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35
-------
TABLE 5. RANK OF U.S. STATES/TERRITORIES ACCORDING TO
ESTIMATED TAR PRODUCTION FOR THE TIME PERIOD,
1880 TO 1950
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
3"»
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
STATE/
TERRITORY
NEW YORK
HEW JERSEY
PENNSYLVANIA
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
ILLINOIS
CALIFORNIA
INDIANA
MARYLAND
WISCONSIN
CONNECTICUT
DIST.OF COL.
RHODE ISLAND
MISSOURI
OREGON
VIRGINIA
IOWA
WASHINGTON
FLORIDA
MINNESOTA
OHIO
GEORGIA
NEBRASKA
KENTUCKY
TENNESEE
NORTH CAROLINA
MAINE
NEW HAMPSHIRE
COLORADO
SOUTH CAROLINA
TEXAS
HAWAII
LOUISIANA
DELAWARE
ALABAMA
VERMONT
ARIZONA
NORTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
UTAH
MISSISSIPPI
WEST VIRGINIA
KANSAS
MONTANA
PUERTO RICO
ARKANSAS
NEVADA
IDAHO
NEW MEXICO
WYOMING
OKLAHOMA
VIRGIN ISLANDS
AMERICAN SAMOA
GUAM
ALASKA
EPA
REGION
2
2
3
1
5
5
9
5
3
5
1
3
1
7
10
3
7
10
4
5
5
4
7
4
4
4
1
1
8
4
6
9
6
3
4 .
1
9
8
8
8
4
3
7
8
2
6
9
10
6
3
6
2
9
9
10
(1)
ESTIMATED TAR
PRODUCTION (M GAL)
2,825,000
890,000
827,000
805,000
456,000
452,000
355,000
340,000
289,000
261,000
241,000
203,000
175,000
163,000
162,000
153,000
138,000
125,000
110,000
97,000
7»,000
73,000
69,000
66,000
59,000
54,000
'49,000
34,000
33,000
33,000
29,000
23,000
21,000
21,000
19,000
14,000
11,000
10,000
10,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,00ff
1,000
NR
NR
NR
NR
FOOTNOTES: 1. The estimated tar production are obtained by
multiplying the corresponding estimated manufactured
gas productions shown in Table 1 by the constant tar
production factor of 730 gallons/MM scf.
2. "NR" signifies that data were not reported.
36
-------
Tar production was estimated from the manufactured
gas production based on a constant factor of 730
gal/MM scf.
This factor was derived from 1930 BrownTs data by estimating the
tar production rate as a function of gas production for that
year. That year was chosen because of a relatively ample
availability of by-product data (reported for approximately 40
percent of plants). This constant factor was calculated as the
total tar production divided by total gas production (for plants
reporting tar production), resulting in a value of 730 gallons
of tar per million cubic feet of gas produced.
The tar factor does not account for changes in the
makeup of the manufactured gas in years other than 1930. In
addition, this factor should vary with the type of gas produced
(e.g., coal gas produces more tar per MM so than water gas);
type of feedstock, in particular the type of coal (e.g.,
bituminous or anthracite); equipment design; operating
conditions; and extent of gas cleaning. Therefore, the actual
tar production (i.e., gal tar per MM scf of gas) is highly
variable by site, state, and region.
However, the tar production estimates made in this
report use the same factor (730 gal tar/MM scf of gas) for all
states; and therefore, the reader should use these estimates
carefully (i.e., recognizing the uncertainties described above).
It is believed that this factor is sufficiently accurate for the
intended use in this report which is an order of 'magnitude
estimate for obtaining an idea of the potential quantities that
may be involved.
This factor was applied to the total gas
production for each state for the time period, 1880 to 1950,
37
-------
shown in Table 4, to obtain state-by-state tar production esti-
mates. The total of these tar production estimates represents
the total tar produced by the U.S. gas manufacturing industry
from 1880 to 1950. The total tar produced as a by-product by
U.S. gas manufacturers between 1880 and 1950 is estimated to be
approximately 11 billion gallons. This total estimated tar
production for the period 1880 to 1950 was extended to cover
1820 to 1880 based on a "zero linear interpolation" assumption,
as explained in the following discussion. The tar production
estimate for the 1820 to 1950 time period is 11.5 billion
gallons.
Procedure For 1820 To 1880 Tar Estimates
The 1880 to 1950 tar production estimate was extrapo-
lated to include the early years of the U.S. manufactured gas
industry (1820 to 1880) as follows:
1. The tar productions for the end years of the time
period for which tar production was not yet
estimated (1820 to 1880) were established. It was
assumed that no tar was produced in the first year
of the manufactured gas industry, 1820. The tar
production for 1879 was based on applying the tar
factor (730 gallons tar/MM cubic feet of gas) to
the total gas production for the year, 1889. The
1889 gas production was calculated as the total of
reported data for the year, 1889, or 23,600 MM
scf. The resulting quantity of tar estimated to
have been produced in 1889 is 17 million gallons.
2. Next, it was assumed that the tar production from
1820 to 1880 could be linearly interpolated based
on the productions established in the preceding
step. The resulting estimate is 0.5 billion
gallons of tar produced between 1820 and 1880.
38
-------
OTHER BY-PRODUCTS
This part discusses the production and fate of by-
products (other than tar) resulting from the manufacture of gas.
In this preliminary study, however, the focus is primarily on
tar. Analyses of the other by-products were not performed in
this study although future evaluation of the potential tar dis-
posal environmental impact may warrant further investigation
into the fate of these other by-products. These other by-
products include:
coke
- ammonia
- naphthalene
- crude light oil and derivatives
- coal screenings and residue
spent iron oxide (contains sulfur)
spent lime (dry or in solution)
The above by-products usually had some commercial value
for further recovery or consumption. Table 6 presents percent-
ages of by-products sold which were calculated from data for
four years (1925, 1927, 1929, and 1931) as reported in the
Census of Manufacturers: 1931 for the manufactured gas industry.
These particular years were selected solely on the basis of data
availability. Data were unavailable for spent iron oxide and
lime, which were used to remove hydrogen sulfide from the
manufactured gas. Additional information regarding the sources
and production of these by-products may be found elsewhere
(Reference 3).
39
-------
TABLE 6. BY-PRODUCT DISPOSITION
Bv-Product
Tar
Coke
Ammonia
Naphthalene, Crude
Crude Light Oil
Light Oil Derivatives
Screenings and Breeze
Spent Iron Oxide
Spent Lime
Amount Sold
Percent of Total
as
Produced
(1)
76
62
(2)
46
26
55
13
(2)
(2)
FOOTNOTES: (1) Average of the years 1925, 1927, 1929, and 1931.
(2) No data reported.
Source of data: Census of Manufacture: 1931 (U.S. Dept. of
Commerce)
40
-------
REFERENCES
1. Brown's Directory of American Gas Companies,. Moore
Publishing Company, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1890, 1900,
1910, 1920, 1930, 1940 and 1950-51 editions.
2. Bureau of the Census (U.S. Department of Commerce),
Census of Manufacture: 1911 - Manufactured Gas;
Cofee-Oven Products; Fuel Briquets, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1934.
3. Steward, E.G., Town Gas - Its Manufacture and
Distribution,. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London,
1958.
41
-------
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
42
-------
Appendix A
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON DATA
SOURCE AND PROCESSES
SAMPLE PAGES FROM BROWN'S DIRECTORY OF
AMERICAN GAS COMPANIES
This part contains example pages from the 1890 and
1950-1951 editions of Brown's Directory of American Gas
Companies. These example pages show the extent and detail to
which data are reported by Brown'sf as well as the changes in
the reported data from 1890 to 1950. These example pages, which
are copyrighted, are used here with the permission of Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich Publications, the publishers of Brown1s
Directory of American Gas Companies.
A-l
-------
BROWN'S
DIRECTORY
or
AMERICAN GAS COMPANIES.
GAS STATISTICS.
ALABAMA.
hut Gas. Qectria Uoftt 4
lirauaafta*.
Capital Koek.
Total bond* ottutaaUiaif.. 1940,000.
Preideat. J. F. B. Jacfcjo*.
Treasurer, B. F. Rodea.
ternary, B. F. Rorteo.
Purcaasiay Ajrat. & F. Rodea.
SuperiateaUeat. T. Byre*,
Price* o/ Manufacture. CoaL .
Population, AO.OOO.
Price of Gas ia 1890. 41. JO.
Xumber of public lamp*, si
Price received for public laatpa. 11.23 per moattu
Approximate annual output. 40.00U.OUO.
Cud!* power. 14.
Operate Thomjoo-Houston E«tr1c Sfiteta.
27uab«r of Liebu. 470 Arc aod l.dOO Lacaadcs*
tcatv U«nt 4 Power C*, Oteatar. '
Ctpilal ttoek. |t20.00lt.
Toi«J boodj ouitikadiar.
PrcudfBt. W. \T Littlijoaa.
Trnaunr. lit 5*fL B«ak.
S*cm»rr. JM. X. SCMC
PureaMiaf Agcai. JM. M. Score
^upenateodeat, JM JL Scort.
PrpctM of X*du£*cntr«. Coal
PopuiMloa. 8.000.
Pnct of GM ia JUrt. |3.00. 10 p«r ctat.
Xumber of public lamp*. 73.
Price received for public t*ape. tSS.OO per year.
ApproftiiMM aoaual output aot Mated.
Caadle powtr, U.
84*. Electric U«(it u4 Power Ce.,
Capital Jtocfc. 130.000.
Total boodj ouutaadlaf. I
Prmdeat. Joha vr. TiUUa.
Treasurer. A. Bena-^vr.
Secrvtarr. X Berin«r.
PurciuMae A^irac. 4»Uo W. TullU.
Sttperiaieocleot. J*n>c» ferrier.
Procn* of Xaau/acran. CoaL
Poptilatioa. 7..XX).
Price of G«» ia 196°. «--.50. lew 10 per eeas.
Xumber of public !AO»P», $1.
Price rrccirfil for public lampe.
Approsimaf* inauJJ output, d. 000.000.
Caadle power.
Operate Taooaoa-Houstoe Uectric Sfvea. 90
Arc aad 50 lacaadexeat Lig ha.
HvattvilU 6«« Uaat «nd C«k« CA, Hontjvillt.
Capital wock. 477.000.
Total beads ouutaadio j 137.900.
Pmtileet. Robe. £. Cok*.
Secrefarr. L \V. Murdoch.
9.00 to $1.73,
Dumber of public lamp*. 30.
Pnce recnred for public latapa.
Jlppmrioute annual output. 10,000.000.
C««!> po*er. 14,
Mebile &aa U««t aatf Coko C«, Mobile,
Capital stock. IT4.000.
Total boada outttaadiaf. 9
Pmideat. 3. i Robira.
Treaaiucr. H. XT. Shieide.
Secretary. H. XT. SUiekla.
Purchaatav A«eat. H. \V. Saieida,
5 ttperiateedeat. Jotta 0*8nea.
Proem of Manufacture. CoaL
Populatioa. 40.000.
Pnce of Gaa la idW. $1.75 to 42.23.
Xumber tt public lamp*, aoaa.
Price recetr«d for public laopa.
Approziavate aaaual output. 14.000.000.
IS.
Reprinted with permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Publications from Brown's Directory.
Figure A-1
Sample Page from Brown's 1890 Edition
A-2
-------
GAS COMPANY STATISTICS
NATURAL, MANUFACTURED AND
BUTANE GAS COMPANIES
Statistics for the Calendar Year 1949 Arranged Alphabetical!} Accord-
ing lo States and Cities
ALABAMA
CAS COMPANIES AND MAIN OFFICE
Alabama Ga» Corp. Birmingham
Alexander City Municipal Gas Co. Alexander City
Andalusia Gas System . Andalusia
Apex Gas Co., Inc. . . Birmingham
Atmore Ga» Dept., City of Atmore
Bay Minettr Natural Gas Oept Ba> Mmrttr
Brewton Cat Dept. Brewton
Colbert Gas Co., Inc. . Sheffield
Drcatur Ga< System Decarur
Huffman Gas System Huffman
Huntwille Gas System Huntevillc
Jacksonville Water Works &
Gas Board Jacksonville
Mobile Gas Sen-ice Corp. .
National Utilities Co.
Ozark Municipal Gas Plant
PHI Cit> Ga-. System
Phenn City Natural Gas Co.
Atlanta, Ca.
. . Florence
Ozark
Pell City
Fhenix Cit>
Piedmont Water Works and Gaj Board Piedmont
PU-asant Grove Municipal Gas Co Pleasant Grove
Ragland Gas System . . Ragland
Southern Natural Gas Co. Birmingham
Sxlarauga Ga* System . . . Sylacauga
TalU.«ee Ga< System . Tallaiwe
Troy Gas Dept.. City of . Troy
Union Springs Ga; Co., City of Union Springs
COMMUNITIES SERVED AND INDEX TO OPERATING DATA
Alexander City-
Andalusia
Annitton
Atmore
Attalla
Auburn
Bay Minette
Bessemer
Birmingham
Blue Mountain
Brewlon
Brighton
Chickasavr
Decarur
F airfield
Florence
Gadsden
Heflm
Homrwood
Hueytnwn
Alexander City
Andalusia
. Anniston
Atmore
. Gadsden
Auburn
Bay Minette
Birmingham
Birmingham
Anniston
Brewton
Birmingham
Mobile
Decarur
Birmingham
Florence
Gadsden
Heflm
Birmineham
Pleasant GroTe
Huffman
Hunfcville
Irondalc
Jacksonville
Leeds
Lincoln
Lipscomb
Mobile
Montgomery
Mountain Brook
Northport
Notasulga
Opelika
Oxford
Ozark
Pell Cit>
Pbenw City
Piedmont
Pleasant Grnvr
Prattville
Huffman
Hunts vi lie
Birmingham
Jacksonville
Leeds
Lincoln
Birmingham
Mobile
Montgomery
Birmingham
Tuscaloosa
Notasulga
Opelika
Anniston
Ozark
Pell City
Phemi City
Piedmont
Pleasant Grove
Prattville
Prichard
Ragland
Reform
Selma
Sheffield
Spring Hill
Sylacauga
Talladega
Tallassee
Tarranl City
Troy
Trussville
Tuscaloosa
Tuscumbia
Tuskegee
Union Springs
Wetumpka
Whistler
Mobile
Ragland
Reform
Selma
Sheffield
Mobile
. Sylacauga
. . Talladega
Tallassee
Birmingham
. . . . Troy
Huffman
. Tuscaloosa
. Sheffield
Tuikegee
Union Springs
Wetumpka
. . Mobile
OPERATING DATA
ALEXANDER CITY
Akxasdcr City Municipal Cat Co. llrm iButunt-Air)
Municipal plant
Population. 7,000
Supplie-i. Andalusia.
(No detailed information available from city, data
compiled from other sources.)
ANNISTON
Alabina Cu Corporation
1221 Noble St.
For officers and directors, aee company's report.
Birmingham.
Reprinted with permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Publications from Brown's Directory.
Figure A-2. Sample Page from Brown»s 1950-51 Edition.
A-3
-------
2 ALABAMA
OPERATING GAS COMPANIES
Local mir.: E. H. MilUf.
Calorific value: Average, 1,028 B.t.u.
Average specific gravity: .60.
Cai purchased trom Southern Natural Cas Co.
Miles of mains: 113.34; 3 in., equiv.
Numbet of services ID pound: 7,262.
Annual sales: 1.450.070,000 cu. ft.
Sales divided. Dom., 3595; com. and indus., 64% ;
space heating, I'/i.
Gas unaccounted for: 4.67%.
Population: 40,500.
Number of meters: Dom., 6,372, com. and indus. ,
742; space beating, 22.
PRICE OF GAS: Sre rates for Alabama Gas Corpora-
tion, Alabama Dry.. Birmingham
Unit salrs of appliances, 1949: 678, all types.
Company operates one retail store.
Supplies: Anniston. Blue Mountain and Oxford.
Number of employees: 55.
ATMURE
City of Atmorc. Cm* Department (.VafiiraO
Municipal plant.
Administrators . Mayor H. H. Dees and City Council.
Supt.: W. K. McConmco.
Calorific value: 1,050 to 1,070 B.t.u.
Average specific gravity. .60.
Miles of maim: 19, pressure, 10 Ibs.
Number ol sen ices in ground: 635.
Annual salrs. 28.500.0OO cu. ft.
Population. District, 5,000.
Number of consumers: Dom., 596, com., 149; total
745, including space heating, 85.
PUCE or CAS: First 200 cu. ft., »1.25; next 3,800
cu. ft.. 13.80, nest 5.000 cu. ft., $4.50; next 5,000
cu. ft., 14.00. additional, 70c. per M.
Company does not sell appliances.
Supplies: Atmore, altitude 281 ft.
AUBURN
Alabama Kmt Corp*raltos>
N. College St
For officers and directors, see company's report,
Birmingham.
Local mgr.: Howard Higgins.
Calorific value. Average, 1,028 B.t.u.
Average specific gravity: .60.
Cas purchased from Southern Natural Gas Co.
Miles of m«im; 22.35, 3 in. equiv.
Number of services in ground: 1,214.
Annual sales: 268.984,000 cu. ft.
Sales divided: Dom, 49'/< , com. and indus. , 44%,
space heating, 7M .
Gas overaccounted for: 96%
Population: District. 7,300.
Number of meters. Dum . 1,564, com. and indus.,
133, space heating. 26.
PUCE OF CAI. See rates for Alabama Cas Cor-
poration, Alabama Div., Birmingham.
Unit sales of appliances, 1049: 88. all types.
Company operates one retail store.
Supplies: Auburn.
Number of employees: 7.
BAY MINETTE
Bay MlB.ll. Natural CM Drpl. (Nmlurml)
Municipal plant.
Calorific value: 1.070 B.t.u.
Average specific gravity: .60.
Population: 2.000.
Supplies: Bay Miaene. 300 customers (est. ).
(No detailed information available horn city, data
compiled from other sources.)
BIRMINGHAM
Alabama G« Corporation, Alabama VlvM.ii {Hml-
mrmlt
Watts Building.
Owned by Southern Natural Gas Co.
Directors: C, T. Chenery, Harold J. Mahnken, New
York, Chas. B Gamble, J. N. Greene, C. P. Mather,
C. van drn Berg, H. R. Derrick, Raymond Bren>,
Birmingham, Ala., Jesse L. Terry, Princeton, N. J.
Chni.: C. T. Chenery.
Vice chm.: C. van den Berg.
Pres.: J. N. Greene.
Sec.-treav: Raymond Beeny.
Vin-|>re».: 11. K. Derru.k, H M. Erskine, C. II
Home, K. A. Pur><-ar, jr.
Asst. sec. and asst. trtas.: Wm. II. Kennedy, N. R.
Kerredge. R. C. Wirtz, Elizabeth C. Ham.
PUCE OF NATURAL GAS: Available to resident,
individual family apartments and commercial estab-
lishments using less than 35,000 cu. ft. in any day.
Gas service under this schedule shall be through a
single point of delivery and such gas shall not lie
resold. This schedule is not available to multiple
bousing projects. First 300 cu. ft. or less per mo.,
(1.00; next 2,700 cu. ft., 95r. per M; next 2,000
cu. ft.. 50c. per M; next 45,000 cu. ft., 45c. per
M; next 50,000 cu. ft.. 35c. per M; additional,
30c. per M. Minimum monthly bill: $1.00. Pay-
ment: Bills for service rendered are payable within
ten days from due date, and if not paid within
such penod become delinquent and subject to
charges as set forth in the rules of the Alabama
Public Service Commission. Effective Much 22,
1949.
Supplies: Anniston, 7,136*, Auburn, 1,723*; Cads-
den, 10,980*; Heflin, 301*; Leeds, 761*; Liu-
coin. 117*; MontKomery, 19,962*; Nofasulga,
177*; Opelika, 2,286*; Prattville, 687*; Reform.
264*; Selma. 4,487*. Talladrga, 1,977*, TUSCA-
loosa. 8,933*; Tuskegee, 936*; Wetumpka, 832*.
For operating statistics, see separate reports for towns
listed above.
* Indicates number of meters.
BIRMINGHAM
Alabama Ca> Corporation. Birmingham Dlrld.it
< M oaK/at-Urea* mud Nmtur*!)
1918-20 N. 1st Ave.; plant, 410 S. 10th St.
For officers and directors see company's report, Ala-
bama Division, Birmingham.
Cas purchased: Natural gas, 8,864,814,000 cu. ft.
from Southern Natural Gas Co., Birmingham, coke
oven gas. 6,706,157,000 cu. ft. from Slo»s-Shef-
field Steel and Iron Co.. Alabama By-Products
Corp., and Woodward Iron Co.
Calonnc value: Avrraur, natural gas, 1,028 B.t.u.;
coke oven gas, 524 B.t.u.
Average specific gravity: .4.
Gas holder capacity: Storage, 11,356,000 cu. ft.;
LP-Cas standby plant, 980,000 gals.
Miles of mains: 1.379.45; 3 in. equiv.
Number of services in ground: 65,926; av. diam.,
!',« in.
Annual sales: 15.202.161,000 cu. ft.
Sales divided: Dom., 5,159.333,000 cu. ft.; com.,
1.262.976.000 cu. ft.; indus., 8,554,932,000 cu.
ft., heating. 224,920,000 cu. ft.
Maximum day's send-out. 86,490,000 cu. ft.
Gas unaccounted for: .67',;.
Population. City, 318,500, district, 510,000.
Number of consumers: Dom., 77,980, com., 4.972,
indus., 136, heating. 689.
Number of meters: 83,777.
PUCK OF GAS. Schedule BM-1. Residential. First
1,000 cu. ft. per mo., 8Oc. per M, next 3,000 cu. ft..
Reprinted with permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Publications from Brown's Directory.
Figure A-2 (continued)
A-A
-------
OPERATING GAS COMPANIES
ALABAMA 3
Wit. per M, next 3O.INM) cu. (t., 4Oc. per M; addi-
tional. 2Sc. per M EH<-.tiM- March 22. 1949 Sched-
ule BN-1. Residential, natural gas. First l.UOU cu. It.
prr mo.. Ibt. per C. uexl l.MH) cu. It., 12c. per C.
nrit 15.(K)0 cu (I., (k. IKT C. additional, 5c. per C.
Effective March 22, 1949. The following general pro-
visions art- applicable In Schedules BM-1 mill BN-1:
Minimum nionllil> liill: 7IH. Bills tint- ami payable on
dale of bill ami delinquent lit days thereafter.
Schedule BM-2. Optional. Available In residential
customers and at the o|Xiiin al (he customers for
gas used in a central-firctl healing plant or it* ctpiix -
alcnl First lO.OOO in t| |H-i inn.. -IV pi-r M, in xl
20.WM) iu. It., 35i pi-r M. aililitiini.il. 25c per M.
Effective March 22. 1949. Stliediilc BN-2. Natural
gas: first 5.000 cu. It. per mil., 9i IHT C, next 10.00O
cu. it., 7c per C, addiliun.il, 5c per C. Effective-
March 22, 19-19. Tlie following general provisions arc
applicable to Schedules BM-2 and BN-2. Minimum
monthly charge: $2.00 lor tin- months of Novcmlicr
to Apnl, inclusive, which charge will be accumu-
lated and credited In the charge for gun. When
thari.'t-'' l<" gas i" "»X <>'» season hnvr exceeded
$12.00 no further minimum chare will he required.
Bilk rendered monhtl>. Tl« terms "month" anil
"monthl)" mean the period lietweeii regular meter
readings, which shall U- made us nearly us practic-
able every 30 da>s.
Unit sain of appliances, 19-19. Hand's, 1,985, re-
frigerators, 864, water healers, 856, miscellane-
ous, 111.
District has. three retail stores.
Supplies: Bessemer, Birmingham, Brighton, Fair-
field, Homewood. Irondale, Lipscnmh, Mountain
Brook, Tarrant Cil>.
Number of employet-.: 6O4.
BIRMINGHAM
Afti Cm* C*a«pan>, Inc. (fialurmD
Watts Building. Biranniiham, Ala.
Snbiidivy of Soutliern Natural Cas Company, Watts
Building, Birmingham, Ala.
Com. of bd.: C. T. Chrnery.
he*.: C. P. Rather.
Vice-pres. and sec.: H. D. McHt-nry.
Vire-pres.: H. H. Ulnch anil H. M. Erskmc.
Aut. >ec.: R. C. Kenan.
Treas. and rompt.: H. E. Jackson.
Aut. treas.: Loren Fitch and Langslon W MiCallry
Calorific value: 1,025 B.t.u.
Average specific era\ity: .620.
Miles of mains: 34.23.
Annual tain. 1,372.240,000 cu. it.
Numher of mrters. 12.
Cai is sold to Gulf Public Servire Company, Nalchi-
toches. La., and Mansfield, La., and Sabme Cas
Co., Rushton. La.
BIRMINGHAM
SMlhera Nalnral CM Co. tHmlurmlt
Watts Bldg.. P. O. Box 2563.
Directors: C. T. Chenery, H. M Ersl.me. Edgar C.
Hill and Beverly Bogrrt. New York; William H.
Hemmel, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Basil Manly, Washington,
C. van den Berg. C. P. Rather, H. D. Mi-Henry,
H. H. Ulrich and J. N. Greene, Birmingham.
Chm of bd.: C. T. Chenery. New York.
Vice chm of IK!.. C. van den Berg.
Pres : C. P. Rather.
Vice-pres. and sec.: H. O. McHenry-
Vicr-pres.. R. H. Ulrich, Basil Manly, H. M. Er-
fkine, R H. Burdick and J B Milmoe.
Treas. and compt.: H E Jackson.
Asst iec Rol>rrt C. Kenan and P. S Conlon,
Birmingham, and E. C. Ham, New York. N. Y.
Asst. treas.: Loren Fitch, Lcngston W. McCalley
ud W. U. Jahnel.
Chief engr.. R. 11. Burdick.
Pipe line supt.. O. A. Tooley.
Sales mgr.: j. B. Milmoe.
Supt. of operations: J. \V. Yeldell.
Supt measurements: C E. Terrell.
Statistician: W. T. Key.
Kate engr.: Marc Baum.
Pur. agt.: J. D. Kenned).
Gas purchased from following companies. United
Carixm Co., Charleston, W. Va.; United Cas
Pipe Line Co., Shrrvepurt, La.; Hope Pru-
iliuing Co.. MonriK. La.. Interstate Natural Gas
(.<>.. 1m . MniiriM-. l.a . Suuthern Pnuliuliitn Cu .
tin , Shretcpnrl. La.. Tin Suix-nor Oil Co, Hous-
ton. To., Humble Oil Co., Houston, Tex., Mag-
nolia Petroleum Co.. Dallas, Tex., S. W. Richard-
sim. Furl Worth, Tex., Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Tex.;
anil others.
Gas purchased. 120,925,714,000 cu. ft. (8 s-
tem, Vicksburg. Miss.
Miles of gas pipe line, total as of January 1. 1950.
2.217.3 miles; size (outside diameter) 24 in..
130.4 miles. 22 in 451.1 miles. 20 in. 218.1
miles, 18 in.. 62.5 miles, 16 in.. 86.7 miles, 14
in., 130.0 miles. 12). in. 349.3 miles. 10V in..
202.0 miles. 8% in.. 181.1 miles, 6S in.. 251.7
miles; 4'.7 in., 139.4 miles, 34 in., 10.8 miles,
2H in., 4.2 miles.
Miles of gas pipe field lines included in total above
68.80 miles, size (outside diameter) 22 in.. .15
miles, 18 in., .31 miles, 12%. in., 6.84 miles, 10).
in.. 3.15 miles; 8*» in.. 9 00 miles. 6\ in., 32.34
miles; 4',-: in., 16.12 miles, 34 m., .44 miles,
2\ in., .45 miles.
These figures include multiple river crossing lines
and parallel hues.
Num!>er of compressor stations: 14. 104,170 hp.
Number of employees. 720.
ME« TON
Ga. Offl.
Municipal plant.
Reprinted with permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Publications from Brown's Directory.
Figure A-2 (continued)
A-5
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DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS MANUFACTURED GAS TYPES
This part briefly describes the various manufactured
gas types and their distinguishing characteristics. There are
three different major types of manufactured gas:
1. Coal
2. Water
3. Oil
Manufactured gas can also be sold as a mixture of the above
gases. These three types are distinguished by their composition
and respective processes of manufacture. This study is primar-
ily concerned with coal and water gases because the large major-
ity of manufactured gas consists of these two types. Each gas
type is described separately below.
Coal Gas
Coal gas is produced from the heat treatment of coal in
a closed vessel, or retort, a process known as carbonization.
This process produces a combustible gas comprised mainly of
hydrogen and methane which has a typical heating value between
400 and 550 British Thermal Units (BTU)/cubic foot. The primary
by-products that result from carbonization are coke, tar, and
ammonia.
Water Gas
Water gas was usually used to supplement the production
of coal gas in order for gas manufacturers to meet cyclic
demands. Water gas is produced from passing steam (thus the
term "water gas") through hot coke to form a gas comprised
A-6
-------
mainly of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Heat treatment of coke
or oil to produce gas was known as gasification, whereas carboni-
zation referred to the heat treatment of coal. Water gas
typically has a heating value of approximately 300 BTU/cubic
foot and is non-luminous (i.e., it has negligible illuminance
when combusted) due to the lack of rich hydrocarbons. Because
town gas was used primarily for lighting purposes in the 1800s,
it was desired to "enrich" the water gas, usually by the addi-
tion of gas produced from the cracking of oil, to form "carbur-
etted water gas". The oil gas, having a higher heating value
(approximately 1,700 BTU/cubic foot) and hydrocarbon content
than water gas, resulted in a gas mixture that was comparable to
coal gas (in terms of heating and illuminating values). The
carburetted water gas was also amenable to the same purification
processes as coal gas although less coke, tar, and ammonia pro-
duction were characteristic of water gas production compared
with coal gas production.
Oil Gas
Gas produced from oil as the main raw material was less
commonly used compared with coal and water gas due to the rela-
tively high cost of oil gas production. As described above, oil
gas was typically used to enrich water gas. Oil gas was usually
produced from the thermal cracking of oil, a process known as
oil gasification. The cracking was achieved by the spraying of
oil via a carburettor (thus the term "carburetted water gas")
onto hot brickwork or a bed of selected catalyst. The primary
by-products resulting from oil gasification were typically oil
derivatives, tar, and naphthalene.
Additional discussion of the manufacturing processes
and gas types may be found elsewhere (Reference 3).
A-7
-------
DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS WATER GAS PROCESSES
(FROM BROWN'S DIRECTORY)
This part contains descriptions of water gas processes
copied from the 1890 edition of Brown's Directory of American
gas Companies. The intent of presenting this is to give the
reader a better understanding of the kind of material that is
available and was used in this survey. The following
reproductions contained in the remainder of Appendix A, which
are copyrighted, are used with the permission of Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich Publications, the publishers of Brown'? Directory of
American Gas Companies.
A-8
-------
EXPLANATIONS
Various "Processes" Mentioned in this Work.
For the information of those seeking further knowledge of the methods simply designated dv
the names of systems following "Process of M«uufacture" as used in this work, ire rto>
herewith a brief outline of the character of the sev^rnl principal processes. Such ilescn|>-
u'ons. however, are of the water gas pnxw** only. «.« from '.he great uniformity in the proce-*o
of coal and oil gas manufacture no detail description of the differences could be made without *n
undue elaboration of the subject.
It should be borne in mind that there are three distinct systems of water gas manufacture.
Tix.:
1st. Generator-superheater type, in which water gns is made, and enriched and fixed all in
one apparatus, internally fired. "
id. Generator-retort type, iu which water gas is made in internally fired generators, but en-
riched and the product fixed in a second and separate apparatus i usually retorts internally fiml)
and in a second operation.
3d. Retort type, in which water gas is made and enriched entirely in special (usually verti-
cal) retorts externally fired.
We give a brief description of the several leading forms of apparatus, arranged alphabetically,
as below.
For more extended information we would recommend consulting of Progressive Age for
Nor. 1st, 1889 (article " Illuminating Water Gas." by >fr. F. H. Shelton), and " Water Ga* in the
United States," by Alex. C. Humphreys, M. £., published by Progressive Age Publishing Co..
18 Broadway, New York, bound book form, price $1.00.
GENERATOR-SUPERHEATER PROCESSES.
Invention of Joseph Flannery, controlled and built by the Bay State Gas Company of Boa-
ton, Mass. Distinctive features are the placing of the generator and superheater in a wrought
rectangular shell (in place of the usual cylindrical shells), building the same in pairs, and passing
the enriching oil through a long vaporizing retort before admlwon to the superheater.
First Flannery Works built at Middletown, Pa., in 1881. Since introduced on a large scale
in the Standard Gas Light Co.'s Works, New York, Bay State Co., Boston, etc. Total plants
erected about fifteen.
Invention of A. 0. Granger and Jos. H. Collins, Jr. Controlled and built by The United
GM Improvement Co. of Philadelphia. Distinctive featum are the location of the genera-
tor below floor level, or in a pit, with superheater taping generator, in order to gain advan-
tages of cupola siugle shell type of construction, and yet retain complete access to generator, and
the introduction of th« oil in form of spray under high pressure, at ba»e of superheater. Designed
for convenience of operation, small floor space, and chiefly for the use of naphtha. Total plants
erected about fifty.
Reprinted with permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Publications from Brown's Directory.
Figure A-3. Description of Processes from Brown \s
A-9
-------
BjJOOK-LlkDUET :
Invention of John Banlon and Leadley. Controlled by the United Cod tad
OO Gaa Co.. New York. Distinctive feature a the use of two or three generators on a com-
mon connecting base. In making water gas steam is passed down one generator and op the nest,
and this course reversed the next and alternate runs.
This process hat become more or less celebrated through the recent patent right litigation be-
tween its promoters and the owners of the Lowe patents. resulting in a victory for the last namwd
parties.
Previously to this some fifteen plants had been erected, the first at Passaic. N. J.. in 1864 ;
the largest for the Philadelphia Gas Bureau, capacity 6,000,000 per diem.
LOO MM:
Invention of Burden Loomis. Controlled by the Loomis Gas Machinery Co., Philadelphia,
Pa. This apparatus as built for illuminating gas, chiefly distinctive in the use of soft coal in
generator- with a downward blast or exhaust draught, and peculiar filling of superheater for
caring for the soot and ash from the use of soft coal. Built in rectangular wrought shell.
First plant erected at Cottage City. Mass., 1SW. Since then about six others of thin form.
The Loomis system as now pushed by its promoters is for an apparatus chiefly for fuel gas.
This form consists of but a simple generator to make "producer gas," and non-illuminating fuel
gas. This, if desired for Uluminatiou, is afterward* passed through retorts and enriched and fixed,
as in the next class of water gas apparatus. A number of plants of this form have heen erected,
almost entirely, however, for industrial manufacturing purposes, such as mills, iron working
establishments, etc.
Low*:
Invention of Prof. T. 8. C. Lowe. Controlled and built by The Unitwl Gas Improvement
Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Distinctive features of this process* are the use of ay generator in connec-
tion with a superheating or fixing chamber, fired by the internal combustio of the gases formed
in " blowing up" the generator : also the introduction of oil, or other enriching substances into
the hydrogen gas, and the fixing of the two by passage through the superheater : also the use of
the superheater fur superheating steam if desired. This process has lately been upheld at length,
in the courts, as a base patent prooevs covering the generator-superheater system of water gas
manufacture.
The Lowe apparatus has been built in various forms, of one principle, but differing in design
and detail. (Double deck, " Gooseneck," Chicago, " Humphreys," Double superheater, etc. ) JLt
now built it is perhaps the ouly apjtaratua satitfactorily handling crude Lima oils, or distillates,
etc., for high candle power fixed ga*. Hits type of apparatus is adapted to the largest nr smallest
works, and has been erected In about 123 throughout the country. First works operated in 1874,
in Phcenixville, Pa.
Invention of Peter English, but commonly known under the name of McKay-Cr-ichiow,
from its UM in connection with the patent of that name, for the carbureting of natural gas. Con-
trolled by Tbe United Gas Improvement Co. Distinctive feature is the use of a sinele vertical
hell, with superheater in upper half generator in lower separated by solid arch. Case* pass
around same, through suitable flues, from generator to superheater. For use to enrich natural
gas steam is partially replaced by natural gas, which is decomposed and enriched and fixed, as in
making water gas. First plant erected in Londou, One. 1882. Total plants erected about
forty.
Invention of Thomas Martin. Controlled by Wni. Henry \Thite, Xev York. Distinctive
feature is the introduction of the oil in an expansion of the connection between generator and
superheater. Otherwise, almost identical with "Gooseneck " early Lowe form. Four plants of
this form have been erected.
Reprinted with permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Publications from Brown's Directory.
Figure A-3 (continued)
A-10
-------
Purr
Invention of Messsn. Pratt & Ryan, of Chicago. Controlled by the same. Diktinctiv.
feature is the generator and superheater in single vertical shell ia» in McKay and Spring*n. i,Uilt
in pain, for reversing course of steam in alternate runs, and the introduction of .the oil
through cored Are brick arches in the superheater. Some five plants hare been erected of Ui»
form.
8PR15OCK:
Invention of T. 6. Springer. Controlled by the National G*a Light and Fuel Co.. of
Chicago. Principal features are the combination of the generator and superheater in one verti-
eal shell, commonly called the " cupola" form, to conserve floor space and radiation. Lat»r
forms of this apparatus are fitted with external flues, etc., to rererse the course of flow of sn;-»
through the Apparatus. Oil is admitted by !.t**m jet First plant erected in Chicago, is-2
Total plants erected about fifty, chiefly in the West and Mississippi Valley territory.
VA.T STEEMCKOH :
Invention of B. Van Stetnburgh, New York, by whom controlled. Distinguish ing feature
it the use of space abov» coal in generator for superheater, by interposition of fire brick tilt; or,
in other words, making water gas all in one chamber. Adapted for naphtha only. Some dozeii
plants or so of this form were erected in the Muddle.States'from 1SS1 to 1889.
GENERATOR-RETORT SYSTEM.
EDOERTOS .
Invention of H. H. Edgerton, Dan bury, Conn., by whom controlled. Distinguishing;
feature of this process is the us* of vertical retorts for the enriching (by the addition of oil), ami
fixing of water gas, passed thrt ^h them ; which retorts are externally fired by the gases formed
in blowing up the generator . Jr making the water gas. Some four or five plants hare been
erected of this form.
ETA*!:
Hardly a distinct process, but rather a combination of coal and water gns apparatus. Coal is
carbonued in an ordinary bench of retort*. The coke when withdrawn is charged into genera-
ton, located near by, in which non-luminous water gas is made. The mixture of water gas ami
eo»l gas is practically non-luminous, and is sold for fuel gaa. WLen desired for illumination an
incandescent burner is necessary. This " process "(is in use in but one or two places only.
Invention of E. J. Jerxraauowaki. Controlled by U. S. Equitable Co., New York City. This
system is, strictly speaking, a cross between this and the preceding type of water gas manu-
facture, as the primary generating apparatus consists of a generator and (being chamber (filled
with limestone) with blasts, steam and oil inlets, aa in the Lowe process. In this a gas of mod-
erate candle power is made, which is afterwards led off, passed over oil vapors, and finally fixetl
by passing through retorts externally fired. _ This process is in use on a large scale in New York.
Chicago, Baltimore, etc. Limited to the use of naphtha, and best adapted to large works.
Invention of - Meeie, of England. Controlled by the International Gas Co.,
York. In this system non-luminous water gas is made in generators, independently aa in all of
this class. Oil pa is made separately in retorts of peculiar construction, and the water gas ad-
mixed with same, at that point, or beyond. This process has been introduced in some three or
four works only.
Reprinted with permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Publications from Brown's Directory.
Figure A-3 (continued)
A- 11
-------
TtSBtS DC MOTAT:
Invention of M. Teasie du Motay, of France. Controlled and built by the Continent*] Iron
Works. Brooklyn, N. T. Distinguishing features of this process are the making of a non-lumin-
ous w»t«r gas in generator* (gasogvnesj which is afterwards passed over oil vapor*, and thence
through retorts for fixing. This while malting an excellent and uniform grade, limits to the use
of naphtha or other volatile oils« disadvantage as compared with the use of crude Lima oils, at
the present day. This process sometimes called the " Municipal,'"from its first use by the com-
pany of that name in New York in 1875. is best adapted to large works. It is in use in New York.
Brooklyn and three or four other points.
WUX2KBO5:
Invention of Dr. Wilkinson. Controlled and built by Bartlett, Hayward
-------
Appendix B
IDENTIFICATION OF TOWN GAS MANUFACTURING SITES -
ALL PLANTS (1890 - 1950)
This appendix contains the detailed data concerning gas
production, by-product production, and manufacturing processes
reported for each decennial year for each plant. The following
explains the information included under each column heading of
the table:
Citv - This column heading contains the city name in
which the reported plant is located. The cities are arranged
first by chronological order (based on the first decennial year
in which the site was found in Brown's) and then alphabetically
by city name. As mentioned above, there is almost always a
one-to-one correspondence between city entries and plant sites.
There were, however, instances where several sites were listed
under a single city entry. This was usually a result of
consolidation of nearby plants that were listed separately in
previous years. Thus, these previously listed plant sites are
separately included in the total site tally (see Table 1).
Although local addresses were reported in later editions of
Brown1sf these were not included because the reported address
did not necessarily refer to the plant site (the address may
refer to non-manufacturing locations; e.g., main office).
Year - This column lists the decennial years for which
data were compiled (from 1890 to 1950). These years are
repeated for each city entry.
Status - The symbol in this column (refer to legend)
indicates the status for a particular year. The possibilities
are that the plant (in that year):
B-l
-------
1. Manufactured gas (*),
2. Purchased gas (P),
3. Only supplied natural gas (H),
4. Did not report data, or no information was found
(0),
5. Discontinued operation (X), or
6. Was not yet in existence (blank); e.g., under
construction
Once it was determined that a plant was a natural gas
supplier, solely a purchaser of gas, or discontinued gas manufac-
turing operations, data for subsequent years were not compiled.
This is indicated by a "-" under the status column.
Gas Type - The entry under GAS TYPE indicates the
specific type of manufactured gas: coal, water (or carburetted
water), oil, or other. The definition of each gas type is given
in Appendix A. It is possible that more than one type of gas
was produced; this is indicated by multiple entries under GAS
TYPE separated by commas. For example, the entry, "C,Wrt, means
that both coal and water gas were produced that year.
The gas type was usually either specified in the
reported annual production or determined from the listing of
process of manufacture. For example, the use of the Lowe pro-
cess almost invariably indicates the production of water gas.
When the gas type could not be determined from the available
information, a "?" was entered under GAS TYPE. Occasional
inconsistencies were found between the annual production and the
process of manufacture information reported in Brown's. These
were attributed to the subjective nature of the surveys, on
which the reported data were based. In these cases, the annual
production information was considered more reliable than the
reported process of manufacture.
B-2
-------
Gas Production Rates - Annual gas productions are
reported separately for coal, water, oil, and other types of
manufactured, gas in units of million standard cubic feet under
this column (rounded to the nearest MM scf). The production for
carburetted water gas, which is essentially enriched water gas
(see Appendix A), was included in the water gas column. "Other"
types of manufactured gas usually referred to coke oven based
gas. The sum of these productions for a particular plant is
also shown for each year. This sum, however, does not include
values enclosed in parentheses or brackets, which are discussed
next. Whenever production data were not reported in Brown'ST
the following information was reported instead (listed in order
of decreasing reliability):
1. Annual sales - This is usually equivalent to the
annual production unless the company consumes
(within the plant) or purchases significant
amounts of gas.
2. Half of the maximum yearly output - The annual
production can be estimated as 180 days/year times
the maximum daily sendout, or one-half of the
maximum annual output. This is based on a rule of
thumb reported in Brown's. This estimate is shown
in square brackets and is not included in the
totals or average productions.
3. Population served - The annual production can be
roughly estimated as one million cubic feet/1,000
of population served based on a judgment of the
correlation between population served and gas
production. This estimate is shown in parentheses
(in units of 1,000 of population or million cubic
feet of gas) in Table B-1 and is not included in
the total or average productions. This informa-
tion is reported only when the above data were
unavailable.
Where none of the above information was available, a "?" is
shown under this column.
B-3
-------
Occasionally, only one production was reported in
Brown's although it was determined that more than one gas type
was being produced (almost alw_ays coal and water gas),as indi-
cated in the GAS TYPE column. In these cases, it was assumed
that coal gas was produced and the production was entered in
this column.
Gasifier/Process - The process of manufacture or gasi-
fier type is shown in this column as reported in Brown's. Due
to the variety in water gas processes (See Appendix A), the par-
ticular water gas process was usually specified whereas details
regarding the manufacture of coal gas were reported infre-
quently. The indication of a particular process does not
signify that only the associated gas type is produced; the gases
that are produced are shown in the GAS TYPE column.
Bv-Product Production Rate - The amounts of coke, tar,
ammonia, or other by-products of concern are reported separately
under this column. The sum of these by-product productions for
each year was not calculated because each type of by-product
production is reported in different units (refer to legend for
corresponding units). As can be seen from Table B-1, such data
were not available in Brown's until 1920. For a significant
portion of the plants, the amounts of by-product made and sold
were reported (most frequently for coke). In these cases, the
net amount (difference between by-product made and sold) is
reported (in parentheses) because it is this unaccounted for
amount that is important in this study. When the amount sold is
greater than the amount made, a "(-)" is shown. Such negative
values can be attributed to sale of by-products produced either
in other years or from non-gas manufacturing operations. The
net values are not included in the calculated average. Unsold
by-products are the materials that may have become wastes and
disposed of.
B-4
-------
Miscellaneous Information - Information typically shown
in this column includes details of "other" types of gases or
by-products, consolidations of companies, multiple sites., and
unconventional feedstocks.
Average Productions - The average production rates
shown in the last line of data for each plant are the calculated
average values of the plant data reported directly above. Esti-
mated gas production (as indicated by parentheses or brackets)
or net by-product productions were not included in these
calculated average values.
It should be noted that these values are averaged for
only the years in which production of each particular type of
gas was produced. The calculations used to arrive at these
values were discussed in the subsection explaining Table 2.
B-5
-------
STATUS
COMPANY
GAS TYPE
LEGEND FOR TABLE B-1
* - Manufactured gas for that year
X - Discontinued/Out of business that year
0 - Not found for that year
C - Consolidated with another company (see comments)
N - Natural gas supplier for that year
P - Gas purchased from another firm that year
" - "City name"
G - Gas
E - Electric
F - Fuel
L - Light
H - Heat
P - Power
Mfg - Manufacturing
Co - Company
C - Coal gas
W - Water gas
C₯- Carburetted water gas
0 - Oil gas
N - Natural
GAS PRODUCTION RATE
# - Production rate of gas in million standard cubic
feet (MM scf)
(#) - Population served in 1,000 (reported when
production unavailable)
- Production rate estimated from 1/2 of maximum
output (MM scf)
GASIFIER/PROCESS
F
G
H-L
J
JCB)
J-L
K
Flannery
Granger
Hanlon
Jermanowski
Jermanowski (baby)
Janeway-Logan (Oil)
Kendall (Oil)
B-6
-------
LEGEND FOR TABLE B-1 (continued)
GASIFIER/PROCESS (Continued)
M-C - McKay-Critchelow
P - Patton (Oil)
S - Springer
S-G - Smith-Goldthorpe
V-Si - Van Sickel (Oil)
V-St - Van Steenburgh
W - Wilkinson
BY-PRODUCT PRODUCTION RATE
Coke -ax 1()3 tons of coke produced that year;
(a)x 103 tons of coke unaccounted for that year
(calculated as coke made minus coke sold).
Tar - b x 1C)3 gallons of tar produced that year.
Ammonia -ex 10^ ibs of ammonia produced that year.
Other - Amount of by-products, other than above, produced and
reported that year (see MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION for
more details).
B-7
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