-842-B-92-006
                  United States
                  Environmental Protection
                  Agency
Office of Water
(WH-556F)
EPA-842-B-92-006
September 1992
                  Dredged Material Ocean Dumping
                  Reference Document
                  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                                   Printed on Recycled Paper

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                                         Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
                            TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                        Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  	       v

PURPOSE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE REFERENCE DOCUMENT	       vi

STATUTORY AND REGULATORY OVERVIEW  	      vii
     Principal Statutes Governing Dredged Material Disposal	      vii
     Regulation of Dredged Material Disposal	      viii

DOCUMENT DIRECTORY (Alphabetical by Title)

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
ESSENTIAL AND SECONDARY DOCUMENTS
     Part 1.   Essential Documents
             Policy  	      El
             Technical 	     E10

     Part 2.   Secondary Documents
             Policy  	      SI
             Technical	      S8

APPENDIX    Alphabetical Listing of Reference Documents (by Author)
                                                                          in

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                                                  Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
                                  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 This document provides a useful, easy-to-access, annotated bibliography of essential and secondary policy
 and technical documents relating to dredged material disposal.  A statutory and regulatory overview is
 presented for background information on dredged material disposal.

 The essential policy documents that are annotated in this document include EPA and U.S. Army Corps
 of Engineers (USACE) ocean disposal-related regulations located at Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations,
 Parts 220-229 (40 CFR 220-229) and 33 CFR 320-330 & 335-338, respectively; Evaluation of Dredged
 Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal —  Testing Manual (EPA/USACE, 1991).

 The essential technical documents that are annotated in this document include Revised Procedural Guide
for Designation Surveys of Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites (Pequegnat et  al.,  1990); Guidance
for Performing Tests on Dredged Material  To Be  Disposed in Ocean Waters (USACE/EPA,  1984);
 Characteristics and Effects of Dredged Material Disposal in the Marine Environment (EPA, 1989).

 This reference document, including one copy of each essential document, will be distributed to the EPA
 Headquarters (Headquarters will also receive one copy of each secondary document) and EPA Regional
 Ocean Dumping Coordinators.  Copies of secondary documents must be requested. Requests for copies
 should be directed to Ms. Susan Hitch [Mail Stop WH-SS6F, Environmental Protection Agency,  401 M
 Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460; (202) 260-9178.]

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Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
            PURPOSE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE REFERENCE DOCUMENT
The purpose of this document is to compile an annotated bibliography of essential and secondary policy
and technical dredged material reference documents that can be cited by EPA Headquarters and Regional
personnel.  This document is not a formal bibliography of documents,  but a quick reference guide to
documents that may be of interest.  Therefore documents are referenced by title or subject and not by
author.

Classification of the documents into essential and secondary categories will allow EPA personnel to
quickly identify documents that may contain general (essential) or site-/case-specific (secondary) policy
and technical issues.  EPA Regional Ocean Dumping Coordinators were interviewed by telephone to
determine which policy and technical documents they considered as essential and secondary references
to dredged  material disposal.   The classification of documents herein was  recommended by those
interviewed. Some documents appear as both policy and technical documents because they were classified
as both by interviewees.

The reference document will be distributed to

•  EPA Headquarters — One copy each of the reference document and the complete associated reference
   library (essential and secondary documents)

•  EPA Regional Ocean Dumping Coordinators — One copy each of the reference document and the
   associated reference library of essential documents

•  EPA Regional Ocean Dumping Coordinators, upon request — One copy of the associated reference
   library of secondary documents

EPA Regional personnel may contact Ms. Susan Hitch [Mail Stop WH-556F, Environmental Protection
Agency,  401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460;  (202)  260-9178] to request  one copy of the
reference document and one copy  of the secondary documents of the associated reference library.
VI

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                                                 Rnal — Dredged Material Reference Document
                      STATUTORY AND REGULATORY OVERVIEW

         PRINCIPAL STATUTES GOVERNING DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL
Ocean disposal of dredged material is regulated primarily by two statutes [Marine Protection, Research,
and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (MPRSA) and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)] and an
international agreement [Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and
Other Matter (London Dumping Convention)].  For a discussion of the relevant statutes impacting ocean
dumping, see Section 1 of the Ocean Dumping Site Delegation Handbook for Dredged Material (see page
E6). The MPRSA (particularly Section 103),  which is the primary statute, governs dredged material
disposal in coastal waters.  The MPRSA regulates transportation and dumping of wastes in the ocean
waters (Title I), establishes requirements for monitoring and research (Title n), and establishes the Marine
Sanctuary  Program (Title III, administered by  the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).
The review and issuance of permits is included under Title I.

NEPA requires the preparation of an environmental impact  statement (EIS) for major Federal actions
(e.g., Civil Works projects, legislation, and permits to private entities) that significantly affect the quality
of the human environment.  Although generally not required to prepare EISs for its environmentally
protective actions, EPA has instituted a voluntary policy under which it prepares EISs for ocean dumping
site designations.  The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE) is subject to NEPA's EIS
provisions when conducting Federal navigation projects or issuing permits.

The London Dumping Convention (LDC), to which the United States is a  signatory,  is the  global
agreement that regulates ocean dumping.  The United States implements the LDC through the MPRSA.
The ultimate objective of the LDC is to protect the oceanic environment from harmful effects of dumping
activities.  The LDC requires that available disposal options be evaluated prior to issuing permits for
ocean disposal. The LDC regulates ocean disposal by means of several  Annexes: Annex I lists certain
substances whose disposal in the ocean is generally forbidden; Annex  IT lists substances that require
special care for ocean disposal;  Annex III lays  out factors and criteria to be addressed in making  permit
decisions for ocean disposal.
                   REGULATION OF DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL

Several Federal agencies are responsible for the various statutory requirements of Title I of the MPRSA,
including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers
(USAGE), and the United States Coast Guard (USCG).  Each agency has specific responsibilities.
                                                                                         vu

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Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
       EPA develops Ocean Dumping Criteria

       Section 102  of the  MPRSA requires EPA to  develop criteria for use in reviewing permit
       applications for proposed ocean disposal activities.  These criteria have been promulgated  as
       regulations in 40 CFR 220-228 and are referred  to as the Ocean Dumping Criteria.  EPA is the
       permit-issuing authority for all material,  except dredged material.

       USACE issues permits for dredged material ocean disposal, subject to EPA review

       Section 103 of the MPRSA assigns to the USACE the responsibility for authorizing the ocean
       disposal of dredged material.  In evaluating proposed ocean disposal activities, the USACE is
       required to apply the criteria developed by EPA relating to the effects of the disposal activity.
       In addition, in  reviewing proposed disposal, the USACE is required to consider navigational,
       economic, and  industrial  development,  and foreign and  domestic commerce,  as  well as the
       availability of alternatives to ocean disposal.  EPA has a major environmental oversight role  in
       reviewing the USACE determination of compliance with the ocean disposal criteria relating  to
       the effects of proposed disposal. If EPA determines that the ocean disposal criteria have not been
       met, disposal may not occur without a waiver of the criteria by EPA.

       EPA designates ocean disposal sites

       The designation of ocean disposal sites for all materials is the responsibility of EPA. In the case
       of dredged material disposal sites, EPA designates sites in consultation with the USACE.  Sites
       are designated by promulgation of a rule  in 40 CFR Part 228.  The USACE can specify the use
       of a  site under MPRSA Section 103, if no feasible EPA-designated sites are available.

       EPA assesses civil administration penalties for violations of the MPRSA

       The  MPRSA Section 105 assigns EPA the responsibility for assessing civil administrative
       penalties for violation of  MPRSA.  The USCG is directed to conduct surveillance.  As the
       dredged material permitting authority, the USACE regulation also  provides (33 CFR 326) that
       the District Engineers will inspect activities conducted under their permits.
Vlll

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ESSENTIAL AND SECONDARY DOCUMENTS

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                                                                                     INDEX
                                DOCUMENT DIRECTORY

E: Essential Documents section.   S: Secondary Documents section.
A
E10      Annual Book of ASTM Standards.  Section 11: Water and Environmental Technology
S8        Aquatic Dredged Material Disposal Impacts
B
S8        Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material. Proceedings of the Gulf Coast Regional Workshop, 26-
          28 April 1988, Galveston, TX
C
El 1, SI    Characteristics and Effects of Dredged Material Disposal in the Marine Environment
S2         Coastal Zone Management Act Consistency Provisions and Designation of Ocean Dumping
           Sites under Section 102(c) of Ocean Dumping Act
S9         Contaminated Marine Sediments — Assessment and Remediation
D
El        Digest of Water Resource Policies and Authorities
E
E2, E12   Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal — Testing Manual (The
          "Green Book")
Sll       Environmental Effects of Dredging Technical Notes
El        Environmental Impact Statements — Procedure for the Voluntary Preparation
G
S23 S11   General Approach to Designation Studies for Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites
E14       Guidance for Performing Tests on Dredged Material To Be Disposed of in Ocean Waters
S12       Guidelines for Physical and Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Dredged Material Disposal
          Sites

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 Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
 INDEX
I
S13       Inland Waterways: Proceedings of a National Workshop on the Beneficial Uses of Dredged
           Material
E14       Interim Sediment Criteria Values for Nonpolar Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants
M
S15       Managing Troubled Waters: The Role of Marine Environmental Monitoring
S3-S6      MOU
S6         MOU on Management of Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites
N
E3         Navigation
E4         NEPA Regulations
O
E5         Ocean Dumping
E6         Ocean Dumping Site Designation Delegation Handbook for Dredged Material
E7         Operations, Maintenance, and Project Management
E7         Operation and Maintenance of Civil Works Projects
P
E15      Procedures for Handling and Chemical Analysis of Sediment and Water Samples
SIS      Puget Sound Dredged Disposal Analysis (PSDDA) Reports
Q
E16       Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)for 301 (h) Monitoring Programs: Guidance on
           Field and Laboratory Methods
S17       Quality Criteria for Water
R
E8        Regulatory Programs — Permitting
E17, S6   Revised Procedural Guide for Designation Surveys of Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites
S17       Revised Section 301 (h) Technical Support Document
S
S20       Specifications of a Model Ocean Disposal Site for Dredged Material
El 8       Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water
S18       Selected Tools and Techniques for Physical and Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Dredged
          Material Disposal Sites

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                                                                                    INDEX
W
S20       Workbook/Users Manual for Prediction of Instantaneously Dumped Dredged Material


Y
S21       Yaquina Bay Interim Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site Evaluation Study

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        Part 1




ESSENTIAL DOCUMENTS

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                                                                                            POLICY
      The following documents have been categorized as the most comprehensive references for policy and
      technical issues. Italicized titles denote documents classified as "published."
                                ESSENTIAL DOCUMENTS - POLICY


01.   Digest of Water Resource Policies and Authorities

      1989   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  Washington, DC.  EP  1165-2-1.  261 pp.  + appendices.

             Keywords  Dredged material; dredged material disposal

             This document is a digest of the existing administrative and legislative water- resources policies
             and authorities pertinent  to the civil  works activities of the U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers
             (USAGE). The policies and authorities apply to all USACE Headquarters elements and all field
             operating  activities with civil-works responsibilities.  This document was developed as a quick
             reference to policies distributed throughout numerous engineering regulations, manuals, technical
             letters, and memoranda.  These  documents are cited in each chapter and should be consulted
             for specific application in individual cases.  In addition, this document will be of  value in
             orienting and familiarizing newly assigned personnel, military and civilian, with essential policies
             regarding  the USACE civil-works activities.


02.   Environmental Impact Statements
      Procedure for the Voluntary Preparation

      1974   Federal Register,  National Archives and Records Administration. Vol. 39, No. 204, October
             21, 1974.  Office of the Federal Register, Washington, DC.  4 pp.

             Keywords  Regulatory action; Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

             This notice states EPA's policy of preparing an Environmental Impact Statement for all ocean
             dumping site designations.   It requires that an EIS  be prepared concurrently with required
             documentation for the rulemaking actions. EPA believes that the preparation of an EIS will
             benefit the proposed rulemaking actions.  The appropriate content for an EIS is given.
                                                                                                El

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      Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
      POLICY
03.  Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal — Testing Manual
     (The "Green Book")

     1991    U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency/U.S.  Army  Corps  of Engineers.  Environmental
             Protection Agency, Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection, and Department of the Army,
             United States Army Corps of Engineers. Washington, DC. 216 pp. + appendices.

             Keywords   Dredged material; dredged material disposal

             Section 103 of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (MPRSA), Public
             Law (Pub.L.) 92-532, specifies that all  proposed operations involving the transportation and
             dumping of dredged material into ocean waters must be evaluated to  determine the potential
             environmental impact of such activities.

             The primary intent of the MPRSA Section 103 of Pub.L. 92-532 (33 U.S.C.  1401 et seq.) is to
             regulate and prevent any significant adverse ecological effects of ocean dumping. Consequently,
             the regulations emphasize evaluative techniques, such as bioassays, physical and chemical tests,
             and bioaccumulation tests, that provide estimates of the potential for environmental impact.

             Section 103 regulations specify that a technical implementation manual for the criteria applicable
             to dredged material be developed jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
             and the U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE).  In response to this regulation,  this manual
             was developed jointly by  the EPA and USAGE in 1977  and was revised in 1991. The manual
             attempts to provide a balance between  technical state-of-the-art  and  routinely implemented
             guidance for using the evaluative procedures specified in the regulations.  Guidance is included
             on the appropriate uses and limitations of the various procedures and on sound interpretation of
             the results.  Its structure follows the general order of test application  and general priority of
             importance of testing and evaluation procedures presented in the regulations.

             This manual contains summaries and discussions of the procedures for ecological evaluation of
             dredged  material required  by the regulations, tests to  implement them, definitions, sample
             collection and preservation  procedures, evaluative  procedures,  calculations, interpretative
             guidance, and supporting  references  required for the  evaluation of permit  applications in
             accordance with the regulations.  It is imperative that the supporting references cited in each"
             appendix be consulted for detailed or more comprehensive guidance whenever indicated. Before
             any evaluations are begun, the regulations and this manual should be read in their entirety, and
             citations and  references listed with  the appendices should be consulted to obtain a complete
             understanding of the guidance that the manual provides. The technical procedures in this manual
             were designed only for dredged material  disposal and  should not be utilized for any other
             materials unless definitive research demonstrates their applicability.
      E2

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      Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal — Testing Manual
      (The "Green Book") (continued)

              This version of the implementation manual contains evaluative procedures that are considered
              to be acceptable regulatory tools for most situations, although more sophisticated and complex
              biological evaluations may be warranted under special circumstances.  However, variations in
              these procedures should be allowed only when the EPA Regional Administrator and the USAGE
              District Engineer are able to justify and defend the technical validity of such variations.  The
              field of ecological evaluation is a dynamic one, with new regulatory procedures continually being
              developed. -As new procedures  are developed, this manual will be revised periodically.

              Although, this manual provides the most complete available technical guidance on implementing
              the  criteria, technical evaluations represent only a portion of the input to the decision-making
              process.  Many of the criteria do not concern subjects amenable to quantitative evaluation. In
              such cases objective,  qualitative decisions must be made.   The criteria do  not prohibit
              environmental change but rather  "unacceptable environmental impact."  Consequently, for each
              permit  application, the  EPA Regional Administrator  and the USAGE District Engineer must
              decide how much potential impact is acceptable under the environmental, economic, social, and
              political conditions related to the operation in question.  This manual is applicable to all activities
              involving the  transportation of dredged material for the purpose of ocean disposal outside the
              baseline from which the territorial sea is measured.
04.   Navigation
      1989    Chapter 12 in Digest of Water Resource Policies  and Authorities.  U.S.  Army Corps of
              Engineers. Washington, DC.  EP 1165-2-1. 23pp.

              Keywords  Navigation; navigable waters

              Topics discussed in Chapter 12 include
              •   Federal interest in navigation
              •   Definition of "navigable waters of the United States"
              •   Benefit evaluation procedures relevant to navigation projects
              •   Evaluation of inland waterway systems
              •   Evaluation of other waterways and harbors
              •   Cost-sharing and  local cooperation for navigation
              •   Navigation project for general versus restricted interest
              •   Transfer and lighter facilities, barge staging areas
              •   Ownership of lands created for port facilities
              •   Development of public port or industrial facilities
                                                                                                  E3

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      POLICY
     Navigation (continued)
                 Aids to navigation
                 Waterway user charges
                 Waterborne commerce data
                 Navigation regulations
                 Wreck removal
                 Drift and debris removal
                 Danger zones
                 Charts, publications, and notices
                 Channel condition surveys
                 Project dimensions
                 Dredged material disposal
                 Disposal of materials on beaches
                 Advanced maintenance dredging
                 Lock and dam replacements
                 Correction of Federal navigation project-induced shore damage
                 Federal project development by others
05.  NEPA Regulations

     1990    NEPA Regulations,  National Archives  and  Records Administration.  Chapter 5: Council on
             Environmental Quality. 40 CFR: Parts 1500-1508.  Office of the Federal Register, Washington,
             DC.  Pp. 655-685.

             Keywords  CEQ; NEPA; EIS

             This  chapter from the  Code of Federal Regulations describes principles and  criteria for the
             National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This chapter includes
             •  Part 1500 —  Purpose, Policy, and Mandate
             •  Part 1501 —  NEPA and Agency Planning
             •  Part 1502 —  Environmental Impact Statement
             •  Part 1503 —  Commenting
             •  Part 1504 —  Predecision Referrals to the Council of Proposed Federal Actions Determined
                             To Be Environmentally Unsatisfactory
             •  Part 1505 —  NEPA and Agency Decision Making
             •  Part 1506 —  Other Requirements of NEPA
             •  Part 1507 —  Agency Compliance
             •  Part 1508 —  Terminology and Index
     E4

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06.  Ocean Dumping

     1990   Code of Federal Regulations, National Archives and Records Administration. Subchapter H in
             Chapter 1:  Environmental Protection Agency (com.).  40 CFR: Parts 220-229. Office of the
             Federal Register, Washington, DC.  Pp. 145-196.

             Keywords  Regulations; ocean dumping; EPA Ocean Dumping Regulations

             This subchapter from the Code of Federal Regulations describes principles and criteria for the
             issuance of permits by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for ocean disposal under
             Section 102 of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972.  It describes
             criteria to be applied by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in their review of activities involving
             transporting dredged material to the ocean for the sole purpose of disposal.

             Contents of Title 40 CFR Parts 220-229 — Ocean Dumping

             Part 220    General
                        Purpose and scope;  definitions; categories of permits; authority to issue permits.

             Part 221    Application for Ocean Dumping Permits Under Section 102 of the Act
                        Application for permits;  adequacy of information; fees; not applicable to dredged
                        material disposal.
             Part 222    Action on Ocean Dumping Permit Applications Under Section 102 of the Act
                        Tentative  determinations; notice  of applications; hearings;  recommendations;
                        issuance of permits; appeals; nor applicable to dredged material disposal.
             Part 223    Contents of Permits; Revision, Revocation, or  Limitation of Ocean Dumping
                        Permits Under Section  104d of the Act
                        Content of various permits; revising, revoking, or limiting permits, hearings; not
                        applicable to dredged material disposal.

             Part 224    Records and Reports Required of Ocean Dumping Permittees Under Section
                        102 of the Act
                        Records to maintain; reports to file; not applicable to dredged material disposal.

             Part 225    Corps of Engineers Dredged Material Permits
                        Review of dredged material permits; procedure for economic impact; waivers.
             Part 227    Criteria for Evaluation of Permit Applications for Ocean Dumping of Materials
                        Criteria for evaluating environmental impacts; criteria for evaluating the need for
                        ocean dumping and alternatives; impacts on aesthetics, recreation, and economics;
                        impact on other ocean uses; requirement for interim permits;  Only subparts A, B
                        (§ § 227.4, 227.5, 227.6, 227.9, 227.10, and 227.13), C, D, E, and G apply to
                        dredged material disposal.
                                                                                              E5

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      Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
      POLICY
             Contents of Title 40 CFR Parts 220-229 - Ocean Dumping (continued)

             Part 228    Criteria for the Management of Disposal Site for Ocean Dumping
                         Site-management responsibilities;  procedures  for designating  site;  criteria  for
                         selection of sites; times and rates of disposal;  monitoring; evaluating impacts;
                         modification of site use; delegation of authority for interim sites; baseline and trend
                         assessment surveys; applicable to dredged material only as specified in § 228.4(e),
                         228.9, 228.12. Sections 228.5 and 228.6(a) applicable by reference.

             Part 229    General Permits
                         Burial  at sea;  transportation of vessels and disposal of vessels;  not applicable to
                         dredged material disposal.


07.   Ocean Dumping Site Designation Delegation Handbook for Dredged Material

      1986   Prepared by Science Applications International Corporation under contract to Battelle Ocean
             Sciences and Technology Department for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  Office of
             Marine and Estuarine Protection. Washington, DC.  199 pp.

             Keywords  Site designation; dredged material; disposal-site management

             The purpose of this handbook is to assist EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE)
             in their joint responsibilities relative to dredged material ocean disposal site designation.  The
             handbook presents  statutes and regulations relative to  ocean dumping, including the Marine
             Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 and other Federal laws.  It is suggested that
             this handbook be used as a guide to related documents because it summarizes current  literature,
             documents, and agency policies pertinent to dredged material site designation and management.
             The administration of the site-designation process includes a sequence of 12 steps, commencing
             with a request for designation of a  site and terminating with the dedesignation of a site. The
             sequence  of all  but two steps is fixed.   An  overview of the technical  aspects  of the site-
             designation process is given,  including ocean disposal processes and aspects  and sources of
             information and guidance for developing environmental impact statements.  The development
             of a dredged  material disposal-site management strategy should  include several  factors that
             consider the character of the dredged material  and the disposal site (i.e., size, location, and
             biological, chemical,  and physical conditions.).  The applicability of this handbook, and any
             document referenced within, should be determined for each individual dredging project.
      E6

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08.   Operations, Maintenance, and Project Management

      1989   Chapter  II in Digest of Water Resource Policies and Authorities.   U.S. Army  Corps of
             Engineers. Washington, DC. EP 1165-2-1.  12 pp.

             Keywords  Dredged material; dredged material disposal; project management

             Topics discussed in Chapter 11 include
             •   Resource management of project lands and facilities
             •   Responsibility for operation, maintenance replacement and rehabilitation (OMRR)
             •   Major rehabilitation
             •   Correction of design or construction deficiencies
             •   Dam operations management
             •   Dam safety assurance
             •   Changes in water-control plans
             •   Mitigation of damages resulting from construction and operation of project
             •   Granting use of civil works project real estate
             •   Disposal of civil  works project real estate
             •   Pest management programs
             •   Acceptance of donations of materials
             •   Discontinuation of maintenance of projects
             •   Monitoring coastal projects
             •   Energy conservation


09.  Operation and Maintenance  of Civil Works Projects

      1988   Code of Federal Regulations, National Archives and Records Administration.  33 CFR: Parts
             335-338.  Office of the Federal Register, Washington, DC. 18 pp.

             Keywords  Regulations;  dredged  material;  dredged material  disposal; dredging;  USAGE
                         Regulations

             These parts of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) focus on four topics relative to the U.S.
             Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and dredged material.

             •   "Operation and maintenance of [USAGE] civil works projects involving the discharge of
                 dredged or fill  material into waters of the United States or ocean waters"
                 (Part 335)
             •   "Factors to be considered  in  the evaluation of  [USAGE]  dredging  projects involving
                 discharge of dredged material into waters of the United States and ocean waters" (Part 336)
             •   "Practice and procedure,"  which applies  to all operation and maintenance activities (Part
                 337)

                                                                                                E7

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      POLICY
     Operation and Maintenance of Civil Works Projects (continued)

             •   "Other [USAGE] activities involving the discharge of dredged material or fill into waters
                 of the United States" (Part 338)


10.  Regulatory Programs — Permitting

     1986   Code of Federal Regulations, National Archives and Records Administration.  33 CFR: Parts
             320-330. Office of the Federal Register, Washington DC. Pp 41206-41260.

             Keywords   Regulations; dredged material; dredged material disposal; permits

             Parts 320-330 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) describe the  U.S.  Army Corps of
             Engineers general regulatory policies relevant to dredged material disposal in the waters of the
             United States. The following topics are described.
             •   Issuing permits
             •   Evaluating other laws [e.g., Coastal Zone Management Act (Section 307), Clean Water Act
                 (Section 401)]
             •   Evaluating permit applications

             Contents of Title 33 CFR Parts 320-330 — Regulatory Programs of the United States Army
             Corps  of Engineers, Final Rule

             Part 320    General Regulatory Policies
                         Purpose and scope; authorities to issue permits; related laws; general policies for
                         evaluating permit applications.

             Part 321    Permits for Dams and Dikes in Navigable Waters of the United States
                         General  provisions, definitions, special policies and procedures; not applicable to
                         ocean disposal of dredged material.

             Part 322    Permits for Structures or Work in or Affecting Navigable Waters of the United
                         States
                         General provisions, definitions; activities requiring permits; activities not requiring
                         permits; special policies; not applicable to ocean disposal of dredged material.

             Part 323    Permits for Discharges of Dredged or Fill Material into Waters of the United
                         States
                         General  provisions;  definitions;  discharges  requiring permits;  discharges not
                         requiring permits; program transfer to States; special policies and procedures.
     E8

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Regulatory Programs — Permitting (continued)

        Part 324    Permits for Ocean Dumping of Dredged Material
                    General provisions; definitions; activities requiring permits; special procedures.

        Part 325    Processing of Department of the Army Permits
                    Applications for permits; processing of applications; public notice; conditioning of
                    permits;  forms  of  permits; duration of permits;  modification, suspension, or
                    revocation of permits;  authority to issue or deny permits; authority to determine
                    jurisdiction; publicity.

        Part 326    Enforcement
                    Purpose; policy; unauthorized activities; supervision of authorized activities; legal
                    action.

        Part 327    Public Hearings
                    Purpose; applicability; definitions; general policies; presiding officer; legal advisor;
                    representation;  conduct of hearings;  filing of transcript  of  the public  hearing;
                    authority of the presiding officer; public notice.

        Part 328    Definition of Waters of the United States
                    Purpose; general scope; definitions; limits of jurisdiction; changes in limits of
                    waters of the United States; not applicable to ocean disposal of dredged material.

        Part 329    Definition of Navigable Waters of the United States
                    Purpose; applicability;  general  policies; general  definitions; general scope of
                    determination; interstate or foreign commerce;  intrastate or  interstate nature of
                    waterway;  improved or natural conditions of the waterbody; time at  which
                    commerce exists or determination is made; existence of obstructions; not applicable
                    to ocean disposal of dredged material.

        Part 330    Nationwide Permits
                    General provisions;  definitions; activities occurring before certain dates;  public
                    notice;  nationwide  permits;  management  practices;  notification  procedures;
                    discretionary authority; State water quality certification; Coastal zone management
                    consistency determination; nationwide permit verification; expiration of nationwide
                    permits.
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      TECHNICAL
                              ESSENTIAL DOCUMENTS - TECHNICAL
01.  Annual Book ofASTM Standards. Section 11: Water and Environmental Technology

     1992   Volumes 1 and 2: Water.  American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.  Vol.
             1:714 pp.  Vol.2: 1022pp.

             Keywords   Water; standards procedure; standard technique; test methods

             These volumes, which are published annually, contain standard procedures for assessing water.
             Volume 1 contains 94 standards and is divided into four sections.
             1.  Terminology, reagents, and reporting of results
             2.  Sampling and flow measurements
             3.  General properties of water
             4.  Inorganic constituents

             Volume 2 contains 146 standards and is divided into six sections
             1.  Organic constituents
             2.  Radioactivity
             3.  Saline and brackish waters, seawaters, and brines
             4.  Microbiological examination
             5.  Water-formed deposits
             6.  Water-treatment materials

             Listed within Volume 1 are approved ASTM standards for sediment toxicology (i.e., bioassays)
             •   Guide for Conducting 10-Day Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Estuarine and Marine
                 Amphipods (E 1367-90)
             •   Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Freshwater Invertebrates (E 1383-90)
             •   Guide for Collection,  Storage, Characterization, and  Manipulation  of Sediment  for
                 Toxicological Testing (E 1391-90)

             The following are documents  that are currently being balloted by  ASTM (i.e., Guides) or
             drafted.  They will be listed within the volume if published.
             •   Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
             •   Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by
                 Fish
             •   Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by
                 Benthic Invertebrates
             •   Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Polychaetes
             •   Sediment Resuspension Testing Methods
             •   Use of Oysters and Echinoderm Larvae in Sediment Toxicity Testing
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                                                       Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
                                                                                       TECHNICAL
02.  Characteristics and Effects of Dredged Material Disposal in the Marine Environment

     1989   Prepared by Science Applications International Corporation for U.S. Environmental Protection
             Agency, Science-Policy Integration Branch, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation.  74 pp.

             Keywords   Dredged material; dredged material disposal; marine environment

             This document is a synopsis of relevant background information on dredged- material disposal
             to support the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) efforts  in pursuing the development
             of National  and  international ocean dumping policies.  Current  information from scientific
             literature, reports by the  U.S. Army  Corps of Engineers  (USAGE) and EPA,  and other
             documents are compiled and summarized in three sections.

             Section I contains data on the amounts  and characteristics  of dredged material and their
             predictability, important research programs on dredged material disposal, and the international
             aspects of dredging and disposing.  At present, 250 to 450 million cubic yards  of dredged
             material is disposed annually at more than 150 sites along the U.S.  coasts; these sites are either
             aquatic or upland.  The impact on benthic communities can be predicted, based on existing
             succession^  patterns, and the impact on fisheries can be addressed by using the Benthic
             Resource Assessment Technique (BRAT).   Long-term, farfield assessments are much more
             difficult to make because the physicochemical and biological processes are very complex.

             Major  research  programs  associated with  dredged material disposal are conducted by  the
             USACE, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the EPA  Office
             of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds [formerly the Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection,
             (OMEP)].

             International data on dredging are available only on the 63 signatories (member countries) to the
             London Dumping Convention.  The volume of dredged material in these countries comprises
             only a small portion of the annual worldwide estimate of 1.3 billion tons. Most of this material
             is disposed in nearshore waters.

             Section II provides an overview of the regulatory framework. Important legislation includes the
             Marine Protection, Research,  and  Sanctuaries Act of  1972 (MPRSA), the Clean  Water Act
             (CWA) of 1972, and Federal  laws concerning wetlands protection.

             Section HI addresses a number of management and regulatory issues related to dredged material
             disposal, including the selection of new disposal sites, human health issues, and management
             aspects of monitoring programs. The tiered monitoring approach is presented as a tool for better
             linkage between monitoring and decision-making, and some cost estimates are provided.  It was
             suggested that dredged material disposal should be addressed in a more integrated way than is
             current practice.  A lack of communication was identified among agencies  and institutions and
             between institutions and  the public, which caused duplication of efforts and political conflicts.

                                                                                              Ell

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      Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
      TECHNICAL
03.  Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal — Testing Manual
     fThe "Green Book")

     1990   U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency /U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers.   Environmental
             Protection Agency, Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection, and Department of the Army,
             United States Army Corps of Engineers.  Washington, DC. 208 pp.  + appendices.

             Keywords  Dredged material; dredged material disposal

             Section 103 of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (MPRSA), Public
             Law  (Pub.L.) 92-532, specifies that all proposed operations involving the transportation and
             dumping of dredged material into ocean  waters must be evaluated to determine the potential
             environmental impact of such activities.

             The primary intent of the MPRSA Section 103 of Pub.L. 92-532 (33 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.) is to
             regulate and prevent any significant adverse ecological effects of ocean dumping. Consequently,
             the regulations emphasize evaluative techniques, such  as bioassays, physical and chemical tests,
             and bioaccumulation tests, that provide estimates of the potential for  environmental impact.

             Section 103 regulations specify that a technical implementation manual for the criteria applicable
             to dredged material be developed jointly by the U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency (EPA)
             and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).  In response to this regulation, this manual
             was developed jointly by the EPA and US ACE in 1977  and was revised in 1991. The manual
             attempts to provide a balance  between technical  state-of-the-art and routinely  implemented
             guidance for using the evaluative procedures specified in the regulations.  Guidance is included
             on the appropriate uses and limitations of the various procedures and on sound interpretation of
             the results.  Its structure follows  the general  order of test application and general priority of
             importance of testing and evaluation procedures presented in the regulations.

             This manual contains summaries and discussions of the procedures for ecological evaluation of
             dredged material required  by the regulations,  tests  to  implement them,  definitions, sample
             collection  and preservation  procedures, evaluative  procedures, calculations, interpretative
             guidance,- and supporting  references  required  for the  evaluation of permit  applications in
             accordance with the regulations.  It is imperative that the supporting references cited in each
             appendix be consulted for detailed or more comprehensive guidance whenever indicated.  Before
             any evaluations are begun, the regulations and this manual should be  read in their entirety, and
             citations and references listed with the appendices should be consulted to obtain a complete
             understanding of the guidance that the manual provides. The technical procedures in this manual
             were designed only for dredged  material disposal and  should  not be utilized for any other
             materials  unless definitive research demonstrates their applicability.
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                                                        Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
                                                                                         TECHNICAL
      Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal — Testing Manual
      (The "Green Book") (continued)

             This version of the implementation manual contains evaluative procedures that are considered
             to be acceptable regulatory tools for most situations, although more sophisticated and complex
             biological evaluations may be warranted under special circumstances.  However, variations in
             these procedures should be allowed only when the EPA Regional Administrator and the USAGE
             District Engineer are able to justify and defend the technical validity of such variations. The
             field of ecological evaluation is a dynamic one, with new regulatory procedures continually being
             developed.  As new procedures are developed, this manual will be revised periodically.

             This version of the implementation manual contains  evaluative procedures that are considered
             to be acceptable regulatory tools for most situations, although more sophisticated and complex
             biological evaluations may be warranted under special circumstances.  However, variations in
             these procedures should be allowed only when the EPA Regional Administrator and the USAGE
             District Engineer are able to justify and defend the technical validity of such variations. The
             field of ecological evaluation is a dynamic one, with new regulatory procedures continually being
             developed.  As new procedures are developed, this manual will be revised periodically.

             Although, this manual provides the most complete available technical guidance on implementing
             the criteria, technical evaluations represent only a portion of the  input to the decision-making
             process.  Many of the criteria do not concern subjects amenable to quantitative evaluation.  In
             such  cases  objective,  qualitative  decisions must be made.   The criteria do not prohibit
             environmental change but rather "unacceptable environmental impact." Consequently, for each
             permit application, the EPA  Regional Administrator and the USAGE District Engineer must
             decide how much potential impact is acceptable under the environmental, economic, social, and
             political conditions related to die operation in question. This manual is applicable to all activities
             involving the transportation of dredged material for the purpose of ocean  disposal outside the
             baseline from which  the territorial sea is measured.
04.  Guidance for Performing Tests on Dredged Material To Be Disposed of in Ocean Waters

     1984   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Prepared by U.S.
             Army Corps of Engineers Regulatory Branch Water Quality Compliance Section, New York,
             NY, in conjunction with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region II, New York, NY. 15
             pp. + appendices.

             Keywords  Sediment; sediment testing; dredged material
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      Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
      TECHNICAL
      Guidance for Performing Tests on Dredged Material To Be Disposed of in Ocean  Waters (continued)

              This document provides sediment-testing guidelines for permit applicants who wish to dispose
              of dredged material in the Atlantic Ocean, in general, or Long Island Sound, NY, in particular.
              Also, it includes additional administrative requirements (a series of five steps) for processing an
              application to be approved by the U.S. Department of the Army.

              Criteria for  the  selection  of sampling  sites for reference and control sediments are given:
              reference sediments are located near the site,  but  are not influenced by the disposal activity,
              whereas the control sediments must be collected from a predetermined location within the site.

              The physical, biological, and chemical tests that must be performed on the dredged material are
              described. Physical testing requires grain-size and water- content analyses. Biological testing
              requires two-phase bioassay tests utilizing the suspended paniculate and solid phases of sediment
              samples, including controls and  replicates, to determine the effect of these phases on appropriate
              marine species.  Chemical analysis of the elutriate and site water is required. Bioaccumulation
              tests and bulk sediment  analyses are also described. Specific testing of dredged material to be
              disposed in Long Island Sound is required. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers New York
              District in conjunction with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency developed  a laboratory
              quality assurance program to be used for all sampling and testing.

              It is intended that this document be periodically updated to  incorporate modifications in the
              testing requirements. The current document is an update and any changes made since the 1982
              revisions are indicated in capital letters.


05.   Interim Sediment Criteria Values for Nonpolar Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants

      1988    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Regulations and Standards,  Criteria and
              Standards Division,  Washington, DC.  SDC No.  17.  34 pp.


              Keywords   Sediment criteria;  sediment quality criteria (SQC); equilibrium partitioning (Ep);
                          carbon normalized partition coefficient (K.J;  octanol-water partition coefficient
                          (K^; interstitial  water  concentration (CJ;  contaminant  concentration  in  the
                         sediment  (C^,,);   chronic  water   quality  criteria  (WQC);  criteria maximum
                         concentration (CMC); criteria continuous concentration (CCC); final chronic value
                         (FCV); final residual value (FRY)

              While  water-column contaminant concentrations may  comply with established water-quality
              criteria, existing bottom-sediment contaminant concentrations are indicating long-term adverse
              environmental effects on aquatic life.  Since 1985,  the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
              (EPA) Criteria and Standards Division has been pursuing the equilibrium partition (E,,) approach

      E14

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                                                        Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
                                                                                         TECHNICAL
      Interim Sediment Criteria Values for Nonpolar Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants (continued)

             for estimating sediment quality criteria for nonpolar and metal contaminants.  Interim sediment
             criteria values were developed  for selected  nonpolar and hydrophobic organic compounds.
             These values will enable the establishment of final criteria values.  This report describes the
             development and evaluation of interim criteria values. Evaluation of these interim numbers can
             aid in understanding the degree of sediment contamination.

             The Ep approach is described by using terms  such as carbon normalized partition coefficient
             (K.K), interstitial water concentration (CJ, contaminant concentration in the sediment (C.^), and
             sediment quality criteria (SQC). The chronic water quality criteria (WQC) consist of the criteria
             maximum  concentration (CMC) and the criteria continuous concentration (CCC).   Criteria
             formulas and special cases due to bioaccumulation of certain organic contaminants are described.
             The relationship of values between the CCC and both the final chronic value (FCV) and final
             residual value (FRY) are identified.  The interim numbers depend on known organic carbon
             contaminant concentrations.
06.  Procedures for Handling and Chemical Analysis of Sediment and Water Samples

      1981   Plumb, R.H., Jr.  Prepared by Great Lakes Laboratory,  State University College at Buffalo,
             Buffalo, NY, for the U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency/U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers
             Technical Committee on Criteria for Dredged and Fill Material. Published by the U. S. Army
             Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,  Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS.  Tech. Rep.
             EPA/CE-81-1.  493pp.

             Keywords  Sediment; dredged material; fill material; chemical analysis

             This document provides regulatory guidance on sampling, preservation, and analysis of dredged
             and fill material.  Because procedure development, refinement, and evaluation is a continuing
             process, the guidance provided in this handbook should  be considered  as second-generation
             interim guidance.  The information presented in this handbook was obtained by  taking three
             approaches: (1) literature review of sediment sampling and analysis, (2) personal contacts with
             individuals at several laboratories that are active in sediment studies, and (3) personal contacts
             with individuals involved in the regulatory process.  The  obtained information is presented in
             three major sections.

             Section 1, which describes the rationale for project managers, emphasizes the alternatives that
             must be considered  when developing  an  acceptable sampling program.  Section 2, which
             describes the step-by-step protocol for sample handling and  each  test procedure, provides
             guidance for laboratory and field personnel who will implement the sampling program, and
             includes a discussion on the types and use of sampling equipment, required methods for sample
             handling, and general quality control for the sampling program. Section 3, which lists analytical

                                                                                                E15

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      Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
      TECHNICAL
     Procedures for Handling and Chemical Analysis of Sediment and Water Samples (continued)

             techniques (including sample pretreatment procedures) is directed toward laboratory personnel.
             Section 3 also presents  a series of analytical techniques for 44 parameters.   Generally, the
             analytical techniques used are described in Standard Methods, ASTM and EPA manuals.
07.  Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QAJQC) for 301 (h) Monitoring Programs:
     Guidance on Field and Laboratory Methods

     1987   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection, Washington,
             DC. EPA 430/9-86-004. 267 pp  + appendices.

             Keywords  Quality assurance; quality control; monitoring

             This document was prepared to ensure that high-quality data are collected and analyzed as part
             of the 301(h) monitoring programs, which are designed to measure environmental variables in
             effluent, receiving water, sediment, and organisms tissues.  QA/QC procedures  for  sample
             collection, field sample handling, and laboratory processing are included in this document for
             each of the above-mentioned variables.  This manual is a compilation of several years of
             experience and effort by the members of the 301(h) Task Force.

             The document is presented in two major sections — (1) Effluent Monitoring and  (2)  Monitoring
             of the Receiving Environment — because these two types of monitoring are typically conducted
             by different organizations. General guidance  is given for the following activities
                 Preparation for  sampling
                 Sample collection
                 Sample processing
                 Sample size
                 Sample containers
                 Sample preservation
                 Sample holding times
                 Sample shipping
                 Logkeeping
                 Labeling
                 Custody procedures
                 Analytical methods
                 Calibration and preventative maintenance
                 Quality control  checks
                 Corrective action
                 Data reporting requirements
      E16

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                                                         Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
                                                                                          TECHNICAL
      Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for 301(h) Monitoring Programs:
      Guidance on Field and Laboratory Methods (continued)

              In addition, field collection,  field processing, analytical methods, calibration and preventative
              maintenance, quality control  checks, corrective action, and data quality and reporting are given
              for specific environmental variables. The analytical methods recommended take precedence over
              previously identified methods. A glossary is included to provide definitions of specialized words
              and phrases. -


08.   Revised  Procedural Guide for Designation Surveys of Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites

      1990    Pequegnat,  W., BJ. Gallaway,  and  T.D. Wright.  Prepared by LGL Ecological Research
              Associates, Inc.,  and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Effects Laboratory, U.S.
              Army  Engineer Waterways  Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, for the Department  of the
              Army, Washington, DC.  Tech. Rep. D-90-8.  181 pp.

              Keywords  Dredged material; dredged material disposal; dredged material  disposal sites;
                         marine environment; ocean waste disposal; sampling; site surveys

              This procedural guide, which is a revision of the 1981  version, has been prepared to address the
              needs  of the  U.S. Army Corps  of  Engineers (USAGE) when conducting surveys for the
              designation of ocean disposal sites for dredged material.  The basic objectives of the guide are
              to provide detailed information on (1) evaluation of oceanographic parameters, (2) collection of
              field samples, and (3) performance of laboratory analyses. An additional objective is to clarify
              the role of the monitoring program that may be instituted at each site pursuant to final  site
              designation.  A  substantial portion of the guide is devoted to the selection of variables to be
              measured in the field and the rationale for the selection of sampling stations, and of appropriate
              gear for sampling under various conditions at sampling stations.

              Detailed guidance is given on the preferred methods for sample analysis, including biological,
              physical, chemical,  and  geological  methodologies.   Whenever possible, the methods  are
              compatible with those used for the evaluation of material proposed for disposal. Even though
              site designation, evaluation of material for disposal, and monitoring are separate activities, they
              are part of a continuum and  should incorporate compatible techniques to be cost-effective and
              technically valid.

              Following an extensive listing of pertinent  references, six technical appendices are presented.
              These include a basic discussion of the nature of dredged material, factors reducing potential
              adverse effects  of toxic substances in dredged  material,  and various  specific  analytical
              techniques. There is also a guide for at-sea operations, a basis for estimating survey costs, and
              a brief list of equipment suppliers. The guide has been prepared in loose-leaf format to facilitate
                                                                                                 E17

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      Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
      TECHNICAL
      Revised Procedural  Guide for Designation Surveys  of Ocean  Dredged  Material Disposal  Sites
      (continued)

              incorporation of revisions and changes as a result of regulatory modifications, development of
              new techniques, and changes in site status.


09.   Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water

      1989    APHA.  17th edition.  American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association,
              Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, DC.  1510 pp.

              Keywords  Wastewater examination; radioactivity; water quality; toxicity; quality assurance;
                         laboratory analysis

              This document represents the best current practice of water and wastewater analysis applicable
              to water purification,  water pollution control, sewage disposal, sanitary investigations, dredged
              material disposal, etc. To develop a permanent numbering system, new numbers (e.g., 1000)
              have  been assigned to all the parts; however the parts have retained their identity  from the
              previous edition (fourteen).  This edition includes 10 sections.

              •   Pan 1000    Introduction
                              This part contains information on the correct application of procedures. Most
                              of the methods presented  have been endorsed by regulatory agencies.  This
                              section should be studied  by every user of the manual.  This part includes
                              also a newly expanded discussion of statistical analysis, data quality, and
                              methods development.

              •   Part 2000    Physical and Aggregate Properties
                              This  pan refers to the physical  properties of the sample, such as color,
                              electrical conductivity, odor, taste, and turbidity. There is also a discussion
                              of solids and tests on  sludges.

              •   Part 3000    Determination of Metals
                              This part discusses the analysis of a sample to determine metal content.  The
                              analysis  of dissolved metals, suspended metals,  total metals,  and  acid-
                              extractable metals are discussed. A description and methods for analysis are
                              presented for 39 metals, alphabetically by metal.

              •   Part 4000    Determination of Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents
                              This part contains wet-chemical analytical techniques and variations thereof.
                              The procedures are  intended for use  in  the assessment   and  control of
                              receiving water quality, treatment and supply of potable water, measurement

      E18

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                                                   Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
                                                                                    TECHNICAL
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (continued)

                         of operation and process efficiency in wastewater treatment, and evaluation
                         of environmental water-quality concerns.

        •   Part 5000    Determination of Organic Constituents
                         This part contains analytical procedures for measuring organic constituents of
                         organic matter with a common characteristic.  Four categories of analyses for
                         organic   matter  are  discussed:  (1)  oxygen-demanding  substances;  (2)
                         organically bound  elements;  (3)  classes of compounds;  (4)  formation
                         potentials.

        •   Part 6000    Automated Laboratory Analyses
                         This part contains  analytical procedures  for measuring individual organic
                         constituents in organic matter.  Most of  the methods  presented are highly
                         sophisticated instrumental methods for determining very low concentrations
                         of organic constituents. Guidance for selecting a method is also given.

        •   Part 7000    Examination of Water and Wastewater  for Radioactivity
                         This part includes methods for sample collection and preservation as well as
                         analytical procedures for measuring radioactivity.

        •   Part 8000    Toxicity Test Methods for Aquatic Organisms
                         This part contains  analytical methods to measure biological responses to
                         known and unknown concentrations of materials in fresh and saline waters.
                         Quality  assurance   practices  for  toxicity  test  methods  are discussed.
                         Definitions of several toxicity terms are given.  A discussion on data analysis
                         and  interpretation is given for several methods.

        •   Part 9000    Microbiological Examination of Water
                         This pan contains procedures for examining the microbiological component
                         of water  samples   to  determine the sanitary  quality  (i.e.,  degree  of
                         contamination).  The techniques presented are the best techniques that are
                         currently available.  Included are tests/methods for
                         •    Detection  and   enumeration of  indicator organisms  (e.g.,  coliform
                             bacteria)
                         •    Differentiation of the coliform group
                         •    Isolation of certain pathogenic bacteria and protozoa
                         •    Examination  of swimming pool waters and  other bathing places
                                                                                           E19

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 Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
 TECHNICAL
 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (continued)

         •   Part 10000   Biological Examination of Water
                         This part contains biological methods for assessing water quality, including
                         collection, identification of aquatic organisms, and measurements of metabolic
                         activity. Six communities of organism are considered in separate sections: (1)
                         plankton, (2) periphyton, (3) macrophyton, (4) macroinvertebrates, (5) fish,
                         and (6) amphibians. Emphasis is on methods and equipment, rather than on
                         an interpretation or application of results.
E20

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        Part 2




SECONDARY DOCUMENTS

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                                                        Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
                                                                                            POLICY
      The following documents have been categorized as secondary. They may be cited occasionally in addition
      to the essential documents or may be used only in specific situations. Italicized titles denote documents
      classified as "published."
                                SECONDARY DOCUMENTS - POLICY
01.   Characteristics and Effects of Dredged Material Disposal in the Marine Environment

      1989   Prepared by Science Applications International Corporation for U.S. Environmental Protection
             Agency, Science-Policy Integration Branch, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation. 74 pp.

             Keywords   Dredged material; dredged material disposal; marine environment

             This document is a synopsis of relevant background information on dredged material  disposal
             to support the  U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency's (EPA) efforts in  pursuing the
             development of National and international ocean dumping policies.  Current information from
             scientific literature, reports by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE) and EPA, and other
             documents are compiled and summarized in three sections.

             Section I  contains data  on the amounts  and characteristics of dredged material and their
             predictability; important research programs on dredged material disposal; and the international
             aspects of dredging and disposing.  At present, 250 to 450 million cubic yards  of  dredged
             material is disposed annually at more than  150 sites along the U.S. coasts; these sites are either
             aquatic or upland.  The fate of dredged material at the disposal site is well  understood; the
             sediments are either dispersed or contained  in defined structures  such as disposal mounds.
             Physical and chemical impacts are well-known in  the nearfield for the short term and quite
             predictable. The impact on benthic communities can be predicted, based on existing successional
             patterns, and impact on fisheries can be addressed by using the Benthic Resource Assessment
             Technique (BRAT).  Long-term, farfield assessments are much more difficult to make  because
             the physicochemical and biological processes are very complex.

             Major  research  programs  associated with dredged material  disposal are conducted  by  the
             USAGE, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),  and  the EPA Office
             of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds [formerly the Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection
             (OMEP)].

             International data on dredging is available only on the 63 signatories (member countries) to the
             London Dumping Convention.  The volume of dredged material in these  countries comprises
             only a small portion of the annual worldwide estimate of 1.3 billion tons. Most of this material
             is disposed in nearshore waters.
                                                                                                SI

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      Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
      POLICY
      Characteristics and Effects of Dredged Material Disposal in the Marine Environment (continued)

              Section II provides an overview of the regulatory framework.  Important legislation includes the
              Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) of 1972,  the Clean Water Act
              (CWA) of 1972, and Federal laws concerning wetlands protection.

              Section III addresses a number of management and regulatory issues related to dredged material
              disposal, including the selection of new disposal sites, human health issues, and management
              aspects of monitoring programs.  The tiered monitoring approach is presented as a tool for better
              linkage between monitoring and decision-making, and some cost estimates are provided.  It was
              suggested that dredged material disposal should be addressed in a more integrated way than is
              current practice.  A lack of communication was identified among agencies and institutions and
              between institutions and the public, which  caused duplication of efforts and political conflicts.


02.   Coastal  Zone Management  Act Consistency Provisions and Designation of Ocean Dumping Sites
      under Section I02(c) of Ocean Dumping Act

      1989    Hanmer, R.W.   Memorandum  dated October  23,  1989,  to U.S. Environmental Protection
              Agency Water Management Division Directors, Regions I,  II, III, IV, VI, IX, and X.
              3 pp. + appendix.

              Keywords   CZM; site designation

              This memorandum provides policy guidance to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
              Regional personnel on the provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) applicable
              to the designation of ocean disposal sites by EPA.


03.   General  Approach to Designation Studies for Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites

      1984    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Corps
              of Engineers Water Resources Support Center.  28 pp.

              Keywords   Dredged material; dredged material disposal site; site designation

              This document provides general procedural guidance to the U.S. Environmental Protection
              Agency (EPA) field offices for the identification, evaluation, selection, and final designation of
              environmentally acceptable and operationally efficient ocean  dredged material disposal sites.
              This document complements the Revised Procedural Guide for Designation Surveys of Ocean
             Dredged Material Disposal Sites (which see).
      S2

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      General Approach to Designation Studies for Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites (continued)

             The general process of site designation comprises three phases.

             •   Phase I       (1) Delineate a general area under consideration for location of the disposal
                               site.  This area  is called a zone of siting feasibility (ZSF).  Several factors
                               must be considered when delineating a ZSF. (2) Characterize  (physical,
                               biological, and chemical) the site. Data obtained from the characterization
                               will determine where, within the ZSF, the disposal site(s) should be placed.

             •   Phase II      Identify candidate sites within the area, based on the data collected during the
                               characterization  in Phase I.   In addition, preliminary decisions on  the
                               candidate sites can be made. These decisions may include determining (1) if
                               the site should be depositional or dispersive, (2) the optimal distance from a
                               resource that must be protected, and (3) if baseline studies are necessary to
                               quantify concentrations of contaminants of concern at the site.

             •   Phase III      Evaluate the  candidate  sites, select a  recommended  site or  sites  for
                               designation in an EIS, and develop a  site-management plan.  The candidate
                               sites must be evaluated by using the 11 specific factors of the Ocean Dumping
                               Regulations and Criteria (Section 228.6).  Based on these evaluations,  the
                               selection of a site or sites for designation should be based on the requirements
                               of the general criteria (Section 228.5). The following should be considered
                               under Phase III: marine  environment; water quality; unsuitable sites; size,
                               shape, and orientation of sites; sites off the continental shelf; cumulative
                               impacts;  and site management.
04.   MOU
      1987
Memorandum of Understanding [MOU] between the [U.S.] Department of the Army and [U.S.]
Environmental Protection Agency. (Signed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency July 27,
1987; signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers July 27, 1987.) 4 pp  + attachments.

Keywords   Final site designation; management

This National MOU facilitates the implementation of Title I of the Marine Protection, Research,
and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 by establishing the basis for cooperative effort and funding between
the U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency (EPA) and  the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(USAGE) for the final designation and management of ocean dredged material disposal sites in
three categories. This MOU directs regional EPA and the USACE field offices to develop and
implement regional  MOUs.
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     POLICY
05.  MOU
     1988
Memorandum of Understanding [MOU] between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region I and U.S. Army  Corps of Engineers, New England Division.   (Signed by  U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency May 5,  1989; signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
August 2, 1989.) 4 pp. + attachments.

Keywords  Final site designation; management; New England

This MOU  facilitates the implementation of Title I of the Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries  Act of 1972 by providing a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency  and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the final  designation and
management of ocean dredged material disposal sites in New England.
06.  MOU
     1988
Memorandum of Understanding [MOU] between U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston
District, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VI on Management of Ocean
Dredged Material Disposal Sites. (Signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers January 29, 1988;
signed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency March 15, 1988.) 4 pp. + appendices.

Keywords  Management

This MOU facilitates the implementation of Title I of the  Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act of 1972 by providing a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the management of ocean dredged
material disposal sites. This MOU was prepared in concert with and in response to the National
MOU.
07.  MOU
     1988
Memorandum of Understanding [MOU] between U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans
District, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region  VI on Management of Ocean
Dredged Material Disposal Sites. (Signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers February 29,1988;
signed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency March 15, 1988.)
4 pp. -I- appendices.

Keywords  Management
     S4

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      MOU (continued)
      1988
08.  MOU
09.  MOU
             This MOU facilitates the implementation of Title I of the Marine Protection, Research, and
             Sanctuaries Act of 1972 by providing a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Environmental
             Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the management of ocean dredged
             material disposal sites. This MOU was prepared in concert with and in response to the National
             MOU.
      1988   Memorandum of Understanding [MOU] between the Regional Administrator  of the U.S.
             Environmental Protection Agency Region II and the New York District Engineer of the U.S.
             Army Corps of Engineers. (Signed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency May 4, 1988;
             signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers April 13, 1988.) 5 pp.

             Keywords   Site designation; management; monitoring; New York Bight

             This MOU  facilitates the implementation of Title I of the Marine Protection, Research, and
             Sanctuaries  Act of 1972 by providing a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Environmental
             Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for dredged material site designation,
             management, and monitoring of the New York Bight Dredged Material Disposal Site.
      1988    Regional Memorandum of Understanding [MOU] between the [U.S.] Department of the Army,
             North Pacific Division, and [U.S.] Environmental Protection Agency Region X. (Signed by U.S.
             Army Corps of Engineers October  1988; signed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
             November 1, 1988.) 10pp.

             Keywords  Final site designation; management

             This MOU facilitates the implementation of Title I of the Marine Protection,  Research, and
             Sanctuaries Act of 1972 by establishing the basis for cooperative effort and funding between the
             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the final
             designation and  management of ocean dredged material disposal sites.  This regional  MOU
             implements the National MOU.
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      POLICY
10.   MOU
      1989
Memorandum of Understanding [MOU] between U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region
I and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division. (Signed by U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency May 12,  1989; signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers August 8,  1989.)
5 pp. + attachments.

Keywords  Final site designation; management; New England

This MOU facilitates the implementation of Title I of the Marine  Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act of 1972  by establishing the  basis for cooperative effort  between the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency  and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  This  effort is
directed towards the  final  designation  and   management of  the  Portland, Cape Arundel,
Massachusetts Bay, and western Long Island Sound ocean  disposal sites in New England. This
MOU supersedes the previous MOU dated February 2, 1988.
II.  MOU
      1988
Memorandum of Understanding [MOU] between U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, South Atlantic
Division, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region IV. (Signed by U.S. Environment
Protection Agency July 19, 1990; signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers July 19, 1990.) 6
pp. + appendix.

Keywords   Management

This MOU facilitates the implementation of Title I of the Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act of 1972 by providing a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the management of ocean dredged
material disposal sites. This MOU was prepared in concert with and in response to the National
MOU.
12.  Revised Procedural Guide for Designation Surveys of Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites

     1990    Pequegnat, W., B.J.  Gallaway, and T.D. Wright.   Prepared  by LGL Ecological Research
             Associates, Inc. and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Effects Laboratory, U.S.
             Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, for the Department of the
             Army, Washington, DC.  Tech. Rep. D-90-8.  181 pp.

             Keywords  Dredged  material; dredged material disposal; dredged material  disposal sites;
                        marine environment; ocean waste disposal; sampling; site surveys
     S6

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Revised  Procedural Guide for  Designation Surveys of Ocean  Dredged Material Disposal Sites
(continued)

        This procedural guide, which is a revision of the 1981 version, has been prepared to address the
        needs of the  U.S. Army Corps  of Engineers (USAGE) when conducting surveys for the
        designation of ocean disposal sites for dredged material.  The basic objectives of the guide are
        to provide detailed information on (1) evaluation of oceanographic parameters, (2) collection of
        field samples,' and (3) performance of laboratory analyses.  An additional objective is to clarify
        the role  of the monitoring program that  may  be  instituted at each  site pursuant to final  site
        designation?  A substantial portion of the guide is devoted to the selection of variables to be
        measured in the field and the rationale for the selection of sampling stations, and of appropriate
        gear for sampling under  various conditions at sampling stations. Detailed guidance is given on
        the preferred  methods for sample analysis,  including biological, physical, chemical,  and
        geological methodologies.  Whenever possible, the methods are compatible with those used for
        the evaluation of material proposed for disposal.  Even though site designation, evaluation of
        material for disposal, and monitoring are  separate activities,  they are part of a continuum  and
        should incorporate compatible techniques to be cost-effective and technically valid.

        Following an extensive listing of pertinent references, six technical appendices  are presented.
        These include a basic discussion of the nature of  dredged  material,  factors reducing potential
        adverse  effects  of toxic substances in  dredged  material,   and  various specific  analytical
        techniques.  There is also a guide for  at-sea operations, a basis for estimating survey costs,  and
        a brief list of equipment suppliers.  The guide has been prepared in loose-leaf format to facilitate
        incorporation of revisions and changes as  a result  of regulatory modifications, development of
        new techniques, and changes in site status.
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      TECHNICAL
                             SECONDARY DOCUMENTS — TECHNICAL
01.  Aquatic Dredged Material Disposal Impacts

     1978   Wright, T.D.  Dredged  Material Research Program.    U.S.  Army  Engineer Waterways
             Experiment Station Environmental  Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS. Tech. Rep. DS-78-1. 57 pp.

             Keywords   Dredged material disposal; environmental effects; open-water disposal, sediment

             The findings of the Aquatic Disposal Field Investigation (ADFI; Task 1A) study on dredging and
             disposal operations conducted at five locations across the United States are described in this
             synthesis report.  The five study locations were Eatons Neck, NY (an Atlantic Ocean estuary),
             Ashtabula River, OH (Great Lakes), Galveston, TX (Gulf of Mexico), Columbia River, OR (an
             open area  in the Pacific Ocean),  Duwamish Waterway,  Puget Sound, WA  (a Pacific Ocean
             estuary).  The investigation was not completed at Eatons Neck, however,  because disposal
             operations were terminated after baseline studies. The primary variables studied at each location
             were physical (e.g., currents, waves), chemical (e.g., water quality), and biological (e.g.,  fish,
             shellfish) parameters.

             The findings of the ADFI  indicate the following:  (1) Eatons Neck — Minimal  chemical and
             biological effects were apparent 4 years after the cessation of 75 years of disposal; (2) Columbia
             River — Minor, if any, impacts were  apparent on the sediments  and water column; however,
             the benthic invertebrates and demersal finfish were impacted. Some impacts may not have been
             apparent due to natural sedimentation of the Columbia River; (3) Ashtabula River — There were
             few noteworthy impacts:  chemical parameter changes and benthic species  replacement; (4)
             Galveston  — Few impacts  were observed as a result of  disposal operations, including minor
             changes in the concentrations of manganese and ammonium-nitrogen; (5) Duwamish Waterway
             — Minimal impacts were observed as a result of disposal operations, including the creation of
             a disposal mound and minor changes in the chemical concentrations  in the water column.  Body
             burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals in organisms inhabiting  the area were
             not significantly changed.   These findings are consistent with results obtained from laboratory
             studies and other investigations of dredging and disposal operations at similar sites.


02.  Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material.
     Proceedings of the Gulf Coast Regional Workshop, 26-28 April 1988, Galveston, TX

     1990   U.S. Army  Corps of Engineers  (R.L. Lazor and R. Medina, Eds.).  U.S. Army Engineer
             Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, and U.S. Army  Engineer District, Galveston,
             TX. Tech. Rep. D-90-3. 293 pp.
     S8

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                                                        Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
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      Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material.
      Proceedings of the Gulf Coast Regional Workshop, 26-28 April 1988, Galveston, TX (continued)

              Keywords  Dredged material; dredging; dredged material management

              The Gulf Coast Regional Workshop on the Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material was sponsored
              by the U.S. Army  Engineer  District, Galveston, in cooperation with U.S.  Environmental
              Protection Agency; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S.
              Department of Agriculture; and State, local, and  private interests.   The objective of the
              workshop was to focus attention on the wide range of beneficial uses of dredged material along
              the  Gulf Coast, placing special emphasis on agency  viewpoints, beach  nourishment,  land
              stabilization, habitat-development case studies, and  innovative uses and concepts.  Increased
              cooperation among the diverse number of Federal, State, local, university, and private interests
              involved with dredged  material management was a high-priority goal.

              Conclusions and observations  of the workshop focused on the need  for communication and
              cooperation among all those involved in  public  interest determinations concerning dredged
              material  placement;  the  wide variety  of  beneficial  uses  of dredged material available  for
              consideration; and  the  rapidly  developing  technical   status  of  beach nourishment, land
              stabilization, habitat development, and innovative  concepts.   Renewed  efforts should be
              undertaken to identify feasible, cost-effective,  and environmentally sound beneficial options in
              cooperation with all interests involved.
03.   Contaminated Marine Sediments — Assessment and Remediation

      1989   Committee on Contaminated Marine Sediments of the Marine Board of the National Research
             Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 493 pp.

             Keywords   Marine sediments; contamination; remediation; cleanup

             Contamination of marine sediments poses a threat to marine resources and human health (through
             consumption  of  seafood) in  numerous locations throughout the country — particularly near
             metropolitan  areas.  Improving the Nation's capacity to assess, manage, and remediate these
             contaminated sediments is critical to the health of the marine environment as well as to its use
             for navigation, commerce, fishing, and recreation.  Although sediment contamination appears
             to be a widespread problem, very little is known  about the geographic extent and ecological
             significance of the problem.  In addition, management and remediation of contaminated marine
             sediments requires extensive knowledge  about the dynamic aquatic  environments  in  which
             contaminant mobilization can result from remediation or from natural  resuspension, transport,
             and deposition of the bottom sediments.
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TECHNICAL
Contaminated Marine Sediments — Assessment and Remediation (continued)

        This report, prepared by the Committee on Contaminated Marine Sediments of the Marine Board
        of the  National Research Council, examines the extent and significance of marine sediment
        contamination in the United States; reviews the state of the art of contaminated sediment cleanup
        and remediation technology; identifies and appraises alternative sediment management strategies;
        and identifies research and development needs and issues for subsequent technical assessment.
        The report contains the results of a symposium and workshop, with a supplementary discussion
        and recommendations by the conveners.

        The committee reached several conclusions on

        •   Sediment contamination
        •   Determining the extent of sediment contamination
        •   Transfer of contaminants from marine sediments to humans

        •   Remedial actions for excavation and treatment

        •   Required equipment for state-of-the-art cleanup and remediation technology

        •   Time required for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or its contractors to make a
            cleanup decision

        •   Limiting the spread of contamination

        •   No action as the alternative of choice
        •   Greater use of benefit/cost comparisons
        •   Review and evaluation of newly developed sediment assessment and cleanup technologies
            and procedures.

        The committee recommended that future research and development focus on

        •   Establishing better biological and chemical techniques for rapidly and reliably assessing the
            presence and severity of bottom-sediment contamination
        •   Delineating the practical limits of capping as an efficacious remediation technology
        •   Identifying interim  measures to limit the spread of contaminated sediments while long-term
            remedies are assessed

        •   Formulating procedures and guidelines that adequately evaluate and prioritize health and
            environmental risks associated with sediment contamination, and against which effectiveness
            and cleanup needs can be measured.
S10

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                                                        Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
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04.   Environmental Effects of Dredging Technical Notes

              U.S. Army  Corps of  Engineers.  U.S.  Army  Engineer Waterways  Experiment Station
              Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS. (average fewer than 30 pp.]

              The technical  notes, which are published monthly, cover a wide range of topics on dredging and
              dredged  material disposal. There are a number of technical reports published by the USAGE.
              The three main publications are Technical Reports and miscellaneous papers, Dredging Research
              Bulletin, and the notes listed herein.  Some of the technical reports are listed in this reference
              document.
05.   General Approach to Designation Studies for Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites

      1984   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  U.S. Army Corps
             of Engineers Water Resources Support Center. 28 pp.

             Keywords  Dredged material; dredged material disposal site; site designation

             This document provides general  procedural guidance to the U.S.  Environmental Protection
             Agency (EPA) field offices for the identification, evaluation, selection, and final designation of
             environmentally acceptable and operationally efficient ocean dredged material disposal sites.
             This document complements the Revised Procedural Guide for Designation Surveys of Ocean
             Dredged Material Disposal Sites (see page S6.)

             The general process of site designation comprises three phases.

             •   Phase I      (1) Delineate a general area under consideration for location of the disposal
                              site.  This area  is called a zone of siting feasibility (ZSF).  Several factors
                              must  be considered when  delineating a ZSF. (2)  Characterize (physical,
                              biological, and chemical) the site. Data obtained from the characterization
                              will determine where, within the ZSF, the disposal site(s) should be placed.

             •   Phase II     Identify candidate sites within the area, based on the data collected during the
                              characterization  in  Phase I.  In addition, preliminary decisions on  the
                              candidate sites can be made.  These decisions may include determining (1) if
                              the site should be depositional or dispersive, (2) the optimal distance from a
                              resource that must be protected,  and (3) if baseline  studies are necessary to
                              quantify concentrations of contaminants of concern at the site.

             •   Phase III     Evaluate  the  candidate  sites,  select a  recommended  site or sites  for
                              designation, and develop a site-management plan.  The candidate sites must
                                                                                                 Sll

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      Dredged Material Reference Document —  Final
      TECHNICAL
      General Approach to Designation Studies for Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites (continued)

                         be evaluated by using the 11 specific factors of the Ocean Dumping Regulations
                         and Criteria (Section 228.6). Based on these evaluations, the selection of a site or
                         sites for designation in an EIS should be  based on the requirements of the general
                         criteria (Section 228.5).  The  following should be considered under  Phase III:
                         marine environment; water quality; unsuitable sites;  size, shape, and orientation of
                         sites; sites off the continental shelf; cumulative impacts; and site management.


06.   Guidelines for Physical and Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Dredged Material Disposal Sites

      1990    Fredette, T.J.,  D.A. Nelson, J.E. Clausner, and F.J. Anders.  U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
              Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Tech.  Rep. D-90-12. 29 pp.  + appendices.

              Keywords  Aquatic disposal; monitoring; dredged material; biomonitoring

              This  is a  companion report to  Selected Tools and Techniques for Physical and Biological
              Monitoring of Aquatic Dredged Material Disposal Sites (see page SI 8.)

              The report recommends an  approach to designing a monitoring program for aquatic dredged
              material disposal that (1)  is applicable  to  either dispersive  or nondispersive sites and (2)
              addresses management  objectives.   Only monitoring of uncontaminated dredged  material is
              considered. Monitoring the disposal of dredged material that may result in lethal or sublethal
              effects of toxic substances is not considered; therefore,  chemical monitoring is not discussed.
              The draft guidelines discussed in this report are the product of a task sponsored by the Water
              Resources Support  Center, through the Dredging Operations Technical Support Program.

              It is suggested  that  monitoring could be reduced if
              •  Final designation yields a site that has limited potential for impact
              •  Monitoring of a selected site is operationally and technically feasible
              •  Data to assist in assessing long-term impacts can be collected during the site- evaluation field
                 studies
              •  Sediments  to be disposed are tested  during the project evaluation process to determine if
                 they are contaminated.

              Tiered approaches/hypotheses testing of a management-response prospective monitor ing program
              is discussed. A prospective monitoring program is preferred because it defines specific desirable
              or undesirable conditions  before sampling  is  begun.   Examples of  tiered and nontiered
              monitoring programs are given.
      S12

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      Guidelines for Physical and  Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Dredged Material Disposal Sites
      (continued)

              It is suggested that a multidisciplinary committee be established and charged with designing the
              monitoring program and interacting on a regular  basis with the dredged material site project
              managers to provide feasible economic and technical advice.   The report  suggests areas of
              expertise for the committee members.

              Also included are approaches to meeting the goals of each step in  planning  a monitoring
              program.
              •    Step 1  Designating site-specific objectives
              •    Step 2  Identifying components of the monitoring plan
              •    Step 3  Predicting biological responses and developing testable hypotheses
              •    Step 4  Designating sampling designs and methods
              Examples of tiered monitoring plans (with only three tiers  each)  are presented.  Monitoring
              strategies and management options are listed for each example.

              A summary of physical and biological monitoring tools and techniques is presented.


07.  Inland Waterways: Proceedings of a National Workshop on the Beneficial Vses of Dredged Material

      1987    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (M.C.  Landin, Ed.)-  U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
              Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Tech. Rep. D-88-8.  291 pp.

              Keywords   Dredged material; dredging; dredged material management; inland waterways;
                         lakes; rivers

              A National workshop featuring beneficial uses of dredged material in inland- waterway systems
              of the United States  was held in St. Paul, MN, October 27-30, 1987.   Participating agencies
              included the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the
              U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Conservation Service, Environment Canada, and
              numerous other State regulatory,  resource, and transportation agencies.   Attendees from North
              and Central America met for 3 days to present technical papers and conduct panel discussions.
             The workshop was introduced by a day-long field trip down the Mississippi River from St. Paul
             to Weaver Bottoms in the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge at Winona,
              MN, to observe  numerous noteworthy beneficial-use sites.

              Agency and industry overviews were given on the first day of papers. Technical sessions were
             held on aquatic habitats; habitat development case studies; innovative uses and  concepts;
             recreation,  commercial, and  industrial applications;  and the Great Lakes  and  their unique
             opportunities for beneficial-use applications.  Attendees also met in informal breakout sessions
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      Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
      TECHNICAL
      Inland Waterways: Proceedings of a National Workshop on the Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
      (continued)

             to discuss the direction for each technical area and to make recommendations for developing
             each topic within inland waterways.

             The overall workshop recommendations were to

             •   Continue to hold in various parts of the United States timely, informative workshops on
                 beneficial uses of dredged material — hold the next workshop on the west coast and feature
                 coastal and marine environments

             •   Strive for maximum cooperation and communication between agencies and groups, including
                 the formation of interagency working groups at the USAGE District level

             •   Work more closely with cost-sharing project sponsors to assist them in finding means to
                 solve their erosion or stabilization and material placement problems cost-effectively

             •   Encourage the  development  of  long-term management strategies for dredging  that
                 incorporate both engineering and environmental solutions

             •   Work harder to  inform the general public on  the positive aspects of using disposal  sites
                 productively

             •   Develop  formal and informal working agreements among agencies and concerned groups
                 to better accomplish the USAGE dredging mission

             •   Continue to seek better means of dredging and placement and innovative uses of dredged
                 material in inland waterways systems


08.   Managing Troubled Waters:  The Role of Marine Environmental Monitoring

      1989   Committee on a Systems Assessment of Marine Environmental Monitoring of the Marine Board
             of the Commission on  Engineering and Technical Systems of the National Research Council.
             National Academy Press, Washington, DC.  125 pp.

             Keywords   Monitoring; management; conceptual model

             This report examines two issues: (1) the design of monitoring programs and the application of
             technology and (2) presentation of information to be used in developing broad public policy or
             evaluating specific  control  strategies.  The report proposes (1) specific design criteria and (2)
             a coherent system of regional monitoring upon which control  strategies can be based and their

      S14

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      Managing Troubled Waters:  The Role of Marine Environmental Monitoring (continued)

             effectiveness measured.   The term monitoring is used in  the  broadest sense to  include all
             activities that determine if the environmental management goals are met.

             To address these issues, the committee provides advice on  marine environmental monitoring,
             such as the design of a monitoring program that is directed toward legislators at all levels.  The
             objective of the  report  is  to  make  the  best  advice  more  accessible and  to place its
             recommendations  in  the broad framework  of environmental  management  and  policy. A
             conceptual model was developed for conducting case-study assessments of monitoring programs.

             The committee recommends
             •   Strengthening the role of monitoring in marine environmental management
             •   Conducting comprehensive regional and National status  and trends monitoring programs
             •   Improving  monitoring program design and developing more  useful information products

             The committee  provides advice on
             •   Expected results of monitoring programs
             •   Design of monitoring programs
             •   Providing useful information to decision-makers


09.  Puget Sound Dredged Disposal Analysis (PSDDA) Reports

      1988   Management Plan Report —  Unconfined Open-Water Disposal of Dredged Material, Phase I
             (Central Puget  Sound).  98 pp. + appendices.

      1989   Management Plan Report — Unconfined Open-Water Disposal of Dredged Material, Phase II
             (North and South Puget Sound).  130pp.  + appendices.

             U.S. Army Corps  of Engineers, Seattle District. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
             Region X. Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Washington State Department
             of Ecology, Olympia, WA.

             Keywords  Dredged material; dredged material disposal; Puget  Sound

             The Puget Sound Dredged Disposal Analysis (PSDDA), a comprehensive study of open-water,
             unconfined dredged material disposal in Puget Sound, is being undertaken as a cooperative effort
             by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE), U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
             and the State of  Washington Departments of Natural Resources and  Ecology.  The study
             objectives were to (1) identify  acceptable public multiuser unconfined, open-water disposal sites;
             (2) define consistent and objective evaluation procedures for dredged material to be placed at
                                                                                             S15

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Dredged Material Reference Document  — Final
TECHNICAL
Puget Sound Dredged Disposal Analysis (PSDDA) Reports (continued)

        those sites;  and (3)  formulate site-use management plans that will ensure adequate site-use
        controls and program accountability.

        Until 1984, Puget Sound dredged material sampling, testing, and test interpretation requirements
        were established  project by project.  These case-by-case evaluations did  not provide local
        authorities with sufficient assurance that aquatic resources at the disposal sites  were being
        adequately protected. The Puget Sound area is unique relative to other regions of the Nation
        because local governments also play a  key role in dredged  material  disposal through their
        shoreline master programs under the State shoreline permit process.  Local jurisdictions can
        condition or restrict dredging and dredged material disposal.

        The  PSDDA study has recognized the requirement for dealing with contaminated sediments.
        However, the study's focus has  been primarily on disposal of most dredged material, which is
        expected to be found  "clean" or uncontaminated, and therefore acceptable for unconfmed, open-
        water disposal at designated public multiuser sites. These are locations where any dredger can
        dispose of dredged material provided that the material has been evaluated and the disposal has
        been approved by the appropriate regulatory agencies.

        Environmental and economic considerations are major factors supporting the need for long-range
        regional planning as a  lasting,  effective solution for dredged  material  disposal  problems.
        Disposal alternatives can no  longer  be planned independently for multiple projects in a given
        area.  Regional  dredged material disposal-management programs offer greater opportunities for
        environmental protection, reasonable project costs, and greater public acceptance. A proposed
        dredged material  disposal-management  plan  for  unconfmed,  open-water  disposal has  been
        developed through the PSDDA study.  This plan is unique to the Puget  Sound area because the
        data  supporting many elements of the plan are specific to Puget Sound.   Also, the plan reflects
        the social values of this region and is responsive to the unique role, from a National perspective,
        of local government in the management of open-water dredged material  disposal sites.

        The USAGE, EPA, and the Departments of Natural Resources and Ecology began the PSDDA
        study in April 1985.   The study is a 4-year effort that is being conducted in two overlapping
        phases, each lasting about 3 years.  Phase I covers central Puget Sound and Phase II, initiated
        in April 1986, covers the north and  south Sound areas.

        The goal of PSDDA is to provide publicly acceptable guidelines governing environmentally safe
        unconfmed,  open-water disposal of dredged  material, thereby improving  consistency  and
        predictability in the decision-making process.  Public acceptability involves consideration of a
        wide range  of factors.   Among  these are technically sound evaluation  procedures  and
        practicability, which  includes cost effectiveness.
S16

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                                                        Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
                                                                                        TECHNICAL
10.   Quality Criteria for Water

      1986   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Criteria and
             Standards Division, Washington, DC. EPA/440/5-86-001.  256pp.

             Keywords  Water quality; water-quality criteria

             The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 require that the Administrator
             of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publish water-quality criteria that accurately
             reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent  of all identifiable effects on health
             and welfare that might be expected  from the presence  of  pollutants  in any body of water,
             including ground water.  The proposed water-quality criteria were developed and a notice of
             their availability was published on October 26, 1973 (38 Federal Register 29646).  This present
             volume represents  a revision of the proposed water-quality criteria based upon a  consideration
             of comments received from other Federal agencies, State  agencies, special interest groups, and
             individual scientists.

             The emphasis of this volume is to recommend criteria levels for a water quality that will provide
             for the protection and propagation of fish and other aquatic life and for recreation in and on the
             water in  accord with the 1983 goals of  Pub.  L. 92-500. Criteria also are presented for the
             domestic water-supply use. Generally, these water uses are the highest achievable beneficial uses
             and water quality that will also be suitable for agricultural and  industrial uses.

             Guidelines to implement the criteria  presented in  this volume for the development of water-
             quality standards and for other water-related EPA programs will be available for use by the
             States, other agencies, and interested parties.
11.  Revised Section 301 (h) Technical Support Document

     1982   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Prepared under Contract No. 68-01-5906 for the U.S.
             Environmental Protection Agency  Office  of  Water Program Operations and the  Office of
             Research and Development.  192 pp. + appendix

             Keywords   Clean Water Act of 1977; Section 301(h); regulations

             Section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act of 1977 provides publicly owned wastewater treatment
             works (POTW) an opportunity to apply for variances from secondary-treatment requirements for
             discharges to marine waters. These provisions allow POTWs to  apply for a modified National
             Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit to discharge effluent receiving less-
             than-secondary treatment to marine waters. Section 301(h) provides that the Administrator of
             the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),  with the concurrence of the State,  may issue
             to a POTW an NPDES permit that modifies the Federal secondary-treatment requirements for

                                                                                                S17

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      Dredged Material Reference Document —  Final
      TECHNICAL
     Revised Section 301 (h) Technical Support Document (continued)

             POTW discharges into certain ocean or estuarine waters if the POTW adequately demonstrates
             that the modification would not impair the integrity of the marine receiving waters and biota.

             This Technical Support Document supplements the Section 301 (h) regulations as amended in
             November  1982  (40 CFR Part  125, Subpart G).  This document provides information that
             establishes a technical basis for understanding the major differences between the original Section
             301 (h) regulations promulgated in 1979 and the 1982 amended regulations. This document also
             provides a technical explanation of assessments required for obtaining Section 301 (h) modified
             discharge permits and guidance for both small  and  large POTWs to use in completing the
             appropriate application questionnaire. The guidance provided in this document is recommended
             only;  it is not required.   However,  EPA believes  that Section 301 (h) applicants will benefit
             substantially by following the guidance and procedures to demonstrate that they have satisfied
             requirements of Section 301(h) and 40 CFR Part 125, Subpart G.  This document supersedes the
             original 1979 Technical Support Document. However, the technical information provided by
             that document is still relevant and useful.
12.  Selected Tools and Techniques for Physical and Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Dredged Material
     Disposal Sites

     1990    Fredette, T.J., D.A. Nelson, T.  Miller-Way, J.A. Adair, V.A.  Sotler, J.E. Clausner, E.B.
             Hands, F.J. Anders.  U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Tech. Rep.
             D-90-11. 65 pp.  + appendices.

             Keywords   Aquatic  sampling;   benthic   sampling;   monitoring;   acoustic  instruments;
                         oceanographic tools; nekton sampling

             This is a companion report to Guidelines for Physical and Biological Monitoring of Aquatic
             Dredged Material Disposal Sites (see page SI2.)

             The report provides a detailed discussion of the tools and techniques used for biological and
             physical monitoring of aquatic dredged  material disposal sites that do not contain chemically
             unstable material. Physical tools are presented for the following physical monitoring activities.


             •   Navigation and positioning
                 Two basic forms commonly used in coastal waters are Loran-C and short-range microwave.
                 Alternate systems include radar positioning, total stations, Navstar GPS,  and acoustic
                 positioning systems.
     S18

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                                                   Final —  Dredged Material Reference Document
                                                                                    TECHNICAL
Selected Tools and Techniques for Physical and Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Dredged Material
Disposal Sites (continued)

        •   Bathymetry
            This is the primary tool for determining where the material is placed and how much remains
            on site. Computer-integrated sounding systems (i.e., swath surveying systems) that permit
            the collection of continuous bathymetry data are also discussed.

        •.   Side-scan sonar
            Side-scan sonar is used to map surface characteristics of the sea floor.  The report discusses
            the appropriate application of 100- and 500-kHz frequencies that are used to measure the
            grain size at the disposal site.

        •   Sediment Sampling
            Sediment samples  are needed to assist in distinguishing between the native seafloor material
            and the disposed material. Guidance for developing sampling plans is given.  Tools (e.g.,
            sediment traps and cores) for collecting sediment samples are discussed.

        •   Remote Sensing
            A brief discussion of the capabilities of the sediment-profiling cameras are included. The
            report suggests that remote sensing for bathymetry measurement offers the greatest potential
            for improving monitoring techniques.

        •   Current Velocity and Direction Measurements
            The discussion of these monitoring tools is centered on the types, cost, and capabilities of
            current meters.

        The report discusses biological monitoring tools that may be used to sample benthic epi- and
        infauna and nekton.  These tools  include (1) qualitative, semiquantitative, and quantitative
        samplers for benthos  and  (2) nets, traps,  and cages for  nekton. It is  suggested that a site
        reconnaissance be conducted  prior to biological  monitoring to  reduce costs of a monitoring
        program.   The steps  of the  Benthic Resource Assessment Technique  (BRAT),  which was
        developed by the USAGE Waterways Experiment Station, are briefly discussed. The BRAT is
        based on an optimal foraging theory.

        Statistical considerations for monitoring programs are also covered.  The following topics are
        discussed.
        •   Sample-site selection
        •   Number of samples and sample frequency
        •   Statistical design,  including alternative statistical  approaches and multivariate exploratory
            techniques
                                                                                            S19

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      Dredged Material Reference Document — Final
      TECHNICAL
13.  Specifications or a Model Ocean Disposal Site Tor Dredged Material

     1982   Pequegnat,  W.E.   Presented  at the Eighth  US/Japan  Meeting  on  the Management of
             Contaminated Bottom Sediments,  October 1982, Tokyo, Japan.  18 pp.

             Keywords  Dredged material; dredged material disposal; ocean disposal

             A dredged material disposal project is planned so that the bulk of the dredged material will
             remain within the site boundaries  for substantial periods of time.  However, as is well known,
             waves and currents of various types are capable of transporting the material for considerable
             distances, possibly back into the estuary from which it was dredged, unless the site has certain
             oceanographic conditions (e.g.,  a  depressed area) that cause the deposited dredged material to
             be retained at the original disposal site.  The concept of an ideal site requires that  the size and
             placement of a site be evaluated to determine if there will be mass transport of sediment away
             from the site.

             This paper discusses the oceanographic parameters that must be considered to define and locate
             an ideal or model ocean disposal site for dredged material.  This is a precursor to  the zone of
             siting feasibility study. The paper  also describes a technique for site selection, referred to as the
             "sieve technique". Specifications of existing United States ocean disposal sites are summarized,
             including factors  such as geographic, size,  and depth distribution and distance from shore.
             Oceanographic criteria for size, configuration, and location of an ideal site are discussed, with
             particular emphasis  put on the possible resuspension and transport of deposited sediment.  The
             impact of waves and currents on the resuspension and transport of sediment is described in some
             detail. Finally, the sieve technique for locating an ocean dumpsite and constraints  involved in
             applying the technique are discussed.


14.  Workbook/Users Manual for Prediction of Instantaneously Dumped Dredged Material

     1980   Davis, L.R., and G.W. Bowers.  Corvallis Environmental  Research  Laboratory  Office of
             Research and Development, U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR.
             217pp.'

             Keywords  Dredged material; dredged material disposal

             This manual describes the operation and use of a computer model developed by Koh  and Chang,
             modified in 1976 for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and further updated by JBF Scientific
             Corp., that predicts the physical fate of dredged material instantaneously released into a water
             column.   The model predicts the spatial  distribution of various components of the dumped
             material as a function of time.  Output includes material concentration and position  while in the
             water column and material mound height and concentration after bottom impact.
      S20

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                                                        Final — Dredged Material Reference Document
                                                                                         TECHNICAL
      Workbook/Users Manual for Prediction of Instantaneously Dumped Dredged Material (continued)


              Included in this report are a description of the model's structure and a complete explanation of
              its input/output formats. In addition, the model was applied to a matrix of input conditions.
              Both the input and output data for these runs are presented as tables.  The tables can be used to
              approximate the fate of dredged material for a wide variety of input conditions without requiring
              the user to actually run the model.  There are several examples showing how these tables can
              be used.

              The first phase of this  work was done by JBF Scientific under the sponsorship of the U.S.
              Environmental  Protection Agency (EPA)  through Grant R-804994.   The workbook portion of
              this report was done inhouse at the EPA  Corvallis  Environmental Research Laboratory. The
              report covers the period from August 1976 to July 1979.


15.  Yaquina Bay Interim Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site Evaluation Study

     1985    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Portland District, Portland, OR.  16 pp. + appendices.

              Keywords  Dredged material; dredged material disposal; dredged material disposal site; site
                         surveys

             This report was prepared for compliance with the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries
              Act of 1972, as amended, and subsequent rules put forth in 40 CFR, Parts 200-229.  Parts  228.5
              and 228.6 list general and specific requirements for designating ocean disposal sites to receive
              materials approved for ocean disposal under Part 227 of the rules. This report addresses these
              requirements  for designating a disposal site to receive dredged  materials from either the U.S.
             Department of Army permit  activities or Federally authorized actions.

             A  joint task force of U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and U.S. Army Corps of
             Engineers (USAGE) personnel was established to prepare a procedural manual  for evaluating
             disposal sites. The  manual was to be based on the above rules  and experience to date of field
             offices from both agencies.  A draft workbook, "Technical Guidance for the Designation of
             Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites,"  was prepared in October 1983.   Prior to preparation
             of the final version, the  task  force wanted to try the procedures  in the field.  The Yaquina Bay
             interim ocean disposal site was selected as a pilot study for this purpose. The Portland District
             USACE used the draft workbook along with experience gained from designating a site at Coos
             Bay, OR,  to prepare the ocean dredged material disposal-site evaluation study. The evaluation
             studies documented  in the report will be appended to the final version of the workbook.  The
             report will also be  submitted to the EPA with a request that  they  utilize  it in their formal
             rulemaking process for final  designation of the Yaquina Bay interim ocean disposal site.
                                                                                                S21

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                  Appendix A




ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

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 American Public Health Association. 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste
 Water. 17th edition.  American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water
 Pollution Control Federation, Washington, DC.  1510 pp.

 American Society for Testing and Materials. 1991. Annual Book ofASTM Standards. Section 11: Water
 and Environmental Technology. Volumes 1 and 2: Water. American Society for Testing and Materials,
 PhDadelphia, PA.  Vol. 1: 594 pp.  Vol. 2: 1008 pp.

 Committee on Contaminated Marine Sediments of the Marine Board of the  National Research Council.
 1989.  Contaminated Marine  Sediments — Assessment and Remediation.   National Academy Press,
 Washington, DC. 493pp.

 Committee on a Systems Assessment of Marine Environmental Monitoring  of the Marine Board of the
 Commission on Engineering and Technical  Systems of the National Research Council.  1989. Managing
 Troubled Waters: The Role of Marine Environmental Monitoring. National Academy Press, Washington,
 DC. 125pp.

 Davis,  L.R., and G.W.  Bowers.   1980.   Workbook/Users Manual for Prediction of Instantaneously
Dumped Dredged Material.  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory Office of Research and
 Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR. 217  pp.

 Fredette, T.J., D.A. Nelson, J.E. Clausner,  and F.J. Anders.  1990.   Guidelines for Physical and
Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Dredged Material Disposal Sites.  U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
 Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.  Tech. Rep. D-90-12.  29 pp. + appendices.

 Fredette, T.J., D.A. Nelson, T. Miller-Way, J.A. Adair, V.A. Sotler, J.E. Clausner, E.B. Hands, F.J.
 Anders.   1990.   Selected Tools and Techniques for Physical and Biological Monitoring of Aquatic
Dredged Material Disposal Sites.  U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.  Tech.
 Rep. D-90-11.  65 pp. + appendices.

 Hanmer, R.W. 1989. Coastal Zone Management Act Consistency Provisions and Designation of Ocean
 Dumping Sites under Section 102(c)  of Ocean Dumping Act.  Memorandum  dated October 23, 1989, to
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Water Management Division Directors, Regions I, II, III, IV, VI,
DC, and X. 3 pp. + appendix.

 Office of the Federal Register.  1974. Environmental Impact Statements; Procedures for the Voluntary
Preparation. Federal Register,  National Archives and Records  Administration.  Vol. 39, No. 204,
October 21, 1974.  Office of the Federal Register, Washington, DC.  4 pp.

Office of the Federal Register.  1986.  Code of Federal Regulations.  National Archives and Records
Administration.  33 CFR: Parts 320-330.  Office of the Federal Register, Washington DC. Pp 41206-
41260.

Office of the Federal Register.  1988.  Code of Federal Regulations.  National Archives and Records
Administration.  33 CFR: Parts 335-338. Office of the Federal Register, Washington, DC. 18 pp.
                                                                                        A-l

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Office of the Federal Register.  1990.  Code of Federal Regulations.  National Archives and Records
Administration. Chapter 5: Council on Environmental Quality. 40 CFR: Parts 1500-1508. Office of the
Federal Register, Washington, DC.  Pp. 655-685.

Office of the Federal Register.  1990.  Code of Federal Regulations.  National Archives and Records
Administration. Subchapter H in Chapter 1:  Environmental Protection Agency (cont.).  40 CFR: Parts
220-229. Office of the Federal Register, Washington, DC. Pp. 145-196.

Pequegnat, W.E.  1982.  Specifications of a Model Ocean Disposal Site Dredged Material. Presented at
the Eighth US/Japan Meeting on the Management of Contaminated Bottom Sediments, October 1982,
Tokyo, Japan.  18pp.

Pequegnat, W.E., B.J. Gallaway, and T.D. Wright.  1990.  Revised Procedural Guide for Designation
Surveys of Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites.  Prepared by LGL Ecological Research Associates,
Inc.,  and  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Effects  Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment  Station, Vicksburg,  MS, for the  Department of the Army, Washington, DC.
Tech. Rep. D-90-8.  181 pp.

Plumb, R.H.,  Jr.  1981.  Procedures for Handling and Chemical Analysis of Sediment  and Water
Samples.   Prepared by Great Lakes Laboratory, State University College at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, for
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers Technical Committee on
Criteria for Dredged and Fill Material.  Published by the U. S.  Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station, Corps  of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS. Tech. Rep. EPA/CE-81-1.  493 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  1985. Yaquina  Bay Interim Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site
Evaluation Study.   U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers Portland District, Portland, OR.   16 pp.  +
appendices.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  1987.  Inland Waterways: Proceedings of a National  Workshop on the
Beneficial  Uses of Dredged Material (M.C. Landin, Ed.).  U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station, Vicksburg, MS. Tech. Rep. D-88-8.  291 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  1989.  Digest of Water Resource Policies and Authorities. U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. Washington, DC.  EP 1165-2-1. 261 pp. + appendices.

U..S. Army Corps of Engineers.  1990. Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material. Proceedings of the Gulf
Coast Regional Workshop, 26-28 April 1988, Galveston,  TX (R.L. Lazor and R. Medina, Eds.).  U.S.
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, and U.S.  Army Engineer District,
Galveston, TX. Tech. Rep. D-90-3.  293 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  19XX. Environmental Effects of Dredging Technical Notes.  U.S.
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS.
A-2

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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1984.  Guidance for
Performing Tests on Dredged Material To Be Disposed of in Ocean Waters  Prepared by U.S. Army
Corps  of  Engineers Regulatory Branch  Water Quality  Compliance Section, New  York, NY,  in
conjunction with U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency Region II,  New York, NY.  15 pp.  +
appendices.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1988.  Memorandum of
Understanding [MOU]  between U.S.  Army Corps  of  Engineers, Galveston District,  and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI, on Management of Ocean Dredged Material Disposal
Sites.  (Signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers January 29, 1988; signed by U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency March IS, 1988.)  4 pp. + appendices.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1988.  Memorandum of
Understanding [MOU] between U.S. Army  Corps  of Engineers, New Orleans District, and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI, on Management of Ocean Dredged Material Disposal
Sites.  (Signed by U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers February 29, 1988; signed by U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency March IS, 1988.) 4 pp. + appendices.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  1988.  Memorandum of
Understanding [MOU] between the Regional Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region II and the New York District Engineer of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Signed by U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency May 4, 1988;  signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers April 13,
1988.) 5 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1988.  Memorandum of
Understanding [MOU]  between U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,  South  Atlantic Division, and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV. (Signed by U.S. Environment Protection Agency July 19,
1990; signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers July  19, 1990.) 6 pp.  + appendix.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington State Department
of Natural Resources, and Washington State Department of Ecology.  1988.  Puget Sound Dredged
Disposal Analysis (PSDDA) Reports.  Management Plan Report —  Unconfined Open-Water Disposal of
Dredged Material, Phase I (Central Puget Sound). 98 pp.  + appendices.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington State Department
of Natural Resources, and Washington State Department of Ecology.  1989.  Puget Sound Dredged
Disposal Analysis (PSDDA) Reports.  Management Plan Report —  Unconfined Open-Water Disposal of
Dredged Material, Phase 11 (North and South Puget Sound).  130 pp. + appendices.

U.S. Department of the Army and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.   1987.  Memorandum of
Understanding [MOU] between the [U.S.] Department of the Army and [U.S.] Environmental Protection
Agency. (Signed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency July 27,1987; signed by U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers July 27, 1987.) 4pp +  attachments.

Department of the Army and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1988.  Regional Memorandum of
Understanding [MOU] between the [U.S.] Department of the Army, North Pacific Division,  and [U.S.]
Environmental Protection Agency, Region X. (Signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers October 1988;
signed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency November 1, 1988.) 10 pp.

                                                                                      A-3

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1982.  Revised Section 301 (h) Technical Support Document.
Prepared under Contract No. 68-01-5906 for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water
Program Operations and the Office of Research and Development.  192 pp. + appendix.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1986.  Ocean Dumping Site Designation Delegation Handbook
for Dredged Material.  Prepared by Scientific Applications International Corporation under contract to
Battelle Ocean Sciences and Technology Department for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection. Washington, DC.  199 pp.

U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency.  1986.  Quality Criteria for Water.  U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.  EPA/440/5-86-001.  256 pp.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1987. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for 301 (h)
Monitoring Programs:  Guidance on Field and Laboratory Methods.   U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Office of Marine  and  Estuarine Protection, Washington, DC.  EPA 430/9-86-004.  267 pp +
appendices.

U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency.   1988.   Interim  Sediment Criteria Values  for Nonpolar
Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Regulations
and Standards, Criteria  and Standards Division, Washington, DC.  SDC No. 17.  34 pp.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1989. Characteristics and Effects of Dredged Material Disposal
in the Marine Environment.  Prepared  by Science  Applications International Corporation for U.S.
Environmental Protection  Agency, Science-Policy Integration Branch, Office of Policy, Planning,  and
Evaluation.  74pp.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  1984. General Approach
to Designation Studies for Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites.  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Water Resources Support Center. 28 pp.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  1988. Memorandum of
Understanding [MOU] between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I and  U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, New England Division.  (Signed by U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency January
25, 1988; signed by U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers February 2, 1988.) 4 pp.  + attachments.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  1989. Memorandum of
Understanding [MOU] between U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I and U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, New England Division. (Signed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency May 12, 1989;
signed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers August 8, 1989.) 5 pp. + attachments.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  and  U.S.  Army  Corps of Engineers.  1991.  Evaluation of
Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal — Testing Manual.  Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection, and Department of the Army, United States Army Corps of
Engineers.  216pp. + appendices.
A-4

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Wright, T.D.  1978.  Dredged Material Research Program. Aquatic Dredged Material Disposal Impacts.
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS. Tech.
Rep. DS-78-1.57pp.
                                                                                     A-5

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