United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-600/8-79-008c
April 1979
Research and Development
Plan for Air Pollution
Research in the Texas
Gulf Coast Area
Volume III. Summary of
Previous Air Quality
Studies and Data
EPA/600/8-79/008c
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Enefgy-Em/ironnient Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the SPECIAL REPORTS series. This series is
reserved for reports which are intended to meet the technical information needs
of specifically targeted user groups. Reports in this series include Problem Orient-
ed Reports, Research Application Reports, and Executive Summary Documents.
Typical of these reports include state-of-the-art analyses, technology assess-
ments, reports on the results of major research and development efforts, design
manuals, and user manuals.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/8-79-008C
April 1979
PLAN FOR AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH
IN THE TEXAS GULF COAST AREA
Volume III. Summary of Previous
Air Quality Studies and Data
by
Bryan W. Lambeth, Barbara J. Maxey
and William P. Stadig
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Blvd.
Austin, Texas 78766
EPA Contract No. 68-02-2955
Project Officer
Basil Dimitriades
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Division
Environmental Science Research Laboratories
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LABORATORIES
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
ii
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ABSTRACT
This document contains a summary of all available air pollution re-
lated information concerning air pollution - emissions, measurements, and
meteorology - for the Texas Gulf Coast Area (Houston area). Included is a
summary of major reports and studies covering air quality in the Houston
area, with conclusions and recommendations, as well as air pollution emis-
sions data summaries, air quality monitoring site information, air quality
data summaries, and additional meteorological information. Finally,
a bibliography with abstracts is provided for the topics of emissions,
monitoring, meteorology, and control, which are relevant to the Texas
Gulf Coast Study.
iii
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CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Figures vi
Tables vii
Acknowledgements viii
1 Introduction and Summary 1
2 Conclusion and Recommendations from Major Reports and Studies 5
3 Emissions Data 28
4 Monitoring Data 41
Site information 41
Air quality data summaries 77
5 Additional Meteorological Data 178
Description 178
Summary of meteorological conditions in the Houston 4rea 178
6 Bibliography with Abstracts 185
Appendix A. Summary of emissions from area type sources in the
Houston area 283
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FIGURES
Figure Page
1-1 Texas Gulf Coast Study Area 2
1-2 Immediate Houston vicinity 3
3-1 Texas Air Control Board emission inventory data format 29
3-2 Annual emissions of hydrocarbons from point sources in
Houston area for 1975 32
3-3 Annual emissions of NO from point sources in Houston area
for 1975 * 33
3-4 Annual emissions of SO from point sources in Houston area
for 1975 * 34
3-5 Annual emissions of particulates from point sources in Houston
area for 1975 35
3-6 Annual emissions from area sources in 1975 for counties in
Houston-Galveston area 38
4-1 Existing continuous criteria sites in the Houston area 43
4-2 Existing continuous criteria sites in the Houston area 44
4-3 Temporary continuous criteria sites in the Houston area 71
4-4 Temporary continuous criteria sites in the Houston area 72
4-5 Non-continuous criteria, existing monitoring sites, at
starred locations, open stars are private sites 74
4-6 Non-continuous criteria, existing monitoring sites, at
starred location 75
5-1 Houston area weather reporting stations 180
5-2 Wind Rose for Houston Intercontinental Airport (NWS) for the
years 1970-1976 183
5-3 Wind Rose for Houston Hobby Airport (NWS) for the years
1959-1969
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TABLES
Page
Annual Emissions from Stationary Sources in Houston-Galves-
ton SMSA, 1975 30
3-2 Point Source SIP Emissions Inventory Non-Methane Volatile
Organic Compounds 31
3-3 1975 Area Sources Emissions in Houston and Galveston SMSA's
by County 37
3-4 Total Annual Emissions (Non-Methane) for the Houston and
Galveston SMA 39
3-5 Area Source SIP Emissions Inventory Non-Methane Volatile
Organic Compounds 40
4-1 Houston Air Quality Studies with Temporary Continuous Cri-
teria Monitoring 65
4-2 Temporary Continuous Criteria Monitoring Sites 68
4-3 TSP Parameters in the TACB Data File 76
5-1 Houston Area Weather Reporting Stations 179
5-2 Houston Weather Summary - Normals, Means, and Extremes 181
5-3 Galveston Weather Summary - Normal, Mean, and Extremes 182
A-l Summary of Emissions from Area Type Sources 284
A-2 Summary of Emissions from Area Type Sources 285
A-3 Summary of Emissions from Area Type Sources 286
A-4 Summary of Emissions from Area Type Sources 287
A-5 Summary of Emissions from Area Type Sources 288
A-6 Summary of Emissions from Area Type Sources 289
A-7 Summary of Emissions from Area Type Sources 290
A-8 Summary of Emissions from Area Type Sources 291
A-9 Summary of Emissions from Area Type Sources 292
A-10 Summary of Emissions from Area Type Sources 293
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Gary K. Tannahill and Dr. John C. Terry
for their advice, and Ken K. DeBower and J. Rees Haley for their assistance
in computer operations. Finally, we would like to thank Karin S. Weidemann
for the typing of this report.
viii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
The Texas Gulf Coast Area is the largest urban and industrial area in
the southern United States. Local citizens, governmental agencies and
corporations have a longstanding interest and concern with the quality of
life in this area. Many groups have sponsored and/or performed research and
monitoring of air quality and environmental health in the greater Houston
area since the 1960's. The results of the studies have identified several
outstanding questions that need resolution. The U.S. Congress mandated that
the Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation with local groups, plan
and execute a program to define the health problems resulting from air
pollutions in the Gulf Coast Area.
Additional information concerning the Texas Gulf Coast Planning Study,
of which this document is a part, are provided in the following:
• Volume I. Plan for Air Quality Studies
• Volume II. Plan for Health Effects Studies
• Volume IV. Summary of Previous Health Effects
Studies and Data
• Volume V. Local Viewpoints on Research
Needs
The objective of Volume III is to collect, catalogue, and summarize
all available air pollution related information relevant to the Houston area,
including:
• air pollutant emissions data,
• air quality measurements,
• meteorological data, and
• pertinent aerometric research studies.
A map of the Texas Gulf Coast area is provided in Figure 1-1. Included
in the study area are all of the counties in the Houston and Galveston
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (Brazoria, Fort Bend, Galveston,
Harris, Liberty, Montgomery, and Waller Counties), with the addition of
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Montgomery
GALVESTON
; Field
Galveston County
•rreeport
Figure 1-1. Texas Gulf Coast Study Area.
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Chambers County. A close-up map of the immediate Houston vicinity is shown
in Figure 1-2.
Conclusions and recommendations from major reports and studies are pre-
sented in Section 2 to provide a foundation of information about aerometric
research studies which are pertinent to the Texas Gulf Coast Study. A
summary of available emissions data is given in Section 3, and information
about air quality measurements, including site descriptions and data sum-
maries, are provided in Section 4. Section 5 describes additional meteoro-
logical data, and Section 6 lists a bibliography with abstracts covering air
pollution related topics relevant to the Texas Gulf Coast Study. Entries
in the bibliography are arranged in alphabetical order by title within each
of the following categories:
• Emissions,
• Monitoring,
• Meteorology, and
• Control.
Additional emissions data for area sources is provided in Appendix A, and
additional air quality data summaries will be included in Appendix B (to
be issued separately at a later date).
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM MAJOR REPORTS AND STUDIES
Included in this section are summaries, conclusions, and recommendations
from important studies that are relevant to the Texas Gulf Coast Study.
Nine reports and studies sponsored by the EPA, NASA, Texas Air Control Board,
and Houston Chamber of Commerce are described. The summaries, conclusions,
and recommendations have been presented directly from the source documents
where possible. Entries are arranged in chronological order, according to
the period of most intensive study.
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TITLE:
PERIOD OF STUDY:
SPONSORING AGENCY:
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION:
Respirable Particulate Monitoring with Re-
mote Sensors, Public Health Ecology:
Air Pollution
July 1, 1971 - October 31, 1973
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion
The University of Texas, Institute of
Environmental Health, Health Sciences
Center at Houston
SUMMARY: The feasibility of monitoring atmospheric aerosol characteristics
in the respirable range from air or space platforms was explored and demonstra-
ted. The research plan included elements from contrast theory, Mie aerosol
characteristics, and a vertical path length, limited by the altitude of the
remote sensor platform, an aircraft, or the height of the inversion layer.
Secondary reflectance targets were located in the industrial area and
near Galveston Bay. These approximated areas of high and low ambient air
aerosol loadings. Film/filter channels were used to limit bandwidths. Multi-
channel remote sensor data was processed and utilized to calculate the
aerosol extinction coefficient, and thus determine the aerosol size distribu-
tion.
Houston and Texas air sampling network high-volume suspended particu-
late data were utilized to generate computer isopleth maps (SYMAPS) of sus-
pended particulates over the test site areas. On-site 5-hour high-volume
measurements were also conducted to establish the mass loading of the at-
mosphere. In addition, a 5-channel nephelometer, and a multi-stage parti-
culate air sampler were used to collect data at the site. After demonstra-
ting the data best fit the Junge distribution, linear regression analyses
were used to calculate the extinction coefficient.
The empirical models in the literature were utilized to predict ambient
air mass loadings. The extinction coefficient determined from remote sensor
data proved more representative of wide areal phenomena than that calculated
from on-site measurements. It was also demonstrated that a significant
reduction in the standard deviation of the extinction coefficient could be
achieved by reduction in the size of the bandwidths used in remote sensors.
This technology and software may be transferable to use with satellite in-
formation.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The results of this study are not conclusive
but do indicate that some of the characteristics of the ambient respirable
aerosol concentration can be monitored with remote sensors from high air-space
platforms. Most easily measured is the extinction coefficient q, of the
aerosol size distribution. This then can be used to predict the mass loading
on a time averaged basis. Thus far the prediction of mass loading has not
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been highly successful but several characteristics have emerged. A 24-hour
mass loading^ of the ambient atmosphere representative of large areas is
more likely to be predicted successfully utilizing q than anything representa-
tive of purely local ground conditions. The extinction coefficient q can
itself be shown to distinguish between aerosols which have sorbed moisture
and those that are relatively dry. In fact, the extinction coefficient q
calculated from remote sensor data is far more closely related to relative
humidity than that q calculated from nephelometric ground truth measurements.
Recommendations for future research include the following:
1. ERTS or other satellite frequency band data should be utilized to calcula-
te extinction coefficients for the aerosol size distribution contained under
the temperature inversion.
2. These techniques should be utilized with active remote sensors. The
Environmental Protection Agency Remote Sensing Laboratory at Las Vegas,
Nevada has developed the capability to determine inversion altitudes with
lasers mounted in airplanes. A joint program should be explored.
3. Passive or active remote sensors should be used which have well known,
narrow, frequency bandwidths. The multi-band spectral analyzer is an example
of one such preferred sensor.
4. New contrast targets should be chosen that can be resolved (defined)
with multichannel analyzers or other narrow multi-band frequency sensors.
A new black secondary reflectance target would be most useful since it would
also eliminate some difficulties in the analyses. The shadow limb of the
white tank used in these studies as the black secondary reference standard
was thought to be too narrow to be resolved with present multichannel ana-
lyzer capability.
5. Gaseous air pollutants which cause degradation of health in humans
should be monitored by remote sensors by utilizing the spectral qualities
of these pollutants, e.g., organic gases, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide,
ozone, and exploiting the concepts and techniques herein developed.
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TITLE: Particulate Attainment Analysis
PERIOD OF STUDY: 1971-1975
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: Texas Air Control Board
SUMMARY: Section 110 of the Federal Clean Air Act requires that each State
Implementation Plan be revised whenever it is determined that the plan is
substantially inadequate to achieve the national ambient air quality stan-
dards. The FY 76 State Program Grant from the Environmental Protection
Agency to the Texas Air Control Board required that the Board conduct attain-
ment analyses for primary suspended particulate standards in several air quality
control regions in Texas. These attainment analyses were to include as a
minimum:
• a detailed evaluation of the status of air quality,
• an evaluation of the restrictiveness of existing regulations,
and
• an evaluation of the status of major compliance programs.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: As a result of this analysis of major
compliance programs, the following conclusions have been reached:
1. Ninety-seven of the 103 major sources located in Harris County are in
substantial compliance with Regulation I. Of the six remaining sources
not yet in compliance, two are in some phase of legal action while the other
four are implementing control programs to reduce emissions to comply with the
regulation.
2. Future reductions in excess of 96 tons per year of particulate matter
are anticipated by the end of 1977 for major source abatement programs.
Additional reductions totaling over 800 tons per year are anticipated in
the next few years.
3. Only one minor source of the 47 identified within the area of study is
not in substantial compliance with Regulation I. The City of Houston Air
Pollution Control Program is working with this company to solve its emissions
problems.
4. Area sources within the study area were determined to be in substantial
compliance with Regulation I.
5. Emissions from major sources do not exceed the allowables a significant
amount of time due to upset and maintenance activities. The amount of
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particulate emissions exceeding the allowables during these upset and main-
tenance operations is significant.
6. No trends in complaints could be identified. Correlations analysis
revealed poor correlation between time and the number of complains received
during the 23 month study period.
7. The intent of Rule 104 is being complied with by most affected sources
with the exception of several large unpaved public commercial parking lots
which may product substantial amounts of airborne particulates especially
during employee shift changes.
This report on the status of major compliance programs in Harris County
has been as extensive and complete as possible given the short time available
for the study. Recommendations on additional work necessary are listed
below:
1. A comprehensive review of Rule 104 should be undertaken to determine if
its clarity can be improved.
2. Additional study beyond the scope of this report is desirable to deter-
mine the impact on ambient air quality of upset and maintenance activities
in the area.
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TITLE: Urban and Industrial Air Pollution in
Houston, Texas - I. Hydrocarbons.
PERIOD OF STUDY: July 1973 and July-August 1974.
SPONSORING AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: University of Houston, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Air Quality Manage-
ment Program
SUMMARY: During the Summer of 1973 and 1974, ambient air samples were collec-
ted at sites in downtown Houston and the nearby Pasadena and LaPorte industrial
complex to determine the hydrocarbon composition in relation to emission
sources. Ground level samples were collected at one hour intervals and
analyzed for Ci - Ce hydrocarbons without delay in order to avoid any
sample deterioration due to storage. In addition at selected times, heli-
copters were used to sample at 500 and 1000 ft elevation. Meteorological
conditions were recorded and their effects on the hydrocarbon composition
evaluated. As expected, the hydrocarbon spectrum of downtown Houston air
resembled that of auto exhaust and showed a strong dependence on traffic
density and local meteorology. The hydrocarbon composition at the industrial
sites largely depended on the wind direction and magnitude, (i.e., local
point sources) . This study has also indicated removal of some of the
hydrocarbons by the photochemical reactions.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This study has provided, for the first
time, a picture of the hydrocarbon composition and temporal variation of
Greater Houston's ambient air in relation to emission sources. The study
has indicated that both automobile and industrial processes are important
to the hydrocarbon problem in Houston. In the downtown area automobiles do
contribute more to the pollution burden as the frequency of olefins has been
found greater in downtown than the other two sites. It has also been shown
that these hydrocarbons do undergo photochemical reactions.
A summary of non-methane hydrocarbon levels at all sites is shown below.
It is apparent that 1974 non-methane hydrocarbon concentration in Pasadena
decreased as compared to 1973. The decrease in hydrocarbon concentration in
Pasadena can be attributed to the implementation of the Regulation V
(Control on volatile carbon compounds) of Texas Air Control Board. Regu-
lation V required industries to control hydrocarbons from a variety of
sources (e.g., floating roofs for storage tanks, better maintenance of
pumps and valve leaks, etc.) and, as expected, these activities have re-
sulted in reducing the concentration of non-methane hydrocarbons in air.
The decrease in the levels of airborne hydrocarbons is in line with
the 46% reduction in the stationary source emissions which has been achieved
because of the Regulation V of the Texas Air Control Board.
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Hydrocarbon composition has shown a strong dependence on the wind
direction at Pasadena and La Porte sites. This would indeed be expected
as these sites are surrounded by a. variety of manufacturing operations
(hydrocarbon sources).
COMPARISON OF LEVELS OF NON-METHANE HYDROCARBONS IN 1973 AND
1974
Downtown Pasadena La Porte
1973 1974 1973 1974 1974
Total No of Samples 79 298 102 278 108
% of Samples 12.7 4.4 32.3 16.5 4.6
>0.24 ppm
% of Samples 87.4 95.6 67.6 83.5 95.4
<0.24 ppm
% of Samples 27.8 30.2 22.5 52.9 75.9
<0.05 ppm
% of Samples containing 80.0 61.0 21.0 10.0 4.0
olefins
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TITLE: Hydrocarbon Analysis of Houston Air
PERIOD OF STUDY: September 1, 1973, January 30, 1974, and
April 2, 1974.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
SUMMARY: A total of 21 air samples were collected at various urban, indus-
trial, and rural locations in the Houston area and these samples were
analyzed by gas chromatograph to determine individual hydrocarbons. Esti-
mates of vehicular hydrocarbons at the different sites were made by comparing
certain hydrocarbon/acetylene ratios with those collected in a tunnel under
the Houston ship channel. The tunnel samples were assumed to be representa-
tive of pure automobile emissions.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
A significant contribution from non-vehicular hydrocarbon sources
was observed at most of the sampling sites. At some of the loeafcionsj as
little as 10-15% of the hydrocarbon burden could be attributed to vehicular
sources. For samples considered to be most representative of vehicular
and industrial emissions, approximately 50% of the total hydrocarbons could
be attributed to vehicular sources. Also, ratios of non-methane hydro-
carbons to oxides of nitrogen were found to be typical of such ratios in
other large urban areas, ranging from about 10/1 to 20/1.
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TITLE: Light Hydrocarbon Measurements at Houston
PERIOD OF STUDY: October 8-19, 1973
SPONSORING AGENCY: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: Washington State University
SUMMARY: Light hydrocarbons (Ci - Cs) were monitored, as well as total
non-methane hydrocarbons, NO , and Os. Also, Os was measured by aircraft.
X
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TITLE: Houston Urban Plume Study - 1974.
Description and Summary of Results.
PERIOD OF STUDY: July 15-24, 1974
SPONSORING AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency, En-
vironmental Sciences Research Laboratory
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: University of Texas at Austin
SUMMARY: The 1974 Houston Urban Plume Study (HUPS) was undertaken as a pre-
liminary investigation of some of the unresolved features of Houston's air
pollution problem. HUPS was intended specifically to gain limited informa-
tion on the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutants — particu-
larly, primary and secondary aerosols — in the Houston area as an aid should
a later intensive investigation of aerosol character and transport be needed.
Aerial measurments were made of the principal pollutants (SOa, NO ,
Oa, CO, aerosol) of the Houston area. Wind-field measurements were also
made. These data were used to estimate pollutant budgets. Values for
and NO (14 metric tons/hr and 40 metric tons/hr, respectively) were
reasonably comparable with values derived from emissions inventories of the
Texas Air Control Board (13 and 24 metric tons/hr, respectively) . On the
basis of the limited sampling period, the industrial area (east of down-
town Houston) apparently is the major contributor of primary air pollutants
in the Houston area. In the morning hours above the mixed layer, relatively
large ozone concentrations (max. 0.2 ppm) — almost certainly of photo-
chemical origin — were found that correlated closely with light scattering
aerosol, thus indicating the existence above the mixed layer of strong
secondary aerosol sources .
Appendices containing all the data are not included in this report.
A complete, unabridged report is available from the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS) as EPA-600/3-78-048a, May 1978.
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Grant No. R800871
by the University of Texas, Austin, under the sponsorship of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency. This work was completed as of March 31, 1976.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
The 1974 Houston Urban Plume Study (15-24 July, 1974) had as its objec-
tive a preliminary investigation of some of the unresolved features of
Houston's air pollution problem. The principal tool in this investigation
was an instrumented fixed wing aircraft. The following conclusions de-
rived from the study are based on limited data representing seven days
(18-24 July, 1974) of actual operation.
1. Pollutant budgets for the Houston area for SOa and NO (14 metric tons/hr
and 40 metric tons/hr, respectively) were found to be in reasonable compari-
14
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son with values derived from emissions inventories of the Texas Air Control
Board (13 and 24 metric tons/hr, respectively).
2. On the basis of the limited sampling period, it appears that the indus-
trial area (east of downtown Houston) is the major contributor of primary
air pollutants in the Houston area.
3. During the period of the study, in the morning hours above the mixed
layer, relatively large ozone concentrations (max. 0.2 ppm) - almost cer-
tainly of photochemical origin - were found which were correlated closely
with light scattering aerosol. This correlation indicated the existence
above the mixed layer of strong secondary aerosol sources, possibly asso-
ciated with the oxidation of SOa.
This preliminary study has served to indicate more clearly what additional
studies are needed to delineate the aerosol character and transport in the
Houston area. The most important recommendations are:
1. Future field studies in the Houston area should be preceded, planned,
and carried out adaptively with an adequate air pollution model for the
Houston area.
2. These studies should integrate ground based and aircraft measurements,
preferably involving two or more aircraft. At least one helicopter would
be desirable to permit sampling below 1000 feet (304.8 m.) owing to frequent
low level nighttime inversions in the Houston area.
3. The studies should be of sufficient duration to permit an adequate
sampling of meteorological conditions and diurnal and seasonal variations.
4. Special attention should be given to characterization of primary sources
and background values for the principal air pollutants - particularly for
particulate matter.
5. The test of an adequate delineation of the aerosol transport and charac-
ter for the Houston area can only be in the form of predictive success of
an air pollution model developed previously and adapted extensively from
field results.
It is safe to say that studies in the Houston area which proceed without
these elements cannot be decisive in resolving the nature of Houston's air
pollution problem.
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TITLE: Photochemical Oxidant Attainment Analysis.
Summary and Analysis of Ozone Data.
PERIOD OF STUDY: 1974-1976
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: Texas Air Control Board
SUMMARY: Texas Air Control Board (TACB) data have shown that the national
ambient air quality standard for photochemical oxidants (ozone) has not
been attained in nine of the twelve air quality control regions (AQCRs)
in Texas. As part of the Environmental Protection Agency's Requirement
for submittal of revisions to the State Implementation Plan, statistical
data on ambient ozone levels were produced for each AQCR. The data are
summarized and presented in this report for the Austin-Waco, Corpus Christi-
Victoria, Houston-Galveston, Dallas-ForthWorth, San Antonio, Beaumont-Port
Arthur, El Paso, Midland-Odessa-San Angelo and Texarkana-Tyler AQCRs. This
report does not address the complex relationship between hydrocarbons, oxides
of nitrogen and ozone in the ambient atmosphere nor is there an in-depth
examination of the ozone-forming potential of typical weather systems occur-
ring in Texas. This-additional analysis will be essential in order to
determine if the oxidant standard is attainable in any of these nine air
quality control regions.
Examination of ozone data collected through the Texas Air Control
Board's continuous ambient monitoring network shows that:
1. The photochemical oxidant standard has been exceeded at each of the 20
TACB continuous monitoring stations currently operating in nine AQCRs in
the state.
2. The highest ozone concentrations and the greatest frequency of values
over the standard occur at stations in the Houston-Galveston and Beaumont-
Port Arthur AQCRs.
3. Other statistical measures, in addition to the annual second highs, such
as the percent of hours and days with ozone above 0.080 ppm, ninetieth
percentile values and the number of hours above higher concentration levels,
show that ozone concentrations in 1976 were significantly higher than in
1974 and 1975.
4. Meteorological conditions that were conducive to ozone formation occurred
more frequently in August and September of 1976 than during the same period
in 1974 and 1975.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The photochemical oxidant standard has
been exceeded at every continuous monitoring station operated by the Texas
Air Control Board. In 1976, the second highest one-hour concentrations
ranged from less than twice the standard in Austin to almost three and one-
half times the standard in the Houston ship channel area. The stations
located in the upper Gulf Coast area of Texas,consistently measure the
16
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highest ozone concentrations and experience levels above the standard for
the longest durations. The six stations in this area (Aldine, Houston,
Texas City, Nederland, West Orange and Clute) averaged levels over two and
one-half times the standard based on 1976 second high hourly values. Central
Texas cities (Austin, Dallas, and San Antonio) averaged twice the standard
while the stations in El Paso and Corpus Christi averaged less than twice
the standard in 1976.
Studies conducted by the Texas Air Control Board have shown that the
oxidant standard has been exceeded in rural areas of Texas which were not
directly affected by manmade precursor emissions. High ozone concentrations
(up to 0.081 ppm) have been measured at CAMS locations when air parcels
entering the cities arrived at monitoring sites from non-urban, non-industrial
area. This information, coupled with the results of another TACB study on
the relationship of hydrocarbon emission reductions and ambient ozone con-
centrations, casts doubt on the achievability of the oxidant standard in
Texas' major metropolitan areas.
In addition, there is evidence that ozone concentrations in rural areas
may exceed the standard for longer durations than in urban areas. Prelimin-
ary data from the Gregg County CAMS in the Texarkana-Tyler AQCR show that
this station may have a higher percentage of values above 0.080 ppm than
even stations in the Houston and Texas City areas. The occurrence of this
phenomenon in rural areas may be due to the lower emissions of NO, which would
scavenge the ozone at night.
There is not yet adequate data to determine, with any certainty, whether
the ozone levels measured in Texas are consistently increasing or decreasing.
Weather conditions in 1976, especially in the late summer months, were
sufficiently different from previous years to mask any developing oxidant
trends.
An indication of the change in patterns of ozone behavior in 1976
was the increase in the number of long duration ozone buildups. In 1974
there were 14 instances of daily high ozone concentrations exceeding 0.080
ppm for four or more consecutive days at single monitoring locations. In
1975, there were 10 such instances, but in 1976 the number jumped to 39.
The longest episodes were in Aldine and Dallas in August 1976. The ozone
reached levels above the standard for ten consecutive days at each location.
In 1976, high pressure systems dominated the states' weather during
the late summer. Comparisons with data for the same period in 1974 and 1975
show that in 1976 wind speeds were significantly lower and the percentages
of possible sunshine significantly higher across the state. Ozone levels
in June and July 1976 were similar to previous years.
The Texas Air Control Board deployed six new continuous monitoring
stations in late 1976 and early 1977. The three remaining stations,
necessary to complete the network, will be deployed before the end of FY-77.
They will be located in Nueces County, Arlington and Bexar County. Ozone
17
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statistics from the recently deployed stations were not discussed in detail
in this report because, traditionally, the highest ozone levels are recorded
in the period from July to October.
18
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TITLE: Study of the Formation and Transport
of Ambient Oxidants in the Western Gulf
Coast and North Central and Northeast
Regions of the United States.
PERIOD OF STUDY: July 1 - October 1, 1975
SPONSORING AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: Research Triangle Institute
SUMMARY: During the summer of 1975, Research Triangle Institute (RTI)
conducted a two-part field measurement program designed (1) to determine
the change in the concentration of ozone in the center of a high pressure
system, as the system moves from an area of low population density to an
area of high population density; and (2) to determine the areal extent of
high ozone concentrations in the northern gulf coast region of Texas.
In the Northern High Pressure System Oxidant Study, the objective was
to determine the change in the concentration of ozone near the center of
high pressure systems, as these systems traverse the northwestern, north-
central, and northeastern areas of the United States. During their passage
over the United States, these systems traverse, first, regions of low popu-
lation density and little industrial activity — that is, regions having
small emission densities of the hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide precursors
necessary for the production of the photochemical oxidants. During this
initial period, low ozone concentrations were anticipated. As the systems
move eastward, however, population density, industrial activity, and, con-
sequently, emissions of oxidant precursors increase. It was anticipated
that ozone levels would increase.
The objective of the Gulf Coast Oxidant Study was to document the areal
extent of high ozone concentrations in the northern gulf coast region of Texas,
Primary emphasis was on the roles and/or contribution of land-sea breeze
circulations, of local emissions of ozone precursors, and of transport of
ozone and ozone precursors within and downwind of the study areas.
Design of Study/Field Measurement Program
To accomplish the objectives described above at a minimum cost, two
independent studies were designed that could be conducted concurrently and
that employed similar measurement systems.
Based on the above considerations, two modes of measurement were
employed1: (1) a network of five, fixed, rural sites operated by RTI plus
supplementary rural and urban ground-level sites operated by State/local/
other agencies, and (2) an instrumented aircraft flying specified patterns.
The field measurement program included continuous ozone and nitrogen dioxide
measurements, collection of grab samples for selected hydrocarbon and
19
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halocarbon analyses, and 24-hour, total suspended particulate (TSP) samples
at four manned, rural stations located in Bradford, Pennsylvania; Creston,
Iowa; Wolf Point, Montana; and DeRidder, Louisiana. Ozone measurements
were also made at an unmanned station at Lewisburg, West Virginia, and at
supplementary stations located in the general study areas, which were
operated by State and local governments or by private industry. Ozone and
oxides of nitrogen were measured and grab samples collected during aircraft
flights designed to accomplish specific objectives for each study area.
Supplemental vertical ozone data were obtained from ozonesonde releases
at Huron, South Dakota, and DeRidder, Louisiana. A joint RTI-EPA quality
assurance program was designed and implemented to assure that high quality
data were obtained.
The data acquisition program began at all stations before July 1, 1975.
Data were collected and quality assurance performance audits were performed
at specified intervals at each of the stations included in the monitoring
network through September 30, 1975, at northern stations and through October
31, 1975, in the South.
Since only one aircraft was utilized for both studies, the aircraft
was based in DeRidder, and flights were conducted in the gulf coast area
until an appropriate high pressure system developed in the northern study area.
A total of 111 individual aircraft flights were flown during the combined
studies. These flights were flown under varying meteorological conditions
and included sea breeze flights, coastal areal survey flights, downwind
plume flights, vertical profile flights, double-box patterns around Nederland,
Texas, calibration and instrument checkout flights, and northern high pressure
system flights. During the month of October, several joint RTI-EPA/Las
Vegas flights were flown in the gulf coast area.
Principal Findings
The data obtained during the field measurement program were summarized
statistically and segmented into four general subject areas for analysis
and^Bjterpretation. These areas are: (1) Northern High Pressure Oxidant
Study, (2) Gulf Coast Oxidant Study, (3) Chemistry of Ozone Generation in
Rural Areas, and (4) Quality Assurance Program. Data were analyzed and
interpreted according to the objectives for each study and have been incor-
porated into a comprehensive section that combined both a chemical and
meteorological interpretation of the results. Principal findings are pre-
sented separately below.
Gulf Coast Oxidant Study
1. Air moving slowly over areas of large hydrocarbon emissions was associated
with-upper decile ozone concentrations at urban and rural locations in the
gulf coast area. In most cases, trajectory analysis showed air with high
ozone concentrations arrived from nonprevailing directions. • *
20
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2. Air that moved rapidly, showed weak anticyclonic curvature, and had long
overwater fetches was associated with lower decile ozone concentrations at
all of the ground station locations.
3. In most cases, trajectory analysis attributed the highest ozone con-
centrations to principal cities or areas of high precursor emissions located
in the gulf coast study area. These observations suggest that ozone plumes
commonly develop downwind of large precursor emissions areas.
4. Aircraft ozone measurements clearly demonstrate an ozone plume (280
yg/m , maximum) upon a low ('XLOO yg/m ) background downwind of the petro-
chemical complex at Port Arthur, Texas. During the period observed, ground
level ozone concentrations at a continuously operating ground station near
the emission area were less than 100 yg/m3.
5. Intercity urban plume transport of ozone or ozone precursor materials
was evident. This was shown as a potential cause of some violations of the
NAAQS at Austin.
6. In the survey flights, the mean ozone concentrations over water were
usually found to be less than those over the land, regardless of the level
of ozone encountered. When elevated ozone concentrations were measured over
the water, the trajectory analyses usually showed the air parcel had a recent
(^24 hr) history over continental areas, usually over high precursor emission
areas.
7. When areawide ozone concentrations exceeded the NAAQS, vertical mixing
was usually restricted by a stable layer below 2 km.
8. Analysis of a series of ozonesonde releases at DeRidder, Louisiana, does
not indicate ozone intrusion from the stratosphere. Mid-to-upper tropospheric
ozone concentrations changed by 50 percent or more during a day, but they
did not contribute to ozone changes at ground level.
9. Anthropogenic pollutants (acetylene and selected halocarbons) were
present in all grab samples collected at the DeRidder station and during
aircraft flights. Examination of the data indicate that hydrocarbon and
ozone concentrations are not linearly related at DeRidder.
10. Four distinct areal distributions of ozone were identified from air-
craft flights:
a) area-wide low concentrations CWO yg/m3),
b) localized plumes downwind of precursor areas,
c) elevated ozone concentrations, some exceeding NAAQS
for ozone, usually increasing from west to east,
d) area-wide (North Carolina to Louisiana) ozone concentra-
tions exceeding the NAAQS for ozone.
21
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
Conclusions; Gulf Coast Oxidant Study
1. Ozone concentrations over the Gulf of Mexico usually were less than those
over land. High ozone concentrations (i.e., XL60 Ug/m ) that were measured
over water or in air flowing off the Gulf of Mexico were associated with air
that had previously passed over continental sources of pollution.
2. Changes in the vertical structure of ozone concentrations below 3 km
are parimarily controlled by boundary layer processes.
3. Elevated ozone concentrations (i.e., XL60 yg/m3) are frequently measured
in plumes downwind of potential ground sources of precursors, i.e., cities,
major refineries, and petrochemical installations.
4. Upper decile concentrations of ozone are associated with slow moving air
that had passed over high precursor emission areas and arrived from a non-
prevailing wind direction; lower decile concentrations are associated with
faster moving air, having a long over-water fetch with a weak anticyclonic
trajectory.
22
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TITLE: Measurement of Light Hydrocarbons and
Studies of Oxidant Transport Beyond Urban
Areas, Houston Study - 1976
PERIOD OF STUDY: 1 July 1976
SPONSORING AGENCY: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: Washington State University, Chemical
Engineering Department
SUMMARY: During the month of July, 1976, Washington State University carried
out an extensive air pollutant monitoring program in the Houston area. This
field study involved ground sampling plus use of an instrumented aircraft.
Measurements included ozone, oxides of nitrogen, PAN, methane, carbon monoxide,
individual hydrocarbons (Ca - Cio), halocarbons, condensation nuclei and
visual distance plus numerous meteorological parameters. Specific areas
of interest in this study included: 1) oxidant formation and transport
within the Houston urban plume, 2) relationships between ozone layers aloft
and the vertical temperature profile, 3) composition and effects of refinery
and petrochemical emissions on the local Houston air mass, and 4) identi-
fication and quantitation of individual Ca - Cio hydrocarbons in the Houston
atmosphere. Results of this field program are presented with special em-
phasis placed on oxidant production and transport in the Houston area.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Hydrocarbon concentrations (6-9 am) at
three ground level sites in the Houston area generally fell in the range of
200-1000 yg/m . However, there were occasions when the hydrocarbon total
exceeded 2000 yg/m3. The extreme hydrocarbon concentrations (> 2000 yg/m3)
were most often observed at the site in north Houston. On mornings when
hydrocarbon concentrations in the 2000-3000 yg/m range were recorded,
it was common to find as much as 90% of the hydrocarbon burden comprised
of aromatic species. Afternoon hydrocarbon levels at the WSU trailer site
in northwest Houston averaged about a factor of three lower than those
measured during the 6-9 am period.
Background hydrocarbon concentrations averaged about 40 yg/m3. Samples
collected in air masses containing elevated ozone exhibited hydrocarbon
concentrations in the 200 yg/m range and thus were considerably above the
background level. The hydrocarbon content that could be ascribed to auto-
motive tailpipe emissions between 6 and 9 am at the three sampling sites
varied from 25 to 31%. A similar vehicular content (^25%) was determined
from hydrocarbon samples collected by aircraft in the downwind Houston plume.
Ozone concentrations at the WSU trailer site equalled or exceeded the
80 ppb NAAQS on seven of the 25-day sampling period. It was not uncommon
for aircraft measured ozone concentrations to exceed 80 ppb on days when
ground level concentrations were much below the standard. There is little
23
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doubt that ozone concentrations in the region downwind of Houston generally
exceed those monitored at ground level stations in the Houston urban-indus-
trial complex. Between July 1 and 24, 1976 there were no "blanket" ozone
episodes in southern Texas. Consequently, we believe that oxidants measured
in the Houston area during the July study period resulted from precursors
emitted in the immediate Houston area. There was no evidence of surface
ozone enhancement due to subsiding air masses from aloft.
The presence of PAN in the Houston atmosphere was primarily limited to
the daylight hours. Elevated PAN concentrations were observed to persist
into the nighttime hours only on two occasions. The highest hourly average
PAN concentration was 11.5 ppb; however, the average of all measurements
between 10 am and 4 pm was only 1.0 ppb. On a daily basis there existed
a good correlation between PAN and ozone. On days when ozone showed high
peak values, PAN concentrations peaked as well.
The Houston plume was detectable for long distances downwind. Air-
craft data collected on July 12, clearly show a pronounced ozone plume as
far as 90 miles downwind of Houston. Ozone levels approaching 190 ppb were
recorded at that distance and they remained elevated over a cross-sectional
distance of about 45 miles. A reduction in visual range always coincided
with elevated ozone in the downwind plume.
Hydrocarbon - NO ratios during the 6-9 am period generally fell in a
range of 7.5 to 18.5 at the northwest Houston ground sampling site. Similar
Hc/NO ratios were observed in air masses that contained high oxidant levels.
On several occasions the ground level, diurnal, pollutant patterns in Houston
were consistent with a photochemical oxidant producing mechanism.
Ambient fluocarbon-11 concentrations averaged between 400 and 650 ppt
in northwest Houston. This is high when compared to average background con-
centration in upwind areas of about 140 ppt. This difference was used as
an aide for tracing the Houston plume.' Ground level carbon tetrachloride
concentrations averaged about 300 ppt in Houston and showed little diurnal
variation.
Samples collected in the Houston vicinity for sulfate analysis exhibi-
ted concentrations ranging from near zero to 10.8 yg/m3. In general, highest
sulfate levels were recorded in areas downwind of the ship channel industrial
area.
24
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TITLE: Houston Area Oxidant Study (HAOS)
PERIOD OF STUDY: 1975-1977
SPONSORING AGENCY: Houston Chamber of Commerce
SUMMARY: The Houston Area Oxidants Study (HAOS) is a technical study com-
posed of a group of separate, interrelated projects. The study investi-
gates the causes and impacts of airborne oxidants and haze in Houston and
Southeast Texas. It is an effort to develop a sound technical basis for
controlling haze and airborne oxidants in the area.
At the end of 18 months of activity, the HAOS as a whole is now approxi-
mately 80 percent complete. Ten projects have submitted draft final
reports which are currently undergoing review. Three projects are actively
reducing data and preparing draft reports. The socio-economic impact study
is in the process of refining impact models and developing analysis tech-
niques. Four contracts have recently been awarded, three in the area of
data analysis and one in the ozone/oxidants study area.
The HAOS is sponsored by the Houston Chamber of Commerce. It is di-
rected by the HAOS Steering Committee, a special committee of the Chamber.
There are two sub-committees, the Technical Sub-Committee and the Advisory
Sub-Committee. The Technical Sub-Committee is responsible for the technical
design and credibility of the study, the Advisory Sub-Committee for fi-
nancial support. A private technical consulting firm, Radian Corporation,
provides technical and fiscal management services for HAOS. Funds for HAOS
have been generated from private sectors of the Houston community, including
individuals, business, industry, universities, labor unions, construction
firms, banks and real estate developers.
HAOS is a cooperative effort between environmental contractors, indepen-
dent private businesses and governmental agencies. Data obtained from some
HAOS proj ects are being augmented by data from the public and private sec-
tors. The value of this additional data, if financed by HAOS, would add
over $4 million to the $1.4 million HAOS budget. Private sources of data
include Exxon Corporation, Celanese Chemical Company, Dow Chemical Company,
General Motors, Gulf Chemical Company, Houston Lighting and Power Company,
Monsanto, Arco Chemical, DuPont, and Shell Oil Company. Cooperating
public agencies include the Texas Air Control Board (TACB), the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), and the City of Houston.
HAOS has received national attention because of its unique organization
and sponsorship when the recent (1977) amendments to the Clean Air Act were
formulated. Congress cited HAOS as an example of private initiative to study
air pollution problems. EPA has recently provided $1 million for an initial
study of the relationship between airborne aerosols and health in the Gulf
25
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Coast area. Expenditure of an additional $2 million during the next two
years is being considered by EPA for subsequent studies in the area. HAOS
cooperated with TACB in its efforts to obtain federal funds for this project,
and is providing technical data to EPA in support of these studies.
Areas of Study
HAOS includes technical studies in four subject areas: ozone/oxidants,
haze, health effects, and socio-economic impact of control measures. Studies
in the ozone/oxidants and haze areas have collected and processed data which
will provide a more complete characterization of air quality in the Houston
area. Data obtained from the health effects studies will better define
the effects of air quality on community health. A study of the socio-
economic impact of control measures is developing a scientific methodology
for projecting impacts and analyzing the consequences of probable control
strategies. Progress in pertinent areas of study is described below.
Air Quality Definition: Ozone/Oxidants
During June - October, 1977, data describing levels of ozone, nitro-
gen oxides (NO ), ultraviolet radiation, and a wide variety of specific
hydrocarbons were collected at monitoring sites throughout the Houston area.
These data were augmented by meteorological information regarding two- and
three-dimensional air movements, and by documentation of ozone episodes
during the sampling period. In addition to these studies, a contract to
design a captive air chamber for examination of pollutant behavior in large
samples of captive air was awarded April 1, 1978.
Air Quality Definition; Haze
Little is known about Houston's most evident air quality problem:
reduced visibility resulting from light scattering by particles in the
atmosphere. For this reason, three HAOS projects in the haze study area
conducted field sampling during June - October, 1977. Visibility measurements
were made using both trained human observers and instrumental methods. These
studies were supported by one in which visibility-reducing particles were
collected and chemically analyzed.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: A Program Summary Report, in which all
HAOS results will be interpreted and documented, will be published by
April 1979.
26
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Houston Air Pollution Study (HAPS)
PERIOD OF STUDY: September 15 - October 15, 1978
SPONSORING AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency
SUMMARY: A one month intensive field study was conducted in the Houston
area by several public and private organizations. In addition to routine
data from the TACB, City of Houston, and National Weather Service, data
was gathered from nine additional stationary monitors, two mobile vans, a
twin engine airplane, helicopter, tethersonde, acoustic sounder, two piball
sites, and four portable pairs of TSP Hi-Vol samplers. Five of the stationary
monitors collected continuous ozone and NO data, in addition to the TACB
and City of Houston monitors. Continuous S02 was measured at four of the
seven additional monitors, with CO and hydrocarbons measured at two of these
sites. Freon and PAN were also measured at two of the stationary sites.
Three hour integrated grab samples were collected at 10 sites for 6-9 am
and 1-4 pm and were analyzed for detailed hydrocarbon species. Grab samples
for detailed hydrocarbon analysis were also collected by the two aircraft.
Dichotomous particulate samples were collected at the two TACB continuous
monitoring sites and with two mobile samplers. Filter samples from the di-
chotomous samplers, as well as the portable Hi-Vols were analyzed by GC/MS
and microscopy. Also, Be7 and P 2 measurements were performed.
The airplane also measured ozone with flights conducted 6-9 am and
1-3 pm. Most of the flights remained within about a 50 mile radius from
Houston. The helicopter also collected aerosol samples, in addition to
grab bag samples. Both of the mobile vans were equipped with an electrical
aerosol analyzer and an optical particle counter to measure particle size
distribution, condensation nuclei counter, nephelometer, and instruments to
measure Os, NO, NO , SO2, and in one van, THC.
X
Vertical profiles of wind speed and wind direction were measured
hourly in the mornings and occasionally during the afternoons by pilot
balloons tracked by theodolite. This wind data, as well as meteorological
forecasts were used to determine the daily direction of the urban and in-
dustrial plumes. The mobile monitors were then directed to locations to
provide cross-sections of the plumes and upwind measurements.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Conclusions and recommendations will be
reported by June 1979.
27
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SECTION 3
EMISSIONS DATA
There are two major sources of emission inventories for the Gulf Coast
Area providing both point source and area source emission data. These are
the Texas Air Control Board (TACB) and the EPA Region VI Office in Dallas.
Other surveys and inventory updates are currently planned or are in progress
and will be available within a year. These will be cited in the following
paragraphs.
Point or Stationary Sources
The most recent inventory data for all pollutants from TACB is based on
1973 surveys which have been updated to 1975 and projected to reflect emis-
sions for the year 1980, 1985 and 1990. The inventory includes detailed
information about the types of sources, the types and quantity of emissions
from each source, and the locations of each source. The compounds inventoried
include NO , SO , hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulates, and specific
carbon and nitrogen compounds. Figure 3-1 summarizes the type of data available
from the TACB emissions inventory questionnaires. Table 3-1 shows the total
carbon compound and NO emissions from stationary sources for individual
counties in the Houston and Galveston Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(SMSA). The 1977 State Implementation Plan (SIP) inventory of emissions of
non-methane volatile organic compounds from point sources in Harris County is
presented in Table 3-2. It is based on the 1975 inventory and updated with
permit data.
The TACB emissions inventory data is also available in the NEDS (National
Emissions Data System) format from the EPA Regional Office in Dallas. The
NEDS data has the advantage of being in computerized form but is not as
complete as the TACB emissions inventory questionnaires.
The 1975 inventory of point source emissions prepared by TACB is
available as a listing from computer tape, giving the geographical coordina-
tes of the plants and/or stacks and the annual emissions of HC, NO , SO
and particulates.
So that the location and magnitude of these sources may be visualized
more graphically the annual emissions of each pollutant for each industrial
plant in the Houston area have been plotted on the maps in Figures 3-2 through
3-5.
28
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30
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TABLE 3-2
' POINT SOURCE
SIP EMISSIONS INVENTOR?
MON-J4ETHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
(TONSAR)
COUNTY! Harris YEAR 1977
Bricks and Related Products
Carbon Elack
Petroleum Refining
• Fixed Roof Liouid Storage
• Floatira Roof Liquid Storage
• Shin and borne transport of gasoline and
• yaei:uifl systems, <;opar^fprr, r prncnss unifc
• Fugitive Emissions (leaks)
Other petroleum refinery emissions
Petrochemical Manufacturing
• Process streams
• Fugitive (leaks)
crude oil
turnarounds
0
5111
10305
6688
10297
12989
7325
12393
| 18180
18384
• Storage and Handling
• Waste Disposal
Other petrochemical emissions
Asphalt batching
Asphnlt roofing
Power plants
Steel production
Foundrv
Fertilizer and Agriculture Pesticides
General Chemicals
• Paint manufacture
• Pharmaceutical manufacture
Other general cherrical emissions
Wood Products
• Surface coating of flat wood products
• Surface coating of wood furniture
Other wood products emissions
Fabricated metal products
• Larce apoliar.ce manufacture
• Ketal furniture manufacture
• Surrace coating of automobiles, cans, metal coils
• Surface coating of other iretal products -
Other fabricated metal products emissions
industrial
Oil Mills - - -
• Vegetable oil processing
Other oil mill emissions
Fabricated textile products
• Surface coatina of fabric products
Other textile products emissions
Veneer and Plywood
• Surface coating of flat wood products
Other veneer ar.d clvwood emissions
Paper, Paperboard and Paperboard Boxes
• Surface coatina of paper
Cther paper and papcrboard emissions
» Printing and Publishing
i Fabricated rubber products
Plastic Products
Electrical and Electronic
• Magnet wire insulation
• Surface coacina of othar metal prodxicts -
industrial
other electrical and electronic emissions
Refuse Systems
Federal Facilities
Natural Gas Process inc Plants (compressor s booster stations)
Crude Oil Production
Terminals, bulk hydrocarbon
• Gasoline bulk plants
• Bulk Gasoline Terminals
•
Other emissions from terminals
Plastics and rosina
Synthetic Rubber
• Decreasing
TOTAL - POINT SOURCES (T/Yr)
3497
56
78
0
0
0
1176
0
67
689
244
1573
10
0
0
0
1
2234
0
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
317
607
0
0
0
0
0
85
961
1284
5165
4179
15267
397
8839
L48493
(CTG ITF.MS)
31
-------
32
-------
33
-------
34
-------
35
-------
Area Sources
Inventories of area source emissions are maintained by the TACB and the
EPA in NEDS format. The data from the 1975 "EA.CB inventory for the Houston
area was computerized for the EPA by Engineering Science for hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, SO and particulates. Currently, SRI is developing an
inventory of area sources for the Houston area in a gridded format. This
may be available at the end of this year. The TACB will soon be submitting
questionnaires so that an updated inventory for 1978 may be prepared in 1979.
A breakdown of emissions from area type sources in 1975 prepared by TACB
for each county in the Houston-Galveston and Beaumont-Orange regions is
provided in the appendix, Tables A-l through A-10. The pollutants inven-
toried were NO , SO , HC, CO, and particulates. A summary of this information
is presented in Table 3-3. It may be noted that the area source emissions
are dominated by transportation in the Houston area.
So that the distribution of the area type emissions may be visualized
in a spacial manner, the totals for each county are indicated on a map
of the Houston-Galveston area in Figure 3-6.
Area source emissions in the Houston-Galveston area account for about
one-third of the total emissions (area plus stationary sources) for both
carbon compounds and oxides of nitrogen as indicated in Table 3-4.
The area source SIP emissions inventory of non-methane volatile organic
compounds for Harris County, 1977, is shown in Table 3-5. It is based on the
1975 inventory but updated by use of information from permits issued since
then and with revised data on vehicle miles traveled. (VMT)
36
-------
eM CN r* CM eN iH M m in
\o m m 1-1 (-1
m m
00 CO O (H i-t 00 CN
oo r*» O iH
-JT CO
t£ O ^T f^ i-H CM
i
j -* -a- -»
1 O CT* CN
'T 1-1 ON sr
oo in CM
^o m o
CO 00
CM QO m (** O i-l
4J « ft* O 3
Tj U *-. -H AJ
ij O 13 4J r-1
S ft 3J W 3
g-H fc. O ^ H O " !
- o
3 O
37
-------
Waller
3,674
263
3,431
13,322
1,760
Montgomery County
91,986
10,569
97,671
429,131
19,663
4,242
650
3,533
12,816
1,244
5,555
378
5,315
20,155
3,420
Chamben County
Fort Bend County
10,186
2,784
9,867
41,4
8,461
934
7,716
29,966
2,626
GULF OF MEXICO
MILES
* PA = Parttculates
Figure 3-6.
Annual emissions from area sources in 1975 for counties in Houston-
Gavieston area.
38
-------
TABLE 3-4. TOTAL ANNUAL EMISSIONS (NON-METHANE) FOR THE
HOUSTON AND GAEVESTON SMA
Tons
% of Total
Total Carbon Compound Emissions
Area
Stationary
Total NO Emissions
X
Area
Stationary (for HC sources only)
343078
133975
209103
327094
126885
200209
39
61
39
61
Source: TACB 1975 Emissions Inventory
39
-------
TABLE 3-5
ASS A SOURCE
SIP EMISSIONS INVENTORY
NON-METHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
(TONS/YR)
COUNTY
Harris
YEAR
1977
Fuel Combustion - Stationary
Residential Fuel
Natural Gas
Distillate Oil
Wood
Commercial/Industrial - Energy
Natural Gas
Oil
Irrigation Pumps
Natural Gas
Gasoline
Solid Waste - Commercial/Industrial Incineration
Transportation
Gasoline
Light Duty Vehicles
Light Duty Trucks.
Heavy Duty Trucks
Motorcycles
Off -Highway
Diesel
Heavy Duty Trucks
Of f-High"way
Rail
Aircraft
Military
Civil
Commercial
Vessels
Gasoline
Diesel
Residual
Fuel Handling Evaporation
Service Stations , Tank Loading
Service Stations , Vehicle Loading
Other Fuel Handling Evaporation
Miscellaneous
• Cutback Asphalt Paving
Solvent Evaporation
• Dry Cleaning
• Architectural & Miscellaneous Coating
Structural Fires
Forest Fires
%
TOTAL - AREA SOURCES
238
.54
4U4
113
147
0
0
70
66,210
18,862
3,964
3.975
2,190
282
bib
638
754
97
1.115
916
232
179
325
4,467
284
2,489
1,304
1.425
20
55
111,347
(CTG ITEMS)
40
-------
SECTION 4
MONITORING DATA
Ambient air monitoring first began in the Houston area in the 1960's
Before 1970, both the Texas State Department of Health and the City of
Houston were monitoring total suspended particulate (TSP), and a few other
pollutants, such as total oxidants and sulfur dioxide. During the current
decade, much more extensive monitoring of air pollution has taken place
in the Houston area.
Monitoring site information and data summaries are presented in this
section. Emphasis has been placed on information and data that are rele-
vant to the Texas Gulf Coast Study.
SITE INFORMATION
The Houston area monitoring sites have been classified into four
categories:
• continuous criteria-existing sites,
• continuous criteria - temporary sites,
• non-continuous criteria-existing sites, and
• non-continuous criteria-temporary sites.
Continuous criteria sites are sites for which most or all of the data
is collected at periodic intervals of one hour or less (usually for
hourly averages) 24 hours each day. Whereas, non-continuous criteria sites
sample either for long time intervals (usually one day, as for Hi-Vols),
or for intermittent instantaneous intervals (as for grab bag samples).
The existing sites are sites which will more than likely be in operation
during the next year (1979) and probably for a longer time span. Most of
the temporary sites are no longer in operation. However, some of the tempora-
ry sites coincide with permanent existing sites. In these cases, certain
parameters were monitored on a temporary basis, and are not presently moni-
tored.
41
-------
Continuous Criteria-Existing Sites
Senarate one page detailed site descriptions are provided for eighteen
existinb continuous monitoring sites in the Texas Gulf Coast Study Area.
All of these sites (except possibly the Beasley site) will be in operation
through at least December 31, 1979. An additional site is scheduled to be
added by the Texas Air Control Board, before the end of 1978, in the Seabrook
area. This Seabrook site will have the same compliment of instruments as
the Texas City site.
A map reference number is given in parentheses after each site location
address. This number refers to the numbered location shown in Figures 4-1
and 4-2. Abbreviations for the parameters monitored are as follows:
Os - ozone
NO - oxides of nitrogen
NO - nitric oxide
THC - total hydrocarbons
CHi* - methane
TS - total sulfur
SOa - sulfur dioxide
HaS - hydrogen sulfide
FID - flame ionization detector
TSP - total suspended particulate (non-continuous)
Pb _ - lead (non-continuous)
S0if~ - sulfate (non-continuous)
N0s~ - nitrate (non-continuous)
WS - wind speed
WD - wind direction
TEM - temperature
DP - dewpoint
SR - solar radiation
VIS - visibility
RAIN - rainfall
Following the list of site descriptions is a description of the cali-
bration and quality assurance procedures used by several monitoring agencies.
Additional abbreviations from this section are as follows:
NBKI - neutral buffered potassium iodide
NOa - nitrogen dioxide
NBS - National Bureau of Standards
42
-------
43
-------
Figure 4-2. Existing continuous criteria sites in the Houston area.
44
-------
SITE:
Hornwood
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
6608 Hornwood, Houston (1)
Latitude 29° 42' 35"
Longitude 95° 30' 08"
UTM Zone 15
257.923 E
3280.063 N
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Os - Bendix
Commercial and residential areas near-
by. Southwest Freeway (U.S. 59)
located a few blocks west, downtown
about 9 miles east-northeast.
June 15, 1977 to present.
45
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
Houston East (Mae Drive)
Saroad ID #2560034F01
1224 Mae Drive (2)
Latitude 29° 46' 03" N
Longitude 95° 13' 14" W
UTM Zone 15
285.303 E
3295.162 N
Texas Air Control Board
03
CO
- McMillan 1100 Ozone Monitor
(Chemiluminescent)
NO,
TS,
TSP,
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
THC - Bendix 8200 Environmental
Gas Chromatograph (FID)
NO - TECO (Chemiluminescent)
SOX, H2S - Bendix 8301 Analyzer
(Flame Photometric)
Pb, SOi* , NOa" - Hi-Vol
WS, WD, TEM - Climet
DP - EG&G
SR - Eppley
VIS - MRI Nephelometer
Air intake - 22 feet
Meteorological gear - 19 feet
Level terrain at southest corner of
Harris Elementary School. Area immedi-
ately surrounding site is mostly resi-
dential with a few small commercial
businesses. Interstate Highway 10
is about I5? blocks north of site.
Ship channel industrial area one to
five miles southwest, south, and
southeast, with oil refineries, petro-
leum processing, plants, chemical pro-
cessing plants, a paper mill, and a
steel mill.
April 12, 1973 through present.
46
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
Aldine
SAROAD ID #2330024F01
Aldine Mail Road, Harris County (3)
Latitude 29° 54' 02" N
Longitude 95° 21' 41" W
UTM Zone 15
275.473 E
3310.112 N
Texas Air Control Board
Os - McMillan 1100 Ozone Monitor
(Chemiluminescent)
CO, CHif, THC - Bencix 8200 Environmental
Gas Chromatograph (FID)
NO, NO - TECO (Chemiluminescent)
TS, SO*, H2S - Bendix 8301 Analyzer
(Flame Photometric)
TSP, Pb, S0*~, N03~ - Hi-Vol
WS, WD, TEM - Climet
SR - Eppley
VIS - MRI Nephelometer
Air intake - 22 feet
Meteorological gear - 19 feet
Flat terrain on grounds of Hambrick
Junior High School, 100 yards southwest
of the junior high school and 200 yards
east of McArthur High School. No
nearby heavy industrial pollutant
sources. Eastex Freeway (U.S. 59)
which runs north-northeast is one mile
to the east.
February 1, 1974 through present.
47
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
Texas City
SAROAD ID //5170002F01
2702 13th Avenue North, Texas City (4)
Latitude 29° 23' 55" N
Longitude 94° 56' 00" W
UTM Zone 15
312.398 E
3253.773 N
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED-TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
Texas Air Control Board
Os - McMillan 1100 Ozone Monitor
(Chemiluminescent)
CO, CHit, THC - Bendix 8200 Environmental
Gas Chromatograph (FID)
NO, NO - TECO (Chemiluminescent)
TS, SO?, H2S - Bendix 8301 Analyzer
(Flame Photometric)
TSP, Pb, SOit , N03~ = Hi-Vol
WS, WD, TEM - Climet
Air intake - 22 feet
Meteorological gear - 19 feet
Located in grass covered parking area
on south side of Robinson Municipal
Stadium. Area within mile of site
is mostly residential and small commer-
cial business. Palmer Highway is 2
blocks south and Highway 146 is one
west. Large industrial complex from
about 2 miles southeast to 2 miles
southwest of site, with several oil
refineries, a non-ferrous smelter, and
several petrochemical complexes.
June 6, 1974 through present.
48
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
Clute
SAROAD ID //0950003F01
Cobb Field, North Commerce Street,
Clute (5)
Latitude 29° 00' 39" N
Longitude 95° 23' 52" W
UTM Zone 15
266.440 E
3211.622 N
AGENCY:
Texas Air Control Board
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
03 - McMillan 1100 Ozone Monitor
(Chemiluminescent)
CO, CHif, THC - Bendix 8200 Environmental
Gas Chromatograph (FID)
NO, NO - TECO (Chemiluminescent)
TS, SO*, H2S - Bendix 8301 Analyzer
(Flame Photometric)
TSP, Pb, SOiT, N03~ = Hi-Vol
WS, WD, TEM - Climet
Air intake - 22 feet
Meteorological gear - 19 feet
Generally smooth terrain at the entrance
to Cobb Field. Grassy open areas to
south, west, and east, with residential
areas to east and north. Large petro-
chemical complex from one mile south
to five miles southeast, including a
chemical plant.
June 25, 1974 to present.
49
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
MacGregor
SAROAD ID //2550007H
1115 North MacGregor, Houston (6)
Latitude 29° 43' 30"
Longitude 95° 23' 32"
UTM Zone 15
268.603 E
3290.782 N
City of Houston Health Department
* 03 - McMillan 1100 Ozone Analyzer
(Chemiluminescent)
* NO, NO - MEG 1200 Analyzer
(Chemiluminescent)
WS, WD - Teledyne Geotech
Air intake - 50 feet
Meteorological gear - 50 feet
Located on the third floor of the Health
Department Building. Downtown Houston
is approximately 4 miles northeast,
Loop 610 is 2 miles south, and the
Southwest Freeway is 2 miles north. The
Texas Medical Center is adjacent to the
Health Department. Mostly residential
and business areas nearby. Ship channel
industrial area over 10 miles east.
1974 through present with present
conf igurat ion.
1971 to 1974 with alternate configura-
tion.
*Removed during 1978.
50
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
Clinton
SAROAD ID#2560035H
9525 Clinton, Drive, Houston (7)
Latitude 29° 44' 00" N
Longitude 95° 15' 00" W
UTM Zone 15
282.382 E
3291.429 N
City of Houston Health Department
Oa - McMillan 1100 Ozone Monitor
(Chemiluminescent)
CO, CHif, THC - Beckman 6800 Gas Chroma-
tograph (FID)
S02 - Tracer 270 HA Gas Chromatograph
(Flame Photometric)
* NO, NO - MEC 1200 Analyzer
(Chemiluminescent)
TSP - Hi-Vol
WS, WD, TEM - RM Young
Air intake - 15 feet
Meteorological gear - 18 feet
Located less than one-half a mile
north of the Houston ship channel,
between industrial areas to the south
and residential and commercial areas
to the north. The land is smooth with
no distinguishing terrain features.
A refinery lies across Clinton Drive
to the southeast.
1974 through present with present con-
figuration.
1971 to 1974 with alternate configura-
tion.
* Removed during 1978.
51
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
Crawford
SAROAD ID//2560037H
1307 Crawford, Houston (8)
Latitude 29° 45' 07"
Longitude 95° 21' 41"
UTM Zone 15
271.648 E
3293.708 N
City of Houston Health Department
Oa - McMillan 1100 Ozone Monitor
(C hemilumine sc ent)
CO, CHit, THC - Beckman 6800 Gas
Chromatographs (FID)
* NO, NO - MEC 1200 Analyzer
(Chemiluminescent)
TSP - Hi-Vol
Air intake - 15 feet
Meteorological gear - 18 feet
Located across the street from a fire
station building. Commercial and
residential areas nearby. Downtown
business district one-half mile north-
west, ship channel industrial area
starts about two miles east and ex-
tends eastward. Major freeways exist
in all directions at distances less
than a mile.
1974 through present with present
configuration.
1971 to 1974 with alternate configura-
tion.
* Removed during 1978
52
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTS:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
Parkhurst
SAROAD ID #2560038H
8314 Parkhurst, Houston (9)
Latitude 29° 50' 15"
Longitude 95° 17' 11"
UTM Zone 15
270.909 E
3303.046 N
City of Houston Health Department
03 - McMillan 1100 Ozone Monitor
(Chemiluminescent)
CO, CHi», THC - Beckman 6800 Gas
Chromatograph (FID)
* NO, NO - MEG 1200 Analyzer
(Chemiluminescent)
TSP - Hi-Vol
RAIN - MRI
Air intake - 15 feet
Meteorological gear - 18 feet
Generally smooth terrain with some
trees. Large water tanks to south-
east. Mostly residential areas near-
by. Loop 610 is 2% miles south,
Eastex Freeway (U.S. 59) is 3 miles
west. Houston ship channel industry
is over 5 miles to the south and south-
east.
1974 to present.
* Removed during 1978.
53
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
Fuqua
SAROAD ID #2560039H
7834 Fuqua, Houston (10)
Latitude 29° 36' 45" N
Longitude 95° 16' 45" W
UTM Zone 15
279.296 E
3278.089 N
City of Houston Health Department
Os - McMillan 1100 Ozone Monitor
(Chemiluminescent)
* NO, NO - MEC 1200 Analyzer
(Chemiluminescent)
TS, HaS, S02 - Tracer 270 HA Gas
Chromatograph (Flame Photometric)
THC, CH^, CO - Beckman 6800 Gas
Chromatograph
TSP - Hi-Vol
Air intake - 15 feet
Meteorological gear - 18 feet
Generally smooth terrain, water tank
15 to 20 feet high located 50 feet
northwest. Ship channel industrial
area over 8 miles northeast, Bayport
industrial area about 12 miles east.
1974 through present.
* Removed during 1978
54
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
Lang
SAROAD ID #2560011 H
4420 Single, Houston (11)
Latitude 29° 49' 12"
Longitude 95° 29' 02"
UTM Zone 15
259.960 E
3301. 249 N
City of Houston Health Department
Os - McMillan 1100 Ozone Monitor
(Chemiluminescent)
WS, WD, TEM - Climet
Air intake - 17 feet
Meteorological gear - 18 feet
Trees within 25 yards on smooth terrain.
Residential and commercial areas near-
by. Highway 290 is one-half mile
north, downtown is about 8 miles south-
east.
1976 to present.
55
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
Croquet
SAROAD ID #unassigned
13826 Croquet at corner of Darlinghurst,
Houston (12)
Latitude 29° 37' 25"
Longitude 95° 28' 26"
UTM Zone 15
260.452 E
3279.548 N
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION
City of Houston Health Department
Oa - McMillan 1100 Ozone Analyzer
(Chemiluminescent)
WS, WD, TEM - Climet
RAIN - MRI
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS;
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
Flat terrain in mostly residential and
commercial area. Highway 90 is one
mile northwest, downtown is about 11
miles northeast, and the ship channel
industrial area is about 15 miles
east-northeast.
July 1978 to present.
56
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
Channelview (Trailer 008)
Private
DeZavalla between Elsbeth and Lakside,
Harris County (13)
Latitude 29° 46' 33"
Longitude 95° 05' 48"
UTM Zone 15
296.524 E
3294.738 N
Houston Lighting and Power
(operated by Radian Corporation)
NO, NO - Columbia Scientific Model
1600X(Chemiluminescent)
S02 - Meloy Model SA-185-2A (Flame
Photometric)
TSP - Hi-Vol
WS - Weather Measure W 103/3L (Cup
Anemometer)
WD - Weather Measure W 104-2 (Light
Weight Vane)
TEM - Yellow Springs Instrument 44018
DP - Climatronics DP-10
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF RECORD:
Air intake - 15 feet
Meteorological gear - 25 feet
Generally flat terrain in residential
area adjacent to ship channel industrial
area. Numerous trees nearby. Ship
channel lies from WSW to S to ESE,
as close as one mile.
March 1978 to present.
57
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
North Pasadena (Trailer Oil)
Private
Ethyl Road about 3/4 mile north of
Highway 225, Pasadena (14)
Latitude 29° 43' 53"
Longitude 95° 09' 55"
UTM Zone 15
290.571 E
3289.714 N
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
Houston Lighting and Power
(operated by Radian Corporation)
NO, NO - Columbia Scientific Model
1600X(Chemiluminescent)
S02 - Meloy Model SA-185-2A (Flame
Photometric)
TSP - Hi-Vol
WS - Weather Measure W 103/3L (Cup
Anemometer)
WD - Weather Measure W 104-2 (Light
Weight Vane)
TEM - Yellow Springs Instrument 44018
DP - Climatronics DP-10
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
Air intake - 15 feet
Meteorological gear - 25 feet
Located just west of a power substation
on flat terrain. Ship channel industry
from west through north to east, as
close as one mile.
March 1978 to present.
58
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
North Parish (Trailer 015)
Private
Insurance Road, 8/10 mile north of
FM 2759, Fort Bend County (15)
Latitude 29'
Longitude 95'
UTM Zone 15
244.595 E
3270.429
32' 14"
38' 08"
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
Houston Lighting and Power
(operated by Radian Corporation)
NO, NO - Columbia Scientific Model
1600 (Chemiluminescent)
S02 - Meloy Model SA-185-2A (Flame
Photometric)
TSP - Hi-Vol
WS - Weather Measure W 103/3L (Cup
Anemometer)
WD - Weather Measure W 104-2 (Light
Weight Vane)
TEM - Yellow Springs Instrument 44018
DP - Climatronics DP-10
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS;
LENGTH OF RECORD:
Air intake - 15 feet
Meteorological gear - 25 feet
Flat terrain in rural area with 30 to
40 foot trees nearby, surrounding the
site. Mostly forest and farmland in
the area. W. A. Parish Generating
Station about 4 miles south.
January 1978 to present.
59
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
South Parish (Trailer (017)
Private
Rawlings Road at intersection of
Peters Road, Fort Bend County (16)
Latitude 29° 24' 54" N
Longitude 95° 39' 10" W
UTM Zone 15
242.875 E
3256.875 N
Houston Lighting and Power
(operated by Radian Corporation)
NO, N0x - Columbia Scientific Model
1600 (Chemiluminescent)
S02 - Meloy Model SA-185-2A (Flame
Photometric)
TSP - Hi-Vol
WS - Weather Measure W 103/3L (Cup
Anemometer)
WD - Weather Measure W 104-2 (Light
Weight Vane)
TEM - Yellow Springs Instrument 44018
DP - Climatronics DP-10
SR - Eppley Precision Spectral Pyrano-
meter Model PSP
RAIN - Weather Measure Model P501-1
(Tipping Bucket)
Air intake - 15 feet
Meteorological gear - 25 feet
Flat rural farm area. A few trees
with house about 70 yards east. W. A.
Parish Generating Station about 4 miles
north.
January 1978 through present.
60
-------
SITE:
West Parish
Private
LOCATION:
4*5 miles south at FM 762, on FM 2977,
then ^ mile southeast, Fort Bend
County (17)
Latitude 29° 28' 30" N
Longitude 95° 47' 23" W
UTM Zone 15
232.875 E
3264.875 N
AGENCY:
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
Houston Lighting and Power
(operated by Radian Corporation)
NO, N0x - Columbia Scientific Model
1600 (Chemiluminescent)
S02 - Meloy Model SA-185-2A (Flame
Photometric)
TSP - Hi-Vol
WS - Weather Measure W 103/3L (Cup
Anemometer)
WD - Weather Measure W 104-2 (Light
Weight Vane)
TEM - Yellow Springs Instrument 44018
DP - Climatronics DP-10
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF STATION RECORD:
Air intake - 15 feet
Meteorological gear - 25 feet
Flat rural farm land. Several oil
storage tanks about ^ mile southeast,
W. A. Parish Generating Station about
7*2 miles east.
March 1978 to present.
61
-------
SITE: Beasley
Private
LOCATION Beasley, Forth Bend County (18)
Latitude 29° 31' 15" N
Longitude 95° 55' 32" W
UTM Zone 15
216.421 E
3269.082 N
AGENCY: Monsanto
PARAMETERS MONITORED - TYPE OF 03
INSTRUMENTATION:
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS: Rural area about 36 miles southwest
of downtown Houston.
62
-------
SITE:
LOCATION:
AGENCY:
PARAMTERS MONITORED - TYPE OF
INSTRUMENTATION:
Chocolate Bayou
SAROAD ID #0540001
5% miles southeast fron State Highway
35 on County Road 203, or four miles
southeast of Liverpool, and 12 miles
south of Alvin, Brazoria County (19)
Latitude 29° 28' 47" N
Longitude 95° 47' 23" W
UTM Zone 15
282.875 E
3238.395 N
University of Texas, Bureau of Economic
Geology
SO 2 - Meloy Model SA185-2A
(Flame Photometric)
H2S - Meloy Model SA185-2
(Flame Photometric with SO scrubber)
CHif - Beadix Model 8200 Gas Shromato-
graph (FID)
TSP - Hi-Vol
EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDINGS:
LENGTH OF RECORD:
Air intake - 15 feet
Flat rice fields nearby.
Chemical plant about 1 mile east to
southeast.
March 1978 to present.
63
-------
Agency Calibration and Quality Assurance Procedures
Texas Air Control Board:
Monthly Calibration
Oa - NBKI procedure using MEC 1000 ozone generator
NO - NOa permeation tube checked with wet chemistry, NO cylinder
referenced to NBS
TS, SOa, HaS - S02 permeation tube checked with wet chemistry
THC, CHij, CO - cylinder of CH /CO mixture referenced to NBS
Monthly output checks are made on permeation tubes with wet chemical
methods by an Austin based audit team - data is deleted where a 20% or more
drift is observed. A five point linearity check is performed on all analyzers
quarterly. Laboratory audits are conducted twice yearly in Austin.
Zero/span checks are made 3 days per week.
City of Houston:
Calibration every 45 days or sooner depending on daily zero/span results.
Os - NBKI procedure
NO - NBS referenced cylinder of NO
THC, CHij, CO - NBX referenced gas cylinder every 45 days
TS, S02, HaS - SOa permeation tube
Daily zero/span check
Oa - with MEC 1000 ozone generator
NO - with NOa permeation tube
THC\ CHij, CO - with NBS referenced gas cylinder
SOa - with SOa permeation tube
Radian Corporation:
Monthly multi-point calibrations on each analyzer
Daily automatic calibration by computer
NO - NBS referenced bottled NO span gas
SOa - SOa permeation tube
Permeation tube oven temperatures are checked monthly. All gas and
dilution air flows in calibration system are checked quarterly, and all
instrument flow rates are checked monthly or whenever a problem is suspec-
ted. Quality assurance audits are performed quarterly on all instruments.
Hi-vols are audited quarterly. Audit and calibration control limits for
data validation are _+ 20% for SOa and NO .
Continuous Criteria - Temporary Sites
Several air pollution studies in the Houston area have deployed con-
tinuous criteria monitoring sites, for periods up to three years, which are
no longer in operation. These studies are described in Table 4-1, and
more detailed descriptions of the monitoring sites from the more recent
studies are provided in Table 4-2. Locations of the monitoring sites de-
scribed in Table 4-2 are shown in Figures 4-3 and 4-4.
64
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71
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Figure 4-4. Temporary continuous criteria sites in the Houston area.
72
-------
Non-Continuous Criteria - Existing Sites
Over 50 non-continuous monitors are currently being operated by govern-
ment and private agencies in the Texas Gulf Coast Study Area. Figures 4-5
and 4-6 show the locations of these monitors. All of the non-continuous
sites have Hi-Vol monitors for TSP, and many also have gas bubblers
for oxides, NOa, NHs, and aldehydes. The Hi-Vol monitors are operated
only once every six days at government operated sites. Most Li-Vol samples
are evaluated for chemical composition. Table 4-3 lists the chemical para-
meters analyzed from TACB Hi-Vol samples.
Non-Continuous Criteria - Temporary Sites
Several of the studies listed in Table 4-1 have employed non-continuous
criteria monitoring on a temporary basis. Detailed measurements of hydro-
carbons and aerosols are of particular interest for the Texas Gulf Coast
Study. Detailed hydrocarbons (Ci - Ce) were analyzed during July 1973 and
July-August 1974 (University of Houston study), from air samples collected
at the following sites:
• University of Houston, Engineering Building,
• City of Houston trailer - Crawford,
• Pasadena Health Department (on Shaw Street),
• Washburn Tunnel,
• La Porte Civic Center (San Jacinto Street), and
• Downtown Houston and Pasadena by helicopter.
During the Houston Urban Plume Study, TEDLAR Bag samples, collected during
aircraft flights, were analyzed for hydrocarbon, and a Minnesota Aerosol
Analyzer System was used to measure particle size distribution during the
flights. Detailed light hydrocarbons were monitored, on a non-continuous
basis during July 1976, by Washington State University. Air samples were
collected routinely by WSU at three ground sites (Lang, Aldine, and Fuqua),
and periodically from aircraft flights over the Houston area. For the HAOS
study, respirable particulates were monitored by ERT at the Hornwood, Aldine,
Mae Drive, Crawford, and Fuqua sites from June 22 to November 1, 1977 (five
days per week). Also, RTI obtained about 400 samples for detailed hydro-
carbon analysis, from various sites, between June 22 and October 15, 1977.
Finally, detailed hydrocarbon analysis is planned from grab samples to be
obtained for the HAPS project during September and October 1978. Detailed
aerosol measurements will also be performed for the HAPS project.
73
-------
74
-------
Figure 4-6. Non-continuous criteria, existing monitoring sites,
at starred location.
75
-------
TABLE 4-3. TSP PARAMETERS IN THE TACB DATA FILE
Parameter
Particulate
Nitrate
Sulfate
Organics
Aluminum (Al)
Silicon (Si)
Fluoride
Chloride (Cl)
Arsenic (As)
Cadmium (Cd)
Beryllium (Be)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Bromide (Br)
Rubidium (Rb)
Zirconium (Zr)
Iodide (I)
Boron (B)
Thallium (Tl)
Chromium (Cr)
MDL*
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.8
0.8
0.006
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.08
0.1
0.08
0.06
Parameter
Copper (Cu)
Tin (Sn)
Antimony (sb)
Manganese (Mn)
Nickel (Ni)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Vanadium (V)
Titanium (Ti)
Zinc (Zn)
Cobalt (Co)
Calcium (Ca)
Sodium (Na)
Strontium (Sr)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Barium (Ba)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)
Germanium (Ge)
Selenium (Se)
MDL*
0.02
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.004
0.006
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.1
0.02
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
* MDL - Minimum detectable limit in micrograms per cubic meter
76
-------
AIR QUALITY DATA SUMMARIES
The remainder of this section is devoted to summaries of air quality
data from Texas Air Control Board continuous criteria monitors in the Houston
area.
Each page of the data summaries covers one year of data for one pollu-
tant at one site. The first line on each page gives the name of the site
(refer to the continuous criteria site descriptions at the beginning of the
section for site information), the year presented, and the pollutant pre-
sented. The number of observations (#OBS), arithmetic mean (MEAN), maxi-
mum hourly average (MAX), and the second highest hourly average (2ND MAX)
are listed by month and year. Months for which no data is available have
been omitted, and data for each site extends through October 1977. Hourly
variations of each pollutant, averaged over the year or period indicated
at the top of each page, are listed under the heading "ANNUAL DIURNAL TRENDS".
All pollutant units are parts per million (PPM) and times are Central Stan-
dard Time (GST).
77
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SECTION 5
ADDITIONAL METEOROLOGICAL DATA
In addition to the meteorological data monitored at the sites described
in Section 4, meteorological observations are made routinely by several
governmental organizations. This section provides a description of these
additional observations, as well as a summary of typical meteorological
conditions for the Houston area.
DESCRIPTION
Seven weather stations in the Houston area regularly report current
weather conditions, including cloud cover, visibility, precipitation occur-
rence, temperature, dew point (no dew point at Freeport), wind direction, and
wind speed. Table 5-1 lists information about the location, type of ob-
servation, and frequency of observation. Figure 5-1 displays the location
of these stations. Other stations reporting surface observations, surrounding
Houston, are located at Sabine Pass, Port Arthur, Lufkin, College Station,
Victoria, Palacious, and Port O'Connor.
The upper air observations made at Alvin are from radiosonde equipped
ballons tracked by theodolite. Temperature, dew point, wind direction,
and wind speed are derived from the observation. However, the wind data
cannot be obtained if the balloon passes into clouds, and observations are
not made on weekends. The nearest regularly reporting upper air stations are
located at Victoria, about 110 miles southwest of Houston, and at Lake
Charles, about 140 miles east of Houston. These two stations report tempera-
ture, dew point, and wind profiles twice daily, at 7 am and 7 pm CDT.
SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE HOUSTON AREA
Normals, means, and extremes from National Weather Service data for
Houston are provided in Table 5-3, and for Galveston in Table 5-4. Included
are temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, sunshine, and cloud cover
information. It should be noted that Houston data from before June 1, 1969
is from the Hobby Airport, while after that date the Houston data is from the
Intercontinental Airport. Wind roses fbr both of these airport locations
are shown in Figures 5-2 and 5-3. Each wind rose displays the frequency
of occurrence of wind direction and wind speed. The wind direction points
toward the center of the wind rose diagram, with the total frequency by
direction given to the outside (thus in Figure 5-2 the wind blows from the
north 10.21% of the time, from the north-northeast 4.79% of the time, etc.).
A scale for the wind speed frequencies is shown in the left lower corner.
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Figure 5-1. Houston area weather'reporting stations,
180
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TABLE 5-2. HOUSTON WEATHER SUWiARY - NORMALS, MEANS, AND EXTREMES
tf- !
•e ,
u- '
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ve are from existing and comparable exposures. Annual extremes have been exceeded at other sites in the
Highest temperature 108 in August 1909; lowest temperature 5 in January 1940 and earlier; fastest mile of
ch 1926.
ears, through 1977, based on January data.
ord for the 1941-1970 period.
most rerent in cases of multiple occurrence.
"ION - Record through 1963.
eed is fastest observed 1-minute value when the direction is in tens of degrees.
Means and extremes abc
locality as follows:
wind 84 from NW in Mar
(a) Length of record, y
NORMALS - Based on rec
DATE OF EXTREME - The
PREVAILING WIND DIREC1
FASTEST MILE WIND - Sf
181
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based on January data.
period.
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182
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NIND ROSE
9.6M
HIND SPEED
(KNOTS)
X CPLM3 - 9.1*0
• X
I X
tox
Figure 5-2. Wind Rose for Houston Intercontinental Airport (NWS) for the
years 1970-1976.
183
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N
WIND ROSE
WIND SPEED
(KNOTS)
XCBLMS - I.i3
o « s A to*
Figure 5-3. Wind Rose for Houston Hobby Airport (NWS) for the years 1959-1969.
184
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SECTION 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Citations included in the bibliography which follows were identified
through an online literature search of various bibliographic data bases,
an in-house literature search and through personal contacts. Abstracts
were included for citations when available. The majority of these abstracts
were provided by the APTIC data base of EPA, the NTIS data base of the U.S.
Department of Commerce, and the MGA data base of the American Meteorological
Society.
The citations were classified into the following four categories:
emissions, monitoring, meteorology and control. Each category is arranged
alphabetically by title.
Additions to the bibliography have been provided for inclusion of
citations identified since the publication of the draft of this report.
The arrangement of these additions is consistent with that of the bibliography,
being divided into the categories of emissions, monitoring, meteorology and
control. Citations are arranged alphabetically by title within each cate-
gory.
185
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EMISSIONS
083035
AIR POLLUTION IMPACT OF MARITIME SHIPPING OPERATIONS IN THE
PORT OF HOUSTON.
Cooper, Hal B. H. , Or. and Gnassan M. Mandi
Coastal Zone Manage. J., 1(4):415-432, 1974. 20 pefs.
COASTAL ZONE MANAGE 0 1974
TECH BIB Method of Support: NONE
The impact of maritime snipping operations on air- quality is
discussed, with particular reference to the port of Houston.
Major air pollutants from maritime shipping operations are
sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter
resulting from the comDustion of fuel oil during cruise,
Derth, and start-up modes. Sulfur oxide emissions are
substantial from steamsnips burning high-sulfur .residual fuel
oil, and nitrogen oxide emissions are significant during
Cruise conditions for ooth steamships and motor ships.
Particulate emissions are substantial during start-up and tube
cleaning. Offshore terminals for unloading large tanKers may
result in emissions of 10-20 tons of sulfur oxides daily per
snip and 3-5 tons of nitrogen oxides daily per ship during
pumping operations. Trace metal constituents present in the
oil may catalyze sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
oxidation, resulting in the production of sulfate and nitrate
aerosols in tne humid Texas Gulf Coast atmosphere. Shipping
contributes about' 66% of the total sulfur dioxide emissions
from transportation sources and almost 3% of the total for
Harris County, Texas. (Author abstract modified)
Descriptors: COMBUSTION GASES; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS;
POLLUTANTS; AEROSOLS; PARTICULATES; HOUSTON; AMERICA; NORTH
AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; HARBORS; BODIES OF WATER;
TOPOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS; VESSELS (MARINE); MOBILE EMISSION
SOURCES; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS; EMISSION FACTORS;
CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; NITRATES; NITROGEN
DIOXIDE (N025; NITROGEN OXIDES; OXIDES; SULFUR DIOXIDE? SULFUR
OXIDES; SULFATES; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; CHLORIDES; SULFIDES
Identifiers: FERRIC CHLORIDE; LEAD SULFIDE
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
010963
AIR POLLUTION. LIQUID WASTE INCINERATION.
L.W. Coleman, L.F. Cheek
Chem. Eng. Progr. . 64(9) -.84-87, Sept. 1968.
CHEM ENG PROGR HOUSTON TEXAS PLANT OF ROHM AND HAAS CO
186
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
1968
TECH Vlethod of Support: FELL CRT
The djsoosal of nonuniform liquid wastes created a problem
at the Houston, Texas plant of Rohm and Haas, Co. The wastes
which are residues from various chemical processes and units
consist Df gummy organics, light hydrocarbons, waxy solids,
and heavy, viscous oils. A specially designed incinerator,
which was developed to handle this nonuniform material, is
described in detail. The basic design appears applicable to a
wide range of problems.HH ,
Descriptors: POLLUTANTS; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; COMBUSTION
GASES; SOURCES; FUELS; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; FUEL GASES
5 NATURAL GAS; FURNACES; OIL BURNERS: INDUSTRIAL EMISSION
SOURCES; INCINERATORS (REFUSE); ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY
SERVICES; REFUSE SYSTEMS; SANITARY SERVICES; STACKS; CONTROL
METHODS; PROCESS MODIFICATION; FIRING METHODS; COMBUSTION AIR;
DESIGN CRITERIA; TEMPERATURE SENSING INSTRUMENTS;
THERMOCOUPLES; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES; COMBUSTION; CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSICAL STATES: , LIQUIDS; TEMPERATURE:
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; INCINERATORS. LIQUID
Identifiers: LIQUID WASTE INCINERATION
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
046543
AIR POLLUTION REPORT. FEDERAL FACILITIES. METROPOLITAN
HOUSTON- GALVESTON INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION.
Orr, Franklin M., Or.
Air Pollution Control Office, Rockville, Md., Federal
Facilities Branch, APTD-0998, 29p., July 1971. 7-refs.
1971
TECH Vlethod of Support: INHOUSE
USGRDR No.: NTIS, PB 209704
The status of Federally owned facilities within the
Metropolitan Houston-Galveston Air Quality Control Region is
presented with regard to the implementation of the objectives
of the Clean Air Act, as amended. Fuel (gas, oil, and coal)
usage, refuse disposal practices (incineration and open
burning) air pollution, and proposed abatement .measures are
reported for the 87 Federal installations within the Region.
The facilities within the Region annually emit a total of 443
tons of nitrogen oxides, 34 tons of particulates, 27 tons of
carbon monoxide, 11 tons of hydrocarbons, and 4 tons of sulfur
oxides. Federal facilities contribute substantially less than
0.1X -of the particulates, CO, and SOx emitted by all
stationary sources in the region. Aircraft and other
transportation sources are not included in the report,
although they are significant.
Descriptors: ABATEMENT; NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS; GOVERNMENTS;
ANNUAL; HOUSTON; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES;
URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; PARTICULATES; POLLUTANTS;
FUELS; SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; COAL; FUEL GASES;
FUEL OILS; INCINERATORS (REFUSE); ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY
SERVICES; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; REFUSE SYSTEMS;
SANITARY SERVICES; OPEN BURNING; BURNING; NON-INDUSTRIAL
EMISSION SOURCES (STATIONARY); EMISSION INVENTORIES; AIR
QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; HYDROCARBONS; CARBON MONOXIDE; OXIDES;
NITROGEN OXIDES; SULFUR OXIDES; TEXAS
Identifiers: GALVESTON
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
187
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
074278
AMBIENT SAMPLING FOR STATIONARY AMD MOBILE SOURCE
HYDROCARBONS IN HOUSTON, TEXAS.
McMurry, J. R., R. E. Flannery, L. H. Fowler, and D. U.
Uonnson
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
14p., 1975. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 63th, Boston, Mass., Oune 15-20,
1975, Paper 75-45.5.)
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC ANNU MEET 68TH BOSTON MASS 1975
1975
FLO Method of Support: NONE
The Texas Air Control Board conducted a study from January
tnrough February of 1975 to contrast the industrial and
vehicular C2-C5 hydrocarbon fractions at an urban and an
industrial site in Houston, Texas. One-hour integrated bag
samples «/ere collected and analyzed for C2-C5 hydrocarbons.
One site was located in the heavily industrialized ship
Channel area of Houston, and the other in the downtown area.
An automotive hydrocarbon signature, normalized to acetylene,
was obtained from samples collected in the Washburn Automotive
Tunnel. This sigture, or ratio, was used to derive the
vehicular contribution to the total hydrocarbon burden from
the acetylene measured at each site. The findings indicate
normal diurnal patterns of automotive hydrocarbons at each
site. More than 50% of the total C2-C5 hydrocarbon burden at
Doth sites can be attributed to industrial sources. (Author
abstract nodifled)
Descriptors: AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS;
ADMINISTRATION; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; DIURNAL: INDUSTRIAL AREAS;
ENGINE EXHAUSTS; ENGINE EMISSIONS; POLLUTANTS; COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES; STATIONARY
EMISSION SOURCES; AUTOMOBILES; LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES; MOBILE
EMISSION SOURCES; MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION
METHODS; HYDROCARBONS
Category! EMISSION SOURCES
Radian Corp.,
Area and line source emission Inventories for Houston. Texas and
vicinity, work plan.
EPA Contract No. 68-02-2608, Task 53.
Austin, TX, Aug. 1978.
21 The objective is to compile area and line
source emission inventories of the criteria
pollutants for grid-type AOSM's by determining
hourly enissions on weekdays and weekends in
Harris, Galveston, Brazorla, and Chambers
Counties, Texas, In 1975. The inventories
in both gridded area ^and line source format
will »l«o be consolidate.! into a data tape.
138
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
076185
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST EMISSION SURVEILLANCE ANALYSIS OF THE
FY73 PROGRAM.
Bernard, Jeffrey, Paul Donovan, and H. T. McAdams
Calspan Corp., Buffalo, N. Y., Office of Air and Waste
Management Contract 68-03-0486, Rept. EPA-460/3-75-007, 64p.,
July 1975. 5 refs.
1975
FLO Method of Support: CONTRACT
USGRDR No.: NTIS, PS 248600/AS
Exhaust emission tests were performed on 1080 in-use 1967
tnrougn 1974 model year automobiles and light trucks in six
cities: Los Angeles, Denver, Detroit, St. Louis, Houston, and
Newark. The mean hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen
oxide levels, averaged for all cities except Denver and Los
Angeles, mere: 5.78, 72.56, and 4.41 g/mi, respectively. The
corresponding figures for Denver were 6.87, 108.54, and 2.84
g/mi, respectively; and those for Los Angeles were 5.44,
65.21, and 3.27 g/mi, respectively. Light duty vehicles
snowed a general downward trend in hydrocaroons, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions from 1966-1967 model
years (pre-control in all cities except Los Angeles) to model
year 1973. The influence of the new nitrogen oxides standard
was especially noticeable. (Author summary modified)
Descriptors: AREA SURVEYS; ADMINISTRATION; AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; ENGINE OPERATING
CYCLES; ENGINE EXHAUSTS; ENGINE EMISSIONS; POLLUTANTS; URBAN
AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; INSPECTION; CONTROL METHODS;
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES; MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; MOTOR VEHICLE
SOURCES; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS; EMISSION FACTORS;
.HYOROCARBONS; CARBON MONOXIDE; OXIDES; NITROGEN OXIDES; TRENDS
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
AN - PB-264 381/5SL
TI - Background Information on Hydrocarbon Emissions from Marine
Terminal Operations, volume I. Discussion
TNO • F1n.il rept.
AU - Burkllr. c. E.; Col ley. 0. D.; Owen. M. L.
OS • Radian Corp., Austin. Tex.*Env1ronmental Protection Agency.
Research Triangle Park, N.C. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards.
PD - Nov 76; 225p
IS - U77H
PR - NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01
NO • See also Volume 2. PB-264 382.
- EPA/450/3-76/038a
CG - EPA-68-02-1319
CO - 21D: 68A; 05G: 97K
IT - 'Hydrocarbons; 'Marine terminals; 'Assessments: *Air pollution
control; Gasoline: Crude oils; Cost estimates; Economics;
Emission; Safety; Cargo transportntton; Loading procedures;
Unloading; Vapor phases; Refrigeration; Absorption; Incinerators;
Freight terminals: Chemical composition; Physical properties:
Chemical properties: Design criteria: Efficiency: Statistical
data: Detectors; Process charting; Chemical analysis
189
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
ST - Sources: Houston(Texas); Galveston(Texas); Los
Angcles(Cal 1 fomla): NT1SEPAAWM
AB - This report presents results of a study to develop background
1nformatixan necessary for the accurate assessment of hydrocarbon
emissions from ship and barge loading and unloading of gasoline
and crude oil. The report assesses marine terminal facilities,
marine terminal operations, cruise history and product movement
statistics, hydrocarbon emission rates and characteristics,
control technology state of the art. safety considerations of
marine terminal control technology and economics of controlling*
marine terminal emissions. The report also includes the results
of a detailed cost analysis for a refrigeration and an absorption
marine terminal vapor recovery system. Data gathering activities
focused on the Houston--Galveston area; however, Information was
also assembled on hydrocarbon emissions from marine terminal
operations in the metropolitan Los Angeles area generated by
handllrg of gasoline and crude oils. Including Alaskan north
slope crude.
AN - PB-264 382/35L
Tl - Background Information on Hydrocarbon Emissions from Marine
Terminal Operations. Volume II. Appendices
TNO - Final rept.
AU • Burklir. C. E. ; Col ley, J. D.; Owen, M. L.
OS - Radian Corp.. Austin. Tex.*Env1ronmental Protection Agency.
Research Triangle Park, N.C. Office of A1r Quality Planning and
Standards.
PD • Nov 76; 209p
IS - U7711
PR - NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01
NO - See also Volume 1. PB-264 381.
- EPA/450/3-76/038b
CG • EPA-68-02-1319
CC - 210; 68A; 850; 97K
IT - 'Hydrocarbons; -Marine terminals; 'Assessments: *A1r pollution
control; Tables(Data); Loading procedures; Unloading; Gasoline;
Crude oils; Concent rat ion(Composition); Incinerators; Absorption;
Refrigeration; Cargo transportation: Emission; Vapor phases:
Statistical data; Chemical analysis: Detection: Graphic methods;
Freight terminals: Efficiency; Cost estimates; Economics
ST - Houstor(Texas); Galveston(Texas); Los Angeles(Ca11fornia);
Sources: 'Air pollution sampling; N7ISEPAAWM
AB - This volume contains the appendices for volume one. It includes
Information on vessels transporting crude oil and gasoline In the
Houstor-Galveston area, vapor control system cost data, results
from industry test programs. Industry test data; radian emission
testing results, radian emission test data and trip reports, and
Independent analysis of vapor recovery system costs.
104011
Coatings Update Chapter 4. Pollution and the Paint Industry
Brushwel1, Wi11 lam
Am. Paint Coatings 0. 61(35):60-63, Feb. 7 1977
Ooc Type: J; Reviews (Technical)
Air pollution is considered as It affects the paint
190
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
Industry. In the last few years the Industry has made strong
•fforts t accommodate to tn« various pollution regulations
tnat nave been issued. Points discussed include: the cost of
inflation as it relates to the increased concern for pollution
free environmental air; the average cost increase due to
reformulation to meet requirements as found in specific
coatings and paints; future trends relative to emissions
regulations; technical and economic information which will aid
tne Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in. estaolishing
appropriate standards; and the future of hydrocarbon emission
regulations in the surface coatings industry. Other topics
covered include trie figures released by the EPA for varous
cities such as Los Angeles; San Francisco; Houston; New York
City; Washington, 0. C.; Beaumont, Texas; and Phoenix-Tucson
regarding their air polluting hydrocarbon emissions. The
problem of air pollution relative to the paint industry in
England is mentioned. (9 Refs)
Descriptors: Control Agencies; Economics; Costs; Legal
Aspects; Regulations; Standards; America; North America;
United States; Arizona; California; Los Angeles: San Francisco
; New York State; New YorK City; Texas; Houston; Washington 0
C; Eurooe: Western Europe; United Kindgom; Great Britain;
Sources; Stationary Emission Sources; Industrial Emission
Sources; Manufacturing Industries; Paints and Allied
Production; Surface Coating Operations; Hydrocarbons; Trends
Category: Emission Sources; Emission Sources (Stationary)
043300
DRIVING AND VEHICLE USE PATTERNS IN MAJOR METROPOLITAN
CITIES- PHASE I.
Lamoureux, Robert L.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
2>5p. , 1972. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami Beach, Fla., June
18-22, 1972, Paper 72-17G.)
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC ANNU MEET 65TH MIAMI BEACH FLA
1972
FLD Method of Support: CONTRACT
Approximately 1000 volunteer participants in six U. S.
cities (Los Angeles, California; Houston, Texas; Cincinnati,
Ohio; Chicago, Illinois; Minneapolis - St. Paul, Minnesota;
and New York, New York) had their automobiles instrumented
with recording speedometers for one week. The data collected
by these instruments, supplemented by data, entered into
logbooks by the participating drivers, were analyzed to
identify significant patterns of driving .behavior and
automobile use. The results of the survey were used as a
basis- for subsequent studies directed toward developing the
operations data (Phase II) and also to amend the 1972 CBS
Federal Test Procedure to provide for cold-hot weighting. The
autos surveyed made over 30,000 trips covering over 228,000
miles. On weekdays, the average driver made four and a half
trips/day, spent one hour and 19 minutes on the road, and
covered ooout 34 miles. On weekends he drove less, about four
trips/day, about an hour on the road, and only 26 miles/day.
Time distribution of trips, reasons for trips, and use of
freeways were studied.
191
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
Descriptors: LOS ANGELES; AMERICA; CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA
; UNITED STATES; CHICAGO; ILLINOIS; MINNESOTA; NEW YORK CITY:
NEW YORK STATE; CINCINNATI; OHIO; HOUSTON; TEXAS; URBAN AREAS;
METROPOLITAN AREAS; AUTOMOBILES; LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES; MOBILE
EMISSION SOURCES; MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES; SOURCES;
TRANSPORTATION METHODS; MINNESOTA
Identifiers: MINNEAPOLIS-ST, PAUL
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
005591
EMISSIONS FROM WET PROCESS CLINKER COOLER AND FINISH MILL
SYSTEMS AT IDEAL CEMENT COMPANY, HOUSTON, TEXAS. (FINAL
REPORT) .
Riley, Clyde E.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs, Kept. 71-MM-06, 57p., March 29,
1972. 1 ref.
1972
FLO Method of Support: INHOUSE
An Office of Air Programs source emission test is reported
for sampling conducted at the Houston, Texas wet process plant
of the Ideal Cement Company. Three particulate runs were
performed at each stacK for a total of six runs. Clinker
cooler emissions (based on the probe, cyclone, and filter
catches) ranged from 0.0253 to 0.0448 Ibs/ton of feed.
Emissions from the finish mill grinder baghouse were between
0.0120 and 0.0201 Ib/ton of feed. (Author summary modified)
Descriptors: CEMENTS; CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS: MATERIALS:
STACK GASES; POLLUTANTS; WASTE GASES; COMBUSTION GASES:
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; PARTICULATES; MINERAL PROCESSING:
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION
SOURCES; PARTICULATE SAMPLING; SAMPLING METHODS; STACK
MONITORING; MEASUREMENT METHODS: MONITORING: SOURCE MONITORING
; BAG FILTERS: CONTROL EQUIPMENT-GAS STREAMS: FABRIC FILTERS:
FILTERS; CONTROL EQUIPMENT - GAS STREAMS; COOLING: CHEMICAL
AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; HEAT TRANSFER: COOLING
Identifiers: CLINKER COOLER
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
040097
HOUSTON-GALVESTON AIR POLLUTION EMISSION INVENTORY.
Mason, David V.
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Dunham, N.
C., Air Quality and Emission Data Div., Office of Air Programs
Pub-APTD-0818, 59p., July 1969. 11 refs.
1969
FLO Method of Supoort: INHOUSE
USGROR No.: NT IS, PB 207691
Estimates are provided of total emissions of oxides of
sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and
particulate matter. The emissions of these pollutants are
delineated with respect to source type, season of the year,
and geograpnical distriout ion. Source categories considered
were stationary fuel combustion, transportation (vehicles,
aircraft, trains, and ships), solid waste disposal, industrial
192
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
process losses, and evaporative losses. Facilities that
emitted large quantities of air pollutants were considered
individually. In 1967 there were 143,000 tons of sulfur
oxides emitted, 155,000 tons of particulates, 1,066,400 tons
of cart/on monoxide, 291,000 tons of hydrocarbons, and 213,000
tons of nitrogen oxides. Industrial processes accounted for
93X of the sulfur oxides, 84% of particulates, and 62% of
hydrocarbons. Road vehicles contributed 76% of carbon
monoxide. Nitrogen oxides emissions were fairly evenly
divided between industrial fuel use, 32X; road vehicles, 2lXj
industrial processes, 21%: and steam electric sources, 21X.
Descriptors: AREA SURVEYS; ADMINISTRATION; AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; SEASONAL; HOUSTON:
AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREAS:
METROPOLITAN AREAS; FUEL EVAPORATION; ENGINE EMISSIONS:
POLLUTANTS; PARTICULATES; SOURCES; FUELS; STATIONARY EMISSION
SOURCES; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; ELECTRIC POWER
GENERATION; ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES; STEAK
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION; REFUSE SYSTEMS: SANITARY SERVICES:
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES (STATIONARY); TRANSPORTATION
METHODS; MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES', AIRCRAFT: VESSELS (MARINE):
MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES; RAILROAD VEHICLES; EMISSION INVENTORIES
; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; HYDROCARBONS; CARBON MONOXIDE:
OXIDES; NITROGEN OXIDES; SULFUR OXIDES; TEXAS
Identifiers: GALVESTON
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
PB-279 409/7SL
Houston Urban Plume Study - 1974, Description and Data
Final rept.
Brock, uarnes R.
Texas Univ. at Austin. Dept. of Chemical
Engineering.* Environmental Sciences Research Lab.. Research
Triangle Park, N.C,
PD • Apr 78; 259p
IS - U7815
PR - NTIS Prices: PC A12/MF A01
• EPA/600/3-78-04et>
CG - EPA-RS03560
CC - 133; 63A; 91A
IT - *Air pollution; *Aeroso1s; *Plumes; Management planning:
Atmospheric composition; Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides: Ozone;
Carbon monoxide; Budgets; Texas; Wind(Meteorology ) ;
Concent rat 1 on(Composi11on); Industrial wastes; Combustion
products; Aerial surveys; Particles
ST - 'Houston(Texas); NT1SEPAORD
AB • Tho 1974 Houston Urban Plume Study (HUPS) was undertaken as a
preliminary Investigation of some of the unresolved features of
Houston's air pollution problem. HUPS was Intended specifically
to galr limited information on the spatial and temporal
distribution oF air pollutants--particular1y, primary and
secondary aerosols--in the Houston area as an aid should a later
intensive investigation of aerosol character and transport be
needed. Aerial measurements were made of the principal pollutants
(S02. NOx, 03, CO. aerosol) of the Houston area. Wind-field
measurements were also made. These data were used to estimate
pollutant budgets. Values for S02 and NOx (14 metric tons/hr and
193
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
40 metric tons/hr. respectively) were reasonably comparable with
values derived from emissions inventories of the Texas Air
Control Board (13 and 24 metric tons/hr. respectively). On the
basis of the limited sampling period, the industrial area (east
of dowrtown Houston) apparently is the major contributor of
prin-ary air pollutants in the Houston area. In the morning hours
above the mixed layer, relatively large o?one concentrations
(max. 0.2 ppm ) •-aImost certainly of photochemical --or 1 gin were
found that correlated closely with light scattering aerosol, thus
indicating the existence above the mixed layer of strong
secondary aerosol sources.
082771
IDLE FUEL CONSUMPTION IN PASSENGER CARS.
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Mich.,
Technology Assessment and Evaluation Brancn (Editors)
Preprint, 9p., July 1975.
1975
LAB Method of Support: INHOUSE
Passenger cars (1972-1974 model years) using conventional
gasoline engines and representative of in-use-vehicles were
selected from the areas of Denver, Detroit, and Houston for
measurements of idle mass emissions and fuel consumption. The
average idle mass emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
and nitrogen oxides were 0.90, 16.4, and 0.25 g/min,
respectively. Fuel consumption at idle averaged 0.82 gal/hr.
Diesel and stratified cnarge vehicles snowed significantly
lower Idle fuel consumption than did conventional vehicles.
Oescriptors: ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES; ENGINE EXHAUSTS;
ENGINE EMISSIONS; POLLUTANTS; INSPECTION; CONTROL METHODS;
DIESEL ENGINES; ENGINES; INTERNAL COVIBUSTION ENGINES; POWER
SOURCES; SOURCES; SPARK IGNITION ENGINES; STRATIFIED CHARGE
ENGINES; HYDROCARBONS; CARBON MONOXIDE; OXIDES; NITROGEN
OXIDES; ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES
Identifiers: IDLE MODE
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
004876
THE NEED FOR A POLLUTION-FREE VEHICLE.
A. H. S^eet, B. J. Steigerwald, and
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
exposure to pollution, in some cases only slowing the rate of
growth. Application of 50% control in 1968 and 80% in 1973
fails to reduce emission densities below 50% of the present.
Air quality criteria may demand more significant reduction.
perhaps attainable only by the substitution of pollution-free
vehicles. (Authors' abstract)**
Descriptors: CALIFORNIA; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED
STATES; LOS ANGELES; COLORADO; CONNECTICUT; GEORGIA; ATLANTA:
ILLINOIS; CHICAGO; MARYLAND; NEW YORK STATE; NEW YORK CITY;
TEXAS; HOUSTON; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; POLLUTANTS:
ENGINE EMISSIONS; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS; YIOBILE
EMISSION SOURCES; PO.VER SOURCES; INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES:
ENGINES; MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES; CONTROL METHODS: AUTOMOTIVE
EMISSION CONTROL: CARBON MONOXIDE: OXIDES
Identifiers: BALTIMORE (MARYLAND); DENVER. COLORADO:
HARTFORD, CONN.
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
Littman, Fred E., Robert.W. Griscom, and Otto Klein,
Regional f\ir Vcillutlon f^tudy (PsAPS) , point source emission inventory.
final~~report.
Creve Coeur, MO, Rockwell International, Atomics International
Division, Air Monitoring Center, July 1976.
Air pollution-emission inventories; *Air pollution-emission factors;
Sampling and sample handling; Air pollution-sources-stationary! Hydrocarboi
air pollution; S0,-air pollution; NO -air pollution; CO-air p.ollution; Air
pollution-particufate emissions-measurement; Air quality-data handling;
Emissions data from stationary point sources in the St. Louis Inter-
state AQCR have bsen gathered during the calendar year of 1975. Data for
"criteria" pollutants - S02> NOX> Particulates, CO and Hydrocarbons - will
be available on an hourly basis. Emissions from large sources are based
on hourly, measured values of pertinent operating parameters. Those from
smaller sources, between 10 and 1000 tons per year of S02, for example.
are based on annual data modified by a detailed operating pattern.
015388
REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE METROPOLITAN
HOUSTON-GALVESTON INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
(TEXAS).
Texas Air Control Board, Austin (Editors)
Washington, National Air Pollution Control Administration,
1969, 27p. 5 refs.
1969
FLO Method of Support: NONE
A proposal is presented in accordance with the Air Quality
Act of 1967 to abate air pollution in the metropolitan
Houston-Galveston area comprising the following counties:
Harris, Galveston, Brazoria, Fort Bend, Waller, Montgomery,
Chambers, and Liberty. Regional boundary designations include
evaluations of topography, meteorology, emission inventory,
air quality analysis, suspended particulate air levels, sulfur
195
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
oxide levels, and carbon monoxide levels. Urban factors with
respect to population and industry are also taken into
consideration. The major sources of emission were recorded as
transportation, combustion fiels, refuse disposal, and
industrial processes, and were located in Harris, Galveston,
Brazoria, and Fort Bend counties. The proposed area satisfies
tne following criteria for determining area size: A region
Should be self-contained with respect to air pollution sources
and receptors; boundaries should be designed to .meet not only
present out also future conditions; and boundaries should be
compatible with and even foster unified and cooperative
governmental administration of the air resources throughout
the region.
Descriptors: TEXAS; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;
URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; PARTICULATES; POLLUTANTS;
FUELS; SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; INDUSTRIAL
EMISSION SOURCES; SEWERAGE SYSTEMS; ELECTRIC, GAS, AND
SANITARY SERVICES; SANITARY SERVICES; NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION
SOURCES (STATIONARY); TRANSPORTATION METHODS; MOBILE EMISSION
SOURCES; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; EMISSION INVENTORIES;
METEOROLOGY; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; CARBON MONOXIDE; OXIDES;
SULFUR OXIDES; ABATEMENT; AREA SURVEYS; ADMINISTRATION; AIR
QUALITY MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; PROPOSALS;
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; GOVERNMENTS; CLEAN AIR ACT; LEGAL
ASPECTS; LEGISLATION; PLANNING AND ZONING; AREA EMISSION
ALLOCATIONS
Category: LEGAL AND ADMIN; EMISSION SOURCES; CONTROL METHODS
041838
SMOG SCRAMBLE SPANS NATION.
Chem. Eng. News, 32(12):1108-1113, March 22, 1954.
CHEM ENG NEWS 1954
TECH Viet hod of Support: NONE
Contaminants, their sources, climatic conditions.
Surrounding terrain—all make control an enigma peculiar to
each area. Many eastern cities have good records in reducing
air pollution, such as Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Cincinnati.
Pollution sources are indicated for New York City, San
Francisco, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and several parts of
tne South. Official agencies responsible for air pollution in
these areas are mentioned as well as their abatement programs.
Air pollution in Oregon and Washington State is also
considered. Health effects of air pollution are cited, and
the London fog of 1952 is discussed. The participation of
professional chemical organizations in air pollution abatement
1s mentioned.
Descriptors: ABATEMENT; CHEMISTS; PERSONNEL; TECHNICAL
SOCIETIES; HEALTH IMPAIRMENT; DISEASES AND DISORDERS; LOS
ANGELES; AMERICA; CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;
SAN FRANCISCO; LONDON; EUROPE; GREAT BRITAIN; UNITED KINGDOM;
WESTERN EUROPE; CHICAGO; ILLINOIS; NEW YORK CITY; NEW YORK
STATE; OREGON; HOUSTON; TEXAS; WASHINGTON (STATE); URBAN AREAS
; METROPOLITAN AREAS; SMOG; PARTICULATES; POLLUTANTS;
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES; FOG; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA}
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC); METEOROLOGY
Category: GENERAL
196
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
062669
A STUDY OF EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES IN DENVER,
HOUSTON AND CHICAGO. FISCAL YEAR 1972.
Liljedahl, Douglas R.
Automotive Testing LaDs., Inc., Aurora, Colo., Environmental
Protection Agency Contract 68-01-0455, Rept. APTD-1504, 1B2p.,
July 1973.
1973
LAB FLO Method of Support: CONTRACT
USGRDR No.: NTIS, PB 232115/AS
Results are presented from a laboratory study of emissions
from light duty vehicles (1966-1972 model years) operating in
Denver, Houston, and Chicago. Exhaust emission tests for
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
oxides wore conducted according to the 1975 Federal Test
Procedures on vehicles as received, while evaporative emission
tests wore conducted using a modified version of the Society
of Automotive Engineers, SAE our 1); wash Ingtonlcll str let of
Columbia); automobile exhaust; Onp
AB - A comprehensive study of emissions from light duty vehicles was
i performed in six cities of the United States to determine the
contribution to atmospheric pollution by the vehicle population.
Over 1.000 vehicles of the 1957 through 1971 model years were
tested to determine the levels of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide.
197
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen exhaust emissions.
Evaporative emission tests using the Shed technique were
performed on a subsample of vehicles 1n Los Angeles and Denver.-
Comprehensive statistical analyses of emission results by city.
manufacturer, make, model year and engine class are presented.
076088
A STUDY OF EMISSIONS FROM 1967-1974 LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES IN
DENVER, HOUSTON, AND DETROIT.
Liljedahl, D. R. and J. L. Terry
Automotive Testing Laos., Inc., Aurora, Colo., Office of Air
and Waste Management Contract 68-03-0388, Rept.
EPA-460/3-74-015, 438P-, Oct. 1974.
1974
FLO Metnod of Support: CONTRACT
USGRDR No.: NTIS, PB 24583G/AS
Exhaust emission tests were performed on 540 vehicles
(1967-1974 model year) operating in Denver, Houston, and
Detroit. Each vehicle was examined in an as-received
condition using the 1975 Federal Test Procedure. Evaporative
emission tests were also performed on 20 1973 model-year
venlcles in tne Denver area. A variety of additional exhaust
emission tests under different vehicle operating conditions
were also performed. Model emissions data were developed from
75 of tne 1972, 1973, and 1974 model-year venicles in each
state using tne Surveillance Driving Sequence and steady state
testing procedures. Mean hydrocarbon, caroon monoxide, and
nitrogen oxido emissions from vehicles in the Denver area
were: G.17, 99.0, and 2.87 g/mf, respectively. Vehicles in
the Houston nrea snowed mean values of 5.20, 70.7, and 5.39
g/mi, respectively; wnile vehicles in the Detroit area showed
mean levels of 5.85, 66.8, and 5.31 g/iii, respectively.
Descriptors: AREA SURVEYS; ADMINISTRATION; AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; ENGINE OPERATING
CYCLES; ENGINC EXHAUSTS; ENGINE EMISSIONS; POLLUTANTS; FUEL
EVAPORATION; COLORADO; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;
DETROIT; MICHIGAN; HOUSTON; TEXAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS:
INSPECTION; CONTROL METHODS; MOTOR yEHICLE SOURCES; MOBILE
EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS; SOURCE
MONITORING; MEASUREMENT METHODS; MONITORING; HYDROCARBONS;
CARBON MONOXIDE; OXIDES; NITROGEN OXIDES; COLORADO; ENGINE
OPERATING CYCLES
Identifiers: DENVER; STEADY-STATE TEST; SURVEILLANCE DRIVING
SEQUENCE; 1975 FEDERAL TEST PROCEDURE
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
AN - PB-274 560/2SL
TI • Study of Exhaust Emissions from 1965 through 1975 Model Yean
Light-Duty Vehicles In Houston. Chicago, and Phoenix
AU - Liljedahl. Douglas R.: Terry, derry L.
OS - Automotive Testing Labs., Inc.. Aurora. Colo.'Environmental
Protection Agency. Ann Arbor. Mich. Emission Control Technology
D1v.
PO - Apr 76; 639p
IS • U7804
198
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
PR - NTIS Prices: PC A99/MF A01
• EPA/460/3-76/001
CG - EPA-68-03-2183
CC - 13B; 68A
IT • »Exhaust emissions: *A1r pollution; Sources; Texas: Arizona;
Illinois; Standards: Sampling; Concentrat1on(Compos)tIon);
Tables!Data): Metropolitan areas
ST - »Llght duty vehicles; PhoenixfArizona): Ch1cago(1111no1s):
Houstor(Texas): *Air pollution sampling: Emission factors;
NTISEPAMAP
AB - Emission tests were performed on a sairple of I'ght-duty vehicles
operating In the Chicago. Houston and Phoenix metropolitan areas.
All vehicles were tested in the as-received condition by the
current Federal Test Procedure. The majority of vehicles were
tested In connection with the development of emission factors.
Many of these were also tested using the Surveillance Driving
Sequence and Steady State Procedures for emission factors
development. Fifteen vehicles were additionally tested using
these modal procedures to establish emission factors for loaded
vehicles and vehicles towing trailers.
TI - Study of Exhaust Emissions from 1966 through 1976 Model-Year
Light-Duty Vehicles In Denver, Chicago. Houston and Phoenix
AU - LHjedahl. Douglas R. ; Terry. Jerry L. -
OS - Automotive Testing Labs.. Inc.. Aurora. Colo.'Environmental
Protection Agency. Ann Arbor, M1ch. Emission Control Technology
Div.
PD • Aug 77; 803p
IS - U7817
PR - NTIS Prices: PC A99/MF A01
- EPA/460/3-77/005
CG • EPA-68-03-2378
CC - 13B: 68A
IT - *Air pollution: 'Exhaust emissions: Motor vehicles: Tests.
Sulfates; Fuel consumption; Evaporation; Data analysis:
Tables!Data): Hydrocarbons: Carbon monoxide;. Carbon dioxide;
N1trogen oxides •
ST • "Light duty vehicles: 'Emission factors: Procedures: Fugitive
emissions; NTISEPAIVAP
AB • Emission tests were performed .on a sample of light-duty vehicles
operating in the Chicago. Houston. Phoenix and Denver
metropolitan areas. These tests wore performed for the
determination of light-duty vehicle emission factors. All
vehicles were tested in the as-rcrelved condit-on by the Federal
Test Proceaure. Other tests included the Highway Fuel Economy
Test, Modal Emission Tests, the Federal Short Cycle Test, a
composite of the New Jersey ACID Test and the New York Short
Test, the Clayton Keymode Test, the Two Speed Idle Test and the
Federal Three Mode Test. A Revised Federal Three Mode Test and
the Sulfate Emission Test were also performed. The Phoenix sample
Included twenty diesel-powered vehicles which were tested by the
dlesel version of the Federal Test Procedure, the Highway Fuel
Economy Test and Modal Emission Tests. Evaporative Emission Tests
by the SHED procedure were also conducted on twenty vehicles in
Denver. (Portions of this document are not fully legible)
199
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
10 f.'O.- MJA29C30I24
Urban aid industrial air pollution in Houston, Texas, Pt. 1,
Hydrocarbons.
SiUJiqi, Az • z
Ail* Quality Management Program, Copt, of Chc'in. Engr., Univ.
ofHou'oton, TX.
Atmospheric Environment, Oxford, 11(2): 131-143, Feb. 1977.
Refs. DAS, OLC (TD8S1.A8)
CTRY OF P'J3l:UK
During the summer of 1973 and 1974, ambient air samples were
collected at sites in do.M.nto.vn Houston -?nd the nearby Pasadena
and La Po:*te industrial complex to determine the hydrocarbon
con-position in relation to emission sources- Ground level
samoles wore collected at one-hour intervals and analyzed for
C.SUS 1.-C.SJ3 6. hydrocarbons without c'elay to avoid any
sa™ I e deterioration resulting from stoiviQe. In addition, at
selected times, helicopters sere us-.d to i.;.n-ole at 500- and
1000-ft elevation. Meteorological conditions were recorded,
and their effects on the hycirccarb"n composition were
evaluated. As expected, the hydrocarbon spectrum of downtown
Houston air resembled that of auto exhaust and showed a strong
cieoendence upon traffic density and local meteorology. The
hydrocarbon COICDOSI t ion at the industrial sites largely
depended upon the ,vi nd direction and tr.a i'i i tucie , i.e., local
point sources. Tnis study n;-is also inches tod removal of some
of t!*e hyjrocai-Dons by the photochemical reactions.
DESCRIPTORS: Hydrocarbons in air; Urban atmospheric
pollution; Industrial atmospheric pollution; Houston, Texas
047602
VEHICLE OPERATIONS SURVEY. VOLUME II. (FINAL REPORT).
Scott Research Labs., Inc., San Bernardino, Calif. (Editors)
Coordinating Research Council, Inc. and Office of Air
Programs Proj. CAPE-10-68 (1-70), SRL 2922-13-1271, APTD-1298,
148o., Dec. 17, 1971.
1971
THEO LAB Method of Support: CONTRACT
USGRDR No.: NTIS, PB 210844
Automobile driving patterns were defined, determined, and
typified in terms of operating modes. Data were collected in
five major metropolitan areas and subsequently combined to
form an overall composite of urban driving patterns. Traffic
survey routes were also constructed for Los Angeles, Houston,
Cincinnati, Chicago, and New York City. The data were
processed to identify and summarize the basic vehicle
operating modes', acceleration, deceleration, cruise, and idle.
Mode characteristics such as frequency of occurrence, total
duration, average duration, and transition probability were
defined in matrix form, Supplementary information was
ootained on average trip speed, acceleration-deceleration
profiles, and manifold vacuum rates at various cruise
conditions. Pattern similarities between cities and
variability within a city were also defined. A road route
representing the overall five-city composite was constructed
in Detroit. Detailed information on instrumentation, survey
route design, data processing, and program results is
presented. (Author summary modified)
200
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
Descriptors: LOS ANGELES"; AMERICA; CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA
! UNITED STATES; CHICAGO; ILLINOIS; DETROIT; MICHIGAN; NEW
YORK CITY; NEW YORK STATE; CINCINNATI; OHIO; HOUSTON; TEXAS;
URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES;
SOURCES; OPERATING VARIABLES; AUTOMOBILES; LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
I MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES;
TRANSPORTATION METHODS; DATA ANALYSIS; DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS;
INSTRUMENTATION; MAPPING; RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
Category: EMISSION SOURCES
047601
VEHICLE OPERATIONS SURVEY. VOLUME I. (FINAL REPORT).
Scott Research Labs., Inc., San Bernadino, Calif. (Editors)
Coordinating Research Council, Inc. and Office of Air
Programs CRC-APRAC Proj. CAPE-10-68 (1-70), SRL 2922-13-1271,
APTD-1297, 148p., Dec. 17, 1971. 10 refs.
1971
THEO FLO Method of Support: CONTRACT
USGROR No.: NTIS, P8 210640
Automobile driving patterns are defined, determined, and
typified in terms of operating modes. Data were collected in
five major metropolitan areas and subsequently combined to
form an overall composite of urban driving patterns. Traffic
survey routes were also constructed for Los Angeles, Houston,
Cincinnati, Chicago, and New York City. The data were
processed to identify and summarize the basic vehicle
operating modes: acceleration, deceleration, cruise, and Idle.
Modo characteristics such as fpequency of occurrence, total
duration, average duration, and transition probability were
defined in matrix form. Supplementary information was
obtained on average trip speed, acceleration-deceleration
profiles, and manifold vacuum rates at various cruise
conditions. Pattern similarities between cities and
variability within a city were also defined. A road route
representing the overall five-city composite was constructed
in Detroit. Program objectives, procedures, and analysis of
results are presented. (Author summary modified)
Descriptors: LOS ANGELES; AMERICA; CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA
; UNITED STATES; CHICAGO; ILLINOIS; DETROIT; MICHIGAN; NEW
YORK CITY; NEW YORK STATE; CINCINNATI; .OHIO; HOUSTON; TEXAS;
URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; E.NGINE OPERATING CYCLES!
SOURCES; OPERATING VARIABLES; AUTOMOBILES; LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
; MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES:
TRANSPORTATION METHODS; MAPPING; DATA ANALYSIS; DATA HANDLING
SYSTEMS; RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
Category: EM1SSION SOURCES
201
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Texas Air Control Board, Data Listing,
Aldehydes in Houston's Air 1973-1976.
Austin, 1'X, Jan. 1977.
•Aldehydes-air pollution} Texas-air pollution;
Houston, TX-air pollution;
Radian Corp.,
Air quality monitoring resources identification and evaluation North-
««st corridor and Texas Gulf Coast Regions, final report. 2 vols.
DCN 78-100-153-03, API Contract.
Austin, TX, Jan. 1978.
*Air pollution-monitoring; Air quality-data; Monitoring-instrumentation;
Sampling and sample handling;
Radian Corp. ,
Aldehydes monitoring, draft report.
DCN 78-100-169-01, HOAS Contract.
Austin, TX, Jan. 1978.
*Aldehydes-monitoring; Aldehydes-sampling; Formaldehyde-monitoring;
Gas chromatography-applications; Houston, TX-air pollution; Haze; Sampling
and sample handling;
One-hour samples were collected for total aldehydes and
formaldehyde analysis at two sites in Houston from 5 a.m. to 5 p.m.
(CUT) during the period from August 3 to October 13, 1977. Addi-
tionally, four 3-hour samples were taken for a ten day period at
each site and analyzed for Ci-Cs aldehydes on a gas chromatograph.
A considerable number of the one-hour sanples were below
the miniiaum detectable limit of the total aldehydes and formalde-
hyde analytical procedures. For the detailed sampling for C»-C»
aldehydes, all samples were below the miniiaum detectable.
Texas Air Control Board, Technical Support Program, Air Quality Evaluation
Division,
Ambient air quality survey Kountze, Beaumont. Port Arthur, and McFaadin
Beach, Texas.
Austin, TX, April 1974.
Air pollution-monitoring; Monitoring; *Texas-air pollution; Air pollution-
meteorological factors; Air pollution-particulate emissions-meteorological
factors; Air pollution-particulate emissions-monitoring; CO-monitoringj
Methane-monitoring; Hydrocarbons-monitorinjs; SO?-monitoring; N02-
202
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Monitoring; Ozone-monitoring; Photochemical pollutants-monitoring; Wind
direction;
An ambient air quality survey was conducted from April 12 through
October 2, 1973> in the Southeast Texas Air Quality Control Region.
The mobile monitoring station used to conduct the study was equipped
to monitor continuously levels of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, total hydrocarbons, methane, and carbon monoxide. Twenty-
four-hour suspended particulate samples collected at the station
throughout the study were analyzed for 31 elements. Recording or
wind speed and direction allowed analysis of pollution levels to
be performed as a function of wind direction.
070471
ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
ZlatKis, Albert
Houston Univ., Tex., National Aeronautics and Space
Administration Contract NAS9- 82SO, NASA Case MSC-14428-1,
44p., 1974 (?). 1 ref.
1974
LAB FLO Method of Support: NONE
USGROR No.: NTIS, N74-19776
A system for gas chromatograpnic analysis of a wide range of
volatile organic compounds in air and water smaplest
biological samples, body fluids and petroleum samples is
described which permits greater speed, reproducibility, and
composition discrimination tnan prior art devices. A oorous
polymer of 2,6-dipheny1-p-phenylene oxide is used as the
adsorbent. The system includes a sample trap for capturing
and enriching the organic volatiles. an injector port for
directly injecting the entrapped organic volatiles into a
cryogenic precolumn. and a capillary separating column. The
solid adsorbent used in the sample trap has the following
properties: high affinity for volatile organic compounds,
hydrophobicity, temperature stability up to 400 C, good
desorption capability, and relative inertness to the sample.
The injector port is formed of a hollow body having inlet and
outlet ports. The sample trap is inserted into the body of
the injector port and maintained in sealed engagement with the
outlet port. The injector port is placed onto an injector
heater of a gas chromatograph to effect desorption of the
entrapped volatiles. Helium gas is introduced at the inlet
port to carry the volatiles directly into the cryogenic
precolumn. The gas chromatographic capillary separating
column is formed of etched nickel which facilitates the
separation of a large number of specific organic comoounds
from a very small amount of organic volatiles. Approximately
100 substances, almost exclusively hydrocarbons, were
identified with the system suing air samples from various
locations in the Houston area.
Descriptors: BODY FLUIDS; BIOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS;
FUEL OILS; FUELS; SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY; ANALYTICAL METHODS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRAPPING
(SAMPLING); GAS SAMPLING; SAMPLING METHODS: DESIGN CRITERIA;
HYDROCARBONS; VAPORS; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA;
PHYSICAL STATES
Category: MEASUREMENT METH
203
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
AN - PB-264 590/1SL
TI - Analytical and Experimental Assessment of Highway Impact on Air
Qua I(ty
TNO • Research rept.
AU • Bullin. u. A.; PolaseK.
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
investigated. Secondary reflectance targets (bulk storage
tanks) were located in tne industrial area of Houston and near
Galveston Bay. These areas experienced high and low ambient
air aerosol mass loadings. Film/filter channels were used to
define frequency bandwidtns. Multi-channel remote sensor data
were obtained by microdensitometry and used to calculate the
aerosol extinction coefficient. These were 3.583 and 3.853
respectively. Houston and Texas air sampling .network high
volume suspended particulate data were used to generate
computer isopleth maps of suspended particulates over the test
site areas. On-site 5 hr high-volume measurements were also
conducted to establish the mass loading of the atmosphere, 70
micrograms/cu m in the industrial section. In addition, a
5-channel nephelometer was used to collect data at the site.
After demonstrating that the data best fit the Junge aerosol
distribution, linear regression analyses were used to
calculcte the scattering coefficients, whicn were 1.997 and
1.422 resoectively. (Author abstract modified)
Descriptors: SURVEY METHODS; ADMINISTRATION; AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; FEASIBILITY STUDIES;
HOUSTON; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES;
INDUSTRIAL AREAS; AEROSOLS; PARTICULATES; POLLUTANTS;
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES; MISSILE AND SPACECRAFT LAUNCH VEHICLES
J MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS;
MONITORING; MEASUREMENT METHODS; COMPUTERS; . MAPPING;
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES; STATISTICAL ANALYSES
Category: MEASUREMENT METH
016875
ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS.
McCaldin, R. 0., L. W. Johnson, and N. T. Stephens
Science, 166(37031:381-382. Oct. 17. 1969. 3 nefs.
SCIENCE 1969
TECH Method of Support: NONE
Measurements of particle counts and size distributions of
atmospheric aerosols have been made of various locations by
use of an instrumented aircraft. The number of atmosoheMc
particulates is related to the visibility. (Author's
Abstract)
Descriptors: ARIZONA; AMERICA: NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES:
FLORIDA; NEW MEXICO: TEXAS; HOUSTON; URBAN AREAS: METROPOLITAN
AREAS; FORESTS; TOPOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS; OCEANS: BODIES OF WATER
-, POLLUTANTS; PARTICULATES; AEROSOLS; SOURCES: INDUSTRIAL
EMISSION SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; CHEMICAL
PROCESSES; KRAFT (SULFATE) PULPING; MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES:
PAPER AND ALLIED MANUFACTURING; PULP" \ULLS: ELECTRIC POWER
GENERATION; ELECTRIC, GAS. AND SANITARY SERVICES:
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES (STATIONARY): OPEN BURNING:
BURNING: TRANSPORTATION METHODS; \JOBILE EMISSION SOURCES:
AIRCRAFT; MEASUREMENT METHODS; PARTICLE COUNTING; PARTICLE
INVESTIGATION METHODS; PARTICULATE CLASSIFICATION METHODS:
PARTICLE SIZE; AEROSOL PHENOMENA; PARTICLE SIZE. SHAPE, AND
STRUCTURE; PARTICULATE PROPERTIES; SAMPLING METHODSl
PARTICULATE SAMPLING
Category: MEASUREMENT METH
205
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Radian Corp.,
Carbon monoxide field survey In downtown Houston. Texas, revised
draft report."
DCN 77-100-044-16-03, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1383, Task 16.
Austin, TX, Radian Corp., Hay 1977.
•Carbon monoxide-air pollution; Houston, TX-air pollution; Air pollution
monitoring;
Carbon monoxide concentrations in urban areas are
affected by several factors. Because motor vehicles are the
major source of CO emissions, traffic volume, vehicle speed
and the condition (or absence) of vehicle emission control :
" devices all affect CO levels. The dispersion of CO emissions
is determined by air transport (ventilation) which can'be severe-
ly restricted in. downtown "street canyons." In a major metro-
politan area such as Houston, Texas, high traffic volumes mov-
ing at slow speeds, through downtown streets bounded by tall
buildings could produce high CO concentrations.
037683
THE C(12)/C(13) RATIO AS AN INDICATOR OF AIR POLLUTION.
Atkins, Patrick R.
Isotop. Radiat. Technol., 8(4)'.381-385, 1971. 15 refs.
(Presented at the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd.
Washington, D. C., Dec. 1970, Paper CP 37C.)
ISOTOP RADIAT THECHNOL 1971
LAB FLO Method of Support: NONE
The use of stable isotopes of atmospheric constituents as
natural tracers of pollutants and as indicators of general
levels of pollution was investigated. Carbon dioxide samples
were collected t>y freeze-out and precipitation procedures anci
the C(12)/C(13) ratios of the samples were determined. The
ratio in atmospheric C02 was calculated in several field tests
and provided information about both the degree and influences
of major sources of pollution in specified areas. Freeze-out
sampling was less convenient but more reliable and probably
more accurate than precipitation. The results of tests in
Austin and Houston, Tex., on samples taken in traffic
conditions and in a brewery, oil refinery, and steel mill are
tabulated. Similar studies of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur
could give information about the sources of sulfur oxides and
nitrogen oxides present in polluted air. (Author abstract
mod i f i ed)
Descriptors: CARBON BLACK; CARBON; MATERIALS; FUELS; SOURCES
; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; MEASUREMENT METHODS; SAMPLING
METHODS; TRACERS; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; DISPERSION:
PRECIPITATION; METEOROLOGY; CARBON DIOXIDE; OXIDES; FREEZING:
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; COOLING: HEAT TRANSFER:
ISOTOPES
Category: MEASUREMENT METH
206
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
026263
A CENTRALIZED INCINERATION FACILITY FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISPOSAL.
Faatz, Albert C.
Water Sewage Works, 116(R.N.):R-197-R199. R201-R202. Nov.
20, 1969. 1 ref. (Presented at the National Pollution Control
Conference and Exposition. 2nd Annual. Houston. Tex., April
22-24, 1969.)
WATER SEWAGE WORKS 1969
TECH Method of Support: NONE
An incineration facility to be constructed on the Houston
Ship Channel will have a capacity of 15,000 tons of waste per
month, representing about 20-25% of the quantity of waste from
the area chemical plants available for treatment. The
facility's location will make it available by barge, truck, or
rail car. Incoming receipts will be divided into three
categories. Those that can be atomized or otherwise converted
into small particles will be treate in a 'liquid' furnace that
is basically an adiabatic combustion chamber. Materials
having large contents of ash or inorganic noncondensibles will
be incinerated in a rotary hearth. Materials that are
relatively large in size and those that burn slowly will be
incinerated in a rotary kiln. Combustion gases from the three
incinerators will be combined, then taken to a secondary
combustion furnace where oxidation of potential or actual gas
pollutants will be completed. This chamber is designed to
combine the three essential elements of combustion—time,
temperature, and turbu 1 ence--in such a manner as to complete
burning of soot, hydrocarbon vapors, of sulfur-containing
materials, and of odor or smog-producing compounds. Before
passing to the stack, the combustion gases will be treated in
a wet scrubber for the simultaneous removal of particulates.
sulfur oxides, and hydrogen chloride. As pressures to conform
to pollution control regulations become more severe, a
centralized facility such as that described may be the only
alternative to plant shut-down.
Descriptors: STACK GASES: POLLUTANTS; WASTE GASES:
COMBUSTION GASES; COMBUSTION PRODUCT'S; SOOT; PARTICULATES:
SETTLING PARTICLES; FURNACES; SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION
SOURCES; CHEMICAL PROCESSES; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES:
INCINERATORS (REFUSE); ELECTRIC. GAS. AND SANITARY SERVICES:
REFUSE SYSTEMS; SANITARY SERVICES; ,KILNS: NON-INDUSTRIAL
EMISSION SOURCES (STATIONARY); SCRUBBERS; CONTROL
EQUIPMENT-GAS STREAMS; CONTROL EQUIPMENT - GAS STREAMS; SOX
CONTROL; CONTROL METHODS; WASTE GAS CONTROL; DESIGN CRITERIA:
HYDROCHLORIC ACID; ACIDS; INORGANIC ACIDS! HYDROCARBONS:
SULFUR COMPOUNDS; OXIDATION; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA:
CHEMICAL REACTIONS; COMBUSTION
Category: CONTROL METHODS; EMISSION SOURCES
003477
CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN
THE AIR OF SOME AMERICAN CITIES.
L. A. Chambers, E. C. Tabor, and M. J .Foter
A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health 16, 17-26, July 1957. (Presented at
the 48th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Detroit, Ylich., May 23-26, 1955.) anon,
AMA ARCH IND HEALTH 1957
FLO Method of Supoort: FELL CRT
207
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
A broad trend toward correlation between the average
concentration of participates and the size of population has
been noted. In addition, seasonal loading distributions
indicate that relatively high concentrations of participates
occur predominantly in the fall and winter seasons in cities
throughout the nation, in spite of wide differences in
household fuel use and winter heating requirements. The
variations encountered with respect to the acetone-soluble
fraction and preliminary efforts at analysis of these organic
substances are discussed. The sampling program at present
includes more than 30 metropolitan complexes in the United
States and Alaska and 1 in England. Areas involved are:
Anchorage, Alaska: Atlanta; Boston; Charleston, W. Va.;
Chattanooga, Term.; Chicago; Cincinnati; Denver; -Detroit; East
Chicago, Ind. ; Fort Worth, Texas; Frederick, Md. ; Houston,
Texas: Kansas City, Kan.; Kansas City, Mo.; London, England;
Los Angeles; Louisville; Minneapolis; New Jersey (11 towns and
cities); New Orleans; New York; Philadelphia; Portland, Ore.;
Providence, R. I . ; Salt Lake City; San Francisco; Tampa, Fla.;
Washington, D.C.; Waterbury, Conn.; Windsor, Ontario. Hit
Descriptors: ALASKA; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;
CALIFORNIA; LOS ANGELES; SAN FRANCISCO; COLORADO; CONNECTICUT;
EUROPE; GREAT BRITAIN; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE; LONDON;
FLORIDA; GEORGIA; ATLANTA; ILLINOIS; CHICAGO; INDIANA; KANSAS;
KENTUCKY; LOUISIANA; NEW ORLEANS: MARYLAND; MASSACHUSETTS;
MICHIGAN; DETROIT; MISSOURI; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK STATE; NEW
YORK CITY: OHIO; CINCINNATI; OREGON; PENNSYLVANIA;
PHILADELPHIA; RHODE ISLAND; TENNESSEE; TEXAS; URSAN AREAS;
METROPOLITAN AREAS; UTAH; WASHINGTON D C: ' WEST VIRGINIA;
POLLUTANTS; PARTICULATES; DERYLLIOSIS: DISEASES AND DISORDERS;
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; CARCINOGENS; MEASUREMENT METHODS;
SAMPLING METHODS; PARTICULATE SAMPLING; CZECHOSLOVAKIA;
EASTERN EUROPE; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES
Category: AIR QUALITY MEAS
Hidy, 6.M., et al.,
Characterization of aerosols in California, final report,
vol. 1, revised.
Rockwell International Scidnce Cntr., April 1975.
•Aerosols-properties; aerosols-analysis; aerosols formation; air
pollution-monitoring;
. • This report discusses the results of a major field study aimed at
characterizing suspended particles (aerosols) in California air. Particular
emphasis was placed on the haze identified with air pollution in the South
Coast Air Basin. The program, named the ACHEX, was sponsored under
California Legislative Bill No. 848.
The Investigations were designed to use the newest techniques of
measurement to characterize the aerosols in considerable detail. Several
nethods involving the determination of physical and chemical properties
were developed and implemented during the course of the ACHEX.
208
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Hidy, G.M., et al.,
Characterization of aerosols in California, final report,
vols. 2,3, and 4.
Rockwell International Science Cntr., Sept. 1974.
*Aerosols-properties; aerosols-analysis; aerosols-formation;
aerosols-monitoring; air pollution;
Some of the more pressing questions of air pollution requiring improved
knowledge are those dealing with aerosols. Although airborne particles repre-
sent a small fraction of the trace constituent loading in air, they con;:.';hute
significantly to environmental degradation as a potential hazard to healtS,
a visibility reducer, and a possible agent of weather modification. Despite
many years of investigation, the origins and evolution of atmospheric aerosols
remain poorly understood quantitatively, compared with trace gases. Recognizinc
this, the California Air Resources Board (ARB) sponsored the California Aerosol
Characterization Experiment (ACHEX), a major experiment in air chemistry
devoted to a detailed study of aerosols in urban and remote sites of California
005574
A COMPARISON OF PARTICULATE LOAOINQS IN THE ATMOSPHERES OF
CERTAIN AMERICAN CITIES.
I. A. Chambers, M. J. Fote.r, and J. Cholak
Proc. Nat I. Air Pollution Symp., 3rd. Pasadena, Calif..
1955. pp. 24-32.
PROC NATL AIR POLLUTION SYMP 3RD PASADENA CALIF 1955 1955
FLD PROC Method of Support: FELL CRT
A program of high-volume air sa-nplinq and analysis of
particulars material was undertaKen in a total of more than 30
cities. Each sampling site was chosen to represent the
Composite of air pollutants characteristic of an area. Each
sample for analysis represents the total of particulate matter
1n sizes down to 0.3 micron removed from approximately 2.000
Cubic meters of air during a 24 hour period. The results of
particulate analyses are grouped in tables according to urban
and nonurban areas, population, and size of city. Seasonal
distribution in major cities is also graphically
illustrated.**
Descriptors: ALASKA; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES:
CALIFORNIA; LOS ANGELES; SAN FRANCISCO; GEORGIA: ATLANTA;
ILLINOIS; CHICAGO; KANSAS; KENTUCKY; MAINE: MARYLAND; MICHIGAN
; DETROIT; MISSISSIPPI; MISSOURI: NEW YORK STATE; NEW YORK
CITY; OHIO; 'CINCINNATI; PENNSYLVANIA; PHILADELPHIA; TEXAS:
HOUSTON; UTAH; WEST VIRGINIA; NON-METROPOLITAN AREAS: URBAN
AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS: POLLUTANTS: PARTICULATES; ARSENIC
COMPOUNDS; CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; FLUORINE COMPOUNDS; METAL
COMPOUNDS; BERYLLIUVI COMPOUNDS: CHROV1IUM COMPOUNDS: COPPER
COMPOUNDS; IRON COMPOUNDS: LEAD COMPOUNDS: MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
J MANGANESE COMPOUNDS; SILVER COMPOUNDS: SODIUM COMPOUNDS:
STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS: TITANIUM COMPOUNDS; VANADIUM COMPOUNDS:
ZINC COMPOUNDS; NITRATES; POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS: SULFUR
COMPOUNDS; SULFATES; ADMINISTRATION; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; AIR
QUALITY MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; AREA SURVEYS; AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENTS
Category: AIR QUALITY MEAS
209
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Texas Air Control Board,
Continuous Monitoring Network Data Summary, annual reports
for 1974 through 1977. Austin, TX.
Kamens, Richard M. and Harvey E. Jeffries,
A critical review of ambient air aldehyde measurement methods and an
analysis of Houston aldehyde data, part 1, review of measurement
methods.
Chapel Hill, NC, University 6f North Carolina, Dept. of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, undated.
Air quality data; Photochemical pollutants-monitoring; *Aldehydes-air
pollution; Houston, Tx.-air pollution; Texas-air pollution;
Aldehydes are a group of compounds which have double bonded oxygen
atoms on a terminal carbon atom of an organic molecule. They are often
represented chemically as R-CMO, where R is either a hydrocarbon atom or ,
a saturated or unsaturated organic group. Formaldehyde, the first-member
of the aliphatic (saturated) homologous group, has the chemical formula
of H-CHO. Acetaldehyde, the next member, has the formula CHj-CHO and
propionaldehyde, the third, CH3-CH2-CHO. Acrolein, the smallest unsatu-
rated aldehyde, has a structure similar to propionaldehyde except that a
double bond appears between the first and second carbon atoms, CH2=CH-CHO.
A 11st of saturated and unsaturated aldehydes along with boiling points,
toxicities, and uses 1s given 1n Appendix A (Stahl, 1969).
044234
DIFFERENCES IN METAL AREAL DISTRIBUTION DISPLAYED BY
TREND-SURFACE ANALYSIS.
Severs, Richard K. and Leslie A. Chambers
Arcn Environ. Health, 25(2):139-145, Aug. 1972. 8 refs.
ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH 1972
FLO Mothod of Support: NONE
Trend-surface computer maps were prepared to estimate the
areal concentration isopleths of cadmium, copper, magnesium,
manganese, lead, and zinc, suspended particulates, and the
associated benzene- soluble concentrations which occurred on
April 13, 1970. The samples were collected from a 17-station
ambient air surveillance network in Houston and then analyzed.
A comparison of maps indicates important areal differences
in the distribution of all pollutants. Suggestions are made
as to how these maps could be used for further studies based
on areal data. (Author abstract modified)
Descriptors: AREA SURVEYS; ADMINISTRATION; AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; HOUSTON; AMERICA;
NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN
210
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
AREAS; SUSPENDED PARTICIPATES; PARTICIPATES; POLLUTANTS;
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; AIR
QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; COMPUTERS; MAPPING; METAL COMPOUNDS;
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS: COPPER COMPOUNDS; LEAD COMPOUNDS; MAGNESIUM
COMPOUNDS; MANGANESE COMPOUNDS; ZINC COMPOUNDS
Category: AIR QUALITY MEAS
024227
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MN AND BR IN AN URBAN AREA AS REVEALED
THROUGH ACTIVATION ANALYSIS.
Randerson, Darryl
Atmos. Environ., 4(3):249-257, May 1970. 8 refs.
ATMOS ENVIRON 1970
FLO Method of Support: RES CRT
In an attempt to identify some of the components of air
pollution in Houston, fifteen high-volume samplers were
operated continuously for 24-hr periods. The major industries
in Houston consist of oil refineries and petrochemical plants
as well as secondary manufacturers such as steel mills,
fertilizer companies, and paper mills. Filter papers from one
day of sampling were irradiated in a thermal neutron flux and
the resulting radio- nuclides were identified. Manganese and
Dromine were detected. The primary source of Mn compounds
probably would be process losses from cement companies,
Chemical companies, and a steel mill located upwind from the
sampling stations, while it is proposed that the Br compounds
may have originated from ethyl fuel combustion. During one
24-hr- period, the concentrations of Mn ranged from 0.02 to
0.56 micrograms inverse cu m while those of Br ranged from
0.04 to 1.09 micrograms inverse cu m. The spatial
distributions of these two elements were related to the
meteorological conditions. Patterns of concentration appeared
to be related to the predominant direction of wind. Depending
on the elements to be detected, the average cost .per sample is
estimated to be between $50 and $100. (Author abstract
modi f i ed)
Descriptors: COSTS; ECONOMICS; CEMENTS; CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS; MATERIALS; STEEL; IRON; METALS; HOUSTON; AMERICA;
NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; ENGINE EMISSIONS;
POLLUTANTS: CHEMICAL PROCESSES; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES:
SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; PETROLEUM REFINING;
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES; PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
J AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL PLANTS; CHEMICALS AND ALLIED
MANUFACTURING; PAPER MILLS; PAPER AND ALLIED MANUFACTURING;
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION; MINING; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS;
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; ANALYTICAL METHODS; CONTINUOUS
MONITORING; MEASUREMENT METHODS; MONITORING; HI-VOL SAMPLERS;
SAMPLERS; SAMPLING METHODS; METEOROLOGY; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA
J WINDS; ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; BROMINE; HALOGEN GASES;
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS; METAL COMPOUNDS
Category: MEASUREMENT METH; EMISSION SOURCES; AIR QUALITY
MEAS
211
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
055165
EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR
ODOROUS COMPOUNDS IN STATIONARY SOURCES. VOL. II, FIELD
TESTING. (FINAL REPORT JUNE 1971 TO DEC 31, 1972).
Hal 1, H. U.
Esso Research and Engineering Company, Linden, N. J.,
Government Research Lab., Environmental Protection Agency
Contract 68-02-0219, EPA-R2- 73-180, Program Element 1A1010,
GRU.2DJAB.73, 161p., March 1973. 7 refs.
1973
FLD Metnod of Support: CONTRACT
USGROR No.: NTIS, PB 223654/AS
Various instruments wnicn are commercially available for the
measurement of hydrogen sulfide and reduced-sulfur odorants in
StacK emissions were evaluated under field conditions. None
of the instruments tested was able to provide a routine
analysis for H2S/TRS or for individual S compounds at emission
levels in both the refinery and pulp mill tests. The Barton
coulometer nas given satisfactory field service for years in a
number of Kraft paper mills. It cannot give absolute values
and readings are directly proportional to sample flow rate;
tne addition of a flow rate controller is recommended. The
system cannot be depended on to define the amount or absence
of either H2S or sulfur dioxide at 1 ppm or less in the
presence of 10 ppm of the other, nor can It measure either
total S or total reduced S compounds correctly in the presence
of S02 and COS or CS2. The Bendix gas Chromatograph/Flame
photometric detector has a more stable zero and superior
stability compared with tne Barton. With a 1 cc sample, the
upper limit of linearity 'S 30 to 50 ppm for carbonyl sulfide
and 80 to 120 ppm for H2S, S02, and methyl mercaptan. The
instrument requires skilled maintenance. The Houston Atlas
system for sample pyrolysis and catalytic reduction to H2S is
promising for further development and suitable for use with a
simple taoe sensor; its operation was basically satisfactory.
Minimum requirements for future instruments are specified.
Descriptors: STACK GASES; POLLUTANTS; WASTE GASES;
COMBUSTION GASES; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; PETROLEUM REFINING;
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES;
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY; SOURCES; STATIONARY
EMISSION SOURCES; CHEYIICAL PROCESSES; KRAFT (SULFATE) PULPING;
PAPER AND ALLIED MANUFACTURING; PULP MILLS; POTENTIOMETRIC
METHODS; ANALYTICAL METHODS; CHEMICAL METHODS; ELECTROCHEMICAL
METHODS; FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR (CO); CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS
CHRQMATOGRAPHY; MONITORING; MEASUREMENT METHODS; PHOTOMETRIC
METHODS; GAS SAMPLING; SAMPLING METHODS; SOURCE MONITORING;
FIELD TESTS; INSTRUMENTATION; MERCAPTANS; SULFUR ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS; SULFUR DIOXIDE; OXIDES; SULFUR OXIDES; HYDROGEN
SULFIDE; SULFIOES; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS
Identifiers: COULOMETRY
Category: MEASUREMENT METH
212
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Radian Corp.,
HAOS aldehydes monitoring program.
DCN 78-100-169-02, HAOS Contract No. Ox-6,
Austin, TX, April 1978.
Houston, Texas-air pollution; Texas-air pollution; *Aldehydes~sampling;
3as chromatography-applications; Air pollution-monitoring;
One-hour samples were collected for total aldehydes
and formaldehyde analysis at two sites in Houston from 5 a.m. to
5 p.m. (CDT) during the period from August 3 to October 13, 1977.
Additionally, 3-hour samples were taken four times a day for a
ten-day period at each site and analyzed for Cj-Ct aldehydes on
a gas chroaatograph.
Of the 295 samples analyzed for total aldehydes at
Aldine, 65 percent were below the minimum detectable levels
(Table V-l), while 94 percent of the formaldehyde samples at
Aldine were below the minimum detectable levels (Table V-2).
Of the 353 samples from Fuqua analyzed for total aldehydes, 58
percent were below the minimum detectable levels .(Table V-3),
and 96 percent of the 255 samples analyzed for formaldehyde at
Fuqua were below the minimum detectable levels (Table V-4).
The maximum value reported for total aldehydes is 63 wg/m* mea-
sured at Aldine. The highest formaldehyde value reported is
16 vg/m* at Aldine.
For the detailed sampling for Cz-Ct aldehydes, all
samples were below the minimum detectable level for the chro-
matographic analysis.
From Tables V-l through V-4, it appears that total
aldehydes were present, but in low concentrations. Formaldehyde
was the major constituent of the total aldehydes on some occa-
sions, but not always.
Jones, B.C.,
Hydrocarbon sampling, final report.
DCN 78-100-171-01, HAOS Contracttfo.
Austin, TX, Radian Corp., Feb. 1978.
Hydrocarbons-sampling; Texas-air pollution; *Houston, Texas-air pollution;
Sampling and sample handling;
Hydrocarbon samples were collected in stainless steel "
cans by Radian Corporation. Clean, evacuated cans were supplied
213
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
by Research Triangle Institute. After sampling the cans were
returned to Research Triangle Institute for detailed hydrocarbon
analysis.
Samples were collected daily from 6:00 to 9:00 a.m.
on a daily basis at one of three primary sampling sites. Special
samples also were collected. During pollution episodes, upwind-
downwind and/or areawide samples were collected. In addition,
special samples were collected in a forest and at an offshore
oil well platform. Samples also were collected from an air-
craft.
057195
IMPROVED TITRILOG SENSITIVITY. PART II. FIELD PERFORMANCE
AND EVALUATION.
McKee, Herbert C. and William L. RoUwitz
\i. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 8(4):338-340, .Feb. 1959. 1
ref.
d AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC ' 1959
LAB FLO Method of Support: NONE
Since sulfur dioxide was considered to be the best single
indicator of overall air-pollution levels in Houston, a
Titrilog was modified for actual field use in.recording the
variation in the S02 concentrations in different sections of
tne city. Increasing the instrument s sensitivity by a factor
of 10 introduced noise and drift problems, the first of which
was corrected by reducing the bandwidth of the input circuit
with a sinple BC low-pass filter. To correct the drift, th«
zero-suppression of the Titrilog was adjusted so tnat pure air
on the reading was 20 to 30. In actual operation, drift of
the zero point beyond the lower end of the scale was the most
serious difficulty, and the instrument was set to record a
zero reading once an hour. For field use, the Titrilog was
installed in a small trailer readily moved to wherever 110-v
power was available. The instrument required a minimum of
maintenance. Inspection can be limited to twice a week.
Descriptors: PORTABLE; HOUSTON; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA:
TEXAS; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREAS; \1ETROPOLI TAN AREAS; AIR
QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; ANALYTICAL METHODS; DESIGN CRITERIA:
FIELD TESTS; INSTRUMENTATION; RECORDING METHODS; SULFUR
DIOXIDE; OXIDES; SULFUR OXIDES; RECORDING METHODS
Identifiers: YEAR 1959; TITRILOG
Category: MEASUREMENT METH
214
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Ltaderer, Brian P., et al.,
"Light, scattering measurements of the New York Summer Aerosol",
Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference, New
Orleans, LA, May 1977.
Continuous hourly lighc scattering measurements taken during July and
August 1976 as part of the New York Summer Aerosol Study (NTSAS) are presented.
long-path light extinction measurements were taken at 0.4416um utilizing a laser
transmissometer system employing a He-Cd laser. The extinction coefficient for
scattered light, as an index for visibility, was measured and the hourly total
volume of particles between O.lum and 1.3ym Cthe size range associate with
.visible light scattering) were calculated from number size distribution measurements.
A strong relationship was observed between light scattering and water
soluble sulfates indicating that sulfates dominated light scattering in- the New
York summer aerosol.
Westberg, H., K. Allwine and E. Robinson,
Measurement of light hydrocarbons and studies of oxidant transport
beyond urban areas, Houston Study - 1976^final report.
EPA Contract No. 68-02-2298.
Pullman, WA, Washington State University, Chemical Engineering
Dept., May 1978.
During the month of July, 1976, Washington State University carried
out an extensive air pollutant monitoring program in the Houston area. This
field study involved ground sampling plus use of an instrumented aircraft.
Measurements included ozone, oxides of nitrogen, PAN, methane, carbon mon-
oxide. Individual hydrocarbons (Cj-C^), halocarbons, condensation nuclei
and visual distance plus numerous meteorological parameters. Specific areas
of Interest in this study included; 1) oxidant formation and transport with-
in the Houston urban plume, 2) relationships between ozone layers aloft and
the vertical temperature profile, 3) composition and effects of refinery and
petrochemical emissions on the local Houston air mass, and 4) identification
and quantisation of individual C2-C]0 hydrocarbons in the Houston atmos-
phere. Results of this field program are presented with special emphasis
placed on oxidant production and transport In the Houston area.
215
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
102709
Measurements of Photodegraded C2-C5 Hydrocarbons from
Aerosol Participates Collected in Houston. Texas
Nahm, James J. W.
' Ozone/Oxidants Interactions with Total Environ. pp.
157-165 Pittsburgh, Pa.. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 1978
Ooc Type: C: ORIGINAL (LABORATORY)
CAS Registry No: 74-85-1 115-07-1 624-64-6 106-98-9 115-11-7
The photodogradation of aerosol particulates by ultraviolet
radiation was investigated in conjunction with the
measurements of desorbed C2-C5 hydrocarbons (HO from aerosol
particulntes. Particulates containing adsorbed hydrocarbons
were irradiated in an ultrapure nitrogen environment with
artificial UV radiation sources, having maximum emission at
3550 A and 2535 A. After irradiation. the particulates
released hydrocarbons with compositions quite, different from
hydrocarbons desorbed under similar conditions without
irradiation. A 30-min irradiation of particulates with two
15-W black lamps yielded 60 nl/gm total hydrocarbons with 50%
olefins and a two-hour irradiation with two 15-W mercury lamps
yields 11.000 nl/gm with 70% olefins. A nine-month measurement
of atmospheric hydrocarbons in the Houston area indicates that
an average value of the olefin content is 23%. The major
products from the photodegradation are ethylene and propylene.
Small amounts of C4 olefins such as 1-butene. isobutylene and
t-butene-2 are also present in the photodegraded hydrocarbons.
(16 Refs)
Descriptors: AEROSOLS: PARTICULATES; POLLUTANTS; BUTENES:
ETHYLENE: OLEFINS; ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS: HYDROCARBONS;
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS; CHEMICAL REACTIONS; CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; LIGHT RADIATION:
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA
Category: BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Radian Corp.,
Monthly air monitoring report Houston Lighting and Power Company
•twelve station network July 1974, report No. 1.
Radian Project No. 100-047, Houston Lighting and Power Contract.
Austin, TX, Oct. 1974.
pollution; Air pollution-particulate emissions-monitoring; NOx-
air pollution; Air pollution -monitoring; *Houston, Texas -air pollution;
Air pollution-meteorological factors;
Radian Corporation is under contract to Houston Lighting
and Power Company to provide ambient air quality monitoring at
twelve locations in the Houston metropolitan area. Each monitoring
station senses and records concentrations for particulates, nitro-
gen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. Various meteorological parameters
such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature and relative
humidity are monitored also. The data provides useful information
regarding pollution concentration and their correlation to vary-
ing meteorological conditions.
216
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
104336
A Hew Adsorbent for the Concentration and Analysis of
Volatile Organic Compounds in the Environment
ZlatKis, Albert; Bertsch, Wolfgang
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Inst. for
Occupational Safety and Health
N10SH Solid Sorbents Roundtable, Second, Cincinnati, Ohio,
1973 pp. 107-120, July 1976
Note: (Dec. 5-6.) (E. Vernon Ballou, ed.)
Doc Type'- U; Original (Laboratory)
Report No.: Rept. HEW (NIOSH) 76-193
A new adsorbent, Tenax GC (2,6-dipheny1-p-phenyiene oxide),
for the concentration and analysis of volatile organic
compounds in the environment, is described. Experimental worK
on the analysis of flavors utilizing Tenax GC revealed that
Tenax GC fulfilled both requirements of efficient adsorptivity
and desorptivity, as it can sustain relatively high
temperatures (375 C limit). Samples were desorbed at 200-300 C
with good reproducibi1ity, and regeneration was> effected at
375 C. Tenax GC was evaluated for air analysis. Samples
considered to be representative of urban, industrial, and
agricultural environments were taken at various locations
around Houston, Texas. Approximately 100 substances, almost
exclusively hydrocarbons, were identified by mass
spectrometry. Alkanes represented the major part, especially
at the low molecular weight end of the spectrum, whereas
substituted aromatics were more abundant for the high
molecular weiqht end. As expected, automobiles are the major
source of volatiles in the air. This work is being continued
and the principles of selective detection and selective
adsorption will be applied to substances of physiological
interest. (7 Refs)
Descriptors: Pollutants: Air Quality Measurements; Chemical
Composition; Combustibles and Volatiles: Analytical Methods:
Spectrometry; Mass Spectrometry; Sampling Methods: Samplers:
Chemical 'and Physical Phenomena; Adsorption Phenomena:
Chemical and Physical Properties; Temperture; Volatility:
Weight; Sources; Mobile Emission Sources! Transportation
Methods; Motor Vehicle Sources;, Liqht-Duty Vehicles:
Automobiles; America; North America: United States: Texas:
Houston; Industrial Areas; Metropolitan Areas: Urban Areas:
Non-Metropolitan Areas; Farms; Hydrocarbons; Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons; Cyclic Alkanes; Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Category: Measurement Methods (Categorical); Measurement
Methods (Ambient Air and Emissions)
Laird, A.R. and R.W. Miksad,
"Observations on the particulate chlorine distribution in the
Houston-Galvaston area",
Atmoa. Env. 12. 1537-42 (1978).
Abstract—The chlorine component of tout suspended particulate (TSP) measured in the
Houjton-Galveston area during 10 days in June and September, 1975 has been examined for spatial
variation and correlation with wind speed. The background concentrations of chlorine vary over an order of
magnitude (from 0.2 to 6.6 pgm"3), and are found to depend on wind speed and direction. Higher
background concentrations are associated with inland penetration of fresh marine air from the Gulf of
Mexico. These background [Cl] variations are taken into account in order to identify anthropogenic [Cl]
sources. Significant non-marine sources of [Cl], located in the industrialized Pasadena-Houston Ship
Channel area, are evident in our data.
217
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Wbrley, F.L., Jr., A.A. Siddiqi, an'd L.R. LaMotte,
Ozone episode documentation project report.
Houston, TX, University of Houston, April 1977.
Air quality data; *Houstort, TX-air pollution; Air pollution-sources-
mobile; Ozone-air pollution;
Manual and computer aided analysis of the Texas Air Control Board (TACB)
continuous isonitoring station data (1975) plus selected City of Houston data
has been carried out. This report describes data handling procedures,
statistical methods employed and presents observations and correlations
developed using the data. Problems related to completeness of data sets and
inadequate meteorological data are discussed.
The more significant findings center around the apparent major role
played by non-stationary sources in determining the maximum daily ozone
concentration. This effect was observed time and again and gives strong
emphasis to the impact of vehicular sources in this state. Analysis of
episode periods does not provide any verification that frontal passage has
a major role. The dominant meterological variable appears to be local wind
speed, i.e. extended periods of low wind speed are necessary for-high ozone
levels. A secondary observation involves subsidence of stratospheric air
and appears to preceed episodes.
Caution is recommended in using the above correlations and observations
because the sample size is quite small and as a result statistically not
reliable.
Johnson, Carl E., et al., Ozone Concentrations Along
the Upper Texas Gulf Coast April. May. June 1972, 2nd
ed., Austin, Tx., Texas State Department of Health,
Air Pollution Control Services, Air Quality Evaluation
Program, Aug. 1972.
218
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Wallis, Roger R., et al., Ozone Concentrations in Rural
and Industrial-Urban Centers in Texas,1 Austin,! Tx.,
Texas Air Control Board, March 1975: ' ' ' ••. •< > •
Johnson, Carl E., Duane J. Johnson, and Roger R. Wallis,
Ozone Concentrations on the Upper Texas Gulf Coast
July, August, September, 1972, Austin, Tx., Texas State
Department of Health, Air Pollution Control Services,
Air Quality Evaluation Program, March 1973.
Radian Corp.,
Ozone/ultraviolet radiation monitoring, final report.
't>CS' 78-100-170-03, HAOS Contract No. UX-4B.
Austin, TX, June 1978.
Air pollution-monitoring; Ozone-monitoring; Radiation-monitoring; *Houston,
TX-air pollution;
As part of the Houston Area Oxidant Study, Radian Cor-
poration monitored ambient levels of ozone and ultraviolet radia-
tion at a site northwest of Houston, Texas. The monitoring was
performed from June 15, 1977 to October 31, 1977.
The monitoring site was graciously supplied by the
Houston Lighting and Power Company for whom Radian had been op-
erating a monitoring station at the site. A modified ambient air"
quality monitoring station with the added capabilities for ozone
and ultraviolet radiation was deployed to replace the existing
station.
058386
PARTICULAT6 MASS AS A PREDICTOR OF NUMBERS OF RESPIRABLE
PARTiqULATES.
Severs, R. K. and C. T. Chen
Chemosphere, 2(5) : 199-200, 1973. 4 refs.
CHEMGSPHERE 1973
THEO FUD Method of Support! NONE
The mass of suspended participates in air was investigated
as a predictor of the number of respirable particulates.
Nephelometric measurements were made at several sites in
Houston, Tex., on Aug. 23, 25, 28, 1972 and 24-hour
high-volume air samples of suspended particulates were taKen
Aug. 19, 25, 31 at the same sites. A linear regressions model
was assumed with the number of respirabl* particulates per
219
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
volume of atr the dependent variable, and susoendeti
particulate mass per volume of air the regressor variable.
The correlation efficient (c) between suspended participate
mass and the number of respirable particulates found at the
various sites on Aug. 25 was 0.87 and the least squares
estimate (s) was 1.79. For the 12-day average period. Aug.
19-31 at the same sites (r) was 0.90 and (s) was much smaller
at 0.57. Suspended particulate mass is a.good predictor of
the number of respirable particulates over a fairly long
period, however, daily variance is too large to allow
prediction of the number of particulates at any one site on a
daily basis.
Descriptors: DUSTS; PARTICULATES: POLLUTANTS; SETTLING
PARTICLES; SUSPENDED PARTICULATES; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS;
STATISTICAL ANALYSES; AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING; ATMOSPHERIC
PHENOMENA
Category: AIR QUALITY MEAS
080563
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS, AEROSOL, AND OPTICAL DEPTH.
Severs, R. K. and J. C. Peng
Chemosphere, 4(5):265-270, Oct. 1975. 12 refs.
CHEMOSPHERE 1975
FLO Method of Support: NONE
The relationship between optical depth and photochemical
oxidants and aerosols was investigated. Simultaneous
measurements of ground level ozone concentration and optical
depth due to light scattering by aerosols (T P) at various
wavelengths indicated a distinct relationship between levels
of 03 greater than 0.1 ppm by volume and the difference in the
optical depth profile between 0.3800 and 0.5000 micron, when T
P is greater than some predetermined value1 characteristic of
the area or region. This relationship is attributed to
aerosol growth which accompanies photochemical smog formation.
Optical depth measurements at various wavelengths are
proposed as a unique method to indicate the intensity of
photochemical smog. Comparison' of the T P data collected in
Houston with the standard background aerosol optical depth
data indicate that the probability of photochemical smog
formation is quite low when T P (.5000) less than .20 since
the characteristic shape of the function is still conserved
with the recognizable minimum at 0.6000 micron. A positive
Change between T P (.3800) and T P (.5000) indicates a low
probability for the presence of a photochemical aerosol
formation. Criteria were established which may indicate the
degree of photochemical aerosol formation.
Descriptors: OXIDANTS; POLLUTANTS; AEROSOLS; PARTICULATES;
SMOG; SUSPENDED PARTICULATES; OPTICAL METHODS: MEASUREMENT
METHODS: OZONE; LIGHT SCATTERING; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
PHENOMENA; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; CH.EMICAL AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Category: MEASUREMENT METH
220
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Houston - Galveston Area Council,
Regional Atlas, 1972.
Houston, TX, 1972.
Houston, TX;
Houston - Galveston Area Council,
Regional data book. Vol. 1.
Houston, TX, 1972.
Houston, TX;
102738
A Review of the Relationship between Ambient Total
Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Concentrations and Ambient Ozone
Levels in Houston
MacKenrie, Kenneth; wenzel, Lawrence
Ozone/Oxidants Interactions with Total Environ. pp. 38-49
Pittsburgh, Pa., Air Pollution Control Assoc. 1976
Doc Type: C; REVIEWS (TECHNICAL)
CAS Registry No: 10028-15-G
Measurements of ozone (03) and non-methane hydrocarbons are
reviewed from May through October 1975. This period was
selected oecause the photochemical oxidant standard of O.OB
ppm was often exceeded. Correlation coefficients between 03
and non-methane hydrocarbons were determined, and no direct
relationship was found. Much more air quality information and
air quality analysis needs to be performed in the Houston area
in order to better develop realistic control strategies for
reducing 03 levels. A review of the measurement limitations of
both the non-methane hydrocarbon and 03 equipment needs to be
Conducted to ensure that the values reported are .reliable. A
photochemical oxidant model needs to be developed for Houston
so that strategies can oe tested prior to application. (8
Refs)
Descriptors: AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; HYDROCARBONS;
NON-METHANE HYDROCARBONS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; OXIDANTS;
POLLUTANTS; OZONE; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; NORTH AMERICA;
AMERICA
Category: ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION (METEOROL AND CLIMATOL AND
TOPOGR); ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION; POLLUTION DATA (AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENTS); POLLUTION DATA
221
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
065595
SIMULTANEOUS TOTAL OX1DANT AND CHEMILUMINESCENT OZONE
MEASUREMENTS IN AMBIENT AIR.
Severs, Richard K.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
16p., 1974. 15 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., dune 9-13,
1974, Paper 35.1.)
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC ANNU MEET 67TH DENVER COLO 1974
1974
FLO Method of Support: RES CRT
Ambient air quality measurements taken by the total oxidant
method and the chemiluminescent method are compared. The
buffered potassium iodide method fof measuring total oxldants
and the chemiluminescent method for ozone were run
simultaneously from August through December 1973, side by side
at a site on the Houston ship channel. They were calibrated
daily. Hourly averages were analyzed by linear regression and
the confidence intervals were calculated, as well as
confidence intervals for point estimates. These methods were
used with all data sets with values greater than 10 pob and
again with values greater than 30 ppb. A regression line was
also calculated for another set of data for the preceding
year. These data were generated before a chromium trioxide
scrubber wns installed to eliminate possible chemical
interferences with the KI method. The chemiluminescent method
tends to produce values as much as two times higher than the
simultaneous total oxidant values. An 80 ppb chemiluminescent
ozone value predicted a value of 78 ppb total oxidant with 0
95% confidence interval of 0.4 to 156 ppb. Statistical
analyses confirmed that either measurement was a very poor
predictor of the other. Enforcement of primary air quality
standards with a reference method different than that used to
establish the standard is thus questioned.
Descriptors: EFFICIENCY; AIR QUALITY STANDARDS; STANDARDS:
OXIDANTS; POLLUTANTS; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS? IODIWETRIC
METHODS; ANALYTICAL METHODS; CHEMICAL METHODS; MONITORING!
MEASUREMENT METHODS; STATISTICAL ANALYSES; OZONE
Category: MEASUREMENT METH
Llppmann, Morton, et al.,
"Size-mass distributions of the New York Summer Aerosol",
Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference, New
Orleans, LA, May 1977.
Size-mass distributions and overall mass concentrations
of the New York City summer ambient aerosol were determined
by a variety of sampling and analytical techniques. For
gravimetric analyses, 24-hour samples were collected daily
with high-volume cascade impactors and constant-flow
single stage high-volume filters. Seven-day samples were
collected with a high-volume parallel, flow particle size
classifier, which contains four cyclone-filter 2-stage
samplers and a total mass filter. One-hour total mass
concentration determinations were made with a 6-attenuation
mass monitor, and one-minute determinations were made
with a quartz-crystal microbalance mass monitor. The
results of all of the various size-mass distribution
222
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
and mass concentration measurements are summarized and
intercompared with each other and with estimates based
on the measurement of other parameters; particle volume
distributions obtained from an electric aerosol analyzer
and optical particle counter, and b-scat values obtained
with a nephelometer.
006422
A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES AS VIEWED BY EARTH
SATELLITES.
Randenson, Darryl
U. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(4)5249-253. Ap-il 1968.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting. Air Pollution Control
Association. Cleveland. Ohio, dune 11-16. 1967, Paper 67-129.)
J AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC 1967
TECH Method of Support: FELL CRT
Several Gemini photographs of smoke plumes were analyzed and
related to the local weather conditions. A space craft view
of a forest fire in the Apalachicola National Forest revealed
a rather large smoke plume. Geometrically scaled measurements
indicated the plume was approximately 4 miles wide and about
G5 miles long. Trapped under a frontal inversion located
between 2,500 and 3.000 feet above ground level, this plume
was being advected south-southwestward into the Gulf of Mexico
by- the local wind flow pattern. Several pictures containing
examples of industrial smoke plumes in the vicinity of
Houston, Texas, are discussed in relation to the local
Synoptic situation. A picture of industrial haze over
Houston. Texas, is presented to illustrate an areal
distribution of atmospheric pollutants covering an area of
about 2.600 square miles. Satellite photographs of air
pollution are helpful in determining a pollutant source
region. Such pictures could be used to determine whether or
not the pollution is interstate or intrastate. This
information might be useful for enforcing future clean air
legislation. (Author's abstract, modified)**
Descriptors: ALABAVIA; AMERICA: NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES:
FLORIDA; LOUISIANA; TEXAS; HOUSTON; FORESTS; TOPOGRAPHIC
LOCATIONS; POLLUTANTS; PART1CULATES: SUSPENDED PARTICULATES:
SMOKES; SOURCES; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; STATIONARY
EMISSION SOURCES; SPACECRAFT ATY10SPHERES; CONTROLLED
ATMOSPHERES; CAMERAS; RECORDING METHODS; PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS:
ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; ALTITUDE; LOWER ATMOSPHERE: DISPERSION:
PLUME BEHAVIOR; METEOROLOGY; ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; ADVECTION:
WINDS; CAMERAS; SPACECRAFT
Identifiers: SATELLITES: PHOTOGRAPHS: GEMINI XI. VII
Category: ATMOS INTERACT; MEASUREMENT METH
English, Glenn H., . T—-
Study of carbon monoxide exceedance levels in Houston during 1972-1973
calendar years and January-April 1974.
Houston, Tx., Texas Highway Dept., Houston Urban Office, Feb. 1975.
Carbon monoxide-air pollution; *Houston, Tx.-air polluton; Texas-air pollutic
Highways-air pollution;
223
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
This report covers a study of Carbon Monoxide(CO) concent ration*
in the atmosphere of Houston from January, 1972 through '
April, 197't at the only three- continuously monitoring sites
the City had at that time. The study was made for the one-
hour average standard^ level exceeded only once) and the
eight-hour average standard2(level exceeded 15 times). These
periods were examined for relationship to'traffic volume,
natural gas consumption rate, wind speed and ambient temper-
ature. A related study was also .made comparing the mortality
rates of Houston, Texas and other states, and the United
States.
Texas, State of, Department of Health, Air Control Section,
Study of suspended particulate measurements at varying heights
above"~ground.
Austin, TX, \°C10.
*Air pollution-particulate emissions-monitoring;
Statistical analysis of the data described revealed that concentrations of
suspended particulate did decrease with height above ground level and that
this decrease is both significant and predictable (See Table 5). Measured
3' hsigtt concentrations vrere found to have a high degree of relationship
with values obtained at both 17 and 29 feet. The decreases in concentrations
of suspended particulate with increased height of samplers may be partially
attributable to variances in high volume sampler performance. Table 6 is a
resurae of results from a test to compare measurements of high volume samplers.
Tha variation obtained in concentrations measured with different high volume
samplers during this test closely approximated the amount of change associated
with height increases for the height study. It should be kept in mind however,
that in all cases, the changes in concentration obtained by varying sampler
height showed decreases with height. While the number of samples used in
this study was not large, it was sufficient to provide a reasonable assurance
that -variances between samplers would tend to cancel out.
080838
A STUDY ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL
CONTENT USING ERTS DATA (FINAL REPORT).
Griggs, M.
Science Applications, Inc., La
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
turbidity data. Twenty four coincidences of ERTS and
turbidity data were found; of these, four were high aerosol
contents. Examination of the ERTS black and white prints of
these 4 days revealed that two of them will aid in checking
the relationship between radiance and aerosol content where
data points are presently sparse. The lower turbidity values
are useful for providing statistical support of the existing
data. (Author abstract modified)
Descriptors: SATELLITES (ARTIFICIAL); AEROSOLS; PARTICIPATES
; POLLUTANTS; BODIES OF WATER; TOPOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS;
ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; TURBIDIMETRY; PARTICLE INVESTIGATION
METHODS;. SOLAR RADIATION; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA;
LIGHT RADIATION
Category: MEASUREMENT METH
074231
A STUDY OF THE GASEOUS POLLUTANTS IN THE HOUSTON, TEXAS
AREA.
Gordon, S. J. and S. A. Meeks
A-nerican Inst. of Chemical Engineers, New York, 33p. , March
1975. 4 refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, National Meeting, 79th and the 8th-Petrochemical
and Refining Exposition, Houston, Tex., March 16-20, 1975.)
AM INST CHEM ENGRS NATL MEET 79TH 8TH PETROCHEM REFINING
EXPO 1975
FLO Method of Support: CONTRACT
Field data obtained from an 8-week sampling of ambient
gaseous pollutants in the Houston, Texas area during June and
July of 1974 are reported. Over 100 samples were collected in
Tedlar bags and analyzed by flame-ionizatIon gas
cnromatograpny and long-path infrared Fourier transform
absorption spectroscopy. Concentrations of various
hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated), vinyl chloride,
carbon monoxide, vinyl acetate, and anvnonia are given. Hourly
averages are given in monthly sunvnaries, and quarterly
summaries are compiled to give the high, second high,
arithmetic mean, and standard deviation of the hourly averages
for the previous 3 mo. Also given are the number and
percentage of hours during which the ambient air quality
standard is exceeded.
Descriptors: AREA SURVEYS; ADMINISTRATION; AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; HOUSTON; AMERICA;
NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREAS! METROPOLITAN
AREAS; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; AMMONIA; AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS;
ESTERS; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS;
HYDROCARBONS; CARBON MONOXIDE? OXIDES; CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBONS; ESTERS
Identifiers: VINYL CHLORIDE; VINYL ACETATE
Category: AIR QUALITY MEAS
225
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Radian Corp. ,
Summary of the city of Houston 1972 annual report on air pollution
control^ " -
Technical Note 100-027-01, A«^r*~ 't&'yte** i
'
Austin, TX, undated. r
Air pollution-source sampling; *Houston, TX-air pollution; Air pollution-
particulate emissions -monitor ing; Sampling and sample handling; *Texas-air
pollution; Texas -electric utilities; Electric power generation-air
pollution;
The City ot HouStdiTmairitains twenty-seven air quality
monitoring sites. Two of these sites are equipped for continuous
monitoring and 24-hour samples are taken at the other twenty-five
sites. Figure 1 is a map of Houston showing the monitoring site
•locations and the locations of Houston Lighting and Power generat-
ing stations. Note that the largest concentration of air sampling
sites is along the ship channel and that there are relatively
few monitoring points near the power stations.
Leaderer, Brian P., et al.,
"Summary of the New York Summer Aerosol Study (NYSAS)".
Reprint. APCA J. 28(4). (1978).
The ambient particle aerosol is of great interest due to its
•uipected role in producing adverse health effects and its
known effects on visibility degradation and weather modifi-
cation. A detailed knowledge of the chemical and physical
nature of the urban aerosol, and the relative contribution by
different sources is needed before effective control measures
Can be established. Intensive studies examining the nature and
sources of urban aerosols have been conducted in Los Angeles
(ACHEX)1 and St. Louis (RAPS).-1 The results of these two
Studies, however, may not be applicable to the New York
metropolitan area because of several factors discussed by
Kneip, et al.3 Recognizing the need tor the information that
luch a study would produce, and mutally shared research in-
terests led participants Iron seven organizations to develop
a collaborative study of the New York metropolitan aero-
aoL
226
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY Ccont timed)
MONITORING
•44540
Tews"*060 P*RTICULATE "*"«°S TO HUMAN HEALTH IN HOUSTON,
Seven, Richard Keith
T«xasUnlv., Houston School of Public Health, Thesis
IPh.O.J, Ann APOOP, Hlch,, Univ. Microfilms. Inc., 1971, I59p.
1971 :
THEO FLO BIB Method of Support: NONE ' '
| TIM suspended partlculate hazards to human health In
Houston, Texas were assessed after a study of data related to
the- following aspects of suspended partlculates: a time
series! probability of occurrence at hazardous concentrations.
•eta Is constituent, and reported hazardous conditions. Metal
urban concentrations of copper. zinc. lead, manganese.
•agneslum, cadmium, chromium, aluminum, cobalt, ntcKel.
vanadium, potassium, calcium, and sodium were measured. Maps
•ere utilized to display the geographic distribution of
factors of Interest. A time-series study of data gathered by
the National Air Surveillance Network was conducted, and trend
lines were calculated by four methods. A five year running
•ean, semi-average, linear regression. and polynomial
regression methods all revealed a decline in susoended
particulate concentration during 1953-1963. Criteria were
developed for comparison of the geographic distribution of
suspended participates In different years. The comparative
studies employed probability statistics based on a
logar I thmica I normal transformation of the data. The study of
geographic distributions of the several metallic components of
suspended participates was based on several hundred analytical
determinations of the metals by means of atomic absorption
spectroscopy. Suspended participates, sulfur oxides. ana
cadmium were found in some areas of Houston in concentrations
which have been associated with morbidity and mortality In
other cities. (Author abstract modified)
Descriptors: AREA SURVEYS: ADMINISTRATION: AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS: NATIONAL AIR
SAMPLING NETWORK (NASN); CRITERIA; HOUSTON: AMERICA; NORTH
AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES: SUSPENDED PARTICULATES:
PARTICULATES: POLLUTANTS: AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS:
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; ANALYTICAL METHODS: TRACE ANALYSIS; M&PPING
; STATISTICAL ANALYSES: METAL COMPOUNDS: ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS:
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS; CALCIUM COMPOUNDS: CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS:
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS; COBALT COMPOUNDS: LEAD COMPOUNDS: NICKEL
COMPOUNDS: POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS; SODIUM COMPOUNDS; VANADIUM
COMPOUNDS; ZINC COMPOUNDS: SULFUR OXIDES; OXIDES
Category: AIR QUALITY MEAS
Liu, Benjamin Y.H., ed. ,
Symposium on fine particles. Aerosol generation, measurement, sausplinc
and analysis.
Proceedings of an EPA Symposium, Minneapolis, May 1975.
N.Y., Academic, 197 6.
Fine particulate collection; Air pollution-particulate emissions-analysis;
•Aerosols-analysis; Aerosols-formation; Aerosols-collection; Proceedings;
This volume contains the technical papers presented at the Symposium on Fine Particles
held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 28-30, 1975. In addition, several papers (hat were not
presented at the symposium, due to the lack of time, are also included.
The purpose of the symposium was to review the state of art and recent developments in
instrumentation and experimental techniques for aerosols studies. The focus, was on fine
particles below about 3.5 f/ni in diameter. The topics covered include aerosol generation,
measurement, sampling, and analysis.
The importance of Tine particles to air pollution control is well known: Many of the
undesirable effects of paniculate air pollutants, such as those on human health and
atmospheric visibility, are due to fine particles. However, the control of fine particles is
considerably more difficult than the control of coarse particles. In industrial hygiene, mining
safety, fire detection, and other related areas, fine particles have also been found to play
an important role.
In a rapidly growing field of science where there is a diversity of workers, there is a need
foe > periodic review of the subject and a convenient source of reference. It a hoped that
this symposium volunjt will help in part to meet that need.
227
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Texas Air Control Board,
Texas air sampling network, annual surveillance reports for
1971 and 1972, 1976 and 1977. Austin, XX.
Harper, David and Bryan Lambeth,
Trajectory analysis.
DCS 78-200-24V--01, HAOS Contract.
Austin, TX, Radian Corp., March 1978.
^Trajectories; Houston, Texas-air pollution; Ozone-analysis; Air pollution
•aonitoring;
Tfte Houston 'Area uxiaaats Study (HAOS) sponsored
airbona measurement of ozpne and other pollutants in 1976
and 1977. To support the interpretation of the data obtained,
air parcel trajectory analyses were performed for HAOS by
the Radian Corporation. This Technical Note describes the
method of analysis and documents the cases studied. Working
doc\=iants showing additional details are contained in the
project files at Radian. '
Texas, State of, Air Control Board,
' Urban visibility assessment (UVA).
Austin, TX, Aug. 1976.
Visibility; Air pollution-monitoring; Air pollution-regional; Houston,
Texas-air pollution;
The Urban Visibility Assessment project was designed to fill
Zn one of the gaps in data collection by the Texas Air Control
/Bohrd. As an example of these gaps in coverage, up to this time
/estimates of visibility for the Houston area have been furnished
/only by wether observers at the Hobby and Houston Interconti-
nental airpdrts, augmented by readings from the integrating
nephelometei;s at our Aldine and Mae Drive continuous monitoring
stations.
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
035911
USE OF STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO ASSESS PROGRESS TOWARD A
CLEAN AIR ENVIRONMENT: HOUSTON, TEXAS.
Severs, R. K.
Atmos. Environ., 5(10):853-861, Oct. 1971. 9 refs.
ATMOS ENVIRON 1971
THEO Method of Support: NONE
Computer trend-surface mapping techniques in conjunction
with a statistical evaluation of suspended particulate data
from Houston, Texas for 1968-19C9 are examined as a basic
method for evaluation of progress toward a clean air
environment. Assessment was accomplished via comparison of
current levels of pollution with those previously experienced,
a determination of the changes in levels of pollution
experienced through representative parts of the geographic
area under consideration, and a comparison of the current
pollution levels in terms of occurrence with those of stated
desirable levels, e.g.. ambient air quality goals. (Author
abstract -nodified)
Descriptors: AIR QUALITY STANDARDS; STANDARDS; HOUSTON;
AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREAS;
METROPOLITAN AREAS; SUSPENDED PARTICULATES; PARTICULATES;
POLLUTANTS; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; MEASUREMENT METHODS;
COMPUTERS; DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS; COMPUTER PROGRAMS; DATA
ANALYSIS; MAPPING; STATISTICAL ANALYSES; TOPOGRAPHIC
INTERACTIONS; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA
Category: MEASUREMENT METH
022485
USE OF VEGETATION TO MEASURE AIR POLLUTION.
McKee, Herbert C.
Preprint, Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros Quimicos, 10p., 1961.
(Presented at the Institute Mexicano de Ingenieros Quimicos,
Annual Technical Meeting, Mexico City, Mexico, Oct. 19-21,
1961.)
INST MEXICANO DE INGENIEROS QUIMICOS 1961
TECH Method of Support: NONE
The sequence of procedure in the conduct of an air pollution
survey based on plant damage is delineated. The first step is
field inspection of all vegetation in the area by a trained
plant scientist to determine damage caused by pollution vs.
damage from other factors, and possibly to locate sources of
local pollution. Samples are then collected and analyzed, by
prescribed methods to identify the atmospheric pollutants that
have caused the damage. The importance of having control
samples is stressed. An example of the use of vegetation
techniques in an air pollution survey is given for Houston.
Tex. The area was divided into sectors and samples obtained
for analyses from each section throughout the year; these
values were then used in computing a pollution index based on
vegetation damage. Native elm and the Arizona ash were
studied as indicators of sulfur dioxide pollution. Vegetation
symptoms could be used readily to obtain information on
general pollution conditions in the Houston area, and that
despite the limitations of the method, the pollution indexes
thus derived provided data which could only be obtained at
great expense using atmospheric analysis techniques. A table
Is included on the use of plants in determining pollution, via
229
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
visible damage and chemical analysis, for 10 general types of
phytotoxic air pollutants.
Descriptors: AREA SURVEYS; ADMINISTRATION; AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; SURVEY METHODS:
PLANT DAMAGE; PLANT INDICATORS; SMOG; PARTICULATES; POLLUTANTS
; SUSPENDED PARTICULATES: PHYTOTOXICANTS; SULFUR DlOXlDEt
OXIDES; SULFUR OXIDES
Category: EFFECTS-PLANTS. LIVEST
017784
VEGETATION SYMPTOMS AS A MEASURE OF AIR POLLUTION.
McKee, Herbert C. and Frederick W. Bieberdorf
0. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 10(3):222-225, June 1960. 7
refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association 52nd
Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26, 1959.)
d AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC 1950
FLO Method of Support: NONE
A study was made of the use of ash and elm trees as
indicators of relative pollution levels. Sulfate content of
vegetation samples can be used to obtain a semi-quantitative
measure of long-term exposure to sulfur dioxide. To the
extent that SQ2 is a'so related to over-all pollution levels.
this can be used as general indicator of pollution. In the
study made in the Houston area, these data were used to
calculate pollution indexes in different areas of Harris
County, in order to determine relative pollution loadings.
These data provide the best means of maMng such comparisons.
and are much better than data obtained with a mobile
laboratory. Permanent sampling stations might offer a means
of obtaining more accurate results if a sufficient number of
stations could be operated, but for a survey in which only
limited financial resources are available, this-method offers
the best oossibil'ty where applicable. The comparative ease
and economy of obtaining data are major advantages. The
results represent the cumulative effects of continuous
exposure over a known period of time, with a continuity which
can only oe approached with continuous recording equipment
subject to interruptions by breakdown, power failure, etc.
The major disadvantage is the fact that cumulative results
give no indication of short time peak values that occur during
the sampling period. (Author conclusions modified)
Descriptors: TREES; PLANTS (BOTANY); PLANT INDICATORS;
CONTINUOUS MONITORING; MEASUREMENT METHODS; MONITORING; SULFUR
DIOXIDE; OXIDES; SULFUR OXIDES
Category: EFFECTS-PLANTS, LIVEST
230
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
AN - PB-269 592/2SL
Tl - Air Pollution Meteorology During the Houston Urban Plume Study.
duly 1974
TNO • Final rept. 1 Jul 74-1 Jul 75
AU - Hoffnagle. Gale F.
OS • INTERA Environmental Consultants Ltd.. Houston.
Tex.•Ervironmental Sciences Research Lab., Research Triangle
Park. N.C.
PO • Jul 77; 66p
IS - U7721
PR - NTIS Prices:- PC A04/MF A01
- EPA/600/3-77/073
CC • 13B: 4B; 68A: 55C
IT - *Air pollution: -Meteorological data: *Urban areas; Wind
velocity; Atmospheric sounding: Temperature Inversions:
FrontsfMeteorology); Meteorological balloons; Radiosondes: Upper
atmosphere; Tables!Data): Texas
ST - Houston(Texas); NTISEPAORD
AB - Meteorological parameters were measured during an EPA sponsored
air sampling program from 15-24 July. 1974, In Houston. Texas.
The data collected are primarily r.urface anemometer data and
pilot-balloon soundings to 1830 motors above ground. These
measured data, along wfth plots from the National Weather
Service, were used to provide an overall meteorological analysis
of conditions during the sampling program. Because the air
sampllrg was performed primarily from a fixed-wind aircraft,
emphasis was given to the ambient environment aloft.
Griffiths, J.F., R.C. Runnels, and C.L. Norton,
Air stagnation advisory evaluation for Texas.
Project E/S-4A
*Air pollution-meteorological factors;
Texas-air pollution;
The Texas Air Control Board (TACB) was awarded a contract from
Governor's Energy Advisory Council under the Environmental and Social (E/S)
program. The contract (E/S4) is to evaluate the potential'for selective
standards of pollution control based on an analysis of meteorological
conditions in Texas. The TACB awarded the Texan A&M University Meteor-
ology Department a contract to carry out an Air Stagnation Advisory
•valuation (sub-project of project E/SA). A nine point work plan and
231
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
program was also submitted as a guideline for the progress of the sub-
project E/S4.
the purpose of the Air Stagnation Advisory evaluation will be to
assess thoroughly the National Weather Service model as it applies to
Texas.
16.1-270 551.551.8(764} :551.5U.6
*\VaMron, Albert \V.. Jr. il)u;iMiy Proving Ground. Utah). Application of an elevated
line source diffusion formula. Journal of Applied Meteorology. Boston, 2(6) 740-740.
Dec. 1963. 8 figs., 5 tables, 2 refs. DWB, DLC—A series of nighttime elevated hue M-ina-
diffusion trials conducted in Texas during 1961 is used to evaluate the adequacy of a current
diffusion equation model and to define the turbulent layer within which such a model c;«n be
applied with any degree of success. The turbulent layer is defined in terms of Richardson
number and the vertical intensity of turbulence. Subjfd Headings: 1. Diffusion formulai
2. Line source diffusion 3. Texas, United States.—Auth.
Texas Air Control Board,
Attainment analysis, vol. 1, Causes of non-attainment.
Austin, XX, Jan. 1977.
Air quality-data; *Texas-air pollution; Texas-air pollution-meteorological
factors; Texas-air pollution-monitoring; *Texas-air pollution-particulate
emissions; Texas-air pollution-standards and criteria; Texas-air pollution-
implementation plants; Texas-air pollution-particulate emissions-control
methods; Texas-air pollution-source sampling; Air pollution-fugitive dust;
National ambient air quality standards for suspended
particulates were promulgated in the Federal Register
on April 30, 1971. The Texas State Implementation
Plan includes a particulate control strategy designed
to attain the primary standards by May 31, 1975: The
control strategy for particulates was approved on
May 31, 1972 by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)... Sufficient data are now available to determine
whether or not the particulate standards have been
attained in Texas as planned. Where the standards
have not been attained, the Implementation Plan needs
to be examined to determine what revisions, if any,
are necessary to achieve the standards. This report
is part of the current effort to examine the Texas
Implementation Plan to decide what revision of the
232
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
particulate control strategy is necessary. Although
there are also secondary particulate standards, this
_report considers only the primary standards, which
set to protect public health. The standards are
..1) a 24-hour average of 260 micrograms per cubic meter
_ (ug/m ) not to be exceeded more than once a year and
.2) an annual geometric mean of 75 micrograms per
.cubic meter, not to be exceeded.
Texas Air Control Board,
Attainment Status of the Total Suspended Particulate Air Quality
Standards in the Houston/Galveston and Dallas/Fort Worth Areas.
Austin, Texas, May 1976.
•Texas-air pollution; Air pollution-particulate emissions-standards and
Criteria; Air pollution-implementation plans;
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for suspended particulates
were promulgated by federal regulations on April 30, 1971. The
Texas State Implementation Plan, designed in part to attain these
standards by May 31, 1975, was approved with exceptions on May 31,
1972 by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Sufficient
data are now available to determine if the particulate standards
have been attained-in Texas as planned. If the standards have
not been attained, then the Implementation Plan should be examined
to determine if revisions are necessary to achieve the standards.
This report is part of an effort'to so examine the Texas Imple-
mentation Plan. ! ; i ! ; ," , '
100872
Chemical and Meteorological Analysis of the Mesoscale
Variability of Ozone Concentrations over a Six-Day Period
Bacn, w. D., Jr.; Sickles, d. E., II; Denyszyn, R.; Eaton,
W. C.
Environnental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Environmental Sciences Research Lab.
Int. Photochem. Oxidant Pollut. Control Conf. ProC., Vol. I,
Raleigh, N. C., 1976 pp. 197-210 1977
Note: (Sept. 12.) (Rept. EPA-600/3-77-001a.)
Doc Type: U; Original (Field)
CAS Registry No'- 10028-15-6
The Research Triangle Institute conducted low altitude
aircraft flights over east Texas, most of Louisiana, and
adjacent areas of the Gulf of Mexico to investigate the area)
extent of high ozone concentrations. Ozone concentrations were
continuously measured along the flight paths and at ground
stations at Corpus r.hr.
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
and Port Arthur, Texas and at DeRidder, Louisiana. On October
19, 1975, a high pressure system developed over the area and
subsiding motion began to develop a stable layer of air aloft.
Ozone concentrations in excess of 160 microgram/cu m were
found over east Texas and over western Louisiana. As the
pressure system developed and moved eastward the .next day, the
highest ozone was measured over Louisiana. Ozone
concentrations remained above 160 microgram/cu m at 300 over
the Gulf of Mexico and inland, but decreased to 100
microgram/cu m above the stable layer. Ozone measurements at
the ground monitoring locations agreed with the trends of the
airborne measurements. Time-altitude cross .sections of
potential temperature at Lake Charles, Louisiana, showed a
dynamic atmospheric boundary layer. Ozone precursor emissions
in the study area and limited ventilation are primarily
responsible for maintaining the high ozone concentrations
until cleaner air is transported into the region. (Author
abstract -nodi fled) (9 Refs)
Descriptors: Pollutants; Pollutant Precursors; Oxidant
Precursors; America; North America; United States; Louisiana;
Texas; Airports; Sources; Mobile Emission Sources;
Transportation Methods; Aircraft; Atmospheric Phenomena;
Altitude; Ground Level; Lower Atmosphere; Ozone; Air Quality
Measurements
Category: pollution Data; Pollution Data (Air Quality
Measurements)
16.3-12 551.582.1 (263H764>
•fOrton, Robert B. (Weather Bureau State Clinialriloiiist, Austin, 7V.r.), Climate of
Texas and the adjacent Gulf waters. Wash., D. C, U. S. Weather Bureau, 1964. 105 i>.
N'umerous figs., tables, 11+60 rets. Price: $1.00 from U. S. Govt. Pri-.it. Off. DWB
(M82.2/764 U5S7cL) Provides meteorological information and data necessary for the teMiiiR
of certain spaceflight apparatus and for the selection of possible spacecraft landing sites.
Kmpliasis is placed on presentation and analysis of data pertaining to sky cover, ceiling
height, xisihility, and wind; to the local physiography; and the synoptic weather systems
that influence or control these factors. South Texas, adjacent Ciulf \\.iters, and north Ti'\ is
are treated separately. The length of data record, vary from 6 to 18 yrs, except Hondo AAK
which has only ,? yrs data. Inform.ition on severe storms, turbulence inversion, sea ami land
breezes, air pollution and dnst devils is included. Forecasting rules of thumb arc also gi\cn.
Siii'ii-fi //iWi'»n;.v: 1. Climate of Texas 2. Climate of Texas coastal waters 3. Climate
of western Gulf of Mexico 4. Texas, United States 5. Gulf of Mexico.—/.~./T..S'.
CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF URBAN EFFECTS ON PRECIPITATION.
(FINAL REPORT). PART II. DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL URBAN
STUDIES.
Huff, F. A. and S. A. Changnon, Jr.
Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, National Selene*
Foundation Grant GA-18781, 241p., May 1972. 55 refs.
1972
FLO BIB Method of Support: NONE
Urban effects on precipitation at St. Louis, Chicago.
Indianapolis, Cleveland, Washington, D. C., Houston, New
Orleans, and Tulsa were investigated. The relationship of
thunder and hail increases to urban size and pollution factors
was studied; the hydrologic implications of inadvertent
weather modifications were also studied. Data on the
Individual urban studies are presented, including analytical
234
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
procedures, data analysis techniques, spatial and time charts
of rainfall patterns, diurnal, monthly. and seasonal
variations. topographic interaction parameters, particulat*
and thermal emission data, and meteorological functions.
Descriptors: DIURNAL: MONTHLY; SEASONAL: CHICAGO: AMERICA;
ILLINOIS; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; INDIANA: NEW ORLEANS:
LOUISIANA: ST LOUIS; MISSOURI; OHIO: OKLAHOMA; HOUSTON; TEXAS:
WASHINGTON D C; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS: PARTICULATES:
POLLUTANTS; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; ANALYTICAL METHODS: DATA
ANALYSIS; DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS; MAPPING; METEOROLOGY:
ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; MICROMETEOROLOGY; PRECIPITATION; RAIN:
THUNDERSTORMS; WEATHER MODIFICATION; TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS:
PARTICLE GROWTH; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; THERMAL
RADIATION; INDIANA; OHIO;.OKLAHOMA
Identifiers: INDIANAPOLIS; CLEVELAND; TULSA
Category: ATMOS INTERACT
022339
A COMPARISON OF THE SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOLAR RADIATION
IN A POLLUTED AND A CLEAN AIR MASS.
Randerson, Darryl
d. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(8):546-547, Aug. 1970. 9
refs.
J AIR POLLUTION ASSOC 1970
FLO Method of Support: NONE
Two spectroradiometer measurements are presented to
Illustrate differences in the spectrum of sunlight in the
0.45-0.7 micron band. Measurements were taken on a November
day at about 1800 GMT, west of polluted downtown Houston, and
at another site located approximately 15 miles NW In
apparently pollution-free air. A 23-24% loss in the 0.45-0.7
micron oand is attributed to attentuation by airborne
particulates in the polluted air mass. The loss is wavelength
dependent, with the short wavelengths being scattered more
than the long wavelengths. Absorption by ozone was probably
occurring in the Chaoouis bands, between 0.45 and 0.65 micron;
however, 03 absorption in these bands is weaX. Large
quantities of hydrocarbons emitted by oil refineries in the
Houston-Galveston area are noted to combine with rush-hour
automotive exhaust emissions to create a potential for 03
formation when the sunlight is intense enough for rapid
photochemical reactions. Consequently, some of the loss in
radiant energy may be due to absorption through photochemical
losses in the polluted air mass. When light depletion
persists for two or three days, -a physiological response
probably occurs in plants and animals.
.Descriptors: HOUSTON; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED
STATES; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; FUEL OILS; FUELS;
SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION
SOURCES; SPECTROMETRY; ANALYTICAL METHODS: HYDROCARBONS; OZONE
J PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA;
CHEMICAL REACTIONS; SOLAR RADIATION; LIGHT RADIATION; LIGHT
SCATTERING
Category: ATMOS INTERACT; AIR QUALITY MEAS
235
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
100878
Oevelopnent of a MarKov Cnafn Mode) for Photochemical
Oxidant Prediction
Martinez, 0. R.
Environnental Protection Agency, Research Triangle PanK, N.
C.t Environmental Sciences Research Lao.
Int. Pnotocnem. Oxidant Pollut. Control Conf. Proc., Vol.
II, Raleigh, N. C., 1976 pp. 827-835 1977
'Note: (Sept. 12.) (Rept. EPA-600/3-77-001O.)
Ooc Type: 0; Original (Theoretical)
A method Is described whereby the time series of Hourly
photochemical oxidant is modeled by a Ylarkov chain. The model
s output is the probability of exceeding 0.08 ppm during 0
year In a given geographical region. The forecast of such
Statistical data complements results of other models which
predict absolute concentration levels. The Markovian structure
Of the time series is tested using data for Houston, Texas.
The output of the Markov model is related to the statistical
criterion imposed by the National Ambient Air Quality Standard
for photochemical oxidants. A technique to estimate the
parameters of the Markov chain is briefly discussed. (7
Refs)
Descriptors: Standards; Air Quality Standards: Mathematical
Analyses; Mathematical Modeling; Pollutants; Oxidants; America
; North America; United States; Texas; Houston; Atmospheric
Phenomena; Air Pollution Forecasting
Category: Atmospheric Interaction; Atmospheric Interaction
(Chemical and^hysical)
ID No. - MGA22030415
Diurnal variation of kinetic and internal energy in onshore
winds along the upper Texas Gulf Coast
Yu, Tsann Wang,
Texas, Univ., Austin. College of Engineering. Atmospheric
Science Group. Report No. 19, Jan. 1970. 42 p. Refs. DAS
DESCRIPTORS: Sea breeze energetics; Texas. United States
Mahrer, Ytzhaq and Roger A. Pielke,
"The effects of topography on sea and land breezes in a two-
dimensional numerical model" ,
Month. Weather Rev. 105. 1151 (1977).
A mathematical two-dimensional hydrostatic model has been employed for the study of
circulations which develop over a mountain barrier, a flat coastline and a mountainous coastline when
the prevailing flow is zero. One of the main features of the model is the inclusion of the parameterization
of the surface heat budget, and shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. Results show that the com-
bined sea breeze and mountain circulations produce a more intense circulation during both day and night
than when they act separately. The mountainous coastline case generates an inland penetrating sea breeze
which develops a leeside cell of upward vertical velocity. The predictions are in qualitative agreement
with the observed phenomenon.
236
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
Schmidt, F.H.,
"An elementary theory of the land- and sea-breeze circulation"
J. Meteor. 4. 9-15 (1947).
As physically more or loss exact theories of ihc land and sea breezes lead to results that are not correct
in every respect, an attempt is nude here to liml an elementary solution for the problem. The solution is
called an clu;nvnury one Ivecause the mutual intiuence of temperature distribution and velocity is not taken
into account. A rather simple tenifxTature distribution h adopted a priori, and the velocity distribution is
calculated from it. In section 3 ai'ixmiit is taken of the deflecting force of the earth's rotation; the result is
found thai in temperate latitudes the >ca breeze when at full strength docs not blow perpendicular to the coast.
IZL-319 551.509.318:681.177
•tFrsnceschim, Guy A., Forecasting micrometeorological variables. Texas A. & M College
n^. ef Oceanography and Meteorology, Contract AF 19(604)-2250, Final Report, Dec. 1939.
»$ p. 20 figs., 21 tables, 4 refs. DWB— An objective evaluation was conducted on the utility
4 a specialized analogue computer for micrometeorology. Values of parameters simulated by
fit computer are compared \vith values observed. Parameters of concern were: air temperature
tf» height equal to the roughness parameter (a0) ; air temperature at 2 m ; temperature difference
^ten 1 m and 4 m ; wind speed at 2 m ; vapor pressure at 2 in ; and relative humidity at 2 m
|0otti are shown m graphs of simulated and observed values as a function of time, and tables of
statistical parameters of the verification. Comparisons were made for five different periods tafti
ing four locations. The locations, all in Texas, represented appreciably different surftt*
Meteorological conditions were varied and included the following air mass types: arctic, marfcfc
polar, continental polar and maritime tropical. A brief description of each site with a sumatf
of its attendant meteorological conditions is given. Although appreciable difficulty was expff
enced in keeping the computer in operation, in general the simulated results were good. H*
ever, the computer tends to minimize the diurnal amplitude of the variables. Weakest areas f
the computer were: temperature lapse rate when strong stability was observed; vapor preM*
when high values existed ; and wind speed generally. Suggestions for future work are git#
Subject Headings: 1. Micrometeorological variables 2. Analog computers 3. Texafc*
Author's abstract.
An thes, Richard A., '
"The height of the planetary boundary layer and the production
of circulation in a sea breeze model",
J. Atmos. Sci. 35(7). 1231 (1978).
A two-dimensional mesoscale model is applied to study the evolution of a strong sea breeze on a stagnant
base state. In contrast to previous studies, this paper considers the relationship of the planetary boundary
layer (PBL), the thermodynamic structure and the vertical circulation associated with the sea breeze in
detail.
The development of the sea breeze circulation is studied quantitatively using the circulation theorem. The
circulation in the vertical plane normal to the coast develops as a result of the solenoid term. The vertical
diffusion of momentum acts as the most important brake on the developing circulation in agreement with
previous theoretical results. The Coriolis term is small until 6 h after the heating cycle. Late in the cycle,
however, it reaches a value of 45% that of the solenoid term. Horizontal and vertical advective effects are
small.
Under zero geostrophic wind conditions, the return flow occurs entirely above the PBL. Therefore,
neutrally buoyant pollutants emitted at the surface can only enter the return flow through the narrow zone
of upward motion at the sea breeze front. Trajectories indicate that considerable recirculation toward the
shore of these pollutants as well as pollutants left over in the previous day's mixed layer may occur. For the
time and space scale of the sea breeze considered here, Coriolis forces are important in causing significant
transports along the coast.
The depth of the circulation and the trajectories are sensitive to the rate of heating over land and the
initial static stability. For strong heating in a relatively unstable environment, a significant component to
the return circulation exists up to 5 km. For moderate heating in a more stable environment, there is very
little return circulation above 3 km.
237
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
Radian Corp.,
Houston Lighting and Power Company ambient air impact parametric stint;
° Technical Note 100-027-04^ X^"**-" -ty*^ f&aj«s dit*W^ :
Austin, TX, Aug. 1974.
Texas-electric utilities; Texas-air pollution; *Houston, TX-air pollution
S02-air pollution; Air pollution-particulate emissions; Air pollution-
meteorological factors; N0x-air pollution; Fuel oil-use; Atmospheric
dispersion; Plumes-mathematical models; Computer models; Electric power
generation-air pollution;
This report documents a parametric study Radian per-
formed to determine the ambient air quality impact of various
electrical generating stations in'the Houston Lighting and Power
Company system. The purpose of this study was to provide HL&P
with data concerning various conceivable alternate expansion/
conversion plans. Radian's task was to estimate through computer
simulation the potential ambient air impact in the vicinity of
thft stations under consideration. Those stations were Cedar
Bayou, Deepwater, Greens Bayou, W. A. Parish, P. H. Robinson,
Sam Bertron, Webster, and T. H. Hharton. Each station was con-
sidered individually. The main criteria tested in this study
were 30-minute average S0a concentrations as predicted by Radian's
plume dispersion model. Annual averages for SO., t particulates,
and NOX were also estimated for many of the cases modeled. The
primary fuel considered was fuel oil.
ID NO.- MGA25030458
Hurricane ourge frequency estimated for the Gulf Coast of
Texas.
Eodine, B. R.
U. 5. Con-jtal Engineering Research Center, Wash., 0. C..
technical i.'o.norandum No. 20, Feb. 1969. 32 p. Figs., tables.
ref s., eqs.
DESCRIPTORS: Hurricane surge; Gulf of Mexico.-Auth.
051043
INADVERTENT PRECIPITATION MODIFICATION BY MAJOR URBAN AREAS*
Huff, F. A. and S. A. Changnon, Or.
Preprint, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass., p.
73-78, 1972. 4 refs. (Presented at the Conference on Weather
Modification, 3rd, Rapid City, S. DaK., June 26-29, 1972.)
CONF WEATHER MOD 3RD RAPID CITY S DAK 1972 1972
FLO Method of Support: NONE
238
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
Urban effects on precipitat(on in and around major U. S.
cities, including St. Louis, Chicago, Cleveland, Indianapolis,
Washington, 0. C., Houston, New Orleans, and Tulsa, were
analyzed. Daily and seasonal precipitation distributions,
frequency of heavy rainstorms, and hail- and thunder-day
occurrences were tabulated. In general. relatively strong
evidence of urban effects was determined in tne daily and/or
seasonal precipitation distributions for St. Louis, Chicago,
Cleveland, and Washington, D. C. Evidence was weak or
nonexistent at Indianapolis, Urbana, Tulsa, and New Orleans.
Urban effects in Houston could be identified only in
May-Septeuber rainfall of air mass origin. The urban effect
was more pronounced in the summer than in winter and was
•usually maximized 10-35 mi downwind of the central city.
Effects within the cities were identified at Chicago,
Washington, 0. C., Houston, and New Orleans. Thunder- and
nail-day frequency increases were established in the six
largest cities and were greatest in the warm season, generally
tne summer.
Descriptors: DIURNAL; SEASONAL; CHICAGO: AMERICA; ILLINOIS;
NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; NEW ORLEANS; LOUISIANA; ST LOUIS
; MISSOURI; OKLAHOMA; HOUSTON; TEXAS; WASHINGTON D C; URBAN
AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; PRECIPITATION; ATMOSPHERIC
PHENOMENA; METEOROLOGY; RAIN; THUNDERSTORMS; WEATHER
MODIFICATION; TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS; INDIANA; OHIO;
OKLAHOMA; PRECIPITATION
Identifiers: INDIANAPOLIS; CLEVELAND; TULSA; HAIL
Category: ATMOS INTERACT
19-5-24S 551.553.11(261.64) (764) :551.501
Instrumenting the Sea Breeze Project. Facilities \or Atmospheric Research, Boulder,
fob, No. 4:2-5, Summer, 1967. Figs., photo. DAS, DLC—The scope and aims of the'
zing daily ozone isoplcth maps and comparing ihem to meteorological traps and air parcel
trajectories for the period April 12-23. 1976. This period was characterized b> the presence of a large
high pressure system which produced widespread ozone concemrauons of greater than 0.08 ppm as
well as record-breaking maximum springtime temperatures over much « the stud> area. Daily maxi-
mum ozone values from the state nstv-orks were used to produce the daily ozone maps. Movement
of areas of high ozone concentrations corresponded to the movement ol the hiih pressure system.
Actual transport across these areas is supported by trajectory aaalysi. Daily visibility maps were
also prepared and they suggest that areas of low visibility generally coincide with areas of elevated
ozone under certain conditions>
239
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
17.6-13 551.577.2(764) :551.577J:519.2
Tucker, Joseph E., Investigation of the precipitation distribution and probability of
receiving selected amounts over Texas. May 1965. Thesis (M.Sc.)— Texas A&M Univ.
113 p. Numerous fi«s., tallies, rcfs. DWB (M77.2 T892in)—The distributions of monthly
and animal precipitation amounts for 34 selected Texas stations have been investigated in an
effort to determine the fit of monthly \alues to a square-root normal distribution and that
of annual amount* to a normal distribution. Forty years of data from each of the 34 stations
were processed statistically using the IBM 7090/70V4 Programming System. A series of
significance tests lias been used to determine if the assumption of the respective normal «ti>"
tributions is justified. These tests show that 88% of the monthly data and 71% of the annual
data arc not significantly different from normal. From data which were determined to lit
the individual normal distributions, maps of the annual mean and standard deviation and mar*
of the monthly" M|uare-root mean and standard deviation have been prepared. These map*
were used to interpolate for additional values of the two statistical parameters. These
parameters, in conjunction with ladles of the normal distribution, were then used to obtain
probabilities of a real observation exceeding selected amounts of precipitation and to cal-
culate the amounts of precipitation associated with a selected probability. A series of nup»
of isolincs of probability for selected monthly and annual precipitation amounts and a ma?
of contours of precipitation have lx.cn introduced to characterize the regional and anniul
patterns of precipitation and to demonstrate the realistic advantages of the study. SiiftKC'
flciuiiiins: I. Precipitation distribution 2. Precipitation probabilities 3. Statistical
analysis of piectpitation 4. Texas, United States.—Antli.
100859
A J Relationship for Texas
Walker, H. M.
Envirormental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, H.
C., Environmental Sciences Research Lab.
Int. Photochem. Oxidant Pollut. Control Conf. Proc., Vol.
II, Raleigh, N. C., 1976 pp. 851-869 1977
Note: (Sept. 12.) (Rept. EPA-600/3-77-001D.)
Ooc Type: U; Original (Theoretical)
CAS Registry No'. 10028-15-6
An upper limit curve relationship has been contracted for
more than 900 ozone-non-methane hydrocarbon data pairs
obtained by the Texas Air Control Board monitoring network
since 1973. unlike the AP-84 curve, the Texas Air Control
Board curve interests the .0 6-9 am non-methane hydrocarbon
axis at .125 ppm ozone. It also reaches a maximum at 1.1 ppm
6-9 am non-methane hydrocarbon. and then descends to values
below the National Ambient Air Standard for ozone at levels
above 5.0 ppm non-methane hydrocarbon. Fifty-nine data pairs
from the Houston Air Pollution Control District network move
the maximum out to 2.4 ppm, but do not change the shape of the
curve. The possible implications of the Texas J curve are
discussed."(Author abstract) (9 Refs)
Descriptors: America; North America: United States: Texas:
Houston; Hydrocarbons; Ozone; Air Quality Measurements:
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons
Category*. Atmospheric Interaction; Atmospheric Interaction
(Chemical and Physical)
240
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
Radian Corporation,
M-l Meteorological Data Needs and Characterization, draft report.
tXJN 77-100-144-02., Radian Project No. 100-144.
Austin, Tx, Jan. 1977.
*Eouston, Texas-air pollution; Photochemical pollutants;
The purpose of this investigation is Co determine and
recommend the additional meteorological monitoring and models
needed to characterize three-dimensional air movement, oxidants,
and haze in the Houston area. The project is divided into three
tasks:
• Task I: The Location, Documentation, and Display of
Continuous Meteorological Monitoring Stations ia the
Houston District.
• Task II: The Determination of Data Needs and Methods
for Characterizing Air Movement Below the 500-
Millibar (13.000 - 20,000 Feet) Level.
• Task III: Recommendations for Characterizations of
Three-Dimensional Air Movement, Oxidants, and Haze
in Che Houston Area.
Task III incorporates the results of Tasks I and II
co derive several alternative plans of monitoring and modeling.
The approximate costs of these options are also presented.
Experts in Che modeling of three-dimensional air movement and
photochemistry are also identified for possible use as consul-
Canes in future phases of Che HAOS.
20.9-205 551.510.42(764)
Orton, Robert, Meteorological potential for air pollution in Texas. 1968. 6 p. Fig*.
tables. Reprinted from Texas Business Review, 42(10), Oct. 1968. DAS (M 10.42 078n*l
—Assesses the meteorological parameters of air pollution for the state: the ro!e of wind
stability of the air (including inversion), precipitation and thunderstorms, and other atm*
spheric properties important to pollution, such as humidity, cloudiness, and radiation, art
discussed. Topographic effects on the transport and diffusion of pollutants in Texas are con-
sidered, with special reference to the generally flat terrain, and the significance of the adjacefl*
Gulf of Mexico. The climatology of the state is reviewed, noting the transitory nature o<
most anticyclones crossing its borders. The air pollution potential is calculated on the basis
of a combination of low wind speeds and limited vertical mixing. Estimated mean maxinuns
mixing depths for 22 major localities are tabulated. It is concluded that although sta^natioo
of air masses and the threat of air pollution are more likely to occur over the East TcxM
Pine Belt than elsewhere, the "restless" climate of the state does not favor objectionable con-
centration of air pollutants during much of the time. For the whole state, the most seriow
pollution episodes are likely to occur in Dec. and Jan. Subject Headings: 1. Atmospheric
pollution potentials 2. Atmospheric pollution meteorology 3. Weather effects on at-
mospheric pollution 4. Texas, United States.—J.P.D.
241
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
046514
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT OF A GASEOUS AIR
POLLUTANT IN THE VICINITY OF TALL BUILDINGS.
DjuMc, D. and 0. C. Thomas
New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, Proc. Symp. Air Pollut.,
Turbul. Diffus., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 1971, p. 27-34. 12 refs.
(Dec. 7-10.)
PROC SYV1P AIR POLLUT TURBUL DIFFUS LAS CRUCES N MEX 1971
1971
THEO LAB Method of Support: NONE
USGRDR No.: NTIS, CONF-711210
With the advent of larger and faster computers it is
Becoming feasible to solve transport and diffusion equations
under more complicated conditions than previously attained.
The flow around buildings of various shapes is .geometrically
complicated, but can be simulated in a three-dimensional
model* A numerical model which simulated fluid motion and
pollutant diffusion for the region of downtown Houston during
36 minutes of actual time is considered.
Descriptors: FEASIBILITY STUDIES; HOUSTON; AMERICA: NORTH
AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; BUILDINGS; STRUCTURES: URBAN
AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; COMPUTER PROGRAMS; DATA HAMDLING
SYSTEMS; SIMULATION; DIFFUSION MODELS; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA:
DIFFUSION (ATMOSPHERIC); DISPERSION; DIFFUSION (ATMOSPHERIC)J
CONVECTION (ATMOSPHERIC)! ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; METEOROLOGY:
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS; AERODYNAMICS; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
PHENOMENA; FLUID FLOW
Category: ATMOS INTERACT
McPhcrson, Ronald D.,
"A numerical study of Che effect of a coastal irregularity on the
sea breeze",
J. Appl. Meteor. 9. 767 (1970).
The modification of the sea breeze circulation by irregular coastline* n examined by integrating a three-
dimensional nonlinear numerical sea brecv.e model with a l.ir^c hay incorporated into the surface boundary
conditions. The results show th:it the presence of a bay produces a landward distortion of the sea breeze Con-
vergence zone and that within the zone there develop definite extrema of vertical motion, the positions of
which are closely related to the bay. Furthermore, the intensity of convergence and upward motion within
the zone arc distributed asymmetrically with respect to the bay This is a result of the Coriolis acceleration
and the bay-induced comjionent of the pressure-gradient force acting in concert on one side of the bay and in
opposition on the other.
ID NO.- M3A23120315
Observational study of winter temperatures in the urban area
of Houston, TOXJS.
Runnels, R. C.; Randerson, D.; Griffiths, J. F.
Dept. of Vtft., Texas ASM Univ., Co! ley-'? Station
International Journal of Bi o;reteo"ology, Amsterdam,
16(2):119-129, Apr i 1 1972.
CTRY OF F'JSirNL
DOC TYPE: j
DESCRIPTORS: Urban temperatures; Houston, Texas
UCD NOT.-551 .524:551.568.7
242
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
Texas Air Control Board,
Particulate attainment analysis, vol. 2, Status of major compliance
programs in the Brownsville-Laredo, Corpus Christi, Houston/Galveston,
Dallas, San Antonio/Eagle Pass, and El Paso air quality control regions.
Austin, TX, Dec. 1976.
Air pollution-particulate emissions-standards and criteria; *Texas-
air pollution; Air pollution-air quality maintenance plans; Air pollution-
inplttnentation plans; Houston, Texas-air pollution;
Texas Air Control Board, Standards and Regulations Program, Abatement
Requirements and Analysis Division,
Photochemical oxldant attainment analysis, summary and analysis of ozone
data.
Austin, TX, July 1977.
*Texas-air pollution; Ozone-standards; Photochemical pollutants-standards;
Ozone-monitoring;
As part of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's)
requirement for submittal of revisions to the State Imple-
mentation Plan (SIP), the Texas Air Control Board (TACB)
must examine the available ozone data from nine air quality
control regions (AQCRs) within the state. This report pro-
vides the base statistical data for photochemical oxidants
(measured as ozone) required for the determination of the
attainment status of the photochemical oxidant (ozone)
standard in each of the nine AQCRs.
057747
PRECIPITATION MODIFICATION BY MAJOR URBAN AREAS.
Huff, F. A. and S. A. Changnon, Or.
Bull. An. Meteorol. Soc., 54(12):1220-1232, Dec. 1973. 29
refs.
BULL AM METEOROL SOC 1973
FLO BIB Method of Support: NONE
Historical weather records at eight American uroan areas of
varying type, size, and climate were studied for indications
of inadvertent precipitation modification. The cities were
St. Louis, Chicago, Indianapolis, Cleveland, Washington,
Houston, New Orleans, and Tulsa. The six largest cities all
experienced warm seasonal rainfall increases of 9-17% during
the 1955-1970 period. Tne increases in the Midwest cities
occurred largely with cold fronts, out in the coastal cities
tney were largely during air mass (nonfrontal) conditions.
Tne Midwest increases also occurred as enhancement, not
initiation, of moderate to heavy rain days. Significant
243
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
Increases in summer tnunder-day frequencies (13-41%) and
nail-day frequencies (90-450%) were found at the six largest
cities, and the increases occurred largely in the morning
hours. The typical locations of maxima in the Midwest cities
were thunder over and near the city, and rain and hail 25-55
Km downwind. The maxima of all events in coastal cities were
in or near the city. Overall, urban precipitation enhancement
was related to city size, industrial nuclei generation, and
uroan thermal effects. The alterations have considerable
relevance to urban design, local area forecasting, local water
supplies, agricultural production, hydrologic design, and
planned weather modification. (Author abstract modified)
Descriptors: DIURNAL; SEASONAL: URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN
AREAS; ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA;
METEOROLOGY; WINDS-. PRECIPITATION; RAIN; THUNDERSTORMS;
WEATHER MODIFICATION; ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; PRECIPITATION
Identifiers: FRONTS; HAIL
Category: ATMOS INTERACT
Severs, Richard K., ',
Respirable particulate monitoring with remote sensors, public health ,
ecology: air pollution, final report.
NAS 9-12041.
Houston, TX, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Institute of
Environmental Health, Jan. 1974.
Air pollution-particulate emissions-monitoring; Aerosols-properties; Remote
sensing;
The feasibility of monitoring atmospheric aerosol characteristics
in the respirable range from air or space platforms was explored and demon-
strated. The research plan included elements from contrast theory. Hie
aerosol characteristics, end a vertical path length, limited by the
altitude of the remote sensor platform, an aircraft, or the height of the
inversion layer.
Secondary reflectance targets were located in the industrial area
and near Galveston Bay. These approximated areas of high and low ambient
air.aerosol loadings. Film/filter channels were used to limit bandwidths.
Multi-channel remote sensor data was processed and utilized to calculate
the aerosol extinction coefficient, and thus determine the aerosol size
distribution.
Houston and Texas air sampling network hi£.v-volume suspended
participate data were utilized to generate computer isopleth maps (SYMAPS)
of suspended participates over the test site areas. On-site 5-hour high-
volume measurement* were also conducted to establish the mass loading of
244
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
the atmosphere. .In addition a 5-ch«nn«l neph«loa*ter, and a multi-stage
participate air sampler were used to collect data at the site. After
demonstrating the data best fit the Junge I'.istributicn, lin-sar regression
analyses were used to calculate the extinction coefficient. —•—'
20.10-326 551.553.11 (261.64) (704)
Sea breeze 1968. l-'afilitics for Aluwsphcric Research, Boulder, Colo., \o. 7:24-25,
Pec. 1968. Figs. DAS—Describes and illustrates the network and procedures used in the
continuing study of the sea and land bretve cycles on the Texas Gulf Coast conducted by the
Univ. of Texas Atmospheric Science Group. The data-gathering effort was concentrated in
June l'H>8 when special attention uas given to 1) energy tran>fcrs contributing to the overall
"brat budget, and 2) a better definition of the land brecre. The network extended in a roiurh
line perpendicular to the shore, from ~14 mi offshore to 11 mi inland. Brief reference »
nude to the assistance of NCAK: tit Id and (light staff, sensing and power generating equip-
ment, and a yueen Air 80 aircraft. Subject Headings; 1. Sea breeze investigations I
Land and tea breezes 3. Gulf of Mexico 4. Texas, United States.—D.BJC.
Walsh, John E.,
"Sea breeze theory and applications",
J. Atmos. Sci. 31. 2012 (1974).
The linearized Bouninesq equations with rotation, viscosity, conduction, and a mean stratification are
used to model the sea breeze in two dimensions. The motion is forced by a prescribed surface temperature
function.
The linear model produces a sea breeze with realistic velocities and spatial dimensions. Hydrostatic solu-
tions are found to differ very little from nonhydrostatic solutions. The only distinguishing feature of the
solution at the inertial latitude is an amplitude maximum far from the coastline. Both the phase and the
amplitude depend on the mean atmospheric stability. The computed vertical heat fluxes, when summed
along the coastlines of the principal land masses, indicate that the sea breeze effect can account for several
percent of the globally averaged vertical flux of sensible heat .it a height of several hundred meters.
The land-sea tem|>erature difference required by the model to create a net onshore flow in opposition to
a basic current agrees well with the empirical criterion defined by Big«s and Graves.
The nonlinear advection process is studied with a finite-difference model liased on a series of overlapping
grids. The principal effect of the nonlinear terms is a landward advertion of the sea breeze circulation.
102700
Some Considerations Regarding Rural Ozone
WalKer, H. M.
Ozone/Oxidants Interactions with Total Environ. pp.
268-281 Pittsburgh, Pa., Air Pollution Control Assoc. 1976
Ooc Type: C; ORIGINAL, (THEORETICAL)
CAS Registry No: 10028-15-6
Three local air pollution situations are analyzed, tending
to confirm that the transport of urDan pollutants can result
In the generation of orone (03). The Houston plume, the
Wniteface Mountain Freon-11 preturbation, and the St. Louis
pluiie were studied. Quantitative results indicate that If 03
generation is being caused Dy hydrocarbons (HC),
concentrations of at most 20 ppo and perhaps considerably loss
must oe responsible. Twenty ppo is less than 10% of the old
240 POD HC guideline which was once supposed to lead to a
245
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
maximum of 80 ppb of 03. If 20 ppb or less HC can take a
background of 58 ppo of 03 up to 84 ppb witnin three hours and
78 km as observed, the possible effects of twice as much at 25
Km in the suburbs of any major Urban area on a less windy day
must De considered in the formation of future HC abatement
policies. Hydrocarbon levels of an order of magnitude below
those previously deemed necessary must be seriously
considered. (10 Refs)
Descriptors: ABATEMENT; AIR QUALITY CRITERIA; CRITERIA;
HYDROCARBONS; OXIDANTS; POLLUTANTS; OZONE; REACTION MECHANISMS
J CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; RURAL AREAS;
NON-METROPOLITAN AREAS; TEXAS; ST LOUIS; TRANSPORT; DISPERSION
J ATMOSPHURIC PHENOMENA
Category: ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION (CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL);
ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION; ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION (METEOROL AND
CLIMATOL AND TOPOGR); ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
14.7-703 551.575.1:551.575.5:551.515.83(76*)
Stevenson, Robert E. (A. and M. College of Texas), Steam fog at Galveston, Texu.
Weatherwisc, Boston, 15(5):188-191, 213, Oct., 1962. 3 figs., 2 refa.—The terms "norther."
"blue norther," "creeping norther," "wet norther" and "smoking norther" as used hy the
coastal Texas fishermen are defined. The article describes a "smoking norther" observed at
Galveston, Texas, on 27 1'eb., 1962, when a rapidly moving cold front crossed the crust at
noon. The formation of steam fogs in general and the fog at Galveston is discussed and il-
lustrated in graphs for O'XK) hrs Feb. 25 to 1200 hrs March 2, 1962 of air temperature and dew
point at Galveston Airport and surface water temperatures at the Pleasure Pier on Soaw.ill
Drive, Galveston; differences between the vapor pressure of the air and the saturation vapor
pressure at the water surface; and differences between the vapor pressure of the air and the
saturation vapor pressure at the water surface at 3-hr intervals plotted against the wind ve-
locity measured at the same time. It is concluded that the formation of the steam fog follow-
ing the frontal crossing was possible only because of a preceding period of warm temperature*.
It was the result of a fortuitous sequence of weather and water conditions. Subject Headings:
1. Steam fog 2. Galveston, Tex.—D.B.K.
0ZT3BG
STUDIES OF CARBON MONOXIDE DIFFUSION IN AN URBAN AREA.
Thomas, John Charles
Texas Agricultural and Mechanical Univ., College Station,
Dept. of Vleteorology, Thesis (M. S.), Jan. 1970, 166p. 28
ref s.
1970
FLO BIB Method of Support: NONE
Carbon -nonoxide as affected by traffic, wind speed, and wind
direction near a freeway interchange and in a downtown region
was studied. A wide variation was found in the .relationships
of CO and meteorological conditions from sampler to sampler.
Vertical -neasurements exhibited similar CO concentrations.
Rainfall had little effect on reducing CO concentrations.
Reasonable results were obtained using an analytic solution,
suggesting that CO concentrations close to the source can be
determined with a mathematical model. Carbon monoxide
concentrations were affected differently by meteorological
conditions in a downtown region than in a freeway location.
There was a positive correlation between CO and traffic. A
negative correlation existed between CO and wind speed, while
an almost zero correlation was found between CO and wind
direction. (Author conclusions modified)
246
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
Descriptors: HOUSTON; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED
STATES; HIGHWAYS; ROADS; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS:
ENGINE EXHAUSTS; ENGINE EMISSIONS;' POLLUTANTS; MOTOR VEHICLE
SOURCES; MOOILE EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION
METHODS; GAS SAMPLING; SAMPLING METHODS: FILTERS; CONTROL
EQUIPMENT-GAS STREAMS; CONTROL EQUIPMENT - GAS STREAMS:
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES; MATHEMATICAL MODELING; ANEMOMETERS:
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS; STATISTICAL ANALYSES; DIFFUSION
(ATMOSPHERIC): ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA: DISPERSION: METEOROLOGY:
WINDS; ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; HUMIDITY; RAIN; PRECIPITATION:
THUNDERSTORMS: TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC): TURBULENCE
(ATMOSPHERIC): CARBON MONOXIDE: OXIDES
Category: ATMOS INTERACT
20.1-177 551.510.42:551.551.8:620.78:770(764^
Randerson, Parry! (Tf.ras AfrM Univ.), A study of air pollution sources as viewed
by Earth satellites. Air Pollution Control Association. Journal. Pittsburgh, Pa.. 18(4):
249-253, April 1968. Figs. DAS, DLC—Several photographs are presented which illus-
trate llic large scale dis|>ciMon of atmospheric pollutants. These photographs were taken by
aeronauts on various manned spacecraft (lights. A spacecraft view of a forest fire in the
Apalachicola Natl. Forest revealed a rather large smoke plume. Geometrically scaled niea-
turcmcnts indicated the plume \\ns approximately 4 mi wide and about 65 mi long. Trapixxl
i-iuliT a frontal inversion located between 2500 and 3000 ft above ground level, this plume
was being transported south-soutlnvestward into the Gulf of Mexico by the local wind flow
jutUTii. Several pictures containing examples of industrial smoke plumes in the vicinity of
lIiHi'ton, Tex., are discussed in relation to the local synoptic situation. A picture of indus-
•ii.il h:\re over Houston, Tex., is presented to illustrate an arcal distribution of atmospheric
.tilliii.mts covering an area of about 2
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
102699
A Study of Factors Associated with High Urban Ozone
Concentrations in Texas
Price, James H.
Ozone/Oxidants Interactions with Total Environ. pp.
282-292 Pittsburgh, Pa., Air Pollution Control Assoc. 1976
Ooc Type: C; ORIGINAL (FIELD)
CAS Registry No: 10028-15-6
The results of a study of the meteorology and the pollution
levels associated with high uroan ozone (03) (at least 0.15
ppm) are presented. In 1975, over 80% of the days in Texas
with at least 0.15 ppm 03 was monitored in the Houston region
and the Southwest Texas region, although only one-half of the
Texas Air Control Board 03 monitors are in these two regions.
On five of tne six occurrences outside these two.regions, the
concurrent visibility was 12 mi or greater. Twenty-six of the
31 occurrences in the two upper coast regions had visibility
less tnan 10 mi. Tne one distinguishing meteorological feature
common to almost all high 03 occurrences was weak pressure
gradients. Tnese results give some support to the hypothesis
tnat tne presence of dotn old photochemical pollution and
fresh emissions is normally required to produce nigh 03
concentrations in Texas, but the relationship is still not
well established. (11 Refs)
Descriptors: AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; OXIDANTS; POLLUTANTS;
OZONE; PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS; CHEMICAL REACTIONS; CHEMICAL
AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC); METEOROLOGY;
ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; NORTH AMERICA;
AMERICA; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; VISIBILITY
Category: ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION (METEOROL. AND CLIMATOU AND
TOPOGR); ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
18.6-391 551.553.11(764)
George, David H., Study of the diurnal summer wind system at Galveston, Texas.
U. S. Weather Bureau, Sniithcrn Rcqion Technical Memorandum No. 30, Dec. 1966. lip.
Figs., refs., eqs. DAS (M(055) U587sot)—An investigation of 30 clays hourly wind ob-
servations at Galveston Is., Tex. revealed a complex land-sea breeze system. The system
is obscured by fairly constant oil-shore winds resulting (rum the western extension of the
Bermuda High as well as local effects such as the presence of water on all side of the land
area. The large differences in wind direction on the island are theorized to be due to sole-
noidal effects. Subject Headings: 1. Land and sea breezes 2. Galveston, Texas.—AutH.
ID NO.- MjA27020147
Study of the effects of the urban itK.-r.od imate on local and
regional oollution pott.-ntial in southeast. Texas.
Pendergnst, Malcolm Man ley
Gi',>d. Col 1 . . TX. ASM Univ.
Thesis iPh.D., met.), Aug. 1974. Ann Aroor, MI., University
MiCr-of i 1ms, 1975. 208 p. Sofs.
CTrtY OF P'J-3i.:US
The extent of influence of the pollution plu'ne of Houston,
TX. , vas ootc-r-nined for winter and soring 1972, thruugh
several techniques based upon routin_- motoc^ulogical data. One
method involved the use of 9-hr traje<. torios of hypothetical
air parcels calculated from adjusted surface winds at 3-hr
248
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
intervals, wind soeed. stability, and mixing depths obtained
from environmental rreteorological r-upper t unit IEMSU)
soundings n>aue at Houston '.-.ere used to determine the dilution
factor (OF) along each trajectory. Another method used to
depict the areal extent of the Houston pollution plume was
called pollution effect on plants, PEP. This method determined
the offect of the Houston pollution plu<»e- on a hypothetical
Diotic plant as a function of DF, temperature, relative
hu'n i cl i t •/, and intensity of sunliyht. This research
demonstrated an inexpensive technique, nt Bryan-College
Station, v.nich can be used to acquire i nf ot-n at ion concerning
the horizontal and vertical extent of t"£ urban boundary
layer. The technique uses instrument pi atforms-of-opportunity,
and the data are collected during the course of automobile
transects. Results of the urban surve/ indicate that the
vertical profiles of temperature and humidity within the
suburban a-ea are of the same form as profiles measured by
other investigators for rural areas. Average lapse rates of
temperature- at 2300 hr 1ST for six different locations within
the Bryan-College Station urban area show that, during both
high and low wind speed conditions,, the central business
district has a destaolizing influence upon the thermal
structure of the urban atmosphere. Vertical cross sections of
temperature and humidity obtained through use of tower
observations were show:-, to be helpful for the determination of
the extent of influence of the urban area. Results indicate
that when the uroan area is under tne influence of a
continental polar (cP) or maritime oolar (mP) air mass, the
effect of the urban area is in the form of an unstable heat
p I u.ne usually confined within the lowest GO m. When the urban
area is under the influence of a returning polar (RP) or a
tropical Gulf (TG) air mass, the effect of the urban area is
observed to be above 110 in.
DESCRIPTORS: Atmospheric pollution potent'n1s; Atmospheric
pollution dispersal; Urban influences on atmospheric pollution
; Houston, Texas
Decker, C.E., et al. ,
Study of the formation and transport of ambient oxidants In the Western
Gulf toast and North-Central and Nortneast regions of the United States.
EPA Contract No. 68-02-2048.
Research Triangle Park, NC, Research Triangle Institute, Aug. 1976.
Air pollution-transport mechanisms; Ozone-monitoring; Photochemical
pollutants-ground level concentrations; *Photochemical pollutants-monitoring;
Air quality-data handling; Air quality-instruments; Air pollution-monitoring;
Air pollution-instruments;
17.10-346 551.553.11(760
Kddy, Amos (Tex. Univ.), The Texas coast sea-breeze: a pilot study. H'father.
London, 21(5): 162-170, May 1966. FIRS., rcfs. DAS, DLC— An account of a pilot study
of the sea breeze phenomenon on the coast of Texas (Gulf of Mexico) undertaken during the
week of June 13-20, 1065. The object was to determine whether or not a sea breeze of
sufficient intensity rutild In; found to he distinguishable from the normal on-shore How prev-
alent along this particular stretch of coast. Surface and 700 mb charts for June 5, showed
that the circulation of that day was such as to provide optimum conditions for the formation
249
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
of a sea breeze. Time cross sections of the wind speed perpendicular to the beach up to
heights of 8000 ft proved the exigence of a sea breeze circulation ami was confirmed by the
diurnal pattern of tiic variation of the low-level wind direction. The differences in the
diurnal temperature curves inland and at the coast, and the effects of the night-time inversion
on the wind direction. Other studies were: latent heat produced by lines of heavy Cu in the
upward moving .section of the circulation may play a significant part in the circulation;
sensible-heat profile along a sea-land cross section may not he even close to the space sine
wave, temperature gradients could be very sharp along the coast line and very small else-
where ; the role of the sea breeze in the distribution of hygroscopic nuclei may be <(itite
pronounced; and a complete energy-balance picture of the sea breeze, from microscalc energy
input to mcsoscalc conversion ami transport and then to microscale momentum and kinetic
energy loss is a reasonable result to exi>cct from future studies of this phenomenon on the
coast of Texas. Subject Headings: I. Sea breeze investigations 2. Sea breeze circulation
3. Texas. United States.—K.U.
Estoque, M.A.,
"A theoretical investigation of the sea breeze",
Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 87. 136 (1961).
A primitive equation model is formulated and integrated numerically to study the tern breeze. The
formulation is an extension of an atmospheric boundary-layer model previously developed for a homogeneous
terrain. External gravity-wave type solutions are suppressed by a modelling assumption involving the equation
of continuity. The results of an integration showing the evolution of the sea breeze under conditions of no
large-scale synoptic motion are presented.
Fisher, Edwin L.,
"A theoretical study of the sea breeze ,
J. Meteor. 18. 216 (1961).
A series of observations of the sea breeze has been made along a portion of the New England coast near
Block Island, Rhode Island. These observations were presented in an earlier paper (Fisher, 1900).
With these data as a b;i=is, a dynamical theory of the sea breeze is described and a numerical solution of
these sea-breeze equations is obtained. The solution shows the sea breeze in the stapes of development and
decay and succeeds in reproducing not only the gross features of the wind system but many of its small de-
tails as well. The model sea brce/.c develops a cellular structure similar to the observed system. The depth
of the landward branch of the current, its velocity, the velocity of the return current aloft, the elevation,
location, and timing of the maximum flow, agree closely with observations. The model also reproduces the
rotational effects due to the Coriotis force. The accumulation of error in the model causes its behavior to
become irregular by evening (14 hr from its start) so that the development of the low-level jet and other
features of the dying system can only be poorly evaluated in the model.
Wexler, Raymond,
"Theory and observations of land and sea breezes",
Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 27, 272 (1946).
THE LOCAL muRN&L WINDS induced by
temperature difference between land
and sea are defined as land and sea
breezes; the wind that blows from land to
sea by night is the land breeze; the wind
that blows from sea to land by day is the
wa breeze.
250
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
With the possible exception of some Are-
tie and sub-Arctic regions, land and sea
breezes ooour in coastal regions of conti-
nents, islands, or inland lakes. Their fre-
quency on yoast8 depends essentially upon
the latitude, season, cloudiness, and gradient
wind. With hilly or mountainous terrain
adjacent to the r.liore, tlio lu, al winds arc a
combination of land and sea treezi'a with
viilli-y or slope winds and are thereby
•trongcr and more frequent.
Pielke, Roger A.,
"A three-dimensional numerical model of the sea breezes over
South Florida",
Month. Weather Rev. 102. 115 (1974).
An eight-level three-dimensional primitive equation model which includes a detailed boundary layer
parameterization scheme has been used to describe the initiation and evolution of sea-breeze convenience
patterns over south Florida as a function of the surface heat and momentum (luxes and of the large-scale
synoptic forcing. A minimum grid spacing of 11 km was used. Model results are presented for several different
initial conditions and the results, when compared against cumulus cloud and shower patterns, demonstrate
that the dry sea-breeze circulations are the dominant control on the locations of thunderstorm complexes
over south Florida on undisturbed days.
It is also shown that, in contrast to the differential roughness, the differential heating between land and
•water over south Florida is the primary determinant of the magnitudes of convergence. The values of
surface roughness, however, indirectly influence convergence patterns by affecting the intensity of the ver-
tical turbulent trans|x>rt of heat and momentum.
It is found that the sea breeze over south Florida accumulates synoptic-scale moisture in the convergence
zones, since the magnitudes of moisture convergence are relatively unaffected by evaporation from the
ocean at least for a period of 10 hours or so.
The results of the numerical experiments suggest that, in order to pro|>erly interpret the results of the
Experimental Meteorology Laboratory's cloud-merger seeding experiments over south Florida, an apprecia-
tion and understanding of the sea-breeze circulations are required.
20.2-9 , 551.553.11 (261.64) (764)
McPherson, Ronald D., Three-dimension numerical study of the Texas coast sea
breeze. Texas. Univ., Austin. College of Engineering. Atmospheric Science Crcnf,
Report No. 15, Aug. 1968. 252 p. Figs., charts, tables, rets., eqs. DAS (if (051) T3553rc)
—Tlie effect on the Texas coast sea brce/e of irregularities in the coastline, specifically tlte
effect of Galvcston Bay, is examined by means of a 3-dimen.sionaI mathematical model which
is essentially an extension of an earlier 2-dimcnsional model developed by ESTOQI.-E. The
theory of Kstoquc's model is examined in detail. A 2-dinicnsional test version of the model
is then subjected to an extensive series of numerical experiments in order to gain some
insight into the characteristics of the model and into its response to variations in some of
tlic modeling assumptions. It is demonstrated that computationally stable solutions can be
obtained for periods up to 72 hrs. It is also shown that the model is extremely sensitive to
variations in the matliematical paramctrization of tlw eddy exchange processes above tlw
251
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
boundary layer, and that the formulation of the eddy exchange processes in the boundary
layer under stable temperature stratification is inadequate. However, the model simulates
many of the observed features of the sea breeze, including intensity and discussions, the sea
lircezc convergence line, and the clockwise rotation of the horizontal winds with time.
Kstoquc's nioilcl is modified on the basis of the experimental evaluation and is extended to
three space dimensions. An application to the problem of the effect of Galveston Bay on
the sea breeze is undertaken, in which the bay is simulated by a square indentation of an
otherwise straight coastline. The results of this application indicate that the presence of
Galveston Ray creates a distortion in the sea breeze convergence zone and an asymmetry in
tlic vertical motion field associated with the zone. This asymmetric distribution of vertical
motion around the hay is such that the greatest upward motion initially develops northwest
of the bay and shifts later to the northeast of the hay. Subject llcatJimjs: 1. Sea breeze
regimes at the coast 2. Sea breeze models 3. Estoque's model 4. Galveston Bay 5.
Texas.—Aulh.
028852
A TIME AND SPACE STUDY OF POLLUTANTS. (FINAL REPORT).
Griffiths, John F., Malcolm M. Pendergast, D. Randerson, R.
C. Runnels, R. Michael Ryan, John C. Thomas, and James T.
ZumwaIt
Texas Agricultural and Mechanical Univ., College Station,
Proj. AP-00611, 144p., Feb. 26, 1971. 33 refs.
1971
FLO BIB Method of Support: RES CRT
A series of papers are presented constituting the final
report on an investigation of air pollution and related
meteorological parameters in selected urban industrial
complexes. A technique was developed for estimating the lower
winds (winds up to about 2000 meters) over Houston, Texas,
from the currently existing upper air station at Lake Charles,
Louisiana. Spatial vector regression, a -seldom used
Statistical technique, was employed. The area I and temporal
distribution of pollutant emissions from vehicles in Houston
were estimated. A numerical model was proposed for predicting
the dispersion of sulfur dioxide over Nashville, Tennessee,
during the winter. Tne model includes the effects of
three-dimensional advection, diffusion, and variations in the
topography, as well as the effects of chemical decay, source
strength, and a correction term for the truncation error.
Carbon monoxide measurements were made In the vicinity of a
freeway interchange in Houston and in a downtown .region of the
same city. Activation analysis was used to reveal the
distribution of manganes and bromine in an urban area. The
spectral distribution of solar radiation in a polluted and a
Clean air mass was compared. Some preliminary results are
presented of an investigation of the dispersion of atmosoheric
pollutants and the associated pattern of temperatures within
the urban area of Houston. An airborne survey was made over
Houston to obtain infrared pictures, ultraviolet measurements.
infrared data, and temperature profiles. A number of
pollutants were tabulated for 55 cities.
Descriptors: SEASONAL; NASHVILLE; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA;
TENNESSEE; UNITED STATES; HOUSTON; TEXAS; HIGHWAYS; ROADS;
URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; ENGINE EMISSIONS: POLLUTANTS;
MATHEMATICAL MODELING; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES; STATISTICAL
ANALYSES; LOWER ATMOSPHERE; ALTITUDE; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA:
252
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
DISPERSION: METEOROLOGY; AOVECTION: ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS:
WINDS; TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC): TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS:
BROMINE: HALOGEN GASES; MANGANESE COMPOUNDS: METAL COMPOUNDS:
CARBON MONOXIDE; OXIDES; SULFUR DIOXIDE: SULFUR OXIDES: SOLAR
RADIATION; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA: LIGHT RADIATION
Category! ATMOS INTERACT; MEASUREMENT METH
ID NO.- MSA24010353
Turbulent fluxes and associated spectra in a sea breeze
boundary layer.
Hembreo, LOUIS A., Jr.
Texas. Univ., Austin. Atmospheric Science Group. Report No.
29, Aug. 197!. 90 p.
CTRY OF PUCI_:US
DOC TYPE: o
During three days in July 1963. wind and temperature
fluctuation d,;ta were taken for the calculation of turoulent
fluxes of momentum and sensible heat in a sea breeze regime.
The experimental site was located on the upper Texas Gulf
coast e-"ir>t of Gatveston, Texas- The data were taken with a
bivane ansynomoter and thermocouple mounted at a heignt of
approximately 8 m on a tower located 90 m inland from the
shore. The eddy-correlation technique was used to calculate
the turbulent fluxes of sensible heat and momentum. In
addition, a spectral analysis was performed on the data.
DESCRIPTORS: Heat flux; Momentum flux; Turbulent exchange in
lower-atir.osnnore; Sea oreeze turbulence; Galveston, Texas
UCD NOT:S51.551.8:551.553.11
050657
URBAN EFFECTS ON THUNDERSTORM AND HAILSTORM FREQUENCIES.
Changnon, Stanley A.. Or.
Preprint, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass., p.
.177-184, 1972. 8 refs. (Presented at the Conference on Urban
Environment and Second Conference on Biometeorology,
Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 31-Nov. 2, 1972.)
CONF URBAN ENVIRON SECOND CONF BIOMETEOROL PHILADELPHIA PA
1972
FLO Method of Support: NONE
The effects of aerosols, heat, moisture, and mechanical
turbulence on convective processes over and immediately
downwind of urban-industrial areas were investigated.
Historical (1901-1969) thunder-day and hail-day records for
regions in and around eight cities were used to establish the
existence of alterations in their frequencies, and to identify
the causes. The cities investigated Included Chicago,
Indianapolis, St. Louis, Cleveland. Washington, D. C., Tulsa.
Houston, and New Orleans. The investigation was based on all
available Weather Bureau station records in and within 60 ml
of each city. The basic analytical approach involved both
spatial and temporal analyses of the frequencies of the
events. The data, the changes (increase) found in each city,
the geographical distributions of the areas with the
increases, the periods when the increases began, and the
possible relationships of the increase to various synoptic
conditions and urban factors were evaluated. Thunder ana
253
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
haiI-day frequency increases were found in the six largest
cities investigated. The results suggested that a critical
sire of urban area (over 900.000 population) must be reached
before an urban area can affect severe storm frequency. The
results also suggested that local increases in thunder
frequencies will increase 30% as the city population exceeds 3
mi 1 Ii on.
Descriptors: CHICAGO; AMERICA; ILLINOIS; NORTH AMERICA:
UNITED STATES; INDIANA; NEW ORLEANS: LOUISIANA: ST LOUIS:
MISSOURI; OHIO; OKLAHOMA; HOUSTON; TEXAS; WASHINGTON D C:
URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; INDUSTRIAL AREAS; AEROSOLS:
PARTICULATES; POLLUTANTS; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES: CONVECTION
(ATMOSPHERIC); ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA:
METEOROLOGY; WINDS; HUMIDITY; THUNDERSTORMS: PRECIPITATION:
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC): WEATHER MODIFICATION; TOPOGRAPHIC
INTERACTIONS; TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC); INDIANA: OHIO:
OKLAHOMA; PRECIPITATION
Identifiers: INDIANAPOLIS: CLEVELAND; TULSAJ HAILSTORMS
Category: ATMOS INTERACT
ID NO.- M312S10C517
UV:;.in i z.it ion ^vid climatic change.
Go! cliiian, Ooi-.-ph L.
Intl. Clr. for Solution of Environ. Problems. Houston, TX.
. Urb.m costs of clin-atc modification. Ed. by Terry A.
Ferrar. N.Y., John Wiley & Sons, 1976. p. 43-101. Refs. DAS (A
QC. 9?'"> U7)
CTSY OF PUBL:US
Tho ive 1 I Xnu.vn effects of urbanization upon tho climate of
cities anJ of cur^ountimg a"ens are di s':u •->£'.-d by •ixamlnlng the
: nf i UCMCO of tho city structure upon r-. t ooroloy ' cal vartabl'es
and jjrooer.ses ana considering in particular tha effect on
p'-ecipitat ion and the verification of this effect. The
importance of the urban influence as a factor in climatic
change is investigated by examining in detail the climatic
effoc'.s in Houston and comparing th'.-se effects by relating
thc'ii to similarities of cliw.it ic CMjngo in uroan Sc~oth African
ai'eis. Extensive- data on the climatic viriaOlos in Houston are
given in q>-.Tphs. Tho interaction of climatic Change by
urbani?ation ond natural climatic chr.ngo is discussed.
DESCRIPTORS: Urban climatology; Houston, Texas
254
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
010083
AIR POLLUTION AND PROTECTIVE COATINGS: HOUSTON. DALLAS. AND
WASH- INGTON.
Fiero, George W.
J. Paint Technol
J PAINT TECHNOL
TECH Method of
In general
combust ion.
. 40 (520): 222-228, Ylay 1968. 18 refs.
1968
Support: FELL CRT
man-made air pollutants are largely products of
and solvents from protective coatings are not
major air pollutants. Photochemical smog prevalent in Los
Angeles results fro inter-reaction between oxides of nitrogen.
reactive hydrocarbons, a oxygen. Hydrocarbons vary greatly in
their reactivity; hydrocarbo found in solvents are less
reactive than auto exhaust. Data are provided on common air
pollutants in Houston, Dallas, Ft. Worth, an Washington. Rule
66 and its definition of photochemically reactive solvents are
examined with respect to the use of protective coating in the
San Francisco Bay Area. Where federal specifications apply.
the Bay Area Air Pollution Control District has agreed to draw
up a variance to January 24. 1969. So far. Rule 66-type
regulations hav not been adopted anywhere other than
California. The New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania
regulations and proposed rules are discusse Industry must
cooperate with local authorities to reduce general a
pollution. The National Paint, Varnish and Lacauer
Association smo chamber at Batelle Memorial Institute should
provide data relative the extent solvents add to photochemical
smog.
Descriptors: SURFACE COATINGS: MATERIALS: LACQUERS: PAINTS:
VARNISHES AND SHELLAC; CALIFORNIA; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA:
UNITED STATES: LOS ANGELES; SAN FRANCISCO: NEW JERSEY; NEW
YORK STATE: NEW YORK CITY; PENNSYLVANIA; TEXAS! HOUSTON:
POLLUTANTS; SOLVENTS; SOURCES: INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES:
STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; PAINTS AND ALLIED PRODUCTION:
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED MANUFACTURING; MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES:
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS; ALCOHOLS; HYDROCARBONS; ALIPHATIC
HYDROCARBONS; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; LEGAL ASPECTS? CODES:
REGULATIONS
Category: LEGAL AND ADMIN
008062
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIVITIES ARE NOTED FOR 23 INDUSTRY
AREAS.
SchiIdhammer, Allen
Air Eng., 9(6):28-34, 37, June 1967.
AIR ENG 1967
TECH Vlethod of Support: FELL CRT
A spot check of air pollution control activities in key
industrial areas throughout the United States and Canada shows
that industry, by and large, is cooperating to a great extent
in investing in abatement devices. The survey also indicates
that Air Pollution Control Authorities are .becoming more
active and vigorous in their activities to evaluate theif
local and regional air pollution problems. On the whole the
budgets for the Authorities are on the increase, and this is
coupled with increases in Federal grants. Also, many states,
regions, and cities which did not have adequate air pollution
control laws and regulations are updating those already on the
books, and passing new ones to keep abreast of new technology
255
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
and current developments in this field. The industrial areas
included in this second annual survey are : Little Rock,
Arkansas, Seattle-King County, Washington, Houston, Texas,
Miani (Dade County), Florida, Chicago, Illinois, Portland,
Oregon, Vancouver, British Columbia, Cincinnati, Ohio, Gary,
Indiana, St. Louis, Missouri, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma.n#
Descriptors: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS; MATERIALS; ASPHALT;
CEMENTS; V1ETALS; ALUMINUM; IRON; STEEL; PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY;
ANALYTICAL METHODS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; REFRACTORIES; RUBBER;
ARKANSAS; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; OHIO;
CINCINNATI; OKLAHOMA; OREGON; RHODE ISLAND; TEXAS; HOUSTON;
WASHINGTON (STATE); WISCONSIN; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS
J INDUSTRIAL AREAS; POLLUTANTS; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; ASHES;
CINDERS; COMBUSTION GASES; STACK GASES; WASTE GASES;
PARTICULATE CLASSIFICATION METHODS; PARTICIPATES; SETTLING
PARTICLES; DUSTS; SUSPENDED PARTICULATES; SMOKES; SOURCES;
FURNACES; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION
SOURCES; CHEMICAL PROCESSES; KRAFT (SULFATE) PULPING;
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES; PAPER AND ALLIED MANUFACTURING; PULP
MILLS; RENDERING PLANTS, GREASE AND TALLOW; FAT AND OIL
PRODUCTION; FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS INDUSTRY; INCINERATORS
(REFUSE); ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES; REFUSE SYSTEMS
; SANITARY SERVICES; ODORS; ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION; STEAM
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION: NON-INOUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATIONARY); DOMESTIC HEATING; DUMPS; TRANSPORTATION METHODS;
MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES; AUTOMOBILES;
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES; CONTROL EQUIPMENT - GAS STREAMS;
INCINERATORS (WASTE GASES); CONTROL EOUIPMENT-GAS STREAMS;
COLLECTORS (MECHANICAL); ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS; FILTERS;
BAG FILTERS; FABRIC FILTERS; SCRUBBERS: CARBON MONOXIDE;
OXIDES; SULFUR OXIDES; SULFUR DIOXIDE: ABATEMENT;
ADMINISTRATION; BUDGETING; GRANTS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; CONTROL
PROGRAMS; COSTS; ECONOMICS; GOVERNMENTS; CITY GOVERNMENTS;
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS; NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS; REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS
; STATE GOVERNMENTS; LEGAL ASPECTS; LEGISLATION; CLEAN AIR ACT
; ARKANSAS: CALIFORNIA; CANADA; COLORADO; FLORIDA; INDIANA;
MINNESOTA; OHIO? OKLAHOMA; OREGON; RHODE ISLAND; TEXAS:
WASHINGTON (STATE); WISCONSIN
Identifiers: LITTLE ROCK; SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY; MONTREAL:
TORONTO, ONTARIO; VANCOUVER. BRITISH COLUMBIA; DENVER: MIAMI
(DADE COUNTY): EAST CHICAGO; GARY; MINNEAPOLIS:
AKRON-BARBERTON; COLUMBUS: DAYTON; OKLAHOMA CITY;' PORTLAND:
PROVIDENCE: FORT WORTH; SEATTLE-KING COUNTY: MILWAUKEE COUNTY.
MILWAUKEE
Category: LEGAL AND ADMIN
Randall, Albert G.,
Air Pollution Control, annual report for 1974.
Houston, Tx., City of Houston, Health Department, 1975.
Texas-air pollution; Air pollution-control methods; *Houston, Texas-
air pollution;
Houston's Division of Air Pollution Control has changed radically
since its initiation in 1968, however, its main objective of en-
hancing Houston's air quality has remained foremost in its activities.
From a wet chemical analysis which required 48 hours to a real-
256
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
tine system involving sophisticated instrumentation, our ability
to analyze Houston's air quality has advanced to a point of on-the-
spot knowledge of air pollutant levels.
Seven years of growth have taken us from a fledgling operation to
an agency unrivaled by any local Air Pollution Control Program in
the nation. Money and manpower increases have aided in our attempts
to achieve cleaner air for Houston's citizenry.
Our tasks are tremendous. The number of stationary sources which
contribute to air pollution are in the tens of thousands, however,
the solutions and technology for reduction of contaminants are
available and time, money, and enforcement of our air pollution
laws will achieve for Houston the air quality desired.
103415 . . ,
Air Pollution Control in the Chemistry Industry
Rickles, Robert N.
Air Pollut. Control GuideD. for Manage. pp. 151-156
Stamford, Conn., E.R.A. Inc. 1969
Note: (A. T. Rossano, Jr., ed.)
Ooc Type: C; Reviews (Technical)
In order to indicate all possible aspects of air pollution
control in tne chemical industry, several examples are cited,
and the control requirements in specific industrial problem
areas are given. In the planned construction of a large
petrochemical complex near a major Gulf Coast metropolitan
areas, preconstruction survey and review results are
presented. Another power plant was creating a nuisance problem
among its residential neighbors through its particulate matter
emissions. The problem of solvent recovery occurs in many
industrial operations which use large amounts of solvents
which create difficult local air pollution and industrial
nyglene problems. An additional problem is presented which
occurred at a petrochemical plant along th« Texas Gulf Coast.
Mist fro-n the cooling tower blew over a public highway, in
violation of the State Code, and created a traffic hazard. The
solution to the problem involved the use of gas burners to
heat the exiting gas at the cowls. This increased the exit gas
temperature and gas dispersion, thus eliminating the problem.
The problem of odor is highlighted by a chemical facility
which produced a large number of odorous chemicals, and these
produced a serious odor problem.. Sulfur oxides problems are
highlighted in a study from a plant ,poi«/er facility utilizing e
1.5%+ sulfur containing fuel oil. Other industrial problems
discussed specifically include phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid.
nitric acid, and kraft mill production.
Descriptors: Safety; Pollutants; Odorous Pollutants;
Parttculates; Suspended Particulates; VHsts; Solvents; America
! North America; United States; Texas; Metropolitan Areas;
Residential Areas; Roads; Highways; Control Methods;
By-Product Recovery; Sources; Stationary Emission Sources;
Cooling Towers? Fuel Characteristics; Fuel Sulfur Content;
Fuels; Fuel Oils; Industrial Emission Sources; Electric, Gas,
and Sanitary Services; Electric Power Generation;
Manufacturing Industries; Chemicals and Allied Manufacturing;
257
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
Agricultural Chemical Plants; Nitrogeneous Fertilizer Plants;
Nitric Acid Plants; Phosphatic Fertilizer Plants; Phosphorus
Acid Plants; Industrial Inorganic Chenical Plants; Sulfuric
Acid Plants; Paper and Allied Manufacturing; Pulp Mills; Kraft
(Sulfate) Pulping; Petroleum and Coal Products Industry;
Atmospheric Phenomena; Dispersion; Oxides; Sulfur Oxides
Category: Control Methods (Categorical); Control Methods
(General Stationary Source)
Houston, City of, Texas, Dept. of Public Health,
Air filiation Control ftrogram, CHAMPS CAMS, draft report.
undated.
Houston, Texas-air pollution;
. The continuous monitoring program o£ the Air Pollution Control Div-
ision is primarily responsible for the city-wide determination of ambient
air concentrations. Such determination of ambient data, is an essential
j>art of any reasonable and effective air .pollution control program. This
jr.tornation is required for planning and decision making within every phase'
o- the control program.
Randall, Albert G., *
Air Pollution Control Program for 1975.
Houston, Tx., City of Houston, Health Dept., undated.
'•\Texas-air pollution; Air pollution-control methods; Houston, TX-air
pollution;
Houston, City of ,\ Dapt. of Public Health, Pollution
Control Division,
Air Pollution Control Program, second quarter report, 1975.
undated.
*Houston, Tx.--air pollution; Texas-air pollution;
Houston, City of Texas, Health Dept., Air Pollution Control Program,
Air Pollution Control Program, fourth quarter report, 1976.
Houston, TX, undated.
Houston, TX-air pollution;
258
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
Houston, City of, Texas, Dept. Public Health, Pollution Control Division,
Air Pollution Control Program first quarter report, 1977.
*Houston, Texas-air pollution; Texas-air pollution-transportation
control plans; Texas-air pollution-regulations;
Houston, City of, Department of Public Health,
Air Pollution Control Program 1977, second quarter report,
Houston, 1977.
*Houston, Texas-air pollution; Air pollution-health effects; Texas-
air pollution;
Houston, City of, Texas, Department of Public Health,
Air Pollution Control Program, third quarter report.
Houston, TX, 1977.
*Houston, Texas-air pollution; Air pollution-monitoring; Air quality-
data; Air pollution-control methods;
Houston, City of, Department of Public Health, Pollution Control
Division,
Air Pollution Control Program 1977, fourth quarter report.
Houston, TX, undated.
*Houston, Texas-air pollution; Texas-air pollution; Air pollution-
air quality maintenance plans;
Houston, City of, Dept. of Public Health,
Pollution Control Division,
Air Pollution Control Program. 1978.
first quarter report.
Houston, TX, 1978.
259
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
078786
APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS. SHIP AND
BARGE VAPOR RECOVERY.
Train, Russel1 E.
Federal Register, 40(82):18437-18438, April 28, 1975.
FEDERAL REGISTER 1975
TECH Vletnod of Support: INHOUSE
The susoension of interim compliance dates for regulations
on snip and barge vapor recovery is announced. The
regulations require recovery of vapors emitted during loading
and unloading of gasoline and other volatile compounds from
snips and barges in the Houston-Galveston Intrastate Air
Quality Control region. The purpose is to reduce hydrocarbon
emissions and to assist In the attainment and maintenance of
tne national ambient air quality standard foi^ photochemical
oxidants in that region. Interim dates for compliance are
suspended, but the final compliance date of May 31, 1975
remains in effect.
Descriptors: COMPLIANCE SCHEDULES; ADMINISTRATION; CONTROL
PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; REGULATIONS; LEGAL ASPECTS; AIR
QUALITY STANDARDS; STANDARDS; OXIDANTS; POLLUTANTS; HOUSTON;
AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; VESSELS (MARINE)
J MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS;
GASOLINES; FUELS; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES: PETROLEUM
DISTRIBUTION; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; HYDROCARBONS?
VAPORS; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSICAL STATES
Category: LEGAL AND ADMIN
080099
APPROVAL
SS-TEXAS.
COMPLIANCE
Train. Russel1 E
Federal Register
FEDERAL REGISTER
TECH Method of
The compliance
recovery of vapors
gasoline and other
AND PROMULGATION
SHIP AND BARGE
DATE.
OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS. SUBPART
VAPOR RECOVERY. SUSPENSION OF
Oct. 10. 1975.
, 40(198):47765,
1975
Support: INHOUSE
date for a final regulation requirino
emitted during loading and unloading of
volatile compounds from ships and barges in
the Houston-Galveston Intrastate Air Quality Control region is
suspended. The final compliance date is suspended pending
proposal and final publication of amendments. This action
does not relieve those subject to the regulation from the
Obligation to continue to make maximum good faith efforts to
comply with the substantive portions of the regulation. This
suspension is in effect until March 1. 1976. or until final
publication of amendments to the regulation, whichever is
earli er.
Descriptors: COMPLIANCE SCHEDULES; ADMINISTRATION; CONTROL
PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS: REGULATIONS; LEGAL ASPECTS;
HOUSTON; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA: TEXAS; UNITED STATES; VAPOR
RECOVERY SYSTEMS; CONTROL EQUIPMENT-GAS STREAMS; VESSELS
(MARINE); MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION
METHODS: GASOLINES; FUELS; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES:
MATERIALS HANDLING; VAPORS; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA;
PHYSICAL STATES
Category: LEGAL AND ADMIN
260
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
005347
CO BOILER AND FLUIOIZEO-BED STEAM SUPERHEATER ON SINCLAIR
REFINING COMPANY'S NEW FLUID UNIT AT THE HOUSTON REFINERY.
CampDell, 0. F. and Pennels, N. E.
American Soc- iety of Mechanical Engineers, New York 77,
927-38 (Aug. 1955), (Presented at the Annual Meeting, American
Society of Mechan- ical Engineers, New York City, Nov. 28-Dec.
3, 1954, Paper No. 54-A-20.)
1955
TECH • Vlethod of Support: FELL CRT
Approximately 400,000 Ib per hr of 550-psig, 750 F total
temperature steam production is a unique feature of Sinclair
s Refining Company's new fluid catalytic-cracking unit at its
Houston, Texas, Refinery. Over 300,000 Ib per hr of 700-psig
saturated steam are produced on the oil industry's first
direct- fired unit to recover both the sensible .heat and the
heat of combustion from the high-temperature regenerator-exit
flue gas. The heat of combustion of the regenerator-exit flue
gas is derived from its CO content. Saturated steam produced
on the ooiler is superheated to 750 F total temperature in
industry's first f1uidized-bed respray steam superheater. The
superheater-respray feature produces approximately 100,000 It)
per hr of additional steam and allows simultaneous control of
Doth the regenerator-bed temperature and the steam superheat.
Other advantages are: prevents the CO gas from escaping and
possible pollution of the atmosphere; precludes the
possibility of unburned hydrocarbons or malodorous gases, or
other gasss that may cause air pollution, from escaping to the
atmosphere; and conditions the flue gases for subsequent
removal of particulate matter.
Descriptors: TEXAS; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;
HOUSTON; SOURCES; BOILERS; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES;
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; CHEMICAL PROCESSES; PETROLEUM
REFINING; MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES; PETROLEUM AND COAL
PRODUCTS INDUSTRY; PILOT PLANTS; CONTROL METHODS; CARBON
MONOXIDE; OXIDES
Category: CONTROL METHODS
017614
CITY PLANNING, INDUSTRIAL-PLANT LOCATION, AND AIR POLLUTION.
Katz, Morris
In: Air Pollution Handbook. P. L. Magi 1, F. R. Holden, and
C. Ackley (eds.), New York, McGra* Hill, 1956, Sect. 2, 53p.
68 refs.
AIR POLLUTION HANDBOOK 1956
TECH BIB Method of Support: NONE
Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, and Houston
are cited as examples of cities that have made extensive
improvements through city planning. In 1953 there were 75
people in New York City employed by Air Pollution Control, and
the budget was about $375,000. The history of pollution
control efforts is described for Great Britain, St. Louis,
Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, and Detroit-Windsor. The role of
meteorological factors is considered, with an enumeration of 6
basic principles of control in the designing of smokestacks.
Topographical influence is discussed for Trail. B. C. and Los
Angeles. Figures are given on fallout of dust and gas
concentrations for various ubran areas. Gases discussed
261
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
Include sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sutfide. hydrooen fluoride.
hydrogen chloride, organic sulfides, aldehydes, and smog.
Descriptors: LOS ANGELES; AMERICA; CALIFORNIA: NORTH AMERICA
J UNITED STATES; CANADA; GREAT BRITAIN; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM
; WESTERN EUROPE; DETROIT; MICHIGAN; NEW YORK CITY; NEW YORK
STATE; PHILADELPHIA; PENNSYLVANIA; PITTSBURGH; HOUSTON: TEXAS:
INDUSTRIAL AREAS; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS: DUSTS:
PARTICULATES; POLLUTANTS; SETTLING PARTICLES; SMOG; SUSPENDED
PARTICULATES; STACKS; SOURCES; DUST FALL: AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENTS; SOOT FALL; DESIGN CRITERIA; METEOROLOGY:
ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS: HYDROCHLORIC
ACID; ACIDS; INORGANIC ACIDS; HYDROFLUORIC ACID: ALDEHYDES:
SULFUR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; SULFUR 'DIOXIDE; OXIDES: SULFUR
OXIDES; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; SULFIDES: SULFUR COMPOUNDS: PLANS
AND PROGRAMS; ADMINISTRATION; CONTROL AGENCIES: PLANNING AND
ZONING; LEGAL ASPECTS
Category: LEGAL AND ADMIN
015237
THE CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION IN TEXAS.
Paganini, Otto
Texas Business Rev., 43(3): 6p., March 1969. 3-refs.
TEXAS BUSINESS REV 1969
TECH VIetnod of Support: NONE
Because the state has an abundance of combustible gas fuels,
Texas does not have the degree of air pollution found in solid
and liquid fuel Burning areas of the country. However,
photochemical smog is beginning to develop in major population
centers. An example is the Houston-Harris County area, where
pollutant buildup occurs during low-level temperature
inversions from October through March. The Fort Worth-Tarrant
County and D.illas City-County areas are also experiencing some
pollution problems. Local air pollution control programs, as
we'l as state programs directed by the Texas Air Control
Board, are maintaining surveillance in these areas and working
to reduce emissions from major sources such as cotton gins.
smelters, foundries, petroleum refineries, and petrochemical
industry, refuse burning at public disposal sites, and
automobile exhausts. Activities of local programs include the
operation of high-volume and 'effect-package' types of air
sampling stations which collect samples on a weekly, biweekly.
and monthly basis. The Air Control Board, established by the
Clean Air Act of Texas (1965), is empowered to establish air
quality criteria and to determine levels and emission limits
for pollutants. The Board must support local governments in
all suits against violators of emission standards.
Descriptors: TEXAS; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;
CONTROL PROGRAMS; ADV1INISTRAT ION; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; CONTROL
AGENCIES; LOCAL GOVERNMENTS; GOVERNMENTS; STATE GOVERNMENTS:
CLEAN AIR ACT; LEGAL ASPECTS; LEGISLATION
• Category: LEGAL AND ADMIN
262
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
027093
COOLING TOWER FOG: CONTROL AND ABATEMENT.
Veldhuizen, Hennie and Uoe Ledbetter
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
16p., 1970. 21 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18,
1970, Paper 70-41 .)
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC ANNU MEET 63RD ST LOUIS MO 197
1970
TECH BIB Method of Support: NONE
Cooling towers frequently produce fogs during near freezing
weather causing visibility and/or icing hazards on adjacent
streets or roads. Records for December 1967 to March 1969
indicate that fourteen episodes of visibility restricting fog
were noted for generally short periods in the vicinity of two
cooling towers at a refinery in Houston, Texas. Several
possible methods of solving the cooling tower fog problem are
discussed, with emphasis placed on the estimated costs of the
most promising techniques. The addition of .heat to the
cooling tower exhaust facilitates dispersio of the plume
before condensation occurs, and the cost for superheating the
plume sufficiently to prevent fog formation is $40,000 for
estimated capital and installation expenses and S16.000 for
operating expenses. Heat could be transferred to the air by
passing the hot water through finned heat exchangers replacing
trie lattice fill within the cooling tower at an estimated
$36,000 and $40,000 for capital costs and installation with
operating costs at $100,000. Another design based on an
externally mounted finned unit extending along the full length
of the towers is expected to cost $19,500 and $22,000 for
capital and installation expenses with operation costs at
$3000. Another possible method is to waste 26,000 gpm of hot
water and replace this amount with 60 F makeup water. Several
other possible but not so probable solutions are indicated.
Rather than evaporate a cooling tower completely, sufficient
added heat to elevate tne plume over an adjacent thoroughfare
has teen achieved in a number of areas. Annual costs
estimated for such a system are $14,800 for capital
expenditures and $6500 for operating costs. Air cleaning
methods are also mentioned.
Descriptors: ABATEMENT; COSTS; ECONOMICS; CANADA; AMERICA;
NORTH AMERICA; STREETS; ROADS; PETROLEUM REFINING; INDUSTRIAL
EMISSION SOURCES; MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES; PETROLEUM AND COAL
PRODUCTS INDUSTRY; SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES;
CHEMICAL PROCESSES; OPERATING VARIABLES; VISIBILITY; AIR
QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; CONTROL METHODS; DESIGN CRITERIA! PLUME
BEHAVIOR; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; DISPERSION; FOG; CONDENSATION
(ATMOSPHERIC); METEOROLOGY; COOLING; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
PHENOMENA; HEAT TRANSFER; COOLING
Identifiers: COOLING TOWER
263
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
Radian Corporation,
DM-1 Uniform Data Bas Design, draft reoort.
DCN 77-100-144-03, Radian Project No. 100-144.
Austin, ' Tx., Jan. 1977.
Photochemical pollutants; *Houston, Tx. air pollution;
The Houston Chamber of Coheres has initiated che
Houston Area Oxidants Scudy (HAOS) to evaluate Che Impact of air-
borne oxidants on the social, economic, and environmental conmur.-
ities in the Houston area. This study will involve the collec-
tion of a diverse and extensive set of air quality and meteorologies
data for the Houston area. To provide for efficient analysis of
this extensive data base, this report describes the structure
and organization of the data to be utilized for computer storage
and processing.
"Formation and Transport of Secondary Air Pollutants:
Ozone and Aerosols in the St. Louis Urban Plume," Science
194. 187 1976,
102717
Fuel Conversion Strategy Impacts on Compliance with.
Photochemical Oxidant Standards
Gautam, SulaKsh R.; Cooper. Ha] B. H., Jr.
Ozone/Oxidants Interactions with Total Environ. pp. 63-76
Pittsburgh, Pa., Air Pollution Control Assoc. 1976
Doc Type: C; ORIGINAL (THEORETICAL)
CAS Registry No: 10028-15-6
Fuel conversion impacts on photochemical oxidant standard
compliance were projected for Los Angeles and Houston by
switching from natural gas to fuel oil and coal, .respectively.
Increased fuel oil comDustion in the South Coast Air Basin of
California could simultaneously increase sulfate aerosol
concentrations and photochemical oxidant levels in the absence
of greater fuel oil or stack gas desulfurization processes,
because of predominance of the photochemical oxidant
mechanism. Increased coal and oil combustion in Houston may
result in increased sulfate aerosol levels but also decreased
oxidant levels because of the probable predominant chemical
oxidation in the humid atmospheres to result in a net ozone
(03) consumption. Extensive transportation electrification in
the South Coast Air Basin of California could substantially
reduce photochemical oxidant levels, but would have less
impact in Houston because of the greater relative emission
contributions of transportation with the greater industrial
base. (12 Refs)
264
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
Descriptors: AIR QUALITY STANDARDS; STANDARDS: COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS; FUEL OILS; FUELS; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES;
SOURCES: FUEL SUBSTITUTION; FIRING METHODS; PROCESS
MODIFICATION; CONTROL METHODS; , IMPACT STATEMENTS;
ADMINISTRATION; LOS ANGELES; CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES; NORTH
AMERICA; AMERICA; OXIDANTS; POLLUTANTS; OZONE: SULFATESj
SULFUR COMPOUNDS; TEXAS
Category: CONTROL METHODS (FUEL TREATMENT AND FUEL
CONVERSION)! CONTROL METHODS (CATEGORICAL)
Houston Chamber of Commerce,
Houston Area Oxidants Study, Six Month Status Report.
DCN 77-100-144-05.
Houston, TX, May 1977.
Photochemical oxidants; Photochemical oxidants-control strategies;
*Houston-air oollution:
The Houston Area Oxidants Study (HAOS) is a technical
study composed of a group of separate, interrelated projects.
The study investigates the causes and impacts of airborne oxi-
dants and haze in Houston and Southeast Texas. It is an effort
to develop a sound technical basis for controlling haze and air
borne oxidants in the area;
The two-year study has progressed through the tasks c
planning and organization and into execution of technical pro-
jects. This report describes the status of the HAOS at the enc
of six months of activity.
Houston, City of. Chamber of Commerce, . ' •
Houston 4rea obcidants Sfcudy twelve month status report.
DCN 77-100-144-11, HAOS Contract.
Houston, Nov. 1977. •
*Houston, Texas-air pollution; Texas-air pollution; Air pollution-health
effects; Air pollution-social and economic effects; Haze; Photochemical
pollutants-control strategies; Ozone-control strategies;
Houston, City of, Texas, Chamber of Commerce,
Houston P\rea Oxidants Study, eighteen
month status report .
Houston, Hay 1978.
265
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
041673
HUMBLE S APPROACH TO POLLUTION CONTROL.
Ferguson, H. W.
Proc. An. Petrol. Inst., Sect. Ill, vol. 36:304-305, 1956.
PROC AM PETROL INST SECT III 1956
FLO Method of Support: NONE
Air pollution problems at a 280,000 bbl/day oil refinery
located in the Houston Ship Channel are corrected by
Installing alternate processes which eliminate contaminants at
the source whenever sucn measures are economically justified
Dy otherwise needed modernization. This has included
construction of a hydrogen sulfide-to-sulfur conversion unit
which in 1954 recovered 12,000 long tons of sulfur from
refinery gases. Waste disposal facilities are included in the
Oase plans/for all new plant units. A Pollution Abatement
Comnittee reviews all new process and modernization plans to
insure that adequate waste disposal facilities are provided,
coordinates pollution control efforts, and disseminates
information on new abatement techniques. An Operating
Committee maintains close supervision of all waste- disposal
operations. Employees, the public, and the control
authorities are kept informed of the abatement program, and
all complaints are analyzed thoroughly. In the past 7 years,
$4 million for air pollution control and S5 million for water
pollution control has been spent at this plant. (Author
abstract modified)
Descriptors: CONTROL PROGRAMS.; ADMINISTRATION: PLANS AND
PROGRAMS; COMMERCIAL FIRMS; COSTS; ECONOMICS; STACK GASES;
POLLUTANTS; WASTE GASES; COMBUSTION GASES; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
; PETROLEUM REFINING; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES:
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES; PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
! SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; CHEMICAL PROCESSES:
CONTROL METHODS; BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY; HYDROGEN SULFIDEJ
SULFIDES; SULFUR COMPOUNDS
Category: CONTROL METHODS
Wmitriades, Basil, ed.,
International Conference on Photochemical Oxidant Pollution and
Its Control, proceedings, 2 vols.
EPA 600/3-77-001 a,b.
Research Triangle Park, N.C., EPA, Environmental Sciences Research Lab.,
Jan. 1977.
Proceedings; *Photochemical pollutants; Photochemical pollutants-control
strategies; Photochemical pollutants-standards; Air pollution-health
effects;
Intensive studies conducted in the past 3-4 years have resulted in an
abundance of suggestive evidence that in part supported and in part refuted
the earlier understanding, but did not resolve all existing issues. Thus the
International scientific community is still divided on the issue of the justi-
„ flcation of the 0.08-ppm ambient air quality standard for oxidant, one objection
arising from the questionable achievability of such a standard. A newly revived
Issue of major importance pertains to the relative roles of the hydrocarbon
and nitrogen oxide precursors in the urban and rural oxidant formation processes
The viewpoint of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency supporting maximum
266
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
control of the.hydrocarbon and limited control of the NO emissions is challenged
1n several Conference papers. More specific issues raised by the new evidence,
and debated in the Conference, are the achievability of the ambient oxidant
standard, the role of stratospheric ozone, the role of the natural ozone
precursors, the utility of current air quality simulation models, and the
significance of short- and long-range photochemical pollution transport. —
lass, Glen R.,
Methods for sulfate air quality management with applications to
Los Angeles, 2 vols.
Pn.D. Thesis. Pasadena, CA, California Institute of Technology,
1978.
Air pollution-particulate emissions-biomedical effects; Visibility; Air
pollution-particulate emissions-control methods; S0x-air pollution;
*Sulfates-air pollution; Air pollution-mathematical models; Air pollu-
tion-emission inventories: California-air pollution; Light scattering;
Particulate sulfate air pollutants contribute to visibility
deterioration and are of current public health concern. This study
develops the technical understanding needed for Sulfate air quality
control strategy design. Methods which link sulfate air quality
and air quality impacts on visibility to the cost, of controlling
sulfur oxides air pollutant emissions are presentedr These techniques
are tested by application to the Los Angeles Basin! over the years
1972 through 1974.
Eexas Air Control Board,
fficroscppic analysis of suspended particulate matter.
Aus tin, TX, Aug. 19 7 7.
*Texas-air pollution; Houston, TX-air pollution; Air pollution-particular
emissions-analysis; Air pollution-particulate emissions-standards and
criteria; Air pollution-particulate emissions-sources; Air pollution-
particulate emissions-meteorological factors;
The Texas State implementation Plan,
designed in part to attain these standards by May 31,
1975, was approved with exceptions on May 31, 1972 by
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Under the '"'.'.
conditions of the FY-1976.federal grant from EPA to -«
' 'A' '. v. -.''*~ . •' •' ." - . •"•» .-/
the,Texas Air Control,Board, analysis of,-all. available
data, pertaining to-the attainment status of.the parti- .
culate standards in Texas has been conducted. . . .T , '.
267
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
PLANTS FOR EVALUATION OF IMPACT
METROPOLITAN HOUSTQN-GALVESTON
Mass.
, Walden .Research Div.
Contract, 32p., Feb.
075505
MODELING ANALYSIS OF POWER
OF AMBIENT S02 CONCENTRATIONS.
AQCR 216.
Abcor, Inc., Cambridge,
(Editors)
Office of Air and waste Management
1975. 3 refs.
1975
TECH Yetnod of Support: CONTRACT
Diffusion modeling analyses of sulfur dioxide emissions from
10 tnermal power plants located in the Metropolitan Houston-
Galveston Air Quality Control Region (Texas) are presented as
part of an effort to determine the air quality impact of such
operations in the face of possible changes in fuel use and
compliance schedule extensions. Emissions under both nominal
and maximum load operations from each of the 10 plants result
in contributions to amoient air concentrations which by
tnemselves do not exceed tne primary 24-hour and annual S02
air quality standards. Tne ratio of the ambient
concentration to the emission rate for a given plant
micrograms/cu m per g/sec ranges from 0.043-1-04
0.043-0.59 for nominal and maximum loads, respectively,
maximum concentration days and from 0.0048-0.13 for
maximum annual concentration. These values indicate
relative oollution potential for eacn plant which is primarily
a function of stack design as well as surrounding terrain
features.
Descriptors: AREA SURVEYS: ADMINISTRATION; AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; CONTROL PROGRAMS;
FUEL CRITERIA; CRITERIA; OPERATING CRITERIA; AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS; STANDARDS; TEXAS; AMERICA"; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED
STATES; STACK GASES; POLLUTANTS; WASTE GASES; FUELS; SOURCES;
STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; STEAM ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION;
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION; ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY
SERVICES; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; DIFFUSION MODELS;
ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; DIFFUSION (ATMOSPHERIC); DISPERSION;
SULFUR DIOXIDE; OXIDES; SULFUR OXIDES; CONTROL PROGRAMS
Identifiers: EMISSION FACTORS; COMPLIANCE SCHEDULES
Category: LEGAL AND ADMIN
502
in
and
on
the
the
Air Pollution Control Association, eds., Ozone/Oxidants-
Interactions With The Total Environment, Proceedings of
Specialty Conference, Dallas, Tx., March 1976.
Pollution Control Assn., 1976..
Air
006408
PERFORMANCE OF EXHAUST CONTROL DEVICES ON 1966 MODEL
PASSENGER CARS.
W. F. McMichael, R. E. Kruse, D. M. Hill
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(4):246 -248, April 1968.
3 refs. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper
67-7.)
J AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC 1967
LAB Metnod of Support: INHOUSE
Road tests were carried out in five different cities with a
268
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
fleet of 300 passenger cars consisting of three different
makes, half of which were equipped with the 1966 exhaust
control devices required by the State of California. The
performance of these devices during the first series of tests
was evaluated. In the first test series, mass emissions of
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide from equipped cars, were
Significantly lower than the 1962-1963 baseline emission
values; except for the Chevrolets in the low-altitude cities,
oxides of nitrogen levels from equipped cars were
significantly higher than the baseline. Measurements of both
mass emissions and concentratrations showed no consistent,
significant differences among the three makes of equipped
cars. All three makes of equipped cars showed the effects of
enrichment due to altitude in Denver.**
Descriptors: ARIZONA; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;
COLORADO; MINNESOTA; OHIO; CINCINNATI; TEXAS; HOUSTON;
POLLUTANTS; ENGINE EMISSIONS; ENGINE EXHAUSTS; SOURCES;
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES (STATIONARY); STATIONARY
EMISSION SOURCES; MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES; MOBILE EMISSION
SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS; AUTOMOBILES; LIGHT-DUTY
VEHICLES; CONTROL EQUIPMENT - GAS STREAMS; CONTROL METHODS;
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL; ALTITUDE; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA;
HYDROCARBONS; OXIDES; CARBON MONOXIDE; NITROGEN OXIDES!
ARIZONA; COLORADO; MINNESOTA
Identifiers: PHOENIX; DENVER; MINNEAPOLIS
Category: CONTROL METHODS
Houston, City of, Texas, Health Department, Air Pollution Control Program,
1975 Annual Statistical Report, Air Pollution Control Program.
Houston, Tx., undated.
Houston, TX-air pollution;
Houston, City of /Health Department,
Petition for review and revision of ambient air quality standard
for photochemical oxidants and requirements for control.
Houston, TX, July 1977.
Houston, TX-air pollution; *Photochemical pollutants-standards; Photo-
chemical pollutants-monitoring; Photochemical pollutants-control
strategies; Haze; Ozone-reactions; Hydrocarbons-analysis; Hydrocarbons-
regulations; Hydrocarbons-oxidation; Air pollution-health effects;
Automobile emissions-air pollution; Air pollution-biological effects;
Air pollution-control methods; - • .
269
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
043008
POLLUTION CONTROL IN HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS.
Quebedeaux, W. A.
Oklahoma Eng. Exp. Sta. Publ., no. 97, 23(1)t63-73, Dec.
1955.
OKLAHOMA ENG EXP STA PUBL 1955
TECH Method of Support: NONE
Instead of setting definite limits on the concentration of
noxious contaminants in industrial stacks, Harris County
decided to al ow n y that am unt which did not materially
affect the residents in close proximity to a given plant. To
promote air-pollution abatement, the Texas State Health
Department and the Harris County Health Unit evolved a program
including open hearings, meetings with industrial committees
of the Houston Chamber of Commerce, and conferences between
health department personnel and representatives of industries
producing considerable pollution. By cooperation with
industry and interested citizen groups, much of the Industrial
air pollution was eliminated by the end of 1953. In 1954.
laboratory facilities were enlarged so that all air and water
samples collected could be handled and personnel combined for
better organization. Financial id was given to the plan on a
per capita basis by 17 municipalities in Harris County. Some
specific conditions which have been remedied by actions of the
Stream and Air Pollution Control Se tion and/or with the co
peravtivo efforts of the plants responsible are listed.
Incidences of legal prosecution, including civil and penal
cases arc summarized.
Descriptors: PLANS AND PROGRAMS; ADMINISTRATION; CONTROL
AGENCIES; TEXAS; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;
HOUSTON; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES: STATIONARY
EMISSION SOURCES; WATER POLLUTION; NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION
SOURCES (NEC): WATER BODIES
Category! LEGAL AND ADMIN
Houston, City of, Chamber of Commerce,
Program description of the Houston area oxidants study
(The HAOS Blue Book).
Houston, Tx., June 1976.
Houston, Tx.,. Texas-air pollution; photochemical pollutants;
*Air pollution-social and environmental effects;
This document is the Program Description of the Houston Area Oxidants
Study (referred to as the HAOS "Blus Book").It presents a discussion of
the program that the Houston Chamber of Ccrnnerce, its associated members,
and 50BiB_.citize_ns_ of Southeast Texas are sponsoring to evaluate the impact
of the "airborne photochemical oxidants (and haze) on the socoii, economic
end environmental coiraunities in the Houston area. The sponsors recognize
that Houston's projected economic growth could affect its air quality; how-
ever, the extent of this effect is unknown. To quantify the unknown, several
projects, having both socio-economic and environmental aspects, have been
grouped into an overall study (the Houston Area Oxidants Study).
270
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF STATE IMPLEMENTATION
PLANS. NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA. TEXAS.
Fr i, Robert W.
Federal Register, 38(127): 17782-17811, July 3, 1973.
FEDERAL REGISTER 1973
TECH Method of Support: INHOUSE
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Texas state Implementation
plans of the national ambient air quality standards are
presented. Pollution in the New Jersey portions of the Nev»
Jersey-New York- Connecticut region and the Philadelphia
metropolitan region are reviewed, along with control
methodology, current studies, proposed controls on stationary
and mobile sources, and the economic and social impact of the
New Jersey transportation control plan. A compilation of
control strategy effects is presented: and daylight delivery
ban regulations, a motorcycle limitation program, gas
limitation regulations, the control of dry cleaning solvent
evaporation, storage of petroleum products, paint and varnish
operations, and Federal compliance schedules are discussed.
The Pennsylvania implementation plan is presented.
Transportation control alternatives, additional control
strategies, control of mobile sources, implementation
procedures, the economic and social impact, direct costs to
automobile owners, tax revenue imolicat ions, and various
studies and guidelines are reviewed. The Texas implementation
program is presented, along with various control strategies
for stationnry and mobile sources in the areas of
Houston-Galveston, Austin. Dallas-Fort Worth, San Antonio, and
El Paso. The socio-economic impact and efforts to mitigate
the effects of proposed regulations are reviewed.
Descriptors: PLANS AND PROGRAMS; ADMINISTRATION; CONTROL
PROGRAMS; COSTS; ECONOMICS; NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS: GOVERNMENTS;
STATE GOVERNMENTS; REGULATIONS; LEGAL ASPECTS; SOCIO-ECONOMIC
FACTORS; AIR QUALITY STANDARDS! STANDARDS; COMPLIANCE
(RESPIRATORY); BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS: RESPIRATORY
FUNCTIONS; NEW JERSEY; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES:
PENNSYLVANIA; TEXAS; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES:
STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; DRY CLEANING PLANTS (EXCEPT RUG):
SERVICE INDUSTRIES; PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION: SURFACE COATING
OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTATION METHODS; tyOBILE EMISSION SOURCES:
PLANS AND PROGRAMS
Identifiers: IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
Category! LEGAL AND ADMIN
079189
PUBLIC ATTIDUTE SURVEY ON AUTO AIR POLLUTION IN THE GREATER
HOUSTON AREA.
Subcommittee on Environmental Pollution (Editors)
In: Implementation of Transportation Controls. 93rd Congress
(Senate), Second Session, Serial 93-H29, p. 98-113, May 1 and
2, 1974. (Hearings before the Committee on Public Works.)
1974
FLO Method of Support: NONE
The results of a survey of public opinion in the Houston
area regarding air pollution are presented. More than 93/4 of
the respondents felt that air pollution was a problem in the
area. Some 71% of 163 households questioned indicated that
they favored a retrofit program costing about $50.00; only 35X
271
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
supported a retrofit program costing $200.00. An
inspection/maintenance program was favored by 82% of the
respondents. Reaction to all types of travel restrictive
controls was strongly negative. Response to transit related
questions generally indicated the area s current low reliance
on public transit. About 37% of the respondents indicated an
Interest in car pooling for worK commute trips. An additional
9.5X were currently car-pooling. Staggered work hours were
favored by 71% of the respondents as a means of reducing
congestion and pollution. Only 7.5% of the respondents were
willing to consider disposal of a family car if better public
transit service were available.
Descriptors: RETROFIT PROGRAMS; ADMINISTRATION; CONTROL
PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; TRANSPORTATION CONTROL PLANS;
COSTS; ECONOMICS; OPINION SURVEYS; PUBLIC AFFAIRS;
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS; ENGINE EXHAUSTS; ENGINE EMISSIONS;
POLLUTANTS; HOUSTON; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED
STATES; INSPECTION; CONTROL METHODS; MAINTENANCE; AUTOMOBILES;
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES; MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; MOTOR VEHICLE
SOURCES; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS
Category: SOCIAL ASPECTS
Gise, James P.,
"Recent ozone trends in Texas,"
Presented at the 83rd AIChE National Meeting, Houston
March 1977.
University of Texas at Austin, Atmospheric Science Group,
Scientific Report Series. Report Nos. 6, 15, 16, 18, 19,
22, 23, 24, 29, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40 and 48 are meteorological studies
pertaining to the Texas Gulf Coast.
Austin, TX, various dates.
040913
SIMULATION OF ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
Preprint, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass.,
12p., 1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the American Meteorology
Society Meeting, 51st, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 11-14,
AM'METEOROL soc MEET 51ST SAN FRANCISCO CALIF 1971 1971
THEO Method of Support: NONE
A computer simulation model representing a mesoscale
ecosystem was designed to study the evolution of an ecosystem
of a period of 25 yr. Interest centers on the statistical
properties of a field of variables. Interaction between
variables is primarily governed by conditional probabilities.
So-ne d°terministic components are used but they are
controlled by the environment in which they are imbedded. The
environment modeled is the Houston-Dallas-San Antonio
ecosystem. The variety of possible futures which can evolve
from particular sets of management policies is -demonstrated.
272
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
Trie system is structured witn submodels for atmospheric and
Hydro logic behavior, population dynamicSi and decision making
routines. A clear application of the model is to provide
optimal resource management practices.
Descriptors: PLANS AND PROGRAMS; ADMINISTRATION; AIR
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS;
COMPUTERS; SIMULATION
Category: LEGAL AND ADMIN
Worth, James J. B. and Robert E. Neligan, The Sources
and Long Distance Transport of Ozone, Research Triangle
Park, N.C., Research Triangle Inst.
Texas Air Control Board,
Status of major compliance programs in the Brownsville-Laredo, Corpus
Christi, Houston/Galveston. Dallas, San Antonio/Eagle Pass, and El Paso
air quality control regions.
Austin, TX, Dec. 19>6.
Air pollution-particulate emissions-standards and criteria; *Texas-
air pollution; Air pollution-air quality maintenance plans; Air pollution-
implementation plans; Houston, Texas-air pollution;N
078337
TEXAS: STATUS OF OXIDANT CONTROL STRATEGY PLAN.
Strelow, Roger
Federal Register, 40(57):13025-13026, March 24, 1975.
FEDERAL REGISTER 1975
TECH Method of Support: INHOUSE
The status of various regulations for attainment of the
primary standard for photochemical oxidants in Texas is
discussed. Tne U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals.required that
the Environmental Protection Agency defer regulations in the
Houston-Galveston Region that account for at least 0.9%
reductions in hydrocarpon emissions because of Questions
concerning emission data. The Court pointed out that the 0.9%
could be supplied, for the time being, by-deferral of a
regulation on stage II vapor recovery, because the Court
required the Agency to reconsider that regulation for other
reasons. The EPA has taken no steps to enforce the
regulation. The Court stated that, unless the Agency decided
to defer one of them in place of the stage II vapor recovery
regulation, regulations on degreasing operations, state I
vapor -recovery during the filling of storage tanks, ship and
oarge controls, vehicle inspection and maintenance, and
retrofit of pre-1968 automobiles are valid and enforceable for
the Houston-Galveston Air Quality Control Region. Motions for
renearing on ship and barge controls were denied. Shortly
after the decision, the Environmental Protection Agency and
the Texas Air Control Board began a joint study that will
satisfy the requirement of the court to reexamine the accuracy
of certain technical data relating to emission reductions and
the consequent need for various emission reduction
regulations. The study suggests the need for additional
273
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
controls in most regions if tie oxidant standard Is to be met.
Descriptors: DECISIONS; LEGAL ASPECTS; HYDROCARBONS;
PHOTOOXIDATION; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; CHEMICAL
REACTIONS; PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS; VAPORS; PHYSICAL STATES;
REGULATIONS; STANDARDS; OXIDANTS; POLLUTANTS; HOUSTON; AMERICA
; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES; VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS;
CONTROL EQUIPMENT-GAS STREAMS; AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL;
CONTROL METHODS; INSPECTION; MAINTENANCE; AUTOMOBILES?
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES; MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; MOTOR VEHICLE
SOURCES; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS; VESSELS (MARINE);
DECREASING; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES; STORAGE FACILITIES
(BULK LIQUID); INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
Category: LEGAL AND ADMIN
060756
TRANSPORTATION CONTROL STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT FOR THE GREATER
HOUSTON AREA. (FINAL REPORT).
TRW Transportation and Environmental Operations! Redondo
Beach, Calif., Land Use Planning Branch (Editors)
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Contract
68-02-0041. Proj- DU-72-B895, RePt. APTD-1373, I88p., Dec.
1972. 50 refs.
1972
THEO BIB Method of Support: CONTRACT
Control measures are presented that, if fully implemented,
win allo*r achievement of ambient air quality standards in the
Greater Houston Area by 1977; the measures pertain to control
of photochemical oxidants and carbon monoxide. Phase I
measures include: continued evaluation of control measures
with expansion of the air monitoring program and initiation of
a regular review of air quality and emission inventory data;
tightening and expanding of the Regulation V stationary source
controls with inclusion of all counties in the region;
implementation of an annual inspection/maintenance program for
in-use vehicles; substantial improvement in mass transit;
institution of parking measures In all high density areas;
initiation of car pool incentives; and promulgation of
regulations to control fugitive and evaporative hydrocarbon
emissions. Implementation of catalytic converter retrofit on
all 1960-1974 automobiles and/or reduction in the vehicle
miles traveled during the summer and fall is recommended if at
the end of the initial evaluation period in 1974 it is
determined that additional hydrocarbon emission reductions are
requ i red.
Descriptors: AREA SURVEYS; ADMINISTRATION; AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; AIR RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT; HOUSTON; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED
STATES; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; FUEL EVAPORATION;
ENGINE EMISSIONS; POLLUTANTS; OXIDANTS; MASS TRANSPORTATION;
MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS;
AUTOMOBILES; LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES; MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES;
MONITORING; MEASUREMENT METHODS; CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS;
CONTROL EQUIPMENT-GAS STREAMS; INCINERATORS (WASTE GASES);
CONTROL METHODS; AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL: INSPECTION;
MAINTENANCE: CARBON MONOXIDE; OXIDES; HYDROCARBONS
rof *>n,-.~.. • rnnrnni Mcrurinc
274
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
050629
TRANSPORTATION CONTROLS TO REDUCE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN
MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREAS.
GCA Corp., Bedford, Mass., Technology Div. and TRW Systems
Group, VIcLean, Va. , Transportation and Environmental
Operations (Editors)
Office of Air and Water Programs Contract 68-02-0041 and
Contract 68-02-0048, PuO-APTD-1462, Proj. DLJ-72-B895, 137p.,
Dec. 1972. 7 refs.
1972
THEO FLO Method of Support: CONTRACT
USGRDR No.: NTIS, PB 218938
Transportation control strategies to reduce motor vehicle
emissions in fourteen major metropolitan areas were studied.
Implementation plans were reviewed to verify and assess the
severity of the carbon monoxide and oxidant pollutant problem.
Control strategies were identified and their impact on
emissions, as well as the feasibility of achieving control was
considered. The likely impact anticipated from each of the
control techniques was estimated using established rollback or
modelvng nethods; obstacles to the implementation programs
were documented; and surveillance programs to monitor
Implementation progress were developed. The fourteen areas
studied included Dayton, Denver, Houston/Galveston, Los
Angeles, New York City, Philadelphia, Phoenix/Tucson,
Baltimore, Boston, Pittsburgh, Salt Lake City, Spokane,
Seattle, Minneapolis/St. Paul. The air quality problems
encountered in each of these areas are discussed, and the
recommended strategies for encn city are given. Strategies
include inspection, maintenance, gaseous fuel use, engine
operation modifications, traffic flow improvements, and mass
transi t.
Descriptors: PLANS AND PROGRAMS; ADMINISTRATION; CONTROL
PROGRAMS; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; AIR QUALITY STANDARDS;
STANDARDS: EMISSION STANDARDS: PERFORMANCE STANDARDS; ARIZONA;
AMERICA; MORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; LOS ANGELES; CALIFORNIA
J COLORADO; MARYLAND; MASSACHUSETTS; MINNESOTA; NEW YORK CITY;
NEW YORK STATE; OHIO; PHILADELPHIA; PENNSYLVANIA; PITTSBURGH;
HOUSTON; TEXAS; UTAH; WASHINGTON (STATE); URBAN AREAS;
. METROPOLITAN AREAS; ENGINE EMISSIONS; POLLUTANTS; OXIDANTS;
FUEL GASES; FUELS; SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES;
TRANSPORTATION METHODS; MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; MASS
TRANSPORTATION; MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES; MONITORING; MEASUREMENT
METHODS; AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL; CONTROL METHODS; ENGINE
OPERATION MODIFICATION; INSPECTION; MAINTENANCE; MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSES; CARBON MONOXIDE; OXIDES; ARIZONA; COLORADO; MARYLAND
; MASSACHUSETTS; MINNESOTA; OHIO; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; UTAH;
WASHINGTON (STATE)
Identifiers: PHOENIX; DENVER; BALTIMORE; BOSTON; MINNEAPOLIS
5 DAYTON; IMPLEMENTATION PLANS; SALT LAKE CITY; SEATTLE;
SPOKANE
Category: LEGAL ANO ADMIN
275
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
to
Texas.
progress toward a
ID NO.- MJA23C50169
Use of statistical tecnniques
clean air environment: Houston,
Severs, R. K.
School of Public Health,
A tmoaohor i c Env i ronmon t,
CTRY OF PU3L:UK
DOC TYPE: j
DESCRIPTORS: Atmospheric pollution control studies; Houston.
I GX** j
UCD NOT:551 .5l0.42:62rj.5
Univ. of Tox., Houston
Oxford, 5(10)=853-001, Oct
1971
039888
WE DON T HAVE ALL THE ANSWERS.
Air Repair, 2(2):52-58, Nov. 1952.
AIR REPAIR 1952
/ GEN Method of Support: NONE
> Efforts by industry to reduce air pollution
County, Tex., especially in the Ship Channel area,
by industry representatives at a public hearing in
excerpts from their testimony. Statements by local
in Harris
are ci tec!
Houston in
officials
are also given. Specific problems discussed include odors and
fly ash from a pulp mill, dust and odors from a chemical
plant, dusts and smoke from a fertilizer plant, odors from an
alkali plant, and refinery emissions.
Descriptors: ABATEMENT; COMMERCIAL FIRMS; HEARINGS; LEGAL
ASPECTS; HOUSTON; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES
! URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; PARTICULATE CLASSIFICATION
METHODS; POLLUTANTS; DUSTS', PARTICULARS; SETTLING ' PARTICLES;
FLY ASH; SUSPENDED PARTICULATES; SMOKES; CHEMICAL PROCESSES:
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES; STATIONARY EMISSION
SOURCES; PETROLEUM REFINING; MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES:
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY; AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL
PLANTS; CHEMICALS AND ALLIED MANUFACTURING; PAPER MILLS} PAPER
AND ALLIED MANUFACTURING
Category: CONTROL METHODS
276
-------
ADDITIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY
277
-------
ADDITIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
EMISSIONS
Kaiser, William R. et al.,
"The impact of coal utilization in Texas under the National
Energy Plan", Paper No. 78-13.3.
Presented at the 71st Annual APCA Meeting, Houston, TX,
June 25-30, 1978.
Dakik, Ghazi A.,
Radioactive isotope emissions from coal and lignite combus-
tion to the atmosphere, MS thesis.
Austin, TX, University of Texas, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
1977.
278
-------
ADDITIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
McDaniel, Willard Rich,
Analysis of the methods of predicting high concentrations of
air pollutants, Master's Thesis.
College Station, TX, Texas A&M University, Dept. of Meteoro-
logy, 1967.
Mayberger, Thomas Allan,
An appraisal of the aerodynamic and morphological characteris-
tics of ambient air particulates in relation to pulmonary de-
position in Houston, TX, Master's Thesis.
Houston, TX, School of Public Health, The University of Texas
Health Sciences Center, 1971.
Woods, Philip H.,
Comparative air pollution conditions in 241 metropolitan
areas: a physician's desk reference^ Master's Thesis.
Houston, TX, School of Public Health, University of Texas
Health Sciences Center, 1974.
Neal, Robert Michael,
Comparative analyses of total oxidant and ozone ambient air
quality data, Master's Thesis.
Houston, TX, School of Public Health, University of Texas
Health Sciences Center, 1975.
Peng, Chi-Ping Jack,
A comparative study of the air pollution problem between
city of Taipei and city of Houston, M.S. Thesis.
Houston, TX, School of Public Health, University of Texas
Health Sciences Center, 1974.
Owens, Sheryl,
Lead Poisoning of children in the slums; a comparison of
two different environments — St. Louis, Missouri and Houston,
Texas, Master's Thesis.
Houston, TX, School of Public Health, University of Texas
Health Sciences Center, 1972.
Rawlings, G.D. and H.B.H. Cooper,
"Organic, elemental and particulate mercury in urban at-
mospheres,"
in Proceedings of the Speciality Conference on Air Quality
Measurements, Southwest Section of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Austin, TX, March 10-11, 1975
279
-------
ADDITIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
MONITORING
Nahm, James Jang Woo,
Photochemical alteration of hydrocarbons adsorbed on aerosols
in the Houston area, Ph.D. Thesis.
Houston, TX, School of Public Health, University of Texas
Health Sciences Center, 1976.
Turpin, Anita Jane Beasley,
Rainfall scavenging of four major pollutants in a large
industrial-metropolitan area, MS Thesis.
Austin, TX, University of Texas, Dept. of Environmental
Health Engineering, Aug. 1973.
Perkins, Jimmie,
Spanish mass as an indicator of metal contamination in the
Houston, Texas air environment, Master's Thesis.
Houston, TX, School of Public Health, University of Texas
Health Sciences Center, 1975.
Chen, Chia Ting,
Suspended particulate size distribution in Houston, Master's
Thesis.
Houston, TX, School of Public Health, University of Texas
Health Sciences Center, 1973.
280
-------
ADDITIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
METEOROLOGY
Norton, Colburn Lee,
An atmospheric mixing index for Houston, Texas, Master's
Thesis.
College Station, TX, Texas A&M University, Dept. of
Meteorology, 1975.
Nicknish, Christine A.,
A model of photochemical smog including gas to particle
conversion for humid and dry climates, MS Thesis.
Houston, TX, University of Houston, 1978.
Miksad, R. W. and A. R. Laird,
A note on the correlation of total suspended particulates
with wind speed and mixing height in the Houston-Galveston Area.
Austin, TX, Texas Air Control Board, 1976.
Randerson, Darrell,
A numerical model for predicting the diffusion of sulfur
dioxide in the atmosphere, Master's Thesis
College Station, TX, Texas A&M University, Dept. of Meteo-
rology, 1968.
Thomas, John Charles,
On airflow in the vicinity of tall buildings in downtown
Houston, Texas, Master's Thesis.
College Station, TX, Texas A&M University, Dept. of Meteo-
rology, 1971.
Johnson, James Ray,
The origin, structure and modification of return flow over
the Gulf of Mexico, Master's Thesis.
College Station, TX, Texas A&M University, Dept. of Meteo-
rology, 1976.
281
-------
ADDITIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
CONTROL
Diamond, Roger,
Air Pollution Control Agency organization: a regional ap-
proach, Masters' Thesis.
Houston, TX, School of Public Health, University of Texas
Health Sciences Center, 1973.
Michalak, R. W.,
Air pollution control in Texas, Master's Thesis.
Houston, TX, University of Houston, Dept. of Civil Engine-
ering, 1975.
Cooper, H. B. H.,
Detailed Comments on Hydrocarbon Controls for Texas, Houston-
Galveston Air Quality Control Region 7, Transportation Control
Implementation Plan, Special Report for Sea Grant Project No.
53368.
Environmental Quality Advisory Service, Environmental
Engineering Division, Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas, July 25, 1973.
Dimitriades, Basil,
"EPA's View of the Oxidant Problem in Houston,"
Environmental Science and Technology, 12(6), 642-43 (1978).
Magee, Michael L.,
An evaluation of the restrictiveness of Texas Air Control
Board Regulation V on control of volatile carbon compounds, MS
Thesis.
Austin, TX, University of Texas, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
1978.
Wyatt, Robert Christopher,
Exploring organizational attempts to affect environmental
policy in an urban area: an analysis of the bases for success
or failure, Master's Thesis.
Austin, TX, University of Texas, 1976.
Files, John T.,
"Houston area oxidants study,"
Environmental Science and Technology, 12(6), 638-41 (1978).
282
-------
APPENDIX A
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM AREA TYPE SOURCES IN THE HOUSTON AREA
283
-------
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing]
RE°ORT NO.
EPA-600/8-79-008C
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION«NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
PLAN FOR AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH IN THE TEXAS GULF
COAST AREA
Volume III. Summary of Previous Air Quality Studies
5. REPORT DATE
April 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
and Data
B. Lambeth, B. Maxey and W. Stadig
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
P. 0. Box 9948
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, TX 78758
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 AH-12 (FY-79)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2955
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
In response to Congressional mandates, the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency will conduct an extensive study of air pollution related problems in the
Texas Gulf Coast Area. As an initial effort, EPA awarded a contract to review
the existing technical information and record the local viewpoint on air
pollution problems in the area, define research needs, and design experimental
studies addressed to these needs. Results are presented in 5 volumes. Volume III
summarizes previous air quality studies and presents technical data.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
* Air pollution
* Planning
* Research
Texas Gulf Coast
13B
05A
14F
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
302
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
294
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