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v>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
            Environmental Sciences Research
            Laboratory
            Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1
                                    EPA-600/8-79-008d
                                    April 1979
          Research and Development
                              eNVIRONMENTAK
Plan for Air Pollution
Research  in the Texas
Gulf Coast Area
Volume IV.  Summary  of
Previous Health Effects
Studies and Data
                               PROTECTION
                                AGENCY

                              DALLAS.. Trv
                                          Li

                         '''   *

                                         %.» •»•
              III

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                 RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES


Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to  facilitate further development  and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:

     1.  Environmental Health Effects Research

     2.  Environmental Protection Technology

     3.  Ecological Research

     4.  Environmental Monitoring

     5.  Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

     6.  Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)

     7.  Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development

     8.  "Special" Reports

     9.  Miscellaneous Reports

This report has been assigned to the SPECIAL REPORTS series. This series is
reserved for reports which are intended to meet the technical information needs
of specifically targeted user groups. Reports in this series include Problem Orient-
ed Reports, Research Application Reports, and Executive Summary Documents.
Typical  of these reports include state-of-the-art analyses, technology assess-
ments, reports on the results of major research and development efforts, design
manuals, and user manuals.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

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                                               EPA-600/8-79-008d
                                               April  1979
           PLAN FOR AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH

            IN THE TEXAS GULF COAST AREA
                     Volume IV


SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS STUDIES AND DATA
                          By


                  Donald E. Johnson

                   R. John Prevost

            SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
                3600 Yoakum Boulevard
                 Houston, Texas 77006

              EPA Contract 68-02-2955
               SwRI Project 01-5397


                   Project Officer

               Dr.  Basil Dimitriades

        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory

    Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711


                     March 1979


     ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
         OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
         U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    RESEARCH TRIANGLE I?ARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711

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                                 DISCLAIMER
     This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publi-
cation.  Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
                                      ii

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                                  ABSTRACT
     In the study reported here, a plan for air pollution research was
developed for the Texas Gulf Coast Area.  This report is Volume IV of a five
part series of reports documenting that plan and is specifically directed at
presenting relevant information on previous health effects studies and other
data characteristic of the area.

     Background data on characteristics of area populations and industrial
activities are presented and discussed, including specific socioeconomic
data on twenty-two separate subregions.  Results of a literature search of
pertinent health effects studies are presented.  Brief narrative summaries
are included for ten previous studies considered most appropriate for
consideration in planning further studies.  An extensive bibliography is
provided for other valuable references and abstracts resulting from computer
searches are presented in the appendix.
                                     iii

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                                  CONTENTS

Abstract	    iii
   1.   Introduction	       1
   2.   The Texas Gulf Coast Area  (TGCA)	       3
   3.   Characteristics of the TGCA Population	       6
   4.   Health Effects Related to Air Pollution	      10
References	      24
Appendix
   Abstracts of research reports and papers	      25
                                      V

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                                 SECTION 1

                                INTRODUCTION
     As part of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, the United States
Congress mandated that the Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation
with local groups, plan and execute a research program in the Texas Gulf
Coast area to define the air pollution and related health problems.  Accord-
ingly, a study has been commissioned by the Agency to develop a plan for a
three-year $3,000,000 program.  The study, a joint effort of Radian Corpora-
tion and Southwest Research Institute, is aimed at the collection of inform-
ation on air pollution and related health effects, and the identification of
specific research needs.  In particular, the study objective is to define
approaches which would best resolve the identified research needs.

     The research plan developed under this study has been documented in a
five part series of reports:

     Volume I:  Plan for Air Quality Studies
     Volume II:  Plan for Health Effects Studies
     Volume HI:  Summary of Previous Air Quality Studies and Data
     Volume IV:  Summary of Previous Health Effects Studies and Data
     Volume V:  Local Viewpoint on Research Needs

This document is Volume IV of that series and is the result of a compilation
of available and pertinent information regarding health effects related to
air pollution in the Texas Gulf Coast Area.

     The purpose of the health effects portion of the planning study was to
determine and select specific populations-at-risk, geographic areas, health
indices, and aerometric parameters where epidemiologic studies would have the
greatest potential for providing unambiguous results, to suggest specific
hypotheses which might be tested, and to develop specific alternative study
designs.  In order to accomplish this, a compilation of data and information
on related previous and current studies was required.  This background infor-
mation is composed of three separate but related sets of information.  The
first set deals with definition of the air pollution which exists now or
existed in the past, or which may be reasonably expected to exist in the
future in the Texas Gulf Coast Area.  Second, health problems or health
effects potentially caused by or related to this air pollution need to be
defined.  The third type of information deals with the population exposed to
the air pollution and, potentially, subject to the associated health effects.
The specific objective of this resource document is to provide a compilation
of information regarding the population of the Texas Gulf Coast Area and of
available health effects information related to air pollution.  A separate
report (Volume III listed above) documenting air pollutant emission data, air
quality measurements, meteorological data, and aerometric research studies
pertinent to the study area has been issued by Radian Corporation(l).
Together, these two resource documents are intended to serve as foundation

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for the assessment of future study requirements.

     For ease of presentation, this document has been divided into four
sections, including this Introduction.  A description of the Texas Gulf Coast
Area is presented in Section 2 and Characteristics of the Population are
presented in Section 3.  A discussion of the pertinent findings determined
from the available literature regarding health effects in the area related to
air pollution is presented in Section 4.  A detailed listing of abstracts is
presented in the Appendix.

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                               SECTION 2

                    THE TEXAS GULF COAST AREA (TGCA)
     The Texas Gulf Coast Area (TGCA) is a highly industrialized urban area
in the vicinity of Houston, Texas, including adjacent counties and forms the
largest urban and industrial area in the southern United States.  For the
planning study reported here, the TGCA is defined as a ten county coastal
area beginning at the Louisiana border and proceeding southwesterly to the
far side of Galveston Bay.  A map of the area is shown in Figure 1.  The TGCA
covers 9538 square miles and contains three Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas (SMSA) designated by the United States Census Bureau:

          SMSA                        COUNTIES

         Houston                      Brazoria, Fort Bend, Harris, Liberty
                                      Montgomery, Waller, Chambers
         Galveston-Texas City         Galveston
         Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange  Jefferson, Orange

     Waller and Chambers counties are included here as part of the Houston
SMSA due to their proximity to Harris County and the fact that data for these
counties are presented in the Census Bureau documentation for the Houston
SMSA(2).  in some reports Waller and Chambers Counties are not included in the
Houston SMSA.  They are consistently included in this report.

     The climate of the TGCA is moderated by the proximity of the Gulf of
Mexico.  More than one hundred and twenty miles of Gulf coastline form the
Southern perimeter of the TGCA.  Winters are short and mild, with even light
snowfalls a rarity.  The normal winter daytime temperature is 45°-65° but it
does drop occasionally to freezing temperatures.  And when a "blue norther"
hits, that drop occurs very suddenly, as a cold wind from the north brings
rapidly falling temperatures.  Summers are long, hot and humid, with tempera-
tures in the 80s and 90s from June to September.  There is abundant rainfall
year around; total precipitation for 1975 was 50.97 inches in Houston.

     The economy of the TGCA is dependent on diverse natural resources, agri-
business, manufacturing, and seaport activities.  Two major concentrations of
manufacturing activities centered on petroleum refining and related industries
are present in the TGCA along the two major ship channels:  The Houston Ship
Channel from east Houston to Galveston Bay and from there to the Gulf, and the
Beaumont Ship Channel from east Beaumont to the Gulf.  These two corridors
together contain over 50% of the nation's major petrochemical manufacturing
capacity, and 80% of the nation's production of synthetic rubber.  Extra-
ordinary supplies of minerals, timber, and sea and fresh water in the area
support a diversity of industrial activities.  Oil and gas produced in the
area furnish feedstock for the chemical-petrochemical industries.  Forest
products support lumber, plywood production, furniture fabrication and paper
milling.  Salt is recovered in the form of both rock salt and evaporated salt.
Much of the U.S. sulfur supply is produced in the TGCA.  Lime is produced from

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local oyster shell and from limestone.  Magnesium is extracted from seawater
at Freeport.  Principal metals and minerals production in the ten county area
include barite, bromine, cement, clays, gypsum, lime, perlite, petroleum,
natural gas, salt, sand, gravel, shell, sulfur, and vermiculite.  Outside the
urbanized areas, agribusiness is a significant activity in the TGCA, with the
area being the leading rice producer in the United States.  Other agribusiness
activities include corn and other grains, soybeans, cattle, and horses.

     With the amount and diversity of manufacturing, mineral production, and
agribusiness activities in the area, the presence of significant quantities
of air pollution in the TGCA is not unexpected.  Coupled with a population in
excess of three million persons, the study of health effects related to air
pollution is, therefore, a very reasonable endeavor.

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                               SECTION 3

                 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TGCA POPULATION
     Data from the 1970 census of population in the United States have been
used to obtain an indication of the general demographic and socioeconomic
characteristics of the TGCA population, and to provide information regarding
the diversity of the resident populations.   The 1970 census data, though nine
years out of date at the time of this writing, still provide the most compre-
hensive set of data available regarding the area population.  These census
data are available in three publications(-2.3,4) Of t^e u.S. Department of
Commerce, one for each of the three SMSA's  comprising the TGCA.   A less
comprehensive, but more recent, documentation^) has been prepared by the
Houston Chamber of Commerce for Harris County.  This latter document indicates
that, as of January 1976, the county had an estimated increase of 24% since
compilation of the 1970 census.  Other significant changes are also reported
for housing and geographic distributions.   Such reported changes since the
1970 census must be kept in tnind while using the available detailed census
tract data to estimate current population characteristics.

     According to the 1970 census, the TGCA population was 2,417,258 persons.
One county, Harris, had the bulk of the population, some 1,741,912 or 70% of
the 1970 total.  Within Harris county, the  ethnic distribution was reported
by the U.S. census data as follows:  79% white (including Spanish), 20% Negro,
and less than one percent Other, a category which includes but is not limited
to, American Indian, Chinese, and Japanese.  Persons of Spanish language or
surname comprise 13% of the white population, or 11% of the total.

     A summary of census data for various components of the TGCA is presented
in Table 1.  In addition to Harris County,  it is seen that three of the re-
maining counties, Brazoria, Galveston, and  Jefferson, have populations of
100,000 or more.  The remaining six counties have a total of 232,449 persons,
only 9.3% of the TGCA total.  Ethnically, the counties range from 47% white
to 91% white, with eight of the ten counties falling in the range 75%-90%
white.  This statistic for the TGCA is 79%.  The percentage of population
under 18 years of age in the ten counties is somewhat less diverse, ranging
from 30%-40%, with eight of the ten counties lying in the very narrow range  of
35%-39% and the TGCA total is 37% under 18.  The median years of education for
persons 25 years and older ranges from 9.7 to  12.1 years in the various
counties, with a median of 11.9 years in the TGCA.  The median total family
income for 1969 ranged from $7,390 to $10,435 with an average median of
$10,003 in the TGCA.

     Of possible interest to potential health  effects studies are major urban
population sectors within the TGCA.  Data for  eleven sectors are presented in
Table 1.  These sectors were selected to identify patterns  of diversity with-
in the area and to contrast areas near ship channel industrial areas with
those further away and, therefore, potentially  subject  to  less of certain
pollutants.  Together, these eleven urban subdivisions  account for  1,846,780
persons, or 74% of the combined TGCA total.  The city of Houston  is divided
into six sectors which relate  to distinct population types  or possible

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TABLE 1.  TGCA SOCIOECONOMIC AKD DEMOGRAPHIC SUMMARY*
POLITICAL
SUBDIVISION
SMSA
Houston






Gslveston
Beaumont

COUNTY
Brazoria
Fort Bend
Harris 1 ,
Liberty
Montgomery
Waller**
Chambers**
Galveston
Jefferson
Orange
TOTAL %
POPULATION WHITE

108
52
741
33
49
14
12
169
244
71

,312
,314
,912
,014
,479
,285
,187
,812
,773
,170

90%
83% ,
79%
79%
88%
47%
79%
80%
75%
91%
%
UNDER
18

38%
40%
37%
36%
38%
30%
37%
36%
35%
39%
EDUCATION
MEDIAN %
YEARS HS

12.1
9.7
12.1
10.1
11.3
11.1
10.5
11.5
11.6
11.3

53.
34.
52.
33.
44.
47.
39.
45.
46.
44.
FAMILY INCOME
(1969)
GRAB MEDIAN MEAN

3
5
7
1
2
6
7
9
9
1

10
8
10
7
8
7
7
9
9
9

,435
,183
,348
,390
,698
,880
,929
,778
,024
,450

11,088
8,934
11,956
8,126
9,519
8,574
8,802
10,590
10,201
10,202
TGCA
2,497,258
                                  79%
                                         37%
                                                11.9
                                                         50.5
                                                                  10,003  11,326
Houston Total
1,232,802
                                  74%
                     36%
                                                12.1
                                                         51.8
                                                                   9,876  11,737
Central Houston
NE Houston
NW Houston
SW Houston
So. Houston
E. Houston
Pasadena
Bay town
Galveston
Beaumont
Port Arthur
160,483
192,485
188,449
279,654
219,176
184,335
102,097
43,980
61,809
115,919
47,371
45%
55%
88%
98%
52%
90%
99%
95%
70%
69%
60%
34%
41%
37%
30%
38%
37%
39%
39%
32%
34%
34%
9.3
10.2
11.0
13.9
11.9
10.0
12.3
12.1
10.7
11.7
10.4
30.0
31.1
44.1
80.2
53.7
35.0
59.5
52.0
39.9
47.7
37.2
5,961
8,231
9,503
14,994
9,845
9,249
11,514
10,906
8,003
8,925
7,841
7,043
8,791
10,207
17,824
10,654
9,843
12,306
11,694
9,694
10,508
8,606
*  Based on the 1970 Census of U.S. Population

** Counties adjacent to Houston SMSA for which census tract data are presented
   in Houston SMSA census tract documentation .

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pollution exposures.   The six sectors within Houston, and two additional m^c,
subdivisions within Harris County, Pasadena and Baytown, are depicted in
Figure 2.  The central area of the city, an area approximately 5 miles in
diameter containing the downtown area of the city had approximately 160,483
persons in 1970.  The five other areas of the city depicted in Figure 2 vary
in population from 184,335 to 279,654.  The socioeconomic characteristics of
these six areas are quite diverse, ranging from 45% to 98% white, from 30-41%
under 18, and from 9.3-13.9 median years of education for persons 25 years or
older.

     Regarding exposure to potential air pollution from the two highly indus-
trialized ship channel areas, one in Harris County and the other in Jefferson
County, the distance to ship channel industry is estimated as follows:

                                       Nearness to Ship
     Population Subdivision            Channel Industry

     Central Houston                   Nearby     (1-7 mi)
     NE Houston                        Not far    (3-13 mi)
     NW Houston                        Far        (6-18 mi)
     SW Houston                        Far        (6-22 mi)
     So. Houston                       Not far    (3-15 mi)
     E. Houston                        Adjacent   (0- 6 mi)
     Pasadena                          Adjacent   (0- 8 mi)
     Baytown                           Adjacent   (0- 7 mi)
     Galveston                         Far        (7-10 mi)
     Beaumont                          Adjacent   (0-12 mi)
     Port Arthur                       Adjacent   (0- 7 mi)

The distances from the ship channel industry are subjective indicators of  the
potential for air pollution originating from ship channel sources.  The  areas
further away could possibly serve as  control areas containing urban popula-
tions similar; to those residing in the more exposed nearer areas.

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                                 SECTION 4

                  HEALTH EFFECTS RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION
A.   Literature Search

     A search of available literature pertinent to air pollution related health
effects was conducted.  This search made use of available computer search
systems, library and journal reviews, and personal contacts to determine
literature articles and reports of potential interest to this study.   The
search centered on three principal topics for health effects studies related to
air quality:  studies pertaining to TGCA, studies of specific health effects,
and studies of specific air pollutants.

     A number of sources of literature were found to be quite productive.  The
most useful source was found to be the Air Pollution Technical Information
Center (APTIC) file maintained by the EPA Office of Air and Waste Management.
This computer file was interrogated regarding a number of specific health and
air quality topics and the resulting output was used to determine a very
significant set of pertinent literature articles.  The abstracts presented in
the Appendix to this document have resulted from searches of this APTIC file.
Because the APTIC file was limited to articles occurring in 1977 or previous
to that time, more current issues of the Journal of Air Pollution Control
Association and other journals were reviewed to determine appropriate articles.
In addition to references obtained from these searches, a significant number of
articles were provided to the study through personal contacts.

     The results of this literature search are documented in the following
manner.  Summary briefs of some of the more pertinent reports and papers are
presented in the following section of the report.  A bibliography of other
significant references found to be useful to this planning study is presented
immediately after the summary briefs.  Finally, abstracts of a large number of
related articles are presented in the Appendix.

B.   Summary Briefs

     Summary briefs of some of the more pertinent articles of literature re-
garding air quality and health which relate to the Texas Gulf Coast area are
presented in this section.
                                      10

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HEALTH EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF REGULATED AIR POLLUTANTS:
CRITICAL REVIEW
Health effects related to the six regulated air pollutants (particulate matter,
sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, photochemical oxidants,
non-methane and hydrocarbons) are discussed in detail.  Problems pertaining to
assessing health effects are addressed.  Regarding protection provided by the
regulations, the present primary standards for the six regulated pollutants
are seen to be adequate to protect the health of the public.  Some of the
standards do offer a greater degree of protection than some of the others.
Until more data are available they should not be changed, up or down.  There
does seem to be a need to establish a 24 hour standard for NOo.  There are
insufficient and inadequate data to establish a standard for sulfates at this
time.  An extensive bibliography is provided.


Ferris, E.G., JAPCA, 28:  482-497, 1978.
                                     11

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EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH
This report is Chapter 7 of a large work dealing with the topic of air pollu-
tion.  Areas of major discussion include:  acute air pollution effects and
their detection, combined effects of sulfur oxides and black suspended matter,
effects of gaseous pollutants, particulate pollutants and their effects, and
air pollution as a causal factor in chronic disease.  An extensive bibliography
is provided.
Goldsmith, J.R., and Friberg, L.T., Air Pollution, Third Edition, Vol. II, The
Effects of Air Pollution, Academic Press, Inc., New York, pp. 457-610, 1977.
                                      12

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RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO SULFUR OXIDES AND PARTICULATES
Acute lower respiratory disease was surveyed by questionnaire among parents
of 10,000 children aged 1 to 12 years in two Southeastern communities rep-
resenting intermediate and high exposures to particulates and low sulfur
dioxide levels.  Morbidity reporting patterns with respect to age, parental
education, and history of asthma were similar for blacks and whites, but the
frequency of pneumonia was significantly lower, and the frequencies of croup,
bronchitis, and "any lower respiratory disease" were significantly higher
among whites in both communities.  Significant increases of any lower respi-
ratory diseases and hospitalization were found among children in the high
exposure community.  Asthma rates clustered in families, were higher in male
children and female parents, and were comparable to other studies.  Signifi-
cant increases of lower respiratory disease wer-e also found among asthmatic
children in the high exposure community.  Differences in parental recall,
family size, or parental cigarette smoking were not likely explanations for
the excess morbidity in the high exposure community.  Therefore, these results
associate excess acute lower respiratory disease in children with exposure to
elevated particulate levels and low sulfur dioxide concentrations.  This report
covers a period from 1960 to 1971 and work was completed April 1976.


Hammer, D.I., Environmental Health Effects Research Series Report EPA-600/
1-77-043, 1977.
                                      13

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VENTILATORY FUNCTIONS OF NORMAL CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS, MEXICAN-AMERICAN,
WHITE, AND BLACK
This is a study of the normal ventilatory functions of the Mexican-American,
white and black ethnic groups in 1805 students of six public schools in
Houston, Texas with ages ranging from 7 to 20.  A roll seal piston type spi-
rometer was used.  The best performed forced vital capacity curve of each
student was selected by the computer program from which the following para-
meters were extracted:  FVC, FEV^ FEV,/FVC ratio, PEFR and MMEF.  Each
student also had the peak expiratory flow rate measured by the Wright Peak
Flowmeter to establish normal values with this instrument.  Standing height
proves to be a better predictor of ventilatory function than sitting height
and trunk height.  Significant differences of lung volume and flow rate exist
among the three races and between male and female subjects.  Prediction
equations and prediction curves for each race and sex are presented.  The
results of the present study are compared with those of previously published
work.
Hsu, J.K., Jenkins, D.E., et al, Presentation Before the Annual Scientific
Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians in Las Vegas, November,
1977.  (Address for reprints:   (H.K.H.), Pediatric Chest Service, Jefferson
Davis Hospital, 1801 Allen Parkway, Houston, Texas 77019.)
                                      14

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AN ATTEMPT TO EVALUATE HEALTH EFFECTS OF LOCAL AIR POLLUTION IN CHILDREN
This study was designed to obtain information concerning the prevalence of
respiratory symptoms and abnormal pulmonary function data among elementary,
junior and senior high school students in high and low air pollution zones in
Houston; data were also sought on normal variations in vital capacity and ex-
piratory air flows among various ethnic groups.  The study population con-
sisted of 1,204 subjects (681 girls and 523 boys) in the low pollution zone
and 808 subjects (438 girls and 367 boys) in the high zone.  The ethnic
breakdown which was selected to be fairly balanced since one of the objects
of the study was to obtain data-, on racial variations of pulmonary function
tests in children by sex, age, and height.  Ethnic groups must be considered
as one of the variables in lung volume and respiratory air flow measurements
among normals since black children showed lower values for FVC and FEV, «
than whites or Latins.  In this study the pulmonary function data showed no
relevance to school attendance in the high or low air pollution areas.  In
previous studies, questionnaire information has been used to establish
differences between subjects in high and low pollution areas regarding such
parameters as upper or lower respiratory tract infections.  In this study the
questions relating to upper respiratory tract symptoms showed a significant
difference between school children in high and low pollution zones, but it
was necessary to combine all sex and ethnic groups because of the small
numbers and the preservation of confidence limits.


Jenkins, D.E., Hsu, H.K., et al, Presentation before the American Medical
Association's course on Air Pollution and Health Effects in Houston, Texas,
May, 1977.

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STUDY OF HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION IN PERSONS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE IN HOUSTON, TEXAS
A health survey was conducted in the Houston area during the summer and fall
of 1977.  The study period, July-October, was selected to coincide with the
season of higher ozone levels in Houston.  Health information was obtained
on persons determined to have allergic asthma, chronic bronchitis, or pul-
monary emphysema.  For the purposes of this study, such persons are consid-
ered to have Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).  A sampling of
residents from areas representing all parts of the city was included in the
survey.  More than 360 participants were recruited through random surveys of
the populations residing near nine scattered air sampling stations.  The
participants maintained a daily health log in which symptoms related to
respiratory conditions were recorded for comparison to air data collected at
the respective nearby air sampling stations.  Health parameters monitored
in the daily log included prevalence of head or chest cold, headache, chest
discomfort, irritation of eyes, sore throat, running or stopped up nose,
episodes of sneezing and coughing, coughing up phlegm, wheezing or whistling
in chest, and shortness of breath.  Lung functions monitored with use of the
weekly spirometer measurements included FVC (Forced Vital Capacity),
FEV (Forced Expiratory Volume), FEF (Forced Expiratory Flow), and PEFR  (Peak
Expiratory Flow Rate).  The health data were compared with a broad spectrum
of air monitoring data which included ozone, oxides of nitrogen, aeroaller-
gens, total nomnethane hydrocarbons, total respirable particulates, PAN, and
individual aldehydes and other hydrocarbons.  The final report for this study
is presently under preparation and is not available at this time.


Johnson, D.E., Prevost, R.J., et al, Southwest Research Institute Report
01-4902, Houston Chamber of Commerce Contract HE-2, 1979.
                                      16

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DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO FUEL
ADDITIVES
This study, sponsored by EPA, was performed in Houston, Texas.  It was aimed
at evaluating the exposure of humans to certain metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn)
from automobile exhaust.  The overall objective of this project was to pro-
vide monitoring data to allow better understanding of the long term, low-
level exposures of human populations to these metals.  In this study, parking
garage attendants, policement working downtown street corners and women that
lived near major expressways were matched with appropriate control groups of
participants.  Atomic absorption spectroscopy was the technique used to
measure these metals.  Determinations were made in specimens of blood, urine,
feces, and hair from more than 200 participants.  The participants were very
closely matched with an appropriate control group for hair color, age, sex,
ethnic background, and socioeconomic status.  Body burdens of Cu, Zn, and Mn
were not significantly elevated.  Levels of Pb were elevated in all partici-
pant groups, when compared to expected background levels; these Pb levels
were significantly higher in exposed groups compared to groups less exposed
to auto emissions.  Results for Cd were less conclusive.
Johnson, D.E., Tillery, J.B., et al, Southwest Research Institute Report
01-3451, EPA Contract 68-02-2955, 1974.
                                      17

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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER IN TEXAS:  INCIDENCE ANALYZED BY TYPE, ETHNIC GROUP AND
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
This report gives detailed information on the incidence of cancer by site for
six large regions (56 counties) in Texas.  The study covers a 23-year period
and three ethnic groups in a population of four million.  The realization that
there are often extreme variations in many sites of cancer between regions in
the same state opens whole areas of study.  These facts describe cancer diag-
nosed by the same clinicians in the same time period in communities where the
changing demographic elements and the changing industrial and environmental
components are known.  Detailed tabular data are provided for incidence rates
by year (1950, 1960, 1970), age (decades beginning with 0-9 through 70+) and
by region for various types of cancer and various subcategories of population.


MacDonald, E.J., and Heinze, E.B., Raven Press, New York, 1978.
                                       18

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HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
This report appeared in a special issue of the American Thoracic Society News.
Three major types of air pollution are recognized:  the sulfur oxide and
particulate complex, photochemical oxidants, and a miscellaneous category
arising from industrial point sources.  Major topics are addressed regarding
diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, effects of specific air
pollutants on the respiratory system, and the overall health risk of air
pollution.  Nine general categories of adverse health effects are related to
human exposure to different air pollutants.  An extensive bibliography is
provided.
Shy, C.M., Goldsmith, J.R., Hackney, J.D., Lebowitz, M.O., and Menzell, D.B.,
American Thoracic Society News, 4:  22-63, 1978.
                                      19

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IMPACT OF CANCER ON TEXAS
Cancer is a major health problem in Texas.   Incidence of and mortality rates
due to lung cancer are significantly above national rates.  The intensity of
the cancer problem varies by geographic area within the state.   Management of
the cancer patient is complex.   Expanded diagnostic, treatment, and rehabil-
itative resources are requried to increase the number of physicians trained
in cancer specialties, expand and improve services in existing hospitals and
treatment facilities, develop additional care facilities in certain geographic
areas, expand the cancer registry data system statewide, and establish legis-
lation that would require reporting the cancer data.  Prevention and early
detection programs for cancer of the lung,  colon, rectum, and cervix, contin-
uing education of physicians, nurses, and allied health personnel in cancer
control and management, and improvement of screening techniques, especially
for lung cancer.  Improving access to treatment and containing cancer-care
cost can be achieved by improving the utilization of existing manpower and
facilities, and developing programs for patient transportation and housing,
especially for those patients in rural areas and those who are indigent.
Further study is requried of ethnic and geographic differences in cancer
mortality within the state.  A mechanism should be developed to promote
coordination of cancer prevention and control efforts and to provide ongoing
studies of cancer statistics and resources.
Texas Department of Health and University of Texas System Cancer Center, 1978.
                                     20

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                           SUPPLEMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Altshuller, A.P.:  Assessment of the Contribution of Chemical Species to
the Eye Irritation Potential of Photochemical Smog, JAPCA, 28:594-598, 1978.

Blot, W.J.:  Cancer Mortality in U.S. Counties with Petroleum Industries,
Science. 198:51-53, 1977.

Bouhuys, A., Beck, G.J., Schoenberg, J.B.:  Do Present Levels of Air Pollution
Outdoors Affect Respiratory Health?, Nature, 276:466-471, 1978.

Carter, L.W., Gordon, R.J., et al:  Pollution Effects on Human Health,
Environ. Eng.  Handbook,  2:97-116, 1974.

Chapman, R.S., Hasselblad, V., et al:  Air Pollution and Childhood Ventilatory
Function, I. Exposure to Particulate Matter in Two Southeastern Cities,
1971-1972, Clinical Implications of Air Pollution Research, Publishing
Sciences Group, Inc., Acton, Mass., Ch-.  22, pp. 285-303, 1976.

Cohen, B.H.:  Is Pulmonary Dysfunction the Common Denominator for the Multiple
Effects of Cigarette Smoking?, The Lancet, pp. 76-82, Feb. 1977.

Commoner, B.:  Carcinogens in the Environment, Chemtech, pp. 76-82, Feb. 1977.

Detels, R., Rokaw, S.N., Goulson, A.H.,  et al:  The UCLA Population Studies of
Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Disease:  I. Methodology and Comparison of Lung
Function in Areas of High and Low Pollution, Am. J. of Epidemiology,
109:33-58, 1979.

Dungworth, D.L., Cross,  C.E., Gillespie, J.R., and Plopper, C.G.:  The Effects
of Ozone on Animals, Murphy, J.S. and Orr, J.R., Eds., Ozone Chemistry and
Technology, A Review of  the Literature:   1961-1974, Philadelphia Franklin
Institute Press, 1975.

Equitable Environmental  Health, Inc.:  Health Effects Planning Study Concerns-
ing Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants:  Final Report, Radinm
Corporation, April, 1977.

Fishelson, F., Graves, P.:  Air Pollution and Morbidity:  S02 Damages, JAPCA,
28:785-789, 1978.

Goldsmith, J.R.:  Statistical Problems and Strategies in Environmental Epidemi-
ology, Proceedings of the Sixth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics
and Probability, University of California Press, 1970.

Hackeny, J.D., Linn, W.S., Karuza, S.K., Buckley, R.D., Law, D.C., Bates,
D.V., Hazucha, M., Pengella, L.D. and Silverman, F.:  Health Effects of Ozone


                                      21

-------
                 SUPPLEMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)


Exposure in Canadians versus Southern Californians,  American Review of
Respiratory Disease, June 1975.

Halpern, M.:  Indoor/Outdoor Air Pollution Exposure  Continuity Relationships,
JAPCA. 28:689-691, 1978.
                                    V
Hammer, D.I., Hasselblad, V., et al:  Los Angeles Student Nurse Study, Arch.
Env. Health, 28:255-260, 1974.

Hammer, D.I., Portnoy, B., et al:  Los Angeles Air Pollution and Respiratory
Symptoms, Arch. Env. Health,  10:475, 1965.

Hammer, D.I., Miller, F.J., et al:  Air Pollution and Childhood Lower Respira-
tory Disease, I. Exposure to  Sulfur Oxides and Particulate Matter in New York,
1972, Clinical Implications of Air Pollution Research, Publishing Sciences
Group, Inc., Acton, Mass., Ch. 25:346-393, 1976.

Hoover, R., Fraumeni, J.:  Cancer Mortality in U.S.  Counties with Chemical
Industries, Env. Research, 9:196-207, 1975.

Houston Chamber of Commerce,  Research Division:  Population, Households and
Dwelling Units in Harris County Census Tracts, Jan.  1, 1976.

Kagawa, J., Toyama, T.:  Photochemical Air Pollution - Its Effects on
Respiratory Function of Elementary School Children, Arch. Env. Health,
30:117-122,  1975.

Lave, L.B.,  Seskin, E.P., Chappie, M.J.:  Air Pollution and Human Health, The
Johns Hopkins University Press,  1977.

Leaderer,  B.P., Bernstein, D.M.,  et al:   Summary of the New York Summer Aerosol
Study  (NYSAS), JAPCA, 28:321-327,  1978.

McClenny,  W.A., Chaney, L.W.:  Pollutant  Variability  in the Regional  Air
Pollution  Study, JAPCA, 28:693-696,  1978.

Radian  Corporation:  M-l Meteorological Data Needs  and Characterization:
Final Report,  Contract  HE-1,  Houston Area Oxidants  Study,  Feb.  17,  1977.

Revlett, G.H.:  Ozone Forecasting Using Empirical Modeling, JAPCA,
28:338-343,  1978.

Samet,  J.M.:   A Historical  and  Epidemiologic Perspective  on Respiratory
Symptoms Questionnaires,  American J.  of  Epidemiology,  108:435-446,  1978.

Schoettlin,  C.F.,  Landau,  E.:  Air Pollution and Asthmatic Attacks  in the Los
Angeles Area,  Public Health Reports,  76:455-458,  1961.
                                      22

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                 SUPPLEMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
Texas Air Control Board:  Texas Research Needs in Air Pollution Control, April,
1977.

Texas Air Control Board:  Biennial Report, September 1, 1976-August 31, 1978.

Trijoines, J.C., Peng, T.K., et al:  Emissions and Air Quality Trends in the
South Coast Air Basin, Calif. Inst. Tech. EQL MemoNo. 16, 1976.

Wayne, W.S., Wehrle, P.P., Carroll, R.E.:  Oxidant Air Pollution and Athletic
Performance, JAMA, 199-901, 1967.

Wright, G.W.:   An Appraisal of Epidemiologic Data Concerning the Effects of
Oxidants, Nitrogen Dioxides, and Hydrocarbons Upon Human Population, JAPCA,
19:  679,  1969.
                                      23

-------
                                  REFERENCES
I.Lambeth, B.,  and Maxey, B.J.:   A Research Plan for Air Pollution and Related
  Health Effects in the Texas Gulf Coast Area, Volume III,  Resource Document,
  Origin, Transformation, and Fate of Air Contaminants, Radian Corporation
  Report for Project 200-335, January, 1979.

2.1970 Census of the Population, Census Tracts, Houston, Texas, Standard
  Metropolitan Statistical Area, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
  Census, Document PHC(l)-89.

3. 1970 Census of the Population,- Census Tracts, Galveston-Texas City,  Texas,
  Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
  of the Census, Document PHC(l)-78.

4. 1970 Census of the Population, Census Tract, Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange,
  Texas, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, U.S. Department of Commerce,
  Bureau of the Census, Document PHC(_l)-22.

S.Houston Chamber of Commerce, Research Division:  Population, Households, and
  Dwelling Units in Harris County Census Tracts, Jan. 1, 1976.
                                      24

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                                 APPENDIX

                 Abstracts of Research Reports and Papers
    Abstracts of articles obtained through searches of the APTIC (Air
Pollution Technical Information Center) file maintained by the EPA Office of
Air and Waste Management are presented in this appendix.  This file serves as
a national repository for literature articles and reports related to air
pollution, air pollution control, and -effects of air pollution.  Presented with
the abstract of each article cited are information regarding title, author,
source, and various other descriptions.

    The first set of abstracts presented are the result of four separate
searches of the APTIC file.  Each search was directed at identification of
articles related to air pollution effects on human population.  The specific
topics and number of articles identified in these searches are:

           Topic                                 No. Article

    Respiratory diseases                           347
    Cancer, tumor, carcinogens                     175
    Allergies, eye irritation,
    throat irritation                           .   124
    Effects (Human Health)                          55

Because some articles may pertain to more than one of these topics, the
abstracts presented in the three listings are not mutually exclusive.  For
the first three searches, the topics of search may be identified in the
listing by the label n of 347, n of 175, or n of 124 which refer respectively,
to the three topics discusses above.  The results of the fourth search are
presented in a different print format than that of the first three.  The 55
articles are numerically labeled 1 through 55 at the beginning of each article.
                                      25

-------
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.TH EFFECTS FORMERLY INT S/MP RECENT ADV ASSESS HEALTH EFFECTS ENVIRON POLLU
J DIOXIDE IN VIEW OF PARIS FRAN 1974
FLO Method of Support: INHOUSE
Epidemiologic surveys relating long-term air pollution
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respiratory disease (ARD) resulted from improvements in
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pollution evaluations total suspended particulate levels of 94-117 m i crograms/cu m
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•ic and nitric acid Descriptors: ACUTE; CHRONIC; HUMANS ; .ANIMALS ; EPIDEMIOLOGY;
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t N01-HR1-221 9-03 , Rept. serum trypsin inhibitor/ capacity and ventilatory functi
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diseases, even among cigarette smokers. The data indie
that an i n t urmed i ate level of AAT deficiency is not
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tive lung disease; the identify subjects with moderate deficiency for the purpose
f individuals or families predicting Uiter development of chronic respiratorv disorde
f chronic obstructive lung The rate of severe deficiency is so low that populat
of alpha1-ant i trypsi n (AAT) screening for such subjects is impractical. (Author abstr
xposure to environmental or modified)
moving, repeated infections, Descriptors: CHRONIC; HUMANS; ANIMALS; DIAGNOSIS; BIOMEDl
ed in-deoth questionnaires, TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; TREATMENT AND AIDS; INHIBIT!
errninat ions, skin tests with BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; PULMONARY FUNCT]
tions of eosinopni 1 ia. Data RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS; VENTILATION (PULMONARY); SMOK]
any relationship between RESPIRATORY DISEASES; DISEASES AND DISORDERS; ARIZONA; AVIEF
trypsin inhibitory capacity ; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREAS; METROPOL1
ase. This did not exclude a AREAS
otype and lung disease, and Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
are still in progress. Also
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underway. The preliminary
study are described. (Author
EPIDEMIOLOGY; BIOMEDICAL
ICS; SKIN TESTS; DIAGNOSIS;
GY); BIOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS
ON; BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND
SPIRATORY FUNCTIONS; SMOKING;
DERS; INFECTIOUS DISEASES;
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ALLERGY 1972
Method of Support'- NONE
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changes m environment on the health status of men havina
chronic reso • ra tory disease. The population studied including
ALTH. 3000 residents of the Veterans Administration Domiciliary and
chronic disease hospital. Each member was examined to
^9:11-16, March 197?. determine t'^e presence or absence of symptoms and signs of
chronic respiratory disease, to elicit occupatl ona 1 . smok i nq .
t: NONE ' and residential histories, and to obtain a measure of
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e emissions in tons/day from vehicles gasoline and oils, coal dust. road dust. and welding fumes.
, 970 for nitrogen oxides, 12,800 for Smoking rr.ore than 10 years showed a similar increased
or sulfur dioxide- On more than one prevalence. Residence in the North Central United States.
toring stations record concentrations South Central United States. and California also were
y average for ozcre. About 75% of associated with an increased prevalence of clinical criteria
y pollution, and 90% of these report of chron-c respiratory disease. No Positive association was
er- producing potential is lower than found between size of community of residence and the clinical
the air in Los Angeles contains a criteria. The Puff-meter. a pulmonary function testino
benzo(a)pvrene. The tumor-producing device, was field tested and evaluated on the basis of data
ate matter is also lower. Recent obtained. Samples of the population with chronic rpspiratory
has shown that nitrogen dioxide disease, and controls matched on age and smoking history, were
condition reseat) I i ng emphysema in observed weekly in a medical clinic to define the Current
its. There is therefore still some respiratory status of each group. Symptoms • physical sions,
rapidly increasing cause of death in Puff-meter reading one-second forced expiratory volume. and
ed in part to smoggy atmospheric total vital capacity were observed. Several measures of
ir guality standards are mentioned. weather, air pollution, and pollen wene made concurrently.
LITY STANDARDS; STANDARDS; HUMANS; Multiple regression analysis did not reveal significant
OGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; EYE Correlations between measures of tempenatune. relative
AND DISORDERS; HEALTH IMPAIRMENT; humidity, weather, oxidants, sulfur dioxide. nitrogen oxides.
ANGELES; AMERICA; CALIFORNIA; NORTH sn-og plant danaqe, visibility. or pollen count and
URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; observations of synptoms. physical signs, or pulmonary
E EMISSIONS; POLLUTANTS; SMOG; function. (Author aostract modified)
PARTICULATES; MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES; Descriptors: ACUTE; CHRONIC: AGE (BIOLOGY): BIOLOGICAL
SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS; AIR PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; HUMANS: ANIMALS: VIALES:
HYDROCARBONS; BENZOl 3-4 ) PYRENE ; 8IOC L I MATOLOGY : BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT:
COMPOUNDS; PYRENES; CARBON MONOXIDE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MORBIDITY: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH: PULV1QNARY
(N02); NITROGEN OXIDES; SULFUR FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS: SMOKING: RESPIRATORY DISEASES
; OZONE; PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS; ; DISEASES AND DISORDERS; LOS ANGELES: AMERICA: CALIFORNIA:
NOMENA; CHEMICAL REACTIONS NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREAS: METROPOLITAN AREAS:
LTH OXIDANTS: POLLUTANTS; POLLENS-, PARTICULATES: SUSPENDED
PART ICULATES: SMOG; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES: SOURCES:
STATIONARY L MISSION SOURCES; AIR QUALITY MEASUREVIENTS:
VISIBILITY: DATA ANALYSIS: DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS: STATISTICAL
ANALYSES: HUMIDITY; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA: METEOROLOGY:
R POLLUTION ON ELDERLY MALES. TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC); NITROGEN OXIDES: OXIDES: SULFL'P
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Pa., three city comparison of Greensboro. Charlotte, and
trol Birmingham. residential areas with varying total suspended
-28, particulates exposure, indicates a much more unclear picture.
and important differences in covariates would make conclusions
197 premature until a more detailed analysis has been performed to
account for the covariates. The first sector for the three
Southeastern cities, which is the high socio-economic sector.
room shows a definite gradient of illness rates for parents with
ning some reversals for children. The same holds true for a second
hnic sector, but the lower socio-economic group reports illness
but rates for the high total suspended particulates city which are
were lower than those reported for both other cities. The
aily nonrespi ratory illness rates are hiqher in Greensboro and
are Charlotte for all three sectors.
s to Descriptors: SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS: ACUTE: ADULTHOOD:
or ANIMALS: HUMANS; PREADOLESCENCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY: 8IOMEDICAL
vely TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; MORBIDITY: RESPIRATORY DISEASES:
ally DISEASES AND DISORDERS; BIRMINGHAM. ALABAMA: ALABAMA; AMERICA:
and NORTH AMERICA: UNITED STATES; NEW YORIf CITY; NEW YORK STATE:
s a NORTH CAROLINA; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS; SUSPENDED
the PARTICULATES: PARTICULATES; POLLUTANTS; AIR QUALITY
male MEASUREMENTS; STATISTICAL ANALYSES; SULFUR DIOXIDE; OXIDES:
both SULFUR OXIDES-. NORTH CAROLINA
for Identifiers: CHARLOTTE; GREENSBORO
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respect to dust fall and sulfur dioxide was measured. Health
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age, and sex. Results of some of the pulmonary function tests
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prevalence of disease and the pulmonary function improvement.
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Descriptors: CHRONIC: HUMANS; ANIMALS: AGE (BIOLOGY):
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RATES; BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; EPIDEMIOLOGY:

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HEALTH STATISTICS; PULMONARY FUNCTION: RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS:
SMOKING: RESPIRATORY DISEASES: DISEASES AND DISORDERS: ASTHMA:
BRONCHITIS: NEW HAMPSHIRE; AMERICA: NORTH AMERICA; UNITED
STATES; URBAN AREAS; METROPOLITAN AREAS: AIR QUALITY
MEASUREMENTS; DUST FALL; SULFUR DIOXIDE: OXIDES: SULFUR OXIDES
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Identifiers: BERLIN
Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH

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trial, and controls are reviewed.
criptors: HUMANS; ANIMALS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; BIOMEDICAl
IQUES AND MEASUREMENT; LUNGS; BIOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS ANC
; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; LUNG CANCER; CANCER; DISEASES ANC
DERS; ASUESTOSIS; PNEUMOCONIOSIS; RESPIRATORY DISEASES;
TOS; MAltRIALS; MINERAL PRODUCTS; NEW YORK CITY; AMERICA;
YORK STATE; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREAS;
POLITAN AREAS; COMMERCIAL AREAS; SOURCES; AIR QUALITY
REMENTS; MEASUREMENT METHODS; PARTICULATE CLASSI FICAT IOK
DS; PARTICLE SIZE; AEROSOL PHENOMENA; PARTICLE SIZE.
, AND STRUCTURE; PARTICULATE PROPERTIES; HI-VOL SAMPLERS:
ERS; SAMPLING METHODS; MEMBRANE FILTRATION; PARTICLE
TIGATION METHODS; PARTICLE SEPARATION; CONTROL METHODS!
RON MICROSCOPY
egory: AIR QUALITY MEAS
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ANIMALS; HUMANS; BIOCLIMATOLOGY; BI3MEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
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Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH

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?dtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg) , As a preliminary part of a study of Los Angeles air
pollution, a model of daytime wind flow over Los Angeles was
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1971 constructed. The city was divided into five wind zones
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As a study in Philadelphia meteorological factor associated with wind flow. (Author
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3ke content, particulate Descriptors: SOCIO-ECONOVIIC FACTORS: HUMANS; ANIMALS; AGE
f sulfur oxides. A negative (BIOLOGY); BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; MALES; FEVIALES:
temperature and morbidity. MORTALITY; BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; RESPIRATORY
'S alone correlates with the DISEASES; DISEASES AND DISORDERS; LOS ANGELES; AMERICA:
Fects the bronchi only in CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES: URBAN AREAS:
Workers can inhale 5 ppm S02 METROPOLITAN AREAS; DIFFUSION MODELS: ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA:
=fect, while 1 ppm S02 in the DIFFUSION (ATMOSPHERIC): DISPERSION; DIFFUSION (ATMOSPHERIC):
; of the bronchitis rate. A SIMULATION; WINDS; ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS: METEOROLOGY
:ween the rate of lung cancer Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
i. Carbon monoxide which is
sent in the atmosphere in
jn with heavy air pollution
jxhausts. Another disease
th air pollution is asthmatic
3wn because of their high
jch as New Orleans asthma and
of asthmatic attacks depends
i and also on the content 'of
not influenced by pressure,
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ANIMALS; MALES; MORBIDITY;
flENT; BRONCHI; BIOLOGICAL
5PIRATORY SYSTEM; SMOKING;
;; TOXICITY; LUNG CANCER;
JTHMA; RESPIRATORY DISEASES;
; KANAGAWA PREFECTURE; EUROPE
V.NA; NORTH AMERICA; LIMITED
/ANIA; POLLUTANTS; ENGINE
IS; PARTICULATES; SUSPENDED
-,; ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS;
5Y; HUMIDITY; TEMPERATURE
UC); SULFUR DIOXIDE; OXIDES;
INSITY; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
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infarction. The physician has two responsibilities in the
field of air pollution. One' is to his patients, through
providing adequate specific protection for sensitive
individuals aqamst the specific effects of air pollution wher
it is elevated. The second role of the physician is to helc
shape public policy regarding pollution by applying knowledge
of the respiratory and other health hazards that come fron
> polluted air whether from occupational exposure, cigarette
smoking, or community air pollution. (Author abstract
J modi f i ed)
STOS BODIES IN HUMAN LUNGS AT AUTOPSY.
a, Dzidra, Robert S. Totten, and Paul Gross
m. Vied. Assoc., 1 92 (5) : 371-373 , May 3, 1965. 11 refs.
MED ASSOC 1965
Method of Support: NONE
incidence of asbestos bodies in the lungs was
igated in 100 autopsies of adults who died at a hospital
tsburgh, Pa. Lung smears were taken from the sectionec
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: Descriptors: MEDICAL PERSONNEL; PERSONNEL: CHRONIC; HUMANS;
i ANIMALS; PLANT DAMAGE: CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN: BIOMEDICAL
i TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; HEMATOLOGY; METABOLISM-, BIOLOGICAL
es of the upper and lower lobes of both lungs. The
were dried and mounted without staining, anc
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; PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS: PULMONARY FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY
£ FUNCTIONS; SMOKING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DISEASES ANC
) DISORDERS; EYE IRRITATION; RESPIRATORY DISEASES; ASTHMA:
1 BRONCHITIS; CALIFORNIA; AMERICA: NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES:
/ ENGINE EXHAUSTS; ENGINE EMISSIONS: POLLUTANTS; SMOG:
PARTICULATES; SUSPENDED PARTICULATES: MOTOR VEHICLE SOURCES:
i MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES; SOURCES; TRANSPORTATION METHODS:
: VISIBILITY; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS; LEAD COMPOUNDS; METAL
COMPOUNDS; CARBON MONOXIDE; OXIDES: OZONE; PHOTOCHEMICAl
REACTIONS; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOVIENA; CHEMICAL REACTIONS
; ; PHOTOOXIDATION
; Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
r
Routine histo'ogical sections of unexpanded lungs were
xamined in al 1 cases. Asbestos bodies were found in 415
suojects. They were not encountered in persons up tc
ars of age. Among males the incidence was 47%, and ir
s 34%. Although significant microscopic pulmonary
is was encountered in two positive cases, no instance o1
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t */ith asbestos bodies and in one without. (Author
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riptors: ADULTHOOD; ANIMALS; HUMANS; AGE (BIOLOGY);
ICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; MALES; FEMALES; AUTOPSY;
ICAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; DIAGNOSIS; TREATMENl
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AIDS; LUNGS; BIOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS;
ATORY SYSTEM; DEPOSITION; RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS;
ION; LUNG CANCER; CANCER; DISEASES AND DISORDERS;
OSIS; PNEUMOCONIOSIS; RESPIRATORY DISEASES; ASBESTOS;
ALS; MINERAL PRODUCTS; PITTSBURGH; AMERICA; NORTH
A: PENNSYLVANIA: UNITED STATES; URBAN AREAS;
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gopy: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
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ons of recent epidemiologic, pathologic, and TECH BIB Method of Support: NONE
ies of the health hazards of air pollution are Some of the existing data on the effects of photochemical
ugh evidence has been obtained suggesting that pollution on the respiratory tract of animals and man- are
ure to pollution can increase morbidity and summarized, while areas in which important knowledge is
persons with pre-existing bronchitis and lacking and the direction which certain aspects of researcf.
ossioily cause obstructive airways diseases, might take are indicated. The photochemical pollutants which
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Pollutants involved and the mechanisms by which are generally measured include nitrogen dioxide, oxidants
espiratory function have received limited which are principally ozone but include other oxidizing
ure studies should attempt to separate the role agents, and hydrocarbons mainly in the form of methane.
particulate pollutants and consider the effects Recent studies in experimental animals with both 03 and N02
factors such as age, sex, soc loeconomi c class, have demonstrated cellular injury and an increased
posure, migration, and smoking habits on Susceptibility to bacterial pulmonary infections. Human
ry diseases. Several specific research experimental exposures to 03 above 1.0 ppm consistently
to resolve the specific air pollution problems produce modest increases in airway resistance measured
re listed. directly or indirectly by changes in forced expiratory
HUMANS; ANIMALS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; BIOMEDICAL volumes. The retrospective epidemiologic data on mortality
MEASUREMENT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; HEALTH and morbidity in association with acute exposure to varying
SEASES AND DISORDERS; BRONCHITIS; RESPIRATORY levels of ambient pollution primarily in the Los Angeles area
HYSEMA; CALIFORNIA; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; are presented tabularly. No correlations between acute
weather patterns and mortality or change in morbidity in
ECTS-HUM HLTH patients with significant respiratory disease have been found.
However, others have been able to establish that children
who live in areas with high levels of pollution have higher
respiratory disease morbidity than children from less polluted
areas. Research programs which may affect air pollution
F ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. control policies are indicated.
I., Yu. E. Korneev, B. A. Somov, K. P. Descriptors: RESEARCH PROGRAMS; ADMINISTRATION; ACUTE:
V. M. Pozin LABORATORY ANIMALS; ANIMALS; , ANIMALS (NON-HUMAN):
sfernvkh zagryazneniy za rubezhom). Text in PREADOLESCENCE; HUMANS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; BIOMEDICAL TECHMIOUES
a i Sanit., no. 10:70-73, 1970. S.refs. AND MEASUREMENT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; CELLS (BIOLOGY):
IT 1970 BIOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
of Support: NONE PULMONARY RESISTANCE; BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS:
SSIAN PULMONARY FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS; RESPIRATORY
ed incidence of respiratory illness in DISEASES; DISEASES AND DISORDERS; LOS ANGELES; AMERICA:
the United States, Great Britain, Norway, CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; OXIDANTS; POLLUTANTS
, Japan, France, and Canada and correlations Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
air pollution levels are reviewed. Economic
ng from air pollution and measures being taken
ies to combat the problem of air pollution are
ECONOMIC LOSSES; ECONOMICS; HUMANS; ANIMALS;
EDICAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; RESPIRATORY
SES AND DISORDERS; JAPAN; ASIA; CANADA; AMERICA
; FRANCE; EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE; GREAT BRITAIN
M; USSR; EASTERN EUROPE; SWEDEN; SCANDINAVIA;
EUROPE
DENMARK; NORWAY
ECTS-HUM HLTH


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QUALITY GOALS FOR THE CHATTANOOGA
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egion are presented. A topographical
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ontrol Administration in 1967-63 is
quality criteria presented. Data are
culates, sulfur dioxide, oxidants,
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i populations exposed to pollutants should be
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The possibility that people with specific diseases
lunq cancer, chronic bronchitis, asthma, or ever
Jue lo smoking may be more susceptible to healtr
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nc and synergistic studies are additionally
:ors: RESEARCH PRQGRAVIS; ADMINISTRATION:
-IOMIC FACTORS; CHRONIC; LABORATORY ANIMALS; ANIMALS;
NON-HUMAN); HUMANS; EPIQEM I OLOGY ; BIOMEDICAL
5 AND MEASUREMENT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; TISSUE
ENZYMES; BIOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS; SMOKING:
, PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; SYNERGISM; LUNG CANCER:
ISEAbES AND DISORDERS; CARCINOGENS; EYE IRRITATION:
:>AIRMENT; ASTHMA: RESPIRATORY, DISEASES; BRONCHITIS:
/IERICA; NORTH AMERICA; PENNSYLVANIA; UNITED STATES;
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pollution as measured by Specifics!
ms in 51 patients, most Carcinogor
hopulmonary disease. In required.
disease seventy, each Descripl
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d antibiotics use; in ANIMALS I
pollution exposure was TECHNIQUES
months, no significant CULTURES;
when individuals were BIOLOGICAl
although a trend was CANCER; Dl
ntibiotics for each month HEALTH INU
other months, levels of DONORA; Af.
yspnea and cough in some URBAN ARE/
Oronchitics at some times POLLUTANT'.
d on the day of exposure PARTICULAl
owing exposure in others. Category
ficance in a number of
use of antibiotics showed
These results suggest
n cough and higher levels
ip is implied. In fact,
p to group and from month
gests that other factors,
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oxidant levels were recorded Between 10 am METROPOLITAN AREAS;
at ic attacks occurred with equal frequency (ATMOSPHERIC): ATMDSPHE
!es. Low positive correlations were found POLLUTION EPISODES
sures of air pollution and number of Category: EFFECTS-HUM h
ks. Low correlations were also noted for
e humidity, and water vapor pressure. A
er number of persons tiad attacks on days
dant values to cause eye irritation (25
her days. The number of persons having
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h plant damage was also significantly
ber on other days (P equals .05). Of the
decided to characterize eight as smog
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e. These patients showed no other common
though seven of the group were females.
S; ANIMALS; PLANT DAMAGE; EYE IRRITATION;
RS; ASTHMA; RESPIRATORY DISEASES; LOS
ALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;
TS; PARTICULATES; SMOG; SUSPENDED
ITY; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; METEOROLOGY;
ERIC); CARBON MONOXIDE; OXIDES
HUM HLTH
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it, Mich. , Nov. 1968. )
L 1970
of Support: NONE
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lution, and certain meteorological factors
62 through May 1965 in New York City were
regression by use of the -least-squares
quantitative estimates of the relationship
d environmental factors. Mortality from
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and oxides of sulfur air pollution. The analysis indicated
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; social class between the air pollution levels. (Author's
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5 Descriptors: HUMANS; ANIMALS; AGE (BIOLOGY): BIOLOGICAL
5 PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; FEMALES; EPIDEMIOLOGY: BIOMEDICAL
, TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT-, MORTALITY-, RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS:
i SMOKING; DISEASES AND DISORDERS; RESPIRATORY DISEASES:
/ BRONCHITIS; COUGH; EMPHYSEV1A ; NEW YORK STATE; AMERICA; NORTH
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TOBACCO SMOKING.
Cederloef, Rune, Lars Friberg. and Zdenek Hrubec
QUALITY CRITERIA — TOXICOLOGICAL APPRAISAL FOR OXIDANTS, Arch. Environ. Health, 1 8 ( 6 ) : 934-940. dune 1969. 18 refs.
EN OXIDES, AND HYDROCARBONS. ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH 1969
ler, Peter K. and Margaret Hitchcock FLD Method of Support: CONTRACT
ir Pollution Control Assoc., 19(9) '.670-678 , Sept. 1969. Results of studies of cardiovascular and respiratory
s. symptoms as they relate to tobacco snok i nq in American twins
R POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC 1969 are compared with the results of similar studies in Swedish
Vlethod of Support: RES CRT twins. Both the Swedish and American twin studies show an
ultimate aim of tox i Co 1 ogi cal studies is to determine association between smoking and certain cardiovascular
fects of pollutants on the health and welfare of human symptoms. It is questionable, however. whether this excess
To get this it is essential to conduct animal studies morbidity is causal. It was not possible to reproduce the
aluate the potential toxicity of different pollutants. association when studying monozygotic smokinq discordant
logical appraisal of the photochemical oxidant type of twin-pairs. The data on respiratory symptoms on the other
n o •— f
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Dilution shows: (1) The effects are primarily on the hand indicate a strong probability of a causal connection with
and the senses. (2) There is impairment of pulmonary smoking. Genetic factors play a larqe role in development of
on in humans at concentrations found in polluted air. both coronary and respiratory symptoms.
oth ozone and nitrogen dioxide tend to oxidize the lung Descriptors: HUMANS; ANIMALS; ADULTHOOD; EPIDEMIOLOGY:
in animals for a time. This process creates agents BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; MORTALITY; SMOKING:
have the potential for crossl inking structural proteins, BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; DISEASES AND DISORDERS:
is process initiates inflammation which accelerates cell CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; RESPIRATOR^ DISEASES: BRONCHITIS:
er rates. Both crossl inking and cell turnover rates are COUGH; EUROPE; SWEDEN; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE; UNITED
s in aging, which may thus be accelerated by years of STATES; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; HUMANS
ed exposure to oxidants. (4) Long-term exposure to low Identifiers: TWINS
of nitrogen dioxide can produce pre-emphasema tous Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
s in the lungs of rats and mice. Studies with other
s are needed. (5) Ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and dilute
ated car exhausts increase susceptibility to respiratory
ion. The constant search for more sophisticated and
i ve techniques to detect subtle changes indicative of
ease conditions should not be relaxed. Such techniques
rovide chronic disease predictors of great relevance as
ality criteria. A discussion by Ralph C. Wands follows
ticle. (Author's Abstract)
riptors: GUINEA PIGS; ANIMALS; ANIMALS (NON-HUMAN);
TORY ANIMALS; HAMSTERS; MICE; RABBITS; RATS; HUVIANS;
IOL3GY; BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; BLOOD
BIOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS; CELLS (BIOLOGY);
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM; HEART; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; LIVER;
KIDNEYS; NERVOUS SYSTEM; BRONCHI; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM;
I; LUNGS; NOSE; EPITHELIUM; SKIN (ANATOMY); REPRODUCTION
GICAL); BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; OXYGEN
ION; PULMONARY FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS;
ARY RESISTANCE; TOXICITY; EYE IRRITATION; DISEASES AND
ERS; EMPHYSEMA; RESPIRATORY DISEASES; PNEUMONIA; TUMORS;
GELES; AMERICA; CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES
INE EXHAUSTS; ENGINE EMISSIONS; POLLUTANTS; OXIDANTS;
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uj«t»xoao-i •-
S; ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS; HYDROCARBONS; BENZENES;
1C HYDROCARBONS; NITROGEN DIOXIDE 1 N02 ) ; NITROGEN OXIDES
ES; OZONE; AIR QUALITY CRITERIA; CRITERIA; OXIDANTS
tifiers: SENSES
gory: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH; STDS AND CRIT
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preceding and the week fol'owin'
children with respiratory syi
N CONTROL. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE. pediatric emergency room were
ohn T. children completed allergy e-
n. Health, 18( 5 ): 834-838, May 1969. 4 refs. allergic constitutions, but t
HEALTH 1969 period of pollution showed a
of Support: INHOUSE There was a statistically s i gi
ur knowledge of the health effects of air respiratory symptoms during
incomplete, the evidence that is available dioxide levels as compared i
that air pollution is guilty of killing and following the pollution ep i Si
le, and that it is capable of doing far more rise was more evident on two Ci
mage than it has already done. Four types of hours following the peak su
link air pollution to specific health detriment 0.001 and less than 0.02). ( Au
of major epidemics that have accompanied acute Descriptors: PREADOLESCENCE;
conditions during relatively short time periods; VISITS; BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUE
udies of past illness and death as correlated DIAGNOSIS; TREATMENT AND AID
ic locations and other factors associated with DISORDERS; RESPIRATORY DISEASES
; epidemiological studies of death and YORK STATE; NORTH AMERICA; UN
function as related to variations in air OXIDES; SULFUR OXIDES; AIR POLL'
laboratory studies of responses by animals, and Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
by human beings, to exposure to various
combinations of pollutants. Studies of evidence
hese sources only point the way to understanding
fects of air pollution on health. However, the
ve medicine in dealing w-,th air pollution is
major sources. The Air Quality Act of 1967 has
for achievement of effective control of air
a regional basis. Some of the activities
implementation of this Act are discussed.
LABORATORY ANIMALS; ANIMALS; ANIMALS
UMANS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; BIOMEDICA\ TECHNIQUES AND
SYNERGISM; BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS;
ISORDERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; RESPIRATORY
CHITIS; EUROPE; BELGIUM; WESTERN EUROPE; MEUSE
BRITAIN; UNITED KINGDOM; LONDON; NEW YORK STATE;
TH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; NEW YORK CITY;
DONORA; ADMINISTRATION; PLANS AND PROGRAMS; AIR
ISODES; AIR QUALITY CRITERIA; CRITERIA;
ATIONAL GOVERNMENTS; REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS I LEGAL
SLATION; CLEAN AIR ACT; AIR QUALITY STANDARDS;
ONIC; LEGISLATION
AIR QUALITY ACT 1967








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Lawerence T., Joseph R. Bongiorno, Richard
ia E. Laano
J. Med., 70(3):394-398, Feb. 1, 1970. 15 refs.
MEO 1970
ethod of Support: NONE
of atmospheric sulfur dioxide occurred in
g a period of low wind velocity and temperature
During a three-week period, including the week






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Method of Support: NONE
quality standards based on health effects are desirable
of air quality which. on the basis of present
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'HEMOGLOBIN; BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT:
-OGY; MORTALITY; RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS; BIOLOGICAL
iES AND FUNCTIONS; PULMONARY FUNCTION; TOXICITY:
LS AND DISORDERS: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: EYE
'ION; RESPIRATORY DISEASES: ASTHMA: BRONCHITIS:
VRr EDEMA; MATERIALS; MATERIALS DETERIORATION; CORROSION
.IFORNIA; AMERICA: NORTH AMERICA: UNITED STATES:
..NTS: PARTICULATE CLASSIFICATION METHODS-. OXIDANTS:
JLATES; METAL COMPOUNDS; LEAD COVIPOUNDS: CARBON MONOXIDE
;S; OZONE; SULFUR OXIDES: CRITERIA: AIR QUALITY CRITERIA
JAROS; AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
jory: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
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A SURVF.Y OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE AM3NG NEW YORK CITY POSTAL
AND TRANSIT WORKERS. 2. VENTILATORY FUNCTION TEST RESULTS.
RE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE Densen. Paul M., Ellen W. Jones, Hyman E. Bass. Joseph
RGIC DISEASE. Breuer, and Elizabeth Reed
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n, Edward R. Schlesinger, Environ. Ros., 2( 4) : 277-296 . 1969. 8 refs.
ENVIRON RES 1969
Assoc., Philadelphia, Pa., FLO Method of Support: NONE
10 refs. (Presented at the One-second forced expiratory volumes (FEV) were measured for
, 97th Annual Meeting, 12,500 men in New York City in a survey of respiratory
symptoms among postmen and transit workers. The study design
U MEET PHILADELPHIA 1969 and data on prevalence of symptoms ivere given in an earlier
report. Study of ventllatory function test rasu'ts showea
NE distinctive patterns with respect to age, smoking habits, ana
the morbidity of asthma and respiratory disease symptoms. One-second forced expiratory
Erie County, New York, was volumes decreased with age in all study groups. Age-specific
records from 1951 through means were slightly higher for white than for non-white men.
y census tract of residence The lowest FEV values were found among cigarette smokers.
d according to the level of especially the heavy smokers, and the highest values were
ded partlculates for each those of non-smokers or men without symptoms. Variations in
sing the geographic area of patterns of the decline with age, as well as differences in
basis of median income, age-specific mean FEV values, were evident among groups of men
e in 1960. Average annual reporting different symptoms of respiratory disease. (Author
d asthma cases per 100,000 abstract modified)
at the lowest air po.llution Descriptors: ADULTHOOD: ANIMALS; HUMANS: AGE (BIOLOGY):
e highest level. Average BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; MALES: EPIDEMIOLOGY;
ized eczema cases were only BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; VENTILATION (PULMONARY)
owest air pollution level; ; RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS: SMOKING; RESPIRATORY DISEASES:
host level. The incidence DISEASES AND DISORDERS; NEW YORK CITY; AMERICA; NEW YORK STATE
and air pollution level ; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES: PERSONNEL: PERSONNEL
of the four social classes. Identifiers: POSTAL WORKERS; TRANSIT WORKERS
for eczema patients. Air Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
th the incidence of boys
or eczema, increasing from
he lowest level to 117.5 in
orbidity ratios for boys
rom 45/i at the lowest level
he combined incidence rates
s of age showed a steady
ss with an increase in air
incidence of asthma and
ger age group supports the
become established by the
air pollution affects the
ALS; HUMANS; AGE (BIOLOGY);
; MORBIDITY; BIOMEDICAL
ES; DISEASES AND DISORDERS;
ORK STATE; AMERICA; NORTH
RTICULATES; POLLUTANTS;
ALLERGIES; DISEASES AND
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a single pollutant. Again, because of the effect of carbon
monoxide on temporal discrimination, a possible relationship
1RATORY FUNCTION IN SELECTED PATIENTS AND between motor vehicle accidents and carbon monoxide exoosure
DLLUTION. is suggested for investigation. Studies of the reaction of
Jr., Patrick B. Storey, William Keith C. the respiratory System to air pollution that use laboratory
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Jniv. School of Med., Baltimore, Div. for pulmonary compliance, and diffusion capacity in epidemi o loQic
Ip . , (date /). studies are reviewed. The possible application of sputum
histamine and sputun cytologic tests and measurements of
jort: NONE carboxyhemoglobl n to define the effect of carbon monoxide on
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i sease are discussed, comparing the mean validity with respect to population exposure must be collectea
:h environmental factors. All patients at the same time and place as population reactions are
j delineated area in Baltimore where more studied. The second principle is that whenever possible.
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ing units lack central heating; the major population reactions should be compared under contrast incj
;omplex lies to the south and southeast temporal and spatial conditions. Some data on nondisease
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Patient data was obtained by airway effects in the United Kingdom and the United States.
inical examination, and laboratory tests particularly California, are presented.
^om each patient. Environmental data was Descriptors: HUMANS; ANIMALS; EPIDEMIOLOGY: BIOMED1CAU
ling and weather information. Despite TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; NERVOUS SYSTEM: BIOLOGICAL
:a, it was ooserved that in general the CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS; SINUSE'S; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
lologically better or worse together to a RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS; BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS:
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LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES; BUSES; HE
ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; DISPERSl
ALDEHYDES; ACETALDEHYDE; HYDROCAF
PYRENES; BLNZO( 3-4) PYRENE ; BE
; OXIDES; SULFUR OXIDES: SULFUR
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA;
Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
i 008512
THE EFFECTS OF AIR CONTAMINAT It
F Anderson, Donald 0.
I Can. Mod. Assoc. J. (Toronto),
I 1967. 72 refs.
3 CAN MEO ASSOC J TORONTO 1967
TECH BIB Method of Support: 1
J In this first part of three,
: the problems inherent in the sti
pollution upon human health. The
; evaluating a causal relationsr
OF AIR POLLUTION.
;n der Luft- verunreinigungen fuer Die
'ext in German. Med, Welt (.Stuttgart),
, Nov. 1966. 19 refs.
3
)f Support: FELL CRT
IAN
rants and their deleterious effect on humat
ised. Tne following statistics are noted,
: flue gas from a chimney and the filution oi
:rom automobile exhaust gas near ground leve'
The effect of pollution from a large fue'
i be noticed 3-4 km. away. Sulfur dioxide anc
rerious effect on chronic bronchitis patients,
> with different pop- ulations showed i
>ccurrence of lung cancer and chronic
le diffusion of polycyclic aromatics at 3 km,
i source is 1/5 that found 1 km. from the
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i Descriptors: HUMANS; ANIMALS;
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) STATISTICS; MORTALITY; BIOLOGIC
SMOKING; DISEASES AND DISORDER!
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; GREAT BRITAIN; EUROPE; UN]
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PITTSBURGH; URBAN AREAS; MEI
ENGINE EMISSIONS; COVIBUSTION PROt
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DIOXIDE; AIR POLLUTION EPISODES
quantity of oil (1 liter for 200 instead oi
tar content of the exhaust gas increased by 2
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:e gases in the air. In the U.S.A., the deatf
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jf organic compounds in the air. It i;
>t only cigarettes, but also automobiles anc
jte to lung cancer. Hit
HUMANS; ANIMALS; BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AN[
aTH STATISTICS; MORTALITY; TISSUE CULTURES;
iTITUENTS AND PARTS; CELLS (BIOLOGY);
LM; BRONCHI; LUNGS; BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ANC
iPIRATORY FUNCTIONS; PULMONARY RESISTANCE;
)N; DISEASES AND DISORDERS; CANCER; LUNC
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DISCUSSION ON RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND POLLUTANT EXPOSURES.
III. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS.
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: aerometric respiratory disease and pollutant exposures is presented.
fimgham Area. Tokyo asthma or bronchitis, separation of the perennial asthma
, dustfallr patient from Lhe chronic bronchitis in Britain, rationale of
i de , sulfur using school children for surveys of pulmonary function,
My from 21 recommendations of lung testing equipment to use in the field
?as. Annual and the pathological findings, gross and microscopic, needed
particulate, in making the diagnosis of chrome bronchitis at autopsy are
jlfur dioxide discussed.
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AREAS; INDUSTRIAL AREAS; POLLUTANTS; PARTICULATES; AEROSOLS:
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COMPOUNDS; OXIDES; CARBON MONOXIDE; NITROGEN OXIDES; SULFUR
OXIDES; SULFUR DIOXIDE; SWEDEN; SCANDINAVIA; ADMINISTRATION;
LUTION. PLANS AND PROGRAMS; CONTROL PROGRAMS; AIR POLLUTION EPISODES:
ECONOMIC LOSSES; ECONOMICS; ACUTE; CHRONIC; PHOTOCHEMICAL
(3) 129-32, Nov. 1959. REACTIONS; CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOVIENA; CHEMICAL REACTIONS
59 Category: GENERAL
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e, and the basic problems
dies. Five potentially 003545
lution are now of concern: THE NASHVILLE AIR POLLUTION STUDY - SULFUR DIOXIDE AND
ss and death; or aggravate BRONCHIAL ASTHMA (A PROGRESS REPORT USING MULTIVARIATE
nchitis, emphysema, or ANALYSIS).
tant bodily functions such E. Landau, R. A. Prindle, L. D. Zeidberg
ng or gas t*ansport by the Preprint. (Presented at the Statistics Section, 90th Annual
as eye irritation and Meeting, American Public Health Association, Miami Beach.
of persons may become Fla., Oct. 16, 1962.)
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ces of residence or work. 1962
h including social health. LAB Method of Support: INHQUSE
well rounded picture of Research was conducted to determine: (1) whether persons
basis for their prevention with chronic bronchial asthma show variation in the freauency
rational controls. #0 and severity of their attacks associated with variation in
LS; ANIMALS; ANIMALS their exposure to environmental air pollutants. and (2)
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND whether the course of disease in persons with chronic
TY; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; bronchial asthma differs according to their residence in an
S; RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS; area of relatively high or low air pollution. This progress
ISORDERS; CANCER; LUNG report has demonstrated the association of a variable day fron
; EMPHYSEMA; TUBERCULOSIS; beginning of study, with asthmatic attacks. The next most
MERICA; UNITED STATES; important variable in the multiple correlation and regression
PARTICULATES; SMOG; AIR analysis was sulfur dioxide. Much additional work needs to be
IS done to investigate the possibility that there exist patterns
of people who have attacks on or about the same day. Further
study should also be made of the environmental factors
characterizing the days in which large numbers of patients
report attacks. Finally, the linear analysis made thus far
should be supplemented by non-linear methods. (Author
N ON PUBLIC HEALTH. conclusions modified)**
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Hospital in New Orleans. have been noted in this city i
the early 1950's. These outbreaks have occurred durinq
ION AND TEMPERATURE ON RESIDENTS OF summer and fall, with the months of October and NOVI
NGELES AREA. containing the most frequent and severest episodes. 1
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work on this problem associated emissions from spontai
underground burning in abandoned city dumps with the
incidence and extracts for skin testinq prepared froi









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RES GRT emissions produced a significant number of positive skin
onsidered in this study is the in persons involved in the asthma outbreaks. Ri
mediate effects of air pollution and i nvest i qat i on showed that other sources of allergenil
on and temperature on the health and pollution in the city were related to the epidemics of as
tions. In order to determine the Attention has been focused on a larqe public qrain ele1
te effects a very special population at the Mississippi River in the southwestern prot i on o
certain nursing homes in Los Angeles city. Grain extracts have produced hiah percentaqe:
using such a population are that it ' positive responses in susceptible patients with low resi
ds are kept of its mortality and rate found in control subjects. Persons known to
nnportant advantage in using this participated in these outbreaks have been characterizi
e are any human aubpopu 1 at i ons which being allergic; a low incidence of patients with chi
affected by air pollution and/or bronchitis and emphysema has been found in this group.
Id certainly be included among them. meteorological data regarding the outbreak periods has
n that mortality and morbidity among collected. (Author abstract)**
have increased during periods of Descriptors: LABORATORY ANIMALS: ANIMALS; AN
re, suggesting that this aged, (NON-HUMAN); HUMANS; BIOVIEDICAL TECHMIQUES AND MEASUREI
tion is generally sensitive to EPIDEMIOLOGY; IMMUNOLOGY; TREATMENT ANp AIDS; DIAGNOSIS:
n health. The data used in this TESTS; BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS; SMOKING: DIS
r of deaths recorded each day over a AND DISORDERS; ALLERGIES; RESPIRATORY DISEASES; AS
beginning of 1956 through the end of LOUISIANA; AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; NEW ORLi
of transfers from rest homes to SOURCES: INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES: STATIONARY EMI!
of illness during this same time SOURCES: FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS INDUSTRY: MANUFACTI
temperature measurements; and daily INDUSTRIES: GRAIN PROCESSING; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOI
two air pollutants, total oxidant METEOROLOGY; ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; WINDS; PLANS AND PROGI
ADMINISTRATION; AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS: CONTII
RY ANIMALS; ANIMALS; ANIMALS AIR MONITORING PROGRAM (CAMP); AIR POLLUTION EPISODES; AI
MEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENT; CHRONIC: SEASONAL
TATISTICS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; Category: EFFECTS-HUM HLTH
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT; RESPIRATORY
ICA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;
LLUTANTS; BERYLLIOSIS; AIR QUALITY
METHODS; MONITORING; CZECHOSLOVAKIA;
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES; MATHEMATICAL
NOMENA; METEOROLOGY; TEMPERATURE
CARBON MONOXIDE; CHRONIC; DIURNAL;
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SHADE; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; METEOROLOGY; ATMOSPHERIC
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