs and distributed in the body. Most of the chloroform is
excreted as such by the lungs. A portion may be metabolized and excreted as chloride in the urine (ref. 8).
Human death has resulted from ingestion of 140 mg/kg (ref. 4).
LD50 (oral, rat): 800 mg/kg (ref. 4).
LCjo (inhalation, mouse): 28 ppm; (rat): 8,000 ppm for 4 hours; (rabbit): 59 ppm {ref. 4).
Chloroform has produced tumors in rats and mice when fed in high dosages. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is
4212. The lowest effective dosage is 18 g. The adjusted ordering number 1s 0.234.
Inhalation of 100 ppm/7 hours for 10 days produced teratogenic effects in rats. 100 ppm is equivalent to
487 mg/m . Assuming absorption of the total amount of contaminant in the breathing volume, this concentration
over 10 days for 7 hours per day corresponds to a dosage of 1,321 mg/kg. (The weight of the rat is estimated
as 113 g and tidal breathing rate as 0.073 1/min) (refs. 4,17J. Adjusted ordering number based on teratogenicity
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV » 120 mg/m3 (25 ppm). Intended change (1976) is 50 mg/m3 (10 ppm).
Chloroform is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document (1974) and a revised document (1976)(ref;16).
recommendation for occupational exposure is 2 ppm as a 1 hour ceiling. 2 ppm is equivalent to 10 mg/m3 ,
Chloroform has been banned by the FDA from use in drugs, cosmetics, and food packaging products (ref. 2)
Chloroform is on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 1.
The NIOSH
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.0 x 104 ug/m3(2 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 104 = 1.5 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.5 x 105 * 3.0 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 * 1,000 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 « 200 wg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
'AMI
'AMI a
10J x 10/420 = 23 ug/nr
2/420 =• 0.005 ppm
EPCwm - 15 x 23 = 345 ug/'*
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 10 = 138 yg/l
IH • 0.2 x 138 = 28 yg/g
EPC
A-76
EPCWE1 ' 50 x 10 = 500 ug/z
EPC
EPC
EPC
EPC,
AT
'WT
0.2 x 500 - loo ug/g
103/(6 x 3.21) = 52 ug/m3
15 x 52 = 778
'LT - 0.2 x 778 = 156 ug/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A100
CHLOROFORM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Exiting Sundirdt
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
(2)
1.5E5
3.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
23
(0.005)
138
28
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.13
(0.027)
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
23
(0.005)
138
28
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
52
778
156
A-77
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WIN:
8ROHODICHLOROMETHANE: CHCL-Br (dichlorobromomethane) 02A120
A colorless liquid. STRUCTURE:
Cl
H—C—Cl
I
PROPERTIES: . Bl"
Molecular wt: 163.83; mp: -57.1; bp: 90760; d: 1.9802°;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Bromodichloromethane has been detected in samples taken from public
drinking water supplies in eight U.S. cities. The highest concentration
was 73 |jg/l in Miami, Florida (ref. 11). It has also been identified in
estuarine and coastal waters. Bromodichloromethane is generally found in
chlorinated water and probably originates in part from the water treatment
process (ref. 8).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No specific toxicological data are available; however, bromodichloromethane is believed to be narcotic
in high concentrations (ref. 3). Because of its structural similarity to chloroform, bromoform, and
methylene chloride, and methylene chlorobromide, it is likely to result in central nervous system
depression.
There is no evidence to suggest that bromodichloromethane exhibits genotoxic properties, (ref.18)
When administered intragastrically (0.1 ml, 40% in oil solution) to 58 mice, no tumors were
observed. This dosage is approximately equivalent to 1,600 mg/kg. Survival dosage for 10 of
the 58 mice was approximately 3 g/kg. (ref. 18).
On the basis of lethal dose information for structurally similar compounds, the LD5Q for bromo-
dichloromethane is estimated to be >1,000 mg/kg. See table below:
Compound LDrg (oral, rat) mg/kg LD5Q (subcutaneous, mouse)mg/kg
CHC13 800
CH2C12 2,136
CH2ClBr 5,000
CH2Br2 3,738
CHBr3 1,820
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
On the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
* MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 1,000 = 4.5 x 10* ng/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 4.5 x 104 = 6.75 x 105 v.g/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.75 x 105 = 1.35 x 105 ug/g
* ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 1,000 = 107 yg/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 1,000 = 81 u9/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 81 = 1,215 yg/j,
EPCUH2 = 0.4 x 1,000 = 400 ug/n
EPCLH = 0.2 x 400 - 80 ug/g
*Based on acute toxicity data for structurally similar compounds.
A-78
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A120
BROMODICHLOROMETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
IMSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent T
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E4
6.8E5
1.4E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
81
400
80
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/l
{ppm Wt)
Land, ngig
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects T"
81
400
80
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tBased on acute toxicity data for structurally similar compounds.
A-79
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WLN:
DIBROHOCHLOROHETHANE: CHClBr, (chlorodibromomethane) 02A140
A colorless to pale ye How'liquid. STRUCTURE:
Br-C-a
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 208.29; bp: 119780; d: 2.451|°; «'
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Oibromochloromethane has been found in samples taken from public
drinking water supplies in nine U.S. cities. The highest concentration,
32 ug/1, was found in Miami, Florida (ref. 7). It is used in the manu-
facturing of fire extinguishing agents, aerosol propel 1 ants, refrigerants,
pesticides, and in organic synthesis (ref. 19).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No specific toxicological data are available but because of its structural similarity to chloroform and
bromoform, it is likely to result in Central Nervous System depression. Compounds of this type are generally
Irritant and narcotic (ref. 3).
On the basis of lethal dose information for structurally similar compounds, the LD,-n for dlbromochloromethane
is estimated to be >1,000 mg/kg.
50
Compound LD,jg(oral, rat) mg/kg LDgQ (subcutaneous, mouse) mg/kg
CHC1, 800 -
CH2C12 2,136
CHClBr 5,000
CH2Br2 - 3,738
CHBr3 - 1,820
Evidence of carcinogenicity: Dlbromochloromethane has been reported to be mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium
in the Ames bioassay test (ref. 28). However, dlbromochloromethane has been administered intragastrically (0.1 ml,
40% m oil) to 28 mice; no tumors were produced (ref. 18).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
On the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
* MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 1,000 = 4.5 x 104 yg/n3
Water, Health: 15 x 4.5 x 104 = 6.75 x 105 vg/t
Land, Health: 0.2 x 9.75 x 105 = 1.35 x 105 ug/g
* ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2•0.107 x 1,000 • 107 yg/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 1,000 = 81 ug/m3
EPCWH1 - 15 x 81 = 1,215 yg/z
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 1,000 = 400 ug/j
EPCLH * 0.2 x 400 * 80 ug/g
*Based on acute toxicity data for structurally similar compounds.
A-80
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02 A140
DIBROMOCHLOROMETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Exuting Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engmeenng Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute ,
Toxicity Effluent T
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E4
6.8E5
1.4E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
81
400
80
Based on
Ecological
Effects
'
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (*9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated ,
Permissible Concentration T
A. Based on
Health Effects
81
400
80
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tBased on acute toxicity data for structurally similar compounds,
A-81
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WIN: EYEE
BROMOFORH: CHBr3 (tribromomethane). 02A160
A colorless, nonflammable liquid, with sweetish taste STRUCTURE;
and a chloroform odor.
Br
PROPERTIES: Br—C—H
Molecular wt: 252.75; mp: 8.3° C; bp: 149.5760; d: 2.8899^°; I
vap. d: 8.7; vap. press: 5.6 mm Hg at 25° C; slightly soluble Br
in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Bromoform has been found in samples taken from drinking water supplies
in 5 U.S. cities. Concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 3.0 ug/1, with the largest
concentration found in Tucson, Arizona (ref. 11).
Air and light accelerate the decomposition of bromoform to a yellow
color (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Branoform vapor causes irritation of the respiratory tract, pharynx, and larynx. It produces lacrimation
and salivation. It is absorbed through.the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, and through the skin (ref. 5).
Bromoform produces depression of the CNS resulting 1n narcosis (ref. 8). It can also cause liver Injury
LD5Q (subcutaneous, mouse): 1,820 mg/kg (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Bromoform is included in the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
TLV = 5 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 5,000 ug/m3 (0.5 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5,000 = 7.5 x 104 M9/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 7.5 x 10* = 1.5 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 - 103 x 5/420 -11.9 ug/m3
EPCAHla" O-5/420 * °-001 PP"1
EPCWH1 - 15 x 11.9 = 179 ug/1
EPCWH2 •= 13.8 x 5 » 69 ag/1
EPCLH • 0.2 x 69 » 13.8 ug/g
A-82
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02 A160
BROMOFORM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatei
(R&D Goal!)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E3
(0.5)
7.5E4
1,5E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Basttd on
Health Effects
11.9
(.001)
69
13.8
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.2-3.0t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
{ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Biud on
Health Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effecti
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effecti
11.9
(.001)
69
13.8
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water supplies.
A-83
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WLN:
DIBROMODICHLORQMETHANE: CCljBfj. 02A180 STRUCTURE-
Br
I
Cl —C—Cl
PROPERTIES: ^r
Molecular wt: 242.74; mp: 38; bp: 150.2;
d: 2.42J-5; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxicological data for dibromodichloromethane are unavailable at this time. Structurally similar compounds
include carbon tetrabromide and carbon tetrachloride. Acute toxicity of these compounds is low as indicated
by the LDcQ values given below:
Compound LD5Q (oral, rat) mg/kg
Carbon tetrabromide 1,000
Carbon tetrachloride 1,770
Chronic exposure to both compounds is reported to result in liver injury (ref. 5). It should be noted also
that carbon tetrachloride is recognized as a potential carcinogen (refs. 4,29).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV * 65 mg/m (10 ppm) for carbon tetrachloride.
TLV = 1.4 mg/m (0.1 ppm) for carbon tetrabromide.
NIOSH recommendation for carbon tetrachloride 1s 2 ppm as a ceiling for occupational exposure. (This
recommendation takes into consideration the association of liver cancer with this compound)(ref. 27).
* MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 1.4 x ID3 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.4 x 103 = 2.1 x 104 ug/z
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.1 x 104 = 4.2 x 103 yg/g
* ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAm = 103 x 1.4/420 = 3.3 yg/m3
EPCAHla = °-1/42° = 0-0002 ppm
EPCWH, = 15 x 3.3 = 49.5 ug/z
EPCWH2 = 13-8 x 1-4 = 19 IJ9/9
EPCLH = 0.2 x 19 = 4 ug/g
*Based on TLV for carbon tetrabromide.
A-84
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A180
DIBROMODICHLOROMETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,(/9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Band on B«t Technology
A. Exuting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&DGoahl
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acutt 4-
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effect!
1.4E3
2.1E4
4.2E3
Baud on
Ecological
EffMO
B. Ambient Laval Goat*f
Baud on
Health Effacti
3.3
(0.0002)
19
4
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, na/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
B. Baud on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baled on
Health Effect! t
3.3
(0.0002)
19
4
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tBased on TLV for carbon tetrabromide.
A-85
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WLN: QXGFF
DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE: CCliS (difluorodichloro-
methane). 02A200 STRUCTURE:
A colorless, nonflammable gas. At low concentrations is
practically odorless; faint ether-like odor at high concen- ,
trations- ci-c-cr
i
PROPERTIES: F
Molecular wt: 120.91; mp: -158; bp: -29.8760; d: 1.75'113;
vap. d: 4.1; vap. press: 5 atmospheres at 16.1° C; insoluble
in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Oichlorodifluoromethane is used as a refrigerant and an aerosol propellant (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Dichlorodifluoromethane may produce narcosis in very high concentrations (ref. 2).
Animal studies indicate very low toxicity (ref. 21).
When heated to decompositon, it emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene and fluorides
(ref. 3).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: >1,000 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Dichlorodifluoromethane is included on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
TLV = 4,950 mg/m3 (1,000 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4.95 x 105 ug/m3 (1,000 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4.95 x 106 = 7.43 x 107 ug/1 Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: Land, Ecology.
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 4,950/420 = 12 x 104 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 1'000/420 = 2-38 PPm
EPCWH1 = 15 x !-2 x 1()4 = J-77 * 105 ug/1 EPCW£1 = 50 x >1,000 = >5.0 x 104 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 4,950 = 6. 83 x 104 ug/1
A-86
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A200
DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/ir?
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.95E6
(1,006;
7.43E7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
>1.0E5
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
12,000
(2.38)
68,300
Based on
Ecological
Effects
>50,OOQ
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
12,000
(2.38)
68,300
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
>50,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-87
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WLN: QXGGF
TRICHLOROFLUOROHETHANE: CC13F (trichloromonofluoromethane
fluorotrichloromethane, freon 11). 02A220 STRUCTURE:
A colorless, nonflammable gas or liquid, with a faint
ethereal odor.
C1
C1-C-F
Cl
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 137.38; mp: -111.0; bp: 23.7760; d: 1.494J";
vap. d: 4.7; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Trichlorofluoromethane has been detected in samples taken from public drinking
water supplies in 4 U.S. cities (ref. 11).
It is used in refrigeration machinery requiring a refrigerant effective at negative
pressures, and as an aerosol propellant (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Trichlorofluoromethane may be narcotic in high concentrations (ref. 2).
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 10% for 20 min. (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Trichlorofluoromethane is included on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
TLV = 5,600 mg/m3 (1,000 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
5.6 x 106 |jg/m3 (1,000 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 5.6 x 106 = 8.4 x 107 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8.4 x 107 = 1.68 x 107 pg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = l°3 x 5'600/42° = 1-33 x 104 ug/m3
EPC
AHla
= 2-38 ppm
EPCWH1 = I5 * I-33 * 1°4 = 2.0 x 10 ug/1
EPC,
'WH2
= 13.8 x 5,600 = 7.73 x 10H ug/1
EPCLH - 0.2 x 7.73 x 104 = 1.55 x 104 ufl/g
A-88
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A220
TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ;ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
5.6E6
(1000)
8.4E7
1.7E7
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
13,300
(2.38)
77,300
15,500
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
13,300
(2.38)
77,300
15,500
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-89
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WUN: GXGGG
CARBON TEfRACHLORIDE: CC14 (tetrachloromethane, perchloro-
methane, necatorina). 02A240. STRUCTURE:
A colorless, clear, nonflammable liquid, with an ethereal
odor. Cl
Cl-C—Cl
I
PROPERTIES: Cl
Molecular wt: 153.82; mp: -22.99; bp: 76.54760; d: 1.59401°;
vap. d: 5.3; vap. press: 100 mm at 23.0° C; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 110 ppt (ref. 1), or 0,69 ug/ra3. It has also been
detected in samples from public drinking water supplies in 8 U.S. cities (ref. 11).
Carbon tetrachloride has been detected in food. It has been found in wheat after fumigation (up to
50 ppm) and in flour; cereals, 50 ppm; bread and cooked cereal products, 0.05 ppm (ref. 15 ).
Uses include fire extinguisher, cloth cleaner, solvent, insecticide, starting material in the
manufacture of organic compounds (ref. 2).
It is chemically not reactive; not easily hydrolyzed. When heated to decomposition,
it may form phosgene, C02, HC1, and chlorine (ref. 15).
Carbon tetrachloride can be formed by the chlorination of hydrocarbons (ref. 2).
Odor threshold is 79 ppm (ref. 21).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Carbon tetrachloride has a narcotic action resembling chloroform (ref. 3). High concentrations cause
central nervous system depression. Lower concentrations cause dizziness, vertigo, headache, depression,
and mental confusion (ref. 21). Long term exposure can also produce dermatitis (ref. 3). Functional and
destructive injury of the liver and kidney may occur after acute exposure, but such damage is more favored by
long term chronic exposure. In such cases, damage to the liver predominates (ref. 21).
Inhalation of 1000 ppm and the ingestion of 60 tug/kg has proven fatal for humans (ref. 4). Alcohol intensifies
.the toxic action of carbon tetrachloride (ref. 2).
Animal studies concerned with the metabolic fate of carbon tetrachloride show that 51% of CC1. absorbed was
eliminated in expired air, 4.4 % as C02 and the remainder excreted (ref. 21). *
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1770 mg/kg (ref. 4).
LC5Q (inhalation, mouse): 9526 ppm/8H (ref. 4).
^Carbon tetrachloride has been demonstrated to be carcinogenic in rats, mice, and hamsters (ref. 15). The EPA/
NIOSH ordering number is 4323. The losest dosage eliciting oncogenic response is 3680 mg/kg. The adjusted
ordering number is 1.17.
Carbon tetrachloride is also a teratogen. Inhalation of 300 ppm for 10 days has produced teratogenic effects
in imce (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 4)
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 65 mg/m3 (10 ppm).
Carbon tetrachloride is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document (1975) and a revised document (1976)(ref. 16).
The recommendation for occupational exposure is 2 ppm for a 60 minute ceiling. 2 ppm is equivalent to 12.6 mg/m3.
Carbon tetrachloride has been banned by FDA from household use. It is also on the EPA Consent Decree List
Priority 1.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 103 x 12.6 = 1.3 x 104 ug/m3 (2 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 104 = 2.0 x 105 pg/1 Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.0 x 105 = 4-0 x 10* ug/9 Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1
EPCAHla
EPCWH1
EPCWH2
EPCLH
EPCAC2
EPCUC
EPCLC
= 103 x 12.6/420 = 30 ug/m3
= 2/420 = 0.005 ppm
= 15 x 30 = 450 ug/i
= 13.8 x 12.6 = 173.9 ug/«.
= 0.2 x 173.9 = 34.8 ug/g
• 103/(6 x 1.2 ) • 142.5 ug/m3
= 15 x 142.5= 2137.5 ug/n
" 0.2 x 2137.5 = 427.5 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x 10 = 500
EPCL£ = 0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/9
A-90
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A240
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engmeenng Estimates
(RAD Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E4
(2)
2.0E5
4.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
30
(0.005)
174
35
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
TOO
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.69
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, n g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Btsed on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
30
(0.005)
174
35
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
142.5
2137.5
42 7. .5
A-91
-------
CATEGORY: °2A
ETHYL CHLORIDE: C?H5C1. (Chloroethane, monochloroethane,
chloroethyl). A colorless flammable gas with a burning
taste. 02A250
PROPERTIES: .
Molecular wt: 64.52; mp: 137.7; bp: 12.2; d: 0.9214V
vap. press: 1000 mm at 20°C; vap. d: 2.22; solubility in
water: .57 g per 100 mi at 20°C.
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
H H
Cl—C—C—H
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Ethyl chloride is used a topical anesthetic and as a refrigerant (ref. 2). It is prepared by the action
of chlorine on ethylene in the presence of HC1 and light (ref. 2). The compound has been identified in
drinking water (ref. 23). - 3
A level of 5,000 ppb has been identified in rural atmosphere (ref. 1). This is equivalent to 13 ug/m .
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Ethyl chloride is the least toxic of the chlorinated hydrocarbons (ref. 3). It is mildly irritating to
mucous membranes (ref. 2). Acute exposure can result in narcosis and eye irritation for high concentrations
(over 10,000 ppm). Central nervous system effects in humans have resulted from exposure to 13,000 pptn (ref. 4).
The toxic effects of ethyl chloride on guinea pigs via inhalation include irritation of the lung, liver,
and kidneys (ref. 21). The toxic effects resemble those of methyl chloride, although the threshold for ethyl
chloride is much greater (ref. 21).
LCLo (inhalation, guinea pig): 4,000 ppm/45 min.
Aquatic tox-icity: Tim 96 >1,000 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV =• 2,600 mg/m3 (1,000 ppm)
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:2.6 x 10° ug/mj (1,000 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2.6 x 10S » 3.9 x 107 ug/l
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1,000 =• 1 x 105 ug/l
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC,
"AMI
* 103 x 2,600/420 =• 6,190 ug/m3
EPCAHla » 1,000/420 - 2.4 ppm -
EPCyH1 « 15 x 6,190 « 92,350 ug/i
EPCyH2 » 13.8 x 2,600 * 35,380 vg/i
EPC,
•WEI
50 x 1,000 « 50,000 ug/i
A-92
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A250
ETHYL CHLORIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Tachnology
Engineering Estimates
ffiftD Coals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Band on
Health Effects
2.6E6
(1,000)
3.9E7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
B. Ambient Level Goal"
Based on
Health Effects
6,190
(2.4)
35,880
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
ntoturaf Background*
13
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
6,190
(2.4)
35,880
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-93
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WLN: Q2G
1,2-OICHLOROETHANE: C1CH2CH2C1 (ethylene chloride, ethylene
dichloride, glycol dichloride). 02A260 STRUCTURE:
A colorless, sweet tasting, flammable liquid with a
pleasant odor.
H "H
Cl— C-C—Cl
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 98.96; mp: -35.36; bp: 83.47780; d: 1.235120;
vap. d: 3.35; vap. press: 100 mm at 29.4° C; slightly soluble
in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
1,2-Oichloroethane has been detected in samples from public drinking water supplies
in 3 U.S. cities (ref. 11).
Odor threshold is 50 ppm in air (ref. 21). It is possible to become adapted to the
odor at low concentrations (ref. 21).
1,2-Dichloroethane is used as a solvent, a soil fumigant, a food additive permitted
in food for human consumption, and in antiknock gasoline (ref. 21).
Explosive limits are 6.2 to 15.9 percent by volume in air (ref. 21).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
As a vapor or fumigant, 1,2-dichloroethane may produce irritation of the respiratory
tract and conjunctiva, corneal clouding, equilibrium disturbances, narcosis, and
abdominal cramps (ref. 2).
1,2-Oichloroethane is readily absorbed by the lungs or via the gastrointestinal
tract when taken orally. To a lesser extent, it is absorbed through the skin (ref. 21 ).
Workers exposed for 2 to 5 months to 1,2-dichloroethane developed central nervous system depression
and gastrointestinal upset with nausea and vomiting. The workers recovered when removed
from exposure (ref. 21). -Exposure via inhalation to 4,000 ppm for 1 hr has produced toxic effects in
humans (ref. 4). Consumption of 845 mg/kg has resulted in human death (ref. 4).
1,2-Dichloroethane is reported to produce cancer in mice and rats (ref. 30).
LD50 (oral, rat): 680 mg/kg (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION, CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
1,2-Dichloroettaane is on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
TLV = 200 mg/m (50 ppm).
Ethylene dichloride is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupa-
tional exposure is 5 ppm or 20 mg/m0 as a time-weighted average (ref. 22). Ethylene dichloride is included
in the Second Priority Chemical List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology ref 7)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.0 x 10* ug/m3 (5 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2.0 x 104 = 3.0 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.0 x 105= 6.0 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
,4
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 10 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 pg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
AH1
) x 20/420 • 48 ug/
EPCftHla = 5/420 « 0.01 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 48 » 720 yg/1
EPCWH2 = 13-8 x 20 * 276 ug/1
EPC
LH
= 0.2 x 276 - 55 u9/g
EPCVIE1 = 50 x 10° = 5'000
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 ug/g
A-94
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A260
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, iig/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, i/g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
2.0E4
3.0E5
6.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
I.OE4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
48
(0.01)
276
55
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge '
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (jg/m
tppm Voll
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
•
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
48.
(0.01)
276
55
B Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
~ -
A-95
-------
CATEGORY: 2A
1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE: C2H3C13. (Methyl chloroform,
chlorothene, chlgrten). 02A280.
A colorless, nonflammable liquid.
ma-
STRUCTURE:
Cl
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 133.41; mp: -30.41; bp: 74.1760; d: 1.3390|°;
vap. d: 4.6; vap. press: 127 mm Hg at 25°; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 65 ppt (ref. 1) or 0.35 ug/m3.
It has also been detected in samples taken from public drinking water supplies in
3 U.S. cities: Ottumwa, Iowa; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Cincinnati, Ohio (ref. 11).
Trichloroethane is formed by the reaction of chlorine with 1,l-d1chloroethane (ref. 2).
Trichloroethane is used in cold type metal cleaning, in plastic molds cleaning, and as
a solvent (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Trichloroethane is narcotic in high concentrations (ref. 3). Recovery is rapid following exposure to
anesthetic concentrations (ref. 21). Exposure to 5,000 ppm for 10 minutes has resulted in human death (ref. 4);
central nervous system effects resulted from 920 ppm for 70 minutes (ref. 4). Concentrations as high as 500 ppm
do not produce serious effects in humans. Drunkeness and loss of coordination occur at 2,000 ppm (ref. 21).
Trichloroethane is very stable in the body. A large portion of a dose injected intravenously is rapidly
excreted by the lungs. A very small portion is metabolized to chloroethanol and excreted in the urine as
glucoronate (ref. 21).
LD50 (oral, dog): 750 mg/kg
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 1,000 ppm (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 535 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
Trichloroethane is on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane is subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document (ref. 29). The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure is 350 ppm as a 15 minute ceiling.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
5.35 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 5.35 x 105 = 8.03 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8.03 x 106 =1.61 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
Land, Ecology: Q.2 x 1,000 = 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
'AMI
103 x 535/420 = 1,274 ug/m3
EPCAHla= 100/420 =0.2
ppm
EPC
EPC,
EPC,
'WH1
'WH2
1H
15 x 1,274 = 1.91 x 10* ug/1
= 13.8 x 535 = 7,383 ug/1
* 0.2 x 7.383 = 1,477 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x 10 = 500 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 500 = 100 qg/g
A-96
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A280
1,1.1 TRICHLORQETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engmeenng Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.4E5
(TOO)
8.0E6
1.6E6
Based on
Ecological
Effect)
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,274
(0.238:
7,383
1,477
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.35
(0.065)
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,274
(0.238)
7,383
1,477
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
A-97
-------
CATEGORY: 2A
1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE:
vinyl trichloride).A co
with a pleasant odor. 02A290
C,H,C13.
otorless,
(s-Trichloroethane,
nonflammable liquid
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt:
vapor press:
20
133.42; mp: -36.7; bp: 113.5; d: 1.4416
25 mm Hg at 25°C; vapor d: 4.6; insoluble"*™ water.
Cl Cl
I i
H—C—C—Cl
I
H H
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
1,1,2-Trichloroethane has been detected in the public drinking water supply of Miami, Florida (ref. 11).
1,1,2-Trichloroethane has been used as a chemical intermediate and solvent for fats, waxes, natural resins,
and alkaloids (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
1 ,1 ,2-Trichloroethane is narcotic in high concentrations (ref. 3). lexicological responses include irritation
of the eyes, nose, and lungs, depression of the central nervous system, and injury to the liver and kidneys.
1 ,1 ,2-Trichloroethane appears to be many times more toxic than its 1,1,1-isomer for acute exposure (ref. 21).
Chronic studies indicate that the toxlcological responses to 1 ,1 ,2-trichlorethane are similar to responses from
carbon tetrachloride (ref. 21).
LD5Q (oral, rat):
0.1-0.2 g/kg (ref. 19).
LCL (inhalation, rat): 500 ppm (8 hr)(ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
TLV (skin): 54 mg/m3 (10 ppm)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 5.4 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 5.4 x 104 » 8.4 x 105 wg/«
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8.1 x 105 = 1.6 x 105 Mg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1,000
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 * 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC.m • 103 x 54/420 » 128 ug/m3
rtn I
EPC
ftHla
EPCWH1
EPC,
EPC,
'WH2
LH
10/420 = 0.024 ppm
15 x 128 - 1,930 uQ/J.
13.8 x 54 = 745 vq/t
0.2 x 745 » 149 ug/g
EPCWE1 • 50 x 10 • 500 vg
EPC,
:LE * 0.2 x 500 = 100 yg/g
A-98
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A290
1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
?
Land, #jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
4
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxiaty Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
5.4E4
(10)
8.4E5
1.6E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
• B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
128
(0.024)
745
149
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
4
., AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ns/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, MS/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1 28
(0.024)
745
1 49
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
1 00
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-99
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WIN:
1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE: C2Hj,Cl,,. (Acetylene tetra- STRUCTURE-
chloride). 02A300 '
Heavy, odorless, mobile liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 167.86; mp: -43.S; bp: 146.3; d: 1.600 at 20°/4°C;
solubility in water: very slightly soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
The odor is detectable at 3 pptn (ref. 3).
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is used as a solvent for cleaning and extraction processes. It is also used as
a chemical intermediate (ref. 21).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is generally considered the most toxic of the common chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
most significant toxic effects from chronic exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane include atrophy and cirrhosis
of the liver (ref. 3). Ingestion of 30 mg/kg is reported to cause central nervous system effects in man (ref. 4).
LDLo (oral, dog): 700 mg/kg
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 1,000 ppm for 4 hours
The compound has recently been shown to be carcinogenic in mice (ref. 31).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 2.
TLV (skin): 35 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
The compound is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure
is 1 ppm or 7 mg/kg as a time-weighted average (ref. 32).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7.0 x 103 ug/m3 (1 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 7.0 x 103 = 1.05 x 105 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.05 x 105 = 2.1 x 104 yg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 7 x 103/420 = 17 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 1/420 * 0.0024 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 17 * 255 ug/ i
EPCWH2 = 13'8 x 17 = 97 ug/l
EPCLH = 0.2 x 97 = 19 ug/g
A- 100
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A300
1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Bated on Bait Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acuta
Toxieity Effluent
Basad on
Health Effects
7.0E3
1.1E5
2.1E4
Basad on
Ecological
Effect.
B. Ambient Laval Goal*
Based on
Haalth Effect!
17
(0.0024)
97
19
Basad on
Ecological
Effecu
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/trr
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
{ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Haalth Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
17
(0.0024)
97
19
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effects
A-101
-------
CATEGORY; 2A WIN: GXGGXGGG
HEXACHLOROETHANE: C13CCC13 (perchloroethane, carbon
hexachloride). 02A320 STRUCTURE:
A colorless, nonflammable crystal with a camphoraceous Q-J r,i
odor. Readily sublimes without melting. > I
ci-c-c-ci
Cl Cl
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt; 236.74; mp: 186.8; bp: 1867'7;
d: 2.091%°; vap. d: 8.16; vap. press: 1 mm at 32.7°;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Hexachloroethane has been detected in samples taken from public drinking water supplies
in Miami, Florida at 0.5 ug/1 (ref. 11).
It emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene when heated to 300-500°C (ref. 5). Also,
dehalogenation by reaction with alkalides, metals, etc., will produce spontaneous
explosive chloroacetylenes (ref. 3). It may be absorbed through the skin (ref. 5).
It is used as a solvent, in explosives, as camphor substitute in celluloid, as an
insecticide, and as a parasiticide in animals (ref. 2,21).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Hexachloroethane may be moderately irritating to skin, and mucous membranes (ref. 2).
Primary response is central nervous system depression. However, as the material is a solid and has a low
vapor pressure, the hazard of breathing the vapor in industrial handling is relatively
low (ref. 21). It may be absorbed through the skin (ref. 5).
LDL (intravenous, dog): 325 mg/kg (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 10 mg/m3 (1 ppm), (skin).
Hexachloroethane is on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.0 x 104 ug/m3 (1 ppm) - Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 104 = 1.5 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.5 x 105 = 3.0 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 10/420 = 23.8 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 1/42° = °-002 ppra
EPCWH1 = 15 x 23.8 = 357 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 10 = 138 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 138 = 27.6 ug/g
A-102
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A320
HEXACHLOROETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, tig/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Gods)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
1.5E5
3.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
24
(0.002)
138
28
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.5
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24
(0.002)
138
28
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-103
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WIN:
ulLHLOKUr'WjPANES: C3C12H6 02A340
1,1-DICHLOROPROPANE: (propylidene dichloride, propylidene STRUCTURE:
chloride). A liquid. 02A341 "
1,2-OICHLOROPROPANE: (propylene chloride, propylene dichloride). A
colorless, flammable liquid; chloroform odor. 02A342
1,3-DICHLOROPROPANE: (trimethylene chloride). A colorless liquid. 02A343
2,2-DICHLOROPROPANE: (acetone dichloride, isopropylidene chloride). A liquid.
PROPERTIES; solubility
mol. wt. bp mp d in water vap. press
1,1-dichloropropane 112. 99 8871 1.132 slightly
1,2-dichloropropane 112.99 96.4 -100.4 1.156 slightly 40 mm at 19.4°
1,3-dichloropropane 112.99 120.4 - 99.5 1.188 slightly
2,2-dichloropropane 112.99 69.3 - 33.8 1.112 insoluble
NATURAL 'OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
02A344
vap. d
3.9
3.9
3.9
1,2-Oichloropropane is used as an oil and fat solvent, in dry cleaning fluids,
in degreasing, and in insecticidal fumigant mixtures (ref. 2).
• Cl H H
H-C-C-C-H
ill A
02A341
9 If i1
H-C-C-C-H
Cl Cl.H
02A342
H H H
1 1 1
H-C-C-C-H
Cl H Cl
02A343
H Cl H
H-C-C-C-H
02A344
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
1,2-Oichloropropane may produce narcosis in high concentrations (ref. 2). Chronic exposure
may result in injury to liver and kidney (ref. 21). Animal toxicity data are given below (ref. 4).
1 , 1-dichl oropropane
1,2-dichloropropane
LOso
(oral, rat)
6,500 mg/kg
1,900 mg/kg
1,3-dichloropropane
(inhalation, rat)
4,000 ppm/4H
2,000 ppm/4H
LD,
(orST, dog)
5,000 mg/kg
3,000 mg/kg
Aquatic Toxicity
Tin 96:
100-10 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV = 350 mg/m3 (75 ppm) for 1,2-dichloropropane.
1,2-Oichloropropane is the the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
3.5 x 1C5 jjg/m3 (75 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 = 5.25 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health:
0.2 x 5.25 x 106 = 1.05 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 ug/1
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AMI
103 x 350/420 * 833 ug/m3
EPCAHU= 75/420 =• 0.18 ug/m
EPCyH1 » 15 x 833 = 1.25 x 104 ug/1
EPCU'H. * 13.8 x 350 ' 4,830 ug/1
EPC
"-WH2
1H
0.2 x 4,830 « 966 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x 10 - 500 ug/1
EPCL£ • 0.2 x 500 * 100 ug/g
A-104
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A340
DICHLOROPROPANES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.5E5
(75)
5.25E6
1.0E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.18)
4,830
966
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, Aig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, iigtg
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
' II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
833
(0.18)
4,830
966
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-105
-------
CATEGORY: 2A
BROMOBUTANES: C4H9Br 02A360
1-BROMOBUTANE: (n-butylbromide). A colorless, flammable
liquid. 02A361
2-BROMOBUTANE: (sec-butyl bromide, methylethylbromoethane).
A colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. 02A362
2-BROMOISOBUTANE: (tert-butylbromide, 2-bromo-2-methyl-
propane, trimethylbromomethane). A colorless liquid. 02A363
PROPERTIES:
Solubility
in water
insoluble
insoluble
mol. wt. bg mp
1-bromobutane 137.03101.6 -112.4
2-bromobutane 137.03 91.2 -119.0
2-bromoisobutane 137.03 73.3 -16.2
d
1.276
1.256
1.221
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
(1-bromobutane)
CH3CH2C—CH3
Br
At 210° C, 2-bromoisobutane changes to isobutyl bromide (ref. 2).
(2-bromobutane)
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Bromobutanes may produce narcosis in hign concentrations (ref. 2)
LDjg (intraperitoneal, rat): 1,250 mg/kg for 2-bromoisobutane (ref. 4).
CH,—C—CH,
3 ! 3
Br
(2-bromoisobutane)
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 1,250 = 5.63 x 104 pg/m3 A1r> Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5.63 x 104 = 8.45 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8.45 x 105 = 1.69 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
3
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 1,250 • 133.8 yg/m
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 1,250 = 101 ug/m
EPCWH1 « 15 x 101 = 1,515 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 1,250 * 500 yg/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/1
A-106
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A360
BROMOBUTANES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iigjm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wtl
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.63E4
8.45E5
1.69E5
Based on
•Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
101
500
100
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baled on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
101
500
100
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-107
-------
CATEGORY; 2A
HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE: C6H6C16 (Lindane, benzene-trans-hexa-
chloride, la,2a,3B,4a,5a,6B-hexachlorocyclohexane,
y-benzene hexachloride). 02A380
A white crystalline powder with a musty odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 290.83; mp: 15965-60; bp: 288; d: 1.87;
vap. press: 0.14 mm; Hg at 40 (Y isomer); insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
WIN: L6TJ AG BG CG DG EG FG (GAMMA 2)
STRUCTURE:
Cl
I
A
Cl— C C-C1
ci— C
c— ci
Cl
There are 8 stereo isomers; the gamma (v) isomer is the effective insecticide (ref. 2).
Lindane, the Y'isomer, has been in samples taken from public drinking water supplies at
0.01 ug/1 (ref. 11), in ground water (ref. 23), and in U.S. surface water at 0.02 pg/1
(ref. 24). Lindane has also been reported in soils at 0.001 to 0.35 ppm (ref. 24),
human milk at 0.001 to 0.35 ppm (ref. 24), fish at 0.01 to 4.37 ppm (total BHC)(ref. 24).
Lindane has been approved in the U.S. for 62 agricultural crops, with tolerances for
residues on raw agricultural commodities set at 1 ppm (1-3 ppm lindane)(ref. 24).
In 1970, the total dietary intake of lindane was 1 ug/man/day (ref. 24).
Lindane is used in insecticides for crops, farm animals, and empty grain
bins. A small amount of Lindane is believed to be used in human medicine as a scabicide
(ref. 24).
BHC and Lindane can be detected with gas chromatography.
Heat causes some splitting of the molecule into phosgene fumes (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Different forms of BHC exhibit different toxicities. The B-isomer gives highest chronic toxicity
and lowest acute toxicity. The a- and y-isomers are central nervous system stimulants, and the B- and
6-isomers are depressants of the CNS (ref. 3).
Poisoning may occur by ingestion, inhalation, or percutaneous absorption (ref. 2). Either
Lindane or the technical BHC may be absorbed from the GI tract (ref. 25). There are no human
chronic studies (ref. 3). Hepatic damage has occurred in experimental animals (ref. 2).
Highest Lindane dosage not evoking demonstrable effect is 0.3 mg/kg of body weight per day
for the dog (ref. 26).
Hexachlorocyclohexane has been reported to result in the death of a child who ingested
180 mg/kg and the death of a human adult who ingested 840 mg/kg (ref. 4).
LD50 (oral, rat): 88 mg/kg (ref. 4).
Hexachlorocyclohexane has been reported to cause cancer in mice when administered orally
in large doses (ref. 24). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 3,111. The lowest reported dosage
producing an oncogenic response is 29 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 0.11.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: <1 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV =0.5 mg/m3 (4.0 x 10"5 ppm) for Lindane.
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria for lindane (ref 26) are as follows:
Domestic water supply (health): 4.0 ug/1
Freshwater aquatic life: 0.01 ug/1
Marine aquatic life: 0.004 ug/1
103 x 0.5 = 500 ug/m3 (4.0 x 10"5 ppm) Air, Ecology:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
Water, Health: 5 x 4.0 = 20 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 20 = 4 ug/g
Water, Ecology: 5 x 0.004 = 0.02 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 0.02 = 4.0 x 10~3 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 10 x 0.5/420 = 1.19 Mg/m
EPCAHla = 4.0 x 10"5/420 = 9.5 x 10"
EPC,
EPC
'WHS
LH
=4.0 ug/1
= 0.2 x 4 = 0.8 ug/g
EPCWES = 0.004 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 0.004 = 8 x 10 ug/g
A-108
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A380
HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE
EMISSION LEVEL' GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E2
(4.0E-5)
2.0E1
4.0EO
Based on
Ecological
Effecti
2.0E-2
4.0E-3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1.19
;9.5xio:
4.0
0.8
Based on
Ecological
Effects
^
0.004
0.0008
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.01
0.001
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
4.0
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.004
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1.19 R
(9.5 x 10"°)
0.8
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.0008
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-109
-------
CATEGORY: 2A WLN:
1-CHLOROOCTANE: CBH17C1. 02A400
-T-r.—r\ 8 17 STRUCTURE:
A liquid.
CH3—(CH2)6—CH2C1
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 148.68; mp: -57.8; bp: 1827 ;
d: 0.8738^ ; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxicological data for 1-chlorooctane are not available at this time.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
A-110
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02A400
1-CHLOROOCTANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, nq/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exuting Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-111
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 2A
Alkyl Hal ides - Saturated Alkyl Hal ides
1. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report Pre-
pared by Research Triangle Institute Under Contract No. 68-02-1325 for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Available from W. 6. Tucker, Project Officer,
IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (1976).
2. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs,
Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
3. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth Edition.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
4. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem-
ical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD
for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
5. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water Program. Toxic Pol-
lutant Effluent Standards. Title 40 Code Federal Regulations, Part 129.
7. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. Second Priority List. Chemical
Industry Institute of Toxicology: Annual Report. Research Triangle Park, NC
(1976).
8. Su, Chih-Wu. Low Molecular Weight Hydrocarbons. Strategies for Marine
Pollution Monitoring, Chapter 3. Scripps Institute of Oceanography,
La Jolla, CA (1976).
9. Lawley, P. D. Carcinogejiesis by Alkylating Agents. Chemical Carcinogens.
C.E. Searle, Ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 83-244 (1976).
10. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Food Additives. Title 29 Code Federal
Regulations, Part 121.
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. Preliminary
Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water: Report to Congress.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1975).
12. Methylene Chloride Passes Early Test. Chem. Eng. News 55(19): 6"(1977).
13. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recom-
mended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Methylene Chloride. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-138 (1976).
A-112
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 2A (Continued)
14. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. First Priority Chemicals.
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology: Annual Report. Research Triangle
Park, NC (1976).
15. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man: Vol. 1. Lyon, France, A World
Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva, 1972.
16. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for Recom-
mended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Chloroform. Available from National
Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA.
17. Bond, R. G., C. P. Straub, and R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Environmental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, OH
(1972).
18. National Cancer Institute. Survey of Compounds Which Have Been Tested for
Carcinogenic Activity: 1961-1962 Volume. Prepared by John I. Thompson and
Co., Rockville, MD under Contract No. NIH-69-2086 for National Cancer Institute.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC. Public Health Service Publication No. 149.
19. Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Van
Nostrand Rheinhold Company, NY (1977).
20. Handy, R., and A. Schindler. Estimation of Permissible Concentration of
Pollutants for Continuous Exposure. Prepared by Research Triangle Institute
under Contract 68-02-1325 for Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, EPA-600,12-76-155 (1976).
21. Irish, D. D. Halogenated Hydrocarbons: I. Aliphatics. Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2, F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience
Publishers, New York, NY (1963T
22. National'Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recom-
mended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Ethylene Chloride,(1,2-Dichloroethane)
NIOSH, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, HEW Publication No.
(NIOSH) 76-139 (1976).
23. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA Publication No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
24. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 5, Lyon, France. A World
Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1974).
25. Irish, D. D. Halogenated Hydrocarbons: II. Cyclic. Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology, Second Revised Edition. Vol. 2, F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience
Publishers, New York, NY (1963"T
26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Quality Criteria for Water. EPA 440/9-
76-023, 1976.
A-113
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 2A (Continued)
27. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a
Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride. U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)
76-133 (1976).
28. Simmon, V. Conference on Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health
Effects, Gatlinburg, TN, Nov. 1977. The Chlorination Quandary, Env. Sci.
and Tech. 12(1): 14-16 (1978).
29. National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety. Criteria for a Recom-
mended Standard: Occupational Exposure to 1,1 ,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl
Chloroform). Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB-267 069 (1976).
30. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Current Intelligence
Bulletin 25. Ethylene Dichloride. National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 78-149 (April 19, 1978).
31. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Current Intelligence
Bulletin 27. Chloroethanes: Review of Toxicity. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 78-181 (August 21, 1978).
32. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recom-
mended Standard: Occupational Exposure to 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 77-121 (1977).
A-114
-------
CATEGORY 2
ALKYL HALIDES
SUBCATEGORY: 2g - Unsaturated Alkyl Hal ides
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory
number of parent compounds with subspecies.
number of subspecies
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
15
2
8
0
0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: 15
02B020 Vinyl chloride (Chloroethylene) 02B102
02B041 cis-l,2-Dichloroethene 02B103
02B042 trans-l,2-Dichloroethene 02B104
02B060 1,1-Dichloroethene 02B105
02B070 Trichloroethylene 02B106
02B080 Tetrachloroethene 02B120
02B090 l,l-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene 02B140
02B101 1,1-Dichloropropene
trans-l,2-Dichloropropene
cis-l,3-Dichloropropene
trans-l,3-Dichloropropene
2,3-Dichloropropene
3,3-Dichloropropene
Hexachlorobutadi ene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
A-115
-------
CATEGORY: 2B WLN: G1U1
VINYL CHLORIDE: CH2CHC1 (chloroethene, chloroethylene). STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid or gas. 02B020 u rl
\ /
c = c
/ \
W XH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 62.50; mp: -153.8; bp: -13.37; d: 0.9106J5;
vap. d: 2.15; vap. press: 2,600 mm at 25° C; slightly soluble;
flammable.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Vinyl chloride polymerizes in light or in presence of a catalyst. It releases
phosgene and hydrogen chloride when heated to decomposition.
The concentration of vinyl chloride in rural atmosphere is reported at < 5 ppt (ref. 1).
This is equivalent to < 0.005 ppb or < 0.013 yg/m .
Vinyl chloride has been identified in samples of public drinking water supplies in
concentrations of 10 vq/a (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Vinyl chloride acts as an anesthetic at high concentrations. There is a wide margin between the anesthetic
and lethal concentrations (ref. 3). Circulatory and bone changes in the fingertips of workers handling vinyl
chloride are reported (ref. 4). Vinyl chloride has been associated with a rare form of liver cancer.
It has produced tumors in rats, hamsters, mice and in man (ref. 13). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 7425
with the lowest effective dosage reported as 250 ppm administered for 4 hr/day for 260 days to a rat. Assuming
total absorption of material in the air breathed, breathing volume of 0.73 4/min and weight of rat as 0 113 kg
(ref.5), the dosage corresponds to 25.6 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number calculated using this number is
extremely small. Since cancer in humans has been associated with vinyl chloride, further study is warranted
for detenmning a permissible concentration. Occupational exposures resulting in angiosarcoma have generally
been in excess of 200 ppm as a time-weighted exposure (ref 13)
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: Over 1,000 ppm (ref. 6)
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV » 510 mg/m3 (200 ppm). (Vinyl chloride is classified by ACGIH as a human carcinogen.
Reassignment of TLV is pending further data acquisition.)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants include standards of emissions of vinyl
chloride from vinyl chloride manufacturers or polyvinyl chloride manufacturers (ref. 7),.
OSHA Standard for Exposure to Vinyl Chloride: 1 ppm 8 hr/day time-weighted exposure (ref. 8).
1 ppm is equivalent to 2.55 mg/m^. Carcinogen!city of vinyl chloride is considered.
NIOSH recommended standard for occupational exposure in polymerization facilities is to eliminate
exposure at detectable levels (ref. 9). EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.55 x 103 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.55x.t03 = 3.8 x 104 yg/n • Water, Ecology: 100 x 1,000 « 1.0 x 105 ua/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.8 x 104 = 7.7 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 » 2.0 x 104
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 » 103 x 510/420 = 1,200 ug/m3
EPCAHla ' 200/420 '0.5 ppm
15 x 1,200 * 18,000 wg/t EPCWE1 = 50 x sl >000 = >50,000 ug/z
EPCUH2 = 13.8 x 510 = 7,040 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 7,038 = 1,408 ug/g EPCL£ • 0.2 x :60,000 ->1.0 x 104 ug/g
EPCAC1 = 103 x 2.55/420 ' 6 ug/mj
EPCACla " 1/42° = °-002 ppm
EPCWC = 15 x 6 => 90 ug/8.
EPCLC = 0.2 x 90 = 18 ug/g
A- 116
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02B020
VINYL CHLORIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goal.l
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bawd on
Health Effect!
2.55E3
3'.8E4
7.7E3
Baled on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baud on
Health Effects
6
(0.002)
90
18
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<0.01
<10t
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baud on
Health Effects
B. Baud on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,200
(0.5)
7,040
1,408
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
>50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
6
(0.002)
90
18
tPublic drinking water.
A-117
-------
CATEGORY: 2B WLN: Q1U1G
1,2-OICHLOROETHENE: C2H2C12 (dichloroethylene, acetylene
dichloride). 02B040 STRUCTURE:
cis-l,2-DICHLOROETH£NE: A colorless liquid with a pleasant n n'
odor. 02B041 u\ /M
trans-l,2-DICHLOROETHENE: A colorless liquid with a pleasant .^ C=C\
odor. 028042 tr XH
PROPERTIES: cis-1,2-Dichloroethene
cis-1,2-dichloroethene: mol. wt: 96.94; mp: -80.5; bp: 60.3760;
d: 1.2837|°; vap. d: 3.34; vap. press: 400 mm at 41°; slightly n
soluble in water. \ /^
trans-1,2-dichloroethene: mol. wt: 96.94; mp: -50; bp: 47.5760; C = C
d: 1.2565; vap. d: 3.34; vap. press: 400 mm at 30.8°; slightly soluble in water H ""^ Cl
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: trans-1,2-Dichloroethene
Cis-1,2-Oichloroethene has been reported in samples taken from drinking water supplies
in Miami, Florida at 16 ug/1; it has also been found in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and
in Cincinnati, Ohio. Also, trans-1,2-dichloroethene has been found in public drinking
water supplies in Miami, Florida at 1 ug/1 (ref. 2).
Both cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethene are used in solvents and as chemical inter-
mediates (ref. 10).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The major response to both cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethene is central nervous system
depression (ref. 10). Exposure to 3,300 mg/m3 of the trans-isomer via inhalation has resulted
in toxic effects to humans (ref. 6). Regarding acute exposure, the trans-isomer is twice as
toxic and anaesthetic as the cis-isomer. Regarding chronic exposure, the cis-isomer is reported
to cause injury to lungs, liver, kidney; the trans-isomer has demonstrated no injury (ref. 10).
LD50 (oral, rat): 770 mg/kg for the cis-isomer (ref. 6).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 790 mg/m3 (200 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
5 3
Air, Health: 7.9 x 10 ug/m (200 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 7.9 x 105 = 1.19 x 107 ug/1 Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.19 x 107 = 2.37 x 106 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10* = 2.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 790/420 = 1,881 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 200/420 =0.48 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 1,881 = 28,300 yg/1 EPCWE1 = 50 x 10° = 5-000 W/1
EPCWH2 = 13'8 x 79° = 10'90° V9/T
EPCLH = 0.2 x 1.09 x 104 = 2,180 U9/9 EPCLE = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 u9/g
A-118
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02B040
1,2-DICHLOROETHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, yiig/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BFT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
7.9E5
(200)
1.19E7
2.37E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,880
10,900
2,180
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
]+
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /*g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
'
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,880
10,900
2,180
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
Public Drinking Water
A-119
-------
CATEGORY: 2B
1.1-DICHLOROETHENE: CH2CC12 (vinylidene chloride,
1,1-dichloroethylene). 02B060
A colorless liquid with a mild, sweet odor resembling
chloroform.
GYGU1
STRUCTURE:
CK
Cl-
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 96.94; mp: -122.1; bp: 37760; d: 1.218;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as <5 ppt (ref. 1), or <0.02 ug/m3.
1,1-Oichloroethene has been reported in samples taken from public drinking water supplies
in two U.S. cities at 0.1 ug/1; it was also identified in samples from two other cities (ref.
1,1-Dichloroethene is used in the production of vinylidene polymer plastics such as
Velon and Saran (ref. 11).
1,1-Oichloroethene is prepared from ethylene chloride or by dehydrochlorination of
1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ref. 11).
Threshold for odor detection is 1,000 ppm in air; some can sense it at 500 ppm (ref. 10).
In the presence of air or oxygen, with the inhibitor removed, 1,1-dichloroethene forms a
complex peroxide compound at temperatures as low as -40° C. The peroxide is violently
explosive. Reaction products formed with ozone are particularly dangerous (ref. 10).
2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
1,1-Oichloroethene may produce narcosis in high concentrations. Liver and kidney
injury were reported in experimental animals (ref. 11).
Animal studies indicate that the maximum single exposure permitting a reasonably
high probability of no injuries is above 1,000 ppm for up to 1 hour and 260 ppm for
up to 8 hours (ref. 10).
LD. (oral, dog): 5,750 mg/kg (ref. 6).
LC, (inhalation, rat): 10,000 ppm/24 hours (ref. 6).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS, CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 40 mg/m3 (10 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4.0 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 4.0 x 104 = 6 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6 x 105 = 1.2 x 105 M9/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 10* ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 = 2.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC.m = 103 x 40/420 = 95.2 ug/m3
ftnl
EPCAHla = 10/420 = 0.024 ppm
EPCWH1 * 15 x 95'2 = 1>428 |Jg/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 40 = 552 ug/1
EPC,u = 0.2 x 552 = 110.4 ug/g
LH
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1.0 x 10J
A-120
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02B060
1,1-DICHLOROETHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, Aig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.0E4
(10)
6.0E5
1.2E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baud on
Health Effects
95
(0.024)
550
no
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<0.02
(<0.005)
O.lt
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
95
(0.024)
550
no
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
t Public Drinking Water.
A-121
-------
CATEGORY: 2B
TRICHLOROETHYLENE: CjHClj (ethylenetrichloride). 02B070
A colorless, heavy mobile liquid; chloroform-like odor.
WUN; GYGU1S
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 131.40; mp: -73; fp: -86.6; bp: 86.7; d: 1.4649?°;
vap. d: 4.53; vap. press: 100 mm at 32°C; practically insoluble in water.
H Cl
X
ci ci
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Trichloroethylene together with tetrachloroethylene has been identified at concentrations of 28 ppt (0.028 ppb)
or 0.15 vg/m3 (ref. 1) -
The odor recognition level is reported between 110 and 440 mg/m (19.8-79.2 ppm)(ref. 15).
Trichloroethylene 1s used as a solvent and for degreasing in dry cleaning. It 1s also used in the manufacture
of organic chemicals (ref. 11).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Acute narcosis may result from exposure to trichloroethylene. Some studies indicate chronic effects as well
(ref. 3).
Ingestion of 857 mg/kg of trichloroethylene has resulted in human death (ref. 6). Inhalation of 160 ppm for
83 minutes has produced central nervous system effects in man (ref. 6). Eye irritation also results at 160 ppm
(ref. 15).
LD,
50 (oral, rat): 4920 mg/kg (ref. 6).
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 8,000 ppm for 4 hours; (mouse): 3,000 ppm for 2 hours (ref. 6).
Trichlornethylene has produced carcinogenic responses in mice when administered orally at 135 g/kg. The
EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 3111 and the adjusted ordering number is 0.002.
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hour TLm = 1000-100 ppm (ref. 6).
Toxicity to vegetation: Chlorophyll containing algae and plants are decolored at 600 mg/i (ref. 15).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 535 mg/m3 (100 ppm)
Trichloroethylene 1s the subiect of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure is 100 ppm or 535 mg/m as an 8-hour time-weighted average (ref. 14).
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 1.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 5.35 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 5.35 x TO5 = 8 x 106 ug/l
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8 x 106 = 1.6 x 1Q6 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 ug/n
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
Am
= 10 x 535/420 = 1,274 ug/ir
EPCAHla = 100/420 =0.24 ppm
= 15 x 1,274 = 19,10
= 13.8 x 535 = 7,383
EPC,JH1 = 15 x 1,274 = 19,100
EPC
EPC
WH2
LH
= 0.2 x 7,383 = 1,477
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100 = 5,000
EPC
LE
0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 ug/g
A-122
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02B070
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
Ippm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, na/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.35E5
8.0E6
1.6E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
\
1.0E4
2.0E3
f . B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,274
7,383
1,477
\
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
'To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
•
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,274
7,383
1,477
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-123
-------
CATEGORY: 2B WLN: GYGUYGG
TETRACHLOROETHENE: C12CCC12 (perchloroethylene, ethylene
tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, carbon dichloride, STRUCTURE:
carbon bichloride). 0<;B080
A colorless, nonflammable liquid, with an ethereal odor.
Cl
Cl
Cl
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 165.83; mp: -19; bp: 121760; d: 1.6227^°;
vap. d: 5.83; vap. press: 15.8 mm Hg at 22°; insoluble
in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 28 ppt (ref. 1), or 0.19 ug/m3.
Tetrachloroethene has also been reported in samples taken from public drinking
water supplies in 8 U.S. cities, with the highest concentrations being 0.46 ug/1
(ref 2).
Threshold odor is reported as 50 ppm (ref. 10).
Tetrachloroethene is used in dry cleaning, degreasing metals, as a solvent, as an
anthelminthic in humans and animals, and as a chemical intermediate (refs. 10,11).
Tetrachloroethene is produced by catalytic chlorination of acetylene (ref. 11).
It is very stable and resists hydrolysis (ref. 4).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Tetrachloroethene may produce narcosis in high concentrations. It has a defatting
action on the skin and can lead to dermatitis (ref. 11).
Tetrachloroethene is readily adsorbed by the lungs when breathed as a vapor It
is partly excreted by the lungs, but some may be converted to a water-soluble
metabolite (ref. 10).
Liver disfunction was reported for 7 workers exposed to 232-385 ppm (ref. 10).
LD,
50
(oral, mouse): 8.85 g/kg (ref. 11).
LC," (inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppm/4 hours (ref. 6).
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 670 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
6.7 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 6.7 x 105 = 1.0 x 107 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.0 x 107 = 2.0 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 670/420 = 1,595 ug/m3
EPCftHla = 100/420 =0.24 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 1'595 = 2.39 x 104 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 670 = 9,246 ug/1
EPC,U = 0.2 x 9,246 = 1,849 ug/g
Ln
EPCWE1 = 50 x 10 = 500 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/g
A-124
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02B080
TETRACHLORETHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
fppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt|
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimator
(R&D Goali)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baled on
Health Effects
6.7E5
(100)
1.0E7
2.0E6
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,595
(0.24)
9,246
1,849
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.19
(0.028)
0.46+
•
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,595
(0.24)
9,246
1,849
B Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
Public drinking water supplies,
A-125
-------
CATEGORY: 28
rrnr
ICHCORO-2.2-DIFLUOROETHYLENE: C2C12F2
(1,1-dif1uoro-2,2-dichloroethy1ene, l,l-dichloro-2,2-
difluoroethene). 02B090
A liquid.
GXGUYFF
STRUCTURE;
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 132.93; vap. d: 4.6.
cr
?o=<
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
When heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of fluorides and
chlorides. It reacts with water and steam to produce corrosive fumes (ref. 4).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LCL() (inhalation, rat): 1,000 ppm/4H.
1000 ppm = 4610 mg/m3.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 100 x 4610 =• 4/i6 x 105 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4.6 x 105 = 6.9 x 106 pg/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.9 x 106 = 1.4 x 106 pa/9 Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
A-126
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02B090
1.1-DICHLORO-2,2-DIFLUOROETHYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, »g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
It. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.6E5
6.9E6
1.4E6
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
A
Air, ^g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ag/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicitv Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-127
-------
CATEGORY: 2B
DICHLOROPROPENES: C3H4C12 028100
1,1-DICHLOROPROPENE: A liquid. 02B101 STRUCTURE:
trans-1,2-OICHLOROPROPENE: (1,2-dichloropropylene). A colorless liquid. 02B102
cis-1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE: (1,3-dichloropropyiene, telone, a-chloroallychlor1de,
a,Y-dichloropropylene). A liquid, with chloroform-like odor. 02B103
trans-1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE: 02B104
2',3-DICHLOROPROPENE: A liquid 02B105
3,3-OICHLOROPROPENE: (acrolein dichloHde). A liquid." 02B106
PROPERTIES:
1,1-dichloropropene:
trans-1,2-dichloropropene:
cis-1,3-dichloropropene:
trans-1,3-dichloropropene:
2,3-dichloropropene:
3,3-dichloropropene:
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
1,3-Dichloropropene (cis- and trans-isomers) are used together with
1,2-dichloropropene in the DO mixture as a soil fumigant for control of
nematodes affecting roots of plants (ref. 11).
mol . wt.
110.97
110.97
110.97
110.97
110.97
110.97
bjL.
76-77
77.0
104.3
112
94
84.4
1. 1864
1. 1818
1.217
1.224
1.211
1.175
V3[
3,
3.
3.
). d. solubility in water
,83
.8
,8
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
H H H
028105
Cl /H
H-C-C=C Q2B106
Cl H \
Cl H
\=C-C-H
;c=c-
d H
H
Cl
H
^C=C—C—H
' I I
Cl H
028102
Cl'
H
SC=C—C—H
" \ I
H Cl
028103
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Cl
H
:C=C—C—H
Cl
02B104
1,3-Oichloropropene (cis- and trans-isomers) is a strong irritant. It has produced
liver and kidney injury in experimental animals (ref. 4). It is irritating to skin,
eyes, and mucous membranes (ref. 11).
LD5Q (oral, rat)mg/kg LC. (inhalation, rat) Aquatic toxlcity TUn 96:
(ref. 6) Lo (ref. 6) (ref. 6)-
1,3-di chloropropene
Mixture
2,3-di chloropropene
250
250
320
250 ppm
500 ppm/4 hours
100-10 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 250 » 1.13 x 10* ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.13 x 104 = 1. 7 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.7 x 105 = 3.4 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 pg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:.
EPC
•AH1
0.107 x 250 - 26.75 ug/m
,3
EPCAHla= 0.081 x 250 = 20 ug/mj
EPCyH1 = 15 x 20 = 303 ug/1
EPCWH2 ° °'4 x 25° * 10° U9/1
EPCLH = 0,2 x 100 » 20 yg/g
> 50 x 10 « 500 ug/1
EPCLE ' 0.2 x 500 » 100 wg/g
A-128
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02B100
DICHLOROPROPENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(H&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
1.13E4
1.7E5
3.4E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
20
100
20
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, j^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
20
100
20
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-129
-------
CATEGORY: 2B WIN:
HEXftCHLOROBUTflOIENE: C4C16 02B120
(hexachloro-l,3-butadiene). STRUCTURE:
A liquid.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 260.76; mp: -21; bp: 215760; d: 1.6820|°;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Hexachlorobutadiene has been identified in samples taken from public drinking
water supplies at a level of 0.01 pg/1 (ref. 2).
Cl Cl Cl
I I i
C=C-C=C
I I !
Cl Cl Cl
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LD5Q (oral, rat): 90 mg/kg (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 90 = 4,050 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4,050 = 6.08 x 104 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.08 x 104 = 1.22 x 104 |jg/g Land, Ecology.
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
3
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 90 = 9.63 ug/nT
EPCftH3 = 0.081 x 90 = 7.29 ug/nT
EPCWH1 = 15 x 7.29 = 109.4 ug/1
EPCWH2 =
* 90 = 36
EPC
LH
= 0.2 x 36 = 7.2 ug/g
A-130
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02B120
HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /^g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Stendards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.05E3
6.08E4
1.2 E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
7
36
7
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.01 +
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
7
36
7
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
Public drinking water supplies.
A-131
-------
CATEGORY: 28
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTAOIENE: C5C16 02B140
(perchlorocyclopentadiene, C-56).
A yellow liquid, with a pungent odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 272.77; mp: -9; bp: 239753; d: 1.70191s;
vap. d: 9.42; vap. press: 0.080 mm Hg at 25°.
WLIM:
STRUCTURE:
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of aldrin (ref. 12).
Odor threshold is 0.15 ppm by volume in air (ref. 12).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Exposure to hexachlorocyclopentadiene has been reported to produce degenerative changes in
the heart, brain, adrenal glands, liver, and kidney. Severe pulmonary hyperemia and edema
have resulted from breathing contaminated air (ref. 12),
The lack of significant ill effects on humans is due to the highly irritating nature of
the compound which makes prolonged exposure intolerable (ref. 3).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 113 rag/kg (ref. 6).
Readily absorbed through intact skin (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 0.11 (jg/m3 (0.01 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 110 ug/m3 (0.01 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 110 = 1,650 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1,650 = 330 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC,
= 103 x 0.11/420 = 0.26 ug/m3
EPCAHla= 0.01/420 = 2.4 x 10 J ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 0.26 = 3.9 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 0.11 = 1.52 ug/1
LH
A-132
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
02B140
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.1 E2
(0.01)
1.65E3
3.3E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal-
Based on
Health Effects
0.26 ,
2.4x10"'
1.5
0.3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
')
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
i
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ifl/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.26 .
(2.4 x 10"5)
1.5
0.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-133
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 2B
Alkyl Hal ides - Unsaturated Alkyl Hal ides
1. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report
Prepared by Research Triangle Institute Under Contract No. 68-02-1325 for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Available from W. G. Tucker, Project Officer,
IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (1976).
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. Preliminary
Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water: Report to Congress.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1975).
3. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
4. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth Edition.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
5. Bond, R. G., C. P. Straub, and R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Environmental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, OH
(1972).
6. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem-
ical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracor Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD
for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants. Title 40 Code Federal Regulations, Part 61.
8. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Toxic
and Hazardous Substances. Title 29 Code Federal Regulations, Part 1910.
9. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Recommended Standard
for Occupational Exposure to Vinyl Chloride. Available from National Technical
Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 246 691
' (1975).
10. Irish, D. D. Halogenated Hydrocarbons: I. Aliphatics. Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology, Second Revised Edition. Vol. 2, F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience
Publishers, New York, NY (196TT
11- Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs,
Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
12- Irish, D. D. Halogenated Hydrocarbons: II. Cyclic. Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology. Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2. F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience
Publishers, New York, NY (1963T
A-134
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 2B (Continued)
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development.
Scientific and Technical Assessment Report on Vinyl Chloride and Polyvinyl
Chloride. Star Series. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. EPA-600/6-75-004 (1975).
14. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Recommended Standard
for Occupational Exposure to Trichloroethylene. Available from National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. PB 222222 (1977).
15. Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Van
Nostrand Rheinhold Company, NY (1977).
A-135
-------
A-136
-------
CATEGORY 3
ETHERS
SUBCATEGORY: 3A - Noncyclic Aliphatic or Aromatic Ethers
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 3
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values Q
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-137
-------
CATEGORY: 3A
ISQPROPYL'ETHER: C6Hi40 (diisopropyl ether, 2-isopropoxy
propane, 2,2'-oxy bis[propane]). 03A020
A colorless, flammable liquid with an ethereal odor.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 102.18; mp: -85.89; bp: 68760; d: 0.7241|°;
vap. d: 3.52; vap. press: 150 mm at 25°; slightly soluble in
water.
WLN: 1Y&OY
STRUCTURE:
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Isopropyl ether is used as a solvent for oils, fats, waxes, and ethyl cellulose. It is also used in
the manufacture of Pharmaceuticals and to extract nicotine from tobacco. It also serves as an intermedi-
ate in alkylation reactions (ref. 1).
Isopropyl ether is a byproduct in the production of isopropyl alcohol from the propylene fraction of
cracked gasoline (ref. 1).
Unstabilized isoprooyl ether readily forms peroxides and may explode on shaking. It usually contains
p-benzylaminophenol as a stabilizer (ref. 2). Explosive limits are 1.4 to 2.0 percent by volume in air,
lower limit, and 7.9 percent by volume in ai"-, upper limit (ref. 1).
Isopropyl ether can be detected by adsorption on silica gel or charcoal, and the use of physical meth-
ods such as interferometer, heat of combustion, and gas chromatography (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Isopropyl ether may produce anaesthesia and death at very high concentrations. A group of persons ex-
posed for 15 min to 500 ppm did not consider the exposure irritating. A concentration of 800 ppm for 5
min produced irritation of the eyes and nose (ref. 3).
With regard to metabolic fate, it is probable that the major portion of a dose is eliminated through
the lungs after cessation of exposure, and that the compound is not metabolized in. vivo (ref. 1).
Chief hazards are flammability and explosion due to peroxide formation, rather than toxicity (ref 1)
LD50 (oral, rat): 8,470 rag/kg (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000 to 100 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV = 1,050 mg/m3 (250 ppm)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.05 x 10S ug/m3 (250 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.05 x 106 = 1.58 x 107 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.58 x 107 = 3.16 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 ug/1
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
' EPCAH1 * 103 x 1,050/420 = 2,500 yg/m3
EPCAHla « 250/420 = 0.60 ppm
EPCyu, • 15 x 2,500 ' 3.75 x ID4 ug/1
EPC,
EPC
'WH2
LH
13.8 x 1,050 = 1,45 x 10* ug/1
0,2 x 1.45 x 104 » 2.9 x 103 ug/g
EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 « 5,000 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5,000 • 1.0 x 103 ug/g
A-138
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
03A020
ISOPROPYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Exuting Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.05E6
1.58E7
3.16E6
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
2,500
(o.eo;
14,500
2,900
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, »gl\
(ppm Wt)
Land, fjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2,500
(0.60)
14,500
2,900
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-139
-------
CATEGORY: 3A
2-METHOXYBIPHENYL: C13H120 (o-phenyl anisole, methyl
diphenyl ether). 03A040
WLN;
STRUCTURE:
OHQ
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 184.24; mp: 29; bp: 274; d: 1.0233|9;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
2-Methoxybiphenyl has been found in samples taken from finished
drinking water supplies in the U.S. (ref.5).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LD5Q (oral, rat): 3,600 mg/kg (ref.4)
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 3,600 = 1.62 x 105 x ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.62 x 105 = 2.43 x 106 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.43 x 106 = 4.86 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
3
3
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 3,600 = 385.2 ug/m
EPC
'AH3
= 0.081 x 3,600 = 291.6 ug/m
EPCWH1 = 15 x 291.6 = 4,374 ug/1
EPCWH2 =-0.4 x 3,600 = 1,440 ug/1
EPC.H = 0.2 x 1,440 = 288 ug/g
A-140
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
03A040
2-METHOXYBIPHENYL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(RAO Goabl
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.62E5
2.43E6
4.86E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
292
1,440
288
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
292
1,440
288
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-141
-------
CATEGORY: 3A WIN: T50TJ
TETRAHYDROFURAN: C^O (1,4-epoxybutane, cyclotetramethylene STRUCTURE:
oxide). 03A060
Colorless liquid; penetrating odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 72.12; bp: 64-5; d: 0.888; vap. press:
114 mm at 15° C; vap. d: 2.5; miscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Tetrahydrofuran decomposes slowly with formation of peroxides. The ring is easily cleaved by
acids and other reagents (ref. 6). Tetrahydrofuran is widely used as a solvent.
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Tetrahydrofuran is reported to cause irritation to the upper respiratory tract and injury
to the liver and kidneys of experimental animals when exposed for 20 days to concentrations
of 3,000 ppm (ref. 4).
Exposure to concentrations of 25,000 ppm is reported to cause damage to the central nervous
system in humans Cref. 2). Exposure to a concentration of 200 ppm is not expected to have a
systemic effect in humans (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV « 590 mg/m3 (200 ppm)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 5.9 x 105 ug/m3 (200 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5.9 x 105 = 9 x 106 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 9 x TO6 = 1.8 x 106 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 590/420 - 1,400 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 200/420 = °-5 PPm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 1,400 = 21,000 vg/l
EPCWH2 => 13.8 x 590 = 8,100 pg/i
EPC, „ = 0.2 x 8,100 = 1,620 ug/g
LH
A-142
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
03A060
TETRAHYDROFURAN
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BfT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effects
5.9E5
(200)
9.0E6
1.8E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goaf
Based on
Health Effects
1,400
(0.5)
8,100
1,620
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,400
(0.5)
8,100
1,620
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-143
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 3A
Ethers - Noncyclic Aliphatic or Aromatic Ether
1. Rowe, V. K. Glycols. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vpl. 2, F. A.
Patty, Ed., Interscience Publishers, New York (1963).
2. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs,
Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
3. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
4. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem-
ical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD
for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
5. Shackefrford, W. M., and Li H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA?Publication No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
6. Livingstone, R. Compounds Containing a Five-Membered Ring with One Hetero
Atom of Group VI: Oxygen. Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. Second
Edition, Vol. 4. Part A, S. Coffey, Ed., Elsevier Scientific Publishing
Company, Amsterdam (1973).
A-144
-------
CATEGORY 3
ETHERS
SUBCATEGORY: 3B - Cyclic Ethers
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 3
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-145
-------
CATEGORY:
3B
1,4-DIOXANE: C4Hg02 (1,4-diethylene dioxide, p-dioxane). 03B020
A colorless, flammable liquid with a faint odor.
VVLN: T60 DOTJ
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 88.10;mp: 11; bp: 101/:iu; d: 1.030;
vap. press: 40 mm at 25.2; miscible with water.
,750.
0
H,C CH,
2| I2
H,C CH,
V
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
All ethers tend to form explosive peroxides.
The odor-recognition level for 1,4-dioxane is reported as 620 mg/m (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFf ECTS:
High concentrations of dloxane vapor produce eye, nose, and lung irritation, and cause severe damage to
kidneys and liver. A human death has been reported resulting from one week exposure to an average concentration
of 470 ppm of dloxane vapors (ref. 2.). Exposure to 5,500 ppm for 1 minute caused eye effects (ref. 3).
Dioxane may be absorbed through the skin. A concentration of 200 ppm over 8 hours 1s considered irritating to
eyes, nose and throat (ref. 4).
LDgg (oral, rat): 7,120 mg/kg.
Dioxane is reported to pr^iuce cancer in several animal species when administered in high dosages. The
EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 4323. The lowest dose to induce a carcinogenic response is reported as 416 g/kg.
The adjusted ordering number is 0.01.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000 - 100 ppm (ref. 3).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV * 180 mg/m3 (50 ppm).
1,4-Dioxane is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure
to 1,4-dioxane is 1 ppm (3.6 mg/m ) as a 10-hour workday, time-weighted average (ref. 7).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.6 x 103 ug/m3 (1 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 103 = 5.4 x 104 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.4 x 104 = 1.1 x 104 i>g/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
100 x 100 = 1.0 x 10
Land, Ecology: • 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = ?.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC,U, = 103 x 3.6/420 = 8.6 ug/m3
= 1/420 = 0.002
15 x 8.6 = 129 ug/i
MjH2 - 13.8 x 3.6 = 50 ug/i
EPCLH = 0.2 x 50 ,10 ug/g
EPC
EPC
LAH1
:AHla
'WH1 *
EPC
EPCWE1 * 50 x 100 = 5,000 ugA
EPCL£ ' 0.2 x 5,000 « 1.0 x 103 ug/9
A-146
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
03B020
1,4-DIOXANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, vg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, yug/g
(ppm Wtl
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.6E3
(D
5.4E4
1.1 E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
8.6
(0.002)
50
10
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, H9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
8.6
(0.002)
50
10
B, Bated on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-147
-------
CATEGORY: 38
1.3-DIOXANE: C,H802 03B040
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 88.11; mp: 42; bp: 105755;
d: 1.0342J0; soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxicological data for 1,3-dioxane are not available at this time. However, based on data for
structurally similar compounds, it is reasonable to expect the L0cn for 1,3-dioxane to be
>3,000 mg/kg. See table below: bo
Compound LD5Q (oral, rat) in mg/kg
1,4-Oioxane 7,120
4,4-Dimethyl-l,3-dioxane 3,730
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
l,4-D1oxane 1s the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure
to 1,4-dioxane is 1 ppm (3.6 mg/m ) as a 10-hour workday, time-weighted average (ref. 7).
* MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.6 x 103 wg/m3 (1 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x -103 » 5.4 x 104 ug/t Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.4 x 104 • 1.1 x 104 u9/9 Land, Ecology:
* ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 * 103 x 3.6/420 =8.6 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 1/420 =0.002
EPCym • 15 x 8.6 = 129 yg/l
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 3.6 » 50 ug/4
EPCLH =• 0.2 x 50-10 ug/9
*Based on data for 1,4-dioxane.
A-148
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
03B040
1,3-DIOXANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MD/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bett Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimntn
(RftO Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on j.
Hearth Effects
3,6E3
(1)
5.4E4
1.1E4
Bindon
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goef
Based ono.
Health Effecu
8.6
(.002)
50
10
Beted on
Ecdogicel
Effectt
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Neural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects T
8.6
(.002)
50
10 -
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
fBased on data for 1,4-dioxane.
A-149
-------
CATEGORY: 38 WIN:
2-ETHYL-4-METHYL-1.3-DIQXOLANE: CcHi^O?- 03B060.
A liquid. STRUCTURE:
0-
o-
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 116.096; bp: 114-117700
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The odor threshold value for 2-ethyl-4-methyl-l,3-dioxolane
is 0.38 ppm at room temperature (ref. 5). It has been identified in
finished drinking water (ref. 6).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
lexicological data for 2-ethyl-4-methyl-l,3-dioxolane are not available at this time.
Toxic properties are probably similar to those of other cyclic ethers.
LDLo (oral, rat): 2830 mg/kg
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 2,830 = 1.27 x 105 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.27 x 105 = 1.9 x 106 ug/n Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.9 x 106 = 3.8 x 105 u9/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 2,830 = 303 pg/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 2,830 = 229 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 229 = 3,438 ug/4
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 2,830 = 1,132 ug/4
EPCLH = 0.2 x 1,132 = 226 ug/g
A-150
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
Q3B060
2-ETHYL-4-METHYL-1,3-DIOXQLANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.27E5
1.9E6
3.8E5
Based on
Ecological
Effeco
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
229
1,132
226
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water,
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 3B
Ethers - Cyclic Ethers
1. Bond, R. G., C. P. Straub, and R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Environmental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, OH
(1972).
2. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
3. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem-
ical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD
for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
4. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Industrial Venti-
lation: A Manual of Recommended Practice, Fourteenth Edition. American Con-
ference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Lansing, MI (1976).
5. Li Hard, D. A., and J. J. Powers. Aqueous Odor Thresholds of Organic Pollutants
in Industrial Effluents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Rep. 660/4-75-002
(1975).
6. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H". Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
.Identified in Water. EPA Publication" No. 600/4-76-D62, December 1976..
7. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a
Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Dioxane, National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health. U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, DHEW Publication No (NIOSH) 77-226 (1977).
A-152
-------
CATEGORY 4
HALOGENATED ETHERS AND EPOXIDES
SUBCATEGORY: 4A - Monohalogenated Ethers and Epoxides
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory
number of parent compounds with subspecies.
number of subspecies
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only
11
0
0
3
0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory-'
04A020 Chloromethyl methyl ether
04A080 2-Chloroethylmethyl ether
04A100 Chloromethyl ethyl ether
04A120 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether
04A140 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
04A180 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
04A200 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
A-153
-------
CATEGORY; 4A WLN:
CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER: C2H5C10 (dimethyl chloroether,
methyl chloromethyl ether, monochloromethyl ether, STRUCTURE:
CMME). 04A020
A colorless liquid; highly volatile.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 80.51; mp: -103.5; bp: 59.5759; d: 1.0701°;
decomposes in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Since chloromethyl methyl ether hydrolyzes readily, it would not be expected
to remain as such for long periods in waste streams (ref. 1). It is formed by
direct chlorination of methyl ether (ref. 2). Commercial chloromethyl methyl
ether contains a 95 percent minimum of active ingredients, and several percent
bis(chloromethyl )ether as impurity (ref. 1).
Chloromethyl methyl ether is used as a methylating agent; the largest use is
in the preparation of ion exchange resins (ref. 1).
Chloromethyl methyl ether can be determined by hydrolysis and subsequent deter-
mination of the products and by determination in air by combustion and analysis of
the chloride. Turbidimetry, colorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatog-
raphy are used (ref. 2).
H H
Cl-C-0-C-H
H it
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Chloromethyl methyl ether 1s painful to the eyes and nose 1n concentrations greater than 100 ppm. Illness or
death from exposure to vapors can occur from lung edema or secondary pneumonia (ref. 2).
LDjg (oral, rat): 817 mg/kg.
LC5Q (inhalation, rat): 55 ppm for 7 hours; (hamster): 65 ppm for 7 hours (ref. 4).
Evidence of carcinogenicity: Several haloethers are considered potential carcinogens. Chloromethyl methyl
ether is considered a weak carcinogen compared to bis(chloromethyl) ether, a powerful carcinogen (ref. 3). Four
cases of lung cancer among 111 workers exposed to chloromethyl methyl (and bis[chloromethyl] ether as impurity)
suggest an increased risk of human lung cancer associated with the compound (ref. 1).
Tumors have also been observed in three animal species exposed to pure chloromethyl methyl ether. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number is 7424. The lowest dosage reported to result in an oncogenic response is 312 mg/kg. The adjusted
ordering number is 24.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Chloromethyl methyl ether is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 5). It is designated by
OSHA as a cancer-suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 9). Chloroalkyl
ethers, including chloromethyl ether, are listed on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 1.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 10/24
2.9 x 103 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 5,000 = 4-.3 x 104 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 7.5 x 104 = 8.8 x 103 M9/9
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 817 = 87.4 ug/nr
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 817 = 66.2 u9/nr
EPCWH1 = 15 x 66.2 = 993 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 817 * 326.8 ug/1
EPC
EPC
EPC,
LH
AC2
wc
0.2 x 326.8 = 65.4 u9/9
« 103/6 x 24) = 6.9 ug/m3
« 15 x 6.9 * 104 ug/1
EPCLC * o.z x 104 ' 21 ug/g
EPCW£1 = 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/1
EPCL£ • 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 u9/9
A-154
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04A020
CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exuting Standards
NSPS, BFT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goali)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
2.9E3
4.3E4
8.8E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
6.9
104
21
Baled on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, |jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
66.2
326.8
65.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
6.9
104
21
A-155
-------
CATEGORY: 4A WLN:
2-CHLORO-i,2-EPOXYPROPANE: C3H5C10. 04A040
STRUCTURE:
H 0
I A
- -C—C-
PROPERTIES: H Cl H
Molecular wt: 92.50
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
2-Chloro-l,2-epoxypropane is structurally similar to epichlorhydrin (l-chloro-H,3-epoxypropane) and is
probably formed in the epichlorhydrin synthesis.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
,. . lexicological data for 2-chloro-l,2-epoxypropane are not available at this time. Toxicity may be expected
to be similar to that of l-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorhydrin).
LD50 (°ra1' rat): 90 rogAg for l-chloro-2,3-expoxypropane.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm for epichlorhydrin (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 20 mg/m (5 ppi^ for epichlorhydrin.
NIOSH recommendation for epichlorhydrin: 2 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm) (ref. 9).
>MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
_ Air, Health: 2 x 103 yg/m3 (0.5 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2 x TO3 - 3.0 x 104 pg/s. Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 vg/t
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.0 x 104 = 6.0 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 103 = 200 ug/9
* ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAm = 103 x 2/420 = 4.8 ug/m3
EPCAHla * 0.5/420 = 0.001 ppm
EPC - 15 x 4.8 = 72
EPCUH2 = 13.8 x 2 = 27.6
50 x 10 . 500
EPCLH = °'2 x 27-6 * 5-5 u9/g EPCLE * 0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/g
*Based on NIOSH recommendation for l-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorhydrin).
A-156
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04A040
2-CH LORO-1 ,2-EPOXYPROPAN E
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standardi
NSPS. BFT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute t
Toxicity Effluent T
Baied on
Health Effects
2.0E3
(0.5)
3.0E4
6.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal* f
Based on
Health Effects
5
(0.001)
28
6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated ,
Permissible Concentration '
A. Based on
Health Effects
5
(0.001)
28
6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
t Based on data for epichlorhydrin.
A-157
-------
CATEGORY: 4A
EPICHLORHYDRIN: CjHcCIO (l-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane, chloro-
methyloxirane, y-cnloropropylene oxide). 04A050
A colorless, mobile liquid with an irritating, chloroform-like
odor.
WLN: T30TJ BIG
STRUCTURE:
H— CHCH2CI
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 92.53; bp: 117.9; mp: -25.6; d: 1.801;
vap. press.: 10 mm at 16.6; vap. d: 3.29; slightly soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The threshold for odor recognition is about'10 ppm (ref. 6). This is equivalent
to approximately 40 mg/m .
Epichlorhydrin is synthesized from petroleum products and used in the manufacture of epoxy resins and
other products (ref. 11).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane is irritating and toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Marked nose and eye
irritation occur at levels over 100 ppm (ref. 6). As low as 20 ppm is reported to cause eye effects (ref. 4).
LD50 Coral, rat): 90 mg/kg.
1C, (inhalation, rat): 250 ppm for 4 hours.
l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane is cumulative (ref. 7), and chronic exposure may cause kidney injury (ref. 7).
l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane is reported to cause tumors in mice. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 3101.
The lowest dose to induce an oncogenic response is reported as 720 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 4.3.
An increased frequency of mutations has been observed in bacteria and other lower organisms following
exposure to the substance (ref. 11).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV => 20 mg/m3 (5 ppm). (Epichlorhydrin is listed by ACGIH as an "Industrial substance suspect of
Carcinogenic potential.")
Epichlorhydrin is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure is 2 mg/m (0.5 ppm) as a time-weighted average (ref. 10).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 2 x 103 ug/m3 (0-5 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2 x 103 = 3.0 x 104 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.0 x 104 = 6.0 x 103 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10
Land, Ecology:
1.0 x 10J ug/4
0.2 x 1.0 x 103 = 200 pc
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
'AMI
EPC
EPCAHla
EPCWH1 '
EPCWH2 "
EPCLH »
EPCAC2 '
EPCWC'
EPCLC '
10J x 2/420 = 4.8 ug/
0.5/420 » 0.001 ppm
15 x 4.8 - 72 vgfi.
13.8 x 2 = 27.6 ug/l
0.2 x 27.6 = 5.5 ug/g
103/(6 x 4.3)
15 x 39 = 581
0.2 x 581 * 115 ug/g
= 39 ug/mj
yg/4
EPCWE1 = 50 x 10 = 500 ug/i
EPC,£ « 0.2 x 500 = 100
A-158
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04A050
EPICHLORHYDRIN
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.0E3
(0.5)
3.0E4
6.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
5
28
6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, (jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
5
28
6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
39
581
116
A-159
-------
CATEGORY: 4*
1-CHLORO-1 ,3-EPOXYPROPANE: C-jHj
(1-chloro-l ,2-oxetane). 04A060
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 92.5
WLN:
STRUCTURE;
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
l-Chloro-l,3-epoxypropane has been demonstrated to be bactericidal to Staphlococcus aureus at low
concentrations (ref. 8). Toxicological data for 1-chloro-l,3-epoxypropane are not available at this time.
Toxic properties may be expected to be similar to those of l-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorhydrin).
LDj. (oral, rat): 90 mg/kg for epichlorhydrin.
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: 100-10 ppm for epichlorhydrin (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV » 20 mg/m (5 ppm) for epichlorhydrin.
NIOSH recommendation for epichlorhydrin: 2 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm)(ref. 10).
* MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 2 x 103 wg/m3 (0.5 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2 x 103 * 3.0 x 104
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.0 x 104 « 6.0 x 103 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 =- 1.0 x 103 ug/i.
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 * 200 ug/g
* ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 2/420 =4.8 ug/mj
EPCAHU = 0.5/420 = 0.001 ppm
EPC
WH1
15 x 4.8 = 72
50 x 10 = 500 yg/t
EPCHH2 = 13.8 x 2 = 27.6 ug/i
EPCLH = 0.2 x 27.6 = 5.5 Mg/g EPCLE = 0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/g
*Based on NIOSH recommendation for l-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorhydrin).
A-160
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04A060
1-CHLORO-1,3-EPOXYPROPANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
mSO Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent "f"
Based on
Health Effects
2.0E3
(0.5)
3.0E4
6.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal* J.
Based on
Health Effects
5
(0.001)
28
6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated j.
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
5
(0.001)
28
6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tBased on data for epichlorhydrin.
A-161
-------
CATEGORY; 4A
2-CHLOROETHYLHETHYL ETHER: C3H7C10. 04A080
A colorless 1iquid.
WLM:
STRUCTURE:
H H
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 94.54;pb: 92-93; d: 1,0345^°; soluble in water.
Cl H H
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
lexicological data for 2-chloroethylmethyl ether are not available at this time. Acute toxicity may be
similar to that of chlocomethyl methyl ether.
LD50 (oral, rat): 817 mg/kg for chloromethyl methyl ether.
Several haloethers (including chloromethyl methyl ether) are considered potential carcinogens.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Chloroalkyl ethers, Including chloromethyl and chloroethyl ethers, are listed on the EPA Consent Decree
List, Priority 1.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
A-162
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04A080
2-CHLOROETHYL METHYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Bawd on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
*
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxiclty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Ah, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
8. Based on
Ecological Effects
-
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-163
-------
CATEGORY: 4A WLN:
cHLoRoMEtHVL ETHYL ETHER: c3H7cio. 04Aioo
A liquid. STRUCTURE;
Cl
H2C—0—C2
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 94.54; bp: 83 at 763 mm; d: 1.0372°
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
lexicological data for chloromethyl ethyl ether are not available at this time. Acute toxicity may be
similar to that of chloromethyl methyl ether.
LD50 (oral, rat): 817 mg/kg for chloromethyl methyl ether.
Several haloethers (including chloromethyl methyl ether) are considered potential carcinogens.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Chloromethyl ethers, including chloromethyl and chloroethyl ethers, are listed on the EPA Consent Decree
List, Priority 1.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
A-164
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04 A100
CHLOROMETHYL ETHYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,Mg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimaln
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acuta
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
' Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effacts
Baled on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, |ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-165
-------
CATEGORY: 4A WLIM:
2-CHLOROETHYL ETHYL ETHER: C,HQC10
1 9 STRUCTURE:
(2-chloro-diethyl ether). 04A120
A liquid.
ri H H H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 108.57; bp: 107-108; d: 0.9394?°; C1 H
slightly soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
lexicological data for chloroethyl ethyl ether are not available. Acute toxicity may be similar to that of
chloroethyl vinyl ether.
LD5Q (oral, rat): 250 mg/kg for 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (ref. 4).
LC^Q (inhalation, rat): 250 ppm for 4 hours for 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (ref. 4).
Several haloethers, including chloromethyl methyl ether, are considered potential carcinogens.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Chloroalkyl ethers, including 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether, are listed on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 1.
MINIMUM ACUTE VOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:45 x 250 » 1.1 x 10* vg/mj Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.1 x 104 • 1.7 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.7 x 105 = 3.4 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 * 0.107 x 250 = 27 vg/m*
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 250 = 20 yg/m3
EPCwm = 15 x 20 * 300 vg/t
EPCWH2 = °'4 x 25° = 10° vg/i
EPCLH = 0.2 x 100 = 20 ug/g
*Based on acute toxicity data for 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether.
A-166
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04 A120
2-CHLOROETHYL ETHYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on j,
Health Effects
1.1 E4
1.7E5
3.4E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on j,
Health Effect.
20
100
20
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, f/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on ,
Health Effects"
20
100
20
8. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
I
tBased on acute toxicity data for 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether.
A-167
-------
CATEGORY: 4A
2-CHLOROETHYL VINYL ETHER:
A liquid. 04A140
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 106.55; bp: 109 at 740 mm; d: 1.0525.
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
H H H H
:—C—0—C=C-
H—0
I I
Cl H
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 1s used as an Intermediate 1n chemical reactions and 1n the manufacture of
polymers (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LD,
'50 (oral, rat): 250 mg/kg (ref. 4).
LCLfl (Inhalation, rat): 250 ppm for 4 hours (ref. 4).
Several haloethers, Including chloromethyl methyl ether) are considered potential carcinogens.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Chloroalkyl ethers, including 2-chloroetnyl vinyl ether, are listed on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority-1.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:45 x 250 = 1.1 x 10* ug/mj
Water, Health: 15 x 1.1 x. 104 = 1.7-x 105 pg/n.
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.7 x 105 = 3.4 x 104 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 * 0.107 x 250 = 27 yg/mj
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 250 * 20 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 20 = 300 ug/i
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 250 = 100 ug/t
EPCLH = 0.2 x 100 • 20 ug/g
A-168
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04A140
2-CHLOROETHYL VINYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxioty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.1E4
1.7E5
3.4E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
20
TOO
20
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, (jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, (ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
20
TOO
20
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-169
-------
CATEGORY: 4A
a-CHLOROBUTYL ETHYL ETHER: C6H13C10. 04A160
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 136.62
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
H H H H H H
i i i i r i
H-C-C-C-C-0-C-C-H
i i i i ii
H H H Cl H H
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Tox1cological data for crchlorobutyl ethyl ether are not available at this time.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
A-170
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04 A160
a-CHLOROBUTYL ETHYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
A-171
-------
CATEGORY: 4A WLN;
4-CHLOROPHEHYL PHENYl ETHER: C,,H0C10
u y STRUCTURE:
A water-clear, oily liquid. 04A180
PROPERTIES: C1
Molecular wt: 204.5; bp: 153; d: 1.19JJ ; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The chlorinated phenyl ethers present serious industrial handling hazards, the toxicity increasing with
the degree of chlorination (ref. 7). The monochlorinated compounds do not present serious hazards as do the
higher chlorinated ethers (ref. 2).
The feeding of 1.9 g/kg to rabbits over 29 days produced no effect (ref. 2).
Oral lethal dose for guinea pigs is 0.6 to 0.7 g/kg (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Haloethers, including 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether, are included in the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
TLV = 0.5 mg/m for chlorinated diphenyl oxides containing 54 and 57S chlorine.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:45 x 600 = 2.7 x 104 yg/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 2.7 x 104 = 4.1 x 105 yg/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4.1 x 105 = 8.1 x 104 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 600 = 64 ug/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 600 = 48.6 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 48.6 = 729 ug/n
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 600 = 240 U9/i
EPC = Q.2 x 240 = 48 yg/g
A-17 2
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04 A180
4-CHLOROPHENYL PHENYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS |
Air,jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitinutn
(R&O Go.li)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acutt
ToxicSty Efflutnt
Based on
Hnllh Effects
2.7E4
4.1E5
8.1E4
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Ltwl Goal*
Based on
Health Effecu
49
240
48
Bnedon
Ec
-------
CATEGORY: 4A WLN:
4-BROHOPHENYL PHENYL ETHER: C12H.BrO. 04A200
(4-bromodiphenyl ether) STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES: ..
Molecular wt: 249.11; mp: 18.7; bp: 310; d: 1,4208^;
Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxicological data for 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether are not available at this time.
Effects are probably similar to those of 4-chlorophenyl phenyl eth.er.
Lethal dose (oral, guinea pig): 600 mg/kg for 4-chloropheny1 phenyl ether.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Haloethers, including 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether, are included in the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
*MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 600 = 2.7 x 104 u9/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.7 x 1Q4 = 4.1 x 105 yg/t Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4.1 x 105 • 8.1 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
*ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 600 * 64 yg/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 600 = 48.6 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 48.6 • 729 vg/t
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 600 = 240 ug/s.
EPCLH " °'2 x 24° = 48 vg/9
*Based on acute toxicity data for 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether.
A-174
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04A200
4-BROMOPHENYL PHENYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, //g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Gods)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent •)•
Based on
Health Effect!
2.7E4
4.1E5
8.1E4
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal* j.
Based on
Health Effacti
49
240
48
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, (jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on ,
Health Effects '
49
240
48
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tBased on acute toxicity data for 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether.
A-175
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 4A
Halogenated Ethers and Epoxides - Monohalogenated Ethers and Epoxides
1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 4, Lyon, France. A World
Health Organization (WHO), Geneva (1974).
2. Hake, C. L., and V. K. Rowe. Ethers. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.
Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2. F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience Publishers,
New York, NY (1963T
3. Van Duuren, B. L. Tumor-Promoting and Co-Carcinogenic Agents in Chemical Car-
cinogenesis. Chemical Carcinogens. C.E. Searle, Ed., Washington, DC (1976).
4. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem-
ical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD
for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
5. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor. Hazard
Review Document. Federal Register 39, No. 20, 3756-3757 (1974).
6. Hine, C. H., and V. K. Rowe. Epoxy Compounds. Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology. Second Edition. Vol. 2. F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience Publishers,
New York, NY (1963).
7. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
8. Pierce, Arleen. Use of 1-Chlorotrimethylene Oxide as A Vapor Phase Sterilant.
J. of Am. Chem. Soc. 11: 3395 (1975).
9. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Toxic
and Hazardous Substances. Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.
10. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a
Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Epichlorhydrin. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. HEW Publication No: (NIOSH) 76-206 (1976).
A-176
-------
CATEGORY 4
HALOGENATED ETHERS AND EPOXIDES
SUBCATEGORY: 4B - Dihalogenated and Polyhalogenated Ethers
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory
number of parent compounds with subspecies.
number of subspecies
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
6
0
0
2
0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory:
04B020 l.V-Dlchloromethyl ether
04B040 1,1'-Dichlorodiethyl ether
04B060 1,2-Dichloroethyl ethyl ether
04B080 2,2'-Dichlorod1ethyl ether
04B100 2,2'-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether
04B120 1,2-Dichlorodiisobutyl ether
A-177
-------
CATEGORY: 4B WUM: GIOIG
l.l'-OICHLOROMETHYL ETHER: CjH^^O (oxy bis[chloromethane],
bis(chloromethyl)ether). 04B020 STRUCTURE: cl cl
A colorless, volatile liquid with a suffocating odor. i ,
H-C-0-C-H
H H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 114.96; bp: 105; d: 1.328J5; vap. d: 4.0;
decomposes in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
l,l'-0ichloromethyl ether does not occur in nature as such. It can be formed from the reaction of
HCOH and HC1 in air in low ppb levels when HCOH and HC1 are present in 500 to 10,000 ppm (ref. 1).
Photochemical reactions are not likely as there is little or no absorption in the solar region (ref. 1).
In water, l.l'-dichloromethyl ether decomposes into HC1 and HCOH (ref. 2). Its half-life in water is
10 to 40 seconds (ref. 1).
In moist air (70 percent relative humidity), concentrations from 10 to 100 ppm are stable for 18 hr
(ref. 2). It has been reported in water in one city at 0.5 ug/1 (ref. 3).
It is probable that the half-lives in soil and soil organisms are short, and that food chain trans-
fers are consequently nonexistent (ref. 1).
l,l'-0ichloromethyl ether is used in the preparation of textile aids, and in the preparation of
anion exchange resins (ref. 4). It can be detected with high resolution mass spectsescopy down to 0.1 ppb
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LD5Q (oral, rat): 210 mg/kg (ref. 5);
LC5Q (Inhalation, rat): 7 ppm/4 hr (ref. 5). (mouse): 25 mg/m3/6 hours.
Exposure to 1,1'dlchloromethyl ether may constitute a lung cancer risk among workers exposed to 1t as a con-
taminant 1n the manufacture of chloromethyl methyl ether (refs. 2,4). There were six cases of lung cancer reported
among 18 males 1n a testing laboratory, and two cases out of 50 production workers. Both groups were exposed
for 6 to 9 years with the latent period from first exposure to diagnosis from 8 to 16 years (ref. 1).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on cardnogenldty 1s 7327. The lowest effective dosage 1s 50 mg/kg. The
adjusted ordering number 1s 147.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV = 0.005 mg/m3 (0.001 ppm). This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of
l.l'-dichloromethyl ether (ref. 4). It is designated a human carcinogen by the ACGIH.
l,l'-0ichloromethyl ether is on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 1.
bis-Chloromethyl ether is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 6). It is designated a
cancer suspect agent by OSHA. Special precautions for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 7).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 5 ug/m (0.001 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5 = 75 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 75 = 15 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 210 - 22.5 ug/m3
EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 210 * 17.0 ug/m3
EPCWH1 > 15 x 17 • 255 ug/1
EPCWH2 -0.4 x 210 • 84 W9/l
EPCLH,. 0.2 x 84 • 17 ug/g
EPCAC1 • 103 x 0.005/420 • 0.01 wg/m3
EPCACla • 0,001/420 • 2.4 x 10"6 ppm
EPCAC2 " 103/(6 x 147) • 1 ug/m3 A-178
EPCWC • 15 x 0.01 - 0.15 U9/1
EPCLC • 0.2 x 0.15 • 0.03 yg/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xxx
04B020
1,1'-DICHLOROMETHYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt|
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BfT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0EO
(0.001)
7.5E1
1.5E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.01
(2.4 x 1
0.15
0.03
Based on
Ecotagicaf
Effects
o-6)
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
17.0
84
17
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.01 ,
(2.4 x 10"6)
0.15
0.03
A-179
-------
CATEGORY: 48
l.l'-OICHLORODIETHYL ETHER: C,H,C120. 046040
A colorless liquid.
WIN:
STRUCTURE;
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 143. 02; bp: 116-117; d: 1.1060,5;
decomposes in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acute toxicity data for 1,l'-dichlorodiethyl ether is currently unavailable. Toxicity is probably similar to
that of 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl ether.
LDgo (oral, rat): 75 mg/kg for 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl ether (ref. 5).
Evidence of carcinogenicity: 1 ,T-dichlorodiethyl ether is reported to produce tumors in mice. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number is 3101. The lowest effective dosage is 2400 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1.3.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000 - 100 ppm for 2,2'-dichlorod1ethyl ether (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Chloroalkyl ethers, including chloroethyl ethers, are listed in the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 1.
TLV for 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl ether « 30 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 3.0 x 104 ug/n3 (5 ppn)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.0 x ]04 =• 4.5. x 105 ug/n
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4.5 x 105 » 9.0 x 104 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 vg/i
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 ug/g
EPCAH1
EPCAHla
EPCWH1
EPCWH2
EPCLH
EPCAC2
EPCWC
EPCLC
• 10J x 30/420 = 71 ug/m3
= 5/420 =0.01 ppm
= 15 x 71 = 1,070 ug/t
• 13.8 x 30 - 414 ug/t
= 0.2 x 414 = 83 yg/g
* 103/(6x 1.3) = 128 ug/m3
• 15 x 128 =• 1,923 ug/i
• 0.2 x 1,923 * 385 ug/g
EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/z
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 ug/g
*Acute toxicity values based on TLV for 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl ether. Ecology values based on data for 2,2'
dlchlorodlethyl ether.
A-180
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04B040
1,1'-DICHLORODIETHYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m'
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Butt Technology
A. Exuling Standard!
NSPS, BKT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatn
(R&D Goali)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute 4.
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effect!
3.0E4
4.5E5
9.0E4
Baud on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal* t
Bated on
Health Effecti
71
(0.01)
414
83
Baled on
Ecological
Effecti
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, (jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti
B. Baud on
Ecological Effecti
II. Toxicity Based Estimated f
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effecti
71
(0.01)
414
83
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baled on Health Effects
128
1,923
385
t Based on data for 2,2'-d7chlorodiethyl ether.
A-181
-------
CATEGORY: 48 WLN:
1,2-OICHLOROETHYL ETHYL ETHER: C4H8C120. 04B060
A colorless liquid. STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES: -
H CI
Molecular wt: 143.02; bp: 145; d: 1.137o2°;
decomposes in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Several haloethers are considered potential carcinogens.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Chloroalkly ethers , including chloroethyl ethers, are listed in the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 1.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
A-182
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04B060
1,2-DICHLOROETHYL ETHYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, j/g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, Aig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engmeermg Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
•'
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/|
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-183
-------
CATEGORY:
48
(b1s(2-chloroethyl)ether ,
Z.Z'-DICHLORODIETHYL ETHER: C4H
1 ,1 '-oxybis(2-chloroethane}).
A colorless, clear liquid with a pungent odor. 04B080
WIN: G202G
STRUCTURE!
C1-CH2-CH2-0-CH2-CH2-C1
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 143.02; mp: -51.7;bp: 178; d: 1.2199|°;
vap. press: 1.4 mm at 25; vap. d: 4.93; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
All ethers tend to form explosive peroxides. The odor of 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl ether is easily detected
at concentrations of 35 ppm (ref. 8).
2,2'-Qichlorodiethyl ether has been identified in samples from public drinking water supplies
in concentrations of 0.42 vg/i (ref. 3).
It is used in scouring of textiles, in purification of oils, and as an insecticidal soil fumigant (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl ether acts as an irritant to eyes and upper respiratory tract and affects the
kidneys and liver in varying degrees. It is absorbed through the skin (refs. 8, 10). Concentrations
of 35 ppm are nearly free of irritative effects (ref. 8).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 75 mg/kg (ref. 5).
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 1,000 ppm/45 min (ref. 5).
2,2'-01chlorodiethyl ether is reported to produce tumors in mice. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 3111.
The lowest dose to induce a carcinogenic response is reported as 33 gm/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 0..09.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000 - 100 ppm (ref. 5).
Phytotoxicity: The compound is reported to be very phytotoxic and should be used only on bare soil (ref. 9).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 30 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.0 x 104 ug/m3 (5 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 104 » 4.5 x 105 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4.5 x 105 * 9.0 x 104 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10'
1.0 x 10'
,4
ug/t
2.0 x 10J ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
'AMI
EPC
EPCAHla
EPCWH1 -
EPCWH2 '
EPCLH =
10J x 30/420 • 71 ug/m
» 5/420 = 0.01 ppm
15 x 71 = 1,070 ug/n
13.8 x 30 = 414 ug/2
0.2 x 414 = 83 ug/g
EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/i
EPCL£ ' 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 ug/g
A-184
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04B080
2,2'-DICHLORODlETHYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, iigtg
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
6. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E4
4.5E5
9.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
71
(0.01
414
83
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<0.4t
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, j/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.01)
414
83
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water.
A-185
-------
CATEGORY: 4B WLN:
~2,2'-DlCHILORODliSOPROPYl ETHER: C6H1?C1,0. 04B100
(b1s-(2-chloro-l -methylethyl)ether°, Bisfa-chloroisopropyl)ether) STRUCTURE:
H CH, CH,H
II3 I Ji
H- C- C-O-C-C -H
>i ii
Cl H H Cl
PROPERTIES:
Molecular weight: 171.016
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Di-2-chloroisopropyl ether is a byproduct in the manufacturing of propylene
glycol. The compound has commercial use as a solvent for fats, greases, and waxes.
It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, resins, and Pharmaceuticals (ref. 10).
Di-2-chloroisopropyl ether was identified as the major organic component in the
carbon chloroform extract of Evansville, Indiana municipal drinking water. The compound
was not easily removed from drinking water by conventional technology (ref. 11).
compound appears to be widespread in U.S. rivers (ref. 11).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Di-2-chloroisopropyl ether is reported to be less toxic, orally and by inhalation, than
dichloroethyl ether. Ueleterious effects of d1-2-ch1oroisopropyl ether are found in the liver
and kidneys. Although the compound is readily absorbed through the skin, it has little effect
on it (ref. 10)
LD50 (oral, rat): 240 mg/kg (ref. 5).
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 700 ppm for 5 hours (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 240 = 1.08 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.08 x 104 = 1.62 x 105 jjg/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.62 x 105 = 3.24 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 240 = 25.7 ug/m3
EPCftH3 = 0.081 x 240 = 19.4 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 19.4 = 291 yg/H
EPC.j,, = 0.4 x 240 " 96 ug/i
WH£ '
EPCLH = 0.2 x 96 • 19.2 ug/g
A-186
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04B100
2,2'-DICHLORODIISOPROPYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standard!
MSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goal!)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.1E4
1.6E5
3.2E4
Sued on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
19
96
19
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
19
96
19
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-187
-------
CATEGORY: 48 WUN:
1.2-OICHLORODIISOBUTYL ETHER: C3H16C120 04B120
A liquid. STRUCTURE:
Cl Cl
! I
H.,C— C— CH— 0— CH,— CH — CH,
t I J
PROPERTIES: CH;j
Molecular wt: 199.12; bp: 192.5; d: 1.031|; decomposes in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxicological data for 1,2-dichlorodiisobutyl ether are not available
at this time.
Several haloethers are considered potential carcinogens.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
Chloroalkyl ethers are listed in the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 1.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
A-188
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
04B120
1,2-DICHLORODHSOBUTYL ETHER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Leva! Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, vg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-189
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 4B
Halogenated Ethers - Dihalogenated and Polyhalogenated Ethers
1. Radding, S. B., et al. Review of the Environmental Fate of Selected
Chemicals. Prepared by Stanford Research Institute under contract 68-01-2681
for Office of Toxic Substances, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC. EPA 560/4-75-001 (1977).
2. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 4, Lyon, France. A World
Health Organization (WHO), Geneva (1974).
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. Preliminary
Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water: Report to Congress.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1975).
4. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements.
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
5. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD for
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication No.
(NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
6. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor. Hazard
Review Document. Federal Register 39, No. 20, 3756-3757 (1974).
7. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Toxic
and Hazardous Substances. Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.
8. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth Edition.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
9. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs,
Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NO (1976).
10. Hake, C. L., and V. K. Rowe. Ethers. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology,
Second Revised Edition. Vol. 2_, F. A. Patty Ed., Interscience Publishers,
New York, NY (1963TT
11. Kleopfer, R. D., and B. J. Fairless. Characterization or Organic Compounds in
a Municipal Water Supply. Env. Sci. and Tech. 6(12): 1036-1037, November
1972.
A-190
-------
CATEGORY 5
ALCOHOLS
SUBCATEGORY: 5A - Primary Alcohols
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 11
number of parent compounds with subspecies 1
number of subspecies 4
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-191
-------
CATEGORY:
5A
METHANOL: CH40 (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, carbinol).
A colorless, flammable, mobile liquid. 05A020
WLN: Ql
STRUCTURE:
CHjOH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 32.04; bp: 64.96; mp: -97.8; d: 0.7914g/ml;
vap. press: 160 mm at 59.4°; miscible with water; vap. d: 1.11.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Hethanol is a product of the destructive distillation of wood. Methanol may be formed by the reaction
of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of catalysts. Rural concentration in air is reported as
1.2 ppb (ref. 1). This is equivalent to 1.6 yg/m . The odor recognition level for methanol is reported
to be as low as 4.8 mg/m (ref. 2). Methanol is a common air contaminant. It is used as a food additive
permitted in foods for human consumption (ref. ?).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Methanol possesses narcotic properties and is an irritant to the mucous membranes. It is considered
a cumulative poison due to the low rate of excretion once it is absorbed. In the body, methanol is oxidized
to formaldehyde and formic acid; both these metabolites are toxic. Methanol mainly affects the nervous
system, particularly the optic nerve. Severe exposures may eventually cause death or blindness (ref. 3).
Methanol is absorbed through the skin. The lowest lethal oral dose for humans is listed as 340 mg/kg.
Ingestion of 100 mg/kg by humans has resulted in effects to the eyes; inhalation of 300 ppm has resulted
in effects to the central nervous system (ref. 4). The biological half-life for methanol is reported as
0.289 days or about 7 hours (ref. 5).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 13 g/kg.
LCrg (inhalation, monkey): 1,000 ppm.
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 260 mg/m3 (200 ppm).
Methanol is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document; recommended standard is 200 ppm with a
ceiling of 800 ppm (ref. 6).
Listed on Second Priority Chemical List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 7).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.6 x 105 ug/m3 (200 ppm)
Uater, Health: 15 x 2.6 x 105 = 3.9 x 106 ug/l
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.9 x 106 = 7.8 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 ug/l
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 = 2.0 x 104 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
'AH1 "
'AH la
EPCWH1 = 15 x 619
EPC,
'WH2
10 x 260/420 * 619 ug/m°
200/420 =0.5 ppm
9,300 ug/l
13.8 x 260 = 3,600 ug/l
720 ug/g
EPCLH = 0.2 x 3,600
EPCWE1 = 50 x >1,000 = >50,000
EPCLE = 0.2 x 50,000 = 10,000
A-192
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05A020
METHANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /*g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.6E5
(200)
3.9E6
7.8E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
619
(0.5)
3,600
720
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
1.6
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
619
(0.5)
3,600
720
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-193
-------
CATEGORY:
5A
WLN: Q2
STRUCTURE:
CHjCHjOH
ETHANOL: C2HgO (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol).
A clear, flammable, colorless, fragrant liquid with a
burning taste. 05A040
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 46.07; bp: 78.5; mp: -116; d: 0.7893;
vap. press: 275 mm at 54.8°; completely miscible with water;
vap. d: 1.59.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Ethanol is produced commercially by the fermentation of grains or molasses.
Ingestion causes an inebriating effect.
Rural concentration in air is reported as 1.2 ppb (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 2.25 pg/m3.
The odor recognition level for ethanol in air is 21-93 mg/m3 (ref. 2).
Ethanol has been identified in samples from public water supplies in concentrations of 5 ug/s (ref. 8).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Ethanol is rapidly oxidized in the body, mainly to carbon dioxide and water. Cumulative effects do not
occur, but repeated ingestion can lead to chronic alcoholism. Exposure to concentrations over 1,000 ppm may
cause headaches, irritation to upper respiratory tract and eyes, and drowsiness and inability to concentrate
(ref. 3). The lowest lethal dose reported for humans is 2,000 mg/kg. The lowest toxic dose reported is
50 mg/kg (ref. 4). The biological half-life for ethanol is reported as 10 hours (ref. 9).
L050 (oral, rat): 13.7 g/kg (ref. 3).
Carcinogenic effects in mice have been observed as a result of large doses. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
is 3112. The lowest dose resulting in a carcinogenic effect is 100 gm/kg. The adjusted ordering number is
0.03. The compound is not considered a highly active carcinogen.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: >1,000 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1,900 mg/m (1,000 ppm) (based primarily on irritative rather than toxic properties).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.9 x 106 i-g/m3 (1000 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.9 x 106 = 2.9 x 107 ug/1
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 ug/l
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.9 x 107 = 5.8 x 106 jg/g Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 =2.0 x 1O4
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
'AH1
103 x 1,900/420 <= 4,520 ug/rn3
EPCAHla ° 1.000/420 = 2.4 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 4,520 = 68,000 ug/1
EPCWH2 * 13.8 x 1,900 = 26,000 ^g/
EPCLH = 0.2 x 25,000 = 5,200 ^g/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x >1,000 = >50,000 yg/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 50,000 = 10,000 -g/g
A-194
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05A040
ETHANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, MB/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BCT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimates
(R&D Qoali)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.9E6
(1,000)
2.9E7
5.8E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
4,520
(2.4)
26,000
52,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
2.25
<5t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
4,520
(2.4)
26,000
5,200
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water,
A-195
-------
CATEGORY:
1-PROPANOL:
5A
(n-propyl alcohol, 1-nydroxypropane).
WLfJ: Q3
STRUCTURE:
A colorless, volatile liquid. 05A060
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 60.09; bp: 97.1;mp: -126.1;
d: 0.8044; vap. press.: 198mm (65.94° C); very
soluble in water; vap. d: 2.08.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
In industrial areas, ambient concentration of 1-propanol is reported as 61.8 ppm, or 152 mg/m3 (ref. 1).
Propanol is not used as extensively as other alcohols; uses include solvents, synthetic resins,
laquers, cleaners, and Pharmaceuticals (ref. 10).
Propanol has been identified in samples from public drinking water supplies at a concentration of
1.0 vg/l (ref. 8).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
1-Propanol is slightly more toxic than 2-propanol, which is not considered an important toxic
hazard (ref. 3). The principal action of 1-propanol is that of a mild narcotic (ref. 11). Depressant
action is similar to ethyl alcohol (ref. 12).
Ingestion of 5,700 mg/kg of 1-propanol resulted in death for a human (ref. 4).
LD5Q(oral, rat): 1,870 mg/kg.
LCLo(inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppm/4 hr.
The compound has produced carcinogenic effects in rats at very high dosages. The EPA/NIOSH ordering
number is 4112. The lowest dosage to produce a carcinogenic response is reported as 6 g/kg. The adjusted
ordering number is 0.7. Propanol is not considered a highly active carcinogen.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 500 mg/m3 (200 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 5.0 x 105 ug/m3 (200 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 5.0 x 105 = 7.5 x 106 yg/l
Land, Health: 0.2 x 7.5 x 1C6 = 1.5 x 106 Mq/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
100 x 100 = 1.0 x 10* ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 = ?..0 x 10 -g/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCA1 = 103 x 500/420 = 1,200 pg/m3
EPC
AH1
AHla
200/420 =
EPCWH1 = 15 x 1,200 = 18,000 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 500 = 6,900 ug/1
1,380 ug/g
EPC.H * 0.2 x 6,900
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 -jQ
A-196
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05A060
1-PROPANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, A/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E5
(200)
7.5E6
1.5E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
1,200
(0.5)
6,900
1,380
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
152,000
(61.8)t
1|
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, (VI
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,200
(0.5)
6,900
1,380
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tValue is reported for industrial areas. No rural concentration is reported.
tPublic drinking water.
A-197
-------
CATEGORY: 5A
n-BUTANOL: C4H1Q0 (butyl alcohol, 1-butanol).
A colorless, volatile liquid. 05A030
WLN: Q4
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 74.12; mp; -79.9; bp: 117.7;
?fi
d: .8109^; vap. d: 2.56; vap. press.: 6.5 mm at 25°;
solubility: 7.7 percent in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
n-Butanol
The rural concentration for n-butanol is reported as 126 ppb (ref. 1). This is equivalent to
381 yg/m . The odor recognition level for n-butanol is reported as 33 mg/m3 (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Due to low volatility, few cases of poisoning in industry have been reported. Toxic effects
of n-butanol include eye irritation with corneal inflammation, slight headache and dizziness,
slight irritation of nose and throat, and dermatitis on fingers (ref. 3). NO narcotic or
irritative effects are anticipated at 100 ppm (302 mg/m3) (ref. 11), although inhalation by
humans at 25 ppm (76 mg/m ) has been reported to cause irritative effects (ref. 4").
LD5Q (oral, rat): 790 mg/kg.
LC5Q (inhalation, rat): 78,000 ppm for 4 hours (ref. 11).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 150 mg/m3 (50 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTe TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.50 x 105 yg/m3 (50 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.5 x 105 = 2.25 x 105 yg/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.25 x 106 = 4.5 x 105 bg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 jg/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 = 2.0 x 104 ^g/
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH1
10J x 150/420 = 357 ug/nT
EPCAHla = 50/420 =
EPC,
'WH1
= 15 x 357 = 5,400 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13-8 x
2,070 ug/1
EPC. u = 2.0 x 2,070 = 400 ^c
Ln
EPC,
'WEI
EPC
LE
50 x >1,000 = >50,000 -g/1
2.0 x 50,00^ = 10,000
A-198
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05A080
n-BUTANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jt/g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E5
(50)
2.3E6
4.5E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
357
(0.12)
2,070
400
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
381
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
357
(0.12)
2,070
400
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-199
-------
CATEGORY: 5A
ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL: C^H^O (2-methyl-l-propanol, isobutanol).
A clear, sweet-smelling liquid. 05A100
STRUCTURE:
CH3CHCH2OH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 74.12; bp: 108.3; fp: -108;
d: 0.80322Q; vap. d: 2.56; vap. press.: 12.2 mm
at 25°; solubility: 10 percent in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Isobutyl alcohol has a higher vapor pressure than 1-butanol; hence,
under similar conditions, higher concentrations of isobutyl alcohol
will be encountered (ref. 10).
2-Methyl-1-propanol
(Isobutyl alcohol)
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Isobutyl alcohol is considered more toxic than 1-butanol (ref. 11). It ray be a skin irritant
(ref. 10). Effects of exposure to high air concentrations have caused eye and throat irritation,
loss of appetite and weight, and corneal effects (ref. 10). it acts as a narcotic in high
concentrations (ref. 12).
LD50 (oral, rat): 2,460 mg/kg.
LC,Q (inhalation, rat): 8,000 ppm for 4 hours.
Isobutyl alcohol has produced carcinogenic effects in rats at very high dosages. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number is 4112. The lowest dose to produce carcinogenic effects is 9 g/kg. The adjusted
ordering number is 0.5. The compound is not considered a highly active carcinogen.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 150 mg/m3 (50 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.50 x TO5 Hg/m3 (50 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.5 x 105 = 2.25 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.25 x 106 = 4.5 x 105 Mg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 pg/-l
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 = 2,000 uq/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
'AMI
'AHla
•- TW1
EPCWH2
EPC,
LH
O3
150/420 = 0.12 ppm
= 15 x 357 * 5,400 pg/
= 13.8 x 150 = 2,070 u
0.2 x 2,070 = 400 n
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 yq/g
A-200
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05 A100
ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pig/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E5
(50)
2.3E6
4.5E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
357
(0.12)
2,070
400
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, jjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, A/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
357
(0.12)
2,070
400
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-201
-------
CATEGORY:
5A
(amyl alcohols). 05A120
05A121
PENTANOLS,(primary): C^
n-PEHTANOL: (1-pentanol) clear liquid, mild characteristic odor
2-METHYL-l-BUTANOL: liquid. 05A122
2,2-DIMETHYL-l-PROPANOL: volatile crystals, peppermint odor 05A123
3-METHYL-l-BUTANOL: liquid; characteristic, disagreeable odor;
repulsive taste; poisonous vapors. 05A124
PROPERTIES:
~ n -pentanol
2-methyl-l-butanol
2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol
3-methyl-l-butanol
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Pentanols are present in fusel oils. They are obtained by fractionation of fusel oil
and from pentane by chlorination and hydrolysis (ref. 9).
Amyl alcohols are used in the manufacture of lacquers, chemicals, rubber, fruit
essences, and explosives (ref. 9). 3-Methyl-l-butanol is used in the manufacture of
artificial silk, smokeless powders and for determining fat in milk (ref. 12).
Pentanol has been found in samples from public drinking water supplies at concen-
trations of 1.0 ^g/z (ref. 8).
molecular wt
88.
88.
88.
88.
15
15
15
15
:. bp mp
137.5 -79
128
114
132
53
-117.2
0.
0.
0.
0.
d
815
816
812
813
solubility
slightly
slightly
slightly
slightly
• vap.
1 mm
16 mm
1 mm
press.
at
.
at
at
13.6°
20"
10°
vap
3.
3.
.d
03"
00
04
WLN/STRUCTURE;
QS/CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
n-Pentanol ,
(amyl alcohol)
CH,CH,CH CH,OH
3 2, 2
CH3
QlY2/2-Methyl-l-butanol,
(active am^l alcohol )
CH3CHCH2CH2OH
CH3
Q2Y/3-Methyl-l-butanol,
(isoamyl alcohol)
ICH3
CH-C-CH,OH
2,2-Dimethyl-l-propanol :
(neopentyl alcohol)
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Amvl alcohols are about 4 times as toxic as ethyl alcohol. However, they are absorbed slowly due to
low volatility and low solubility in body fluids. Vapors irritate eyes and upper respiratory tract
(ref. 3). 2-Methyl-l-butanol can cause giddiness, headache, coughing, nausea, vomiting, deafness, and
delerium (ref. 3). 3-Methyl-l-butanol can cause central nervous system depression and narcosis (ref. 12)
and has caused irritation in humans at 150 ppm (ref. 4). Inhalation of amyl alcohol vapors can cause
human death (ref. 9).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 3,030 mg/kg for n-pentanol; 4,920 mg/kg for 2-methyl-l-butanol (ref. 4).
At high dosages, 3-methyl-l-butanol has caused tumors in rats. The EPA/NIQSH ordering number is 4112.
lowest dosage producing an oncogenic response is 27 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number is C.15.
Aquatic toxicity: 96 hr TLm: 1,000 - 100 ppm for n-pentanol (ref. 4).
The
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (isoamyl alcohol): 360 mg/m (100 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.60 x 105 yg/m3 (100 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 105 = 5.4 x 10S ^9/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.4 x 105 = 1.1 x 106 ug/q
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2,000 ag/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 10J x 360/420
860 ug/m
100/420 =0.24 ppm
12,900 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 360 = 5,000 ug/1
CPCLH » 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 'jg/g
EPCAHla
EPCWH1 » 15 x 860
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/1
- 0.2 x 5,000 « 1,000 ,g/a
A-202
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05A120
PENTANOLS (primary)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air^ /ag/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ag/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineenng Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
ToKicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.6E5
(100)
5.4E6
1.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
860
(0.24)
5,000
1,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
It
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iug/m3
(pprn Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
860
(0.24)
5,000
1,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water.
A-203
-------
CATEGORY: 5A
BENZYL ALCOHOL: C6H5CH2OH (a-hydroxytoluene, benzene carbinol,
benzene methanol. phenylmethyl alcohol, benzoyl alcohol,
phenyl methanol, phenylcarbinol, a-toluenol).
A colorless liquid with a faint aromatic odor and a sharp
burning taste. 05A140
WLN: Q1R
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 108.15; mp:
vap. d: 3.72; vap. press:
-15.3; bp: 205.35760; d: 1.0419|°;
0.15 mm Hg at 25°; soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benzyl alcohol is formed by the reaction of benzyl chloride with sodium or potassium carbonate (ref.
10). It is employed in the manufacture of perfumes, Pharmaceuticals, and dyestuffs (ref. 10). It is
also a constituent of jasmine, hyacinth, ylang-ylang oils, and Peru and Tolu balsams (ref. 12).
Methods for detection in aqueous solution include refractive index, and measurement of the amount of
benzoic acid resulting from oxidation with a saturated potassium permanganate solution (ref. 10).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Seven workers exposed to a lacquer containing 10 percent benzyl alcohol for 1.5 to 2 months developed
illness characterized by headache, nausea, diarrhea, and weight loss. The illness disappeared after the
persons were removed from the laquer exposure (ref. 10)
Humans and animals readily oxidize benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid, which after conjugating with glycine,
is eliminated as hippuric acid in the urine. Within 6 hours after taking 1.5 g of benzyl alcohol orally,
human subjects eliminated 75 to 85 percent of the dose in the urine as hippuric acid (ref. 10).
LD50 (oral, rat): 1,230 rag/kg (ref. 4).
LC50 (inhalation, rat)- 1,000 ppm/8 hrs (ref. 4).
Teratogenic effects, including skeletal defects and meningogeles, were reported following the injection
of 0.01 or 0.02 ml benzyl alcohol in the the yolk sac of a chick from before incubation up to the 7th day
(ref. 13). No adjusted ordering number was calculated because of the unusual route of administration of
the dose.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 1,230 = 5.54 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 5.54 x 104 = 8.31 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8.31 x 105 = 1.7 x 105 pg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 = 2,000 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC.H2 = 0.107 x 1,230 = 131.6 ug/irf
EPC
EPC,
AH3
'WH1
EPC,
WH2
EPC
IH
0.081 x 1,230 = 99.6 ug/mj
15 x 99.6 = 1,494 ug/1
0.4 x 1,230 = 492 ug/1
= 0.2 x 492 = 98 ug/g
EPCWEJ » 50 x
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000
A-204
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05A140
BENZYL ALCOHOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS .
Air, jag/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engmeenng Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
5.5E4
8.3E5
1.7E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
99.6
492
98
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of \
Discharge \
Natural Background* |
I
\
\
\
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (*g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. ug/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
99.6
492
98
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-205
-------
CATEGORY: 5A
PHENETHYL ALCOHOL:
C8H100 (p-phenethyl alcohol, 2-pheny]
ethanol, benzyl carbine!)
Colorless liquid; floral odor of roses. 05A160
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 122.17; bp: 218.2; fp: -27; d: 1.0202?°;
vap. d: 4.21; vap. press: 1 mm at 58°; solubility in
water: 2 percent.
WIN; Q2R
STRUCTURE:
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Phenylethyl alcohol is used in perfumes (ref. 10)
It forms styrene on treatment with alkali.
It is found in a number of natural essential oils and has been isolated from a certain fungus
(ref. 12).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic effects to man are not reported.
Phenethyl alcohol is absorbed through the skin of experimental animals. It is a local anesthetic
and may cause central nervous system injury (ref. 3).
LD
50
(oral, rat): 1,790 mg/kg (ref 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 1,790 = 8.1 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 8.1 x 104 = 1.2 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.2 x 106 = 2.4 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 1,790 = 192 ug/m
EPCftH3 = 0.081 x 1,790 = 145 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 145 = 2,175 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 1,790 = 716 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 716 = 143 ug/g
A-206
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05A160
PHENETHYL ALCOHOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
8.1E4
1.2E6
2.4E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
145
716
143
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
145
716
143
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-207
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 5A
Alcohols - Primary Alcohols
1. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report
Prepared by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. 68-02-1325
for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from Tucker, W. G.,
Project Officer, IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC (1976).
2. Bond, R. G., Straub, C. P., Prober, R., Eds. Handbook of Experimental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland,
OH (1972).
3. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
4. Christensen, H. E., Fairchild, E. J. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracor Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)76-191 (1976).
5. Handy, R. and Schindler, A. Estimation of Permissible Concentration of
Pollutants for Continuous Exposure. Prepared by Research Triangle
Institute under Contract 68-02-1325 for Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC EPA-600 12-76-155 (1976.
6. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a
Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Methyl Alcohol. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)76-148 (1976).
7. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. Second Priority List. Chemi-
cal Industry Institute of Toxicology: Annual Report. Research Triangle
Park, NC (1976).
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. Pre-
liminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water: Report
to Congress. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1975).
9. Roach, S. A. A More Rational Basis for Air Sampling Programs. Amer. Ind.
Hyg. Assoc. J., 27, 1012 (1966).
10. Treon, J. F. Alcohols. In: Patty, F. A., Ed.. Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2 Interscience Publishers,
New York, NY (1963).
11. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supple-
ments, Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
12. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and
Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
13. Shepard, T. H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. Johns Hopkins University
Press, Baltimore, MD (1973).
A-208
-------
CATEGORY 5
ALCOHOLS
SUBCATEGORY: 5B ~ Secondary Alcohols
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 9
number of parent compounds with subspecies 1
number of subspecies 3
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-209
-------
CATEGORY:
5B
WLN; QY
STRUCTURE:
CH--CHCH,
i 3
OH
2-PROPANOL: C3HgO (isopropyl alcohol, 2-hydroxypropane,
rubbing alcohol). 05B020
A clear, colorless, volatile liquid; faint odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 60.09; bp: 82.4; mp: -88.5; d: 0.7851;
vap. d: 2.07; vap. press.: 33 mm at 20° C; miscible in
all.proportions with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
The odor threshold level for 2-propanol is approximately 90 mg/m3 (refs. 1,2). 2-Propanol
is permitted in food for human consumption (ref. 3).
The ambient air concentration in industrial areas is reported as 153 ppm (ref. 4). This is
equivalent to 375 mg/m .
Acetone has been identified as a human metabolite of 2-propanol (ref. 2).
It has been detected in trace quantities in samples of drinking water in the U.S. Also, in tar
water from the distillation of shale tar (ref. 5).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
2-Propanol acts as a local irritant and in high concentration as a narcotic. It can cause eye
irritation, corneal burns, and other eye damage. It is not considered an important toxic hazard
(refs. 6,3). Ingestion of large quantities can cause flushing, headache, dizziness, mental depression,
nausea, vomiting, narcosis, anesthesia, and coma (ref. 7). Ingestion of 2,371 mg/kg caused death
in a human; a concentration of 400 ppm caused irritative effects (ref. 8). The disappearance rate of
2-oropanol in blood is half that of ethanol but 5 times that of methanol (ref. 5).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 5,340 mg/kg. (ref. 8)
There is no evidence that isopropvl alcohol is a carcinogen (ref. 5).
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 8).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 980 mg/m3 (400 ppm).
2-Propanol is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure, time-weighted average, is 400 ppm with a ceiling value of 800 ppm (ref. 2).
U.S. Food and Drug Adminsitration Requirements: residue after its use as an extractant may not
exceed 50 mg/kg in spice oleoresins, 6 mg/kg in lemon oil, 2% by weight in hops (ref. 5).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 9.8 x 105 ug/m3 (400 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 9.8 x 105 = 1.5 x 107 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.5 x 1C7 = 3.0 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 10 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2,000 ^g/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
'AH1
10J x 980/420 = 2,300 ug/nT
EPCAHla = 400/420 = °-95 PPm
EPCwm « 15 x 2,300 » 34,500 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 980 = 13,500 ug/1
EPC,
1H
0.2 x 13,500 = 2,700
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/1
EPCL£ « 0.2 x 5,000 * 1,000 ,,a/q
A-210
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05B020
2-PROPANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/in3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.8E5
(400)
1.5E7
3.0E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
2,300
(0.95)
13,500
2,700
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
375,000t
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
3
Air, vg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ag/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2,300
(0.95)
13,500
2,700
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tValue is reported for industrial areas. No rural concentration is reported.
A-211
-------
CATEGORY:
5B
2-BUTAHOL: C4H1Q0 (sec-butyl alcohol).
A colorless, volatile liquid; wine-like odor. 05B040
WLN: QY2
STRUCTURE:
CH,CH,CHCH,
OH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 74.12; bp: 99.5; mp: -89; d: 0.8084;
vap. press.: 10 mm (20° C); vap. d: 2.55; soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Indications are that 2-butanol is less toxic than n-butanol , although little information is available.
The TLV is established to prevent narcotic and irritative effects (ref. 6).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 4,400 mg/kg (ref. 6).
LDLo (inhalation, rat): 16,000 ppm/4 hr.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: over 1,000 opm (ref. 8).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 450 mg/m3 (150 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4.5 x 105 ug/m3 (150 ppm)
Water Health: 15 x 4.5 x TO5 = 6.75 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.75 x 106 = 1.35 x 106 jg/g
Air, Ecology:
5
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1 ,000 = >1.0 x 10 ug/1
Land, Ecology: o.? x 1.0 x 105 * 2.0 x 104 -g/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 * 103 x 450/420 = l,070_ug/m3
EPC
Dpm
'AHla
EPCWH1 * 15 x 1,070 = 16,000 uq/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 450 = 6,200 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 6.200 = 1,240 ug/g
EPCyE1 = 50 x >1,000 = >50,000 -jg/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 50,000 = 10,000 .g/g
A-212
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05B040
2-BUTANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exitting Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E5
(150)
6.8E6
1.4E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,070
(0.4)
6,200
1,240
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, (jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
1,070
(0.4)
6,200
1,240
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-213
-------
CATEGORY: 53
PENTANOLS, (secondary):
WLN STRUCTURE:
(amyl alcohols). 05B060
Liquid, characteristic odor.
2-PENTANOL (methyl propyl carbinol, sec amyl alcohol). 05B061
3-PENTANOL(diethyl carbinol). 05B062
3-METHYL-2-BUTAHOI (sec-isoamyl alcohol, isopropyl methyl carbinol). 05B063
PROPERTIES:
molecular
2-oentarroV
3-oentanol
3-methyl -2-butanol
wt.
88.15
88.15
38.15
PE.
119.3
115.6
113
d
0.80984°
•sisf
.81920
solubility
in water
slightly
slightly
slightly
vao.
d'
3.03
3.04
3.0*
QY3/
QY282/
OH
2-Pentanol
CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
OH
3-Pentanol
CH CHCHCH,
3| I 3
CH3 OH
3-Methyl-2-butanol
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Pentanols are present in fusel oil. Pentanols are obtained by fractionation of fusel oil and from pentane
by chlorination and hydrolysis (ref. 9).
Amyl alcohols are used in the manufacture of lacquers, chemicals, rubber, fruit essences, and explosives (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
2-Pentanol irritates eyes and mucous membranes; can cause giddiness, headache, coughing, nausea, deafness,
delerium, methemoglobinuria, and glycosuria (ref. 3). Pentanols can cause throat irritation at 100 ppm
(ref. 6).
2-pentanol
3-pentanol
3-methyl-2-butanol
LD50 (oral, rat).
1,470 mg/kg
1,870 mg/kg
no details available
Inhalation of amyl alcohol vapors can cause death in humans (ref. 9).
Toxicity to man is considerably greater than ethanol.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 360 mg/m (100 ppm for isoamyl alcohol, a primary pentanol).
(The TLV for isoamyl alcohol is a reasonable limit for the secondary pentanols as well. The
LD50 [oral, rat] for isoamyl alcohol is 1,300 mg/kg.)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.6 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 105 = 5.4 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.4 x 106 = 1.1 x 106 ug/q
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 360/420 • 860 ug/m3
EPC
AHla
100/420 =0.24 ppm
EPCwm = 15 x 860 = 12,900 ug/1
EPCw;
'H2
13.8 x 360 = 5,000 ug/1
EPC,H = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 ..q/g
A-214
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05B060
PENTANOLS (secondary)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(BSD Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.6E5
(100)
5.4E6
1.1 E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
860
(0.24)
5,000
1,000
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
, 860
(0.24)
5,000
1,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-215
-------
CATEGORY: 5B
2,6-DIHETHYL-4-HEPTANOL: CqH200 (nonyl alcohol,
diisobutyl carbinol, 2,6-dimetnyl heptan-4-ol}.058080
A colorless liquid.
WLN: 1Y ft 1YQ1Y
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 144.26; bp. 176-7760; d: 0.80931; vap.d: 4.98;
vap. press: 0.3 mm at 20°, insoluble in water.
CH, H QH H CH,
I3 I ! ! !3
CH,- C-C-C-C-C-CH,
3 I I 1 ! 1 3
H H H H H
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol is used as a reaction medium in a process for the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide. It
is also used as a solvent for coating compositions of urea or melamine resins, as a defoaming agent, and
for the preparation of lubricant additives and plasticizers (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
In animal studies with the rat and rabbit, 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol rich in trimethyl hexanol resulted in
degeneration in brain neurons, hepatocellular degeneration, and renal damage (ref. 9).
L050 (oral, rat): 3,560 mg/kg (ref. 8).
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS, CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 3,560 = 1.60 x 10 ag/m Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.6 x 105 = 2.4 x 106 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.4 x 10 = 4.8 x 10 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
EPC,
'AH3
'WH1
= 0.107 x 3,560 = 380.9 yg/mj
0.081 x 3,560 = 288.4 yg/m3
= 15 x 288.4 = 4,326 ug/1
EPCWH2 = °'4 x 3>56° ' 1>424 U9//
EPCLH = 0.2 x 1,424 = 285 ug/g
A-216
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05B080
2,6-DIMETHYL-4-HEPTAIMOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, //g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, it g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
6. Daveloping Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.6E5
2.4E6
4.8E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baled on
Health Effects
288
1,424
285
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, tig/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, //g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
288
1,424
285
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-217
-------
CATEGORY: 5B . WIN: QYR
STRUCTURE:
1-PHENYLETHANOL: CgH^O (methylphenylcarbinol, -.-methyl-
a-hydroxy toluene, a-phenethyl alcohol, o-methylbenzyl
alcohol). 05B100
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 122.18; bp: 203; fp: 21.4; d: 1.0129;
vap. press.: 0,1 mm at 20°; vap. d: 4.21.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No information is available concerning the toxic effects of 1-phenylethanol.
L05Q (oral, rat): 400 mg/kg. (ref. 8)
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 400 = 1.8 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 104 = 2.7 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.7 x 105 = 5.4 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
3
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 400 = 43 ug/m
EPCAH3 = °-081 * 40° = 32 U9/
EPCliJH1 = 15 x 32 = 480 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 400 = 160 ug/
EPCLH = 0.2 x 160 = 32 .g/g
A-218
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05B100
1-PHENYLETHANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.8E4
2.7E5
5.4E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
32
160
32
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, tig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
32
160
32
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-219
-------
CATEGORY: 5B
BORNEOL:C10H180 (endo-2-bornanol, endo-l,7,7-trimethyl bicyclo
[2.2.l]heptan-2-ol; endo-2-camphanol; endo-2-hydroxy camphane,
bornyl alcohol, borneo camphor) 05B120
A colorless crystal with a peppery odor and a burning taste.
WLN: L55 ATJ AA B CQ
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 154.25; mp: 208.6; bp: 215; d:
vap.d: 5.31; slightly soluble in water.
1.0113°
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
d-Borneol
Dextrorotatory borneol occurs in oil from plants, for example, Dryobalanops aromatica; levorotatory form
is found in plants, for example, Blumea balsamifera (ref. 7).
Racemic borneol is formed by the reduction of camphor (ref. 7).
Borneol has been found in samples taken from finished drinking water twice, and in freshwater river
samples three times (ref. 10).
Borneol is used primarily in the manufacture of its esters; also in perfumery and incense production
(ref. 7).
TOXIC PROPEBT1ESLHEALTH EFFECTS:
Borneol may cause nausea, vomiting, mental confusion, dizziness, and convulsions (ref. 7).
LOLo (oral, rabbit): 2,000 tug/kg (ref. 8).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS, CRITERIA, RECOGNITION, CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 2000 = 9.0 x 10 pg/m Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 9.0 x 104 = 1.35 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.35 x 105 = 2.7 x 10 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 2,000 = 214 yg/m
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 2,000 = 162 ug/m3
EPC
WH1
= 15 x 162 = 2430 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 2000 = 800 jg/l
EPCLH = 0.2 x 800 = 160 ug/g
A-220
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05B120
BORNEOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, vg/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, iig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/9
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
BasAdon
Health Effects
9.0E4
1.4E6
2.7E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
162
800
160
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
162
800
160
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-221
-------
CATEGORY: 56
ISOBORNEOL: C10H180 (a,p-camphol, exo-l,7,7-trimethyl bicyclo-
[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, exo-2-bornanol, exo-2-camphanol).
A white solid with a camphor odor. 05B140
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 154.26; mp: 212; bp: sublimes; insoluble in
water.
VVLN:
STRUCTURE:
.CH,
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No information is available regarding toxic properties of isoborneol. Because of similarities in
chemical structure, it is likely to be lexicologically similar to borneol.
LDLO (oral, rabbit): 2,000 mg/kg for borneol (ref. 8).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 2,000 = 9.0 x 104 yg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 9.0 x 104 - 1.35 x 106 yg/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.35 x 106 » 2.7 x 105 yg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
AH2
0.107 x 2,000 * 214 yg/nT
EPCftH3 = 0.081 x 2,000 = 162 wg/mj
EPCWH1 = 15 x 162 =2,430 ug/l
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x2,000= 800 yg/1
EPCUH « 0.2 x 800 * 160 ug/g
Based on
for borneol .
A-222
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05B140
ISOBORNEOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSFS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.0E4
1.4E6
2.7E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
162
800
160
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
162
800
160
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-223
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 5B
Alcohols - Secondary Alcohols
1. Bond, R. G., Straub, C. P., Prober R., Eds. Handbook of Experimental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland,
OH (1972).
2. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for
a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Isopropyl Alcohol.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)76-142 (1976).
3. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
4. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report
Prepared by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. 68-02-1325
for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from Tucker, W. G.,
Project Officer, IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC (1976).
5. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 15, Lyon,
France. A World Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1977).
6. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supple-
ments, Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
7. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and
Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
8. Christensen, H. E., Fairchild, E. J. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)76-191 (1976).
9. Treon, J. F. Alcohols. In: Patty, F. A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2 Interscience Publishers,
New York, NY (1963).
10. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA Publication No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
-------
CATEGORY 5
ALCOHOLS
SUBCATEGORY: 5C - Tertiary Alcohols
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 3
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity ,
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-225
-------
CATEGORY; 5C
t-BUTYL ALCOHOL: C^Q0 (2-methyl-2-propanol, t-butanol,
trimethyl carbinol). 05C020
A colorless liquid, or rhombic prisms or planes; camphor-
like odor.
WIN: QX
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt:
vap. press.:
74.12; mp: 25.3; bp: 82.8; d: 0.789;
40 mm at 24.5°; vap. d: 2.55; miscible
CH,
CH3-C-CH3
OH
in all proportions with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
t-Butyl alcohol has been identified in public water supply samples in concentration of
0.01 ug/J. (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Butyl alcohols are not considered serious toxic hazards (ref. ?.), but may be irritating to skin (ref. 3).
It has a stronger narcotic effect on nice than n-butanol or isobutyl alcohol (ref. 3).
Effects of long term continuous dosage were not injurous in animals tested (ref 2)
LD5Q (oral, rat): 3.500 mg/kg (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity. TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 300 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 3.00 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Uater, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 105 = 4.5 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4.5 x 105 = 9 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000
Land, Ecology:
>1.0 x 10° ug/1
0.2 x 1 .0 x 105 = 2.0 x 104 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
'AH! "
AH! a
10 x 300/420 * 710 ug
" 100/420 = 0.24 opm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 710 - 10,700 ug/1
EPC,
'WH2
= 13.8 x 300 = 4,140 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 4,140 = 328 uq/g
EPCIJE1 * 50 x >1,000 = >50,000 ug/1
EPCL£ = 0.2 x 50,000 = 10,000 ug/q
A-226
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05C020
t-BUTYL ALCOHOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E5
(100)
4.5E6
9.0E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
710
(0.24)
4,140
830
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10, OCX
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
O.Olt
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ag/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
710
(0.24)
4,140
830
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic water supply.
A-227
-------
CATEGORY: 5C
t-PENTANOL:
(t-pentyl alcohol , t-amyl alcohol,
WLIM: QX2
STRUCTURE:
2 -methyl -2-butanol , dimethyl ethyl carbinol). (t indicates
tertiary.) 05C040
Volatile liquid; characteristic odor, burning taste.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 88.15; bp: 102; mp: -8.4; vap. press.: 10 mm at
17.2°; .vap. d: 3.03; d: 0.8059; soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
CH,
CH,CH,-C-CH,
j i t J
OH
Amyl alcohols are present in fusel oil.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
t-Pentanol is reported to be moderately irritating to mucous membranes and narcotic in high concen-
trations (ref. 6). Based on animal studies, the toxicity appears to be about three times that of the
primary pentanols.
LD50 (oral, rat): 1,000 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS, CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 1,000 = 4.5 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 4.5 x 104 = 6.8 x 105 gg/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.8 x 105 = 1.4 x 105 jq/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1 ,000 = --1.0 x 105 ^g/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 = 2.0 x 104 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 ' °'107 x 1>00° = 107 u9/m
EPCflH3 = 0.08T x 1,000 = 81 ug/m3
EPCum = 15 x 81 = 1,220 ag/1
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 1,000 • 400 ug/1
EPC|H = 0.2 x 400 = 80 .g/g
EPCWE1 ' 5Q x >1.00° = >50,000
EPCLE = 0.2 x 50,000 = 10,000 ^
A-228
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05C040
t-PENTANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(RSD Goats)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E4
6.8E5
1.4E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
81
400
80
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
81
400
80
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-229
-------
CATEGORY: 5C
g-TERPINJiO'L: C10Hi80 (a,a,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-l-
methanol, p-menth-l-en-8-ol). 05C060
A colorless crystal.
WLN:
STRUCTURE: CH
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 154.25; mp: 38-40; bp: 219-21; d: 0.93515;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
-C-H,
C—OH
CH,
orTerpineol has been found in samples taken from finished drinking water at 0.5 |jg/l (ref. 1). It has
also been found in freshwater river samples three times (ref. 5).
a-Terpineol is used in perfumes and in denaturing fats for soap manufacture (ref. 6).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LD50 (oral, rat): 4,300 mg/kg (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 4,300 = 1.94 x 105 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.94 x 105 = 2.90 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.90 x 105 = 5.8 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 4,300 = 460 ug/m
EPC,,,, = 0.081 x 4,300 = 348 ug/mj
EPC,
"•AH3
'WH1
EPC,
'WH2
EPC
LH
= 15 x 348 = 5,220 ug/1
= 0.4 x 4,300 = 1,720 ug/1
= 0.2 x 1,720 = 344 jg/g
A-230
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
05C060
a-TERPINEOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, Aig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engmeering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.9E5
2.9E6
5.8E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
348
1,720
344
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
•>
Air. ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
348
1,720
344
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-231
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 5C
Alcohols - Tertiary Alcohols
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. Pre-
liminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water: Report
to Congress. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1975).
2. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1976).
3. Treon, J. F. Alcohols. In: Patty, F. A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2 Interscience Publishers,
New York, NY (1963).
4. Christensen, H. E., Fairchild, E. J. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)76-191 (1976).
5. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H. Keith: Frequency <5f Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA Publication No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
6. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and
Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
A-232
-------
CATEGORY 6
GLYCOLS, EPOXIDES
SUBCATEGORY: 6A - Glycols
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 2
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies Q
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-233
-------
CATEGORY: 6A
ETHYLENE GLYCOL:
(1 ,2-dihydroxyethane, 1 ,2-ethanediol ) .
WLIM: Q2Q
STRUCTURE:
OH
OH
I l
H - C - C - H
I i
H H
Echylene glycol is an odorless, colorless, viscous,
poisonous liquid with a sweet taste. 06A020
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 62.06; mp: -11.5; bp: 198; d: 1.1088;
vap. press.: 13 mm at 93°; vap. d: 2.14; completely
miscible with water; hygroscopic.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Ethylene glycol may be formed by the acid hydrolysis of ethylene oxide.
The low vapor pressure precludes exposure to vapors at room temperature (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Ingestion of 1,500 mg/kg has resulted in human death (ref. 2). When ingested, it causes central
nervous system effects and kidney injury (ref. 3). Exposure to concentrations greater than 140 mg/m3 is
reported to cause irritation and other effects (ref. 1).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 5,840 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2).
Animal testing of ethylene glycol indicates that it is not a carcinogenic chemical (ref. 8).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS, CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV » 10 mg/m3 (particulate).
TLV « 260 mg/m3 (100 ppm) (vapor).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.0 x 104 yg/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 104 = 1.5 x 105
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.5 x TO5 - 3.0 x 104 •
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 yg/z
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x TO4 » 2.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC.H1 = 103 x 10/420 = 24 jg/m3
EPC
°AH1
WH1
15 x 24 = 360 ug/fc
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 10 • 14
EPCIU - 0.2 x 140 = 30 ug/g
LM
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100 « 5,000 ug/i
EPCL£ • 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 '-g/g
A-234
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
06A020
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
1.5E5
3.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
24
140
30
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24
140
30
B Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-235
-------
CATEGORY: 6A
PROPYLENEGLYCOL:
C3H802
(1,2-propanediol, methyl
glycol, 1,2-dihydroxypropane, methyl ethylene glycol). Q6A04Q
A colorless, odorless, hygroscopic liquid.
WLN:
QY1Q
STRUCTURE:
H H H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 76.11; bp: 189; d: 1.03615°; vap. d: 2.62;
vap. press: 0.08 mm at 20°; soluble in water.
H—C—C—C—H
' ' I
OH
-\j — \j
H OH
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Propylene glycol can be produced by heating glycerol with NaOH (ref. 4). It is used as a nontoxic
antifreeze in breweries and dairy establishments, as a solvent for Pharmaceuticals, as a mist to
disinfect air, and as a substitute for ethylene glycol and glycerol (ref. 4).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Health hazards in industrial handling are negligible (ref. 5). Taken internally it is harmless,
probably because its oxidation yields pyruvic and acetic acids (ref. 4).
A closely related compound, 1,3-propanediol caused teratogenic effects (micromelia) when 0.05 ml was
injected into the chick air or yolk sac on the 4th day (ref. 6). Propylene glycol was reported to be
moderately lethal when injected into the chick air cell on the 4th day (ref. 6).
Evidence for carcinogenicity is considered unreliable (ref. 7). Although bladder tumors were produced
in rodents on oral administration, tumors occurred only at high propylene glycol dosages, and were accom-
panied by formation of calcium oxalate stones, thereby precluding a conclusion of carcinogenicity (ref. 7).
LD50 (oral, rat): 21 g/kg (ref. 2).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: >1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
45 x 21,000 = 9.45 x 105 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 9.45 x 105 = 1.42 x 107 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.42 x 107 = 2.8 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105 ug/1
, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 = 2 x 104 ug/g
Land
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 21,000 = 2,247 ng/mj
EPCftH3 = 0.081 x 21,000
EPC,
ym
EPC,
EPC
WH2
LH
1,700 ug/m
15 x 1,700 = 25,500 ug/1
0.4 x 21,000 = 8,400 ug/1
0.2 x 8,400 = 1,680 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x > 1,000 = > 5.0 x 10 ug/1
EPC
LE = 0.2 x 5.0 x 10 = 10,000 uq/g
A-236
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
06A040
PROPYLENE GLYCOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, tig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Sundardi
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.5E5
1.4E7
2.8E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,700
8,400
1,680
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,700
8,400
1,680
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-237
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 6A
Glycols, Epoxides - Glycols
1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Docu-
mentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom
Air with Supplements, Third Edition. American Conference of Govern-
mental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
2. Christensen, H.E., and P.O. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects
of Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracor Jitco
Inc., Rockville, MD. for National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. Hew Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
3. Sax, N.I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,
Fourth Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
4. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals
and Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
5. Rowe, V.K. Glycols. In: F. A. Patty Ed., Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology, Revised Edition, Vol.2, Interscience Publishers, New
York, NY (1963).
6. Shepard, T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. John Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore, MD (1973).
7. Grasso, P., and C. O'Hare. Carcinogens in Food. Chemical Carcinogens,
C. E. Searle, Ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1976).
8. Mason Research Institute. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis of Various
Chemicals Used in the Preparation of Vaccines. DHEW Contract No.
PH-43-67-673. Mason Research Institute, Worcester, MA (1969).
A-238
-------
CATEGORY 6
GLYCOLS, EPOXIDES
SUBCATEGORY: 6B - Epoxides
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory ]
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-239
-------
CATEGORY: 6B WIN: J30TJ BIO
2,3-EPOXV^l-PROPANOL: M.O- (glycidol,
3-hydroxypropylene oxide, epihydrin alcohol, glycidyl STRUCTURE:
alcohol, 3-hydroxy-l,2-epoxypropane). 068020
o
A colorless liquid. / \
CHj CH-CH^-OH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 74.08; bp: 160; d: 1.1653; vap. d: 2.15;
vap. press: 0.9 ram Hg at 25°; soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
2,3-Epoxy-l-propanol is used in the preparation of glycerol and glyceride ethers, esters, amines, in the
pharmaceutical industry, and in sanitary chemicals. It can be detected by the pyridinium
chloride-chloroform method (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
There are no observed effects reported in man.
Animal studies indicate that slight toxicity is produced after ingestion or percutaneous absorption.
Toxicity is moderate following inhalation. It is moderately irritating to surface tissue. It is a
stimulant and depressant of the CNS (ref. 1). A level of 400 ppm for 7 days, for a 50-day period,
gave no evidence of systemic toxicity to animals (ref. 2).
LD50 (oral, rat): 850 mg/kg (ref. 3).
LC50 (inhalation, rat): 580 ppm/8 hrs (ref. 3).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 150 mg/m3 (50 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1 5 x 10 M9/m (50 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.5 x 105 = 2.25 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.25 x 106 = 4.5 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAR1 = 103 x 150/420 = 357 •jg/n3
EPCAHla = 50/420 = 0.12 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 357 = 5,355 yg/1
EPC1JH2 = 13.3 x 150 = 2,070 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 2,070 = 414 yg/g
A-240
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
06B020
2.3-EPQX Y-1 -PROPANO L
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/iti3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ijg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals) .
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E5
(50)
2.3E6
4.5E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
357
(0.12)
2,070
414
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
357
(0.12)
2,070
414
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-241
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 6B
Glycols, Epoxides - Epoxides
1. Hine, C. H., and V. K. Rowe. Epoxy Compounds. Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology, Second Edition, Vol. 2. F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience
Publishers, New York, NY (19637T
2. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the
Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
3. Christensen, H. E. and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
A-242
-------
CATEGORY 7
ALDEHYDES, KETONES
SUBCATEGORY: 7A - Aldehydes
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 8
number of parent compounds with subspecies ]
number of subspecies 2
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity ,
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory:
07A060 Acrolein
A-243
-------
WLN: VHH
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 7A
FORMALDEHYDE: CH20 (methanal, methyl aldehyde,
methylene oxide). 07A020.
A colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt.: 30.03; mp: -92; bp: -21; d: 0.815;
vap. d: 1.067; very soluble; vap. press.: 10 mm at -88°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde. It is catalytically reduced to methanol or oxidized to formic
acid. A 37-percent formaldehyde solution is called formalin.
There is some evidence that formaldehyde is a natural constituent of the atmosphere at a few parts per
billion (ref. 1). Odor recognition level is 0.060 to 1.20 mg/m3 (ref. 2). Photooxidation of formaldehyde
is reported as 51 percent in 5 hours for an initial concentration of 15 ppm (ref. 2). Formaldehyde is emitted
to the atmosphere in gasoline and diesel exhaust, from coal combustion, fuel-oil combustion, and from wood
burning (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Formaldehyde is an irritant to eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. Eye irritation is experienced
by some persons at concentrations of 0.1 ppm (ref. 1). Concentrations as low as 0.3 to 2.7 ppm cause irritation
in humans exemplified by annoying odor, prickling irritation of mucous membranes, and disturbed sleep (ref. 3).
The lowest lethal oral dose to a human is 36 mg/kg (ref. 4).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 800 mg/kg.
LC^Q (inhalation, rat): 250 ppm for 4 hours.
Formaldehyde is reported to produce tumors in rats. The EPA/NIOSH ordering numer is 4101;
lowest dosage to produce an oncogenic response is 96 mg/kg; adjusted ordering number: 42.7.
Exposure to <0.2 ppm for two days caused plant leaf symptoms and necrosis in petunia (ref. 2). This is
equivalent to 0.247 mg/m3. A concentration of 95 mg/i in water can cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 5).
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96 = 100-10 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 3 mg/m3 (2 ppm).
On First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 6).
Formaldehyde is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure
is 1.2 mg/m (Ippm) as a 20-minute ceiling (ref. 14).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.2 x 103 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.2 x 103 = 1.8 x 104 ug/z
Land, Health:
Air, Ecology: 247 x 2 = 494 yg
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 10 = 1.0 x 10 ug/i
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
3'
•AHi = 10* x 1.2/420 = 2.9 ng/mj
EPCAHla= 1/420 * 0.002 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 2.9 = 43.5 yg/z,
13.8 x 1.2 = 16.6 ugA
EPC
'H2
'AC2
:wc =
42'7' = 3-9
EPC
'AE
100 x 0.247 x 2 = 49 vg/m3
EPCW£1 = 50 x 10 = 500 vg/i
EPCWE2 = 95,000 ug/z, (to prevent tainting)
A-244
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07A020
FORMALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.2E3
1.8E4
3.6E3
Based on
Ecologicaf
Effects
5.0E2
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
3
17
3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
49
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background"
~3
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
3
(0.002)
17
3
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
49
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
3.9
58.5
12
A-245
-------
CATEGORY: ?A WLN: VH1
ACETALDEHYDE: C2H40 (acetic aldehyde, ethanal, ethyl aldehyde). STRUCTURE:
A colorless, fuming liquid; pungent, fruity odor. 07A040.
;i
H-C-CH3
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt.: 44.05; mp: -121; bp: 20.8; d: 0.780-0.790 g/ml;
vap. press.: 760 mm at 20.2°; vap. d: 1.52; soluble in all pro-
portions in hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Aldehydes can be catalytically reduced to alcohols.
Rural concentration in air is reported as 0.3 ppb (ref. 7). This is equivalent to 0.0003 ppm or 0.530 ug/m3.
Odor recognition range is 130 to 412 ug/m3 (ref. 2). Photooxidation of acetaldehyde is reported as 12 percent
in five hours for initial concentration of 5 ppm (ref. 2).
Acetaldehyde has been found in samples of public drinking water supplies at concentrations of 0.1 ug/i
(ref. 8).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acetaldehyde is an eye and respiratory system irritant and a central nervous system narcotic (refs. 3,9).
The ACGIH TLV is substantially higher than the USSR limit of 3 ppm (ref. 3). A concentration of 50 ppm
causes irritative effects in humans (ref. 3).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1,930 mg/kg.
LCLa (inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppm for 4 hours.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 180 mg/m (100 ppm). (Recommended to prevent excessive eye irritation and potential injury
to the respiratory tract.)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOX1CITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.8 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.8 x 105 = 2.7 x 106 vg/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.7 x 106 = 5.4 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 = lt)3 x 180/420 = 430 ug/m3
EPCftH1a = 100/420 = 0.24 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 430 = 6,450 ^/l
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 180 » 2,480 ug/n
EPCLH " °'2 x 2'480 = 50° 'J9/9
A-246
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07A040
ACETALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ;jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, iig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BFT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.8E5
(TOO)
2.7E6
5.4E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
430
(0.24)
2,480
500
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.53
O.lt
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, tig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
430
(0.24)
2,480
500
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water supplies,
A-247
-------
CATEGORY: 7A
ACROIEIN: C3H40 (acrylic aldehyde, propenal). 07A060.
A colorless or yellowish liquid; disagreeable choking odor.
VVLN: VH1U1
STRUCTURE:
0
II
H-C-C=CH,
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 56.06; bp: 52.5; mp: -87; vap. press.: 214 mi at 20°;
vap. d: 1.94; d: .8389; very soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
An urban concentration of 0.003 ppm has been reported (ref. 7). This is equivalent to 6.9 yg/m3. Odor
recognition levels ranging from 480 to 4,500 pg/m3 are reported (refs. 2, 10).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acrolein, because of its unsaturation, is much more toxic and irritating than the saturated aldehydes.
It causes respiratory irritation in concentrations as low as 1 ppm (ref. 4). The lowest reported lethal
concentration of acrolein for man is 153 ppm for 10 minutes (ref. 4). The compound causes lacrimation at
0.67 ppm after 20 seconds (ref. 1).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 46 mg/kg.
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 8 ppm for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: <1 ppm (ref. 4).
Toxicity to vegetation: Alfalfa sustained oxidant type damage when exposed to 250 yg/m3 (0.1 ppm) for
9 hours (ref. 11).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 0.25 mg/m3 (0.1 ppm). *
Acrolein appears on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 250 ng/m3 (0.1 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 250 = 3.75 x 103 yg/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.75 x 103 = 750 ug/g
Air, Ecology: 250 x 9/24 « 94 gg/m3
Water, Ecology: 100 x <1 = <100 ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 100 = <20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 * 10 x °-25/420
EPC
'AHla
0.1/420
EPCWH1 = 15 x 0.6
EPC,
'WH2
EPCLK = 0.2 x 3.5
0.6 ug/m
0.00024 ppm
9 ug/i
13.8 x 0.25 * 3.5
0.7 ,ig/g
EPCAE » 0.1 x 250 x 9/24 * 9 yg/mj
EPCWE1 ° 50 x <1 = <50
EPC,
IE • 0.2 x 50 = <10 ug/g
A-248
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
07A060
ACROLEIN
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.5E2
(0.1)
3.75E3
7.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
9.4E1
1.0E2
2.0E1
B Ambient Level Goal*
B^ied on
Health Effects
0.6
;2.4E-4)
3.5
0.7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
9
50
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
6.9t
'To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
0.6
(2.4E-4)
3.5
0.7
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
9
50
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
•{•Concentration is reported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
A-249
-------
CATEGORY: ?A WLN; VH2
PROPIONALDEHYDE: CjHgO (propanal, propaldehyde, propyl STRUCTURE:
aldehyde). A colorless liquid; suffocating odor. 07A080.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 58.08; bp: 48; mp: -81; d: 0.807;
vap. d: 2.0; vap. press.: 300 ran at 25°; soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Rural background concentration in air 1s reported to be 0.5 to 3.8 ppbc (ref. 7). This is equivalent
to 0.16-1.27 ppb or 0.38-3.01 ng/m3.
Photooxidation of propionaldehyde is reported as 25 percent in 6 hours for an initial concentration
of 19 ppm (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The acute toxic properties of propionaldehyde are similar to other small aldehydes. It is a local
irritant to eyes and mucous membranes and acts as a central nervous system narcotic.
LDLo (oral, rat): 800 mg/kg
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 8,000 ppm for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 800 = 3.6 x 104
Uater, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 104 - 5.4 x 105 ug/s.
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.4 x 105 = 1.1 x 105 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 100 » 1.0 x 10 ug/i
0.2 x 1.0 x 104 - 2.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 800 ' 86 ug/mj
EPCAH3 = °'081 x 80° * 65 "S^3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 65 = 980
EPCWH2 - 0.4 x 800 » 320
EPCLH = 0.2 x 320 = 60 i.
EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 = 5,000
EPCL£ = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 ug
A-250
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07A080
PROPIONALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard)
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate)
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.6E4
5.4E5
1.1 E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
65
320
60
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.38 to
3.01
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
65
320
60
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-251
-------
CATEGORY: 7A WLN: VH3
BUTYRALDEHYOE: C4HgO (butanal, butric aldehyde, n-butyl aldehyde). STRUCTURE:
A colorless, flamnable, liquid. 07A100
CH3CH2CH2C = 0
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 72.1; mp: -100° C; bp: 74.7° C;
d: 0.802^°; vap. d: 2.5; miscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
A concentration of 580 mg/m is reported to cause irritative effects in humans (ref. 4).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 2,490 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOX1CITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 2,490 = 1.1 x 105 ug/m3
Water, Health:
Land, Health:
15 x 1.1 x 105 = 1.65 x 106
0.2 x 1.65 x ID6 = 3.3 x 105
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 » 100 ugA
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 100 = 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
;
EPC
'AH2
'AH3
0.107 x 2,490 = 266 ug/m
0.081 x 2,490 = 202 ug/m3
3,030 ugA
1,000 ug/i
EPCWH1 = 15 x 202
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 2,490
EPCLH = 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 L.g/g
EPCW£1 • 50 x 1 = 50
EPC
LE = 0.2 x 50 = 10
A-252
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07 A100
BUTYRALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.1E5
1.65E6
3.3E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bised on
Health Effect)
202
1,000
200
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
202
1,000
200
B Based on
Ecological Effects
50
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-253
-------
CATEGORY: 7A
METHYLBUTANALS: C5H100 07A120.
2-METHYLBUTANAL: C5H100 (2-methylbutyraldehyde,
ethyl methyl acetaldehyde, a-methylbutyraldehyde). 07A121.
3-METHYLBUTANAL: C5HI00 (isovaleraldehyde, 3-methylbutyr-
aldehyde, isopentaldehyde, isovaleral, isovaleric aldehyde). 07A122.
A colorless liquid with a pungent apple-like odor.
WIN/STRUCTURE:
VHY2
PROPERTIES:
2-methylbutanal:
3-methylbutanal:
Molecular wt. bp
86.14 92-3^5°
86.14 92.5760
mp
solubility vap.d
0.8029
°
insoluble
-51 o..79770 slightly 2.96
CH3
H
2-methylbutanal
CH,CHCH,C=0
3I 2I
CH3 H
3-methylbutanal
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
3-Methylbutanal occurs in orange, lemon, peppermint, eucalyptus, and other oils. It is used
in artificial flavors and perfumes (ref. 12).
3-Methylbutanal can be formed by the action of isoamyl alcohol with Na2Cr20; and H2S04 (ref. 12).
It has been detected in samples taken from public drinking water supplies in five
U.S. cities (ref. 8).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Several chemists experienced chest discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and headaches while distilling
3-methylbutanal. AH recovered in several days without after effects (ref. 13).
The toxicity of higher aldehydes generally decreases with increasing chain length (ref. 13).
Inhalation of 1400 ppm of 2-methylbutanal for 4 hours was lethal to 50 percent of the rats exposed
(ref. 4).
LDcn (oral, rat): 8,570 mg/kg for 2-methylbutanal (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 4) for 2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS, CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 8,570 « 3.9 x 105 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 3.9 x 105 = 5.9 x TO6 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.9 x 106 = 1.2 x 10 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology. TOO x 10 = 1,000 yg/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 » 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 8,570 = 916 ug/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 8,570 = 694 y9/m3
EPC,
WH1
15 x 694 = 10,410 ug/1
EPCUH2 = 0.4 x 8,570 = 3,428 u9/l
EPC,,, = 0.2 x 3,428 =686 ug/g
Ln
EPC
WEI
= 50 x 10 = 500 jg/1
EPCL£ = 0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/g
A-254
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07A120
METHYLBUTANALS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BIT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.9E5
5.9E6
1.2E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
694
3,428
686
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
TOO
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
...
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
694
3,428
686
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-255
-------
CATEGORY: 7A WUN: VHR
BENZALDEHYDE: C7HgO (phenylaldehyde, benzenecarbinal, STRUCTURE:
benzole aldehyde). 07A140.
A colorless liquid; bitter almond odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 106.13; mp: -26; bp: 178.1; d: 1.04325;
vap. d: 3.65; vap. press.: 1 mm at 26.2°; sparingly soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Occurs in kernels of bitter almonds (ref. 12). Used as synthetic flavoring substance (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzaldehyde acts as a weak local anesthetic. It is narcotic in high concentrations and may
cause dermatitis (ref. 12).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1,300 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 1,300 = 5.85 x 104 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5.85 x 10 = 8.8 x 10 pg/J. Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8.8 x 105 = 1.8 x 105 = yg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 « 0.107 x 1,300 « 140 pg/m3
EPCAH3 " °'081 x 1>30° = 105 y9/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 105 => 1,580 ug/l
EPCWH2 = °'4 x 1>30° " 52° u^1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 520 = 100 .g/g
A-256
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07A140
BENZALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goats)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.85E4
8.8E5
1.8E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
105
520
100
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(pprn Vol)
Water, ^9/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
105
520
100
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-257
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 7A
Aldehydes, Ketones - Aldehydes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Vapor-Phase
Organic Pollutants: Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental
Pollutants. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC (1976).
Bond, R.G., C.P. Straub, and R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Experimental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland,
OH (1972).
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Docu-
mentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom
Air with Supplements, Third Edition. American Conference of Govern-
mental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
Christensen, H.E., and E.J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering. Water
Quality Criteria 1972. A Report. National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, DC. EPA-R3-73-033 (1973).
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology.
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology:
Triangle Park, NC (1976).
First Priority
Annual Report.
Chemicals.
Research
Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of
Report. Prepared by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No.
68-02-1325 for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, IERL-EPA,
Research Triangle Park, NC (1976).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.
Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water:
Report to Congress. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC (1975).
Sax, N.I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
Billings, C.E. Technological Sources of Air Pollution. In: N.I.,
Sax, Ed., Industrial Pollution. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York,
NY (1974).
A-258
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 7A (Continued)
11. Stahl, Q.R. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Aldehydes. Pre-
pared by Litton Systems, Inc., under Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for
National Air Pollution Control Administration. Available from
Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information,
Springfield, VA. APTD 69-24 (1969).
12. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals
and Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
13. Fasset, D.W. Aldehydes and Acetals. In: F.A. Patty, Ed., In-
dustrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol.2,
Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963).
14. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for
a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde.
Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
VA. PB 274 805 (1977).
A-259
-------
CATEGORY 7
ALDEHYDES, KETONES
SUBCATEGORY: 7B - Ketones
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 8
number of parent compounds with subspecies 1
number of subspecies 2
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 1
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-261
-------
CATEGORY-. 7B WLN: ivi
ACETONE:C,HgO (dimethylketone, 2-propanone) 07E020
A water-clear, bitter tasting, extremely flammable highly STRUCTURE:
volatile liquid.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 58.08; mp:-95.6; bp: 56.1; d: 0.7899; vap d:
vap. press: 226.3 mm Hg at 25°; miscible with water.
2.00
C
/\
CH, CH,
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Concentration in rural atmosphere is reported as 5.2 to 20.9 ppbc (ref. 1), or 0.004 to 0.017 \iq/m2.
It has been reported in samples taken from freshwater, including wells, lakes, rivers, and groundwater
(ref. E). It has been reported in U.S. drinking water 42 times, the digest concentration being 1.0
ug/1 (ref. 3).
Found in emissions from wood burning operations (ref. 4). It is used as an industrial solvent
and chemical intermediate (ref. 5). It can be found in the fermentation of corn products (ref. 5).
The odor threshold is reported as 100 ppm (ref. 6).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
At 3,000 ppm it causes minor irritation to the eyes and nose (ref. 7). Acetone may produce local
dermatitis due to defatting action on the skin of workers (ref. 8). Inhaling high concentrations may
cause narcosis (ref. 9). A fatal acetone poisoning of a 12-yr old girl occurred when she wore a damp
acetone dressing (ref. 7). No ill effects were reported for humans who were administered doses, orally,
of 15 to 20 grams per day for several days (ref. 7).
Because of its solubility in water, acetone is readily absorbed into the bloodstream and rapidly
spread throughout the body. In studies on humans, it was found that about 70 percent of breathed
acetone was absorbed and about 30 percent released with expired air (ref. 5)
LD50 (oral, rat): 8,453 mg/kg (ref. 9).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: >1,000 ppm (ref. 10).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 2,400 mg/m3 (1,000 ppm).
Acetone is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure
is 590 mg/m3 (250 ppm) as a time-weighted average (ref. 18).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 5.9 x 105 yg/m3 (250 ppm)
Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5.9 x 10 = 8.9 x 10 yg/1 Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 10 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8.9 x 106 = 1.8 x 106 pg/g Land, Ecology: 0.2 x>1.0 x 105 =>2.0 x ID4 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCflH1 = 103 x 590/420 = 1,405 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 250/420 = 0.6 ppm
EPCUH1 ° 15 x 1'405 = 21>070 U9/1
EPCWH2 = 13'8 x 59° = 8'140 ^S/1
EPCLH = °-2 x 8'140 = 1-630 "9/9
EPCWEJ = 50 x > 1,000 = > 5.0 x 10* ag/l
EPCLE = 0.2 x>5.0 x 104 =>1.0 x 104
A-262
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07B020
ACETONE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engmeering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.9E5
(250)
8.9E6
1.8E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,405
(0.6)
8,140,
1,630
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.004-0.017
l.Ot
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land,fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B, Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,405
(0.6)
8,140
1,630
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water.
A-263
-------
CATEGORY: 78 WLN: 2V1
BUTANONE: " C.HgO (methyl ethyl ketone,
M.E.K. , 2-butanone) 07B060. STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid with an acetone-like odor; highly
flammable.
H 0 H H
I I I I
PROPERTIES: H—C—C—C—C-
Molecular wt: 72.12; mp: -86.35; bp: 79.6760; H H H
d: 0.8054|°; vap.d: 2.41; vap. press: 71.2 mm
at 20°; soluble in four parts water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Butanone is a byproduct of the distillation of wood (ref. 5).
It is used as an industrial solvent and in the manufacturing of
cosmetics (ref. 7).
Butanone has been reported in freshwater in five U.S. cities,
and in finished drinking water 16 times, (ref. 2).
Odor threshold for butanone is reported as 10 ppm (ref. 6).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Threshold for eye and nose irritation is 200 ppm for 50 percent unacclimated
individuals (ref. 5). Dermatitis may result upon prolonged skin contact (ref. 5).
Dermatitis is common among workers exposed either to the vapors or liquid (ref. 5).
At 300 to 600 ppm workers complained of numbness of the fingers and arms (ref. 4).
Although absorption of butanone through the skin may occur, toxicity is reported
low by this route. Because it is less soluble than acetone in blood, it is more
rapidly excreted through the lungs (ref. 5).
LD50 (oral, rat): 3,400 mg/kg (ref. 18}..
LC5o (inhalation, mouse): 205,000 mg/m for 45 minutes (ref. 16).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: >1,000 ppm (ref. 10).
Experimental evidence indicates that butanone is a teratogenic agent in rats
(ref. 2). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenicity is 4,121. The
lowest dose to induce a teratogenic response is 1,000 ppm for 10 days. This is
equivalent to 2,944 mg/m3. Assuming absorption of the total amount of contaminant
in the breathing volume, this concentration over 10 days corresponds to a dosage of 27,387
mg/kg. (The weight of the rat is estimated as 113 g and tidal breathing rate as 0.073 1/min.)
(refs. 2, 11). Adjusted ordering number is 0.15.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 590 mg/m3 (200 ppm).
On second priority candidate chemical list for the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 12).
Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure is 590 mg/m3 as a time-weighted average (ref. 18).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 103 x 590 = 5.9 x 105 ug/m3 (200 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5.9 x 105 = 8.85 x 108 ug/1 Water, Ecology: ICO x > 1,000 = > 1.0 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8.85 x 106 = 1.77 x 106 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.2 x>1.0 x 105 =>2.0 x 104 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EFCAH1 = 103 x 590/420 = 1,405 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 200/420 = 0.48 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x i'405 = 2a x 1C|4 U9/1 EPCWE1 = 50 x >1'°°° * > 5'° x 1()4
EPCVIH2 = 13'8 x 59° = 8'142 W9/1 EPCLE = °'2 x>5'° x 1C>4 =>10'000
EPCLH = 0.2 x 8,142 • 1,630 pg/g
A-264
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07B060
BUTANONE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(pptn Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
5.9E5
(200)
8.85E6
1.77E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
EMsed on
Health Effects
1,405
(0.48)
8,142
1 ,630
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /*g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,405
(0.48)
8,142
1,630
B Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-265
-------
CATEGORY:
ISOPHORONE:
(isoacetophorone, 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-
WLN: L6V BUTJ COO
STRUCTURE:
cyclohexene-1-one). 07B080
A water-white liquid; peppermint odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 138.09; bp: 215. 2; mp: -3.1; d: 0.9229;
vap. press.: .44 mm at 25°; vap. d: 4.77; insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
(CH,)
Due to its low volatility, isophorone is not a dangerous industrial hazard (ref. 5). Concentrations of
9.5 ug/z of isophorone have been found in samples from public drinking water supplies (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Isophorone is one of the most toxic of the ketones. It is an irritant at 25 ppm or 141 mg/m3. In high
concentrations, isophorone 1s a kidney poison (ref. 8). Concentrations of 5-8 ppm for a month are reported
to cause fatigue and malaise (ref. 7).
LD50 (oral, rat): 2,330 mg/kg.
LDLQ (.Inhalation, rat): 1,840 ppm for 4 hours
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: 25 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
Isophorone is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure
is 23 mg/m or 5 ppm as a time-weighted average (ref. 18).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: lo3 x 25 = 2.5 x 104 yg/m3 (5 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 = 3.75 x 105 ng/s.
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.75 x TO5 » 7T5 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
'AMI
0J x 25/420 • 60 yg/mj
AHla " 5/42° * 0-01 PP"1
EPCWH1 » 15 x 60 » 900 ug/i
345 ug/l
69 ug/g
EPC
EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 25
EPCLH - 0.2 x 345
A-266
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07B080
ISOPHORONE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.5E4
(5)
3.75E5
7.5E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
8*sed on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
69
Baled on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
9.5t
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, »g/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
69
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water supplies,
A-267
-------
CATEGORY: 7B WLN: L55 A CVTJ A A B
CAMPHOR: C,0H160 (1,7,7-Tnmethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-one,
d-2-camphonone, formosa camphor, 2-camphonone, STRUCTURE;
2-oxo-bovane, 2-bornanone). 07B100
A transparent,-wftite crystal with penetrating odor and
pungent taste.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 152.23; mp: 179.8; sublimes at 204760;
d: 0.990J5; vap.d: 5.24; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Camphor is associated with all parts of the camphor tree (ref. 9).
It has been reported in samples taken from finished drinking water supplies
(ref. 2). The highest reported concentration in drinking water is 0.5 ug/1
(ref. 3). It has also been reported in well water and river water (ref. 2).
Camphor is used in manufacturing plastics, in moth repellant, in embalming fluids,
and as a preservative in Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Locally, camphor is an irritant. When taken internally, it causes
nausea (ref. 8). One human death resulted from inhalation of heated
Camphor vapor (ref. 7) Although no effects were observed when workers were
exposed daily to 2 ppm camphor, prolonged inhalation of 6 mg/mj may cause
severe injury to animals (ref. 7).
LOLo (intraperitoneal, rat): 900 mg/kg (ref. 8)
Aquatic toxicity: LCrn, 96-hour: 110 mg/a (ref. 17)
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 12 mg/m3 (2 ppm)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
103 x 12 = 1.2 x 104 ug/m3 (2 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.2 x 104 = 1.8 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.8 x 105 = 36,000 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 110 = 1.1 x 104 vg/i
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.1 x 104 = 2.2 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
•AH1
= 10 x 12/420 = 28.6 ug/m
EPCAHla = 2/42° = °'005 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 28.6 = 429 ug
EPC = 13.8 x 12 = 165.6
EPCWE1 = 50 x 110 = 5,500 vg/t
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5,500 = 1,100 yg/g
TH
A-268
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07B100
CAMPHOR
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engmeenng Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.2E4
1.8E5
3.6E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.1E4
2.2E3
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
28.6
(0.005)
165.6
33.1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,500
1,100
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.5t
'To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, jjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
29
(0.005)
166
33
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,500
1,100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tFinished drinking water.
A-269
-------
CATEGORY: 7B WLN:
ACETOPHENONE: CgHcCoH.^, (acetylbenzene, phenyl methyl ketone,
1-phenyl ethanone). 07B120 STRUCTURE:
A colorless, slightly flammable liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 120.16;mp: 20.5;bp: 202.O760; d:1.02812°;
vap. d: 4 14; vap. press: 1 mm at 15°; slightly soluble in
water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Acetophenone has been reported in samples from finished drinking water
5 times (ref. 2). The highest reported concentration is 1.0 ug/1 (ref. 3).
It has also been reported in river water (ref. 2).
Acetoohenone is used in perfumery to impart an orange blossom-like odor
(ref. 9). It is also used as an anesthetic and analgesic agent in medicine
(ref. 5).
Acetophenone is formed by oxidation of ethyl benzene (ref. 5).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acetophenone has a narcotic effect in high concentrations (ref. 8). It
has definite narcotic and analgesic properties when swallowed or injected
intravenously or subcutaneously It can also cause dermatitis in occuoationally
exposed persons (ref. 5).
In the body, acetophenone is metabolized to a large extent (91.7 percent)
to benzoic acid, which appears in the urine as hippuric acid (ref. 5).
Aquatic toxicity: A concentration in water of 0.5 mg/1 is reported to cause
fish tainting (ref. 5). LC5p - 96-hour: 155 mg/i (ref. 17)
LDSO (oral, rat): 900 mg/kg (ref. 10).
H
>-C-C-C-M
0 H
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS, CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 900 = 4.05 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4.05 x 10" = 6.08 x 10s ug/1 Water, Ecology:
x 155 = 1.55 x 10 pg/s.
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.08 x 105 yg/1 = 1.2 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology: Q.2 x 1 .55 x 104 = 3.1 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 900 = 96.3 ug/m
EPCAR3 = 0.081 x 900 = 72.9 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 72.9 =1,094 pg/1
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 900 = 360 ug/1
EPC. u = 0.2 x 360 = 72 ug/g
Lri
EPCWE1 = 50 x 155 = 7.750 ug
EPC
L£
= 50° ug/1 (to prevent tainting)
=0.2 x 500 = 100 -jg/g
A-270
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07B120
ACETOPHENONE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
1
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.05E4
5.08E5
I.2E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.55E4
3.1E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
73
360
72
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
It
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
73
360
72
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
TOO
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tpinished drinking water.
A-271
-------
CATEGORY: ?B WLN;
5.6-BENZO-9-ANTHRONE: C17H120 (l,2-benz-10-anthrone, benz(a)
anthrone-7(12H)one). 07B160 STRUCTURE:
Pale yellow crystals.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 232; mp: 180-1.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
5,6-Benzo-9-anthrone has been found in coke-oven emissions (ref. 13). j* Was identified
in atmospheric particulate samples taken from Toronto, Ontario in 1* concentrations of 30 to
40 ug/g of particulate (ref. 14).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
lexicological data for 5,6-benzo-9-anthrone are not available at this time.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS, CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
A-272
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07B160
5,6-BENZO-9-ANTHRONE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bqscd on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-273
-------
CATEGORY: 7B
CARRIES: 07B180
CARVONE (d or s.):C10Hll40 (p-mentha-6,8-dien-2-one, carvol,
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexene-l-one).
A liquid. 07B181
DI HYDRO- (d or }.) CARVONE: Ci0H160. A liquid. 07B182
PROPERTIES; Hoi. wt. b.p. d_. solubility in water
Carvone (d)
Carvone (a)
WIN: L6V BUTJ B EYU1
STRUCTURE:
150.22 23 r" 0.9608F slightly
150.22 231760 0.9539?° slightly
Dihydrocarvone (d) 152.24 221-2 0.92819
Dihydrocarvone (z) 152.24 221-2 0.9253?° insoluble
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Carvone
Dihydro-
d-Carvone occurs in caraway seed, dill seed oils, and mandarin peel oils. «.-Carvone is found in
spearmint and kuromoji oils. rf-and £-Carvone occurs in gingerqrass oils (ref. 9). Carvone is used as a
synthetic flavoring agent (ref. 8).
Dihydro-carvone has been identified in samples of finished drinking water (ref. 2). The highest
concentration reported is 0.14 ug/i.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Carvones are not highly toxic. Dihydro carvone is reported to possess moderate hemolytic activity
compared with borneol (more active), and thymol (less active)(ref. 15).
LDSO (oral,rat): 1640 mg/kg (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOX1CITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 1640 = 7.4 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 7.4 x 104 • 1.1 x 106 vg/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.1 x 106 = 2.2 x 105 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 <• 0.107 x 1640 = 175 pg/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 1640 • 133 ug/m3
1,933 ug
EPCWH1 • 15 x 133
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 1640
656
EPC
LH
0.2 x 656 = 131 -,g/g
A-274
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07B180
CARVONES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Category
Air, /ag/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
'
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
7.4E4
1.1E6
2.2E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
133
656
131
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.14t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, Mg/l
(ppm Wtl
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Baled on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
133
656
131
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tFinished drinking water.
A-275
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 7B
Aldehydes, Ketones - Ketones
1. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report
Prepared by Research Triangle Institute Under Contract No. 68-02-1325
for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from W. G. Tucker,
Project Officer, IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (1976).
2. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA Publication No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.
Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water:
Report to Congress. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
(1975).
4. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Vapor-Phase
Organic Pollutants: Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental
Pollutants. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC (1976).
5. Rowe, V. K., and M. A. Wolf. Ketones. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology,
Second Edition. Vol. 2, F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience Publishers, New
York, NY (1963).
6. Billings, C. E., Technological Sources of Air Pollution. Industrial
Pollution, N. I. Sax, Ed., Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., New York, NY
(1974).
7. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
8. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
9. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and
Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
10. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
11. Bond, R. G., C. P. Straub, and R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Environmental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland,
OH (1972).
12. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. Second Priority List.
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology: Annual Report. Research
Triangle Park, NC (1976).
A-276
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 7B (Continued)
13. Smith, W. M. Evaluation of Coke-oven Emissions. Journal of Occupational
Medicine 13(2): 69-74 (1971).
14. Kingsbury, G. L., R. C. Sims, and J. B. White. Source and Ambient
Concentration Data for Polycyclic Organic Matter. Vol. I-III. Draft of
Report Prepared by Research Triangle Institute, under Contract No. 68-
02-2612 for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from J. 0.
Milliken, Project Officer, IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (1978).
15. Rhode, H. Solubility and Hemolytic Activity of Dihyrdocarvone. Biochemiche
Zeitschrift 130: 481-496. 1922.
16. Zakhari, S., M. Leibowitz, P. Levy, and D. M. Aviado. Isopropanol and Ketones
in the Environment. CRC Press, Cleveland, OH (1977).
17. Mattson, V. R., J. W. Arthur, and C. G. Walbridge. Acute Toxicity of Selected
Compounds to Fathead Minnows. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Duluth, MN. EPA-600/3-76-097 (1976).
18. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a
Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Ketones. National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health. U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-173 (1978).
A-277
-------
CATEGORY 7
ALDEHYDES, KETONES
SUBCATEGORY: 7C - Aldehydes and Ketones with Additional Functional Groups
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 15
number of parent compounds with subspecies 1
number of subspecies 14
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 14
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-279
-------
CATEGORY: 7C
TETRACHLOROACETONE:
C3H2C140
(l,l,3,3-tetrachloro-2-propanone). 07C020
A colorless liquid with a strong, sharp odor.
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 195.86; mp:
very soluble in water.
8-49; bp: 180-2718;
H 0 H
Cl—0
I
Cl
4.
ci
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Tetrachloroacetone has been reported in samples taken from finished
drinking water (ref. 1). The highest reported concentration is 1 ug/1
(ref. 2). The compound probably does not occur naturally. It may be formed
in drinking water chlorination.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxicological data for tetrachloroacetone are not available at this time. It is probably more toxic than
acetone and is likely to be irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Toxicity is expected to be inter-
mediate between that of chloroacetone and hexachloracetone. Based on information for structurally similar com-
pounds, it is reasonable to expect the LD50 for tetrachloroacetone to be >500 mg/kg (see data below).
Compound LD^o (oral, rat)(ref. 3)
Acetone 8,453
Chloroacetone
Hexachl oroacetone
Acetic acid
Chloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
50
1,290
3,310
76
2,820
3,320
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 500 =° 2.3 x 10* ug/mj
Water, Health: 15 x 2.3 x 104 = 3.4 x 105 vg/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.4 x 105 - 6.8 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCftH2=0.107 x 500 = 54 ug/mj
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 500 = 41 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 41 = 615 yg/n
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 500 = 200 ug/j
EPCLH = 0.2 x 200 = 40 Hg/g
A-280
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07C020
TETRACHLOROACETONE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, 8PT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.3E4
3.4E5
6.8E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal"
Based on
Health Effects
41
200
40
Based on
Ecotogtcal
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
It
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, f/g/l
(ppm Wtl
Land, //g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
41
200
40
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
•ffinished drinking water.
A-281
-------
CATEGORY: 7C WUN;
CHLOROHYDROXY BENZOPHENONES: C,,HQ0,C1.
Mol. wt. 232.15 07C040 IJ STRUCTURE:
Most isomers are yellow crystals and are insoluble in water.
2-CHLORO-2'-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C041
2-CHLORO-3'-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C042
2-CHLORO-4'-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C043
2-CHLORO-5-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C044
3-CHLORO-2'-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C045
3-CHLORO-2-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C046
3-CHLORO-3'-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C047
3-CHLORO-4'-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C048
3-CHLORO-4-HYOROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C049
4-CHLORO-2-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C04A
4-CHLORO-2'-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C04B
4-CHLORO-3'-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C04C,
4-CHLORO-4'-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C04D
5-CHLORO-2-HYDROXY BENZOPHENONE: 07C04E
PROPERTIES: m.p. _. b.p.
2-Chloro-2'-hydroxy benzophenone: 92
2-Chloro-4'-hydroxy benzophenone: 128
2-Chloro-5-hydroxy benzophenone: 98-99
3-Chloro-2'-hydroxy benzophenone: 89
3-Chloro-2-hydroxy benzophenone: 92.5-93
3-Chloro-4''hydroxy benzophenone: 161
3-Chloro-4-hydroxy benzophenone: 180-181
4-Chloro-2'-hydroxy benzophenone: 112
4-Chloro-3'-hydroxy benzophenone: 154-5
4-Chloro-4'-hydroxy benzophenone: 179.25 257
5-Chloro-2-hydroxy benzophenone:
HO
.Cl
13
95-95.5
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Chlorohydroxy benzophenones probably do not occur naturally.fFie 2,2' isomer is used as an insecticide.
Chlorohydroxy benzophenones have been identified in finished drinking water and in river water (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxicological data for Chlorohydroxy benzophenones are not available at this time. The compounds are likely
to exhibit properties characteristic of chlorinated phenols as well as those of ketones. Irritant and lachrymator
properties are probable. Lethal dose information for related compounds are given below.
3-chloro-4-hydroxybiphenyl: LD5o (oral, rat): 4220 mg/kg (ref. 3).
4,4-dichlorobenzophenone: LDso (intraperitoneal, mouse): 200 mg/kg (ref. 3).
2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone: LDso (intravenous, mouse) 85 mg/kg (ref. 3).
3,5-dihydroxybenzophenone: LD50 (intravenous, mouse): 75 mg/kg (ref. 3).
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS, CRITERIA. RECOGNITION, CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
A-282
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
07C040
CHLOROHYDROXY BENZOPHENONES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
B«ed on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To tie multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
Ml. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-283
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 7C
Aldehydes and Ketones with Additional Functional Groups
1. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA Publication No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.
Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water:
Report to Congress. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
(1975).
3. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracor Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
A-284
-------
CATEGORY 8
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES
SUBCATEGORY: 8A - Carboxylic Acids
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 15
number of parent compounds with subspecies 2
number of subspecies 7
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-285
-------
CATEGORY:
8A
FORMIC ACID: CHjO, (methanoic acid). 08A020
A colorless, fuming liquid; pungent odor.
W_LN: VHQ
STRUCTURE:
OH
I
C = 0
H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 46.03; mp: 8.4; bp: 100.7; d: 1.220;
vap. d: 1.59; vap. press.: 43 mm at 25°; miscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Formic acid is the first in the aliphatic series of carboxylic acids. It is a strong reducing agent and
is more highly dissociated in water than is acetic acid.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Formic acid acts as an irritant to mucous membranes, eyes, and skin. Workers exposed to 15 ppm
complained of nausea (ref. i). chronic absorption may cause albuminuria and hematuria (ref. 2).
L050 (oral, rat): 1,210 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 9 mg/m3 [5 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 9 x 10 ug/m3 (5 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 9 x 103 = 1.4 x 105 ug/«. Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.4 x 105 = 2.8 x 104-jg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
•AH1
10 x 9/420 = 21
EPCAHla . 5/420 = 0.01 ppm
EPCWH1 * 15 x 21 • 315 ug/t
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 9 = 124
EPCLH = 0.2 x 124 = 25
A-286
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
X
08A020
FORMIC ACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.0E3
(5)
1.4E5
2.8E4
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bused on
Health Effects
21
(0.01)
124
25
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
21
(0.01)
124
25
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-287
-------
CATEGORY:
8A
ACETIC ACID: C-H.Oo (ethanoic acid). Q8A040
A clear, colorless liquid; pungent odor.
WLN: QV1
STRUCTURE:
r
CH3-C=0
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 60.05; mp: 16.6; bp: 118.1;
d: 1.049; vap. press.: 11.4 m at 20°; vap. d: 2.07;
miscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Organic acids are emitted to the atmosphere in large quantities from coal-fired
boilers. An average of 12.4 Ib of organic acid (as acetic acid) per ton of coal burned
is reported for one large plant (ref. 3).
Acetic acid is formed by the air oxidation of acetaldehyde. Bacterial oxidation
of ethyl alcohol also results in formation of acetic acid.
The concentration of acetic acid in rural atmosphere is reported as 1.0 ppm
(ref. 4). This is equivalent to 2.45 mg/m3. (This value is representative of an agricultural
area and is not indicative of a natural background concentration.) The odor recognition level
is reported as 2.7 mg/m (ref. 5).
High concentrations of organic acids in water cause a lowering of the pH.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Vapors of acetic acid may cause irritation of mucous membranes, lacrimation, conjunctivitis,
and dermatitis (ref. 6). Irritative effects are produced in humans by 816 ppm for 3 minutes
(ref. 7). Conjunct!val irritation has occurred at 10 ppm (ref. 1).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 3,310 mg/kg.
LC50 (inhalation, mouse): 5,620 ppm for 1 hour.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 7).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 25 mg/m3 (10 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.5 x 104 yg/m3 (10 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 = 3.8 x 105 yg/z. Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.8 x 105 = 7.6 x 104 yg/g Land, Ecology:
100 x 10 - 1.0 x 10 vg/i
0.2 x 1.0 x 103 = 200 yg/q
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH1
10J
x 25/420 = 60 yg/mj
AHla * /*20 • °-02 PP">
EPCWH1 => 15 x 60 = 900 yg/f>
345 yg/s,
0.2 x 345 = 70 yg/g
EPC
EPCWH2 => 13.8 x 25
EPCWE1 = 50 x 10 = 500 ug/Z
EPCLE = 0.2 x 500 = 100 up/g
A-288
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08A040
ACETIC ACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, //g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, (ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.5E4
(10)
3.8E5
7.6E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
60
(0.02)
345
70
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ngfg
(ppm Wt)
.
1 Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
60
(0.02)
345
70
B Based on
Ecological Fffects
500
TOO
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-289
-------
CATEGORY: 8A WUN: QV1U1VQ-C
MALEIC AClD: C4Hi°4 (cis-butenedioic acid, toxilic acid,
1,2-ethylenedicarDoxylic acid, maleinic acid, cis-l,2-ethy1ene- STRUCTURE:
dicarboxylic acid, malemc acid) 08A060
A white crystal from water, it has a faint acidulous odor, 9
and a characteristic repulsive, astringent taste.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 116.07; mp: 130.5; bp: 135 (decomposes);
d: 1.590|°; vap.d: 4.0; soluble in water.
H-C—C—OH
II
H-C-C—OH
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Maleic acid is a byproduct of phthalic acid manufacture; it can also be formed by the oxidation of
benzene (ref. 8).
Maleic acid is used in the production of resins, dyes, and in preparing the maleate salts of antihis-
tamines and similar drugs (ref. 2).
Maleic acid is converted, in part, into the much higher melting fumaric acid when heated to a tempera-
ture above the melting point (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Maleic acid is a strong acid and can produce marked irritation of skin and mucous membranes (ref. 8).
There are no reports of cumulative toxic effects in man (ref. 8).
LD50 (oral, rat): 708 mg/kg (ref. 7).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION, CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1 mg/m3 (0.25 ppm) for maleic anhydride.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 708 = 3.19 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 3.19 x 104' = 4.79 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4.79 x 105 = 9.6 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 * 0.107 x 708 = 75.8 ug/m3
EPCAR3 = 0.081 x 708 • 57.3 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 57.3 ' 859.5 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 708 = 283.2 ug/1
EPC
1H
0.2 x 283.2 = 57 yg/g
A-290
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08A060
MALEICACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, (jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ttg/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, f/g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.19E4
(0.25)
4.79E5
9.6E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
B«ed on
Hedltti Effect*
57
283
57
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
57
283
57
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-291
-------
CATEGORY: 3A
VALERIC ATlO: ^^\ffz~ (pentanoic acid, propylacetic
acid, valeriamc acicC butanecarboxyl ic acid). 08A080
A colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 102.13; mp: -33.83; bp: 186.05760;
d: 0.93915°; vaP-Press: 1 mm Hg at 42°; soluble in water.
WUN: QV4
STRUCTURE:
H H H H 0
I i I i //
H—C—C—C—C—C—OH
I I I 1
H H H H
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Valeric acid is normally found in valerian. It is formed by the oxidation of amyl alcohol, and is used
in perfumes, flavors, and medicine (ref. 8).
Valeric acid has been reported to be present in groundwater, river water, and well water (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Valeric acid is a strong skin irritant in undiluted form. It is metabolized by splitting into acetic
acid and pyruvic acid. No cumulative effects are reported (ref. 8).
LD50 (oral, mouse): 500 mg/kg (ref. 7).
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hour LC5Q = 77 mg/l(ref. 12).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 500 = 2.25 x TO4 pg/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 2.25 x 104 = 3.38 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.38 x 105 = 6.8 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: loo x 77 * 7.7 x Id3 yg/z
Land, Ecology: Q.2 x 7.7 x 103 = 1.5 x 103 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 500 = 53.5 ug/m
EPC
'AH 3
0.081 x 500 =40.5 ug/m
EPCWH1 = 15 x 40.5 = 607.5 ug/1
EPC,
WH2
= 0.4 x 500 = 200 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 200 = 40 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x 77 = 3,850 pg/i
EPCL£ = 0.2 x 3,850 = 77 ug
A-292
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08A080
VALERIC ACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.25E4
3.38E5
6.8E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
7.7E3
1.5E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
40.5
200
40
Based on
Ecological
Effects
3,850
77
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, >ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
40.5
200
40
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
3,850
77
HI. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-293
-------
CATEGORY: 3A
SATURATED'LONG CHAIN ACIDS (MW: 116-201). 08A100
CAPROIC ACID:C6H1202 (hexanoic acid). 08A101
Colorless liquid with goat-like odor.
CAPRYLIC ACID: C8H1602 (octanoic acid). 08A102
Colorless liquid with rancid taste.
CAPRIC ACID: C10H2o02 (n-decanoic acid,
n-decoic acid). 08A103
Colorless crystals, rancid odor.
LAURIC ACID: CiiRllt02 (dodecanoic acid) 08A104
White powder, slight odor.
PROPERTIES:
WLN;
STRUCTURE:
OH
Caproic acid
Caprylic acid
Capric acid
Laurie acid
mol.
116.
114,
172.
200.
wt.
2
.2
.26
.31
rot
16.
31.
48
0
.5
,4
bo.
205
239
269
225100
d.
0.92712"
0.900820
0.8853°
0. 8679|°
V3p.d. van.
4.0 0.
1
1
13
mm
HMD
press.
mm
at
at
at 20°
92°
121°
solubil ity in water
1.0
0.7
0.2
insoluble
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Acid
Caproic
Caprylir
Capric
Laurie
Occurrence in Water
Fresh
Once
(ref.ll)
Twice
(ref. 11)
Ground
Once
(ref.ll)
Source
Milk fats (ref. 2)
Coconut oil (ref. 2)
Coconut oil (ref. 2)
Uses
Formation
Artificial flavor (ref. 2)
Drugs (ref. 8) From oleic acid (ref. 2)
From coconut oil (ref. 8)
Oxidation of octanol (ref.2)
From octyl bromide (ref. 2)
Perfumery, dyes (ref. 2)
food additive (ref. 6)
Manufacture of esters for
artificial flavors, per-
fumes (ref. 2)
Chemical synthesis, gly-
cerides used in food
(ref. 8)
Distillation of coconut
oil acids (ref. 8)
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acid
Caproic
Caprylic
Capric
Laurie
LDso(oral , rat)
mg/kg
3,000 (ref. 7)
LD50(intravenous, mouse)
mg/kg (ref. 7)
3180(intraperitoneal)
600 >
129
131
Effects
(acute/chronic)
Irritation of eye
and skin (ref. 8)
Irritation causing
coughing (ref. 6)
Low toxic ity
(ref. 6)
Metabolic
fate
Normal pathway for simi-
lar fatty acids (ref. 8)
Incorporated into
fat (ref. &}
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hour LC5Q = 88 mg/i for caproic acid (ref. 12).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICiTY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
45 x 129 = 5.8 x 103 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 5.8 x 103 = 8.7 x 104 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8.7 x 104 = 1.7 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: TOO x 88 = 8.8 x 103 vg/l
Land, Ecology: Q.2 x 8.8 x 103 = 1.8 x 103 «g/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
LAH2
'AH3
'WH1
= °'081 x 129 = 10-4 f9/
= 15 x 10.4 = 156 ug/1
EPCWH2 = °-4 * '29 * 51
EPC
1H
0.2 x 51 = 10 ug/g
EPC,
WE1
* 50 * 88 = 4,400 yg
EPCL£ = 0.2 x 4,400 ' 880 ug/g
A-294
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08 A100
SATURATED LONG CHAIN ACIDS (MW: 116-201)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.8E3
8.7E4
1.7E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
8.8E3
1.8E3
6. Ambient Level Goal"
Based on
Health Effects
10.4
51
10
Based on
Ecological
Effects
4,400
880
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
M. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
10.4
51
10
B Based on
Ecological Effects
4,400
880
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-295
-------
CATEGORY; 3A
SATURATED LONG CHAIN ACIDS (MW: 228-285). 08A120
MYRISTIC ACID: ClltH230, (n-tetradecoic
acid, 1-tridecane car-boxy! ic acid, tetradecanoic
acid). 08A121
A white solid.
PALMITIC AGIO: C15H3202 (cetylic acid,
hexadecanoic acid, hexadecyclic acid). 08A122
White crystals.
STEARIC ACID: C18H3602 (octadecanoic acid).
White crystals, slight taste, tallow odor.
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
4
CH3(CH2)nC\
OH
08A123
PROPERTIES:
Myristic acid
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
mo 1. wt
223.36
256.42
284.47
d.
0.343S|
269100 0.852722
287ioo o.9408|°
vap. press. solubility in water
insoluble
insoluble
1 mm at 173.7° slightly
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Occurrence in Water
Fresh Drinking
Source fref. 2). Uses
Formation (ref. 2).
Myristic Four times
(ref.11)
Palmitic Twice
(ref.11)
Stearic
Once
(ref.11)
Nutmeg butter, animal
and vegetable fat
As glyceral ester in
oils and fats
As glyceride in animal
fats and oils
Soaps, cosmetics, fla- From tall-oil fatty
vors, perfumes (ref. 8) acids
Manufacture of soaps and
oils (ref. 8)
For suppositories and Hydrogenation of vege-
cosmetics (ref. 2). table oils
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Myristic, palmitic, and Stearic are reported to be of low toxicity (ref. 8).
Myristic
Palmitic
Stearic
LD50(intravenous, mouse) (ref. 7)
mg/kg •
43
57
23
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 23 = 1,035 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1,035 = 1.55 x 104 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.55 x 104 = 3.1 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
EPC
'AH2
'AH3
= 0.107 x 129 = 14 iag/m
= 0.081 x 129 * 10.4 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 10.4 = 157 ug/1
EPC,
EPC,
WH2
LH
= 0.4 x 129 = 52 ug/1
= 0.2 x 52 = 10 ug/a
A-296
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08 A120
SATURATED LONG CHAIN ACIDS (MW: 228-285)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.04E3
1.55E4
3.1E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Biserf on
Health Effects
10.4
52
10
Baied on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
*y
Air, /ug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
10.4
52
10
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-297
-------
CATEGORY: 3A
QLEIC ACID: C,8H3I40,
(cis-9-octadecanoic" acid).
Colorless crystals.
08A140
WIN:
STRUCTURE:
CH,(CH2)
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 282.45; mp: 16; bp: 223,
d: 0.89355°; vap. press: 1 tin at 176.5;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Olei'c acid has been identified twice in fresh water (ref. 9). It is obtained
from animal fats and vegetable oils (ref. 2). It is used for rodent extermination
and in polishing compounds (ref. 2).
OH
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LD5o (oral,rat): 74 mg/kg (ref. 7).
Oleic acid is reported to cause tumors in rabbits (ref. 7). The EPA/NIOSH ordering
number is 2101. Lowest dosage to induce a tumorigenic response is 3,120 mg/kg. The
adjusted ordering number is 0.67.
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hour LC5Q » 205 mg/1 (ref 12).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 74 = 3.3 x HT ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 3.3 x 103 = 5.0 x 104 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.0 x 104 = 1.0 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 205 * 2.05 x 104 vg/i
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 2.05 x 104 = 4.1 x 103 u9/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAR2 = 0.107 x 74 = 8 yg/m3
EPCftH3 = 0.081 x 74 = 6 ug/m3
EPCWH1 - 15 x 6 = 90 ug/1
EPC,
'WH2
= 0.4 x 74 = 30 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 30 = 6 ug/g
EPCW£1 = 50 x 205 = 10,000
EPC,
LE « 0.2 x 10,000 « 2,000 ug/g
A-298
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08A140
OLEICACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.3E3
5.0E4
1.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2.05E4
4.1E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Btted on
Health Effects
6
30
6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
10,000
2,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
6
30
6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
10,000
2,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-299
-------
CATEGORY: 3A WLN: QVR
BENZOIC ACID: CgHjCOOH (benzenecarboxylic acid, STRUCTURE:
phenyl formic acid). 08A160
White needles or powder.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 122.13; bp: 249.2; mp: 122.4; begins to
sublime at around 100°; volatile with steam; solubility:
0.34 g/100 g; soluble in hot water; vap. press.: 1 m at 96°; vap. d: 4.21.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benzoic acid may be formed by the air oxidation (in presence of catalyst) of
toluene.
It occurs in nature in both free and combined states. Most berries contain
benzoic acid--0.05 percent (ref. 2).
In water, benzoic acid is more highly dissociated than acetic acid but less
than formic acid.
It is used in preserving foods and in curing tobacco (ref. ?). Concentrations
of 15 ug/2 have been found in samples of public drinking water supplies (ref.10).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzoic acid is an irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes (ref. 2). 6 mg/kg
applied to human skin has resulted in a toxic response (ref. 7). Severe toxic effects have
not been reported.
LD5Q(oral, rat): 3,040 mg/kg. (ref. 7)
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 3,040 « 1.4 x 105 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.4 x 105 = 2.1 x 106 vg/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.1 x 106 = 4.2 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = °-107 x 3'040 = 325
EPCAH3 * °'081 x 3>04° = 246
£PCWH1 = 15 x 246 * 3>70° u9/
£PCWH2 * °'4 x 3>04° = 1>22°
EPCLH = 0.2 x 1,220 ' 244 yg/
A-300
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08 A160
BENZOIC ACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engmeermg Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.4E5
2.1E6
L2E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
246
1,220
244
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
15t
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
**
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, (jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
246
1,220
244
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water.
A-301
-------
CATEGORY: 8A
ADIPIC ACID: CSH100^ ;i,4-butanedicarboxylic acid,
hexane dioic acid). U8A180
Fine white crystals or powder.
VVLN:
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 146.14; ntp: 152, bp: 337.5; d: 1.360|5;
vap. press: 1 mm at 159.5°; vap.d: 5.04; slightly soluble
in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Adipic acid is used in the manufacture of nylon (ref. 8).
It is also a general purpose food additive (refs. 6,2). The
compound has been reported in beet juice (ref. 2), and in
effluents from a nylon manufacturing plant (ref. 9).
H H
c— c— c— c-c-c
I II I \
U U u U *
H H H H
OH
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Animal studies with adipic acid generally indicate low toxicity for the compound.
Adipic acid is slowly excreted in the urine and is believed to be partly oxidized (ref. 8).
LDLo (oral,rat): 3,600 mg/kg (ref. 7).
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hour LC5(- = 97 mg/1 (ref. 12).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
45 x 3,600 = 1.62 x 105 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.62 x 105 = 2.43 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.43 x 106 = 4.86 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 97 = 9.7 x 103 ug/8.
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 9.7 x 103 = 1.9 x 103 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCftH2 = 0.107 x 3,600 = 385.2
EPC
AH3
EPC
EPC
WH1
WH2
EPC
LH
0.081 x 3,600 = 291.6 pg/tn
= 15 x 291.6 = 4,374 ug/1
= 0.4 x 3,600 = 1,440 ug/1
= 0.2 x 1,440 = 288 ug/g
EPC,
'WEI
= 50 x 97 = 4,850 ug/s.
EPCLE * 0.2 x 4,850 = 970 ug
A-302
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08A180
ADIPICACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
I.62E5
2.43E6
4.86E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
9.7E3
1.9E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
292
1,440
288
Based on
Ecological
Effects
4,850
970
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, Mg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
292
1,440
288
B Based on
Ecological Effects
4,850
970
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-303
-------
CATEGORY;
8A
PHTHAUC ACID:
o-phthalic acid). 08A200
Colorless crystals.
C3H6°4 (l'2-benzenedl'carboxylic acid,
WLN: QVR BVQ
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 166.14; rap: 210-211 (decomposes,
sublimes); d: 1.593; solubility: 0.7 g/100 g; very Phthalic acid
soluble in hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid. Both carboxylic acid functions may
react to form salts, esters, amide, or anhydride. The anhydride reacts with water,
reforming the phthalic acid. In water, one carboxylic acid function is ionized
to a greater extent than is acetic acid, formic acid, or benzoic acid; ionizatlon
of the second carboxylic acid function occurs less readily.
Phthalic acid may be formed by the hydrolysis of benzene-1,2-d1nitrile or by
oxidation of 1,2-dimethyl benzene.
Phthalic anhydride
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Phthalic acid acts as an irritant to skin, eye, and upper respiratory system.
LDLo (oral, rat): 4,600 mg/kg. (ref. 7)
Teratogenic effects due to phthalic acid are reported. A 4 percent incidence of
congenital defects resulted in chicks receiving 3 to 20 mg via the yolk sac or air
cell before incubation (ref. 11). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on this data is
1101. It is not possible to extrapolate to mg/kg the dosage administered directly to
the egg yolk sac of a chick, so adjusted ordering number cannot be determined from this
data.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (phthalic anhydride): 6 mg/m3 (1 ppm).
(Phthalic acid is formed by the reaction of phthalic anhydride and water.)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOX1CITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 4,600 = 2.07 x 105 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.07 x 105 = 3.1 x 105 pg/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.1 xlos = 6.2 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 4,600
EPC,
492
,AH3 - 0.081 x 4,600 = 373 ug/m
EPCwm * 15 x 373 ' 5,590 vg/l
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 4,600 » 1,840 vq/s.
EPCLH = 0.2 x 1,340 = 368 ug/g
A-304
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08A200
PHTHALICACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.07E5
3.1E6
6.2E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
373
1,840
368
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(pprn Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt}
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
373
1,840
368
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-305
-------
REFERENCES - CATEGORY 8A
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives- Carboxylic Acids
1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Docu-
mentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom
Air with Supplements, Third Edition. American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
2. Windholz, M.E., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals
and Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
3. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Vapor-
Phase Organic Pollutants; Medical and Biological Effects of
Environmental Pollutants. National Academy of Science, Washington,
DC (1976).
4. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of
Report prepared by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No.
68-02-1325 for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available
from W. G. Tucker, Project Officer, EPA/IERL, Research Triangle
Park, NC (1976).
5. Bond, R.G., Straub, C.P., R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Environmental
Control. Vol.1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland,
OH (1972).
6. Sax, N.I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,
Fourth Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
7. Christensen, H.E., and E.J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects
of Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco
Inc., Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
8. Fassett, D.W. Organic Acids, Anhydrides, Lactones, Acid Hal ides
and Amides, Thioacids. In: F.A. Patty, Ed., Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology, Second Edition, Vol.2. Interscience Publishers,
New York, NY (1963).
9. Shacke'lford, W. M., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA Publication No. 600-4/76-062, December 1976.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.
Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water:
Report to Congress. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC (1975).
A-306
-------
REFERENCES - CATEGORY 8A (Continued)
11. Shepard, T. H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. Johns Hopkins University
Press, Baltimore, MD (1973).
12. Mattson, V. R., J. W. Arthur, and C. G. Walbridge. Acute Toxicity of Selected
Compounds to Fathead Minnows. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Duluth, MN. EPA-600/3-76-097 (1976).
A-307
-------
CATEGORY 8
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES
SUBCATEGORY: 8B - Carboxylic Acids with Additional Functional Groups
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 7
number of parent compounds with subspecies 1
number of subspecies 3
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 1
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-309
-------
CATEGORY: 8B
HYDRQXYACETIC ACID:
,03 (glycolic acid, hydroxy-
ethanoic acid). 08B020
Colorless, odorless, somewhat hygroscopic leaflets.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 76.05; mp: 80° (decomposes); pka * 3.83 (ref. 1)
soluble in water.
WIN: qvlQ
STRUCTURE:
OH OH
H - C - C = 0
I
H
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Hydroxyacetic acid is an o-hydroxy acid. In water, it is more highly
dissociated than acetic acid. It is found in sugarcane juice (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Hydroxyacetic acid is more toxic than acetic acid. It is primarily an
irritant to mucous membranes.
LD5Q (oral, rat): l,950mg/kg (ref. 3).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 25 mg/m3 (10 ppm) for acetic acid.
' MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:2.5 x 10* wg/m4 (10 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 = 3.8 x 105 ug/8.
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.8 x 105 = 7.6 x 104 uq/q
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 1C)3 x 25/420 = 60 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 10/420 =0.02 ppm
EPC
WH1
15 x 60 = 900 yg/z.
EPCUH? = 13-8 * 25 = 345 w9/'
70 ug/g
EPCLH « 0.2 x 345
" Based on TLV for acetic acid.
A-310
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08B020
HYDROXYACETIC ACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on "f*
Health Effects
2.5E4
3.8E5
7.6E4
Baled on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bajed on*f
Health Effects
eo
(0.02)
345
70
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on -^
Health Effects
60
(0.02)
345
70
B Based on
Ecological Effects
111. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
t Based on TLV for acetic acid.
A-311
-------
CATEGORY: SB WLN;
HYDROXYBENZQIC AGIOS: C7H603 08B040
• 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (o-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid) STRUCTURE:
088041
A white crystal or powder with sweetish, afterward acrid taste.
• 3-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID. 08B042
• 4-HYOROXYBENZOIC ACID, (p-hydroxybenzoic acid). Crystals. 088043
PROPERTIES:
bp
vap. press.
mol. wt. mp_ _
2-hydroxybenzoic acid 138.12 159 211*° 1.44 1mm at 113.7°
3-hydroxybenzoic acid 138.12 201.5
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 138.12 214.5
1.46
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
solubi1ity in water
slight
slight
slight
I-OH
2-HYOROXYBENZOIC ACID
C—OH
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is used in organic syntheses as an intermediate for dyes
and fungicides. It is a metabolic product of PeniciIlium patulum (ref. 2).
3-HYDROXYBENZ01C ACID
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID
Because salicylic acid has an ability to penetrate skin and a large dissociation constant
(pKa = 3.00), it can cause severe local burns (ref. 1). It may also produce nausea, dizziness,
and rapid breathing (ref. 4).
Salicylic acid is excreted as such, and also is conjugated with glycine and excreted as an
oxidation product (gentisic acid) (ref. 1).
LD50 (oral, rat): 891 mg/kg (ref. 3).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Salicylic acid is permitted as a food additive for human consumption by the FDA (ref. 6).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 891 = 4.0 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4.0 x 104 = 6.0 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.0 x 10 = 1.2 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
AH2
ftH3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 72.2
0.107 x 891 = 95.3 yg/n
0.081 x 891 = 72.2 ug/m
1,083 yg/1
EPC,
EPC
WH2
LH
0.4 x 891 = 356.4 wg/l
= 0.2 x 356.4 = 71 ug/g
A-312
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08B040
HYDROXYBENZOIC ACIDS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.0E4
6.0E5
1.2E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goai*
Based on
Health Effects
72
356
71
Based on
Ecofogical
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background1
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(pprn Vol)
Water, ^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
72
356
71
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-313
-------
CATEGORY: SB
B-PROPIOLACTONE: C3H,Q2 (propanoic acid-3-^ydroxy lactone,
2-oxetanone, hydracrylic acid-fi-lactone, fi-propiono lactone,
propanolide, betaprone, 3PL. 3-Hydroxy propionic acid lactone),
08B060
A liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 72.06; mp: -33.4; bp- 56 to 5715; d: 1.1460§°;
vap. p.; 3.4 mm at 25° C (ref 5); solubility in water: 37%
v/v (ref. 5).
WLN: T40VTJ
STRUCTURE:
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
p-Propiolactone is a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis (ref. 2) and a viricidal
agent in plasma and tissue grafts (ref. 1). It tends to polymerize on storage (ref. 5).
It is not reported to occur as such in volume (ref. 5).
It has a high chemical reactivity and readily hydrolyzes in water to (3-hydroxypropionic
acid. It reacts readily with biological material; unhydrolyzed material is likely
to be adsorbed to suspended participate matter in water. In salt water it probably
forms 3-chloropropionic acid (ref. 6). It has a short half-life in water (ref. 5).
3-Propiolactone is not known to occur in nature (ref. 5).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
p-Propiolactone is considered to be the most toxic of the lactones (ref. 4). While p-propiolactone
causes liver and renal tubular damage when administered intravenously by itself, if it is allowed to
react with proteins before injection, the toxicity is reported to be much reduced (ref. 1).
L050 (oral, rat): 50 mg/kg (ref. 1).
LCSO (inhalation, rat): 250 ppm for 30 minutes (ref. 3).
p-Propiolactone is reported to produce cancer in experimental animals (refs. 5, 3). The
EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on carcinogenicity is 4,428. The lowest dose to induce carcinogenic
response is 20 mg/kg, and the adjusted ordering number is 221. It is carcinogenic to mice
after a single dose exposure (ref. 5).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 3).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION, CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
FDA has declared p-propiolactone to be a carcinogen (ref. 2).
p-propiolactone has been the subject of a NIOSH hazard review document (ref. 7).
p-propiolactone is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special
precautions for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 8).
B-propiolactone is designated by ACSIH as an industrial substance suspect of carcinogenic potential for
man. Because of high acute toxicity and demonstrated skin tumor production in animals, contact by all routes
should be avoided (ref. 10).
7 x 104/221 = 317 ug/m3
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health:
Water, Health: 15 x 317= 4,755 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4,755 = 950 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104= 2,000 ug/1
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
AH2
0.107 x 50 = 5.35 ug/mj
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 50 = 4.05 ug/nr
EPCWR1 = 15 x 4.05 = 60.75 ug/1
EPC,
'WH2
EPC
EPC
EPC,
LH
'AC2
'UC
EPC.
LC
0.4 x 50 = 20 ug/1
= 0.2 x :20 • 4 ng/g
* 103/(6 x 221) = 0.75 ug/m3
= 15 x 0.75 = 11.25 ug/1
= 0.2 x 11 .25 = 2 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 ug/g
A-314
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08B060
g-PROPIOLACTONE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate)
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.17E2
4.755E3
9.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.75
11.25
4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, lug/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
4
20
4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.75
11.25
2
A-315
-------
CATEGORY: 3B WLN:
Y-BUTYROLACTONE: C4H602 STRUCTURE:
(4-hydroxy butanoic acid lactone, 4-butyrolactone,
dihydro-2(3H)-furanone). 088080
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 86.09; mp: -42; bp: 206/eu; d: 1.1286'";
miscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Y-Butyrolactone is used as a solvent and in petroleum processes and as an intermediate in the production
of several chemicals (ref. 1,9). It is reported to occur in beer, wine, coffee, cooked meats, roasted
filberts, vinegar, and tomatoes as well as in tobacco smoke condensate and in a liquid wood smoke
preparation (ref. 9).
Y-Butyrolactone is metabolized rapidly in rats to a-hydroxybutyric acid, and the biological
half-life of this compound is <6 hours (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Y-Butyrolactone probably has a low acute toxicity (ref. 1). Its metabolite, a-hydroxybutyric acid
causes central nervous system depression (ref. 9).
LDSQ (rats and mice): 800-1600 mg/kg (ref. 1).
Y-Bfltyrolactone has been tested in mice, by several routes of administration for oncogenic properties.
No carcinogenic effects were observed (ref. 9).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: >1,000 ppm (ref. 3).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION, CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
45 x 800 = 3.6 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 104 = 5.4 x.105 ug/fc
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.4 x 105 = 1.1 x 105 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1000 * 1.0 x 105 ug/n
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 = 2.0 x 104 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAR2 = 0.107 x 800 = 86 ug/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 800 = 65 pg/ni3
EPCwm = 15 x 65 « 975 yg/»
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 800 = 320 ug/j
EPCLH = 0.2 x 320 = 64 ug/g
EPCW£1 = 50 x 1000 = 50,000 ug,'j,
EPC
IE
0.2 x 50,000 = 10,000 Mg/j.
A-316
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08B080
7-BUTYROLACTONE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.6E4
5.4E5
1.1E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
65
320
64
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
65
320
64
B Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
Ml. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-317
-------
CATEGORY: SB
6-AMINOHEXANQIC ACID: C6H1302N
6-aminocaproic acid).
A solid. 08B100
(.aminocaproic acid,
WIN: Z5VQ
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
IN—(CH2)5—c—OH
Molecular wt: 131.18; rap: 202-3; soluble in water
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acute toxic properties of 6-aminohexanoic acid are not reported. On the basis of LD,-Q data for
structurally similar compounds, it is reasonable to expect the lethal dose to be >1,000 mg/kg (see table
below)- Compound
Butyric acid
4-Amino butyric acid
Hexanoic acid
(intravenous, mouse)800 mg/kg
(intravenous, mouse) 2,748 mg/kg
(oral, rat)
3,000 mg/kg
6-Aminohexanoic acid is reported to produce teratogenic effects in rats when administered orally for
60 days (ref. 3). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenicity is 4,111 with the lowest dosage
being 150 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 0.027.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
* MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 1,000 = 4.5 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 4.5 x 104 = 6.8 x 105 yg/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.8 x 105 = 1.4 x 105 ug/g
* ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 1,000 = 107 ug/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 1,000 * 81 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 81 = 1,215 yg/j.
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 1,000 = 400 yg/i
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
EPC,
LH
0.2 x 400 ' 80 yg/g
*Based on data for structurally similar compounds.
A-318
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08B100
6-AMINOHEXANOIC ACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m"*
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute T
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E4
6.8E5
1.4E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
81
400
80
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Healtti Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on -j-
Health Effects
81
400
80
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
t Based on data for structurally similar compounds.
A-319
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 8B
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives with Additional Functional Groups -
Carboxylic Acids
1. Fassett, D. W. Organic Acids', Anhydrides, Lactones, Acid Halides and Amides,
Thioacids. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Edition, Vol. 2, F. A.
Patty, Ed., Interscience Publishers, New York, p. 1771-1837, 1962.
2. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs,
Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
3. Christensen, H. E., and E. 0. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem-
ical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockyille, MD
for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
4. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth Edition.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
5. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 4, Lyon, France. A World
Health Organization (WHO), Geneva (1974).
6. Radding, S. B., et al. Review of the Environmental Fate of Selected Chem-
icals. Prepared by Stanford Research Institute under contract 68-01-2681 for
Office of Toxic Substances, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
EPA 560/4-75-001 (1977).
7. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor. Hazard
Review Document. Federal Register 39, No. 20, 3756-3757 (1974).
8. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Toxic
and Hazardous Substances. Title 29 Code Federal Regulations, Part 1910.
9. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 11, Lyon, France. A World
Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1976).
10. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
A-320
-------
CATEGORY 8
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES
SUBCATEGORY: 8C - Amides
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 3
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-321
-------
CATEGORY:
3C
WLN: ZVH
STRUCTURE:
NH,
FORMAHIDE: £H3NO (.formic acid amide, formylamine,
methanamide). 08C020,
A colorless, hygroscopic, viscous, oily liquid.
C * 0
PROPERTIES: /
—————— ti
Molecular wt: 45.04; mp: 2.55; bp: 210.7; decomposes;
d: 1.13344°; vap. press.: 29.7 mm at 129.4°; miscible
with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Formamide is a derivative of formic acid and in water hydrolyzes to form the
parent acid. Formamide is obtained by heating ammonium formate in the presence
of ammonia. At its boiling point, it decomposes to ammonia and carbon monoxide.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Animal experiments have indicated that repeated exposure to formamide results
in cumulative effects, although toxicity by all routes is low.
Formamide is not reported to have presented any serious toxicologic hazards in industrial
use (ref. 1). Acute toxicity is considered much lower than for dimethyl formamide.
LD5Q (oral, rat): 7,500 mg/kg. (ref. 2).
Formamide has caused teratogenic effects when 6 g/kg were administered to pregnant
rats. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 4101, and the adjusted ordering number is 0.7.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 30 mg/m3 (.20 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
3.0 x 104 ug/m3 (20 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 104 • 4.5 x 105 yg/z
Land, Health: o.2 x 4.5 x 105 = 9.0 x 104 wg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 10x 30/420 = 71 ug/rrT
EPCAH]a = 20/420 =0.05 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 71 = 1,070 ug/J,
EPCWH2 <• 13.8 x 30 = 414 ug/i.
EPC,u • 0.2 x 414 = 80 M/a
A-322
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08C020
FORMAMIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
a$4
4.5E5
9.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Heatth Effects
71
(0.05)
414
80
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m
(pprn Vol)
Water, f g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.05)
414
80
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-323
-------
CATEGORY: 3C
ACETAMIDET C,H,-NO (ethanamide, methanecarboxamide
acetic acicfamide). 08C040 STRUCTURE:
A solid; oaorless when pure, out frequently has a ,„,
mousy odor. 'l 2
e=o
I
PROPERTIES: ^3
Molecular wt: 59.07; mp: 82.3; bp: 221.2760; d:1.1592°,
vap. press: 1 mm at 65°; pk. : 15 soluble in water,
98 g/100 ml.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Acetamide is used as a solubilizer, a plasticizer, and a stabilizer
(ref. 3). It is formed from ammonium acetate distillation (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acetamide is a mild irritant (ref. 3). It does not appear to pose a grave risk to human health (ref. 4).
The effect of acetamide can be largely inhibited by simultaneous feeding of arginine glutamate, a substance
which counteracts the toxic action of ammonia in the mammal (ref. 4)
LD5Q (oral, rat): 30 g/kg (ref. 4).
Exposure to acetamide is reported to cause cancer in animals (ref. 2). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 4111.
The lowest dosage to cause a carcinogenic effect is 456 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 0.009.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 30,000 = 1.35 x 106 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.35 x 106 ug/1 = 2.04 x 107 ug/l Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.04 x 107 = 4.08 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 30,000 = 3.210 ug/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 30,000 = 2,430 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 2,430 = 36,450 ug/l
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 30,000 * 12,000 ug/l
EPCLH = 0.2 x 12,000 • 2,400 ,ig/g
A-324
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08C040
ACETAMIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, ^ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engmeenng Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A, Minimum Acute
Toxiclty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.4E6
2.0E7
4.1E6
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!
2,430
12,000
2,400
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
1 1 . Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2,430
12,000
2,400
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
'
A-325
-------
CATEGORY: SC WLN: T7MVTJ
6-HEXANELACTAH: CgM^NG (e-caprolactam, S-amino-
hexanoic lactam). 08C060 STRUCTURE:
A white crystal with unpleasant odor and taste; hygroscopic.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 113.16; mp: 69-71; bp: 13912; vap. press: 6 mm
at 120°; highly soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
6-Hexanelactam has been reported in samples of finished drinking
water twice (ref. 5). Odor threshold is 0.3 mg/m3 (ref. 1). It
is used in the manufacture of polyamide type synthetic fibers (ref. 3).
It is formed by rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Workers in spinning rooms where vapors consisted mainly of 6-caprolactam
in various stages of polymerization at a mean concentration of 61 mg/m3
experienced bitter taste, nasal irritation, nervousness, and stomach disorder
(ref. 1).
In studies of 6-hexanelactam metabolism in animals, the rabbit appeared
to metabolize completely, whereas the rat excreted it only in part as an
ami no acid (ref. 1).
LDSO (oral, rat): 2,140 mg/kg (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1 mg/m (0.22 ppm) based on 6-hexanelactam present as dust and 5 ppm as vapor.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1,000 ug/m3 (0.22 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1,000 = 1.5-x 104 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.5 x 104 = 3.0 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 ' 1(}3 x 1/42° = 2'38 U9/I"3
EPCHAHla = 0.22/420 = 5 x 10"4 ppm
£PCWH1 = 2.38 x 15 = 35.7 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 1 = 13.8 yg/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 13.8 = 3 ug/g
A-326
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08C060
6-HEXANELACTAM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, iig/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Exiitmg Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E3
(0.22)
1.5E4
3.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.0005)
13.8
3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
'To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, itg/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.0005)
13.8
3
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-327
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 8C
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives - Amides
1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Docu-
mentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom
Air with Supplements, Third Edition. American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
2. Christensen, H.E., and E.J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects
of Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD. for National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
3. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and
Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NO (1976).
4. Sax, N.I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
5. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA'Publication No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
A-328
-------
CATEGORY 8
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES
SUBCATEGORY: 8D - Esters
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 23
number of parent compounds with subspecies 4
number of subspecies 11
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values
1
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: 5
08D281 Dimethyl phthalate
08D282 Diethyl phthalate
08D283 Di-n-butyl phthalate
08D300 Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
08D320 Butyl benzyl phthalate
A-329
-------
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
0
CH3C-0—CH3
CATEGORY: 8D
METHYL ACETATE: C^gO^ 08D020
A colorless, volatile liquid; pleasant odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 74.08; mp:-98.7; bp: 57; vap press: 235 mm at 25°;
vap d: 255; d: 0.9424 ; soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Methyl acetate is used as a lacquer solvent (ref. 1) and in the manufacture of artificial leathers (ref. 2).
The threshold for odor recognition is 0.50-550 mg/m3 (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH HrFECTS:
Methyl acetate is narcotic but less so than the higher molecular weight members of the acetate series (ref. 4).
It also has an irritant effect and is stronger than the higher molecular weight members' of the acetate
series (ref. 4).
Physiological effects consist of sigrrsof irritation of the eyes, nose and throat followed by a relatively
slow and gradual onset of narcosis with a slow recovery after exposure ceases. Tendency to acidosis results
presumably from hydrolysis in vivo (ref. 1).
Severe toxic effects in man have been reported for exposure to 500 ppm methyl acetate over 60 minutes (ref, 3).
LDLo (oral, rat): 4,800 mg/kg (ref. 5).
Aquatic toxicity rating TLm 96: 1000-100 ppm (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION, CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV =610 mg/m3 (200 ppm)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 103 x 610 - 6.1 x 105 yg/m3 (200 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 6.1 x 105 = 9.1 5 x 106 yg/l
Land, Health: 0.2 x 9.15 x 106 = 1.83 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 * 1.0 x TO4 ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 • 2,000 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 10J x 610/420
1.45 x 103 yg/m3
EPCAHla = 200/420 = 0.48 ppm
EPCUH1 = 15 x 1.45 x 10
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 61° * 8'418 "9/l
CLH
2.17 x 104
EPC,,, • 0.2 x 8,418 « 1,684 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100 • 5,000 ug/J.
EPC
LE
0.2 x 5,000 * 1,000 ug/g
A-330
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D020
METHYL ACETATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Category
Air, jug/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
IMSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.1E5
(200)
9.15E6"
1.83E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
1,450
8,420
1,680
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,450
1.48)
8,420
1,680
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-331
-------
CATEGORY: 80
ETHYL ACETATE: C^gOj. 08D040
Clear, volatile, flammable liquid, fruity odor.
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
CH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 88.10; mp: -82.4 ; bp: 77 ; vap. press: 100 mm at 25°C; vap. d: 3.04; d: 1.02.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Used as a lacquer solvent and in the manufacture of artificial fruit essences, perfumes, photographic films,
and smokeless powder (ref. 2). Ethyl acetate has been identified in ground water and in the finished drinking
water (ref. 6).
The threshold of odor recognition is 0.60-180 mg/m (ref. 7).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Ethyl acetate has the reputation of being one of the least toxic of the volatile organic solvents Men
exposed regularly to concentrations ranging from 375-1500 ppm for several months showed no unusual signs or
symptoms.
Repeated or prolonged exposure to ethyl acetate can cause dermatitis. High concentrations have a narcotic
effect and can cause congestion of the liver and kidneys (ref 4)
Physiological effects consist of signs of irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat followed by a relatively
* '
ID,
•50 (oral, rat): 5,600 mg/kg (ref 4).
Aquatic toxicity Rating: TLm 96: 1000-100 ppm (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1,400 mg/m3 (400 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 103 x 1,400 = 1,4 x 106 yg/m3 (4'
Water, Health: 15 x 1.4 x 10^ = 2.1 x 107 vg/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.1 x 1C7 = 4.2 x 105 vg/9
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104
Land, Ecology:
0.2 x 1 .0 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 wg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
EPC,
'AH1
AH la
'WH1
» 10 x 1,400/420 = 3.33 x 1(T ug/mj
= .95 ppm
= 15 x 3.33 x 10 = 4.99 x 10 ug/J
EPCWH2 = 13.8x1,400= 1.93 x
EPC,,, = 0.2 x 1.93 x 10
LH
3.86 x 10 ug
EPC,
EPC,
'WEI
IE
= 50 x 100 = 5,000 Hg/t
= 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 ug/g
A-332
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D040
ETHYL ACETATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, (jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goall)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.4E6
(400)
2.1E7
4.2E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1..0E4
2.0E3
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
3,330
19,300
3,860
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background4
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
3,330
19,300
3,860
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-333
-------
CATEGORY: 8D
ETHVL ACRVIATE: C,HaO,. 08D060
——________ 5 o t
(ethyl propenoate, 2-propenoic acid ethyl ether)
Liquid with a penetrating odor.
WLN: 20V101
STRUCTURE:
CH2=CKC—OCH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt.: 100.13; mp: <-75°; bp: 99.5°; vap. p: 30 mm at 20°C.
Soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Threshold for odor is .00047 ppm (ref. 8). It is used in the manufacture of water emulsion paint
vehicles, textiles, and papercoating, leather finish resins and adhesives. It imparts flexibility to
hard finishes (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Ethyl acrylate has marked irritant and lachrymatory properties causing salivation, conjunctival irritation
and marked respiratory irritation and pulmonary edema at high concentrations. Prolonged contact with eye or
skin may cause severe damage (ref. 9). Oral administration of 0.42 mg/kg of body weight in rabbits resulted in fatal
poisoning, caused by severe local irritation of the gastro-enteric tract and toxic degenerative changes of
cardiac, hepatic, renal, and splenic tissue (ref. 4).
LD5Q (Oral-Rat) = 1000 mg/kg (ref. 5).
Aquatic toxicity: TLM 96 = 1000-100 ppm (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION, CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 100 mg/m3 (25 ppm)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 10
Water, Health:
Land, Health:
x 100
1.0 x 105 Mg/m3 (25 ppm)
15 x 1.0 x TO5 = 1.5 x TO6 vg/i
0.2 x 1.5 x 106 = 3.0 x 105 u9/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 100 = 1.0 x 10 pg/i
0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2,000 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
EPC!
EPC,
EPC,
'AMI
'AH la
'WH1
'WH2
LH
10 x 100/420 = 238 yg/
25/420 = .06 ppm
15 x 238 = 3,570 vg/l
13.8 x 100 - 1,380 ug/t
0.2 x 1,380 = 276 ug/g
EPC,
EPC,
WEI
LE
= 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/«,
= 0.2 x 5,000 = 1 ,000 ug/g
A-334
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D060
ETHYL ACRYLATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E5
1.5E6;
3.0E5,
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
240
1,380
280
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background4
'To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ag/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
240
(.06)
1,380
280
B Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-335
-------
CATEGORY: 80
METHYL METHACRYLATE- CnHgOp. (methyl ester,
methacrvli'c acid, methvrmethylacrylate, methyl
a-methacrylate, 2 methyl-methyl ester. 08D080
A colorless liquid.
WLN; IUYVOI
STRUCTURE-
)C-0-CH3
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 100.11; mp: -48; bp: 101.0
vap. d: 3.45; vap. press: 40 mm at 25.5°
soluble in water.
d: 0.936^°;
5}ightly
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Methyl methacrylate has been reported in samples taken from public drinking water
supplies, with the highest concentration reported as <1.0 ug/1 (refs. 6,10). It is
a common air contaminant (ref. 4). Odor threshold is 0.86 ug/m3, or 0.21 ppm (ref. 8).
Methyl methacrylate is used in the manufacture of methacrylate resins and plastics,
such as Lucite and Plexiglass (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The Connecticut Department of Health found that a concentration of 200 ppm methyl
methacrylate was tolerated by workers without complaint, although a concentra-
tion of 125 ppm is reported to produce irritant effects. A concentration of
2,300 ppm was unbearable to workers (ref. 9).
LD50 (oral, rat): 9.4 g/kg (ref. 4).
LC50 (inhalation, rat): 3,750 ppm (ref. 5).
Methyl methacrylate has been found to be carcinogenic to rats (ref. 5). The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number is 4,101, the lowest dosage to produce a carcinogenic response is 787 mg/kg, and
the adjusted ordering number is 5.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 410 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
7 x 104/5 = 1.4 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.4 x 104 = 2.1 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.1 x 105 = 4.2 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 = 2,000 pg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
EPC!
EPC,
EPC
EPC
'AMI
'AHla
WH1
WH2
1H
'AC2
EPCWC
EPCLC
10J x 410/420 = 976 ug/mj
410/420 = .98 ppm
15 x 976 = 1.46 x I04 yg. i
13.8 x 410 = 5.66 x 103 ug/
0.2 x 5.66 x 103
103/6 x 5) =33.3 ug/m'
15 x 33.3 = 500 ug/l
0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/g
1.132 x 10 ug/g
3
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100 = 5,000 ug/1
EPCL, = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 ug/g
A-336
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D080
METHYL METHACRYLATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, j/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.4E4
2.1E5
4.2E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3,
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
33.3
500
100
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<1.0t
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ijg/m
(pprn Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
980
(.98)
5,700
1,100
B Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
33.3
500
100
tPublic drinking water.
A-337
-------
CATEGORY: 8D
PROPYL ACETATES:
C5H10°2'
080100
WLN: 30V1
STRUCTURE:
n-PROPYL ACETATE: 08D101
ISOPROPYL ACETATE: 08D102
PROPERTIES;
n-Propyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
molecular wt. mp bp vap press vap d d
-92.5 101.6 35 mm at 25QC~~3T5' TTfl
102.13
102.13
-73.4 88.9 73 mm at 25°C 3.5 1.24
CH3—C—0 CH(CH3)2
Isopropyl acetate
0
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
n-propyl acetate
Used as a lacquer solvent (ref. l).and solvent for resins, cellulose derivatives and plastics (ref. 4).
Odor recognition level for n-propyl acetate is 70 mg/m3 (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Physiological effects consist of signs of irritation of eyes, nose and throat followed by relatively
slow and gradual onset of narcosis (ref. 1); after effects are slight and recovery quick from even a deep
narcosis (ref. 4). Repeated or prolonged inhalation of high concentrations of n-propyl acetate have been
shown to produce death, although no industrial injury has been reported as occurring to workmen (ref. 4).
n-Propyl acetate appears more toxic than Isopropyl or ethyl acetate, but less toxic than n-butyl acetate (ref. 9).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 9,800 mg/kg (ref. 5).
Aquatic toxicity rating Tim 96: 1000-100 ppm (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
n-propyl acetate: TLV: 840 mg/m3 (200 ppm)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 103 x 840 = 8.4 x 105yg/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 8.4 x 105 = 1.26 x 107 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.26 x 107 = 2.52 x 106 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 yg/i
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 =• 2.0 x 103 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 '
EPCAHla -
EPCWH1 *
EPCWH2 '
EPC.H .
103 x 840/420 = 2 x 103 yg/m3
840/420 « 2 ppm
15 x 2 x 103 « 3.0 x 104 yg/l
13.8 x 840 - 1.12 x 104 ug/Jt
0.2 x 1.12 x 104 = 2.22 x 103
EPC,
EPC
'WEI
LE
50 x 100 - 5 x 103 wg/i
0.2 x 5,000 « 1.0 x 103 ug/g
A-338
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D100
PROPYL ACETATES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Exutmg Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineenng Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
8.4E5
1.26E7
2.57E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Btted on
Health Effects
2,000
(2)
11,200
2,220
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, iug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Baled on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2,000
(2)
11,200
2,220
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-339
-------
CATEGORY: 80
BUTYL ACETATES: CgH^. 080120
n-BUTYL ACETATE (butyl ethanoate). 08D121.
sec-BUTYL ACETATE (a-methylpropylethanoate).
ISOBUTYL ACETATE (g-methylpropylethanoate).
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
A liquid with sweet taste.
08D122.
08D123. A liquid witn sweet taste.
PROPERTIES:
mol .
n-butyl acetate
sec-butyl
Isobutyl
NATURAL
acetate
acetate
116.
116.
116.
OCCURRENCE,
wt.
16
16
16
mp_
-76.8
-98.85
BE.
124-126
112-113
117.2
solubility
vap. press^ vap. d d(g/ml)1D in water
15 mm at
24 mm at
20 mm at
CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED
25 c
25°C
25°C
4.0
4.0
4.0
0
0
0
.88
.8720
,8720
1
3
0.6
COMPOUNDS:
Butyl acetates are generally used as lacquer solvents (ref. 1). n-Butyl
acetate is used in the manufacture of artificial leathers, plastics, and safety
glass (ref. 2). ..
The odor recognition threshold for n-butyl acetate is 3.1-3.6 mg/m (ref. 3).
CH3C—OC4Hg
n-butyl
0
II
CH3—C—OCH(CH3)C2H5
sec-butyl
0
,4-
CH3—C—OCH2CH(CH3)2
Isobutyl
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
n-Butyl acetate begins to cause throat irritation in man at 200 ppm. The irritation becomes severe by
300 ppm (ref. 8) and toxic effects have been recorded at concentrations of 2000 ppm over 60 minutes (ref. 3).
sec-Butyl acetate is less irritating than n-butyl acetate (ref. 8). However, isobutyl acetate appears to
be somewhat more toxic than the normal isomer (ref. 8).
n-butyl acetate
sec-butyl acetate
Isobutyl acetate
LD50(Oral-Rat)
14 gm/kg
15 gm/kg
Aquatic Toxicity
TLM 96: 100-10 ppm
TLM 96: 100-10 ppm
TLM S6: >1000 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: 710 mg/m (150 ppm) for n-butyl acetate.
TLV: 950 mg/m (200 ppm) for sec-butyl acetate.
TLV: 700 mg/m (150 ppm ) for isobutyl acetate.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 103 x 700 = 7.0 x 105 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 7.0 x 105 = 1.05 x 107 ug/2
Land, Health: 0.2 x 7.0 x 107 = 2.1 x 106 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/z
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 ug/g
EPC
EPC
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
103 x 700/420 = 1,666 ug/m3
700/420 = 1.67 ppm
15 x 1,666 = 2.45 x 104 yg/l
13.8 x 700 = 9,660 ^g/Z
0.2 x 9,660 = 1 ,932 ug/g
'AH1
AHla
EPC'
'.JH1
EPCWH2
EPC
y£1
= 50 x 10 = 500
EPCLe = 0.2 x 500 = 100 jg/g
A-340
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D120
BUTYL ACETATES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/l
Ippm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standards
NSPS. 8PT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimates
(RAO Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
7.0E5
1.05E7
2.1E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,670
(1.57;
9,660
1,930
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,670.
9,660
1,930
B Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!
A-341
-------
CATEGORY: 80 WUM:
AHYL AL'fclAIES: C7Hi4°2' 08D140
n-AMYL ACETATE: (amyf acetic ether). Colorless liquid, STRUCTURE:
pear or banana-like odor. 08D141
sec-AMYL ACETATE: (2-pentyl acetate). Colorless liquid. 08D142.
ISOAMYL ACETATE: Ormetnyl-l-butanol'acetate)(banana oil). A liquid
with a banana-like odor. 08D143.
PROPERTIES:
n-amyl acetate
sec-amyl acetate
isoamyl acetate
mol. wt.
130.18 -78.
130.18
130.18 -78.5 142.0
d.
solubility
in water
vap.d.
4.48 slightly soluble
4.48 slightly soluble
4.49 slightly soluble
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Amyl acetates are important lacquer solvents (ref. 1).
The biological half-life of amyl acetate is less than
20 minutes (ref. 11).
CH.
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08 D140
AMYL ACETATES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ag/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.2E5
7.88E6
1.58E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,250
(0.24)
7,250
1,450
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
TOO
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, |jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ijg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
1,250
(0.24)
7,250
1,450
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-343
-------
CATEGORY; 8D
METHYL 8ENZOATE: CgHgO, (methyl ester of benzole add,
methyl benzene carfloxyiate). 080160
A colorless, transparent liquid with a pleasant odor.
WLN:
STRUCTURE
0
II
C — 0—CH,
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 136.14; mp: -12.4; bp: 199.5; d: 1.094^°;
vap. d: 4.69; vap. press: 1 mm at 39.0°; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Methyl benzoate has been reported to be found in samples taken from drinking water
supplies, with the highest reported concentration at <0.01 ug/1 (refs. 6,To). It is
used in perfumes (ref. 2) and as a dye carrier in dyeing of polyester fibers, additives
for disinfectants, soy sauce and pesticides and as a solvent for cellulose, resins, and
rubber (ref. 7).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Methyl benzoate is a moderate irritant (ref. 7).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1,350 tug/kg (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 1,350 = 6.08 x 104 tjg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 6.08 x 104 = 9.11 x 105 pg/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 9.12 x 105 = 1.82 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 1,350 = 144.5 ug/mj
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 1,350 = 109.4 ug/mj
EPC,
EPC,
'WH1
'UH2
15 x 109.4 = 1,641 ug/1
0.4 x 1,350 = 540 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 540 = 108 v.g/g
A-344
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08 D160
METHYL BENZOATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.08E4
9.11E5
1.82E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
no
540
no
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
«,.01 +
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Current 01 Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
no
540
no
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
Public drinking water supplies.
A-345
-------
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 80
^Htmi. titmOATE: C.-H1Q09 (benzoic acid
phenyl ester). 08B18B i
A colorless crystal with a geranium odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 198.2; bp: 70-1; >np: 314;
d: 1.235; vap. press: 1 ram at 106.8°;
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Phenyl benzoatsis used as a plasticizer and in perfumes and insecticides (ref. 7). It has been reported in
samples taken from river water and from finished drinking water (ref. 6).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxicological data for phenyl benzoate are not available at this time.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOX1CITY CONCENTRATIONS;
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
A-346
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D180
PHENYL BEN2OATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(pprn Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-347
-------
CATEGORY: 8D WLN:
PI ETHYL ADIPftTE: C1QHlg04. 08D200 STRUCTURE:
(Ethyl adipate, ethyl ;-carboethoxyvalerate)
0
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt.: 202.28; mp: -19.8°; bp: 245; d: 1.0076^°
Insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Adipates are used extensively as plasticers.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
None of the adipates possess a very high degree of acute toxicity and their irritant effect on skin
and eyes is very slight (ref. 1).
LD-0 (Oral-Rat) = >1.6g/kg (ref. 1).
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x >1,600 = >7.2 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x >7.2 x 104 = >1.08 x 106 ng/8. Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x >1.08 x 106 = >2.16 x 105 yg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x >1,600 = >171.2 ^g/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x >1,600 = >129.6 ug/m3
15 x >129.6 = >1,944
0.4 x >1,600 = >64
0.2 x >640 = >128
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x >1,600 = >640
A-348
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D200
DIETHYL ADIPATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, 8PT. BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
7.2E4
1.08E6
2.16E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
130
640
130
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, j^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, (jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
130
640
130
8 Based or.
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-349
-------
CATEGORY: 3D WLN: 40V4V04
DIBUTYL ADIPATE: C14H2504. 08D220 STRUCTURE:
(Butyl adipate, Di-N-butyl adipate) 0
PROPERTIES:
Molecular w
Insoluble in water.
Molecular wt.: 258.36 mp: -32.4°; bp: 16510; d: 0.961^°
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Adipate esters are used extensively as plasticers.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
None of the adipates possess a very high degree of acute toxicity and their irritant effect on skin and
eyes is very slight (ref. 1).
LD5Q (oral,rat) = 12,900 mg/kg (ref. 1).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 12,900 =5.81 x 105 yg/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 5.8 x 105 = 8.71 x 106 vg/a
Land, Health: 0.2 x8.71 x 106 = 1.74 x TO5 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 12,900 = 1.38 x 103 ug/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 12,900 = 1.04 x 103ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 1.04 x 103 = 1.57 x 104 ug/n
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 12,900 = 5.16 x 103 ug/1
EPCLH * 0.2 x 5.16 x 103 = 1.03 x 103 ug/g
A-350
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D220
DIBUTYL ADIPATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, nql\
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.81E5
8.71E6
1.74E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,040
5,160
1,030
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, yug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, tig/g
(ppm Wt)
1 Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,040
5,160
1,030
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-351
-------
CATEGORY: 3D
DI-2-ETHYLBUTYL ADIPATE: C18H3404. 08D240
(Bis-2-ethylbutyl adipic acid ester)
PROPERTIES:
,10.
Molecular wt.: 314.47; mp:-15 ; bp: 200 ; d: 0.934;
Insoluble in water.
,25
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
HHHH 0 0 HHHH
I .1 I III
c—o—
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D240
DI-2-ETHYLBUTYL ADIPATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.52E5
3.78E6
7.56E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
450
2,240
450^
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, »g/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
L_
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Baud on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
450
2,240
450
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-353
-------
CATEGORY- 8D WLN: 4Y2&10V24
DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE: ^^r 08D260 STRUCTURE:'
(Bisoflex, 8is(2-ethylhexyl)adipate)
Liquid.
HO OH
PROPERTIES' I
-' H3C(CH2)3C-C-0-C-(CH2)4C-0-C-C(CH2)3CH3
Molecular wt: 370.58 ; m.p.:-60; bp:214° at 5 mm; d: 0.0268^°°; H i,H, H LH,
vapor d: 1.28; vap pres: 2.6 mm at 200 C; insoluble in water. ^ 2 5
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Di-2-ethylhexyl adipate has been identified in fresh water and in ground water (ref. 6). Highest
concentration quantified in finished drinking water is 0.31 ug/t (ref.10). Adipate esters are used
extensively as plasticers.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
None of the adipates possess a very high degree of acute toxicity and their irritant effect on skin
and eyes is very slight (ref. 1). In the case of humans, oral lethal dosage is so high as to be
practically indeterminate (ref. 1).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 9.1 g/kg (ref. 1).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 9,100 = 4.10 x 105 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 41.0 x 105 = 6.15 x 106 vg/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.15 x ID6 = 1.23 x 106 yg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 = OJ07 x 9'100 = 973-7 u9/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 9,100 = 737.1 yg/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 737.1 =1.11 x 104 ug/n
EPCWH2 = °'4 x 9>10° = 3>64° u9/£
EPCLH = 0.2 x 3,640 ~ 728 ug/g
A-354
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D260
DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ,ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goalsl
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.1E5
6.15E6
1.23E6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
Bastd on
Health Effects
740
3,640
730
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.31 +
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(pprn Vol)
Water, ^9/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
740
3,640
730
B, Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
+ Finished Drinking Water
A-355
-------
CATEGORY; 8D
PHTHALATE ESTERS: (HW: 194-279). C8H,ARR'. 08D280
DIMETHYL PHTHALATE: C10H10(V Colorless, oily liquid. 080281
DIETHYL PHTHALATE: C12Hlt,0,,. Colorless, oily liquid 08D282
DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE: C16H220i,. Colorless, oily liquid 08D283
WLN. 10VR BV01; 20VR 8V02; 40VR 8V04
STRUCTURE:
C—0—R
PROPERTIES:
Dimethyl chthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
molecular wt
194.19
222.24
278.35
bp..
238.8
29.5
340
mp
5.5
-40.5
d J
l.igOS^0
i.imf
1.047'°
(w
vap. d
6.69
7.66
9.58
here R and R1 are
vap. press.
1 mm at 100.3°
1 mm at 108.8°
1 rim at 148.2°
alkyl groups)
solubility in water
0.43 g/100 ml
insoluble
1:2,500
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The phthalate esters are dlalkyl esters of phthallc acid and are commonly used as insect repellants.
Diethyl phthalate has been found in samples from public drinking water supplies in concentrations of 1.0 ug/i;
dimethyl phthalate, 0.82 ng/i; and dibutyl phthalate, 5.0 pg/i (ref 10).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The phthalate esters are not considered highly toxic. Exposure via skin has been widely tested because
of use as an insect repellant, and has rarely caused difficulties. They are somewhat irritating to the eyes
and nose. Accumulation of phthalate esters in humans is not reported. Ingestion by a human of 140 mg/kg of
dibutyl phthalate resulted in temporary effects to the central nervous system (refs. 9, 5); ingestion of 143 mg/kg
of DisU-ethylhexyl ) pnthalate and aioctyl phthalate caused gastrointestinal tract effects (ref. 5).
Teratogenic effects have been caused in rats by dibutyl phthalate (TD. : 874 mg/kg), diethyl phthalate
(TD
L :
1,232 mg/kg), dimethyl phthalate (TD, Q: 1,014 mg/kg), and several other phthalate esters (ref. 5).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for the phthalate, considered collectively based on teratogenic potential, is 4101.
The adjusted ordering number using the lowest dosage reported for teratogenic effects from dibutyl phthalate is
4.7.
Aquatic toxicity: Even though acute toxiclty Is of a low degree, phthalate esters are accumulated by
certain aquatic species, and reproductive impairment sometimes occurs (ref. 12,13). TLm 96 for dibutyl phthalate:
1,000-100 ppm; for benzyl butyl pnthalate, over 1,000 ppm (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 5 mg/m (for dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate). (The TLV is
recommended to control the mist from the phthalates, since they are often sprayed.)
EPA 1976 water quality criteria: 3 vg/t for freshwater aquatic life (ref. 12).
NAS/NAE 1972 recommended water quality criteria: 0.3 ug/i to protect fish and their food supply (ref. 14).
Phthalate esters are included on the EPA Consent Decree Priority II List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 5 x 103 pg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5 x 103 » 7.5 x 104 vg/i. Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 7.5 x 104 = 1.5 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
5 x 0.3 =• 1.5 ug/i
0.2 x 1.5 = 0.30 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH] = 10° x 5/420
EPC
AHla
12 ug/nr
= 5/420 = 1.2 x 10"2 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 12 * 180 ug/2.
EPC
EPC,
WH2
XH
= 13.8 x 5
= 0.2 x 69
69 ug/l
13.8 yg/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x 100
EPC,
EPC,
WES
IE *
= 5,000 ug/8.
0.3 ug/l
0.2 x 0.3 = 0.06 ug/g
EPCAT « 103/(6 x 4.7) = 35.5 U9/m3
EPC,
EPC,
15 x 35.5 = 532.5 Mg/i
0.2 x 532.5 = 106.5 ug/g
A-356
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D280
PHTHALATE ESTERS (MW: 194-279)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
Ippm Wt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goal.)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
5.0E3
7.5E4
1.5E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.5EO
8.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Heal* Effects
12
70
14
Based on
Ecological
Effects
0.3
0.06
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.82 to 5.0
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
12
(0.012)
70
14
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.3
0.06
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
35.5
532.5
106.5
A-357
-------
CATEGORY: 8D WLN: 4Y2410V 2 BR
DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE: C2^H3eO,,
(dioctylester phthalic acid, dioctylester o-benzenedicar- STRUCTURE:
boxylic acid, diethyl hexyl phthalate, octyl phthalate). 08D300 .^ J |2 5
A light-colored liquid with a mild odor. f^/^~\^\—c-o-C%-CH-c.H
C-0-CH;-CH-C,Hn
II 2 I 4 9
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 3*90.62 mp: -50; 230 at 5 mm; d: 0.986120;
vap. d: 16.0; vap. press: 1.2 mm at 200° C; insoluble
in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Oi-2-ethylhexyl phthalate has been reported in samples taken from drinking
water, with the highest reported value at 30 ug/1 (ref.lo). It has also been
found in river water, raw water, lake and well water (ref. 6).
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate is one of the most widely used plasticizers (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Information indicates low toxicity (ref. 1). In chronic studies, rats shewed changes
in body weight and liver and kidney weights. No irritation or sensitization occurred
with patch tests on humans (ref. 1).
In metabolic studies with two human subjects, only 4.5 percent of the total dose
(5 and 10 g) could be accounted for as phthalic acid in the urine over a 24 hr period
(ref. 1).
LD50 (oral, rat): 30 g/kg (ref. 1).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 5 mg/m3 (0.31 ppm).
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate is on the EPA Consent Decree Priority II List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 5 x 103 ug/m3(0.31 ippm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5 x 103 = 7.5 x ID4 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 7.5 x 104 = 1.5 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCftH1 = 103 x 5/420 * 11.9 pg/m3
EPCAHla = 0.31/420 = 7.4 x 10"4 ppm
EPCUH1 = 15 x 11.9 = 178.5 ^/}
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 5 = 69 ^g/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 69 « 13.3 ug/g
A-358
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D300
DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E3
(0.31)
7.5E4
1.5E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
B^sed on
Health Effect*
12
(0.0007
70
14
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
30
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
0
Air, Mg/mJ
(pprn Vol)
Water, f/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
12
(0.0007)
70
14
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-359
-------
CATEGORY: 80
BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE: ^g^gO^. 08D320
Clear, oily 1iquid.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt.: 312.39; mp: <-35°; bp: 370°; d:
WIN:
STRUCTURE:
vap. d: 10.8.
;o
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
3,160 mg/kg (ref. 5).
>1 ,000 ppm (ref. 5).
LD5Q (intraperitoneal, mouse):
Aquatic toxicity: TLM
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Butyl benzyl phthalate is included on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 3, 160
1.42 x 105 u9/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.42 x 105 =• 2.13 x 106 ng/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.13 x 106 = 4.26 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000
>1.0 x 103
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 - 2.0 x 10 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 3,160 = 338 ug/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 3,160 = 256 ug/m3
EPCWH] * 15 x 256 = 3,840 ug/n
EPC,
'WH2
= 0.4 x 3,160 = 1,264 yg/n
EPC, „ = 0.2 x 1,264
LH
253 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x >1,000 = >5.0 x 10 ug/s.
EPC. c = 0.2 x 5.0 x 104 • 1.0 x 104 ug
A-360
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
08D320
BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
C
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
It. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.42E5
2.13E6
4.26E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
260
1,264
260
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000-
10,00.0;
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, f/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
260
1,260
260
B Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-361
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 8D
1. Fasset, D. W. Esters. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised
Edition. Vol. 2. F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience Publishers, New York, p. 1847-
1933 (1962T~
2. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs,
Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NO (1976).
3. Bond, R. G., C. P. Straub, and R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Environmental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland,
OH (1972).
4. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
5. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville,
MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
6. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds Identified
In Water. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/4-76-062, December 1976.
7. Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Van
Nostrand Rheinhold Company, NY (1977).
8. Billings, C. E. Technological Sources of Air Pollution. Industrial Pollution,
N. I. Sax, Ed., Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., New York, NY (1974).
9. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. Preliminary
Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water: Report to Congress.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1975).
11. Roach, S. A. A More Rational Basis for Air Sampling Programs. Am. Ind. jjyjL.
Assoc. J,. 27: 1012 (1966).
12. U S. Environmental Protection Agency. Quality Criteria for Water.
EPA 440/9-76-023 (1976).
13. Mayer, F. L., and H. 0. Sanders. Toxicology of Phthalic Acid Esters in
Aquatic Organisms. Environ. Health Perspec. 3: 153-157 (1973).
14. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering. Water Quality
Criteria 1972. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D(7,
EPA-R3-73-033 (1973).
A-362
-------
CATEGORY 9
NITRILES
SUBCATEGORY: 9A - Aliphatic Nitriles
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 6
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: 1
09A040 Acrylonitrile
A-363
-------
CATEGORY:
9A
ACETONITRILE: C^N (methyl cyanide, ethanenitrile). 09A020
A colorless liquid with an odor similar to ether.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 41.03; mp: -41; bp: 81.6; d: 0.783
WLN: NCI
STRUCTURE:
H
i
H—C—C=N
I
H
vap. press.: TOO ntn at 27°; vap. d: 1.42; miscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Acetonitrile is decomposed by heat. The odor is reported to be detectable at 40 ppm
or 70 mg/m3 (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Human death has resulted from exposure to high concentrations of acetonltrile. Bronchial
effects have resulted from exposure to 160 ppm. Exposure to concentrations below 40 ppm
is not expected to cause organic cyanide poisoning or injury to the respiratory tract (ref. 1).
Animal studies show that different species and individuals vary widely in susceptibility to
acetonitrile (ref. 1).
L05Q [or*], rat): 3,800 mg/kg
LCLo [inhalation, rat): 8,000 ppm for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 70 mg/m3 (40 ppm).
Acetonitrile is.,the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure is 34 mg/m (20 ppm) as a time-weighted average (ref. 13).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health:
3.4 x 104 ug/m3
(20 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 3.4 x 104 = 5.1 x 105 vg/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.1 x 105 = 1.02 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 1,000 = 1.0 x 10 pgA
0.2 x 1.0 x 105 = 2.0 x 104 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
LAH1
'AHla
10 x 34/420 • 81
' 20/420
EPCWH1 « 15 x 81
0.05 ppm
1,215 vg/i.
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x34 = 469 ug/n
EPCLH = 0.2 x 469 = 94 ug/g
EPCW£1 = 50 x 1,000 = 50,000
EPCL£ = 0.2 x 50,000 = 10,000 ug/g
A-364
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
09A020
ACETONITRILE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A Mtmmum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.4E4
(20)
5.1E5
1.0E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
81
(0.05)
470
94
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, *ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
1 1 . Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
81
(0.05)
470
.94
B Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-365
-------
CATEGORY:
9A
ACRYLONITRILE: C3H,N (cyanoethylene, vinyl cyanide, aery1 on ,
2-propenitrile). An explosive, flammable liquid with a
penetrating odor. 09A040
WUM: NC1U1
STRUCTURE:
CHCN
PROPERTIED
Molecular wt: 53.04; mp: -82; bp: 78.5; d: 0.8060;
vap. press.: 200 mm at 38.7; 100 mm at 22.8°; vap. d: 1.83; slightly soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The odor threshold level for acrylonitrile is reported as 21.4 ppm (ref. 2).
Acrylonitrile can be formed by the reaction of acetylene with hydrogen cyanide.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Vapors of acrylonitrile are extremely toxic and inhibit respiratory enzymes in
cells. It is absorbed through the skin with possible formation of cyanide in the
tissues (ref. 3). There is little evidence of cumulative action on repeated
exposure (ref. 4).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 82 mg/kg.
LCL() (inhalation, rat): 500 ppm for 4 hours; (mouse): 784 ppm for 1 hour.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 5).
A concentration of 18 mg/l of acrylonitrile in water is reported to cause tainting
of fish flesh (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS, CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Acrylonitrile is on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
TLV » 45 mg/m3 (20 ppm).
OSHA regulations for acrylonitrile limit occupational exposure to 2 ppm or 4.5 mg/m averaged over
8 hours (ref. 12).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4.5 x 103 pg/m3 C2 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 4.5 x 103 = 6.75 x 104 »q/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.75 x 104 > 1.35 x 104 Pg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1.0 x 103 pg/8.
Land, Ecology:
0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2.0 x 102
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
'AH1
11
10J x 4.5/420
AHla = 2/42° = °-005 PPm
EPCWH1 - 15 x 11 = 165 pg/z
EPCWH2 * 13.8 x 4.5 = 62 Pg/2
EPCLH = 0.2 x 62 * 12 Pg/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x 10 = 500 pg/z
EPC
EPC,
'WE2
18,000 vg/l (to prevent tainting)
0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/g
A-366
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
09A040
ACRYLONITRILE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
IMSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E3
(2)
6.75E4
1.35E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E5
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
11
(0.005)
62
12
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
11
(0.005)
62
12
8. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-367
-------
CATEGORY: 9A
1-CYANOETHANE: C0H,-N fpropionitrile. ethyl cyanate, ethyl
cyanide, proparieriitrile). 9CA060
A colorless liquid with a pleasant, ethereal odor.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 55.08; mp: -103.5; bp: 97.1; vap. d: 1.9;
vap. press: 40 mm Hg at 22°; soluble in water.
WLN: NC2
STRUCTURE:
H H
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
1-Cyanoethane is used in organic synthesis (ref. 3). It can be formed by the
dehydration of propionamide or by the reduction of acrylonitrile (ref. 10).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
1-Cyanoethane is a primary irritant on the skin and eye (ref. 10). It can also cause
the same general symptoms as hydrogen cyanide (ref. 3). In the body, it is believed
to produce its action by rapid metabolism to the cyanide ion (ref. 3).
LD50 (oral, rat): 39 mg/kg (ref. 5).
LDLo (inhalation, rat): 500 ppm for 4 hours (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
1-Cyanoethane is-the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure is 14 mg/m (6 ppm) as a time-weighted average (ref. 13).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.4 x 104 yg/m3 (6 opm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.4 x 104 = 2.1 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.1 x 105 = 4.2 x 104 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
AH2
x 14/420 = 33.3
EPCAH3 = 6/420 * 0.014 ppm
EPCUH1 = 15 x 33.3 = 499.5 ug/l
EPCWH2 « 13.8 x 14 = 193.2 ug/1
= 0.2 x 193.2 . 38.6 yg/g
EPC
LH
A-368
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
09A060
1-CYANOETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
A'r, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wtl
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.4E4
(6) '
2.1E5
4.2E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
33
193
39
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, vg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
33
(0.014)
193
39
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-369
-------
CATEGORY: 9A
BUTYRONITRILE: C.H,N
cyanide, cyanopropane).
A colorless liquid.
(butanitrile, propyl
09A080
= 15.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 69.TO; mp: -112.6; bp: 117; d: 0.796'"; vap.
d: 2.4; vap. press: 10 mm Hg at 15.4°; slightly soH'ble
in water.
WLIM: NC3
STRUCTURE:
H H H
I I I
H—C—C—C—G=N
1 1 1
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Butyronitrile is considered a highly hazardous material (ref. 11). Animal
experiments show toxicity similar to that of cyanides and other active nitriles (ref. 3).
LD50 (oral, rat): 50-100 mg/kg (ref. 3).
LCLo (inhalation, rat;: 400 ppm (ref. 5).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
n-Butyronitrlle is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure is 22 mg/m (8 ppm) as a time-weighted average (ref. 13).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
2.2 x 104ug/m3 (8 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2.2 x 10= 3.3 x 10 pg/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.3 x 105 = 6. 6 x 10 4 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH[ = 103 x 22/420 - 52.4 wg/m3
'WH1
8/420 • 0.02 ppm
15 x 52.4 = 786 ug/1
13.8 x 22 = 303.6 ug/1
EPCLH » 0.2 x 303.6 « 60.7 pg/g
EPC,
EPC,
'WH2
A-370
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
09A080
BUTYRONITRILE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, (;g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
ToxFcity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.2E4
(8)
3.3E5
6.6E4
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
Bttcd on
Health Effect)
52
(0.02)
304
61
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background4
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppro Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
52
(0.02)
304
61
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-371
-------
CATEGORY: 9A WLN;
M-lUCVANU-l-HYORQXYBUTflNE: C6H8ON2
(l-hydroxy-2-methyl glutaronitrile). 09A100 STRUCTURE:
OH
HC— CH,— CH — CH,
2 3
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 124.08
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
It-has been suggested that the presence of the hydroxy group in the beta position relative to the nitrile
group results In a lower order of toxicity When the hydroxyl group is in the alpha position adjacent to the
CN group, the extreme toxicity (i.e., hydrolysis in the body to release cyanide) is retained (ref. 3).
1,3-Dicyano-l-hydroxybutane is probably similar in toxicity to butyronitrile.
LD5Q (oral, rat): 50-100 mg/kg for butyronitrile.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
n-Butyronitrile is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure is 22 mg/m (8 ppm) as a time-weighted average (ref. 13).
* MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.2 x 104 yg/m3 (8 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.2 x 104 = 3.3 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.3 x 105 = 6.6 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
'ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH] = 103 x 22/420 =52.4 ug/m3
EPCAH = 8/420 = 0.02 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 52.4 = 786 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 22 = 303.5 ug/1
EPC, u = 0.2 x 303.6 = 60.7 ug/g
LH
*Based on NIOSH recommendation-for butyronitrile.
A-372
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
09A100
1,3-DICYANO-l-HYDROXYBUTANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/9
(ppm Wtl
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiinng Standards
IMPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on •)•
Health Effectt
2.2E4
(8)
3.3E5
6.6E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on-f-
Health Effects
52
(0.02)
304
61
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on -f-
Health Effects
52
(0.02)
304
61
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tBased on data for butyronitrile.
A-373
-------
CATEGORY: 9A WLN: NCX&&XCN
TETRAHETHYLSUCCINONITRILE: CgH12N2 (TSN.TMSN). STRUCTURE:
Crystallizes in plates; nearly odorless. 09A120
(CH3)-C-CN
(CH,)-C-CN
32
PROPERTIES: 2
Molecular wt: 136.22; mp: 169 (sublimes); d: 1.070;
slightly soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Tetraroethylsuccinonitrile is one of the decomposition products of azobisisobutyronitrile, a
blowing agent used in the production of vinyl foam (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Tetramethylsuccinonitrile is used as a strong convulsant in experimental animals
and In man. It is absorbed through the skin and detoxified slowly in the body.
Cumulative effects were not noted in animal tests. Systemic effects caused in exposed
workers included headache, nausea, and convulsions (refs. 1,4).
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 60 ppm for 2-3 hours; 6 ppm for 30 hours.
LDLo (oral, rat): 25 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 3 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm)
Tetramethyl is,the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure is 6 mg/m as a time-weighted average (ref. 13).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 3.0 x 103 ug/m3 (0.5 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 103 = 4.5 x 104 pg/z Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4.5 x 104 =• 9.0 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 » 103 x 3/420 - 7 ug/m3
EPCAHla * °-5/420 = 0-001 ppm
EPCWH1 - 15 x 7 = 105 ug/4
EPCWH2 = 13'8 x 3 * 41 «g/i
EPCLH = 0.2 x 41 = 8.2 jg/g
A-374
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
09A120
TETRAMETHYLSUCCINONITRILE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E3
4.5E4
9.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
7
(0.001)
41
8
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
7
(.001)
41
8
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
-.
A-375
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 9A
Nitriles - Aliphatic Nitriles
1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documen-
tation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with
Supplements, Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Indus-
trial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
2. Billings, C. E., Technological Sources of Air Pollution. Industrial
Pollution, N. I. Sax, Ed., Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., New York, NY
(1974).
3. Fasset, D. W. Cyanides and Nitriles. Industrial Hygiene and Toxi-
cology, Second Edition, Vol. 2, F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience Pub-
lishers, New York, NY (19637-
4. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
5. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
6. Bond, R. G., C. P. Straub, and R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Environ-
mental Control. Vol. 3: Water Supply and Treatment. The Chemical
Rubber Co., Cleveland, OH (1973).
7. Jacobson, J. S., and A. C. Hill, Eds. Recognition of Air Pollution
Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas. Informative Report No. 1.
TR-70 Agricultural Committee-Air Pollution Control Administration.
Herbich and Held Printing Co., Pittsburgh, PA (1970).
8. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. First Priority Chemicals.
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology: Annual Report. Research
Triangle Park, NC (1976).
9. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air Quality Criteria for
Hydrocarbons. Available from National Technical Information Service,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 190 489 (1970).
10. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and
Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
11. Hamblin, D. 0. Aromatic Nitro and Amino Compounds. Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2, F. A. Patty, Ed., Inter-
science Publishers, New York, NY (1963).
A-376
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 9A (Continued)
12. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Federal Register 43: 45762 (1978).
13. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recom-
mended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Nitriles. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-212 (1978).
A-377
-------
CATEGORY 9
NITRILES
SUBCATEGORY: 9B - Aromatic Nitriles
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 3
number of parent compounds with subspecies 1
number of subspecies 2
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-379
-------
CATEGORY:
98
BENZONITRILE: C-^N (cyanobenzene, phenyl cyanide).
A colorless, flammable liquid with an almond-like
odor. 09B020
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 103; mp: -13; bp: 190-192; d: 1.01o]j?;
vap. press.: 1 TO at 28.2°; slightly soluble in cold water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benzonitrile decomposes when heated to give toxic vapors.
WLN: NCR
STRUCTURE:
TOXjC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzonitrile is considered to be highly toxic (ref. 1).
LDLo Coral, rat): 720 mg/kg.
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 950 ppm for 8 hours (ref. 2).
It has been suggested that when the CN group is directly attached to the aromatic ring, it probably is
hydrolyzed to a carboxy group and ammonia. Benzonitrile has been shown to be excreted slowly, principally as
phenolic conjugates and only about 10 percent as benzoic acid (ref. 3).
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hr TLm = 78 mg/J. for fathead minnow (ref. 4). Inhibition of cell multiplication in
algae may begin at 3.4 mg/s, (ref 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 720 - 3.24 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 3.24 x 104 » 4.9 x 105 ag/Z
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4.9 x 105 = 9.8 x TO4 Mg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 78 = 7.8 x 10J ug/z
0.2 x 7.8 x 103 = 1 .6 x 103 u9/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPc'
EPc!
'AH2
'AH3
'WH1
0.107 x 720 « 77 ng/m3
0.081 x 720 = 58 ug/m3
15 x 58 = 870 ug/fc
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 720 = 290 u
EPC,
1H
0.2 x 290 = 58 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x 78 = 3,900 ug/t
EPCLE = 0.2 x 3,900 = 780 yg/g
A-380
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
09B020
BENZONITRILE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, nqlm
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.2E4
4.9E5
9.8E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
7.8E3
1.6E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bused on
Health Effects
58
290
58
Based on
Ecological
Effects
3,900
780
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
3
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
58
290
58
B Based on
Ecological Effects
3,900
780
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-381
-------
CATEGORY: 9B
NAPHTHONITRILES: CUH7N (cyanonaphthalenes). 09B040
orNAPHfHONITRILE: (1-cyanonaphthalene, 1-naphthonitrile)
White crystals. 09B041
B-NAPHTHONITRILE: (2-cyanonaphthalene, 2-naphthonitrile)
A solid. 09B042.
PROPERTIES:
mol.wt
a-naphthonitrile: 153.19
B-naphthonitrile: 153.19 68
mp. bp. d.
38 299Veo 1.111325
304.5760 1.093990
solubility
in water
insoluble
insoluble
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
a-naphthonitrile
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
a-and 8-napthonitrile occur in coal tar (ref. 5).
6-naphthonitrile
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
a- and g-naphthonitrile have been reported to interfere with cell reproduction, and B-naohthonitrile is
reported to cause chromosomal aberrations (ref. 6). '
tn thS?CIf1s toxi'9lty data:are not available for the naphthonitriles. Their toxicity will probably be similar
to that of bPnzonitrile. It has been suggested that when the CN group is directly attached to the aromatic ring
it is probably nydrolyzed to a carboxy group and ammonia (ref. 3): -.<.<».M=VI iu me aiwutic ring,
LDLo (oral, rat): 720 mg/kg for benzonitrile (ref. 2).
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hr TLm = 78 mg/1 for benzonitrile (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r, Health: 45 x 720 = 3.24 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 3.24 x 104 = 4.9 x Id5 ug/z.
Land, Health: 0.2 x 4.9 x 105 = 9.8 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 78 • 7.8 x 103 ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 7.8 x 103 = 1.6 x 103 u9/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
AH2
0.107 x 720 = 77 ug/mj
,AH3 = 0.081 x 720 = 58 ug/mj
EPCUH1 = 15 x 58 =• 870 ug/i
EPCUH2 = 0.4 x 720 = 290 ug/I
EPCLH = 0.2 x 290 = 58-ug/g
*Based on data for benzonitrile.
EPCWE1 = 50 x 78 = 3,900 ug/s
EPC.r = 0.2 x 3,900 = 780 Ug/g
A-382
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
09B040
NAPHTHOIMITRILES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent-f-
Based on
Health Effects
3.2E4
4.9E5
9.8E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
7.8E3
1.6E3
B Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
58
290
58
Based on
Ecological
Effects
3,900
780
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\ '
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated i
Permissible Concentration '
A. Based on
Health Effects
58
290
58
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
3,900
780
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tBased on data for benzonitrile.
A-383
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 9B
Nitriles - Aromatic Nitriles
1. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth Edition.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
2. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer. Jitco Inc., Rock-
ville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW
Publication (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
3. Fasset, D. W. Cyanides and Nitriles. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology,
Second Edition. Vol. 2, F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience Publishers, New York,
NY (1963T
4. Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Van
Nostrand Rheinhold Company, NY (1977).
5. Kruber, R. Chemische Berichte. Vol. 71, p. 2483 (1938).
6. Izard, C. Comptes Rendeous Academic Science, Section D, 252: 2581 (1971).
A-384
-------
CATEGORY 10
AMINES
SUBCATEGORY: IDA - Primary Aliphatic Amines and Diamines
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 13
number of parent compounds with subspecies 2
number of subspecies 6
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 0
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-385
-------
CATEGORY: IDA WLN: Zl
METHYLAHINE: CH5N. (amino-methane, monomethylamine).
A colorless, flammable gas with a strong ammoniacal STRUCTURE:
odor. 10A020
H
H— N—CH,
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 31.06; mp: -93.5; bp: -6.3760; d: 0.699 ll;
vap. d: 1.07; vap. press: 2 atm at 25°; pKa = 10.64; very
soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Methylamine is present in herring brine, plants, and in crude methanol (ref. 1).
The odor threshold concentration is <10 ppm (ref. 2). At concentration <100 ppm, it
possesses a distinct fish-like odor (ref. 2).
Methylamine can be formed from methanol and ammonia. It is used in tanning opera-
tions, and as chemical intermediates in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries
(refs. 1, 2).
Methylamine has been identified as a normal constituent of mammalian and human urine (ref 2)
Methylamine has been identified in samples taken from river water in concentrations of 1-20.6'ppb (ref. 8).
Methylamine occurs in fresh vegetables, apples, maize, prepared herring, cheese, coffee, cocoa, and black
tea (ref. 8).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Methylamine is irritating to the lungs, upper respiratory tract, and eyes (ref. 2).
Chemical bronchitis occurred in a worker exposed to methylamine at concentrations
from 2 to 60 ppm (ref. 3).
Methylamine is rapidly absorbed and is not excreted in the urine to any appreciable
extent (ref. 2).
LD5o (oral, rat): 100 mg/kg (ref. 2).
Aquatic toxicity: TUn 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 12 mg/kg (10 ppm). This value is assigned on the basis of analogy with
ethylamine (ref. 3).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: ' 1.2 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.2 x 104 = 1.8 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 12/420 = 28.6 ug/m3
EPCAHU * 10/420 » 0.02 ppm
EPCWH1 « 15 x 28.6 = 429 ug/1 EPCWE1 * 50 x 10 " 50° U9/1
EPCWH2 * 13.8 x 12 = 165.6 ug/1
A-386
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A020
METHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals!
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.2E4
(10)
1.8E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
B«ed on
Health Effects
28.6
(0.02)
166
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
1-20.6
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, (jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
28.6
(0.02)
166
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-387
-------
CATEGORY: 10A
ETHYLAMINE: C2H?N (1-aminoethane, ethanamine) 10A040
A colorless, flanmable liquid with a strong ammom'acal odor.
WLN: 22
STRUCTURE:
H-N-CH2
PROPERTIES:
15.
Molecular wt: 45.10; bp: 16.6°; d: 0.689]?; pK : 10.75
(ref. 2); vap. press.: 400 mm at 2°; miscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Ethylamine is a strong base and a normal constituent of human urine (ref. 2).
Rural concentration in air has been reported as 21 ppb (ref. 5). This is
equivalent to 38.7 yg/m . This value may be unduly high since it is representative
of an agricultural setting.
Ethylamine has been identified in samples taken from river water in concentrations of 0.6-37.1 ppb (ref. 8).
Ethylamine occurs in fresh and preserved vegetables, maize, prepared .herring, cheese, and coffee (ref. 8).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Experiments with animals indicate irritation of the cornea as well as lung, liver, and
kidney damage for a 6-week exposure at levels of 100 ppm (ref. 2).
LDLo (oral, rat): 400 mg/kg (ref. 4)
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 3,000 ppm/4 hr (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV =• 18 mg/m3 (10 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.8 x 104 ng/m3 (10 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.8 x 104 * 2.7 x 105 vg/i.
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.7 x 105 = 5.4 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10
1.0 x 10J vg/l
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10 * 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 10J x 18/420
EPC
'AHla
10/420
43
0.024 ppm
645 ug/1
EPCWH2 =• 13.8 x 18 « 248 ug/i
EPCLH = 0.2 x 248 = 50 yg/g
EPCWH, - 15 x 43
EPCyE1 = 50 x 10 = 500 ug/z.
EPC,E = 0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/g
A-388
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A040
ETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water /JQ/|
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. enveloping Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Basad on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.8E4
(10)
2.7E5
5.4E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024;
248
50
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.6-37.1
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m3
(ppm Voll
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024)
248
50
B Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-389
-------
CATEGORY:
ETHANOLAMINE:
IDA
WLN:
Z2Q
(2-aminoethanol, 2-hydroxylethylamine).
STRUCTURE:
A colorless, oily liquid; faint, anmoniacal odor. 10A060
Ethanolamine
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 61.10; bp: 171-172°; pK : 9.44 (ref. 2);
?n ^
d: 1.0222g; miscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Ethanolamine is a strong base, and a normal constituent of human urine (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Animal studies indicate that ethanolamine has an irritant and necrotic effect on the
skin (.ref. 3).
L05Q (oral, rat): 2,100 mg/kg (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS, CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 6 mg/m (3 ppm) (level believed sufficient to prevent systemic effects).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 6.0 x 103 yg/m3 (3 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 6 x 103 » 9.0 x 104 ug/z
Land, Health: 0-2 x 9.0 x 10 * 1.8 x 10 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 « 1.0 x 10 ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 6/420 > 14 pg/m3
EPCAH]a - 3/420 • 0.007 ppm
« IS x 14 ' 210
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 6 » 83
EPCLH = 0.2 x 83 = 17 ug/g
EPCWE1 * 50 x 100 « 5,000 ug/l
EPCLE =• 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000 ug/g
A-390
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A060
ETHANOLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.0E3
(3)
9.0E4
1.8E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
14
(0.00?;
83
17
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
14
(0.007)
83
17
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-391
-------
CATEGORY: 10A
l.Z-OIAmflOETHANE: C2H8N2 (ethylenediamine,
1,2-ethanediamine, dimetnyienediamine). 10A080
A clear, hygroscopic liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
WIN:
Z2Z
STRUCTURE:
rr
U H
H-N-C-C-N-H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 60.11; mp: 8.5; bp: 116.5; d: 0.8995|8;
vap. d: 2.07; vap. press: 10.7 mm at 20°; strongly alkaline;
very soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
1,2-Qiaminoethane is used as a food additive permitted in food for human consumption
(ref. 6). It is also used as a chemical intermediate in the production of pharmaceutical
agents, dyestuffs, ion exchange resins, and in polymer formation (ref. 2). It is formed
from ethylene dichloride and ammonia (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Dermatitis occurred in a high proportion of exposed operating personnel manufacturing
mixed ethylene amines (ref. 2). In a 4-yr study of a number of workers exposed to a
mixture of alkyl diamines that included ethylenediamine, it was concluded that: (1)
ethyleneamines are important causes of dermatitis; and (2) they are irritative and
allergenic. It is very difficult to set a TLV that will insure prevention of hyper-
sensitive responses (ref. 3). Severe eye damage may result from exposure (ref. 2).
Human inhalation of 200 ppm for 5-10 seconds produced tingling of face and nasal
mucosa irritation (ref. 2).
L050 (oral, rat): 760 mg/kg (ref. 4).
LC50 (inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppm/8 hr (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 25 mg/m3 (10 ppm)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health:
2.5 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 = 3.75 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.75 x 10S = 7.5 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 |jg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AMI
10J x 25/420 = 59 ug/m
,3
EPCAHla = 10/420 * 0.02 ppm
EPCWH1 * 15 x 59 = 892.5 ug/1
EPCyH2 = 13.8 x 25 = 345 ug/1
EPCLH =• 0.2 x 345 * 69 ug/g
EPCWE1 = 50 x 10 = 500 ug/1
EPCLE ' 0.2 x 500 * 100 ug/g
A-392
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A080
1.2-DIAMINOETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ;jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.5E4
3.8E5
7.5E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
59
(0.02)
345
69
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
TOO
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
59 .
(0.02)
345
69
B Based on
Ecological Effects
500
TOO
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-393
-------
CATEGORY: 10A WIN: Z3
1-AHINOPROPANE: C3HgN (n-propylamine,
mono-n-propylamine, propanamine). 10A100 STRUCTURE:
A colorless, highly volatile liquid with a strong ammonia
odor.
H H H
I I I
H H H H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 59.11; mp: -83; bp: 48-49; d: 0.719|g;
vap. press: 248 mm at 20° C; pKa = 10.59; soluble in
water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
1-Aminopropane can be formed from propionaldehyde and ammonia, by hydrogenation of nitropropane and
by hydrogenation of propionitrile (ref. 1). Background concentration in rural atmosphere is
:^i^J?^Jf]l iLT.^l!^..10,22.^"1: , (r,ef' «• This.level is representative of an
background.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
1-Aminopropane is a strong irritant and possibly a sensitizer (ref. 6).
L050 (oral, rat): 200 mg/kg (ref. 2).
LC50 (inhalation, rat): 2,310 ppm/4 hr. (ref. 4).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 200 = 9,000 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 9,000 = 1.35 x 105ug/l
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.35 x 105 = 2.7 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCfluj> - 0.107 x 200 = 21.4 ug/m3
EPC
EPC,
"AH2
'AH3
'UH1
0.081 x 200 = 16.2 ug/nT
15 x 16.2 • 243 ug/1
EPCWH2 * 0.4 x 200 • 80 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 80 = 16 ug/g
EPCWE1 • 50 x 10 • 500 ug/1
EPCLE = 0.2 x 500 = 100 ug/g
A-394
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A100
1-AMINOPROPANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards'
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.0E3
1.4E5
2.70E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Basud on
Health Effects
16.2
80
16
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
100
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
22
(0.009)t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
16.2
80
16
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tRepresentative of an agricultural area.
A-395
-------
CATEGORY: 10A WLIM: Z2U1
3-AMINOPROPENE: C3H7N (allylamine, 2-propene-l-amine,
3-araino propylene, monoaI lyamine). IDAHO STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid with a burning taste and a strong
ammonia odor. H H H H
Ml!
H- C=C—C—N—H
PROPERTIES: H
Molecular wt: 57.09; bp: 58; d: 0.76213°; vap. d: 2.00;
pKa = 9.53; soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
3-Aminopropene is used in the manufacture of mercurial diuretics. It is formed
from allyl chloride and ammonia (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
3-Aminopropene may cause excitement, convulsions, and death (ref. 1). At 2.5 ppm
human subjects report mucous membrane irritation and chest discomfort; at 14 ppm, 3-
aminopropene is intolerable to most individuals (ref. 2).
LDSO (oral, rat): 106 mg/m3 (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 106 = 4,770 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4,770 = 7.16 x 104 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 7.16 x 104 = 1.4 x 104 ug/g land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 106 = 11.3 ug/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 106 = 8.59 ug/m3
EPCWH1 * 15 x 8.59 » 128.9 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 106 * 42.4 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 42.4 = 8 ug/g
A-396
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A110
3-AMINOPROPENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, »
-------
CATEGORY: 10A WLN / STRUCTURE:
PROPANOLAMINES: C,H9NO. 10A120
2-AMINO-l-PROPANOL: CH3CH(NH2)CH2OH (2-amino-
propylalcohol, p-propanolamine). A liquid with a fishy odor. 10A121
3-AMINO-l-PROPANOL: H2NCH2CH2CH2OH. A colorless liquid
with a fishy odor. 10A122
l-AMINO-2-PROPANOL: CH3CH(OH)CH2NH2. (2-hydroxy propylamine,
isopropanolamine). A liquid with a slight ammonia odor. 10A123
PROPERTIES:
H H H
vap d. vap.press.
2-amino-l-propanol
3-amino-l-propanol
l-amino-2-propanol
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
solubility
in water
/ H—C—C—C—OH
I I
H NH2 H
2-amino-l-propanol
mol.wt: mp bp
75.11 173-6 " ~ soluble"
75.11 187-8 0.982 2.59 2.1 mm at 60° soluble
75.11 1.74 159.46 0.961 2.6 soluble Z3Q/ H—C—C—C—OH
H H H
2-Amino-l-propanol can be formed by hydrogenation of
the ethyl ether of alanine, and as the hydrolytic cleavage
product of ergonovine and ergometrinine (ref. 1).
NH2 H H
3-amino-l-propanol
H H H
Z1YQ/ H—C—C—C—«H.
i ! 2
H OH H
l-amino-2-propanol
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The propanolamines are probably irritants.
LD5o
oral, rat
ing/kg
3-amino-l-propanol 800 (ref. 2:)
l-amino-2-propanol 4,260 (ref. 4)
Both l-amino-2-propanol and 3-amino-l-propanol are absorbed through the skin (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
45 x 800 = 3.6 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 104 = 5.4 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.4 x 105 = 1.1 x 105 M9/9
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 800 = 85.6 yg/m3
EPCAH3 = 0.081 x 800 = 64.8 u9/m3
EPCU(U = 15 x 64.8 = 972 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 800 = 320 ug/1
EPCLH = 0.2 x 320 = 64 ug/g
A-398
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A120
PROPAIMOLAMINES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, f/g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, j^g/9
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.6E4
5.4E5
1.1E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
65
320
64
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, H9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
65
320
64
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-399
-------
CATEGORY: IDA
BUTYLAHINES: C^N (amlnobutanes). 10A140
Liquid, ammoniacal odor.
1-AMINOBUTANE: (n-butylamine. 10A141
2-AMINOBUTANE: (secondary butylamlne). 10A142
2-AMINO-2-METHYLPROPANE: (tertiary butylamine).
10A143
<: Z4. ZY2, ZX
STRUCTURE:
CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 l-Aminobiitane
CH3CH2CHCH3 2-Am1nobutane
NH2
Molecular wt: 73.16; soluble 1n water.
ponpcDTice.
l-aminobutane
2-aminobutane
2- ami no-2-methyl propane
mp
-50
-104
-72.65
bp
L 78
63
44-46
jM
d4
0.724
0.695
Hj—C—NH2 2-Am1no-2-methyl propane
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Aliphatic amines are strong bases.
The odor of butylamlne Is slight at less than 1 ppm (ref. '2 ).
l-Am1nobutane has been Identified In river water at 1-5 ppb (ref. 8).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Contact with liquids, solutions, or vapors of aliphatic amines causes strong,
local irritation.
l-aminobutane
2-aminobutane
2-ami no- 2-methy 1 propane
LD50
oral, rat
500 mg/kg
380 mg/kg
LCLo
inhalation, rat
4,000 ppm/4 hr
180 mg/kg j
(ref. 4)
The aquatic toxicity rating for 2-am1no-2-methylpropane (tert-butylamine) is
reported as Tim 96: > 1,000 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 15 mg/m3 (5 ppm): skin.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.5 x 104 pg/m3 (5 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.5 x 104 * 2.25 x 105
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.25 x 105 = 4.5 x 104 vg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 = >1.0 x 105
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 105 « 2.0 x 104 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH la
EPCWH1
10J x 15/420 * 36 yg/mj
• 5/420 » 0.01 ppm
15 x 36
EPC,
1H
540 ug/i
• 207 pg/n.
0.2 x 207 • 41 ug/g
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 15
50 x>l,000 = >50,000 vg/l
EPCL£ = 0.2 x 50,000 = 10,000 ug/g
A-400
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A140
BUTYLAMINES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxtctty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E4
(5)
2.3E5
4.5E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E5
2.0E4
B. Ambient Level Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
36
(o.oi;
207
40
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50,000
10,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background**!"
1.5
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, «g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ag/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria ,
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
36
(0.01)
207
40
B Based on
Ecological Effects
50,000
10,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tLevel reported for 1-aminobutane in river water.
A-401
-------
CATEGORY; IDA WLN:
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE: CgH^N (aminocyclohexane, hexahydroanlline). STRUCTURE:
A liquid, with a strong, fishy, amine odor. 10A160
H2C'
H
PROPERTIES: 2*\ ^ 2
U
Molecular wt: 99.18;mp: -17.7; bp: 134°; d: 0.8191; 2
pKa: 10.79 (ref. 2); completely miscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Cyclohexylamine is used in organic synthesis, manufacture of insecticides, dry cleaning
soaps, and acid gas absorbants (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Vapors of cyclohexylamine are strongly Irritating although, at concentrations below
10 ppm, acute effects are absent (ref. 2).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 710 mg/kg; LCLo (inhalation, rat): 8,000 ppm for 4 hours.
Cyclohexylamine (as the sulfate) is reported to produce tumors in rats (ref. 4).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 4111. The lowest dose (as the sulfate) to induce a
carcinogenic response is 11 g/kg. This 1s equivalent to 5.5 g/kg of cyclohexylamine.
The adjusted ordering number Is 0.74.
Aquatic toxlcity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV <= 40 mg/m3 (10 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 4.0 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppn)
Water, Health: 15 x 4.0 x 104 » 6.0 x 105
Land, Health: 0.2 x 6.0 x 105 =• 1.2 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 100 • 1.0 x 10 yg/z
0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH1
10J x 40/420 • 95 yg/mj
EPCAHla • 10/420 ' 0.024 ppm
EPCWH1« 15 x 95 • 1,430 yg/i
EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 40 • 552 yg/Ji
0.2 x 552 • 110 ug/g
EPC,
LH
EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 " 5,000 yg/i
EPCL£ • 0.2 x 5,000 > 1,000 ug/g
A-402
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A160
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, |jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.0E4
(10)
6.0E5
1.2E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
95
(0.024)
552
no
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ag/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Baud on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effects
95
(0.024)
552
110
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-403
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY IDA
Amines - Primary Aliphatic Amines and Diamines
1. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and
Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
2. Sutton, W. L. Aliphatic and Alicyclic Amines. Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology, Vol. 2_, F. A. Patty. Ed., Interscience Publishers, New York, NY
(1963).
3. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
4. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem-
ical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD
for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
5. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report Pre-
pared by Research Triangle Institute Under Contract No. 68-02-1325 for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Available from W. G. Tucker, Project Officer,
IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (1976).
6. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth Edition.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
7. Shackelford, W. M., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA Publication No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
8. Neurath, G. B., M. Dunger, F. G. Pein, D. Ambrosius, and 0. Schreiber.
Primary and Secondary Amines in the Human Environment. Ed. Cosmet.
Toxicol., Vol. 15: 275-282 (1977).
A-404
-------
CATEGORY 10
AMINES
SUBCATEGORY: 10B - Secondary Aliphatic Amines
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 5
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 1
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-405
-------
CATEGORY: 10B WLN: T3WTJ
ETHYLENEIHINE: CgHjN (aziridine, azacyclopropane). 10B020 STRUCTURE;
A colorless liquid; Intense, ammoniacal odor; fumes in air.
H,C
i
CH,
PROPERTIES:
-
Molecular wt: 43.07; mp: -73.96; bp: 55-56; d: 0.832;
vap. press.: 160 mm at 20°; vap. d: 1.48; niscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Ethyleneimine is an extremely reactive compound; it undergoes ring-opening reactions similar to those
undergone by ethylene oxide (ref. 1). Ethyleneimine hydrolyzes in water -to give ethanolamine. Etheyleneimine
is polymerized to polyethyleneimine, which is used as a flocculant in water treatment. Polyethyleneimine is
also used in the paper and textile industries (ref. 2).
The anmoniacal odor of ethyleneimine is detectable at 2 ppm (ref. 3).
Ethyleneimine is not known to occur in nature (ref. 2)..
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Ethyleneimine is regarded as highly toxic by inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion. It is a potent
irritant, causing blisters. Toxic effects due to a 2-3 minute exposure to the vapor were not apparent
until after 3 hours (ref. 4).
Ethyleneimine causes chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells (ref. 5). It is reported to cause
cancer in mice and in rats, and the animal studies show that a high incidence of hepatomas and pulmonary
tumors result from oral administration (ref. 2).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 4212. The lowest toxic dose to induce carcinogenic effect in animals
is recorded as 20 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 210.6.
LD5Q (oral, rat): 15 mg/kg (ref. 6).
LCLo (inhalation, rat): 25 ppm/8 hr (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 1 mg/m (0.5 ppm). (This TLV does not consider the carcinogenic potential of ethyleneimine.)
Ethyleneimine is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 7).
Ethyleneimine is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers
are prescribed (ref. 8), including monitoring, control methods, and medical surveillance.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/210.6 - 332 yg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 332 » 5 x 103 ng/n Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5 x 103 » 1,000 yg/g Land, Ecology
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
AH1
10 x 1/420 ' 2.4 yg/m
AH1a =• 0.5/420 - 0.001 ppm
15 x 2.4 ' 36
EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 1 • 14 yg/i
EPCLH * 0.2 x 14 • 2.8 yg/g
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 210.6) » 0.8 yg/m3
EPCyj, ' 15 x 0.8 • 12 ug/8.
EPCLC • 0.2 x 12 = 2.4 yg/g
A-406
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XX
10B020
ETHYLEIMEIMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
6. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
1 1 . Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.32EJ
5.0E3
1.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B Ambient Level Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
0.8
12
2.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
.. . 3
Air, /ug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
1 1 . Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
14
2.8
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.8
12
2.4
A-407
-------
CATEGORY! 108 WLMi 1M1
DIMETHYL/WINE i C2H?N. 10B040 STRUCTURE;
A colorless gas with a strong ammonlacal odor. (CH,).NH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 45.09; bp: 7.4; d: 0.6804^°; vap. press.: 2 atm
at 25° Cref. 37); vap. d: 1.55; mlsdble with water; pK : 10.61 (ref. 9).
a
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
Dlmethylamine Is a normal constituent of human urine (ref. 9). Aliphatic amines are strong bases.
The rural concentration of dimethylamine 1s reported as 89 ppb (ref. 10). This Is equivalent to
163.80 vg/m . This value 1s probably unduly high because 1t Is representative of an agricultural setting.
The odor recognition level 1s reported as 1.10 mg/m3 (ref. 11) and the odor threshold as 0.047 ppm or
0.09 mg/m3 (ref. 12).
Dimethylamine has been found in river water samples 1n concentrations below 15 ppb (ref. 20).
Dimethylamine occurs 1n fresh and preserved vegetables, pickles, prepared herring, and coffee 1n concentrations
generally below 10 ppm (ref. 20).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Dlmethylamine is similar to ammonia in its chemical and toxicologlcal properties. It is a strong
irritant to eyes and upper respiratory tract.
LD5Q (oral, rat): (aqueous solution) 698 mg/kg (ref. 6).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 6).
A concentration of 7 mg/fc in water is reported to cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 13).
There is speculation that secondary amines and nitrite may react after ingestion to form nitrosamines.
Several nitrosamines are recognized carcinogens (ref. 19).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV « 18 mg/m (.10 ppm). (This level 1s established to prevent respiratory Irritation. The odor threshold
Is much lower.)(ref. 4).
Dimethylamine is on second priority chemical list of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 18).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.8 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm) A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.8 x 104 * 2.7 x 105 ug/l Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 » 1 x 103
Land, Health: Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 « 103 x 18/420 « 43 ug/m3
EPCAHla • 10/420 * 0.024 ppm
EPCWH1 - 15 x 43 « 645 ug/i EPCW£1 * 50 x 10 • 500 ug/i
EPCWH2 ' 13'8 "18-248 ug/l EPC^ . 7,000 ugA
A-408
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10B040
DIMETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, (jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bawd on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.8E4
(10)
2.7E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024)
248
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
C. Elimination of
Dtsch arge
Natural1 Background*
<15
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effect)
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
43
(0.024)
248
B Based on
Ecological Effects
500
Ml. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-409
-------
CATEGORY: 108
ETHYLMETHYLAHINE: C3H9N. 10B060
A colorless liquid with an odor similar to ammonia,
but more fish-like.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 59.11; bp: 36-7; soluble in water.
WIN;
STRUCTURE!
H H H H
MM
H-C-N-C-C-H
I I I
H H H
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Ethylmethylamine is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of Pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs,
ion exchange resins, and other products. It can be formed by the alkylation of ammonia and
by reduction of unsaturated nitrogen compounds. It can be detected using the Kjeldahl
procedure (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
For industrial workers, the most important action is the strong local irritation produced by
contact with liquid solutions or vapors (ref. 9). Direct local contact with eyes can produce
permanent eye damage (ref. 14).
The oxidative dealkylation of secondary amines to aldehydes and dealkylated amines appears to
be catalyzed by hepatic cytochrome p-450, and this is a key reaction in the inactivation of ingested
amines (ref. 14).
L050 (oral, rat): 540 mg/kg for diethylamine; 698 mg/kg for d1methylam1ne(ref. 6).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm96: 100-10 for c: >thylamine and dimethyl amine. {ref. 6).
There is speculation that secondary amines and nitrite may react after ingestlon to form nitrosamines.
Several nitrosamines are recognized carcinogens (ref. 19).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV = 75 mg/m3 (25 ppm) for diethylamine.
TLV = 18 mg/m3 (10 ppm) for dimethylamine.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 1.8 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.8 x 104 = 2.7 x 105 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.7 x 105 = 5.4 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH1
103 x 18/420 = 43 ug/m3
EPCAHla = 10/420 = 0.024 ppm
EPC
EPC,
EPC,
'WH1
WH2
1H
= 15 x 43 = 645 ug/1
=• 13.8 x 18 = 248 ug/g
* 0.2 x 248 > 50
EPCWEI • so x 10 =• 500 ug/i
EPCL£ ' 0.2 x 500 • 100 ug/g
"Values based on data for dimethylamine.
A-410
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10B060
ETHYLMETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ;jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engmeermg Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.8E4
(10)
2.7E5
5.4E4
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024)
248
50
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
TOO
C, Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024)
248
50
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-411
-------
CATEGORY: 10B WLN: 2M2
OIETHYLAMINE: CUHUN. (Diethamine,
N-ethyl-ethanamine). 10S080 STRUCTURE:
A colorless, flammable, hygroscopic liquid with an
ammoniacal odor.
HN^" 2 5
\r H
PROPERTIES: 2 5
Molecular wt: 73.14; mp: -48; bp: 56.3760; d: 0.7056?°; Diethylamine
vap. d: 2.53; vap. press: 400 mm at 38.0°; pKa = 11.00;
very soluble in water
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Diethylamine has been found in samples taken from river water in concentrations below 15 ppb (ref. 20).
It is manufactured from ethanol and ammonia (ref. 16).
Uses include the rubber and petroleum industry, and in resins, dyes, and Pharmaceuticals
(ref. 16).
Diethylamine occurs in spinach, apples, preserved vegetables, pickles, and prepared herring in concentrations
generally below 10 ppm (ref. 20).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Information obtained from animal studies indicates that diethylamine may cause
irritation of the cornea and of lung tissue (ref. 4).
LD50 (oral, rat): 540 mg/kg (ref. 6).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 6).
There 1s speculation that secondary amines and nitrite may react after ingestlon to form nitrosamines.
Several nitrosamines are recognized carcinogens (ref. 19).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV = 75 mg/m3 (25 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
,,4
Air, Health:
7.5 x 10
(25 ppm)
1.13 x 1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.13 x 106 = 2.26 x 105 ug/g
Water, Health: 15 x 7.5 x 104 = 1.13 X 106 M9/1
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 = 1,000 |jg/l
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1,000 = 200 (J9/9
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AMI
103 x 75/420 = 178.6 ug/m3
EPCAHU = 25/420 = 0.06 ppm
EPCyH1 * 15 x 178.6 = 2,679 ug/1
EPC,,H, = 13.8 x 75 = 1,035 ug/1
"•WH2
EPC
LH
= 0.2 x 1,035 = 200 jg/g
EPCUF1 = 50 x 10 = 500 ug/1
EPC,
0.2 x 500 = 100
A-412
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10B080
DIETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Sundirdi
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(H&D Goals)
II. Band on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
7.5E4
(25)
1.13Ee
2.3E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
178.6
(0.06)
1,035
200
Based on
EcoJogtcaJ
Effects
500
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<15
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
178.6
(0.06)
1,035
200
B Based on
Ecological Effects
500
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-413
-------
CATEGORY: 10B WUN: T5M
MORPHOLINE: C4H9NO (diethyleneimide oxide, tetrahydro-1,4-
oxazine, diethylene oximide, diethylene imidoxide). 10B100 STRUCTURE:
A colorless, volatile, hygroscopic liquid with a character-
istic amine odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 87.12; bp: 128.6; d: 1.002020; vap. press: 8.0 mm
at 20°; pKb = 5.6; soluble in water, volatile with steam.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Morpholine is formed by the condensation of ethylene oxide with ammonia or by
dehydrating diethanolamine (ref. 3). It is used as a food additive and is permitted in
food for human consumption (ref. 17). It also serves as a cheap solvent; as a corrosion
inhibitor; in insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides; and in local anesthetics and
antiseptics (ref. 16).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Morpholine is corrosive to human skin (ref. 16). Concentrated morpholine readily
penetrates the skin. The undiluted compound is very irritating to the eyes, and there
is a moderately high degree of hazard by skin contact. Since its solutions are highly
alkaline, it is a potent skin and mucous membrane irritant (ref. 3). Lung, kidney, and
liver damage has been reported in studies with rats (ref. 4). The hazards of morpholine
are similar to other organic bases (ref. 3).
Respiratory tract irritation has been reported in industrial workers (ref. 4).
LD50 (oral, rat): 1,050 mg/kg (ref. 6).
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 70 mg/m3 (20 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
7.0 x 104 ug/m3 (20 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 7.0 x ID4 = 1.05 x 106 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.05 x 106 = 2.1 x 105 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 = 1.0 x 104 ug/1
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x ID4 = 2.0 x 103 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 « 103 x 70/420 = 166.7 ug/m3
EPCAHU = 20/420 = 0.05 ppm
EPCWH1 * 15 x 166.7 • 2,500 *g/l
13.3 x 70 ? 966 ug/1
0.2 x 966 • 193 ug/g
EPC
WE1
EPC
LH
EPC,
50 x
5>00° ug/1
LE = 0.2 x 5,000 = 1,000
A-414
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10B100
MORPHOLINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, (jg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engmeenng Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
7.0E4
(20)
1.0E6
2.1E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
167
(0.05;
966
193
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
1,000
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
167
(0.05)
966
193
B Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
1,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-415
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 10B
Amines - Secondary Aliphatic Amines
1. Fishbein, L. Chromatography of Environmental Hazards, Vol. 1. Elsevier
Publishing Company, Amsterdam (1972).
2. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 9, Lyon, France. A World
Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1975).
3. Sutton, W. L. Heterocyclic and Miscellaneous Nitrogen Compounds. Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2, F. A. Patty, Ed.,
Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963).
4. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
5. Fishbein, L., W. G. Flamm, and H. L. Falk. Chemical Mutagens: Environmental
Effects on Biological Systems. Academic Press, New York, NY (1970).
6. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem-
ical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD
for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
7. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor. Hazard
Review Document. Federal Register 39, No. 20, 3756-3757 (1974).
8. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Toxic
and Hazardous Substances. Title 29 Code Federal Regulations, Part 1910.
9. Sutton, W. L. Aliphatic and Alicyclic Amines. Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology. Vol. 2, F. A. Patty. Ed., Interscience Publishers, New York, NY
(1963).
10. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report Pre-
pared by Research Triangle Institute Under Contract No. 68-02-1325 for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Available from W. G. Tucker, Project Officer,
IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (1976).
11. Bond, R. G., C. P. Straub, and R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Environmental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, OH
(1972).
12. Billings, C. E., Technological Sources of Air Pollution. Industrial Pol-
lution, N. I. Sax, Ed., Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., New York, NY (1974).
A-416
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 10B (Continued)
13. Bond, R. G., C. P. Straub, and R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Environmental
Control. Vol. 3: Water Supply and Treatment. The Chemical Rubber Co.,
Cleveland, OH (1973).
14. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Vapor-Phase
Organic Pollutants: Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental
Pollutants. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC (1976).
15. ShackeTford, "W. H., and L. H. Keith. Frequency of Organic Compounds
Identified in Water. EPA Publication'No. 600/4-76-062, December 1976.
16. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and
Drugs, Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
17. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
18. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. Second Priority List. Chemical
Industry Institute of Toxicology: Annual Report. Research Triangle Park,
NC (1976).
19. Grasso, P., and C. O'Hare. Carcinogens in Food. Chemical Carcinogens.
ACS Monograph.173. C. E. Searle, Ed., American Chemical Society,
Washington, DC, pp. 701-728 (1976).
20. Neurath, G. B., M. Dunger, F. G. Pein, D. Ambrosius, and 0. Schreiber.
Primary and Secondary Amines in the Human Environment. Ed. Cosmet.
Toxicol.. Vol. 15: 275-282 (1977).
A-417
-------
CATEGORY 10
AMINES
SUBCATEGORY: IOC - Aromatic Amines and Diamines
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 21
number of parent compounds with subspecies 2
number of subspecies 12
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 7
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory:
10C140 Benzidine
10C160 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
A-419
-------
CATEGORY: IOC WLN: ZR
ANILINE: CgH7N (phenylamlne, amlnobenzene). 10C020 STRUCTURE:
An oily liquid; colorless when freshly distilled, darkens
on exposure to air and light; disagreeable odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 93.11; bp: 184.13; d: 1.0217; pkfa: 9.3 (ref. 1).
vap. press.: 1 mm at 34.8° C; volatile with steam; soluble in
water, soluble in lipids (ref. 1).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Aniline was first produced by the dry distillation of indigo. It has also been isolated from coal tar.
It has, in general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines; it is a weak base. It is widely used
as an intermediate in the production of chemicals used in dyes, photographic chemicals, Pharmaceuticals,
and in the rubber industry (ref. 1).
The odor recognition level for aniline is reported as 0.37-4.15 mg/m (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The biological half-life of aniline is reported as 0.120 day for man (ref. 3). Aniline may be absorbed
through the skin as well as through inhalation and cases of acute, as well as chronic, poisoning are reported
(ref. 4). The oxygen transport ability of hemoglobin is impaired by aniline; human death has resulted from ex-
posure to high concentrations of aniline (ref. 5). Ingestion of 350 mg/kg has also resulted in human death (ref.
LD50 (oral, rat): 440 mg/kg.(ref. 6)
LC5Q (inhalation, rat): 250 ppm for 4 hours (ref. 6).
There are no adequate data to indicate that aniline is carcinogenic to man or to animals (ref. 1). However,
several aniline derivatives have produced oncogem'c responses in test animals (ref. 5).
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hour TLm is 100-10 ppm (ref. 6).
6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV =• 19 mg/m3 (5 ppm) skin.
Aniline is included in the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology First Priority Chemicals List (ref. 7).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.9 x 104 yg/m3 (5 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.9 x 10
2.85 x 105 ug/m3
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10
1.0 x 103 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.2 X2.85 x 10= * 5.7 x 10H ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 1.0 x 10J = 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
'AH1
'AH la
10J x 19/420 = 45 ug/mj
5/420 * .01 ppm
675 ug/n
EPCWH, = 15 x 45
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 19 = 262
EPC,, = 0.2 x 262 = 52.4 ug/g
Ln
EPCWE1 " 50 * 10 = 50°
EPCL£ =0.2 x 500 = 100
A-420
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10C020
ANILINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Bawd on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Efftuent
Based on
Health Effects
1.9E4
(5)
2.9E5
5.7E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
45
(0.02)
262
52.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
TOO
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/ni
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
45
(0.02)
262
52.4
B Based on
Ecological Effects
500
TOO
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-421
-------
CATEGORY: IOC
AMINOTOLUENES: CjH.N (methyl anilines, toluidines). 10C040
2-AMINOTOLUENE: light yellow liquid; becomes darker on
exposure to air and light. 10C041
3-AMINOTOLUENE: liquid. 10C042
4-AMINOTOLUENE: leaflets, winelike odor, burning taste. 10C043
PROPERTIES:
WUN:ZR B, ZR C, ZR D
STRUCTURE:
2-Ami no toluene
3-Ami no toluene
4-Aminotoluene
Molecular
wt
107.16
107.16
107.16
mp
-14.7
-30.4
43.7
b£
200.23
203.35
200.55
H20
d4
0.9984
0.9889
0.9619
Solubility in water
Slightly soluble
Slightly soluble
Slightly soluble
3-Aminotoluene
(m-Toluidine)
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: 2-Aminotoluene
(o-Toluidine)
Aminotoluenes are formed by reduction of the corresponding
nitrotoluenes.
4-Aminotoluene
(p-Toluidine)
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Aromatic amines are readily absorbed through the skin. The toxicity of aurinotoluenes' is considered to be
similar to that of aniline (ref. 5). Inhalation of vapor of the ortho isomer results in intoxication and
irritation of the kidney and bladder. A concentration of approximately 100 ppm is considered the maximum
endurable for an hour without serious consequences (ref. 8).
2-Aminotoluene
3-Aminotoluene
4-Aminotoluene
LD5Q (oral, rat)(ref. 6)
900 mg/kg
974 mg/kg
656 mg/kg
Each of the aminotoluenes is reported to produce oncogenic responses in animals (r'gf, 6). The EPA/NIOSH ordering
number, considering the compounds collectively, is 4212, and the lowest dose to produce an oncogenic response
is 6,600 ug/kg. The adjusted ordering number for the compounds collectively is 638.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 22 mg/m (5 ppm) for 2-aminotoluene. This TLV does not reflect carcinogenic potential of
the aminotoluenes (ref. 4).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOX1CITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/638 * 110 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 110 = 1.65 x 103 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.65 x 103 = 330 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
•AH1
10J x 22/420 » 52 ug/mj
EPCAH1a = 5/420 =• 0.01 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 52 = 780 ug/J.
EPCWH2 » 13.8 x 22 « 304 ug/S.
EPC.,, = 0.2 x 304 = 60.8 ug/g
LH , ,
EPCAC2 = 10J/(6 x 638) = 0.26 ug/nT
EPCWC = 15 x 0.26 ' 4 ug/i
EPC.C = 0.2 x 4 = 0.8 ug/g
A-422
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
10C040
AMINOTOLUENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.1 E2
1.65E3
3.30E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.26
4.0
0.8
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Voll
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
52
(0.01)
304
61
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.26
4.0
0.8
A-423
-------
CATEGORY; IOC WLN: ZR X X
OIMETHYLANILINES; CgH^N (xylldlnes, ami nodlmethyl benzenes) .10C060 STRUCTURE;
Of the six Isomeric xylldlnes, all except 3,1-xylldine are
liquids above 20° C.
2,3-XYLIDINE: (l-am1no-2,3-dimethyl benzene, 2,3-d1methyl aniline). 10COS1
(l-amino-2,4-d1methyl benzene, 2,4-d1methyl an1Hne).lOC062
7 c w, tntMc 2-amino-l,4-dimethyl benzene, 2,5-dimethyl aniline).10C063
?'f i ,S, 2-amino-l,3-dimethyl benzene, 2,6-dimethyl aniline .10C064
3,4-XYLIDINE: 4-amino-l,2-dlmethyl benzene, 3,4-d1methyl aniline).10C065
3,5-XYLIDINE: »l-amino-3,5-dimethyl benzene, 3,5-dimethyl aniline .10C066
CH,
PROPERTIES:
2,3-xylidine
2,4-xylidine
2,5-xyl idine
2,6-xylidine
3,4-xylidine
3,5-xyl idine
molecular wt
121.18
121.18
121.18
121.18
121.18
121.18
mp
<-15
16
15.5
11.2
51
bp
221.2760
214 76°
214 76°
214 739
226 76°
9.8 1 220
|
d
0.993120
0.972340
0.9720^
0.984220
1.07618
0.970620
solubility in water
sparingly soluble
sparingly soluble
sparingly soluble
insoluble
sparingly soluble
sparingly soluble
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The six isomeric xylldlnes may be formed by the reduction of the corresponding nitro compounds. They are
used in the manufacture of dyes (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxicity of dimethylanilines has been compared to that of aniline and methyl aniline. Depending on the
species tested, the xylidines appear to be less toxic, equally toxic, or more toxic than aniline and methyl
aniline (reg. 4).
(oral, rat) (in mg/kg)(ref. 6) _ LD^ (oral, rat) (in mq/kg)(ref. 6)
2,3-xylid1ne
2,4-xylidine
2,5-xylidine
2,6-xylid1ne
933
467
1,297
840
3,4-xyl1dine
3,5-xylidlne
812
707
b70
xyliaine
(mixture of isomers)
(inhalation, mouse): 149 ppm for 7 hours for mixture of xylidines (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 25 mg/m3 (5 ppm) skin for xylidines.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.5 x 10* yg/m3 (Sppm) A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 » 3.75 x 105 vg/s. Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.75 x 10 = 7.5 x 10 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCftH1 « 10° x 25/420
EPCAHla
EPCWH1 - 15 x 60
EPC
WH2
60 pg/m
5/420 ' O.OT ppm
900
13.8 x 25 = 345
EPCLH = 0.2 x 345 « 69 ug
A-424
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10C060
DIMETHYLANILINES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.5E4
(5)
3.75E
7.5E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
60
(0.01]
345
69
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /*g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ug/g
(ppm Wtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
60
(0.01
345
69
B Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-425
-------
CATEGORY: IOC
ANISIDINES: C7H9ON (methoxyani1ine, aminoanisoie) 10C080
o-ANISIDINE: (2-amino-anfsole). A yellowish liquid, volatile
with steam. 10C081
m-ANISIDINE: (m-methoxyaniline. A pale yellow 1iquid. 10C082
p-ANISIDINE: (4-amino-anisole). A solid crystal. 10C083
WLN:
STRUCTURE!
PROPERTIES;
o-anisidine
m-anisidine
p-anisidine
d
1.09531°
1.09633
077
solubility
in water
slightly
siightly
soluble
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Anisidines are used in the manufacture of azo dyes (ref. 9).
0 CH,
o-An1s1dine
0—CH,
m-Anisidine
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Workmen exposed to p-anisidine at a concentration of 1.9 mg/m3 for 3-1/2 hr/day for
6 months complained of headache and vertigo (ref. 4). The o-form is a skin irritant,
may cause dermatitis, and can be absorbed through the skin (ref. 8,9).
LD51J (oral, rat): 1,400 mg/kg (ref. 6).
0—CH0
p-Anis1dine
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV =0.5 mg/m (0.1 ppm) for the o- and p-isomers.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 500 ug/nt (0.1 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 500 = 7,500 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 7,500 = 1.5 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology.
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 10J x 0.5/420
1.19 ug/m
EPC
AHla
0.1/420
2.4 x 10 ppm
EPCWH1 • 15 x 1.19 » 17.9 ug/1
EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 0.5 = 6.9 ug/1
0.2 x 6.9 - 1.38 ug/g
EPC
LH
A-426
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
10C080
ANISIDINES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/cn^
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
6. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E2
(0.1)
7.5E3
1.5E3
Bawd on
Ecological
Effecti
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
1.2
(2.4x10"
7
1.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
4)
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1
Air, Mg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1 . 2
(2.4x10"^)
7
/
1.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-427
-------
CATEGORY: IOC
1.4-mwilN06ENZENE: C6HaN2 (p-phenylene-diamine,
4-aroinoamline, 1,4-benzenediamine, p-diaminobenzene).
Colorless crystals. 10C100
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 108.15; mp: 140; bp: 267; vap. d: 3.72;
vap. press: very low; soluble in water.
WLN: ZRDZ
STRUCTURE:
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
1,4-Oiaminobenzene is used in the fur-dyeing industry when a deep black color
is required (ref. 5).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
1,4-Diaminobenzene has caused asthmatic symptoms and other respiratory problems in
workers in the fur-dyeing industry. One fatal case is reported of liver involvement
due to the para-form. The m- and o-forms are somewhat less toxic than the p-form
(ref. 8). It is an especially powerful skin irritant (ref. 8).
LDL (oral, rat): 100 mg/kg (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV =0.1 mg/m3 (0.02 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 100 pg/m3 (0.02 ppn)
Water, Health: 15 x 100 = 1,500 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1,500 = 300 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 0.1/420 = 0.24
EPCAHU = 0.02/420 = 4.8 x 10"5 ppm
EPC,
'WH1
15 x 0.24 = 3.6 ug/1
EPCUH2 ' 13.8 x 0.1 = 1.38 ug/1
EPCLH * 0.2 x 1.38 = 0.3 x 10"1 ug/g
A-428
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
10C100
1,4-DIAMINOBENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Exitting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatet
(R&D Goali)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
1.0E2
(0.02)
1.5E3
3.0E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Lewi Cell-
Bated on
Health Effect!
0.24
(5xlO-5)
1.4
0.3
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effect!
0.24
(5 x TO"5)
1.4
0.3
B. Baud on
Ecological Effect!
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effect!
A-429
-------
CATEGORY: loc
WLN: ZR DR
STRUCTURE:
4-AMINOBIPHENYL: C^H^N (p-phenylaniline, 4-biphenylamine). —
Colorless crystals that darken on exposure to light and air. 10C120
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 169.24; mp: 50-2; bp: 302; slightly soluble
in cold water; volatile in steam; soluble in lipids (ref. 10).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
4-Aminobiphenyl has, in general, the properties of primary aromatic amines. It is a weak base. The
main commercial use of 4-aminobiphenyl in the past was that of an antioxidant in rubber (ref. 10).
4-Aminobiphenyl is a metabolite of 4-nitrobiphenyl (ref. 11).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
A high incidence of bladder carcinomas was reported for a group of workers occupationally exposed to
4-aminobiphenyl (ref. 10). 4-Aminobiphenyl has also caused cancer in animals (ref. 6).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 7526. The lowest toxic dose to induce a carcinogenic response is reported
as 140 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 54. (ref. 6).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 500 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
4-Aminobiphenyl is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 11).
4-Aminobiphenyl is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautioons for exposed
workers are prescribed (ref. 12).
4-Aminobiphenyl is recognized by ACGIH as being potentially carcinogenic to humans. No TLV has been
assigned to it.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/54 « 1.3 x 103 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 103 = 2.0 x 104 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.0 x 104 = 4.0 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 500
0.081 x 500
53.5 ug/m
'AH3 ~ u'u01 A •"•"•' ~ .5 ug/m
EPCHH1 = 15 x 40.5 = 608 ug/l
EPCWH2 * 0.4 x 500 = 200 jg/l
EPC,
'LH
0.2 x 200 = 40 uq
EPCAC2 = 10J/(6 x 54) = 3 Mg/m3
EPCWC
= 15 x 3 = 45
EPCLC = 0.2 x 45 = 9 j-g/g
A-430
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
10C120
4-AMINOBIPHENYL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E3
2.0E4
4.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
3
45
9
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, »ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
40.5
200
40
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
3
45
9
A-431
-------
CATEGORY:
BENZIDINE: C
IOC
12H12N2
(4,4'-diani1nodiphenyl,
4-4'-diphenylenediamine). 10C140
Colorless crystals; darken on exposure to light and air.
WLN; ZR OR DZ
STRUCTURE!
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 184.26; mp: 125; bp: 400
slightly soluble in cold water.
740.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Benzidine has, in general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines. It is a weak base.
Benzidine and its salts are used in the synthesis of dyes (ref. 10).
The compound appears to be resistant to physical and biological degradation. It is sufficiently volatile
and soluble to be widely dispersed (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzidine is believed to be absorbed through the skin as well as through inhalation (ref. 4).
LD50 (oral, rat): 309 rug/kg (ref. 6).
A high incidence of bladder tumors among workers handling benzidine is reported (refs. 4, 10). Inhalation
of 18 mg/m for 13 years resulted in carcinoma in exposed workers (ref. 6).
The compound is reported to cause cancer in animals also. Cancer resulted in rats exposed intermittently
via inhalation to 10 mg/m for 56 weeks (ref. 6). It's salts are also carcinogenic in humans (ref. 11).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 7426. The lowest toxic dose reported to induce a carcinogenic response
is 2,100 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 3.5.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Benzidine production is recognized by ACGIH to be associated with a substance or substances considered
potential human carcinogens. No TLV has been assigned. It is suggested that contact by any route be avoided (ref. 4]
Benzidine is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 11).
Benzidine is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers are
prescribed (ref. 12). On EPA's Consent Decree Priority I List.
•MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 100 x 10 = 1.0 x 10 ug/m
Water, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 103 = 1.5 x 104 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.0 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 » 100 ug/n
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 100 = 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
,3
EPC
EPC
EPC
'AH2
'AH3
'WH1
0.107 x 309 • 33 ug/nT
0.081 x 309 = 25 ^g/m3
15 x 25 = 375 ugA
124 ugA
0.2 x 124 = 24.8 ug/g
1.0 x 103/420 "2.4 ugAi
15 x 2.4 = 36 ug/t
EPCyH2 - 0.4 x 309
EPCLH .
EPCAC1
EPCWC '
EPC. - - 0.2 x 36 - 7.2 _g/g
LC
EPC
WEI
EPC
LE
A-432
50 x 1 ' 50 ug/l
x 50
lc
*EPC's based on carcinogenicity are based on the MATEAH derived from the lowest effective inhalation concentration.
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
10C140
BENZIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standardi
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E3
1.5E4
2.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal"
Based on
Health Effects
2.4
36
7
Based on
Ecofogicat
Effects
50
10
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background"
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, iug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect;
25
124
24.8
B Based on
Ecological Effects
50
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
2,4 ;
36
7
A-433
-------
CATEGORY: IOC
3.3'-OICHLOROBENZIDINE: C12H10C12N: (4,4'-diamino-3,3'-
dichlorobiphenyl, 0,0'-dichlorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichloro-
4,4'-biphenyld1amine, 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-diaminooiphenyl)
10C160
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 253.13; mp: 132-3; insoluble in water.
WUN: ZR BG OR OZ CG
STRUCTURE:
Cl
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine superficially appears to be a relatively immobile compound, but it is very
similar to DOT. Its basic nature suggests that it may be fairly tightly bound to humic materials
in soils (ref. 13).
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine is formed from o-chloronitrobenzene (ref. 9). It is used as a chemical
intermediate for the production of dyes and pigments, and as a curing agent for isocyanate-
containing compounds (refs. 9, 1).
Changes in the mobility and toxicity of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine upon entry into salt water
appear probable and warrant attention (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
While 3,3'-d1chlorobenz1dine is excreted in the urine of monkeys almost unchanged, it undergoes considerable
transformation in rats (ref. 13).
LCLo (oral, rat): 4,740 mg/kg (ref. 6).
Although no reports of 3,3'dichlorobenzid1ne induced cancer in man are known, it may contribute to cases
of bladder cancer attributed to benzidine, as both substances may be prepared in the same plant (ref. 1).
Certain animal studies have shown 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine to be more carcinogenic than benzidine,
although inhalation Is not reported to cause tumors as In the case of benzidine (ref. 4).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for 3,3'-dichlorobenz1dine is 5,416. The lowest dosage to produce a carcino-
genic response is 5,100 mg/kg, and the adjusted ordering number is 1.1.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
The FDA has declared this substance and its salts as carcinogens (ref. 9).
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 11).
On EPA's Consent Decree Priority I List.
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special
precautions for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 12).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/1.1 = 6.4 x 104 vg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 6.4 x 104 = 9.6 x 105 ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0 2 x 9.6 x 105 = 1.9 x 105 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 4,740 = 507 ug/nT
0.081 x 4,740 = 384 ug/m°
15 x 384 = 5,760 yg/1
0.4 x 4,740 » 1,896 ug/1
0.2 x 1,896 = 379 Mg/g
3 3
2,265 pg/1
EPCL(. = 0.2 x 2,265 « 453 U9/9
'AH3
EPCWH1
EPCWH2
EPCLH
AC2
EPC
EPCWC = 15 x 151
A-434
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
10C160
3,3'-DICHLQRQBENZIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiilmg Standardi
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.4E4
9,6E5
1.9E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!
151
1,896
379
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, vg/trr
(ppm Vol)
Water, »g/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
384
1,896
379
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
151
2,265
459
A-43I
-------
CATEGORY: IOC
4.4'-METHYLENE bis(2-CHLOROANILINE): C13H12C12N2.
(dJ[*-am1no-3-chlorophenyl]methane, 3,3'dichloro-
4,4'-diaminodiphenyl methane). 10C180
A colorless crystal.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 267; mp: 110; vap. press: low; slightly
soluble in water.
ZR BG 01R DZ CG
STRUCTURE:
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) resembles DDT both structurally and physically
(ref. 13). It is formed by reacting formaldehyde with o-chloroaniline (ref. 14). It
is used as a curing agent for polyeurethane elastomers, isocyanate-containing polymers,
and for epoxy and epoxy-urethane resin blends (ref. 12).
Analytical techniques for quantifying the amount of 4,4'methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
in working atmospheres and in the urine of workers handling this compound have recently
been developed (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
In chemical plant operators, the major source of absorption of 4,4'-methylene
bis(2-chloroaniline) was via skin contact (ref. 8). Absorption through the skin
is usually more important than inhalation in industrial settings (ref. 13).
LDSO (oral, rat): 2,100 mg/kg (ref. 13).
4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) has been reported to cause cancer in rats.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 4,112. The lowest dosage to produce an oncogenic
response in animals is 2,500 mg/kg, and the adjusted ordering number is 1.65.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 0.218 mg/m3 (0.02 ppm) to'-prevent systemic effects. The compound Is designated by the ACGIH as
an IndustrUl Substance Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Man (ref. 4).
4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroan1Hne) is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 11).
Designated by OSHA as a Cancer Suspect Agent. Special precautions for exposed workers are prescribed
(ref. 12).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 103 x 0.218 = 218 ug/m'
Water, Health: 15 x 218 = 3,270 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3,270 = 654 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 0.218/420 - 0.52 yg/m3
EPCAHla = 0.02/420 ' 4.8 x 10"5 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x °-52 " 7-8 ug/1
EPCWH2 = 13-8 x °-218 = 3 M9/1
EP^ = 0.2 x 3 =0.6 ug/g
EPCAC2 = 103/(6 x 1.65) - 101 ug/m3
EPCWC = 15 x 101 - 1,515 ug/1
EPC
:LC = 0.2 x 1,515 • 303 ug/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
10C180
4.4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Sttndirdi
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Besedon
Health Effects
2.18E2
3.27E3
6.54E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.52_
(5xl(T5
3
0.6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
)
C. Elimination of
O ((charge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicitv Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.52
(5xlO~5)
3
0.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
101
1,515
303
A-437
-------
CATEGORY: ]°C
1-AHINONAPHTHALENE: C1QHgN (1-naphthylamine,
o-Naphthylamine). 10C200
White crystals; darken on exposure to light and air.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 143.19; mp: 50; sublimes; bp: 300; d: 1.1229
WIN: L66J BZ
STRUCTURE:
vap. press.: 1 inn at 104° C; soluble to 0.167 percent in HjO at 25°; volatile in steam.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
1-Aminonaphthalene does not occur as such in nature, but has been isolated from coal tar (ref. 1). It has,
in general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines. It is a weak base.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Exposure to 1-aminonaphthalene contaminated with 4-10 percent 2-aminonaphthalene is associated with human
bladder cancer (ref. 1). The metabolite, N-hydroxy-1-naphthalene, has also been shown to be carcinogenic
(ref. 11). Animal studies indicate the compound is less carcinogenic than the 2-isomer aminonaphthalene .
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for 1-aminonaphthalene is 3101. The lowest toxic dose to induce an
oncogenic response is 25 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 124.
LD5Q (oral, rat): 779 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
1-Arainonaphthalene is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 11 ).
OSHA standards dealing with exposure of employees to 1-aminonaphthalene have been established, taking into
consideration evidence that 1-aminonaphthalene may cause cancer (ref. 12).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/124 = 564 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 564 = 8.5 x 103 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 8.5 x 103 = 1,700 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 = 100 ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 100 =• 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 779 = 83 ug/mj
EPCAH3 =• 0.081 x 779 = 63 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 63 = 946 uq/8,
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 779 « 312 Mg/Z
EPC.., = 0.2 x 312 = 62.4 ug/g
LH ,
EPCAC2 = 10J/(6 x 124) = 1.3 jg
EPCUC - 15 x 1.3 » 20 ug/i
EPC
LC
0.2 x 20
EPCWE1 = 50 x 1 = 50 ug/1
EPCL£ = 0.2 x 50 = 10 ug/g
,"•-438
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10C200
1-AMINONAPTHALENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fjg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goalsl
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.64E2
8.5E3
1.7E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2.0E1
B, Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1.3
20
4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, j/g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, Aig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
63
312
62.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
1.3
20
4
H-439
-------
CATEGORY: 1QC
WLN: L66J CZ
STRUCTURE:
2-AHINONAPHTHALENE: C^HgN (2-naphthylam1ne,
3-naphthylam1ne). 10C220
White crystals that darken on exposure to light and air; volatile with steam.
PROPERTIES:
8
Molecular wt: 143.19; mp: 113; bp: 306; d: 1.0614;;8; vap. press.: 1 mm
at 108° C; volatile in steam; slightly soluble in cold water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
2-Aminonaphthalene does not occur as such in nature, but is formed by the pyrolysis of nitrogen-containing
organic matter. It has been isolated from coal-tar (ref. 1). It has, in general, the characteristics of
primary aromatic amines. It is a weak base.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Epidemiological studies have shown that occupational exposure to 2-aminonaphthalene is strongly associated
with the occurrence of bladder cancer. There is no doubt that the compound is a human bladder carcinogen
(ref. 1). 2-Aminonaphthalene is also reported to cause cancer in several animal species.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 7628. The lowest dose to induce a carcinogenic response is reported
as 18 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 423.8.
U>50 Coral, rat): 727 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 10-1 ppn (ref. 6).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
2-Aminonaphthalene is recognized by ACGIH as a carcinogenic agent in humans. No TLV has been assigned.
2-Aminonaphthalene was the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 11).
OSHA standards dealing with exposure of employees to 2-aminonaphthalene has been established taking into
consideration substantial evidence that 2-aminonaphthalene Is known to cause cancer (ref. 12).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/423.8 * 165 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 165 = 2.5 x ID3 ug/l
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.5 x 103 = 500 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 * 100 ug/4
Land, Ecology: 0.2 x 100 - 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 727
EPCAH3 ' 0.081 x 727
EPCWH1 * 15 x 59
EPC,
EPC,
'WH2
IH
= 0.4 x 727
• 0.2 x 291
78 ug/nT
59 ug/m3
890 ug/s.
291 vg/i
58.2 ug/g
£?<:.„„ = 10J/(6 x 423.8) = 0.4 ug/nT
, — 1C u n A -. c . *, / n
WL
JHC2
EPC,.,,. = 15 x 0.4 = 6 jig/1
EPCLC, = ,0.2 x 6 >
1.2 ug/g
EPCWE1 » 50 x 1 * 50 -Mg/i
EPCL£ « 0.2 x 100 = 20 ug/g
A-440
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
10C220
2-AMINONAPTHALENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.65E2
2.5E3
5.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.4
6.0
1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
20
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
59
291
58
6. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
20
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.4
6.0
1
4-441
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY IOC
Amines - Aromatic Amines and Diamine
International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 4, Lyon, France. A
World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva (1974).
Bond, R. G., C. P. Straub, and R. Prober, Eds. Handbook of Environmental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, OH
(1972).
Handy, R. , and A. Schindler. Estimation of Permissible Concentration of
Pollutants for Continuous Exposure. Prepared by Research Triangle Institute
under Contract 68-02-1325 for Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, EPA-600 12-76-155 (1976).
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
5. Hamblin, D. 0. Aromatic Nitro and Amino Compounds. Industrial Hygiene^ ^
Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2, F. A. Patty, Ed., Interscience
Publishers, New York, NY (196371
6. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville,
MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
7. Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. First Priority Chemicals. Chem-
ical Industry Institute of Toxicology: Annual Report. Research Triangle
Park, NC (1976).
8. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth Edition.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
9. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs,
Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ (1976).
10. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evalu-
ation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 1, Lyon, France. A World
Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1972).
11. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor. Hazard
Review Document. Federal Register 39, No. 20, 3756-3757 (1974).
12. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Toxic
and Hazardous Substances. Title 29 Code Federal Regulations, Part 1910.
A-442
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY IOC (Continued)
13. Radding, S. B., et al. Review of the Environmental Fate of Selected Chem-
icals. Prepared by Stanford Research Institute under contract 68-01-2681 for
Office of Toxic Substances, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
EPA 560/4-75-001 (1977).
14. Clayson, D. B., and R. C. Garner. Carcinogenic Aromatic Amines and Related
Compounds. Chemical Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. C. E. Searle, Ed.,
American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1976).
A-443
-------
CATEGORY 10
AMINES
SUBCATEGORY: 10D - Tertiary Amines (Alkyl, Aryl)
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 1
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogen/city or teratogenicity
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-445
-------
CATEGORY:
10D
WUN: INI&R
STRUCTURE:
N.N-OIMETHYLANILINE: CgH^N (dimethylphenylamine).
An oily liquid. 10D020
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 121.18;bp: 194.15; d: 0.9557;
slightly soluble in water; soluble in lipids.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
N,N-Dimethylaniline is used as a solvent and in the manufacture of certain dyes (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
N,N-Dimethylaniline induces toxic responses through inhalation or by absorotion through the skin (refs. 2,3).
The toxic effect is considered similar to that of aniline (ref. 2). Ingestion of 50 mg/kg has resulted in
human death (ref. 4).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1,410 mg/kg (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 25 mg/m3 (5 ppm) skin.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 2.5 x 104 ug/m3 (5ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104= 3.75 x 10 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.75 x 105 = 7.5 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 10° x 25/420
EPC
60 yg/
AHla 5/420 « O.Ol ppm
» 15 x 50 * 900 ug/z
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 25 = 345 ug/s.
EPC,
LH
0.2 x 345 = 70 yg/g
A-446
-------
CATEGORY 11
AZO COMPOUNDS, HYDRAZINE DERIVATIVES
SUBCATEGORY: 11A - Azo Compounds
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 2
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 2
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: None
A-449
-------
CATEGORY: HA WLN: NNU1 &2/1
DIAZOMETHANE: CH2N2 (diazirine, azimethylene).
STRUCTURE:
A yellow gas; musty odor. 11A020 H?C = N = N
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 42.05; mp: -145; bp: -23°
(ref. 1); decomposes in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Diazomethane is considered a hazardous chemical due to its instability toward heat, shock,
and oxidizing agents. Because of its explosive nature and its toxicity, diazomethane is
generated and used in situ when needed as a reagent (ref. 1,2).
Photolysis of diazomethane yields nitrogen and the very reactive diradical methylene.
Diazomethane is not known to occur in nature (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Oiazomethane is a highly toxic compound; its toxicity is comparable to that of phosgene. Skin
irritation, chest discomfort, asthmatic symptoms, and development of hypersensitivity has been
reported by chemists working with diazomethane (ref. 1,2,3). Exposure to high concentrations of
diazomethane have resulted in human death (ref. 1).
LCLo(.inhalation, cat): 175 ppm for 10 minutes (ref. 4).
Exposure to diazomethane is reported to cause oncogenic responses in animals. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number is 4223. The lowest dose to induce an oncogenic response is reported as
54 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 78.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 0.4 mg/m (0.2 ppm). This TLV does not recognize oncogenic potential of diazomethane.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4 x ID2 yg/m3 (0.2 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4 x 102 * 6 x 103 Hg/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 = 103 x 0.4/420 = 1 wg/m3
EPCAHla ° °-2/420 = °- 0005 ppm
EPCWH1 = 15 x 1 * 15 ug/i
EPCWH2 = 13.8 x 0.4 = 5.5 ug/i
EPCAC2 = 103/(6 x 78) = 2 wg/m3
15 x 2 = 30 vg/i
A-450
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
11A020
DIAZOMETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goalsl
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.0E2
(0.2)
6.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1
0.0005)
5.5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, vg/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A Based on
Health Effects
1
(0.0005)
5.5
B Based on
Ecological Effects
Ml. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
2
30
A-451
-------
CATEGORY: HA WLN: 1N1&R DNUNR
p-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE: C14H15N3 (butter or STRUCTURE:
methyl yellow, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, N,N-Dimethyl-4-
(phenylazo)benzsnamine. Yellow leaflets. 11A040
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt.: 225.3; mp: 114-117; insoluble
in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
p-Oimethylaminoazobenzene is an azo dye manufactured almost exclusively for its use as a coloring agent.
It is not known to occur in nature (ref. 5).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Contact dermatitis has been observed in factory workers exposed to p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (ref. 5).
LD50 (oral, rat): 200 mg/kg (ref. 4).
Exposure to p-dimethylaminoazobenzene is reported to cause cancer in animals. In fact, it is one of
the most extensively studied chemical carcinogens (ref. 5).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 5425. The lowest dose to induce a carcinogenic response is 155 mg/kg.
The adjusted ordering number is 35. Azo dyes carcinogenesis is affected by dietary factors and by hormones (ref. 6).
The compound is also demonstrated to be teratogenic in the rat at a dosage of 200 to 700 mg/kg (ref. 7). *The
EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenicity is 4101. The adjusted ordering number is 20.5.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
P-Dimethylaminoazobenzene is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 8 ).
P-L)imethylaminoazobenzene is designated by OSHA as a cancer-suspect agent; special precautions
for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 9).
FDA has declared p-dimethylaminoazobenzene a carcinogen (ref. 10).
Considered unsafe for use in food by FAO/WHO (ref. 5).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 10 /35 = 2.0 x 103 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2 x 103 • 3.0 x 104 ug/l Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.0 x TO4 = 6.0 x 103ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2
EPCAH3
EPCWH1
EPCWH2
EPCLH
EPCAC2
EPCWC
EPCLC
= 0.107 x 200 = 21.4 ug/m3
= 0.081 x 200 = 16.2 yg/rn3
= 15 x 16.2 = 243 yg/i
=• 0.4 x 200 = 80 ug/«
= 0.2 x 80 = 16 ug/g
= 103/(6 x 35) = 5 gg/m3
= 15 x 5 = 75 yg/fc
= 0.2 x 75 • 15 yg/g
A-452
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
11A040
p-DIMETHYLAMIIMOAZQBENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A Exitting Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.0F3
3.0E4
6.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
5
75
15
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wf)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
16.2
80
16
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
5
75
15
A-453
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 11A
Azo Compounds, Hydrazine Derivatives - Azo Compounds
1. Sutton, W. L. Heterocyclic and Miscellaneous Nitrogen Compounds.
Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2_, F. A.
Patty, Ed., Interscience Publixhers, New York, NY (1963).
2. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol 7, Lyon, France.
A World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva (1974).
3. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supple-
ments, Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
4. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared for Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville,
MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publi-
cation No. (MIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
5. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation
of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 8, Lyon, France. A World
Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1975).
6. Hueper, W. C., and W. D. Conway. Chemical Carcinogenesis and Cancers.
Charles C. Thomas, Publishers, Springfield, IL (1964).
7. Shepard, T. H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. Johns Hopkins University
Press, Baltimore, MD (1973).
8. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor. Hazard
Review Document. Federal Register 39, No. 20, 3756-3757 (1974).
9. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Toxic
and Hazardous Substances. Title 29 Code Federal Regulations, Part 1910.
10. Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs,
Ninth Edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NO (1976).
A-454
-------
CATEGORY 11
AZO COMPOUNDS, HYDRAZINE DERIVATIVES
SUBCATEGORY: 11B - Hydrazine Derivatives
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 4
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only .- 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goafs based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: 1
11B080 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
A-455
-------
CATEGORY! 118
MONOHETHYLHYDRAZINE; C HgN2 (rnethylhydrazine). 11B020
Monomethylhydrazlne 1s a liquid at room temperature,
fumes 1n air, and has an ammon1a-l1ke odor.
ISM- ZM1
STRUCTURE:
H2N-N-CH3
PROPERTIES:
•JAC
Molecular wt: 46.08; mp: < -80; bp: 87 ; vap. press.
(ref. 1 ); pK : 8.0 (ref. 2); soluble in water.
49.6 mm at 25° C
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Monomethylhydrazlne Is synthesized for use as a rocket fuel. It dissolves In water to
give a weakly basic solution.
Monomethylhydrazlne undergoes autooxldation in air to give nitrogen, methanol, carbon
monoxide, acetaldehyde, and various carbon or nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (ref. 2 ).
The odor detection level for roonomethyl hydrazine 1s reported as 1-3 ppm (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
As a group, hydrazine derivatives are local irritants, convulsants, and hemolytlc agents
which are absorbed by all routes of administration. Monomethyl hydrazine is the most toxic
of the methyl derivatives of hydrazine (refs. 1,2,3).
LD5Q(oral, rat): 33 rag/kg.
LC50(1nhalat1on, rat): 74 ppm for 4 hours.
Monomethylhydrazlne is reported to have caused both carcinogenic and teratogenlc effects
in animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number, based on carcinogenic potential or on teratogenic
potential, is 3212. The lowest dose resulting in an oncogenic response is 3,000 mg/kg; the
adjusted ordering number is 1. The lowest dose to produce a teratogenic effect is 100 mg/kg;
the adjusted ordering number based on teratogenic potential is 32.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 0.35 mg/md (0.2 ppm). This TLV does not recognize oncogenic or teratogenic potential of
monomethyl hydraz 1 ne .
Short term exposure limits have been recommended by the National Academy of Sciences— National Research
Council as follows (ref. 2):
Short Term Public Limits
Time Limit (25°C/760 mm.Hg)
10 min.
30 min.
60 min.
9 ppm (16.9 mg/m)
3 ppm (5.6 mg/m3)
1.5 ppm (2.8 mg/m3)
Methyl hydrazine is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure is 0.15 mg/m as a 2-hour average (ref. 5).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 150 wg/m3 (O.Tppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 150 = 2.25 x 103 yg/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.25 x 10 = 450 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
£PC
EPC
AH1 =
CAH)a
Wri, =
10 x 0.15/420 '0.4 ug/m
0-0002 ppm
= 0.2 x 2 = i 4 ug/g
EPCAC, -= 1G3/(G x 1} - 167 , c/ii.3
EPf,wf « 15 x 167 •> 2,5uC M9/«
EPC
tC
A-456
fpr
wr
"' "I. f
10/(6 x ?2) = 5
TI < S =• vs ug/c.
g/m
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
11B020
MONOMETHYLHYDRAZ1NE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, lug/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(RSD Goats)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E2
(0.1)
2.25E3
4.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.4
;o.ooo2)
2
0.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, >ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.4
(0.0002)
2
0.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
5
75
15
i
A-457
-------
C,H0N., (1,1-dimethylhydrazine,
toe.
WIN: ZN1&1
STRUCTURE:
H3S-NH
H,CX '
CATEGORY; HB
N.N-OIHETHYLHYDRAZINE:
dimazine, asymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine). 11B040
A colorless liquid that fumes in air with an ammoniacal
or "fishy" odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 60.11;bp: 63752; d: 0.791422;
vap. d: 2; vap. press.: 157 ram at 25° C; pK_: 7.21
a
(ref. 2) miscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
N,N-Dimethylhydrazine is synthesized almost exclusively for use as a rocket fuel. It is
described as insensitive to shock (ref. 2), but can ignite spontaneously if absorbed on
materials with large surface areas.
Solutions in water are weakly alkaline.
Odor recognition level for N,N-dimethylhydrazine is reported as 0.3 - 1 ppm (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
As a group, hydrazine derivatives are local irritants, convulsants, and hemolytic
agents, which are absorbed by all routes of administration (ref. 1).
N,i)-Dimethylhydrazine is not considered as toxic as hydrazine or monomethylhydrazine (ref. 1).
N,N-Dimethylhydrazine is reported to have caused cancer in mice but only at high dosages.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on carcinogenic potential is 3111. The lowest dose to
induce a carcinoge/uc response is reported as 7,902 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 0.39.
LD5Q (oral, rat): 122 mg/kg.
LCj-g (inhala.tion, rat): 252 ppm for 4 hours.
Toxicity to plants: Seedlings (cotton, pinto bean, soybean, endive, squash) suffered severe injury when
fumigated with 25-30 ppm (ref. 2). 25 ppm is approximately equivalent to 50 mg/m3.
REGULATQflY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 1 mg/m" (0.5 ppm).
Shsrt term exposure limits have been recommended by the National Academy of Science—National Research
Council as follows (ref. 2):
Short Term Public Limits
Time, Limit (25° C/760 mm Hg.)
10 min.
30 min.
60 min.
50 ppm (127 mg/m )
25 ppm (63.5 mg/m3)
15 ppm (38.2 mg/m3)
1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure is 0.15 mg/m (0.075 ppm) as a 2-hour average (ref. 5).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 150 yg/m3 (0.075 ppm) Air, Ecology: 5 x 104 ug/m3 (25 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 150 - 2.25 x 10 ug/l Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2..2S x 103 = 450 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
EPci
EPC,.
fcPC
'AH!
'AHla
'WH1
Lri
• 10J x 0.15/420 » 0.4 ug/mj
a 0.075/420 = 0.0002 ppm
• 15 x 0.4 • 6 ug/2
EPC
EPC'
;AE -
'AEa
0.1 x 50,000 • 5,000 ug/mj
0.1 x 25 » 2.5 ppm
A-458
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
11B040
N,N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
].5E?
(0.075
2.25E3
4.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E4
(25)
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.4
(0.0002)
2
0.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
(2.5)
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/rrr
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration .
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.4
(0.0002)
2
0.4
B. Based on
Ecologtcal Effects
5,000
(2.5)
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-459
-------
CATEGORY: HB WLN: 1MM1
N.N'-DIHETHYLHYDRAZINE: C2HgN2 (1,2-dimethylhydrazine, STRUCTURE;
dimethylhydrazine). 11B060
N,N'-Dimethylhydrazine is a colorless liquid that H3C"'!'"|I"CH3
fumes in air; ammoniacal odor. H H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 60.12; mp: -9; bp: 81753; d: 0.8274;
vap. press.: 100 m at 28° (ref. 4 ); miscible with
water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
N.N'-dimethylhydrazine is not known to occur freely in nature. It is manufactured
only in experimental quantities (ref. 4 ).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
As a group, hydrazine derivatives are local irritants, convulsants, and hemolytic agents
which are absorbed by all routes of administration (ref. 1).
LD50 (oral, rat): 100 mg/kg.
N,N'-Dimetnylhydrazine is reported to cause oncogenic effects in animals. A possible
metabolite of N,N'-dimethylhydrazine, azoxymethane, produced a high yield of carcinomas
of the colon in rats (ref. 4 }.
T«e EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 4415. The lowest dose to induce a carcinogenic response
is 2 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 2207.5
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/2,208 * 32 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 32 = 5 x 102 vg/t Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5 x 10 = 100 ug/9 Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 " °'107 x 10° * ]1 M9/'m3
EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 100 =• 8 ug/m3
EPCWH1 « 15 x 8 = 120 vg/J.
EPCWH2 = °'4 x 10° = 40 vg/l
EPCLH = 0.2 x 40 = 8 yg/g
EPCAC2 = 103/(6 x 2,208) = 0.075 n9/m3
EPCWC = 15 x 0.075 = 1.1 ug/i
EPCLC « 0.2 x 1.1 = 0.22 ug/g
A-460
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
11B060
N,N'-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, »gfl
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bawd on Best Technology
A. Exuting Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
3.2E1
5.0E2
1.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.075
1.1
0.22
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
8
40
8.0
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.075
1.1
0.22
.. .
/• i." ',
-------
CATEGORY:
118
WIN: RMMR
STRUCTURE:
1..2-OIPHENYLHYDRAZINE; C12H12N2 (hydrazobenzene).
Colorless tablets from ethanol-ether. 11B080
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 184.26; mp: 131 (decomposes);
insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
1,2-Oiphenylhydrazine is formed by mild reduction of azobenzene. In the presence of mineral acids,
diphenylhydrazine rearranges to benzidine.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Little is reported regarding the acute or chronic toxic properties of diphenylhydrazine. Its
properties are probably similar to other hydrazene derivatives. Diphenylhydrazine is an active
hemolysin (ref. 1).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 301 mg/kg.
Exposure to diphenylhvdrazine is reported to produce neoplastic effects in rats and mice.
The EPA/HIOSH ordering number is 4224. The lowest dose to produce the oncogenic effect is
5,280 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 0.8.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
Oiphenylhydrazene is on the EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 301 - 1.35 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.35 x 104 = 2.0 x 105 ugA
Land, Health: 0.2 x 2.0 x 105 = 4.0 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology.
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 301
32 ug/m
EPC
AH3
0.081 x 301 = 24 ug/nT
EPCWH1 = 15 x 24 = 360
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 301 = 120 ug/i
24 ug/g
EPCLH = 0.2 x 120
A-462
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
11B080
1.2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, (Jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exitting Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.35E4
2.0E5
4.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
24
120
24
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24
120
24
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
A-463
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 11B
Azp.Compounds, Hydrazine Derivatives - Hydrazine Derivatives
1. Sutton, W. L. Heterocyclic and Miscellaneous Nitrogen Compounds.
Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2, F. A.
Patty, Ed., Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963).
2. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Committee on
Toxicology. Guides for Short-Term Exposures of the Public to Air
Pollutants: Guide for Hydrazine Monomethylhydrazine, and 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine.
Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 244-337 (1974).
3. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with
Supplements, Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
4. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 4, Lyon,
France. A World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva (1974).
5. National Institute for Occupational Health and Safetv. Criteria for a
Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Hydrazines. National
Institute for Occupational Health and Safety. U.S. Department of Healtn,
Education, and Welfare, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-172 (1978).
A-464
-------
CATEGORY 12
HITROSAMINES
SUBCATEGORY: 12A - Aliphatic Nitrosamines
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 5
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 3
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory: 5
12A020 N-Nitrosodimethylamine
12A040 N-Nitrosodiethyl amine
12A060 N-Nitrosodipropylamine
12A080 N-Ni trosodi i sopropylami ne
12A100 N-Nitrosodipentylamine
-------
CATEGORY: 12A WLN; ONN1&1
ri-NITROSOOIHETHYLAHINE: C2H,N20 (dimethylnitrosoamine). STRUCTURE:
A yellow liquid. 12A020 CH
0 - N - N^ 3
CH3
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 74.08; bp: 154; d: 1.0048; miscible with
water in all proportions; soluble in lipids.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Formation of nitrosoamines may occur in air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal tract. The
precursors associated with nitrosoamine formation (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen oxides) are
ubiquitous in nature. Amines may be formed by the anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals,
excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the microbial reduction of nitrates. Nitrosoamines
are rapidly decomposed by photolysis (ref. 1).
Estimated concentrations of nitrosoamines include the following: air (major population centers)--0.2 pg/m3;
drinking water-- 0.2 x2.3 =0.5 ug/g EPCWT =0.2x10.5 = 2.1
A-466
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
12A020
N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Gods)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.5E1
9.76E2
1.95E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.155
2.3
0.5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, yug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2
10
2
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.155
2.3
0.5
A-467
-------
CATEGORY: 12A
N-NITROSODIETHYLAHINE: C4H1QN20 (diethylnitrosoamine).
A yellow, volatile liquid. 12A040
WLN: ONN2&2
STRUCTURE:
0=N - N
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 102. 14; bp: 176.9; d: 0.9422^°;
moderately soluble in water, soluble in lipids.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Formation of nitrosoamines may occur in air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal tract. The
precursors associated with nitrosoamine formation (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen oxides) are
ubiquitous in nature. Amines may be formed by the anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals,
excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the microbial reduction of nitrates. Nitrosoamines
are rapidly decomposed by photolysis (ref. 1).
Estimated concentrations of nitrosoamines include the following: air (major population centers)—
0.2 ug/m ; drinking water—<1 ug/day; dietary intake—few ug/day (ref. 1). There is some indication
that traces of N-nitrosodiethylamine also occur in various foods (ref. 2).
TOXIC PROPERTieS, HEALTH EFFECTS:
The biological activity of N-nitrosodiethylamine (or its metabolites) include: acute and chronic toxicity,
carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity in experimental animals (refs. 1, 2, 5). There is some experimental
evidence that acute toxicity of alkyl nitrosoamines decreases with increase in the length of the alkyl
chain (ref. 1).
LD-g (intravenous, rat): 157 mg/kg (ref. 5).
N-Nitrosodiethylamine has produced cancer in ten animal species (ref. 2). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
is 6929. The lowest dosage affecting an oncogenic response is 12 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 577.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenic effects is 4304. The lowest dose affecting a teratogenic
response is 17 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number based on teratogenic potential is 253.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Nitrosoamines including N-nitrosodiethylamine, appear on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
Nitrosoamines are included in the ACGIH List i. f Industrial Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential
for Man.
No TLV is specified.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/577 = 120 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
1,'ater, Health: 15 x 120 = 1.8 x 103 uq/z Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.8 x 103 = 360 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS'
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 157 = 16.8 yg/m3
EPC
'AH3
EPCWH1
0.031 * 157 = 12.7
15 x 12.7
EPCWH2 = 0.4 x 157
EPC,
1H
191 ug/J,
62.3 ug/t
0.2 x 62.8 ag/g = 13
g/g
EPCftC2 = 10J/(.6 x 577) = 0.29
EPC
EPCAT = 103/(6 x 253) = 0.66 .g
15 x 0 56 =•- 9.9 ug/i
0.2 x 9.9 = 2 ug/g
EPC,,
WT
EPCL1
A-468
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
12A040
N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Band on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
-
B. Developing Technology
Enginmring Estimates
(RS.D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
Band on
Health Effects
1.2E2
1.8E3
3.6E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lenl Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.3
4.4
0.9
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngl\
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
13
63
13
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.3
4.4
0.9
-------
CATEGORY: 12A WLN: ONN3 & 3
N-NITROSODIPROPYLAHINE: C6H^N20
(N-nitroso-N-dipropylamine, propyl nitrosamine, nitrous dipropyl STRUCTURE:
amide, Di-n-propylnitrosamine). 12A060 CH (CH,),
A golden solid. 3
N-
N-N 0
CH,(CH )/
PROPERTIES: 3 z i
Molecular wt: 130.19;bp: 206760; d:0.91633°;
Slightly soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Formation of nitrosoamines may occur in air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal tract.
The precursors associated with nitrosoamine formation (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen oxides)
are ubiquitous in nature. Amines may be formed by anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals,
excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the microbial reduction of nitrates. Nitrosoamines
are rapidly decomposed by photolysis (ref. 1).
Estimated concentrations of nitrosoamines include the following: air (major population centers)—
0.2 ug/m3; drinking water—< 1 ug/day; dietary intake—a few ug/day (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LD5jj,(oral, rat): 480 mg/kg (ref. 5).
Nitrosamines have produced cancers of the lung, nasal sinuses, brain, esophagus, stomach, liver, bladder,
and kidney in experimental animals (ref. 8).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on carcinogenicity for N-nitrosodipropylamine is 4,212. The lowest
doss effecting a carcinogenic response is 143 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 29.
REGULATORY ACTIONS STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGN.TION. CA,\IDIDAT£ STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Nitrosoamines appear on the EPA Consent Decree Li&t wifi an assigned priority of 1.
Nitrosoamines are included in th<> ACGIH '..ist of Industrial Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential
for Man.
No TLV is ,Deified.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/29 = 2,414 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2,414 = 3.62 x 10* ug/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 3.62 x 104 = 7.2 x 103 ug/'g u»n-l. Ecc.^:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 = 0.107 x 480 => 51.4 ug/m3
EPCAH3 * 0>081 x 48° * 38.9 ug/m3
EPCWH1 = 15 x 38.9 = 583.5 yg/1
EPCWH2 = 0-4 x 480 = 192 Mg/l
EpC|_H = 0.2 x 192 = 38 ug/g
EPCAC2 = l03/(6 x 29} = 5.75 ug/m3
.EPCWC = 15 x 5.75 = 86.3 ug/1
EPC
L(, = 0.2 x 86.3 = 17 ug/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
X
12A060
N-NITROSODIPROPYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt!
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.4E3
3.6E4
7.2E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
5.8
86
17
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
3
Air, Mg/m
(ppm Vol)
(ppm'wt)'
Land, /Jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
It. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
39
• P2
38
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
5.8
86
17
A-471
-------
CATEGORY: 12A WLN:
N-NITRQSODIISOPROPYLAMINE: C6Hii,N20
(ni trosodi i sopropyl ami ne, nitrous diisopropylamide). STRUCTURE:
A solid crystalline material. 12A080
PROPERTIES:
Molecular st: 130.19; mp:48; bp: 194.5; d: 0.94221°;
Slightly soluble in water.
N—K o
(CH3)2Cir
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Formation of nitrosoamines may occur in air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal tract.
The precursors associated with nitrosoamine formation (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen oxides)
are ubiquitous in nature. Amines may be formed by anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals,
excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the microbial reduction of nitrates (ref. 1.). Nitrosoamines
are rapidly decomposed by photolysis (ref. 1).
Estimated concentrations of nitrosoamines include the following: air (major population centers)—
0.2 (jg/m3; drinking water—<1 ug/day; dietary intake—a few ug/day (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LD5Q (oral, rat): 850 mg/kg (ref. 5)
Nitrosoamines have produced cancers of the lung, nasal sinuses, brain, esophagus, stomach, liver,
bladder, and kidney in experimental animals (ref. 8).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number bassd on carcinogenicity for N-nitrosodiisopropylamine is 4,111. The dosage
producing cancer is 14 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 0,29.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Nitrosoamines appears on iha EPA Consent Decree li«t. with an assigned priority of 1.
"•': .isoamines t-re inducted in the ACGIH List of industrial Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential
:"•• '?:.,-.. No TLV 15 specif lea.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICiTY CCUCEIiTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 850 = 3.8 x ID4 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 3.8 x 104 = 5.7 x 105 pg/1 Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.2 x 5.7 x 105 = 1.14 x 1C5 ng/y Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC.u, = 0.107 x 850 • 91.0 ug/n3
Mnt
tPCAH3 => O.Ocl x 850 - 68. i, uc. "n3
£FCWH1 - 15 x 58.9 = .,034 .g.
tfCyH2 - 0.4 x ^0 = ^40 uy; •
- '-I j O.i '" ' UQ' •
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
12A080
N-NITROSODIISOPROPYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.8E4
5.7E5
1.14E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
69
340
68
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ;jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baud on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
69
340
68
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
-
-
A 473
-------
CATEGORY: 12 A
N-NITROSOQIPENTYLAHINE:
(di-rt-amylm'trosamine;
A solid. 12A100
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt:
C10H22N20
dipentyinitrosamine).
WLN: ONN5 & 5
STRUCTURE;
CH3(CH2)4
CH3(CH2)4/
N-H 0
186.34.
NATURAL OCCURRENCEJ CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Formation of nitrosoamines may occur in air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal tract.
The precursors associated with nitrosoamine formation (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen oxides)
are ubiquitous in nature. Amines may be formed by anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals,
excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the microbial reduction of nitrates. Nitrosoamines
are rapidly decomposed by photolysis (ref. 1).
Estimated concentrations of nitrosoamines include the following: air (major population centers)--
0.2 ug/m3; drinking water--
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
12A100
N-N1TROSOD1PENTYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Coels)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
7.9E4
1.2E6
2.4E5.
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
142
700
140
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, j/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land,
-------
REFERENCES: CATEGORY 12A
Nitrosoamines - Aliphatic Nitrosoamines
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development.
Scientific and Technical Assessment Report of Nitrosoamines. Star Series.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC EPA-600/6-77-001 (1976).
2. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation
of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 1, Lyon, France. A World
Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1972).
3. Magee, P. N., et al. N-Nitroso Compounds and Related Carcinogens. Chemical
Carcinogens. C..E. Searle, Ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1976)
4. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supplements,
Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, OH (1974).
5. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville,
MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
6. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor. Hazard
Review Document. Federal Register 39, No. 20, 3756-3757 (1974).
7. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Toxic
and Hazardous Substances. Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.
8. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
A-476
-------
CATEGORY 12
NITROSAMINES
SUBCATEGORY: 12B - Aromatic Nitrosamines
Summary of Subcategory
Total number of compounds in subcategory 2
number of parent compounds with subspecies 0
number of subspecies 0
Number of parent compounds with no MEG values 0
Number of parent compounds with natural background levels only 0
Number of parent compounds with Ambient Level Goals based
on evidence of carcinogenicity or teratogenicity 2
Consent Decree compounds included in subcategory:
12B020 N-Methyl-N-nitrosoani1i ne
12B040 N-Nitresodiphenylamine
A-477
-------
CATEGORY: 12B
N-HETHVL-N-NITROSQANILINE: C7H8N20
(N-methyl-N-nitroso-benzenamine, methyl phenyl nitrosamine,
nitrosomethyTarn'line, N-nitroso-N-methylaniline, N-nitroso-
phenylamine, methylnitrosophenylamine). 12B020
A yellow solid or liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 136.17; mp: 14.7; 225 (decomposes);
d:1.12405°; insoluble in water.
WIN: ONNl & R
STRUCTURE:
o
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Formation of nitrosoamines may occur in air, water, soil,.food, and in the gastrointestinal tract.
The precursors associated with nitrosoamine formation (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen oxides)
are ubiquitous in nature. Amines may be formed by anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals,
excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the microbial reduction of nitrates (ref. 1 ). Nitrosoamines are
rapidly decomposed by photolysis.
Estimated concentrations of nitrosoanines include the following: air fraajor population centers)—
0.2 ug/m3; drinking water—< lug/day; dietary intake—a few ug/day (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Nitrosoanines are suspected of causing cancers of the lung, nasal sinuses, brain, esophagus, stomach,
liver, bladder, and kidney (ref. 2).
N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline has also been shown to produce teratogenic effects (ref. 3).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on carcinogenicity is 4,213, The lowest dosage producing a carcino-
genic response is 78 rag/kg. The adjusted ordering number based on carcinogenicity is 54. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number based on teratogenicity is 4,101. The lowest dosage producing teratogenic effects is
140 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 29.
LD5Q (oral, rat): 225 mg/kg (ref. 3).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Nitrosoamines appear on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
Nitrosoamines are included in the ACGIH List of Industrial Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential
for Man. No TLV is specified.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
7 x 104/54 = 1.3 x 103 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 103 =• 1.9 x 104 ug/1
Land, Health: 0.2 x 1.9 x 104 - 3.9 x 103 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCftH2 = 0.107 x 225 = 24.0 ug/
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
12B020
N-METHYL-N-NITROSOANILINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iJLg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard*
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E3
1.9E4
3.9E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
3
46
9
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ag/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, U9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
18.2
90
18
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
3
46
9
A-479
-------
CATEGORY! 12B
N-MTMSaUIPHEIWLAMINE: (CgH.J.N.O
(nitrous diphenylamide, dipnenymitrosamine).
A yellow crystalline solid. 12B040
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 198.23; mp: 66.5.
WLN; ONNR8.R
STRUCTURE:
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
Formation of nitrosoamines may occur In air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal
tract. The precursors associated with nitrosoamine formation (secondary amines and nitrites
or nitrogen oxides) are ubiquitous in nature. Amines may be formed by anaerobic decay of nitro-
genous matter (plants, animals, excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the microbial reduction
of nitrates (ref. 1). Nitrosoamines are rapidly decomposed by photolysis.
Estimated concentrations of nitrosoamines include the following: air (major population centers)—•
0.2 |ag/m3; drinking water--65° ' 66° M/1
CLH
EPC
EPC,
WC
O3/
= 15 x
.AC2 = 10J/(6 x 4.2) =
600 ug/1
EPC
LC = 0.2 x 600 = 120
A-480
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MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
12B040
N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, 8PT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Englneenng Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.7E4
2.5E5
5.0E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
40
600
120
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A Based on
Health Effects
B Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
134
660
132
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
40
600
120
A-481
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REFERENCES: CATEGORY 12B
Nitrosoamines -. Aromatic Nitrosoamines
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development.
Scientific and Technical Assessment Report of Nitrosoamines. Star Series.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC EPA-600/6-77-001 (1976).
2. Sax, N. I., Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Fourth Edition.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1975).
3. Christensen, H. E., and E. J. Fairchild. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem-
ical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD
for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 76-191 (1976).
4. Magee, P. N.., et al. N-Nitroso Compounds and Related Carcinogens. Chemical
Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. C. E. Searle, Ed., American Chemical
Society, Washington, DC p. 491-625 (1976).
A-482
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-176a
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Multimedia Environmental <
Environmental Assessment; Volume HI. Ml
and Background Information Summaries (Cj
1-12)
7. AUTHOR(S)
G.L.Kingsbury, R.C.Sims
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION- NO.
Soals for 6-AREPORTJLD,A"
EG Charts August 1979
iteeories 6- PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
, and J.B. White RTI/1603/23-01F
9. PERFORMING OROANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Labora
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE825
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
7709 68-02-2612 (W. A. 72) and
68-02-3132
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 5/78 - 6/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
tory
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer is T. Kelly Janes, Mail Drop 61, 919/
541-2851. EPA-600/7-77-136a and -b are Volumes I and II.
16. ABSTRACT ipkese voiumes provide charts and background information summaries for
MEG Categories 1-12 and 13-26. 'f'hey address 586 organic compounds. In the context
of deriving MEGs, the volumes: (1) offer perspective on the broad range of contami-
nants whose control is of vital interest to both industry and the public; (2) further
develop and define indicators designating contaminants to be given priority consider-
ation for immediate control and for subsequent research; (3) bring together existing
and emerging data in a format efficient for use in environmental assessment; and (4)
explore some basic methodologies which both provide the present goals, and suggest
directions for refined methodologies. MEGs (multimedia environmental goals) are
levels of significant contaminants or degradents (in ambient air, water, or land or in
emissions of effluents conveyed to the ambient media) that are judged to be (1) appro-
priate for preventing certain negative effects in the surrounding populations or eco-
systems , or (2) representative of the control limits achievable through technology.
MEGs are predicted for more than 650 pollutants.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Pollution
Assessments
Contaminants
Research
Organic Compounds
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
MEGs
Environmental Assess-
ment
Prioritizing
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
c. COSATI Field/Group
13B
14B
07C
21. NO. OF PAGES
516
22. PRICE
KPA Form 2110-1 (1-73)
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979 -6!+0-013/ 3 9 3 6 REGION NO. 4
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